Flipo, N., Mouhri, A., Labarthe, B., Biancamaria, S., Rivière, A., & Weill, P. (2014). Continental hydrosystem modelling: The concept of nested stream-aquifer interfaces. *Hydrology and Earth System Sciences*, 18(8), 3121–3149. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3121

Floury, P., Gaillardet, J., Gayer, E., Bouchez, J., Tallec, G., Ansart, P., et al. (2017). The potamochemical symphony: New progresses in the high frequency acquisition of stream chemical data. *Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions*, 21, 6153–6161. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2017-12

Floury, P., Gaillardet, J., Tallec, G., Ansart, P., Bouchez, J., & Gorge, C. (2018). Chemical weathering and CO₂ consumption rate in a multilayered-aquifer dominated watershed under intensive farming: The Orgeval Critical Zone Observatory, France. *Hydrological Processes*, 33(2), 195–213. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13340

Fovet, O., Ruiz, L., Hrachowitz, M., Faucheux, M., & Gascuel-Odoux, C. (2015). Hydrological hysteresis and its value for assessing process consistency in catchment conceptual models. *Hydrology and Earth System Sciences*, 19(1), 105–123. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-105-2015

Gaillardet, J., Braud, I., Hankard, F., Anquetin, S., Bour, O., Dorfliger, N., et al. (2018). OZCAR: The French network of critical zone observatories. *Vadose Zone Journal*, 17(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2018.04.0067

Garnier, J., Anglade, J., Benoit, M., Billen, G., Puech, T., Ramarson, A., et al. (2016). Reconnecting crop and cattle farming to reduce nitrogen losses to river water of an intensive agricultural catchment (Seine basin, France): Past, present and future. *Environmental Science & Policy*, 63, 76–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2016.04.019

Garnier, J., Billen, G., Vilain, G., Benoit, M., Passy, P., Tallec, G., et al. (2014). Curative vs. preventive management of nitrogen transfers in rural areas: Lessons from the case of the Orgeval watershed (Seine River basin, France). *Journal of Environmental Management*, 144, 125–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.04.030

Godsey, S. E., Hartmann, J., & Kirchner, J. W. (2019). Catchment chemostasis revisited: Water quality responds differently to variations in weather and climate. *Hydrological Processes*, 33(24), 3056–3069. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13554

Godsey, S. E., Kirchner, J. W., & CLOW, D. W. (2009). Concentration-discharge relationships reflect chemostatic characteristics of US catchments. *Hydrological Processes*, 23(13), 1844–1864. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp

Hall, F. R. (1970). Dissolved solids-discharge relationships: 1. Mixing models. *Water Resources Research*, 6(3), 845–850. https://doi.org/10.1029/wr006i003p00845

Hall, F. R. (1971). Dissolved solids-discharge relationships: 2. Applications to field data. *Water Resources Research*, 7(3), 591–601. https://doi.org/10.1029/wr007i003p00591

Harman, C. J. (2015). Time-variable transit time distributions and transport: Theory and application to storage-dependent transport of chloride in a watershed. *Water Resources Research*, 51(1), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014wr015707

Herndon, E. M., Dere, A. L., Sullivan, P. L., Norris, D., Reynolds, B., & Brantley, S. L. (2015). Landscape heterogeneity drives contrasting concentration-discharge relationships in shale headwater catchments. *Hydrology and Earth System Sciences*, 19(8), 3333–3347. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3333-2015

Hornberger, G. M., Bencala, K. E., & McKnight, D. M. (1994). Hydrological controls on dissolved organic carbon during snowmelt in the Snake River near Montezuma, Colorado. *Biogeochemistry*, 25(3), 147–165. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00024390

Hornberger, G. M., Scanlon, T. M., & Raffensperger, J. P. (2001). Modelling transport of dissolved silica in a forested headwater catchment: The effect of hydrological and chemical time scales on hysteresis in the concentration-discharge relationship. *Hydrological Processes*, 15(10), 2029–2038. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.254

House, W. A., & Warwick, M. S. (1998). Hysteresis of the solute concentration/discharge relationship in rivers during storms. *Water Research*, 32(8), 2279–2290. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(97)00473-9

Ibarra, D. E., Caves, J. K., Moon, S., Thomas, D. L., Hartmann, J., Chamberlain, C. P., & Maher, K. (2016). Differential weathering of basaltic and granitic catchments from concentration discharge relationships. *Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta*, 190, 265–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2016.07.006

Johnson, N. M., Likens, G. E., Bormann, F. H., Fisher, D. W., & Pierce, R. S. (1969). A working model for the variation in stream water chemistry at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire. *Water Resources Research*, 5(6), 1353–1363. https://doi.org/10.1029/wr005i006p01353

Kim, H., Dietrich, W. E., Thurnhoffer, B. M., Bishop, J. K., & Fung, I. Y. (2017). Controls on solute concentration-discharge relationships revealed by simultaneous hydrochemistry observations of hillslope runoff and stream flow: The importance of critical zone structure. *Water Resources Research*, 53(2), 1424–1443. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016wr019722

Kirchner, J. W. (2009). Catchments as simple dynamical systems: Catchment characterization, rainfall-runoff modeling, and doing hydrology backward. *Water Resources Research*, 45(2), 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008WR006912

Knapp, J. L., Freyberg, J. V., Studer, B., Kiewiet, L., & Kirchner, J. W. (2020). Concentration-discharge relationships vary among hydrological events, reflecting differences in event characteristics. *Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions*, 7, 1–27.

Knapp, J. L., Li, L., & Musolff, A. (2022). Hydrologic connectivity and source heterogeneity control concentration-discharge relationships. *Hydrological Processes*, 36(9), e14683. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.14683

Koenig, L. E., Shattuck, M. D., Snyder, L. E., Potter, J. D., & McDowell, W. H. (2017). Deconstructing the effects of flow on DOC, nitrate, and major ion interactions using a high-frequency aquatic sensor network. *Water Resources Research*, 53(12), 10655–10673. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017wr020739

Kolbe, T., De Dreuzy, J. R., Abbott, B. W., Aquilina, L., Babey, T., Green, C. T., et al. (2019). Stratification of reactivity determines nitrate removal in groundwater. *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences*, 116(7), 2494–2499. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1816892116

Krier, R., Matgen, P., Goergen, K., Pfister, L., Hoffmann, L., Kirchner, J. W., et al. (2012). Inferring catchment precipitation by doing hydrology backward: A test in 24 small and mesoscale catchments in Luxembourg. *Water Resources Research*, 48(10), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011WR010657

Langbein, W. B., & Dawdy, D. R. (1964). *Occurrence of dissolved solids in surface waters in the United States* (pp. 115–117). USGS Professional Paper 501-D.

Lauzon, N., Anctil, F., & Petrinovic, J. (2004). Characterization of soil moisture conditions at temporal scales from a few days to annual. *Hydrological Processes*, 18(17), 3235–3254. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5656

Li, L. (2019). Watershed reactive transport. *Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry*, 85(1), 381–418. https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2018.85.13

Li, L., Bao, C., Sullivan, P. L., Brantley, S., Shi, Y., & Duffy, C. (2017). Understanding watershed hydrogeochemistry: 2. Synchronized hydrological and geochemical processes drive stream chemicostatic behavior. *Water Resources Research*, 53(3), 2346–2367. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016wr018935

Li, L., Sullivan, P. L., Benettin, P., Cirpka, O. A., Bishop, K., Brantley, S. L., et al. (2021). Toward catchment hydro-biogeochemical theories. *Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water*, 8(1), e1495. https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1495
Flipo, N., Mouhri, A., Labarthe, B., Biancamaria, S., Rivière, A., & Weill, P. (2014). Continental hydrosystem modelling: The concept of nested stream-aquifer interfaces. *Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 18*(8), 3121-3149. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3121

Floury, P., Gaillardet, J., Gayer, E., Bouchez, J., Tallec, G., Ansart, P., et al. (2017). The potamochemical symphony: New progresses in the high frequency acquisition of stream chemical data. *Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions, 21*, 6153-6161. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2017-12

Floury, P., Gaillardet, J., Tallec, G., Ansart, P., Bouchez, J., & Gorge, C. (2018). Chemical weathering and CO₂ consumption rate in a multilayered-aquifer dominated watershed under intensive farming: The Orgeval Critical Zone Observatory, France. *Hydrological Processes*, 33(2), 195-213. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13340

Fovet, O., Ruiz, L., Hrachowitz, M., Faucheux, M., & Gascuel-Odoux, C. (2015). Hydrological hysteresis and its value for assessing process consistency in catchment conceptual models. *Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 19*(1), 105-123. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-105-2015

Gaillardet, J., Braud, I., Hankard, F., Anquetin, S., Bour, O., Dorfliger, N., et al. (2018). OZCAR: The French network of critical zone observatories. *Vadose Zone Journal*, 17(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2018.04.0067

Garnier, J., Anglade, J., Benoit, M., Billen, G., Puech, T., Ramarson, A., et al. (2016). Reconnecting crop and cattle farming to reduce nitrogen losses to river water of an intensive agricultural catchment (Seine basin, France): Past, present and future. *Environmental Science & Policy*, 63, 76-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2016.04.019

Garnier, J., Billen, G., Vilain, G., Benoit, M., Passy, P., Tallec, G., et al. (2014). Curative vs. preventive management of nitrogen transfers in rural areas: Lessons from the case of the Orgeval watershed (Seine River basin, France). *Journal of Environmental Management*, 144, 125-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.04.030

Godsey, S. E., Hartmann, J., & Kirchner, J. W. (2019). Catchment chemostasis revisited: Water quality responds differently to variations in weather and climate. *Hydrological Processes*, 33(24), 3056-3069. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13554

Godsey, S. E., Kirchner, J. W., & CLOW, D. W. (2009). Concentration-discharge relationships reflect chemostatic characteristics of US catchments. *Hydrological Processes*, 23(13), 1844-1864. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp

Hall, F. R. (1970). Dissolved solids-discharge relationships: 1. Mixing models. *Water Resources Research*, 6(3), 845-850. https://doi.org/10.1029/wr006i003p00845

Hall, F. R. (1971). Dissolved solids-discharge relationships: 2. Applications to field data. *Water Resources Research*, 7(3), 591-601. https://doi.org/10.1029/wr007i003p00591

Harman, C. J. (2015). Time-variable transit time distributions and transport: Theory and application to storage-dependent transport of chloride in a watershed. *Water Resources Research*, 51(1), 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014wr015707

Herndon, E. M., Dere, A. L., Sullivan, P. L., Norris, D., Reynolds, B., & Brantley, S. L. (2015). Landscape heterogeneity drives contrasting concentration-discharge relationships in shale headwater catchments. *Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 19*(8), 3333-3347. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3333-2015

Hornberger, G. M., Bencala, K. E., & McKnight, D. M. (1994). Hydrological controls on dissolved organic carbon during snowmelt in the Snake River near Montezuma, Colorado. *Biogeochemistry*, 25(3), 147-165. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00024390

Hornberger, G. M., Scanlon, T. M., & Raffensperger, J. P. (2001). Modelling transport of dissolved silica in a forested headwater catchment: The effect of hydrological and chemical time scales on hysteresis in the concentration-discharge relationship. *Hydrological Processes*, 15(10), 2029-2038. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.254

House, W. A., & Warwick, M. S. (1998). Hysteresis of the solute concentration/discharge relationship in rivers during storms. *Water Research*, 32(8), 2279-2290. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(97)00473-9

Ibarra, D. E., Caves, J. K., Moon, S., Thomas, D. L., Hartmann, J., Chamberlain, C. P., & Maher, K. (2016). Differential weathering of basaltic and granitic catchments from concentration discharge relationships. *Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta*, 190, 265-293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2016.07.006

Johnson, N. M., Likens, G. E., Bormann, F. H., Fisher, D. W., & Pierce, R. S. (1969). A working model for the variation in stream water chemistry at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire. *Water Resources Research*, 5(6), 1353-1363. https://doi.org/10.1029/wr005i006p01353

Kim, H., Dietrich, W. E., Thurnhoffer, B. M., Bishop, J. K., & Fung, I. Y. (2017). Controls on solute concentration-discharge relationships revealed by simultaneous hydrochemistry observations of hillslope runoff and stream flow: The importance of critical zone structure. *Water Resources Research*, 53(2), 1424-1443. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016wr019722

Kirchner, J. W. (2009). Catchments as simple dynamical systems: Catchment characterization, rainfall-runoff modeling, and doing hydrology backward. *Water Resources Research*, 45(2), 1-34. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008WR006912

Knapp, J. L., Freyberg, J. V., Studer, B., Kiewiet, L., & Kirchner, J. W. (2020). Concentration-discharge relationships vary among hydrological events, reflecting differences in event characteristics. *Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions*, 7, 1-27.

Knapp, J. L., Li, L., & Musolff, A. (2022). Hydrologic connectivity and source heterogeneity control concentration-discharge relationships. *Hydrological Processes*, 36(9), e14683. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.14683

Koenig, L. E., Shattuck, M. D., Snyder, L. E., Potter, J. D., & McDowell, W. H. (2017). Deconstructing the effects of flow on DOC, nitrate, and major ion interactions using a high-frequency aquatic sensor network. *Water Resources Research*, 53(12), 10655-10673. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017wr020739

Kolbe, T., De Dreuzy, J. R., Abbott, B. W., Aquilina, L., Babey, T., Green, C. T., et al. (2019). Stratification of reactivity determines nitrate removal in groundwater. *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences*, 116(7), 2494-2499. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1816892116

Krier, R., Matgen, P., Goergen, K., Pfister, L., Hoffmann, L., Kirchner, J. W., et al. (2012). Inferring catchment precipitation by doing hydrology backward: A test in 24 small and mesoscale catchments in Luxembourg. *Water Resources Research*, 48(10), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011WR010657

Langbein, W. B., & Dawdy, D. R. (1964). Occurrence of dissolved solids in surface waters in the United States (pp. 115-117). USGS Professional Paper 501-D.

Lauzon, N., Anctil, F., & Petrinovic, J. (2004). Characterization of soil moisture conditions at temporal scales from a few days to annual. *Hydrological Processes*, 18(17), 3235-3254. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5656

Li, L. (2019). Watershed reactive transport. *Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry*, 85(1), 381-418. https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2018.85.13

Li, L., Bao, C., Sullivan, P. L., Brantley, S., Shi, Y., & Duffy, C. (2017). Understanding watershed hydrogeochemistry: 2. Synchronized hydrological and geochemical processes drive stream chemicostatic behavior. *Water Resources Research*, 53(3), 2346-2367. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016wr018935

Li, L., Sullivan, P. L., Benettin, P., Cirpka, O. A., Bishop, K., Brantley, S. L., et al. (2021). Toward catchment hydro-biogeochemical theories. *Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water*, 8(1), e1495. https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1495
Maher, K. (2010). The dependence of chemical weathering rates on fluid residence time. *Earth and Planetary Science Letters*, 294(1–2), 101–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.03.010

Maher, K. (2011). The role of fluid residence time and topographic scales in determining chemical fluxes from landscapes. *Earth and Planetary Science Letters*, 312(1–2), 48–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.09.040

Maher, K., & Chamberlain, C. P. (2014). Hydrologic regulation of chemical weathering and the geologic carbon cycle. *Science*, 343(6178), 1502–1504. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1250770

Maher, K., & Druhan, J. (2014). Relationships between the transit time of water and the fluxes of weathered elements through the critical zone. *Procedia Earth and Planetary Science*, 10, 16–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeps.2014.08.004

Marçais, J., De Dreuzy, J. R., Ginn, T. R., Rousseau-Gueutin, P., & Leray, S. (2015). Inferred transit time distributions from atmospheric tracer data: Assessment of the predictive capacities of Lumped Parameter Models on a 3D crystalline aquifer model. *Journal of Hydrology*, 525, 619–631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.03.055

McDonnell, J. (2014). The two water world hypothesis: Ecohydrological separation of water between streams and tress? *WIREs Water*, 1(4), 323–329. https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1027

McIntosh, J. C., Schaumberg, C., Perdrial, J., Harpold, A., Vázquez Ortega, A., Rasmussen, C., et al. (2017). Geochemical evolution of the critical zone across variable time scales informs concentration-discharge relationships: Jemez River Basin Critical Zone Observatory. *Water Resources Research*, 53(5), 4169–4196. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016wr019712

Mei, Y., Hornberger, G. M., Kaplan, L. A., Newbold, J. D., & Aufdenkampe, A. K. (2012). Estimation of dissolved organic carbon contribution from hillslope soils to a headwater stream. *Water Resources Research*, 48(9). https://doi.org/10.1029/2011wr010815

Mei, Y., Hornberger, G. M., Kaplan, L. A., Newbold, J. D., & Aufdenkampe, A. K. (2014). The delivery of dissolved organic carbon from a forested hillslope to a headwater stream in southeastern Pennsylvania, USA. *Water Resources Research*, 50(7), 5774–5796. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014wr015635

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Maher, K. (2011). The role of fluid residence time and topographic scales in determining chemical fluxes from landscapes. *Earth and Planetary Science Letters*, **312**(1–2), 48–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.09.040

Maher, K., & Chamberlain, C. P. (2014). Hydrologic regulation of chemical weathering and the geologic carbon cycle. *Science*, **343**(6178), 1502–1504. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1250770

Maher, K., & Druhan, J. (2014). Relationships between the transit time of water and the fluxes of weathered elements through the critical zone. *Procedia Earth and Planetary Science*, **10**, 16–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeps.2014.08.004

Marçais, J., De Dreuzy, J. R., Ginn, T. R., Rousseau-Gueutin, P., & Leray, S. (2015). Inerring transit time distributions from atmospheric tracer data: Assessment of the predictive capacities of Lumped Parameter Models on a 3D crystalline aquifer model. *Journal of Hydrology*, **525**, 619–631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.03.055

McDonnell, J. (2014). The two water world hypothesis: Ecohydrological separation of water between streams and tress? *WIREs Water*, **1**(4), 323–329. https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1027

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Stewart, B., Shanley, J. B., Kirchner, J. W., Norris, D., Adler, T., Bristol, C., et al. (2022). Streams as mirrors: Reading subsurface water chemistry from stream chemistry. *Water Resources Research*, **58**(1), e2021WR029931. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021wr029931

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Sullivan, P. L., Stops, M. W., Macpherson, G. L., Li, L., Hirmas, D. R., & Dodds, W. K. (2019). How landscape heterogeneity governs stream water concentration-discharge behavior in carbonate terrains (Konza Prairie, USA). *Chemical Geology*, **527**, 118989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.12.002

Tallec, G., Ansart, P., Guérin, A., Delaigue, O., & Blanchouin, A. (2015). Observatoire Oracle [Dataset]. Irtsea. https://doi.org/10.17180/obs.oracle

Thompson, S. E., Basu, N. B., Lascurain, J., Jr., Aubeneau, A., & Rao, P. S. C. (2011). Relative dominance of hydrologic versus biogeochemical factors on solute export across impact gradients. *Water Resources Research*, **47**(10), W00J05. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010wr009605

Torres, M. A., Baronas, J. J., Clark, K. E., Feakins, S. J., & West, A. J. (2017). Mixing as a driver of temporal variations in river hydro-chemistry: 1. Insights from conservative tracers in the Andes-Amazon transition. *Water Resources Research*, **53**(4), 3102–3119. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016WR019733

Torres, M. A., West, A. J., & Clark, K. E. (2015). Geomorphic regime modulates hydrologic control of chemical weathering in the Andes-Amazon. *Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta*, **166**, 105–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2015.06.007

Vaughan, M. C., Bowden, W. B., Shanley, J. B., Vermilyea, A., Sleeper, R., Gold, A. J., et al. (2017). High-frequency dissolved organic carbon and nitrate measurements reveal differences in storm hysteresis and loading in relation to land cover and seasonality. *Water Resources Research*, **53**(7), 5345–5363. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017wr020491

Vilain, G., Garnier, J., Tallec, G., & Cellier, P. (2010). Effect of slope position and land use on nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions (Seine Basin, France). *Agricultural and Forest Meteorology*, **150**(9), 1192–1202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.05.004

Vilain, G., Garnier, J., Tallec, G., & Tournebize, J. (2012). Indirect N₂O emissions from shallow groundwater in an agricultural catchment (Seine Basin, France). *Biogeochemistry*, **111**(1–3), 253–271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-011-9642-7

von Freyberg, J., Studer, B., & Kirchner, J. W. (2017). A lab in the field: High-frequency analysis of water quality and stable isotopes in stream-water and precipitation. *Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions*. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2016-585

Wang, J., Bouchez, J., Dolant, A., Floury, P., Stumpf, A. J., Bauer, E., et al. (2024). Sampling frequency, load estimation and the disproportionate effect of storms on solute mass flux in rivers. *Science of the Total Environment*, **906**, 167379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167379

White, A. F., & Blum, A. E. (1995). Effects of climate on chemical weathering in watersheds. *Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta*, **59**(9), 1729–1747. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(95)00078-E

Winnick, M. J., Carroll, R. W., Williams, K. H., Maxwell, R. M., Dong, W., & Maher, K. (2017). Snowmelt controls on concentration-discharge relationships and the balance of oxidative and acid-base weathering fluxes in an alpine catchment, East River, Colorado. *Water Resources Research*, **53**(3), 2507–2523. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016wr019724

Wittenberg, H. (1999). Baseflow recession and recharge as nonlinear storage processes. *Hydrological Processes*, **13**(5), 715–726. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1085(19990415)13:5<715::aid-hyp775>3.0.co;2-n

Wolock, D. M., Fan, J., & Lawrence, G. B. (1997). Effects of basin size on low flow stream chemistry and subsurface contact time in the Neversink River watershed, New York. *Hydrological Processes*, **11**(9), 1273–1286. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1085(199707)11:9<1273::aid-hyp557>3.0.co;2-s

Wymore, A. S., Brereton, R. L., Ibarra, D. E., Maher, K., & McDowell, W. H. (2017). Critical zone structure controls concentration discharge relationships and solute generation in forested tropical montane watersheds. *Water Resources Research*, **53**(7), 6279–6295. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016wr020016

Wymore, A. S., Larsen, W., Kincaid, D. W., Underwood, K. L., Fazekas, H. M., McDowell, W. H., et al. (2023). Revisiting the origins of the power-law analysis for the assessment of concentration-discharge relationships. *Water Resources Research*, **59**(8), e2023WR034910. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023wr034910

Wymore, A. S., Leon, M. C., Shanley, J. B., & McDowell, W. H. (2019). Hysteretic response of solutes and turbidity at the event scale across forested tropical montane watersheds. *Frontiers in Earth Science*, **7**, 126. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2019.00126

Xiao, D., Brantley, S. L., & Li, L. (2021). Vertical connectivity regulates water transit time and chemical weathering at the hillslope scale. *Water Resources Research*, **57**(8), e2020WR029207. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020wr029207

Zhi, W., & Li, L. (2020). The shallow and deep hypothesis: Subsurface vertical chemical contrasts shape nitrate export patterns from different land uses. *Environmental Science & Technology*, **54**(19), 11915–11928. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c01340

Zhi, W., Li, L., Dong, W., Brown, W., Kaye, J., Steefel, C., & Williams, K. H. (2019). Distinct source water chemistry shapes contrasting concentration-discharge patterns. *Water Resources Research*, **55**(5), 4233–4251. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018wr024257

Zribi, M., Baghdadadi, N., Holah, N., Fafin, O., & Guérin, C. (2005). Evaluation of a rough soil surface description with ASAR-ENVISAT radar data. *Remote Sensing of Environment*, **95**(1), 67–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2004.11.014

Zribi, M., & Dechambre, M. (2003). A new empirical model to retrieve soil moisture and roughness from C-band radar data. *Remote Sensing of Environment*, **84**(1), 42–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00069

## References From the Supporting Information

Valluri, S. R., Jeffrey, D. J., & Corless, R. M. (2000). Some applications of the Lambert's W Function to physics. *Canadian Journal of Physics*, **78**(9), 823–831. https://doi.org/10.1139/p00-065
Speir, S. L., Tank, J. L., Bieroza, M., Mahl, U. H., & Royer, T. V. (2021). Storm size and hydrologic modification influence nitrate mobilization and transport in agricultural watersheds. *Biogeochemistry*, **156**(3), 319–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-021-00847-y

Stallard, R. F., & Murphy, S. F. (2014). A unified assessment of hydrologic and biogeochemical responses in Research watersheds in eastern Puerto Rico using runoff-concentration relations. *Aquatic Geochemistry*, **20**(2–3), 115–139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10498-013-9216-5

Stewart, B., Shanley, J. B., Kirchner, J. W., Norris, D., Adler, T., Bristol, C., et al. (2022). Streams as mirrors: Reading subsurface water chemistry from stream chemistry. *Water Resources Research*, **58**(1), e2021WR029931. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021wr029931

Sullivan, P. L., Ma, L., West, N., Jin, L., Karwan, D. L., Noireaux, J., et al. (2016). CZ-tope at Susquehanna Shale Hills CZO: Synthesizing multiple isotope proxies to elucidate Critical Zone processes across timescales in a temperate forested landscape. *Chemical Geology*, **445**, 103–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2016.05.012

Sullivan, P. L., Stops, M. W., Macpherson, G. L., Li, L., Hirmas, D. R., & Dodds, W. K. (2019). How landscape heterogeneity governs stream water concentration-discharge behavior in carbonate terrains (Konza Prairie, USA). *Chemical Geology*, **527**, 118989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.12.002

Tallec, G., Ansart, P., Guérin, A., Delaigue, O., & Blanchouin, A. (2015). Observatoire Oracle [Dataset]. Irtsea. https://doi.org/10.17180/obs.oracle

Thompson, S. E., Basu, N. B., Lascurain, J., Jr., Aubeneau, A., & Rao, P. S. C. (2011). Relative dominance of hydrologic versus biogeochemical factors on solute export across impact gradients. *Water Resources Research*, **47**(10), W00J05. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010wr009605

Torres, M. A., Baronas, J. J., Clark, K. E., Feakins, S. J., & West, A. J. (2017). Mixing as a driver of temporal variations in river hydro-chemistry: 1. Insights from conservative tracers in the Andes-Amazon transition. *Water Resources Research*, **53**(4), 3102–3119. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016WR019733

Torres, M. A., West, A. J., & Clark, K. E. (2015). Geomorphic regime modulates hydrologic control of chemical weathering in the Andes-Amazon. *Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta*, **166**, 105–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2015.06.007

Vaughan, M. C., Bowden, W. B., Shanley, J. B., Vermilyea, A., Sleeper, R., Gold, A. J., et al. (2017). High-frequency dissolved organic carbon and nitrate measurements reveal differences in storm hysteresis and loading in relation to land cover and seasonality. *Water Resources Research*, **53**(7), 5345–5363. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017wr020491

Vilain, G., Garnier, J., Tallec, G., & Cellier, P. (2010). Effect of slope position and land use on nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions (Seine Basin, France). *Agricultural and Forest Meteorology*, **150**(9), 1192–1202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.05.004

Vilain, G., Garnier, J., Tallec, G., & Tournebize, J. (2012). Indirect N₂O emissions from shallow groundwater in an agricultural catchment (Seine Basin, France). *Biogeochemistry*, **111**(1–3), 253–271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-011-9642-7

von Freyberg, J., Studer, B., & Kirchner, J. W. (2017). A lab in the field: High-frequency analysis of water quality and stable isotopes in stream-water and precipitation. *Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions*. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2016-585

Wang, J., Bouchez, J., Dolant, A., Floury, P., Stumpf, A. J., Bauer, E., et al. (2024). Sampling frequency, load estimation and the disproportionate effect of storms on solute mass flux in rivers. *Science of the Total Environment*, **906**, 167379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167379

White, A. F., & Blum, A. E. (1995). Effects of climate on chemical weathering in watersheds. *Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta*, **59**(9), 1729–1747. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(95)00078-E

Winnick, M. J., Carroll, R. W., Williams, K. H., Maxwell, R. M., Dong, W., & Maher, K. (2017). Snowmelt controls on concentration-discharge relationships and the balance of oxidative and acid-base weathering fluxes in an alpine catchment, East River, Colorado. *Water Resources Research*, **53**(3), 2507–2523. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016wr019724

Wittenberg, H. (1999). Baseflow recession and recharge as nonlinear storage processes. *Hydrological Processes*, **13**(5), 715–726. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1085(19990415)13:5<715::aid-hyp775>3.0.co;2-n

Wolock, D. M., Fan, J., & Lawrence, G. B. (1997). Effects of basin size on low flow stream chemistry and subsurface contact time in the Neversink River watershed, New York. *Hydrological Processes*, **11**(9), 1273–1286. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1085(199707)11:9<1273::aid-hyp557>3.0.co;2-s

Wymore, A. S., Brereton, R. L., Ibarra, D. E., Maher, K., & McDowell, W. H. (2017). Critical zone structure controls concentration discharge relationships and solute generation in forested tropical montane watersheds. *Water Resources Research*, **53**(7), 6279–6295. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016wr020016

Wymore, A. S., Larsen, W., Kincaid, D. W., Underwood, K. L., Fazekas, H. M., McDowell, W. H., et al. (2023). Revisiting the origins of the power-law analysis for the assessment of concentration-discharge relationships. *Water Resources Research*, **59**(8), e2023WR034910. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023wr034910

Wymore, A. S., Leon, M. C., Shanley, J. B., & McDowell, W. H. (2019). Hysteretic response of solutes and turbidity at the event scale across forested tropical montane watersheds. *Frontiers in Earth Science*, **7**, 126. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2019.00126

Xiao, D., Brantley, S. L., & Li, L. (2021). Vertical connectivity regulates water transit time and chemical weathering at the hillslope scale. *Water Resources Research*, **57**(8), e2020WR029207. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020wr029207

Zhi, W., & Li, L. (2020). The shallow and deep hypothesis: Subsurface vertical chemical contrasts shape nitrate export patterns from different land uses. *Environmental Science & Technology*, **54**(19), 11915–11928. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c01340

Zhi, W., Li, L., Dong, W., Brown, W., Kaye, J., Steefel, C., & Williams, K. H. (2019). Distinct source water chemistry shapes contrasting concentration-discharge patterns. *Water Resources Research*, **55**(5), 4233–4251. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018wr024257

Zribi, M., Baghdadadi, N., Holah, N., Fafin, O., & Guérin, C. (2005). Evaluation of a rough soil surface description with ASAR-ENVISAT radar data. *Remote Sensing of Environment*, **95**(1), 67–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2004.11.014

Zribi, M., & Dechambre, M. (2003). A new empirical model to retrieve soil moisture and roughness from C-band radar data. *Remote Sensing of Environment*, **84**(1), 42–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00069

## References From the Supporting Information

Valluri, S. R., Jeffrey, D. J., & Corless, R. M. (2000). Some applications of the Lambert's W Function to physics. *Canadian Journal of Physics*, **78**(9), 823–831. https://doi.org/10.1139/p00-065