# Linguistic Resources Linguistic Resources for the automatic for the automatic annotation of speech annotation of speech (version 6)

Brigitte Bigi

► To cite this version:

Brigitte Bigi. Linguistic Resources Linguistic Resources for the automatic for the automatic annotation of speech annotation of speech (version 6). 2021. hal-03468442

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<figure><img src="image_1.png" /></figure>

# Linguistic Resources
for the automatic
annotation of speech

Brigitte Bigi

contact@sppas.org

Any and all constructive comments are welcome.

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
Free Documentation License".
<figure><img src="image_2.png" /></figure>
# Contents

<table><tr><td>1</td><td>Resources for Automatic Annotations of Speech</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>1.1</td><td>Available data</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>1.1.1</td><td>Description</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>1.1.2</td><td>Download and install</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>1.2</td><td>lang folder</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>1.2.1</td><td>Overview</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>1.2.2</td><td>Contribute</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>1.3</td><td>Licenses</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>French language</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>2.1</td><td>Download</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>2.2</td><td>List of phonemes</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>2.3</td><td>Lexicons</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>2.4</td><td>Dictionaries</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>2.5</td><td>Acoustic Models</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>2.6</td><td>Syllabification configuration file</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>2.7</td><td>References</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>Italian language</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>3.1</td><td>Download</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>3.2</td><td>List of phonemes</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>3.3</td><td>Lexicons</td><td>11</td></tr><tr><td>3.4</td><td>Pronunciation dictionary</td><td>11</td></tr><tr><td>3.5</td><td>Acoustic Model</td><td>11</td></tr><tr><td>3.6</td><td>Syllabification configuration file</td><td>11</td></tr><tr><td>3.7</td><td>References</td><td>12</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>4</td><td>Spanish language</td><td>13</td></tr><tr><td>4.1</td><td>Download</td><td>13</td></tr><tr><td>4.2</td><td>List of phonemes</td><td>13</td></tr><tr><td>4.3</td><td>Lexicons</td><td>15</td></tr><tr><td>4.4</td><td>Pronunciation Dictionary</td><td>15</td></tr><tr><td>4.5</td><td>Acoustic Model</td><td>15</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>Catalan language</td><td>17</td></tr><tr><td>5.1</td><td>Download</td><td>17</td></tr><tr><td>5.2</td><td>List of phonemes</td><td>17</td></tr><tr><td>5.3</td><td>Lexicons</td><td>19</td></tr><tr><td>5.4</td><td>Pronunciation dictionary</td><td>19</td></tr><tr><td>5.5</td><td>Acoustic Model</td><td>19</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td>English language</td><td>21</td></tr><tr><td>6.1</td><td>Download</td><td>21</td></tr><tr><td>6.2</td><td>List of phonemes</td><td>21</td></tr><tr><td>6.3</td><td>Lexicons</td><td>23</td></tr><tr><td>6.4</td><td>Pronunciation dictionary</td><td>23</td></tr><tr><td>6.5</td><td>Acoustic Model</td><td>24</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>Polish language</td><td>25</td></tr><tr><td>7.1</td><td>Download</td><td>25</td></tr><tr><td>7.2</td><td>List of phonemes</td><td>25</td></tr><tr><td>7.3</td><td>Lexicons</td><td>27</td></tr><tr><td>7.4</td><td>Pronunciation Dictionary</td><td>27</td></tr><tr><td>7.5</td><td>Acoustic Model</td><td>27</td></tr><tr><td>7.6</td><td>References</td><td>28</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td>Portuguese language</td><td>29</td></tr><tr><td>8.1</td><td>Download</td><td>29</td></tr><tr><td>8.2</td><td>List of phonemes</td><td>29</td></tr><tr><td>8.3</td><td>Lexicons</td><td>31</td></tr><tr><td>8.4</td><td>Pronunciation Dictionary</td><td>31</td></tr><tr><td>8.5</td><td>Acoustic Model</td><td>31</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>9</td><td>German language</td><td>33</td></tr><tr><td>9.1</td><td>Download</td><td>33</td></tr><tr><td>9.2</td><td>List of phonemes</td><td>33</td></tr><tr><td>9.3</td><td>Lexicons</td><td>35</td></tr><tr><td>9.4</td><td>Pronunciation Dictionary</td><td>36</td></tr><tr><td>9.5</td><td>Acoustic model</td><td>36</td></tr><tr><td>10</td><td>Mandarin chinese language</td><td>37</td></tr><tr><td>10.1</td><td>Download</td><td>37</td></tr><tr><td>10.2</td><td>List of phonemes</td><td>37</td></tr><tr><td>10.3</td><td>Lexicons</td><td>39</td></tr><tr><td>10.4</td><td>Pronunciation dictionary</td><td>39</td></tr><tr><td>10.5</td><td>Acoustic model</td><td>39</td></tr><tr><td>11</td><td>Southern Min (or Min Nan)</td><td>41</td></tr><tr><td>11.1</td><td>Download</td><td>41</td></tr><tr><td>11.2</td><td>List of phonemes</td><td>41</td></tr><tr><td>11.3</td><td>Lexicons</td><td>43</td></tr><tr><td>11.4</td><td>Pronunciation Dictionary</td><td>43</td></tr><tr><td>11.5</td><td>Acoustic Model</td><td>43</td></tr><tr><td>12</td><td>Cantonese language</td><td>45</td></tr><tr><td>12.1</td><td>Download</td><td>45</td></tr><tr><td>12.2</td><td>List of phonemes</td><td>45</td></tr><tr><td>12.3</td><td>Lexicons</td><td>47</td></tr><tr><td>12.4</td><td>Pronunciation dictionaries</td><td>47</td></tr><tr><td>12.5</td><td>Acoustic Model</td><td>47</td></tr><tr><td>12.6</td><td>References</td><td>48</td></tr><tr><td>13</td><td>Japanese language</td><td>49</td></tr><tr><td>13.1</td><td>Download</td><td>49</td></tr><tr><td>13.2</td><td>Lexicon, Dictionary and Acoustic model</td><td>49</td></tr><tr><td>14</td><td>Korean language</td><td>51</td></tr><tr><td>14.1</td><td>Download</td><td>51</td></tr><tr><td>14.2</td><td>List of phonemes</td><td>51</td></tr><tr><td>14.3</td><td>Lexicons</td><td>53</td></tr></table>
<table><tbody><tr><td>14.4 Pronunciation dictionary</td><td>53</td></tr><tr><td>14.5 Acoustic Model</td><td>53</td></tr><tr><td><strong>15 Naija language</strong></td><td><strong>55</strong></td></tr><tr><td>15.1 Download</td><td>55</td></tr><tr><td>15.2 List of phonemes</td><td>55</td></tr><tr><td>15.3 Pronunciation Dictionary</td><td>57</td></tr><tr><td>15.4 Acoustic Model</td><td>57</td></tr><tr><td>15.5 References</td><td>58</td></tr><tr><td><strong>16 Bengali language</strong></td><td><strong>59</strong></td></tr><tr><td>16.1 Download</td><td>59</td></tr><tr><td>16.2 List of phonemes</td><td>59</td></tr><tr><td>16.3 Pronunciation Dictionary</td><td>61</td></tr><tr><td>16.4 Acoustic Model</td><td>61</td></tr><tr><td><strong>17 Versions history</strong></td><td><strong>63</strong></td></tr><tr><td>17.1 Changes</td><td>63</td></tr><tr><td>17.1.1 Version 1 - June, 2020</td><td>63</td></tr><tr><td>17.1.2 Version 2 - July 2020</td><td>63</td></tr><tr><td>17.1.3 Version 3 - Sept 2020</td><td>63</td></tr><tr><td>17.1.4 Version 4 - Feb 2021</td><td>63</td></tr><tr><td>17.1.5 Version 5 - Sept 2021</td><td>63</td></tr><tr><td>17.1.6 Version 6 - Nov 2021</td><td>64</td></tr><tr><td><strong>18 Appendix</strong></td><td><strong>65</strong></td></tr><tr><td>18.1 About this document</td><td>65</td></tr><tr><td>18.1.1 Author</td><td>65</td></tr><tr><td>18.1.2 GNU Free Documentation License</td><td>65</td></tr></tbody></table>
# Resources for Automatic Annotations of Speech

## 1.1 Available data

### 1.1.1 Description

* Repository: https://www.ortolang.fr

* Owner: Brigitte Bigi contact@sppas.org

* Permanent URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11403/sppasresources

There are 2 types of data in the Ortolang repository, separated into two folders.

The folder `lang` contains linguistic resources that are needed by language-dependent automatic annotations. For each language, it can include lexicons, pronunciation dictionaries, acoustic models and/or syllabification rules. For a given language, these resource files are compressed into a ZIP file. The language name is coded with the `iso639-3` code - "fra" for French, "eng" for English, "cmn" for Mandarin Chinese, etc. See http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/ for the full list of all languages and codes.

The folder `annot` includes linguistic resources required by some automatic annotations like for example statistical models. The resources are available in compressed ZIP files, one for each supported annotation.

It should be noted that these resources were initially created to be used by SPPAS http://www.sppas.org. They are open source so they can be downloaded without limitation and used by any other annotation tool or anything else. All files can be edited, modified and most of the time re-distributed. Since SPPAS itself is a language-independent annotation program, you can make annotation of a language if given the appropriate language resources for the target language. The annotation accuracy largely depends on the resources.

### 1.1.2 Download and install

The "Download" button of the main page of the Ortolang website should **not** be used. It will download the whole repository into a corrupted zip file that can't be un-compressed. Instead, click on the "Browse" button
and download the individual ZIP file(s) you are interested in, from either the *lang* folder or the *annot*
folder or both.

To *install manually* the resources into SPPAS software tool, download and un-compress the ZIP file(s) you are interested in into the *resources* folder of the SPPAS package.

To *install automatically* the resources into SPPAS software tool, it is not needed to download them manually. Launch the graphical user interface with the *sppas* command, then click on the “Annotate” button of the menu, then click “Add languages” or “Add annotations” button of the toolbar. It’ll open a dialog in which you’ll check the languages or annotations you want. Then, click the “Install” button. You can also use the program “sppas/bin/preinstall.py” in the command-line user interface.

## 1.2 lang folder

### 1.2.1 Overview

Automatic annotations proposed by SPPAS are implemented with language-independent algorithms. The main and interesting consequence is that adding a new language into SPPAS only consists in adding the required linguistic resources related to the annotation:

* Text normalization requires lexicons;

* Phonetization requires a pronunciation dictionary;

* Alignment requires an acoustic model;

* Syllabification requires a configuration file with the rules.

In this document, all the table indicate the list of phonemes that are included in the resources required for
phonetization, alignment and syllabification of a given language. The first column represents the symbols
used by SPPAS and the other columns are intended to help users to better understand what it means.

The encoding of phonemes in SPPAS resources is based on a computer-readable phonetic list of 7-bit print-
able ASCII characters: X-SAMPA. This Extended Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet was
developed in 1995 by John C. Wells, professor of phonetics at the University of London. X-SAMPA is a
language-independent notation covering the entire International Phonetic Alphabet - IPA repertoire.

A plugin of SPPAS allows to convert time-aligned phonemes from X-SAMPA to IPA.

The acoustic models created by the author, Brigitte Bigi, were trained using the HTK toolbox, version 3.4.1.
“HTK has been developed by the Machine Intelligence Laboratory (formerly known as the Speech Vision
Robotics Group) at the Cambridge University Engineering Department (CUED) and Entropic Ltd. Microsoft
has now licensed HTK back to CUED and is providing support so that CUED can redistribute HTK and
provide development support via the HTK3 web site.” (source: http://htk.eng.cam.ac.uk/) Notice
that HTK is available for free download after registration and users must first agree to the license. It should
be noted that the section 2.2 of the license terms mentions that HTK “*either in whole or in part can not be*
*distributed or sub-licensed to any third party in any form.*”

### 1.2.2 Contribute

Each of the provided resources is imperfect... and could be improved. How?

1. Edit the file, apply your changes, e-mail your modified version,
2. Send new audio and transcribed data to re-train the acoustic model.

You can also create new resource files and share them! Altruism is resulting a quality of life... you can do it.

## 1.3 Licenses

Most of the time, the distributed files are under the terms of the GNU General Public License.

However, some of the resources are under the terms of a more restrictive license. Please, take care of it, particularly before re-distributing.
# French language

## 2.1 Download

This chapter describes the linguistic resources included in both the files `fra.zip` and `fraquebec.zip` of the `lang` folder.

## 2.2 List of phonemes

### Consonant Plosives

<table><thead><tr><td>SPPAS</td><td>IPA</td><td>Description</td><td>Examples</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>p</td><td>p</td><td>voiceless bilabial</td><td>passé, par, appris</td></tr><tr><td>b</td><td>b</td><td>voiced bilabial</td><td>beau, abris, baobab</td></tr><tr><td>t</td><td>t</td><td>voiceless alveolar</td><td>tout, thé, patte</td></tr><tr><td>d</td><td>d</td><td>voiced alveolar</td><td>doux, deux, addition</td></tr><tr><td>k</td><td>k</td><td>voiceless velar</td><td>cabas, psycho, quatre, kelvin</td></tr><tr><td>g</td><td>g</td><td>voiced velar</td><td>gain, guerre, second</td></tr></tbody></table>

### Consonant Fricatives

<table><thead><tr><td>SPPAS</td><td>IPA</td><td>Description</td><td>Examples</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>f</td><td>f</td><td>voiceless labiodental</td><td>fête, pharmacie</td></tr><tr><td>s</td><td>s</td><td>voiceless alveolar</td><td>sa, hausse, ce, garçon, option, scie</td></tr><tr><td>S</td><td>ʃ</td><td>voiceless postalveolar</td><td>choux, schème, shampooing</td></tr><tr><td>z</td><td>ʒ</td><td>voiced alveolar</td><td>hasard, zéro, transit</td></tr><tr><td>Z</td><td>ʒ</td><td>voiced postalveolar</td><td>joue geai</td></tr><tr><td>v</td><td>v</td><td>voiced labiodental</td><td>vous, wagon, neuf heures</td></tr></tbody></table>
## Consonant Nasals

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>m</td><td>m</td><td>bilabial</td><td>mou, homme</td></tr><tr><td>n</td><td>n</td><td>alveolar</td><td>nous, bonne</td></tr><tr><td>N</td><td>ŋ</td><td>voiced velar</td><td>camping, bingo</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Consonant Liquids

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>l</td><td>l</td><td>alveolar lateral</td><td>lit, ville, fil</td></tr><tr><td>R</td><td>β</td><td>voiced uvular</td><td>roue, rhume, arrive</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Semivowels

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>j</td><td>j</td><td>palatal</td><td>payer, fille, travail</td></tr><tr><td>w</td><td>w</td><td>voiced labiovelar</td><td>oui, web, whisky</td></tr><tr><td>H</td><td>ʔ</td><td>labial-palatal</td><td>huit, Puy</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Vowels for standard French

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>E</td><td>ɛ</td><td>open-mid front unrounded</td><td>crème, faite, peine, fête, maître, mètre</td></tr><tr><td>A/</td><td>a</td><td>open front unrounded</td><td>patte, là</td></tr><tr><td>A/</td><td>ɑ</td><td>open back unrounded</td><td>pâte glas</td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td>œ</td><td>open-mid front rounded</td><td>sœur, neuf, œuf</td></tr><tr><td>i</td><td>i</td><td>close front unrounded</td><td>si, île, régie, y</td></tr><tr><td>e</td><td>e</td><td>close-mid front unrounded</td><td>clé, les, chez, aller, pied, journée</td></tr><tr><td>O/</td><td>o</td><td>close-mid back rounded</td><td>sot, hôtel, haut</td></tr><tr><td>O/</td><td>ɔ</td><td>open-mid back rounded</td><td>sort, minimum</td></tr><tr><td>u</td><td>u</td><td>close back rounded</td><td>cou, clown, roue</td></tr><tr><td>y</td><td>y</td><td>close front rounded</td><td>tu, sûr, rue</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>ø</td><td>close-mid front rounded</td><td>ceux, jeûner, deux</td></tr><tr><td>@</td><td>ə</td><td>schwa</td><td>le, reposer, faisons</td></tr><tr><td>a~</td><td>ã</td><td>nasal</td><td>sans, champ, vent, temps, Jean, taon</td></tr><tr><td>U~/</td><td>ɛ̃</td><td>nasal</td><td>vin, pain, brin, printemps</td></tr><tr><td>U~/</td><td>œ</td><td>nasal</td><td>un, parfum, brun</td></tr><tr><td>O~</td><td>ɔ̃</td><td>nasal</td><td>son, nom, bon</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Vowels for Quebec French
<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>E</td><td>ɛ</td><td>open-mid front unrounded</td><td>crème, faite, peine</td></tr><tr><td>a</td><td>a</td><td>open front unrounded</td><td>patte</td></tr><tr><td>A</td><td>ɑ</td><td>open back unrounded</td><td>pâte</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>ø</td><td>close-mid front rounded</td><td>deux</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>ɔ</td><td>open-mid central unrounded</td><td>fête, maître, mètre</td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td>œ</td><td>open-mid front rounded</td><td>sœur, neuf, œuf</td></tr><tr><td>i</td><td>i</td><td>close front unrounded</td><td>régie</td></tr><tr><td>I</td><td>ɪ</td><td>near-close front unrounded</td><td>île</td></tr><tr><td>e</td><td>e</td><td>close-mid front unrounded</td><td>clé, les, chez, aller, pied, journée</td></tr><tr><td>o</td><td>o</td><td>close-mid back rounded</td><td>sot, haut, hôtel</td></tr><tr><td>O</td><td>ɔ</td><td>open-mid back rounded</td><td>sort, minimum</td></tr><tr><td>u</td><td>ʊ</td><td>close back rounded</td><td>cou</td></tr><tr><td>U</td><td>ʊ</td><td>near-close back rounded</td><td>clown</td></tr><tr><td>y</td><td>y</td><td>close front rounded</td><td>tu, sûr, rue</td></tr><tr><td>Y</td><td>ɣ</td><td>near-close front rounded</td><td>thune, truc</td></tr><tr><td>@</td><td>ə</td><td>schwa</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>A~</td><td>ã</td><td>nasal</td><td>banc, sans, champ, vent</td></tr><tr><td>E~</td><td>ɛ</td><td>nasal</td><td>bassin, pain, brin</td></tr><tr><td>O~</td><td>ɔ</td><td>nasal</td><td>son, nom, bon</td></tr><tr><td>U~/</td><td>œ</td><td>nasal</td><td>un, parfum, brun</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Fillers

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>laugh</td><td>laughter</td></tr><tr><td>noise</td><td>noises, unintelligible speech</td></tr><tr><td>fp</td><td>filled pause (“euh”)</td></tr><tr><td>dummy</td><td>un-transcribed speech</td></tr></tbody></table>

## 2.3 Lexicons

All French lexicons are (c) *Laboratoire Parole et Langage, Aix-en-Provence, France*:

* `fra.vocab` contains a list of 365k different words;

* `fra.stp` contains a list of 65 stop-words;

* `fra.lem` is a list of words with their lemmas and occurrences;

* `fra_num.repl` allows to convert numbers to their written form;

* `fra.repl` allows to convert symbols and abbreviations into a text form.

All of them are distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License.
## 2.4 Dictionaries

The French pronunciation dictionary is (c) *Laboratoire Parole et Langage, Aix-en-Provence, France*; and the Quebec French pronunciation dictionary is (c) *Marie-Hélène Côté, Université de Lausanne*. Both dictionaries are distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License.

The French pronunciation dictionary was created by Brigitte Bigi by collecting and merging several free dictionaries loaded from the web. Some pronunciations were added using the LIA_Phon tool. Many words were manually corrected and a large set of missing words and pronunciation variants were manually added.

The Quebec French dictionary was created by Marie-Hélène Côté, Université de Lausanne. It was converted to the required format (.dict and SAMPA) by B. Bigi. The version currently distributed is limited to 40k words. The full original version (192k words) is available on-demand.

## 2.5 Acoustic Models

The French acoustic model was created by Brigitte Bigi from various corpora mainly recorded at Laboratoire Parole et Langage. Special thanks are addressed to Roxane Bertrand, Béatrice Priego-Valverde, Sophie Herment, Amandine Michelas, Christine Meunier and Cristel Portes for kindly sharing their corpora.

The Quebec French acoustic model is based on the HMMs of the French model and the missing vowels were picked up from the Deutch, the English and the Polish models. This initial QF acoustic model created from the HMMs of other languages was then adapted to QF with a corpus Mélanie Lancien created for this purpose. This training subset is made of 273 seconds of speech - 2390 phonemes, an extract of the PFC corpus.

Both models are distributed under the terms of the *Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License*.

## 2.6 Syllabification configuration file

The syllabification configuration file corresponds to the one described in the paper (Bigi et al. 2010). It was adapted to Quebec French by adding the missing vowels. It is distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License.

## 2.7 References

Brigitte Bigi, Christine Meunier, Irina Nesterenko, Roxane Bertrand (2010). *Automatic detection of syllable boundaries in spontaneous speech*. In Language Resource and Evaluation Conference (LREC), pp. 3285-3292, La Valetta, Malta.

Mélanie Lancien, Marie-Hélène Côté, Brigitte Bigi (2020). *Developing Resources for Automated Speech Processing of Quebec French*. In Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC), pp. 5323–5328, Marseille, France.
# Italian language

## 3.1 Download

This chapter describes the linguistic resources included in the file *ita.zip* of the *lang* folder.

## 3.2 List of phonemes

### Consonant Plosives

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>p</td><td>p</td><td>voiceless bilabial</td><td>primo, ampio, copertura</td></tr><tr><td>b</td><td>b</td><td>voiced bilabial</td><td>banca, cibo</td></tr><tr><td>t</td><td>t</td><td>voiceless alveolar</td><td>tranne, mito, Fiat</td></tr><tr><td>d</td><td>d</td><td>voiced alveolar</td><td>dove, idra</td></tr><tr><td>k</td><td>k</td><td>voiceless velar</td><td>cavolo, acuto, anche, quei</td></tr><tr><td>g</td><td>g</td><td>voiced velar</td><td>gatto, agro, glifo, ghetto</td></tr></tbody></table>

### Consonant Fricatives

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>f</td><td>f</td><td>voiceless labiodental</td><td>fatto, fosforo</td></tr><tr><td>s</td><td>s</td><td>voiceless alveolar</td><td>sano, scatola, presentire</td></tr><tr><td>S</td><td>ʃ</td><td>voiceless postalveolar</td><td>scena, sciame, pesci</td></tr><tr><td>z</td><td>z</td><td>voiced alveolar</td><td>sbavare, presentare, asma</td></tr><tr><td>v</td><td>v</td><td>voiced labiodental</td><td>vado, povero</td></tr></tbody></table>

### Consonant Nasals
<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>m</td><td>m</td><td>bilabial</td><td>mano, amare, campo</td></tr><tr><td>n</td><td>n</td><td>alveolar</td><td>nano, punto, pensare, anfibio</td></tr><tr><td>J</td><td>ŋ</td><td>palatal</td><td>gnocco, ogni</td></tr><tr><td>N</td><td>ŋ</td><td>voiced velar</td><td>fango, unghia, panchina, dunque</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Consonant Liquids

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>l</td><td>l</td><td>alveolar lateral</td><td>lato, lievemente</td></tr><tr><td>L</td><td>λ</td><td>palatal lateral</td><td>gli, glielo, maglia</td></tr><tr><td>r</td><td>r</td><td>alveolar trill</td><td>Roma, quattro, morte</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Semivowels

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>j</td><td>j</td><td>voiced palatal</td><td>ieri, più, Jesi</td></tr><tr><td>w</td><td>w</td><td>voiced labiovelar</td><td>uovo, fuoco, qui</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Vowels

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>E</td><td>ɛ</td><td>open-mid front unrounded</td><td>elica, cioè</td></tr><tr><td>a</td><td>a</td><td>open front unrounded</td><td>alto, sarà</td></tr><tr><td>o</td><td>ɔ</td><td>open-mid back rounded</td><td>otto, posso, sarò</td></tr><tr><td>o</td><td>ɔ</td><td>close-mid back rounded</td><td>ombra, come</td></tr><tr><td>e</td><td>e</td><td>close-mid front unrounded</td><td>vero, perché</td></tr><tr><td>i</td><td>i</td><td>close front unrounded</td><td>imposta, colibrì, zie</td></tr><tr><td>u</td><td>u</td><td>close back rounded</td><td>ultimo, caucciù, tuo</td></tr><tr><td>a~</td><td>ã</td><td>nasal</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>e~</td><td>ẽ</td><td>nasal</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>O~</td><td>ɔ̃</td><td>nasal</td><td>-</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Affricates

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>tS</td><td>tʃ</td><td>voiceless postalveolar</td><td>Cennini, cinque, ciao</td></tr><tr><td>ts</td><td>tʃ̃</td><td>voiceless alveolar</td><td>sozzo canzone marzo</td></tr><tr><td>dz</td><td>dʒ</td><td>voiced alveolar</td><td>zaino zelare mezzo</td></tr><tr><td>dZ</td><td>dʒ̃</td><td>voiced postalveolar</td><td>giungla, magia, fingere</td></tr></tbody></table>
Fillers

<table><thead><tr><td>SPPAS</td><td>Description</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>laugh</td><td>laughter</td></tr><tr><td>noise</td><td>noises, unintelligible speech</td></tr><tr><td>dummy</td><td>un-transcribed speech</td></tr><tr><td>fp</td><td>filled pause (eh, ah)</td></tr></tbody></table>

## 3.3 Lexicons

All Italian lexicons are (c) *Laboratoire Parole et Langage, Aix-en-Provence, France*:

* `ita.vocab` contains a list of 389k different words;

* `ita_num.repl` allows to convert numbers to their written form;

* `ita.repl` allows to convert symbols and abbreviations into a text form.

All of them are distributed under the terms of the *GNU General Public License*.

## 3.4 Pronunciation dictionary

The Italian dictionary was downloaded in 2011 from the *Festival synthetizer tool*. A large amount of the phonetization were manually corrected by Brigitte Bigi and a large set of missing words and pronunciation variants were added manually.

It is distributed under the terms of the *GNU General Public License*.

## 3.5 Acoustic Model

The Italian acoustic model was created during the Evalita 2011 evaluation campaign, from the CLIPS Map-Task corpus (3h30), and updated during the Evalita 2014 evaluation campaign.

It is distributed under the terms of the *Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License*.

Three nazalized vowels were added (2021, September) but not currently used in the pronunciation dictionary.

## 3.6 Syllabification configuration file

The syllabification configuration file corresponds to the rules defined in the paper (Bigi and Petrone, 2014). This file is distributed under the terms of the *GNU General Public License*.
## 3.7 References

**Brigitte Bigi, Caterina Petrone** (2014). *A generic tool for the automatic syllabification of Italian*. In Proceedings of the First Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics CLiC-it 2014 and of the Fourth International Workshop EVALITA 2014, pp. 73-77, Pisa, Italy.

**Brigitte Bigi** (2014). *The SPPAS participation to Evalita 2014*. In Proceedings of the First Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics CLiC-it 2014 and the Fourth International Workshop EVALITA 2014, Pisa, Italy.

**Brigitte Bigi** (2012). *The SPPAS participation to Evalita 2011*. Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, LNAI-7689, pp. 312-321. Rome, Italy.
# Spanish language

## 4.1 Download

This chapter describes the linguistic resources included in the file spa.zip of the lang folder.

## 4.2 List of phonemes

### Consonant Plosives

<table><thead><tr><td>SPPAS</td><td>IPA</td><td>Description</td><td>Examples</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>p</td><td>p</td><td>voiceless bilabial</td><td>pozo, topo, perro</td></tr><tr><td>b</td><td>b</td><td>voiced bilabial</td><td>bestia, embuste, vaca</td></tr><tr><td>t</td><td>t</td><td>voiceless alveolar</td><td>tamiz, átomo</td></tr><tr><td>d</td><td>d</td><td>voiced alveolar</td><td>dedo, cuando, aldaba</td></tr><tr><td>k</td><td>k</td><td>voiceless velar</td><td>caña, laca, quise, kilo</td></tr><tr><td>g</td><td>g</td><td>voiced velar</td><td>gato, lengua, gatouerra</td></tr></tbody></table>

### Consonant Fricatives

<table><thead><tr><td>SPPAS</td><td>IPA</td><td>Description</td><td>Examples</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>f</td><td>f</td><td>voiceless labiodental</td><td>fase, café</td></tr><tr><td>j</td><td>ts</td><td>voiced palatal fricative</td><td>ayer, haya</td></tr><tr><td>s</td><td>s</td><td>voiceless alveolar</td><td>saco, zapato, cientos, espita</td></tr><tr><td>z</td><td>z</td><td>voiced alveolar</td><td>isla, mismo, deshuesar</td></tr><tr><td>S</td><td>∫</td><td>voiceless postalveolar</td><td>English, abacaxi, Shakira</td></tr><tr><td>T</td><td>θ</td><td>voiceless dental</td><td>cereal, encima, zorro, enzima, paz</td></tr><tr><td>x</td><td>x</td><td>voiceless velar</td><td>jamón, eje, reloj, general</td></tr></tbody></table>
## Consonant Nasals

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>m</td><td>m</td><td>bilabial</td><td>madre, campo, convertir</td></tr><tr><td>n</td><td>n</td><td>alveolar</td><td>nido, anhelo, sin, álbum</td></tr><tr><td>J</td><td>ʃ</td><td>palatal</td><td>ñandú, cañón, enyesar</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Consonant Liquids

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>l</td><td>l</td><td>alveolar lateral</td><td>lino, alhaja, principal</td></tr><tr><td>L</td><td>ʌ</td><td>palatal lateral</td><td>llave, pollo, roughly</td></tr><tr><td>r</td><td>r</td><td>alveolar trill</td><td>rumbo, carro, amor</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>ʃ</td><td>alveolar flap</td><td>caro, bravo, eterno</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Semivowels

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>j</td><td>j</td><td>voiced palatal</td><td>aliada, cielo, amplio</td></tr><tr><td>w</td><td>w</td><td>voiced labiovelar</td><td>cuadro, fuego</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Vowels

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>a</td><td>a</td><td>open front unrounded</td><td>azahar</td></tr><tr><td>o</td><td>o</td><td>close-mid back rounded</td><td>boscoso</td></tr><tr><td>e</td><td>e</td><td>close-mid front unrounded</td><td>vehemente</td></tr><tr><td>i</td><td>i</td><td>close front unrounded</td><td>dimitir, mío</td></tr><tr><td>u</td><td>u</td><td>close back rounded</td><td>cucurucho, dúo</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Affricates

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>tS</td><td>tʃ</td><td>voiceless postalveolar</td><td>chubasco, acechar</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Fillers

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>laugh</td><td>laughter</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><td>SPPAS</td><td>Description</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>noise</td><td>noises, unintelligible speech</td></tr><tr><td>dummy</td><td>un-transcribed speech</td></tr></tbody></table>

## 4.3 Lexicons

All Spanish lexicons are (c) *Laboratoire Parole et Langage, Aix-en-Provence, France*:

* spa.vocab contains a list of 22k different words;

* spa_num.repl allows to convert numbers to their written form;

* spa.repl allows to convert symbols and abbreviations into a text form.

All of them are distributed under the terms of the *GNU General Public License*.

## 4.4 Pronunciation Dictionary

The pronunciation dictionary was downloaded from the CMU web page in 2013. Brigitte Bigi converted the CMU phoneset to X-SAMPA, and changed the format of the file. It is distributed under the terms of the *GNU General Public License*.

## 4.5 Acoustic Model

The acoustic model was trained from Glissando corpus. We address special thanks to Juan-Maria Garrido for giving us access to this corpus. It is distributed under the terms of the *Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License*.

GARRIDO, J. M. - ESCUDERO, D. - AGUILAR, L. -CARDEÑOSO, V. - RODERO, E. - DE-LA-MOTA, C. - GONZÁLEZ, C. - RUSTULLET, S. - LARREA, O. - LAPLAZA, Y. - VIZCAÍNO, F. - CABRERA, M. - BONAFONTE, A. (2013). *Glissando: a corpus for multidisciplinary prosodic studies in Spanish and Catalan*, Language Resources and Evaluation, DOI 10.1007/s10579-012-9213-0.
# Catalan language

## 5.1 Download

This chapter describes the linguistic resources included in the file `cat.zip` of the `lang` folder.

## 5.2 List of phonemes

### Consonant Plosives

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>p</td><td>p</td><td>voiceless bilabial</td><td>pala</td></tr><tr><td>b</td><td>b</td><td>voiced bilabial</td><td>bala, via</td></tr><tr><td>t</td><td>t</td><td>voiceless alveolar</td><td>tela</td></tr><tr><td>d</td><td>d</td><td>voiced alveolar</td><td>donar</td></tr><tr><td>k</td><td>k</td><td>voiceless velar</td><td>cala</td></tr><tr><td>g</td><td>g</td><td>voiced velar</td><td>gala</td></tr></tbody></table>

### Consonant Fricatives

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>D</td><td>ð</td><td>voiced dental</td><td>cada</td></tr><tr><td>G</td><td>ɣ</td><td>voiceless velar</td><td>alga, mages</td></tr><tr><td>f</td><td>f</td><td>voiceless labiodental</td><td>fals</td></tr><tr><td>s</td><td>s</td><td>voiceless alveolar</td><td>si, sala</td></tr><tr><td>z</td><td>z</td><td>voiced alveolar</td><td>desde</td></tr><tr><td>S</td><td>ʃ</td><td>voiceless postalveolar</td><td>caixa</td></tr><tr><td>Z</td><td>ʒ</td><td>voiced postalveolar</td><td>mújol</td></tr><tr><td>v</td><td>v</td><td>voiced labiodental</td><td>va, vol</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>T</td><td>θ</td><td>voiceless dental</td><td>circus</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Consonant Nasals

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>m</td><td>m</td><td>bilabial</td><td>mena</td></tr><tr><td>n</td><td>n</td><td>alveolar</td><td>nena</td></tr><tr><td>J</td><td>ʃ</td><td>palatal</td><td>any</td></tr><tr><td>N</td><td>ŋ</td><td>voiced velar</td><td>lingot, lingual</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Consonant Liquids

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>l</td><td>l</td><td>alveolar lateral</td><td>líquid</td></tr><tr><td>L</td><td>l</td><td>palatal lateral</td><td>llamp</td></tr><tr><td>r</td><td>r</td><td>alveolar trill</td><td>carro</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>r</td><td>alveolar flap</td><td>cara</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Semivowels

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>j</td><td>j</td><td>voiced palatal</td><td>iaia, naciós, iogurt</td></tr><tr><td>w</td><td>w</td><td>voiced labiovelar</td><td>veu, veuran</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Vowels

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>E</td><td>ɛ</td><td>open-mid front unrounded</td><td>sec, veça</td></tr><tr><td>a</td><td>a</td><td>open front unrounded</td><td>sac</td></tr><tr><td>O</td><td>ɔ</td><td>open-mid back rounded</td><td>soc</td></tr><tr><td>o</td><td>ɔ</td><td>close-mid back rounded</td><td>sóc</td></tr><tr><td>e</td><td>e</td><td>close-mid front unrounded</td><td>séc, cec</td></tr><tr><td>i</td><td>i</td><td>close front unrounded</td><td>sic, ric</td></tr><tr><td>u</td><td>u</td><td>close back rounded</td><td>suc</td></tr><tr><td>@</td><td>ə</td><td>schwa</td><td>contra, estada</td></tr><tr><td>U</td><td>ʊ</td><td>near-close near-back rounded</td><td>ðpols</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Affricates
<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>dZ</td><td>d̂ʒ</td><td>voiced postalveolar</td><td>metge</td></tr><tr><td>tS</td><td>tʃ̂</td><td>voiceless postalveolar</td><td>cotxe</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Fillers

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>laugh</td><td>laughter</td></tr><tr><td>noise</td><td>noises, unintelligible speech</td></tr><tr><td>dummy</td><td>un-transcribed speech</td></tr></tbody></table>

## 5.3 Lexicons

All Catalan lexicons are (c) *Laboratoire Parole et Langage, Aix-en-Provence, France*:

* `cat.vocab` contains a list of 94k different words;

* `cat.repl` allows to convert symbols and abbreviations into a text form.

All of them are distributed under the terms of the *GNU General Public License*.

Help is welcome to create a `cat_num.repl` allowing SPPAS to convert numbers to their written form.

## 5.4 Pronunciation dictionary

The catalan pronunciation dictionary was downloaded in 2014 from the Ralf catalog of dictionaries for the Simon ASR system at http://spirit.blau.in/simon/import-pls-dictionary/. It was then converted (format and phoneset) by Brigitte Bigi. Some new words were also added and phonetized manually by Eva Bosch i Roura. New entries were added from observed pronunciations in Glissando corpus.

It is distributed under the terms of the *GNU General Public License*.

## 5.5 Acoustic Model

The acoustic model was trained from Glissando corpus. It is distributed under the terms of the *Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License*.

We address special thanks to Juan-Maria Garrido for giving us access to the Glissande corpus:

GARRIDO, J. M. - ESCUDERO, D. - AGUILAR, L. -CARDEÑOSO, V. - RODERO, E. - DE-LA-MOTA, C. - GONZÁLEZ, C. - RUSTULLET, S. - LARREA, O. - LAPLAZA, Y. - VIZCAÍNO, F. - CABRERA, M. - BONAFONTE, A. (2013). *Glissando: a corpus for multidisciplinary prosodic studies in Spanish and Catalan*, Language Resources and Evaluation, DOI 10.1007/s10579-012-9213-0.
# English language

## 6.1 Download

This chapter describes the linguistic resources included in the file eng.zip of the lang folder.

## 6.2 List of phonemes

### Consonant Plosives

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>p</td><td>p</td><td>voiceless bilabial</td><td>pie, spy, cap</td></tr><tr><td>b</td><td>b</td><td>voiced bilabial</td><td>buy, cab</td></tr><tr><td>t</td><td>t</td><td>voiceless alveolar</td><td>tie, sty, cat, atom</td></tr><tr><td>d</td><td>d</td><td>voiced alveolar</td><td>dye, cad, do</td></tr><tr><td>k</td><td>k</td><td>voiceless velar</td><td>sky, crack, quick</td></tr><tr><td>g</td><td>g</td><td>voiced velar</td><td>guy, bag, luggage</td></tr></tbody></table>

### Consonant Fricatives

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>D</td><td>ð</td><td>voiced dental</td><td>thy, breathe, father</td></tr><tr><td>f</td><td>f</td><td>voiceless labiodental</td><td>phi, caff, fan</td></tr><tr><td>s</td><td>s</td><td>voiceless alveolar</td><td>sigh, mass</td></tr><tr><td>S</td><td>ʃ</td><td>voiceless postalveolar</td><td>shy, cash, emotion</td></tr><tr><td>z</td><td>z</td><td>voiced alveolar</td><td>zoo, has</td></tr><tr><td>Z</td><td>ʒ</td><td>voiced postalveolar</td><td>equation, pleasure, vision, beige</td></tr><tr><td>v</td><td>v</td><td>voiced labiodental</td><td>vie, have</td></tr><tr><td>T</td><td>θ</td><td>voiceless dental</td><td>thigh, math</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>h</td><td>h</td><td>voiceless glottal</td><td>high, ahead</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Consonant Nasals

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>m</td><td>m</td><td>bilabial</td><td>my, smile, cam</td></tr><tr><td>n</td><td>n</td><td>alveolar</td><td>nigh, snide, can</td></tr><tr><td>N</td><td>ŋ</td><td>voiced velar</td><td>sang, sink, singer</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Consonant Liquids

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1</td><td>l</td><td>alveolar lateral</td><td>lie, sly, gal</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>r</td><td>alveolar flap</td><td>lyda, maddy, makita</td></tr><tr><td>r\</td><td>ʃ</td><td>alveolar approximant</td><td>red, try, very</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Semivowels

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>j</td><td>j</td><td>voiced palatal</td><td>yes, yacht, william</td></tr><tr><td>w</td><td>w</td><td>voiced labiovelar</td><td>wye, swine, why</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Vowels

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>E</td><td>ɛ</td><td>open-mid front unrounded</td><td>dress, bed, fell, men</td></tr><tr><td>A</td><td>ɑ:</td><td>open back unrounded</td><td>palm, father, bra</td></tr><tr><td>A</td><td>ɒ</td><td>open back rounded</td><td>lot, pod, John</td></tr><tr><td>O:</td><td>ɔ:</td><td>open-mid back rounded</td><td>thought, Maud, dawn, fall</td></tr><tr><td>V</td><td>ʌ</td><td>open-mid back unrounded</td><td>strut, mud, dull, gun</td></tr><tr><td>i</td><td>i</td><td>close front unrounded</td><td>happy, serious</td></tr><tr><td>i:</td><td>i:</td><td>close front unrounded</td><td>fleece, seed, feel, sea</td></tr><tr><td>u:</td><td>ʊ:</td><td>close back rounded</td><td>goose, food, chew, do</td></tr><tr><td>@</td><td>ə</td><td>schwa</td><td>a, baccus</td></tr><tr><td>I</td><td>ɪ</td><td>near-close near-front unrounded</td><td>kit, lid, fill, bin</td></tr><tr><td>U</td><td>ʊ</td><td>near-close near-back rounded</td><td>foot, full, woman</td></tr><tr><td>{</td><td>æ</td><td>near-open front unrounded</td><td>trap, pad, shall, ban</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Affricates
<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>dZ</td><td>d̂ʒ</td><td>voiced postalveolar</td><td>giant, badge, jam</td></tr><tr><td>tS</td><td>tʃ</td><td>voiceless postalveolar</td><td>China, catch</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Other symbols

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>aI</td><td>aɪ</td><td>price, ride, file, pie</td></tr><tr><td>aU</td><td>aʊ</td><td>mouth, loud, down, how</td></tr><tr><td>eI</td><td>eɪ</td><td>face, fail, vein, pay</td></tr><tr><td>OI</td><td>ɔɪ</td><td>choice, void, foil, boy</td></tr><tr><td>@U</td><td>əʊ</td><td>goat, code, foal, go</td></tr><tr><td>3:r</td><td>ɜːr</td><td>liner, foundered, current</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Fillers

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>laugh</td><td>laughter</td></tr><tr><td>noise</td><td>noises, unintelligible speech</td></tr><tr><td>dummy</td><td>un-transcribed speech</td></tr></tbody></table>

## 6.3 Lexicons

All English lexicons are (c) *Laboratoire Parole et Langage, Aix-en-Provence, France*:

* eng.vocab contains a list of 120k different words;

* eng.stp is a list of 150 stop-words;

* eng_num.repl allows to convert numbers to their written form;

* eng.repl allows to convert symbols and abbreviations into a text form.

All of them are distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License.

## 6.4 Pronunciation dictionary

The pronunciation dictionary is for North American English. It was downloaded in 2011 from the CMU web page. This Carnegie Mellon Pronouncing Dictionary (version 0.6) is Copyright (C) 1993-2008 by Carnegie Mellon University. We acknowledge CMU for distributing freely this resource and allowing its re-distribution.

Brigitte Bigi converted the original CMUdict encoded with ARPAbet into X-SAMPA and converted the format of the file in HTK-ASCII.
## 6.5 Acoustic Model

The acoustic model distributed in SPPAS resources was downloaded in 2014 from the VoxForge project at http://www.voxforge.org/.

Actually, the one of voxforge is context-dependent (better accuracy) but does not contain the fillers; the monophones were extracted to create a new context-independent model in which the fillers (i.e. laugh, noise and dummy) were added. The model is under the terms of the "GNU Public License".
# Polish language

## 7.1 Download

This chapter describes the linguistic resources included in the file `pol.zip` of the `lang` folder.

## 7.2 List of phonemes

### Consonant Plosives

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>p</td><td>p</td><td>voiceless bilabial</td><td>paw, pan</td></tr><tr><td>b</td><td>b</td><td>voiced bilabial</td><td>bal, ból</td></tr><tr><td>t</td><td>t</td><td>voiceless (post)dental</td><td>tak, tata</td></tr><tr><td>d</td><td>d</td><td>voiced (post)dental</td><td>dom, dawać</td></tr><tr><td>k</td><td>k</td><td>voiceless velar</td><td>kot, kawa</td></tr><tr><td>g</td><td>g</td><td>voiced velar</td><td>gar, gwiazda</td></tr></tbody></table>

### Consonant Fricatives

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>f</td><td>f</td><td>voiceless labiodental</td><td>fan, fotel, faza</td></tr><tr><td>s</td><td>s</td><td>voiceless (post)dental</td><td>sabat, subaru, sen</td></tr><tr><td>s\</td><td>c</td><td>voiceless alveolo-palatal</td><td>świerszcz, śpi, się, siwy</td></tr><tr><td>s\</td><td>š</td><td>voiceless alveolar with retroflex hook</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>z</td><td>z</td><td>voiced (post)dental</td><td>za, ząb</td></tr><tr><td>z\</td><td>z</td><td>voiced alveolo-palatal</td><td>źrebak, zima, ziemia</td></tr><tr><td>z\</td><td>z̥</td><td>voiced retroflex</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Z</td><td>ʒ</td><td>voiced alveolar</td><td>że, żaba, rzeka</td></tr><tr><td>v</td><td>v</td><td>voiced labiodental</td><td>wrak, lawenda</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>x</td><td>x</td><td>voiceless velar</td><td>hak, chór</td></tr><tr><td>S</td><td>ʃ</td><td>voiceless postalveolar</td><td>szum, sztama, Szczecin, Warszawa</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Consonant Nasals

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>m</td><td>m</td><td>bilabial</td><td>mój, mama</td></tr><tr><td>n</td><td>n</td><td>(post)dental</td><td>nos, nowy</td></tr><tr><td>n'</td><td>ŋ</td><td>retroflex</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>N</td><td>ŋ</td><td>velar</td><td>bank, gang</td></tr><tr><td>n\</td><td>ɲ</td><td>alveolo-palatal</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

## Consonant Liquids

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>l</td><td>l</td><td>lateral (post)dental</td><td>las, lato</td></tr><tr><td>r</td><td>r</td><td>alveolar trill/flap</td><td>rok, rata, krok</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Semivowels / Approximants

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>j</td><td>j</td><td>front approximant</td><td>ja, jajo, już</td></tr><tr><td>w</td><td>w</td><td>back approximant</td><td>ławka, łyk, lże</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Vowels

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>a</td><td>a</td><td>open front unrounded</td><td>pat, ptak, Ala, adres</td></tr><tr><td>E</td><td>ɛ</td><td>open-mid front unrounded</td><td>test, ten, Ewa, deszcz</td></tr><tr><td>O</td><td>ɔ</td><td>open-mid back rounded</td><td>pot, kot, Ola, ogród, ogórek</td></tr><tr><td>i</td><td>i</td><td>close front unrounded</td><td>miś, Irena, instytut</td></tr><tr><td>I\</td><td>i</td><td>near-close central unrounded</td><td>ryba, mysz, być</td></tr><tr><td>u</td><td>u</td><td>close back rounded</td><td>bum, uwaga, tutaj, wóz</td></tr><tr><td>y</td><td>y</td><td>close front rounded</td><td>mysz</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Nasal vowels

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>E~</td><td>ɛ</td><td>węże, kęsy</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><td>SPPAS</td><td>IPA</td><td>Examples</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>o~</td><td>ɔ̃</td><td>wąż, mąż, wąsy</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Affricates

<table><thead><tr><td>SPPAS</td><td>IPA</td><td>Description</td><td>Examples</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>t^S</td><td>ʃ</td><td>voiceless alveolar</td><td>czas, czy, czwartek</td></tr><tr><td>t^s</td><td>š</td><td>voiceless (post)dental</td><td>co, cały, Francja</td></tr><tr><td>t^s\</td><td>č</td><td>voiceless alveolo-palatal</td><td>ćwiczenie, pamięć</td></tr><tr><td>d^z</td><td>dz</td><td>voiced (post)dental</td><td>dzwon, sadza</td></tr><tr><td>d^z\</td><td>dz</td><td>voiced alveolo-palatal</td><td>dźwięk, dziwny, niedziela</td></tr><tr><td>d^Z</td><td>dz̥</td><td>voiced alveolar</td><td>dżem, drożdże, dżuma, dżungla</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Fillers

<table><thead><tr><td>SPPAS</td><td>Description</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>laugh</td><td>laughter</td></tr><tr><td>noise</td><td>noises, unintelligible speech</td></tr><tr><td>dummy</td><td>un-transcribed speech</td></tr></tbody></table>

## 7.3 Lexicons

All Polish lexicons are (c) Laboratoire Parole et Langage, Aix-en-Provence, France:

* `pol.vocab` contains a list of 500k different words;

* `pol_num.repl` allows to convert numbers to their written form;

* `pol.repl` allows to convert symbols and abbreviations into a text form.

All of them are distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License.

## 7.4 Pronunciation Dictionary

The Polish pronunciation dictionary was downloaded in 2015 from the Ralf catalog of dictionaries for the Simon ASR system at http://spirit.blau.in/simon/import-pls-dictionary/.

It was then converted (format and phoneset) and corrected by Brigitte Bigi, thanks to the help of Katarzyna Klessa http://katarzyna.klessa.pl/. An update was done in 2017 to correct systematic errors.

It is distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License.

## 7.5 Acoustic Model

The acoustic model was created by Brigitte Bigi. We address special thanks to Katarzyna Klessa for giving us access to a corpus.
It is distributed under the terms of the *Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License*.

**7.6 References**

**Brigitte Bigi, Katarzyna Klessa** (2015). *Automatic Syllabification of Polish*. In 7th Language and Technology Conference: Human Language Technologies as a Challenge for Computer Science and Linguistics, pp. 262-266, Poznań, Poland.
# Portuguese language

## 8.1 Download

This chapter describes the linguistic resources included in the file *por.zip* of the *lang* folder.

## 8.2 List of phonemes

### Consonant Plosives

<table><thead><tr><td>SPPAS</td><td>IPA</td><td>Description</td><td>Examples</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>p</td><td>p</td><td>voiceless bilabial</td><td>pacto</td></tr><tr><td>b</td><td>b</td><td>voiced bilabial</td><td>bato</td></tr><tr><td>t</td><td>t</td><td>voiceless alveolar</td><td>tacto</td></tr><tr><td>d</td><td>d</td><td>voiced alveolar</td><td>dato</td></tr><tr><td>k</td><td>k</td><td>voiceless velar</td><td>cacto</td></tr><tr><td>g</td><td>g</td><td>voiced velar</td><td>gato</td></tr></tbody></table>

### Consonant Fricatives

<table><thead><tr><td>SPPAS</td><td>IPA</td><td>Description</td><td>Examples</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>f</td><td>f</td><td>voiceless labiodental</td><td>facto</td></tr><tr><td>s</td><td>s</td><td>voiceless alveolar</td><td>saca</td></tr><tr><td>S</td><td>ʃ</td><td>voiceless postalveolar</td><td>chato</td></tr><tr><td>z</td><td>z</td><td>voiced alveolar</td><td>zaca</td></tr><tr><td>Z</td><td>ʒ</td><td>voiced postalveolar</td><td>jacto</td></tr><tr><td>v</td><td>v</td><td>voiced labiodental</td><td>vaca</td></tr><tr><td>x</td><td>x</td><td>voiceless velar</td><td>rabão</td></tr></tbody></table>
## Consonant Nasals

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>m</td><td>m</td><td>bilabial</td><td>mato</td></tr><tr><td>n</td><td>n</td><td>alveolar</td><td>nato</td></tr><tr><td>N</td><td>ŋ</td><td>voiced velar</td><td>hong-kong</td></tr><tr><td>J</td><td>ɲ</td><td>palatal</td><td>pinha</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Consonant Liquids

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>l</td><td>l</td><td>alveolar lateral</td><td>galo</td></tr><tr><td>L</td><td>ʌ</td><td>palatal lateral</td><td>galho</td></tr><tr><td>r</td><td>r</td><td>alveolar trill</td><td>pira</td></tr><tr><td>R</td><td>ɲ</td><td>voiced uvular</td><td>rato</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Semivowels

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>j</td><td>j</td><td>voiced palatal</td><td>yoga</td></tr><tr><td>w</td><td>w</td><td>voiced labiovelar</td><td>uísque</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Vowels

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>E</td><td>ɛ</td><td>open-mid front unrounded</td><td>ego, eira</td></tr><tr><td>a</td><td>a</td><td>open front unrounded</td><td>parto</td></tr><tr><td>O</td><td>ɔ</td><td>open-mid back rounded</td><td>pôde</td></tr><tr><td>i</td><td>i</td><td>close front unrounded</td><td>hidra</td></tr><tr><td>e</td><td>e</td><td>close-mid front unrounded</td><td>pega, elo</td></tr><tr><td>o</td><td>ɔ</td><td>close-mid back rounded</td><td>bola</td></tr><tr><td>u</td><td>ʊ</td><td>close back rounded</td><td>hotel</td></tr><tr><td>y</td><td>y</td><td>close front rounded</td><td>emile</td></tr><tr><td>I</td><td>ɪ</td><td>near-close near-front unrounded</td><td>dois</td></tr><tr><td>U</td><td>ʊ</td><td>near-close near-back rounded</td><td>ido</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Nasal vowels

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>a~</td><td>ã</td><td>anis</td></tr><tr><td>u~</td><td>ũ</td><td>humberto, unha</td></tr></tbody></table>
Fillers

<table><thead><tr><td>SPPAS</td><td>Description</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>laugh</td><td>laughter</td></tr><tr><td>noise</td><td>noises, unintelligible speech</td></tr><tr><td>dummy</td><td>un-transcribed speech</td></tr></tbody></table>

## 8.3 Lexicons

All Portuguese lexicons are (c) *Laboratoire Parole et Langage, Aix-en-Provence, France*:

* `por.vocab` contains a list of 414k different words;

* `por_num.repl` allows to convert numbers to their written form;

* `por.repl` allows to convert symbols and abbreviations into a text form.

All of them are distributed under the terms of the *GNU General Public License*.

## 8.4 Pronunciation Dictionary

The Portuguese pronunciation dictionary was downloaded from the Ralf catalog of dictionaries for the Si-
mon ASR system at http://spirit.blau.in/simon/import-pls-dictionary/. It was then
converted (format and phoneset) and corrected by Brigitte Bigi.

It is re-distributed under the terms of the *GNU General Public License*.

## 8.5 Acoustic Model

The acoustic model was *NOT* trained from data. Monophones of other models were cut and pasted to create this one, mainly from the Spanish and the French models. The Portuguese model is distributed under the terms of the *Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License*.

**New Portuguese data is welcome!** Because data implies a better acoustic model then better alignments...
# German language

## 9.1 Download

This chapter describes the linguistic resources included in the file `deu.zip` of the `lang` folder.

## 9.2 List of phonemes

### Consonant Plosives

<table><thead><tr><td>SPPAS</td><td>IPA</td><td>Description</td><td>Examples</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>p</td><td>p</td><td>voiceless bilabial</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>b</td><td>b</td><td>voiced bilabial</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>t</td><td>t</td><td>voiceless alveolar</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>d</td><td>d</td><td>voiced alveolar</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>k</td><td>k</td><td>voiceless velar</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>g</td><td>g</td><td>voiced velar</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

### Consonant Fricatives

<table><thead><tr><td>SPPAS</td><td>IPA</td><td>Description</td><td>Examples</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>f</td><td>f</td><td>voiceless labiodental</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>s</td><td>s</td><td>voiceless alveolar</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>S</td><td>ʃ</td><td>voiceless postalveolar</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>z</td><td>ʒ</td><td>voiced alveolar</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Z</td><td>ʒ</td><td>voiced postalveolar</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>v</td><td>v</td><td>voiced labiodental</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>x</td><td>x</td><td>voiceless velar</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>h</td><td>h</td><td>voiceless glottal</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>C</td><td>ç</td><td>voiceless palatal fricative</td><td>ich, nicht</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Consonant Liquids

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>l</td><td>l</td><td>alveolar lateral</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>R</td><td>в</td><td>voiced uvular</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

## Consonant Nasals

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>m</td><td>m</td><td>bilabial</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>n</td><td>n</td><td>alveolar</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>N</td><td>н</td><td>voiced velar</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

## Semivowels

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>j</td><td>j</td><td>voiced palatal</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>w</td><td>w</td><td>voiced labiovelar</td><td>software</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Vowels

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>E</td><td>ɛ</td><td>open-mid front unrounded</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>E:</td><td>ɛ̃</td><td>open-mid front unrounded</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>O</td><td>ɔ</td><td>open-mid back rounded</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>U</td><td>ʊ</td><td>near-close near-back rounded</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>i</td><td>i</td><td>close front unrounded</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>i:</td><td>ĩ</td><td>close front unrounded</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>u:</td><td>ũ</td><td>close back rounded</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>@</td><td>ə</td><td>schwa</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>I</td><td>ɪ</td><td>near-close near-front unrounded</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>a</td><td>a</td><td>open front unrounded</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>a:</td><td>ã</td><td>open front unrounded</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2:</td><td>ɔ</td><td>close-mid front rounded</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td>ɔ̃</td><td>open-mid front rounded</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td>v</td><td>near-open central vowel</td><td>besser</td></tr><tr><td>e</td><td>e</td><td>close-mid front unrounded</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>o:</td><td>õ</td><td>close-mid back rounded</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>y</td><td>y</td><td>close front rounded</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>y:</td><td>y:</td><td>close front rounded</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>near-close near-front rounded vowel</td><td>hübsch</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Affricates

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>tS</td><td>tʃ</td><td>voiceless postalveolar</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ts</td><td>tʃ̥</td><td>voiceless alveolar</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>dZ</td><td>dʒ</td><td>voiced postalveolar</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

## Other symbols

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>?</td><td>?</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>aI</td><td>aɪ</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>aU</td><td>aʊ</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>OY</td><td>ɔɪ</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

## Fillers

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>laugh</td><td>laughter</td></tr><tr><td>noise</td><td>noises, unintelligible speech</td></tr><tr><td>fp</td><td>filled pause (äh, eh)</td></tr><tr><td>dummy</td><td>un-transcribed speech</td></tr></tbody></table>

## 9.3 Lexicons

All German lexicons are (c) *Laboratoire Parole et Langage, Aix-en-Provence, France*:

* *deu.vocab* contains a list of 383k different words;

* *deu.repl* allows to convert symbols and abbreviations into a text form.

All of them are distributed under the terms of the *GNU General Public License*.

Help is welcome to create the file *deu_num.repl* allowing SPPAS to convert numbers to their written form
## 9.4 Pronunciation Dictionary

The German pronunciation dictionary was downloaded from the Ralf catalog of dictionaries for the Simon ASR system at http://spirit.blau.in/simon/import-pls-dictionary/. It was then converted (format and phoneset) and corrected by Brigitte Bigi.

It is re-distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License.

## 9.5 Acoustic model

The model is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License.
# Mandarin chinese language

## 10.1 Download

This chapter describes the linguistic resources included in the file `cmn.zip` of the `lang` folder.

## 10.2 List of phonemes

Help is welcome to improve the quality of both Mandarin Chinese resources and of this documentation.

These resources are distributed without any warranty.

### Consonant Plosives

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>p</td><td>p</td><td>voiceless bilabial</td><td>ETA, EETA</td></tr><tr><td>p_h</td><td>p<sup>h</sup></td><td>voiceless bilabial aspirated</td><td>ETA, E, E</td></tr><tr><td>t</td><td>t</td><td>voiceless alveolar</td><td>ETA, E</td></tr><tr><td>t_h</td><td>t<sup>h</sup></td><td>voiceless alveolar aspirated</td><td>ETT</td></tr><tr><td>k</td><td>k</td><td>voiceless velar</td><td>ETA, E</td></tr><tr><td>k_h</td><td>k<sup>h</sup></td><td>voiceless velar aspirated</td><td>ET, E</td></tr></tbody></table>

### Consonant Fricatives

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>f</td><td>f</td><td>voiceless labiodental</td><td>ETA, E, E</td></tr><tr><td>s</td><td>s</td><td>voiceless alveolar</td><td>ETA, E</td></tr><tr><td>s'</td><td>ş</td><td>voiceless alveolar with retroflex hook</td><td>ETT</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>z'</td><td>z̥</td><td>voiced alveolar with retroflex hook</td><td>ETA, E</td></tr><tr><td>S</td><td>ʃ</td><td>voiceless postalveolar</td><td>ETA, E</td></tr><tr><td>x</td><td>x</td><td>voiceless velar</td><td>ETA, E</td></tr><tr><td>ss</td><td></td><td></td><td>ETA, E</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Consonant Nasals

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>m</td><td>m</td><td>bilabial</td><td>ETA, E, E</td></tr><tr><td>n</td><td>n</td><td>alveolar</td><td>ETA, E, E</td></tr><tr><td>N</td><td>ŋ</td><td>voiced velar</td><td>ETA, E, E</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Consonant Liquids

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>alveolar lateral</td><td>ETA, E</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Vowels

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>a</td><td>a</td><td>open front unrounded</td><td>ETA, E, E, E, E</td></tr><tr><td>o</td><td>o</td><td>close-mid back rounded</td><td>ETA, E</td></tr><tr><td>e</td><td>e</td><td>close-mid front unrounded</td><td>A, E</td></tr><tr><td>i</td><td>i</td><td>close front unrounded</td><td>ETA, E, E, E</td></tr><tr><td>i_d</td><td>i̥</td><td>close front unrounded dental</td><td>ETA, E</td></tr><tr><td>iʻ</td><td>i̥</td><td>close front unrounded retroflex</td><td>ETA, E</td></tr><tr><td>u</td><td>u</td><td>close back rounded</td><td>ETA, E, E</td></tr><tr><td>y</td><td>y</td><td>close front rounded</td><td>ETA, E, E</td></tr><tr><td>@</td><td>ə</td><td>schwa with retroflex hook</td><td>ETA, E</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Affricates

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>ts</td><td>ts̥</td><td>voiceless alveolar</td><td>ETA, E</td></tr><tr><td>tss</td><td></td><td></td><td>ETA, E</td></tr><tr><td>ts_h</td><td>ts̥h</td><td>voiceless alveolar aspirated</td><td>ETA, E</td></tr><tr><td>ts'</td><td></td><td>voiceless alveolar retroflex hook</td><td>ETA, E</td></tr><tr><td>ts_h'</td><td></td><td></td><td>ETA, E</td></tr><tr><td>ts_hs</td><td></td><td></td><td>ETA, E</td></tr></tbody></table>
Fillers

<table><thead><tr><td>SPPAS</td><td>Description</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>laugh</td><td>laughter</td></tr><tr><td>noise</td><td>noises, unintelligible speech</td></tr><tr><td>dummy</td><td>un-transcribed speech</td></tr></tbody></table>

## 10.3 Lexicons

All lexicons are (c) *Laboratoire Parole et Langage, Aix-en-Provence, France*:

* `cmn.vocab` contains a list of 110k different words;

* `cmn_num.repl` allows to convert numbers to their written form;

* `cmn.repl` allows to convert symbols and abbreviations into a text form.

All of them are distributed under the terms of the *GNU General Public License*.

## 10.4 Pronunciation dictionary

The pronunciation dictionary was manually created for the syllables by Zhi Na. We address special thanks to her for sharing her work.

It is distributed under the terms of the *GNU General Public License*.

## 10.5 Acoustic model

The acoustic model was created by Brigitte Bigi from 2 corpora: the first one at Shanghai by Zhi Na, and another one by Hongwei Ding. We address special thanks to hers for giving us access to their data. Both recordings are a Chinese version of the Eurom1 corpus. See the following publication for details:

Daniel Hirst, Brigitte Bigi, Hyongsil Cho, Hongwei Ding, Sophie Herment, Ting Wang (2013). *Building OMProDat: an open multilingual prosodic database*, Proceedings of Tools and Resources for the Analysis of Speech Prosody, Aix-en-Provence, France, Eds B. Bigi and D. Hirst, ISBN: 978-2-7466-6443-2, pp. 11-14.

Notice that the current model was trained from a very small amount of data: this will impact on the results. Do not expect to get good performances for the automatic alignment.

**More Mandarin Chinese data are welcome!** Because more data implies a better acoustic model then better alignments...

The model is distributed under the terms of the *Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License*.
# Southern Min (or Min Nan)

## 11.1 Download

This chapter describes the linguistic resources included in the file nan.zip of the lang folder.

## 11.2 List of phonemes

### Consonant Plosives

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>b</td><td>b</td><td>voiced bilabial</td></tr><tr><td>d</td><td>d</td><td>voiced alveolar</td></tr><tr><td>p</td><td>p</td><td>voiceless bilabial</td></tr><tr><td>p_h</td><td>p<sup>h</sup></td><td>voiceless bilabial aspirated</td></tr><tr><td>t</td><td>t</td><td>voiceless alveolar</td></tr><tr><td>t_h</td><td>t<sup>h</sup></td><td>voiceless alveolar aspirated</td></tr><tr><td>k</td><td>k</td><td>voiceless velar</td></tr><tr><td>k_h</td><td>k<sup>h</sup></td><td>voiceless velar aspirated</td></tr><tr><td>g</td><td>g</td><td>voiced velar</td></tr></tbody></table>

### Consonant Fricatives

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>f</td><td>f</td><td>voiceless labiodental</td></tr><tr><td>s</td><td>s</td><td>voiceless alveolar</td></tr><tr><td>S</td><td>ʃ</td><td>voiceless postalveolar</td></tr><tr><td>x</td><td>x</td><td>voiceless velar</td></tr><tr><td>ss</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>v</td><td>v</td><td>voiced labiodental</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>z</td><td>z</td><td>voiced alveolar</td></tr><tr><td>h</td><td>h</td><td>voiceless glottal</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Consonant Nasals

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>m</td><td>m</td><td>bilabial</td></tr><tr><td>n</td><td>n</td><td>alveolar</td></tr><tr><td>N</td><td>ŋ</td><td>voiced velar</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Consonant Liquids

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>l</td><td>l</td><td>alveolar lateral</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Semivowels

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>w</td><td>w</td><td>voiced labiovelar</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Vowels

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>a</td><td>a</td><td>open front unrounded</td></tr><tr><td>o</td><td>o</td><td>close-mid back rounded</td></tr><tr><td>O</td><td>ɔ</td><td>open-mid back rounded</td></tr><tr><td>e</td><td>e</td><td>close-mid front unrounded</td></tr><tr><td>i</td><td>i</td><td>close front unrounded</td></tr><tr><td>u</td><td>u</td><td>close back rounded</td></tr><tr><td>y</td><td>y</td><td>close front rounded</td></tr><tr><td>@</td><td>ə</td><td>schwa</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Nasal vowels

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>a~</td><td>ă</td></tr><tr><td>e~</td><td>ě</td></tr><tr><td>o~</td><td>ö</td></tr><tr><td>O~</td><td>ɔ̃</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>u~</td><td>ũ</td></tr><tr><td>i~</td><td>ī</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Affricates

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>ts</td><td>tŝ</td><td>voiceless alveolar</td></tr><tr><td>ts_h</td><td>tsʰ</td><td>voiceless alveolar aspirated</td></tr><tr><td>dz</td><td>dẑ</td><td>voiced alveolar</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Fillers

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>laugh</td><td>laughter</td></tr><tr><td>noise</td><td>noises, unintelligible speech</td></tr><tr><td>dummy</td><td>un-transcribed speech</td></tr></tbody></table>

## 11.3 Lexicons

The lexicon is (c) *Laboratoire Parole et Langage, Aix-en-Provence, France: nan.vocab* contains a list of 1000 different words; it is distributed under the terms of the *GNU General Public License*.

## 11.4 Pronunciation Dictionary

The pronunciation dictionary was constructed from the most frequent observed pronunciations of the corpus described below.

It is distributed under the terms of the *GNU General Public License*.

## 11.5 Acoustic Model

It is distributed under the terms of the *Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License*.

The acoustic model was trained from a corpus of spontaneous speech. We address special thanks to Sheng-Fu Wang for giving us access to his corpus.

S-F Wang, J. Fon (2013). *A Taiwan Southern Min spontaneous speech corpus for discourse prosody*, Proceedings of Tools and Resources for the Analysis of Speech Prosody, Aix-en-Provence, France, Eds B. Bigi and D. Hirst, ISBN: 978-2-7466-6443-2, pp. 20-23.
# Cantonese language

## 12.1 Download

This chapter describes the linguistic resources included in the file *yue.zip* of the *lang* folder.

## 12.2 List of phonemes

### Consonant Plosives

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>p</td><td>p</td><td>voiceless bilabial</td></tr><tr><td>p_h</td><td>p<sup>h</sup></td><td>voiceless bilabial aspirated</td></tr><tr><td>t</td><td>t</td><td>voiceless alveolar</td></tr><tr><td>t_h</td><td>t<sup>h</sup></td><td>voiceless alveolar aspirated</td></tr><tr><td>k</td><td>k</td><td>voiceless velar</td></tr><tr><td>k_h</td><td>k<sup>h</sup></td><td>voiceless velar aspirated</td></tr><tr><td>k_w</td><td>k<sup>w</sup></td><td>voiceless velar labialized</td></tr><tr><td>k_h_w</td><td>k<sup>hw</sup></td><td>voiceless velar aspirated labialized</td></tr></tbody></table>

### Consonant Fricatives

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>f</td><td>f</td><td>voiceless labiodental</td></tr><tr><td>s</td><td>s</td><td>voiceless alveolar</td></tr><tr><td>S</td><td>ʃ</td><td>voiceless postalveolar</td></tr><tr><td>h</td><td>h</td><td>voiceless glottal</td></tr></tbody></table>
## Consonant Nasals

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>m</td><td>m</td><td>bilabial</td></tr><tr><td>n</td><td>n</td><td>alveolar</td></tr><tr><td>N</td><td>ŋ</td><td>voiced velar</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Consonant Liquids

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>alveolar lateral</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Semivowels

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>j</td><td>j</td><td>palatal</td></tr><tr><td>w</td><td>w</td><td>voiced labiovelar</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Vowels

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>E:</td><td>ɛ:</td><td>open-mid front unrounded</td></tr><tr><td>a:</td><td>a:</td><td>open front unrounded</td></tr><tr><td>9:</td><td>ɔ:</td><td>open-mid front rounded</td></tr><tr><td>O:</td><td>ɔ:</td><td>open-mid back rounded</td></tr><tr><td>o</td><td>ɔ</td><td>close-mid back rounded</td></tr><tr><td>e</td><td>e</td><td>close-mid front unrounded</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td>ɔ</td><td>close-mid central rounded vowel</td></tr><tr><td>i:</td><td>i</td><td>close front unrounded</td></tr><tr><td>u:</td><td>u</td><td>close back rounded</td></tr><tr><td>y:</td><td>y</td><td>close front rounded</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td>ʊ</td><td>near-open central vowel</td></tr><tr><td>I</td><td>ɪ</td><td>near-close near-front unrounded</td></tr><tr><td>U</td><td>ʊ</td><td>near-close near-back rounded</td></tr><tr><td>@</td><td>ə</td><td>schwa</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Affricates

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>ts</td><td></td><td>voiceless alveolar</td></tr><tr><td>ts_h</td><td>ch</td><td>voiceless alveolar aspirated</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>tS</td><td>tʃ</td><td>voiceless postalveolar</td></tr><tr><td>tS_h</td><td>tʃʰ</td><td>voiceless postalveolar aspirated</td></tr></tbody></table>

## 12.3 Lexicons

Lexicons are (c) *Laboratoire Parole et Langage, Aix-en-Provence, France*:

* `yue.vocab` contains a list of 47k different character-based words;

* `yue_chars.vocab` is a list of 12k characters;

* `yue.repl` and `yue_chars.repl` allow to convert symbols and abbreviations into a text form.

Both are distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License.

## 12.4 Pronunciation dictionaries

The 2 dictionaries were constructed with the most frequently observed pronunciations of a conversational corpus.

## 12.5 Acoustic Model

The Cantonese acoustic model is copyrighted: (C) DSP and Speech Technology Laboratory, Department of Electronic Engineering, the Chinese University of Hong Kong.

This is a monophone Cantonese acoustic model, based on Jyutping of the Linguistic Society of Hong Kong (LSHK). Each state is trained with 32 Gaussian mixtures. The model is trained with HTK 3.4.1. The corpus for training is CUSENT, also developed in our laboratory.

Generally speaking, you may use the model for non-commercial, academic or personal use.

See COPYRIGHT for the details of the license: "Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License".

We also have other well-trained Cantonese acoustic models. If you would like to use the models and/or the CUSENT corpus for commercial applications or development, please contact Professor Tan LEE for appropriate license terms.

The character pronunciation comes from Jyutping phrase box from the Linguistic Society of Hong Kong.

"The copyright of the Jyutping phrase box belongs to the Linguistic Society of Hong Kong. We would like to thank the Jyutping Group of the Linguistic Society of Hong Kong for permission to use the electronic file in our research and/or product development."

If you use this model for academic research, please cite:

Tan Lee, W.K. Lo, P.C. Ching, Helen Meng (2002). *Spoken language resources for Cantonese speech processing*, Speech Communication, Volume 36, Issues 3–4, Pages 327-342

* Website: http://dsp.ee.cuhk.edu.hk

* Email: tanlee@ee.cuhk.edu.hk
12.6 References

**Roxana Fung, Brigitte Bigi** (2015). *Automatic word segmentation for spoken Cantonese*. In *Oriental CO-COSDA and Conference on Asian Spoken Language Research and Evaluation (O-COCOSDA/CASLRE)*, pp. 196-201.
# Japanese language

## 13.1 Download

This chapter describes the linguistic resources included in the file `jpn.zip` of the `lang` folder.

## 13.2 Lexicon, Dictionary and Acoustic model

The linguistic resources for Japanese language are kindly shared by the authors of the Julius CSR engine.

For more detail, please contact `csrc@astem.or.jp`, or access the Julius website: http://julius.osdn.jp/en_index.php?q=index-en.html#aboutModels
# Korean language

## 14.1 Download

This chapter describes the linguistic resources included in the file kor.zip of the lang folder.

Korean resources are under construction. Help is needed.

## 14.2 List of phonemes

### Consonant Plosives

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>b</td><td>b</td><td>voiced bilabial</td><td>ETA, EEA</td></tr><tr><td>p</td><td>p</td><td>voiceless bilabial</td><td>ETA</td></tr><tr><td>p_h</td><td>p<sup>h</sup></td><td>voiceless bilabial aspirated</td><td>ETA, EEA</td></tr><tr><td>p-&gt;</td><td>p<sub>h</sub></td><td>voiceless bilabial ejective</td><td>ETA</td></tr><tr><td>t</td><td>t</td><td>voiceless alveolar</td><td>ETA</td></tr><tr><td>t_h</td><td>t<sup>h</sup></td><td>voiceless alveolar aspirated</td><td>ETA</td></tr><tr><td>t-&gt;</td><td>t<sub>h</sub></td><td>voiceless alveolar ejective</td><td>ETA, EEA</td></tr><tr><td>d</td><td>d</td><td>voiced alveolar</td><td>ETA, EEA, EEA</td></tr><tr><td>k</td><td>k</td><td>voiceless velar</td><td>ETA, EEA, EEA</td></tr><tr><td>k_h</td><td>k<sup>h</sup></td><td>voiceless velar aspirated</td><td>ETA</td></tr><tr><td>k-&gt;</td><td>k<sub>h</sub></td><td>voiceless velar ejective</td><td>ETA, EEA, EEA</td></tr><tr><td>g</td><td>g</td><td>voiced velar</td><td>ETA, EEA, EEA</td></tr></tbody></table>

### Consonant Fricatives

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>s</td><td>s</td><td>voiceless alveolar</td><td>ETA, EEA, EEA</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>s-&gt;</td><td>sh</td><td>voiceless alveolar ejective</td><td>ETA</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Consonant Nasals

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>m</td><td>m</td><td>bilabial</td><td>ETA, E, EE, EEE</td></tr><tr><td>n</td><td>n</td><td>alveolar</td><td>ETA, EEE</td></tr><tr><td>N</td><td>ŋ</td><td>voiced velar</td><td>EEA, EEE, EEE, EEE</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Consonant Liquids

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1</td><td>l</td><td>alveolar lateral</td><td>ETA, E, EE</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>r</td><td>alveolar flap</td><td>ETA, EEE, EEE</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Semivowels

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>j</td><td>j</td><td>voiced palatal</td><td>ETA, E, EE, E, EE</td></tr><tr><td>w</td><td>w</td><td>voiced labiovelar</td><td>ETA, E, EE, E, EE</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Vowels

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>E</td><td>ɛ</td><td>open-mid front unrounded</td><td>ETA, EE</td></tr><tr><td>A</td><td>ɑ</td><td>open back unrounded</td><td>ETA, EE</td></tr><tr><td>i</td><td>i</td><td>close front unrounded</td><td>ETA, EE</td></tr><tr><td>e</td><td>e</td><td>close-mid front unrounded</td><td>ETA, EE</td></tr><tr><td>o</td><td>o</td><td>close-mid back rounded</td><td>ETA, EE</td></tr><tr><td>u</td><td>u</td><td>close back rounded</td><td>ETA, EE</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>ø</td><td>close-mid front rounded</td><td>ETA</td></tr><tr><td>V</td><td>ʌ</td><td>open-mid back unrounded</td><td>ETA, EE</td></tr><tr><td>M</td><td>ʊ</td><td>close back unrounded</td><td>ETA, EE</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Affricates

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>dz</td><td>ðz</td><td>voiced alveolar</td><td>ETA</td></tr><tr><td>dZ</td><td>ðʒ</td><td>voiced postalveolar</td><td>ETA</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>tS_&gt;</td><td>tʃ</td><td>voiceless postalveolar ejective</td><td>[T]</td></tr><tr><td>tS_h</td><td>tʃʰ</td><td>voiceless postalveolar aspirated</td><td>[h]</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Fillers

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>laugh</td><td>laughter</td></tr><tr><td>noise</td><td>noises, unintelligible speech</td></tr><tr><td>dummy</td><td>un-transcribed speech</td></tr></tbody></table>

## 14.3 Lexicons

All lexicons are (c) *Laboratoire Parole et Langage, Aix-en-Provence, France*:

* kor.vocab contains a list of 33k different words;

* kor.repl allows to convert symbols and abbreviations into a text form.

All of them are distributed under the terms of the *GNU General Public License*.

Help is needed to create the file `kor_num.repl` allowing SPPAS to convert numbers to their written form

## 14.4 Pronunciation dictionary

The Korean pronunciation dictionary was manually created and is still under construction. **Any help is welcome!**

It is distributed under the terms of the *GNU General Public License*.

## 14.5 Acoustic Model

The acoustic model was *NOT* trained from data. Monophones of other models were cut and pasted to create this one, mainly the English and Taiwanese models.

**Korean data are welcome!** Because data implies a better acoustic model then better alignments...

It is distributed under the terms of the *Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License*.
# Naija language

## 15.1 Download

This chapter describes the linguistic resources included in the file *pcm.zip* of the *lang* folder.

This work was financed by the French Agence Nationale pour la Recherche (ANR-16-CE27-0007), in the context of the NaijaSynCor project.

The iso-639-3 code of Naija language is PCM.

## 15.2 List of phonemes

### Consonant Plosives

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>p</td><td>p</td><td>voiceless bilabial</td><td>public, palaver</td></tr><tr><td>b</td><td>b</td><td>voiced bilabial</td><td>bye, bojuboju, boli</td></tr><tr><td>t</td><td>t</td><td>voiceless alveolar</td><td>two, tree, tranga</td></tr><tr><td>d</td><td>d</td><td>voiced alveolar</td><td>drop, duma, this</td></tr><tr><td>k</td><td>k</td><td>voiceless velar</td><td>ketu, cut, quick</td></tr><tr><td>g</td><td>g</td><td>voiced velar</td><td>gain, girl, guy</td></tr></tbody></table>

### Consonant Fricatives

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>f</td><td>f</td><td>voiceless labiodental</td><td>farm, phone, view</td></tr><tr><td>s</td><td>s</td><td>voiceless alveolar</td><td>centre, safe, zero</td></tr><tr><td>S</td><td>ʃ</td><td>voiceless postalveolar</td><td>cheque, sabi, ship</td></tr><tr><td>z</td><td>z</td><td>voiced alveolar</td><td>used, diesel, eze</td></tr><tr><td>v</td><td>v</td><td>voiced labiodental</td><td>visit, view</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>h</td><td>h</td><td>voiceless glottal</td><td>happy, hope, who</td></tr><tr><td>T</td><td>θ</td><td>voiceless dental</td><td>thing, ethnic, three</td></tr><tr><td>D</td><td>ð</td><td>voiced dental</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

## Consonant Nasals

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>m</td><td>m</td><td>bilabial</td><td>make, milk, magaji</td></tr><tr><td>n</td><td>n</td><td>alveolar</td><td>knock, name, nitel</td></tr><tr><td>N</td><td>ŋ</td><td>voiced velar</td><td>bongo, sings</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Consonant Liquids

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>l</td><td>l</td><td>alveolar lateral</td><td>load, lokodan</td></tr><tr><td>r\</td><td>ʃ</td><td>alveolar approximant</td><td>radio, root, wrap</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Semivowels

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>j</td><td>j</td><td>voiced palatal</td><td>uni, yes, europe</td></tr><tr><td>w</td><td>w</td><td>voiced labiovelar</td><td>one, wait, wow</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Vowels

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>E</td><td>ɛ</td><td>open-mid front unrounded</td><td>air, early, egg, men</td></tr><tr><td>a</td><td>a</td><td>open front unrounded</td><td>our, ask, above</td></tr><tr><td>O</td><td>ɔ</td><td>open-mid back rounded</td><td>us, onion, all, oba</td></tr><tr><td>i</td><td>i</td><td>close front unrounded</td><td>each, even, ile, is</td></tr><tr><td>e</td><td>e</td><td>close-mid front unrounded</td><td>alone, eko</td></tr><tr><td>o</td><td>o</td><td>close-mid back rounded</td><td>obodo, ojo</td></tr><tr><td>u</td><td>ʊ</td><td>close back rounded</td><td>ugu, una, upo</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Nasal vowels

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>a~</td><td>ã</td><td>auntie, african, commander</td></tr><tr><td>e~</td><td>ẽ</td><td>fiyen, britain, town</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>E~</td><td>ɛ̃</td><td>calendar, men, accent</td></tr><tr><td>i~</td><td>ɪ̃</td><td>admin, ani, benin</td></tr><tr><td>O~</td><td>ɔ̃</td><td>election, lokodan, million</td></tr><tr><td>u~</td><td>ũ</td><td>remove, segun, broken</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Affricates

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>tS</td><td>tʃ</td><td>voiceless postalveolar</td></tr><tr><td>dZ</td><td>dʒ̃</td><td>voiced postalveolar</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Others

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>aI</td><td>aɪ</td><td>I, write, type</td></tr><tr><td>aU</td><td>aʊ</td><td>out, town</td></tr><tr><td>OI</td><td>ɔɪ</td><td>oil, boy</td></tr><tr><td>eI</td><td>eɪ</td><td>a, eight, age</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Fillers

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>laugh</td><td>laughter</td></tr><tr><td>noise</td><td>noises, unintelligible speech</td></tr><tr><td>dummy</td><td>un-transcribed speech</td></tr></tbody></table>

## 15.3 Pronunciation Dictionary

The dictionary was originally created by extracting the lexicon of the corpus published in annex of (Deuber 2005). New words with their orthographic variants and pronunciations were added to the dictionary by team of four transcribers, native speakers of the language.

It is distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License.

## 15.4 Acoustic Model

A first version of the Naija acoustic model was created in 2017-07 by Brigitte Bigi with the SPPAS training scripts.

An initial model was created on the basis of other language prototypes. Such prototypes were mostly extracted from the English acoustic model. For the missing models of phonemes, the nasals /O~/, /a~/, /e~/, /i~/ and /u~/
were picked off Southern Min language, and /E~/ was extracted from French language using /U~/ prototype.
The vowels /a/ and /e/ were extracted from the French model; and finally /O/ and /o/ from the Italian one. The
fillers were also added to the model in order to be automatically time-aligned too: silence, noise, laughter.

The acoustic model was then trained with a set of 8 files (totalling 3 min 29 seconds in length.) manually
phonetized and time-aligned.

The currently distributed acoustic model was trained at the end of the project, in 2020, thanks to all the
manual transcription of the whole corpus (see Bigi et al., submitted).

The model is distributed under the terms of the *Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License*.

**15.5 References**

**Brigitte Bigi, Abiola S. Oyelere, Bernard Caron** (submitted). *Resources for Automated Speech Segmentation of the African Language Naija (Nigerian Pidgin)*. LNAI, Springer.

**Brigitte Bigi, Bernard Caron, Abiola S. Oyelere (2017).** *Developing Resources for Automated Speech Processing of the African Language Naija (Nigerian Pidgin)*. In 8th Language and Technology Conference: Human Language Technologies as a Challenge for Computer Science and Linguistics, pp. 441-445, Poznań, Poland.
# Bengali language

## 16.1 Download

This chapter describes the linguistic resources included in the file ben.zip of the lang folder.

The iso-639-3 code of Bengali language is BEN.

## 16.2 List of phonemes

### Consonant Plosives

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>b</td><td>b</td><td>voiced bilabial</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>b_h</td><td>b<sup>h</sup></td><td>voiced bilabial aspirated</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>c</td><td>c</td><td>voiceless palatal</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>c_h</td><td>c<sup>h</sup></td><td>voiceless palatal aspirated</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>d</td><td>d</td><td>voiced alveolar</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>d_h</td><td>d<sup>h</sup></td><td>voiced alveolar aspirated</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>g</td><td>g</td><td>voiced velar</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>g_h</td><td>g<sup>h</sup></td><td>voiced velar</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>J</td><td>j</td><td>voiced palatal</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>J_h</td><td>j<sup>h</sup></td><td>voiced palatal aspirated</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>k</td><td>k</td><td>voiceless velar</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>k_h</td><td>k<sup>h</sup></td><td>voiceless velar aspirated</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>p</td><td>p</td><td>voiceless bilabial</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>t</td><td>t</td><td>voiceless alveolar</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>t_h</td><td>t<sup>h</sup></td><td>voiceless alveolar aspirated</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>t‘</td><td>t‘</td><td>voiceless retroflex</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>t‘_h</td><td>t‘<sup>h</sup></td><td>voiceless retroflex aspirated</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
## Consonant Fricatives

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>f</td><td>f</td><td>voiceless labiodental</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>h</td><td>h</td><td>voiceless glottal</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>s</td><td>s</td><td>voiceless alveolar</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>S</td><td>ʃ</td><td>voiceless postalveolar</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

## Consonant Nasals

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>m</td><td>m</td><td>bilabial</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>n</td><td>n</td><td>alveolar</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>N</td><td>ŋ</td><td>voiced velar</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

## Consonant Liquids

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>l</td><td>l</td><td>alveolar lateral</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>r</td><td>r</td><td>alveolar trill</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

## Vowels

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>IPA</th><th>Description</th><th>Examples</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>a</td><td>a</td><td>open front unrounded</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>{</td><td>æ</td><td>near-open front unrounded vowel</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>e</td><td>e</td><td>close-mid front unrounded</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>i</td><td>i</td><td>close front unrounded</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>O</td><td>ɔ</td><td>open-mid back rounded</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>o</td><td>o</td><td>close-mid back rounded</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>u</td><td>u</td><td>close back rounded</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

## Fillers

<table><thead><tr><th>SPPAS</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>laugh</td><td>laughter</td></tr><tr><td>noise</td><td>noises, unintelligible speech</td></tr><tr><td>dummy</td><td>un-transcribed speech</td></tr><tr><td>fp</td><td>filled pause</td></tr></tbody></table>
## 16.3 Pronunciation Dictionary

The pronunciation dictionary is **Copyright 2015, 2016 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.** It was downloaded in October 2021, from: https://github.com/google/language-resources/tree/master/bn/data/

The phonemes has been converted to SAMPA and the file format to HTK-ASCII by Brigitte Bigi.

The dictionary is re-distributed under the terms of its original *Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License*.

## 16.4 Acoustic Model

The acoustic model was then trained with a set of 6 manually time-aligned files (totalling about 18 seconds of speech) and 1,300 orthographically transcribed files (totalling 36 minutes of speech).

The model is distributed under the terms of the *Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License*.
# Versions history

## 17.1 Changes

### 17.1.1 Version 1 - June, 2020

* Linguistic resources for Text Normalization, Phonetization, Alignment and Syllabification of SPPAS for the following languages: cat, cmn, deu, eng, fra, fraquebec, hun, ita, jpn, kor, nan, pcm, pol, por, spa, vie, yue.

* Data resources for face detection, face landmark and LPC automatic annotations of SPPAS.

### 17.1.2 Version 2 - July 2020

* Updated data for face detection and face landmark.

### 17.1.3 Version 3 - Sept 2020

* Updated linguistic resources of Polish language.

* Add of this documentation.

### 17.1.4 Version 4 - Feb 2021

* A DNN model is added into Face Detection package

* The file fra.txt of LPC package is modified - corrected by experts

* Lightness of LPC package hand pictures is adjusted

### 17.1.5 Version 5 - Sept 2021

* New acoustic model of Italian: it's no longer a context-dependent model. It's a monophone model like for the other languages. The French HMMs of "a~" and "O~", and the Naija HMM of "e~" were added to the hmmdefs.
* The LPC file fra.txt is renamed cueConfig-fra.txt.

* The keys of the LPC vowels are coded with characters “b”, “s”, “m”, “c”, “t” instead of numbers. It’s not compatible with versions 3.x of SPPAS.

* The keys of the LPC consonant are coded differently, we now use the same than the previously defined ones for English.

17.1.6 Version 6 - Nov 2021

* New resources for Bengali language: vocabulary, pronunciation dictionary and acoustic model.
# Appendix

## 18.1 About this document

### 18.1.1 Author

This document was written by Brigitte Bigi, CNRS researcher at Laboratoire Parole et Langage, Aix-en-Provence, France. More about her: http://www.lpl-aix.fr/~bigi/ All references mentioned in this document can be downloaded at this address.

This document is under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License.

### 18.1.2 GNU Free Documentation License

Version 1.3, 3 November 2008

Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. http://fsf.org/

Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

## 0. PREAMBLE

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We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software
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* G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.

* H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.

* I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence.

* J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations given in the Document for previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a work that was published at least four years before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.

* K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.

* L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.

* M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section may not be included in the Modified Version.

* N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.

* O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.

If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties—for example, statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard.

You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.

The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.

## 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS

You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.

The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents, make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.

In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History" in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements".

## 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS

You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.

You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.

## 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of the Document.

If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket
the Document within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate.

## 8. TRANSLATION

Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License, and all the license notices in the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original English version of this License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original version of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.

If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual title.

## 9. TERMINATION

You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.

However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.

Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after your receipt of the notice.

Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does not give you any rights to use it.

## 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.

Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the Document.
## 11. RELICENSING

"Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site.

"CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco, California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license published by that same organization.

"Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in part, as part of another Document.

An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this License, and if all works that were first published under this License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008.

The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.