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Tobajas, J., Descalzo, E., Mateo, R., & Ferreras, P. (2020). Reducing nest predation of ground-nesting birds through conditioned food aversion. *Biological Conservation*, 242, 108405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108405

Tobajas, J., Gómez-Ramírez, P., María-Mojica, P., Navas, I., García-Fernández, A. J., Ferreras, P., & Mateo, R. (2019). Selection of new chemicals to be used in conditioned aversion for non-lethal preparation control. *Behavioural Processes*, 166, 103905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2019.103905

Tobajas, J., Ruiz-Aguilera, M. J., López-Bao, J. V., Ferreras, P., & Mateo, R. (2020). The effectiveness of conditioned aversion in wolves: Insights from experimental tests. *Behavioural Processes*, 181, 104259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2020.104259
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Sarabian, C., Belais, R., & MacIntosh, A. J. J. (2021). Avoidance of contaminated food correlates with low protozoan infection in bonobos. *Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution*, 9, 651159. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.651159

Sarabian, C., Curtis, V., & McMullan, R. (2018). Evolution of pathogen and parasite avoidance behaviours†. *Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences*, 373(1751), 20170256. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0256

Sarabian, C., MacIntosh, A., & Adachi, I. (2021). Exploring the effects of disgust-related images on cognition in chimpanzees. *Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society*, 43, 3275. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6415b97q

Sarabian, C., & MacIntosh, A. J. J. (2015). Hygienic tendencies correlate with low geohelminth infection in free-ranging macaques. *Biology Letters*, 11(11), 20150757. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0757

Sarabian, C., Ngoubangoye, B., & MacIntosh, A. J. J. (2017). Avoidance of biological contaminants through sight, smell and touch in chimpanzees. *Royal Society Open Science*, 4(11), 170968. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170968

Sarabian, C., Ngoubangoye, B., & MacIntosh, A. J. J. (2020). Divergent strategies in faeces avoidance between two cercopithecoid primates. *Royal Society Open Science*, 7(3), 191861. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.191861

Schaller, M., Miller, G. E., Gervais, W. M., Yager, S., & Chen, E. (2010). Mere visual perception of other People's disease symptoms facilitates a more aggressive immune response. *Psychological Science*, 21(5), 649–652. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797610368064

Schaller, M., & Park, J. H. (2011). The behavioral immune system (and why it matters). *Current Directions in Psychological Science*, 20(2), 99–103. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721411402596

Schier, L., Hyde, K., & Spector, A. (2019). Conditioned taste aversion versus avoidance: A re-examination of the separate processes hypothesis. *PLoS ONE*, 14, e0217458. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217458

Schmidt, A. E., Ballard, G., Lescroël, A., Dugger, K. M., Jongsomjit, D., Elrod, M. L., & Ainley, D. G. (2021). The influence of subcolony-scale nesting habitat on the reproductive success of Adélie penguins. *Scientific Reports*, 11(1), 15380. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-94861-7

Schofield, D., Nagrani, A., Zisserman, A., Hayashi, M., Matsuzawa, T., Biro, D., & Carvalho, S. (2019). Chimpanzee face recognition from videos in the wild using deep learning. *Science Advances*, 5(9), eaaw0736. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaw0736

Shaffer, J., Khadka, K., Van Den Hoek, J., & Naithani, K. (2019). Human-elephant conflict: A review of current management strategies and future directions. *Fontiers in Ecology & Evolution*, 6, 235. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2018.00235

Sherwin, C. M., Heyes, C. M., & Nicol, C. J. (2002). Social learning influences the preferences of domestic hens for novel food. *Animal Behaviour*, 63(5), 933–942. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.2002.2000

Sillero-Ríos, J., Sureda, A., Capó, X., Oliver-Codorniú, M., & Arechavalal-Lopez, P. (2018). Biomarkers of physiological responses of *Octopus vulgaris* to different coastal environments in the western Mediterranean Sea. *Marine Pollution Bulletin*, 128, 240–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.01.032

Smith, B. P., Snijders, L., Tobajas, J., Whitehouse-Tedd, K., van Bommel, L., Pitcher, B., St Clair, C., Appleby, R., Jordan, N., & Greggor, A. (2022). Deterring and repelling wildlife. In B. Smith, H. Waudby, C. Alberthsen, & J. Hampton (Eds.), *Wildlife research in Australia: A practical guide*. CSIRO Publishing.

Snijders, L., Thierij, N. M., Appleby, R., St. Clair, C. C., & Tobajas, J. (2021). Conditioned taste aversion as a tool for mitigating human-wildlife conflicts. *Frontiers in Conservation Science*, 2, 7444704. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcosc.2021.7444704

Soussignan, R., Schaal, B., Marlier, L., & Jiang, T. (1997). Facial and autonomic responses to biological and artificial olfactory stimuli in human neonates: Re-examining early hedonic discrimination of odors. *Physiology & Behavior*, 62(4), 745–758. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9384(97)00187-X

Speed, L. J., Atkinson, H., Wnuk, E., & Majid, A. (2021). The sound of smell: Associating odor valence with disgust sounds. *Cognitive Science*, 45(5), e12980. https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12980

Spurrier, M. F., Boyce, M. S., & Manly, B. F. (1991). Effects of parasites on mate choice by captive sage grouse. In J. E. Loye (Ed.), *Bird-parasite interactions: Ecology, evolution and behaviour* (pp. 389–392). Oxford University Press.

Steiner, J. E., Glaser, D., Hawilo, M. E., & Berridge, K. C. (2001). Comparative expression of hedonic impact: Affective reactions to taste by human infants and other primates. *Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews*, 25(1), 53–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-7634(00)00051-8

Stevenson, R. J., Hodgson, D., Oaten, M. J., Barouei, J., & Case, T. I. (2011). The effect of disgust on oral immune function. *Psychophysiology*, 48(7), 900–907. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01165.x

Stockmaier, S., Bolnick, D. I., Page, R. A., & Carter, G. G. (2020). Sickness effects on social interactions depend on the type of behaviour and relationship. *Journal of Animal Ecology*, 89(6), 1387–1394. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13193

Suraci, J. P., Clinchy, M., Mugerwa, B., Delsey, M., Macdonald, D. W., Smith, J. A., Wilmers, C. C., & Zanette, L. Y. (2017). A new automated behavioural response system to integrate playback experiments into camera trap studies. *Methods in Ecology and Evolution*, 8(8), 957–964. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12711

Sykes, A., Almansa, E., Ponte, G., Cooke, G., & Andrews, P. (2020). Can cephalopods vomit? Hypothesis based on a review of circumstantial evidence and preliminary experimental observations. *Frontiers in Physiology*, 11, 765. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2020.00765/full

Szabo, B., Valencia-Aguilar, A., Damas-Moreira, I., & Ringler, E. (2022). Wild cognition – Linking form and function of cognitive abilities within a natural context. *Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences*, 44, 101115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2022.101115

Thirgood, S., Woodroffe, R., & Rabinowitz, A. (2005). The impact of human-wildlife conflict on human lives and livelihoods. In R. Woodroffe, S. Thirgood, & A. Rabinowitz (Eds.), *People and wildlife, conflict or Co-existence*? (pp. 13–26). Cambridge University Press.

Thorgood, R., Kokko, H., & Mappes, J. (2018). Social transmission of avoidance among predators facilitates the spread of novel prey. *Nature Ecology & Evolution*, 2(2), 254–261. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0418-x

Thuppil, V., & Coss, R. G. (2016). Playback of felid growls mitigates crop-raiding by elephants *Elephas maximus* in southern India. *Oryx*, 50(2), 329–335. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605314000635

Tobajas, J., Descalzo, E., Mateo, R., & Ferreras, P. (2020). Reducing nest predation of ground-nesting birds through conditioned food aversion. *Biological Conservation*, 242, 108405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108405

Tobajas, J., Gómez-Ramírez, P., María-Mojica, P., Navas, I., García-Fernández, A. J., Ferreras, P., & Mateo, R. (2019). Selection of new chemicals to be used in conditioned aversion for non-lethal preparation control. *Behavioural Processes*, 166, 103905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2019.103905

Tobajas, J., Ruiz-Aguilera, M. J., López-Bao, J. V., Ferreras, P., & Mateo, R. (2020). The effectiveness of conditioned aversion in wolves: Insights from experimental tests. *Behavioural Processes*, 181, 104259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2020.104259
Traniello, J. F. A., Rosengaus, R. B., & Savoie, K. (2002). The development of immunity in a social insect: Evidence for the group facilitation of disease resistance. *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America*, 99(10), 6838–6842. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.102176599

Tuia, D., Kellenberger, B., Beery, S., Costelloe, B. R., Zuffi, S., Risse, B., Mathis, A., Mathis, M. W., van Langevelde, F., Burghardt, T., Kays, R., Klinck, H., Wikelski, M., Couzin, I. D., van Horn, G., Crofoot, M. C., Stewart, C. V., & Berger-Wolf, T. (2022). Perspectives in machine learning for wildlife conservation. *Nature Communications*, 13(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-27980-y

Turcsán, B., Szánthó, F., Miklósi, Á., & Kubinyi, E. (2015). Fetching what the owner prefers? Dogs recognize disgust and happiness in human behaviour. *Animal Cognition*, 18(1), 83–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-014-0779-3

Tybur, J. M., Frankenhuis, W. E., & Pollet, T. V. (2014). Behavioral immune system methods: Surveying the present to shape the future. *Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences*, 8(4), 274–283. https://doi.org/10.1037/ebs0000017

Tybur, J. M., Lieberman, D., & Griskevicius, V. (2009). Microbes, mating, and morality: Individual differences in three functional domains of disgust. *Journal of Personality and Social Psychology*, 97(1), 103–122. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015474

Tybur, J. M., Lieberman, D., Kurzban, R., & DeScioli, P. (2013). Disgust: Evolved function and structure. *Psychological Review*, 120(1), 65–84. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030778

Valenta, K., Schmitt, M. H., Ayasse, M., & Nevo, O. (2021). The sensory ecology of fear: African elephants show aversion to olfactory predictor signals. *Conservation Science and Practice*, 3(2), e333. https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.333

Varsani, A., Porzig, E. L., Jennings, S., Kraberger, S., Farkas, K., Julian, L., Massaro, M., Ballard, G., & Ainley, D. G. Y. (2015). Identification of an avian polyomavirus associated with Adélie penguins (*Pygoscelis adeliae*). *Journal of General Virology*, 96(4), 851–857. https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.000038

Vogel, S. M., de Boer, W. F., Masake, M., Songhurst, A. C., McCulloch, G., Stronza, A., Henley, M. D., & Coulson, T. (2019). Do African savanna elephants (*Loxodonta africana*) eat crops because they crave micro-nutrients? *bioRxiv*, 673392. https://doi.org/10.1101/673392

Walton, B. J., Findlay, L. J., & Hill, R. A. (2021). Insights into short- and long-term crop-foraging strategies in a chacma baboon (*Papio

ursinus) from GPS and accelerometer data. *Ecology and Evolution*, 11(2), 990–1001. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.7114

Weinstein, S., Buck, J., & Young, H. (2018). A landscape of disgust. *Science*, 359(6381), 1213–1214. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aas8694

Whittier, C., Nutter, F., Johnson, F., Cross, P., & Lloyd-Smith, J. (2021). Population structure, intergroup interaction, and human contact govern infectious disease impacts in mountain gorilla populations. *American Journal of Primatology*, 84(4-5), e23350. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23350

Wilmers, C. C., Nickel, B., Bryce, C. M., Smith, J. A., Wheat, R. E., & Yovovich, V. (2015). The golden age of bio-logging: How animal-borne sensors are advancing the frontiers of ecology. *Ecology*, 96(7), 1741–1753. https://doi.org/10.1890/14-1401.1

Zhang, Y., Song, T., Jin, Q., Huang, Y., Tang, X., Sun, X., Liu, F., Zhang, Z., & Bao, W. (2020). Status of an alien turtle in city park waters and its potential threats to local biodiversity: The red-eared slider in Beijing. *Urban Ecosystem*, 23(1), 147–157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-019-00897-z

## SUPPORTING INFORMATION

Additional supporting information can be found online in the Supporting Information section at the end of this article.

<caption>**Table S1.** Summary of parasite/pathogen avoidance strategies in wild animals.</caption>

<caption>**Table S2.** Species/taxa examples for the applications of disgust to wildlife management and conservation.</caption>

**How to cite this article:** Sarabian, C., Wilkinson, A., Sigaud, M., Kano, F., Tobajas, J., Darmaillacq, A.-S., Kalema-Zikusoka, G., Plotnik, J. M., & MacIntosh, A. J. J. (2023). Disgust in animals and the application of disease avoidance to wildlife management and conservation. *Journal of Animal Ecology*, 92, 1489–1508. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13903
Traniello, J. F. A., Rosengaus, R. B., & Savoie, K. (2002). The development of immunity in a social insect: Evidence for the group facilitation of disease resistance. *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America*, 99(10), 6838–6842. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.102176599

Tuia, D., Kellenberger, B., Beery, S., Costelloe, B. R., Zuffi, S., Risse, B., Mathis, A., Mathis, M. W., van Langevelde, F., Burghardt, T., Kays, R., Klinck, H., Wikelski, M., Couzin, I. D., van Horn, G., Crofoot, M. C., Stewart, C. V., & Berger-Wolf, T. (2022). Perspectives in machine learning for wildlife conservation. *Nature Communications*, 13(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-27980-y

Turcsán, B., Szánthó, F., Miklósi, Á., & Kubinyi, E. (2015). Fetching what the owner prefers? Dogs recognize disgust and happiness in human behaviour. *Animal Cognition*, 18(1), 83–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-014-0779-3

Tybur, J. M., Frankenhuis, W. E., & Pollet, T. V. (2014). Behavioral immune system methods: Surveying the present to shape the future. *Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences*, 8(4), 274–283. https://doi.org/10.1037/ebs0000017

Tybur, J. M., Lieberman, D., & Griskevicius, V. (2009). Microbes, mating, and morality: Individual differences in three functional domains of disgust. *Journal of Personality and Social Psychology*, 97(1), 103–122. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015474

Tybur, J. M., Lieberman, D., Kurzban, R., & DeScioli, P. (2013). Disgust: Evolved function and structure. *Psychological Review*, 120(1), 65–84. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030778

Valenta, K., Schmitt, M. H., Ayasse, M., & Nevo, O. (2021). The sensory ecology of fear: African elephants show aversion to olfactory predictor signals. *Conservation Science and Practice*, 3(2), e333. https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.333

Varsani, A., Porzig, E. L., Jennings, S., Kraberger, S., Farkas, K., Julian, L., Massaro, M., Ballard, G., & Ainley, D. G. Y. (2015). Identification of an avian polyomavirus associated with Adélie penguins (*Pygoscelis adeliae*). *Journal of General Virology*, 96(4), 851–857. https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.000038

Vogel, S. M., de Boer, W. F., Masake, M., Songhurst, A. C., McCulloch, G., Stronza, A., Henley, M. D., & Coulson, T. (2019). Do African savanna elephants (*Loxodonta africana*) eat crops because they crave micro-nutrients? *bioRxiv*, 673392. https://doi.org/10.1101/673392

Walton, B. J., Findlay, L. J., & Hill, R. A. (2021). Insights into short- and long-term crop-foraging strategies in a chacma baboon (*Papio

ursinus) from GPS and accelerometer data. *Ecology and Evolution*, 11(2), 990–1001. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.7114

Weinstein, S., Buck, J., & Young, H. (2018). A landscape of disgust. *Science*, 359(6381), 1213–1214. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aas8694

Whittier, C., Nutter, F., Johnson, F., Cross, P., & Lloyd-Smith, J. (2021). Population structure, intergroup interaction, and human contact govern infectious disease impacts in mountain gorilla populations. *American Journal of Primatology*, 84(4-5), e23350. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23350

Wilmers, C. C., Nickel, B., Bryce, C. M., Smith, J. A., Wheat, R. E., & Yovovich, V. (2015). The golden age of bio-logging: How animal-borne sensors are advancing the frontiers of ecology. *Ecology*, 96(7), 1741–1753. https://doi.org/10.1890/14-1401.1

Zhang, Y., Song, T., Jin, Q., Huang, Y., Tang, X., Sun, X., Liu, F., Zhang, Z., & Bao, W. (2020). Status of an alien turtle in city park waters and its potential threats to local biodiversity: The red-eared slider in Beijing. *Urban Ecosystem*, 23(1), 147–157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-019-00897-z

## SUPPORTING INFORMATION

Additional supporting information can be found online in the Supporting Information section at the end of this article.

<caption>**Table S1.** Summary of parasite/pathogen avoidance strategies in wild animals.</caption>

<caption>**Table S2.** Species/taxa examples for the applications of disgust to wildlife management and conservation.</caption>

**How to cite this article:** Sarabian, C., Wilkinson, A., Sigaud, M., Kano, F., Tobajas, J., Darmaillacq, A.-S., Kalema-Zikusoka, G., Plotnik, J. M., & MacIntosh, A. J. J. (2023). Disgust in animals and the application of disease avoidance to wildlife management and conservation. *Journal of Animal Ecology*, 92, 1489–1508. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13903