# The End of Einstein's Astronomy: Astronomical Origin for the Largest Marsquake Observed by InSight

Alexander N. Safronov

► To cite this version:

Alexander N. Safronov. The End of Einstein's Astronomy: Astronomical Origin for the Largest Marsquake Observed by InSight. 2024. hal-04556936

HAL Id: hal-04556936

https://hal.science/hal-04556936

Preprint submitted on 25 Apr 2024

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access
archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-
entific research documents, whether they are pub-
lished or not. The documents may come from
teaching and research institutions in France or
abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est
destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents
scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non,
émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de
recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires
publics ou privés.

<figure><img src="image_1.png" /></figure>

Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
# The End of Einstein's Astronomy: Astronomical Origin for the Largest Marsquake Observed by InSight

Alexander N. Safronov

<figure><img src="image_1.png" /></figure>

## To cite this version:

Alexander N. Safronov. The End of Einstein's Astronomy: Astronomical Origin for the Largest Marsquake Observed by InSight. 2024. hal-04556936

HAL Id: hal-04556936

https://hal.science/hal-04556936v1

Preprint submitted on 25 Apr 2024

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access
archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-
entific research documents, whether they are pub-
lished or not. The documents may come from
teaching and research institutions in France or
abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est
destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents
scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non,
émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de
recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires
publics ou privés.

<figure><img src="image_2.png" /></figure>

Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
1 Article

2 The End of Einstein's Astronomy: Astronomical Origin for the
Largest Marsquake Observed by InSight

4 Alexander N. Safronov

5 Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pyzhevskii Per. 3,

6 119017 Moscow, Russia; email: safronov_2003@mail.ru; ORCID: 0000-0001-5960-6590

7 Abstract: In this study, we investigated the planetary configuration of the Solar system at the moment of the largest marsquake

8 s1222a observed by InSight. It is shown that the Solar system has a unique linear configuration formed by Saturn, Mars, Venus,

9 and Mercury. Also it was also found that during the 1222a marsquake (3:50 LMST) Mars was turned in the direction of Jupiter. It

10 has been suggested that the nature of this marsquake is the extrusion of gas through pingo chimneys or through cracks in the

11 Martian crust (sips) under the influence of external gravitational forces. Additionally, 18 more cases of marsquakes were ana-

12 lyzed. It was found that during marsquakes, planetary parallelism often took place, in which the planets line up in pairs parallel

13 to each other. It is assumed that possible sources of graviton may be not only planets, but also excited sites in the orbits of plan-

14 ets. It is shown that the excitation of the orbits of the planets is not arbitrary, but is determined by additional influence from other

15 planets. It has been found that gravitons can move both from the overlying orbits to the underlying ones, and in the opposite

16 direction. Several cases for the cascade transition of gravitons in a system of several orbits have been identified. These features

17 do not fit into the standard picture of Einstein's theory of relativity. Up-to-date astronomy is like the sinking of the Titanic.

18 Keywords: Mars; Marsquake; Planet Alignment; Planet Parallelism; Solar System Graviton

19

20 1. Introduction

21 The introduction should briefly place the study in a broad context and highlight why it is important. It should de-
22 fine the purpose of the work and its significance. The current state of the research field should be carefully reviewed
23 and key publications cited. Please highlight controversial and diverging hypotheses when necessary. Finally,
24 briefly mention the main aim of the work and highlight the principal conclusions. As far as possible, please keep the
25 introduction comprehensible to scientists outside your particular field of research. References should be numbered
26 in order of appearance and indicated by a numeral or numerals in square brackets—e.g., [1] or [2,3], or [4-6]. See the
27 end of the document for further details on references.
28

28 In the author's works [1] and [2] it was shown that seismic and volcanic activity on Earth can be activated by
29 planetary configurations. In particular, in [2], the geometry of the planets of the Solar system was studied during
30 strong earthquakes with a magnitude of more than 8 points (Mw8+) and occurring in the period from 1900 to 2011.
31 Three main planetary schemes were identified in which these strong earthquakes occurred, namely the generalized
32 Archimedes lever (gAL) pattern, the generalized Kepler conjunction (gKc) pattern, and the triangular pattern of the
33 remote cosmic signal detector (remote signal interceptor, cRS). Note that the cRS scheme is an analog of the LISA
34 experiment [3], however, instead of expensive satellites, which are not easy to accurately contain in a triangular
35 interference pattern, in our case the planets themselves line up at some point in time in a triangular pattern with a
36 resonant ratio of the distances between them. In [2] it was found that Mw8+ earthquakes occurred at 22 gAL, 42 gKc
37 and 28 cRS, which is 23.9 %, 45.7 % and 30.4 %, respectively, of the total number of cases studied. Therefore, it is of
38 interest to test the connection between marsquakes and planetary configurations. Some remarks about deep crisis in
39 the astronomy are presented in Section 5.

40 2. Materials and Methods

41 2.1. *Strong marsquakes as studying object*

42 On May 5, 2018 a special InSight (Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport)
43 mission was sent to Mars. The geophysical observatory successfully landed on Mars on November 26, 2018 in the
1 Article

2 The End of Einstein's Astronomy: Astronomical Origin for the
Largest Marsquake Observed by InSight

4 Alexander N. Safronov

5 Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pyzhevskii Per. 3,

6 119017 Moscow, Russia; email: safronov_2003@mail.ru; ORCID: 0000-0001-5960-6590

7 **Abstract:** In this study, we investigated the planetary configuration of the Solar system at the moment of the largest marsquake s1222a observed by InSight. It is shown that the Solar system has a unique linear configuration formed by Saturn, Mars, Venus, and Mercury. Also it was also found that during the 1222a marsquake (3:50 LMST) Mars was turned in the direction of Jupiter. It has been suggested that the nature of this marsquake is the extrusion of gas through pingo chimneys or through cracks in the Martian crust (sips) under the influence of external gravitational forces. Additionally, 18 more cases of marsquakes were analyzed. It was found that during marsquakes, planetary parallelism often took place, in which the planets line up in pairs parallel to each other. It is assumed that possible sources of graviton may be not only planets, but also excited sites in the orbits of planets. It is shown that the excitation of the orbits of the planets is not arbitrary, but is determined by additional influence from other planets. It has been found that gravitons can move both from the overlying orbits to the underlying ones, and in the opposite direction. Several cases for the cascade transition of gravitons in a system of several orbits have been identified. These features do not fit into the standard picture of Einstein's theory of relativity. Up-to-date astronomy is like the sinking of the Titanic.

18 **Keywords:** Mars; Marsquake; Planet Alignment; Planet Parallelism; Solar System Graviton
19

20 1. Introduction

21 The introduction should briefly place the study in a broad context and highlight why it is important. It should de-
22 fine the purpose of the work and its significance. The current state of the research field should be carefully reviewed
23 and key publications cited. Please highlight controversial and diverging hypotheses when necessary. Finally,
24 briefly mention the main aim of the work and highlight the principal conclusions. As far as possible, please keep the
25 introduction comprehensible to scientists outside your particular field of research. References should be numbered
26 in order of appearance and indicated by a numeral or numerals in square brackets—e.g., [1] or [2,3], or [4-6]. See the
27 end of the document for further details on references.
28

28 In the author's works [1] and [2] it was shown that seismic and volcanic activity on Earth can be activated by
29 planetary configurations. In particular, in [2], the geometry of the planets of the Solar system was studied during
30 strong earthquakes with a magnitude of more than 8 points (Mw8+) and occurring in the period from 1900 to 2011.
31 Three main planetary schemes were identified in which these strong earthquakes occurred, namely the generalized
32 Archimedes lever (gAL) pattern, the generalized Kepler conjunction (gKc) pattern, and the triangular pattern of the
33 remote cosmic signal detector (remote signal interceptor, cRS). Note that the cRS scheme is an analog of the LISA
34 experiment [3], however, instead of expensive satellites, which are not easy to accurately contain in a triangular
35 interference pattern, in our case the planets themselves line up at some point in time in a triangular pattern with a
36 resonant ratio of the distances between them. In [2] it was found that Mw8+ earthquakes occurred at 22 gAL, 42 gKc
37 and 28 cRS, which is 23.9 %, 45.7 % and 30.4 %, respectively, of the total number of cases studied. Therefore, it is of
38 interest to test the connection between marsquakes and planetary configurations. Some remarks about deep crisis in
39 the astronomy are presented in Section 5.

40 2. Materials and Methods

41 2.1. *Strong marsquakes as studying object*

42 On May 5, 2018 a special InSight (Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport)
43 mission was sent to Mars. The geophysical observatory successfully landed on Mars on November 26, 2018 in the
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000

## 2.2. Astronomical data and method

To investigate the causes of strong marsquakes, we need to measure astronomical angles and distances between planets. This work used the Orbit Viewer Java applet from Osamu and Ron [11], which was created by Osamu Ajiki (AstroArts Inc.) in 1996 and modified by Ron Baalke (NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory, below JPL) in 2000–2001. Original Orbit Viewer is an interactive applet that displays the orbits of small bodies such as comets and asteroids in the Solar System in 3D projection. Orbits can be shown forward or backward. For example, a visualization of Comet 1P/Halley was presented in the JPL Small-Body Database Browser. For simplicity, all the figures below are presented in a 2D projection onto plane of the planet. In this projection, the direction of rotation of the planet is counterclockwise. The Orbit Viewer applet [12] is adapted for measuring the angles between the planets of the Solar System and determining the proportions in the positions of the planets. The following abbreviations were used in this study: Mercury: Mr, Venus: V, Earth: E, Mars: M, Jupiter: J, Saturn: S, Uranus: U, Neptune: N.

Planets located along the line are designated as *Planet1-Planet2-Planet3*, in order of distance from the Sun. The angle (in degrees) between the three planets was calculated by placing the vertex of the angle on the more distant planet. For example, the linearity angle J-E-V is the smaller angle between the two lines JE and JV. During our exploration of planetary geometry, the alignment angle between the *Planet1-Planet1* and *Planet1-Planet2* lines was used, so this alignment angle $\alpha_{ijk}$ was defined in degrees as follows:

$$ \alpha_{ijk} = 180^{\circ} / \pi \cdot \arccos\left(\frac{R_{ij}^2 + R_{jk}^2 - R_{ik}^2}{2 \cdot R_{ij} \cdot R_{jk}}\right) \quad (1) $$

where i, j, k – three planets of the Solar System; $x_i$, $y_i$, $z_i$ – the coordinates of the i-planet and the distance between the i and j planets are equal to $R_{ij} = ((x_i - x_j) + (y_i - y_j) + (z_i - z_j))^{1/2}$. In connection with the search for an interference tracer, the notation of spatial relationships was used as the ratio of distances between planets. This ratio was defined as:

$$ N_{ij} = R_{j3} / R_{i3} \quad (2) $$

where $R_{i,j3}$ is the distance between the i, j planets to the Earth and $R_{j3} > R_{i3}$. We look for large interference extremes whose spatial ratio is close to integer values. Further, the designation that the line *Planet1-Planet2* is parallel to the line *Planet3-Planet4* is marked as symbol “||”, see Equation (3).

$$ \textit{Planet}_1 \textit{ Planet}_2 \parallel \textit{Planet}_3 \textit{ Planet}_4 \quad (3) $$

# 3. Volcanic and seismic activity on Mars

## 3.1. Volcanic eruptions on Mars

As it is known that gaseous sulfur-containing compounds have never been detected in the Martian atmosphere, see, e.g. [13]. Let us recall that in the work Encrenaz et al. [13] to search for SO₂ in the atmosphere of Mars, the thermal spectrum of Mars at a wavelength of 7.4 µm, obtained by the Texas Echelon Cross Echelle Spectrograph (TEXES) at the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF) is used. However, note that the sulfur-carrying molecules have been detected on the surface of Mars by the Viking lander, the Spirit and Opportunity rovers, and the OMEGA infrared spectrometer on board Mars Express, see [14, 15] and are mentioned therein.

Recall that astronomer N.A. Kozyrev from the Central Astronomical Observatory at Pulkovo in Russia was the first scientist who experimentally discovered lunar volcanism in 1958 [16, 17] and [18]. In the early morning of November 3, 1958, Kozyrev observed a volcanic eruption on the Moon near the central peak of the Alphons crater. First, dust was thrown out – volcanic ash, and then gases were released. During the eruption, the maximum emis-
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000

## 2.2. Astronomical data and method

To investigate the causes of strong marsquakes, we need to measure astronomical angles and distances between planets. This work used the Orbit Viewer Java applet from Osamu and Ron [11], which was created by Osamu Ajiki (AstroArts Inc.) in 1996 and modified by Ron Baalke (NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory, below JPL) in 2000–2001. Original Orbit Viewer is an interactive applet that displays the orbits of small bodies such as comets and asteroids in the Solar System in 3D projection. Orbits can be shown forward or backward. For example, a visualization of Comet 1P/Halley was presented in the JPL Small-Body Database Browser. For simplicity, all the figures below are presented in a 2D projection onto plane of the planet. In this projection, the direction of rotation of the planet is counterclockwise. The Orbit Viewer applet [12] is adapted for measuring the angles between the planets of the Solar System and determining the proportions in the positions of the planets. The following abbreviations were used in this study: Mercury: Mr, Venus: V, Earth: E, Mars: M, Jupiter: J, Saturn: S, Uranus: U, Neptune: N.

Planets located along the line are designated as *Planet1-Planet2-Planet3*, in order of distance from the Sun. The angle (in degrees) between the three planets was calculated by placing the vertex of the angle on the more distant planet. For example, the linearity angle J-E-V is the smaller angle between the two lines JE and JV. During our exploration of planetary geometry, the alignment angle between the *Planet1-Planet1* and *Planet1-Planet2* lines was used, so this alignment angle $\alpha_{ijk}$ was defined in degrees as follows:

$$ \alpha_{ijk} = 180^{\circ} / \pi \cdot \arccos\left(\frac{R_{ij}^2 + R_{jk}^2 - R_{ik}^2}{2 \cdot R_{ij} \cdot R_{jk}}\right) \quad (1) $$

where i, j, k – three planets of the Solar System; $x_i$, $y_i$, $z_i$ – the coordinates of the i-planet and the distance between the i and j planets are equal to $R_{ij} = ((x_i - x_j) + (y_i - y_j) + (z_i - z_j))^{1/2}$. In connection with the search for an interference tracer, the notation of spatial relationships was used as the ratio of distances between planets. This ratio was defined as:

$$ N_{ij} = R_{j3} / R_{i3} \quad (2) $$

where $R_{i,j3}$ is the distance between the i, j planets to the Earth and $R_{j3} > R_{i3}$. We look for large interference extremes whose spatial ratio is close to integer values. Further, the designation that the line *Planet1-Planet2* is parallel to the line *Planet3-Planet4* is marked as symbol “||”, see Equation (3).

$$ \textit{Planet}_1 \textit{ Planet}_2 \parallel \textit{Planet}_3 \textit{ Planet}_4 \quad (3) $$

# 3. Volcanic and seismic activity on Mars

## 3.1. Volcanic eruptions on Mars

As it is known that gaseous sulfur-containing compounds have never been detected in the Martian atmosphere, see, e.g. [13]. Let us recall that in the work Encrenaz et al. [13] to search for SO₂ in the atmosphere of Mars, the thermal spectrum of Mars at a wavelength of 7.4 µm, obtained by the Texas Echelon Cross Echelle Spectrograph (TEXES) at the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF) is used. However, note that the sulfur-carrying molecules have been detected on the surface of Mars by the Viking lander, the Spirit and Opportunity rovers, and the OMEGA infrared spectrometer on board Mars Express, see [14, 15] and are mentioned therein.

Recall that astronomer N.A. Kozyrev from the Central Astronomical Observatory at Pulkovo in Russia was the first scientist who experimentally discovered lunar volcanism in 1958 [16, 17] and [18]. In the early morning of November 3, 1958, Kozyrev observed a volcanic eruption on the Moon near the central peak of the Alphons crater. First, dust was thrown out – volcanic ash, and then gases were released. During the eruption, the maximum emis-
88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

sion was recorded at a wavelength of 4737 Å, which corresponds to the beginning of the Swan vibration band system of the carbon molecule C₂ (C₂H₂). The existence of C₂ was confirmed by the presence of other, but much weaker groups of Swan bands with maxima at 5165 and 5636 Å.

On Earth, unlike Mars and the Moon, seismic activity and volcanic eruptions occur mainly in the subduction zone, and gases containing sulfur compounds are released mainly during eruptions. In [1] it was shown that a ⁴⁰K nuclear layer at the boundary of the upper and lower mantle is the basis of the modern theory of seismology, volcanology, subduction and continental formation. Due to the presence of this hot nuclear layer at a depth of ~ 660 km, a thermopause is created, which separates light and heavy elements in accordance with Archimedes' law of buoyancy. Light elements float up, and heavy elements sink lower, into the deep layers of magma. That is why, with such vertical thermal stratification, volcanic lavas and ash plumes lack compounds containing heavy elements such as gold, platinum, silver and copper.

Therefore, when we talk about volcanism on planetary objects such as the Moon and Mars, we mean pseudo-volcanism, in which volcanoes emit precisely CO, CO₂, CH₄, C₂H₆, H₂O and C₂H₂, and not sulfur-containing compounds such as H₂S, SO₂ and SO₃, please see the corresponding section in [19], which described in detail the process of eruption of a lunar volcano. A more general overview of sedimentary volcanism on Mars can be found in [20].

104

## 3.2. Martian seismology activity and north-south dichotomy

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

119

120

121

122

123

124

Next, we will discuss the effect of dichotomy on marsquakes. Recall that the boundary between the northern lowlands and the southern highlands is usually called the North-South dichotomy in Martian geology. Marsquakes are observed mainly in the northern hemisphere of Mars, mainly near the equatorial dichotomy boundary please see [21], and data from the Mars Quake Service catalog (MQS v14) [7]. Nevertheless, the works mainly note the influence of dichotomy on the propagation of seismic waves and, accordingly, on the accuracy of localization of marsquakes (e.g. Kim et al. in [22]), and not on the process of formation of conditions for the occurrence of marsquakes themselves. Various hypothesis of the origin of the dichotomy boundary have been actively discussed, see e.g. [23,24,25]. A common opinion is that the dichotomy of the Martian hemisphere is formed as a result of an asteroid mega-impact.

At the same time, there is a strong impression that, according to a large group of researchers, planets can only collide with solid asteroids and meteorites, and not with comets. Comets, unlike asteroids, are made of ice, which evaporates when approaching the Sun, forming a characteristic comet tail. The gas composition of comet tails can vary, but in most cases comets are composed primarily of dry ice. The hypothesis about the possible collision of comets with planets is actively promoted by the author of this study. In particular, in [26] it was shown that a comet can break through the crust of protoplanets and explode inside them. Also about impact nuclear explosions, see [26-29], and about nuclear reactors inside planets, see Kuroda work in [30], and Herndon series of studies [31-35].

Note that a thermal nuclear explosion provides the formation of excess hydrogen (H) and deuterium (D). On the other hand, the original cometary gases CO₂ and nuclear hydrogen (H, D, H₂) provided secondary martian gases in the atmosphere and crust, such as CH₄, C₂H₆, C₂H₂ and others, through molecular (4) or atomic (5) cannels the following chemical reactions:

$$CO_2 + 4H_2 \rightarrow CH_4 + 2H_2O \qquad (4)$$

$$nCO_2 + (3n + 1)H_2 \rightarrow C_nH_{2n+2} + 2nH_2O$$

$$CO_2 \rightarrow CO + O$$

$$H_2 \rightarrow H + H$$

$$CO \rightarrow C + O$$

$$O + O \rightarrow O_2 \qquad (5)$$

$$O_2 + O \rightarrow O_3$$

$$2H + O \rightarrow H_2O$$

$$C + H \rightarrow CH \rightarrow C_2H_2 \rightarrow CH_4 \rightarrow C_2H_6 \rightarrow C_nH_{2n+2}$$

125

126

The explosion of a comet inside a planet can lead to the formation of water H₂O and various radicals CH, CO, as well as second-order derivatives of the nuclear cycle containing nitrogen, such as -CN- and -NO-: NH₃, HCN, N₂O,
sion was recorded at a wavelength of 4737 Å, which corresponds to the beginning of the Swan vibration band system of the carbon molecule C₂ (C₂H₂). The existence of C₂ was confirmed by the presence of other, but much weaker groups of Swan bands with maxima at 5165 and 5636 Å.

On Earth, unlike Mars and the Moon, seismic activity and volcanic eruptions occur mainly in the subduction zone, and gases containing sulfur compounds are released mainly during eruptions. In [1] it was shown that a ⁴⁰K nuclear layer at the boundary of the upper and lower mantle is the basis of the modern theory of seismology, volcanology, subduction and continental formation. Due to the presence of this hot nuclear layer at a depth of ~ 660 km, a thermopause is created, which separates light and heavy elements in accordance with Archimedes' law of buoyancy. Light elements float up, and heavy elements sink lower, into the deep layers of magma. That is why, with such vertical thermal stratification, volcanic lavas and ash plumes lack compounds containing heavy elements such as gold, platinum, silver and copper.

Therefore, when we talk about volcanism on planetary objects such as the Moon and Mars, we mean pseudo-volcanism, in which volcanoes emit precisely CO, CO₂, CH₄, C₂H₆, H₂O and C₂H₂, and not sulfur-containing compounds such as H₂S, SO₂ and SO₃, please see the corresponding section in [19], which described in detail the process of eruption of a lunar volcano. A more general overview of sedimentary volcanism on Mars can be found in [20].

## 3.2. Martian seismology activity and north-south dichotomy

Next, we will discuss the effect of dichotomy on marsquakes. Recall that the boundary between the northern lowlands and the southern highlands is usually called the North-South dichotomy in Martian geology. Marsquakes are observed mainly in the northern hemisphere of Mars, mainly near the equatorial dichotomy boundary please see [21], and data from the Mars Quake Service catalog (MQS v14) [7]. Nevertheless, the works mainly note the influence of dichotomy on the propagation of seismic waves and, accordingly, on the accuracy of localization of marsquakes (e.g. Kim et al. in [22]), and not on the process of formation of conditions for the occurrence of marsquakes themselves. Various hypothesis of the origin of the dichotomy boundary have been actively discussed, see e.g. [23,24,25]. A common opinion is that the dichotomy of the Martian hemisphere is formed as a result of an asteroid mega-impact.

At the same time, there is a strong impression that, according to a large group of researchers, planets can only collide with solid asteroids and meteorites, and not with comets. Comets, unlike asteroids, are made of ice, which evaporates when approaching the Sun, forming a characteristic comet tail. The gas composition of comet tails can vary, but in most cases comets are composed primarily of dry ice. The hypothesis about the possible collision of comets with planets is actively promoted by the author of this study. In particular, in [26] it was shown that a comet can break through the crust of protoplanets and explode inside them. Also about impact nuclear explosions, see [26-29], and about nuclear reactors inside planets, see Kuroda work in [30], and Herndon series of studies [31-35].

Note that a thermal nuclear explosion provides the formation of excess hydrogen (H) and deuterium (D). On the other hand, the original cometary gases CO₂ and nuclear hydrogen (H, D, H₂) provided secondary martian gases in the atmosphere and crust, such as CH₄, C₂H₆, C₂H₂ and others, through molecular (4) or atomic (5) cannels the following chemical reactions:

$$CO_2 + 4H_2 \rightarrow CH_4 + 2H_2O \qquad (4)$$

$$nCO_2 + (3n + 1)H_2 \rightarrow C_nH_{2n+2} + 2nH_2O$$

$$CO_2 \rightarrow CO + O$$

$$H_2 \rightarrow H + H$$

$$CO \rightarrow C + O$$

$$O + O \rightarrow O_2 \qquad (5)$$

$$O_2 + O \rightarrow O_3$$

$$2H + O \rightarrow H_2O$$

$$C + H \rightarrow CH \rightarrow C_2H_2 \rightarrow CH_4 \rightarrow C_2H_6 \rightarrow C_nH_{2n+2}$$

The explosion of a comet inside a planet can lead to the formation of water H₂O and various radicals CH, CO, as well as second-order derivatives of the nuclear cycle containing nitrogen, such as -CN- and -NO-: NH₃, HCN, N₂O,
NO, $NO_2$ and $N_2$. For the chemical composition and gas forms of $CH_4$, $CH_3OH$, $H_2CO$, $C_2H_6$, $C_2H_2$, and $C_2H_4$ in the Martian atmosphere, see also [36].

The creation of water $H_2O$ and various hydrocarbon radicals under the Martian crust and in cracks leads to the formation of water and gas-oil deposits in caverns, and the destruction of the crust occurs mainly in the northern hemisphere of Mars. Let us also recall that the author of this study was the first to substantiate why oil and gas deposits on Earth are more common in the northern hemisphere, while large diamond deposits dominate in the southern hemisphere of the Earth, especially at the southern tip of Africa [26].

An alternative opinion about the origin of water on Mars reader will be able to find in [37-40], review [41] and many others studies, referenced in them.

### 3.3. *Seasonal and temporal behaviors of seismic activity on Mars*

Judging by the absence of $SO_2$ in the atmosphere of Mars, it is clear that there is currently no active volcanism, subduction or movement of lithospheric plates on Mars, so the probability of strong seismic events is very small, and the magnitude of such a marsquake can be comparable to weak and very weak earthquakes. It was assumed that the potential cause of marsquakes could be the following three factors: the movement of crustal blocks along faults, the movement of magma along systems of cracks in the Martian crust, or the fall of large meteorites. Therefore, it was a surprise to note the seasonal behavior of marsquake activity.

In [42,43] it was shown that solar declination is the most likely and the $CO_2$ cycle is the least likely driver of this seismic activity. Although solar discrimination is weak, according to the authors of [42,43], solar declination and $CO_2$ ice load are triggers for marsquakes. In this situation, we note that the largest number of marsquakes occur nearby the Cerberus Fossae, the Grojta Valley, and only a few distant events were recorded near Olympus Mons and in the Valles Marineris [4], [21] and InSight Marsquake Service Catalog (MSC v14) [7].

However, space images of the martian surface in these areas did not reveal thick ice sheets similar to the ice cover of Greenland and Antarctica, which could lead to seismic movements of tectonic plates. This calls into question the thesis that has been put forward that the icy load of $CO_2$ is the case of marsquakes. Note that Knapmeyer et al. in [42] also discussed the influence of meteorological conditions, daytime variations in surface temperature and wind, as well as Phobos tide on the Marian seismic activity. So far, it has been shown that only two strong marsquakes, s1000a and s1094b with magnitude $M_w$4.0 and 4.1, have been confirmed as impact-generated events [44] and [45]. Further, Fernando et al. [46] concluded that the largest marsquake, s1222a is of tectonic origin, but Lei and colleges in [47] suggested that some surface super-high-frequency marsquakes are of thermal origin.

Let's summarize everything written above. It can be stated that the activities of scientific groups studying marsquakes have reached a dead end: on the one hand, marsquakes have been registered, but on the other, there is no simple, clear and physically understandable explanation for this phenomenon.

### 3.4. *Martian craters and pingos*

It is well-known that water and gases such as $CO_2$, $CH_4$ trapped under the planet's crust could form a convex geological basin called pingos. In the geology of the Earth, pingos, methane craters and methane sips (outflow of gases through cracks on the shelf), are well known. Some information on the creation, evolution and collapse of terrestrial and Martian pingos can be found in [48, 49] and [50] and the references cited therein. Pingos can sometimes collapse and form a reverse volcanic craters, which usually have the highest vertical walls and columns of chimneys, and sometimes wells in the center of the craters [19]. Thus, it is easy to assume that the pseudo-volcanic activity, as well as the activity of pingos and sips, leads to marsquakes and episodic methane emissions on Mars.

It is important to emphasize that there are many craters in the InSight landing area, which are gaseous pingos craters, with collapsed pingos' domes. Externally, such Martian craters are similar to the same lunar gas craters, have a rounded shape, high vertical walls, a depressed bottom and often a chimney in the middle of the crater, so visually they are easy to distinguish from impact craters. It is important to note that in astronomy, craters are not actually classified, that is, impact, pingos and the oldest original volcanic calderas are not distinguished. Thus, any statistics based on crater counts may turn out to be unreliable, and studies using a dating method based on such statistics are clearly pretentious and dogmatic in nature.

So let's get back to discussing the problems of marsquakes. It can be assumed that the external gravitational load on Mars leads to the squeezing out of carbon dioxide, methane and water vapor through the chimneys of ping craters, cracks in the crust and gas sips. Then the seasonality and daily variations of marsquakes are easily explained by the freezing of gases and water when passing through such pipes (black smokers or chimneys). Ac-
NO, $NO_2$ and $N_2$. For the chemical composition and gas forms of $CH_4$, $CH_3OH$, $H_2CO$, $C_2H_6$, $C_2H_2$, and $C_2H_4$ in the Martian atmosphere, see also [36].

The creation of water $H_2O$ and various hydrocarbon radicals under the Martian crust and in cracks leads to the formation of water and gas-oil deposits in caverns, and the destruction of the crust occurs mainly in the northern hemisphere of Mars. Let us also recall that the author of this study was the first to substantiate why oil and gas deposits on Earth are more common in the northern hemisphere, while large diamond deposits dominate in the southern hemisphere of the Earth, especially at the southern tip of Africa [26].

An alternative opinion about the origin of water on Mars reader will be able to find in [37-40], review [41] and many others studies, referenced in them.

### 3.3. *Seasonal and temporal behaviors of seismic activity on Mars*

Judging by the absence of $SO_2$ in the atmosphere of Mars, it is clear that there is currently no active volcanism, subduction or movement of lithospheric plates on Mars, so the probability of strong seismic events is very small, and the magnitude of such a marsquake can be comparable to weak and very weak earthquakes. It was assumed that the potential cause of marsquakes could be the following three factors: the movement of crustal blocks along faults, the movement of magma along systems of cracks in the Martian crust, or the fall of large meteorites. Therefore, it was a surprise to note the seasonal behavior of marsquake activity.

In [42,43] it was shown that solar declination is the most likely and the $CO_2$ cycle is the least likely driver of this seismic activity. Although solar discrimination is weak, according to the authors of [42,43], solar declination and $CO_2$ ice load are triggers for marsquakes. In this situation, we note that the largest number of marsquakes occur nearby the Cerberus Fossae, the Grojta Valley, and only a few distant events were recorded near Olympus Mons and in the Valles Marineris [4], [21] and InSight Marsquake Service Catalog (MSC v14) [7].

However, space images of the martian surface in these areas did not reveal thick ice sheets similar to the ice cover of Greenland and Antarctica, which could lead to seismic movements of tectonic plates. This calls into question the thesis that has been put forward that the icy load of $CO_2$ is the case of marsquakes. Note that Knapmeyer et al. in [42] also discussed the influence of meteorological conditions, daytime variations in surface temperature and wind, as well as Phobos tide on the Marian seismic activity. So far, it has been shown that only two strong marsquakes, s1000a and s1094b with magnitude $M_w$4.0 and 4.1, have been confirmed as impact-generated events [44] and [45]. Further, Fernando et al. [46] concluded that the largest marsquake, s1222a is of tectonic origin, but Lei and colleges in [47] suggested that some surface super-high-frequency marsquakes are of thermal origin.

Let's summarize everything written above. It can be stated that the activities of scientific groups studying marsquakes have reached a dead end: on the one hand, marsquakes have been registered, but on the other, there is no simple, clear and physically understandable explanation for this phenomenon.

### 3.4. *Martian craters and pingos*

It is well-known that water and gases such as $CO_2$, $CH_4$ trapped under the planet's crust could form a convex geological basin called pingos. In the geology of the Earth, pingos, methane craters and methane sips (outflow of gases through cracks on the shelf), are well known. Some information on the creation, evolution and collapse of terrestrial and Martian pingos can be found in [48, 49] and [50] and the references cited therein. Pingos can sometimes collapse and form a reverse volcanic craters, which usually have the highest vertical walls and columns of chimneys, and sometimes wells in the center of the craters [19]. Thus, it is easy to assume that the pseudo-volcanic activity, as well as the activity of pingos and sips, leads to marsquakes and episodic methane emissions on Mars.

It is important to emphasize that there are many craters in the InSight landing area, which are gaseous pingos craters, with collapsed pingos' domes. Externally, such Martian craters are similar to the same lunar gas craters, have a rounded shape, high vertical walls, a depressed bottom and often a chimney in the middle of the crater, so visually they are easy to distinguish from impact craters. It is important to note that in astronomy, craters are not actually classified, that is, impact, pingos and the oldest original volcanic calderas are not distinguished. Thus, any statistics based on crater counts may turn out to be unreliable, and studies using a dating method based on such statistics are clearly pretentious and dogmatic in nature.

So let's get back to discussing the problems of marsquakes. It can be assumed that the external gravitational load on Mars leads to the squeezing out of carbon dioxide, methane and water vapor through the chimneys of ping craters, cracks in the crust and gas sips. Then the seasonality and daily variations of marsquakes are easily explained by the freezing of gases and water when passing through such pipes (black smokers or chimneys). Ac-
cording to this hypothesis, maximum seismic activity should be achieved in spring and summer and mainly im-
mediately after sunset, when the thickness of the ice plug is not yet large. A small external gravitational influence
leads to an increase in pressure in geological cavities filled with gases. The effect of knocking out the ice plug
blocking the chimney of pingos craters and crustal cracks is similar to knocking the cork out of a champagne bottle
when shaken.

On the other hand, the studies of marsquakes give us a unique opportunity to observe the process of graviton
formation in the Solar System. Thus, the purpose of this work is to test the connection between external gravita-
tional load and marsquakes.

**4. Results**

4.1. *The strongest s1222a marsquake*

The strongest s1222a marsquake occurred on May 4, 2022 at 23:23:07 UTC, early Martian morning at 03:54:39 LMST (Local Mean Solar Time). The magnitude of this marsquake was Mw4.7. This event occurred within an almost ellipse with an epicenter of about 3.0°S, 171.9°E at ~ 2200 km from InSight [46, 51]. The configuration of the planet corresponding to the moment of the marsquake 1222a is shown in Figure 1. This configuration is unique and is characterized by 4-planet alignment, i.e. four planets located in the Saturn–Mars–Venus–Mercury line, please see the black line in Figure 1a.

Figure 1b shows the polar axis of the Local Mean Solar Time (LMST). It is assumed that the 12h-LMST axis is always directed towards the Sun. The purple lines in Figures 1a and 1b correspond to the directions of the LMST. Thus, the purple line is the LMST-line, which characterizes the self rotation of Mars. The LMST-line helps us identify the source of the gravitational signal (vortexes, gravitons). In this case under study, 1222a graviton probably arrived on Mars from Jupiter. Thus, we present the main conclusion of this study about the astronomical origin of the largest marsquake observed by InSight. Note that in [46] it is written about the tectonic origin for this marsquake.

Researchers studying marsquakes are professional astronomers and astrophysicists, not classical geologists and geophysicists who rarely pay attention to the starry sky. The reason why none of them paid attention to the connection between the marsquakes and the state of the Solar System remains a mystery. Either they did not pay enough attention to this, which is well-known in science as a paradox of *"Invisible Gorilla"* [52], or they wanted to remain ideologically tolerant, see the hard discussion in Section 5.

<figure><img src="image_2.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 1.** The planetary configuration for the strongest s1222a marsquake (May 4, 2022, 23:23:07 UTC, 03:54:39 LMST), whose magnitude was Mw4.7, is presented. (a) – the alignment</figcaption></figure>
cording to this hypothesis, maximum seismic activity should be achieved in spring and summer and mainly im-
mediately after sunset, when the thickness of the ice plug is not yet large. A small external gravitational influence
leads to an increase in pressure in geological cavities filled with gases. The effect of knocking out the ice plug
blocking the chimney of pingos craters and crustal cracks is similar to knocking the cork out of a champagne bottle
when shaken.

On the other hand, the studies of marsquakes give us a unique opportunity to observe the process of graviton
formation in the Solar System. Thus, the purpose of this work is to test the connection between external gravita-
tional load and marsquakes.

4. Results

4.1. *The strongest s1222a marsquake*

The strongest s1222a marsquake occurred on May 4, 2022 at 23:23:07 UTC, early Martian morning at 03:54:39 LMST (Local Mean Solar Time). The magnitude of this marsquake was M<sub>w</sub>4.7. This event occurred within an almost ellipse with an epicenter of about 3.0°S, 171.9°E at ~ 2200 km from InSight [46, 51]. The configuration of the planet corresponding to the moment of the marsquake 1222a is shown in Figure 1. This configuration is unique and is characterized by 4-planet alignment, i.e. four planets located in the Saturn–Mars–Venus–Mercury line, please see the black line in Figure 1a.

Figure 1b shows the polar axis of the Local Mean Solar Time (LMST). It is assumed that the 12h-LMST axis is always directed towards the Sun. The purple lines in Figures 1a and 1b correspond to the directions of the LMST. Thus, the purple line is the LMST-line, which characterizes the self rotation of Mars. The LMST-line helps us identify the source of the gravitational signal (vortexes, gravitons). In this case under study, 1222a graviton probably arrived on Mars from Jupiter. Thus, we present the main conclusion of this study about the astronomical origin of the largest marsquake observed by InSight. Note that in [46] it is written about the tectonic origin for this marsquake.

Researchers studying marsquakes are professional astronomers and astrophysicists, not classical geologists and geophysicists who rarely pay attention to the starry sky. The reason why none of them paid attention to the connection between the marsquakes and the state of the Solar System remains a mystery. Either they did not pay enough attention to this, which is well-known in science as a paradox of *"Invisible Gorilla"* [52], or they wanted to remain ideologically tolerant, see the hard discussion in Section 5.

<figure><img src="image_3.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 1.** The planetary configuration for the strongest s1222a marsquake (May 4, 2022, 23:23:07 UTC, 03:54:39 LMST), whose magnitude was Mw4.7, is presented. (a) – the alignment</figcaption></figure>
of Saturn–Mars–Venus–Mercury at 23 UTC is shown by a black line; (b) is the polar axis of the Local Mean Solar Time (LMST). It is assumed that the 12h-LMST axis always directed to the Sun, please see Figure 1b. The purple lines in Figures 1a and 1b correspond to the directions of the LMST, i.e. they probably determine the source of gravitational signal (vortexes, gravitons). Thus, the purple line is the LMST-line, which characterizes the self-rotation of Mars. In this case under study, graviton came to Mars from Jupiter.

## 4.2. *The planet alignments and strong marsquakes*

In previous works by the author [1, 2] and [19], it was shown that the excitation of the Solar system can occur due to the linearization of planets, historically called planetary alignment or Kepler's conjunction. Therefore, according to the principle of connecting the lever of Archimedes and Kepler, the Third Law of Motion should be changed by adding a few words to the end of the text of the law:

> "When one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body exerts a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to that of the first body in the absence of obstacles in the path between these bodies" (6)

Alignments of planets that are registered for two marsquakes (s0802a, s0809a) are presented in Figure 2. Note that in both these cases the alignment of the planets is the same: the linearization of Jupiter-Mercury-Earth. Then the continuation of the LMST-lines (purple lines) at 23:09 and 23:34 LMST pass through the position of Mercury. Thus, we could assume that gravitational vortexes originate from Mercury.

<figure><img src="image_3.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 2.** The same planetary alignments (Jupiter–Mercury–Earth) were recorded for two marsquakes (s0802a, s0809a). Note that in both these cases, the continuations of the LMST-lines (purple lines) at 23:09 and 23:34 LMST pass cross through position of Mercury. The purple lines are the LMST-lines that characterize the self-rotation of Mars.</figcaption></figure>

In the following Figures 3 and 4, we have demonstrated that the sources of vortexes (gravitons) can be activated areas of the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Two marsquakes (s0152a, s0154a) that occurred on May 2 and 4, 2019 and took place at the Saturn-Sun-Mars alignments are shown in Figures 3a and 3b. In both cases, gravitational signals (vortexes, gravitons) came to Mars from sections of the orbit of Mars itself, marked as a virtual source S1. However, on May 2, 2019, the excitation of the orbit of Mars occurred due to the impact of Earth and Venus, please see green line in Figure 3a. However, on May 4, the excitation of the orbit of Mars, see site S1, was determined by the position of the planets Venus, Mercury and probably the Sun, now please pay attention to the green line in Figure 3b.
of Saturn–Mars–Venus–Mercury at 23 UTC is shown by a black line; (b) is the polar axis of the Local Mean Solar Time (LMST). It is assumed that the 12h-LMST axis always directed to the Sun, please see Figure 1b. The purple lines in Figures 1a and 1b correspond to the directions of the LMST, i.e. they probably determine the source of gravitational signal (vortexes, gravitons). Thus, the purple line is the LMST-line, which characterizes the self-rotation of Mars. In this case under study, graviton came to Mars from Jupiter.

## 4.2. *The planet alignments and strong marsquakes*

In previous works by the author [1, 2] and [19], it was shown that the excitation of the Solar system can occur due to the linearization of planets, historically called planetary alignment or Kepler's conjunction. Therefore, according to the principle of connecting the lever of Archimedes and Kepler, the Third Law of Motion should be changed by adding a few words to the end of the text of the law:

> "When one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body exerts a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to that of the first body in the absence of obstacles in the path between these bodies" (6)

Alignments of planets that are registered for two marsquakes (s0802a, s0809a) are presented in Figure 2. Note that in both these cases the alignment of the planets is the same: the linearization of Jupiter-Mercury-Earth. Then the continuation of the LMST-lines (purple lines) at 23:09 and 23:34 LMST pass through the position of Mercury. Thus, we could assume that gravitational vortexes originate from Mercury.

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 2.** The same planetary alignments (Jupiter–Mercury–Earth) were recorded for two marsquakes (s0802a, s0809a). Note that in both these cases, the continuations of the LMST-lines (purple lines) at 23:09 and 23:34 LMST pass cross through position of Mercury. The purple lines are the LMST-lines that characterize the self-rotation of Mars.</figcaption></figure>

In the following Figures 3 and 4, we have demonstrated that the sources of vortexes (gravitons) can be activated areas of the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Two marsquakes (s0152a, s0154a) that occurred on May 2 and 4, 2019 and took place at the Saturn-Sun-Mars alignments are shown in Figures 3a and 3b. In both cases, gravitational signals (vortexes, gravitons) came to Mars from sections of the orbit of Mars itself, marked as a virtual source S1. However, on May 2, 2019, the excitation of the orbit of Mars occurred due to the impact of Earth and Venus, please see green line in Figure 3a. However, on May 4, the excitation of the orbit of Mars, see site S1, was determined by the position of the planets Venus, Mercury and probably the Sun, now please pay attention to the green line in Figure 3b.
The planetary configurations of the s0189a and s0475a marsquakes are shown in Figures 4a and 4b. The planet alignments are shown by black lines. In these Figures, we demonstrate that the orbital sites (virtual source $S_1$) were activated in the orbit of Jupiter as a result of the impact of the Venus–Sun linearization, please see the green lines in Figures 4a and 4b. Thus, in both cases s0189a and s0475a, gravitational vortexes came to Mars due to disturbed sites of the upper laying planet, Jupiter.

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 3.** Two marsquakes (s0152a, s0154a) are presented, which occurred on May 2 and 4, 2019 and have Saturn-Sun-Mars alignments. The alignments of the planets are shown by black lines. In both cases, gravitational signals (vortexes, gravitons) came to Mars from parts of the orbit of Mars itself, marked as a virtual source $S_1$. On May 2, 2019, the excitation of the orbit of Mars occurred due to the impact of Earth and Venus, please see the green line in Figure (a). However, on May 4, the excitation of the orbital $S_1$ site was determined by the position of the planets Venus, Mercury and, probably, Sun, see the green line in Figure (b).</figcaption></figure>

238

239

240

241

242

243

244

245

246

247

248

249

250

251

252
The planetary configurations of the s0189a and s0475a marsquakes are shown in Figures 4a and 4b. The planet alignments are shown by black lines. In these Figures, we demonstrate that the orbital sites (virtual source $S_1$) were activated in the orbit of Jupiter as a result of the impact of the Venus–Sun linearization, please see the green lines in Figures 4a and 4b. Thus, in both cases s0189a and s0475a, gravitational vortexes came to Mars due to disturbed sites of the upper laying planet, Jupiter.

<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 3.** Two marsquakes (s0152a, s0154a) are presented, which occurred on May 2 and 4, 2019 and have Saturn-Sun-Mars alignments. The alignments of the planets are shown by black lines. In both cases, gravitational signals (vortexes, gravitons) came to Mars from parts of the orbit of Mars itself, marked as a virtual source $S_1$. On May 2, 2019, the excitation of the orbit of Mars occurred due to the impact of Earth and Venus, please see the green line in Figure (a). However, on May 4, the excitation of the orbital $S_1$ site was determined by the position of the planets Venus, Mercury and, probably, Sun, see the green line in Figure (b).</figcaption></figure>

238

239

240

241

242

243

244

245

246

247

248

249

250

251

252
<figure><img src="image_5.png" /></figure>

**Figure 4.** The planetary configurations for the cases of marsquakes s0189a (Figure a) and s0475a (Figure b) are presented. The planet alignments are shown by black lines. The purple lines are the LMST-lines that characterized self-rotation of Mars. In these Figures, we demonstrate how the linearity of Venus–Sun disturbs the orbit of Mars, please see the position of the virtual source S1.

## 4.3. *Planetary parallelism and marsquakes*

Earlier in the author's work [2] it was discovered that in addition to the resonant triangular schemes of eLISA, the processes of perturbation of the Solar system can also be caused by planetary parallelism (PP). The planetary principle is similar to the Fabry–Perot interferometer in optics. Therefore, it is worth paying attention to the presence of parallelism of planets during marsquakes.

First, we demonstrate planetary parallelism (PP) on the planet configurations of marsquakes (s0133a, s0173a), please see Figures 5a and 5b. Planetary parallelisms are highlighted with parallel blue lines and blue labels. For the s0133a marsquakes, it was recorded that the Jupiter–Venus line is in parallel of Earth–Mars line (JV||EM) and for s0173a) in the Jupiter–Venus line is in parallel to the Sun–Mercury line (JV||SunMr).

In the both studied cases, these were the activation sites of Marian's orbit. In Figure 5a it is shown that the site of the Mars' orbit was under the pressure of the Venus–Mercury linearity, and Figure 5b shows that the Mars site was under the pressure of the Earth–Venus linearity, please see the green lines. However, no planetary alignments have been detected, so it is possible that the Solar system is reacting to an external galactic influence or Solar system was activated for another unknown reason.

253

254

255

256

257

258

259

260

261

262

263

264

265

266

267

268

269

270

271

272

273
<figure><img src="image_6.png" /></figure>

**Figure 4.** The planetary configurations for the cases of marsquakes s0189a (Figure a) and s0475a (Figure b) are presented. The planet alignments are shown by black lines. The purple lines are the LMST-lines that characterized self-rotation of Mars. In these Figures, we demonstrate how the linearity of Venus–Sun disturbs the orbit of Mars, please see the position of the virtual source S1.

## 4.3. *Planetary parallelism and marsquakes*

Earlier in the author's work [2] it was discovered that in addition to the resonant triangular schemes of eLISA, the processes of perturbation of the Solar system can also be caused by planetary parallelism (PP). The planetary principle is similar to the Fabry–Perot interferometer in optics. Therefore, it is worth paying attention to the presence of parallelism of planets during marsquakes.

First, we demonstrate planetary parallelism (PP) on the planet configurations of marsquakes (s0133a, s0173a), please see Figures 5a and 5b. Planetary parallelisms are highlighted with parallel blue lines and blue labels. For the s0133a marsquakes, it was recorded that the Jupiter–Venus line is in parallel of Earth–Mars line (JV||EM) and for s0173a) in the Jupiter–Venus line is in parallel to the Sun–Mercury line (JV||SunMr).

In the both studied cases, these were the activation sites of Marian's orbit. In Figure 5a it is shown that the site of the Mars' orbit was under the pressure of the Venus–Mercury linearity, and Figure 5b shows that the Mars site was under the pressure of the Earth–Venus linearity, please see the green lines. However, no planetary alignments have been detected, so it is possible that the Solar system is reacting to an external galactic influence or Solar system was activated for another unknown reason.

253

254

255

256

257

258

259

260

261

262

263

264

265

266

267

268

269

270

271

272

273
<figure><img src="image_6.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 5.** Planetary parallelism (PP) was demonstrated on the planet configurations of marsquakes (s0133a, s0173a). The planetary parallelism is highlighted by parallel blue lines and blue labels. (a) – The Jupiter–Venus line is parallel to the Earth–Mars line (JV||EM); (b) – the Jupiter–Venus line is parallel to the Sun–Mercury line (JV||SunMr). Both Figures (a, b) show that the activation of the Martian orbits took place in the intervals marked red labels S1. In Figure (a), the orbit of Mars was under the pressure of the Venus–Mercury linearity, and in (b) the orbit of Mars was under the pressure of the Earth–Venus linearity, please see the green lines. The alignment of the planets has not been detected, so it is possible that the solar system is reacting to an external galactic influence. The principle of planetary parallelism is similar to the Fabry–Perot interferometer in optics.</figcaption></figure>

Next, we will give a couple more examples of planetary parallelism (PP), but in these studying cases the orbits of far planets could be involved in process of graviton emissions. In Figure 6a, the Jupiter–Venus line is parallel to the Mercury–Sun line (JV||MrSun), and in Figure 6b, the Jupiter–Mars line is in parallel to the Earth–Mercury line (JM||EMr). At the moment s0128a marsquake, the graviton source is probably located in the orbit of Jupiter (Figure 6a), but the activated site for s0185a marsquake is located in the orbit of Saturn (Figure 6b). The reasons for the activation of the orbit are the same, it is the Earth–Venus linearity, please see the green lines.

274

275

276

277

278

279

280

281

282

283

284

285

286

287

288

289

290

291
<figure><img src="image_7.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 5.** Planetary parallelism (PP) was demonstrated on the planet configurations of marsquakes (s0133a, s0173a). The planetary parallelism is highlighted by parallel blue lines and blue labels. (a) – The Jupiter–Venus line is parallel to the Earth–Mars line (JV||EM); (b) – the Jupiter–Venus line is parallel to the Sun–Mercury line (JV||SunMr). Both Figures (a, b) show that the activation of the Martian orbits took place in the intervals marked red labels S1. In Figure (a), the orbit of Mars was under the pressure of the Venus–Mercury linearity, and in (b) the orbit of Mars was under the pressure of the Earth–Venus linearity, please see the green lines. The alignment of the planets has not been detected, so it is possible that the solar system is reacting to an external galactic influence. The principle of planetary parallelism is similar to the Fabry–Perot interferometer in optics.</figcaption></figure>

Next, we will give a couple more examples of planetary parallelism (PP), but in these studying cases the orbits of far planets could be involved in process of graviton emissions. In Figure 6a, the Jupiter–Venus line is parallel to the Mercury–Sun line (JV||MrSun), and in Figure 6b, the Jupiter–Mars line is in parallel to the Earth–Mercury line (JM||EMr). At the moment s0128a marsquake, the graviton source is probably located in the orbit of Jupiter (Figure 6a), but the activated site for s0185a marsquake is located in the orbit of Saturn (Figure 6b). The reasons for the activation of the orbit are the same, it is the Earth–Venus linearity, please see the green lines.

274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
<figure><img src="image_7.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 6.** The orbits of distant planets could be involved in the process of gravitonic emissions in two examples (s0128a, s0185a) of marsquakes: in Figure (a) – *S*₁ source is, probably, located in the Jupiter orbit, in (b) – in the Saturn orbit. The activation of the orbit is the same, this is the Earth–Venus line, please see the green lines. However, the schemes of planetary parallelism PP (blue lines) are different: in Figure (a) – Jupiter–Venus is parallel to Mercury–Sun (JV||MrSun), in Figure (b) – the Jupiter–Mars line is parallel to the Earth–Mercury line (JM||EMr).</figcaption></figure>

Further, we demonstrate multiple planetary parallelisms on the planetary configurations of the s0421b and s1022a marsquakes. In these cases of study, we pay attention to the fact that the sources of graviton (*S*₁) could be involved in the PP process. For the marsquakes s0421b, it was recorded that Mars–Earth is parallel to Mercury–Venus, and Jupiter–Mars is parallel to Earth–*S*₁ (Figure 7a). For the s1022a marsquake the Jupiter–Mercury line is parallel to Earth–*S*₁, and Earth–Venus is parallel to Mars–*S*₁ (Figure 7b).

292

293

294

295

296

297

298

299

300

301

302

303

304
<figure><img src="image_8.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 6.** The orbits of distant planets could be involved in the process of gravitonic emissions in two examples (s0128a, s0185a) of marsquakes: in Figure (a) – *S*₁ source is, probably, located in the Jupiter orbit, in (b) – in the Saturn orbit. The activation of the orbit is the same, this is the Earth–Venus line, please see the green lines. However, the schemes of planetary parallelism PP (blue lines) are different: in Figure (a) – Jupiter–Venus is parallel to Mercury–Sun (JV||MrSun), in Figure (b) – the Jupiter–Mars line is parallel to the Earth–Mercury line (JM||EMr).</figcaption></figure>

Further, we demonstrate multiple planetary parallelisms on the planetary configurations of the s0421b and s1022a marsquakes. In these cases of study, we pay attention to the fact that the sources of graviton (*S*₁) could be involved in the PP process. For the marsquakes s0421b, it was recorded that Mars–Earth is parallel to Mercury–Venus, and Jupiter–Mars is parallel to Earth–*S*₁ (Figure 7a). For the s1022a marsquake the Jupiter–Mercury line is parallel to Earth–*S*₁, and Earth–Venus is parallel to Mars–*S*₁ (Figure 7b).

292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
<figure><img src="image_8.png" /></figure>

**Figure 7.** We once again demonstrate planetary parallelism (PP) on the planetary configurations of the marsquakes s0421b and s1022a. However, in these studied cases, we draw attention to the fact that the sources of gravitons ($S_1$) could be involved in the PP process. The LMST-lines are drawn with purple lines; the planetary parallelism (PP) is highlighted with blue lines. In addition, in Figure (b), the alignment of the Mars-Sun-Earth planets is drawn with a black line.

## 4.4 Cascading perturbations of planetary orbits

In the course of this study, cases of cascading disturbances of the orbits of planets were also discovered. This may correspond to the cascade transition of the graviton from one orbit to another before it reaches the surface of Mars. Below are several cases of such cascading transitions.

The s0235b marsquake, which occurred on July 26, 2019 with a magnitude of Mw3.7, has the planet configuration shown in Figure 8a. The orbital sites involved in the graviton generation process are marked with red labels $S_1$ and $S_2$. These sites have been activated by the Venus–Mars planet parallelism system ($JS_1||ES_2||VM$), please see the green lines in Figure 8a. Thus, it can be concluded that the cause of this marsquake was a graviton that passed along the purple line: $S_2 \rightarrow S_1 \rightarrow Mars$. Figure 8b shows the configuration of the planet during the s0794a marsquake. This marsquake occurred on February 19, 2021 with a magnitude of Mw3.1. In the case of the study of the s0794a marsquake, the graviton jumps from the lower orbits to the upper ones: *Earth* → *Mercury* → *Mars* along the margin line: $S_2 \rightarrow S_1 \rightarrow Mars$. The parallelism of the planets in this case is as follows: The Mercury – Earth line is parallel to the Venus–Sun line. Note that no alignment of the planets was detected in this marsquake, so again it can be assumed that the Solar System reacts to external influences.

More complex events of cascade excitations of orbital sites that took place during the s0183a and s0343b marsquakes are demonstrated in Figures 9a and 9b. The planetary parallelism in the Figures is highlighted in blue; the lines of orbital excitation are drawn in green; the sources of graviton vortexes are designated as $S_1$ and $S_2$; the LMST-line is colored purple. Cascading transitions are also shown in Figures S6a and Figure S9b in the Supplementary. However, please note that the interpretation of jumping gravitons is not as simple as it might seem at first glance.
<figure><img src="image_9.png" /></figure>

**Figure 7.** We once again demonstrate planetary parallelism (PP) on the planetary configurations of the marsquakes s0421b and s1022a. However, in these studied cases, we draw attention to the fact that the sources of gravitons ($S_1$) could be involved in the PP process. The LMST-lines are drawn with purple lines; the planetary parallelism (PP) is highlighted with blue lines. In addition, in Figure (b), the alignment of the Mars-Sun-Earth planets is drawn with a black line.

4.4 Cascading perturbations of planetary orbits

In the course of this study, cases of cascading disturbances of the orbits of planets were also discovered. This may correspond to the cascade transition of the graviton from one orbit to another before it reaches the surface of Mars. Below are several cases of such cascading transitions.

The s0235b marsquake, which occurred on July 26, 2019 with a magnitude of Mw3.7, has the planet configuration shown in Figure 8a. The orbital sites involved in the graviton generation process are marked with red labels $S_1$ and $S_2$. These sites have been activated by the Venus–Mars planet parallelism system ($JS_1||ES_2||VM$), please see the green lines in Figure 8a. Thus, it can be concluded that the cause of this marsquake was a graviton that passed along the purple line: $S_2 \rightarrow S_1 \rightarrow Mars$. Figure 8b shows the configuration of the planet during the s0794a marsquake. This marsquake occurred on February 19, 2021 with a magnitude of Mw3.1. In the case of the study of the s0794a marsquake, the graviton jumps from the lower orbits to the upper ones: *Earth* → *Mercury* → *Mars* along the margin line: $S_2 \rightarrow S_1 \rightarrow Mars$. The parallelism of the planets in this case is as follows: The Mercury – Earth line is parallel to the Venus–Sun line. Note that no alignment of the planets was detected in this marsquake, so again it can be assumed that the Solar System reacts to external influences.

More complex events of cascade excitations of orbital sites that took place during the s0183a and s0343b marsquakes are demonstrated in Figures 9a and 9b. The planetary parallelism in the Figures is highlighted in blue; the lines of orbital excitation are drawn in green; the sources of graviton vortexes are designated as $S_1$ and $S_2$; the LMST-line is colored purple. Cascading transitions are also shown in Figures S6a and Figure S9b in the Supplementary. However, please note that the interpretation of jumping gravitons is not as simple as it might seem at first glance.
<figure><img src="image_9.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 8.** The cascade transition of gravitons between the orbits of planets is represented by two cases: (a) the s0235b marsquake, which occurred on July 26, 2019 with a magnitude of $M_w$3.7, and (b) the s0794a marsquake, which occurred on February 19, 2021 with a magnitude of $M_w$3.1. The orbital sites involved in the process of generating gravitons are marked with red marks $S_1$ and $S_2$. The planetary parallelism (PP) is marked with blue and green lines. The LMST lines are highlighted in purple. The alignment of the planets was not detected, so again it can be assumed that the Solar system reacts to external influences.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_10.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 9.** The cascade excitations of the orbital sites that occurred during the marsquakes s0183a (Figure a) and s0343b (Figure b) are demonstrated; please see the red marks $S_1$ and $S_2$. The</figcaption></figure>

331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339

340
341
342
<figure><img src="image_10.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 8.** The cascade transition of gravitons between the orbits of planets is represented by two cases: (a) the s0235b marsquake, which occurred on July 26, 2019 with a magnitude of $M_w$3.7, and (b) the s0794a marsquake, which occurred on February 19, 2021 with a magnitude of $M_w$3.1. The orbital sites involved in the process of generating gravitons are marked with red marks $S_1$ and $S_2$. The planetary parallelism (PP) is marked with blue and green lines. The LMST lines are highlighted in purple. The alignment of the planets was not detected, so again it can be assumed that the Solar system reacts to external influences.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_11.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 9.** The cascade excitations of the orbital sites that occurred during the marsquakes s0183a (Figure a) and s0343b (Figure b) are demonstrated; please see the red marks $S_1$ and $S_2$. The</figcaption></figure>

331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339

340
341
342
planetary parallelism is highlighted in blue; the lines of orbital excitation are drawn in green; the LMST-lines are colored purple; the sources of graviton vortexes are labeled as S<sub>1</sub> and S<sub>2</sub>.

## 4.5. Summary

We have considered several characteristic configurations of planets that took place during marsquakes. The influence of planetary alignments, planetary parallelisms, and the possibility of cascading gravitonic transitions between planetary orbits were shown. To be convincing, we will once again demonstrate the variability of the causes of graviton generation in the Solar System. In Figures 10a and 10b we demonstrate that the sources of gravitons a planet (Figure 10a) as well as several sites of executed planetary orbits (Figure 10b). The configurations shown correspond to the s0234c and s0976a marsquakes, which occurred on July 25 and August 25, 2021 at 20:46 and 02:20 LMST. All the planetary parameters for the 19 marsquakes studied in the work are summarized in Table 1.

<figure><img src="image_11.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 10.** Two marsquakes (s0234c, s0976a) occurred on July 25 and August 25, 2021 at 20:46 and 02:20 LMST. In these examples, we demonstrate once again that the sources of gravitons can be planets (Figure a), as well as several active sites (S1, S2) of planetary orbits (Figure b).</figcaption></figure>

<table><caption>**Table 1.** A summary list of parameters for the 19 selected marsquakes. LMST stands for Local Mean Solar Time (Martian local time), and UTC stands for Greenwich terrestrial time. The "Type" of the marsquake is associated with the recorded seismic frequencies, so the abbreviations of type are as follows: Broad Band (BB), Low Frequency (LF), High Frequency (HF), and Very High Frequency (VHF) events. The parameter "Quality" is described in the MSC V14 Guide (2023). A description of the parameter "Magnitude" can be found in [53].</caption><thead><tr><th>Figure</th><th>Name</th><th>Magnitude</th><th>Date</th><th>UTC</th><th>LMST</th><th>Quality</th><th>Type</th><th>Alignment</th><th>Parallelism</th><th>Initialization</th><th>Source</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1a</td><td>s1222a</td><td>M4.6</td><td>2022-05-04</td><td>23:23:07</td><td>03:50</td><td>A</td><td>BB</td><td>S-M-V-Mr</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>planet J</td></tr><tr><td>2a</td><td>s0802a</td><td>M2.9</td><td>2021-02-28</td><td>06:07:21</td><td>23:09</td><td>B</td><td>BB</td><td>J-Mr-E</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>planet Mr</td></tr><tr><td>2b</td><td>s0809a</td><td>M3.3</td><td>2021-03-07</td><td>11:09:26</td><td>23:33</td><td>A</td><td>LF</td><td>J-Mr-E</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>planet Mr</td></tr><tr><td>3a</td><td>s0152a</td><td>M2.9</td><td>2019-05-02</td><td>07:19:57</td><td>21:26</td><td>C</td><td>BB</td><td>S-Sun-M</td><td>-</td><td>V-E</td><td>orbit M</td></tr></tbody></table>
planetary parallelism is highlighted in blue; the lines of orbital excitation are drawn in green; the LMST-lines are colored purple; the sources of graviton vortexes are labeled as S₁ and S₂.

## 4.5. Summary

We have considered several characteristic configurations of planets that took place during marsquakes. The influence of planetary alignments, planetary parallelisms, and the possibility of cascading gravitonic transitions between planetary orbits were shown. To be convincing, we will once again demonstrate the variability of the causes of graviton generation in the Solar System. In Figures 10a and 10b we demonstrate that the sources of gravitons a planet (Figure 10a) as well as several sites of executed planetary orbits (Figure 10b). The configurations shown correspond to the s0234c and s0976a marsquakes, which occurred on July 25 and August 25, 2021 at 20:46 and 02:20 LMST. All the planetary parameters for the 19 marsquakes studied in the work are summarized in Table 1.

<figure><img src="image_12.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 10.** Two marsquakes (s0234c, s0976a) occurred on July 25 and August 25, 2021 at 20:46 and 02:20 LMST. In these examples, we demonstrate once again that the sources of gravitons can be planets (Figure a), as well as several active sites (S1, S2) of planetary orbits (Figure b).</figcaption></figure>

<table><caption>**Table 1.** A summary list of parameters for the 19 selected marsquakes. LMST stands for Local Mean Solar Time (Martian local time), and UTC stands for Greenwich terrestrial time. The "Type" of the marsquake is associated with the recorded seismic frequencies, so the abbreviations of type are as follows: Broad Band (BB), Low Frequency (LF), High Frequency (HF), and Very High Frequency (VHF) events. The parameter "Quality" is described in the MSC V14 Guide (2023). A description of the parameter "Magnitude" can be found in [53].</caption><thead><tr><th>Figure</th><th>Name</th><th>Magnitude</th><th>Date</th><th>UTC</th><th>LMST</th><th>Quality</th><th>Type</th><th>Alignment</th><th>Parallelism</th><th>Initialization</th><th>Source</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1a</td><td>s1222a</td><td>M4.6</td><td>2022-05-04</td><td>23:23:07</td><td>03:50</td><td>A</td><td>BB</td><td>S-M-V-Mr</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>planet J</td></tr><tr><td>2a</td><td>s0802a</td><td>M2.9</td><td>2021-02-28</td><td>06:07:21</td><td>23:09</td><td>B</td><td>BB</td><td>J-Mr-E</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>planet Mr</td></tr><tr><td>2b</td><td>s0809a</td><td>M3.3</td><td>2021-03-07</td><td>11:09:26</td><td>23:33</td><td>A</td><td>LF</td><td>J-Mr-E</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>planet Mr</td></tr><tr><td>3a</td><td>s0152a</td><td>M2.9</td><td>2019-05-02</td><td>07:19:57</td><td>21:26</td><td>C</td><td>BB</td><td>S-Sun-M</td><td>-</td><td>V-E</td><td>orbit M</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tr><td>3b</td><td>s0154a</td><td>M2.9</td><td>2019-05-04</td><td>07:03:35</td><td>19:41</td><td>C</td><td>BB</td><td>S-Sun-M</td><td>-</td><td>V-Mr-Sun</td><td>orbit M</td></tr><tr><td>4a</td><td>s0189a</td><td>M2.7</td><td>2019-06-09</td><td>05:35:56</td><td>19:11</td><td>B</td><td>LF</td><td>S-Mr-M</td><td>-</td><td>V-Sun</td><td>orbit J</td></tr><tr><td>4b</td><td>s0475a</td><td>M2.0</td><td>2020-03-29</td><td>00:37:59</td><td>17:34</td><td>B</td><td>VHF</td><td>S-M-E,<br>M-Mr-Sun</td><td>-</td><td>V-Sun</td><td>orbit J</td></tr><tr><td>5a</td><td>s0133a</td><td>M3.1</td><td>2019-04-12</td><td>18:00:20</td><td>20:44</td><td>C</td><td>BB</td><td>-</td><td>JV||EM</td><td>V-Mr</td><td>orbit M</td></tr><tr><td>5b</td><td>s0173a</td><td>M3.7</td><td>2019-05-23</td><td>02:19:10</td><td>02:55</td><td>A</td><td>LF</td><td>-</td><td>JV||SunMr</td><td>E-V</td><td>orbit M</td></tr><tr><td>6a</td><td>s0128a</td><td>M2.2</td><td>2019-04-07</td><td>09:31:52</td><td>15:28</td><td>B</td><td>VHF</td><td>-</td><td>JM||MrSun</td><td>E-V</td><td>orbit J</td></tr><tr><td>6b</td><td>s0185a</td><td>M3.1</td><td>2019-06-05</td><td>02:06:38</td><td>18:28</td><td>B</td><td>BB</td><td>-</td><td>JM||EMr</td><td>E-V</td><td>orbit S</td></tr><tr><td>7a</td><td>s0421b</td><td>M3.3</td><td>2020-02-02</td><td>16:42:33</td><td>21:22</td><td>C</td><td>LF</td><td>-</td><td>ME||MrV</td><td>JM||ES<sub>1</sub><br>JMr||ES<sub>1</sub><br>VE||MS<sub>1</sub></td><td>orbit E</td></tr><tr><td>7b</td><td>s1022a</td><td>M3.6</td><td>2021-10-11</td><td>23:14:29</td><td>15:20</td><td>A</td><td>LF</td><td>M-Sun-E</td><td>-</td><td>SS<sub>1</sub>||EM,<br>JS<sub>2</sub>||VM</td><td>orbit M</td></tr><tr><td>8a</td><td>s0235b</td><td>M3.7</td><td>2019-07-26</td><td>12:15:39</td><td>19:30</td><td>A</td><td>BB</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>SS<sub>1</sub>||EM,<br>JS<sub>2</sub>||VM</td><td>orbits J, M</td></tr><tr><td>8b</td><td>s0794a</td><td>M3.1</td><td>2021-02-19</td><td>01:21:17</td><td>00:22</td><td>B</td><td>VHF</td><td>-</td><td>MrE||VSun</td><td></td><td>orbits E, Mr</td></tr><tr><td>9a</td><td>s0183a</td><td>M3.1</td><td>2019-06-03</td><td>02:22:02</td><td>19:54</td><td>B</td><td>LF</td><td>-</td><td>JM||EMr</td><td>E-Sun,<br>ES<sub>2</sub>||VM</td><td>orbits M, J</td></tr><tr><td>9b</td><td>s0343b</td><td>M2.1</td><td>2019-11-14</td><td>11:57:48</td><td>19:51</td><td>B</td><td>HF</td><td>-</td><td>SV||JM</td><td>E-Sun, E-S</td><td>orbits M, J</td></tr><tr><td>10a</td><td>s0234c</td><td>M2.9</td><td>2019-07-25</td><td>12:46:45</td><td>20:45</td><td>C</td><td>LF</td><td>E-Mr-V</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>planet J</td></tr><tr><td>10b</td><td>s0976a</td><td>M4.2</td><td>2021-08-25</td><td>03:32:20</td><td>02:20</td><td>A</td><td>LF</td><td>-</td><td>VM||ESun</td><td>MrSun||MS<sub>1</sub></td><td>orbits M, E</td></tr></table>

## 5. Planet geometry and Einstein's General Theory of Relativity

Since in this work discusses effects related to planetary geometry, we should pay some attention to considering this issue. Note that Albert Einstein was not the first to explore the connection between geometry and astronomy. As it is known, ancient philosophers and mathematics such as Moses, Thales, Pythagoras, Plato, Archimedes, Aristotle and Hypatia studied the relationship between natural processes and the geometry of the planets. Albert Einstein was a poorly educated person, so in his publications you will not find any references to the works of ancient philosophers and mathematicians, or to the works of astronomers of the 17th and 18th centuries, in particular to the related works of Kepler, Bode, Titius, and Laplace.

When we talk about the geometry of planets, we first of all think about the linearization of the position of the planets. In different periods of the development of science, this linearization of the planets has been called the Orion belt (Moses), Music Theory (Pythagoras), harmony of the spheres (Plato, Aristotle, Theon), planet lever (Archimedes), Kepler's conjunction (Kepler), "Jupiter Effect" (Gribben and Plagemann), and planet alignment (Mörner and colleges).

Moreover, the orbital resonance is also relevant to the geometry of the planets. So, Laplace first drew attention to the orbital resonance of Jupiter's satellites Ganymede, Europa and Io in a ratio of 1:2:4, when two Io-Europa conjunctions and four Io-Ganymede conjunctions occur during the rotation of the satellites around Jupiter. Since the orbital resonance is characterized by a ratio of integer values, it is sometimes called the numerology of planets. Therefore, it is impossible to separate the geometry of the planets (planet linearization / Kepler conjunction / planet alignment) from the numerology of the planets. It is important to note that a number of journals (Nature, Icarus, A&A journal, Copernicus) have banned the publication of the works by Kepler, Bode and Titius.

However, recently new methods have been developing rapidly and successfully in exoplanetary astronomy. Thus, the use of the astro-combs method gave an impetus to the study of exoplanets of remote stars. Analysis of the location of exoplanets revealed the presence of orbital resonances in many stellar systems. In particular, a long sequence of resonant frequencies was detected in the planetary systems HD 110067, TOI-178 and TRAPPIST-1 [54, 55] and [56]. Some new information about exoplanets could be found in [57] and [58]. Please note that the above-mentioned features of the alignment or connection of the planets in no way fit into the framework of Einstein's general theory of relativity. In fact, the works Luger et al., Leleu et al. and Luque et al. [54, 55] and [56] are an important milestone in the unconditional decline of Einstein's theory of relativity.
<table><tr><td>3b</td><td>s0154a</td><td>M2.9</td><td>2019-05-04</td><td>07:03:35</td><td>19:41</td><td>C</td><td>BB</td><td>S-Sun-M</td><td>-</td><td>V-Mr-Sun</td><td>orbit M</td></tr><tr><td>4a</td><td>s0189a</td><td>M2.7</td><td>2019-06-09</td><td>05:35:56</td><td>19:11</td><td>B</td><td>LF</td><td>S-Mr-M</td><td>-</td><td>V-Sun</td><td>orbit J</td></tr><tr><td>4b</td><td>s0475a</td><td>M2.0</td><td>2020-03-29</td><td>00:37:59</td><td>17:34</td><td>B</td><td>VHF</td><td>S-M-E,<br>M-Mr-Sun</td><td>-</td><td>V-Sun</td><td>orbit J</td></tr><tr><td>5a</td><td>s0133a</td><td>M3.1</td><td>2019-04-12</td><td>18:00:20</td><td>20:44</td><td>C</td><td>BB</td><td>-</td><td>JV||EM</td><td>V-Mr</td><td>orbit M</td></tr><tr><td>5b</td><td>s0173a</td><td>M3.7</td><td>2019-05-23</td><td>02:19:10</td><td>02:55</td><td>A</td><td>LF</td><td>-</td><td>JV||SunMr</td><td>E-V</td><td>orbit M</td></tr><tr><td>6a</td><td>s0128a</td><td>M2.2</td><td>2019-04-07</td><td>09:31:52</td><td>15:28</td><td>B</td><td>VHF</td><td>-</td><td>JM||MrSun</td><td>E-V</td><td>orbit J</td></tr><tr><td>6b</td><td>s0185a</td><td>M3.1</td><td>2019-06-05</td><td>02:06:38</td><td>18:28</td><td>B</td><td>BB</td><td>-</td><td>JM||EMr</td><td>E-V</td><td>orbit S</td></tr><tr><td>7a</td><td>s0421b</td><td>M3.3</td><td>2020-02-02</td><td>16:42:33</td><td>21:22</td><td>C</td><td>LF</td><td>-</td><td>ME||MrV</td><td>JM||ES<sub>1</sub><br>JMr||ES<sub>1</sub><br>VE||MS<sub>1</sub></td><td>orbit E</td></tr><tr><td>7b</td><td>s1022a</td><td>M3.6</td><td>2021-10-11</td><td>23:14:29</td><td>15:20</td><td>A</td><td>LF</td><td>M-Sun-E</td><td>-</td><td>SS<sub>1</sub>||EM,<br>JS<sub>2</sub>||VM</td><td>orbit M</td></tr><tr><td>8a</td><td>s0235b</td><td>M3.7</td><td>2019-07-26</td><td>12:15:39</td><td>19:30</td><td>A</td><td>BB</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>SS<sub>1</sub>||EM,<br>JS<sub>2</sub>||VM</td><td>orbits J, M</td></tr><tr><td>8b</td><td>s0794a</td><td>M3.1</td><td>2021-02-19</td><td>01:21:17</td><td>00:22</td><td>B</td><td>VHF</td><td>-</td><td>MrE||VSun</td><td></td><td>orbits E, Mr</td></tr><tr><td>9a</td><td>s0183a</td><td>M3.1</td><td>2019-06-03</td><td>02:22:02</td><td>19:54</td><td>B</td><td>LF</td><td>-</td><td>JM||EMr</td><td>E-Sun,<br>ES<sub>2</sub>||VM</td><td>orbits M, J</td></tr><tr><td>9b</td><td>s0343b</td><td>M2.1</td><td>2019-11-14</td><td>11:57:48</td><td>19:51</td><td>B</td><td>HF</td><td>-</td><td>SV||JM</td><td>E-Sun, E-S</td><td>orbits M, J</td></tr><tr><td>10a</td><td>s0234c</td><td>M2.9</td><td>2019-07-25</td><td>12:46:45</td><td>20:45</td><td>C</td><td>LF</td><td>E-Mr-V</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>planet J</td></tr><tr><td>10b</td><td>s0976a</td><td>M4.2</td><td>2021-08-25</td><td>03:32:20</td><td>02:20</td><td>A</td><td>LF</td><td>-</td><td>VM||ESun</td><td>MrSun||MS<sub>1</sub></td><td>orbits M, E</td></tr></table>

## 5. Planet geometry and Einstein's General Theory of Relativity

Since in this work discusses effects related to planetary geometry, we should pay some attention to considering this issue. Note that Albert Einstein was not the first to explore the connection between geometry and astronomy. As it is known, ancient philosophers and mathematics such as Moses, Thales, Pythagoras, Plato, Archimedes, Aristotle and Hypatia studied the relationship between natural processes and the geometry of the planets. Albert Einstein was a poorly educated person, so in his publications you will not find any references to the works of ancient philosophers and mathematicians, or to the works of astronomers of the 17th and 18th centuries, in particular to the related works of Kepler, Bode, Titius, and Laplace.

When we talk about the geometry of planets, we first of all think about the linearization of the position of the planets. In different periods of the development of science, this linearization of the planets has been called the Orion belt (Moses), Music Theory (Pythagoras), harmony of the spheres (Plato, Aristotle, Theon), planet lever (Archimedes), Kepler's conjunction (Kepler), "Jupiter Effect" (Gribben and Plagemann), and planet alignment (Mörner and colleges).

Moreover, the orbital resonance is also relevant to the geometry of the planets. So, Laplace first drew attention to the orbital resonance of Jupiter's satellites Ganymede, Europa and Io in a ratio of 1:2:4, when two Io-Europa conjunctions and four Io-Ganymede conjunctions occur during the rotation of the satellites around Jupiter. Since the orbital resonance is characterized by a ratio of integer values, it is sometimes called the numerology of planets. Therefore, it is impossible to separate the geometry of the planets (planet linearization / Kepler conjunction / planet alignment) from the numerology of the planets. It is important to note that a number of journals (Nature, Icarus, A&A journal, Copernicus) have banned the publication of the works by Kepler, Bode and Titius.

However, recently new methods have been developing rapidly and successfully in exoplanetary astronomy. Thus, the use of the astro-combs method gave an impetus to the study of exoplanets of remote stars. Analysis of the location of exoplanets revealed the presence of orbital resonances in many stellar systems. In particular, a long sequence of resonant frequencies was detected in the planetary systems HD 110067, TOI-178 and TRAPPIST-1 [54, 55] and [56]. Some new information about exoplanets could be found in [57] and [58]. Please note that the above-mentioned features of the alignment or connection of the planets in no way fit into the framework of Einstein's general theory of relativity. In fact, the works Luger et al., Leleu et al. and Luque et al. [54, 55] and [56] are an important milestone in the unconditional decline of Einstein's theory of relativity.
391

392

393

394

395

396

397

398

399

400

401

402

403

404

405

406

407

408

409

410

411

412

413

414

415

416

417

418

419

420

421

To summarize. The results of [54–56], as well as the classic works of Pierre-Simon de Laplace, Johannes Kepler, Johann Elert Bode, and Johann Daniel Titius and previous studies in which a report on the influence of planetary configurations on seismic activity [1, 2, 59–61], on solar activity [62–68], and on climate processes [69–71] question the fundamental modern postulates of astronomy.

The main opponents of my studies are supporters of Albert Einstein's theory. Billions of dollars were spent on substantiating Albert Einstein's theory of gravity. However, the ambiguous results obtained by the LILO and VIRGO teams give reason to believe that the general theory of relativity, developed in the last century by Albert Einstein, is incorrect. The joint work of LIGO, Virgo and KAGRA reported that 35 gravitational wave events were detected between November 2019 and March 2020, 32 of which were most likely mergers of black holes (mBH), in which two black holes spiral around each other and finally join together, the event, which emits a gravitational wave burst by GWTC-3 Team (2023) [72]. Thus, these Teams detect regular collisions of 3 mBH for two weeks. It is not any evidence of such regular mBH collisions. Note that this frequency is more similar to the frequency of bursts at shale gas mining or other anthropogenic activities than to the gravitational tsunami from black hole collisions.

An attempt to identify the sources of gravitational waves has led to searching mBH events and finally a revision of the concepts of dark matter and dark energy. As it is well-known Adam Riess, a physicist at Johns Hopkins University, recently said in Baltimore: "With measurement errors negated [between James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and Hubble Space Telescope measurements], what remains is the real and exciting possibility we have misunderstood the universe", please also see the discussion in [73]. Remark that A. Riess holds a Nobel Prize for co-discovering the fact that the universe's expansion is accelerating, due to a mysterious phenomenon now called "dark energy". In 2023 the European Space Agency launched a special Euclid mission, aiming to produce a cosmic map of dark matter. The future of this mission looks blurry and uncertain.

In frame of the dark matter crisis, two alternative theories have appeared that deny the existence of dark matter [74, 75]. The interpretation of gravity proposed by Oppenheim and Rousseau would allow describing some phenomena without resorting to concepts such as dark energy and dark matter. Let's draw readers' attention to the statement of Oppenheim and Russo, who wrote in [74]: "The gravity has a long history of being a trickster. The dark matter nature has remained mysterious and searches by the Large Hadron Collider have come up empty-handed. In the absence of any direct evidence for dark energy or dark matter it is natural to wonder whether they may be unnecessary scientific constructs like celestial spheres, ether, or the planet Vulcan, all of which were superseded by simpler explanations".
Therefore, we push reader to understand the very simple and clear fact that in nature it is not reasonable arguments to write the space-time relation, which usually described in modern cosmology by the Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) metric, as following:

$$ds^2 \equiv g_{\mu\nu} x^\mu x^\nu = a^2(\eta)[d\eta^2 - dx^2] \\ dt^2 \equiv a^2(\eta)d\eta^2 \qquad (7)$$

422

423

where $g_{\mu\nu}$ is the metric tensor, $a$ is a scale factor describing the expansion or contraction of space, and $\eta$ is conformal time. An error in axiomatic is fatal, so up-to-date astronomy is like the sinking of the Titanic.

424

425

All above remarks indicate that it is the end of the Einsteinian era. Unfortunately, the 514 author is forced to report that nuclear astrophysics, like astronomy, does not stand up to the stress test, please see discussion in [76].

426

## 6. Conclusions

427

428

429

430

431

432

433

In this study, we investigate the planetary configuration corresponding to the moment of the largest marsquake s1222a observed by InSight. It is shown that this marsquake corresponds to a unique linear configuration formed by Saturn, Mars, Venus, and Mercury. At the moment of a marsquake, the angle between these planets is zero, up to the accuracy of the orbit calculation method, the discreteness of which is 1 hour. Additional research has shown that during the earthquake on Mars, which occurred at 03:50 LMST (Martian time), Mars was turned towards Jupiter. It has been suggested that the nature of this marsquake is squeezing of gas through chimneys of pingos or crust cracks under the influence of external gravitational forces.

434

435

436

437

438

In addition to this case, 18 more cases of marsquakes were analyzed, in which it was shown that the external gravitational influence can be enhanced by parameters such as the planet alignments, as well as the parallelism of the planets. It has been shown that possible sources of gravitons can be not only planets, but also excited sites of the planetary orbits. It is found that the excitation of the sites of the orbits of the planets is not arbitrary, but is determined by additional influence from other planets.
391

392

393

394

395

396

397

398

399

400

401

402

403

404

405

406

407

408

409

410

411

412

413

414

415

416

417

418

419

420

421

To summarize. The results of [54–56], as well as the classic works of Pierre-Simon de Laplace, Johannes Kepler, Johann Elert Bode, and Johann Daniel Titius and previous studies in which a report on the influence of planetary configurations on seismic activity [1, 2, 59–61], on solar activity [62–68], and on climate processes [69–71] question the fundamental modern postulates of astronomy.

The main opponents of my studies are supporters of Albert Einstein's theory. Billions of dollars were spent on substantiating Albert Einstein's theory of gravity. However, the ambiguous results obtained by the LILO and VIRGO teams give reason to believe that the general theory of relativity, developed in the last century by Albert Einstein, is incorrect. The joint work of LIGO, Virgo and KAGRA reported that 35 gravitational wave events were detected between November 2019 and March 2020, 32 of which were most likely mergers of black holes (mBH), in which two black holes spiral around each other and finally join together, the event, which emits a gravitational wave burst by GWTC-3 Team (2023) [72]. Thus, these Teams detect regular collisions of 3 mBH for two weeks. It is not any evidence of such regular mBH collisions. Note that this frequency is more similar to the frequency of bursts at shale gas mining or other anthropogenic activities than to the gravitational tsunami from black hole collisions.

An attempt to identify the sources of gravitational waves has led to searching mBH events and finally a revision of the concepts of dark matter and dark energy. As it is well-known Adam Riess, a physicist at Johns Hopkins University, recently said in Baltimore: "With measurement errors negated [between James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and Hubble Space Telescope measurements], what remains is the real and exciting possibility we have misunderstood the universe", please also see the discussion in [73]. Remark that A. Riess holds a Nobel Prize for co-discovering the fact that the universe's expansion is accelerating, due to a mysterious phenomenon now called "dark energy". In 2023 the European Space Agency launched a special Euclid mission, aiming to produce a cosmic map of dark matter. The future of this mission looks blurry and uncertain.

In frame of the dark matter crisis, two alternative theories have appeared that deny the existence of dark matter [74, 75]. The interpretation of gravity proposed by Oppenheim and Rousseau would allow describing some phenomena without resorting to concepts such as dark energy and dark matter. Let's draw readers' attention to the statement of Oppenheim and Russo, who wrote in [74]: "The gravity has a long history of being a trickster. The dark matter nature has remained mysterious and searches by the Large Hadron Collider have come up empty-handed. In the absence of any direct evidence for dark energy or dark matter it is natural to wonder whether they may be unnecessary scientific constructs like celestial spheres, ether, or the planet Vulcan, all of which were superseded by simpler explanations".
Therefore, we push reader to understand the very simple and clear fact that in nature it is not reasonable arguments to write the space-time relation, which usually described in modern cosmology by the Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) metric, as following:

$$ds^2 = g_{\mu\nu} x^\mu x^\nu = a^2(\eta)[d\eta^2 - dx^2] \\ dt^2 = a^2(\eta)d\eta^2 \qquad (7)$$

422

423

where $g_{\mu\nu}$ is the metric tensor, $a$ is a scale factor describing the expansion or contraction of space, and $\eta$ is conformal time. An error in axiomatic is fatal, so up-to-date astronomy is like the sinking of the Titanic.

424

425

All above remarks indicate that it is the end of the Einsteinian era. Unfortunately, the 514 author is forced to report that nuclear astrophysics, like astronomy, does not stand up to the stress test, please see discussion in [76].

426

## 6. Conclusions

427

428

429

430

431

432

433

In this study, we investigate the planetary configuration corresponding to the moment of the largest marsquake s1222a observed by InSight. It is shown that this marsquake corresponds to a unique linear configuration formed by Saturn, Mars, Venus, and Mercury. At the moment of a marsquake, the angle between these planets is zero, up to the accuracy of the orbit calculation method, the discreteness of which is 1 hour. Additional research has shown that during the earthquake on Mars, which occurred at 03:50 LMST (Martian time), Mars was turned towards Jupiter. It has been suggested that the nature of this marsquake is squeezing of gas through chimneys of pingos or crust cracks under the influence of external gravitational forces.

434

435

436

437

438

In addition to this case, 18 more cases of marsquakes were analyzed, in which it was shown that the external gravitational influence can be enhanced by parameters such as the planet alignments, as well as the parallelism of the planets. It has been shown that possible sources of gravitons can be not only planets, but also excited sites of the planetary orbits. It is found that the excitation of the sites of the orbits of the planets is not arbitrary, but is determined by additional influence from other planets.
439

440

441

442

443

Thus, thanks to the study of marsquakes, the complex nature of the generation of gravitons of the Solar system was revealed. It has been shown that gravitons can move both from higher orbits to lower ones and in the opposite direction. Several cases of cascading transition of gravitons in a system of several planetary orbits have been identified. It should be particularly noted that the discovered patterns do not fit into the standard picture of Einstein's theory of relativity.

444

445

446

447

448

449

450

**Supplementary Materials:** The following supporting information can be downloaded at: www.mdpi.com/xxx/s1, Table S1: The list of parameters for 11 more marsquakes; Figure S1: The configuration of the planets during the s0784a and s1102a marsquakes; Figure S2: The configuration of the planets during the s0756a and s0923d marsquakes; Figure S3: The parallelism of the planets during the s0864a and s1048d marsquakes; Figure S4: Detailed configurations of the planets in the s0105a marsquake; Figure S5: A detailed configuration of the planets for the (s0290b) marsquake; Figure S6: A configuration of the planet for the (s0734a) marsquake; Figure S7: The detailed planetary configuration for the (s1133c) marsquake; Figure S8. One more detailed planetary configuration for (s0820a) marsquake.

451

452

**Author Contributions:** Alexander N. Safronov designed the study, analyzed the data, made model simulations and wrote the manuscript.

453

**Funding:** This research received no external funding.

454

455

**Acknowledgments:** The author gratefully acknowledges colleagues and my wife for suggesting the topic of this paper and for the very thorough revision of the manuscript.

456

**Conflicts of Interest:** The author declares no conflicts of interest.

457

## References

458

459

1. Safronov, A.N. New Theory of Effusive and Explosive Volcanic Eruptions. *International Journal of Geosciences* **2022**, *13*, 115-137, doi:10.4236/ijg.2022.132007

460

461

2. Safronov, A.N. Astronomical Triggers as a Cause of Strong Earthquakes. *International Journal of Geosciences* **2022**, *13*, 793-829, doi:10.4236/ijg.2022.139040.

462

463

3. Bayle, J.-B.; Bonga, B.; Caprini, C.; Doneva, D.; Muratore, M.; Petiteau, A.; Rossi, E.; Shao, L. Overview and progress on the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna mission. *Nat Astron* **2022**, *6*, 1334-1338, doi:10.1038/s41550-022-01847-0.

464

465

4. Giardini, D.; Lognonné, P.; Banerdt, W.; Pike, W.; Christensen, U.; Ceylan, S.; Clinton, J.F.; van Driel, M.; Stähler, S.C.; Böse, M., et al. The seismicity of Mars. *Nature Geoscience* **2020**, *13*, 205-212, doi:10.1038/s41561-020-0539-8.

466

467

468

5. Duran, C.; Khan, A.; Ceylan, S.; Zenhausern, G.; Stahler, S.; Clinton, J.F.; Giardini, D. Seismology on Mars: An analysis of direct, reflected, and converted seismic body waves with implications for interior structure. *Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors* **2022**, doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2022.106851.

469

470

6. Lognonne, P.; Banerdt, W.B.; Clinton, J.; Garcia, R.F.; Giardini, D.; Knapmeyer-Endrun, B.; Panning, M.; Pike, W.T. Mars seismology. *Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences* **2023**, *51*, doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-031621-073318.

471

472

7. MSC dataset v14. Mars Seismic Catalogue (MSC) V14 2023-04-01, supported by InSight Marsquake Service, InSight Mission. ETHZ, IPGP, JPL, ICL, University of Bristol. **2023**, doi:10.12686/a21.

473

474

475

8. Dahmen, N.L.; Clinton, J.F.; Meier, M.-A.; Stähler, S.C.; Ceylan, S.; Kim, D.; Stott, A.E.; Giardini, D. MarsQuakeNet: A more complete marsquake catalog obtained by deep learning techniques. *Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets* **2022**, *127*, e2022JE007503, doi:10.1029/2022JE007503.

476

477

478

9. Clinton, J.; Ceylan, S.; van Driel, M.; Giardini, D.; Stähler, S.; Böse, M.; Charalambous, C.; Dahmen, N.L.; Horleston, A.; Kawamura, T., et al. The Marsquake catalogue from InSight, sols 0–478. *Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors* **2021**, *310*, 106595, doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2020.106595.

479

480

481

10. Ceylan, S.; Clinton, J.F.; Giardini, D.; Stähler, S.C.; Horleston, A.; Kawamura, T.; Bose, M.; Charalambous, C.; Dahmen, N.L.; van Driel, M., et al. The marsquake catalogue from InSight, sols 0–1011 *Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors* **2022**, *333*, 106943, doi:10.1002/essoar.10512032.1.

482

483

11. Osamu, A.; Ron, B. Osamu Ajiki 1996, Ron Baalke, 2000-2001, "OrbitViewer Applet". http://www.astroarts.jp/products/orbitviewer/OrbitViewer-1.3.tar.gz. **1996**.

484

485

12. JPL Tools. JPL Small-Body Database Browser NASA, California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), JPL Small-Body Database Browser, Orbit Diagram https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/des=1P. **2023**.

486

487

488

13. Encrenaz, T.; Greathouse, T.K.; Richter, M.J.; Lacy, J.H.; Fouchet, T.; Bézard, B.; Lefèvre, F.; Forget, F.; Atreya, S.K. A stringent upper limit to SO₂ in the Martian atmosphere. *Astronomy & Astrophysics* **2011**, *530*, A37, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201116820.
439

440

441

442

443

Thus, thanks to the study of marsquakes, the complex nature of the generation of gravitons of the Solar system was revealed. It has been shown that gravitons can move both from higher orbits to lower ones and in the opposite direction. Several cases of cascading transition of gravitons in a system of several planetary orbits have been identified. It should be particularly noted that the discovered patterns do not fit into the standard picture of Einstein's theory of relativity.

444

445

446

447

448

449

450

**Supplementary Materials:** The following supporting information can be downloaded at: www.mdpi.com/xxx/s1, Table S1: The list of parameters for 11 more marsquakes; Figure S1: The configuration of the planets during the s0784a and s1102a marsquakes; Figure S2: The configuration of the planets during the s0756a and s0923d marsquakes; Figure S3: The parallelism of the planets during the s0864a and s1048d marsquakes; Figure S4: Detailed configurations of the planets in the s0105a marsquake; Figure S5: A detailed configuration of the planets for the (s0290b) marsquake; Figure S6: A configuration of the planet for the (s0734a) marsquake; Figure S7: The detailed planetary configuration for the (s1133c) marsquake; Figure S8. One more detailed planetary configuration for (s0820a) marsquake.

451

452

**Author Contributions:** Alexander N. Safronov designed the study, analyzed the data, made model simulations and wrote the manuscript.

453

**Funding:** This research received no external funding.

454

455

**Acknowledgments:** The author gratefully acknowledges colleagues and my wife for suggesting the topic of this paper and for the very thorough revision of the manuscript.

456

**Conflicts of Interest:** The author declares no conflicts of interest.

457

## References

458

459

1. Safronov, A.N. New Theory of Effusive and Explosive Volcanic Eruptions. *International Journal of Geosciences* **2022**, *13*, 115-137, doi:10.4236/ijg.2022.132007

460

461

2. Safronov, A.N. Astronomical Triggers as a Cause of Strong Earthquakes. *International Journal of Geosciences* **2022**, *13*, 793-829, doi:10.4236/ijg.2022.139040.

462

463

3. Bayle, J.-B.; Bonga, B.; Caprini, C.; Doneva, D.; Muratore, M.; Petiteau, A.; Rossi, E.; Shao, L. Overview and progress on the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna mission. *Nat Astron* **2022**, *6*, 1334-1338, doi:10.1038/s41550-022-01847-0.

464

465

4. Giardini, D.; Lognonné, P.; Banerdt, W.; Pike, W.; Christensen, U.; Ceylan, S.; Clinton, J.F.; van Driel, M.; Stähler, S.C.; Böse, M., et al. The seismicity of Mars. *Nature Geoscience* **2020**, *13*, 205-212, doi:10.1038/s41561-020-0539-8.

466

467

468

5. Duran, C.; Khan, A.; Ceylan, S.; Zenhausern, G.; Stahler, S.; Clinton, J.F.; Giardini, D. Seismology on Mars: An analysis of direct, reflected, and converted seismic body waves with implications for interior structure. *Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors* **2022**, doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2022.106851.

469

470

6. Lognonne, P.; Banerdt, W.B.; Clinton, J.; Garcia, R.F.; Giardini, D.; Knapmeyer-Endrun, B.; Panning, M.; Pike, W.T. Mars seismology. *Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences* **2023**, *51*, doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-031621-073318.

471

472

7. MSC dataset v14. Mars Seismic Catalogue (MSC) V14 2023-04-01, supported by InSight Marsquake Service, InSight Mission. ETHZ, IPGP, JPL, ICL, University of Bristol. **2023**, doi:10.12686/a21.

473

474

475

8. Dahmen, N.L.; Clinton, J.F.; Meier, M.-A.; Stähler, S.C.; Ceylan, S.; Kim, D.; Stott, A.E.; Giardini, D. MarsQuakeNet: A more complete marsquake catalog obtained by deep learning techniques. *Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets* **2022**, *127*, e2022JE007503, doi:10.1029/2022JE007503.

476

477

478

9. Clinton, J.; Ceylan, S.; van Driel, M.; Giardini, D.; Stähler, S.; Böse, M.; Charalambous, C.; Dahmen, N.L.; Horleston, A.; Kawamura, T., et al. The Marsquake catalogue from InSight, sols 0-478. *Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors* **2021**, *310*, 106595, doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2020.106595.

479

480

481

10. Ceylan, S.; Clinton, J.F.; Giardini, D.; Stähler, S.C.; Horleston, A.; Kawamura, T.; Bose, M.; Charalambous, C.; Dahmen, N.L.; van Driel, M., et al. The marsquake catalogue from InSight, sols 0-1011 *Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors* **2022**, *333*, 106943, doi:10.1002/essoar.10512032.1.

482

483

11. Osamu, A.; Ron, B. Osamu Ajiki 1996, Ron Baalke, 2000-2001, "OrbitViewer Applet". http://www.astroarts.jp/products/orbitviewer/OrbitViewer-1.3.tar.gz. **1996**.

484

485

12. JPL Tools. JPL Small-Body Database Browser NASA, California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), JPL Small-Body Database Browser, Orbit Diagram https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/des=1P. **2023**.

486

487

488

13. Encrenaz, T.; Greathouse, T.K.; Richter, M.J.; Lacy, J.H.; Fouchet, T.; Bézard, B.; Lefèvre, F.; Forget, F.; Atreya, S.K. A stringent upper limit to SO₂ in the Martian atmosphere. *Astronomy & Astrophysics* **2011**, *530*, A37, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201116820.
489

490

491

14. Flahaut, J.; Quantin, C.; Allemand, P.; Thomas, P.; Le Deit, L. Identification, distribution and possible origins of sulfates in Capri Chasma (Mars), inferred from CRISM data. *Journal of Geophysical Research* **2010**, 115, E11007, doi:10.1029/2009JE003566.

492

493

15. Mangold, N.; Baratoux, D.; Witasse, O.; Encrenaz, T.; Sotin, C. Mars: a small terrestrial planet. *Astron Astrophys Rev* **2016**, 24, 15, doi:10.1007/s00159-016-0099-5.

494

16. Kozyrev, N.A. Observation of a Volcanic Process on the Moon (in Russian). *Sky and Telescope* **1959**, 184-186.

495

496

17. Kozyrev, N.A. Physical Observations of the Lunar Surfaces. In *Physics and Astronomy of the Moon*, Kopal, Z., Ed. Academic Press: New York and London, 1962; Vol. 4, pp. 385-404.

497

18. Dadaev, A.N. Nikolai A. Kozyrev (1908–1983) - Discoverer of Lunar Volcanism. *Letters to Progress in Physics* **2009**, 3, L1-L14.

498

499

19. Safronov, A.N. Theory of the Origin of Terrestrial and Lunar Ores. *International Journal of Geosciences* **2023**, 14, 547-583, doi:10.4236/ijg.2023.146030.

500

501

20. Brož, P.; Oehler, D.; Mazzini, A.; Hauber, E.; Komatsu, G.; Etiope, G.; Cuřín, V. An overview of sedimentary volcanism on Mars. *EGUshere Preprint* **2023**, 1-47, doi:10.5194/egusphere-2022-1458.

502

503

504

21. Ceylan, S.; Giardini, D.; Clinton, J.F.; Kim, D.; Khan, A.; Stähler, S.C.; Zenhäusern, G.; Lognonné, P.; Banerdt, W.B. Mapping the seismicity of Mars with InSight. *Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets* **2023**, 128, e2023JE007826, doi:10.1029/2023JE007826.

505

506

507

22. Kim, D.; Stähler, S.C.; Ceylan, S.; Lekic, V.; Maguire, R.; Zenhäusern, G.; Clinton, J.; Giardini, D.; Khan, A.; Panning, M.P., et al. Structure along the martian dichotomy constrained by Rayleigh and love waves and their overtones. *Geophysical Research Letters* **2023**, 50, e2022GL101666, doi:10.1029/2022GL101666.

508

509

23. Frey, H.V. Impact constraints on the age and origin of the lowlands of Mars. *Geophysical Research Letters* **2006**, 33, L08S02, doi:10.1029/2005GL024484.

510

511

24. Andrews-Hanna, J.C.; Zuber, M.T.; Banerdt, W.B. The Borealis basin and the origin of the martian crustal dichotomy. *Nature* **2008**, 453, 1212-1216, doi:10.1038/nature07011.

512

513

25. Marinova, M.M.; Aharonson, O.; Asphaug, E. Mega-impact formation of the Mars hemispheric dichotomy. *Nature* **2008**, 453, 1216-1219, doi:10.1038/nature07070.

514

515

26. Safronov, A.N. The Basic Principles of Creation of Habitable Planets around Stars in the Milky Way Galaxy. *International Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics* **2016**, 6, 512-554, doi:10.4236/ijaa.2016.64039.

516

27. Voronin, D.V. Computer Modeling of Planet Partial Fragmentation. *WSEAS Transactions on Fluid Mechanics* **2011**, 1, 32-50.

517

518

28. de Meijer, R.J.; Anisichkin, V.F.; van Westrenen, W. () Forming the Moon from Terrestrial Silicate-Rich Material. *Chemical Geology* **2013**, 345, 40-49, doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2012.12.015.

519

520

29. Brandenburg, J.E. Evidence for Large Planetary Climate Altering Thermonuclear Explosions on Mars in the Past. *International Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics* **2023**, 13, 112-139, doi:10.4236/ijaa.2023.132007.

521

30. Kuroda, P. Nuclear Fission in the Early History of the Earth. *Nature Astronomy* **1960**, 187, 36-38, doi:10.1038/187036a0.

522

523

31. Herndon, J.M. Nuclear Fission Reactors as Energy Sources for the Giant Outer Planets. *Naturwissenschaften* **1992**, 79, 7-14, doi:10.1007/BF01132272.

524

525

32. Herndon, J.M. Feasibility of a Nuclear Fission Reactor at the Center of the Earth as the Energy Source for the Geomagnetic Field. *Journal of Geomagnetism and Geoelectricity* **1993**, 45, 423-437, doi:10.5636/jgg.45.423.

526

527

33. Hollenbach, D.F.; Herndon, J.M. Deep-Earth Reactor: Nuclear Fission, Helium, and the Geomagnetic Field. *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS)* **2001**, 98, 11085-11090, doi:10.1073/pnas.201393998.

528

529

530

34. Herndon, J.M. Nuclear Georeactor Origin of Oceanic Basalt ³He/⁴He, Evidence, and Implications. *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the International Journal of Geosciences United States of America (PNAS)* **2003**, 100, 3047-3050, doi:10.1073/pnas.0437778100.

531

532

35. Herndon, J.M. Terracentric Nuclear Fission Georeactor: Background, Basis, Feasibility, Structure, Evidence and Geophysical Implications. *Current Science* **2014**, 106, 528-541.

533

534

535

36. Villanueva, G.L.; Mumma, M.J.; Novak, R.E. A sensitive search for organics (CH₄, CH₃OH, H₂CO, C₂H₆, C₂H₂, C₂H₄), hydroperoxyl (HO₂), nitrogen compounds (N₂O, NH₃, HCN) and chlorine species (HCl, CH₃Cl) on Mars using ground-based high resolution infrared spectroscopy. *Icarus* **2013**, 223, 11–27, doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2012.11.013.

536

537

37. Lunine, J.I.; Chambers, J.; Morbidelli, A.; Leshin, L.A. The origin of water on Mars. *Icarus* **2003**, 165, 1-8, doi:10.1016/s0019-1035(03)00172-6

538

539

540

38. Lammer, H.; Selsis, F.; Penz, T.; Amerstorfer, U.V.; Lichtenegger, H.I.M.; Kolb, C.; Ribas, I. Atmospheric Evolution and the History of Water on Mars. In *Water on Mars and Life. Advances in Astrobiology and Biogeophysics*, Springer: Berlin, Heidelberg, 2005; Vol. 4, pp. 25–43.
489

490

491

14. Flahaut, J.; Quantin, C.; Allemand, P.; Thomas, P.; Le Deit, L. Identification, distribution and possible origins of sulfates in Capri Chasma (Mars), inferred from CRISM data. *Journal of Geophysical Research* **2010**, 115, E11007, doi:10.1029/2009JE003566.

492

493

15. Mangold, N.; Baratoux, D.; Witasse, O.; Encrenaz, T.; Sotin, C. Mars: a small terrestrial planet. *Astron Astrophys Rev* **2016**, 24, 15, doi:10.1007/s00159-016-0099-5.

494

16. Kozyrev, N.A. Observation of a Volcanic Process on the Moon (in Russian). *Sky and Telescope* **1959**, 184-186.

495

496

17. Kozyrev, N.A. Physical Observations of the Lunar Surfaces. In *Physics and Astronomy of the Moon*, Kopal, Z., Ed. Academic Press: New York and London, 1962; Vol. 4, pp. 385-404.

497

18. Dadaev, A.N. Nikolai A. Kozyrev (1908–1983) - Discoverer of Lunar Volcanism. *Letters to Progress in Physics* **2009**, 3, L1-L14.

498

499

19. Safronov, A.N. Theory of the Origin of Terrestrial and Lunar Ores. *International Journal of Geosciences* **2023**, 14, 547-583, doi:10.4236/ijg.2023.146030.

500

501

20. Brož, P.; Oehler, D.; Mazzini, A.; Hauber, E.; Komatsu, G.; Etiope, G.; Cuřín, V. An overview of sedimentary volcanism on Mars. *EGUshere Preprint* **2023**, 1-47, doi:10.5194/egusphere-2022-1458.

502

503

504

21. Ceylan, S.; Giardini, D.; Clinton, J.F.; Kim, D.; Khan, A.; Stähler, S.C.; Zenhäusern, G.; Lognonné, P.; Banerdt, W.B. Mapping the seismicity of Mars with InSight. *Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets* **2023**, 128, e2023JE007826, doi:10.1029/2023JE007826.

505

506

507

22. Kim, D.; Stähler, S.C.; Ceylan, S.; Lekic, V.; Maguire, R.; Zenhäusern, G.; Clinton, J.; Giardini, D.; Khan, A.; Panning, M.P., et al. Structure along the martian dichotomy constrained by Rayleigh and love waves and their overtones. *Geophysical Research Letters* **2023**, 50, e2022GL101666, doi:10.1029/2022GL101666.

508

509

23. Frey, H.V. Impact constraints on the age and origin of the lowlands of Mars. *Geophysical Research Letters* **2006**, 33, L08S02, doi:10.1029/2005GL024484.

510

511

24. Andrews-Hanna, J.C.; Zuber, M.T.; Banerdt, W.B. The Borealis basin and the origin of the martian crustal dichotomy. *Nature* **2008**, 453, 1212-1216, doi:10.1038/nature07011.

512

513

25. Marinova, M.M.; Aharonson, O.; Asphaug, E. Mega-impact formation of the Mars hemispheric dichotomy. *Nature* **2008**, 453, 1216-1219, doi:10.1038/nature07070.

514

515

26. Safronov, A.N. The Basic Principles of Creation of Habitable Planets around Stars in the Milky Way Galaxy. *International Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics* **2016**, 6, 512-554, doi:10.4236/ijaa.2016.64039.

516

27. Voronin, D.V. Computer Modeling of Planet Partial Fragmentation. *WSEAS Transactions on Fluid Mechanics* **2011**, 1, 32-50.

517

518

28. de Meijer, R.J.; Anisichkin, V.F.; van Westrenen, W. () Forming the Moon from Terrestrial Silicate-Rich Material. *Chemical Geology* **2013**, 345, 40-49, doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2012.12.015.

519

520

29. Brandenburg, J.E. Evidence for Large Planetary Climate Altering Thermonuclear Explosions on Mars in the Past. *International Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics* **2023**, 13, 112-139, doi:10.4236/ijaa.2023.132007.

521

30. Kuroda, P. Nuclear Fission in the Early History of the Earth. *Nature Astronomy* **1960**, 187, 36-38, doi:10.1038/187036a0.

522

523

31. Herndon, J.M. Nuclear Fission Reactors as Energy Sources for the Giant Outer Planets. *Naturwissenschaften* **1992**, 79, 7-14, doi:10.1007/BF01132272.

524

525

32. Herndon, J.M. Feasibility of a Nuclear Fission Reactor at the Center of the Earth as the Energy Source for the Geomagnetic Field. *Journal of Geomagnetism and Geoelectricity* **1993**, 45, 423-437, doi:10.5636/jgg.45.423.

526

527

33. Hollenbach, D.F.; Herndon, J.M. Deep-Earth Reactor: Nuclear Fission, Helium, and the Geomagnetic Field. *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS)* **2001**, 98, 11085-11090, doi:10.1073/pnas.201393998.

528

529

530

34. Herndon, J.M. Nuclear Georeactor Origin of Oceanic Basalt ³He/⁴He, Evidence, and Implications. *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the International Journal of Geosciences United States of America (PNAS)* **2003**, 100, 3047-3050, doi:10.1073/pnas.0437778100.

531

532

35. Herndon, J.M. Terracentric Nuclear Fission Georeactor: Background, Basis, Feasibility, Structure, Evidence and Geophysical Implications. *Current Science* **2014**, 106, 528-541.

533

534

535

36. Villanueva, G.L.; Mumma, M.J.; Novak, R.E. A sensitive search for organics (CH₄, CH₃OH, H₂CO, C₂H₆, C₂H₂, C₂H₄), hydroperoxyl (HO₂), nitrogen compounds (N₂O, NH₃, HCN) and chlorine species (HCl, CH₃Cl) on Mars using ground-based high resolution infrared spectroscopy. *Icarus* **2013**, 223, 11–27, doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2012.11.013.

536

537

37. Lunine, J.I.; Chambers, J.; Morbidelli, A.; Leshin, L.A. The origin of water on Mars. *Icarus* **2003**, 165, 1-8, doi:10.1016/s0019-1035(03)00172-6

538

539

540

38. Lammer, H.; Selsis, F.; Penz, T.; Amerstorfer, U.V.; Lichtenegger, H.I.M.; Kolb, C.; Ribas, I. Atmospheric Evolution and the History of Water on Mars. In *Water on Mars and Life. Advances in Astrobiology and Biogeophysics*, Springer: Berlin, Heidelberg, 2005; Vol. 4, pp. 25–43.
541

542

39. Marov, M.Y.; Ipatov, S.I. Delivery of Water and Volatiles to the Terrestrial Planets and the Moon. *Solar System Research* **2018**, *52*, 392-400, doi:10.1134/S0038094618050052.

543

544

40. Alsaeed, N.R.; Jakosky, B.M. Mars Water and D/H Evolution from 3.3 Ga to Present. *Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets* **2019**, *124*, doi:10.1029/2019je006066

545

546

41. Nazari-Sharabian, M.; Aghababaei, M.; Karakouzian, M.; Karami, M. Water on Mars - A Literature Review *MDPI Galaxies* **2020**, *8*, 40, doi:10.3390/galaxies8020040.

547

548

42. Knapmeyer, M.; Stähler, S.C.; Daubar, I.; Forget, F.; Spiga, A.; Pierron, T.; van Driel, M.; Banfield, D.; Hauber, E.; Grott, M., et al. Seasonal seismic activity on Mars. *Earth and Planetary Science Letters* **2021**, *576*, 117-171, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2021.117171.

549

550

43. Knapmeyer, M.; Stähler, S.C.; Daubar, I.; Forget, F.; Spiga, A.; Pierron, T.; van Driel, M.; Banfield, D.; Hauber, E.; Grott, M., et al. Marsquake activity driven by the Sun? *52nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference* **2021**, LPI Contrib. No. 2548, 1069.pdf.

551

552

553

44. Posiolova, L.V.; Lognonné, P.; Banerdt, W.B.; Clinton, J.; Collins, G.S.; Kawamura, T.; Ceylan, S.; Daubar, I.J.; Fernando, B.; Froment, M., et al. Largest recent impact craters on Mars: Orbital imaging and surface seismic co-investigation. *Science* **2022**, *378*, 412-417, doi:10.1126/science.abq7704.

554

555

556

45. Garcia, R.F.; Daubar, I.J.; Beucler, É.; Posiolova, L.V.; Collins, G.S.; Lognonné, P.; Rolland, L.; Xu, Z.; Wójcicka, N.; Spiga, A., et al. Newly formed craters on mars located using seismic and acoustic wave data from InSight. *Nature Geoscience* **2022**, *15*, 774-780, doi:10.1038/s41561-022-01014-0.

557

558

559

46. Fernando, B.; Daubar, I.J.; Charalambous, C.; Grindrod, P.M.; Stott, A.; Ateqi, A.A.; Atri, D.; Ceylan, S.; Clinton, J.; Fillingim, M., et al. A Tectonic Origin for the Largest Marsquake Observed by InSight. *Geophysical Research Letters* **2023**, *50*, e2023GL103619, doi:10.1029/2023GL103619.

560

561

47. Lei, Z.; Jinhai, Z.; Ross, N.M.; Peng, C.; Jihang, L. A thermal origin for super-high-frequency marsquakes. *Icarus* **2023**, *390*, 115327, doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2022.115327.

562

563

48. Burr, D.M.; Tanaka, K.L.; Yoshikawa, K. Pingos on Earth and Mars. *Planetary and Space Science* **2009**, *57*, 541-555, doi:10.1016/j.pss.2008.11.003.

564

565

49. Dundas, C.M.; McEwen, A.S. An assessment of evidence for pingos on Mars using HiRISE. *Icarus* **2010**, *205*, 244-258, doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2009.02.020.

566

567

50. Soare, R.J.; Conway, S.J.; Pearce, G.D.; Dohm, J.M.; Grindrod, P.M. Possible crater-based pingos, paleolakes and periglacial landscapes at the high latitudes of Utopia Planitia, Mars. *Icarus* **2013**, *225*, 971-981, doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2012.08.041.

568

569

570

51. Kawamura, T.; Clinton, J.F.; Zenhäusern, G.; Ceylan, S.; Horleston, A.C.; Dahmen, N.L.; Duran, C.; Kim, D.; Plasman, M.; Stähler, S.C., et al. S1222a - The Largest Marsquake Detected by InSight. *Geophysical Research Letters* **2022**, *50*, e2022GL101543, doi:10.1029/2022GL101543.

571

572

52. Chabris, C.; Simons, D. *The Invisible Gorilla: And Other Ways Our Intuitions Deseive Us*; Crown: New York, USA, 2011; pp. 320.

573

574

53. Böse, M.; et al. Magnitude Scales for Marsquakes Calibrated from InSight Data, BSSA. **2021**, doi:10.1785/0120210045.

575

576

577

54. Luger, R.; Sestovic, M.; Kruse, E.; Grimm, S.L.; Demory, B.-O.; Agol, E.; Bolmont, E.; Fabrycky, D.; Fernandes, C.S.; van Grootel, V., et al. A seven-planet resonant chain in TRAPPIST-1. *Nature Astronomy* **2017**, *1*, 0129, doi:10.1038/s41550-017-0129-9.

55. Leleu, A.; Y. Alibert; N. C. Hara; M. J. Hooton; T. G. Wilson; P. Robutel; J.-B. Delisle; J. Laskar; S. Hoyer; C. Lovis, et al. Six transiting planets and a chain of Laplace resonances in TOI-178. *Astronomy & Astrophysics* **2021**, *649*, A26 doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039767.

578

579

580

56. Luque, R.; Osborn, H.P.; Leleu, A.; Pallé, E.; Bonfanti, A.; Barragán, O.; Wilson, T.G.; Broeg, C.; Cameron, A.C.; Lendl, M., et al. A resonant sextuplet of sub-Neptunes transiting the bright star HD 110067. *Nature* **2023**, *623* 932-936, doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06692-3.

581

582

57. Cseh, J.; Dang, P.; Szilágyi, S.; Lévai, G. Orbital Regularity of Exoplanets and the Symmetries of the Kepler Problem. *MDPI Symmetry* **2023**, *15*, 2114, doi:10.3390/sym15122114.

583

584

58. Chang, H.-Y. Titius-Bode's Relation in Exoplanetary Systems. *Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences* **2023**, *40*, 67-77, doi:10.5140/JASS.2023.40.2.67.

585

586

59. Gribbin, J. Planetary Alignments, Solar Activity and Climatic Change. *Nature* **1973**, *246*, 453-454, doi:10.1038/246453a0.

587

588

60. Gribben, J.R.; Plagemann, S.H. *The Jupiter Effect: The Planets as Triggers of Devastating Earthquakes*; Walker: New York, 1974.

61. Awadh, S.M. Solar system planetary alignment triggers tides and earthquakes. *Journal of Coastal Conservation* **2021** **25**, doi:10.1007/s11852-021-00822-7.

589

590

62. Okhlopkov, V.P. Relationship of Solar Activity Cycles to Planetary Configurations. *Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Physics* **2013**, *77*, 599-601, doi:10.3103/S1062873813050420.

591

592

63. Okhlopkov, V.P. Cycles of solar activity and the configurations of the planets. *Journal of Physics: Conference Series* **2013** **409** 012199, doi:10.1088/1742-6596/409/1/012199.
541

542

39. Marov, M.Y.; Ipatov, S.I. Delivery of Water and Volatiles to the Terrestrial Planets and the Moon. *Solar System Research* **2018**, *52*, 392–400, doi:10.1134/S0038094618050052.

543

544

40. Alsaeed, N.R.; Jakosky, B.M. Mars Water and D/H Evolution from 3.3 Ga to Present. *Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets* **2019**, *124*, doi:10.1029/2019je006066

545

546

41. Nazari-Sharabian, M.; Aghababaei, M.; Karakouzian, M.; Karami, M. Water on Mars - A Literature Review *MDPI Galaxies* **2020**, *8*, 40, doi:10.3390/galaxies8020040.

547

548

42. Knapmeyer, M.; Stähler, S.C.; Daubar, I.; Forget, F.; Spiga, A.; Pierron, T.; van Driel, M.; Banfield, D.; Hauber, E.; Grott, M., et al. Seasonal seismic activity on Mars. *Earth and Planetary Science Letters* **2021**, *576*, 117-171, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2021.117171.

549

550

43. Knapmeyer, M.; Stähler, S.C.; Daubar, I.; Forget, F.; Spiga, A.; Pierron, T.; van Driel, M.; Banfield, D.; Hauber, E.; Grott, M., et al. Marsquake activity driven by the Sun? *52nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference* **2021**, LPI Contrib. No. 2548, 1069.pdf.

551

552

553

44. Posiolova, L.V.; Lognonné, P.; Banerdt, W.B.; Clinton, J.; Collins, G.S.; Kawamura, T.; Ceylan, S.; Daubar, I.J.; Fernando, B.; Froment, M., et al. Largest recent impact craters on Mars: Orbital imaging and surface seismic co-investigation. *Science* **2022**, *378*, 412-417, doi:10.1126/science.abq7704.

554

555

556

45. Garcia, R.F.; Daubar, I.J.; Beucler, É.; Posiolova, L.V.; Collins, G.S.; Lognonné, P.; Rolland, L.; Xu, Z.; Wójcicka, N.; Spiga, A., et al. Newly formed craters on mars located using seismic and acoustic wave data from InSight. *Nature Geoscience* **2022**, *15*, 774-780, doi:10.1038/s41561-022-01014-0.

557

558

559

46. Fernando, B.; Daubar, I.J.; Charalambous, C.; Grindrod, P.M.; Stott, A.; Ateqi, A.A.; Atri, D.; Ceylan, S.; Clinton, J.; Fillingim, M., et al. A Tectonic Origin for the Largest Marsquake Observed by InSight. *Geophysical Research Letters* **2023**, *50*, e2023GL103619, doi:10.1029/2023GL103619.

560

561

47. Lei, Z.; Jinhai, Z.; Ross, N.M.; Peng, C.; Jihang, L. A thermal origin for super-high-frequency marsquakes. *Icarus* **2023**, *390*, 115327, doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2022.115327.

562

563

48. Burr, D.M.; Tanaka, K.L.; Yoshikawa, K. Pingos on Earth and Mars. *Planetary and Space Science* **2009**, *57*, 541-555, doi:10.1016/j.pss.2008.11.003.

564

565

49. Dundas, C.M.; McEwen, A.S. An assessment of evidence for pingos on Mars using HiRISE. *Icarus* **2010**, *205*, 244-258, doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2009.02.020.

566

567

50. Soare, R.J.; Conway, S.J.; Pearce, G.D.; Dohm, J.M.; Grindrod, P.M. Possible crater-based pingos, paleolakes and periglacial landscapes at the high latitudes of Utopia Planitia, Mars. *Icarus* **2013**, *225*, 971-981, doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2012.08.041.

568

569

570

51. Kawamura, T.; Clinton, J.F.; Zenhäusern, G.; Ceylan, S.; Horleston, A.C.; Dahmen, N.L.; Duran, C.; Kim, D.; Plasman, M.; Stähler, S.C., et al. S1222a - The Largest Marsquake Detected by InSight. *Geophysical Research Letters* **2022**, *50*, e2022GL101543, doi:10.1029/2022GL101543.

571

572

52. Chabris, C.; Simons, D. *The Invisible Gorilla: And Other Ways Our Intuitions Deseive Us*; Crown: New York, USA, 2011; pp. 320.

573

574

53. Böse, M.; et al. Magnitude Scales for Marsquakes Calibrated from InSight Data, BSSA. **2021**, doi:10.1785/0120210045.

575

576

577

54. Luger, R.; Sestovic, M.; Kruse, E.; Grimm, S.L.; Demory, B.-O.; Agol, E.; Bolmont, E.; Fabrycky, D.; Fernandes, C.S.; van Grootel, V., et al. A seven-planet resonant chain in TRAPPIST-1. *Nature Astronomy* **2017**, *1*, 0129, doi:10.1038/s41550-017-0129-9.

55. Leleu, A.; Y. Alibert; N. C. Hara; M. J. Hooton; T. G. Wilson; P. Robutel; J.-B. Delisle; J. Laskar; S. Hoyer; C. Lovis, et al. Six transiting planets and a chain of Laplace resonances in TOI-178. *Astronomy & Astrophysics* **2021**, *649*, A26 doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039767.

578

579

580

56. Luque, R.; Osborn, H.P.; Leleu, A.; Pallé, E.; Bonfanti, A.; Barragán, O.; Wilson, T.G.; Broeg, C.; Cameron, A.C.; Lendl, M., et al. A resonant sextuplet of sub-Neptunes transiting the bright star HD 110067. *Nature* **2023**, *623* 932-936, doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06692-3.

581

582

57. Cseh, J.; Dang, P.; Szilágyi, S.; Lévai, G. Orbital Regularity of Exoplanets and the Symmetries of the Kepler Problem. *MDPI Symmetry* **2023**, *15*, 2114, doi:10.3390/sym15122114.

583

584

58. Chang, H.-Y. Titius-Bode's Relation in Exoplanetary Systems. *Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences* **2023**, *40*, 67-77, doi:10.5140/JASS.2023.40.2.67.

585

586

59. Gribbin, J. Planetary Alignments, Solar Activity and Climatic Change. *Nature* **1973**, *246*, 453-454, doi:10.1038/246453a0.

587

588

60. Gribben, J.R.; Plagemann, S.H. *The Jupiter Effect: The Planets as Triggers of Devastating Earthquakes*; Walker: New York, 1974.

61. Awadh, S.M. Solar system planetary alignment triggers tides and earthquakes. *Journal of Coastal Conservation* **2021**, *25*, doi:10.1007/s11852-021-00822-7.

589

590

62. Okhlopkov, V.P. Relationship of Solar Activity Cycles to Planetary Configurations. *Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Physics* **2013**, *77*, 599–601, doi:10.3103/S1062873813050420.

591

592

63. Okhlopkov, V.P. Cycles of solar activity and the configurations of the planets. *Journal of Physics: Conference Series* **2013**, *409*, 012199, doi:10.1088/1742-6596/409/1/012199.
593

594

64. Okhlopkov, V.P. The 11-Year Cycle of Solar Activity and Configurations of the Planets. Moscow University Physics Bulletin **2014**, 69, 257–262, doi:10.3103/S0027134914030126.

595

596

65. Stefani, F.; Giesecke, A.; Weber, N.; Weier, T. Synchronized Helicity Oscillations: A Link between Planetary Tides and the Solar Cycle? *Solar Physics* **2016**, *291*, 2197-2212, doi:10.1007/s11207-016-0968-0.

597

598

66. Stefani, F.; Giesecke, A.; Weier, T. A Model of a Tidally Synchronized Solar Dynamo. *Solar Physics* **2019**, *294*, Article No. 60, doi:10.1007/s11207-019-1447-1.

599

67. Nataf, H.-C. Tidally Synchronized Solar Dynamo: A Rebuttal. *Solar Physics* **2022**, *297*, 107, doi:10.1007/s11207-022-02038-w.

600

601

68. Scafetta, N. Comment on “Tidally Synchronized Solar Dynamo: A Rebuttal” by Nataf (Solar Phys. 297, 107, 2022). *Solar Physics* **2023**, *298*, 24, doi:10.1007/s11207-023-02118-5.

602

603

69. Scafetta, N. The complex planetary synchronization structure of the solar system. *Pattern Recognition in Physics* **2014** 2, 1-19, doi:10.5194/prp-2-1-2014.

604

605

70. Scafetta, N.; Bianchini, A. The Planetary Theory of Solar Activity Variability: A Review. Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences **2022**, *9*, 937-930, doi:10.3389/fspas.2022.937930.

606

607

71. Scafetta, N.; Bianchini, A. Overview of the Spectral Coherence between Planetary Resonances and Solar and Climate Oscillations. Climate **2023**, 11, 77, doi:10.3390/cli11040077.

608

609

72. GWTC-3: Compact Binary Coalescences Observed by LIGO and Virgo during the Second Part of the Third Observing Run. **2023**, arXiv:2111.03606, 1-88.

610

611

612

73. Riess, A.G., Anand, G.S., Yuan, W., Casertano, S., Dolphin, A., et al. Crowded No More: The Accuracy of the Hubble Constant Tested with High-resolution Observations of Cepheids by JWST. The Astrophysical Journal Letters, **2024**, 956, L18, doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acf769.

613

614

74. Oppenheim, J. and Russo, A. Anomalous contribution to galactic rotation curves due to stochastic spacetime. **2024**, arXiv:2402.19459, 1-18.

615

616

75. Gupta, R.P. Testing CCC+TL Cosmology with Observed Baryon Acoustic Oscillation Features. The Astrophysical Journal, **2024**, 964, 1-7, doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad1bc6.

617

618

76. Safronov, A.N. Life Origin in the Milky Way Galaxy: I. The Stellar Nucleogenesis of Elements Necessary for the Life **718** Origin. *Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology*, **2024**, 10, 647-680, doi:10.4236/jhepgc.2024.102040.

619

620

621
593

594

64. Okhlopkov, V.P. The 11-Year Cycle of Solar Activity and Configurations of the Planets. Moscow University Physics Bulletin **2014**, 69, 257–262, doi:10.3103/S0027134914030126.

595

596

65. Stefani, F.; Giesecke, A.; Weber, N.; Weier, T. Synchronized Helicity Oscillations: A Link between Planetary Tides and the Solar Cycle? *Solar Physics* **2016**, 291, 2197-2212, doi:10.1007/s11207-016-0968-0.

597

598

66. Stefani, F.; Giesecke, A.; Weier, T. A Model of a Tidally Synchronized Solar Dynamo. *Solar Physics* **2019**, 294, Article No. 60, doi:10.1007/s11207-019-1447-1.

599

67. Nataf, H.-C. Tidally Synchronized Solar Dynamo: A Rebuttal. *Solar Physics* **2022**, 297, 107, doi:10.1007/s11207-022-02038-w.

600

601

68. Scafetta, N. Comment on “Tidally Synchronized Solar Dynamo: A Rebuttal” by Nataf (Solar Phys. 297, 107, 2022). *Solar Physics* **2023**, 298, 24, doi:10.1007/s11207-023-02118-5.

602

603

69. Scafetta, N. The complex planetary synchronization structure of the solar system. *Pattern Recognition in Physics* **2014** 2, 1-19, doi:10.5194/prp-2-1-2014.

604

605

70. Scafetta, N.; Bianchini, A. The Planetary Theory of Solar Activity Variability: A Review. Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences **2022**, 9, 937930, doi:10.3389/fspas.2022.937930.

606

607

71. Scafetta, N.; Bianchini, A. Overview of the Spectral Coherence between Planetary Resonances and Solar and Climate Oscillations. Climate **2023**, 11, 77, doi:10.3390/cli11040077.

608

609

72. GWTC-3: Compact Binary Coalescences Observed by LIGO and Virgo during the Second Part of the Third Observing Run. *2023*, arXiv:2111.03606, 1-88.

610

611

612

73. Riess, A.G., Anand, G.S., Yuan, W., Casertano, S., Dolphin, A., et al. Crowded No More: The Accuracy of the Hubble Constant Tested with High-resolution Observations of Cepheids by JWST. The Astrophysical Journal Letters, **2024**, 956, L18, doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acf769.

613

614

74. Oppenheim, J. and Russo, A. Anomalous contribution to galactic rotation curves due to stochastic spacetime. **2024**, arXiv:2402.19459, 1-18.

615

616

75. Gupta, R.P. Testing CCC+TL Cosmology with Observed Baryon Acoustic Oscillation Features. The Astrophysical Journal, **2024**, 964, 1-7, doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad1bc6.

617

618

76. Safronov, A.N. Life Origin in the Milky Way Galaxy: I. The Stellar Nucleogenesis of Elements Necessary for the Life **718** Origin. *Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology*, **2024**, 10, 647-680, doi:10.4236/jhepgc.2024.102040.

619

620

621