Letter

# Measurement of top-quark pair production in association with charm quarks in proton–proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector

The ATLAS Collaboration *

<figure><img src="image_1.png" /></figure>

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## ARTICLE INFO

Editor: M. Doser

## ABSTRACT

Inclusive cross-sections for top-quark pair production in association with charm quarks are measured with proton–proton collision data at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 140 fb⁻¹, collected with the ATLAS experiment at the LHC between 2015 and 2018. The measurements are performed by requiring one or two charged leptons (electrons and muons), two b-tagged jets, and at least one additional jet in the final state. A custom flavor-tagging algorithm is employed for the simultaneous identification of b-jets and c-jets. In a fiducial phase space that replicates the acceptance of the ATLAS detector, the cross-sections for $t\bar{t} + \ge 2c$ and $t\bar{t} + 1c$ production are measured to be 1.28<sup>+0.27</sup><sub>-0.24</sub> pb and 6.4<sup>+1.0</sup><sub>-0.9</sub> pb, respectively. The measurements are primarily limited by uncertainties in the modeling of inclusive $t\bar{t}$ and $t\bar{t} + b\bar{b}$ production, in the calibration of the flavor-tagging algorithm, and by data statistics. Cross-section predictions from various $t\bar{t}$ simulations are largely consistent with the measured cross-section values, though all underpredict the observed values by 0.5 to 2.0 standard deviations. In a phase-space volume without requirements on the $t\bar{t}$ decay products and the jet multiplicity, the cross-section ratios of $t\bar{t} + \ge 2c$ and $t\bar{t} + 1c$ to total $t\bar{t}$ + jets production are determined to be (1.23 ± 0.25)% and (8.8 ± 1.3)%.

## 1. Introduction

Due to its pivotal role in the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics and its potential interactions with new physics in various beyond-SM frameworks, the study of the top quark ($t$) remains a cornerstone of contemporary particle physics research. In particular, the ATLAS [1] and CMS [2] experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) have directed their attention towards exploring rare final states involving top-quark pairs ($t\bar{t}$), such as associated production of $t\bar{t}$ with Higgs bosons ($t\bar{t}H$) or gauge bosons ($t\bar{t}W$, $t\bar{t}Z$, $t\bar{t}\gamma$), and four-top-quark production ($t\bar{t}t\bar{t}$). Measurements of $t\bar{t}H$ with $H \to b\bar{b}$ decay and $t\bar{t}t\bar{t}$ topologies with single-lepton or dilepton final states [3–7] encounter significant challenges due to substantial, irreducible background contributions stemming from $t\bar{t}$ production in association with heavy-flavor quarks, namely bottom ($b$) and charm ($c$) quarks. These heavy-flavor quarks can be produced via radiation of a gluon which then splits into a $b\bar{b}$ or $c\bar{c}$ pair. Depending on the kinematics, the $b\bar{b}$ or $c\bar{c}$ pair can form a jet each ($t\bar{t} + b\bar{b}/c\bar{c}$) or merge into a single jet ($t\bar{t} + 1B/1C$). Single b-quark or c-quark production ($t\bar{t} + 1b/c$) can also occur via a b-quark or c-quark originating from the initial state. Illustrative Feynman diagrams for these three production modes are shown in Fig. 1.

Measurements of $t\bar{t} + b\bar{b}$ and $t\bar{t} + c\bar{c}$ production have been limited by the challenging modeling of these processes. While computations of the

$t\bar{t} + b\bar{b}$ production cross-section are available at next-to-leading order (NLO) in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) [8–13], the uncertainties in the choice of the renormalization and factorization scales, denoted by $\mu_R$ and $\mu_F$, remain sizable, primarily due to the distinct energy scales associated with the $t\bar{t}$ pair and the $b\bar{b}$ pair. Experimental measurements of $t\bar{t} + b\bar{b}$ production were conducted in proton–proton (pp) collision data at the LHC by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at a center-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV [14–17]. These measurements, along with those of $t\bar{t}H$ ($H \to b\bar{b}$) and $t\bar{t}t\bar{t}$ production, frequently involve determining the $t\bar{t} + \ge 1c$ normalization in situ through a free parameter in the fit, compensating for the limited knowledge of this process. Recent ATLAS measurements of $t\bar{t} + b\bar{b}$ and $t\bar{t}H$ ($H \to b\bar{b}$) [5,17] reported the $t\bar{t} + \ge 1c$ normalization factor to be larger than the value predicted by Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. CMS performed a dedicated $t\bar{t} + c\bar{c}$ measurement in $t\bar{t}$ final states with two charged leptons based on Run 2 data corresponding to 41.5 fb⁻¹ [18], but did not explicitly measure the $t\bar{t} + 1c/C$ cross-section. The rates of $t\bar{t} + b\bar{b}$, $t\bar{t} + c\bar{c}$, and $t\bar{t} + \text{light jets}$ were found to agree with predictions from MC simulations performed at NLO in the matrix element interfaced with a parton shower (PS) algorithm (NLO+PS) within one to two standard deviations of measurement uncertainties.

Using the complete LHC Run 2 data sample of pp collisions corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 140 fb⁻¹, this Letter presents

<footnote>* E-mail address: atlas/publications@cern.ch.</footnote>
<figure><img src="image_2.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 1. Illustrative Feynman diagrams for $t\bar{t} + \ge 2c$ and $t\bar{t} + 1c$ production: (a) $t\bar{t} + c\bar{c}$ production via initial-state gluon radiation where both c-quarks form a jet each, (b) $t\bar{t} + c\bar{c}$ production via initial-state gluon radiation where the two c-quarks are in the same jet, (c) $t\bar{t} + 1c$ production where the c-quark originates from the initial state.</figcaption></figure>

the first ATLAS measurement of $t\bar{t} + \ge 1c$ production. The production rates of $t\bar{t} + \ge 2c$ and $t\bar{t} + 1c$ are determined separately to facilitate more detailed comparisons with theoretical predictions, as these processes are expected to be sensitive to different production mechanisms (cf. Fig. 1). The first comprises all final states with two or more c-jets, e.g., $t\bar{t} + c\bar{c}$ production where both c-quarks form separate jets, while the second includes both $t\bar{t} + 1c$ production via a c-quark from the initial state and $t\bar{t} + 1c$ production. Events with one or two charged leptons in the final state are considered, targeting $t\bar{t}$ topologies where one or both W bosons from the top quarks decay leptonically. While topologies with one charged lepton (single-lepton) offer larger statistics, they introduce additional complexity due to the potential production of extra c-quarks from the hadronically decaying W boson. Conversely, final states with two charged leptons (dilepton) are rarer but expect less background contamination.

The probabilities for $t\bar{t}$ pairs with additional jets initiated by b-quarks, c-quarks, light quarks, and gluons to enter each analysis region are estimated through NLO+PS simulations of inclusive $t\bar{t}$ and of $t\bar{t} + b\bar{b}$ production. This measurement uses a custom flavor tagging algorithm, termed the b/c-tagger, tailored to simultaneous c-jet and b-jet identification, to define analysis regions sensitive to $t\bar{t} + \ge 2c$ and $t\bar{t} + 1c$ production. The rates of these processes are then measured in a fiducial phase space designed to replicate the acceptance of the ATLAS detector and in a more inclusive volume. Furthermore, the ratios of $t\bar{t} + \ge 2c$, $t\bar{t} + 1c$, and $t\bar{t} + \ge 1b$ to overall $t\bar{t}$ + jets production are extracted and compared with NLO+PS simulations.

## 2. ATLAS detector

The ATLAS experiment [1] at the LHC is a multipurpose particle detector with a forward-backward symmetric cylindrical geometry and a near $4\pi$ coverage in solid angle.<fnref n="1" /> It consists of an inner tracking detector (ID) surrounded by a thin superconducting solenoid providing a 2 T axial magnetic field, electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters, and a muon spectrometer. The ID covers the pseudorapidity range $|\eta| < 2.5$. It consists of silicon pixel, silicon microstrip, and transition radiation tracking detectors. Lead/liquid-argon (LAr) sampling calorimeters provide electromagnetic (EM) energy measurements with high granularity within the region $|\eta| < 3.2$. A steel/scintillator-tile hadronic calorimeter covers the central pseudorapidity range ($|\eta| < 1.7$). The endcap and forward regions are instrumented with LAr calorimeters for EM and hadronic energy measurements up to $|\eta| = 4.9$. The muon spectrometer surrounds the calorimeters and is based on three large superconducting air-core toroidal magnets with eight coils each. The field integral of

the toroids ranges between 2.0 and 6.0 T m across most of the detector. The muon spectrometer includes a system of precision tracking chambers up to $|\eta| = 2.7$ and fast detectors for triggering up to $|\eta| = 2.4$. The luminosity is measured mainly by the LUCID-2 [19] detector which is located close to the beampipe. A two-level trigger system is used to select events [20]. The first-level trigger is implemented in hardware and uses a subset of the detector information to accept events at a rate below 100 kHz. This is followed by a software-based trigger that reduces the accepted event rate to 1 kHz on average depending on the data-taking conditions. A software suite [21] is used in data simulation, in the reconstruction and analysis of real and simulated data, in detector operations, and in the trigger and data acquisition systems of the experiment.

## 3. Simulation of signal and background processes

Samples of simulated events are used to model $t\bar{t} + jets$ production and most background processes. These MC simulated samples were generated employing either the full ATLAS detector simulation [22] based on GEANT4 [23], or a faster simulation where the GEANT4 simulation of the calorimeter response is replaced by a detailed parameterization of the shower shapes [22]. Both simulation methods were found to provide similar modeling for the observables used in this Letter. To account for the effects of multiple interactions in the same and neighboring bunch crossings (pileup), additional interactions were simulated using PYTHIA 8.186 [24] with a set of tuned parameters (tune) referred to as A3 [25] and superimposed onto the simulated hard-scatter event. Subsequently, simulated events were reweighted to replicate the pileup conditions observed in the full Run 2 data sample, with a mean number of $pp$ interactions per bunch crossing of 34. All simulated events were processed through the same reconstruction algorithms and analysis chain as the data.

Unless specified otherwise, PYTHIA8 [26] was employed to simulate PS, hadronization, and multi-parton interactions (MPIs). For all samples using PYTHIA8 or HERWIG7 [27–29] for the simulation of the PS, hadronization and MPIs, the decays of b- and c-hadrons were simulated using the EVTGEN program [30]. PYTHIA8 setups use the A14 tune [31] and the NNPDF2.3LO parton distribution function (PDF) set [32]; HERWIG7 setups use the H7UE tune [28] or the default HERWIG tune alongside the MMHT2014LO PDF set [33]. The top-quark mass was set to $m_t = 172.5$ GeV and, unless stated otherwise, the five-flavor scheme (5FS) with massless b-quarks in the matrix element was used for all simulation setups and the corresponding PDF sets.

Inclusive $t\bar{t}$ events were generated with the POWHEG BOX2 [34–37] generator at NLO in QCD employing the NNPDF3.0NLO PDF set [38]. The $h_{\text{damp}}$ parameter, which regulates the transverse momentum ($p_T$) of the first additional emission beyond the Born configuration, was set to $1.5 m_t$ [39]. The hardness scale parameter, which determines the region of phase space vetoed during showering when matched to a PS, was fixed at $p_T^{\text{hard}} = 0$ [40,41]. The scales $\mu_R$ and $\mu_F$ were set to the transverse mass of the top quark, $m_T(t) = \sqrt{m_t^2 + p_{t,t}^2}$. In the following, this sample is referred to as $t\bar{t}$ POWHEG+PYTHIA8. To assess uncertainties in the modeling, alternative sets of $t\bar{t}$ events were generated with different configurations: with $p_T^{\text{hard}} = 1$; with $h_{\text{damp}} = 3 m_t$; and with POWHEG

<footnote n="1">¹ ATLAS uses a right-handed coordinate system with its origin at the nominal interaction point (IP) in the center of the detector and the z-axis along the beam pipe. The x-axis points from the IP to the center of the LHC ring, and the y-axis points upwards. Polar coordinates $(r, \phi)$ are used in the transverse plane, $\phi$ being the azimuthal angle around the z-axis. The pseudorapidity is defined in terms of the polar angle $\theta$ as $\eta = -\ln \tan(\theta/2)$ and is equal to the rapidity $y = \frac{1}{2} \ln \left( \frac{E+p_z}{E-p_z} \right)$ in the relativistic limit. Angular distance is measured in units of $\Delta R \equiv \sqrt{(\Delta y)^2 + (\Delta \phi)^2}$.</footnote>
BOX interfaced to HERWIG7 instead of PYTHIA8. To compare the result with another prediction, an additional set was generated with the MADGRAPH5_AMC@NLO 2.6.0 generator [42] at NLO in QCD, which uses the NNPDF3.0NLO PDF set, MADSPIN [43,44] to simulate top-quark decays, and HERWIG7 for PS and hadronization [45]. All generated sets of events were reweighted to the predicted cross-section of $\sigma(\bar{t}\bar{t}) = 832 \pm 51$ pb, as calculated with the Top++2.0 program to next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO) in QCD, including soft-gluon resummation to next-to-next-to-leading-log order (see Ref. [46] and references therein). The uncertainties include independent variations of $\mu_R$ and $\mu_F$, and variations in the PDF and $\alpha_S$, following the PDF4LHC prescription with the MSTW2008 68% CL NNLO, CT10 NNLO and NNPDF2.3 5FS PDF sets (see Ref. [47] and references therein, and Refs. [32,48,49]).

The POWHEG BOX RES [11] generator and OPENLOOPS [50–52] were used to generate $t\bar{t} + b\bar{b}$ events in the four-flavor scheme (4FS) with massive b-quarks, where the generation of the additional $b\bar{b}$ pair is included in the matrix element, employing the NNPDF3.0NLO 4FS PDF set [38]. The $\mu_R$ scale was set to $\frac{1}{2}\sqrt[4]{\prod_{i=t,\bar{t},b,\bar{b}} m_{T,i}}$ where $m_{T,i}$ denotes the transverse mass for each parton $i$. The $\mu_F$ scale and the $h_{\text{damp}}$ parameter were set to $0.5 \times \sum_i m_{T,i}$ with $i \in \{t, \bar{t}, b, \bar{b}, j\}$ and $i \in \{t, \bar{t}, b, \bar{b}\}$, respectively, where $j$ denotes extra partons. The $p_T^{\text{hard}}$ parameter was fixed to 0, and the Born-zero-damp parameter ($h_{\text{bzd}}$), regulating the division between the finite and singular part of the real emission in the NLO calculation, was set to 5. In the following, this sample is referred to as $t\bar{t} + b\bar{b}$ POWHEG+PYTHIA8. To assess uncertainties in the modeling, alternative sets of $t\bar{t} + b\bar{b}$ events were generated with different configurations: with $p_T^{\text{hard}} = 1$; using the dipole recoil scheme instead of the nominal global recoil scheme [11,53]; and interfacing POWHEG BOX RES with HERWIG7 instead of PYTHIA8. To compare the result with another prediction, alternative sets of $t\bar{t} + b\bar{b}$ events were generated with $h_{\text{bzd}} = 2$. An additional alternative set of events was generated with the SHERPA 2.2.10 generator [54] in the 4FS, for which the virtual corrections for matrix elements at NLO accuracy were provided by COMIX [55] and OPENLOOPS. The SHERPA events were matched with the SHERPA PS algorithm [56] based on Catani–Seymour dipole factorization using the MEPS@NLO prescription [57–60] and a set of tuned parameters developed by the SHERPA authors. All generated sets of events were reweighted to the same prediction cross-section value as computed in POWHEG BOX RES at NLO in QCD.

A dedicated simulation of $t\bar{t} + c\bar{c}$ production in the three-flavor scheme (3FS) is not available. Hence, $t\bar{t} + c\bar{c}$ contributions are estimated solely using $t\bar{t}$ 5FS simulation, where only the gluon radiation process is simulated in the NLO matrix element, but its splitting into a $c\bar{c}$ pair is done in the PS.

Simulated $t\bar{t}$ and $t\bar{t} + b\bar{b}$ events are sorted into four $t\bar{t} + \text{jets}$ categories using particle-level information: $t\bar{t} + \ge 2c$, $t\bar{t} + 1c$, $t\bar{t} + \ge 1b$, and $t\bar{t} + \text{light}$. For the categorization, jets are reconstructed from stable particles<fnref n="2" /> following PS and hadronization, using the anti-$k_t$ algorithm [61,62] with a radius parameter $R = 0.4$. They are required to have $p_T > 15$ GeV and $|\eta| < 2.5$. The flavor of a particle-level jet is determined by counting b- and c-hadrons with $p_T > 5$ GeV that are ghost-associated [63,64] with the jet. Jets with one or more associated b-hadrons are designated as b-jets, while those with one or more associated c-hadrons but no b-hadron are labeled as c-jets. Events are categorized based on the presence of additional particle-level b-jets and c-jets, excluding jets originating from decays of top quarks and W bosons.<fnref n="3" /> Events with one or more b-jets are classified as $t\bar{t} + \ge 1b$, those with two or more c-jets but no b-jet are categorized as $t\bar{t} + \ge 2c$, and events with one c-jet but no b-jet are labeled as $t\bar{t} + 1c$. Any remaining events enter the $t\bar{t} + \text{light}$ category.

The $t\bar{t} + \text{jets}$ categorization at particle level is used to remove the overlap between the inclusive $t\bar{t}$ 5FS simulation and the $t\bar{t} + b\bar{b}$ 4FS simulation. The latter is expected to provide the more accurate modeling of $t\bar{t} + b\bar{b}$ production and is the preferable setup to simulate $t\bar{t} + \ge 1b$ contributions in this analysis. Thus, events are removed from any of the $t\bar{t}$ 5FS setups if they fall into the $t\bar{t} + \ge 1b$ category at particle level. All other events are retained to estimate contributions in the $t\bar{t} + \ge 2c$, $t\bar{t} + 1c$, and $t\bar{t} + \text{light}$ categories. Likewise, events from the $t\bar{t} + b\bar{b}$ 4FS simulation are removed if they fall into the $t\bar{t} + \ge 2c$, $t\bar{t} + 1c$, or $t\bar{t} + \text{light}$ categories at particle level. The individual cross-sections assigned to the $t\bar{t}$ and $t\bar{t} + b\bar{b}$ samples are retained, and no rescaling is performed after removing the overlapping events.

Various other processes involving top quarks can mimic $t\bar{t} + \text{jets}$ topologies. Single-top-quark $t$-channel, $s$-channel, and $tW$ production were simulated using POWHEG BOX2 at NLO in QCD. For $t$-channel production, events were generated in the 4FS with the NNPDF3.0NLO 4FS PDF set. For $s$-channel and $tW$ production, events were generated in the 5FS using the NNPDF3.0NLO 5FS PDF set. The $tW$ simulation employed the diagram-removal scheme [65] to treat interference with $t\bar{t}$ production [39]. Additional sets of $tW$ events were generated in different setups: using the diagram-subtraction scheme [39,65]; using POWHEG BOX2 interfaced with HERWIG 7.04; and using MADGRAPH5_AMC@NLO 2.6.2 interfaced with PYTHIA8. POWHEG BOX2+HERWIG7 setups were also generated for $t$-channel and $s$-channel production. $t\bar{t}H$ production was simulated with POWHEG BOX2 at NLO in QCD in the 5FS, using the NNPDF3.0NLO PDF set. Additionally, $t\bar{t}W$, $t\bar{t}Z$, $tZq$, and $tWZ$ events were generated using the MADGRAPH5_AMC@NLO 2.3.3 generator at NLO in QCD with the NNPDF3.0NLO PDF set. Secondary sets of $t\bar{t}W$ and $t\bar{t}Z$ events were simulated with SHERPA 2.2.0 at leading order (LO) in QCD. In the following, these processes are collectively referred to as *Other Top*.

$W$ + jets and $Z$ + jets events were simulated using the SHERPA 2.2.1 generator employing NLO matrix elements for up to two partons and LO matrix elements for up to four partons, calculated with the COMIX and OPENLOOPS libraries. Diboson events with semileptonic and fully leptonic decays were simulated using SHERPA 2.2.1 and SHERPA 2.2.2, employing NLO matrix elements for up to one additional parton and LO matrix elements for up to three additional partons. $W$ + jets, $Z$ + jets and diboson events were matched with the SHERPA PS algorithm based on Catani–Seymour dipole factorization using the MEPS@NLO prescription and a set of tuned parameters developed by the SHERPA authors. The NNPDF3.0NNLO PDF set [38] was used, and the cross-sections of the samples were reweighted to NNLO predictions [66]. In the following, $W$ + jets, $Z$ + jets and diboson processes are collectively referred to as *Non-Top*.

The cross-section measurements are conducted within a fiducial volume at particle level, closely resembling the detector-level acceptance, ensuring robustness against variations in acceptance predictions from MC simulations. Events in the single-lepton (dilepton) channel must exhibit five (three) or more jets with $p_T > 25$ GeV and $|\eta| < 2.5$, out of which at least two must be ghost-associated with b-hadrons. No specific requirements are imposed regarding the presence of additional b- or c-jets in the fiducial phase space, but the $t\bar{t} + \text{jets}$ categorization is performed as described above. In the single-lepton channel, events must feature exactly one charged lepton ($\ell = e, \mu$), while in the dilepton channel, events must contain exactly two oppositely charged leptons. One lepton must have $p_T > 27$ GeV, any additional lepton must carry $p_T > 10$ GeV, and all are required to be within $|\eta| < 2.5$. Any event featuring a same-flavor lepton pair with an invariant mass below 15 GeV or within the range 83 to 99 GeV is rejected. Leptons are removed if their distance to a jet satisfies $\Delta R < 0.4$. The fiducial phase space accepts approximately 17% of the total number of simulated $t\bar{t} + \ge 1c$ events. The measurements are also performed in a more inclusive phase-space volume without requirements on the $t\bar{t}$ decay products and the jet multiplicity.

<footnote n="2">² Particle-level objects are considered stable if $\tau > 3 \times 10^{-11}$ s.</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³ The procedure to exclude these jets is as follows: b-quarks and c-quarks originating directly from the decays of top quarks and W bosons are identified in the MC generator record. Then, the b- and c-hadrons closest in $\Delta R$ are flagged. Any jet *ghost-associated* with these hadrons is removed from the categorization.</footnote>
## 4. Event reconstruction and selection

Events are required to have at least one primary vertex with two or more tracks with $p_T > 0.5$ GeV. For events with more than one primary vertex, the hard-scattering primary vertex is selected as the one with the highest sum of squared track $p_T$ [67]. A suite of single-electron and single-muon triggers is used to select events with at least one charged lepton [68,69].

Jets are reconstructed using the anti-$k_t$ clustering algorithm with a radius parameter of $R = 0.4$ using particle flow jet constituents that combine measurements from both the ID and the calorimeter [70]. Jet candidates undergo calibration using simulations, with corrections derived from in situ techniques applied to data [71]. They are required to have $p_T > 25$ GeV and $|\eta| < 2.5$, with jets within $|\eta| < 2.4$ and $p_T < 60$ GeV further required to pass the tight working point of the jet vertex tagger [72] to reduce contribution from pileup jets.

Electron candidates are reconstructed from clusters of energy in the EM calorimeter associated with reconstructed tracks from the ID. Their reconstruction, identification, and calibration are detailed in Refs. [73,74]. They must satisfy a set of likelihood-based identification criteria with $p_T > 10$ GeV and $|\eta_{cluster}| < 2.47$. Electrons in the transition region between the end-caps and barrel region ($1.37 < |\eta_{cluster}| < 1.52$) are vetoed. Tracks matched to electrons are required to be associated with the primary vertex and satisfy $|z_0 \sin \theta| < 0.5$ mm and $|d_0|/\sigma(d_0) < 5$, where $z_0$ and $d_0$ are the longitudinal and transverse impact parameters of the electron track, respectively. For the analysis regions, the identification criteria are tightened, and electrons are required to satisfy a set of variable-radius isolation criteria to reduce contributions from misidentified jets, considering energy depositions in the calorimeter and tracks in the ID [73].

Muons are reconstructed by combining a track from the muon spectrometer with an ID track. Details regarding the reconstruction, identification and calibration of muons are summarized in Refs. [75,76]. The ID tracks must be associated with the primary vertex by passing $|z_0 \sin \theta| < 0.5$ mm and $|d_0|/\sigma(d_0) < 3$. They must fulfill $p_T > 10$ GeV, $|\eta| < 2.5$, and satisfy a set of muon quality criteria. For the analysis regions, the quality criteria are tightened, and muons are required to pass a track-based isolation criterion to reduce contributions from misidentified jets [75].

An overlap removal procedure prevents double counting of energy deposits and improves object resolution and identification efficiencies. Electron candidates sharing tracks with a muon candidate are removed. The nearest jet within $\Delta R < 0.2$ of an electron candidate is removed in favor of the electron. Electrons within $\Delta R < 0.4$ of any jets after this selection are removed in favor of the jet. Muons are removed if they are within $\Delta R < 0.4$ of a jet to reduce contributions from heavy-flavor decays. However, if the jet has fewer than three associated tracks, the muon is kept in favor of the jet.

Jets containing b-hadrons are identified as b-tagged jets using the DL1r algorithm [77], which leverages distinctive b-hadron features like track impact parameters and the presence of displaced vertices in the ID. The algorithm also includes discriminating variables from a recurrent neural network that exploit spatial and kinematic correlations between tracks from the same b-hadron. The DL1r algorithm provides three output scores, $p_b$, $p_c$, and $p_{light}$, and in the standard DL1r calibration, jets are tagged as b-jets using a discriminant $D_b$ that is built using the Neyman-Pearson lemma [78]:

$$D_b = \log \frac{p_b}{f_c p_c + (1 - f_c) p_{light}}.$$

The parameter $f_c$ controls which background contributes more to the decision. To improve the efficiency of selecting jets originating from c-quarks without compromising the b-jet identification performance, the DL1r algorithm was reoptimized as a 2D binned discriminant, the b/c-tagger. This reoptimization was necessary because standard DL1r configurations do not provide calibrated c-tagging working points, re-

Physics Letters B 860 (2025) 139177
ATLAS Simulation
$\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV

<figure><img src="image_3.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 2. Distribution of light, c-, and b-jets for the 2D b/c-tagger in simulated $t\bar{t}$ events. Dashed lines correspond to the edges of the working points. For visualization purposes a standard logistic function is applied to both axes of the discriminant. The contours for each jet type are smoothed with a kernel density method to improve readability, with contours corresponding to lines of constant density. The two b-tagging bins comprise the top left corner of the discriminant, with the c-tagging bins to the right of the vertical dashed line. Untagged jets are located in the bottom left corner.</figcaption></figure>

quiring a tailored approach to achieve the desired balance between b-jet and c-jet identification. The axes of the discriminant, $D_c$ and $D_b$, are calculated from the $p_b$, $p_c$, and $p_{light}$ scores following the above formula, with all b- and c-subscripts interchanged for the $D_c$ discriminant. It was found that $f_b = 0.4$ provides good performance for the b/c-tagger as it leads to a balanced contamination of b-jets and light-flavor jets in the analysis regions; the value of $f_c = 0.018$ was chosen to align the admixture with the standard DL1r calibration.

The binning in $D_c$ and $D_b$ includes five working points (WPs), two of which are optimized for c-jet identification and two for b-jet identification. The WPs are designed to achieve an approximately constant efficiency for b-jet and c-jet identification across the jet $p_T$ and $|\eta|$ range, with $p_T > 20$ GeV. The c-tagging WPs are separated from the others by $D_c' \ge 0.625$, where the prime indicates that a standard logistic function is applied to the discriminant: $D_c' = 1/(1 + \exp(-D_c))$. The tight c-tagging WP includes a tighter cut on $D_b'$ to increase the light-flavor rejection rate and is designed to achieve an exclusive efficiency of 11% (denoted c@11%).<fnref n="4" /> The loose c-tagging WP, which includes c@11%, achieves an inclusive efficiency of 22% (c@22%). The c@11% and c@22% WPs yield b-jet rejection rates of 28.7 and 18.9 and light-flavor rejection rates of 1051 and 104 in simulated $t\bar{t}$ events, respectively. The b-tagging WPs, defined for $D_c' < 0.625$, use the same $D_b'$ cuts as the two tightest b-tagging WPs in the standard DL1r calibration. The tighter b-tagging WP is designed to achieve an exclusive efficiency of 60% (b@60%), the looser, which includes b@60%, to achieve an inclusive b-tagging efficiency of 70% (b@70%), with c-jet rejection rates of 37.1 and 12.2 and light-flavor rejection rates of 2320 and 573, respectively. Jets not entering any of the four WP bins are classified as untagged. Consequently, the b/c-tagger comprises a total of five orthogonal bins, with the distribution of light, c- and b-jets illustrated in Fig. 2.

The calibration of the five b/c-tagger WPs follows standard procedures applied to the DL1r algorithm [79–81]. Jets originating from b- and c-quarks are calibrated in data using $t\bar{t}$ events, both selections being orthogonal to the events analyzed in this study by limiting the number

<footnote n="4">⁴ Tightening the cut on $D_c'$ instead of $D_b'$ would lead to a more balanced increase in the b-jet and light-flavor rejection rate, but it was found that a focus on higher light-flavor rejection rates yields better $t\bar{t} + \ge 1c$ signal sensitivity.</footnote>
<caption>Table 1</caption>

Jet multiplicity and tagging criteria for the signal regions (SRs) and control regions (CRs) in the single-lepton and dilepton channels. All single-lepton regions are defined in the 5-jet-exclusive and 6-jet-inclusive jet selections, all dilepton regions in the 3-jet-exclusive and 4-jet-inclusive jet selections. By construction, $SR_{tight}^{2\ell}$ only exists for the 4-jet-inclusive selection. Identical requirements on inclusive and exclusive working points, e.g., one $c@22\%$ and one $c@11\%$ in the $CR_1^{1\ell}$, indicate a veto of additional tags at the inclusive working point.

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>CR<sub>1</sub><sup>1ℓ</sup></th><th>CR<sub>2</sub><sup>1ℓ</sup></th><th>CR<sub>3</sub><sup>1ℓ</sup></th><th>SR<sub>loose</sub><sup>1ℓ</sup></th><th>SR<sub>tight</sub><sup>1ℓ</sup></th><th>CR<sub>1</sub><sup>2ℓ</sup></th><th>CR<sub>2</sub><sup>2ℓ</sup></th><th>CR<sub>3</sub><sup>2ℓ</sup></th><th>SR<sub>loose</sub><sup>2ℓ</sup></th><th>SR<sub>tight</sub><sup>2ℓ</sup></th></tr><tr><th>N<sub>jets</sub></th><td colspan="5">= 5 or ≥ 6</td><td colspan="5">= 3 or ≥ 4</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>b@70%</th><td>2</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>-</td><td>≥ 3</td><td>2</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><th>b@60%</th><td>-</td><td>≥ 3</td><td>3</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>≥ 3</td><td>≤ 2</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th>c@22%</th><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>≥ 2</td><td>-</td><td>0</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>1</td><td>≥ 2</td></tr><tr><th>c@11%</th><td>1</td><td>-</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>≥ 2</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr></tbody></table>

of jets to four (two) in single-lepton (dilepton) final states. All b-tagging calibration scale factors (SFs) are close to unity, with statistical uncertainties dominating the high $p_T$ regime. The c-tagging calibration yields more variation in the SF values. For the b@70% WP, the SFs average around 0.9 and some bins in jet $p_T$ are incompatible with unity within their uncertainties. Light-flavor jet calibration employs the negative-tag method [82,83] in conjunction with a flip-tagger approach following Ref. [81], and all SFs are compatible with unity within uncertainties. For the b@60% working point, the light-flavor SFs cannot be determined due to the large b-jet contamination and so, following the procedure in Ref. [81], are set to unity with additional uncertainties. The $c@11\%$ WP also has large uncertainties due to high contamination of heavy-flavor jets and low statistics. Simulation-to-simulation SFs are derived in bins of jet $p_T$ and $|\eta|$ to account for differences between tagging efficiencies for different PS and hadronization algorithms [84].

A preselection is applied and requires at least one electron or muon with $p_T > 27$ GeV that is matched to the trigger object. The single-lepton channel selects events with exactly one lepton, while the dilepton channel selects those with exactly two oppositely charged leptons. Events must have at least five (three) jets in the single-lepton (dilepton) channel, with at least three (two) b-tagged or c-tagged jets using the b@70% or $c@22\%$ working points. For dilepton final states with identical lepton flavors, the same invariant-mass criteria as those applied in the fiducial selection at particle level are imposed. In the single-lepton channel, events are split into those with exactly five jets (5-jet-exclusive) and those with six or more jets (6-jet-inclusive). Similarly, in the dilepton channel, events are categorized as either 3-jet-exclusive or 4-jet-inclusive. Based on the number of identified b- and c-tagged jets, events are further classified into signal regions (SRs) enriched in $t\bar{t} + \ge 2c$ and $t\bar{t} + 1c$ events, and control regions (CRs), which determine the normalization of the $t\bar{t} + \ge 1b$ and $t\bar{t} + light$ background. An overview of the seven SRs and 12 CRs is shown in Table 1. Approximately 5.3% of the simulated $t\bar{t} + \ge 1c$ events passing the fiducial selection criteria are reconstructed in the analysis regions.

There are four SRs in the single-lepton channel and three SRs in the dilepton channel with different degrees of purity in $t\bar{t} + \ge 2c$ and $t\bar{t} + 1c$ events. The $SR_{tight}^{1\ell}$ and $SR_{tight}^{2\ell}$ regions target $t\bar{t} + \ge 2c$ events, while $SR_{loose}^{1\ell}$ and $SR_{loose}^{2\ell}$ are dominated by $t\bar{t} + 1c$. All seven regions require exactly two b-tagged jets at $b@70\%$. In the single-lepton channel, events featuring at least two c-tagged jets at $c@22\%$ with exactly one satisfying the $c@11\%$ working point enter the $SR_{loose}^{1\ell}$ regions. Events with two or more c-tagged jets at $c@11\%$ are classified into $SR_{tight}^{1\ell}$. The expected purity in $t\bar{t} + \ge 2c$ events in the single-lepton SRs ranges between 10% and 28%, while the predicted $t\bar{t} + 1c$ contributions are between 29% and 38%. In the dilepton channel, events with exactly one c-tagged jet at $c@22\%$ are sorted into $SR_{loose}^{2\ell}$, while events with at least two enter $SR_{tight}^{2\ell}$, which is only defined in the 4-jet-inclusive selection. In the dilepton regions, the expected purity in $t\bar{t} + \ge 2c$ and $t\bar{t} + 1c$ events is between 4% and 46%, and between 16% and 38%, respectively.

In the single-lepton channel, three CRs with varying compositions in $t\bar{t} + \ge 1b$ and $t\bar{t} + light$ are defined for each of the two jet multiplicity selections. The $CR_1^{1\ell}$ regions select exactly two b-tagged jets at $b@70\%$ and exactly one c-tagged jet passing $c@22\%$ and $c@11\%$. They are dominated by $t\bar{t} + light$ events. The $CR_2^{1\ell}$ regions are characterized by events with three or more b-tagged jets at $b@60\%$, with a veto on c-tagged jets, leading to a mix of $t\bar{t} + \ge 1b$ and $t\bar{t} + light$. The $CR_3^{1\ell}$ regions are pure in $t\bar{t} + \ge 1b$ and select events with exactly three b-tagged jets at $b@60\%$ and exactly one c-tagged jet satisfying $c@22\%$ and $c@11\%$.

Similarly, the dilepton channel features three CRs for each of the two jet multiplicity selections. The $CR_1^{2\ell}$ regions require exactly two b-tagged jets at $b@70\%$ and veto c-tagged jets. They are dominated by $t\bar{t} + light$ events. The $CR_2^{2\ell}$ regions are pure in $t\bar{t} + \ge 1b$ and select events with three or more b-tagged jets at $b@60\%$. The $CR_3^{2\ell}$ regions show a mix of $t\bar{t} + \ge 1b$ and $t\bar{t} + light$ by requiring at least three b-tagged jets at $b@70\%$, with no more than two satisfying the $b@60\%$ criteria.

Contributions from processes with non-prompt or misidentified leptons to the single-lepton selection, in the following termed fake leptons, were estimated by using the data-driven matrix method [85] in dedicated CRs. Prompt-lepton efficiencies were derived in data using a tag-and-probe method in Z-boson decays. Fake-lepton efficiencies were estimated in data in bins of lepton $p_T$ and $|\eta|$ using events with at least three jets, at least two b-tagged jets at the 70% working point of the DL1r tagger, and one lepton fulfilling the looser identification and quality criteria. The isolation requirements were completely dropped. To enrich the selection in fake leptons, only events where the scalar sum of the magnitude of the missing-transverse-momentum vector and the leptonically decaying W-boson mass is no larger than 60 GeV were considered.<fnref n="5" /> The fake-lepton contributions to the analysis were then estimated by inverting the efficiency matrix and applying it to the observed event yields in the analysis regions using the looser and the nominal lepton identification and isolation criteria. Fake-lepton contributions to the dilepton selection mainly arise from W+jets and single-lepton $t\bar{t}$+jets events and were estimated from MC simulation.

## 5. Systematic uncertainties

The extraction of the $t\bar{t} + \ge 2c$ and $t\bar{t} + 1c$ cross-sections is subject to various sources of uncertainties, impacting either the overall event yields in a region, the shape of observable distributions considered in the fit, or both.

Experimental sources of uncertainties include uncertainties in the value of the integrated luminosity of the Run 2 data, the simulation

<footnote n="5">⁵ The magnitude of the missing-transverse-momentum vector, denoted $E_T^{\text{miss}}$, is defined as the negative sum of the transverse momenta of the reconstructed and calibrated physical objects, plus a soft term built from all other tracks associated with the primary vertex [86] and not matched to a reconstructed object. The mass of the leptonically decaying W boson is calculated from the kinematics of the lepton and the missing transverse momentum.</footnote>
of pileup events, and effects related to the reconstruction and identification of physics objects used in the analysis. The uncertainty in the combined 2015–2018 integrated luminosity is 0.83% [87], obtained using the LUCID-2 detector [19] for the primary luminosity measurements, complemented by measurements using the inner detector and calorimeters. Uncertainties in the modeling of pileup are evaluated by varying the pileup reweighting in MC simulations within its associated uncertainties. Furthermore, lepton identification and isolation efficiencies, momentum scale and resolution, and lepton trigger efficiencies are varied within their uncertainties to evaluate their impact on the measurement [73–76]. The uncertainty in the jet energy scale (JES) is derived from a combination of simulations, test-beam data, and in situ measurements [71]. This uncertainty incorporates contributions from various sources such as jet-flavor composition, η-intercalibration, punch-through, single-particle response, calorimeter response to different jet flavors, and pileup. It comprises 30 uncorrelated JES uncertainty subcomponents. Additionally, the jet energy resolution in simulation is varied by its corresponding uncertainty, which is divided into thirteen uncorrelated sources. The uncertainty associated with the jet vertex tagger is determined by varying its efficiency correction factors [72]. Moreover, uncertainties in the calibration of the b/c-tagger are separately determined for b-jets, c-jets, and light-flavor jets, following the procedures detailed in Refs. [79–81]. They are derived as a function of jet $p_T$ and separately for each WP, yielding a total of 45 components for b-jets and 20 each for c-jets and light-flavor jets. For jets with $p_T$ values above the range covered by the calibration, extrapolation uncertainties derived from MC simulation are applied.

Uncertainties in the modeling of $t\bar{t} + \ge 2c$, $t\bar{t} + 1c$, and $t\bar{t} + light$ are considered through several alternative inclusive $t\bar{t}$ simulation setups. The alternative set of events with $p_T^{hard} = 1$ is used to assess the uncertainty in the NLO matching between the matrix elements and the PS. The $h_{damp} = 3 m_t$ sample assesses the uncertainty in the choice of that parameter. The POWHEG+HERWIG7 setup evaluates the uncertainty in the choice of the PS and hadronization algorithm. Additionally, the nominal set of events is reweighted to scenarios where $\mu_R$ and $\mu_F$ in the matrix element are halved and doubled independently to assess the uncertainty in the choice of these parameters. To estimate uncertainties in the modeling of initial-state radiation (ISR) and final-state radiation (FSR), the factorized parameter $a_S^{ISR}$ is varied using the var3c variation of the A14 tune, and the renormalization scale associated with $a_S^{FSR}$ is varied to 0.625 and 2 relative to its nominal setting. The uncertainty in the PDF set is estimated by using 30 PDF variations of the PDF4LHC prescription.

Uncertainties in the modeling of the $t\bar{t} + \ge 1b$ contributions are considered through a similar suite of alternative $t\bar{t} + b\bar{b}$ simulation setups. The alternative set of events with $p_T^{hard} = 1$ is used to assess the uncertainty in the NLO matching between the matrix elements and the PS. The uncertainty in the choice of the recoil scheme is evaluated with the set of events generated with the alternative dipole recoil scheme. The POWHEG+HERWIG7 setup is used to evaluate the uncertainty in the selection of the PS and hadronization algorithm. Event weight variations identical to those applied in $t\bar{t}$ simulations, including $\mu_R$, $\mu_F$, ISR, FSR, and the PDF set, are considered for $t\bar{t} + b\bar{b}$.

All uncertainties considered in the modeling of $t\bar{t} + jets$ production are treated as uncorrelated between the $t\bar{t} + \ge 1b$, $t\bar{t} + \ge 1c$, and $t\bar{t} + light$ processes. Moreover, the NLO matching and PS uncertainties for $t\bar{t} + \ge 1c$ ($t\bar{t} + \ge 1b$) are parameterized independently for the $t\bar{t} + \ge 2c$ and $t\bar{t} + 1c$ ($t\bar{t} + \ge 2b$ and $t\bar{t} + 1b$) components as the components are sensitive to different effects. Additionally, the $t\bar{t} + light$ PS uncertainty is parameterized separately for the 3-jet-exclusive, 4-jet-inclusive, 5-jet-exclusive, and 6-jet-inclusive regions to avoid strong constraints arising from region-to-region migration effects.

For t-channel, s-channel, and tW single-top-quark production, the POWHEG+HERWIG7 setups are used to assess the uncertainty in the choice of the PS and hadronization algorithm. For tW production, the set of events with the diagram-subtraction scheme is used to gauge the uncertainty in the treatment of the interference with $t\bar{t}$, and the NLO

matching uncertainty is evaluated using events generated with MADGRAPH5_AMC@NLO+PYTHIA8. An additional 5% normalization uncertainty is assigned to accommodate the uncertainty in the cross-section value [88]. For the t-channel and s-channel predictions, normalization uncertainties of 50% are assigned to cover NLO matching and cross-section uncertainties. The difference between the sets of $t\bar{t}W$ and $t\bar{t}Z$ events generated with MADGRAPH5_AMC@NLO+PYTHIA8 and SHERPA is used as an uncertainty in the prediction for these processes. Additionally, uncertainties of approximately 13% and 11% are assigned to $t\bar{t}W$ and $t\bar{t}Z$, respectively, to accommodate uncertainties in the assigned cross-section values [89]. Conservative normalization uncertainties of 50% are assigned to each of the remaining top-quark processes considered ($t\bar{t}H$, $tWZ$, $tZq$) to cover potential mismodeling of the rates of these processes in the probed fiducial phase space. For the W + jets, Z + jets and diboson background, the assigned uncertainties follow those used in previous ATLAS measurements [90]. Normalization uncertainties of 40% and 35% are considered for W + jets and Z + jets processes, based on variations of the $\mu_R$ and $\mu_F$ scales and of the matching parameters in the SHERPA generator. Additional 40% uncertainties are assigned to W + jets events with exactly two heavy-flavor jets and at least three heavy-flavor jets based on the same variations. A 50% uncertainty is assigned to the diboson background, which includes uncertainties in the inclusive cross-section and additional jet production [91–93]. None of the modeling uncertainties of the Other Top and Non-Top categories have any significant impact on the $t\bar{t} + \ge 2c$ and $t\bar{t} + 1c$ cross-section measurements.

The fake-lepton estimate in the single-lepton channel is derived from a data sample with finite statistics, leading to bin-by-bin statistical uncertainties for the fake-electron and fake-muon contributions. In addition, conservative 50% normalization uncertainties are assigned to the data-driven single-lepton and MC-based dilepton estimates.

## 6. Results

The data from all 19 analysis regions are simultaneously fit using a binned profile likelihood approach using the HistFactory [94] and RooFit [95] toolkits. Systematic uncertainties are incorporated as nuisance parameters in the fit and are constrained by a Gaussian penalty term present in the likelihood function. The statistical uncertainty arising from the limited number of simulated events is included in the likelihood in the form of additional nuisance parameters with Poisson constraint terms. To determine the production cross-sections of the $t\bar{t} + \ge 2c$ and $t\bar{t} + 1c$ processes, and to control the $t\bar{t} + \ge 1b$ and $t\bar{t} + light$ background processes, normalization factors are defined for all four $t\bar{t} + jets$ categories. These factors, $\mu_i$, serve as unconstrained normalization factors in the profile likelihood fit, and they are applied to both fiducial and non-fiducial $t\bar{t} + jets$ events. The inclusive $t\bar{t} + jets$ normalization factor is computed following

$$ \mu(t\bar{t} + jets) = \sum_i \mu_i R_i^{MC} \quad \text{for } i \in \{t\bar{t} + \ge 1b, t\bar{t} + \ge 2c, t\bar{t} + 1c, t\bar{t} + light\}, \qquad (1) $$

where $R_i^{MC}$ is the predicted cross-section ratio of process i to overall $t\bar{t}$ jets production in MC simulation.

Each of the 12 CRs is represented as a single bin in the fit. $SR_{loose}^{1c/5j}$ and $SR_{tight}^{1c/5j}$ use the invariant mass between the two geometrically closest c-tagged jets to increase sensitivity to differences between the $t\bar{t} + \ge 2c$, $t\bar{t} + 1c$, and $t\bar{t} + light$ contributions (only considering c-tagged jets passing $c@11\%$ in $SR_{tight}^{1c/5j}$). Due to c-jets originating from the decay of the W boson, the contribution from $t\bar{t} + light$ is enhanced around the W-boson mass. $SR_{loose}^{2c/3j}$ uses the invariant mass between the c-tagged jet and the geometrically closest b-tagged jet. All three regions use four bins with varying width to maximize sensitivity to the $t\bar{t} + \ge 2c$ and $t\bar{t} + 1c$ contributions. In the 4-jet-inclusive and 6-jet-inclusive SRs, the jet multiplicity is used to enhance the separation between $t\bar{t} + \ge 1b$, $t\bar{t} + \ge 2c$,
<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>**Fig. 3.** Post-fit agreement between data and MC simulation in the 12 control regions (CRs) and seven signal regions (SRs). The error bars indicate data statistical uncertainties. The hatched uncertainty bands include all uncertainties and their correlations. Other Top includes single-top-quark production and associated production of $t\bar{t}$ and single top quarks with bosons. Non-Top includes W + jets, Z + jets, and diboson processes.</figcaption></figure>

$t\bar{t} + 1c$, and $t\bar{t} + \text{light}$ processes, fitting $6 \le N_{\text{jets}} \le 9$ and $4 \le N_{\text{jets}} \le 7$ in the single-lepton and dilepton channels, respectively. Overflow events are included in the last bin of each distribution.

Post-fit comparisons between data and simulation for all regions are depicted in Fig. 3. The fitted observable distributions of the SRs are shown in Figs. 4 and 5. Good agreement between data and simulation is observed in all regions and observables with varying relative contributions of the $t\bar{t} + \text{jets}$ categories. The goodness of fit was evaluated using a saturated model [96] and the compatibility with data was found to be 98%.

The $t\bar{t} + \ge 2c$ and $t\bar{t} + 1c$ normalization factors obtained from this fit are used to extract the observed fiducial cross-sections by scaling them with the predicted cross-sections for the fiducial phase space introduced in Section 3. Theoretical uncertainties in the predicted cross-sections owing to the $\mu_R$ and $\mu_F$ scale choice and the used PDF set are not propagated to the extracted fiducial cross-section values. The fiducial cross-sections for $t\bar{t} + \ge 2c$ and $t\bar{t} + 1c$ processes are determined to be

$$ \sigma^{\text{fid}}(t\bar{t} + \ge 2c) = 1.28^{+0.16}_{-0.10} (\text{stat}) +^{+0.21}_{-0.22} (\text{syst}) \text{pb} = 1.28^{+0.27}_{-0.24} \text{pb}, \quad (2) $$

$$ \sigma^{\text{fid}}(t\bar{t} + 1c) = 6.4^{+0.5}_{-0.4} (\text{stat}) \pm 0.8 (\text{syst}) \text{pb} = 6.4^{+1.0}_{-0.9} \text{pb}. \quad (3) $$

The breakdown into statistical and systematic uncertainties is estimated from the covariance matrix of the profile likelihood fit, following Ref. [97]. The precision of the measured $t\bar{t} + \ge 2c$ and $t\bar{t} + 1c$ cross-sections is limited by uncertainties in the modeling of $t\bar{t} + \ge 1c$, $t\bar{t} + \ge 1b$, and $t\bar{t} + \text{light}$, in particular in the NLO matching and the PS, by uncertainties in the b/c-tagger calibration, as well as by data statistics. Table 2 provides a detailed breakdown of the uncertainties that affect the $t\bar{t} + \ge 2c$ and $t\bar{t} + 1c$ cross-sections in the fiducial phase space. The uncertainty in the $t\bar{t} + \ge 1b$ and $t\bar{t} + \text{light}$ normalization factors on the $t\bar{t} + \ge 2c$ and $t\bar{t} + 1c$ cross-sections is included in the data statistics entry. The fit constrains several nuisance parameters that strongly impact the $t\bar{t} + \ge 2c$ and $t\bar{t} + 1c$ cross-sections, with none falling below 50% of their prior values. Noteworthy constraints are placed on the $t\bar{t} + \ge 1c$ FSR and $t\bar{t} + 1c$ PS nuisance parameters, which arise primarily from discrepancies between the predicted rates of $t\bar{t} + \ge 2c$ and $t\bar{t} + 1c$ events in the signal regions. No significant pulls of the nuisance parameters are observed in the fit. The measured $t\bar{t} + \ge 1b$ normalization factor is compatible with those obtained in a dedicated ATLAS $t\bar{t} + b\bar{b}$ measurement performed in

<caption>**Table 2**</caption>

Breakdown of the fiducial $t\bar{t} + \ge 2c$ and $t\bar{t} + 1c$ cross-section uncertainties. Systematic uncertainties are grouped into signal and background modeling, instrumental, and MC statistics categories. The table lists the fractional uncertainty in the measured cross-sections in percent and is estimated from the covariance matrix of the profile likelihood fit, following Ref. [97]. Individual groups of uncertainties can be added in quadrature to obtain the total uncertainty. JES and JER denote the jet energy scale and resolution uncertainties, respectively. The fractional uncertainties in the fitted $t\bar{t} + \ge 1b$ and $t\bar{t} + \text{light}$ normalization factors are included in the data statistics category. For presentation purposes, all uncertainties are symmetrized.

<table><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Uncertainty group</th><th colspan="2">Fractional uncertainty [%] on</th></tr><tr><th>σ<sup>fid</sup>(t̄t + ≥2c)</th><th>σ<sup>fid</sup>(t̄t + 1c)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>t̄t + ≥1c modeling</td><td>9</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>Background modeling:</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>t̄t + ≥1b</td><td>4</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>t̄t + light</td><td>6</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>Others</td><td>2.5</td><td>1.7</td></tr><tr><td>Instrumental:</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>b-tagging</td><td>2.2</td><td>1.8</td></tr><tr><td>c-tagging</td><td>9</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>light mis-tagging</td><td>2.2</td><td>3.4</td></tr><tr><td>JES/JER</td><td>6</td><td>3.5</td></tr><tr><td>Others</td><td>1.3</td><td>0.9</td></tr><tr><td>MC statistics</td><td>3.1</td><td>2.5</td></tr><tr><td>Total systematic uncertainty</td><td>17</td><td>12</td></tr><tr><td>Data statistical uncertainty</td><td>11</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>20</td><td>14</td></tr></tbody></table>

a fiducial phase space targeting $e + \mu$ final states [17], reaching a similar level of relative precision.

The measured values for the four processes and the overall $t\bar{t} + \text{jets}$ production are depicted in Fig. 6 and listed in Table 3, along with several NLO+PS predictions from different MC simulations. The predictions for $t\bar{t} + \ge 2c$ and $t\bar{t} + 1c$ are largely consistent with the measurements, but underpredict the observed cross-sections by 0.5 to 2.0 standard deviations. Considering variations of the $\mu_R$ and $\mu_F$ scales and uncertainties in the PDF choice of the predictions, the POWHEG+PYTHIA8 setups agree with the measured $t\bar{t} + \ge 2c$ ($t\bar{t} + 1c$) values within 0.5 to 0.8 (0.9 to 1.1) standard deviations of measurement and prediction uncertainties. In contrast, POWHEG+HERWIG7 and MADGRAPH5_AMC@NLO+HERWIG7
<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 4. Post-fit agreement between data and MC prediction for the observables used in the 5-jet-exclusive and 3-jet-exclusive signal regions (SRs): (a) $SR_{loose}^{1c/5c}$ and (b) $SR_{tight}^{1c/5c}$, both using the invariant mass of the two geometrically closest c-tagged jets, $m_{cc}^{min\Delta R}$, for the latter only considering c-tagged jets passing $c@11\%$; (c) $SR_{loose}^{2c/3c}$ using the invariant mass of the selected c-tagged jet and the geometrically closest b-tagged jet, $m_{cb}^{min\Delta R}$. The hatched uncertainty bands include all uncertainties and their correlations. The last bins contain overflow events. Other Top includes single-top-quark production and associated production of $t\bar{t}$ and single top quarks with bosons. Non-Top includes W + jets, Z + jets, and diboson processes.</figcaption></figure>

fall short by 25% to 40%, aligning with the measured values at 1.2 to 2.0 standard deviations. For $t\bar{t} + \ge 1b$, $t\bar{t}$ + light, and $t\bar{t}$ + jets, most NLO+PS predictions agree with the measured cross-sections within measurement uncertainties.

To test the compatibility of the two channels, an additional fit was performed where the $t\bar{t} + \ge 2c$ and $t\bar{t} + 1c$ normalization factors were parameterized independently in the single-lepton and dilepton regions. The single-lepton channel measures $\sigma^{\text{fid}}(t\bar{t} + \ge 2c) = (1.5 \pm 0.4)$ pb and $\sigma^{\text{fid}}(t\bar{t} + 1c) = (6.4 \pm 1.1)$ pb, and the dilepton channel $\sigma^{\text{fid}}(t\bar{t} + \ge 2c) = (1.18 \pm 0.25)$ pb and $\sigma^{\text{fid}}(t\bar{t} + 1c) = (6.4 \pm 1.0)$ pb. The results in both channels are consistent with the nominal results within their uncertainties. The compatibility of this fit with the nominal setup was evaluated by performing a $\chi^2$ test on the log-likelihood difference, yielding a compatibility of 58%. In a second test, the $t\bar{t} + \ge 2c$ and $t\bar{t} + 1c$ normalization factors were parameterized through one joint parameter of interest, and the NLO matching and PS uncertainties of the two processes were treated as correlated. The resulting cross-section of $\sigma^{\text{fid}}(t\bar{t} + \ge 1c) = (8.2 \pm 0.9)$ pb is consistent with the sum of the $t\bar{t} + \ge 2c$ and $t\bar{t} + 1c$ cross-sections in the

nominal setup within uncertainties, but shows increased relative precision.

A measurement of the cross-sections in the more inclusive phase space yields $\sigma^{\text{inc}}(t\bar{t} + \ge 2c) = (5.4 \pm 1.1)$ pb and $\sigma^{\text{inc}}(t\bar{t} + 1c) = (38 \pm 6)$ pb, showing moderately increased relative uncertainties compared with the fiducial cross-sections.

The normalization factors $\mu(t\bar{t} + \ge 1b)$, $\mu(t\bar{t} + \ge 2c)$, $\mu(t\bar{t} + 1c)$, and $\mu(t\bar{t} + \text{light})$ are used to determine the cross-section ratios of these processes to total $t\bar{t} + \text{jets}$ production. These measurements benefit from the cancelation of several systematic uncertainties related to detector instrumentation and calibrations, potentially reducing the overall systematic uncertainties. In the more inclusive phase space, the measurement yields ratios of $R_{t\bar{t}+\ge 2c}^{\text{inc}} = (1.23 \pm 0.25)\%$ and $R_{t\bar{t}+1c}^{\text{inc}} = (8.8 \pm 1.3)\%$. In the fiducial phase space, these ratios increase to $R_{t\bar{t}+\ge 2c}^{\text{fid}} = (2.7 \pm 0.5)\%$ and $R_{t\bar{t}+1c}^{\text{fid}} = (13.7 \pm 1.8)\%$. In both phase spaces, the POWHEG+PYTHIA8 simulations underpredict the ratios, but agree with the measured $R_{t\bar{t}+\ge 2c}^{\text{inc}}$ and $R_{t\bar{t}+1c}^{\text{inc}}$ values within 0.9 and 1.1 standard deviations, and in the fiducial phase space.
<figure><img src="image_6.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 5. Post-fit agreement between data and MC prediction for the observables used in the (a) loose 6-jet-inclusive, (b) tight 6-jet-inclusive, (c) loose 4-jet-inclusive, and (d) tight 4-jet-inclusive signal regions (SRs). All regions use the jet multiplicity, $N_{jets}$, as a fit observable. The hatched uncertainty bands include all uncertainties and their correlations. The last bins contain overflow events. Other Top includes single-top-quark production and associated production of $t\bar{t}$ and single top quarks with bosons. Non-Top includes W + jets, Z + jets, and diboson processes.</figcaption></figure>

<caption>Table 3</caption>

Measured fiducial cross-section values in comparison with various NLO+PS predictions. The uncertainties in the predictions include independent and simultaneous variations of the $\mu_R$ and $\mu_F$ scales and uncertainties in the choice of the PDF set, but no uncertainties in the parton shower or hadronization. The uncertainties in the measured values include all statistical and systematic uncertainties. For presentation purposes, the quoted measurement and prediction uncertainties are symmetrized.

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>t&#773; + ≥2c [pb]</th><th>t&#773; + 1c [pb]</th><th>t&#773; + ≥1b [pb]</th><th>t&#773; + light [pb]</th><th>t&#773; + jets [pb]</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>t&#773; POWHEG+PYTHIA 8</td><td>1.04 ± 0.18</td><td>5.1 ± 0.8</td><td>3.2 ± 0.5</td><td>40 ± 6</td><td>50 ± 7</td></tr><tr><td>t&#773; POWHEG+PYTHIA 8, h<sub>damp</sub> = 3 m<sub>t</sub></td><td>1.12 ± 0.16</td><td>5.4 ± 0.7</td><td>3.3 ± 0.5</td><td>41 ± 5</td><td>51 ± 7</td></tr><tr><td>t&#773; POWHEG+PYTHIA 8, p<sub>t</sub><sup>hard</sup> = 1</td><td>1.05 ± 0.18</td><td>5.2 ± 0.8</td><td>3.1 ± 0.5</td><td>40 ± 6</td><td>50 ± 7</td></tr><tr><td>t&#773; POWHEG+HERWIG 7</td><td>0.94 ± 0.16</td><td>4.2 ± 0.7</td><td>3.3 ± 0.5</td><td>43 ± 6</td><td>52 ± 8</td></tr><tr><td>t&#773; MADGRAPH5_AMC@NLO+HERWIG 7</td><td>0.74 ± 0.19</td><td>4.0 ± 0.8</td><td>2.7 ± 0.6</td><td>46 ± 8</td><td>53 ± 10</td></tr><tr><td>t&#773; + b&#773; POWHEG+PYTHIA 8</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>3.2 ± 1.6</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>t&#773; + b&#773; POWHEG+PYTHIA 8, p<sub>t</sub><sup>hard</sup> = 1</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>2.8 ± 1.3</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>t&#773; + b&#773; POWHEG+PYTHIA 8, h<sub>bzd</sub> = 2</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>3.1 ± 1.5</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>t&#773; + b&#773; POWHEG+PYTHIA 8, dipole recoil</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>3.0 ± 1.4</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>t&#773; + b&#773; POWHEG+HERWIG 7</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>3.1 ± 1.6</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>t&#773; + b&#773; SHERPA 2.2.10</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>3.5 ± 1.0</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Data</td><td>1.28 ± 0.25</td><td>6.4 ± 0.9</td><td>3.46 ± 0.24</td><td>36.0 ± 1.8</td><td>47.1 ± 2.3</td></tr></tbody></table>
<figure><img src="image_7.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 6. Measured fiducial cross-section values in comparison with various NLO+PS predictions from inclusive $t\bar{t}$ and $t\bar{t} + b\bar{b}$ simulations. The boxes in the background represent the statistical and total uncertainties of the values extracted from data. The uncertainty bars of the predictions include independent and simultaneous variations of the $\mu_R$ and $\mu_F$ scales and uncertainties in the choice of the PDF set, but no uncertainties in the parton shower or hadronization. The measured and computed values for $t\bar{t}$ + jets and $t\bar{t}$ + light are scaled by a factor of 0.1 to facilitate visualization. For presentation purposes, the quoted measurement uncertainties are symmetrized.</figcaption></figure>

Table 4

Measured and predicted values for the $t\bar{t} + \ge 1b$, $t\bar{t} + \ge 2c$, and $t\bar{t} + 1c$ cross-sections and for the cross-section ratios of these processes to total $t\bar{t}$ + jets production. The quoted uncertainties in the measurements include statistical and systematic uncertainties. The predictions are taken from the nominal setup using inclusive $t\bar{t}$ POWHEG+PYTHIA8 predictions for the $t\bar{t} + \ge 2c$, $t\bar{t} + 1c$, and $t\bar{t} + \text{light}$ processes, and $t\bar{t} + b\bar{b}$ POWHEG+PYTHIA8 predictions for the $t\bar{t} + \ge 1b$ process. The first use the five-flavor scheme (5FS), the latter the four-flavor scheme (4FS), where the b-quarks are treated as massive particles and are included in the matrix element calculation. The uncertainties in the predictions include independent and simultaneous variations of the $\mu_R$ and $\mu_F$ scales and uncertainties in the choice of the PDF set.

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>Measured</th><th>t&#773;t or t&#773;t + b&#773;b<br>POWHEG+PYTHIA8</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>σ<sup>fid</sup>(t&#773;t + ≥1b) [pb]</td><td>3.46 ± 0.24</td><td>3.2 ± 1.6</td></tr><tr><td>σ<sup>fid</sup>(t&#773;t + ≥2c) [pb]</td><td>1.28 ± 0.25</td><td>1.04 ± 0.18</td></tr><tr><td>σ<sup>fid</sup>(t&#773;t + 1c) [pb]</td><td>6.4 ± 0.9</td><td>5.1 ± 0.8</td></tr><tr><td>σ<sup>inc</sup>(t&#773;t + ≥1b) [pb]</td><td>13.0 ± 0.9</td><td>12 ± 4</td></tr><tr><td>σ<sup>inc</sup>(t&#773;t + ≥2c) [pb]</td><td>5.4 ± 1.1</td><td>4.4 ± 0.7</td></tr><tr><td>σ<sup>inc</sup>(t&#773;t + 1c) [pb]</td><td>38 ± 6</td><td>31 ± 4</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>fid</sup><sub>t&#773;t + ≥1b</sub> [%]</td><td>7.2 ± 0.4</td><td>6.5 ± 3.3</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>fid</sup><sub>t&#773;t + ≥2c</sub> [%]</td><td>2.7 ± 0.5</td><td>2.1 ± 0.4</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>fid</sup><sub>t&#773;t + 1c</sub> [%]</td><td>13.7 ± 1.8</td><td>10.3 ± 1.6</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>inc</sup><sub>t&#773;t + ≥1b</sub> [%]</td><td>3.14 ± 0.23</td><td>2.6 ± 0.8</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>inc</sup><sub>t&#773;t + ≥2c</sub> [%]</td><td>1.23 ± 0.25</td><td>0.97 ± 0.16</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>inc</sup><sub>t&#773;t + 1c</sub> [%]</td><td>8.8 ± 1.3</td><td>6.9 ± 1.0</td></tr></tbody></table>

cial phase space within 1.0 and 1.4 standard deviations, respectively. A summary of all results is given in Table 4.

7. Conclusion

The production of $t\bar{t}$ pairs in association with heavy-flavor jets, $t\bar{t} + b\bar{b}$ and $t\bar{t} + c\bar{c}$, is a background in many measurements of rare SM processes

and searches for new physics, yet a challenging process to model precisely. This Letter presents a measurement of the production of $t\bar{t}$ with additional jets initiated by charm quarks with the ATLAS experiment at the LHC. The analysis exploits the full ATLAS Run 2 pp collision data sample at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 140 fb$^{-1}$, and considers events with one or two charged leptons in the final state. A custom flavor tagging algorithm, termed the b/c-tagger, tailored to simultaneously tag c-jets and b-jets, is employed to define analysis regions sensitive to both $t\bar{t} + \ge 2c$ and $t\bar{t} + 1c$ production which are determined separately for the first time. Using a profile likelihood fit approach, the cross-sections for $t\bar{t}$ production with two or more additional c-jets and one additional c-jet are found to be $\sigma^{\text{fid}}(t\bar{t} + \ge 2c) = 1.28_{-0.24}^{+0.27}$ pb and $\sigma^{\text{fid}}(t\bar{t} + 1c) = 6.4_{-0.9}^{+1.0}$ pb in a fiducial volume that mimics the acceptance of the ATLAS detector. NLO+PS predictions for $t\bar{t} + \ge 2c$ and $t\bar{t} + 1c$ are largely consistent with the measurements, though all underpredict the observed values. POWHEG+PYTHIA8 setups agree with the measured values within 0.5 to 1.1 standard deviations, while POWHEG+HERWIG7 and MADGRAPH5_AMC@NLO+HERWIG7 predict cross-sections up to 40% lower than the measurements, with agreement observed at the level of up to 2.0 standard deviations. The precision of the measured cross-sections is limited by uncertainties in the modeling of $t\bar{t} + \ge 1c$, $t\bar{t} + \ge 1b$, and $t\bar{t} + \text{light}$, and in the b/c-tagger calibration, as well as by data statistics. The cross-section ratios of $t\bar{t} + \ge 2c$ and $t\bar{t} + 1c$ to total $t\bar{t}$ + jets production are found to be $R^{\text{inc}}_{t\bar{t}+\ge 2c} = (1.23 \pm 0.25)\%$ and $R^{\text{inc}}_{t\bar{t}+1c} = (8.8 \pm 1.3)\%$ in a phase-space volume without requirements on the $t\bar{t}$ decay products and the jet multiplicity. These results provide crucial inputs for improving the modeling of $t\bar{t}$ production with additional c-jets, which would benefit from 3FS $t\bar{t} + c\bar{c}$ simulations that incorporate the gluon splitting to a $c\bar{c}$ pair into the matrix element calculation. Understanding $t\bar{t} + \ge 1c$ production is essential for precision measurements of even rarer SM processes and for searches for physics beyond the SM, where $t\bar{t} + \ge 1c$ is an important background.
Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgements

We thank CERN for the very successful operation of the LHC and its
injectors, as well as the support staff at CERN and at our institutions
worldwide without whom ATLAS could not be operated efficiently.

The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowl-
edged gratefully, in particular from CERN, the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at
TRIUMF/SFU (Canada), NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC-IN2P3
(France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1 (Nether-
lands), PIC (Spain), RAL (UK) and BNL (USA), the Tier-2 facilities world-
wide and large non-WLCG resource providers. Major contributors of
computing resources are listed in Ref. [98].

We gratefully acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; Yer-
Phi, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azer-
baijan; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN;
ANID, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; Minciencias, Colombia;
MEYS CR, Czech Republic; DNRF and DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS
and CEA-DRF/IRFU, France; SRNSFG, Georgia; BMBF, HGF and MPG,
Germany; GSRI, Greece; RGC and Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF and
Benozyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST,
Morocco; NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW, Poland; FCT, Por-
tugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MSTDI, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARIS and
MVZI, Slovenia; DSI/NRF, South Africa; MICIU/AEI, Spain; SRC and
Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and
Geneva, Switzerland; NSTC, Taipei; TENMAK, Türkiye; STFC/UKRI,
United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America.

Individual groups and members have received support from BCKDF,
Canarie, CRC and DRAC, Canada; CERN-CZ, FORTE and PRIMUS, Czech
Republic; COST, ERC, ERDF, Horizon 2020, ICSC-NextGenerationEU
and Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements
d'Avenir Labex, Investissements d'Avenir Idex and ANR, France; DFG
and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia pro-
grammes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF, Greece; BSF-NSF
and MINERVA, Israel; NCN and NAWA, Poland; La Caixa Banking Foun-
dation, CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya and PROMETEO
and GenT Programmes Generalitat Valenciana, Spain; Göran Gustafs-
sons Stiftelse, Sweden; The Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United
Kingdom.

In addition, individual members wish to acknowledge support from
Armenia: Yerevan Physics Institute (FAPERJ); CERN: European Organi-
zation for Nuclear Research (CERN PJAS); Chile: Agencia Nacional de
Investigación y Desarrollo (FONDECYT 1230812, FONDECYT 1230987,
FONDECYT 1240864); China: Chinese Ministry of Science and Technol-
ogy (MOST-2023YFA1605700), National Natural Science Foundation of
China (NSFC - 12175119, NSFC 12275265, NSFC-12075060); Czech Re-
public: Czech Science Foundation (GACR - 24-11373S), Ministry of Ed-
ucation Youth and Sports (FORTE CZ.02.01.01/00/22_008/0004632),
PRIMUS Research Programme (PRIMUS/21/SCI/017); EU: H2020 Eu-
ropean Research Council (ERC - 101002463); European Union: Euro-
pean Research Council (ERC - 948254, ERC 101089007), European
Union, Future Artificial Intelligence Research (FAIR-NextGenerationEU
PE00000013), Italian Center for High Performance Computing, Big
Data and Quantum Computing (ICSC, NextGenerationEU); France:
Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-20-CE31-0013, ANR-21-CE31-
0013, ANR-21-CE31-0022, ANR-22-EDIR-0002); Germany:
Baden-Württemberg Stiftung (BW Stiftung-Postdoc Eliteprogramme),
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG - 469666862, DFG - CR 312/5-
2); Italy: Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (ICSC, NextGenera-
tionEU), Ministero dell'Università e della Ricerca (PRIN - 20223N7F8K

- PNRR M4 C2.1.1); Japan: Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS KAKENHI JP22H01227, JSPS KAKENHI JP22H04944, JSPS KAKENHI JP22KK0227, JSPS KAKENHI JP23KK0245); Netherlands: Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO Veni 2020 - VI.Veni.202.179); Norway: Research Council of Norway (RCN-314472); Poland: Ministry of Science and Higher Education (IDUB AGH, POB8, D4 no 9722), Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange (PPN/PPO/2020/1/00002/U/00001), Polish National Science Centre (NCN 2021/42/E/ST2/00350, NCN OPUS 2023/51/B/ST2/02507, NCN OPUS nr 2022/47/B/ST2/03059, NCN UMO-2019/34/E/ST2/00393, NCN & H2020 MSCA 945339, UMO-2020/37/B/ST2/01043, UMO-2021/40/C/ST2/00187, UMO-2022/47/O/ST2/00148, UMO-2023/49/B/ST2/04085, UMO-2023/51/B/ST2/00920); Slovenia: Slovenian Research Agency (ARIS grant J1-3010); Spain: Generalitat Valenciana (Artemisa, FEDER, IDIFEDER/2018/048), Ministry of Science and Innovation (MCIN & NextGenEU PCI2022-135018-2, MICIN & FEDER PID2021-125273NB, RYC2019-028510-I, RYC2020-030254-I, RYC2021-031273-I, RYC2022-038164-I); Sweden: Carl Trygger Foundation (Carl Trygger Foundation CTS 22:2312), Swedish Research Council (Swedish Research Council 2023-04654, VR 2018-00482, VR 2022-03845, VR 2022-04683, VR 2023-03403, VR grant 2021-03651), Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (KAW 2018.0458, KAW 2019.0447, KAW 2022.0358); Switzerland: Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF - PCEFP2_194658); United Kingdom: Leverhulme Trust (Leverhulme Trust RPG-2020-004), Royal Society (NIFR1-231091); United States of America: U.S. Department of Energy (ECA DE-AC02-76SF00515), Neubauer Family Foundation.

Data availability

No data was used for the research described in the article.

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## The ATLAS Collaboration

G. Aad$^{105,1}$, E. Aakvaag$^{17,1}$, B. Abbott$^{124,1}$, S. Abdelhameed$^{120a,1}$, K. Abeling$^{57,1}$, N.J. Abicht$^{51,1}$, S.H. Abidi$^{30,1}$, M. Aboelela$^{46,1}$, A. Aboulhorma$^{36e,1}$, H. Abramowicz$^{156,1}$, H. Abreu$^{155,1}$, Y. Abulaiti$^{121,1}$, B.S. Acharya$^{71a,71b,1,k}$, A. Ackermann$^{65a,1}$, C. Adam Bourdarios$^{4,1}$, L. Adamczyk$^{88a,1}$, S.V. Addepalli$^{148,1}$, M.J. Addison$^{104,1}$, J. Adelman$^{119,1}$, A. Adiguzel$^{22c,1}$, T. Adye$^{138,1}$, A.A. Affolder$^{140,1}$, Y. Afik$^{41,1}$, M.N. Agaras$^{13,1}$, A. Aggarwal$^{103,1}$, C. Agheorghiesi$^{28c,1}$, F. Ahmadov$^{40,1,y}$, S. Ahuja$^{98,1}$, X. Ai$^{64e,1}$, G. Aielli$^{78a,78b,1}$, A. Aikot$^{168,1}$, M. Ait Tamlihat$^{36e,1}$, B. Aitbenchikh$^{36a,1}$, M. Akbiyik$^{103,1}$, T.P.A. Åkesson$^{101,1}$, A.V. Akimov$^{150,1}$, D. Akiyama$^{173,1}$, N.N. Akolkar$^{25,1}$, S. Aktas$^{22a,1}$, K. Al Khoury$^{43,1}$, G.L. Alberghi$^{24b,1}$, J. Albert$^{170,1}$, P. Albicocco$^{55,1}$, G.L. Albouy$^{62,1}$, S. Alderweireldt$^{54,1}$, Z.L. Alegria$^{125,1}$, M. Aleksa$^{37,1}$, I.N. Aleksandrov$^{40,1}$, C. Alexa$^{28b,1}$, T. Alexopoulos$^{10,1}$, F. Alfonsi$^{24b,1}$, M. Algren$^{58,1}$, M. Alhroob$^{172,1}$, B. Ali$^{136,1}$, H.M.J. Ali$^{94,1,s}$, S. Ali$^{32,1}$, S.W. Alibocus$^{95,1}$, M. Aliev$^{34c,1}$, G. Alimonti$^{73a,1}$, W. Alkakhi$^{57,1}$, C. Allaire$^{68,1}$, B.M.M. Allbrooke$^{151,1}$, J.S. Allen$^{104,1}$, J.F. Allen$^{54,1}$, C.A. Allendes Flores$^{141f,1}$, P.P. Allport$^{21,1}$, A. Aloisio$^{74a,74b,1}$, F. Alonso$^{93,1}$, C. Alpigiani$^{143,1}$, Z.M.K. Alsolami$^{94,1}$, M. Alvarez Estevez$^{102,1}$, A. Alvarez Fernandez$^{103,1}$, M. Alves Cardoso$^{58,1}$, M.G. Alviggi$^{74a,74b,1}$, M. Aly$^{104,1}$, Y. Amaral Coutinho$^{85b,1}$, A. Ambler$^{107,1}$, C. Amelung$^{37}$, M. Amerl$^{104,1}$, C.G. Ames$^{112,1}$, D. Amidei$^{109,1}$, B. Amini$^{56,1}$, K.J. Amirie$^{159,1}$, S.P. Amor Dos Santos$^{134a,1}$, K.R. Amos$^{168,1}$, D. Amperiadou$^{157,1}$, S. An$^{86}$, V. Ananiev$^{129,1}$, C. Anastopoulos$^{144,1}$, T. Andeen$^{11,1}$, J.K. Anders$^{37,1}$, A.C. Anderson$^{61,1}$, S.Y. Andrean$^{49a,49b,1}$, A. Andreazza$^{73a,73b,1}$, S. Angelidakis$^{9,1}$, A. Angerami$^{43,1}$, A.V. Anisenkov$^{39,1}$, A. Annovi$^{76a,1}$, C. Antel$^{58,1}$, E. Antipov$^{150,1}$, M. Antonelli$^{55,1}$, F. Anulli$^{77a,1}$, M. Aoki$^{86,1}$, T. Aoki$^{158,1}$, M.A. Aparo$^{151,1}$, L. Aperio Bella$^{50,1}$, C. Appelt$^{156,1}$, A. Apyan$^{27,1}$, S.J. Arbiol Val$^{89,1}$, C. Arcangeletti$^{55,1}$, A.T.H. Arce$^{53,1}$, J-F. Arguin$^{111,1}$, S. Argyropoulos$^{157,1}$, J.-H. Arling$^{50,1}$, O. Arnaez$^{4,1}$, H. Arnold$^{150,1}$, G. Artoni$^{77a,77b,1}$, H. Asada$^{114,1}$, K. Asai$^{122,1}$, S. Asai$^{158,1}$, N.A. Asbah$^{37,1}$, R.A. Ashby Pickering$^{172,1}$, K. Assamagan$^{30,1}$, R. Astalos$^{29a,1}$, K.S.V. Astrand$^{101,1}$, S. Atashi$^{163,1}$, R.J. Atkin$^{34a,1}$, H. Atmani$^{36f}$, P.A. Atmasiddha$^{132,1}$, K. Augsten$^{136,1}$, A.D. Auriol$^{21,1}$, V.A. Austrup$^{104,1}$, G. Avolio$^{37,1}$, K. Axiotis$^{58,1}$, G. Azuelos$^{111,1,ac}$, D. Babal$^{29b,1}$, H. Bachacou$^{139,1}$, K. Bachas$^{157,1,so}$, A. Bachiu$^{35,1}$, E. Bachmann$^{52,1}$, A. Badea$^{41,1}$, T.M. Baer$^{109,1}$, P. Bagnaia$^{77a,77b,1}$, M. Bahmani$^{19,1}$, D. Bahner$^{56,1}$, K. Bai$^{127,1}$, J.T. Baines$^{138,1}$, L. Baines$^{97,1}$, O.K. Baker$^{177,1}$, E. Bakos$^{16,1}$, D. Bakshi Gupta$^{8,1}$, L.E. Balabram Filho$^{85b,1}$, V. Balakrishnan$^{124,1}$, R. Balasubramanian$^{4,1}$, E.M. Baldin$^{39,1}$, P. Balek$^{88a,1}$, E. Ballabene$^{24b,24a,1}$, F. Balli$^{139,1}$, L.M. Baltes$^{65a,1}$, W.K. Balunas$^{33,1}$, J. Balz$^{103,1}$, I. Bamwidhi$^{120b,1}$, E. Banas$^{89,1}$, M. Bandieramonte$^{133,1}$, A. Bandyopadhyay$^{25,1}$, S. Bansal$^{25,1}$,
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Bimgdi 36f, ID, M. Bindi 57, ID, A. Bingham 176, ID, A. Bingul 22b, ID, C. Bini 77a,77b, ID, G.A. Bird 33, ID, M. Birman 174, ID, M. Biros 137, ID, S. Biryukov 151, ID, T. Bisanz 51, ID, E. Bisceglie 45b,45a, ID, J.P. Biswal 138, ID, D. Biswas 146, ID, I. Bloch 50, ID, A. Blue 61, ID, U. Blumenschein 97, ID, J. Blumenthal 103, ID, V.S. Bobrovnikov 39, ID, M. Boehler 56, ID, B. Boehm 171, ID, D. Bogavac 37, ID, A.G. Bogdanchikov 39, ID, L.S. Boggia 131, ID, C. Bohm 49a, ID, V. Boisvert 98, ID, P. Bokan 37, ID, T. Bold 88a, ID, M. Bomben 5, ID, M. Bona 97, ID, M. Boonekamp 139, ID, A.G. Borbély 61, ID, I.S. Bordulev 39, ID, G. Borissov 94, ID, D. Bortoletto 130, ID, D. Boscherini 24b, ID, M. Bosman 13, ID, K. Bouaouda 36a, ID, N. Bouchhar 168, ID, L. Boudet 4, ID, J. Boudreau 133, ID, E.V. Bouhova-Thacker 94, ID, D. Boumediene 42, ID, R. Bouquet 59b,59a, ID, A. Boveia 123, ID, J. Boyd 37, ID, D. Boye 30, ID, I.R. Boyko 40, ID, L. Bozianu 58, ID, J. Bracinik 21, ID, N. Brahimi 4, ID, G. Brandt 176, ID, O. Brandt 33, ID, B. Brau 106, ID, J.E. Brau 127, ID, R. Brener 174, ID, L. Brenner 118, ID, R. Brenner 166, ID, S. Bressler 174, ID, G. Brianti 80a,80b, ID, D. Britton 61, ID, D. Britzger 113, ID, I. Brock 25, ID, R. Brock 110, ID, G. Brooijmans 43, ID, A.J. Brooks 70, E.M. Brooks 160b, ID, E. Brost 30, ID, L.M. Brown 170, ID, L.E. Bruce 63, ID, T.L. Bruckler 130, ID, P.A. Bruckman de Renstrom 89, ID, B. Brüers 50, ID, A. Bruni 24b, ID, G. Bruni 24b, ID, D. Brunner 49a,49b, ID, M. Bruschi 24b, ID, N. Bruscino 77a,77b, ID, T. Buanes 17, ID, Q. Buat 143, ID, D. Buchin 113, ID, A.G. Buckley 61, ID, O. Bulekov 39, ID, B.A. Bullard 148, ID, S. Burdin 95, ID, C.D. Burgard 51, ID, A.M. Burger 37, ID, B. Burghgrave 8, ID, O. Burlayenko 56, ID, J. Burleson 167, ID, J.T.P. Burr 33, ID, J.C. Burzynski 147, ID, E.L. Busch 43, ID, V. Büscher 103, ID, P.J. Bussey 61, ID, J.M. Butler 26, ID, C.M. Buttar 61, ID, J.M. Butterworth 99, ID, W. Buttinger 138, ID, C.J. Buxo Vazquez 110, ID, A.R. Buzykaev 39, ID, S. Cabrera Urbán 168, ID, L. Cadamuro 68, ID, D. Caforio 60, ID, H. Cai 133, ID, Y. Cai 14,115c, ID, Y. Cai 115a, ID, V.M.M. Cairo 37, ID, O. Cakir 3a, ID, N. Calace 37, ID, P. Calafiura 18a, ID, G. Calderini 131, ID, P. Calfayan 35, ID, G. Callea 61, ID, L.P. Caloba 85b, D. Calvet 42, ID, S. Calvet 42, ID, R. Camacho Toro 131, ID, S. Camarda 37, ID, D. Camarero Munoz 27, ID, P. Camarri 78a,78b, ID, M.T. Camerlingo 74a,74b, ID, D. Cameron 37, ID, C. Camincher 170, ID, M. Campanelli 99, ID, A. Camplani 44, ID, V. Canale 74a,74b, ID, A.C. Canbay 3a, ID, E. Canonero 98, ID, J. Cantero 168, ID, Y. Cao 167, ID, F. Capocasa 27, ID, M. Capua 45b,45a, ID, A. Carbone 73a,73b, ID, R. Cardarelli 78a, ID, J.C.J. Cardenas 8, ID, M.P. Cardiff 27, ID, G. Carducci 45b,45a, ID, T. Carli 37, ID, G. Carlino 74a, ID, J.I. Carlotto 13, ID, B.T. Carlson 133, ID,p, E.M. Carlson 170,160a, ID, J. Carmignani 95, ID, L. Carminati 73a,73b, ID, A. Carnelli 139, ID, M. Carnesale 37, ID, S. Caron 117, ID, E. Carquin 141f, ID,
I.B. Carr 108, ID, S. Carrá 73a, ID, G. Carratta 24b,24a, ID, A.M. Carroll 127, ID, M.P. Casado 13, ID,h, M. Caspar 50, ID,
F.L. Castillo 4, ID, L. Castillo Garcia 13, ID, V. Castillo Gimenez 168, ID, N.F. Castro 134a,134e, ID, A. Catinaccio 37, ID,
J.R. Catmore 129, ID, T. Cavaliere 4, ID, V. Cavaliere 30, ID, L.J. Caviedes Betancourt 23b, ID, Y.C. Cekmecelioglu 50, ID,
E. Celebi 84, ID, S. Cella 37, ID, V. Cepaitis 58, ID, K. Cerny 126, ID, A.S. Cerqueira 85a, ID, A. Cerri 151, ID,
L. Cerrito 78a,78b, ID, F. Cerutti 18a, ID, B. Cervato 146, ID, A. Cervelli 24b, ID, G. Cesarini 55, ID, S.A. Cetin 84, ID,
P.M. Chabrillat 131, ID, D. Chakraborty 119, ID, J. Chan 18a, ID, W.Y. Chan 158, ID, J.D. Chapman 33, ID, E. Chapon 139, ID,
B. Chargeishvili 154b, ID, D.G. Charlton 21, ID, M. Chatterjee 20, ID, C. Chauhan 137, ID, Y. Che 115a, ID, S. Chekanov 6, ID,
S.V. Chekulaev 160a, ID, G.A. Chelkov 40, ID,a, A. Chen 109, ID, B. Chen 156, ID, B. Chen 170, ID, H. Chen 115a, ID,
H. Chen 30, ID, J. Chen 64c, ID, J. Chen 147, ID, M. Chen 130, ID, S. Chen 90, ID, S.J. Chen 115a, ID, X. Chen 64c, ID,
X. Chen 15, ID,ab, Y. Chen 64a, ID, C.L. Cheng 175, ID, H.C. Cheng 66a, ID, S. Cheong 148, ID, A. Cheplakov 40, ID,
E. Cheremushkina 50, ID, E. Cherepanova 118, ID, R. Cherkaoui El Moursli 36e, ID, E. Cheu 7, ID, K. Cheung 67, ID,
L. Chevalier 139, ID, V. Chiarella 55, ID, G. Chiarelli 76a, ID, N. Chiedde 105, ID, G. Chiodini 72a, ID, A.S. Chisholm 21, ID,
A. Chitan 28b, ID, M. Chitishvili 168, ID, M.V. Chizhov 40, ID,q, K. Choi 11, ID, Y. Chou 143, ID, E.Y.S. Chow 117, ID,
K.L. Chu 174, ID, M.C. Chu 66a, ID, X. Chu 14,115c, ID, Z. Chubinidze 55, ID, J. Chudoba 135, ID, J.J. Chwastowski 89, ID,
D. Cieri 113, ID, K.M. Ciesla 88a, ID, V. Cindro 96, ID, A. Ciocio 18a, ID, F. Cirotto 74a,74b, ID, Z.H. Citron 174, ID,
M. Citterio 73a, ID, D.A. Ciubotaru 28b, A. Clark 58, ID, P.J. Clark 54, ID, N. Clarke Hall 99, ID, C. Clarry 159, ID,
J.M. Clavijo Columbie 50, ID, S.E. Clawson 50, ID, C. Clement 49a,49b, ID, Y. Coadou 105, ID, M. Cobal 71a,71c, ID,
A. Coccaro 59b, ID, R.F. Coelho Barrue 134a, ID, R. Coelho Lopes De Sa 106, ID, S. Coelli 73a, ID, L.S. Colangeli 159, ID,
B. Cole 43, ID, J. Collot 62, ID, P. Conde Muiño 134a,134g, ID, M.P. Connell 34c, ID, S.H. Connell 34c, ID, E.I. Conroy 130, ID,
F. Conventi 74a, ID,ad, H.G. Cooke 21, ID, A.M. Cooper-Sarkar 130, ID, F.A. Corchia 24b,24a, ID,
A. Cordeiro Oudot Choi 131, ID, L.D. Corpe 42, ID, M. Corradi 77a,77b, ID, F. Corriveau 107, ID,x, A. Cortes-Gonzalez 19, ID,
M.J. Costa 168, ID, F. Costanza 4, ID, D. Costanzo 144, ID, B.M. Cote 123, ID, J. Couthures 4, ID, G. Cowan 98, ID,
K. Cranmer 175, ID, L. Cremer 51, ID, D. Cremonini 24b,24a, ID, S. Crépé-Renaudin 62, ID, F. Crescioli 131, ID,
M. Cristinziani 146, ID, M. Cristoforetti 80a,80b, ID, V. Croft 118, ID, J.E. Crosby 125, ID, G. Crosetti 45b,45a, ID,
A. Cueto 102, ID, H. Cui 99, ID, Z. Cui 7, ID, W.R. Cunningham 61, ID, F. Curcio 168, ID, J.R. Curran 54, ID,
P. Czodrowski 37, ID, M.J. Da Cunha Sargedas De Sousa 59b,59a, ID, J.V. Da Fonseca Pinto 85b, ID, C. Da Via 104, ID,
W. Dabrowski 88a, ID, T. Dado 37, ID, S. Dahbi 153, ID, T. Dai 109, ID, D. Dal Santo 20, ID, C. Dallapiccola 106, ID,
M. Dam 44, ID, G. D'amen 30, ID, V. D'Amico 112, ID, J. Damp 103, ID, J.R. Dandoy 35, ID, D. Dannheim 37, ID,
M. Danninger 147, ID, V. Dao 150, ID, G. Darbo 59b, ID, S.J. Das 30, ID, F. Dattola 50, ID, S. D'Auria 73a,73b, ID,
A. D'Avanzo 74a,74b, ID, C. David 34a, ID, T. Davidek 137, ID, I. Dawson 97, ID, H.A. Day-hall 136, ID, K. De 8, ID,
C. De Almeida Rossi 159, ID, R. De Asmundis 74a, ID, N. De Biase 50, ID, S. De Castro 24b,24a, ID, N. De Groot 117, ID,
P. de Jong 118, ID, H. De la Torre 119, ID, A. De Maria 115a, ID, A. De Salvo 77a, ID, U. De Sanctis 78a,78b, ID,
F. De Santis 72a,72b, ID, A. De Santo 151, ID, J.B. De Vivie De Regie 62, ID, J. Debevc 96, ID, D.V. Dedovich 40,
J. Degens 95, ID, A.M. Deiana 46, ID, F. Del Corso 24b,24a, ID, J. Del Peso 102, ID, L. Delagrange 131, ID, F. Deliot 139, ID,
C.M. Delitzsch 51, ID, M. Della Pietra 74a,74b, ID, D. Della Volpe 58, ID, A. Dell'Acqua 37, ID, L. Dell'Asta 73a,73b, ID,
M. Delmastro 4, ID, C.C. Delogu 103, ID, P.A. Delsart 62, ID, S. Demers 177, ID, M. Demichev 40, ID, S.P. Denisov 39, ID,
L. D'Eramo 42, ID, D. Derendarz 89, ID, F. Derue 131, ID, P. Dervan 95, ID, K. Desch 25, ID, C. Deutsch 25, ID,
F.A. Di Bello 59b,59a, ID, A. Di Ciaccio 78a,78b, ID, L. Di Ciaccio 4, ID, A. Di Domenico 77a,77b, ID, C. Di Donato 74a,74b, ID,
A. Di Girolamo 37, ID, G. Di Gregorio 37, ID, A. Di Luca 80a,80b, ID, B. Di Micco 79a,79b, ID, R. Di Nardo 79a,79b, ID,
K.F. Di Petrillo 41, ID, M. Diamantopoulou 35, ID, F.A. Dias 118, ID, T. Dias Do Vale 147, ID, M.A. Diaz 141a,141b, ID,
A.R. Didenko 40, ID, M. Didenko 168, ID, E.B. Diehl 109, ID, S. Díez Cornell 50, ID, C. Diez Pardos 146, ID,
C. Dimitriadi 166, ID, A. Dimitrievska 21, ID, J. Dingfelder 25, ID, T. Dingley 130, ID, I-M. Dinu 28b, ID,
S.J. Dittmeier 65b, ID, F. Dittus 37, ID, M. Divisek 137, ID, B. Dixit 95, ID, F. Djama 105, ID, T. Djobava 154b, ID,
C. Doglioni 104,101, ID, A. Dohnalova 29a, ID, Z. Dolezal 137, ID, K. Domijan 88a, ID, K.M. Dona 41, ID, M. Donadelli 85d, ID,
B. Dong 110, ID, J. Donini 42, ID, A. D'Onofrio 74a,74b, ID, M. D'Onofrio 95, ID, J. Dopke 138, ID, A. Doria 74a, ID,
N. Dos Santos Fernandes 134a, ID, P. Dougan 104, ID, M.T. Dova 93, ID, A.T. Doyle 61, ID, M.A. Draguet 130, ID,
M.P. Drescher 57, ID, E. Dreyer 174, ID, I. Drivas-koulouris 10, ID, M. Drnevich 121, ID, M. Drozdova 58, ID, D. Du 64a, ID,
T.A. du Pree 118, ID, F. Dubinin 39, ID, M. Dubovsky 29a, ID, E. Duchovni 174, ID, G. Duckeck 112, ID, O.A. Ducu 28b, ID,
D. Duda 54, ID, A. Dudarev 37, ID, E.R. Duden 27, ID, M. D'uffizi 104, ID, L. Duflot 68, ID, M. Dührssen 37, ID,
I. Duminica 28g, ID, A.E. Dumitriu 28b, ID, M. Dunford 65a, ID, S. Dungs 51, ID, K. Dunne 49a,49b, ID, A. Duperrin 105, ID,
H. Duran Yildiz 3a, ID, M. Düren 60, ID, A. Durglishvili 154b, ID, B.L. Dwyer 119, ID, G.I. Dyckes 18a, ID, M. Dyndal 88a, ID,
B.S. Dziedzic 37, ID, Z.O. Earnshaw 151, ID, G.H. Eberwein 130, ID, B. Eckerova 29a, ID, S. Eggebrecht 57, ID,
E. Egidio Purcino De Souza 85e, ID, L.F. Ehrke 58, ID, G. Eigen 17, ID, K. Einsweiler 18a, ID, T. Ekelof 166, ID,
P.A. Ekman 101, ID, S. El Farkh 36b, ID, Y. El Ghazali 64a, ID, H. El Jarrari 37, ID, A. El Moussaouy 36a, ID,
V. Ellajosyula 166, ID, M. Ellert 166, ID, F. Ellinghaus 176, ID, N. Ellis 37, ID, J. Elmsheuser 30, ID, M. Elsayw 120a, ID,
M. Elsing 37, ID, D. Emeliyanov 138, ID, Y. Enari 86, ID, I. Ene 18a, ID, S. Epari 13, ID, P.A. Erland 89, ID,
D. Ernani Martins Neto 89, ID, M. Errenst 176, ID, M. Escalier 68, ID, C. Escobar 168, ID, E. Etzion 156, ID, G. Evans 134a, ID,
H. Evans 70, ID, L.S. Evans 98, ID, A. Ezhilov 39, ID, S. Ezzarqtouni 36a, ID, F. Fabbri 24b,24a, ID, L. Fabbri 24b,24a, ID,
G. Facini 99, ID, V. Fadeyev 140, ID, R.M. Fakhrutdinov 39, ID, D. Fakoudis 103, ID, S. Falciano 77a, ID,
L.F. Falda Ulhoa Coelho 134a, ID, F. Fallavollita 113, ID, G. Falsetti 45b,45a, ID, J. Faltova 137, ID, C. Fan 167, ID,
K.Y. Fan 66b, ID, Y. Fan 14, ID, Y. Fang 14,115c, ID, M. Fanti 73a,73b, ID, M. Faraj 71a,71b, ID, Z. Farazpay 100, ID,
A. Farbin 8, ID, A. Farilla 79a, ID, T. Farooque 110, ID, J.N. Farr 177, ID, S.M. Farrington 138,54, ID, F. Fassi 36e, ID,
D. Fassouliotis 9, ID, M. Faucci Giannelli 78a,78b, ID, W.J. Fawcett 33, ID, L. Fayard 68, ID, P. Federic 137, ID,
P. Federicova 135, ID, O.L. Fedin 39, ID, a, M. Feickert 175, ID, L. Feligioni 105, ID, D.E. Fellers 127, ID, C. Feng 64b, ID,
Z. Feng 118, ID, M.J. Fenton 163, ID, L. Ferencz 50, ID, R.A.M. Ferguson 94, ID, P. Fernandez Martinez 69, ID,
M.J.V. Fernoux 105, ID, J. Ferrando 94, ID, A. Ferrari 166, ID, P. Ferrari 118,117, ID, R. Ferrari 75a, ID, D. Ferrere 58, ID,
C. Ferretti 109, ID, M.P. Fewell 1, ID, D. Fiacco 77a,77b, ID, F. Fiedler 103, ID, P. Fiedler 136, ID, S. Filimonov 39, ID,
A. Filipčič 96, ID, E.K. Filmer 160a, ID, F. Filthaut 117, ID, M.C.N. Fiolhais 134a,134c, ID, c, L. Fiorini 168, ID,
W.C. Fisher 110, ID, T. Fitschen 104, ID, P.M. Fitzhugh 139, I. Fleck 146, ID, P. Fleischmann 109, ID, T. Flick 176, ID,
M. Flores 34d, ID, z, L.R. Flores Castillo 66a, ID, L. Flores Sanz De Acedo 37, ID, F.M. Follega 80a,80b, ID, N. Fomin 33, ID,
J.H. Foo 159, ID, A. Formica 139, ID, A.C. Forti 104, ID, E. Fortin 37, ID, A.W. Fortman 18a, ID, M.G. Foti 18a, ID,
L. Fountas 9, ID, i, D. Fournier 68, ID, H. Fox 94, ID, P. Francavilla 76a,76b, ID, S. Francescato 63, ID, S. Franchellucci 58, ID,
M. Franchini 24b,24a, ID, S. Franchino 65a, ID, D. Francis 37, L. Franco 117, ID, V. Franco Lima 37, ID, L. Franconi 50, ID,
M. Franklin 63, ID, G. Frattari 27, ID, Y.Y. Frid 156, ID, J. Friend 61, ID, N. Fritzsche 37, ID, A. Froch 58, ID,
D. Froidevaux 37, ID, J.A. Frost 130, ID, Y. Fu 64a, ID, S. Fuenzalida Garrido 141f, ID, M. Fujimoto 105, ID, K.Y. Fung 66a, ID,
E. Furtado De Simas Filho 85e, ID, M. Furukawa 158, ID, J. Fuster 168, ID, A. Gaa 57, ID, A. Gabrielli 24b,24a, ID,
A. Gabrielli 159, ID, P. Gadow 37, ID, G. Gagliardi 59b,59a, ID, L.G. Gagnon 18a, ID, S. Gaid 165, ID, S. Galantzan 156, ID,
J. Gallagher 1, ID, E.J. Gallas 130, ID, A.L. Gallen 166, ID, B.J. Gallop 138, ID, K.K. Gan 123, ID, S. Ganguly 158, ID,
Y. Gao 54, ID, F.M. Garay Walls 141a,141b, ID, B. Garcia 30, C. García 168, ID, A. Garcia Alonso 118, ID,
A.G. Garcia Caffaro 177, ID, J.E. García Navarro 168, ID, M. Garcia-Sciveres 18a, ID, G.L. Gardner 132, ID,
R.W. Gardner 41, ID, N. Garelli 162, ID, R.B. Garg 148, ID, J.M. Gargan 54, ID, C.A. Garner 159, C.M. Garvey 34a, ID,
V.K. Gassmann 162, G. Gaudio 75a, ID, V. Gautam 13, P. Gauzzi 77a,77b, ID, J. Gavranovic 96, ID, I.L. Gavrilenko 39, ID,
A. Gavrilyuk 39, ID, C. Gay 169, ID, G. Gaycken 127, ID, E.N. Gazis 10, ID, A.A. Geanta 28b, ID, A. Gekow 123,
C. Gemme 59b, ID, M.H. Genest 62, ID, A.D. Gentry 116, ID, S. George 98, ID, W.F. George 21, ID, T. Geralis 48, ID,
A.A. Gerwin 124, ID, P. Gessinger-Befurt 37, ID, M.E. Geyik 176, ID, M. Ghani 172, ID, K. Ghorbanian 97, ID,
A. Ghosal¹⁴⁶, A. Ghosh¹⁶³, A. Ghosh⁷, B. Giacobbe²⁴b, S. Giagu⁷⁷a,⁷⁷b, T. Giani¹¹⁸, A. Giannini⁶⁴a, S.M. Gibson⁹⁸, M. Gignac¹⁴⁰, D.T. Gil⁸⁸b, A.K. Gilbert⁸⁸a, B.J. Gilbert⁴³, D. Gillberg³⁵, G. Gilles¹¹⁸, L. Ginabat¹³¹, D.M. Gingrich², ac, M.P. Giordani⁷¹a,⁷¹c, P.F. Giraud¹³⁹, G. Giugliarelli⁷¹a,⁷¹c, D. Giugni⁷³a, F. Giuli⁷⁸a,⁷⁸b, I. Gkialas⁹, i, L.K. Gladilin³⁹, C. Glasman¹⁰², G.R. Gledhill¹²⁷, G. Glemža⁵⁰, M. Glisic¹²⁷, I. Gnesi⁴⁵b, Y. Go³⁰, M. Goblirsch-Kolb³⁷, B. Gocke⁵¹, D. Godin¹¹¹, B. Gokturk²²a, S. Goldfarb¹⁰⁸, T. Golling⁵⁸, M.G.D. Gololo³⁴g, D. Golubkov³⁹, J.P. Gombas¹¹⁰, A. Gomes¹³⁴a,¹³⁴b, G. Gomes Da Silva¹⁴⁶, A.J. Gomez Delegido¹⁶⁸, R. Gonçalo¹³⁴a, L. Gonella²¹, A. Gongadze¹⁵⁴c, F. Gonnella²¹, J.L. Gonski¹⁴⁸, R.Y. González Andana⁵⁴, S. González de la Hoz¹⁶⁸, R. Gonzalez Lopez⁹⁵, C. Gonzalez Renteria¹⁸a, M.V. Gonzalez Rodrigues⁵⁰, R. Gonzalez Suarez¹⁶⁶, S. Gonzalez-Sevilla⁵⁸, L. Goossens³⁷, B. Gorini³⁷, E. Gorini⁷²a,⁷²b, A. Gorišek⁹⁶, T.C. Gosart¹³², A.T. Goshaw⁵³, M.I. Gostkin⁴⁰, S. Goswami¹²⁵, C.A. Gottardo³⁷, S.A. Gotz¹¹², M. Gouighri³⁶b, V. Goumarre⁵⁰, A.G. Goussiou¹⁴³, N. Govender³⁴c, R.P. Grabarczyk¹³⁰, I. Grabowska-Bold⁸⁸a, K. Graham³⁵, E. Gramstad¹²⁹, S. Grancagnolo⁷²a,⁷²b, C.M. Grant¹,¹³⁹, P.M. Gravila²⁸f, F.G. Gravili⁷²a,⁷²b, H.M. Gray¹⁸a, M. Greco⁷²a,⁷²b, M.J. Green¹, C. Grefe²⁵, A.S. Grefsrud¹⁷, I.M. Gregor⁵⁰, K.T. Greif¹⁶³, P. Grenier¹⁴⁸, S.G. Grewe¹¹³, A.A. Grillo¹⁴⁰, K. Grimm³², S. Grinstein¹³, J.-F. Grivaz⁶⁸, E. Gross¹⁷⁴, J. Grosse-Knetter⁵⁷, L. Guan¹⁰⁹, J.G.R. Guerrero Rojas¹⁶⁸, G. Guerrieri³⁷, R. Gugel¹⁰³, J.A.M. Guhit¹⁰⁹, A. Guida¹⁹, E. Guilloton¹⁷², S. Guindon³⁷, F. Guo¹⁴,¹¹⁵c, J. Guo⁶⁴c, L. Guo⁵⁰, L. Guo¹⁴, Y. Guo¹⁰⁹, A. Gupta⁵¹, R. Gupta¹³³, S. Gurbuz²⁵, S.S. Gurdasani⁵⁶, G. Gustavino⁷⁷a,⁷⁷b, M. Guth⁵⁸, P. Gutierrez¹²⁴, L.F. Gutierrez Zagazeta¹³², M. Gutsche⁵², C. Gutschow⁹⁹, C. Gwenlan¹³⁰, C.B. Gwilliam⁹⁵, E.S. Haaland¹²⁹, A. Haas¹²¹, M. Habedank⁶¹, C. Haber¹⁸a, H.K. Hadavand⁸, A. Hadef⁵², A.I. Hagan⁹⁴, J.J. Hahn¹⁴⁶, E.H. Haines⁹⁹, M. Haleem¹⁷¹, J. Haley¹²⁵, G.D. Hallewell¹⁰⁵, L. Halser²⁰, K. Hamano¹⁷⁰, M. Hamer²⁵, E.J. Hampshire⁹⁸, J. Han⁶⁴b, L. Han¹¹⁵a, L. Han⁶⁴a, S. Han¹⁸a, Y.F. Han¹⁵⁹, K. Hanagaki⁸⁶, M. Hance¹⁴⁰, D.A. Hangal⁴³, H. Hanif¹⁴⁷, M.D. Hank¹³², J.B. Hansen⁴⁴, P.H. Hansen⁴⁴, D. Harada⁵⁸, T. Harenberg¹⁷⁶, S. Harkusha¹⁷⁸, M.L. Harris¹⁰⁶, Y.T. Harris²⁵, J. Harrison¹³, N.M. Harrison¹²³, P.F. Harrison¹⁷², N.M. Hartman¹¹³, N.M. Hartmann¹¹², R.Z. Hasan⁹⁸,¹³⁸, Y. Hasegawa¹⁴⁵, F. Haslbeck¹³⁰, S. Hassan¹⁷, R. Hauser¹¹⁰, C.M. Hawkes²¹, R.J. Hawkings³⁷, Y. Hayashi¹⁵⁸, D. Hayden¹¹⁰, C. Hayes¹⁰⁹, R.L. Hayes¹¹⁸, C.P. Hays¹³⁰, J.M. Hays⁹⁷, H.S. Hayward⁹⁵, F. He⁶⁴a, M. He¹⁴,¹¹⁵c, Y. He⁵⁰, Y. He⁹⁹, N.B. Heatley⁹⁷, V. Hedberg¹⁰¹, A.L. Heggelund¹²⁹, N.D. Hehir⁹⁷,*, C. Heidegger⁵⁶, K.K. Heidegger⁵⁶, J. Heilman³⁵, S. Heim⁵⁰, T. Heim¹⁸a, J.G. Heinlein¹³², J.J. Heinrich¹²⁷, L. Heinrich¹¹³, J. Hejbal¹³⁵, A. Held¹⁷⁵, S. Hellesund¹⁷, C.M. Helling¹⁶⁹, S. Hellman⁴⁹a,⁴⁹b, R.C.W. Henderson⁹⁴, L. Henkelmann³³, A.M. Henriques Correia³⁷, H. Herde¹⁰¹, Y. Hernández Jiménez¹⁵⁰, L.M. Herrmann²⁵, T. Herrmann⁵², G. Herten⁵⁶, R. Hertenberger¹¹², L. Hervas³⁷, M.E. Hesping¹⁰³, N.P. Hessey¹⁶⁰a, J. Hessler¹¹³, M. Hidaoui³⁶b, N. Hidic¹³⁷, E. Hill¹⁵⁹, S.J. Hillier²¹, J.R. Hinds¹¹⁰, F. Hinterkeuser²⁵, M. Hirose¹²⁸, S. Hirose¹⁶¹, D. Hirschbuehl¹⁷⁶, T.G. Hitchings¹⁰⁴, B. Hiti⁹⁶, J. Hobbs¹⁵⁰, R. Hobincu²⁸e, N. Hod¹⁷⁴, M.C. Hodgkinson¹⁴⁴, B.H. Hodkinson¹³⁰, A. Hoecker³⁷, D.D. Hofer¹⁰⁹, J. Hofer¹⁶⁸, T. Holm²⁵, M. Holzbock³⁷, L.B.A.H. Hommels³³, B.P. Honan¹⁰⁴, J.J. Hong⁷⁰, J. Hong⁶⁴c, T.M. Hong¹³³, B.H. Hooberman¹⁶⁷, W.H. Hopkins⁶, M.C. Hoppesch¹⁶⁷, Y. Horii¹¹⁴, M.E. Horstmann¹¹³, S. Hou¹⁵³, M.R. Housenga¹⁶⁷, A.S. Howard⁹⁶, J. Howarth⁶¹, J. Hoya⁶, M. Hrabovsky¹²⁶,
A. Hrynevich 50, ID, T. Hryn’ova 4, ID, P.J. Hsu 67, ID, S.-C. Hsu 143, ID, T. Hsu 68, ID, M. Hu 18a, ID, Q. Hu 64a, ID,
S. Huang 33, ID, X. Huang 14,115c, ID, Y. Huang 144, ID, Y. Huang 103, ID, Y. Huang 14, ID, Z. Huang 104, ID,
Z. Hubacek 136, ID, M. Huebner 25, ID, F. Huegging 25, ID, T.B. Huffman 130, ID, M. Hufnagel Maranha De Faria 85a,
C.A. Hugli 50, ID, M. Huhtinen 37, ID, S.K. Huiberts 17, ID, R. Hulsken 107, ID, N. Huseynov 12, ID, f, J. Huston 110, ID,
J. Huth 63, ID, R. Hyneman 148, ID, G. Iacobucci 58, ID, G. Iakovidis 30, ID, L. Iconovidou-Fayard 68, ID, J.P. Iddon 37, ID,
P. Iengo 74a,74b, ID, R. Iguchi 158, ID, Y. Iiyama 158, ID, T. Iizawa 130, ID, Y. Ikegami 86, ID, D. Iliadis 157, ID, N. Ilic 159, ID,
H. Imam 85c, ID, G. Inacio Goncalves 85d, ID, T. Ingebretsen Carlson 49a,49b, ID, J.M. Inglis 97, ID, G. Introzzi 75a,75b, ID,
M. Iodice 79a, ID, V. Ippolito 77a,77b, ID, R.K. Irwin 95, ID, M. Ishino 158, ID, W. Islam 175, ID, C. Issever 19, ID,
S. Istin 22a, ID, ag, H. Ito 173, ID, R. Iuppa 80a,80b, ID, A. Ivina 174, ID, J.M. Izen 47, ID, V. Izzo 74a, ID, P. Jacka 135, ID,
P. Jackson 1, ID, C.S. Jagfeld 112, ID, G. Jain 160a, ID, P. Jain 50, ID, K. Jakobs 56, ID, T. Jakoubek 174, ID,
J. Jamieson 61, ID, W. Jang 158, ID, M. Javurkova 106, ID, P. Jawahar 104, ID, L. Jeanty 127, ID, J. Jejelava 154a, ID,
P. Jenni 56, ID, e, C.E. Jessiman 35, ID, C. Jia 64b, ID, H. Jia 169, ID, J. Jia 150, ID, X. Jia 14,115c, ID, Z. Jia 115a, ID,
C. Jiang 54, ID, S. Jiggins 50, ID, J. Jimenez Pena 13, ID, S. Jin 115a, ID, A. Jinaru 28b, ID, O. Jinnouchi 142, ID,
P. Johansson 144, ID, K.A. Johns 7, ID, J.W. Johnson 140, ID, F.A. Jolly 50, ID, D.M. Jones 151, ID, E. Jones 50, ID,
K.S. Jones 8, P. Jones 33, ID, R.W.L. Jones 94, ID, T.J. Jones 95, ID, H.L. Joos 57,37, ID, R. Joshi 123, ID, J. Jovicevic 16, ID,
X. Ju 18a, ID, J.J. Junggeburth 37, ID, T. Junkermann 65a, ID, A. Juste Rozas 13, ID, M.K. Juzek 89, ID, S. Kabana 141e, ID,
A. Kaczmarska 89, ID, M. Kado 113, ID, H. Kagan 123, ID, M. Kagan 148, ID, A. Kahn 132, ID, C. Kahra 103, ID, T. Kaji 158, ID,
E. Kajomovitz 155, ID, N. Kakati 174, ID, I. Kalaitzidou 56, ID, C.W. Kalderon 30, ID, N.J. Kang 140, ID, D. Kar 34g, ID,
K. Karava 130, ID, M.J. Kareem 160b, ID, E. Karentzos 25, ID, O. Karkout 118, ID, S.N. Karpov 40, ID, Z.M. Karpova 40, ID,
V. Kartvelishvili 94, ID, A.N. Karyukhin 39, ID, E. Kasimi 157, ID, J. Katzy 50, ID, S. Kaur 35, ID, K. Kawade 145, ID,
M.P. Kawale 124, ID, C. Kawamoto 90, ID, T. Kawamoto 64a, ID, E.F. Kay 37, ID, F.I. Kaya 162, ID, S. Kazakos 110, ID,
V.F. Kazanin 39, ID, Y. Ke 150, ID, J.M. Keaveney 34a, ID, R. Keeler 170, ID, G.V. Kehris 63, ID, J.S. Keller 35, ID,
J.J. Kempster 151, ID, O. Kepka 135, ID, J. Kerr 160b, ID, B.P. Kerridge 138, ID, S. Kersten 176, ID, B.P. Kerševan 96, ID,
L. Keszeghova 29a, ID, S. Ketabchi Haghighat 159, ID, R.A. Khan 133, ID, A. Khanov 125, ID, A.G. Kharlamov 39, ID,
T. Kharlamova 39, ID, E.E. Khoda 143, ID, M. Kholodenko 134a, ID, T.J. Khoo 19, ID, G. Khoriauli 171, ID,
J. Khubua 154b, ID, *, Y.A.R. Khwaira 131, ID, B. Kibirige 34g, D. Kim 6, ID, D.W. Kim 49a,49b, ID, Y.K. Kim 41, ID,
N. Kimura 99, ID, M.K. Kingston 57, ID, A. Kirchhoff 57, ID, C. Kirfel 25, ID, F. Kirfel 25, ID, J. Kirk 138, ID,
A.E. Kiryunin 113, ID, S. Kita 161, ID, C. Kitsaki 10, ID, O. Kivernyk 25, ID, M. Klassen 162, ID, C. Klein 35, ID, L. Klein 171, ID,
M.H. Klein 46, ID, S.B. Klein 58, ID, U. Klein 95, ID, A. Klimentov 30, ID, T. Klioutchnikova 37, ID, P. Kluit 118, ID,
S. Kluth 113, ID, E. Kneringer 81, ID, T.M. Knight 159, ID, A. Knue 51, ID, D. Kobylianskii 174, ID, S.F. Koch 130, ID,
M. Kocian 148, ID, P. Kodyš 137, ID, D.M. Koeck 127, ID, P.T. Koenig 25, ID, T. Koffas 35, ID, O. Kolay 52, ID,
I. Koletsou 4, ID, T. Komarek 89, ID, K. Köneke 57, ID, A.X.Y. Kong 1, ID, T. Kono 122, ID, N. Konstantinidis 99, ID,
P. Kontaxakis 58, ID, B. Konya 101, ID, R. Kopeliansky 43, ID, S. Koperny 88a, ID, K. Korcyl 89, ID, K. Kordas 157, ID, d,
A. Korn 99, ID, S. Korn 57, ID, I. Korolkov 13, ID, N. Korotkova 39, ID, B. Kortman 118, ID, O. Kortner 113, ID,
S. Kortner 113, ID, W.H. Kostecka 119, ID, V.V. Kostyukhin 146, ID, A. Kotsokechagia 37, ID, A. Kotwal 53, ID,
A. Koulouris 37, ID, A. Kourkoumeli-Charalampidi 75a,75b, ID, C. Kourkoumelis 9, ID, E. Kourlitis 113, ID, aa,
O. Kovanda 127, ID, R. Kowalewski 170, ID, W. Kozanecki 127, ID, A.S. Kozhin 39, ID, V.A. Kramarenko 39, ID,
G. Kramberger 96, ID, P. Kramer 25, ID, M.W. Krasny 131, ID, A. Krasznahorkay 37, ID, A.C. Kraus 119, ID,
J.W. Kraus 176, ID, J.A. Kremer 50, ID, T. Kresse 52, ID, L. Kretschmann 176, ID, J. Kretzschmar 95, ID, K. Kreul 19, ID,
P. Krieger 159, ID, K. Krizka 21, ID, K. Kroeninger 51, ID, H. Kroha 113, ID, J. Kroll 135, ID, J. Kroll 132, ID,
K.S. Krowpman 110, ID, U. Kruchonak 40, ID, H. Krüger 25, ID, N. Krumnack 83, M.C. Kruse 53, ID, O. Kuchinskaia 39, ID,
S. Kuday 3a, ID, S. Kuehn 37, ID, R. Kuesters 56, ID, T. Kuhl 50, ID, V. Kukhtin 40, ID, Y. Kulchitsky 40, ID,
S. Kuleshov 141d,141b, M. Kumar 34g, N. Kumari 50, P. Kumari 160b, A. Kupco 135, T. Kupfer 51,
A. Kupich 39, O. Kuprash 56, H. Kurashige 87, L.L. Kurchaninov 160a, O. Kurdysh 68,
Y.A. Kurochkin 38, A. Kurova 39, M. Kuze 142, A.K. Kvam 106, J. Kvita 126, T. Kwan 107,
N.G. Kyriacou 109, L.A.O. Laatu 105, C. Lacasta 168, F. Lacava 77a,77b, H. Lacker 19, D. Lacour 131,
N.N. Lad 99, E. Ladygin 40, A. Lafarge 42, B. Laforge 131, T. Lagouri 177, F.Z. Lahbabi 36a, S. Lai 57,
J.E. Lambert 170, S. Lammers 70, W. Lampl 7, C. Lampoudis 157, d, G. Lamprinoudis 103,
A.N. Lancaster 119, E. Lançon 30, U. Landgraf 56, M.P.J. Landon 97, V.S. Lang 56,
O.K.B. Langrekken 129, A.J. Lankford 163, F. Lanni 37, K. Lantzsch 25, A. Lanza 75a,
M. Lanzac Berrocal 168, J.F. Laporte 139, T. Lari 73a, F. Lasagni Manghi 24b, M. Lassnig 37,
V. Latonova 135, S.D. Lawlor 144, Z. Lawrence 104, R. Lazaridou 172, M. Lazzaroni 73a,73b, H.D.M. Le 110,
E.M. Le Boulicaut 177, L.T. Le Pottier 18a, B. Lebanon 24b,24a, A. Lebedev 83, M. LeBlanc 104,
F. Ledroit-Guillon 62, S.C. Lee 153, S. Lee 49a,49b, T.F. Lee 95, L.L. Leeuw 34c, M. Lefebvre 170,
C. Leggett 18a, G. Lehmann Miotto 37, M. Leigh 58, W.A. Leight 106, W. Leinonen 117, A. Leisos 157,
M.A.L. Leite 85c, C.E. Leitgeb 19, R. Leitner 137, K.J.C. Leney 46, T. Lenz 25, S. Leone 76a,
C. Leonidopoulos 54, A. Leopold 149, R. Les 110, C.G. Lester 33, M. Levchenko 39, J. Levêque 4,
L.J. Levinson 174, G. Levrini 24b,24a, M.P. Lewicki 89, C. Lewis 143, D.J. Lewis 4, L. Lewitt 144,
A. Li 30, B. Li 64b, C. Li 64a, C-Q. Li 113, H. Li 64a, H. Li 64b, H. Li 115a, H. Li 15, H. Li 64b, J. Li 64c,
K. Li 14, L. Li 64c, M. Li 14,115c, S. Li 14,115c, S. Li 64d,64c, T. Li 5, X. Li 107, Z. Li 158, Z. Li 14,115c,
Z. Li 64a, S. Liang 14,115c, Z. Liang 14, M. Liberatore 139, B. Liberti 78a, K. Lie 66c,
J. Lieber Marin 85e, H. Lien 70, H. Lin 109, K. Lin 110, L. Linden 112, R.E. Lindley 7, J.H. Lindon 2,
J. Ling 63, E. Lipeles 132, A. Lipniacka 17, A. Lister 169, J.D. Little 70, B. Liu 14, B.X. Liu 115b,
D. Liu 64d,64c, E.H.L. Liu 21, J.B. Liu 64a, J.K.K. Liu 33, K. Liu 64d, K. Liu 64d,64c, M. Liu 64a,
M.Y. Liu 64a, P. Liu 14, Q. Liu 64d,143,64c, X. Liu 64a, X. Liu 64b, Y. Liu 115b,115c, Y.L. Liu 64b,
Y.W. Liu 64a, S.L. Lloyd 97, E.M. Lobodzinska 50, P. Loch 7, E. Lodhi 159, T. Lohse 19,
K. Lohwasser 144, E. Loiacono 50, J.D. Lomas 21, J.D. Long 43, I. Longarini 163, R. Longo 167,
I. Lopez Paz 69, A. Lopez Solis 50, N.A. Lopez-canelas 7, N. Lorenzo Martinez 4, A.M. Lory 112,
M. Losada 120a, G. Löschcke Centeno 151, O. Loseva 39, X. Lou 49a,49b, X. Lou 14,115c, A. Lounis 68,
P.A. Love 94, G. Lu 14,115c, M. Lu 68, S. Lu 132, Y.J. Lu 153, H.J. Lubatti 143, C. Luci 77a,77b,
F.L. Lucio Alves 115a, F. Luehring 70, O. Lukianchuk 68, B.S. Lunday 132, O. Lundberg 149,
B. Lund-Jensen 149, N.A. Luongo 6, M.S. Lutz 37, A.B. Lux 26, D. Lynn 30, R. Lysak 135,
E. Lytken 101, V. Lyubushkin 40, T. Lyubushkina 40, M.M. Lyukova 150, M. Firdaus M. Soberi 54,
H. Ma 30, K. Ma 64a, L.L. Ma 64b, W. Ma 64a, Y. Ma 125, J.C. MacDonald 103,
P.C. Machado De Abreu Farias 85e, R. Madar 42, T. Madula 99, J. Maeda 87, T. Maeno 30,
P.T. Mafa 34c, H. Maguire 144, V. Maiboroda 139, A. Maio 134a,134b,134d, K. Maj 88a, O. Majersky 50,
S. Majewski 127, N. Makovec 68, V. Maksimovic 16, B. Malaescu 131, Pa. Malecki 89, V.P. Maleev 39,
F. Malek 62, M. Mali 96, D. Malito 98, U. Mallik 82, S. Maltezos 10, S. Malyukov 40, J. Mamuzic 13,
G. Mancini 55, M.N. Mancini 27, G. Manco 75a,75b, J.P. Mandalia 97, S.S. Mandarry 151, I. Mandić 96,
L. Manhaes de Andrade Filho 85a, I.M. Maniatis 174, J. Manjarres Ramos 92, D.C. Mankad 174,
A. Mann 112, S. Manzoni 37, L. Mao 64c, X. Mapekula 34c, A. Marantis 157, G. Marchiori 5,
M. Marcisovsky 135, C. Marcon 73a, M. Marinescu 21, S. Marium 50, M. Marjanovic 124,
A. Markhoos 56, M. Markovitch 68, M.K. Maroun 106, E.J. Marshall 94, Z. Marshall 18a,
S. Marti-Garcia 168, J. Martin 99, T.A. Martin 138, V.J. Martin 54, B. Martin dit Latour 17,
L. Martinelli 77a,77b, M. Martinez 13, P. Martinez Agullo 168, V.I. Martinez Outschoorn 106,
P. Martinez Suarez 13, ID, S. Martin-Haugh 138, ID, G. Martinovicova 137, ID, V.S. Martoiu 28b, ID, A.C. Martyniuk 99, ID, A. Marzin 37, ID, D. Mascione 80a,80b, ID, L. Masetti 103, ID, J. Masik 104, ID, A.L. Maslennikov 39, ID, S.L. Mason 43, ID, P. Massarotti 74a,74b, ID, P. Mastrandrea 76a,76b, ID, A. Mastroberardino 45b,45a, ID, T. Masubuchi 128, ID, T.T. Mathew 127, ID, T. Mathisen 166, ID, J. Matousek 137, ID, D.M. Mattern 51, ID, J. Maurer 28b, ID, T. Maurin 61, ID, A.J. Maury 68, ID, B. Maček 96, ID, D.A. Maximov 39, ID, A.E. May 104, ID, R. Mazini 34g, ID, I. Maznas 119, ID, M. Mazza 110, ID, S.M. Mazza 140, ID, E. Mazzeo 73a,73b, ID, J.P. Mc Gowan 170, ID, S.P. Mc Kee 109, ID, C.A. Mc Lean 6, ID, C.C. McCracken 169, ID, E.F. McDonald 108, ID, A.E. McDougall 118, ID, L.F. Mcelhinney 94, ID, J.A. Mcfayden 151, ID, R.P. McGovern 132, ID, R.P. Mckenzie 34g, ID, T.C. Mclachlan 50, ID, D.J. Mclaughlin 99, ID, S.J. McMahon 138, ID, C.M. Mcpartland 95, ID, R.A. McPherson 170, ID, S. Mehlhase 112, ID, A. Mehta 95, ID, D. Melini 168, ID, B.R. Mellado Garcia 34g, ID, A.H. Melo 57, ID, F. Meloni 50, ID, A.M. Mendes Jacques Da Costa 104, ID, H.Y. Meng 159, ID, L. Meng 94, ID, S. Menke 113, ID, M. Mentink 37, ID, E. Meoni 45b,45a, ID, G. Mercado 119, ID, S. Merianos 157, ID, C. Merlassino 71a,71c, ID, L. Merola 74a,74b, ID, C. Meroni 73a,73b, ID, J. Metcalfe 6, ID, A.S. Mete 6, ID, E. Meuser 103, ID, C. Meyer 70, ID, J-P. Meyer 139, ID, R.P. Middleton 138, ID, L. Mijović 54, ID, G. Mikenberg 174, ID, M. Mikestikova 135, ID, M. Mikuž 96, ID, H. Mildner 103, ID, A. Milic 37, ID, D.W. Miller 41, ID, E.H. Miller 148, ID, L.S. Miller 35, ID, A. Milov 174, ID, D.A. Milstead 49a,49b, T. Min 115a, A.A. Minaenko 39, ID, I.A. Minashvili 154b, ID, A.I. Mincer 121, ID, B. Mindur 88a, ID, M. Mineev 40, ID, Y. Mino 90, ID, L.M. Mir 13, ID, M. Miralles Lopez 61, ID, M. Mironova 18a, ID, M.C. Missio 117, ID, A. Mitra 172, ID, V.A. Mitsou 168, ID, Y. Mitsumori 114, ID, O. 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R. Sobie 170, ID,x, A. Soffer 156, ID, C.A. Solans Sanchez 37, ID, E.Yu. Soldatov 39, ID, U. Soldevila 168, ID,
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S. Spagnolo 72a,72b, ID, M. Spalla 113, ID, D. Sperlich 56, ID, G. Spigo 37, ID, B. Spisso 74a,74b, ID, D.P. Spiteri 61, ID,
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W. Stanek-Maslouska 50, ID, M.V. Stange 52, ID, B. Stanislaus 18a, ID, M.M. Stanitzki 50, ID, B. Stapf 50, ID,
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R. Staszewski 89, ID, G. Stavropoulos 48, ID, A. Stefl 37, ID, P. Steinberg 30, ID, B. Stelzer 147,160a, ID, H.J. Stelzer 133, ID,
O. Stelzer-Chilton 160a, ID, H. Stenzel 60, ID, T.J. Stevenson 151, ID, G.A. Stewart 37, ID, J.R. Stewart 125, ID,
M.C. Stockton 37, ID, G. Stoicea 28b, ID, M. Stolarski 134a, ID, S. Stonjek 113, ID, A. Straessner 52, ID, J. Strandberg 149, ID,
S. Strandberg 49a,49b, ID, M. Stratmann 176, ID, M. Strauss 124, ID, T. Strebler 105, ID, P. Strizenec 29b, ID,
R. Ströhmer 171, ID, D.M. Strom 127, ID, R. Stroynowski 46, ID, A. Strubig 49a,49b, ID, S.A. Stucci 30, ID, B. Stugu 17, ID,
J. Stupak 124, ID, N.A. Styles 50, ID, D. Su 148, ID, S. Su 64a, ID, W. Su 64d, ID, X. Su 64a, ID, D. Suchy 29a, ID,
K. Sugizaki 158, ID, V.V. Sulin 39, ID, M.J. Sullivan 95, ID, D.M.S. Sultan 130, ID, L. Sultanaliyeva 39, ID,
S. Sultansoy 3b, ID, T. Sumida 90, ID, S. Sun 175, ID, W. Sun 14, ID, O. Sunneborn Gudnadottir 166, ID, N. Sur 105, ID,
M.R. Sutton 151, ID, H. Suzuki 161, ID, M. Svatos 135, ID, M. Swiatlowski 160a, ID, T. Swirski 171, ID, I. Sykora 29a, ID,
M. Sykora 137, ID, T. Sykora 137, ID, D. Ta 103, ID, K. Tackmann 50, ID,u, A. Taffard 163, ID, R. Tafirout 160a, ID,
J.S. Tafoya Vargas 68, ID, Y. Takubo 86, ID, M. Talby 105, ID, A.A. Talyshev 39, ID, K.C. Tam 66b, ID, N.M. Tamir 156, ID,
A. Tanaka 158, ID, J. Tanaka 158, ID, R. Tanaka 68, ID, M. Tanasini 150, ID, Z. Tao 169, ID, S. Tapia Araya 141f, ID,
S. Tapprogge 103, ID, A. Tarek Abouelfadl Mohamed 110, ID, S. Tarem 155, ID, K. Tariq 14, ID, G. Tarna 28b, ID,
G.F. Tartarelli 73a, ID, M.J. Tartarin 92, ID, P. Tas 137, ID, M. Tasevsky 135, ID, E. Tassi 45b,45a, ID, A.C. Tate 167, ID,
G. Tateno 158, ID, Y. Tayalati 36e, ID,w, G.N. Taylor 108, ID, W. Taylor 160b, ID, P. Teixeira-Dias 98, ID, J.J. Teoh 159, ID,
K. Terashi 158, ID, J. Terron 102, ID, S. Terzo 13, ID, M. Testa 55, ID, R.J. Teuscher 159, ID,x, A. Thaler 81, ID,
O. Theiner 58, ID, T. Theveneaux-Pelzer 105, ID, O. Thielmann 176, ID, D.W. Thomas 98, J.P. Thomas 21, ID,
E.A. Thompson 18a, ID, P.D. Thompson 21, ID, E. Thomson 132, ID, R.E. Thornberry 46, ID, C. Tian 64a, ID, Y. Tian 58, ID,
V. Tikhomirov 39, ID,a, Yu.A. Tikhonov 39, ID, S. Timoshenko 39, D. Timoshyn 137, ID, E.X.L. Ting 1, ID,
P. Tipton 177, ID, A. Tishelman-Charny 30, ID, S.H. Tlou 34g, ID, K. Todome 142, ID, S. Todorova-Nova 137, ID, S. Todt 52,
L. Toffolin 71a,71c, ID, M. Togawa 86, ID, J. Tojo 91, ID, S. Tokár 29a, ID, K. Tokushuku 86, ID, O. Toldaiev 70, ID,
G. Tolkachev 105, ID, M. Tomoto 86,114, ID, L. Tompkins 148, ID,f, E. Torrence 127, ID, H. Torres 92, ID,
E. Torró Pastor 168, ID, M. Toscani 31, ID, C. Tosciri 41, ID, M. Tost 11, ID, D.R. Tovey 144, ID, I.S. Trandafir 28b, ID,
T. Trefzger 171, ID, A. Tricoli 30, ID, I.M. Trigger 160a, ID, S. Trincaz-Duvoid 131, ID, D.A. Trischuk 27, ID, B. Trocmé 62, ID,
A. Tropina 40, L. Truong 34c, ID, M. Trzebinski 89, ID, A. Trzupek 89, ID, F. Tsai 150, ID, M. Tsai 109, ID, A. Tsiamis 157, ID,
P.V. Tsiaraeshka 40, S. Tsigaridas 160a, ID, A. Tsirigotis 157, ID,r, V. Tsiskaridze 159, ID, E.G. Tskhadadze 154a, ID,
M. Tsopoulou 157, ID, Y. Tsujikawa 90, ID, I.I. Tsukerman 39, ID, V. Tsulaia 18a, ID, S. Tsuno 86, ID, K. Turi 122, ID,
D. Tsybychev 150, ID, Y. Tu 66b, ID, A. Tudorache 28b, ID, V. Tudorache 28b, ID, A.N. Tuna 63, ID, S. Turchikhin 59b,59a, ID,
I. Turk Cakir 3a, ID, R. Turra 73a, ID, T. Turtuvshin 40, ID, P.M. Tuts 43, ID, S. Tzamarias 157, ID,d, E. Tzovara 103, ID,
F. Ukegawa 161, ID, P.A. Ulloa Poblete 141c,141b, ID, E.N. Umaka 30, ID, G. Unal 37, ID, A. Undrus 30, ID, G. Unel 163, ID, J. Urban 29b, ID, P. Urrejola 141a, ID, G. Usai 8, ID, R. Ushioda 142, ID, M. Usman 111, ID, F. Ustuner 54, ID, Z. Uysal 84, ID, V. Vacek 136, ID, B. Vachon 107, ID, T. Vafeiadis 37, ID, A. Vaitkus 99, ID, C. Valderanis 112, ID, E. Valdes Santurio 49a,49b, ID, M. Valente 160a, ID, S. Valentinetti 24b,24a, ID, A. Valero 168, ID, E. Valiente Moreno 168, ID, A. Vallier 92, ID, J.A. Valls Ferrer 168, ID, D.R. Van Arneman 118, ID, T.R. Van Daalen 143, ID, A. Van Der Graaf 51, ID, P. Van Gemmeren 6, ID, M. Van Rijnbach 37, ID, S. Van Stroud 99, ID, I. Van Vulpen 118, ID, P. Vana 137, ID, M. Vanadia 78a,78b, ID, U.M. Vande Voorde 149, ID, W. Vandelli 37, ID, E.R. Vandewall 125, ID, D. Vannicola 156, ID, L. Vannoli 55, ID, R. Vari 77a, ID, E.W. Varnes 7, ID, C. Varni 18b, ID, D. Varouchas 68, ID, L. Varriale 168, ID, K.E. Varvell 152, ID, M.E. Vasile 28b, ID, L. Vaslin 86, A. Vasyukov 40, ID, L.M. Vaughan 125, ID, R. Vavricka 103, T. Vazquez Schroeder 37, ID, J. Veatch 32, ID, V. Vecchio 104, ID, M.J. Veen 106, ID, I. Veliscek 30, ID, L.M. Veloce 159, ID, F. Veloso 134a,134c, ID, S. Veneziano 77a, ID, A. Ventura 72a,72b, ID, S. Ventura Gonzalez 139, ID, A. Verbytskyi 113, ID, M. Verducci 76a,76b, ID, C. Vergis 97, ID, M. Verissimo De Araujo 85b, ID, W. Verkerke 118, ID, J.C. Vermeulen 118, ID, C. Vernieri 148, ID, M. Vessella 163, ID, M.C. Vetterli 147, ID,ac, A. Vgenopoulos 103, ID, N. Viaux Maira 141f, ID, T. Vickey 144, ID, O.E. Vickey Boeriu 144, ID, G.H.A. Viehhauser 130, ID, L. Vigani 65b, ID, M. Vigl 113, ID, M. Villa 24b,24a, ID, M. Villaplana Perez 168, ID, E.M. Villhauer 54, E. Vilucchi 55, ID, M.G. Vincter 35, ID, A. Visibile 118, C. Vittori 37, ID, I. Vivarelli 24b,24a, ID, E. Voevodina 113, ID, F. Vogel 112, ID, J.C. Voigt 52, ID, P. Vokac 136, ID, Yu. Volkotrub 88b, ID, E. Von Toerne 25, ID, B. Vormwald 37, ID, V. Vorobel 137, ID, K. Vorobev 39, ID, M. Vos 168, ID, K. Voss 146, ID, M. Vozak 118, ID, L. Vozdecky 124, ID, N. Vranjes 16, ID, M. Vranjes Milosavljevic 16, ID, M. Vreeswijk 118, ID, N.K. Vu 64d, ID, R. Vuillermet 37, ID, O. Vujinovic 103, ID, I. Vukotic 41, ID, I.K. Vyas 35, ID, S. Wada 161, ID, C. Wagner 148, J.M. Wagner 18a, ID, W. Wagner 176, ID, S. Wahdan 176, ID, H. Wahlberg 93, ID, C.H. Waits 124, ID, J. Walder 138, ID, R. Walker 112, ID, W. Walkowiak 146, ID, A. Wall 132, ID, E.J. Wallin 101, ID, T. Wamorkar 6, ID, A.Z. Wang 140, ID, C. Wang 103, ID, C. Wang 11, ID, H. Wang 18a, ID, J. Wang 66c, ID, P. Wang 104, ID, P. Wang 99, ID, R. Wang 63, ID, R. Wang 6, ID, S.M. Wang 153, ID, S. Wang 14, ID, T. Wang 64a, ID, W.T. Wang 82, ID, W. Wang 14, ID, X. Wang 167, ID, X. Wang 64c, ID, Y. Wang 64d, ID, Y. Wang 115a, ID, Y. Wang 64a, ID, Z. Wang 109, ID, Z. Wang 64d,53,64c, ID, Z. Wang 109, ID, A. Warburton 107, ID, R.J. Ward 21, ID, N. Warrack 61, ID, S. Waterhouse 98, ID, A.T. Watson 21, ID, H. Watson 54, ID, M.F. Watson 21, ID, E. Watton 61,138, ID, G. Watts 143, ID, B.M. Waugh 99, ID, J.M. Webb 56, ID, C. Weber 30, ID, H.A. Weber 19, ID, M.S. Weber 20, ID, S.M. Weber 65a, ID, C. Wei 64a, ID, Y. Wei 56, ID, A.R. Weidberg 130, ID, E.J. Weik 121, ID, J. Weingarten 51, ID, C. Weiser 56, ID, C.J. Wells 50, ID, T. Wenaus 30, ID, B. Wendland 51, ID, T. Wengler 37, ID, N.S. Wenke 113, N.ermes 25, ID, M. Wessels 65a, ID, A.M. Wharton 94, ID, A.S. White 63, ID, A. White 8, ID, M.J. White 1, ID, D. Whiteson 163, ID, L. Wickremasinghe 128, ID, W. Wiedenmann 175, ID, M. Wielers 138, ID, C. Wiglesworth 44, ID, D.J. Wilbern 124, H.G. Wilkens 37, ID, J.J.H. Wilkinson 33, ID, D.M. Williams 43, ID, H.H. Williams 132, S. Williams 33, ID, S. Willocq 106, ID, B.J. Wilson 104, ID, D.J. Wilson 104, ID, P.J. Windischhofer 41, ID, F.I. Winkel 31, ID, F. Winklmeier 127, ID, B.T. Winter 56, ID, J.K. Winter 104, ID, M. Wittgen 148, M. Wobisch 100, ID, T. Wojtkowski 62, Z. Wolffs 118, ID, J. Wollrath 37, M.W. Wolter 89, ID, H. Wolters 134a,134c, ID, M.C. Wong 140, E.L. Woodward 43, ID, S.D. Worm 50, ID, B.K. Wosiek 89, ID, K.W. Woźniak 89, ID, S. Wozniewski 57, ID, K. Wraight 61, ID, C. Wu 21, ID, M. Wu 115b, ID, M. Wu 117, ID, S.L. Wu 175, ID, X. Wu 58, ID, X. Wu 64a, ID, Y. Wu 64a, ID, Z. Wu 4, ID, J. Wuerzinger 113, ID,aa, T.R. Wyatt 104, ID, B.M. Wynne 54, ID, S. Xella 44, ID, L. Xia 115a, ID, M. Xia 15, ID, M. Xie 64a, ID, A. Xiong 127, ID, J. Xiong 18a, ID, D. Xu 14, ID, H. Xu 64a, ID, L. Xu 64a, ID, R. Xu 132, ID, T. Xu 109, ID, Y. Xu 143, ID, Z. Xu 54, ID, Z. Xu 115a, B. Yabsley 152, ID, S. Yacoob 34a, ID, Y. Yamaguchi 86, ID, E. Yamashita 158, ID, H. Yamauchi 161, ID, T. Yamazaki 18a, ID, Y. Yamazaki 87, ID, S. Yan 61, ID, Z. Yan 106, ID, H.J. Yang 64c,64d, ID, H.T. Yang 64a, ID, S. Yang 64a, ID, T. Yang 66c, ID, X. Yang 37, ID, X. Yang 14, ID, Y. Yang 46, ID, Y. Yang 64a, W-M. Yao 18a, ID, H. Ye 57, ID, J. Ye 14, ID, S. Ye 30, ID,
X. Ye 64a, b, Y. Yeh 99, c, I. Yeletskikh 40, d, B. Yeo 18b, e, M.R. Yexley 99, f, T.P. Yildirim 130, g, P. Yin 43, h, K. Yorita 173, i, S. Younas 28b, j, C.J.S. Young 37, k, C. Young 148, l, C. Yu 14,115c, m, Y. Yu 64a, n, J. Yuan 14,115c, o, M. Yuan 109, p, R. Yuan 64d,64c, q, L. Yue 99, r, M. Zaazoua 64a, s, B. Zabinski 89, t, I. Zahir 36a, u, E. Zaid 54, Z.K. Zak 89, v, T. Zakareishvili 168, w, S. Zambito 58, x, J.A. Zamora Saa 141d,141b, y, J. Zang 158, z, D. Zanzi 56, y, R. Zanzottera 73a,73b, u, O. Zaplatilek 136, w, C. Zeitnitz 176, x, H. Zeng 14, y, J.C. Zeng 167, w, D.T. Zenger Jr 27, z, O. Zenin 39, u, T. Ženiš 29a, w, S. Zenz 97, x, S. Zerradi 36a, y, D. Zerwas 68, z, M. Zhai 14,115c, u, D.F. Zhang 144, y, J. Zhang 64b, u, J. Zhang 6, w, K. Zhang 14,115c, u, L. Zhang 64a, u, L. Zhang 115a, u, P. Zhang 14,115c, w, R. Zhang 175, u, S. Zhang 109, u, S. Zhang 92, u, T. Zhang 158, u, X. Zhang 64c, u, Y. Zhang 143, u, Y. Zhang 99, u, Y. Zhang 115a, u, Z. Zhang 18a, u, Z. Zhang 64b, u, Z. Zhang 68, u, H. Zhao 143, u, T. Zhao 64b, u, Y. Zhao 140, u, Z. Zhao 64a, u, Z. Zhao 64a, u, A. Zhemchugov 40, u, J. Zheng 115a, u, K. Zheng 167, u, X. Zheng 64a, u, Z. Zheng 148, u, D. Zhong 167, u, B. Zhou 109, u, H. Zhou 7, w, N. Zhou 64c, u, Y. Zhou 15, u, Y. Zhou 115a, u, Y. Zhou 7, C.G. Zhu 64b, u, J. Zhu 109, u, X. Zhu 64d, Y. Zhu 64c, u, Y. Zhu 64a, u, X. Zhuang 14, u, K. Zhukov 70, u, N.I. Zimine 40, u, J. Zinsser 65b, u, M. Ziolkowski 146, u, L. Živković 16, u, A. Zoccoli 24b,24a, u, K. Zoch 63, u, T.G. Zorbas 144, v, O. Zormpa 48, v, W. Zou 43, v, L. Zwalinski 37, v

<footnote n="1">¹ Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide; Australia</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB; Canada</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³ (a) Department of Physics, Ankara University, Ankara; (b) Division of Physics, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara; Türkiye</footnote>

<footnote n="4">⁴ LAPP, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, Annecy, France</footnote>

<footnote n="5">⁵ APC, Université Paris Cité, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France</footnote>

<footnote n="6">⁶ High Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne IL; United States of America</footnote>

<footnote n="7">⁷ Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ; United States of America</footnote>

<footnote n="8">⁸ Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington TX; United States of America</footnote>

<footnote n="9">⁹ Physics Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens; Greece</footnote>

<footnote n="10">¹⁰ Physics Department, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou; Greece</footnote>

<footnote n="11">¹¹ Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX; United States of America</footnote>

<footnote n="12">¹² Institute of Physics, Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences, Baku; Azerbaijan</footnote>

<footnote n="13">¹³ Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona; Spain</footnote>

<footnote n="14">¹⁴ Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; China</footnote>

<footnote n="15">¹⁵ Physics Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing; China</footnote>

<footnote n="16">¹⁶ Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade; Serbia</footnote>

<footnote n="17">¹⁷ Department for Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen; Norway</footnote>

<footnote n="18">¹⁸ (a) Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley CA; (b) University of California, Berkeley CA; United States of America</footnote>

<footnote n="19">¹⁹ Institut für Physik, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin; Germany</footnote>

<footnote n="20">20 Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics and Laboratory for High Energy Physics, University of Bern, Bern; Switzerland</footnote>

<footnote n="21">21 School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham; United Kingdom</footnote>

<footnote n="22">22 (a) Department of Physics, Bogazici University, Istanbul; (b) Department of Physics Engineering, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep; (c) Department of Physics, Istanbul University, Istanbul; Türkiye</footnote>

<footnote n="23">23 (a) Facultad de Ciencias y Centro de Investigaciones, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá; (b) Departamento de Física, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá; Colombia</footnote>

<footnote n="24">24 (a) Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia A. Righi, Università di Bologna, Bologna; (b) INFN Sezione di Bologna; Italy</footnote>

<footnote n="25">25 Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Bonn; Germany</footnote>

<footnote n="26">26 Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston MA; United States of America</footnote>

<footnote n="27">27 Department of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham MA; United States of America</footnote>

<footnote n="28">28 (a) Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov; (b) Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest; (c) Department of Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Iasi; (d) National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Physics Department, Cluj-Napoca; (e) National University of Science and Technology Politechnica, Bucharest; (f) West University in Timisoara, Timisoara; (g) Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, Bucharest; Romania</footnote>

<footnote n="29">29 (a) Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, Bratislava; (b) Department of Subnuclear Physics, Institute of Experimental Physics of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Kosice; Slovak Republic</footnote>

<footnote n="30">30 Physics Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton NY; United States of America</footnote>

<footnote n="31">31 Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Física, y CONICET, Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires (IFIBA), Buenos Aires; Argentina</footnote>

<footnote n="32">32 California State University, CA; United States of America</footnote>

<footnote n="33">33 Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge; United Kingdom</footnote>

<footnote n="34">34 (a) Department of Physics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town; (b) iThemba Labs, Western Cape; (c) Department of Mechanical Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg; (d) National Institute of Physics, University of the Philippines Diliman (Philippines); (e) University of South Africa, Department of Physics, Pretoria; (f) University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa;</footnote>

<footnote>(g) School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg; South Africa</footnote>

<footnote n="35">35 Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa ON; Canada</footnote>

<footnote n="36">36 (a) Faculté des Sciences Ain Chock, Université Hassan II de Casablanca; (b) Faculté des Sciences, Université Ibn-Tofail, Kénitra; (c) Faculté des Sciences Semlalia, Université Cadi Ayyad, LPHEA-Marrakech; (d) LPMR, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohamed Premier, Oujda; (e) Faculté des sciences, Université Mohammed V, Rabat; (f) Institute of Applied Physics, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir; Morocco</footnote>

<footnote n="37">37 CERN, Geneva; Switzerland</footnote>

<footnote n="38">³⁸ Affiliated with an institute formerly covered by a cooperation agreement with CERN</footnote>

<footnote n="39">³⁹ Affiliated with an institute covered by a cooperation agreement with CERN</footnote>

<footnote n="40">⁴⁰ Affiliated with an international laboratory covered by a cooperation agreement with CERN</footnote>

<footnote n="41">⁴¹ Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago IL; United States of America</footnote>

<footnote n="42">⁴² LPC, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS/IN2P3, Clermont-Ferrand; France</footnote>

<footnote n="43">⁴³ Nevis Laboratory, Columbia University, Irvington NY; United States of America</footnote>

<footnote n="44">⁴⁴ Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; Denmark</footnote>

<footnote n="45">⁴⁵ (a) Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, Rende; (b) INFN Gruppo Collegato di Cosenza, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati; Italy</footnote>

<footnote n="46">⁴⁶ Physics Department, Southern Methodist University, Dallas TX; United States of America</footnote>
47 Physics Department, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson TX; United States of America

48 National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Agia Paraskevi, Greece

49 (a) Department of Physics, Stockholm University; (b) Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm; Sweden

50 Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg and Zeuthen; Germany

51 Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund; Germany

52 Institut für Kern- und Teilchenphysik, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden; Germany

53 Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham NC; United States of America

54 SUPA - School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh; United Kingdom

55 INFN e Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati; Italy

56 Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg; Germany

57 II. Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen; Germany

58 Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Université de Genève, Genève; Switzerland

59 (a) Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Genova; (b) INFN Sezione di Genova; Italy

60 II. Physikalisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen; Germany

61 SUPA - School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow; United Kingdom

62 LPSC, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, Grenoble INP, Grenoble; France

63 Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA; United States of America

64 (a) Department of Modern Physics and State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei; (b) Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science and Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation (MOE), Shandong University, Qingdao; (c) School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MOE), SKLPPC, Shanghai; (d) Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai; (e) School of Physics, Zhengzhou University; China

65 (a) Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg; (b) Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Germany

66 (a) Department of Physics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong; (b) Department of Physics, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; (c) Department of Physics and Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong; China

67 Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu; Taiwan

68 IJLLab, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, 91405, Orsay; France

69 Centro Nacional de Microelectrónica (IMB-CNM-CSIC), Barcelona; Spain

70 Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington IN; United States of America

71 (a) INFN Gruppo Collegato di Udine, Sezione di Trieste, Udine; (b) ICTP, Trieste; (c) Dipartimento Politecnico di Ingegneria e Architettura, Università di Udine, Udine; Italy

72 (a) INFN Sezione di Lecce; (b) Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università del Salento, Lecce; Italy

73 (a) INFN Sezione di Milano; (b) Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Milano, Milano; Italy

74 (a) INFN Sezione di Napoli; (b) Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Napoli, Napoli; Italy

75 (a) INFN Sezione di Pavia; (b) Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pavia, Pavia; Italy

76 (a) INFN Sezione di Pisa; (b) Dipartimento di Fisica E. Fermi, Università di Pisa, Pisa; Italy

77 (a) INFN Sezione di Roma; (b) Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma; Italy

78 (a) INFN Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata; (b) Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma; Italy

79 (a) INFN Sezione di Roma Tre; (b) Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università Roma Tre, Roma; Italy

80 (a) INFN-TIFPA; (b) Università degli Studi di Trento, Trento; Italy

81 Universität Innsbruck, Department of Astro and Particle Physics, Innsbruck; Austria

82 University of Iowa, Iowa City IA; United States of America

83 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames IA; United States of America

84 Istinye University, Sariyer, Istanbul; Türkiye

85 (a) Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora; (b) Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro COPPE/EE/IF, Rio de Janeiro; (c) Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo; (d) Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro; (e) Federal University of Bahia, Bahia; Brazil

86 KEK, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba; Japan

87 Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe; Japan

88 (a) AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Krakow; (b) Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow; Poland

89 Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow; Poland

90 Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto; Japan

91 Research Center for Advanced Particle Physics and Department of Physics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka; Japan

92 L2IT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS/IN2P3, UPS, Toulouse; France

93 Instituto de Física La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata; Argentina

94 Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster; United Kingdom

95 Oliver Lodge Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool; United Kingdom

96 Department of Experimental Particle Physics, Jožef Stefan Institute and Department of Physics, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana; Slovenia

97 School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, London; United Kingdom

98 Department of Physics, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham; United Kingdom

99 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London; United Kingdom

100 Louisiana Tech University, Ruston LA; United States of America

101 Fysiska institutionen, Lunds universitet, Lund; Sweden

102 Departamento de Física Teórica C-15 and CIAFF, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid; Spain

103 Institut für Physik, Universität Mainz, Mainz; Germany

104 School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester; United Kingdom

105 CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille; France

106 Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst MA; United States of America

107 Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal QC; Canada

108 School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria; Australia

109 Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI; United States of America

110 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI; United States of America

111 Group of Particle Physics, University of Montreal, Montreal QC; Canada

112 Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München; Germany

113 Max-Planck-Institut für Physik (Werner-Heisenberg-Institut), München; Germany

114 Graduate School of Science and Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute, Nagoya University, Nagoya; Japan

115 (a) Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing; (b) School of Science, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University; (c) University of Chinese Academy of Science (UCAS), Beijing; China

116 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque NM; United States of America

117 Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics, Radboud University/Nikhef, Nijmegen; Netherlands

118 Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; Netherlands

119 Department of Physics, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb IL; United States of America

120 (a) New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi; (b) United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain; United Arab Emirates

121 Department of Physics, New York University, New York NY; United States of America

122 Ochanomizu University, Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo; Japan
123 Ohio State University, Columbus OH; United States of America

124 Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Oklahoma, Norman OK; United States of America

125 Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater OK; United States of America

126 Palacký University, Joint Laboratory of Optics, Olomouc; Czech Republic

127 Institute for Fundamental Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR; United States of America

128 Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka; Japan

129 Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo; Norway

130 Department of Physics, Oxford University, Oxford; United Kingdom

131 LPNHE, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris; France

132 Department of Physics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA; United States of America

133 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA; United States of America

134 (a) Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas - LIP, Lisboa; (b) Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa; (c) Departamento de Física, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra; (d) Centro de Física Nuclear da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa; (e) Departamento de Física, Universidade do Minho, Braga; (f) Departamento de Física Teórica y del Cosmos, Universidad de Granada, Granada (Spain); (g) Departamento de Física, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa; Portugal

135 Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague; Czech Republic

136 Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague; Czech Republic

137 Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Prague; Czech Republic

138 Particle Physics Department, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot; United Kingdom

139 IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette; France

140 Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz CA; United States of America

141 (a) Departamento de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago; (b) Millennium Institute for Subatomic physics at high energy frontier (SAPHIR), Santiago; (c) Instituto de Investigación Multidisciplinario en Ciencia y Tecnología, y Departamento de Física, Universidad de La Serena; (d) Universidad Andres Bello, Department of Physics, Santiago; (e) Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica; (f) Departamento de Física, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso; Chile

142 Department of Physics, Institute of Science, Tokyo; Japan

143 Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle WA; United States of America

144 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield; United Kingdom

145 Department of Physics, Shinshu University, Nagano; Japan

146 Department Physik, Universität Siegen, Siegen; Germany

147 Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby BC; Canada

148 SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford CA; United States of America

149 Department of Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm; Sweden

150 Departments of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook NY; United States of America

151 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton; United Kingdom

152 School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney; Australia

153 Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei; Taiwan

154 (a) E. Andronikashvili Institute of Physics, Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi; (b) High Energy Physics Institute, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi; (c) University of Georgia, Tbilisi; Georgia

155 Department of Physics, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa; Israel

156 Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv; Israel

157 Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki; Greece

158 International Center for Elementary Particle Physics and Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo; Japan

159 Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto ON; Canada

160 (a) TRIUMF, Vancouver BC; (b) Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto ON; Canada

161 Division of Physics and Tomonaga Center for the History of the Universe, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba; Japan

162 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Tufts University, Medford MA; United States of America

163 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA; United States of America

164 University of West Attica, Athens; Greece

165 University of Sharjah, Sharjah; United Arab Emirates

166 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Uppsala, Uppsala; Sweden

167 Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana IL; United States of America

168 Instituto de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), Centro Mixto Universidad de Valencia - CSIC, Valencia; Spain

169 Department of Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC; Canada

170 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria BC; Canada

171 Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg; Germany

172 Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry; United Kingdom

173 Waseda University, Tokyo; Japan

174 Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot; Israel

175 Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI; United States of America

176 Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, Fachgruppe Physik, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal; Germany

177 Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven CT; United States of America

178 Yerevan Physics Institute, Yerevan; Armenia

a Also Affiliated with an institute covered by a cooperation agreement with CERN.

b Also at An-Najah National University, Nablus; Palestine.

c Also at Borough of Manhattan Community College, City University of New York, New York NY; United States of America.

d Also at Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Thessaloniki; Greece.

e Also at CERN, Geneva; Switzerland.

f Also at CMD-AC UNEC Research Center, Azerbaijan State University of Economics (UNEC); Azerbaijan.

g Also at Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Université de Genève, Genève; Switzerland.

h Also at Departament de Física de la Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona; Spain.

i Also at Department of Financial and Management Engineering, University of the Aegean, Chios; Greece.

j Also at Department of Physics, California State University, Sacramento; United States of America.

k Also at Department of Physics, King's College London, London; United Kingdom.

l Also at Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford CA; United States of America.

m Also at Department of Physics, Stellenbosch University; South Africa.

n Also at Department of Physics, University of Fribourg, Fribourg; Switzerland.

o Also at Department of Physics, University of Thessaly; Greece.

p Also at Department of Physics, Westmont College, Santa Barbara; United States of America.

q Also at Faculty of Physics, Sofia University, 'St. Kliment Ohridski', Sofia; Bulgaria.

r Also at Hellenic Open University, Patras; Greece.
s Also at Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University; Saudi Arabia.

t Also at Institutoc Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats, ICREA, Barcelona; Spain.

u Also at Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg; Germany.

v Also at Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy (INRNE) of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia; Bulgaria.

w Also at Institute of Applied Physics, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir; Morocco.

x Also at Institute of Particle Physics (IPP); Canada.

y Also at Institute of Physics, Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences, Baku; Azerbaijan.

z Also at National Institute of Physics, University of the Philippines Diliman (Philippines); Philippines.

aa Also at Technical University of Munich, Munich; Germany.

ab Also at The Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter (CICQM), Beijing; China.

ac Also at TRIUMF, Vancouver BC; Canada.

ad Also at Università di Napoli Parthenope, Napoli; Italy.

ae Also at University of Colorado Boulder, Department of Physics, Colorado; United States of America.

af Also at Washington College, Chestertown, MD; United States of America.

ag Also at Yeditepe University, Physics Department, Istanbul; Türkiye.

* Deceased.