# A new species of Paragigagnathus Amitai & Grinberg
(Mesostigmata: Phytoseiidae) from Iran

Alireza Arjmandi-Nezhad, Serge Kreiter, Alireza Saboori, Sultan Ravan

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## ► To cite this version:

Alireza Arjmandi-Nezhad, Serge Kreiter, Alireza Saboori, Sultan Ravan. A new species of Paragigagnathus Amitai & Grinberg (Mesostigmata: Phytoseiidae) from Iran. Acarologia, 2022, 62 (1), pp.48-57. 10.24349/8dra-mc90. hal-03525841

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# A new species of *Paragigagnathus* Amitai & Grinberg (Mesostigmata: Phytoseiidae) from Iran

Alireza Arjmandi-Nezhadª, Serge Kreiter IDᵇ, Alireza Sabooriᶜ, Sultan Ravanª

## Original research

### ABSTRACT

*Paragigagnathus sistaniensis* Kreiter, Arjmandi-Nezhad and Saboori *n. sp.* belongs to the tribe Neoseiulini, subfamily Amblyseiinae, is described and illustrated, based on females and males. The new species was collected from foliage of tamarisk trees in Sistan region, Sistan and Baluchestan province, southeastern Iran.

**Keywords** Gamasina; predatory mites; new taxon; morphology; *Tamarix*; Sistan and Baluchestan

**Zoobank** http://zoobank.org/5A740452-7CC1-4592-BF45-E936355E3787

## Introduction

The family Phytoseiidae is widespread, present on all continents except Antarctica, and it consists of about 2,500 valid species in 94 genera and three subfamilies (Demite et al. 2021). They are active predators on phytophagous mites and small insects, like thrips and whiteflies, on cultivated plants and plants of the natural vegetation.

During 2018-2020, phytoseiid mite fauna of Sistan and Baluchestan province (Iran) was studied. The province of Sistan and Baluchestan (25°03′–31°27′ N, 58°50′–63°21′ E) is the second largest province in Iran with an area of 187, 502 km². It is in the southeast of the country, bordering South Khorasan province in the north, Kerman province and Hormozgan province in the west, the Gulf of Oman in the south, and Afghanistan and Pakistan in the east. The province of Sistan and Baluchestan is one of uninvestigated provinces of Iran with regard to phytoseiid mite fauna. It is necessary to mention, the territory of Iran is important from a zoogeographical point of view, as it straddles several major ecoregions of the world including the Palaearctic, Ethiopian and Oriental Realms. Iran is also part of the Irano-Anatolian hotspot of biodiversity with great floristic and faunistic diversities (Esmaeili et al. 2017).

The genus *Paragigagnathus* Amitai and Grinberg, 1971, consists of two species groups, *desertorum* and *strunkovae*, which based on the position of setae ST3 (on or off sternal shield, respectively), and include 12 species in total (Demite et al. 2021; Kreiter et al. 2021). The *strunkovae* species group is composed of seven species: *P. strunkovae* (Wainstein 1973), *P. cataractus* (Ueckermann and Loots 1988), *P. molestus* (Kolodochka 1989), *P. bidentatus* (Kuznetsov 1994), *P. madinaensis* Alatawi, Kamran and Basahih, in Alatawi *et al.* (2015), *P. iraniensis* Khanjani, Karimi, Asali-Fayaz and Ueckermann, in Khanjani *et al.* (2016), *P. philippei* Kreiter et al. 2021. The *desertorum* species groups composed of five species: *P. tamaricis* Amitai and Grinberg (1971), *P. insuetus* (Livshitz and Kuznetsov 1972), *P.*

Received 04 October 2021
Accepted 29 December 2021
Published 14 January 2022

Corresponding author
Sultan Ravan: sultanravan@uoz.ac.ir

Academic editor
Faraji, Farid

https://doi.org/
10.24349/8dra-mc90

ISSN 0044-586X (print)
ISSN 2107-7207 (electronic)

<figure><img src="image_7.png" /></figure>

Copyright

Arjmandi-Nezhad A. *et al.*

Distributed under
Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0

<footnote>ªDepartment of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran.</footnote>

<footnote>ᵇInstitut Agro (Montpellier SupAgro), UMR CBGP INRAE/IRD/CIRAD/IA (SupAgro), Univ Montpellier, 755 Avenue du Campus Agropolis (Baillarguet), CS 30016, 34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez cedex, France.</footnote>

<footnote>ᶜDepartment of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.</footnote>
*desertorum* Amitai and Swirski (1978), *P. amantis* (Chaudhri, Akbar and Rasool, in Chaudhri *et al.* 1979), *P. namibiaensis* (Ueckermann and Loots 1988).

This study aims to describe a new species, *Paragigagnathus sistaniensis* Kreiter, Arjmandi-Nezhad and Saboori *n. sp.* based on the material collected from *Tamarix* sp. (Tamaricaceae) and *Haloxylon* sp. (Amaranthaceae) in southeastern Iran.

## Material and methods

The material used in this study were collected by the senior author and the specimens were mounted in permanent slides. Species studied here are represented as adults. Foliage samples were taken from different regions, north of Sistan and Baluchestan province during 2018–2020. Mites were extracted from samples with two methods either by using Berlese-Tullgren funnels set over vials with 75% ethanol or washing method of Boller (1984). When the sampling sites were close to the laboratory, the foliage samples were transferred to plastic bags and immediately were moved to the laboratory whereas if they were located at a far distance, to protect the mites the washing processes of the host plants were performed in the sampling site. The collected mites were cleared in lactophenol fluid and permanently mounted on slides in Hoyer's medium (Walter and Krantz 2009). The slides were placed in an oven at 45 °C for two weeks. The specimens were examined under a phase-contrast microscope (BX51, Olympus, Japan) equipped with a drawing tube and digital camera (Olympus U-TVO.63XC). The setal nomenclature system adopted was that of Lindquist and Evans (1965) and Lindquist (1994) as adapted by Rowell *et al.* (1978) and Chant and Yoshida-Shaul (1989) for the dorsal idiosoma and by Chant and Yoshida-Shaul (1991) for the ventral idiosoma. Pore (solenostome) and poroid (lyrifissure) notations are those of Athias-Henriot (1975). Macrosetal notations (*St* = tarsal macroseta) are those of Muma and Denmark (1970). Types of spermatheca or insemination apparatus are those proposed by Denmark and Evans (2011). Numbers of teeth on the fixed and movable cheliceral digits do not include the respective apical teeth. Setae not referred to in results section should be considered as absent. The classification system follows Chant and McMurtry (2003 and 2007). All measurements are given in micrometers (µm). The average measurements are followed by ranges of the measurements in parentheses. We used the following abbreviations: dorsal length (Dsl); dorsal width (Dsw); solenostomes (*gd*); genital shield length (Gensl); genital shield width (Gensw); primary metapodal shield length (Lisl); primary metapodal shield width (Lisw); secondary metapodal shield length (Sisl); ventri-anal shield length (Vsl); ventri-anal shield width (Vsw); spermatheca calyx length (scl); spermatheca calyx width (scw); fixed digit length (Fdl); movable digit length (Mdl).

## Results

### Subfamily Amblyseiinae Muma

Amblyseiinae Muma 1961: 273.

### Tribe Neoseiulini Chant & McMurtry

Neoseiulini Chant & McMurtry 2003: 6.

### Paragigagnathus Amitai & Grinberg

*Paragigagnathus* Amitai & Grinberg 1971: 327, Chant & McMurtry 2003: 39, Moraes *et al.* 2004: 158.

Type species: *Paragigagnathus tamaricis* Amitai & Grinberg 1971: 327.
**Paragigagnathus sistaniensis** Kreiter, Arjmandi-Nezhad and Saboori n. sp.

Zoobank: BCDBA472-6B38-416F-8543-7631A27D2A3E

**Diagnosis**

All of dorsal setae set on prominent tubercles, except *j1*; dorsal setae short, setiform and subequal in length, *J5* and *Z5* serrate; setae *ST3* and *ST4* set on soft cuticle; movable digit of chelicera with one tooth, fixed digit of chelicera with two teeth; macroseta present on leg IV; anterior margin of ventranal shield straight, with three pairs of preanal setae and preanal pores.

**Description**

**Female** (n = 10)

Figures 1 & 3.

**Dorsal idiosoma** — (Figure 1A & Figure 3B): Dorsal shield strongly sclerotized and ornamented, 320 (320–340) long and 190 (190–220) wide at level of setae *Z1*, constricted between *Z1* and *S2*, with 17 pairs of short, smooth, sharp tipped and setiform setae, except *J5* and *Z5* serrated, all dorsal setae set on tubercles, except *j1*, with five pairs of solenostomes (*gd1*, *gd2*, *gd6*, *gd8*, *gd9*) and 13 pairs of visible poroids. Length of setae: *j1* 14 (13–15), *j3* 15 (15–17), *j4* 14 (14–15), *j5* 16 (14–16), *j6* 15 (14–16), *J2* 16 (16–18), *J5* 6 (6–8), *z2* 15 (15–17), *z4* 16 (16–18), *z5* 16 (14–16), *Z1* 17 (17–18), *Z4* 16 (16–18), *Z5* 20 (20–21), *s4* 18 (18–19), *S2* 17 (16–17), *S4* 17 (16–18), *S5* 19 (18–20), *r3* 14 (13–15), *R1* 13 (12–14).

**Peritreme and peritremal shield** — (Figure 1E & Figure 3C): extending to the level of setae *j1*, 174 (170–176) long; peritremal shield fused with dorsal shield at level of *r3*.

**Ventral idiosoma** — (Figure 1B): sternal shield smooth, convex anteriorly, with two pairs of subequal setae in length *ST1* and *ST2* 12 (11–13) and one pair of pores (*iv1*); distances between *ST1* – *ST1* 38 (35–40), *ST2* – *ST2* 44 (39–45). Poroid *iv2*, *iv3* and setae *ST3*, *ST4* present on soft cuticle, 15(11–15) long. Genital shield 87 (88–90) long, 58 (53–59) wide at level setae *ST5* and 40 (37–40) at posterior corners, distance between *ST5* – *ST5* 55 (49–55), one pair of pores *iv5* present laterally to genital shield at the level of setae *st5* on soft cuticle. Ventranal shield 105 (105–107) long, width at level *ZV2* 34 (34–35) and broadest at anus 55 (52–56), anterior margin straight, with three pairs of preanal setae *JV1* 12 (9–12), *JV2* 12 (9–12), *ZV2* 12 (9–12) and one pair of pores (*gv3*), distance between *gv3* – *gv3* 10 (9–11). Four pairs of smooth, setiform and subequal setae [*ZV1* 12 (10–13), *ZV3* 12 (10–12), *JV4* 13 (12–15), *JV5* 12 (12–15)]. Two pairs of metapodal platelets; length of primary metapodal plate 47 (45–48) and length of secondary metapodal plate 22 (20–23), and five pairs of poroids *ivo* present on the membrane surrounding the ventranal shield. No poroids *ivp* visible posteriorly to the ventranal shield. Several cases of larvae inside the body of females were observed as viviparity phenomenon (Figure 3A), this phenomenon is common among *Paragigagnathus* species* Amitai & Grinberg 1971*.

**Spermatheca** — (Figure 1C & Figure 3D): calyx dish-shaped; atrium not adjacent to the calyx and between of these considered as a neck, major duct thick, minor duct not visible.

**Chelicera** — (Figure 1D & Figure 3E): fixed digit 23 (23 – 25) long and with two small teeth and pilus dentilis; movable digit 20 (20 – 23) long with one tooth.

**Legs** — Chaetotaxy: Leg I: coxa 0 0/1 0/1 0, trochanter 1 1/2 0/1 0, femur 2 2/1 3/2 1, genu 2 2/1 2/1 2, tibia 2 2/1 2/1 2. Leg II: coxa 0 0/1 0/1 0, trochanter 1 1/2 0/1 0, femur 2 2/1 3/0 2, genu 1 2/0 2/0 2, tibia 1 2/0 2/0 2. Leg III: coxa 0 0/1 0/1 0, trochanter 1 1/1 0/1 1, femur 1 2/1 0/1 1, genu 0 2/1 2/0 2, tibia 0 2/1 2/1 1. Leg IV: coxa 0 0/1 0/0 0, trochanter 1 1/2 0/1 0, femur 1 2/1 0/1 1, genu 1 2/0 2/1 1, tibia 1 2/0 2/1 1; all setae setiform and needle-like. Basitarsus of the leg IV with one thick and sharp tipped macroseta; *StIV* 21(21 – 22) long (Figure 1F & Figure 3I).

**Male** (n = 10).

Figures 2 & 3
<figure><img src="image_8.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 1** *Paragigagnathus sistaniensis* n. sp. Kreiter, Arjmandi-Nezhad and Saboori (Female): A — dorsal idiosoma; B — ventral view of idiosoma; C — spermatheca; D — chelicera; E — peritremal shield; F — basitarsus IV.</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_9.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 2** *Paragigagnathus sistaniensis* n. sp. Kreiter, Arjmandi-Nezhad and Saboori (Male): A — dorsal idiosoma; B — ventral view of idiosoma; C — peritremal shield; D — chelicera.</figcaption></figure>
**Dorsal idiosoma** — (Figure 2A): dorsal shield 260 (260–270) long and 160 (160–170) wide at level of R1, anteriorly lineate, and reticulated posteriorly, with five pairs of solenostomes (gd1, gd2, gd6, gd8 and gd9) and 13 visible pairs of poroids (id1, id2, id3, id4, id5, id6, idl1, idl2, idl4, idx, idm2, idm3, idm4) but probably more present. The dorsal shield bears 17 pairs of dorsal setae and two pairs of sub-lateral setae which are inserted on the dorsal shield: j1 11 (11–12), j3 13 (12–13), j4 11 (10–13), j5 11 (10–12), j6 11 (10–12), J2 12 (13–14), J5 4 (4–5), z2 13 (12–13), z4 13 (12–13), z5 11 (10–12), Z1 15 (13–15), Z4 14 (13–14), Z5 17 (17–19), s4 13 (12–13), S2 15 (13–15), S4 15 (13–15), S5 15 (13–15), r3 15 (14–15), R1 13 (13–14). All setae sharp-tipped and smooth, except J5 and Z5 slightly serrated.

**Peritreme and peritremal shield** — (Figure 2A): peritreme extending to level of setae j3; peritremal shield fused with dorsal shield at level of s4 – r3 level.

**Ventral idiosoma** — (Figure 2B): sternogenital shield smooth with five pairs of setae (ST1 to ST5) and three pairs of poroids iv1, iv2 and iv3. Distances between ST1 – ST1 52 (50–55), ST2 – ST2 55 (50–58), ST3 – ST3 55 (51–58), ST1 – ST5 114 (112–118), ST4 – ST4 36 (31–40), ST5 – ST5 31 (30–34). Ventrianal shield (Figure 3H) anteriorly striated with three pairs of pre-anal setae (JV1, JV2 and ZV2) and one pair of small crateriform pores gv3, posteromedian to JV2, one pair of iv5 (close to anterior margin of ventrianal shield). Ventrianal shield 100 (95–110) long, 120 (125–130) wide at level of anterior corners and 59 (50–65) wide at level of paranal setae. Soft cuticle surrounding ventrianal shield with three pair of pores, JV5 pointed and smooth 9 (9–11) long.

**Chelicera** — (Figure 2D & Figure 3F): fixed digit 18 (18 – 20) long, with two teeth and movable digit 16 (16 – 18) long with one tooth. Spermatodactyl L-shaped with toe slightly bulbous tip.

**Legs** — Chaetotaxy as in female; all setae setiform and needle-like. Basitarsus of the leg IV with one macroseta; StIV 17 (17 – 19) long.

## Type material and depository

Holotype, female, Nimrooz city, Sistan region, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran, 31°07′07″ N, 61°24′39″ E, alt. 480 m, 18 May, 10 September and 1 October 2018, on *Tamarix* sp. (Tamaricaceae). Paratypes (52): seven females and four males same data as holotype; three females and two males, Firouzehie Village, Hamoon City, 30°57′39″ N, 61°28′53″ E, alt. 480 m, 25 May 2020, on *Haloxylon* sp. (Amaranthaceae); seven females, Zahak City, 30°52′54″ N, 61°40′17″ E, alt. 491 m, 14 May, 2 July and 9 August 2018, on *Tamarix* sp.; five females, Khamak Village, Zabol City, 30°55′52″ N, 61°37′05″ E, alt. 487 m, 20 August 2018 and 15 June 2019, on *Tamarix* sp.; one female and one male, Zabol City, 31°05′08″ N, 61°34′00″ E, alt. 486 m, 20 June 2019, on *Tamarix* sp.; eight females and three males, Hamoon lake, 31°20′17″ N, 61°21′34″ E, alt. 475 m, 7 July 2018 and 11 August 2019, on *Tamarix* sp.; seven females and four males, Hirmand city, 31°08′41″ N, 61°47′27″ E, alt. 489 m, 26 July, 15 September and 7 May 2018, on *Haloxylon* sp. All specimens collected by A. Arjmandi-Nezhad.

The holotype, 10 paratypes (7 females and 3 males) are deposited in the Acarological Collection, Jalal Afshar Zoological Museum (JAZM), Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran; 20 paratypes (17 females and 3 males) are deposited in the mite collections of Montpellier SupAgro conserved in UMR CBGP INRAE/ IRD/ CIRAD/ IA (SupAgro) and 23 paratypes (15 females and 8 males) are deposited in the collection of the Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Zabol University, Zabol, Iran.

## Etymology

The specific epithet is derived from the type locality, Sistan region, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran.
<figure><img src="image_10.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 3** Microphotographs of *Paragigagnathus sistaniensis* n. sp. Kreiter, Arjmandi-Nezhad and Saboori: A — viviparity; B — dorsal idiosoma (Female); C — peritreme and peritremal shield; D — spermatheca; E — chelicera (Female); F — chelicera (Male); G — ventri-anal shield (Female); H — ventri-anal shield (Male); I — basitarsus IV. Not scaled.</figcaption></figure>
## Acknowledgements

We express our sincere thanks to subject editor Dr. Farid Faraji (MITOX Consultants, Science Park 406, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands) for his valuable comments and recommendations on the earlier version of the manuscript which highly improved the quality of the manuscript. We would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their critical reading and valuable comments of the manuscript. This study was partly supported by University of Zabol, Zabol, Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran and partly from Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran which is greatly appreciated.

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