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El-Maarry MR, Groussin O, Keller HU, Thomas N, Vincent JB, Mottola S, Pajola M, Otto K, Herny C, Krasilnikov S (2019) Surface morphology of comets and associated evolutionary processes: a review of Rosetta's observations of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Space Sci Rev 215(4):36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-019-0602-1

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Fulle M, Blum J, Green SF, Gundlach B, Herique A, Moreno F, Mottola S, Rotundi A, Snodgrass C (2019) The refractory-to-ice mass ratio in comets. *Mon Not R Astron Soc* 482(3):3326–3340. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty2926
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Fornasier S, Mottola S, Keller HU, Barucci MA, Davidsson B, Feller C, Deshapriya JDP, Sierks H, Barbieri C, Lamy PL, Rodrigo R, Koschny D, Rickman H, A'Hearn M, Agarwal J, Bertaux JL, Bertini I, Besse S, Cremonese G, Da Deppo V, Debei S, De Cecco M, Deller J, El-Maarry MR, Fulle M, Groussin O, Gutierrez PJ, Güttler C, Hofmann M, Hviid SF, Ip WH, Jorda L, Knollenberg J, Kovacs G, Kramm R, Kührt E, Küppers M, Lara ML, Lazzarin M, Moreno JJL, Marzari F, Massironi M, Naletto G, Oklay N, Pajola M, Pommerol A, Preusker F, Scholten F, Shi X, Thomas N, Toth I, Tubiana C, Vincent JB (2016) Rosetta's comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko sheds its dusty mantle to reveal its icy nature. *Science* 354(6319):1566–1570. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aag2671

Fornasier S, Hoang HV, Fulle M, Quirico E, Ciarniello M (2023) Volatile exposures on the 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko nucleus. *Astron Astrophys* 672:A136. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202245614. arXiv:2302.11424

Fougere N, Combi MR, Tenishev V, Rubin M, Bonev BP, Mumma MJ (2012) Understanding measured water rotational temperatures and column densities in the very innermost coma of comet 73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3 B. *Icarus* 221(1):174–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2012.07.019

Fougere N, Combi MR, Rubin M, Tenishev V (2013) Modeling the heterogeneous ice and gas coma of comet 103P/Hartley 2. *Icarus* 225(1):688–702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2013.04.031

Fulle M (2021) Water and deuterium-to-hydrogen ratio in comets. *Mon Not R Astron Soc* 505(2):3107–3112. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab1507

Fulle M, Blum J, Green SF, Gundlach B, Herique A, Moreno F, Mottola S, Rotundi A, Snodgrass C (2019) The refractory-to-ice mass ratio in comets. *Mon Not R Astron Soc* 482(3):3326–3340. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty2926
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Fulle M, Blum J, Rotundi A, Gundlach B, Güttler C, Zakharov V (2020b) How comets work: nucleus erosion versus dehydration. Mon Not R Astron Soc 493(3):4039–4044. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sta508

Furuya K, Aikawa Y (2018) Depletion of heavy nitrogen in the cold gas of star-forming regions. Astrophys J 857(2):105. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aab768. arXiv:1803.06787

Fuselier SA, Altwegg K, Balsiger H, Berthelier JJ, Beth A, Bieler A, Briois C, Broiles TW, Burch JL, Calmonte U, Cessateur G, Combi M, De Keyser J, Fiethe B, Galand M, Gasc S, Gombosi TI, Gunell H, Hansen KC, Hässig M, Heritier KL, Korth A, Le Roy L, Luspay-Kuti A, Mall U, Mandt KE, Petrinec SM, Rème H, Rinaldi M, Rubin M, Sémon T, Trattner KJ, Tzou CY, Vigren E, Waite JH, Wurz P (2016) Ion chemistry in the coma of comet 67P near perihelion. Mon Not R Astron Soc 462:S67–S77. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw2149

Galand M, Feldman PD, Bockelée-Morvan D, Biver N, Cheng YC, Rinaldi G, Rubin M, Altwegg K, Deca J, Beth A, Stephenson P, Heritier KL, Henri P, Parker JW, Carr C, Eriksson AI, Burch J (2020) Far-ultraviolet aurora identified at comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Nat Astron 4:1084–1091. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-020-1171-7

Garrod RT (2019) Simulations of ice chemistry in cometary nuclei. Astrophys J 884(1):69. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab418e. arXiv:1909.03366

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Gerig SB, Pinzón-Rodríguez O, Marschall R, Wu JS, Thomas N (2020) Dayside-to-nightside dust coma brightness asymmetry and its implications for nightside activity at comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Icarus 351:113968. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2020.113968

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Gundlach B, Fulle M, Blum J (2020) On the activity of comets: understanding the gas and dust emission from comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko's south-pole region during perihelion. Mon Not R Astron Soc 493(3):3690–3715. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sta449

Gunell H, Goetz C, Simon Wedlund C, Lindkvist J, Hamrin M, Nilsson H, Llera K, Eriksson A, Holmström M (2018) The infant bow shock: a new frontier at a weak activity comet. Astron Astrophys 619:L2. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201834225

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Fulle M, Blum J, Rotundi A, Gundlach B, Güttler C, Zakharov V (2020b) How comets work: nucleus erosion versus dehydration. Mon Not R Astron Soc 493(3):4039–4044. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sta508

Furuya K, Aikawa Y (2018) Depletion of heavy nitrogen in the cold gas of star-forming regions. Astrophys J 857(2):105. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aab768. arXiv:1803.06787

Fuselier SA, Altwegg K, Balsiger H, Berthelier JJ, Beth A, Bieler A, Briois C, Broiles TW, Burch JL, Calmonte U, Cessateur G, Combi M, De Keyser J, Fiethe B, Galand M, Gasc S, Gombosi TI, Gunell H, Hansen KC, Hässig M, Heritier KL, Korth A, Le Roy L, Luspay-Kuti A, Mall U, Mandt KE, Petrinec SM, Rème H, Rinaldi M, Rubin M, Sémon T, Trattner KJ, Tzou CY, Vigren E, Waite JH, Wurz P (2016) Ion chemistry in the coma of comet 67P near perihelion. Mon Not R Astron Soc 462:S67–S77. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw2149

Galand M, Feldman PD, Bockelée-Morvan D, Biver N, Cheng YC, Rinaldi G, Rubin M, Altwegg K, Deca J, Beth A, Stephenson P, Heritier KL, Henri P, Parker JW, Carr C, Eriksson AI, Burch J (2020) Far-ultraviolet aurora identified at comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Nat Astron 4:1084–1091. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-020-1171-7

Garrod RT (2019) Simulations of ice chemistry in cometary nuclei. Astrophys J 884(1):69. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab418e. arXiv:1909.03366

Gerig SB, Marschall R, Thomas N, Bertini I, Bodewits D, Davidsson B, Fulle M, Ip WH, Keller HU, Küppers M, Preusker F, Scholten F, Su CC, Toth I, Tubiana C, Wu JS, Sierks H, Barbieri C, Lamy PL, Rodrigo R, Koschny D, Rickman H, Agarwal J, Barucci MA, Bertaux JL, Cremonese G, Da Deppo V, Debei S, De Cecco M, Deller J, Fornasier S, Groussin O, Gutierrez PJ, Güttler C, Hviid SF, Jorda L, Knollenberg J, Kramm JR, Kührt E, Lara LM, Lazzarin M, Lopez Moreno JJ, Marzari F, Mottola S, Naletto G, Oklay N, Vincent JB (2018) On deviations from free-radial outflow in the inner coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Icarus 311:1–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2018.03.010

Gerig SB, Pinzón-Rodríguez O, Marschall R, Wu JS, Thomas N (2020) Dayside-to-nightside dust coma brightness asymmetry and its implications for nightside activity at comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Icarus 351:113968. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2020.113968

Glassmeier KH (2017) Interaction of the solar wind with comets: a Rosetta perspective. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser A 375(2097):20160256. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0256

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Goetz C, Koenders C, Richter I, Altwegg K, Burch J, Carr C, Cupido E, Eriksson A, Güttler C, Henri P, Mokashi P, Nemeth Z, Nilsson H, Rubin M, Sierks H, Tsurutani B, Vallat C, Volwerk M, Glassmeier KH (2016) First detection of a diamagnetic cavity at comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Astron Astrophys 588:A24. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201527728

Goetz C, Glassmeier KH, Volwerk M, Richter I (2018) Plasma at comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko: implications for cometary activity. In: 42nd COSPAR scientific assembly, vol 42, p B1.1–16–18

Groussin O, Sunshine JM, Feaga LM, Jorda L, Thomas PC, Li Y, A'Hearn MF, Belton MJS, Besse S, Cardich B, Farnham TL, Hampton D, Klaasen K, Lisse C, Merlin F, Protopapa S (2013) The temperature, thermal inertia, roughness and color of the nuclei of comets 103P/Hartley 2 and 9P/Tempel 1. Icarus 222(2):580–594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2012.10.003

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Gundlach B, Fulle M, Blum J (2020) On the activity of comets: understanding the gas and dust emission from comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko’s south-pole region during perihelion. Mon Not R Astron Soc 493(3):3690–3715. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sta449

Gunell H, Goetz C, Simon Wedlund C, Lindkvist J, Hamrin M, Nilsson H, Llera K, Eriksson A, Holmström M (2018) The infant bow shock: a new frontier at a weak activity comet. Astron Astrophys 619:L2. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201834225

Gunell H, Goetz C, Odelstad E, Beth A, Hamrin M, Henri P, Johansson FL, Nilsson H, Stenberg Wieser G (2021) Ion acoustic waves near a comet nucleus: Rosetta observations at comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Ann Geophys 39(1):53–68. https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-53-2021
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Hässig M, Altwegg K, Balsiger H, Bar-Nun A, Berthelier JJ, Bieler A, Bochsler P, Briois C, Calmonte U, Combi M, De Keyser J, Eberhardt P, Fiethe B, Fuselier SA, Galand M, Gasc S, Gombosi TI, Hansen KC, Jäckel A, Keller HU, Kopp E, Korth A, Kührt E, Le Roy L, Mall U, Marty B, Mousis O, Neefs E, Owen T, Rème H, Rubin M, Sémon T, Tornow C, Tzou CY, Waite JH, Wurz P (2015) Time variability and heterogeneity in the coma of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Science 347(6220):aaa0276. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa0276

Heritier KL, Altwegg K, Balsiger H, Berthelier JJ, Beth A, Bieler A, Biver N, Calmonte U, Combi MR, De Keyser J, Eriksson AI, Fiethe B, Fougere N, Fuselier SA, Galand M, Gasc S, Gombosi TI, Hansen KC, Hassig M, Kopp E, Odelstad E, Rubin M, Tzou CY, Vigren E, Vuitton V (2017) Ion composition at comet 67P near perihelion: Rosetta observations and model-based interpretation. Mon Not R Astron Soc 469:S427-S442. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx1912

Hily-Blant P, Magalhaes V, Kastner J, Faure A, Forveille T, Qi C (2017) Direct evidence of multiple reservoirs of volatile nitrogen in a protosolar nebula analogue. Astron Astrophys 603:L6. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201730524. arXiv:1706.10095

Hoppe P, Rubin M, Altwegg K (2018) Presolar isotopic signatures in meteorites and comets: new insights from the Rosetta mission to comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Space Sci Rev 214(6):106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-018-0540-3

Huebner WF, Benkhoff J, Capria MT, Coradini A, De Sanctis C, Orosei R, Prialnik D (2006) Heat and gas diffusion in comet nuclei. ESA Publications Division

Jewitt DC (2004) From cradle to grave: the rise and demise of the comets. In: Festou MC, Keller HU, Weaver HA (eds) Comets II. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, p 659

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Jewitt D, Kim Y, Mutchler M, Agarwal J, Li J, Weaver H (2021) Cometary activity begins at Kuiper Belt distances: evidence from C/2017 K2. Astron J 161(4):188. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/abe4cf. arXiv:2102.06313
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Keller HU, Mottola S, Davidsson B, Schröder SE, Skorov Y, Kührt E, Groussin O, Pajola M, Hviid SF, Preusker F, Scholten F, A'Hearn MF, Sierks H, Barbieri C, Lamy P, Rodrigo R, Koschny D, Rickman H, Barucci MA, Bertaux JL, Bertini I, Cremonese G, Da Deppo V, Debei S, De Cecco M, Fornasier S, Fulle M, Gutiérrez PJ, Ip WH, Jorda L, Knollenberg J, Kramm JR, Küppers M, Lara LM, Lazzarin M, Lopez Moreno JJ, Marzari F, Michalik H, Naletto G, Sabau L, Thomas N, Vincent JB, Wenzel KP, Agarwal J, Güttler C, Oklay N, Tubiana C (2015) Insolation, erosion, and morphology of comet 67P/Churyumov- Gerasimenko. Astron Astrophys 583:A34. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201525964

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Karlsson T, Eriksson AI, Odelstad E, André M, Dickeli G, Kullen A, Lindqvist PA, Nilsson H, Richter I (2017) Rosetta measurements of lower hybrid frequency range electric field oscillations in the plasma environment of comet 67P. Geophys Res Lett 44(4):1641–1651. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL072419

Keihm S, Tosi F, Kamp L, Capaccioni F, Gulkis S, Grassi D, Hofstadter M, Filacchione G, Lee S, Giuppi S, Janssen M, Capria M (2012) Interpretation of combined infrared, submillimeter, and millimeter thermal flux data obtained during the Rosetta fly-by of Asteroid (21) Lutetia. Icarus 221(1):395–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2012.08.002

Keller HU, Kührt E (2020) Cometary nuclei—from Giotto to Rosetta. Space Sci Rev 216(1):14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-020-0634-6

Keller HU, Arpigny C, Barbieri C, Bonnet RM, Cazes S, Coradini M, Cosmovici CB, Delamere WA, Huebner WF, Hughes DW, Jamar C, Malaise D, Reitsema HJ, Schmidt HU, Schmidt WKH, Seige P, Whipple FL, Wilhelm K (1986) First Halley multicolour camera imaging results from Giotto. Nature 321:320–326. https://doi.org/10.1038/321320a0

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Kelley MSP, Woodward CE, Gehrz RD, Reach WT, Harker DE (2017) Mid-infrared spectra of comet nuclei. Icarus 284:344–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2016.11.029. arXiv:1611.09389

Kimura H, Hilchenbach M, Merouane S, Paquette J, Stenzel O (2020) The morphological, elastic, and electric properties of dust aggregates in comets: a close look at COSIMA/Rosetta's data on dust in comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Planet Space Sci 181:104825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2019.104825. arXiv:1912.13198

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Knight MM, Kokotanekova R, Samarasinha HF, Levison NH (2023) Physical properties of comet nuclei from remote observations. In: Meech K, Combi M (eds) Comets III. University of Arizona Press, Tucson

Koenders C, Glassmeier KH, Richter I, Motschmann U, Rubin M (2013) Revisiting cometary bow shock positions. Planet Space Sci 87:85–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2013.08.009

Koenders C, Perschke C, Goetz C, Richter I, Motschmann U, Glassmeier KH (2016) Low-frequency waves at comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Observations compared to numerical simulations. Astron Astrophys 594:A66. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201628803

Kohout T, Näsilä A, Tikka T, Granvik M, Kestilä A, Penttilä A, Kuhno J, Muinonen K, Viherkanto K, Kallio E (2018) Feasibility of asteroid exploration using CubeSats-ASPECT case study. Adv Space Res 62(8):2239–2244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2017.07.036

Kokotanekova R, Snodgrass C, Lacerda P, Green SF, Lowry SC, Fernández YR, Tubiana C, Fitzsimmons A, Hsieh HH (2017) Rotation of cometary nuclei: new light curves and an update of the ensemble properties of Jupiter-family comets. Mon Not R Astron Soc 471(3):2974–3007. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx1716. arXiv:1707.02133

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Witasse O (2021) JUICE (Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer): a European mission to explore the emergence of habitable worlds around gas giants. In: EGU general assembly conference abstracts, p EGU21–153300. https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-15330

Wurz P, Rubin M, Altwegg K, Balsiger H, Berthelier JJ, Bieler A, Calmonte U, De Keyser J, Fiethe B, Fuselier SA, Galli A, Gasc S, Gombosi TI, Jäckel A, Le Roy L, Mall UA, Rème H, Tenishev V, Tzou CY (2015) Solar wind sputtering of dust on the surface of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. *Astron Astrophys* 583:A22. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201525980

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**Publisher's Note** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

## Authors and Affiliations

Geraint H. Jones¹,² ID • Colin Snodgrass³ ID • Cecilia Tubiana⁴ ID • Michael Küppers⁵ ID • Hideyo Kawakita⁶ ID • Luisa M. Lara⁷ ID • Jessica Agarwal⁸ • Nicolas André⁹ ID •
Magrin S, Maquet L, Marchi S, Marzari F, Massironi M, Michalik H, Moissl R, Mottola S, Naletto G, Oklay N, Pajola M, Preusker F, Scholten F, Thomas N, Toth I, Tubiana C (2015) Large heterogeneities in comet 67P as revealed by active pits from sinkhole collapse. Nature 523(7558):63–66. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14564

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Volk K, Malhotra R (2008) The scattered disk as the source of the Jupiter family comets. Astrophys J 687(1):714–725. https://doi.org/10.1086/591839. arXiv:0802.3913

Volwerk M, Goetz C, Behar E, Delva M, Edberg NJT, Eriksson A, Henri P, Llera K, Nilsson H, Richter I, Stenberg Wieser G, Glassmeier KH (2019) Dynamic field line draping at comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko during the Rosetta dayside excursion. Astron Astrophys 630:A44. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201935517

Wang JH, Brasser R (2014) An Oort Cloud origin of the Halley-type comets. Astron Astrophys 563:A122. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201322508. arXiv:1402.2027

Weibel ES (1959) Spontaneously growing transverse waves in a plasma due to an anisotropic velocity distribution. Phys Rev Lett 2(3):83–84. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.2.83

Weissman P, Morbidelli A, Davidsson B, Blum J (2020) Origin and evolution of cometary nuclei. Space Sci Rev 216(1):6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-019-0625-7

Whipple FL (1950) A comet model. I. The acceleration of comet Encke. Astrophys J 111:375–394. https://doi.org/10.1086/145272

Wiegert P, Tremaine S (1999) The evolution of long-period comets. Icarus 137(1):84–121. https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1998.6040

Wieser M, Barabash S (2016) A family for miniature, easily reconfigurable particle sensors for space plasma measurements. J Geophys Res Space Phys 121(12):11588–11604. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JA022799

Wieser M, Barabash S, Wang XD, Grigoriev A, Zhang A, Wang C, Wang W (2020) The Advanced Small Analyzer for Neutrals (ASAN) on the Chang'E-4 Rover Yutu-2. Space Sci Rev 216(4):73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-020-00691-w

Wiström ES, Charnley SB (2018) Revised models of interstellar nitrogen isotopic fractionation. Mon Not R Astron Soc 474(3):3720–3726. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx3030. arXiv:1711.08254

Witasse O (2021) JUICE (Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer): a European mission to explore the emergence of habitable worlds around gas giants. In: EGU general assembly conference abstracts, p EGU21–153300. https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-15330

Wurz P, Rubin M, Altwegg K, Balsiger H, Berthelier JJ, Bieler A, Calmonte U, De Keyser J, Fiethé B, Fuselier SA, Galli A, Gasc S, Gombosi TI, Jäckel A, Le Roy L, Mall UA, Rème H, Tenishev V, Tzou CY (2015) Solar wind sputtering of dust on the surface of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Astron Astrophys 583:A22. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201525980

Wyatt MC, Bonsor A, Jackson AP, Marino S, Shannon A (2017) How to design a planetary system for different scattering outcomes: giant impact sweet spot, maximizing exocomets, scattered discs. Mon Not R Astron Soc 464(3):3385–3407. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw2633. arXiv:1610.00714

Zakharov VV, Ivanovskii SL, Crifo JF, Della Corte V, Rotundi A, Fulle M (2018) Asymptotics for spherical particle motion in a spherically expanding flow. Icarus 312:121–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2018.04.030

**Publisher's Note** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

## Authors and Affiliations

Geraint H. Jones¹,² ID • Colin Snodgrass³ ID • Cecilia Tubiana⁴ ID • Michael Küppers⁵ ID • Hideyo Kawakita⁶ ID • Luisa M. Lara⁷ ID • Jessica Agarwal⁸ • Nicolas André⁹ ID •
Nicholas Attree⁷ ID. Uli Auster⁸. Stefano Bagnulo¹⁰ ID. Michele Bannister¹¹ ID.

Arnaud Beth¹² ID. Neil Bowles¹³. Andrew Coates¹,² ID. Luigi Colangeli¹⁴.

Carlos Corral van Damme¹⁴. Vania Da Deppo¹⁵ ID. Johan De Keyser¹⁶ ID.

Vincenzo Della Corte⁴ ID. Niklas Edberg¹⁷ ID. Mohamed Ramy El-Maarry¹⁸ ID.

Sara Faggi¹⁹ ID. Marco Fulle²⁰ ID. Ryu Funase²¹ ID. Marina Galand¹² ID.

Charlotte Goetz¹⁴ ID. Olivier Groussin²² ID. Aurélie Guilbert-Lepoutre²³ ID.

Pierre Henri²⁴. Satoshi Kasahara²⁵ ID. Akos Kereszturi²⁶ ID. Mark Kidger⁵.

Matthew Knight²⁷ ID. Rosita Kokotanekova²⁸ ID. Ivana Kolmasova²⁹ ID.

Konrad Kossacki³⁰ ID. Ekkehard Kührt³¹ ID. Yuna Kwon³² ID. Fiorangela La Forgia³³ ID.

Anny-Chantal Levasseur-Regourd³⁴. Manuela Lippi⁸. Andrea Longobardo⁴.

Raphael Marschall³⁵ ID. Marek Morawski³⁶ ID. Olga Muñoz⁷ ID. Antti Näsilä³⁷.

Hans Nilsson¹⁷ ID. Cyrielle Opitom³ ID. Mihkel Pajusalu³⁸ ID. Antoine Pommerol³⁹ ID.

Lubomir Prech⁴⁰ ID. Nicola Rando¹⁴. Francesco Ratti¹⁴. Hanna Rothkaehl³⁶ ID.

Alessandra Rotundi⁴¹ ID. Martin Rubin³⁹ ID. Naoya Sakatani²¹ ID.

Joan Pau Sánchez⁴² ID. Cyril Simon Wedlund⁴³ ID. Anamarija Stankov¹⁴.

Nicolas Thomas³⁹ ID. Imre Toth²⁶ ID. Geronimo Villanueva¹⁹ ID.

Jean-Baptiste Vincent⁴⁴ ID. Martin Volwerk⁴³ ID. Peter Wurz³⁹ ID. Arno Wielders¹⁴.

Kazuo Yoshioka²⁵ ID. Konrad Aleksiejuk³⁶ ID. Fernando Alvarez⁷ ID. Carine Amoros⁹.

Shahid Aslam¹⁹ ID. Barbara Atamaniuk³⁶ ID. Jędrzej Baran³⁶ ID. Tomasz Barciński³⁶ ID.

Thomas Beck³⁹. Thomas Behnke⁴⁴. Martin Berglund¹⁷ ID. Ivano Bertini⁴¹ ID.

Marcin Bieda⁴⁵. Piotr Binczyk⁴⁵. Martin-Diego Busch³⁹. Andrei Cacovean⁴⁴.

Maria Teresa Capria⁴. Chris Carr¹² ID. José María Castro Marín⁷ ID.

Matteo Ceriotti⁴⁶ ID. Paolo Chioetto¹⁵ ID. Agata Chuchra-Konrad³⁶ ID.

Lorenzo Cocola¹⁵ ID. Fabrice Colin⁴⁷. Chiaki Crews⁴⁸ ID. Victoria Cripps¹⁷.

Emanuele Cupido¹². Alberto Dassatti⁴⁹ ID. Björn J.R. Davidsson⁵⁰ ID.

Thierry De Roche³⁹. Jan Deca⁵¹ ID. Simone Del Togno⁴⁴ ID. Frederik Dhooghe¹⁶ ID.

Kerri Donaldson Hanna⁵². Anders Eriksson¹⁷ ID. Andrey Fedorov⁹.

Estela Fernández-Valenzuela⁵³ ID. Stefano Ferretti⁴¹. Johan Floriot²².

Fabio Frassetto¹⁵ ID. Jesper Fredriksson¹⁷. Philippe Garnier⁹ ID. Dorota Gawel⁴⁵.

Vincent Génot⁹ ID. Thomas Gerber³⁹. Karl-Heinz Glassmeier⁸ ID.

Mikael Granvik⁵⁴,⁵⁵ ID. Benjamin Grison²⁹ ID. Herbert Gunell⁵⁶ ID. Tedjani Hachemi⁴⁷.

Christian Hagen⁴³. Rajkumar Hajra⁵⁷ ID. Yuki Harada⁵⁸ ID. Johann Hasiba⁴³.

Nico Haslebacher³⁹ ID. Miguel Luis Herranz De La Revilla⁷. Daniel Hestroffer⁵⁹ ID.

Tilak Hewagama¹⁹ ID. Carrie Holt⁶⁰ ID. Stubbe Hviid⁴⁴ ID. Iaroslav Iakubivskyi³⁸ ID.

Laura Inno⁴¹ ID. Patrick Irwin¹³ ID. Stavro Ivanovski²⁰ ID. Jiri Jansky²⁹ ID.

Irmgard Jernej⁴³. Harald Jeszenszky⁴³. Jaime Jimenéz⁷ ID. Laurent Jorda²² ID.

Mihkel Kama⁶¹,³⁸ ID. Shingo Kameda⁶² ID. Michael S.P. Kelley⁶³ ID. Kamil Klepacki⁴⁵.

Tomáš Kohout⁶⁴,⁶⁵. Hirotsugu Kojima⁶⁶ ID. Tomasz Kowalski³⁶ ID.

Masaki Kuwabara⁶² ID. Michal Ladno⁴⁵. Gunter Laky⁴³. Helmut Lammer⁴³ ID.

Radek Lan²⁹ ID. Benoit Lavraud⁶⁷ ID. Monica Lazzarin³³. Olivier Le Duff⁴⁷.

Qiu-Mei Lee⁹. Cezary Lesniak⁴⁵. Zoe Lewis¹². Zhong-Yi Lin⁶⁸. Tim Lister⁶⁰ ID.

Stephen Lowry⁶⁹. Werner Magnes⁴³ ID. Johannes Markkanen⁸ ID.

Ignacio Martinez Navajas⁷ ID. Zita Martins⁷⁰ ID. Ayako Matsuoka⁵⁸ ID.

Barbara Matyjasiak³⁶ ID. Christian Mazelle⁹ ID. Elena Mazzotta Epifani⁷¹ ID.

Mirko Meier³⁹. Harald Michaelis⁴⁴. Marco Micheli⁷² ID. Alessandra Migliorini⁴ ID.

Aude-Lyse Millet⁴⁷. Fernando Moreno⁷ ID. Stefano Mottola⁴⁴ ID.

Bruno Moutounaick⁹. Karri Muinonen⁵⁴ ID. Daniel R. Müller³⁹ ID. Go Murakami²¹ ID.

Naofumi Murata²¹ ID. Kamil Myszka⁴⁵. Shintaro Nakajima²¹ ID. Zoltan Nemeth³⁷ ID.

Artiom Nikolajev³⁸. Simone Nordera¹⁵. Dan Ohlsson¹⁷. Aire Olesk³⁸ ID.
Nicholas Attree⁷ ID • Uli Auster⁸ • Stefano Bagnulo¹⁰ ID • Michele Bannister¹¹ ID •

Arnaud Beth¹² ID • Neil Bowles¹³ • Andrew Coates¹,² ID • Luigi Colangeli¹⁴ •

Carlos Corral van Damme¹⁴ • Vania Da Deppo¹⁵ ID • Johan De Keyser¹⁶ ID •

Vincenzo Della Corte⁴ ID • Niklas Edberg¹⁷ ID • Mohamed Ramy El-Maarry¹⁸ ID •

Sara Faggi¹⁹ ID • Marco Fulle²⁰ ID • Ryu Funase²¹ ID • Marina Galand¹² ID •

Charlotte Goetz¹⁴ ID • Olivier Groussin²² ID • Aurélie Guilbert-Lepoutre²³ ID •

Pierre Henri²⁴ • Satoshi Kasahara²⁵ ID • Akos Kereszturi²⁶ ID • Mark Kidger⁵ •

Matthew Knight²⁷ ID • Rosita Kokotanekova²⁸ ID • Ivana Kolmasova²⁹ ID •

Konrad Kossacki³⁰ ID • Ekkehard Kührt³¹ ID • Yuna Kwon³² ID • Fiorangela La Forgia³³ ID •

Anny-Chantal Levasseur-Regourd³⁴ • Manuela Lippi⁸ • Andrea Longobardo⁴ •

Raphael Marschall³⁵ ID • Marek Morawski³⁶ ID • Olga Muñoz⁷ ID • Antti Näsilä³⁷ •

Hans Nilsson¹⁷ ID • Cyrielle Opitom³ ID • Mihkel Pajusalu³⁸ ID • Antoine Pommerol³⁹ ID •

Lubomir Prech⁴⁰ ID • Nicola Rando¹⁴ • Francesco Ratti¹⁴ • Hanna Rothkaehl³⁶ ID •

Alessandra Rotundi⁴¹ ID • Martin Rubin³⁹ ID • Naoya Sakatani²¹ ID •

Joan Pau Sánchez⁴² ID • Cyril Simon Wedlund⁴³ ID • Anamarija Stankov¹⁴ •

Nicolas Thomas³⁹ ID • Imre Toth²⁶ ID • Geronimo Villanueva¹⁹ ID •

Jean-Baptiste Vincent⁴⁴ ID • Martin Volwerk⁴³ ID • Peter Wurz³⁹ ID • Arno Wielders¹⁴ •

Kazuo Yoshioka²⁵ ID • Konrad Aleksiejuk³⁶ ID • Fernando Alvarez⁷ ID • Carine Amoros⁹ •

Shahid Aslam¹⁹ ID • Barbara Atamaniuk³⁶ ID • Jędrzej Baran³⁶ ID • Tomasz Barciński³⁶ ID •

Thomas Beck³⁹ • Thomas Behnke⁴⁴ • Martin Berglund¹⁷ ID • Ivano Bertini⁴¹ ID •

Marcin Bieda⁴⁵ • Piotr Binczyk⁴⁵ • Martin-Diego Busch³⁹ • Andrei Cacovean⁴⁴ •

Maria Teresa Capria⁴ • Chris Carr¹² ID • José María Castro Marín⁷ ID •

Matteo Ceriotti⁴⁶ ID • Paolo Chioetto¹⁵ ID • Agata Chuchra-Konrad³⁶ ID •

Lorenzo Cocola¹⁵ ID • Fabrice Colin⁴⁷ • Chiaki Crews⁴⁸ ID • Victoria Cripps¹⁷ •

Emanuele Cupido¹² • Alberto Dassatti⁴⁹ ID • Björn J.R. Davidsson⁵⁰ ID •

Thierry De Roche³⁹ • Jan Deca⁵¹ ID • Simone Del Togno⁴⁴ ID • Frederik Dhooghe¹⁶ ID •

Kerri Donaldson Hanna⁵² • Anders Eriksson¹⁷ ID • Andrey Fedorov⁹ •

Estela Fernández-Valenzuela⁵³ • Stefano Ferretti⁴¹ • Johan Floriot²² •

Fabio Frassetto¹⁵ ID • Jesper Fredriksson¹⁷ • Philippe Garnier⁹ ID • Dorota Gawel⁴⁵ •

Vincent Génot⁹ ID • Thomas Gerber³⁹ • Karl-Heinz Glassmeier⁸ ID •

Mikael Granvik⁵⁴,⁵⁵ ID • Benjamin Grison²⁹ ID • Herbert Gunell⁵⁶ ID • Tedjani Hachemi⁴⁷ •

Christian Hagen⁴³ • Rajkumar Hajra⁵⁷ ID • Yuki Harada⁵⁸ ID • Johann Hasiba⁴³ •

Nico Haslebacher³⁹ ID • Miguel Luis Herranz De La Revilla⁷ • Daniel Hestroffer⁵⁹ ID •

Tilak Hewagama¹⁹ ID • Carrie Holt⁶⁰ ID • Stubbe Hviid⁴⁴ ID • Iaroslav Iakubivskyi³⁸ ID •

Laura Inno⁴¹ ID • Patrick Irwin¹³ ID • Stavro Ivanovski²⁰ • Jiri Jansky²⁹ ID •

Irmgard Jernej⁴³ • Harald Jeszenszky⁴³ • Jaime Jimenéz⁷ ID • Laurent Jorda²² ID •

Mihkel Kama⁶¹,³⁸ ID • Shingo Kameda⁶² ID • Michael S.P. Kelley⁶³ ID • Kamil Klepacki⁴⁵ •

Tomáš Kohout⁶⁴,⁶⁵ • Hirotsugu Kojima⁶⁶ ID • Tomasz Kowalski³⁶ •

Masaki Kuwabara⁶² ID • Michal Ladno⁴⁵ • Gunter Laky⁴³ • Helmut Lammer⁴³ ID •

Radek Lan²⁹ ID • Benoit Lavraud⁶⁷ ID • Monica Lazzarin³³ • Olivier Le Duff⁴⁷ •

Qiu-Mei Lee⁹ • Cezary Lesniak⁴⁵ • Zoe Lewis¹² • Zhong-Yi Lin⁶⁸ • Tim Lister⁶⁰ ID •

Stephen Lowry⁶⁹ • Werner Magnes⁴³ ID • Johannes Markkanen⁸ ID •

Ignacio Martinez Navajas⁷ ID • Zita Martins⁷⁰ ID • Ayako Matsuoka⁵⁸ ID •

Barbara Matyjasiak³⁶ ID • Christian Mazelle⁹ ID • Elena Mazzotta Epifani⁷¹ ID •

Mirko Meier³⁹ • Harald Michaelis⁴⁴ • Marco Micheli⁷² ID • Alessandra Migliorini⁴ ID •

Aude-Lyse Millet⁴⁷ • Fernando Moreno⁷ ID • Stefano Mottola⁴⁴ ID •

Bruno Moutounaick⁹ • Karri Muinonen⁵⁴ ID • Daniel R. Müller³⁹ ID • Go Murakami²¹ ID •

Naofumi Murata²¹ ID • Kamil Myszka⁴⁵ • Shintaro Nakajima²¹ ID • Zoltan Nemeth³⁷ ID •

Artiom Nikolajev³⁸ • Simone Nordera¹⁵ • Dan Ohlsson¹⁷ • Aire Olesk³⁸ ID •
Harald Ottacher<sup>43</sup> · Naoya Ozaki<sup>21</sup> · Christophe Oziol<sup>9</sup> · Manish Patel<sup>48</sup>.

Aditya Savio Paul<sup>38</sup> · Antti Penttilä<sup>54</sup> · Claudio Pernechele<sup>74</sup>.

Joakim Peterson<sup>17</sup> · Enrico Petraglio<sup>49</sup> · Alice Maria Piccirillo<sup>41</sup>.

Ferdinand Plaschke<sup>8</sup> · Szymon Polak<sup>36</sup> · Frank Postberg<sup>75</sup> · Herman Proosa<sup>38</sup>.

Silvia Protopapa<sup>76</sup> · Walter Puccio<sup>17</sup> · Sylvain Ranvier<sup>16</sup> · Sean Raymond<sup>67</sup>.

Ingo Richter<sup>8</sup> · Martin Rieder<sup>39</sup> · Roberto Rigamonti<sup>49</sup> · Irene Ruiz Rodriguez<sup>12</sup>.

Ondrej Santolik<sup>29</sup> · Takahiro Sasaki<sup>21</sup> · Rolf Schrödter<sup>44</sup> · Katherine Shirley<sup>13</sup>.

Andris Slavinskis<sup>38</sup> · Balint Sodor<sup>77</sup> · Jan Soucek<sup>29</sup> · Peter Stephenson<sup>12</sup>.

Linus Stöckli<sup>39</sup> · Paweł Szewczyk<sup>36</sup> · Gabor Troznai<sup>77</sup> · Ludek Uhlir<sup>29</sup>.

Naoto Usami<sup>21</sup> · Aris Valavanoglou<sup>43</sup> · Jakub Vaverka<sup>40</sup> · Wei Wang<sup>39</sup>.

Xiao-Dong Wang<sup>17</sup> · Gaëtan Wattieaux<sup>78</sup> · Martin Wieser<sup>17</sup> · Sebastian Wolf<sup>39</sup>.

Hajime Yano<sup>21</sup> · Ichiro Yoshikawa<sup>25</sup> · Vladimir Zakharov<sup>79</sup> · Tomasz Zawistowski<sup>45</sup>.

Paola Zuppella<sup>15</sup> · Giovanna Rinaldi<sup>4</sup> · Hantao Ji<sup>80</sup>

<figure><img src="image_45.png" /></figure>

G.H. Jones
g.h.jones@ucl.ac.uk

1 Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St. Mary, Dorking, UK

2 The Centre for Planetary Sciences at UCL/Birkbeck, London, UK

3 The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

4 INAF, IAPS, Rome, Italy

5 European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), Madrid, Spain

6 Koyama Astronomical Observatory, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, Japan

7 Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía – CSIC, Granada, Spain

8 Institut für Geophysik und extraterrestrische Physik, Technische Universität Braunschweig,
Braunschweig, Germany

9 IRAP, CNRS, University Toulouse 3, CNES, Toulouse, France

10 Armagh Observatory and Planetarium, Armagh, UK

11 University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand

12 Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK

13 Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

14 European Space Agency, ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands

15 CNR-Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, Padova, Italy

16 Royal Belgian Institute of Space Aeronomy, Brussels, Belgium

17 Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala/Kiruna, Sweden

18 Space and Planetary Science Center and Department of Earth Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

19 NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, USA

20 INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Trieste, Italy

21 Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Kanagawa,
Japan
Harald Ottacher⁴³ · Naoya Ozaki²¹ · Christophe Oziol⁹ · Manish Patel⁴⁸

Aditya Savio Paul³⁸ · Antti Penttilä⁵⁴ · Claudio Pernechele⁷⁴

Joakim Peterson¹⁷ · Enrico Petraglio⁴⁹ · Alice Maria Piccirillo⁴¹

Ferdinand Plaschke⁸ · Szymon Polak³⁶ · Frank Postberg⁷⁵ · Herman Proosa³⁸

Silvia Protopapa⁷⁶ · Walter Puccio¹⁷ · Sylvain Ranvier¹⁶

Ingo Richter⁸ · Martin Rieder³⁹ · Roberto Rigamonti⁴⁹

Ondrej Santolik²⁹ · Takahiro Sasaki²¹ · Rolf Schrödter⁴⁴ · Katherine Shirley¹³

Andris Slavinskis³⁸ · Balint Sodor⁷⁷ · Jan Soucek²⁹ · Peter Stephenson¹²

Linus Stöckli³⁹ · Paweł Szewczyk³⁶ · Gabor Troznai⁷⁷ · Ludek Uhlir²⁹

Naoto Usami²¹ · Aris Valavanoglou⁴³ · Jakub Vaverka⁴⁰ · Wei Wang³⁹

Xiao-Dong Wang¹⁷ · Gaëtan Wattieaux⁷⁸ · Martin Wieser¹⁷

Hajime Yano²¹ · Ichiro Yoshikawa²⁵ · Vladimir Zakharov⁷⁹ · Tomasz Zawistowski⁴⁵

Paola Zuppella¹⁵ · Giovanna Rinaldi⁴ · Hantao Ji⁸⁰

<figure><img src="image_46.png" /></figure>

G.H. Jones
g.h.jones@ucl.ac.uk

¹ Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St. Mary, Dorking, UK

² The Centre for Planetary Sciences at UCL/Birkbeck, London, UK

³ The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

⁴ INAF, IAPS, Rome, Italy

⁵ European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), Madrid, Spain

⁶ Koyama Astronomical Observatory, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, Japan

⁷ Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía – CSIC, Granada, Spain

⁸ Institut für Geophysik und extraterrestrische Physik, Technische Universität Braunschweig,
Braunschweig, Germany

⁹ IRAP, CNRS, University Toulouse 3, CNES, Toulouse, France

¹⁰ Armagh Observatory and Planetarium, Armagh, UK

¹¹ University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand

¹² Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK

¹³ Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

¹⁴ European Space Agency, ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands

¹⁵ CNR-Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, Padova, Italy

¹⁶ Royal Belgian Institute of Space Aeronomy, Brussels, Belgium

¹⁷ Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala/Kiruna, Sweden

¹⁸ Space and Planetary Science Center and Department of Earth Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

¹⁹ NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, USA

²⁰ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Trieste, Italy

²¹ Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Kanagawa,
Japan
22 Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Marseille, France

23 LGL-TPE, CNRS, ENS, Université Lyon1, UJM, Lyon, France

24 Laboratoire Lagrange, CNRS, OCA, Université Côte d'Azur, and LPC2E, CNRS, Université d'Orléans, CNES, Orléans, France

25 The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

26 Konkoly Astronomical Institute, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, HUN-REN, Budapest, Hungary

27 U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, USA

28 Institute of Astronomy and National Astronomical Observatory, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria

29 Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic

30 University of Warsaw, Faculty of Physics, Warsaw, Poland

31 DLR, Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, Berlin, Germany

32 Caltech/IPAC, 1200 E California Blvd, MC 100-22, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA

33 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

34 LATMOS, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, CNES, Paris, France

35 CNRS, Laboratoire J.-L. Lagrange, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Nice, France

36 Space Research Centre of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland

37 VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Espoo, Finland

38 Tartu Observatory, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia

39 Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

40 Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic

41 Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", Napoli, Italy

42 Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace, Toulouse, France

43 Austrian Academy of Sciences, Space Research Institute, Graz, Austria

44 DLR Institute of Planetary Research, Berlin, Germany

45 Creotech Instruments, Piaseczno, Poland

46 University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

47 LPC2E, CNRS, Université d'Orléans, CNES, Orléans, France

48 The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK

49 REDS, School of Management and Engineering Vaud, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Delémont, Switzerland

50 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, USA

51 Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, USA

52 Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, USA

53 Florida Space Institute, University of Central Florida, Orlando, USA

54 Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

<figure><img src="image_46.png" /></figure>
22 Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Marseille, France

23 LGL-TPE, CNRS, ENS, Université Lyon1, UJM, Lyon, France

24 Laboratoire Lagrange, CNRS, OCA, Université Côte d'Azur, and LPC2E, CNRS, Université d'Orléans, CNES, Orléans, France

25 The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

26 Konkoly Astronomical Institute, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, HUN-REN, Budapest, Hungary

27 U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, USA

28 Institute of Astronomy and National Astronomical Observatory, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria

29 Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic

30 University of Warsaw, Faculty of Physics, Warsaw, Poland

31 DLR, Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, Berlin, Germany

32 Caltech/IPAC, 1200 E California Blvd, MC 100-22, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA

33 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

34 LATMOS, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, CNES, Paris, France

35 CNRS, Laboratoire J.-L. Lagrange, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Nice, France

36 Space Research Centre of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland

37 VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Espoo, Finland

38 Tartu Observatory, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia

39 Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

40 Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic

41 Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", Napoli, Italy

42 Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace, Toulouse, France

43 Austrian Academy of Sciences, Space Research Institute, Graz, Austria

44 DLR Institute of Planetary Research, Berlin, Germany

45 Creotech Instruments, Piaseczno, Poland

46 University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

47 LPC2E, CNRS, Université d'Orléans, CNES, Orléans, France

48 The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK

49 REDS, School of Management and Engineering Vaud, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Delémont, Switzerland

50 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, USA

51 Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, USA

52 Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, USA

53 Florida Space Institute, University of Central Florida, Orlando, USA

54 Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

<figure><img src="image_47.png" /></figure>
55 Asteroid Engineering Lab, Luleå University of Technology, Kiruna, Sweden

56 Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

57 Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India

58 Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

59 IMCCE, Paris Observatory, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Univ. Lille, Paris, France

60 Las Cumbres Observatory, Goleta, USA

61 University College London, London, UK

62 College of Science, Rikkyo University, Tokyo, Japan

63 Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, USA

64 Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

65 Institute of Geology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic

66 Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

67 Laboratoire d'astrophysique de Bordeaux, Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France

68 Institute of Astronomy, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan

69 University of Kent, Kent, UK

70 Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences and Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal

71 INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Rome, Italy

72 ESA NEO Coordination Centre, Frascati, Italy

73 Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary

74 INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy

75 Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany

76 Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, USA

77 SGF Ltd., Egyed, Hungary

78 Laboratoire Plasma et Conversion d'Energie (LAPLACE), CNRS, Université de Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France

79 LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Paris, France

80 Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
55 Asteroid Engineering Lab, Luleå University of Technology, Kiruna, Sweden

56 Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

57 Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India

58 Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

59 IMCCE, Paris Observatory, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Univ. Lille, Paris, France

60 Las Cumbres Observatory, Goleta, USA

61 University College London, London, UK

62 College of Science, Rikkyo University, Tokyo, Japan

63 Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, USA

64 Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

65 Institute of Geology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic

66 Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

67 Laboratoire d'astrophysique de Bordeaux, Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France

68 Institute of Astronomy, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan

69 University of Kent, Kent, UK

70 Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences and Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal

71 INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Rome, Italy

72 ESA NEO Coordination Centre, Frascati, Italy

73 Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary

74 INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy

75 Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany

76 Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, USA

77 SGF Ltd., Egyed, Hungary

78 Laboratoire Plasma et Conversion d'Energie (LAPLACE), CNRS, Université de Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France

79 LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Paris, France

80 Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, USA