# Use of Wax and Resin Patterns in Global Fixed Prosthetic Rehabilitation

Étienne Lefrançois, Ludovic Aubault, Salomé Provost

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Étienne Lefrançois, Ludovic Aubault, Salomé Provost. Use of Wax and Resin Patterns in Global Fixed Prosthetic Rehabilitation. Clinical Case Reports, 2025, 13 (2), pp.e70215. 10.1002/ccr3.70215. hal-04975330

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# Use of Wax and Resin Patterns in Global Fixed Prosthetic Rehabilitation

Etienne Lefrançois¹ | Ludovic Aubault² | Salomé Provost³

¹Department of Prosthodontics, University of Rennes, Pôle Odontologie, CHU Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Rennes Institute of Chemical Sciences), UMR 6226, Rennes, France | ²Pôle Odontologie, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France | ³Department of Prosthodontics, University of Rennes, Pôle Odontologie, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France

**Correspondence:** Etienne Lefrançois (etienne.lefrancois@univ-rennes.fr)

**Received:** 8 March 2024 | **Revised:** 24 January 2025 | **Accepted:** 30 January 2025

**Funding:** The authors received no specific funding for this work.

**Keywords:** computer-aided design | computer-aided manufacturing | dental porcelain | dental prosthesis | tooth preparation

## ABSTRACT

In clinical situations of complete rehabilitation with fixed prostheses, mastering each parameter of all restorations (shape, marginal adaptation, proximal and occlusal contacts) proves to be a challenge. The large number of restorations involves many potential adjustments that are time-consuming and lead to final ceramic properties degradation. This clinical report highlights the benefits of using castable patterns in complete fixed prosthetic rehabilitation. Minimal preparations of the teeth were carried out using the conventional mock-up technique. The impressions were then digitized to produce wax and resin patterns (Castable Wax Resin; Formlabs) with a stereolithography 3D printer (Form 2; Formlabs). During oral try-in of patterns, adjustments can be carried out to correct any defects of shape, marginal adaptation, proximal, and occlusal contacts. The definitive restorations were directly pressed from the patterns into lithium disilicate glass-reinforced ceramic (IPS e.max Press; Ivoclar Vivadent) using the lost-wax casting process. Finally, the restorations were placed permanently in the mouth with complete patient satisfaction after 4 years of follow-up. This procedure is intended to reduce ceramic adjustments on definitive restorations. It is especially relevant in complete fixed rehabilitation and in situations where the thickness of ceramic restorations does not allow for try-in before bonding.

## 1 | Introduction

Extended fixed prosthetic rehabilitation presents a challenge for the clinician due to the difficulty of achieving proper fit across multiple restorations. Over the last few decades, computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology has transformed dental practice, offering more efficient procedures for prosthodontists and dental technicians. The accuracy of fixed CAD/CAM restorations can vary depending on factors such as impression techniques (conventional or digital), materials, manufacturing processes (such as milled or heat-pressed ceramics), and operator experience [1, 2]. Despite this, CAD/CAM technologies generally provide clinically acceptable fixed restorations

[2-4], often outperforming traditional methods [1, 2]. Digital tools, such as the virtual patient [5-7], guide treatment planning and the creation of final restorations. A diagnostic wax-up determines optimal rehabilitation in the laboratory, and the mock-up, clinically transposed in the mouth, serves as both an esthetic and functional template, helping to preserve dental tissue during preparation and acting as provisional restorations [8-10]. Depending on the manufacturing process, the final restorations may closely match the corrected and validated mock-ups.

The evolution of 3D printing techniques and computer numerical control (CNC) milling offers numerous possibilities for manufacturing prosthetic restorations. Today, a wide range of

<footnote>This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</footnote>

<footnote>© 2025 The Author(s). *Clinical Case Reports* published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</footnote>
## Summary

* The wax and resin patterns technique allows for convenient adjustments of patterns during oral try-in, seamlessly incorporated into the final restoration fabrication, thus minimizing the need for ceramic adjustments.

* This preserves ceramic integrity and saves time, especially in complete fixed prosthetic rehabilitation, by preventing major defects that would require remanufacturing.

printable and millable waxes and resins are commercially available for various applications, such as splints, interim restorations, or templates for press and casting techniques. On the one hand, there is a large variety of wax or resin discs available for milling castable patterns used in the production of fixed restorations. These materials can be composed entirely of wax or a mixture of wax and acrylic resin in varying proportions, with polymethyl methacrylate being the most common resin. A broad selection of material colors is available, ranging from basic shades (e.g., purple, red, blue, green, gray) to those that closely match dental tissue (e.g., VITA shades). On the other hand, 3D-printable castable resins have been specifically developed for producing lost-wax and heat-pressed dental restorations. These resins are composed of either pure acrylic resin or a mixture of wax and resin in varying proportions. The color options are more limited (e.g., purple, black, blue, yellow, red), and to the best of our knowledge, no 3D printable castable material (clearly indicated by the manufacturer) in VITA shades is available on the market.

The choice of color and mechanical properties depends on the specific product, and these factors play a key role in their use, such as during clinical try-in. Wax patterns have long been used in the mouth to check the fit of large metal frameworks [11] or as esthetic and functional testers in full mouth rehabilitations [12, 13]. These patterns can be used to either press or scan-copy-mill the final restorations [13]. For instance, milled mock-ups have shown greater accuracy compared to conventional molded mock-ups [14]. Conversely, printed mock-ups have been reported to fit more accurately with the virtual design than milled mock-ups [15, 16]. However, no detailed technique for the use of these patterns as clinical try-ins and templates has been described so far.

In clinical situations requiring extensive fixed restorations, ceramic restorations are traditionally tried in the mouth, and any adjustments are made directly on the ceramic. Corrections by addition are almost impossible, and corrections by subtraction are associated with a risk of reducing the properties of the ceramic [17–22]. The purpose of this article is to suggest a method for using CAD/CAM wax and resin patterns as a try-in and a template for pressed ceramic restorations in a complete mouth rehabilitation, in order to reduce ceramic adjustments on final restorations.

## 2 | Case History

A 55-year-old woman presented with the chief complaint of missing upper left first molar #26 and the need for esthetic

rehabilitation of the worn dentition. Clinical examination found a good oral hygiene with no dental plaque, no caries, a defective amalgam restoration on the upper right first molar #16, many previous aged direct restorations and fixed crowns, general attrition, abrasion, and erosion, and a recently placed implant at the edentulous area of tooth #26 (Figure 1). After discussion with the patient, the accepted treatment plan included prosthetic adhesive restorations of all maxillary and mandibular teeth (crowns, overlays, and veneers) and an implant-supported crown for the missing tooth. The protocol is illustrated by focusing on the posterior maxillary restoration step integrated into the complete mouth treatment plan.

## 3 | Methods

### 3.1 | Complete Mouth Treatment Plan

The wax-up was traditionally designed by the dental technician on a preliminary cast assembled on an articulator with a face bow. Modifying the occlusal vertical dimension (OVD) was guided by tissue preservation and the space required to restore optimal occlusal anatomy. In this clinical situation, the incisal pin of the articulator was increased to 3 mm to recover adequate height of OVD. In the posterior region, crowns were provided for teeth that previously had crowns or significant deterioration (#17, #15, #14, and #36), and overlays (with varying degrees of coverage) for the other teeth. In the anterior region, veneers are planned for the maxillary (full coverage of the entire tooth for canines) and mandibular anterior block from canine to contralateral canine. The chronological sequence of the treatment plan began with the mandibular rehabilitation, followed by the posterior maxillary rehabilitation, and finally the maxillary anterior rehabilitation.

Previously, silicone keys had been modeled on casts for isomolding (Aquasil Hard Putty; Dentsply Sirona). The project was tested in the mouth of the patient by transferring the wax-up into a bisacryl resin (Dentocrown; Itena) mock-up to evaluate esthetic and functional parameters in an initial approach. A new mock-up was made from the keys in methacrylate resin (Unifast; GC). It was adjusted and then cemented with temporary cement (Temp Bond NE; Kerr). A temporary abutment (Temporary abutment engaging Conical Connection RP; Nobel Biocare) was used for the interim implant-supported crown and was manually torqued. This complete mock-up was kept in the mouth (Figure 2).

After 2 weeks of functional and aesthetic validation of the project by the patient, the mandibular rehabilitation was carried out first. The same protocol was used for the maxillary posterior rehabilitation and is detailed below.

### 3.2 | Preparation of Posterior Maxillary Teeth

Posterior maxillary teeth were prepared through the mock-up to preserve residual dental tissues. For ceramic adhesive restorations, the teeth were reduced to the minimum thickness recommended for monolithic pressed ceramic restorations in order to retain as much enamel as possible. Controlled penetration through the mock-up was 1.5 mm on the occlusal surfaces
<figure><img src="image_3.png" /><figcaption>**FIGURE 1** | Initial intra-oral situation of the 55-year-old woman, (A) maxillary occlusal view, (B) front view, and (C) mandibular occlusal view.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>**FIGURE 2** | Chairside cemented mock-up, (A) maxillary occlusal view, (B) front view, and (C) mandibular occlusal view.</figcaption></figure>

and 0.5–1 mm on the other surfaces. If any part of the mock-up remained after controlled penetration, the preparation was stopped once the enamel layer was reached. Resin (Duralay, Reliance) was inserted between the maxillary preparations and the restored mandibular teeth to register the maxillomandibular relationship (MMR). To maintain the validated OVD, the MMR was recorded on one side before removing the other posterior mock-up side following the same protocol.

Complete maxillary impression was taken with polyvinylsiloxane silicone (Aquasil; Dentsply Sirona). New provisional restorations were made (Unifast; GC) for maxillary molars and premolars, adjusted to the preparations, and were cemented (Temp Bond NE; Kerr). An impression of the antagonist arch was taken with alginate (Hydrogum 5; Zhermack). All the elements were sent to the laboratory for the production of the patterns.

## 3.3 | Patterns Laboratory Procedure

Impressions were cast in plaster, cross-mounted on an articulator (checked with the resin occlusal index) and then digitized with a laboratory scanner. Urethane dimethacrylate-based castable wax and resin mix patterns (Castable Wax Resin; Formlabs) were digitally designed using a dental software and fabricated with a stereolithography 3D printer (Form 2; Formlabs) in accordance with the wax-up. Then they were washed in isopropyl alcohol for 5 min. They were rinsed in a second bath to remove any residual uncured resin and finally light-cured. They were adjusted on the plaster cast, and the print supports were removed (Figure 3). The resin pattern of the implant-supported crown was set on a definitive implant abutment (Universal Base Conical Connection RP; Nobel Biocare) without bonding. Occlusal contacts were checked on the articulator.

## 3.4 | Wax and Resin Patterns Try-In

After removing the provisional restorations, the patterns were tried and adjusted in the clinical situation. Anatomy, cervical adjustment, proximal contacts, static, and dynamic occlusal contacts were checked (Figure 4). 8 µm white articulating paper (Articulating Film Ultra-Thin 8 µ White; Baush) was used to detect precise occlusal contacts. In this situation, only a few occlusal adjustments were made by subtraction to optimize occlusal contacts. There was no modification of the shape or cervical limits of the patterns. Occlusal reduction can be carried out with a fine diamond bur, and contacts can be intensified by the addition of castable resin (Duralay; Reliance). Restorations are then disinfected and sent to the laboratory for manufacturing. The interim resin restorations were cemented again in the maxillary posterior region.

## 3.5 | Manufacturing of Ceramic Restorations

The dental technician performed a final check of the patterns and made any necessary corrections. Final ceramic restorations (IPS e.max Press; Ivoclar Vivadent) were made using the lost-wax casting process on wax-resin patterns. A multi-layer ingot casting technique was used. The refractory material was roughly removed manually and then finely removed by glass bead blasting. Next, the restorations were characterized and finished (Figure 5). The implant-supported crown was definitively bonded to the abutment.

## 3.6 | Positioning of Ceramic Restorations

After the interim restorations were removed, the ceramic restorations were tried in the clinical situation. Cervical adjustment
<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>**FIGURE 3** | (A) Castable wax and resin mix printed patterns design for future restorations, directly after printing. (B) Fit of patterns on the dies with printing supports, on maxillary (C) right and (D) left molars and premolars.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_6.png" /><figcaption>**FIGURE 4** | Patterns try-in on maxillary (A) right and (B) left molars and premolars. (C) Occlusal contacts marked with 8 µm white articulating paper after occlusal adjustments. (D) Patterns once occlusal contacts have been marked and adjusted.</figcaption></figure>

and proximal contacts were checked. The restorations were bonded (Optibond XTR and Nexus NX3; Kerr) using a dental dam, and the implant-supported crown was torqued to the values recommended by the manufacturer (35 Ncm). Then occlusal contacts were verified with 12 µm blue articulating paper and, if necessary, adjusted with a fine diamond grit-sized burs at slow rotation speed. At this point, only the right maxillary first molar required occlusal adjustment (Figure 6). This adjustment can be attributed to an excess of glaze during hand-finishing the ceramic restorations. Finally, a meticulous polishing of the adjusted surface was performed.

Once this stage was completed, the anterior rehabilitation was carried out according to the initial treatment planification (Figure 7). At 4 years follow-up, the patient had no complaints and was fully satisfied with the complete mouth rehabilitation.

4 | Discussion

The main aim of this technique is to minimize final ceramic adjustments. Occlusal adjustments can be critical in extensive fixed prosthetic rehabilitation, particularly with thin or
<figure><img src="image_7.png" /><figcaption>**FIGURE 5** | (A) Patterns on sprues before investment with a refractory material. (B) Characterized ceramic restorations. Fit of heat pressed ceramic restorations on dies, on maxillary (C) right and (D) left molars and premolars.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_8.png" /><figcaption>**FIGURE 6** | Ceramic restorations fixed on maxillary (A) right and (B) left molars and premolars. Occlusion contacts marked with 12µm blue articulating paper on fixed restorations (C) before and (D) after occlusal correction. Only right maxillary first molar needed a slight occlusal correction to get back to the original occlusion adjusted on the patterns.</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_9.png" /><figcaption>**FIGURE 7** | Final intra-oral situation after complete fixed rehabilitation, (A) right lateral view, (B) front view, (C) left lateral view, (D) maxillary occlusal view, and (E) mandibular occlusal view.</figcaption></figure>

non-retentive restorations such as overlays, which cannot be tested under occlusal forces prior to bonding due to the risk of fracture [23]. The try-in of patterns may be an additional step, but it saves considerable time for both the practitioner and dental technician. Resins are easier to adjust than ceramics, and polishing modified ceramics is time-consuming [24] and cannot restore their mechanical properties [25, 26] or smooth surface [27]. Moreover, grinding weakens ceramic strength [17], and surface roughness reduces flexural strength [28, 29]. Limiting adjustments preserves the mechanical properties and durability of restorations [17]. Pattern try-in saves time by preventing defects that would require remanufacturing of ceramic restorations.

The wax-up design is guided by the OVD required to restore the occlusal anatomy, ensuring proper anteroposterior and mediolateral curves. An all-digital workflow simplifies the integration of these elements, making it easier to replicate the initial design on final restorations [30, 31]. However, challenges may arise during the matching of digital impressions, and limits in superimposition procedures may occur [32]. This workflow also preserves the MMR throughout treatment, reducing errors common in conventional cross-mounting [30].

Patterns are used as fit and contact checkers and may be easily adjusted by milling or adding castable resin. Milling is done using fine-grain diamond burs or abrasive discs. Various materials, such as acrylic resins or flowable composites, can modify the shape or cervical limits [33]. The use of the scan-copy-mill technique does not affect the choice of apposition material [34], though castable resin allows direct heat-pressing of ceramics via lost-wax casting. Any modifications of patterns should be followed by a careful polishing.

However, the adjustability of patterns still has limitations and does not eliminate the need for checking the fit of ceramic restorations. Adjustments may still be required. In addition, patterns must be handled carefully to avoid deformation. Restorations should be inspected by the dental technician before being permanently processed. Depending on the brand of the material, mechanical characteristics can vary significantly. A high modulus of elasticity reduces the risk of pattern deformation during the oral try-in. The modulus of elasticity of the material used for the presented patterns (Castable Wax Resin; Formlabs) is 220 MPa, while most dental resins exceed 2000 MPa. This difference can be attributed to the inclusion of 20% wax in the material. Therefore, overloading patterns may lead to deformations that could affect functional checks, and the use of pure waxes should be avoided due to the risk of deformation during the in-mouth try-in [13]. Thus, the occlusal check should be performed under a gentle bite, and patterns should not be cast in case of excessive defects. Large adjustments should be avoided as they may stem from prior inaccuracies. Correcting the cause of defects and confecting new patterns is more suitable. Patterns may also suffer from insufficient retention, particularly in the case of non-retentive restorations. In such cases, a fit checker or denture adhesive can enhance stability and retention during the try-in [13].

The materials are available in a wide range of colors, including VITA shades, transparent, or bright colors. The choice of color is not of great impact in the exposed technique, but it should be noted that the transparent color disrupts the legibility of shapes and occlusal contacts. In addition, VITA shades help visualize restorations but are not useful for color try-in, as the final ceramic color may differ. White articulating paper may be recommended, as red or blue papers can be difficult to visualize on dark patterns.
The use of patterns is particularly useful for heat-pressed ceramics using the lost-wax technique, but restorations can also be milled after scanning patterns [13, 35]. Milled or printed patterns can achieve a fit comparable to conventional methods [36-42]. The variety of materials and processes complicates workflow comparisons [42], and the accuracy of final restorations depends on many factors, including process rigor and dental technician experience. In addition, very few articles on the use of the patterns as clinical try-ins have been published to date [12, 13].

Using patterns for clinical try-in is not a substitute for final restoration checks. This technique is most relevant in extensive rehabilitation, where multiple restorations require significant adjustments, or when the thickness of restorations does not allow try-in before bonding. In less complex cases, this additional step may provide only limited advantages. Further studies are needed to quantify the benefits of this procedure.

## 5 | Conclusion

This protocol is intended to reduce ceramic adjustments on definitive restorations. The necessary adjustments are made directly on the patterns to prevent potential significant defects. Depending on the manufacturing processes of restorations, particular attention must be given to the type of material used for the patterns. Printable castable wax and resin patterns are particularly interesting for the manufacture of heat-pressed ceramic restorations. The time consumed during the wax and resin patterns try-in is overall beneficial for both the practitioner and the dental technician. Clinical try-in of patterns is indicated for global prosthetic rehabilitations, as the large number of restorations increases the risk of defects and requires numerous esthetic and functional controls.

## Author Contributions

**Etienne Lefrançois:** conceptualization, investigation, methodology, visualization, writing – original draft, writing – review and editing.

**Ludovic Aubault:** conceptualization, investigation, methodology, resources. **Salomé Provost:** methodology, visualization, writing – original draft, writing – review and editing.

## Acknowledgments

The authors thank the dental technicians Christophe Alaime and Julien Lambert for technical support and their collaboration for this article, and Shao Bing Fong (U1317 INSERM) for the reviewing.

## Consent

Written informed consent was obtained from the patient to publish this report in accordance with the journal's patient consent policy.

## Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

## Data Availability Statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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