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INRA
SCIENCE & IMPACT

# Sustainable Management of Crop Health

Xavier Reboud & Olivier Le Gall

@FutureIPM, Riva del Garda IT, 19-21 March 2013

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HAL
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# Research on sustainable management of crop health at INRA

Olivier Le Gall, Xavier Reboud

► To cite this version:

Olivier Le Gall, Xavier Reboud. Research on sustainable management of crop health at INRA. Future IPM in Europe, Mar 2013, Riva del Garda, Italy. hal-01601749

HAL Id: hal-01601749

https://hal.science/hal-01601749

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# Sustainable management of crop health

* Why “sustainable management of crop health”?

* Rather than the pest, the focus is the crop

* Rather than disease, the target is health

* What does it take?

* Ambitious: it is not “old soup” but high tech

* Both technical & organizational innovation

* Both bio-ecological & socio-economical sciences

* Science is a key but not the only one
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FONDAZIONE
EDMUND
MACH

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LAIMBURG

Land- und Forstwirtschaftliches
Versuchszentrum
Centro di Sperimentazione
Agraria e Forestale
Research Centre for Agriculture
and Forestry

pure
Innovative crop protection for sustainable agriculture

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Future **IPM** in Europe

19-21 March 2013 | PalaCongressi - Riva del Garda, Italy

BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

PROVINCIA AUTONOMA DI TRENTO

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AUTONOME
PROVINZ
BOZEN
SÜDTIROL

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PROVINCIA
AUTONOMA
DI BOLZANO
ALTO ADIGE

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IOBC
OILB

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endure®
diversifying crop protection

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IBMA
INTERNATIONAL BIOCONTROL
MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

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CIHEAM
MAI BARI

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Giornate
Fitopatologiche
PROTEZIONE DELLE MANTE, QUALITÀ, AMBIENTE

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# Sustainable management of crop health

* Two examples worth being further explored

* Biodiversity / plant disease relationships

* Pesticide resistance and evolution of virulence : a same story ?
Conveners

Pertot I., Ioriatti C., Lescourret F., Wolf M.

Scientific Advisory Board

Aubertot J.N., Barzman M., Begg G., Bigler F., Bourgeois G., Bruce T., Brunelli A., Cravedi P., Cross J., Dachbrodt-Saaydeh S., Delval P., de Wolf P., Gessler C., Elad Y., Faretra F., Pennacchio F., Heijne B., Hommes M., Jensen J.E., Kuflik T., Kudsk P., Poncet C., Nieuwenhuizen A., Ioriatti C., Lescourret F., Logrieco A., Lorito M., Malavolta C., Messean A., Mortensen D., Mugnai L., Pertot I., Ricci P., Rossing W., Ratnadass A.; Roversi P., Samietz J., Sattin, M., A. Schmitt, L. Tamm, Veronelli V., Wery J., Wijnands F. Wolf M., vander Werf W., van de Zande J.

Organizing Committee

Aubertot J.N., Bauer O., Begg G., Bruce T., Delval P., de Wolf P., Galli R., Heijne B., Hommes M., Kudsk P., Ioriatti C., Lescourret F., Nieuwenhuizen A., Pertot I., Poncet C., Pontalti M., Sattin, M., vander Werf W., Viola R.

Technical Organizing Committee

Candioli E., Ceschini S., Cervantes G., Esposito E., Giacomozzi F., Gretter A., Marin F., Tomasi J.

Organizing Team

Anfora G., Angeli D., Campisano A., Castellani C., Cattaneo A.M., Colombini A., Corneo P., Deromedl M., Eriksson A., Giovannini O., Grignani V., Kaur R., Lenzi L., Longa C.M., Lopez S., Mazzoni V., Nieri R., Palmieri C., Pasini L., Pellegrini A., Perazzolli M., Perini E., Puopolo G, Ramasamy S., Ress D., Rinaldi M., Roatti B., Rossi V., Salvagnin U., Sicher C., Siozios S., Turco E., Valentini F.

Professional Convention Organizer

Riva del Garda FiereCongressi Spa

Accommodation and shuttles

Rivatour
# Biodiversity / plant disease relationships

* Biological diversity (species and genetic):

Keesing et al. (2006) Ecol. Lett. 9: 485-489

* rate of encounter between susceptible and infectious individuals

* probability of transmission given an encounter

* density of susceptible individuals

* recovery rate

* death rate of infected individuals

→ Listing principles that could apply to many IPM systems !

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Program | Plenary session - March 19

Plenary sessions – Sala 1000*

<table><tr><td>9.00 9.15</td><td>Welcome and opening - Ilaria Pertot, Claudio Ioriatti and Manfred Wolf</td></tr><tr><td>9.15 9.30</td><td>Pesticide Use-and-risk Reduction in European farming systems with Integrated Pest Management; an EU project - Françoise Lescourret</td></tr><tr><td>9.30 10.15</td><td>The EU strategy for sustainable use of pesticides and the promotion of integrated pest management (IPM) - Patrizia Pitton</td></tr><tr><td>10.15 11.00</td><td>IPM - an old concept full of innovation -Franz Bigler</td></tr><tr><td>11.00 11.30</td><td>Coffee break</td></tr><tr><td>11.30 12.15</td><td>Optimization of spraying techniques to reduce impact of pesticides - Jan van de Zande</td></tr><tr><td>12.15 13.00</td><td>Design cropping systems with high productive performance and low use of pesticides -Jacques Wery</td></tr><tr><td>13.00 14.00</td><td>Lunch break</td></tr><tr><td>14.00 14.40</td><td>Developing alternative, non-pesticidal pest management methods: case studies from fruit crops - Jerry Cross</td></tr><tr><td>14.40 15.20</td><td>The EU directive 2009/128 may upgrade pathogen biocontrol agents from niche to full scale applications: are we technologically ready? - Matteo Lorito</td></tr><tr><td>15.20 16.00</td><td>The biopesticide innovation chain: how can researchers and industry collaborate to commercialize biopesticide products - Susan Boyetchko</td></tr><tr><td>16.00 16.30</td><td>Coffee break</td></tr><tr><td>16.30 17.10</td><td>IPM strategies and non-traditional biological and chemical alternatives for the management of plant-parasitic nematodes - McGawley Edward</td></tr><tr><td>17.10 17.50</td><td>Cis-genic plants as alternative to fungicide for the benefit of the environment and consumers - Cesare Gessler</td></tr><tr><td>17.50 18.30</td><td>Double role of Biochar: climate change mitigation and a tool for integrated management in agricultural systems - Yigal Elad</td></tr><tr><td>18.30 19.00</td><td>Research on sustainable management of crop health at INRA - Le Gall O. and Reboud X.</td></tr></table>

* Streaming on www.futureIPM.eu
Effects of plant diversity on
other organisms

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THE JENA EXPERIMENT

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Diversity for pathogens increases
with plant species richness

Effects on organismic
interactions

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But pathogen damage
sharply drops

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RESEARCH ON SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF CROP HEALTH AT INRA

Le Gall O.¹, Reboud X.²

¹INRA, Directorate General, 147 rue de l'Université, Paris Cedex 07, F-75338, France; ²INRA, UMR1347 Agroécologie, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, Dijon cedex, F-21065, France

The current challenge of a sustainable management of plant health calls for extensive efforts and a cross-disciplinary approach which addresses all aspects of this complex issue. Combining the three pillars of sustainability – economic, social and environmental performances – requires integrating approaches from multiple scientific disciplines such as biology, ecology, social sciences, and economics. More generally, this strategy contributes to the emergence of agro-ecology as a full-fledged discipline. Integrating spatial, temporal and organizational scales is another related challenge. Four operational objectives can be identified around the general concept of sustainable management of plant health, which should enable to put together research teams:

* Developing shared reference frameworks,

* Designing novel levers for plant health,

* Designing and evaluating alternative cropping systems,

* Instigating, stimulating, guiding and accompanying change.

These principles are implemented at INRA under the form of a metaprogramme on Sustainable Management of Crop Health (SMaCH) where researches are organized by means of key actions. Each key action is a coordinated and consistent "bunch" of research projects and involves the cooperation of several disciplines. "Plant resistance sustainable management", "Technological lock-in and transition processes", "Design of cropping systems and agricultural landscapes for a low pesticide use", "Evaluation of the damage caused by pests" are examples of key actions. This metaprogramme is intended to function as an incubator of innovative ideas enabling moving towards the re-design of management systems of crop health.
# Pesticide resistance and evolution of virulence : a same story ?

Review

Trends in Ecology & Evolution February 2013, Vol. 28, No. 2

## Heterogeneity of selection and the evolution of resistance

REX Consortium*†

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TRENDS in Ecology & Evolution
# Similarity between case studies ?

## PESTICIDE RESISTANCE

### Deployment Strategies to delay pesticide resistance evolution

* Sequential use of pesticide

* Pesticide rotation over time

* Mixture of pesticides

* Combine a single site to a multisite active matter

* Landscape spray design as mosaic

## EVOLUTION OF VIRULENCE

### Deployment Strategies for quantitative resistance durability (from C Mundt)

* Single gene at a time

* Gene rotation

* Pyramids

* Mixtures / combining major and minor genes

* Landscape design
# Speed and extent of pesticide resistance evolution

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Both examples pinpoint the combination of
approaches and methods

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Cumulative contributions to crop health

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# Consequences of pests on crop losses

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Some examples of no-direct relation

* Risks of mycotoxin production

* Decreased value of fresh product because of its visual appearance
# Sustainable management of crop health

* Why “sustainable management of crop health”?

* Rather than the pest, the focus is the crop

* Rather than disease, the target is health

* What does it take?

* Ambitious: it is not “old soup” but high tech

* Both technical & organizational innovation

* Both bio-ecological & socio-economical sciences

* Science is a key but not the only one

→ **How to translate this into research challenges?**
# Research challenges for a SMaCH

* Genericity: the more one wishes to integrate and use local resources...

* ... the more one needs to extract genericity from specificities

* Refer to concepts (Ex.: life history traits, ecosystem services, tragedy of the commons, etc.)

* ... the more one gets closer to the user's need for expertise

* Build tools (Ex. Information centers, diagnostic tools, databases, etc.)
# Di@gnoPlant: expertise in the user's palm

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# Research challenges for a SMaCH

* Genericity

* Integration

* Working scales: space / time / organization

* A continuous process: Description / Efficiency / Substitution / Re-design

* Approaches: Systemic / Analytic

* Disciplines: bio-ecology / socio-economy

* Partnership

* Between researchers (national / international)

* Between various types of partners (incl. stakeholders)

* Agility

* Required to manage crop health sustainably in a changing world

* Tomorrow's solutions may not be today's solutions
# SMaCH at INRA: a bunch of coordinated key-actions

mixing three aims :

* build references

* propose/optimize/integrate action levers

* put disciplines & approaches together

Emerging diseases &
bioinvasions

Sys3D

DB of Systematics &
Integrated diagnostic tools

Innovative
Cropping Systems

EMERGE

Biodiversity &
crop protection

BIODIV

CROPSYS

DAMAGE

Evaluation of the damage
caused by pests

SUCHI

PRESUME

LOCKIN

Technological lock-in
&transition processes

Plant Resistance
SUstainable Management

Sustainable Use of
CHemicals

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# Ex. sust. management of plant resistance

* The notion of “Durability” has shifted

* Gene / individual >>> agro-ecosystem

* Genetics / Pathology >>> add Ecology, Modeling, Agronomy, Economics, Management Sciences, etc.

* Aims of research

* Exploit data from host/pest molecular talk & resistance mechanisms

* Identify candidate sources of durable resistance

* Elaborate and validate management strategies

* Explore the socio-economic impacts and technological lock-ins
Ex. sust. management of plant resistance

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# Ex. sust. management of plant resistance

* The notion of “Durability” has shifted

* Aims of research

* Raises feedback questions: ex. to plant breeders

* Pyramiding of resistance sources

* Reconsidering traits that enable innovative cropping systems

* Ex. Competitiveness against weeds, incl. resistance to late sowing

* Engineering diversity

* Within varieties, incl. at “silent” loci

* Propensity to be used as mixtures

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# Ex. sust. management of plant resistance

* Implementation of this policy by INRA:

* Reallocation of teams and opening of new positions

* Modeling for the sustainable management of fungicides and resistant varieties in agriculture

* Durability of wheat resistance to fungal diseases

* Granting of fellowships

* Modeling the phytosanitary risk region-wide: a help for the choice of varieties

* Support of collaborative research projects

* GEDUNEM: Varietal and technical innovations for the sustainable and integrated management of root-knot nematodes in protected vegetable cropping systems

* K-MASSTEC: Knowledge-driven design of management strategies for stem canker specific resistance genes

* TAKECONTROL: Deployment strategies of plant quantitative resistance to take control of plant pathogen evolution

* ARAMIS: Apple partial Resistance durability Assessed through Metabolic pathways and pathogen adaptation to Selective pressures

* The international conference “Plant Resistance Sustainability” (Oct. 2012)

* https://colloque4.inra.fr/prs2012
# A living arena for partnerships to reach ambitious goals (national / international)

* To share expertise, know-how and facilities

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# A living arena for partnerships to reach ambitious goals (national / international)

* To share expertise, know-how and facilities

* Endure

* http://www.endure-network.eu

* Coordination of research on crop protection

* Platform for research projects (ex. FP7 PURE)

* Scientific support to the implementation of policies relevant to crop protection

* FP6 Network of Excellence (2006-2010) then self-supported European Research Group

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# A living arena for partnerships to reach ambitious goals (national / international)

* To share expertise, know-how and facilities

* Endure

* http://www.endure-network.eu

* Candidate Era-Net C-IPM

* 31 partners in 21 countries

* Working Objectives

* To consolidate a common knowledge base on IPM solutions and experiences

* To develop a research and development agenda on IPM solutions (including those for minor uses) and on reducing dependency on pesticides

* To build and improve/foster transnational activities from existing national and transnational initiatives

* To organize and fund joint transnational calls

* To ensure a better translation of existing scientific knowledge into ready-to-use innovations

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# A living arena for partnerships to reach ambitious goals (national / international)

* To share expertise, know-how and facilities

* Endure

* http://www.endure-network.eu

* Candidate Era-Net C-IPM

* 31 partners in 21 countries

* Working Objectives

* A strategic agenda

* Develop relevant and science-based indicators

* Optimize pest monitoring systems and decision support

* Design cropping systems that prevent or minimize pest pressure

* Diversify direct control methods

* Manage pest evolution

* Consider social aspects, economics and assessment

* Facilitate extension for IPM

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# Sustainable management of crop health

* Why “sustainable management of crop health”?

* Rather than the pest, the focus is the crop

* Rather than disease, the target is health

* What does it take?

* Ambitious: it is not “old soup” but high tech

* Both technical & organizational innovation

* Both bio-ecological & socio-economical sciences

* Science is a key but not the only one

* Partnerships