Every installation will be presented in a standardised format published on the internet. This format will include:

* Basic information on the installation: collector surface, orientation, inclination, accumulator, number of residents;

* A site photograph;

* A schematic presentation of the installation, possibly with a photograph;

* Graphs presenting annual absorption of energy (in kWh), supporting energy source (in kWh), quantity of hot water consumed (in litres) and percentage of solar coverage month by month and annual average. This standard presentation will be used for communicating to the key players in the promotion of solar thermal energy (Energy agencies, Local Energy Information Centers, NGOs...).

This campaign will be an opportunity for the development of other communication activities: posters, press releases, information days with site visits such as the regional information day of the European programme PREDAC WP5 organised by the Energy agency ALE08 and which was the occasion for the Region to announce this campaign and the inauguration of the first formats (www.ale08.org/pages/pagespsca/psca.html).

The campaign will be for three years at the end of which it may be extended for some installations. In this case, the follow up will be effected by the local authorities for promotion of renewable energies.

## Cost of the project

This programme for promoting solar thermal energy is under the auspices of the Champagne-Ardenne Region within the framework of the Plan Soleil Regional and with the cooperation of ADEME/Region.

The investment per installation is 3588 € (all taxes included) ie for 16 installations the total cost is 57408 € (all taxes included). This cost includes the equipment, the installation, information analysis, and maintenance. The above work is done by the company Synergie Solaire. The Region undertakes the cost of the above and receives a subsidy of 28704 € from ADEME, ie 50%.

Internet site already on-line: http://www.ale08.org/

## REGIONAL COUNCIL OF CHAMPAGNE-ARDENNE

M. Laurent DUGUE
Direction de l'Aménagement
du Territoire
5, rue de Jéricho
F - 51037 Châlons
en Champagne Cedex

## ADEME Champagne-Ardenne

M. Axel WYCKHUYSE
ADEME
116, avenue de Paris
F - 51038 Châlons en
Champagne Cedex

## AGENCE LOCALE DE L'ENERGIE DES ARDENNES

M. Benoît CABY
ALE 08
La Grange aux Bois
F - 08000 Warcq
# Individual solar thermal system - Format of the Attigny site (Sud-Ardennes)

Format of the installation from
October 2002 to September 2003

* Solar collectors surface: 4,8 m²

* Orientation: South inclination West 50°.

* Inclination of collectors: 25°

* Hot water tank: 300 litres

* Supporting energy: electricity, P=2 kW

* Electricity tariff: Peak consumption prevention

<figure><img src="image_90.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_91.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_92.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_93.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_94.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_95.png" /></figure>
# Open days

## Process

Visits to sites help to improve the public awareness. This subject does not concern only solar energy but all renewable energy sources.

## Organization

* Identify different sites with solar installations, which can be visited:

* Listing ADEME, Region and Department

* Work with contractors to define the sites

* Identify responsible persons for the sites to welcome the visitors:

* Provide them literature on solar energy to be distributed to visitors

* Material for labeling

* Posters

* Feedback questionnaires concerning their visit

* Make sure there is a professional regularly during the visits

## Communication

* Organise publicity in public places, in cooperation with energy information centers.

* Importance of mouth to mouth communication. Persuade existing users of solar thermal systems to talk about in their environment.

* Visit sites popular for tourists.

* Target the invitations to local stakeholders.

* Sign post the site before the event.

## During open days

* Visit 3 to 4 well selected sites for every type of renewable energy.

* The organizers should be continuously available (telephone number) and should move between different sites (local press, answering technical questions etc).

* When organizing these days, involve as many existing users, site responsibles and participants as possible.

* Group the existing installations (different brands, different installations) so as to give a number of solutions to the visitors.

CONTACT

Damien MONOT

Alter Alsace Energies
4, rue du Maréchal Foch
68 460 LUTTERBACH

Tel: (+33-3) 89 50 06 20
www.alteralsace.org
# The regional promotion of the solar energy sector

## the club of the sector stakeholders in Alsace

### Context

The commercial and marketing strategies are not sufficient to place solar thermal energy in the market. The club of the sector players is a dynamic means to structure the regional solar sector.

### "Actors of solar energy" grouping different colleges

* Users of solar energy: individuals, communities etc

* Professionals: architects, consultancy offices, Qualisol contractors, manufacturers.

* Financiers: Banks, institutions, communities...

* Education: universities, schools, information centers

* Energy sectors: distributors of gas and electricity, local authorities

* Others: regional press and media, consumers association, association for the protection of the environment.

### The objectives

* **Bring together** individuals, communities, enterprises and associations that can participate in the promotion of solar thermal systems and elaborate an annual action plan.

* **Inform** on the initiatives, financing schemes, technologies and experiences in Alsace and other places (other experiences, Germany, Switzerland).

* **Multiply** the initiatives and the contacts in the area.

* **Promote** the activities of the members and completed solar installations.

* **Involve** new actors.

### Examples of activities

* Organise seminars for all concerned professionals (Consultants, Architects, Contractors...)

* Prepare and edit a publication promoting the activities of contractors.

* Prepare an electronic newsletter

* Amplify the presence in the region, increase awareness and information (distribute brochures in public places, organize open days etc).

* Cooperate with Qualisol contractors in order to improve the quality and reliability of installations.

* Promote the value of contractors and their work.

* Organise regional competitions (best contractor, architectural integration...).

### Alsace ...

1,7 million of inhabitants (INSEE 1999)/8280 km²/ 2 departments

2000: The Alsace Region joins the national "Plan Soleil"

* The objectives: from the year 2001 to 2006 install 2000 solar heaters or 10000m² of collectors (objective achieved by 2004)

* Financial means: 7,3 million € for the "Contrat de Plan Etat-Region 2000-2006".

* Stimulation of demand: advertisements on television, press, conferences...

* Mixed activities: creation "Acteurs du Solaire".

CONTACT

Rémy GENDRE

Région ALSACE

Avenue de la Paix 67 000 STRASBOURG

Tel: (+33-3) 88 15 69 17

remy.gendre@region-alsace.fr

<figure><img src="image_96.png" /></figure>
## ... in some numbers

<figure><img src="image_97.png" /><figcaption>m² in the community (non cumulative)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_98.png" /><figcaption>Number of Qualisol contractors in Alsace</figcaption></figure>

31 August 2003 (cumulative numbers/380= half of the heating companies in Alsace)

## Prospects

Thanks to the contribution of the European Commission in a programme of innovative actions in the field of developing renewable energies (two year programme 2004-2005), the Alsace region has set as an objective to reach 36000 m² of collectors installed by the year 2005 (19000 m² for individuals and 17000 m² for communities).

<figure><img src="image_99.png" /><figcaption>m² of SWH installed in Alsace (non cumulative)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_100.png" /><figcaption>SWH 2000-2002:</figcaption></figure>

Alsace's place (in m²/10000 inh)

## The success factors

* Environmental awareness and pollution problems (CO₂, ozone)

* Standard of living

* Mobilisation of contractors

* Transversal mobilisation (Solar energy stakeholders)

* Continuous political will (2000-2006)

* Subsidies

CONTACT

Rémy GENDRE
Région ALSACE
Avenue de la Paix 67 000 STRASBOURG
Tel: (+33-3) 88 15 69 17
remy.gendre@region-alsace.fr
# Education for energy

## Context

The known (measured) consequences as well as the suspected ones from the use of energies (greenhouse effect and other consequences of pollution, exhaustion of traditional resources, see page "argumentation") show the necessity to avoid the existing over-consumption, especially in the western world (20% of the world population consume 80% of the energy).

The daily individual savings can lead to a possible 50% saved: the choice in transport, heating, house appliances. This dimension is not shared by the individuals who consider themselves too small and unimportant in the financial system.

## Challenges

At student level, at least till the end of third grade, the major representations of energy are those of the “electricity fairy” a magical phenomenon during which you only have to press a switch to have the answer to your entertainment needs in particular. A number of people are surprised to find out that their home appliances consume energy even when they are not in use. Therefore, education has a very important role to play in making people conscious (possible ways of economies), knowledgeable (possible gestures for achieving economy without reducing comfort), know how to live (choosing the right gestures for every situation).

Children and adolescents are already big consumers in our society (this is why they are the main targets of

advertisement) and they constitute the decision makers of tomorrow, the adults have the financial means: everybody is concerned about better management to facilitate the ability of mother earth to replenish the consumed natural resources.

## Education measures

We should make education about consumption (of energies) a priority so that the public:

* **Identify** the daily uses of energy and their activities that consume energy,

* **Identify** the consequences of use of every source of energy,

* **Feel** their responsibility in consuming energy,

* **Compare** different means of satisfying personal needs and choose the ones which are less harmful to the environment,

* **Behave** rationally (whatever the personal choice, always act and buy knowing the reason).

## From words to actions

The installation of renewable energy systems is like a snowball effect. Installations either by individuals or by communities, lead to raising interest, making enquiries and finally more and more installations. Parallel to the educational measures, there are other reasons that make people think and act as above. These reasons being the prospect of economies in the long term, or simply the satisfaction of causing less pollution. That is why it is very important to link words (even educational) to action.

CONTACT

Sophie LEBOULAIRE

Alter Alsace Energies
8, rue Adolphe Seyboth
67000 STRASBOURG

Tel: (+33-3) 88 23 33 90

<figure><img src="image_101.png" /></figure>
# The guarantee of the results of the solar system

## Background

At the end of the 80s, the results of the different audits effected on the collective solar system installations were not good: the rate of breakdowns was too high. In certain regions it could reach 30% of the installations. It was easy to figure out why. The installations were very complex and were not properly maintained, not even a regular control. This situation was putting the whole solar heating system in danger in the long term, especially in the community sector. Therefore, the professionals decided to get more involved in the life of the installations. The idea to guarantee the energy produced by the solar system, beyond the proper maintenance of the components, was slowly developed. This is how, in 1988, the concept of the Guarantee of the Result (GRS) of the Solar system was implemented for the first time at the Castres Hospital. Since then, 150 installations in Europe and in other countries work according to this principle.

## The contract of GRS

The installation is provided with a supervision device which measures every month the solar energy. At the end of the year, a chart is prepared. If the energy provi-

ded by the solar system is at least 90% of the calculated energy, the measuring continues for another four years. If this is not the case, the companies have two choices:

* Repair the installations, at their own cost, so that it can reach the objectives required

* Compensate the master of the project for the deficit of the solar energy

In every case, the installation has to produce, for five consecutive years, 90% of the calculated production. The technical team (the manufacturer of solar collectors, the contractor, the consultant) is responsible for any problems caused in the cases of not obtaining the required results. Any conflicts between the enterprises could never be used as an excuse for not respecting the commitments towards the master of the project.

An all risks insurance!

An example of a GRS contract as well as follow ups of installations, can be found free of charge on the web page www.tecsol.fr.

CONTACT

André JOFFRE

TECSOL

105, avenue Alfred Kastler

66004 PERPIGNAN

Tel: (+33-4) 68 68 16 40
# Results of the GRS for 4 years:
Rhone azur medical center, Briancon

## Présentation

Collector surface : 266 m²

Size of the solar storage tank : 2 x 8000 litres

Supporting energy: Boiler with fuel

Type of circuit: Forced circulation with external refill

The follow up started on the 1st October 1997

<figure><img src="image_102.png" /></figure>

## Performance measured from 1/10/1997 to 30/9/2001 (4 years)

Daily performances measured by the monthly average.

## Results for 4 years

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>No. of months</th><th>Forecasted SHW consumpt° (litres/day)</th><th>Actual SHW consumpt° (litres/day)</th><th>Guaranteed production (kWh/day)</th><th>Solar production (kWh/day)</th><th>Ratio of forecasted hot water consumpt°/ Actual</th><th>Ratio of production Actual/ guaranteed</th><th>Solar coverage</th><th>Productivity (kWh/m²/year)</th><th>Annual production (kWh)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Measures</td><td>48</td><td>22,400</td><td>18,414</td><td>319</td><td>370</td><td>82%</td><td>116%</td><td>40%</td><td>512</td><td>544,520</td></tr><tr><td>GRS</td><td>43</td><td></td><td></td><td>354</td><td>413</td><td></td><td></td><td>116%</td><td></td><td>542,081</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Analysis of measurements

During the first two years, consumption was around the recommended level and a bit lower afterwards. The production is clearly situated above the guarantee, even if we can observe some performances during the last year which are not very good, due certainly to an irregular consumption.

## Incidents noted

Solar installation: No major incident concerning the solar installation.

Measurements and follow up: Some problems with the water meter: at the end of 1999 this meter has been temporarily removed to be used elsewhere and after that it caused a few problems. Therefore we missed some months of real measurements.

<figure><img src="image_103.png" /></figure>
# Quality and performance of the solar installations

## The FSC method: a new approach

Would anyone imagine buying a new car, without having a very good idea about its consumption in order to compare it with other models before deciding? Of course not. However, this is what happens when investing in a solar thermal installation, especially in this Combined Solar System (SSC), which, by the way, costs approximately as much as a new car. While it is easy to change the car if it happens to be a bad choice, this cannot be done with the SSC. At present, the performances given by the manufacturers, have different indicators from one system to the other, therefore any comparison is dangerous.

### Inventory of the Combined Solar Systems in Europe

In the framework of the task 26 ("Solar Combisystems") of the International Energy Agency, an inventory

carried out in the year 2000 in Europe, has shown approximately 20 different SSC. ("Combined Solar Systems in Austria, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Sweden, Switzerland, Holland and the United States: State of the art 2000" on http://www.iea-sch.org/task26/bro/bro_ix.htm). An important task of simulation between ten of them has allowed to better learn their technical performance concerning the rate of energy saving. However when we compare the results obtained from an SSC in the Netherlands made up of 5 m² of solar collectors in a 90 m² house relatively isolated, with a 120 m² isolated house equipped with a direct solar floor system in France made up of 15 m² of solar collectors the results are not comparative.

<figure><img src="image_104.png" /><figcaption>Fig.1: Fraction of solar energy consumed</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_105.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 2: Thermal energy saving rate as a function of FSC (calculated using PSD-ML software)</figcaption></figure>

## System comparison

That is why I proposed a new method of evaluating and comparing the various SSC, within the framework of 'task 26'. The objective was to determine one intrinsic characterisation of the performance of SSC independent of the climate, the hot water usage, heating needs and system dimensions. Instead of giving the performance under predetermined conditions (chosen climate, given heating and hot water costs, fixed system sizing), it is better to characterise a system with a comparative indicator already mentioned (energy saving rate Fsav) with a new indicator independent of the studied system: the Fraction of Solar Energy Consumed (FSC). This last gives a numerical value of the thermal energy saving rate of an SSC, ideal without losses. It depends only on the climate, the needs for hot water and heating and of the system size.

The main characteristics of a given system, calculated for different climates, thermal costs and surface collectors areas, are represented in a parabolic curve in a diagram energy saving rate as a function of FSC (figure 2). This curve is characteristic of a system and facilitates to

visualise easily the behaviour of a system compared to another. The results obtained through simulation show that the different systems show very similar performances concerning the recuperation and valorisation of solar supply. On the contrary, we can differentiate them by the quality of the supporting system, with a net bonus for those who use condensation, and by the quality of the insulation of the storage tank. All the results obtained by 'task 26' are available in the 'Solar Heating Systems for Houses - A Design Handbook for Solar Combisystems' published in December 2003 by James and James (Science Publishers) Ltd.

The presentation of the performances of an SSC in a parabolic relationship as in Figure 2 is extremely useful. It allows easy visualisation of the results obtained either by simulation or by laboratory tests or even by on site measurements. It also allows quick and accurate calculation of the supporting energy consumption of an SSC. The adoption of this method by all the players of the sector (manufacturers, software developers, testing laboratories) would allow the use of a common language, thus helping the progression towards better quality.

<figure><img src="image_106.png" /></figure>
ANNEXES
# The forum

Understanding that not all interested parties were able to participate directly in the programme, we have organised at the end of these seven days a discussion forum in the site PREDAC / WP5.

The following remarks are from the forum:

* Publish the procedures for securing the subsidies, for the benefit of Qualisol contractors.

* Marketing represents 80% of the price of a perfume, 30% of the price of a car and 1% of the price of a solar system. We should develop the marketing of solar systems !

* The subsidies in percentage are catastrophic for the orientation in terms of prices.

* The development of a European label for validation of the performances of solar thermal collectors will allow the acceleration of administrative procedures for certification of the collectors. However, the certification of foreign products (even of the EU) is necessary in order to make sure that the national criteria are respected.

* The market opens, "there is room for everybody". The conflicts between competitors should be avoided except when they are good for the market.

* "The environment is not on top of the list of priorities of the French. It comes second to the standard of living, security, unemployment, health etc. Their preoccupations concern the present and their way of living in the near future" (ADEME : sociologie EnR 2000).

* The technique should be easy to understand and promoted by a mediator (President of the Region, County...) in order to legitimate it.

* The involvement of the active market players of this field permits to increase the communication around thermal solar systems and give an additional legitimacy.

* "It is better to install 100 medium quality SWH than one of high quality". A range installations with lower performance but cheaper is also a possible solution for individuals. On the contrary, quality and performance should be maintained for community installations.

* The price of the SWH, with the subsidies, is still something that the French can afford, it is however and important investment.

* For a contractor, the profit margin from installing a boiler is bigger than from installing a SWH. Therefore, it is less profitable to install a solar hot water system than a boiler.

* Proposing subsidies as tax allowances would simplify the paperwork.

The forum is open and we invite you to participate by visiting the address:

http://www.cler.org/predac/

<figure><img src="image_107.png" /></figure>
# The German Programme

## General information

Population: ~85 millions

Surface area: 248 000 km²

Solar thermal collectors per inhabitant: 0,06 m²

Between the years 1995 and 2001, the market of solar thermal system in Germany has shown a growth of 30%/year.

## The reasons for success

* The various oil crisis have forced Germany to adopt a more active policy in promoting renewable energies.

* The interest of the public in questions relative to the climate changes.

* Interesting subsidies (which are now decreasing due to the increase of the market).

* An active structuring of the professional sector (they have taken advantage of the opportunity of the solar thermal sector and have updated their production tool).

* The technical reliability of the solar systems.

* The intensive communication actions (campaign "Solar-na klar!").

## The solar thermal system in figures (cumulative surface in 2000)

<table><tr><td>Collectors with glass</td><td>2399 000 m²</td></tr><tr><td>Evacuated-tube collectors</td><td>392 000 m²</td></tr><tr><td>Floor</td><td>615 000 m²</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>3 406 000 m²</td></tr><tr><td>Total energy produced in the year 2000</td><td>1 321 000 MWh</td></tr><tr><td>Total of reduction of CO₂ emission</td><td>574 000 tonnes</td></tr></table>

The community represents less than 5%.

## Involvement of target public

The main market was:

* Most of the time from the existing market, when they wanted to replace their boilers or hot water tanks in residences.

* In new residences it is not easy to persuade the owners to install a solar system as the total cost is quite high, however, their installations are flexible to accommodate future installation of the solar thermal system.

The information has been effected through:

* The "solar-na klar!" campaign

* Internet

* The regular publication of a solar barometer

## Types of products and existing applications in the German market

* 85% of the market of latest installations are glass collectors: mainly 2m² single-element panels.

* The evacuated-tube technology increases (nowadays we can find more and more tubes equipped with reflectors).

* Solar floors are more marginal applications and are mainly used for heating swimming pools.

## Applications of solar thermal systems

* In 2000, 90% of the work done was in individual homes.

* 80% of the production of hot water for household use is done with 3 to 6 m² surface solar panels.

* 20% have an increased size for heating

Approximately 4% of the houses in Germany are equipped with a solar thermal system.

* Preheating of hot water for household use in buildings, hotels, gyms or others.
* Heating network: this application is marginal. The subsidies conditions: the surface of the solar panels should be at least 1000m² and the contribution of solar energy at least 50% of the total energy needed. 7 projects have already been effected and 3 are under study.

* Refurbishment and air-conditioning: some projects for public buildings.

## Standards and existing codes

The solar panels that exist in the market are certified according to standards (validated by independent organisations). Their target is to test the durability, the resistance of tanks under pressure.

Every solar thermal panel should have a minimum productivity of 350 kWh per m².

This value is calculated either by the contractor or by a consultancy office for bigger installations.

## How much does an installation cost ?

<table><tr><td>Average installation surface</td><td>4-6 m²</td></tr><tr><td>Storage volume</td><td>300 l</td></tr><tr><td>Cost</td><td>4500 € of which 1000 € for the installation</td></tr><tr><td>Subsidies</td><td>450 €</td></tr></table>

## Research and development, present situation

Until 1998 the subsidies were granted by the ministry. Since then, we have noted a constant decrease which forces the research organisations to enter into partnerships with the industrialists. The most important programme was the "solarthermie 2000", started in 1993 and which ends in 2002. We insisted on three axis:

* Study and tests on the durability of solar collectors. These have shown that we could expect at least 20 years of useful working life for the solar installation.

* Follow up of the performances of the collective installations (for surfaces of at least 100 m² and for which subsidies were granted).

* Programme of subsidies for heating networks using solar energy only partially.

Parallel to this programme, some research was carried out by manufacturers in order to increase the efficiency of the absorbers and reduce thermal losses of the collector.

## About Marketing

In 10 years, the solar thermal energy market has increased 9 times. This has entailed big upheavals in the commercial practices of the sector.

* Initially, the distribution of solar thermal systems was effected in a small scale by motivated professionals.

* Nowadays, most of the plumbers and contractors of sanitary equipment suggest solar thermal installations.

* Moreover, big companies involved in the heating business but which were not involved in thermal energy initially, entered the market. This has created a true diffusion chain.

On the other hand, it is important to note that the various corporations involved in solar thermal systems have constantly cooperated on the strategies to be adopted.

## Solar thermal energy and savings

Approximately 8500 people work nowadays in the field of solar thermal systems:

* 2500 in the production of panels

* 6000 in sales

* Some hundreds in research

## Resistances

The reasons why not everybody today invests in solar thermal systems are:

* The exploitation of solar energy costs more than the exploitation of fuel energy.

* The architectural integration is not yet perfect.

* Consumers are not yet sensitive enough to investing for a return

* Training and assimilation of the technical aspects of solar energy are not included sufficiently in the curriculum.

<figure><img src="image_108.png" /></figure>
## Prospects in the coming years

Since the greens and the social democrats are in power several important changes have been effected: freezing of nuclear power. The targets for solar thermal energy are 1,3 million for the current year 2003 and 15 million of m² of installations by 2005.

The German solar market represents 50% of European sales.

In order to secure continuity in growth we should look into other markets.

## Description of the various financing schemes

<table><thead><tr><td>Programme /given by</td><td>Subsidy / nature of the aid scheme</td><td>Why? / target market</td><td>Comments</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>"Marktanreizprogramm" Ministry of finance</td><td>92€/m² of solar collector surface with a limit of 15% of the investment</td><td>Small systems of hot water and heating production. The target through this programme is the private investor (individuals) representing 80% of the market.</td><td>The most important subsidy programme so far.</td></tr><tr><td>"Okozulage" (eco-bonus) For new constructions</td><td>Receive 2% of the amount of the investment for a period of 8 years, i.e. 15% (max. 250 € per year) i.e. not more than 2000 €.</td><td>For new constructions. These represent 10% of the total market.</td><td>Expired in 2002</td></tr><tr><td>Special subsidies of certain provinces or local communities</td><td>The conditions vary from one case to the other, depending on the region.</td><td>It concerns the people who would not receive national subsidies.</td><td>It is not possible to include this to the national subsidies</td></tr><tr><td>"Investitionszulage" (investment bonus) in the new state</td><td>A bonus of 15%</td><td>For old houses built in East Germany before 1991.</td><td>Planned for justified requests.</td></tr><tr><td>"Solarthermie 2000" Ministry of finance</td><td>Subsidies for important installations and for networks for solar heating</td><td>Demonstration programmes for public buildings (old people homes, dormitories etc)</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Private companies can expect a reduced interest rate (depending on the reduction of CO₂ emissions as a result of the project).
# The solar law in Barcelona

## General Information

Population of Barcelona: 1500 000

Surface: 99 km²

Following the example of other big cities, Barcelona has started to have serious problems of lack of oxygen. The local authorities have therefore decided to tackle the problem dynamically in order to stop this phenomenon.

## The reasons of a success

Since 1st of August 2000, a municipal decision imposes the installation of a solar thermal heating system on every community building built or renovated as from that date. A strong action which shows the political determination of this big town of southern Europe to struggle against pollution.

The town of Barcelona unites the three necessary criteria necessary for the implementation of such a decision:

* A political will (elected representative who are motivated and believe strongly in implementing such a decision).

* A very active solar lobby (an important and active succession for the RES and the protection of the environment).

* A network of professionals able to respond to demand.

## The solar thermal system in Barcelona

Total: 14000 m²

Cumulative surface of permits given by the city between 1st August 2000 and 31st December 2002.

## Implementation of the solar law

Until the 31st of January 2001, this decision was applicable only to certain new neighbourhoods of the city, for buildings showing a consumption of hot water over 4000 litres/day.

* After the 31st of January, the volume decreased to 2000 litres/day for all the city of Barcelona.

Which means that this will also include smaller installations.

* In San Joan Despi, a small village near Barcelona, the decision is even stricter. The daily consumption of hot water for which the installation of a solar thermal system is obligatory is only 750 litres/day.

## The subsidies ?

Two types of subsidies were available for solar thermal installations in 2000:

* One from the regional government amounting to 35000 pesetas (approximately 200 €) per m² of collectors installed.

* The other one from the city and it represents 25% of the total cost of installation.

These subsidies represent approximately 50% of the price of the installation.

## The results

In the beginning, although some progress was made, the results of this municipal decision were not yet visible. Two projects of five hundred residences, four hotels and one sporting club were in line with the measures. They were the first buildings of a long list that followed.

<figure><img src="image_109.png" /></figure>
## Communication of the city around this law

We are looking to equip fifteen municipal markets, symbols of local life, with solar installations, either thermal for hot water or photovoltaic for producing electricity. This is an indication of how the city can implement energy strategies.

In this way, the municipality of Barcelona becomes a real leader in the use of renewable energies and sets the example for the new generations.

## Involvement of target public

Following a survey carried out by the Municipality, 80% of the people are ready to pay 10% more in order to use clean energies. In order to promote renewable energies, the municipality has also set up an information centre in the heart of Barcelona. The number of persons that visit this centre has doubled in one year. It has also distributed information in various colleges.

## Involvement of professionals

This decision of the municipality to impose the solar thermal systems for hot water has been doubted by the concerned professionals for a long time. Finally, after various meetings, we have realised that everybody in the sector was welcoming it.

## Is such a law foreseeable in France?

In France and generally in Europe, such an order is not legally foreseeable. It is difficult to impose to individuals, contractors and professional groups a solar solution for hot water, since this solution involves additional manufacturing costs. "It is clear, compared for example with certain French cities, that concerning the local plan in Barcelona, we have more freedom in deciding, estimates Joan Carles Lopez Lopez, director of the department of energy of the catalan capital. But, it is also clear that this decision to impose the solar thermal system depends on a strong political will."

On the other hand, imposing a feasibility study or a pre study concerning the installation of renewable energies such as solar thermal systems in community buildings, would have a considerable impact on installation and communication.

## What is the present situation concerning research and development?

Solar Barcelona is therefore on the right path. Town of culture and architecture, it insists especially on the integration of the collectors on the site. "We work a lot this problem of aesthetical, with the Municipal Residence Office, Office of Council Flats of the town, says Joan Carles Lopez. You know that aesthetical aspects change in time, however we already know that it is possible to produce successful installations". This is an aspect that we should not forget if we are looking for perfect harmony.

## Prospects for the years to come

The objective is to install 100000 m² of collectors by the end of 2003.

* This programme is also in line with the decisions announced during the conference in Kyoto, which are: the necessity to substitute 12% of fuel energy by renewable energies and decrease the CO₂ emissions by 17% in every country of the European Union.

* In Spain other towns and villages have followed the example of Barcelona and adopted such decisions.

* In the following three years, the city of Barcelona will choose among the 800 municipal buildings, those that have more needs for hot water (swimming pools, schools, sporting centers etc) and equip them with solar thermal collectors.
# Summary of the Spanish programme

## General information

Population of Spain: 40 million

Surface area: 505 000 km²

Solar collectors per inhabitant: 0.011m²

## Solar thermal system in numbers (installed surfaces in 2001) Spain

<table><tr><td>Individual homes</td><td>31351 m²</td></tr><tr><td>Communities</td><td>20006 m²</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>51357 m²</td></tr><tr><td>Accumulated in 2001</td><td>440 000 m²</td></tr><tr><td>Objective for 20010 or 2005</td><td>450 000 m²</td></tr><tr><td>Total energy produced in 2001</td><td>30 900 MWh</td></tr></table>

## How much does an installation cost?

<table><tr><td>Average surface of the installation</td><td>63 m²</td><td>6 m²</td></tr><tr><td>Volume of storage</td><td>3000 l</td><td>300 l - 500 l</td></tr><tr><td>Cost</td><td>36 000 - 45 000 €</td><td>4000 - 5000 €</td></tr><tr><td>Subsidies (IDAE - Spain)</td><td colspan="2">Between 210 and 300 €/m² (according to the efficiency) - until the end of 2002</td></tr><tr><td>Subsidies (ICAEN - Catalogne)</td><td colspan="2">92 €/m² "carpet" • 215 €/m² flate-plate • 310 €/m² evacuated-tube</td></tr></table>

## Description of the various financing schemes

<table><thead><tr><td>Programme / given by</td><td>Subsidy / nature of the aid scheme</td><td>Why? / target market</td><td>Comments</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>National</td><td><ul><li>Air-conditioning 300 €/m²</li><li>Compact system 240 €/m²</li><li>Other 210 €/m²</li></ul></td><td>Individuals, air-conditioning of swimming pools, industries using hot water, heating and air-conditioning process</td><td>Completed end of 2002<ul><li>If the coefficient of total loss is 4,5W/m²°C</li><li>If the coefficient of total loss is 9W/m²°C</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>National</td><td>Reduction of 2 to 3,5 points on the interest rates for loans. The loan can reach 96% of the total cost.</td><td rowspan="2">Individuals, air-conditioning of swimming pools, industries using hot water, heating and air-conditioning process</td><td rowspan="2">As from 1st January 2003<br>Agreement concluded between IDEAE (Spanish Energy Agency) and the ICO (Popular Credit Bank). It involves 145 M € for the promotion of Renewable Energies and the control of energy.</td></tr><tr><td>National</td><td>Grant (26% of the total cost)</td></tr><tr><td>Regional (ex: Catalogne in 2003)</td><td><ul><li>Evacuated-tubes 310 €/m²</li><li>Insulated solar collectors 215 €/m²</li><li>Solar collectors without insulation 92 €/m²</li></ul></td><td>Local communities, NGOs, public and private enterprises and all public organisations</td><td>Subsidies are available in other Spanish regions with different amounts. At local level, some municipalities offer individual subsidies.</td></tr></tbody></table>
# The Cypriot programme

## General information

Population of Spain: 651 800

Surface area: 9 251 km²

Solar thermal collectors per inhabitant: 0.86 m²

Cyprus does not have natural supply of oil. Therefore it depends strongly on imports, especially petrol. Solar energy is the only source of energy available locally.

## The reasons for success

* The manufacturers have strongly encouraged the distribution, knowing how to propose a product that responded to the needs of the public.

* Any average family can afford this investment.

* In addition, the sunny climate makes the solar energy very competitive financially, compared to other sources of energy.

The main lesson from the Cypriot experience is that a promotional campaign of the solar thermal system can only be carried out if the various government institutions and the manufacturers cooperate closely.

## The solar energy in numbers (total surface in 2001)

<table><tr><td>Glass collectors</td><td>600 000 m²</td></tr><tr><td>Total of energy produced per year</td><td>336 000 MWh</td></tr><tr><td>Total reduction in CO₂ emissions</td><td>285 600 tonnes</td></tr></table>

## Involvement of target public

Solar hot water is mainly used for individual residences and hotels.

The surface of solar panels installed is 0,86m² per inhabitant.

## Types of product and existing applications in the Cypriot market.

The majority of hot water solar systems installed for individual residences are “thermosyphons”.

Two flat surface solar panels (3m²) are connected to a hot water tank above them. The system is connected to a cold water storage tank since the times when the water supply was controlled. The hot water tank is supplied with a 3kW electric element for backup heating. All the collectors are of the glass type.

Use of solar thermal systems

* Household hot water

* Desalination

## Existing standards and codes

The government has encouraged the promotion of solar thermal systems through the “Applied Energy Centre of the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Tourism” by:

* Providing technical assistance when doing tests for materials and advising, both to manufacturers and users. This has proved beneficial especially while doing research.
* Providing technical references to the contractors.

* Advising the government on subjects concerning the rational use of energy and the development of renewable energies and carrying out studies on energy matters.

## How much does an installation cost ?

The cost of a solar thermal system for providing hot water to a residence is estimated to 600€.

The average depreciation period depends of course on a number of parameters, such as the existing resources but in relation with energy costs and studies carried out in 1995.

<table><tr><td>Average installation surface</td><td>3 m²</td></tr><tr><td>Volume of storage</td><td>200 l</td></tr><tr><td>Cost</td><td>600 €</td></tr><tr><td>Subsidies</td><td>none</td></tr></table>

The average radiation falling on a collector placed in 35° in one day, is 5,4 kWh per m². Following a test carried out in a research centre, the energy saved by every m² of solar collectors is 550 kWh/m².year.

The depreciation period is 4 years.

## Current situation on research and development

The main objectives of the energy policy are the following:

* Secure the supply of energy

* Control energy consumption and the impact on the environment

* Harmonisation of energy consumption of the island with the acquis communautaire

* Energy savings and development of renewable energies

Respond to the demand for energy and study the possibility of diversifying the resources of primary energy.

## About Marketing

The first solar thermal systems have been manufactured in the 60s.

During the first years, there was relatively no progress as the solar panels had a number of problems in design. Through development more reliable materials were used and the cost of production was lowered achieving a significant development of the market.

<figure><img src="image_110.png" /></figure>
The progress made enabled the use of more reliable materials and reduction in the costs of production favouring the development of the market

The total market penetration of solar thermal energy estimated on 1st January 1999 was 92% for residences and 50% for hotels.

Nowadays there are approximately ten companies manufacturing solar panels.

## Solar thermal systems and the economy

Approximately 300 persons work today in the solar thermal sector:

* 35000 m² of solar panels are manufactured every year

## Prospects for the years to follow

* Objective – Activities for the promotion of solar energy in hotels, industries (uses for heating and photovoltaics) – subsidies exceeding 50% of investment.

* Objective – Subsidies for the architectural integration of existing solar thermal systems in residences.

* Introduction of standards – tests for the durability for the solar heating systems and their components.

* Use of solar thermal energy for heating and cooling of buildings.

* The objective is to have 1,2 million m² of installed solar collectors by 2005.

Future cooperation with all the countries and all the organisations interested in solar thermal energy.

## Description of the various financing schemes

The government has not given any subsidies and the development of solar thermal energy has been reached through market forces. The materials used for the production are tax free.
# The information days in France 2002–2003

<table><thead><tr><td>Région</td><td>Contact local</td><td>Dates</td><td>Thèmes développés</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>LANGUEDOC-ROUSSILLON</td><td>GEFOSAT<br>Sandrine BURESI<br>(+33-4) 67 18 77 02</td><td>15 October 2002</td><td>Building contractors for private residences: commercial aspects</td></tr><tr><td>FRANCHE-COMTE</td><td>AJENA<br>Elise BRET<br>(+33-3) 84 47 81 10</td><td>06 November 2002</td><td>Green tourism and renewable energies</td></tr><tr><td>POITOU-CHARENTES</td><td>MER 17<br>Jean-Paul BLUGEON<br>(+33-5) 46 99 18 38</td><td>09 November 2002</td><td>Awareness day: Open days for the users of solar thermal systems</td></tr><tr><td>ALSACE</td><td>Alter Alsace Energies<br>Emmanuel BALLOT<br>(+33-3) 88 23 33 90</td><td>12 November 2002</td><td><ul><li>The communities and the promotion of renewable energies</li><li>The Marketing of the solar: develop its turnover with solar thermal systems</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>MIDI-PYRENÉES</td><td>Quercy Energies<br>Jean-Michel FERRY<br>(+33-5) 65 35 81 26</td><td>12 December 2002</td><td><ul><li>The departmental activity of QUALISOL</li><li>DIY under the supervision of a QUALISOL contractor</li><li>Buying in groups</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>BRETAGNE</td><td>Energ'ence<br>Paul ROCUET<br>(+33-2) 98 33 15 14</td><td>18 December 2002</td><td>Big consumers of hot water (hospitals, swimming pools, industry... )</td></tr><tr><td>CHAMPAGNES-ARDENNES</td><td>ALE des Ardennes<br>Christelle SAUVAGE<br>(+33-3) 24 59 09 15</td><td>03 June 2003</td><td>Educational operation</td></tr></tbody></table>

<figure><img src="image_111.png" /></figure>
# The ten rules of the Qualisol Charter

ADEME has decided to promote the diffusion of individual solar hot water system (SWH), by granting a “Prime SWH” (a SWH bonus) to every buyer provided that:

* The equipment follows a strict charges list

* The installation is done by a professional fitter, able to install a system adapted to the needs and to do so with care (a fitter member of the Qualisol charter).

The fitter of solar hot water systems who is a member of the Qualisol charter undertakes the obligation to provide to his customers a service according to the quality principles of the charter.

The signatory certifies that he will follow the 10 rules of the charter, known as the “10 solar points”:

1. He has the professional qualifications required, either by working people training or studies and by practical experience. He is up to date with his social and financial obligations and is professionally insured to cover the jobs that he undertakes.

2. He recommends the solar material chosen by ADEME, and relays information, brochures and documents that ADEME distributes.

3. He is first of all the consultant for the customer, helping him choose the best solutions for his personal needs, taking into account the local conditions on solar energy, the difficulties of the site, the size of the building and the available supporting energies.

4. Following a visit to the site, he submits to the customer a detailed and complete estimate in writing, with the proposed solar installation. He estimates the expected duration of execution of the project as well as the payment terms and the conditions of guarantee (minimum: two years, and ten years in the case of material incorporated in the building).

5. He informs the customer with every detail, about the procedures, especially the ones that have to be completed before starting the project, about the conditions for receiving a bonus from ADEME or other organisations and of the tax incentives.

6. After obtaining the agreement of the customer (by mutual signature of the estimate), he effects the installation respecting all the professional rules according to the instructions of the Technical Advice of the material and the specifications of the suppliers.

7. He regulates and starts the installation and then presents it to the customer. He gives him all the instructions and documents concerning maintenance and guarantee conditions.

8. He gives without delay, a detailed and complete invoice for the executed work, together with a signed certificate that the customer will need in order to request any bonuses or subsidies.

9. In case of any possible problem or malfunction, he undertakes to visit the site immediately and repair the installation under the two year guarantee.

10. ADEME or any person designated by ADEME may, following notification, inspect the work executed by the contractor.
ANNEXE 8

# SWH bonuses
## For 3 to 5m² as at 14/3/2003

For further information: www.ademe.fr

<table><thead><tr><th rowspan="2"></th><th colspan="2">Share</th><th colspan="4">Bonus for general advice</th><th>Total Bonus</th></tr><tr><th>ADEME</th><th>Région</th><th>dept 1</th><th>dept 2</th><th>dept 3</th><th>Without dept</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Alsace</td><td>685</td><td>685</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1370</td></tr><tr><td>Aquitaine</td><td>690</td><td>690</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1380</td></tr><tr><td>Auvergne</td><td>920</td><td>800</td><td>D43</td><td>460</td><td>D03</td><td>460</td><td>1720</td></tr><tr><td>Bourgogne</td><td>920</td><td>920</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1840</td></tr><tr><td>Bretagne</td><td>320</td><td>460</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1380</td></tr><tr><td>Centre</td><td>920</td><td>920</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1840</td></tr><tr><td>Champagne-A</td><td>915</td><td>915</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1830</td></tr><tr><td>Corse</td><td>520</td><td>520</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1360</td></tr><tr><td>Franche-Comté</td><td>920</td><td>920</td><td>D25</td><td>920</td><td>D90</td><td>920</td><td>1840</td></tr><tr><td>Ile de France</td><td>920</td><td>0</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>920</td></tr><tr><td>Languedoc Rouss.</td><td>690</td><td>690</td><td>D66</td><td>200</td><td></td><td></td><td>1380</td></tr><tr><td>Limousin</td><td>920</td><td>600</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1520</td></tr><tr><td>Lorraine</td><td>700</td><td>700</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1400</td></tr><tr><td>Midi Pyrénées</td><td>865</td><td>915</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1780</td></tr><tr><td>Nord Pas de Calais</td><td>690</td><td>690</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1380</td></tr><tr><td>Basse Normandie</td><td>648</td><td>648</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1296</td></tr><tr><td>Haute Normandie</td><td>920</td><td>920</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1840</td></tr><tr><td>Pays de la Loire</td><td>920</td><td>460</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1380</td></tr><tr><td>Picardie</td><td>920</td><td>920</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1840</td></tr><tr><td>Poitou Charente</td><td>920</td><td>920</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1840</td></tr><tr><td>PACA</td><td>700</td><td>0</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>700</td></tr><tr><td>Rhône Alpes</td><td>700</td><td>763</td><td>D26</td><td>500 et D07</td><td>D38</td><td>460</td><td>D73</td><td>300</td><td>1463</td></tr><tr><td>Average</td><td>815</td><td>684</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1500</td></tr><tr><td>Share</td><td>54%</td><td>46%</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

<figure><img src="image_112.png" /></figure>
# Contacts

## GERMANY

### door2energy

Contact: Olivier Drücke
Tel: (+49-8) 951 729 640
o.druecke@door2energy.com

## CYPRUS

### Research & Development
Center Intercollege
Unit of Environnemental
Studies (UES)

P.O. BOX 24005
CY-1700 NICOSIA
Tel: (+35-7) 2 355 560
Contact: Virginia Avgoustinaki
ecognos@intercol.ac.cy

## SPAIN

### Ecoserveis

Via Laietana 15, 3r 4L
08003 Barcelona
Tel: (+34-93) 319 35 86
Contact: Josep Puig
ecoserv@eic.ictnet.es

## FRANCE

### Alter Alsace Energies

4, rue du maréchal Foch
68460 Lutterbach
Tel: (+33-3) 89 50 06 20
www.altersace.org
Contact: Emmanuel Ballot,
Laurent Atienza
info@alteralsace.org

### Comité de Liaison Energies
Renouvelables (CLER)

2B, rue Jules Ferry
93100 Montreuil
www.cler.org
Tel: (+33-1) 55 86 80 00
Contact: Emmanuel Poussard
predac@cler.org
<figure><img src="image_113.png" /></figure>
# Notice to the reader

A great deal of information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa.eu.int).

The overall objective of the European Union's energy policy is to help ensure sustainable energy system for Europe's citizens and businesses, by supporting and promoting secure energy supplies of high service quality at competitive prices and in an environmentally compatible way. The European Commission's Directorate-General for Energy and Transport initiates, coordinates and manages energy policy actions at transnational level in the fields of solid fuels, oil and gas, electricity, nuclear energy, renewable energy sources and the efficient use of energy.
The most important actions concern maintaining and enhancing security of energy supply and international cooperation, strengthening the integrity of energy markets and promoting sustainable development in the energy field.

A central policy instrument is its support and promotion of energy research, technological development and demonstration, principally through the Energie sub-programme (jointly managed with the Directorate-General for Research) within the theme "Energy, environment and sustainable development" under the European Union's fifth framework programme for RTD.
This contributes to sustainable development by focusing on key activities crucial for social well-being and economic competitiveness in Europe.

Other programmes managed by the Directorate-General for Energy and Transport, such as SAVE, Altener and Synergy, focus on accelerating the market uptake of cleaner and more efficient energy systems through legal, administrative, promotional and structural change measures on a trans-regional basis.
As part of the wider energy framework programme, they logically complement and reinforce the impacts of Energie.

The Internet web site address for the fifth framework programme is :
http://www.cordis.lu/fp5/home.html

Further information on Energy and Transport DG activities is available at the Internet web site address :
http://europa.eu.int/comm/dgs/energy_transport/index_en.html

The European Commission
Directorate-General for Energy and Transport

Rue de la Loi / Wetstraat 200
B-1 049 Brussels
Fax (32-2) 2 956 118
TREN-info@cec.eu.int
<figure><img src="image_114.png" /></figure>

Predac

gathers actions to :

> promote Energy Efficiency to a diverse public,

> provide sector-employees with relevant information about new solutions and best European practice

### Local development

The involvement of local protagonists is highly important for future development in this field, their role in the field of sustainable development is vital.

### 11 Working Groups, 23 organisations from 10 countries

> The first three actions are cross-subjects :
Local investment into Renewable Energy (RE) ;
Development of emerging jobs ;
Functioning of local energy information centres.

> The next five actions are directed to specific fields :
the implementation of a BioClimatic building label ;
the promotion of solar and photovoltaic technologies to SMEs ; the evaluation of the environmental impact of Small HydroPower and the improvement of the social acceptance of Wind Power.

> The three last actions concern communication :
the creation of a website, editing articles in the European specialised Press, development of a documentation centre.

Contact : **predac@cler.org**

> More information
downloadable guides and leaflets,
on-line library, European Job bursary :

http://www.cler.org/predac