# Climate Policy and e-Participation Resilience: Insights from Social Media

Sreejith Alathur, Naganna Chetty

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Sreejith Alathur, Naganna Chetty. Climate Policy and e-Participation Resilience: Insights from Social Media. International Working Conference on Transfer and Diffusion of IT (TDIT), Jun 2022, Maynooth, Ireland. pp.304-313, 10.1007/978-3-031-17968-6_24. http-04666777

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Climate Policy and e-Participation Resilience: Insights
from Social Media

Sreejith Alathur¹[0000-0002-7970-5147] and Naganna Chetty²[0000-0001-9844-4168]

¹ Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode, India
asreejith@iimk.ac.in

² A. J. Institute of Engineering and Technology, Mangaluru, India
nsc.chetty@gmail.com

**Abstract.** Social media content on climate change and geological hazards show an exponential increment in recent years. The citizens' narratives about threats to ecosystems are largely mobilized by protests against resource exploitations or disaster rescue operations. This database is less captured or reported for gaining insights about participants' competency in influencing the climate policies. The proposed study aims to address the knowledge gap on how to improve the climate policies by enabling e-participation from the citizens. Required data for the study is collected from Twitter social media content pertinent to climate and metaphorical analysis of resilience issues with an automated system. Sentiment analysis and community detection of Twitter content are carried out using a program developed in R. The people have expressed trust in the rehabilitation and other efforts by the government during the flood. Though the people show trust, anger and disgust are also part of the opinions. Despite the diverse attitudes and beliefs, the people exhibited an interest in inclusiveness. In its entirety, the study captured factors influencing the competency of e-participants in influencing the climate change issues effectively. Policy recommendations for improving the citizens' competency for meaningful e-participation on climate issues are provided.

**Keywords:** Climate Change, e-Participation, Social Media, Policy, Inclusion, Twitter.

# 1 Introduction

Disaster management (DM) agencies largely adopt social media (SM) in their rescue and awareness initiatives to reach out to the citizens (Velev and Zlateva, 2012; Xiao et al., 2015). Social media as a channel for the government to citizens' communications will be effective if the content has significant value addition to the receivers. The DM agencies overly depend on automated tools and analysis for gaining insights from Citizens-to-Citizens interactions, and efforts for public input on policies have less success rate (Koswatte et al., 2015; Poblet et al., 2013).

Social Media content on climate issues limits its usefulness for impactful policy decisions as the citizens' interactions on digital platforms are less focused and fail
to identify their target audience. New technologies, including Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning tools, are in their nascent state to capture the citizens' metaphors of regional communications in their local language. DM agencies often require quick information processing for their rescue and relief activities (Egelhoff and Sen, 1992; Lee and Bui, 2000). Thus, formulating the climate policies is based on a backward-looking process. Further, real-time policies have input mainly from the satellite or Internet of Things (IoT) enabled cyber-physical systems.

And the ever-changing dynamicity of the climate hazards is capable of catastrophic impact leaves the existing climate policies void. Trust in government and the safeguarding capacity of the disaster management agencies are affected as the investment in policies decisions is less likely to bring its best outcome. Fewer studies identified why e-participants are limited in their capacity to influence policy matters directly (Lee and Kim, 2018; Wang et al., 2020). Climate policies can be analyzed through the lenses of citizens’ e-participation with their discussion on climate change through social media. This is to deliver policies that support critical consciousness and climate change education in India.

Therefore, the study aims to understand e-participation dynamics and design citizen-government co-production of climate policies. In 2020, the flood in southern India was very disastrous and impacted the lives of human beings. For this study, the data is collected from Twitter social media on the ongoing discussion on flood and remedy work by the governmental authorities in 2020. The study tried to attain the objectives from the analysis of Twitter data concerning floods.

The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 reviews the concerned literature for the current study. In section 3, the methodology applied to collect and analyze the data is presented. The results of the analysis are depicted in section 4. In section 5, the discussion on the results is made. In the end, section 6 concludes the work.

## 2. Literature Review

Cartoons and visual representations like trolls are the most frequent form of awareness campaigns and citizens' responses to public policy (Saji et al. 2021). However, research on policy cartoons focusing on climate change is reported largely from a global perspective or from organized news media at the national level (Manzo, 2012). Regional representation of climate policies is mainly under-reported in comparison with health policies or terror incidents. Scholars consider that climate policies have a significant regional impact on tourism, travel restrictions, investment decisions, and thus the overall economy (Belle, 2005; Adano et al., 2012). The social media content on climate responses influences decision-making and mobilizes the public to influence policymaking (Leong and Ho, 2020; Hestres, 2014). Cross-national relations and global resource business activities are susceptible to climate policies (Adam et al, 2019; Koch and Perreault, 2019). The climate policy content is censored by the Internet search policing agencies that are operationalized by the resource exploitation geo-political groups (Szulecki et al., 2016). From these studies, content on climate policies is politically flavored, economically rewarding, and technologically regulated.
The regional problems of pollution, water scarcity, landslides, floods etc. are often #taged in social media as a short-term entity (Alathur et al., 2021; Chen and Wang, 2020). This is because the interrelations ship between climate policy and regional economy is less conceptualized as novel issues but coined as political gains (Berglund, 2015; Aiyer, 2007; Zhang, 2013). Scholars consider the trade strategies not necessarily sensitive to climate change. This is due to the initial investment cost, and the current design won't be sufficient to meet the climate requirements of the future (Kumar, and Chakrabarty, 2020; Lydgate and Anthony 2020). Thus, the policymakers and the leadership always have less adequate information regarding technology requirements to mitigate the impact of climate change in the future. This has forced agencies and investors to limit strategies with short-term goals, resulting in uncertainties in global and regional climate models (Foley, 2010). Policies relaying simple climate models with anomalies (Williams et al., 2010) further weaken the climate change education (CCE) programs (Schrot et al., 2021) and ultimately influence citizens' perceptions of risk, critically evaluate and contribute to climate policies (Bojovic, 2021). Limited critical consciousness about multi-climate changes and inconsistent policies also influences the e-participants resilience in ensuring sustainable policies.

In social media, fake news is more than real, and misinformation receives more engagement than real. Many studies reported that the participants tend to follow the 'desirable category and perceptual judgments' behavior (Leong, 2021). Thus the mobilization effort is highly influenced by how effective the governance is to tackle the extreme or exploitation incidents. In disasters, trafficking of the vulnerable population is, and most frequently, Internet technologies facilitate exploitations of climate incidents or meet the political expectations. Inaccessible and lack of trust in social media among the vulnerable communities (Alathur et al., 2021) also hinders inclusive real-time policy inputs.

Grassroots mobilization for climate policy implementation and support for climate change educational challenges, particularly with regional climate models (Bowell et al. 2020). Internet resources become the primary form of knowledge acquisition and sensitizing multi climate change incidents. The e-participation literature less reported on citizens' climate learning and analyzed the social assistance with a focus on climate risk. Existing climate models fail to capture regional representation largely because fewer efforts are reported in assessing citizens' consciousness perceptions expressed through social media. The dynamics of e-participation in climate policies, local resistance, and community needs during seasonal hazards are rarely analyzed or utilized in policy reforms. Impact assessment of climate change education in citizens' e-participation is not significantly reported in the Indian context. Thus, curriculum restructuring for local climate hazard representations to cater to the regional requirements is missing in the literature. Multi-level, multi-criteria maturity assessment of climate knowledge in regional languages will be helpful for climate capacity building, however, in the Indian context, uneven access to knowledge resources and indigenous climate governance structures are hardly digitized by voluntary community engagement. Disaster agencies adopt social media in their rescue operations. Still, sustainable models are never reported as an integrative climate service approach is yet to develop, even in climate search behavior.
## 3. Methodology

The use of social media platforms to capture the views of online users is prevalent in this digital era (Chetty and Alathur, 2020; Ramachandran and Parvathi, 2019). Hence, the data is collected from Twitter social media during the flood in the southern part of India in 2020. The data consists of the discussions on flood and remedy work by the governmental authorities as tweets. In its entirety, 12265 tweets are collected using different keywords such as flood, diversity, and inclusiveness. The collected tweets are analyzed for insights using the R programming tool.

Pre-processing of Twitter social media content is essential before its analysis (Abdullah et al., 2020; Rustam et al., 2019). Therefore, first, the data is pre-processed to remove unwanted information such as stop words, URLs, digits, and punctuations. The stemming is performed to retain the root of the words. Secondly, the emotion analysis is applied to pre-processed tweets to identify and understand the emotions of social media participants during the flood disaster. Third, the community detection algorithm is used to identify the possible communities centered around different themes in the Twitter content. In the end, the results are interpreted and inference is made.

## 4. Results

Capturing emotions during the discussions of natural disasters like flood is essential to take corrective actions and facilitate the victims of the flood. Fig. 1 shows score values for different emotions. The emotion anger is used to express dissatisfaction and is occurred around 2000 times in the tweets. The expectation about future events is expressed through anticipation emotion in 4000+ tweets. Disgust expresses the dislike about the incidents and is appeared in a few tweets around 1000. Next panic is expressed through fear emotion in around 6000 tweets.

<figure><img src="image_3.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 1. Emotions during flood and rehabilitation work</figcaption></figure>
The happiness about the rehabilitation work during the flood is expressed from joy emotion and is around 4000 tweets. The sadness emotion is used to express sorrow during floods and related incidents in around 5000 tweets. Surprise represents a sudden or unexpected incident occurrence. The expression of trust by the people during floods is more than the other emotions and indicates the beliefs in governmental authorities concerning the restoration of the damages. Overall, the positive sentiments are more than the negative during the flood and related acts. The occurrence of common words with other associated words is shown in Table 1.

<table><caption>**Table 1.** Frequency and occurrence of words together</caption><thead><tr><th></th><th>people</th><th>diversity</th><th>inclusion</th><th>just</th><th>need</th><th>equity</th><th>time</th><th>work</th><th>get</th><th>great</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>people</td><td>767</td><td>17</td><td>43</td><td>22</td><td>24</td><td>4</td><td>19</td><td>19</td><td>38</td><td>15</td></tr><tr><td>diversity</td><td>17</td><td>1126</td><td>850</td><td>32</td><td>19</td><td>192</td><td>17</td><td>34</td><td>14</td><td>28</td></tr><tr><td>inclusion</td><td>43</td><td>850</td><td>1856</td><td>55</td><td>32</td><td>193</td><td>26</td><td>68</td><td>27</td><td>67</td></tr><tr><td>just</td><td>22</td><td>32</td><td>55</td><td>360</td><td>10</td><td>4</td><td>4</td><td>15</td><td>5</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>need</td><td>24</td><td>19</td><td>32</td><td>10</td><td>235</td><td>3</td><td>3</td><td>4</td><td>6</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>equity</td><td>4</td><td>192</td><td>193</td><td>4</td><td>3</td><td>262</td><td>2</td><td>11</td><td>5</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>time</td><td>19</td><td>17</td><td>26</td><td>4</td><td>3</td><td>2</td><td>334</td><td>5</td><td>11</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>work</td><td>19</td><td>34</td><td>68</td><td>15</td><td>4</td><td>11</td><td>5</td><td>262</td><td>2</td><td>28</td></tr><tr><td>get</td><td>38</td><td>14</td><td>27</td><td>5</td><td>6</td><td>5</td><td>11</td><td>2</td><td>275</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>great</td><td>15</td><td>28</td><td>67</td><td>7</td><td>4</td><td>1</td><td>8</td><td>28</td><td>4</td><td>270</td></tr></tbody></table>

The principal diagonal elements in Table 1 indicate the occurrence of words in the tweets. The words inclusion and diversity are more frequent words during discussion. For particular words along the x and y axes, the corresponding cell value indicates their occurrence together. For example, inclusion and diversity appeared 850 times together. Different communities identified are shown in Fig. 2.

The set of tweets in one community discusses inclusion and diversity. The community discussing inclusion is shown with light green background in Fig. 2. Other associated words with inclusion are great, equity, need, and work. The community with light orange color background discusses the Kerala floods and related places, and incidents. Similarly, the third community with blue background discusses the Karnataka flood and related incidents.

## 5. Discussion

Sentiment analysis of social media content plays a significant role in policymaking (Georgiadou et al., 2020; Hubert et al., 2018). The emotions expressed by the citizens on a particular topic could act as the preferences for policymaking (Georgiadou et al., 2020). Though there is a presence of negative emotions such as anger, disgust, and sadness in the discussions during the flood (Garske et al., 2021; Karmegam and Map-pillairaju, 2020), the score values for positive associated emotions such as trust and
anticipation are more. This indicates that despite the issues, people are happy with the governmental rehabilitation activities. The frequent and together occurrence of the words diversity and inclusion indicate that despite the different beliefs and faith, the people want to be associated with a common group or community. This inclusiveness of people depicts and presents as input to policymaking concerning climate change such as floods.

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 2. Communities in a Twitter discussion</figcaption></figure>

Few studies reported on regional climate models with a focus on the influence of social media e-participation. Barriers to e-participation in availing climate services, the perception, and knowledge of e-participant in climate policy are less captured in the Indian context. The proposed study is nascent in this direction as the Internet Governance Framework on climate policies is yet to be in place. Such a framework is as helpful to integrate the Internet content on climate policies designed by the risk-mitigating agencies and under-reported mobilization of climate change education efforts at regional levels. Empowering the e-participants with climate knowledge and co-production of climate policies with social media integration is a promising approach to Internet governance and climate change policy adoption.
**5.1 Implications to Practice and Theory**

Existing regional climate models do not adequately accommodate the potential input from the citizens to government (C2G) and citizens to citizens (C2C) content from the social networks. The current study emphasizes the compound policy-making strategies by utilizing the new technologies and knowledge resources. The importance of climate change education and voluntary community engagement using social media-enabled platforms is important for improving the policy dimensions and becoming more inclusive. Understanding the level of citizen engagement in climate policies will help to identify the limitations and knowledge gaps. The study gives an Internet governance framework for the climate policy, hence pointing to the multi-dimensional aspects of such policies, including the multi-seasonal, global, and local climate change strategies.

Table 1 shows that the words diversity and inclusion are expressed more times in isolation as well as together. According to Fig. 2, these words are expressed by a particular set of Twitter users. These findings indicate that though India has people with different cultures, traditions, religions, gender, and languages, they demand equal treatment irrespective of their belonging to a particular protected characteristic. During the flood and climate change, women and the marginalized communities face problems (Azad et al., 2013; Bukhari and Rizvi, 2015; Grineski et al., 2015; Mitchell et al, 2007). Therefore, the adoption of inclusion, diversity, and emotions in policy-making could help to provide equal; treatment to the people facing problems during climate change.

The dynamics of e-participation resilience in climate policies will help the mobilizers to frame better strategies for engaging the citizens in their movements. Citizens will get better opportunities for the inclusive policy-making process as the study give recommendations for capturing local language sentiment in risk and rescue awareness initiatives. A framework that integrates the social movements in the policy formulations will help to design effective platforms in which the citizens with varying knowledge levels can contribute and empower themselves for meaningful e-participation.

**5.2 Limitations and Future Research Recommendations**

The current study uses only Twitter social media content. As there is a limitation on obtaining tweets beyond a week freely, the tweets collected may not be more (12265 tweets). Sometimes with fewer tweets, it is difficult to generalize the outcome. Though the collected tweets are fewer, considering the topic of discussion the tweets' quantity is encouraging and supportive. The current study could not consider any personal interviews with the experts on climate change incidents.

In the future, the study can be enhanced by incorporating other social media platforms and by extracting more tweets from Twitter media. The study can also be strengthened by conducting interviews with experts in handling similar incidents.

**6. Conclusion**

The use of social media is significant in disaster management and coping with climate change. People interact and share information during climate change such as floods and
other disasters. E-participation and the opinions of flood-affected victims are important for policy-making and restoration works.

The people have shown more trust in the rehabilitation and other related works by the concerned government during floods. Anger and disgust are also part of the opinions. Despite the diverse attitudes and beliefs, the people exhibited an interest in inclusiveness. This inclusive nature of e-participants or social media users during climate change indicates the importance of inclusion for policymaking. The deliberation of e-participants is centered on the topics of inclusion, and two parts of southern India.

The design of policy frameworks for handling climate change situations could be driven by social media users. Inclusion and diversity are important factors in policy design for climate change. The study can be strengthened by incorporating expert views by conducting interviews on climate change incidents.

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