89. Mordechay, E. B., Mordehay, V., Tarchitzky, J. & Chefetz, B. Fate of contaminants of emerging concern in the reclaimed wastewater-soil-plant continuum. *Sci. Total Environ.* **822**, 153574 (2022).

90. Paltiel, O. et al. Human exposure to wastewater-derived pharmaceuticals in fresh produce: a randomized controlled trial focusing on carbamazepine. *Environ. Sci. Technol.* **50**, 4476-4482 (2016).

91. Schapira, M. et al. Involuntary human exposure to carbamazepine: a cross-sectional study of correlates across the lifespan and dietary spectrum. *Environ. Int.* **143**, 105951 (2020).

92. Zhang, C., Barron, L. & Sturzenbaum, S. The transportation, transformation and (bio) accumulation of pharmaceuticals in the terrestrial ecosystem. *Sci. Total Environ.* **781**, 146684 (2021).

93. Tian, R. et al. Uptake and metabolism of clarithromycin and sulfadiazine in lettuce. *Environ. Pollut.* **247**, 1134-1142 (2019).

94. Christou, A. et al. Stress-related phenomena and detoxification mechanisms induced by common pharmaceuticals in alfalfa (*Medicago sativa* L.) plants. *Sci. Total Environ.* **557-558**, 652-664 (2016).

95. Christou, A., Michael, C., Fatta-Kassinos, D. & Fotopoulos, V. Can the pharmaceutically active compounds released in agroecosystems be considered as emerging plant stressors? *Environ. Int.* **114**, 360-364 (2018).

96. Mansilla, S. et al. Compounds of emerging concern as new plant stressors linked to water reuse and biosolid application in agriculture. *J. Environ. Chem. Eng.* **9**, 105198 (2021).

97. Christou, A., Karaolia, P., Hapeshi, E., Michael, C. & Fatta-Kassinos, D. Long-term wastewater irrigation of vegetables in real agricultural systems: concentration of pharmaceuticals in soil, uptake and bioaccumulation in tomato fruits and human health risk assessment. *Water Res.* **109**, 24-34 (2017).

98. Christou, A. et al. Ranking of crop plants according to their potential to uptake and accumulate contaminants of emerging concern. *Environ. Res.* **170**, 422-432 (2019).

99. Mordechay, E. et al. Wastewater-derived organic contaminants in fresh produce: dietary exposure and human health concerns. *Water Res.* **223**, 118986 (2022).

100. Ali, I. et al. Micro- and nanoplastics in wastewater treatment plants: occurrence, removal, fate, impacts and remediation technologies — a critical review. *Chem. Eng. J.* **423**, 130205 (2021).

101. Carr, S. A., Liu, J. & Tesoro, A. G. Transport and fate of microplastic particles in wastewater treatment plants. *Water Res.* **91**, 174-182 (2016).

102. Xia, Y. et al. Plastic materials and water sources actively select and shape wastewater plastispheres over time. *Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.* **16**, 145 (2022).

103. Liu, P. et al. Sources of micro(nano)plastics and interaction with co-existing pollutants in wastewater treatment plants. *Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol.* **53**, 865-885 (2023).

104. Junaid, M. et al. Wastewater plastosphere enhances antibiotic resistant elements, bacterial pathogens, and toxicological impacts in the environment. *Sci. Total Environ.* **841**, 156805 (2022).

105. Manoli, K. et al. Investigation of the effect of microplastics on the UV inactivation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in water. *Water Res.* **222**, 118906 (2022).

106. Cui, Q., Wang, F., Wang, X., Chen, T. & Guo, X. Environmental toxicity and ecological effects of micro(nano)plastics: a huge challenge posed by biodegradability. *TrAC Trends Anal. Chem.* **164**, 117092 (2023).

107. Wang, F. et al. Micro(nano)plastics and terrestrial plants: up-to-date knowledge on uptake, translocation, and phytotoxicity. *Resour. Conserv. Recycl.* **185**, 106503 (2022).

108. Naziri, A. et al. Looking into the effects of co-contamination by micro(nano)plastics in the presence of other pollutants on irrigated edible plants. *Sci. Total Environ.* **892**, 164618 (2023).

109. Liu, Y. et al. Uptake, transport and accumulation of micro- and nano-plastics in terrestrial plants and health risk associated with their transfer to food chain — a mini review. *Sci. Total Environ.* **902**, 166045 (2023).

110. Rout, P. R. et al. Micro- and nanoplastics removal mechanisms in wastewater treatment plants: a review. *J. Hazard. Mat. Adv.* **6**, 100070 (2022).

111. Maculewicz, J. et al. Transformation products of pharmaceuticals in the environment: their fate, (eco)toxicity and bioaccumulation potential. *Sci. Total Environ.* **802**, 149916 (2022).

112. Yin, L. et al. Pay special attention to the transformation products of PPCPs in environment. *Emerg. Contam.* **3**, 69-75 (2017).

113. Murrell, K. A., Teehan, P. D. & Dorman, F. L. Determination of contaminants of emerging concern and their transformation products in treated-wastewater irrigated soil and corn. *Chemosphere* **281**, 130735 (2021).

114. Madmon, M. et al. Pharmacokinetics of the recalcitrant drug lamotrigine: identification and distribution of metabolites in cucumber plants. *Environ. Sci. Technol.* **57**, 20228-20237 (2023).

115. Löffler, P., Escher, B. I., Baduel, C., Virta, M. P. & Lai, F. Y. Antimicrobial transformation products in the aquatic environment: global occurrence, ecotoxicological risks, and potential of antibiotic resistance. *Environ. Sci. Technol.* **57**, 9474-9494 (2023).

116. Ashbolt, N. J. et al. Human health risk assessment (HHRA) for environmental development and transfer of antibiotic resistance. *Environ. Health Perspect.* **121**, 993-1001 (2013).

117. Han, X.-M. et al. Impacts of reclaimed water irrigation on soil antibiotic resistome in urban parks of Victoria, Australia. *Environ. Pollut.* **211**, 48-57 (2016).

118. Zammit, I., Marano, R. B., Vaiano, V., Cytryn, E. & Rizzo, L. Changes in antibiotic resistance gene levels in soil after irrigation with treated wastewater: a comparison between heterogeneous photocatalysis and chlorination. *Environ. Sci. Technol.* **54**, 7677-7686 (2020).

119. Summerlin III, H. N. et al. Prevalence of *Escherichia coli* and antibiotic-resistant bacteria during fresh produce production (romaine lettuce) using municipal wastewater effluents. *Front. Microbiol.* **12**, 660047 (2021).

120. Marano, R. B., Zolti, A., Jurkevitch, E. & Cytryn, E. Antibiotic resistance and class 1 integron gene dynamics along effluent, reclaimed wastewater irrigated soil, crop continua: elucidating potential risks and ecological constraints. *Water Res.* **164**, 114906 (2019).

121. Marano, R. B., Gupta, C. L., Cozer, T., Jurkevitch, E. & Cytryn, E. Hidden resistome: enrichment reveals the presence of clinically relevant antibiotic resistance determinants in treated wastewater-irrigated soils. *Environ. Sci. Technol.* **55**, 6814-6827 (2021).

122. Kampouris, I. D. et al. Antibiotic resistance gene load and irrigation intensity determine the impact of wastewater irrigation on antimicrobial resistance in the soil microbiome. *Water Res.* **193**, 116818 (2021).

123. Zhuang, M. et al. Distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in the environment. *Environ. Pollut.* **285**, 117402 (2021).

124. Seyoum, M. M., Lichtenberg, R., Lořofsky, E., Bernstein, N. & Gillor, O. Antibiotic resistance in soil and tomato crop irrigated with freshwater and two types of treated wastewater. *Environ. Res.* **211**, 113021 (2022).

125. Liu, Y. et al. Cropping system exerts stronger influence on antibiotic resistance gene assemblages in greenhouse soils than reclaimed wastewater irrigation. *J. Hazard. Mat.* **425**, 128046 (2022).

126. Cerqueira, F. et al. Antibiotic resistance gene distribution in agricultural fields and crops. A soil-to-food analysis. *Environ. Res.* **177**, 108608 (2019).

127. Leiva, A. M., Piña, B. & Vidal, G. Antibiotic resistance dissemination in wastewater treatment plants: a challenge for the reuse of treated wastewater in agriculture. *Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol.* **20**, 1043-1072 (2021).

128. Guo, Y. et al. Diversity and abundance of antibiotic resistance genes in rhizosphere soil and endophytes of leafy vegetables: focusing on the effect of the vegetable species. *J. Hazard. Mat.* **415**, 125595 (2021).

129. Xu, H. et al. Antibiotic resistance gene-carrying plasmid spreads into the plant endophytic bacteria using soil bacteria as carriers. *Environ. Sci. Technol.* **55**, 10462-10470 (2021).

130. Xiao, R. et al. Antibiotic resistance in soil-plant systems: a review of the source, dissemination, influence factors, and potential exposure risks. *Sci. Total Environ.* **869**, 161855 (2023).

131. Garner, E. et al. Towards risk assessment for antibiotic resistant pathogens in recycled water: a systematic review and summary of research needs. *Environ. Microbiol.* **23**, 7355-7372 (2021).

132. Djordjevic, S. P. et al. Genomic surveillance for antimicrobial resistance — a One Health perspective. *Nat. Rev. Genet.* https://doi.org/10.1038/s41576-023-00649-y (2023).

133. Berendonk, T. U. et al. Tackling antibiotic resistance: the environmental framework. *Nat. Rev. Microbiol.* **13**, 310-317 (2015).

134. Ben, Y. et al. Human health risk assessment of antibiotic resistance associated with antibiotic residues in the environment: a review. *Environ. Res.* **169**, 483-493 (2019).

135. Gudda, F. O. et al. Antibiotic-contaminated wastewater irrigated vegetables pose resistance selection risks to the gut microbiome. *Environ. Pollut.* **264**, 114752 (2020).

136. Scaccia, N., Vaz-Moreira, I. & Manaia, C. M. The risk of transmitting antibiotic resistance through endophytic bacteria. *Trends Plant. Sci.* **26**, 1213-1226 (2021).

137. Yin, X. et al. Toward a universal unit for quantification of antibiotic resistance genes in environmental samples. *Environ. Sci. Technol.* **57**, 9713-9721 (2023).

138. Manaia, C. M. Framework for establishing regulatory guidelines to control antibiotic resistance in treated effluents. *Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol.* **53**, 754-779 (2023).

139. Breitenmoser, L. et al. Perceived drivers and barriers in the governance of wastewater treatment and reuse in India: insights from a two-round Delphi study. *Resour. Conserv. Recycl.* **182**, 106285 (2022).

140. NRMMC, EPHC & AHMC. Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling: managing health and environmental risks (phase 1) https://www.waterquality.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/water-recycling-guidelines-full-21.pdf (2006).

141. US Environmental Protection Agency. Guidelines for water reuse (EPA, 2012).

142. ISO. ISO 20426:2018 — guidelines for non-potable water reuse (ISO, 2018).

143. ISO. ISO 16075:2020 — guidelines for treated wastewater use for irrigation projects — parts 1 to 4 (ISO, 2020).

144. WHO. Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater in agriculture and aquaculture (WHO, 2006).

145. Walton, M. The energy sector should care about wastewater. *International Energy Agency* https://www.iea.org/commentaries/the-energy-sector-should-care-about-wastewater (2018).

146. Lu, L. et al. Wastewater treatment for carbon capture and utilization. *Nat. Sustain.* **1**, 750-758 (2018).

147. Zhang, X. & Liu, Y. Resource recovery from municipal wastewater: a critical paradigm shift in the post era of activated sludge. *Biores. Technol.* **363**, 127932 (2022).

148. Tian, X., Richardson, R. E., Tester, J. W., Lozano, J. L. & You, F. Retrofitting municipal wastewater treatment facilities toward a greener and circular economy by virtue of resource recovery: techno-economic analysis and life cycle assessment. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng.* **8**, 13823-13837 (2020).
89. Mordechay, E. B., Mordehay, V., Tarchitzky, J. & Chefetz, B. Fate of contaminants of emerging concern in the reclaimed wastewater-soil-plant continuum. *Sci. Total Environ.* **822**, 153574 (2022).

90. Paltiel, O. et al. Human exposure to wastewater-derived pharmaceuticals in fresh produce: a randomized controlled trial focusing on carbamazepine. *Environ. Sci. Technol.* **50**, 4476-4482 (2016).

91. Schapira, M. et al. Involuntary human exposure to carbamazepine: a cross-sectional study of correlates across the lifespan and dietary spectrum. *Environ. Int.* **143**, 105951 (2020).

92. Zhang, C., Barron, L. & Sturzenbaum, S. The transportation, transformation and (bio) accumulation of pharmaceuticals in the terrestrial ecosystem. *Sci. Total Environ.* **781**, 146684 (2021).

93. Tian, R. et al. Uptake and metabolism of clarithromycin and sulfadiazine in lettuce. *Environ. Pollut.* **247**, 1134-1142 (2019).

94. Christou, A. et al. Stress-related phenomena and detoxification mechanisms induced by common pharmaceuticals in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) plants. *Sci. Total Environ.* **557-558**, 652-664 (2016).

95. Christou, A., Michael, C., Fatta-Kassinos, D. & Fotopoulos, V. Can the pharmaceutically active compounds released in agroecosystems be considered as emerging plant stressors? *Environ. Int.* **114**, 360-364 (2018).

96. Mansilla, S. et al. Compounds of emerging concern as new plant stressors linked to water reuse and biosolid application in agriculture. *J. Environ. Chem. Eng.* **9**, 105198 (2021).

97. Christou, A., Karaolia, P., Hapeshi, E., Michael, C. & Fatta-Kassinos, D. Long-term wastewater irrigation of vegetables in real agricultural systems: concentration of pharmaceuticals in soil, uptake and bioaccumulation in tomato fruits and human health risk assessment. *Water Res.* **109**, 24-34 (2017).

98. Christou, A. et al. Ranking of crop plants according to their potential to uptake and accumulate contaminants of emerging concern. *Environ. Res.* **170**, 422-432 (2019).

99. Mordechay, E. et al. Wastewater-derived organic contaminants in fresh produce: dietary exposure and human health concerns. *Water Res.* **223**, 118986 (2022).

100. Ali, I. et al. Micro- and nanoplastics in wastewater treatment plants: occurrence, removal, fate, impacts and remediation technologies — a critical review. *Chem. Eng. J.* **423**, 130205 (2021).

101. Carr, S. A., Liu, J. & Tesoro, A. G. Transport and fate of microplastic particles in wastewater treatment plants. *Water Res.* **91**, 174-182 (2016).

102. Xia, Y. et al. Plastic materials and water sources actively select and shape wastewater plastispheres over time. *Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.* **16**, 145 (2022).

103. Liu, P. et al. Sources of micro(nano)plastics and interaction with co-existing pollutants in wastewater treatment plants. *Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol.* **53**, 865-885 (2023).

104. Junaid, M. et al. Wastewater plastisphere enhances antibiotic resistant elements, bacterial pathogens, and toxicological impacts in the environment. *Sci. Total Environ.* **841**, 156805 (2022).

105. Manoli, K. et al. Investigation of the effect of microplastics on the UV inactivation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in water. *Water Res.* **222**, 118906 (2022).

106. Cui, Q., Wang, F., Wang, X., Chen, T. & Guo, X. Environmental toxicity and ecological effects of micro(nano)plastics: a huge challenge posed by biodegradability. *TrAC Trends Anal. Chem.* **164**, 117092 (2023).

107. Wang, F. et al. Micro(nano)plastics and terrestrial plants: up-to-date knowledge on uptake, translocation, and phytotoxicity. *Resour. Conserv. Recycl.* **185**, 106503 (2022).

108. Naziri, A. et al. Looking into the effects of co-contamination by micro(nano)plastics in the presence of other pollutants on irrigated edible plants. *Sci. Total Environ.* **892**, 164618 (2023).

109. Liu, Y. et al. Uptake, transport and accumulation of micro- and nano-plastics in terrestrial plants and health risk associated with their transfer to food chain — a mini review. *Sci. Total Environ.* **902**, 166045 (2023).

110. Rout, P. R. et al. Micro- and nanoplastics removal mechanisms in wastewater treatment plants: a review. *J. Hazard. Mat. Adv.* **6**, 100070 (2022).

111. Maculewicz, J. et al. Transformation products of pharmaceuticals in the environment: their fate, (eco)toxicity and bioaccumulation potential. *Sci. Total Environ.* **802**, 149916 (2022).

112. Yin, L. et al. Pay special attention to the transformation products of PPCPs in environment. *Emerg. Contam.* **3**, 69-75 (2017).

113. Murrell, K. A., Teehan, P. D. & Dorman, F. L. Determination of contaminants of emerging concern and their transformation products in treated-wastewater irrigated soil and corn. *Chemosphere* **281**, 130735 (2021).

114. Madmon, M. et al. Pharmacokinetics of the recalcitrant drug lamotrigine: identification and distribution of metabolites in cucumber plants. *Environ. Sci. Technol.* **57**, 20228-20237 (2023).

115. Löffler, P., Escher, B. I., Baduel, C., Virta, M. P. & Lai, F. Y. Antimicrobial transformation products in the aquatic environment: global occurrence, ecotoxicological risks, and potential of antibiotic resistance. *Environ. Sci. Technol.* **57**, 9474-9494 (2023).

116. Ashbolt, N. J. et al. Human health risk assessment (HHRA) for environmental development and transfer of antibiotic resistance. *Environ. Health Perspect.* **121**, 993-1001 (2013).

117. Han, X.-M. et al. Impacts of reclaimed water irrigation on soil antibiotic resistome in urban parks of Victoria, Australia. *Environ. Pollut.* **211**, 48-57 (2016).

118. Zammit, I., Marano, R. B., Vaiano, V., Cytryn, E. & Rizzo, L. Changes in antibiotic resistance gene levels in soil after irrigation with treated wastewater: a comparison between heterogeneous photocatalysis and chlorination. *Environ. Sci. Technol.* **54**, 7677-7686 (2020).

119. Summerlin III, H. N. et al. Prevalence of *Escherichia coli* and antibiotic-resistant bacteria during fresh produce production (romaine lettuce) using municipal wastewater effluents. *Front. Microbiol.* **12**, 660047 (2021).

120. Marano, R. B., Zolti, A., Jurkevitch, E. & Cytryn, E. Antibiotic resistance and class 1 integron gene dynamics along effluent, reclaimed wastewater irrigated soil, crop continua: elucidating potential risks and ecological constraints. *Water Res.* **164**, 114906 (2019).

121. Marano, R. B., Gupta, C. L., Cozer, T., Jurkevitch, E. & Cytryn, E. Hidden resistome: enrichment reveals the presence of clinically relevant antibiotic resistance determinants in treated wastewater-irrigated soils. *Environ. Sci. Technol.* **55**, 6814-6827 (2021).

122. Kampouris, I. D. et al. Antibiotic resistance gene load and irrigation intensity determine the impact of wastewater irrigation on antimicrobial resistance in the soil microbiome. *Water Res.* **193**, 116818 (2021).

123. Zhuang, M. et al. Distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in the environment. *Environ. Pollut.* **285**, 117402 (2021).

124. Seyoum, M. M., Lichtenberg, R., Lořofsky, E., Bernstein, N. & Gillor, O. Antibiotic resistance in soil and tomato crop irrigated with freshwater and two types of treated wastewater. *Environ. Res.* **211**, 113021 (2022).

125. Liu, Y. et al. Cropping system exerts stronger influence on antibiotic resistance gene assemblages in greenhouse soils than reclaimed wastewater irrigation. *J. Hazard. Mat.* **425**, 128046 (2022).

126. Cerqueira, F. et al. Antibiotic resistance gene distribution in agricultural fields and crops. A soil-to-food analysis. *Environ. Res.* **177**, 108608 (2019).

127. Leiva, A. M., Piña, B. & Vidal, G. Antibiotic resistance dissemination in wastewater treatment plants: a challenge for the reuse of treated wastewater in agriculture. *Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol.* **20**, 1043-1072 (2021).

128. Guo, Y. et al. Diversity and abundance of antibiotic resistance genes in rhizosphere soil and endophytes of leafy vegetables: focusing on the effect of the vegetable species. *J. Hazard. Mat.* **415**, 125595 (2021).

129. Xu, H. et al. Antibiotic resistance gene-carrying plasmid spreads into the plant endophytic bacteria using soil bacteria as carriers. *Environ. Sci. Technol.* **55**, 10462-10470 (2021).

130. Xiao, R. et al. Antibiotic resistance in soil-plant systems: a review of the source, dissemination, influence factors, and potential exposure risks. *Sci. Total Environ.* **869**, 161855 (2023).

131. Garner, E. et al. Towards risk assessment for antibiotic resistant pathogens in recycled water: a systematic review and summary of research needs. *Environ. Microbiol.* **23**, 7355-7372 (2021).

132. Djordjevic, S. P. et al. Genomic surveillance for antimicrobial resistance — a One Health perspective. *Nat. Rev. Genet.* https://doi.org/10.1038/s41576-023-00649-y (2023).

133. Berendonk, T. U. et al. Tackling antibiotic resistance: the environmental framework. *Nat. Rev. Microbiol.* **13**, 310-317 (2015).

134. Ben, Y. et al. Human health risk assessment of antibiotic resistance associated with antibiotic residues in the environment: a review. *Environ. Res.* **169**, 483-493 (2019).

135. Gudda, F. O. et al. Antibiotic-contaminated wastewater irrigated vegetables pose resistance selection risks to the gut microbiome. *Environ. Pollut.* **264**, 114752 (2020).

136. Scaccia, N., Vaz-Moreira, I. & Manaia, C. M. The risk of transmitting antibiotic resistance through endophytic bacteria. *Trends Plant. Sci.* **26**, 1213-1226 (2021).

137. Yin, X. et al. Toward a universal unit for quantification of antibiotic resistance genes in environmental samples. *Environ. Sci. Technol.* **57**, 9713-9721 (2023).

138. Manaia, C. M. Framework for establishing regulatory guidelines to control antibiotic resistance in treated effluents. *Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol.* **53**, 754-779 (2023).

139. Breitenmoser, L. et al. Perceived drivers and barriers in the governance of wastewater treatment and reuse in India: insights from a two-round Delphi study. *Resour. Conserv. Recycl.* **182**, 106285 (2022).

140. NRMMC, EPHC & AHMC. Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling: managing health and environmental risks (phase 1) https://www.waterquality.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/water-recycling-guidelines-full-21.pdf (2006).

141. US Environmental Protection Agency. Guidelines for water reuse (EPA, 2012).

142. ISO. ISO 20426:2018 — guidelines for non-potable water reuse (ISO, 2018).

143. ISO. ISO 16075:2020 — guidelines for treated wastewater use for irrigation projects — parts 1 to 4 (ISO, 2020).

144. WHO. Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater in agriculture and aquaculture (WHO, 2006).

145. Walton, M. The energy sector should care about wastewater. *International Energy Agency* https://www.iea.org/commentaries/the-energy-sector-should-care-about-wastewater (2018).

146. Lu, L. et al. Wastewater treatment for carbon capture and utilization. *Nat. Sustain.* **1**, 750-758 (2018).

147. Zhang, X. & Liu, Y. Resource recovery from municipal wastewater: a critical paradigm shift in the post era of activated sludge. *Biores. Technol.* **363**, 127932 (2022).

148. Tian, X., Richardson, R. E., Tester, J. W., Lozano, J. L. & You, F. Retrofitting municipal wastewater treatment facilities toward a greener and circular economy by virtue of resource recovery: techno-economic analysis and life cycle assessment. *ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng.* **8**, 13823-13837 (2020).
149. Zhang, X. & Liu, Y. Circular economy is game-changing municipal wastewater treatment technology towards energy and carbon neutrality. *J. Chem. Eng.* **429**, 132114 (2022).

150. Kehrein, P. et al. A critical review of resource recovery from municipal wastewater treatment plants — market supply potentials, technologies and bottlenecks. *Environ. Sci. Water Res. Technol.* **6**, 877–910 (2020).

151. Furness, M., Bello-Mendoza, R., Dassonvalle, J. & Chamy-Maggi, R. Building the 'bio-factory': a bibliometric analysis of circular economies and life cycle sustainability assessment in wastewater treatment. *J. Clean. Prod.* **323**, 129127 (2021).

152. Robles, Á. et al. New frontiers from removal to recycling of nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater in the circular economy. *Bioresour. Technol.* **300**, 122673 (2020).

153. Rani, A., Snyder, S. W., Kim, H., Lei, Z. & Pan, S.-Y. Pathways to a net-zero-carbon water sector through energy-extracting wastewater technologies. *npj Clean Water* **5**, 49 (2022).

154. Chhipi-Shrestha, G., Hewage, K. & Sadiq, R. Fit-for-purpose wastewater treatment: conceptualization to development of decision support tool (I). *Sci. Total Environ.* **607–608**, 600–612 (2017).

155. Raza, A., Altaf, S., Ali, S., Ikram, M. & Li, G. Recent advances in carbonaceous sustainable nanomaterials for wastewater treatments. *Sustain. Mat. Technol.* **32**, e00406 (2022).

156. Pervez, M. N. et al. A critical review on nanomaterials membrane bioreactor (NMs-MBR) for wastewater treatment. *npj Clean Water* **3**, 43 (2020).

157. Hodges, B. C., Cates, E. L. & Kim, J.-H. Challenges and prospects of advanced oxidation water treatment processes using catalytic nanomaterials. *Nat. Nanotechnol.* **13**, 642–650 (2018).

158. Matheri, A. N., Mohamed, B., Ntuli, F., Nabadda, E. & Ngila, J. C. Sustainable circularity and intelligent data-driven operations and control of the wastewater treatment plant. *Phys. Chem. Earth A/B/C* **126**, 103152 (2022).

159. Matheri, A. N., Ntuli, F., Ngila, J. C., Seodigeng, T. & Zvinowanda, C. Performance prediction of trace metals and cod in wastewater treatment using artificial neural network. *Comput. Chem. Eng.* **149**, 107308 (2021).

160. Kamali, M., Appels, L., Yu, X., Aminabhavi, T. M. & Dewil, R. Artificial intelligence as a sustainable tool in wastewater treatment using membrane bioreactors. *Chem. Eng. J.* **417**, 128070 (2021).

161. Zhao, L. et al. Application of artificial intelligence to wastewater treatment: a bibliometric analysis and systematic review of technology, economy, management, and wastewater reuse. *Process Saf. Environ. Prot.* **133**, 169–182 (2020).

162. Newhart, K. B., Holloway, R. W., Hering, A. S. & Cath, T. Y. Data-driven performance analyses of wastewater treatment plants: a review. *Water Res.* **157**, 498–513 (2019).

163. Kuo, E. Y. et al. Multiomics approaches and genetic engineering of metabolism for improved biorefinery and wastewater treatment in microalgae. *Biotechnol. J.* **17**, 2100603 (2022).

164. Fernández-Arévalo, T. et al. Quantitative assessment of energy and resource recovery in wastewater treatment plants based on plant-wide simulations. *Water Res.* **118**, 272–288 (2017).

165. Li, L. et al. Carbon neutrality of wastewater treatment — a systematic concept beyond the plant boundary. *Environ. Sci. Ecotech.* **11**, 100180 (2022).

166. Abdel Wahaab, R., Mahmoud, M. & van Lier, J. B. Toward achieving sustainable management of municipal wastewater sludge in Egypt: the current status and future prospective. *Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.* **127**, 109880 (2020).

167. Qadir, M. et al. Global and regional potential of wastewater as a water, nutrient and energy source. *Nat. Resour. Forum* **44**, 40–51 (2020).

168. Iqbal, A. et al. Potential for co-disposal and treatment of food waste with sewage: a plant-wide steady-state model evaluation. *Water Res.* **184**, 116175 (2020).

169. Arthur, P. M. A. et al. Performance evaluation of a full-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor coupled with trickling filters for municipal wastewater treatment in a developing country. *Heliyon* **8**, e10129 (2022).

170. Kong, Z. et al. Insights into the carbon neutrality for the treatment process engineering of municipal wastewater by anaerobic membrane bioreactor integrated with partial nitritation-anamox: CO₂ reduction and energy recovery. *J. Water Process Eng.* **49**, 102996 (2022).

171. Gu, J., Yang, Q. & Liu, Y. Mainstream anamox in a novel A-2B process for energy-efficient municipal wastewater treatment with minimized sludge production. *Water Res.* **138**, 1–6 (2018).

172. Cruz, H. et al. Mainstream ammonium recovery to advance sustainable urban wastewater management. *Environ. Sci. Technol.* **53**, 11066–11079 (2019).

173. Ardakani, M. N. & Gholikandi, G. B. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) in integration with anaerobic treatment processes (AnTPs) and membrane bioreactors (MBRs) for simultaneous efficient wastewater/sludge treatment and energy recovery — a state-of-the-art review. *Biomass Bioenergy* **141**, 105726 (2020).

174. Pandey, P. et al. Recent advances in the use of different substrates in microbial fuel cells toward wastewater treatment and simultaneous energy recovery. *Appl. Energy* **168**, 706–723 (2016).

175. Chen, Y. Mining wastewater for hydrogen. *Nat. Rev. Earth Environ.* **3**, 551 (2022).

176. Barbieri, P., MacDonald, G. K., Bernard de Raymond, A. & Nesme, T. Food system resilience to phosphorus shortages on a telecoupled planet. *Nat. Sustain.* **5**, 114–122 (2022).

177. Sniatala, B., Kurniawan, T. A., Sobotka, D., Makinia, J. & Othman, M. H. D. Macro-nutrients recovery from liquid waste as a sustainable resource for production of recovered mineral fertilizer: uncovering alternative options to sustain global food security cost-effectively. *Sci. Total Environ.* **856**, 159283 (2023).

178. Tchobanoglous, G., Burton, F. L. & Stensel, H. D. *Wastewater Engineering — Treatment and Reuse* (McGraw-Hill, 2003).

179. Ye, Y. et al. Nutrient recovery from wastewater: from technology to economy. *Bioresour. Technol. Rep.* **11**, 100425 (2020).

180. Zhang, C., Guisasola, A. & Baeza, J. A. A review on the integration of mainstream P-recovery strategies with enhanced biological phosphorus removal. *Water Res.* **212**, 118102 (2022).

181. Vecino, X., Reig, M., Gibert, O., Verderrama, C. & Cortina, J. L. Integration of liquid-liquid membrane contactors and electrodialysis for ammonium recovery and concentration as a liquid fertilizer. *Chemosphere* **245**, 125606 (2020).

182. Diaz, V. et al. Microalgae bioreactor for nutrient removal and resource recovery from wastewater in the paradigm of circular economy. *Bioresour. Technol.* **363**, 127968 (2022).

183. Chen, Y.-Z. et al. Sustainable treatment of nitrate-containing wastewater by an autotrophic hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium. *Environ. Sci. Ecotech.* **9**, 100146 (2022).

184. Zhang, F., Li, J. & He, Z. A new method for nutrients removal and recovery from wastewater using a bioelectrochemical system. *Bioresour. Technol.* **166**, 630–634 (2014).

185. Arun, S., Sinharoy, A., Pakshirajan, K. & Lens, P. N. L. Algae based microbial fuel cells for wastewater treatment and recovery of value-added products. *Renewab. Sustain. Energy Rev.* **132**, 110041 (2020).

186. Goswami, R. K., Mehariya, S., Verma, P., Lavecchia, R. & Zuorro, A. Microalgae-based biorefineries for sustainable resource recovery from wastewater. *J. Water Process Eng.* **40**, 101747 (2021).

187. Tal, A. Rethinking the sustainability of Israel's irrigation practices in the drylands. *Water Res.* **90**, 387–394 (2016).

188. European Environment Agency. Water scarcity conditions in Europe (water exploitation index plus) (8th EAP). *European Environment Agency* https://www.eea.europa.eu/ims/use-of-freshwater-resources-in-europe-1) (2023).

189. Christou, A., Eliadou, E., Michael, C., Hapeshi, E. & Fatta-Kassinos, D. Assessment of long-term wastewater irrigation impacts on the soil geochemical properties and the bioaccumulation of heavy metals to the agricultural products. *Environ. Monit. Assess.* **186**, 4857–4870 (2014).

190. Liu, X., Liang, C., Liu, X., Zhao, F. & Han, C. Occurrence and human health risk assessment of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in real agricultural systems with long-term reclaimed wastewater irrigation in Beijing, China. *Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.* **190**, 110022 (2020).

191. Radcliffe, J. C. Water recycling in Australia — during and after the drought. *Environ. Sci. Water Res. Technol.* **1**, 554–562 (2015).

192. Radcliffe, J. C. & Page, D. Water reuse and recycling in Australia — history, current situation and future perspectives. *Water Cycle* **1**, 19–40 (2020).

193. Radcliffe, J. C. Current status of recycled water for agricultural irrigation in Australia, potential opportunities and areas of emerging concern. *Sci. Total Environ.* **807**, 151676 (2022).

194. US Environmental Protection Agency. Regulations and end-use specifications explorer (REUSEExplorer). *US Environmental Protection Agency* https://www.epa.gov/waterreuse/regulations-and-end-use-specifications-explorer-reuseexplorer (2023).

195. Inbar, Y. in *Wastewater Reuse — Risk Assessment, Decision-Making and Environmental Security* (ed. Zaidi, M. K.) 291–296 (Springer, 2007).

### Acknowledgements

The authors express their gratitude to T. Mina and A. Naziri (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and NIREAS - International Water Research Center of the University of Cyprus) and T. Casado Poblador for their invaluable contribution to the development of the figures.

### Author contributions

A.C. and D.F.-K. led the conceptualization, writing, editing and revision of the Review.

A.C., V.G.B., I.C.I., P.K., C.M., T.B., B.C., E.D., B.M.G., Y.L., T.T.L., L.L., R.M., L.R., E.D. and D.F.K. contributed to the data collection, analysis and writing of the Review. All authors also reviewed and edited the manuscript before submission.

### Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

### Additional information

Peer review information *Nature Reviews Earth & Environment* thanks J. Camejo and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.

Publisher's note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

© European Union and Anastasia Christou, Vasiliki G. Beretsou, Iakovos C. Iakovides, Popi Karaolia, Costas Michael, Tarik Benmarhnia, Benny Chefetz, Erica Donner, Yunho Lee, Teik Thye Lim, Lian Lundy, Luigi Rizzo, Edward Topp & Despo Fatta-Kassinos under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited 2024
149. Zhang, X. & Liu, Y. Circular economy is game-changing municipal wastewater treatment technology towards energy and carbon neutrality. *J. Chem. Eng.* **429**, 132114 (2022).

150. Kehrein, P. et al. A critical review of resource recovery from municipal wastewater treatment plants — market supply potentials, technologies and bottlenecks. *Environ. Sci. Water Res. Technol.* **6**, 877–910 (2020).

151. Furness, M., Bello-Mendoza, R., Dassonvalle, J. & Chamy-Maggi, R. Building the 'bio-factory': a bibliometric analysis of circular economies and life cycle sustainability assessment in wastewater treatment. *J. Clean. Prod.* **323**, 129127 (2021).

152. Robles, Á. et al. New frontiers from removal to recycling of nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater in the circular economy. *Bioresour. Technol.* **300**, 122673 (2020).

153. Rani, A., Snyder, S. W., Kim, H., Lei, Z. & Pan, S.-Y. Pathways to a net-zero-carbon water sector through energy-extracting wastewater technologies. *npj Clean Water* **5**, 49 (2022).

154. Chhipi-Shrestha, G., Hewage, K. & Sadiq, R. Fit-for-purpose wastewater treatment: conceptualization to development of decision support tool (I). *Sci. Total Environ.* **607–608**, 600–612 (2017).

155. Raza, A., Altaf, S., Ali, S., Ikram, M. & Li, G. Recent advances in carbonaceous sustainable nanomaterials for wastewater treatments. *Sustain. Mat. Technol.* **32**, e00406 (2022).

156. Pervez, M. N. et al. A critical review on nanomaterials membrane bioreactor (NMs-MBR) for wastewater treatment. *npj Clean Water* **3**, 43 (2020).

157. Hodges, B. C., Cates, E. L. & Kim, J.-H. Challenges and prospects of advanced oxidation water treatment processes using catalytic nanomaterials. *Nat. Nanotechnol.* **13**, 642–650 (2018).

158. Matheri, A. N., Mohamed, B., Ntuli, F., Nabadda, E. & Ngila, J. C. Sustainable circularity and intelligent data-driven operations and control of the wastewater treatment plant. *Phys. Chem. Earth A/B/C* **126**, 103152 (2022).

159. Matheri, A. N., Ntuli, F., Ngila, J. C., Seodigeng, T. & Zvinowanda, C. Performance prediction of trace metals and cod in wastewater treatment using artificial neural network. *Comput. Chem. Eng.* **149**, 107308 (2021).

160. Kamali, M., Appels, L., Yu, X., Aminabhavi, T. M. & Dewil, R. Artificial intelligence as a sustainable tool in wastewater treatment using membrane bioreactors. *Chem. Eng. J.* **417**, 128070 (2021).

161. Zhao, L. et al. Application of artificial intelligence to wastewater treatment: a bibliometric analysis and systematic review of technology, economy, management, and wastewater reuse. *Process Saf. Environ. Prot.* **133**, 169–182 (2020).

162. Newhart, K. B., Holloway, R. W., Hering, A. S. & Cath, T. Y. Data-driven performance analyses of wastewater treatment plants: a review. *Water Res.* **157**, 498–513 (2019).

163. Kuo, E. Y. et al. Multiomics approaches and genetic engineering of metabolism for improved biorefinery and wastewater treatment in microalgae. *Biotechnol. J.* **17**, 2100603 (2022).

164. Fernández-Arévalo, T. et al. Quantitative assessment of energy and resource recovery in wastewater treatment plants based on plant-wide simulations. *Water Res.* **118**, 272–288 (2017).

165. Li, L. et al. Carbon neutrality of wastewater treatment — a systematic concept beyond the plant boundary. *Environ. Sci. Ecotech.* **11**, 100180 (2022).

166. Abdel Wahaab, R., Mahmoud, M. & van Lier, J. B. Toward achieving sustainable management of municipal wastewater sludge in Egypt: the current status and future prospective. *Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.* **127**, 109880 (2020).

167. Qadir, M. et al. Global and regional potential of wastewater as a water, nutrient and energy source. *Nat. Resour. Forum* **44**, 40–51 (2020).

168. Iqbal, A. et al. Potential for co-disposal and treatment of food waste with sewage: a plant-wide steady-state model evaluation. *Water Res.* **184**, 116175 (2020).

169. Arthur, P. M. A. et al. Performance evaluation of a full-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor coupled with trickling filters for municipal wastewater treatment in a developing country. *Heliyon* **8**, e10129 (2022).

170. Kong, Z. et al. Insights into the carbon neutrality for the treatment process engineering of municipal wastewater by anaerobic membrane bioreactor integrated with partial nitritation-anamox: CO₂ reduction and energy recovery. *J. Water Process Eng.* **49**, 102996 (2022).

171. Gu, J., Yang, Q. & Liu, Y. Mainstream anamox in a novel A-2B process for energy-efficient municipal wastewater treatment with minimized sludge production. *Water Res.* **138**, 1–6 (2018).

172. Cruz, H. et al. Mainstream ammonium recovery to advance sustainable urban wastewater management. *Environ. Sci. Technol.* **53**, 11066–11079 (2019).

173. Ardakani, M. N. & Gholikandi, G. B. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) in integration with anaerobic treatment processes (AnTPs) and membrane bioreactors (MBRs) for simultaneous efficient wastewater/sludge treatment and energy recovery — a state-of-the-art review. *Biomass Bioenergy* **141**, 105726 (2020).

174. Pandey, P. et al. Recent advances in the use of different substrates in microbial fuel cells toward wastewater treatment and simultaneous energy recovery. *Appl. Energy* **168**, 706–723 (2016).

175. Chen, Y. Mining wastewater for hydrogen. *Nat. Rev. Earth Environ.* **3**, 551 (2022).

176. Barbieri, P., MacDonald, G. K., Bernard de Raymond, A. & Nesme, T. Food system resilience to phosphorus shortages on a telecoupled planet. *Nat. Sustain.* **5**, 114–122 (2022).

177. Sniatala, B., Kurniawan, T. A., Sobotka, D., Makinia, J. & Othman, M. H. D. Macro-nutrients recovery from liquid waste as a sustainable resource for production of recovered mineral fertilizer: uncovering alternative options to sustain global food security cost-effectively. *Sci. Total Environ.* **856**, 159283 (2023).

178. Tchobanoglous, G., Burton, F. L. & Stensel, H. D. *Wastewater Engineering — Treatment and Reuse* (McGraw-Hill, 2003).

179. Ye, Y. et al. Nutrient recovery from wastewater: from technology to economy. *Bioresour. Technol. Rep.* **11**, 100425 (2020).

180. Zhang, C., Guisasola, A. & Baeza, J. A. A review on the integration of mainstream P-recovery strategies with enhanced biological phosphorus removal. *Water Res.* **212**, 118102 (2022).

181. Vecino, X., Reig, M., Gibert, O., Verderrama, C. & Cortina, J. L. Integration of liquid-liquid membrane contactors and electrodialysis for ammonium recovery and concentration as a liquid fertilizer. *Chemosphere* **245**, 125606 (2020).

182. Diaz, V. et al. Microalgae bioreactor for nutrient removal and resource recovery from wastewater in the paradigm of circular economy. *Bioresour. Technol.* **363**, 127968 (2022).

183. Chen, Y.-Z. et al. Sustainable treatment of nitrate-containing wastewater by an autotrophic hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium. *Environ. Sci. Ecotech.* **9**, 100146 (2022).

184. Zhang, F., Li, J. & He, Z. A new method for nutrients removal and recovery from wastewater using a bioelectrochemical system. *Bioresour. Technol.* **166**, 630–634 (2014).

185. Arun, S., Sinharoy, A., Pakshirajan, K. & Lens, P. N. L. Algae based microbial fuel cells for wastewater treatment and recovery of value-added products. *Renewab. Sustain. Energy Rev.* **132**, 110041 (2020).

186. Goswami, R. K., Mehariya, S., Verma, P., Lavecchia, R. & Zuorro, A. Microalgae-based biorefineries for sustainable resource recovery from wastewater. *J. Water Process Eng.* **40**, 101747 (2021).

187. Tal, A. Rethinking the sustainability of Israel's irrigation practices in the drylands. *Water Res.* **90**, 387–394 (2016).

188. European Environment Agency. Water scarcity conditions in Europe (water exploitation index plus) (8th EAP). *European Environment Agency* https://www.eea.europa.eu/ims/use-of-freshwater-resources-in-europe-1) (2023).

189. Christou, A., Eliadou, E., Michael, C., Hapeshi, E. & Fatta-Kassinos, D. Assessment of long-term wastewater irrigation impacts on the soil geochemical properties and the bioaccumulation of heavy metals to the agricultural products. *Environ. Monit. Assess.* **186**, 4857–4870 (2014).

190. Liu, X., Liang, C., Liu, X., Zhao, F. & Han, C. Occurrence and human health risk assessment of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in real agricultural systems with long-term reclaimed wastewater irrigation in Beijing, China. *Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.* **190**, 110022 (2020).

191. Radcliffe, J. C. Water recycling in Australia — during and after the drought. *Environ. Sci. Water Res. Technol.* **1**, 554–562 (2015).

192. Radcliffe, J. C. & Page, D. Water reuse and recycling in Australia — history, current situation and future perspectives. *Water Cycle* **1**, 19–40 (2020).

193. Radcliffe, J. C. Current status of recycled water for agricultural irrigation in Australia, potential opportunities and areas of emerging concern. *Sci. Total Environ.* **807**, 151676 (2022).

194. US Environmental Protection Agency. Regulations and end-use specifications explorer (REUSEExplorer). *US Environmental Protection Agency* https://www.epa.gov/waterreuse/regulations-and-end-use-specifications-explorer-reuseexplorer (2023).

195. Inbar, Y. in *Wastewater Reuse — Risk Assessment, Decision-Making and Environmental Security* (ed. Zaidi, M. K.) 291–296 (Springer, 2007).

### Acknowledgements

The authors express their gratitude to T. Mina and A. Naziri (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and NIREAS - International Water Research Center of the University of Cyprus) and T. Casado Poblador for their invaluable contribution to the development of the figures.

### Author contributions

A.C. and D.F.-K. led the conceptualization, writing, editing and revision of the Review.

A.C., V.G.B., I.C.I., P.K., C.M., T.B., B.C., E.D., B.M.G., Y.L., T.T.L., L.L., R.M., L.R., E.D. and D.F.K. contributed to the data collection, analysis and writing of the Review. All authors also reviewed and edited the manuscript before submission.

### Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

### Additional information

Peer review information *Nature Reviews Earth & Environment* thanks J. Camejo and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.

Publisher's note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

© European Union and Anastasia Christou, Vasiliki G. Beretsou, Iakovos C. Iakovides, Popi Karaolia, Costas Michael, Tarik Benmarhnia, Benny Chefetz, Erica Donner, Yunho Lee, Teik Thye Lim, Lian Lundy, Luigi Rizzo, Edward Topp & Despo Fatta-Kassinos under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited 2024
¹Agricultural Research Institute, Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Ministry of Rural Development and Environment, Nicosia, Cyprus.

²Nireas - International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus. ³Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus. ⁴Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA. ⁵IRSET - UMR_S 1085, EHESP, INSERM, Université de Rennes, Rennes, France. ⁶Department of Soil and Water Sciences, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel. ⁷Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. ⁸Cooperative Research Centre for Solving Antimicrobial Resistance in Agribusiness, Food and Environments (SAAFE CRC), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. ⁹Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, Italy. ¹⁰School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea. ¹¹School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore. ¹²Urban Pollution Research Centre, Middlesex University, London, UK.

¹³Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy. ¹⁴Agroecology Unit, Bourgogne-Franche-Conté Research Centre, Dijon, France.

¹⁵Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
¹Agricultural Research Institute, Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Ministry of Rural Development and Environment, Nicosia, Cyprus.

²Nireas - International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus. ³Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus. ⁴Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA. ⁵IRSET - UMR_S 1085, EHESP, INSERM, Université de Rennes, Rennes, France. ⁶Department of Soil and Water Sciences, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel. ⁷Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. ⁸Cooperative Research Centre for Solving Antimicrobial Resistance in Agribusiness, Food and Environments (SAAFE CRC), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. ⁹Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, Italy. ¹⁰School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea. ¹¹School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore. ¹²Urban Pollution Research Centre, Middlesex University, London, UK.

¹³Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy. ¹⁴Agroecology Unit, Bourgogne-Franche-Conté Research Centre, Dijon, France.

¹⁵Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.