<table><thead><tr><td>EXEMPLE PHRASE</td><td>TYPE OF EVENT</td><td>EVEN STATUS</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>After the identification of C. pyricola as vector for 'Ca. P. pyri' in California (Jensen et al. 1964), many investigations in the USA and Europe followed in order to determine the infection rate of the psyllids and to analyse the transmission param-eters.</td><td>determine the infection rate of the psyllids and to analyse the transmission param-eters'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>In United Kingdom transmission trials carried out with field-collected C. pyricola yielded transmission rates between 3-61% depending on the collection site of the psyllids (Davies et al. 1992).</td><td>transmission trials'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acquisition of 'Ca. P. pyri' by C. pyricola from experimentally infected pear seedlings was best in August and lowest in winter.</td><td>phytoplasma presence in psyllle</td><td>confirmed</td></tr><tr><td>In California, Blomquist and Kirkpatrick (2002a) detected the pathogen in both winter and summer forms of C. pyricola, but without a clear seasonal trend.</td><td>phytoplasma presence in psyllle</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>They concluded that psyllid-mediated spring infec-tions could happen well before 'Ca. P. pyri' would normally recolonize the upper part of the tree from the roots.</td><td>phytoplasma transmission to plant</td><td>hypothetic des 3 phrases avec modalités : 'They concluded that psyllid-mediated spring infec-tions could happen well before 'Ca. P. pyri' would normally recolonize the upper part of the tree from the roots.'</td></tr><tr><td>In Italy, Carraro et al. (1998, 2001a) detected 'Ca. P. pyri' in 55% of groups of C. pyri collected from March to October in the orchards and 30% of the inoculated test plants became infected.</td><td>phytoplasma transmission to plant</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><td>EXEMPLE PHRASE</td><td>TYPE OF EVENT</td><td>EVEN STATUS</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>They could furthermore show that C. pyri retained the phytoplasma during winter, but could not transmit PD to dormant plants.</td><td>phytoplasma transmission to plant</td><td>hypothetic des 3 phrases avec modalités : "They could furthermore show that C. pyri retained the phytoplasma during winter, but could not transmit PD to dormant plants."</td></tr><tr><td>Raddadi et al. (2011) tested C. pyri collected in Italian pear orchards detecting 'Ca. P. pyri' in 26% of the specimens (in 27% of males, and in 25% of females) with nested-PCR and in 51% of the individuals through quantitative PCR with a number of 'Ca. P. pyri' cells ranging from 1.43 x 10<sup>1</sup> to 8.50 x 10<sup>5</sup> per C. pyri individual.</td><td>phytoplasme presence in psylle</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Moreover, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) allowed to detect 'Ca. P. pyri' in Malpighian tubules and salivary glands of C. pyri.</td><td>phytoplasme presence in psylle</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Garcia- Chapa et al. (2005) found that the percentage of infected individuals in Spain is similar from June to August but reaching a rate of almost 100% in September coinciding with the maximum phytoplasma titre in the aerial plant parts.</td><td>phytoplasme presence in psylle</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Although the percentage of infected psyllids was similar for both genders, 'Ca. P. pyri' transmission by females was significantly higher than by males.</td><td>phytoplasma transmission to plant</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>During transmission trials under controlled conditions Caglayan et al. (2010) showed the capability of C. pyri to transmit PD from infected pears to healthy periwinkles and confrmed it as vector of 'Ca. P. pyri' in Turkey.</td><td>During transmission trials under controlled conditions ; phytoplasma transmission to plant ; diseased plant</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PD has also been found in Taiwan (PD-TW) where the European species C. pyri and C. pyricola are not present. Liu et al. (2007) found two other Cacopsylla species, C. qianli and C. chinensis, infected with the PD-TW phytoplasma.</td><td>phytoplasma transmission to plant</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><td>EXEMPLE PHRASE</td><td>TYPE OF EVENT</td><td>EVEN STATUS</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Their role in trans-mission of PD-TW phytoplasma in Taiwan remains to be clarified.</td><td>phytoplasma transmission to plant</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>But recently Liu et al. (2011) proved the transmission capacity of C. chinensis during transmission trials in Taiwan.</td><td>phytoplasma transmission to plant</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Based on PCR detection and symptom development they showed that pear trees were either infected by PD-TW or PD-TWII phytoplasma strains, or co-infected by both, when exposed to C. chinensis specimens.</td><td>diseased plant</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>As two similar diseases, western X and PYLR, associated with two genetically distinct phytoplasmas exist in the same region, only the application of molecular methods enabled to proof that a psyllid is the main vector of PYLR phytoplasma.</td><td>psyllle occurence</td><td>hypothetic ("only the application of molecular methods enabled to proof that a psyllid is the main vector of PYLR phytoplasma")</td></tr><tr><td>Experimental transmission of PYLR phyto-plasma to peach seedlings was achieved with feld collected C. pyricola from natu-rally infected peach trees (Guerra 1997).</td><td>phytoplasma transmission to plant</td><td>(experiments ...was achieved)</td></tr><tr><td>Diversity, biology, and management of the pear psyllids: a global look</td><td>psyllle occurence</td><td>confirmed (affirmation ; titre)</td></tr><tr><td>Pear psyllids may cause any of several types of damage to commer-cial pear orchards, including russet and downgrading of fruit due to marking of the pear fruit by honeydew and sooty mold, prema-ture leaf drop and tree decline, and vectoring of the pathogen that causes "Pear decline".</td><td>diseased plant</td><td>hypothetic ("may cause any")</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><td>EXEMPLE PHRASE</td><td>TYPE OF EVENT</td><td>EVEN STATUS</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>One or more species of pear psyllid are found in all of these regions except for South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand (Cho et al. 2017, 2020).</td><td>psyllle occurence</td><td>confirmation (was found) ? ou hypothetic car citation ?</td></tr><tr><td>"Ca. Phytoplasma pyri" is the pathogen that causes decline dis-ease in pears, shown by yellowing of leaves, decreased tree vigor, and death of the tree.</td><td>diseased plant</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Known vectors of Phytoplasma pyri are C. pyricola, C. pyri, and C. pyrisuga (Jensen et al. 1964, Lemoine 1991, Riedle-Bauer et al. 2022).</td><td>phytoplasma presence in psyllle</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>The behavioral changes may improve vector competency.</td><td>phytoplasma presence in psyllle (déduction liée aux phrases précédentes)</td><td>hypothetic ("may improve")</td></tr><tr><td>Little is known of whether Phytoplasma pyri affects behavior of the pear psyllids, although Cruz et al. (2018) showed that phytoplasma-infected C. pyricola were less likely than uninfected psyllids to disperse from the pear host and become captured on yellow traps.</td><td>phytoplasma presence in psyllle</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>First, while the most recent taxonomic overviews of the pear psyllids list 24 known species, much of what we know about the biology of the group is concentrated on a much smaller set of species consisting pri-marily of species having a west Palaearctic origin. Moreover, much of the research has focused on 2 European species, C. pyri and C. pyricola - the latter now a permanent and damaging component of North American pear orchards - and 1 species (C. bidens) found in a region encompassing areas of the Mediterranean basin, Eastern Europe, Western Asia, and South</td><td>presence of psyllle</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><td>EXEMPLE PHRASE</td><td>TYPE OF EVENT</td><td>EVEN STATUS</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>America. Other than taxonomic study, much less is known of the remaining psyllid fauna, with the possible exception of the East Asia C. chinensis. Consequently, while our synthesis is stated to encompass a global overview of the pear psyllids, many species within the collection of 24 species have seen little or no biological research and consequently have received little attention in this review.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ca. pyri (Linnaeus) ... Apple proliferation/16SrX-A (56) ... Apple ... Europe ... Pear decline/16SrX-C (9) ... Pear ... Europe</td><td>relation spécifique</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ca. pyricola (Forster) ... Pear decline/16SrX-C (48) ... Pyrus spp. ... North America</td><td>relation spécifique</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cacopsylla pyrisuga (Forster) ... Pear decline/16SrX-C (36) ... Pears ... Russia</td><td>relation spécifique</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>