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154. Li, Y.; Hua, K.; Jin, J.; Fang, L. miR-497 inhibits proliferation and invasion in triple-negative breast cancer cells via YAP1. *Oncol. Lett.* **2021**, *22*, 580. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

155. Wu, Z.; Cai, X.; Huang, C.; Xu, J.; Liu, A. miR-497 suppresses angiogenesis in breast carcinoma by targeting HIF-1α. *Oncol. Rep.* **2016**, *35*, 1696–1702. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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158. Fasanaro, P.; D’Alessandra, Y.; Di Stefano, V.; Melchionna, R.; Romani, S.; Pompilio, G.; Capogrossi, M.C.; Martelli, F. MicroRNA-210 modulates endothelial cell response to hypoxia and inhibits the receptor tyrosine kinase ligand Ephrin-A3. *J. Biol. Chem.* **2008**, *283*, 15878–15883. [CrossRef]

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160. Pasculli, B.; Barbano, R.; Rendina, M.; Fontana, A.; Copetti, M.; Mazza, T.; Valori, V.M.; Morritti, M.; Maiello, E.; Graziano, P.; et al. Hsa-miR-210-3p expression in breast cancer and its putative association with worse outcome in patients treated with Docetaxel. *Sci. Rep.* **2019**, *9*, 14913. [CrossRef]

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163. Bischoff, A.; Huck, B.; Keller, B.; Strotbek, M.; Schmid, S.; Boerries, M.; Busch, H.; Müller, D.; Olayioye, M.A. miR149 Functions as a Tumor Suppressor by Controlling Breast Epithelial Cell Migration and Invasion. *Cancer Res.* **2014**, *74*, 5256–5265. [CrossRef]
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146. Choi, S.K.; Kim, H.S.; Jin, T.; Hwang, E.H.; Jung, M.; Moon, W.K. Overexpression of the miR-141/200c cluster promotes the migratory and invasive ability of triple-negative breast cancer cells through the activation of the FAK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways by secreting VEGF-A. *BMC Cancer* **2016**, *16*, 570. [CrossRef]

147. Cava, C.; Novello, C.; Martelli, C.; Lo Dico, A.; Ottobrini, L.; Piccotti, F.; Truffi, M.; Corsi, F.; Bertoli, G.; Castiglioni, I. Theranostic application of miR-429 in HER2+ breast cancer. *Theranostics* **2020**, *10*, 50–61. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

148. Song, C.; Liu, L.-Z.; Pei, X.-Q.; Liu, X.; Yang, L.; Ye, F.; Xie, X.; Chen, J.; Tang, H.; Xie, X. miR-200c inhibits breast cancer proliferation by targeting KRAS. *Oncotarget* **2015**, *6*, 34968–34978. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

149. Chen, J.; Tian, W.; He, H.; Chen, F.; Huang, J.; Wang, X.; Chen, Z. Downregulation of miR-200c-3p contributes to the resistance of breast cancer cells to paclitaxel by targeting SOX2. *Oncol. Rep.* **2018**, *40*, 3821–3829. [CrossRef]

150. Chen, H.; Li, Z.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, Y.; Xu, M.; Zhong, Q. MicroRNA-200c Inhibits the Metastasis of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer by Targeting ZEB2, an Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Regulator. *Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci.* **2020**, *50*, 519–527. [PubMed]

151. Lehmann, U.; Streichert, T.; Otto, B.; Albat, C.; Hasemeier, B.; Christgen, H.; Schipper, E.; Hille, U.; Kreipe, H.H.; Länger, F. Identification of differentially expressed microRNAs in human male breast cancer. *BMC Cancer* **2010**, *10*, 109. [CrossRef]

152. Shen, L.; Li, J.; Xu, L.; Ma, J.; Li, H.; Xiao, X.; Zhao, J.; Fang, L. miR-497 induces apoptosis of breast cancer cells by targeting Bcl-w. *Exp. Ther. Med.* **2012**, *3*, 475–480. [CrossRef]

153. Wei, C.; Luo, Q.; Sun, X.; Li, D.; Song, H.; Li, X.; Song, J.; Hua, K.; Fang, L. microRNA-497 induces cell apoptosis by negatively regulating Bcl-2 protein expression at the posttranscriptional level in human breast cancer. *Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol.* **2015**, *8*, 7729–7739.

154. Li, Y.; Hua, K.; Jin, J.; Fang, L. miR-497 inhibits proliferation and invasion in triple-negative breast cancer cells via YAP1. *Oncol. Lett.* **2021**, *22*, 580. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

155. Wu, Z.; Cai, X.; Huang, C.; Xu, J.; Liu, A. miR-497 suppresses angiogenesis in breast carcinoma by targeting HIF-1α. *Oncol. Rep.* **2016**, *35*, 1696–1702. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

156. Luo, Q.; Li, X.; Gao, Y.; Long, Y.; Chen, L.; Huang, Y.; Fang, L. MiRNA-497 regulates cell growth and invasion by targeting cyclin E1 in breast cancer. *Cancer Cell Int.* **2013**, *13*, 95. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

157. Kulshreshtha, R.; Ferracin, M.; Wojcik, S.E.; Garzon, R.; Alder, H.; Agosto-Perez, F.J.; Davuluri, R.; Liu, C.-G.; Croce, C.M.; Negrini, M.; et al. A microRNA signature of hypoxia. *Mol. Cell. Biol.* **2007**, *27*, 1859–1867. [CrossRef]

158. Fasanaro, P.; D’Alessandra, Y.; Di Stefano, V.; Melchionna, R.; Romani, S.; Pompilio, G.; Capogrossi, M.C.; Martelli, F. MicroRNA-210 modulates endothelial cell response to hypoxia and inhibits the receptor tyrosine kinase ligand Ephrin-A3. *J. Biol. Chem.* **2008**, *283*, 15878–15883. [CrossRef]

159. WU, X. Expressions of miR-21 and miR-210 in Breast Cancer and Their Predictive Values for Prognosis. *Iran. J. Public Health* **2020**, *49*, 21–29. [CrossRef]

160. Pasculli, B.; Barbano, R.; Rendina, M.; Fontana, A.; Copetti, M.; Mazza, T.; Valori, V.M.; Morritti, M.; Maiello, E.; Graziano, P.; et al. Hsa-miR-210-3p expression in breast cancer and its putative association with worse outcome in patients treated with Docetaxel. *Sci. Rep.* **2019**, *9*, 14913. [CrossRef]

161. Zhang, J.; Liu, D.; Feng, Z.; Mao, J.; Zhang, C.; Lu, Y.; Li, J.; Zhang, Q.; Li, Q.; Li, L. MicroRNA-138 modulates metastasis and EMT in breast cancer cells by targeting vimentin. *Biomed. Pharmacother.* **2016**, *77*, 135–141. [CrossRef]

162. Hong, Y.; Liang, H.; Uzair-ur-Rehman; Wang, Y.; Zhang, W.; Zhou, Y.; Chen, S.; Yu, M.; Cui, S.; Liu, M.; et al. miR-96 promotes cell proliferation, migration and invasion by targeting PTPN9 in breast cancer. *Sci. Rep.* **2016**, *6*, 37421. [CrossRef]

163. Bischoff, A.; Huck, B.; Keller, B.; Strotbek, M.; Schmid, S.; Boerries, M.; Busch, H.; Müller, D.; Olayioye, M.A. miR149 Functions as a Tumor Suppressor by Controlling Breast Epithelial Cell Migration and Invasion. *Cancer Res.* **2014**, *74*, 5256–5265. [CrossRef]
164. Sánchez-González, I.; Bobien, A.; Molnar, C.; Schmid, S.; Strotbek, M.; Boerries, M.; Busch, H.; Olayioye, M.A. miR-149 Suppresses Breast Cancer Metastasis by Blocking Paracrine Interactions with Macrophages. *Cancer Res.* **2020**, *80*, 1330–1341. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

165. Gantier, M.P.; McCoy, C.E.; Rusinova, I.; Saulep, D.; Wang, D.; Xu, D.; Irving, A.T.; Behlke, M.A.; Hertzog, P.J.; Mackay, F.; et al. Analysis of microRNA turnover in mammalian cells following Dicer1 ablation. *Nucleic Acids Res.* **2011**, *39*, 5692–5703. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

166. Minoura, K.; Sawada, Y.; Valer, M.; Wang, H. MicroRNA profiling is more stable than messenger RNA against RNA degradation. *Cancer Res.* **2008**, *68*, 5029.

167. Ye, J.; Xu, M.; Tian, X.; Cai, S.; Zeng, S. Research advances in the detection of miRNA. *J. Pharm. Anal.* **2019**, *9*, 217–226. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

168. Malczewska, A.; Kidd, M.; Matar, S.; Kos-Kudla, B.; Modlin, I.M. A Comprehensive Assessment of the Role of miRNAs as Biomarkers in Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors. *Neuroendocrinology* **2018**, *107*, 73–90. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

169. Sourvinou, I.S.; Markou, A.; Lianidou, E.S. Quantification of Circulating miRNAs in Plasma: Effect of Preanalytical and Analytical Parameters on Their Isolation and Stability. *J. Mol. Diagn.* **2013**, *15*, 827–834. [CrossRef]

170. Cui, M.; Wang, H.; Yao, X.; Zhang, D.; Xie, Y.; Cui, R.; Zhang, X. Circulating MicroRNAs in Cancer: Potential and Challenge. *Front. Genet.* **2019**, *10*, 626. [CrossRef]

171. Weber, J.A.; Baxter, D.H.; Zhang, S.; Huang, D.Y.; How Huang, K.; Jen Lee, M.; Galas, D.J.; Wang, K. The MicroRNA Spectrum in 12 Body Fluids. *Clin. Chem.* **2010**, *56*, 1733–1741. [CrossRef]

172. Hamam, R.; Hamam, D.; Alsaleh, K.A.; Kassem, M.; Zaher, W.; Alfayez, M.; Aldahmash, A.; Alajez, N.M. Circulating microRNAs in breast cancer: Novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. *Cell Death Dis.* **2017**, *8*, e3045. [CrossRef]

173. Kodahl, A.R.; Lyng, M.B.; Binder, H.; Cold, S.; Gravgaard, K.; Knoop, A.S.; Ditzel, H.J. Novel circulating microRNA signature as a potential non-invasive multi-marker test in ER-positive early-stage breast cancer: A case control study. *Mol. Oncol.* **2014**, *8*, 874–883. [CrossRef]

174. Liu, W.; Yeh, S.; Lu, C.; Yu, S.; Chen, H.; Lin, C.; Chen, D.; Chen, P. MicroRNA-18a Prevents Estrogen Receptor-α Expression, Promoting Proliferation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. *Gastroenterology* **2009**, *136*, 683–693. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

175. Luengo-Gil, G.; García-Martínez, E.; Chaves-Benito, A.; Conesa-Zamora, P.; Navarro-Manzano, E.; González-Billalabeitia, E.; García-Garre, E.; Martínez-Carrasco, A.; Vicente, V.; de la Peña, F.A. Clinical and biological impact of miR-18a expression in breast cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. *Cell. Oncol.* **2019**, *42*, 627–644. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

176. Nair, M.G.; Prabhu, J.S.; Korlimarla, A.; Rajarajan, S.; Hari, P.S.; Kaul, R.; Alexander, A.; Raghavan, R.; Srinath, B.S.; Sridhar, T.S. miR-18a activates Wnt pathway in ER-positive breast cancer and is associated with poor prognosis. *Cancer Med.* **2020**, *9*, 5587–5597. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

177. Shidfar, A.; Costa, F.F.; Scholtens, D.; Bischof, J.M.; Sullivan, M.E.; Ivancic, D.Z.; Vanin, E.F.; Soares, M.B.; Wang, J.; Khan, S.A. Expression of miR-18a and miR-210 in Normal Breast Tissue as Candidate Biomarkers of Breast Cancer Risk. *Cancer Prev. Res.* **2017**, *10*, 89–97. [CrossRef]

178. Zhang, X.; Yu, H.; Lou, J.R.; Zheng, J.; Zhu, H.; Popescu, N.-I.; Lupu, F.; Lind, S.E.; Ding, W.-Q. MicroRNA-19 (miR-19) Regulates Tissue Factor Expression in Breast Cancer Cells. *J. Biol. Chem.* **2011**, *286*, 1429–1435. [CrossRef]

179. Zhao, L.; Zhao, Y.; He, Y.; Mao, Y. miR-19b promotes breast cancer metastasis through targeting MYLIP and its related cell adhesion molecules. *Oncotarget* **2017**, *8*, 64330–64343. [CrossRef]

180. Wang, H.; Peng, R.; Wang, J.; Qin, Z.; Xue, L. Circulating microRNAs as potential cancer biomarkers: The advantage and disadvantage. *Clin. Epigenet.* **2018**, *10*, 59. [CrossRef]

181. Nik Mohamed Kamal, N.N.S.B.; Shahidan, W.N.S. Non-Exosomal and Exosomal Circulatory MicroRNAs: Which Are More Valid as Biomarkers? *Front. Pharmacol.* **2020**, *10*, 1500. [CrossRef]

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184. Jackson, C.E.; Scruggs, B.S.; Schaffer, J.E.; Hanson, P.I. Effects of Inhibiting VPS4 Support a General Role for ESCRTs in Extracellular Vesicle Biogenesis. *Biophys. J.* **2017**, *113*, 1342–1352. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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166. Minoura, K.; Sawada, Y.; Valer, M.; Wang, H. MicroRNA profiling is more stable than messenger RNA against RNA degradation. *Cancer Res.* **2008**, *68*, 5029.

167. Ye, J.; Xu, M.; Tian, X.; Cai, S.; Zeng, S. Research advances in the detection of miRNA. *J. Pharm. Anal.* **2019**, *9*, 217–226. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

168. Malczewska, A.; Kidd, M.; Matar, S.; Kos-Kudla, B.; Modlin, I.M. A Comprehensive Assessment of the Role of miRNAs as Biomarkers in Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors. *Neuroendocrinology* **2018**, *107*, 73–90. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

169. Sourvinou, I.S.; Markou, A.; Lianidou, E.S. Quantification of Circulating miRNAs in Plasma: Effect of Preanalytical and Analytical Parameters on Their Isolation and Stability. *J. Mol. Diagn.* **2013**, *15*, 827–834. [CrossRef]

170. Cui, M.; Wang, H.; Yao, X.; Zhang, D.; Xie, Y.; Cui, R.; Zhang, X. Circulating MicroRNAs in Cancer: Potential and Challenge. *Front. Genet.* **2019**, *10*, 626. [CrossRef]

171. Weber, J.A.; Baxter, D.H.; Zhang, S.; Huang, D.Y.; How Huang, K.; Jen Lee, M.; Galas, D.J.; Wang, K. The MicroRNA Spectrum in 12 Body Fluids. *Clin. Chem.* **2010**, *56*, 1733–1741. [CrossRef]

172. Hamam, R.; Hamam, D.; Alsaleh, K.A.; Kassem, M.; Zaher, W.; Alfayez, M.; Aldahmash, A.; Alajez, N.M. Circulating microRNAs in breast cancer: Novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. *Cell Death Dis.* **2017**, *8*, e3045. [CrossRef]

173. Kodahl, A.R.; Lyng, M.B.; Binder, H.; Cold, S.; Gravgaard, K.; Knoop, A.S.; Ditzel, H.J. Novel circulating microRNA signature as a potential non-invasive multi-marker test in ER-positive early-stage breast cancer: A case control study. *Mol. Oncol.* **2014**, *8*, 874–883. [CrossRef]

174. Liu, W.; Yeh, S.; Lu, C.; Yu, S.; Chen, H.; Lin, C.; Chen, D.; Chen, P. MicroRNA-18a Prevents Estrogen Receptor-α Expression, Promoting Proliferation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. *Gastroenterology* **2009**, *136*, 683–693. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

175. Luengo-Gil, G.; García-Martínez, E.; Chaves-Benito, A.; Conesa-Zamora, P.; Navarro-Manzano, E.; González-Billalabeitia, E.; García-Garre, E.; Martínez-Carrasco, A.; Vicente, V.; de la Peña, F.A. Clinical and biological impact of miR-18a expression in breast cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. *Cell. Oncol.* **2019**, *42*, 627–644. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

176. Nair, M.G.; Prabhu, J.S.; Korlimarla, A.; Rajarajan, S.; Hari, P.S.; Kaul, R.; Alexander, A.; Raghavan, R.; Srinath, B.S.; Sridhar, T.S. miR-18a activates Wnt pathway in ER-positive breast cancer and is associated with poor prognosis. *Cancer Med.* **2020**, *9*, 5587–5597. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

177. Shidfar, A.; Costa, F.F.; Scholtens, D.; Bischof, J.M.; Sullivan, M.E.; Ivancic, D.Z.; Vanin, E.F.; Soares, M.B.; Wang, J.; Khan, S.A. Expression of miR-18a and miR-210 in Normal Breast Tissue as Candidate Biomarkers of Breast Cancer Risk. *Cancer Prev. Res.* **2017**, *10*, 89–97. [CrossRef]

178. Zhang, X.; Yu, H.; Lou, J.R.; Zheng, J.; Zhu, H.; Popescu, N.-I.; Lupu, F.; Lind, S.E.; Ding, W.-Q. MicroRNA-19 (miR-19) Regulates Tissue Factor Expression in Breast Cancer Cells. *J. Biol. Chem.* **2011**, *286*, 1429–1435. [CrossRef]

179. Zhao, L.; Zhao, Y.; He, Y.; Mao, Y. miR-19b promotes breast cancer metastasis through targeting MYLIP and its related cell adhesion molecules. *Oncotarget* **2017**, *8*, 64330–64343. [CrossRef]

180. Wang, H.; Peng, R.; Wang, J.; Qin, Z.; Xue, L. Circulating microRNAs as potential cancer biomarkers: The advantage and disadvantage. *Clin. Epigenet.* **2018**, *10*, 59. [CrossRef]

181. Nik Mohamed Kamal, N.N.S.B.; Shahidan, W.N.S. Non-Exosomal and Exosomal Circulatory MicroRNAs: Which Are More Valid as Biomarkers? *Front. Pharmacol.* **2020**, *10*, 1500. [CrossRef]

182. Dufourd, T.; Robil, N.; Mallet, D.; Carcenac, C.; Boulet, S.; Brishoual, S.; Rabois, E.; Houeto, J.-L.; de la Grange, P.; Carnicella, S. Plasma or serum? A qualitative study on rodents and humans using high-throughput microRNA sequencing for circulating biomarkers. *Biol. Methods Protoc.* **2019**, *4*, bpz006. [CrossRef]

183. Li, C.; Zhou, T.; Chen, J.; Li, R.; Chen, H.; Luo, S.; Chen, D.; Cai, C.; Li, W. The role of Exosomal miRNAs in cancer. *J. Transl. Med.* **2022**, *20*, 6. [CrossRef]

184. Jackson, C.E.; Scruggs, B.S.; Schaffer, J.E.; Hanson, P.I. Effects of Inhibiting VPS4 Support a General Role for ESCRTs in Extracellular Vesicle Biogenesis. *Biophys. J.* **2017**, *113*, 1342–1352. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

185. Cocucci, E.; Meldolesi, J. Ectosomes and exosomes: Shedding the confusion between extracellular vesicles. *Trends Cell Biol.* **2015**, *25*, 364–372. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

186. Stein, J.M.; Luzio, J.P. Ectocytosis caused by sublytic autologous complement attack on human neutrophils. The sorting of endogenous plasma-membrane proteins and lipids into shed vesicles. *Biochem. J.* **1991**, *274 Pt 2*, 381–386. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

187. Pan, B.-T.; Johnstone, R.M. Fate of the transferrin receptor during maturation of sheep reticulocytes in vitro: Selective externalization of the receptor. *Cell* **1983**, *33*, 967–978. [CrossRef]

188. Harding, C.; Heuser, J.; Stahl, P. Receptor-mediated endocytosis of transferrin and recycling of the transferrin receptor in rat reticulocytes. *J. Cell Biol.* **1983**, *97*, 329–339. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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193. Akers, J.C.; Gonda, D.; Kim, R.; Carter, B.S.; Chen, C.C. Biogenesis of extracellular vesicles (EV): Exosomes, microvesicles, retrovirus-like vesicles, and apoptotic bodies. *J. Neurooncol.* **2013**, *113*, 1–11. [CrossRef]

194. Baxter, A.A.; Phan, T.K.; Hanssen, E.; Liem, M.; Hulett, M.D.; Mathivanan, S.; Poon, I.K.H. Analysis of extracellular vesicles generated from monocytes under conditions of lytic cell death. *Sci. Rep.* **2019**, *9*, 7538. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

195. Konoshenko, M.Y.; Lekchnov, E.A.; Vlassov, A.V.; Laktionov, P.P. Isolation of Extracellular Vesicles: General Methodologies and Latest Trends. *BioMed Res. Int.* **2018**, *2018*, e8545347. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

196. Skotland, T.; Sagini, K.; Sandvig, K.; Llorente, A. An emerging focus on lipids in extracellular vesicles. *Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev.* **2020**, *159*, 308–321. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

197. Zhang, H.; Freitas, D.; Kim, H.S.; Fabijanic, K.; Li, Z.; Chen, H.; Mark, M.T.; Molina, H.; Martin, A.B.; Bojmar, L.; et al. Identification of distinct nanoparticles and subsets of extracellular vesicles by asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation. *Nat. Cell Biol.* **2018**, *20*, 332–343. [CrossRef]

198. Sahu, R.; Kaushik, S.; Clement, C.C.; Cannizzo, E.S.; Scharf, B.; Follenzi, A.; Potolicchio, I.; Nieves, E.; Cuervo, A.M.; Santambrogio, L. Microautophagy of Cytosolic Proteins by Late Endosomes. *Dev. Cell* **2011**, *20*, 131–139. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

199. Raposo, G.; Stoorvogel, W. Extracellular vesicles: Exosomes, microvesicles, and friends. *J. Cell Biol.* **2013**, *200*, 373–383. [CrossRef]

200. Möbius, W.; Ohno-Iwashita, Y.; van Donselaar, E.G.; Oorschot, V.M.J.; Shimada, Y.; Fujimoto, T.; Heijnen, H.F.G.; Geuze, H.J.; Slot, J.W. Immunoelectron Microscopic Localization of Cholesterol Using Biotinylated and Non-cytolytic Perfringolysin O. *J. Histochem. Cytochem.* **2002**, *50*, 43–55. [CrossRef]

201. Wollert, T.; Hurley, J.H. Molecular mechanism of multivesicular body biogenesis by ESCRT complexes. *Nature* **2010**, *464*, 864–869. [CrossRef]

202. Hessvik, N.P.; Llorente, A. Current knowledge on exosome biogenesis and release. *Cell. Mol. Life Sci.* **2018**, *75*, 193–208. [CrossRef]

203. Colombo, M.; Moita, C.; van Niel, G.; Kowal, J.; Vigneron, J.; Benaroch, P.; Manel, N.; Moita, L.F.; Théry, C.; Raposo, G. Analysis of ESCRT functions in exosome biogenesis, composition and secretion highlights the heterogeneity of extracellular vesicles. *J. Cell Sci.* **2013**, *126*, 5553–5565. [CrossRef]

204. Hurley, J.H.; Hanson, P.I. Membrane budding and scission by the ESCRT machinery: It's all in the neck. *Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol.* **2010**, *11*, 556–566. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

205. Tian, X.; Shen, H.; Li, Z.; Wang, T.; Wang, S. Tumor-derived exosomes, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and tumor microenvironment. *J. Hematol. Oncol.* **2019**, *12*, 84. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

206. Airola, M.V.; Hannun, Y.A. Sphingolipid Metabolism and Neutral Sphingomyelinases. In *Sphingolipids: Basic Science and Drug Development*; Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology; Gulbins, E., Petrache, I., Eds.; Springer: Vienna, Austria, 2013; pp. 57–76, ISBN 978-3-7091-1368-4.

207. Trajkovic, K.; Hsu, C.; Chiantia, S.; Rajendran, L.; Wenzel, D.; Wieland, F.; Schwille, P.; Brügger, B.; Simons, M. Ceramide Triggers Budding of Exosome Vesicles into Multivesicular Endosomes. *Science* **2008**, *319*, 1244–1247. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

208. King, H.W.; Michael, M.Z.; Gleadle, J.M. Hypoxic enhancement of exosome release by breast cancer cells. *BMC Cancer* **2012**, *12*, 421. [CrossRef]

209. Parolini, I.; Federici, C.; Raggi, C.; Lugini, L.; Palleschi, S.; De Milito, A.; Coscia, C.; Iessi, E.; Logozzi, M.; Molinari, A.; et al. Microenvironmental pH is a key factor for exosome traffic in tumor cells. *J. Biol. Chem.* **2009**, *284*, 34211–34222. [CrossRef]

210. Ciravolo, V.; Huber, V.; Ghedini, G.C.; Venturelli, E.; Bianchi, F.; Campiglio, M.; Morelli, D.; Villa, A.; Mina, P.D.; Menard, S.; et al. Potential role of HER2-overexpressing exosomes in countering trastuzumab-based therapy. *J. Cell. Physiol.* **2012**, *227*, 658–667. [CrossRef]

211. Théry, C.; Zitvogel, L.; Amigorena, S. Exosomes: Composition, biogenesis and function. *Nat. Rev. Immunol.* **2002**, *2*, 569–579. [CrossRef]

212. Andreu, Z.; Yáñez-Mó, M. Tetraspanins in Extracellular Vesicle Formation and Function. *Front. Immunol.* **2014**, *5*, 442. [CrossRef]

213. Zhang, Y.; Liu, Y.; Liu, H.; Tang, W.H. Exosomes: Biogenesis, biologic function and clinical potential. *Cell Biosci.* **2019**, *9*, 19. [CrossRef]

214. Street, J.M.; Koritzinsky, E.H.; Glispie, D.M.; Star, R.A.; Yuen, P.S.T. Chapter Three-Urine Exosomes: An Emerging Trove of Biomarkers. In *Advances in Clinical Chemistry*; Makowski, G.S., Ed.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2017; Volume 78, pp. 103–122.

215. Ding, X.-Q.; Wang, Z.-Y.; Xia, D.; Wang, R.-X.; Pan, X.-R.; Tong, J.-H. Proteomic Profiling of Serum Exosomes From Patients With Metastatic Gastric Cancer. *Front. Oncol.* **2020**, *10*, 1113. [CrossRef]
189. Yáñez-Mó, M.; Siljander, P.R.-M.; Andreu, Z.; Zavec, A.B.; Borràs, F.E.; Buzas, E.I.; Buzas, K.; Casal, E.; Cappello, F.; Carvalho, J.; et al. Biological properties of extracellular vesicles and their physiological functions. *J. Extracell. Ves.* **2015**, *4*, 27066. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

190. Johnstone, R.M.; Adam, M.; Hammond, J.R.; Orr, L.; Turbide, C. Vesicle formation during reticulocyte maturation. Association of plasma membrane activities with released vesicles (exosomes). *J. Biol. Chem.* **1987**, *262*, 9412–9420. [CrossRef]

191. Colombo, M.; Raposo, G.; Théry, C. Biogenesis, Secretion, and Intercellular Interactions of Exosomes and Other Extracellular Vesicles. *Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol.* **2014**, *30*, 255–289. [CrossRef]

192. EL Andaloussi, S.; Måger, I.; Breakefield, X.O.; Wood, M.J.A. Extracellular vesicles: Biology and emerging therapeutic opportunities. *Nat. Rev. Drug Discov.* **2013**, *12*, 347–357. [CrossRef]

193. Akers, J.C.; Gonda, D.; Kim, R.; Carter, B.S.; Chen, C.C. Biogenesis of extracellular vesicles (EV): Exosomes, microvesicles, retrovirus-like vesicles, and apoptotic bodies. *J. Neurooncol.* **2013**, *113*, 1–11. [CrossRef]

194. Baxter, A.A.; Phan, T.K.; Hanssen, E.; Liem, M.; Hulett, M.D.; Mathivanan, S.; Poon, I.K.H. Analysis of extracellular vesicles generated from monocytes under conditions of lytic cell death. *Sci. Rep.* **2019**, *9*, 7538. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

195. Konoshenko, M.Y.; Lekchnov, E.A.; Vlassov, A.V.; Laktionov, P.P. Isolation of Extracellular Vesicles: General Methodologies and Latest Trends. *BioMed Res. Int.* **2018**, *2018*, e8545347. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

196. Skotland, T.; Sagini, K.; Sandvig, K.; Llorente, A. An emerging focus on lipids in extracellular vesicles. *Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev.* **2020**, *159*, 308–321. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

197. Zhang, H.; Freitas, D.; Kim, H.S.; Fabijanic, K.; Li, Z.; Chen, H.; Mark, M.T.; Molina, H.; Martin, A.B.; Bojmar, L.; et al. Identification of distinct nanoparticles and subsets of extracellular vesicles by asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation. *Nat. Cell Biol.* **2018**, *20*, 332–343. [CrossRef]

198. Sahu, R.; Kaushik, S.; Clement, C.C.; Cannizzo, E.S.; Scharf, B.; Follenzi, A.; Potolicchio, I.; Nieves, E.; Cuervo, A.M.; Santambrogio, L. Microautophagy of Cytosolic Proteins by Late Endosomes. *Dev. Cell* **2011**, *20*, 131–139. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

199. Raposo, G.; Stoorvogel, W. Extracellular vesicles: Exosomes, microvesicles, and friends. *J. Cell Biol.* **2013**, *200*, 373–383. [CrossRef]

200. Möbius, W.; Ohno-Iwashita, Y.; van Donselaar, E.G.; Oorschot, V.M.J.; Shimada, Y.; Fujimoto, T.; Heijnen, H.F.G.; Geuze, H.J.; Slot, J.W. Immunoelectron Microscopic Localization of Cholesterol Using Biotinylated and Non-cytolytic Perfringolysin O. *J. Histochem. Cytochem.* **2002**, *50*, 43–55. [CrossRef]

201. Wollert, T.; Hurley, J.H. Molecular mechanism of multivesicular body biogenesis by ESCRT complexes. *Nature* **2010**, *464*, 864–869. [CrossRef]

202. Hessvik, N.P.; Llorente, A. Current knowledge on exosome biogenesis and release. *Cell. Mol. Life Sci.* **2018**, *75*, 193–208. [CrossRef]

203. Colombo, M.; Moita, C.; van Niel, G.; Kowal, J.; Vigneron, J.; Benaroch, P.; Manel, N.; Moita, L.F.; Théry, C.; Raposo, G. Analysis of ESCRT functions in exosome biogenesis, composition and secretion highlights the heterogeneity of extracellular vesicles. *J. Cell Sci.* **2013**, *126*, 5553–5565. [CrossRef]

204. Hurley, J.H.; Hanson, P.I. Membrane budding and scission by the ESCRT machinery: It's all in the neck. *Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol.* **2010**, *11*, 556–566. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

205. Tian, X.; Shen, H.; Li, Z.; Wang, T.; Wang, S. Tumor-derived exosomes, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and tumor microenvironment. *J. Hematol. Oncol.* **2019**, *12*, 84. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

206. Airola, M.V.; Hannun, Y.A. Sphingolipid Metabolism and Neutral Sphingomyelinases. In *Sphingolipids: Basic Science and Drug Development*; Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology; Gulbins, E., Petrache, I., Eds.; Springer: Vienna, Austria, 2013; pp. 57–76, ISBN 978-3-7091-1368-4.

207. Trajkovic, K.; Hsu, C.; Chiantia, S.; Rajendran, L.; Wenzel, D.; Wieland, F.; Schwille, P.; Brügger, B.; Simons, M. Ceramide Triggers Budding of Exosome Vesicles into Multivesicular Endosomes. *Science* **2008**, *319*, 1244–1247. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

208. King, H.W.; Michael, M.Z.; Gleadle, J.M. Hypoxic enhancement of exosome release by breast cancer cells. *BMC Cancer* **2012**, *12*, 421. [CrossRef]

209. Parolini, I.; Federici, C.; Raggi, C.; Lugini, L.; Palleschi, S.; De Milito, A.; Coscia, C.; Iessi, E.; Logozzi, M.; Molinari, A.; et al. Microenvironmental pH is a key factor for exosome traffic in tumor cells. *J. Biol. Chem.* **2009**, *284*, 34211–34222. [CrossRef]

210. Ciravolo, V.; Huber, V.; Ghedini, G.C.; Venturelli, E.; Bianchi, F.; Campiglio, M.; Morelli, D.; Villa, A.; Mina, P.D.; Menard, S.; et al. Potential role of HER2-overexpressing exosomes in countering trastuzumab-based therapy. *J. Cell. Physiol.* **2012**, *227*, 658–667. [CrossRef]

211. Théry, C.; Zitvogel, L.; Amigorena, S. Exosomes: Composition, biogenesis and function. *Nat. Rev. Immunol.* **2002**, *2*, 569–579. [CrossRef]

212. Andreu, Z.; Yáñez-Mó, M. Tetraspanins in Extracellular Vesicle Formation and Function. *Front. Immunol.* **2014**, *5*, 442. [CrossRef]

213. Zhang, Y.; Liu, Y.; Liu, H.; Tang, W.H. Exosomes: Biogenesis, biologic function and clinical potential. *Cell Biosci.* **2019**, *9*, 19. [CrossRef]

214. Street, J.M.; Koritzinsky, E.H.; Glispie, D.M.; Star, R.A.; Yuen, P.S.T. Chapter Three-Urine Exosomes: An Emerging Trove of Biomarkers. In *Advances in Clinical Chemistry*; Makowski, G.S., Ed.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2017; Volume 78, pp. 103–122.

215. Ding, X.-Q.; Wang, Z.-Y.; Xia, D.; Wang, R.-X.; Pan, X.-R.; Tong, J.-H. Proteomic Profiling of Serum Exosomes From Patients With Metastatic Gastric Cancer. *Front. Oncol.* **2020**, *10*, 1113. [CrossRef]
216. Qin, W.; Tsukasaki, Y.; Dasgupta, S.; Mukhopadhyay, N.; Ikebe, M.; Sauter, E.R. Exosomes in Human Breast Milk Promote EMT. *Clin. Cancer Res.* **2016**, *22*, 4517–4524. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

217. Villatoro, A.J.; del Carmen Martín-Astorga, M.; Alcoholado, C.; Becerra, J. Canine colostrum exosomes: Characterization and influence on the canine mesenchymal stem cell secretory profile and fibroblast anti-oxidative capacity. *BMC Vet. Res.* **2020**, *16*, 417. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

218. Keller, S.; Rupp, C.; Stoeck, A.; Runz, S.; Fogel, M.; Lugert, S.; Hager, H.-D.; Abdel-Bakky, M.S.; Gutwein, P.; Altevogt, P. CD24 is a marker of exosomes secreted into urine and amniotic fluid. *Kidney Int.* **2007**, *72*, 1095–1102. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

219. Inubushi, S.; Kawaguchi, H.; Mizumoto, S.; Kunihisa, T.; Baba, M.; Kitayama, Y.; Takeuchi, T.; Hoffman, R.M.; Sasaki, R. Oncogenic miRNAs Identified in Tear Exosomes From Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients. *Anticancer Res.* **2020**, *40*, 3091–3096. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

220. Zhao, Y.; Weber, S.R.; Lease, J.; Russo, M.; Siedlecki, C.A.; Xu, L.-C.; Chen, H.; Wang, W.; Ford, M.; Simó, R.; et al. Liquid Biopsy of Vitreous Reveals an Abundant Vesicle Population Consistent With the Size and Morphology of Exosomes. *Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol.* **2018**, *7*, 6. [CrossRef]

221. Dismuke, W.M.; Challa, P.; Navarro, I.; Stamer, W.D.; Liu, Y. Human aqueous humor exosomes. *Exp. Eye Res.* **2015**, *132*, 73–77. [CrossRef]

222. Gao, K.; Zhu, W.; Li, H.; Ma, D.; Liu, W.; Yu, W.; Wang, L.; Cao, Y.; Jiang, Y. Association between cytokines and exosomes in synovial fluid of individuals with knee osteoarthritis. *Mod. Rheumatol.* **2020**, *30*, 758–764. [CrossRef]

223. Machida, T.; Tomofuji, T.; Ekuni, D.; Maruyama, T.; Yoneda, T.; Kawabata, Y.; Mizuno, H.; Miyai, H.; Kunitomo, M.; Morita, M. MicroRNAs in Salivary Exosome as Potential Biomarkers of Aging. *Int. J. Mol. Sci.* **2015**, *16*, 21294–21309. [CrossRef]

224. Peng, P.; Yan, Y.; Keng, S. Exosomes in the ascites of ovarian cancer patients: Origin and effects on anti-tumor immunity. *Oncol. Rep.* **2011**, *25*, 749–762. [CrossRef]

225. Zhang, H.-G.; Grizzle, W.E. Exosomes: A novel pathway of local and distant intercellular communication that facilitates the growth and metastasis of neoplastic lesions. *Am. J. Pathol.* **2014**, *184*, 28–41. [CrossRef]

226. Zhou, X.; Xie, F.; Wang, L.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, S.; Fang, M.; Zhou, F. The function and clinical application of extracellular vesicles in innate immune regulation. *Cell. Mol. Immunol.* **2020**, *17*, 323–334. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

227. Shenoda, B.B.; Ajit, S.K. Modulation of Immune Responses by Exosomes Derived from Antigen-Presenting Cells. *Clin. Med. Insights Pathol.* **2016**, *9*, CPath-S39925. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

228. Bd, C.; Wy, W.; Mm, L.; Wc, C.; Bk, Y.; Yw, K.; Wc, T. Exosomes in Inflammation and Inflammatory Disease. *Proteomics* **2019**, *19*, 1800149. [CrossRef]

229. Zhang, H.; Lin, S.; McElroy, C.L.; Wang, B.; Jin, D.; Uteshev, V.V.; Jin, K. Circulating Pro-Inflammatory Exosomes Worsen Stroke Outcomes in Aging. *Circ. Res.* **2021**, *129*, e121–e140. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

230. Zou, Y.; Bhat, O.M.; Yuan, X.; Li, G.; Huang, D.; Guo, Y.; Zhou, D.; Li, P.-L. Release and Actions of Inflammatory Exosomes in Pulmonary Emphysema: Potential Therapeutic Target of Acupuncture. *J. Inflamm. Res.* **2021**, *14*, 3501–3521. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

231. Bahrami, A.; Binabaj, M.M.; Ferns, G.A. Exosomes: Emerging modulators of signal transduction in colorectal cancer from molecular understanding to clinical application. *Biomed. Pharmacother.* **2021**, *141*, 111882. [CrossRef]

232. Gangoda, L.; Boukouris, S.; Liem, M.; Kalra, H.; Mathivanan, S. Extracellular vesicles including exosomes are mediators of signal transduction: Are they protective or pathogenic? *Proteomics* **2015**, *15*, 260–271. [CrossRef]

233. Kawahara, H.; Hanayama, R. The Role of Exosomes/Extracellular Vesicles in Neural Signal Transduction. *Biol. Pharm. Bull.* **2018**, *41*, 1119–1125. [CrossRef]

234. Mao, Y.; Wang, Y.; Dong, L.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, C.; Zhang, Q.; Yang, S.; Cao, L.; Zhang, X.; et al. Hypoxic exosomes facilitate angiogenesis and metastasis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma through altering the phenotype and transcriptome of endothelial cells. *J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res.* **2019**, *38*, 389. [CrossRef]

235. Olejarz, W.; Kubiak-Tomaszewska, G.; Chrzanowska, A.; Lorenc, T. Exosomes in Angiogenesis and Anti-angiogenic Therapy in Cancers. *Int. J. Mol. Sci.* **2020**, *21*, 5840. [CrossRef]

236. Chen, S.; Chen, X.; Luo, Q.; Liu, X.; Wang, X.; Cui, Z.; He, A.; He, S.; Jiang, Z.; Wu, N.; et al. Retinoblastoma cell-derived exosomes promote angiogenesis of human vesicle endothelial cells through microRNA-92a-3p. *Cell Death Dis.* **2021**, *12*, 695. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

237. Smith, V.L.; Cheng, Y.; Bryant, B.R.; Schorey, J.S. Exosomes function in antigen presentation during an in vivo Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. *Sci. Rep.* **2017**, *7*, 43578. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

238. Arima, Y.; Liu, W.; Takahashi, Y.; Nishikawa, M.; Takakura, Y. Effects of Localization of Antigen Proteins in Antigen-Loaded Exosomes on Efficiency of Antigen Presentation. *Mol. Pharm.* **2019**, *16*, 2309–2314. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

239. Lindenbergh, M.F.S.; Wubbolts, R.; Borg, E.G.F.; Van't Veld, E.M.; Boes, M.; Stoorvogel, W. Dendritic cells release exosomes together with phagocytosed pathogen; potential implications for the role of exosomes in antigen presentation. *J. Extracell. Ves.* **2020**, *9*, 1798606. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

240. Bonafede, R.; Turano, E.; Scambi, I.; Busato, A.; Bontempi, P.; Virla, F.; Schiaffino, L.; Marzola, P.; Bonetti, B.; Mariotti, R. ASC-Exosomes Ameliorate the Disease Progression in SOD1(G93A) Murine Model Underlining Their Potential Therapeutic Use in Human ALS. *Int. J. Mol. Sci.* **2020**, *21*, 3651. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

241. Sun, T.; Ding, Z.-X.; Luo, X.; Liu, Q.-S.; Cheng, Y. Blood Exosomes Have Neuroprotective Effects in a Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. *Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev.* **2020**, *2020*, e3807476. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
216. Qin, W.; Tsukasaki, Y.; Dasgupta, S.; Mukhopadhyay, N.; Ikebe, M.; Sauter, E.R. Exosomes in Human Breast Milk Promote EMT. *Clin. Cancer Res.* **2016**, *22*, 4517–4524. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

217. Villatoro, A.J.; del Carmen Martín-Astorga, M.; Alcoholado, C.; Becerra, J. Canine colostrum exosomes: Characterization and influence on the canine mesenchymal stem cell secretory profile and fibroblast anti-oxidative capacity. *BMC Vet. Res.* **2020**, *16*, 417. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

218. Keller, S.; Rupp, C.; Stoeck, A.; Runz, S.; Fogel, M.; Lugert, S.; Hager, H.-D.; Abdel-Bakky, M.S.; Gutwein, P.; Altevogt, P. CD24 is a marker of exosomes secreted into urine and amniotic fluid. *Kidney Int.* **2007**, *72*, 1095–1102. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

219. Inubushi, S.; Kawaguchi, H.; Mizumoto, S.; Kunihisa, T.; Baba, M.; Kitayama, Y.; Takeuchi, T.; Hoffman, R.M.; Sasaki, R. Oncogenic miRNAs Identified in Tear Exosomes From Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients. *Anticancer Res.* **2020**, *40*, 3091–3096. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

220. Zhao, Y.; Weber, S.R.; Lease, J.; Russo, M.; Siedlecki, C.A.; Xu, L.-C.; Chen, H.; Wang, W.; Ford, M.; Simó, R.; et al. Liquid Biopsy of Vitreous Reveals an Abundant Vesicle Population Consistent With the Size and Morphology of Exosomes. *Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol.* **2018**, *7*, 6. [CrossRef]

221. Dismuke, W.M.; Challa, P.; Navarro, I.; Stamer, W.D.; Liu, Y. Human aqueous humor exosomes. *Exp. Eye Res.* **2015**, *132*, 73–77. [CrossRef]

222. Gao, K.; Zhu, W.; Li, H.; Ma, D.; Liu, W.; Yu, W.; Wang, L.; Cao, Y.; Jiang, Y. Association between cytokines and exosomes in synovial fluid of individuals with knee osteoarthritis. *Mod. Rheumatol.* **2020**, *30*, 758–764. [CrossRef]

223. Machida, T.; Tomofuji, T.; Ekuni, D.; Maruyama, T.; Yoneda, T.; Kawabata, Y.; Mizuno, H.; Miyai, H.; Kunitomo, M.; Morita, M. MicroRNAs in Salivary Exosome as Potential Biomarkers of Aging. *Int. J. Mol. Sci.* **2015**, *16*, 21294–21309. [CrossRef]

224. Peng, P.; Yan, Y.; Keng, S. Exosomes in the ascites of ovarian cancer patients: Origin and effects on anti-tumor immunity. *Oncol. Rep.* **2011**, *25*, 749–762. [CrossRef]

225. Zhang, H.-G.; Grizzle, W.E. Exosomes: A novel pathway of local and distant intercellular communication that facilitates the growth and metastasis of neoplastic lesions. *Am. J. Pathol.* **2014**, *184*, 28–41. [CrossRef]

226. Zhou, X.; Xie, F.; Wang, L.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, S.; Fang, M.; Zhou, F. The function and clinical application of extracellular vesicles in innate immune regulation. *Cell. Mol. Immunol.* **2020**, *17*, 323–334. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

227. Shenoda, B.B.; Ajit, S.K. Modulation of Immune Responses by Exosomes Derived from Antigen-Presenting Cells. *Clin. Med. Insights Pathol.* **2016**, *9*, CPath-S39925. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

228. Bd, C.; Wy, W.; Mm, L.; Wc, C.; Bk, Y.; Yw, K.; Wc, T. Exosomes in Inflammation and Inflammatory Disease. *Proteomics* **2019**, *19*, 1800149. [CrossRef]

229. Zhang, H.; Lin, S.; McElroy, C.L.; Wang, B.; Jin, D.; Uteshev, V.V.; Jin, K. Circulating Pro-Inflammatory Exosomes Worsen Stroke Outcomes in Aging. *Circ. Res.* **2021**, *129*, e121–e140. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

230. Zou, Y.; Bhat, O.M.; Yuan, X.; Li, G.; Huang, D.; Guo, Y.; Zhou, D.; Li, P.-L. Release and Actions of Inflammatory Exosomes in Pulmonary Emphysema: Potential Therapeutic Target of Acupuncture. *J. Inflamm. Res.* **2021**, *14*, 3501–3521. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

231. Bahrami, A.; Binabaj, M.M.; Ferns, G.A. Exosomes: Emerging modulators of signal transduction in colorectal cancer from molecular understanding to clinical application. *Biomed. Pharmacother.* **2021**, *141*, 111882. [CrossRef]

232. Gangoda, L.; Boukouris, S.; Liem, M.; Kalra, H.; Mathivanan, S. Extracellular vesicles including exosomes are mediators of signal transduction: Are they protective or pathogenic? *Proteomics* **2015**, *15*, 260–271. [CrossRef]

233. Kawahara, H.; Hanayama, R. The Role of Exosomes/Extracellular Vesicles in Neural Signal Transduction. *Biol. Pharm. Bull.* **2018**, *41*, 1119–1125. [CrossRef]

234. Mao, Y.; Wang, Y.; Dong, L.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, C.; Zhang, Q.; Yang, S.; Cao, L.; Zhang, X.; et al. Hypoxic exosomes facilitate angiogenesis and metastasis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma through altering the phenotype and transcriptome of endothelial cells. *J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res.* **2019**, *38*, 389. [CrossRef]

235. Olejarz, W.; Kubiak-Tomaszewska, G.; Chrzanowska, A.; Lorenc, T. Exosomes in Angiogenesis and Anti-angiogenic Therapy in Cancers. *Int. J. Mol. Sci.* **2020**, *21*, 5840. [CrossRef]

236. Chen, S.; Chen, X.; Luo, Q.; Liu, X.; Wang, X.; Cui, Z.; He, A.; He, S.; Jiang, Z.; Wu, N.; et al. Retinoblastoma cell-derived exosomes promote angiogenesis of human vesicle endothelial cells through microRNA-92a-3p. *Cell Death Dis.* **2021**, *12*, 695. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

237. Smith, V.L.; Cheng, Y.; Bryant, B.R.; Schorey, J.S. Exosomes function in antigen presentation during an in vivo Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. *Sci. Rep.* **2017**, *7*, 43578. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

238. Arima, Y.; Liu, W.; Takahashi, Y.; Nishikawa, M.; Takakura, Y. Effects of Localization of Antigen Proteins in Antigen-Loaded Exosomes on Efficiency of Antigen Presentation. *Mol. Pharm.* **2019**, *16*, 2309–2314. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

239. Lindenbergh, M.F.S.; Wubbolts, R.; Borg, E.G.F.; Van't Veld, E.M.; Boes, M.; Stoorvogel, W. Dendritic cells release exosomes together with phagocytosed pathogen; potential implications for the role of exosomes in antigen presentation. *J. Extracell. Ves.* **2020**, *9*, 1798606. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

240. Bonafede, R.; Turano, E.; Scambi, I.; Busato, A.; Bontempi, P.; Virla, F.; Schiaffino, L.; Marzola, P.; Bonetti, B.; Mariotti, R. ASC-Exosomes Ameliorate the Disease Progression in SOD1(G93A) Murine Model Underlining Their Potential Therapeutic Use in Human ALS. *Int. J. Mol. Sci.* **2020**, *21*, 3651. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

241. Sun, T.; Ding, Z.-X.; Luo, X.; Liu, Q.-S.; Cheng, Y. Blood Exosomes Have Neuroprotective Effects in a Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. *Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev.* **2020**, *2020*, e3807476. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
242. Fayazi, N.; Sheykhhasan, M.; Soleimani Asl, S.; Najafi, R. Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes: A New Strategy of Neurodegenerative Disease Treatment. *Mol. Neurobiol.* **2021**, *58*, 3494–3514. [CrossRef]

243. Jadli, A.S.; Parasor, A.; Gomes, K.P.; Shandilya, R.; Patel, V.B. Exosomes in Cardiovascular Diseases: Pathological Potential of Nano-Messenger. *Front. Cardiovasc. Med.* **2021**, *8*, 1483. [CrossRef]

244. Zeng, C.-Y.; Xu, J.; Liu, X.; Lu, Y.-Q. Cardioprotective Roles of Endothelial Progenitor Cell-Derived Exosomes. *Front. Cardiovasc. Med.* **2021**, *8*, 717536. [CrossRef]

245. Cao, C.; Wang, B.; Tang, J.; Zhao, J.; Guo, J.; Guo, Q.; Yue, X.; Zhang, Z.; Liu, G.; Zhang, H.; et al. Circulating exosomes repair endothelial cell damage by delivering miR-193a-5p. *J. Cell. Mol. Med.* **2021**, *25*, 2176–2189. [CrossRef]

246. Gang, D.; Yu, C.J.; Zhu, S.; Zhu, P.; Nasser, M.I. Application of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in kidney diseases. *Cell. Immunol.* **2021**, *364*, 104358. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

247. Lin, X.; Zhu, T.; Xu, F.; Zhong, J.-Y.; Li, F.; Shan, S.-K.; Wu, F.; Guo, B.; Zheng, M.-H.; Wang, Y.; et al. Plasma Exosomes Derived From Patients With End-Stage Renal Disease and Renal Transplant Recipients Have Different Effects on Vascular Calcification. *Front. Cell Dev. Biol.* **2021**, *8*, 1821. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

248. Ji, C.; Zhang, J.; Zhu, Y.; Shi, H.; Yin, S.; Sun, F.; Wang, Q.; Zhang, L.; Yan, Y.; Zhang, X.; et al. Exosomes derived from hucMSC attenuate renal fibrosis through CK1δ/β-TRCP-mediated YAP degradation. *Cell Death Dis.* **2020**, *11*, 327. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

249. Saad, M.H.; Badierah, R.; Redwan, E.M.; El-Fakharany, E.M. A Comprehensive Insight into the Role of Exosomes in Viral Infection: Dual Faces Bearing Different Functions. *Pharmaceutics* **2021**, *13*, 1405. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

250. Xu, X.; Qian, J.; Ding, J.; Li, J.; Nan, F.; Wang, W.; Qin, Q.; Fei, Y.; Xue, C.; Wang, J.; et al. Detection of viral components in exosomes derived from NDV-infected DF-1 cells and their promoting ability in virus replication. *Microb. Pathog.* **2019**, *128*, 414–422. [CrossRef]

251. De Toledo Martins, S.; Alves, L.R. Extracellular Vesicles in Viral Infections: Two Sides of the Same Coin? *Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.* **2020**, *10*, 737. [CrossRef]

252. Sheller-Miller, S.; Trivedi, J.; Yellon, S.M.; Menon, R. Exosomes Cause Preterm Birth in Mice: Evidence for Paracrine Signaling in Pregnancy. *Sci. Rep.* **2019**, *9*, 608. [CrossRef]

253. Czernek, L.; Düchler, M. Exosomes as Messengers between Mother and Fetus in Pregnancy. *Int. J. Mol. Sci.* **2020**, *21*, 4264. [CrossRef]

254. Nair, S.; Salomon, C. Chapter 16—Potential role of exosomes in reproductive medicine and pregnancy. In *Exosomes*; Edelstein, L., Smythies, J., Quesenberry, P., Noble, D., Eds.; Academic Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2020; pp. 357–381, ISBN 978-0-12-816053-4.

255. Liu, Y.; Shi, K.; Chen, Y.; Wu, X.; Chen, Z.; Cao, K.; Tao, Y.; Chen, X.; Liao, J.; Zhou, J. Exosomes and Their Role in Cancer Progression. *Front. Oncol.* **2021**, *11*, 792. [CrossRef]

256. Lee, J.; Lee, S.-A.; Gu, N.-Y.; Jeong, S.Y.; Byeon, J.S.; Jeong, D.-U.; Ouh, I.-O.; Lee, Y.-H.; Hyun, B.-H. Canine Natural Killer Cell-Derived Exosomes Exhibit Antitumor Activity in a Mouse Model of Canine Mammary Tumor. *BioMed Res. Int.* **2021**, e6690704. [CrossRef]

257. Brady, J.V.; Troyer, R.M.; Ramsey, S.A.; Leeper, H.; Yang, L.; Maier, C.S.; Goodall, C.P.; Ruby, C.E.; Albarqi, H.A.M.; Taratula, O.; et al. A Preliminary Proteomic Investigation of Circulating Exosomes and Discovery of Biomarkers Associated with the Progression of Osteosarcoma in a Clinical Model of Spontaneous Disease. *Transl. Oncol.* **2018**, *11*, 1137–1146. [CrossRef]

258. Li, M.; Liao, L.; Tian, W. Extracellular Vesicles Derived From Apoptotic Cells: An Essential Link Between Death and Regeneration. *Front. Cell Dev. Biol.* **2020**, *8*, 1063. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

259. Zhao, G.; Liu, F.; Liu, Z.; Zuo, K.; Wang, B.; Zhang, Y.; Han, X.; Lian, A.; Wang, Y.; Liu, M.; et al. MSC-derived exosomes attenuate cell death through suppressing AIF nucleus translocation and enhance cutaneous wound healing. *Stem Cell Res. Ther.* **2020**, *11*, 174. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

260. Zhou, M.; Weber, S.R.; Zhao, Y.; Chen, H.; Sundstrom, J.M. Chapter 2—Methods for exosome isolation and characterization. In *Exosomes*; Edelstein, L., Smythies, J., Quesenberry, P., Noble, D., Eds.; Academic Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2020; pp. 23–38, ISBN 978-0-12-816053-4.

261. Yang, D.; Zhang, W.; Zhang, H.; Zhang, F.; Chen, L.; Ma, L.; Larcher, L.M.; Chen, S.; Liu, N.; Zhao, Q.; et al. Progress, opportunity, and perspective on exosome isolation-efforts for efficient exosome-based theranostics. *Theranostics* **2020**, *10*, 3684–3707. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

262. Zhang, Y.; Bi, J.; Huang, J.; Tang, Y.; Du, S.; Li, P. Exosome: A Review of Its Classification, Isolation Techniques, Storage, Diagnostic and Targeted Therapy Applications. *Int. J. Nanomed.* **2020**, *15*, 6917–6934. [CrossRef]

263. Tang, Y.-T.; Huang, Y.-Y.; Zheng, L.; Qin, S.-H.; Xu, X.-P.; An, T.-X.; Xu, Y.; Wu, Y.-S.; Hu, X.-M.; Ping, B.-H.; et al. Comparison of isolation methods of exosomes and exosomal RNA from cell culture medium and serum. *Int. J. Mol. Med.* **2017**, *40*, 834–844. [CrossRef]

264. Patel, G.K.; Khan, M.A.; Zubair, H.; Srivastava, S.K.; Khushman, M.; Singh, S.; Singh, A.P. Comparative analysis of exosome isolation methods using culture supernatant for optimum yield, purity and downstream applications. *Sci. Rep.* **2019**, *9*, 5335. [CrossRef]

265. Skottvoll, F.S.; Berg, H.E.; Bjørseth, K.; Lund, K.; Roos, N.; Bekhradnia, S.; Thiede, B.; Sandberg, C.; Vik-Mo, E.O.; Roberg-Larsen, H.; et al. Ultracentrifugation versus kit exosome isolation: NanoLC-MS and other tools reveal similar performance biomarkers, but also contaminations. *Future Sci. OA* **2018**, *5*, FSO359. [CrossRef]
242. Fayazi, N.; Sheykhhasan, M.; Soleimani Asl, S.; Najafi, R. Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes: A New Strategy of Neurodegenerative Disease Treatment. *Mol. Neurobiol.* **2021**, *58*, 3494–3514. [CrossRef]

243. Jadli, A.S.; Parasor, A.; Gomes, K.P.; Shandilya, R.; Patel, V.B. Exosomes in Cardiovascular Diseases: Pathological Potential of Nano-Messenger. *Front. Cardiovasc. Med.* **2021**, *8*, 1483. [CrossRef]

244. Zeng, C.-Y.; Xu, J.; Liu, X.; Lu, Y.-Q. Cardioprotective Roles of Endothelial Progenitor Cell-Derived Exosomes. *Front. Cardiovasc. Med.* **2021**, *8*, 717536. [CrossRef]

245. Cao, C.; Wang, B.; Tang, J.; Zhao, J.; Guo, J.; Guo, Q.; Yue, X.; Zhang, Z.; Liu, G.; Zhang, H.; et al. Circulating exosomes repair endothelial cell damage by delivering miR-193a-5p. *J. Cell. Mol. Med.* **2021**, *25*, 2176–2189. [CrossRef]

246. Gang, D.; Yu, C.J.; Zhu, S.; Zhu, P.; Nasser, M.I. Application of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in kidney diseases. *Cell. Immunol.* **2021**, *364*, 104358. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

247. Lin, X.; Zhu, T.; Xu, F.; Zhong, J.-Y.; Li, F.; Shan, S.-K.; Wu, F.; Guo, B.; Zheng, M.-H.; Wang, Y.; et al. Plasma Exosomes Derived From Patients With End-Stage Renal Disease and Renal Transplant Recipients Have Different Effects on Vascular Calcification. *Front. Cell Dev. Biol.* **2021**, *8*, 1821. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

248. Ji, C.; Zhang, J.; Zhu, Y.; Shi, H.; Yin, S.; Sun, F.; Wang, Q.; Zhang, L.; Yan, Y.; Zhang, X.; et al. Exosomes derived from hucMSC attenuate renal fibrosis through CK1δ/β-TRCP-mediated YAP degradation. *Cell Death Dis.* **2020**, *11*, 327. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

249. Saad, M.H.; Badierah, R.; Redwan, E.M.; El-Fakharany, E.M. A Comprehensive Insight into the Role of Exosomes in Viral Infection: Dual Faces Bearing Different Functions. *Pharmaceutics* **2021**, *13*, 1405. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

250. Xu, X.; Qian, J.; Ding, J.; Li, J.; Nan, F.; Wang, W.; Qin, Q.; Fei, Y.; Xue, C.; Wang, J.; et al. Detection of viral components in exosomes derived from NDV-infected DF-1 cells and their promoting ability in virus replication. *Microb. Pathog.* **2019**, *128*, 414–422. [CrossRef]

251. De Toledo Martins, S.; Alves, L.R. Extracellular Vesicles in Viral Infections: Two Sides of the Same Coin? *Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.* **2020**, *10*, 737. [CrossRef]

252. Sheller-Miller, S.; Trivedi, J.; Yellon, S.M.; Menon, R. Exosomes Cause Preterm Birth in Mice: Evidence for Paracrine Signaling in Pregnancy. *Sci. Rep.* **2019**, *9*, 608. [CrossRef]

253. Czernek, L.; Düchler, M. Exosomes as Messengers between Mother and Fetus in Pregnancy. *Int. J. Mol. Sci.* **2020**, *21*, 4264. [CrossRef]

254. Nair, S.; Salomon, C. Chapter 16—Potential role of exosomes in reproductive medicine and pregnancy. In *Exosomes*; Edelstein, L., Smythies, J., Quesenberry, P., Noble, D., Eds.; Academic Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2020; pp. 357–381, ISBN 978-0-12-816053-4.

255. Liu, Y.; Shi, K.; Chen, Y.; Wu, X.; Chen, Z.; Cao, K.; Tao, Y.; Chen, X.; Liao, J.; Zhou, J. Exosomes and Their Role in Cancer Progression. *Front. Oncol.* **2021**, *11*, 792. [CrossRef]

256. Lee, J.; Lee, S.-A.; Gu, N.-Y.; Jeong, S.Y.; Byeon, J.S.; Jeong, D.-U.; Ouh, I.-O.; Lee, Y.-H.; Hyun, B.-H. Canine Natural Killer Cell-Derived Exosomes Exhibit Antitumor Activity in a Mouse Model of Canine Mammary Tumor. *BioMed Res. Int.* **2021**, e6690704. [CrossRef]

257. Brady, J.V.; Troyer, R.M.; Ramsey, S.A.; Leeper, H.; Yang, L.; Maier, C.S.; Goodall, C.P.; Ruby, C.E.; Albarqi, H.A.M.; Taratula, O.; et al. A Preliminary Proteomic Investigation of Circulating Exosomes and Discovery of Biomarkers Associated with the Progression of Osteosarcoma in a Clinical Model of Spontaneous Disease. *Transl. Oncol.* **2018**, *11*, 1137–1146. [CrossRef]

258. Li, M.; Liao, L.; Tian, W. Extracellular Vesicles Derived From Apoptotic Cells: An Essential Link Between Death and Regeneration. *Front. Cell Dev. Biol.* **2020**, *8*, 1063. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

259. Zhao, G.; Liu, F.; Liu, Z.; Zuo, K.; Wang, B.; Zhang, Y.; Han, X.; Lian, A.; Wang, Y.; Liu, M.; et al. MSC-derived exosomes attenuate cell death through suppressing AIF nucleus translocation and enhance cutaneous wound healing. *Stem Cell Res. Ther.* **2020**, *11*, 174. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

260. Zhou, M.; Weber, S.R.; Zhao, Y.; Chen, H.; Sundstrom, J.M. Chapter 2—Methods for exosome isolation and characterization. In *Exosomes*; Edelstein, L., Smythies, J., Quesenberry, P., Noble, D., Eds.; Academic Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2020; pp. 23–38, ISBN 978-0-12-816053-4.

261. Yang, D.; Zhang, W.; Zhang, H.; Zhang, F.; Chen, L.; Ma, L.; Larcher, L.M.; Chen, S.; Liu, N.; Zhao, Q.; et al. Progress, opportunity, and perspective on exosome isolation-efforts for efficient exosome-based theranostics. *Theranostics* **2020**, *10*, 3684–3707. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

262. Zhang, Y.; Bi, J.; Huang, J.; Tang, Y.; Du, S.; Li, P. Exosome: A Review of Its Classification, Isolation Techniques, Storage, Diagnostic and Targeted Therapy Applications. *Int. J. Nanomed.* **2020**, *15*, 6917–6934. [CrossRef]

263. Tang, Y.-T.; Huang, Y.-Y.; Zheng, L.; Qin, S.-H.; Xu, X.-P.; An, T.-X.; Xu, Y.; Wu, Y.-S.; Hu, X.-M.; Ping, B.-H.; et al. Comparison of isolation methods of exosomes and exosomal RNA from cell culture medium and serum. *Int. J. Mol. Med.* **2017**, *40*, 834–844. [CrossRef]

264. Patel, G.K.; Khan, M.A.; Zubair, H.; Srivastava, S.K.; Khushman, M.; Singh, S.; Singh, A.P. Comparative analysis of exosome isolation methods using culture supernatant for optimum yield, purity and downstream applications. *Sci. Rep.* **2019**, *9*, 5335. [CrossRef]

265. Skottvoll, F.S.; Berg, H.E.; Bjørseth, K.; Lund, K.; Roos, N.; Bekhradnia, S.; Thiede, B.; Sandberg, C.; Vik-Mo, E.O.; Roberg-Larsen, H.; et al. Ultracentrifugation versus kit exosome isolation: NanoLC-MS and other tools reveal similar performance biomarkers, but also contaminations. *Future Sci. OA* **2018**, *5*, FSO359. [CrossRef]
266. Jeyaram, A.; Jay, S.M. Preservation and Storage Stability of Extracellular Vesicles for Therapeutic Applications. *AAPS J.* **2017**, *20*, 1. [CrossRef]

267. Zhou, H.; Yuen, P.S.T.; Pisitkun, T.; Gonzales, P.A.; Yasuda, H.; Dear, J.W.; Gross, P.; Knepper, M.A.; Star, R.A. Collection, storage, preservation, and normalization of human urinary exosomes for biomarker discovery. *Kidney Int.* **2006**, *69*, 1471–1476. [CrossRef]

268. Ge, Q.; Zhou, Y.; Lu, J.; Bai, Y.; Xie, X.; Lu, Z. miRNA in Plasma Exosome is Stable under Different Storage Conditions. *Molecules* **2014**, *19*, 1568–1575. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

269. Muller, L.; Hong, C.-S.; Stolz, D.B.; Watkins, S.C.; Whiteside, T.L. Isolation of biologically-active exosomes from human plasma. *J. Immunol. Methods* **2014**, *411*, 55–65. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

270. Sarker, S.; Scholz-Romero, K.; Perez, A.; Illanes, S.E.; Mitchell, M.D.; Rice, G.E.; Salomon, C. Placenta-derived exosomes continuously increase in maternal circulation over the first trimester of pregnancy. *J. Transl. Med.* **2014**, *12*, 204. [CrossRef]

271. Cumba Garcia, L.M.; Peterson, T.E.; Cepeda, M.A.; Johnson, A.J.; Parney, I.F. Isolation and Analysis of Plasma-Derived Exosomes in Patients With Glioma. *Front. Oncol.* **2019**, *9*, 651. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

272. Enderle, D.; Spiel, A.; Coticchia, C.M.; Berghoff, E.; Mueller, R.; Schlumpberger, M.; Sprenger-Haussels, M.; Shaffer, J.M.; Lader, E.; Skog, J.; et al. Characterization of RNA from Exosomes and Other Extracellular Vesicles Isolated by a Novel Spin Column-Based Method. *PLoS ONE* **2015**, *10*, e0136133. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

273. Dutta, S.; Hornung, S.; Kruayatidee, A.; Maina, K.N.; del Rosario, I.; Paul, K.C.; Wong, D.Y.; Duarte Folle, A.; Markovic, D.; Palma, J.-A.; et al. α-Synuclein in blood exosomes immunoprecipitated using neuronal and oligodendroglial markers distinguishes Parkinson's disease from multiple system atrophy. *Acta Neuropathol.* **2021**, *142*, 495–511. [CrossRef]

274. Bazzan, E.; Tinè, M.; Casara, A.; Biondini, D.; Semenzato, U.; Cocconcelli, E.; Balestro, E.; Damin, M.; Radu, C.M.; Turato, G.; et al. Critical Review of the Evolution of Extracellular Vesicles' Knowledge: From 1946 to Today. *Int. J. Mol. Sci.* **2021**, *22*, 6417. [CrossRef]

275. Wang, L.; Zhang, L. Circulating Exosomal miRNA as Diagnostic Biomarkers of Neurodegenerative Diseases. *Front. Mol. Neurosci.* **2020**, *13*, 53. [CrossRef]

276. Jin, Y.; Ai, L.; Chai, X.; Tang, P.; Zhang, W.; Yang, L.; Hu, Y.; Xu, Y.; Li, S. Maternal Circulating Exosomal miRNAs as Non-invasive Biomarkers for the Prediction of Fetal Ventricular Septal Defect. *Front. Genet.* **2021**, *12*, 1659. [CrossRef]

277. Bhome, R.; Del Vecchio, F.; Lee, G.-H.; Bullock, M.D.; Primrose, J.N.; Sayan, A.E.; Mirnezami, A.H. Exosomal microRNAs (exomiRs): Small molecules with a big role in cancer. *Cancer Lett.* **2018**, *420*, 228–235. [CrossRef]

278. Thind, A.; Wilson, C. Exosomal miRNAs as cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets. *J. Extracell. Ves.* **2016**, *5*, 31292. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

279. Koga, Y.; Yasunaga, M.; Moriya, Y.; Akasu, T.; Fujita, S.; Yamamoto, S.; Matsumura, Y. Exosome can prevent RNase from degrading microRNA in feces. *J. Gastrointest. Oncol.* **2011**, *2*, 215–222. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

280. Cheng, L.; Sun, X.; Scicluna, B.J.; Coleman, B.M.; Hill, A.F. Characterization and deep sequencing analysis of exosomal and non-exosomal miRNA in human urine. *Kidney Int.* **2014**, *86*, 433–444. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

281. Pritchard, C.C.; Cheng, H.H.; Tewari, M. MicroRNA profiling: Approaches and considerations. *Nat. Rev. Genet.* **2012**, *13*, 358–369. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

282. Xiao, C.-T.; Lai, W.-J.; Zhu, W.-A.; Wang, H. MicroRNA Derived from Circulating Exosomes as Noninvasive Biomarkers for Diagnosing Renal Cell Carcinoma. *OncoTargets Ther.* **2020**, *13*, 10765–10774. [CrossRef]

283. Tang, B.; Wu, Y.; Fang, H.; Wu, Y.; Shi, K. Small RNA Sequencing Reveals Exosomal miRNAs Involved in the Treatment of Asthma by Scorpio and Centipede. *BioMed Res. Int.* **2020**, *2020*, e1061407. [CrossRef]

284. Zhang, Y.; Han, T.; Feng, D.; Li, J.; Wu, M.; Peng, X.; Wang, B.; Zhan, X.; Fu, P. Screening of non-invasive miRNA biomarker candidates for metastasis of gastric cancer by small RNA sequencing of plasma exosomes. *Carcinogenesis* **2020**, *41*, 582–590. [CrossRef]

285. Abd Elmageed, Z.Y.; Yang, Y.; Thomas, R.; Ranjan, M.; Mondal, D.; Moroz, K.; Fang, Z.; Rezk, B.M.; Moparty, K.; Sikka, S.C.; et al. Neoplastic Reprogramming of Patient-Derived Adipose Stem Cells by Prostate Cancer Cell-Associated Exosomes. *Stem Cells* **2014**, *32*, 983–997. [CrossRef]

286. Whiteside, T.L. Tumor-derived exosomes and their role in cancer progression. *Adv. Clin. Chem.* **2016**, *74*, 103–141. [CrossRef]

287. Kharmate, G.; Hosseini-Beheshti, E.; Caradec, J.; Chin, M.Y.; Guns, E.S.T. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Prostate Cancer Derived Exosomes. *PLoS ONE* **2016**, *11*, e0154967. [CrossRef]

288. Riches, A.; Campbell, E.; Borger, E.; Powis, S. Regulation of exosome release from mammary epithelial and breast cancer cells—A new regulatory pathway. *Eur. J. Cancer* **2014**, *50*, 1025–1034. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

289. Logozzi, M.; Milito, A.D.; Lugini, L.; Borghi, M.; Calabrò, L.; Spada, M.; Perdicchio, M.; Marino, M.L.; Federici, C.; Iessi, E.; et al. High Levels of Exosomes Expressing CD63 and Caveolin-1 in Plasma of Melanoma Patients. *PLoS ONE* **2009**, *4*, e5219. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

290. Melo, S.A.; Luecke, L.B.; Kahlert, C.; Fernandez, A.F.; Gammon, S.T.; Kaye, J.; LeBleu, V.S.; Mittendorf, E.A.; Weitz, J.; Rahbari, N.; et al. Glypican-1 identifies cancer exosomes and detects early pancreatic cancer. *Nature* **2015**, *523*, 177–182. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

291. Taylor, D.D.; Gercel-Taylor, C. MicroRNA signatures of tumor-derived exosomes as diagnostic biomarkers of ovarian cancer. *Gynecol. Oncol.* **2008**, *110*, 13–21. [CrossRef]

292. Zhang, X.; Shi, H.; Yuan, X.; Jiang, P.; Qian, H.; Xu, W. Tumor-derived exosomes induce N2 polarization of neutrophils to promote gastric cancer cell migration. *Mol. Cancer* **2018**, *17*, 146. [CrossRef]
266. Jeyaram, A.; Jay, S.M. Preservation and Storage Stability of Extracellular Vesicles for Therapeutic Applications. *AAPS J.* **2017**, *20*, 1. [CrossRef]

267. Zhou, H.; Yuen, P.S.T.; Pisitkun, T.; Gonzales, P.A.; Yasuda, H.; Dear, J.W.; Gross, P.; Knepper, M.A.; Star, R.A. Collection, storage, preservation, and normalization of human urinary exosomes for biomarker discovery. *Kidney Int.* **2006**, *69*, 1471–1476. [CrossRef]

268. Ge, Q.; Zhou, Y.; Lu, J.; Bai, Y.; Xie, X.; Lu, Z. miRNA in Plasma Exosome is Stable under Different Storage Conditions. *Molecules* **2014**, *19*, 1568–1575. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

269. Muller, L.; Hong, C.-S.; Stolz, D.B.; Watkins, S.C.; Whiteside, T.L. Isolation of biologically-active exosomes from human plasma. *J. Immunol. Methods* **2014**, *411*, 55–65. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

270. Sarker, S.; Scholz-Romero, K.; Perez, A.; Illanes, S.E.; Mitchell, M.D.; Rice, G.E.; Salomon, C. Placenta-derived exosomes continuously increase in maternal circulation over the first trimester of pregnancy. *J. Transl. Med.* **2014**, *12*, 204. [CrossRef]

271. Cumba Garcia, L.M.; Peterson, T.E.; Cepeda, M.A.; Johnson, A.J.; Parney, I.F. Isolation and Analysis of Plasma-Derived Exosomes in Patients With Glioma. *Front. Oncol.* **2019**, *9*, 651. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

272. Enderle, D.; Spiel, A.; Coticchia, C.M.; Berghoff, E.; Mueller, R.; Schlumpberger, M.; Sprenger-Haussels, M.; Shaffer, J.M.; Lader, E.; Skog, J.; et al. Characterization of RNA from Exosomes and Other Extracellular Vesicles Isolated by a Novel Spin Column-Based Method. *PLoS ONE* **2015**, *10*, e0136133. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

273. Dutta, S.; Hornung, S.; Kruayatidee, A.; Maina, K.N.; del Rosario, I.; Paul, K.C.; Wong, D.Y.; Duarte Folle, A.; Markovic, D.; Palma, J.-A.; et al. α-Synuclein in blood exosomes immunoprecipitated using neuronal and oligodendroglial markers distinguishes Parkinson's disease from multiple system atrophy. *Acta Neuropathol.* **2021**, *142*, 495–511. [CrossRef]

274. Bazzan, E.; Tinè, M.; Casara, A.; Biondini, D.; Semenzato, U.; Cocconcelli, E.; Balestro, E.; Damin, M.; Radu, C.M.; Turato, G.; et al. Critical Review of the Evolution of Extracellular Vesicles' Knowledge: From 1946 to Today. *Int. J. Mol. Sci.* **2021**, *22*, 6417. [CrossRef]

275. Wang, L.; Zhang, L. Circulating Exosomal miRNA as Diagnostic Biomarkers of Neurodegenerative Diseases. *Front. Mol. Neurosci.* **2020**, *13*, 53. [CrossRef]

276. Jin, Y.; Ai, L.; Chai, X.; Tang, P.; Zhang, W.; Yang, L.; Hu, Y.; Xu, Y.; Li, S. Maternal Circulating Exosomal miRNAs as Non-invasive Biomarkers for the Prediction of Fetal Ventricular Septal Defect. *Front. Genet.* **2021**, *12*, 1659. [CrossRef]

277. Bhome, R.; Del Vecchio, F.; Lee, G.-H.; Bullock, M.D.; Primrose, J.N.; Sayan, A.E.; Mirnezami, A.H. Exosomal microRNAs (exomiRs): Small molecules with a big role in cancer. *Cancer Lett.* **2018**, *420*, 228–235. [CrossRef]

278. Thind, A.; Wilson, C. Exosomal miRNAs as cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets. *J. Extracell. Ves.* **2016**, *5*, 31292. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

279. Koga, Y.; Yasunaga, M.; Moriya, Y.; Akasu, T.; Fujita, S.; Yamamoto, S.; Matsumura, Y. Exosome can prevent RNase from degrading microRNA in feces. *J. Gastrointest. Oncol.* **2011**, *2*, 215–222. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

280. Cheng, L.; Sun, X.; Scicluna, B.J.; Coleman, B.M.; Hill, A.F. Characterization and deep sequencing analysis of exosomal and non-exosomal miRNA in human urine. *Kidney Int.* **2014**, *86*, 433–444. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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