Grunwald J, Kalthoff N, Corsmeier U, Fiedler F (1996) Comparison of areally averaged turbulent fluxes over non-homogeneous terrain: results from the EFEDA-field experiment. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 77(2):105-134. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00119574

Hartogensis O (2015) Land-use map http://bllast.sedoo.fr/database/source/displayDataset.php?repertoire=/data/AUTH/Area-averagedsurface flux_maps/&fichier=Land-usemap.xml

Hartogensis OK, De Bruin HAR, Van De Wiel BJH (2002) Displaced-beam small aperture scintillometer test. Part II: Cases-99 stable boundary-layer experiment. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 105(1):149-176. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1019620515781

Holland GJ, Webster PJ, Curry JA, Tyrell G, Gauntlett D, Brett G, Becker J, Hoag R, Vaglienti W (2001) The aerosonde robotic aircraft: a new paradigm for environmental observations. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 82(5):889-901

Holtslag AAM, Svensson G, Baas P, Basu S, Beare B, Beljaars ACM, Bosveld FC, Cuxart J, Lindvall J, Steeneveld GJ, Tjernström M, Van De Wiel BJH (2013) Stable atmospheric boundary layers and diurnal cycles: challenges for weather and climate models. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 94(11):1691-1706. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00187.1

Jiménez MA, Cuxart J (2014) A study of the nocturnal flows generated in the north side of the Pyrenees. Atmos Res 145:146-244:254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.04.010

Jiménez MA, Simó G, Wrenger B, Telisman-Prtenjak M, Guijarro JA, Cuxart J (2016) Morning transition case between the land and the sea breeze regimes. Atmos Res 172-173:95-108

Jiménez MA, Cuxart J, Martinez-Villagrasa D (2019) Influence of a valley exit jet on the nocturnal atmospheric boundary-layer at the foothills of the Pyrenees. Q J R Meteorol Soc 145:356-375. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3437

Jonassen MO (2008) The small unmanned meteorological observer (SUMO)—characterization and test of a new measurement system for atmospheric boundary layer research. Master thesis, University of Bergen

Jonassen MO, Tisler P, Altstädter B, Scholtz A, Vihma T, Lampert A, König-Langlo G, Lüpkes C (2015) Application of remotely piloted aircraft systems in observing the atmospheric boundary layer over Antarctic sea ice in winter. Polar Res 34:1-15. https://doi.org/10.3402/polar.v34.25651

Kaimal JC, Gaynor JE (1983) The boulder atmospheric observatory. J Appl Meteorol Clim 22(5):863-880

Kljun N, Rotach MW, Schmid HP (2002) A three-dimensional backward lagrangian footprint model for a wide range of boundary-layer stratifications. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 103(2):205-226. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014556300021

Knuth SL, Cassano JJ (2014) Estimating sensible and latent heat fluxes using the integral method from in situ aircraft measurements. J Atmos Ocean Technol 31(9):1964-1981. https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-14-00008.1

Kral ST, Reuder J, Vihma T, Suomi I, O'Connor E, Kouznetsov R, Wrenger B, Rautenberg A, Urbancic G, Jonassen MO, Båserud L, Maronga B, Mayer S, Lorenz T, Holtslag AAM, Steeneveld GJ, Seidl A, Müller M, Lindenberg C, Langohr C, Voss H, Bange J, Hundhausen M, Hilsheimer P, Schygulla M (2018) Innovative strategies for observations in the arctic atmospheric boundary layer (ISOBAR)—the Hailuoto 2017 campaign. Atmosphere 9(7):1-29. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9070268

Lafore JP, Stein J, Asencio N, Bougeault P, Ducrocq V, Duron J, Fischer C, Hérel P, Mascart P, Masson V, Pinty JP, Redelsperger JL, Richard E, Vilà-Guerau De Arellano J (1998) The Meso-NH atmospheric simulation system. Part I: adiabatic formulation and control simulation. Ann Geophys 16(1):90-109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s005850050582

Lambert D, Durand P (1998) Aircraft to aircraft intercomparison during SEMAPHORE. J Geophys Res Ocean 103(C11):25,109-25,123. https://doi.org/10.1029/97JC02199

Lenschow DH (1986) Aircraft measurements in the boundary layer. In: Lenschow DH (ed) Probing the atmospheric boundary layer. American Meteorological Society, Boston, pp 39-55

Lenschow DH, Mann J, Kristensen L (1994) How long is long enough when measuring fluxes and other turbulence statistics. J Atmos Ocean Technol 11:661-673

Lothon M, Couvreux F, Donier S, Guichard F, Lacarrère P, Lenschow DH, Noilhan J, Saïd F (2007) Impact of coherent eddies on airborne measurements of vertical turbulent fluxes. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 124(3):425-447. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-007-9182-9

Lothon M, Lohou F, Pino D, Couvreux F, Pardyjak ER, Reuder J, Vilà-Guerau de Arellano J, Durand P, Hartogensis O, Legain D, Augustin P, Gioli B, Lenschow DH, Faloona I, Yagüe C, Alexander DC, Angevine WM, Bargain E, Barrié J, Bazile E, Bezombes Y, Blay-Carreras E, van de Boer A, Boichard JL, Bourdon A, Butet A, Campistron B, de Coster O, Cuxart J, Dabas A, Darbieu C, Deboudt K, Delbarre H, Derrien S, Flament P, Fourmentin M, Garai A, Gibert F, Graf A, Groebner J, Guichard F, Jiménez MA, Jonassen M, Van den Kroonenberg A, Magliulo V, Martin S, Martinez D, Mastrorillo L, Moene AF, Molinos F, Moulin E, Pietersen HP, Piguet B, Pique E, Román-Cascón C, Rufin-Soler C, Saïd F, Sastre-Marugán M, Seity Y, Steeneveld GJ, Toscano P, Traullé O, Tzanos D, Wacker S, Wildmann N,
Grunwald J, Kalthoff N, Corsmeier U, Fiedler F (1996) Comparison of areally averaged turbulent fluxes over non-homogeneous terrain: results from the EFEDA-field experiment. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 77(2):105-134. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00119574

Hartogensis O (2015) Land-use map http://bllast.sedoo.fr/database/source/displayDataset.php?repertoire=/data/AUTH/Area-averagedsurface-fluxMaps/&fichier=Land-usemap.xml

Hartogensis OK, De Bruin HAR, Van De Wiel BJH (2002) Displaced-beam small aperture scintillometer test. Part II: Cases-99 stable boundary-layer experiment. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 105(1):149-176. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1019620515781

Holland GJ, Webster PJ, Curry JA, Tyrell G, Gauntlett D, Brett G, Becker J, Hoag R, Vaglienti W (2001) The aerosonde robotic aircraft: a new paradigm for environmental observations. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 82(5):889-901

Holtslag AAM, Svensson G, Baas P, Basu S, Beare B, Beljaars ACM, Bosveld FC, Cuxart J, Lindvall J, Steeneveld GJ, Tjernström M, Van De Wiel BJH (2013) Stable atmospheric boundary layers and diurnal cycles: challenges for weather and climate models. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 94(11):1691-1706. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00187.1

Jiménez MA, Cuxart J (2014) A study of the nocturnal flows generated in the north side of the Pyrenees. Atmos Res 145:146-244:254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.04.010

Jiménez MA, Simó G, Wrenger B, Telisman-Prtenjak M, Guijarro JA, Cuxart J (2016) Morning transition case between the land and the sea breeze regimes. Atmos Res 172-173:95-108

Jiménez MA, Cuxart J, Martinez-Villagrasa D (2019) Influence of a valley exit jet on the nocturnal atmospheric boundary-layer at the foothills of the Pyrenees. Q J R Meteorol Soc 145:356-375. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3437

Jonassen MO (2008) The small unmanned meteorological observer (SUMO)—characterization and test of a new measurement system for atmospheric boundary layer research. Master thesis, University of Bergen

Jonassen MO, Tisler P, Altstädter B, Scholtz A, Vihma T, Lampert A, König-Langlo G, Lüpkes C (2015) Application of remotely piloted aircraft systems in observing the atmospheric boundary layer over Antarctic sea ice in winter. Polar Res 34:1-15. https://doi.org/10.3402/polar.v34.25651

Kaimal JC, Gaynor JE (1983) The boulder atmospheric observatory. J Appl Meteorol Clim 22(5):863-880

Kljun N, Rotach MW, Schmid HP (2002) A three-dimensional backward lagrangian footprint model for a wide range of boundary-layer stratifications. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 103(2):205-226. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014556300021

Knuth SL, Cassano JJ (2014) Estimating sensible and latent heat fluxes using the integral method from in situ aircraft measurements. J Atmos Ocean Technol 31(9):1964-1981. https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-14-00008.1

Kral ST, Reuder J, Vihma T, Suomi I, O'Connor E, Kouznetsov R, Wrenger B, Rautenberg A, Urbancic G, Jonassen MO, Båserud L, Maronga B, Mayer S, Lorenz T, Holtslag AAM, Steeneveld GJ, Seidl A, Müller M, Lindenberg C, Langohr C, Voss H, Bange J, Hundhausen M, Hilsheimer P, Schygulla M (2018) Innovative strategies for observations in the arctic atmospheric boundary layer (ISOBAR)—the Hailuoto 2017 campaign. Atmosphere 9(7):1-29. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9070268

Lafore JP, Stein J, Asencio N, Bougeault P, Ducrocq V, Duron J, Fischer C, Hérel P, Mascart P, Masson V, Pinty JP, Redelsperger JL, Richard E, Vilà-Guerau De Arellano J (1998) The Meso-NH atmospheric simulation system. Part I: adiabatic formulation and control simulation. Ann Geophys 16(1):90-109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s005850050582

Lambert D, Durand P (1998) Aircraft to aircraft intercomparison during SEMAPHORE. J Geophys Res Ocean 103(C11):25,109-25,123. https://doi.org/10.1029/97JC02199

Lenschow DH (1986) Aircraft measurements in the boundary layer. In: Lenschow DH (ed) Probing the atmospheric boundary layer. American Meteorological Society, Boston, pp 39-55

Lenschow DH, Mann J, Kristensen L (1994) How long is long enough when measuring fluxes and other turbulence statistics. J Atmos Ocean Technol 11:661-673

Lothon M, Couvreux F, Donier S, Guichard F, Lacarrère P, Lenschow DH, Noilhan J, Saïd F (2007) Impact of coherent eddies on airborne measurements of vertical turbulent fluxes. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 124(3):425-447. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-007-9182-9

Lothon M, Lohou F, Pino D, Couvreux F, Pardyjak ER, Reuder J, Vilà-Guerau de Arellano J, Durand P, Hartogensis O, Legain D, Augustin P, Gioli B, Lenschow DH, Faloona I, Yagüe C, Alexander DC, Angevine WM, Bargain E, Barrié J, Bazile E, Bezombes Y, Blay-Carreras E, van de Boer A, Boichard JL, Bourdon A, Butet A, Campistron B, de Coster O, Cuxart J, Dabas A, Darbieu C, Deboudt K, Delbarre H, Derrien S, Flament P, Fourmentin M, Garai A, Gibert F, Graf A, Groebner J, Guichard F, Jiménez MA, Jonassen M, Van den Kroonenberg A, Magliulo V, Martin S, Martinez D, Mastrorillo L, Moene AF, Molinos F, Moulin E, Pietersen HP, Piguet B, Pique E, Román-Cascón C, Rufin-Soler C, Saïd F, Sastre-Marugán M, Seity Y, Steeneveld GJ, Toscano P, Traullé O, Tzanos D, Wacker S, Wildmann N,
Zaldei A (2014) The BLLAST field experiment: Boundary-Layer late afternoon and sunset turbulence. *Atmos Chem Phys* 14(20):10931–10960. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10931-2014

Martin S, Bange J (2014) The influence of aircraft speed variations on sensible heat-flux measurements by different airborne systems. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 150(1):153–166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-013-9853-7

Mayer S, Hattenberger G, Brisset P, Jonassen M, Reuder J (2012) A ‘no-flow-sensor’ wind estimation algorithm for unmanned aerial systems. Int J Micro Air Veh 4(1):15–30. https://doi.org/10.1260/1756-8293.4.1.15

Monna W, Bosveld F (2013) In Higher Spheres: 40 years of observations at the Cabauw Site. Tech. Rep. KNMI, http://www.cesar-observatory.nl/publications/reports/knmipub232.pdf

Muschinski A, Frehich R, Jensen M, Hugo R, Hoff A, Eaton F, Balsley B (2001) Fine-scale measurements of turbulence in the lower troposphere: an intercomparison between a kite- and balloon-borne, and a helicopter-borne measurement system. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 98(2):219–250. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026520618624

Neisser J, Adam W, Beyrich F, Leiterer U, Steinhagen H (2002) Atmospheric boundary layer monitoring at the Meteorological Observatory Lindenberg as a part of the “Lindenberg Column”: facilities and selected results. Meteorol Z 11(4):241–253. https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2002/0011-0241

Nilsson E (2014) Day-by-day analysis of synoptic and meteorological conditions. Tech. Rep. http://bllast.sedoo.fr/documents/

Nilsson E, Lohou F, Lothon M, Pardyjak E, Mahrt L, Darbieu C (2016) Turbulence kinetic energy budget during the afternoon transition. Part I: Observed surface TKE budget and boundary layer description for 10 Intensive Observation Period days. Atmos Chem Phys 16:8849–8872. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-8849-2016

Oncley SP, Foken T, Vogt R, Kohsiek W, DeBruin HAR, Bernhofer C, Christen A, Ev Gorsel, Grantz D, Feigenwinter C, Lehner I, Liebethal C, Liu H, Mauder M, Pitacco A, Ribeiro L, Weidinger T (2007) The energy balance experiment ehex-2000. Part i: overview and energy balance. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 123(1):1–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-007-9161-1

Palomaki RT, Rose NT, van den Bossche M, Sherman TJ, De Wekker SFJ (2017) Wind estimation in the lower atmosphere using multirotor aircraft. J Atmos Ocean Technol 34:1183–1191. https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-16-0177.1

Reineman BD, Lenain L, Statom NM, Melville WK (2013) Development and testing of instrumentation for UAV-based flux measurements within terrestrial and marine atmospheric boundary layers. J Atmos Ocean Technol 30(7):1295–1319. https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-12-00176.1

Reuder J, Brisset P, Jonassen M, Müller M, Mayer S (2009) The small unmanned meteorological observer SUMO: a new tool for atmospheric boundary layer research. Meteorol Z 18(2):141–147. https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2009/0363

Reuder J, Ablinger M, Ágústsson H, Brisset P, Brynjólfsson S, Garhammer M, Jóhannesson T, Jonassen MO, Kühnel R, Lämmlein S, de Lange T, Lindenberg C, Malardel S, Mayer S, Müller M, Ólafsson H. Rögnvaldsson Ó, Schäper W, Spengler T, Zängl G, Egger J (2012a) FLOHOF 2007: an overview of the mesoscale meteorological field campaign at Hofsjökull. Central Iceland. Meteorol Atmos Phys 116(1):1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-010-0118-4

Reuder J, Jonassen M, Ólafsson H (2012b) The small unmanned meteorological observer SUMO: recent developments and applications of a micro-UAS for atmospheric boundary layer research. Acta Geophys 60(5):1454–1473. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11600-012-0042-8

Reuder J, Båserud L, Jonassen MO, Kral ST, Müller M (2016a) Exploring the potential of the RPA system SUMO for multipurpose boundary-layer missions during the BLLAST campaign. Atmos Meas Tech 9(6):2675–2688. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-2675-2016

Reuder J, Båserud L, Kral ST, Kumer V, Wagenaar JW, Knauer A (2016b) Proof of Concept for Wind Turbine Wake Investigations with the RPAS SUMO. Energy Proc 94(1876):452–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.09.215

Román-Cascón C, Yagüe C, Mahrt L, Sastre M, Pardyjak GJ, van de Boer A, Hartogensis O (2015) Interactions among drainage flows, gravity waves and turbulence: a BLLAST case study. Atmos Chem Phys 15:9031–9047

Saïd F, Corsmeier U, Kalthoff N, Kottmeier C, Lothon M, Wieser A, Hofherr T, Perros P (2005) ESCOMPTE experiment: intercomparison of four aircraft dynamical, thermodynamical, radiation and chemical measurements. Atmos Res 74(1–4):217–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ATMOSRES.2004.06.012

Saïd F, Canut G, Durand P, Lohou F, Lothon M (2010) Seasonal evolution of boundary-layer turbulence measured by aircraft during the AMMA 2006 Special Observation Period. Q J R Meteorol Soc 136:47–65. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.475

Schäfer K, Emeis S, Hoffmann H, Jahn C (2006) Influence of mixing layer height upon air pollution in urban and sub-urban areas. Meteorol Z 15(6):647–658. https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0164
Zaldei A (2014) The BLLAST field experiment: Boundary-Layer late afternoon and sunset turbulence. *Atmos Chem Phys* 14(20):10931–10960. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10931-2014

Martin S, Bange J (2014) The influence of aircraft speed variations on sensible heat-flux measurements by different airborne systems. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 150(1):153–166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-013-9853-7

Mayer S, Hattenberger G, Brisset P, Jonassen M, Reuder J (2012) A ‘no-flow-sensor’ wind estimation algorithm for unmanned aerial systems. Int J Micro Air Veh 4(1):15–30. https://doi.org/10.1260/1756-8293.4.1.15

Monna W, Bosveld F (2013) In Higher Spheres: 40 years of observations at the Cabauw Site. Tech. Rep. KNMI, http://www.cesar-observatory.nl/publications/reports/knmipub232.pdf

Muschinski A, Frehich R, Jensen M, Hugo R, Hoff A, Eaton F, Balsley B (2001) Fine-scale measurements of turbulence in the lower troposphere: an intercomparison between a kite- and balloon-borne, and a helicopter-borne measurement system. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 98(2):219–250. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026520618624

Neisser J, Adam W, Beyrich F, Leiterer U, Steinhagen H (2002) Atmospheric boundary layer monitoring at the Meteorological Observatory Lindenberg as a part of the “Lindenberg Column”: facilities and selected results. Meteorol Z 11(4):241–253. https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2002/0011-0241

Nilsson E (2014) Day-by-day analysis of synoptic and meteorological conditions. Tech. Rep. http://bllast.sedoo.fr/documents/

Nilsson E, Lohou F, Lothon M, Pardyjak E, Mahrt L, Darbieu C (2016) Turbulence kinetic energy budget during the afternoon transition. Part I: Observed surface TKE budget and boundary layer description for 10 Intensive Observation Period days. Atmos Chem Phys 16:8849–8872. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-8849-2016

Oncley SP, Foken T, Vogt R, Kohsiek W, DeBruin HAR, Bernhofer C, Christen A, Ev Gorsel, Grantz D, Feigenwinter C, Lehner I, Liebethal C, Liu H, Mauder M, Pitacco A, Ribeiro L, Weidinger T (2007) The energy balance experiment ehex-2000. Part i: overview and energy balance. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 123(1):1–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-007-9161-1

Palomaki RT, Rose NT, van den Bossche M, Sherman TJ, De Wekker SFJ (2017) Wind estimation in the lower atmosphere using multirotor aircraft. J Atmos Ocean Technol 34:1183–1191. https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-16-0177.1

Reineman BD, Lenain L, Statom NM, Melville WK (2013) Development and testing of instrumentation for UAV-based flux measurements within terrestrial and marine atmospheric boundary layers. J Atmos Ocean Technol 30(7):1295–1319. https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-12-00176.1

Reuder J, Brisset P, Jonassen M, Müller M, Mayer S (2009) The small unmanned meteorological observer SUMO: a new tool for atmospheric boundary layer research. Meteorol Z 18(2):141–147. https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2009/0363

Reuder J, Ablinger M, Ágústsson H, Brisset P, Brynjólfsson S, Garhammer M, Jóhannesson T, Jonassen MO, Kühnel R, Lämmlein S, de Lange T, Lindenberg C, Malardel S, Mayer S, Müller M, Ólafsson H. Rögnvaldsson Ó, Schäper W, Spengler T, Zängl G, Egger J (2012a) FLOHOF 2007: an overview of the mesoscale meteorological field campaign at Hofsjökull. Central Iceland. Meteorol Atmos Phys 116(1):1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-010-0118-4

Reuder J, Jonassen M, Ólafsson H (2012b) The small unmanned meteorological observer SUMO: recent developments and applications of a micro-UAS for atmospheric boundary layer research. Acta Geophys 60(5):1454–1473. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11600-012-0042-8

Reuder J, Båserud L, Jonassen MO, Kral ST, Müller M (2016a) Exploring the potential of the RPA system SUMO for multipurpose boundary-layer missions during the BLLAST campaign. Atmos Meas Tech 9(6):2675–2688. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-2675-2016

Reuder J, Båserud L, Kral ST, Kumer V, Wagenaar JW, Knauer A (2016b) Proof of Concept for Wind Turbine Wake Investigations with the RPAS SUMO. Energy Proc 94(1876):452–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.09.215

Román-Cascón C, Yagüe C, Mahrt L, Sastre M, Pardyjak GJ, van de Boer A, Hartogensis O (2015) Interactions among drainage flows, gravity waves and turbulence: a BLLAST case study. Atmos Chem Phys 15:9031–9047

Saïd F, Corsmeier U, Kalthoff N, Kottmeier C, Lothon M, Wieser A, Hofherr T, Perros P (2005) ESCOMPTE experiment: intercomparison of four aircraft dynamical, thermodynamical, radiation and chemical measurements. Atmos Res 74(1–4):217–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ATMOSRES.2004.06.012

Saïd F, Canut G, Durand P, Lohou F, Lothon M (2010) Seasonal evolution of boundary-layer turbulence measured by aircraft during the AMMA 2006 Special Observation Period. Q J R Meteorol Soc 136:47–65. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.475

Schäfer K, Emeis S, Hoffmann H, Jahn C (2006) Influence of mixing layer height upon air pollution in urban and sub-urban areas. Meteorol Z 15(6):647–658. https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0164
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## Affiliations

Line Båserud<fnref n="1" />,<fnref n="7" /> ID · Joachim Reuder<fnref n="1" /> · Marius O. Jonassen<fnref n="1" />,<fnref n="2" /> · Timothy A. Bonin<fnref n="3" />,<fnref n="4" /> ·

Phillip B. Chilson<fnref n="4" /> · Maria A. Jiménez<fnref n="5" /> · Pierre Durand<fnref n="6" />

<footnote n="1">¹ Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Allégaten 70, 5007 Bergen, Norway</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² The University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Norway</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³ CIRES/NOAA/ESRL, Boulder, CO, USA</footnote>

<footnote n="4">⁴ School of Meteorology, Center for Autonomous Sensing and Sampling, and Advanced Radar Research Center, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA</footnote>

<footnote n="5">⁵ Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain</footnote>

<footnote n="6">⁶ Laboratoire d'Aérologie, University of Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France</footnote>

<footnote n="7">⁷ Present Address: Norwegian Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 43, Blindern 0313 Oslo, Norway</footnote>
Seidl A (2017) Investigations on the external forcings acting on the convective boundary layer during the BLLAST Campaign by the CLASS Model. Master thesis, University of Bergen

Stull RB (1988) An introduction to boundary layer meteorology. Springer, Berlin. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3027-8

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## Affiliations

Line Båserud<fnref n="1" />,<fnref n="7" /> ID · Joachim Reuder<fnref n="1" /> · Marius O. Jonassen<fnref n="1" />,<fnref n="2" /> · Timothy A. Bonin<fnref n="3" />,<fnref n="4" /> ·

Phillip B. Chilson<fnref n="4" /> · Maria A. Jiménez<fnref n="5" /> · Pierre Durand<fnref n="6" />

<footnote n="1">¹ Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Allégaten 70, 5007 Bergen, Norway</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² The University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Norway</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³ CIRES/NOAA/ESRL, Boulder, CO, USA</footnote>

<footnote n="4">⁴ School of Meteorology, Center for Autonomous Sensing and Sampling, and Advanced Radar Research Center, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA</footnote>

<footnote n="5">⁵ Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain</footnote>

<footnote n="6">⁶ Laboratoire d'Aérologie, University of Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France</footnote>

<footnote n="7">⁷ Present Address: Norwegian Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 43, Blindern 0313 Oslo, Norway</footnote>