<table><tr><td>New Zealand</td><td>National institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd</td><td>Cook Strait hoki</td><td>HOK1</td><td>Macruronus no-vaezelandiae</td><td>Cook Strait, New Zealand</td><td>July-August 2021</td><td>Index of abundance</td></tr><tr><td>New Zealand</td><td>National institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd</td><td>West coast South Island middle depths trawl survey</td><td>HOK1, LIN7, HAK7</td><td>Macruronus no-vaezelandiae, Genypterus blacodes, Merluccius australis, Mesopelagic spp.</td><td>West coast South Island, New Zealand</td><td>August 2021</td><td>Index of abundance-at-age (trawl) Index (acoustics)</td></tr><tr><td>New Zealand</td><td>National institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd</td><td>Campbell southern blue whiting</td><td>SBW6I</td><td>Micromestius australis</td><td>Campbell Plateau, New Zealand</td><td>August-September 2022</td><td>Index of abundance-at-age</td></tr><tr><td>New Zealand</td><td>National institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd</td><td>Bounty southern blue whiting</td><td>SBW6B</td><td>Micromestius australis</td><td>Bounty Plateau, New Zealand</td><td>August 2020, 2021, 2022</td><td>Index of abundance</td></tr><tr><td>New Zealand</td><td>National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Limited</td><td>Chatham Rise middle depths trawl survey</td><td>HOK1, LIN3/4, HAK1/4</td><td>Macruronus no-vaezelandiae, Genypterus blacodes, Merluccius australis, Mesopelagic spp.</td><td>Chatham Rise, New Zealand</td><td>January 2020, 2022</td><td>Index of abundance-at-age (trawl) Index (acoustics)</td></tr><tr><td>New Zealand</td><td>National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Limited</td><td>Subantarctic middle depths trawl survey</td><td>HOK1, LIN5/6, HAK1</td><td>Macruronus no-vaezelandiae, Genypterus blacodes, Merluccius australis,</td><td>Southland and Subantarctic, New Zealand</td><td>November-December 2020, 2022</td><td>Index of abundance-at-age (trawl) Index (acoustics)</td></tr></table>
<table><thead><tr><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Mesopelagic spp.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>New Zealand</td><td>National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Limited</td><td>Ross Sea Marine Protected Area monitoring</td><td>Pleuragramma antarctica, Macrourus caml, Euphausia superba</td><td>Ross Sea, Antarctica</td><td>Jan-Feb 2021</td><td>Index, distribution</td></tr><tr><td>New Zealand</td><td>National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Limited</td><td>Acoustic survey of orange roughy in ORH Mid-east Coast</td><td>Hoplostethus atlanticus</td><td>New Zealand Mid East Coast</td><td>June 2021</td><td>Index of abundance</td></tr><tr><td>New Zealand</td><td>National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Limited</td><td>Acoustic assessment of perch in Lake Rototoa</td><td>Perca fluviatilis</td><td>Lake Rototoa, Auckland</td><td>June 2021</td><td>Index of abundance, echo-counting</td></tr><tr><td>Norway</td><td>Institute of Marine Research</td><td>WGIPS (2019831)</td><td>Micromesistius poutassou</td><td>Atlantic Ocean, west of Ireland</td><td>March-April</td><td>Index of abundance</td></tr><tr><td>Norway</td><td>Institute of Marine Research</td><td>HERAS-NORACU (2019207)</td><td>Clupea harengus</td><td>North Sea</td><td>May-June</td><td>Index of abundance</td></tr><tr><td>Norway</td><td>Institute of Marine Research</td><td>Sandeel survey (2019847)</td><td>Ammodytes marginus</td><td>North Sea, Norwegian EEZ</td><td>April-May</td><td>Index of abundance</td></tr><tr><td>Norway</td><td>Institute of Marine Research</td><td>Ecosystem survey Barents Sea (2019209)</td><td>Mallotus villosus</td><td>Barents Sea</td><td>September</td><td>Index of abundance</td></tr><tr><td>Norway</td><td>Institute of Marine Research</td><td>2019809</td><td>Mallotus villosus</td><td>Barents Sea, Finnmark coast</td><td>March</td><td>Spawning biomass</td></tr><tr><td>Norway</td><td>Institute of Marine Research</td><td>WGIPS (2019107)</td><td>Clupea harengus</td><td>Norwegian Sea</td><td>May-June</td><td>Index of abundance</td></tr><tr><td>Norway</td><td>Institute of Marine Research</td><td>Spawning survey</td><td>Clupea harengus</td><td>Norwegian Coast</td><td>February</td><td>Spawning biomass</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td></td><td></td><td>NVG herring<br>(2019840, 841, 842)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Peru</td><td>Peruvian Marine Research Institute</td><td>Pelagic fishes</td><td>Small Pelagic species (e.g. anchovy)</td><td>Engraulis ringens</td><td>Northern Humboldt Current System</td><td>All years: February to April, August to September, October to November</td></tr><tr><td>Peru</td><td>Peruvian Marine Research Institute</td><td>Demersal fishes</td><td>Demersal species (e.g. hake)</td><td>Merlucius gayii</td><td>Northern Humboldt Current System</td><td>All years: May to June</td></tr><tr><td>Peru</td><td>Peruvian Marine Research Institute</td><td>Coastal fishes</td><td>Coastal species (e.g. Chilean silverside)</td><td>Odonthestes regia</td><td>Northern Humboldt Current System</td><td>All years: August</td></tr><tr><td>Peru</td><td>Peruvian Marine Research Institute</td><td>Giant squid</td><td>Giant squid</td><td>Dosidicus gigas</td><td>Northern Humboldt Current System</td><td>All years: December to January</td></tr><tr><td>Peru</td><td>Peruvian Marine Research Institute</td><td>Antarctic krill</td><td>Antarctic krill</td><td>Euphasia superba</td><td>Bransfield Strait, Area 48, Antarcitica</td><td>All years: January</td></tr><tr><td>Peru</td><td>Peruvian Marine Research Institute</td><td>Freshwater fishes</td><td>Freshwater species (e.g. Ispi)</td><td>Orestias mooni</td><td>Titicaca Lake</td><td>All years: May</td></tr><tr><td>Senegal</td><td>ISRA / CRODT</td><td>A22</td><td>Small Pelagic</td><td>Scomber scolias, Sardinelle aurita, S. madaren-sis, Trachurus trachurus, T. trecae</td><td>Senegal shelf</td><td>July 2022</td></tr><tr><td>Senegal</td><td>ISRA / CRODT with FAO</td><td>Nansen</td><td>Small Pelagic</td><td>Sardina pilchar-dus, En-graulis en-crasicolus, Scomber scolias, Sardinelle aurita, S.</td><td>SRFC area</td><td>Oct. 2022</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tr><td>Guinea Bissau</td><td></td><td></td><td>madarensis, Trachurus trachurus, T. trecae</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Senegal<br>Mauritania<br>Gambia<br>Guinea Bissau</td><td>ISRA / CRODT with FAO</td><td>Nansen</td><td>Small Pelagic</td><td>Sardina pilchardus, En-graulis encrasicolus, Scomber scolias, Sardinelle aurita, S. madarensis, Trachurus trachurus, T. trecae</td><td>SRFC area<br>Mauritania, Snegl, Gambie, Guinea Bissau</td><td>Oct. 2021</td><td>Transboundary pelagic survey off Northwest Africa</td></tr><tr><td>Senegal<br>Mauritania<br>Gambia<br>Guinea Bissau</td><td>ISRA / CRODT with FAO</td><td>Nansen</td><td>Demersal fish</td><td>Epinephelus ae neus, Pagellus bellottii, Sparus caeruleoestictus, Galeoides decadactylus,</td><td>SRFC area<br>Mauritania, Snegl, Gambie, Guinea Bissau</td><td>Feb-March 2022</td><td>Transboundary demersal survey off Northwest Africa</td></tr><tr><td>Spain</td><td>AZTI</td><td>JUVENA (Acoustic survey for juvenile anchovy)</td><td>Bay of Biscay<br>Anchovy</td><td>Engraulis encrasicolus</td><td>Bay of Biscay</td><td>August/September</td><td>Age stratified index of abundance</td></tr><tr><td>Spain</td><td>AZTI</td><td>BFTIndex</td><td>Atlantic Bluefin tuna</td><td>Thunnus thynnus</td><td>Bay of Biscay</td><td>June/July</td><td>Relative abundance index</td></tr><tr><td>Spain</td><td>IEO</td><td></td><td>Bluefin tuna larval survey</td><td>Thunnus thynnus</td><td>Balearic Sea</td><td>June/July</td><td>Relative abundance index</td></tr><tr><td>UK</td><td>MASTS (Marine Alliance for Science & Technology Scotland), University of Aberdeen</td><td>North Sea Mackerel acoustic survey</td><td>NEA mackerel</td><td>Scomber sombrus</td><td>Northern North Sea</td><td>Oct</td><td>In situ TS, tilt angle distributions, Broadband measurements Abundance index (in prep)</td></tr><tr><td>UK</td><td>Cefas</td><td>PELTIC Pelagic Ecosystem Survey</td><td>English Channel (ICES area 7e)</td><td>Sprattus sprattus, Sardina pilchardus, Engraulis encrasicolus</td><td>Celtic Sea and Western</td><td>Q4</td><td>Age stratified index of abundance for sprat, sardine, anchovy, ecosystem</td></tr></table>
<table><thead><tr><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>sprat, sardine, anchovy</td><td>(Trachurus trachurus, Scomber scombrus, Capros aper)</td><td>Channel, ICES area 7d,e,f</td><td>indicators (phytoplankton, eutrophication)</td></tr><tr><td>UK</td><td>Cefas</td><td>IBTS North Sea</td><td>Specifically North Sea Mackerel</td><td>Scomber scombrus</td><td>ICES area 4</td><td>Opportunistic: Biomass estimates (R&D)</td></tr><tr><td>UK</td><td>Cefas</td><td>Discovery Seamount survey</td><td>Mesopelagics</td><td>Many (Maurolicus muelleri)</td><td>S. Atlantic Tris-tan de Cunha &amp; St Helena</td><td>Biomass estimates; predator prey</td></tr><tr><td>UK</td><td>Marine Scotland Science</td><td>Herring Acoustic survey</td><td>North Sea herring</td><td>Clupea harengus</td><td>ICES area IV</td><td>Index at age for herring</td></tr><tr><td>UK</td><td>MASTS (Marine Alliance for Science &amp; Technology Scotland), University of St Andrews</td><td>Lake Victoria acoustic survey</td><td>Nile perch and dagaa</td><td>Lates niloticus<br/>Rastrineobola argentea</td><td>Entire Lake Victoria</td><td>Biomass estimates</td></tr><tr><td>UK (Scotland)</td><td>Marine Scotland Science</td><td>West of Scotland Sprat</td><td>Sprat</td><td>Sprattus sprattus</td><td>West of Scotland</td><td>Biomass index for the fish species and krill</td></tr><tr><td>UK (Scotland)</td><td>Scottish Pelagic Fisheries Association &amp; Marine Scotland Science</td><td>6aN herring -industry survey</td><td>Herring</td><td>Clupea harengus,</td><td>West of Scotland</td><td>Age-disaggregated estimate of biomass.<br/>Stock identity separation (morphometrics &amp; genetics).<br/>Commercial catch age composition.</td></tr><tr><td>UK Scotland</td><td>University of Aberdeen</td><td>Dee estuary surveys</td><td>Clupeids (herring and sprat)</td><td>Clupea harengus,<br/>Sprattus sprattus</td><td>Dee estuary,<br/>Merseyside,<br/>England, UK</td><td>Biomass and biomass at length estimates</td></tr><tr><td>United States</td><td>NOAA Alaska Fisheries Science Center</td><td>Winter acoustic-trawl survey of the Shumagin Islands area</td><td>Walleye pollock</td><td>Gadus chalcogrammus</td><td>Gulf of Alaska</td><td>Index of abundance</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tr><td>United States</td><td>NOAA Alaska Fisheries Science Center</td><td>Winter acoustic-trawl survey of the southeast Aleutian Basin near Beroslof Island</td><td>Walleye pollock</td><td>Gadus chalcogrammus</td><td>Bering Sea</td><td>February-March 2020</td><td>Index of abundance</td></tr><tr><td>United States</td><td>NOAA Alaska Fisheries Science Center</td><td>Winter acoustic-trawl survey of Sheli-kof Strait</td><td>Walleye pollock</td><td>Gadus chalcogrammus</td><td>Gulf of Alaska</td><td>March 2020</td><td>Index of abundance</td></tr><tr><td>United States</td><td>NOAA Alaska Fisheries Science Center</td><td>Uncrewed surface vehicle (USV) survey in response to the cancellation of a ship-based survey</td><td>Walleye pollock</td><td>Gadus chalcogrammus</td><td>Bering Sea</td><td>July-August 2020</td><td>Index of abundance</td></tr><tr><td>United States</td><td>NOAA Alaska Fisheries Science Center</td><td>Winter acoustic-trawl survey of Sheli-kof Strait and Marmot Bay</td><td>Walleye pollock</td><td>Gadus chalcogrammus</td><td>Gulf of Alaska</td><td>March 2021</td><td>Index of abundance</td></tr><tr><td>United States</td><td>NOAA Alaska Fisheries Science Center</td><td>Summer acoustic-trawl survey of the Gulf of Alaska</td><td>Walleye pollock, euphausiids</td><td>Gadus chalcogrammus, Thysanoessa spp.</td><td>Gulf of Alaska</td><td>June-July 2021</td><td>Index of abundance</td></tr><tr><td>United States</td><td>NOAA Alaska Fisheries Science Center</td><td>Acoustic vessels of opportunity (AVO) index of midwater pollock abundance</td><td>Walleye pollock</td><td>Gadus chalcogrammus</td><td>Bering Sea</td><td>June-August 2021</td><td>Index of abundance</td></tr><tr><td>United States</td><td>NOAA Alaska Fisheries Science Center</td><td>Winter acoustic-trawl survey of Sheli-kof Strait</td><td>Walleye pollock</td><td>Gadus chalcogrammus</td><td>Gulf of Alaska</td><td>March 2022</td><td>Index of abundance</td></tr><tr><td>United States</td><td>NOAA Alaska Fisheries Science Center</td><td>Summer acoustic-trawl survey of the eastern Bering Sea</td><td>Walleye pollock, euphausiids</td><td>Gadus chalcogrammus, Thysanoessa spp.</td><td>Bering Sea</td><td>May-August 2022</td><td>Index of abundance</td></tr><tr><td>United States</td><td>NOAA Alaska Fisheries Science Center</td><td>Acoustic vessels of opportunity (AVO) index of midwater pollock abundance</td><td>Walleye pollock</td><td>Gadus chalcogrammus, Thysanoessa spp.</td><td>Bering Sea</td><td>June-August 2022</td><td>Index of abundance</td></tr><tr><td>United States</td><td>NOAA Northeast Fisheries Science Center</td><td>Annual autumn bottom-trawl survey</td><td>Atlantic herring</td><td>Clupea harengus</td><td>Gulf of Maine</td><td>September-November 2021-2022</td><td>Index of abundance</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>United States</td><td>NOAA Northeast Fisheries Science Center</td><td>Deep-See mesopelagic exploration</td><td>Numerous</td><td>Multiple</td><td>Oceanic waters of the US mid-Atlantic and New England</td><td>July-August 2022</td></tr><tr><td>United States and Canada</td><td>NOAA Northwest Fisheries Science Center</td><td>Joint U.S.-Canada Pacific hake survey</td><td>Pacific hake</td><td>Merluccius productus</td><td>West coast of North America</td><td>June-September 2021</td><td>Index of abundance-at-age (age 2+), age-1 index.</td></tr></table>
Annex 6: Report on WGAST Research Activities

<table><thead><tr><td>COUNTRY</td><td>INSTITUTE</td><td>BEHAVIOUR</td><td>EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, METHODOLOGIES AND PROTOCOLS</td><td>ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES OF MARINE ORGANISMS</td><td>APPLICATIONS OF ACOUSTIC METHODS TO CHARACTERIZE ECOSYSTEMS</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Australia</td><td>Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation</td><td></td><td>Multi-frequency characterization of open-ocean pelagic ecosystem through use of vertically deployed profiling acoustic-optical system.<br>Development of acoustic systems for detection and monitoring fugitive CO2 and methane gas releases</td><td>TS of commercial fish species combining in-situ acoustic measurements with concurrent stereo optical images and model based estimates</td><td>Australia's Integrated Marine Observing System, Biological Ship of Opportunity Program (IMOS BASOOP) – distribution and abundance of mesopelagics at ocean basin scale<br>Biomass of commercial deep water fish species using vessel-based and deployed acoustic systems</td></tr><tr><td>Brazil</td><td>Insititut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)<br>Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE)<br>Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFPE)</td><td>Diel behaviour of pelagic and demersal communities</td><td>Combination of multifrequency acoustics and a variety of optical methods (tawd video, ROV-mounted video, stereo-video)</td><td>Fish TS and multifrequency discrimination of scatters (gelatinous, etc.);<br>Physical properties: extraction of the thermohaline structure from multifrequency echograms</td><td>Comprehensive three-dimensional characterization of multiple ecosystem components from physics to apex predators</td></tr><tr><td>Canada</td><td>Fisheries and Marine Institute of Memorial University / Université Laval / Fisheries and Oceans Canada</td><td>Diel behaviour of pelagic species in the Arctic and Labrador ea</td><td>Applications of bottom-moored, ice-tethered echosounders, and acoustic probes. Classification of fish and zooplankton species using broadband echosounder data.<br>Use of machine learning to classify acoustic data.</td><td>Target-strength measurements.<br>Broadband characterization of polar cod, Atlantic cod, and mesopelagic species.</td><td>Assessment of interannual and seasonal changes in abundance and distribution of pelagic and mesopelagic fish in the Canadian Arctic and the Labrador Sea.</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tr><td>Canada</td><td>DFO Institute of Ocean Sciences</td><td>Migration behaviour and movement of stocks and its implication for fisheries surveys.</td><td>Develop methodologies to conduct fisheries acoustic surveys using Unmanned Surface Vessels (USVs), Sail-drones and estimate biomass of pacific hake.<br>Classification of fish and zooplankton species using broadband echosounder data.<br>Use of machine learning to classify acoustic data.<br>Development of optical methods and imaging techniques to assist in the interpretation of fisheries acoustics data.</td><td>In situ target-strength measurements.<br>Broadband characterization of pelagic species.</td><td>Echosystem-based acoustic surveys on pelagic-demeral fish (pacific hake), rockfish, zooplankton, and mesopelagic species.<br>Environmental impacts on fish/zooplankton ecology.<br>Salmon migration and effects of aquaculture on wild stocks.<br>Predator-prey interactions.</td></tr><tr><td>Canada</td><td>Fisheries and Oceans Canada (Institut Maurice Lamontagne)</td><td>Diel behaviour of pelagic and demersal communities</td><td>Use of bottom-moored echosounders. Use of underwater cameras in acoustic surveys. Development of machine learning methods for acoustic classification.</td><td>In-situ measurements of average fish length using school-based multi-frequency analysis</td><td>Ecosystem-based acoustic surveys for herring, redfish and capelin stocks.</td></tr><tr><td>Cabo Verde</td><td>Instituto do Mar (IMar) / Sea Institute</td><td></td><td>Use of different platforms, such as Wave Glider, Sail-drone and Echosounder EK80, for echosystemic approach and stock assessment study around the Cape Verde islands.</td><td></td><td>acoustic studies for ecosystem approach and fish stock assessment</td></tr><tr><td>France</td><td>Ifremer</td><td>Study of small pelagic fish aggregative behaviour based on multibeam echosounder three-dimensional schools</td><td>Fish biomass assessment with horizontal beaming echosounders.<br>Development of EchoR R package for fish biomass acoustic assessment.</td><td>In situ measurements of European anchovy and sardine, mesozooplankton and micronekton TS<br>Modelling fish TS</td><td>Multidisciplinary integrated surveys to monitor pelagic ecosystems. Small pelagic fish habitat and ecosystem mapping, ecosystem state indices</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td></td><td>Geostatistics for mapping fish distributions in space and time.<br/>Applications of bottom-moored and shipborne broadband echosounders to monitor coastal pelagic ecosystems and assess the impact of marine renewable energy. Use of Unmanned Surface Vehicules to complete pelagic ecosystems monitoring</td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">France</td><td rowspan="2">IRD with MNHN</td><td>Application of acoustics to ultra coastal waters</td><td>Combining vertical multibeam sonar and broadband acoustics in shallow coastal waters</td></tr><tr><td>Combination of scuba diver observations with active acoustics</td><td>Development of broadband analysis in Matecho</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">Greece</td><td rowspan="3">Hellenic Centre for Marine Research</td><td>Diurnal migration patterns of small pelagic species</td><td rowspan="3">In situ TS estimation of small pelagic and mesopelagic fish</td></tr><tr><td>Diurnal migration patterns of mesopelagic species</td></tr><tr><td>Habittat compression induced by dissolved oxygen stratification</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Use of SSL as ecostemtic indicator of change in large marine Ecosystem</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Annual assessment of the abundance and distribution of small pelagic fish in GSA 20 and 22 (east. Mediterranean) as part of the ME-DIAS.<br/>Habitat modelling for the spatio-temporal study of the anchovy and sardine biomass distribution.<br/>Surveys for the seasonal study of mesopelagic assemblages at specific locations of eastern Mediterranean Sea.</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>Iceland</td><td>Marine and Freswater Research Institute</td><td>Sudies of spatial and temporal dynamics of capelin</td><td>Development and use of underwater cameras for observations of fish, and other organisms, as well as habitats.</td><td>Concurrent acoustic and optic observations of euphausiids, aiming at estimation of in situ average target strength.<br>In situ target-strength measurements of pelagic and mesopelagic fish</td><td>Marine ecosystem acoustic surveys in fjords and open ocean<br>Mapping the seafloor</td></tr><tr><td>Ireland</td><td>Marine Institute</td><td>Behaviour and interactions of SPF to survey sampling gear (trawls). Spatial and temporal dynamics of SPF during key life history stages</td><td>Development of a dedicated sampling trawl for mesopelagic species and optical systems for monitoring interactions with trawl gear</td><td></td><td>Multi-disiplinary ecosystem monitoring surveys</td></tr><tr><td>Italy</td><td>CNR-National Research Council, IRBIM-Institute for Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnologies</td><td></td><td></td><td>Studies on target strength of pelagic fishes through in-situ, ex-situ experiments and backscattering models</td><td>Annual assessment of the biomass and distribution of small pelagic fishes in the Adriatic Sea, GSAs 17 and 18 (Mediterranean Sea) in the framework of MEDIAS Project.<br>Pelagic ecosystem monitoring of the key species of Middle Trophic Level in the Ross Sea Marine Protected Area, Antarctica.</td></tr><tr><td>Mauritania</td><td>IMROP with IRD</td><td>Spatial shift of small pelagic vs. climate<br>Diel vertical migration of SSL</td><td></td><td></td><td>Use of SSL as ecosystemic indicator of change in large marine Ecosystem<br>Fish stock assessment</td></tr><tr><td>New Zealand</td><td>National institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd</td><td>Observation of migration with bottom-moored echosounders.</td><td>Applications of bottom-moored echosounders.<br>Optical/acoustic surveys including trawl cameras.</td><td>In situ measurements of fish tilt angle and TS using cameras and deep-towed systems.</td><td>Using acoustics to evaluate and predict abundance of mid-trophic level organisms for ecosystem modelling.</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td>Characterization of diurnal migration of mesopelagic fish.</td><td>Acoustic deployments on sea ice.<br>Acoustic characterization of gas seeps.<br>Estimation of uncertainty for acoustic indices in Bayesian assessments.<br>Development of ESP3 analysis software.<br>Calibration and comparison of FCV30 and EK60 echosounders.<br>Implementation of resonance scattering models.<br>Protocols and methodologies for automated classification of acoustic data.<br>Echo-counting.</td><td>Monitoring Ross Sea Marine Protected Area using vessels of opportunity, sea iced based deployments, and moorings.</td></tr><tr><td>Norway</td><td>Institute of Marine Research</td><td>Observations of cod spawning migration with bottom mounted observatory (Love)<br>Direct measurement of blind zone problem and fish avoidance during pelagic fish surveys<br>Measuring behaviour of schools in the catch situation, before and after purse sein catching<br>Measuring the behaviour of spawning cod during sounds from seismic air gun sounds.</td><td>Bottom mounted systems.<br>Acoustic probes using broadband echosounders.<br>Development and trials of new multibeam sonars systems.<br>Trial of acoustics from drone systems, like KayakDrone, saildrone and Hugin.<br>Further development of broadband analysis in LSSS postprocessing software.<br>Comparing FM and CW surveying results</td><td>Experiments with wideband measurements on single targets for understanding the backscattered spectrum.<br>In situ measurements of mean target strength in lateral aspect. (to convert sonar school measurements to biomass).<br>TS measurements of mesopelagic fish.</td><td>Ecosystem acoustic surveys in Arctic, Antarctic areas, as well as within Norwegain EEZ.<br>Ecosystem surveys within African waters.<br>Development of direct photographic system in codend: DeepVision system, and interfacing this with LSSS interpretation system.</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>Norway</td><td>UiT The Arctic University of Norway</td><td>Diel behaviour of pelagic species in the Arctic. Artificial light avoidance.</td><td>Applications of bottom-moored, ice-tethered, and USV-mounted echosounders.</td><td>Broadband characterization of polar cod, Atlantic cod, and zooplankton</td><td>Assessment of seasonal changes in abundance and distribution of pelagic and mesopelagic fish in the European Arctic.</td></tr><tr><td>Panamá</td><td>Albor Tecnológico (peruvian company)</td><td>Develop methodologies to evaluate acoustic in-line using satellite communication<br>Geostatistics for mapping fish distributions in space and time.</td><td>Fish TS at the Panama Bay: herring (Opisthonema libertatis y Opisthonema medirastre) and Anchovy (Cetengraulis mysticetus)</td><td></td><td>Annual Marine acoustic surveys on pelagic fish in Panama Bay.<br>In 2022 Stock evaluation and estimation of quota<br>Annual assessment of the abundance and distribution of small pelagic fish</td></tr><tr><td>Peru</td><td>Peruvian Marine Research Institute (IMARPE)</td><td>Characterization of diurnal migration of mesopelagic fish<br>Characterization of the relationship between mesopelagic organisms (e.g. predator-prey)</td><td>Echocounting experiments using a 1xBlue Seapix multibeam sonar</td><td>In situ measurements of fish tilt angle and TS</td><td>Using acoustics to evaluate the abundance of low trophic level organisms for ecosystem modelling.<br>Characterization of the interaction between biotic (oxygen) and abiotic (biological fields) parameter</td></tr><tr><td>Peru</td><td>Federico Villarreal University (UNFV)</td><td></td><td>Acoustic characterization of gas seeps.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Peru</td><td>Humboldt Institute of Marine and Aquaculture Research (IHMA) - UNFV</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Protocol for estimating fish and zooplankton abundance using industry vessels' acoustic data.<br>Relationship between sea surface level anomaly, vorticity, internal waves and acoustic abundance of organism.</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>Poland</td><td>Institute of Oceanology<br>Polish Academy of Sciences<br>IO PAS</td><td>Tilt angle distribution of Baltic herring<br>Characteristic features of spatial distribution of fish in the Gulf of Gdańsk and its temporal variation.<br>Characterization of diel vertical migration of fish in the Gulf of Gdańsk</td><td>Modelling of Baltic herring TS<br>Multifrequency discrimination of Baltic scattering organisms</td><td>Indentification of convergence and divergence processes based on the acoustic detection of the minimum oxygen zone.</td></tr><tr><td>Senegal</td><td>ISRA / CRODT with IRD</td><td>Spatial shift of small pelagic vs. climate<br>Diel vertical migration of SSL</td><td>Correction of active acoustics data for the water column vs. sound celerity profile in Matecho</td><td>Bi-frequency method to estimate coppepods<br>Use of SSL as ecosystemic indicator of change in large marine Ecosystem<br>Fish stock assessment</td></tr><tr><td>Spain</td><td>AZTI</td><td>Tilt angle distribution of anchovy<br>Size discrimination of tuna based on Kongsberg M3<br>Size discrimination of tuna based on broadband acoustics. Influence of ping rate on the error of abundance estimations. Distortion correction of across-beam dimensions measured with multibeam sonars.</td><td>In situ TS of European anchovy<br>In situ TS of Maurolicus muelleri. Swimbladder behavior with pressure in Maurolicus muelleri.<br>In situ TS of Bluefin tuna. In situ acoustic properties of salp.</td><td>Multidisciplinary oceanographic surveys to study the pelagic ecosystem.</td></tr><tr><td>Spain</td><td>IEO. Centro de Baleares.</td><td>Characterization of diurnal migration of mesopelagic</td><td>AZFP & EK80, horizontal beaming, rosette</td><td>Mesopelagic species modelling</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td></td><td>fish. Avoidance reactions of mesopelagic fish. Identification of acoustic layers with avoidance.</td><td>deployment. Using machine learning and AI to perform species identification.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>UK</td><td>MASTS (Marine Alliance for Science & Technology Scotland), University of Aberdeen</td><td>Tilt angle distribution of mackerel</td><td>Low frequency broadband scattering of fish<br>Geostatistical conditional simulations for error propagation in acoustic surveys<br>Optical methods for alternative evidence of species identification<br>Mesopelagic fish biomass estimation using an acoustic-driven and observation-based open-ocean biomass framework.<br>Using machine learning and AI to perform species identification.</td><td>In situ measurements of fish TS<br>Modelling fish TS</td></tr><tr><td>UK</td><td>Cefas (Centre for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences)</td><td>Observations of plankton behaviour and patchiness using surface gliders; vertical and horizontal migration and stock structure of pelagic fish and meso pelagic fish using gliders and RV</td><td>Wavegliders as platforms for echosounders</td><td>Predator prey relationships in a heavily exploited ecosystem<br>Deep scattering layer in the Antarctic<br>Prey surveys around foraging whale sharks.<br>Global mesoepalagic biogeography based on deep scattering layers.<br>Fine-scale vertical structure of mesopelagic communities and links to deep-diving predators.<br>Linking echosounder observations to ecological models.</td></tr><tr><td>UK</td><td>SPFA (Scottish Pelagic Fishermens Association)</td><td></td><td></td><td>Habitat selection in foraging seabirds, cetaceans and bluefin tuna;<br>Predator prey habitat use in subtropical reefs; predator-prey habitat use in seamounts<br>Herring survey to distinguish stock structure of European western herring</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>UK</td><td>Queen's University Belfast</td><td>M3 multibeam sonar imaging of marine fauna. ADCP, AZFP &amp; EK80 (broadband), deployments (bottom-mounted and mobile surveys) in high-flow environments to discriminate physics (e.g. bubbles) from biological targets.</td><td>Foraging habitat of seabirds, marine mammals and sharks (fine-scale)</td></tr><tr><td>UK</td><td>Bangor University</td><td>Understanding the depth distribution of fish schools and its drivers in high current areas. Responses of fish schools to operating marine renewable energy devices.</td><td>Combined use of bottom mounted upward looking and vessel mounted downward looking echosounders to characterize water column use in high current areas.</td></tr><tr><td>UK</td><td>University of Aberdeen &amp; Greenland Institute of Natural Resources &amp; DTU-aqua Denmark</td><td>Depth distribution of Greenland cod</td><td>Small vessel deployments close to shore</td><td>Broadband TS of Greenland cod</td><td>Estimates of abundance and biomass of Greenland cod in fjords</td></tr><tr><td>UK</td><td>University of Aberdeen</td><td>Comparing imaging sonar with optics for counting fish near man made marine structures</td><td></td><td></td><td>Comparison of echocounting methods</td></tr><tr><td>UK</td><td>University of Aberdeen</td><td>USV surveys near oil and gas platforms and through windfarms</td><td></td><td></td><td>Effects of decommissioning oil and gas platform on fish</td></tr><tr><td>US</td><td>NOAA Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Midwater Assessment and Conservation Engineering (MACE) Program</td><td>Investigation of fish capture processes, migration and overwinter behavior of fish stocks, fish response to underwater water lights and instrumentation packages.</td><td>USV deployments to provide survey information after cancellation of ship-based surveys due to COVID pandemic.</td><td>Data mining observations of target strength of walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus), target strength from historical survey data. Development of probabilistic inversion</td><td>Improvement to methods for stock assessment surveys, particularly studies of trawl selectivity, methods for allocation of backscatter among species,</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td></td><td>Evaluation of new echosounder instrumentation (EK60/EK80).<br/>Use of moored echosounders to study fish migrations and Arctic fishes during periods of ice cover.<br/>Development and use of underwater stereo cameras for observations of fish, zooplankton, and habitat.</td><td>methods for backscatter species classification.<br/>Broadband modelling and field observations for differentiating diverse fish communities<br/>In situ tilt angle, scattering properties, modelling orientation specific fish TS</td><td>echosounder comparisons (EK80/EK60).<br/>Catchability of rockfish (Sebastes spp.) using split beam, multibeam, and underwater camera observations.<br/>Use of survey products (krill abundance index) in ecosystem approach to fisheries management</td></tr><tr><td>US</td><td>NOAA National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science<br/>Florida International University</td><td>Reef fish spawning aggregations; predator/prey interactions<br/>Spatial and temporal dynamics of spawning aggregations of subtropical reef fish</td><td>Echosounders in ocean gliders<br/>Application of narrowband, broadband and imaging solar methodologies for quantifying spawning aggregations in coastal reefs</td><td>Marine ecosystem acoustic surveys in marine sanctuaries and marine reserves; multi-trophic level surveys of fish and zooplankton over coral reefs; seafloor habitat mapping<br/>Enhance fisheries independent survey methodologies for reef fish management in Southeast US.</td></tr><tr><td>US</td><td>NOAA Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Fisheries Engineering and Acoustic Technologies (FEAT) Team</td><td>Spatial and temporal distribution of important fish and zooplankton species off the west coasts of US and Canada</td><td>Develop methodologies to conduct fisheries acoustic surveys using Unmanned Surface Vessels (USVs), Sail-drones and estimate biomass of pacific hake<br/>Classification of fish and zooplankton species using</td><td>Shipboard measurements of acoustic properties of zooplankton (g & h)<br/>Develop scattering models of a variety of fish and zooplankton species<br/>Echosystem-based acoustic surveys on pelagic-demeral fish (pacific hake), rockfish, zooplankton, and mesopelagic species<br/>Environmental impacts on fish/zooplankton ecology</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td></td><td>broadband echosounder data</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>US</td><td>NOAA Northeast Fisheries Science Center</td><td>Diel behaviour of mesopelagic species</td><td>Wideband acoustic (1-500 kHz) and optical (cameras, holographic imaging) characterization of the deep scattering layers.<br/>Development of open-source code for processing and analysing acoustic data.</td><td>Development and application of acoustic scattering models for abundance and biomass estimates of marine organisms.<br/>Investigation of the catchability and selectivity of pelagic trawls for the mesopelagic community.<br/>Investigation of Atlantic herring consumption on krill.<br/>Integration of acoustic estimates of krill abundance and biomass in ecosystem models.</td></tr><tr><td>US</td><td>NOAA Northeast Fisheries Science Center</td><td>Distribution of animals and seabed characterization in and around offshore wind development areas and "wind farms"</td><td></td><td>Surveys and monitoring of proposed offshore wind development areas prior to construction, and surveys of existing wind farms to study the effects of wind energy on pelagic and demersal species, and address benthic habitat effects.</td></tr><tr><td>US</td><td>NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center</td><td></td><td></td><td>Assessment of the effects of the environment (e.g. temp, oxy) on the distribution, composition, and relative biomass on micronekton in the Central North Pacific.</td></tr></table>
Annex 7: Report on WGFAST Interactions with other ICES Expert Groups

<table><thead><tr><td>Country</td><td>Institute</td><td>Name</td><td>Expert Group</td><td>Comment</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Poland</td><td>Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences</td><td>Natalia Gorska</td><td>Baltic International Fish Survey Working Group</td><td>Cooperation with Sea Fisheries Institute in Gdynia responsible for hydroacoustic surveys in Polish part of the Baltic Sea</td></tr><tr><td>Ireland</td><td>Marine Institute</td><td>Ciaran O'Donnell</td><td>WGIPS</td><td>WG International Pelagic Surveys</td></tr><tr><td>Ireland</td><td>Marine Institute</td><td>Ciaran O'Donnell</td><td>WGACEGG</td><td>Working Group on Acoustic and Egg Surveys for small pelagic fish in NE Atlantic</td></tr><tr><td>Ireland</td><td>Marine Institute</td><td>Ciaran O'Donnell</td><td>WGAcousticGov</td><td>ICES Trawl acoustic Database Governance Group</td></tr><tr><td>Netherlands</td><td>Wageningen Marine Research</td><td>Bram Couperus</td><td>WGIPS</td><td>WG International Pelagic Surveys</td></tr><tr><td>Netherlands</td><td>Wageningen Marine Research</td><td>Bram Couperus</td><td>WGAcousticGov</td><td>ICES Trawl acoustic Database Governance Group</td></tr><tr><td>Netherlands</td><td>Wageningen Marine Research</td><td>Serdar Sakinan</td><td>WKEVUT</td><td>Workshop to Evaluate the Utility of Industry-derived data for enhancing scientific knowledge and providing data for stock assessments</td></tr><tr><td>Iceland</td><td>Marine and Freshwater Research Institute</td><td>Teresa Silva</td><td>WGZE</td><td>ICES Working group on Zooplankton Ecology</td></tr><tr><td>Estonia</td><td>Estonian Marine Institute</td><td>Elor Sepp</td><td>WGBIFS</td><td>Baltic International Fish Survey Working Group</td></tr><tr><td>Estonia</td><td>Estonian Marine Institute</td><td>Elor Sepp</td><td>WGAcousticGov</td><td>ICES Trawl acoustic Database Governance Group</td></tr><tr><td>Estonia</td><td>Estonian Marine Institute</td><td>Elor Sepp</td><td>WGOWDF</td><td>Working Group on Offshore Wind Development and Fisheries</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tr><td>US</td><td>NOAA Northeast Fisheries Science Center</td><td>Michael Jech</td><td>WGAcousticGov</td><td>ICES Trawl acoustic Database Governance Group</td></tr><tr><td>US</td><td>NOAA Northeast Fisheries Science Center</td><td>Michael Jech</td><td>WGChairs</td><td>Working group for expert group chairs.</td></tr></table>
Annex 8: List of WGFAST Publications

Accola, K.L., J.K. Horne, J.R. Cordell, and J.D. Toft. 2022. Acoustic characterization of juvenile Pacific Salmon distributions along an eco-engineered seawall. Marine Ecology Progress Series 682: 207-220 (doi: 10.3354/meps13917).

Accola, K.L., J.K. Horne, J.R. Cordell, and J.D. Toft. 2022. Nocturnal distributions of juvenile Pacific salmon along an eco-engineered marine shoreline. Marine Ecology Progress Series 687: 113-123 (doi:10.3354/meps14006).

Bassett, C., De Robertis, A., and C.D. Wilson, C. D. 2017. Broadband echosounder measurements of the frequency response of fishes and euphausiids in the Gulf of Alaska. - ICES Journal of Marine Science, doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsx204.

Bolser, D.G., J.P. Egerton, P.M. Souza, K.M. Boswell, B.E. Erisman. 2022. Assessing the size spectra of marine fish communities with hydroacoustics: Examining the challenges of abundant schools, diverse assemblages, and variable orientations. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2021-0189

Boswell, K.M., G. Pedersen, J.C. Taylor, S. Labua, W.F. Patterson, III. 2020. Morphological variation and broadband scattering responses of reef-associated fishes from the Southeast United States. Fisheries Research. 10.1016/j.fishres.2020.105590

Boswell, K.M., P.M.A. D'Elia, M. Johnston, T.T. Sutton, A. Cook, J. Mohan, J.D. Warren, R.J.D. Wells. 2020. Oceanographic Structure and Light Levels Drive Patterns of Sound Scattering Layers in a Low-Latitude Oceanic System. Frontiers in Marine Science, 7:51. doi:10.3389/fmars.2020.00051

Bouchard, C., Chawarski, J., Geoffroy, M., Klasmeier, A., Møller, E.F., Mohn, C. and Agersted, M.D., 2022. Resource partitioning may limit interspecific competition among Arctic fish species during early life. Elementa Science of the Anthropocene, 10: 00038. https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2021.00038

Cammen, K., Marafino, G., Burton, S., Dow, J., Dullaert, E., Jorge, M., Macolini, L., McGarry, L., Tremblay, C., Jansujwicz, J., Johnson, T., Ross, L., and Zydlowski, G., 2021. Interdisciplinary research collaborative trains students to see through turbulent systems. Oceanography 34(1), https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2021.102

Chu, D., Ostrovsky, I., and Homma, H. 2021. "Acoustic observation and evaluation of gas-bearing cyanobacterium Microcystis sp. biomass with echosounders at multiple frequencies: acoustic modeling and in situ measurements," Sci. Total Environ. 794 (2021) 148573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148573

Cook, A.B., K. Boswell, D. English, T. Richards, M. Johnston, N. Pruzinsky, R.J. Milligan, B. Penta, I. Romero, S. de Rada, C. Lembke, H. Judkins, H. Bracken-Grissom, T. Frank, M. Weber, R. Eytan, A. Bernard, M. Vecchione, C. Hu, J. Quinlan, and T.T. Sutton. 2020. A Multidisciplinary Approach to Investigate Deep-Pelagic Ecosystem Dynamics in the Gulf of Mexico following Deepwater Horizon has been approved for production and accepted for publication in Frontiers in Marine Science, section Deep-Sea Environments and Ecology. Frontiers in Marine Science, doi: 10.3389/fmars.2020.548880

Couto, A. S., and Fernandes, P. 2021. Tidal streams, fish and seabirds: understanding the linkages between mobile predators, prey, and hydrodynamics. Ecosphere. Wiley.

De Robertis, A., Levine, M., Lauffenberger, N., Honkalehto, T., Ianelli, J., Monnahan, C., Towler, R., Jones, D., Steinessen, S. and McKelvey, D., 2021. Uncrewed surface vehicle (USV) survey of walleye pollock, Gadus chalcogrammus, in response to the cancellation of ship-based surveys. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 78: 2797-2808. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsab155

Dmitrenko, I.A., Petrusevich, V.Y., Kosobokova, K., Komarov, A.S., Bouchard, C., Geoffroy, M., Koldunov, N.V., Babb, D.G., Kirillov, S.A. and Barber, D.G., 2021. Coastal Polynya Disrupts
the Acoustic Backscatter Diurnal Signal Over the Eastern Laptev Sea Shelf. Frontiers in Marine Science. 8: 791096. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.791096

Domokos, R. 2021. On the development of acoustic descriptors for semi-demersal fish identification to support monitoring stocks. ICES JMS., doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsaa232

Doray, M., Boyra, G., and van der Kooij, J. (Eds). 2021. ICES Survey Protocols – Manual for Acoustic Surveys Coordinated under the ICES Working Group on Acoustic and Egg Surveys for Small Pelagic Fish (WGACEGG). ICES Techniques in Marine Environmental Sciences Vol. 64. 100 pp.

Dunn, M., & Zedel, L. (2022). Evaluation of discrete target detection with an acoustic Doppler current profiler. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods. Domokos, R. 2021. On the development of acoustic descriptors for semi-demersal fish identification to support monitoring stocks. ICES JMS., doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsaa232

Easson, C.G., K.M. Boswell, F.N. Tucker, J.D. Warren, J.V. Lopez. 2020. Combined E-DNA and Acoustics Analysis Reflects Diel Vertical Migration of Mixed Consortia in the Gulf of Mexico. *Frontiers in Marine Science*. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00552

Escobar-Flores, P. C.; O'Driscoll, R. L.; Montgomery, J. C.; Ladroit, Y.; Jendersie, S. (2020). Estimates of density of mesopelagic fish in the Southern Ocean derived from bulk acoustic data collected by ships of opportunity. Polar Biology 43: 43-61.

Fernández Castro, B.; Peña, M.; Nogueira, E.; Gilcoto, M.; Broullón, E.; Comesaña, A.; Bouffard, D.; Naveira Garabato, Alberto C. & Mouriño-Carballido, B. Intense ocean mixing in fish spawning aggregations. Nature geosciences, 2022, 15 (4), 1-6

Garner, S.B., Ahrens, R., Boswell, K.M., Campbell, M.D., Correa, D., Tarnecki, J.H. and Patterson III, W.F., 2022. A multidisciplinary approach to estimating red snapper, *Lutjanus campechanus*, behavioral response to mobile camera and sonar sampling gears. *Fisheries Research*, 246, p.106155.

Geoffroy, M., Langbehn, T., Priou, P., Varpe, Ø., Johnsen, G., Le Bris, A., Fisher, J.A., Daase, M., McKee, D., Cohen, J. and Berge, J., 2021. Pelagic organisms avoid white, blue, and red artificial light from scientific instruments. Scientific Reports, 11: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-94355-6

Gíslason Á, Jakobsdóttir K, Guðmundsson K, Egilsdóttir S and Silva T (2021) Sampling for the MEESO project during the International Ecosystem Summer Survey in Nordic Seas on the R/V Arni Fridriksson in July 2020. Haf- og vatnarannsóknir. HV 2021-22. 26 pp.

Gíslason Á, Reynisson P, Karlsson H, Hreinsson E, Silva T and Jóakimsson K (2021). Ljósáta í Ísafjarðardjúpi – ný tanleg auðlind?/ Euphausiids in Ísafjarðardjúp - a harvestable resource? Haf- og vatnarannsóknir. HV 2021-52. 43 pp.

Gonzalez, S. J.K. Horne, and S.L. Danielson. 2021. Multi-scale temporal variability in biological-physical associations in the NE Chukchi Sea. Polar Biology 44: 837-855 (doi: 10.1007/s00300-021-02844-1).

Gorska N., J. Idczak. 2022. *On Baltic herring morphometry and its impact on the backscattering properties*. Oceanologia, 64(1): 198-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceano.2021.10.001

Govindarajan, A. F., R. D. Francolini, J. M. Jech, A. C. Lavery, J. K. Llopiz, P. H. Wiebe, W. Zhang. 2021. Exploring the use of environmental DNA (eDNA) to detect animal taxa in the mesopelagic zone. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. doi: 10.3389/fevo.2021.574877

Greer, A.T., J.C. Lehrter, B.M. Binder, A.R. Nayak, R. Barua, A.E. Rice, J. Cohen, M. McFarland, A. Hagemeyer, N.D. Stockley, K.M. Boswell, I. Shulman, S. deRada, B. Penta. 2020. High-resolution sampling of a broad marine life size spectrum in relation to shelf biophysical characteristics. *Frontiers in Marine Science*, doi: 10.3389/fmars.2020.542701

Hjartarson, Á., Erlendsson, Ö., Hersir, G.P., Richter, B., Hagalínsson, G., Óðinsson, D.P. (2020). Exploring Offshore Geothermal Fields Around Iceland. Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2020+1. https://pangea.stanford.edu/ERE/db/WGC/papers/WGC/2020/11126.pdf
Idczak J., A. Brodecka-Goluch, K. Łukawska-Matuszewska, B. Graca, N. Gorska, Z. Klusek, P. D. Pezacki, J. Bolałek. 2020. A geophysical, geochemical and microbiological study of a newly discovered pockmark with active gas seepage and submarine groundwater discharge (MET1-BH, central Gulf of Gdańsk, southern Baltic Sea). *Science of The Total Environment*, 742, 140306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140306

Jech, J. M., J. J. Johnson, M. Lutcavage, A. S. M. Vanderlaan, Y. Rzhanov, D. LeRoi. 2020. Measurements of juvenile Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) size using an unmanned aerial system. *Journal of Unmanned Vehicle Systems*, 8: 140-160. DOI:10.1139/juvs-2018-0039.

Jech, J.M, M. Schaber, M. Cox, P. Escobar-Flores, S. Gastauer, K. Haris, J. Horne, T. Jarvis, Y. Ladroit, R. O'Driscoll, G. Pedersen, M. Pena, T. Ryan, S. Sakinan, R. Thomas, H. Viehman, C. Wall, and T. Whitton. 2021. Collecting quality echosounder data in inclement weather. *ICES Cooperative Research Report, Vol. 352*. 108 pp. (doi: 10.17895/ices.pub.7539).

Ladroit, Y.; Escobar-Flores, P. C.; Schimel, A. C. G.; O'Driscoll, R. L. 2020. ESP3: An open-source software for the quantitative processing of hydro-acoustic data. *SoftwareX* 12: 100581-100581.

Lawrence, J. M., and Fernandes, P. G. 2021. A switch in species dominance of a recovering pelagic ecosystem. *Current Biology*, 31: 4354-4360.e3. Elsevier.

Levine, R. M., De Robertis, A., Grünbaum, D., Woodgate, R., Mordy, C. W., Mueter, F., Cokelet, E., Mueter, F., Cokelet, E., Lawrence-Slavas, N., and Tabisola, H. 2021. Autonomous vehicle surveys indicate that flow reversals retain juvenile fishes in a highly advective high-latitude ecosystem. *Limnology and Oceanography*, 66: 1139-1154. https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/lno.11671

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