Study name

Statistics for each study

Std diff in means and 95%CI

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>Std diff in means</th><th>Standard error</th><th>Variance</th><th>Lower limit</th><th>Upper limit</th><th>Z-Value</th><th>p-Value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Hausswirth et al., 2012 (1)</td><td>0.527</td><td>0.276</td><td>0.076</td><td>-0.013</td><td>1.067</td><td>1.912</td><td>0.056</td></tr><tr><td>Hausswirth et al., 2012 (2)</td><td>0.025</td><td>0.258</td><td>0.067</td><td>-0.481</td><td>0.531</td><td>0.096</td><td>0.923</td></tr><tr><td>Hammond et al., 2020 (1)</td><td>-0.050</td><td>0.334</td><td>0.111</td><td>-0.704</td><td>0.604</td><td>-0.150</td><td>0.880</td></tr><tr><td>Hammond et al., 2020 (2)</td><td>0.095</td><td>0.354</td><td>0.126</td><td>-0.600</td><td>0.789</td><td>0.267</td><td>0.789</td></tr><tr><td>Hammond et al., 2020 (3)</td><td>0.009</td><td>0.243</td><td>0.059</td><td>-0.466</td><td>0.484</td><td>0.038</td><td>0.970</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (1)</td><td>2.986</td><td>0.739</td><td>0.546</td><td>1.538</td><td>4.434</td><td>4.042</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (2)</td><td>-0.159</td><td>0.318</td><td>0.101</td><td>-0.782</td><td>0.465</td><td>-0.499</td><td>0.618</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (3)</td><td>0.039</td><td>0.316</td><td>0.100</td><td>-0.581</td><td>0.659</td><td>0.124</td><td>0.901</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (4)</td><td>-0.009</td><td>0.316</td><td>0.100</td><td>-0.628</td><td>0.611</td><td>-0.027</td><td>0.978</td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (1)</td><td>0.672</td><td>0.202</td><td>0.041</td><td>0.276</td><td>1.068</td><td>3.323</td><td>0.001</td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (2)</td><td>0.562</td><td>0.196</td><td>0.039</td><td>0.177</td><td>0.947</td><td>2.862</td><td>0.004</td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (3)</td><td>0.781</td><td>0.209</td><td>0.043</td><td>0.372</td><td>1.190</td><td>3.744</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (4)</td><td>0.844</td><td>0.213</td><td>0.045</td><td>0.428</td><td>1.261</td><td>3.971</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (5)</td><td>1.022</td><td>0.225</td><td>0.051</td><td>0.580</td><td>1.463</td><td>4.536</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (6)</td><td>0.970</td><td>0.221</td><td>0.049</td><td>0.536</td><td>1.404</td><td>4.382</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (7)</td><td>0.807</td><td>0.210</td><td>0.044</td><td>0.395</td><td>1.220</td><td>3.841</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (8)</td><td>0.882</td><td>0.215</td><td>0.046</td><td>0.461</td><td>1.304</td><td>4.100</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Guttell et al., 2017 (1)</td><td>-0.090</td><td>0.317</td><td>0.100</td><td>-0.711</td><td>0.531</td><td>-0.283</td><td>0.777</td></tr><tr><td>Guttell et al., 2017 (2)</td><td>-0.670</td><td>0.350</td><td>0.122</td><td>-1.356</td><td>0.015</td><td>-1.916</td><td>0.055</td></tr><tr><td>Guttell et al., 2017 (3)</td><td>-0.347</td><td>0.326</td><td>0.106</td><td>-0.985</td><td>0.291</td><td>-1.065</td><td>0.287</td></tr><tr><td>Guttell et al., 2017 (4)</td><td>-0.850</td><td>0.369</td><td>0.136</td><td>-1.574</td><td>-0.127</td><td>-2.305</td><td>0.021</td></tr><tr><td>Guttell et al., 2017 (5)</td><td>-0.567</td><td>0.341</td><td>0.116</td><td>-1.235</td><td>0.101</td><td>-1.664</td><td>0.096</td></tr><tr><td>Guttell et al., 2017 (6)</td><td>-0.832</td><td>0.367</td><td>0.135</td><td>-1.551</td><td>-0.113</td><td>-2.268</td><td>0.023</td></tr><tr><td>Guttell et al., 2017 (7)</td><td>-0.756</td><td>0.359</td><td>0.129</td><td>-1.459</td><td>-0.053</td><td>-2.108</td><td>0.035</td></tr><tr><td>Guttell et al., 2017 (8)</td><td>-1.443</td><td>0.452</td><td>0.204</td><td>-2.329</td><td>-0.558</td><td>-3.194</td><td>0.001</td></tr><tr><td>Guttell et al., 2017 (9)</td><td>0.658</td><td>0.390</td><td>0.152</td><td>-0.107</td><td>1.422</td><td>1.687</td><td>0.092</td></tr><tr><td>Guttell et al., 2017 (10)</td><td>0.378</td><td>0.366</td><td>0.134</td><td>-0.339</td><td>1.095</td><td>1.033</td><td>0.302</td></tr><tr><td>Guttell et al., 2017 (11)</td><td>0.218</td><td>0.358</td><td>0.128</td><td>-0.483</td><td>0.919</td><td>0.610</td><td>0.542</td></tr><tr><td>Guttell et al., 2017 (12)</td><td>-0.189</td><td>0.357</td><td>0.127</td><td>-0.888</td><td>0.510</td><td>-0.530</td><td>0.596</td></tr><tr><td>Guttell et al., 2017 (13)</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.354</td><td>0.125</td><td>-0.693</td><td>0.693</td><td>0.000</td><td>1.000</td></tr><tr><td>Guttell et al., 2017 (14)</td><td>0.218</td><td>0.358</td><td>0.128</td><td>-0.483</td><td>0.919</td><td>0.610</td><td>0.542</td></tr><tr><td>Guttell et al., 2017 (15)</td><td>-0.218</td><td>0.358</td><td>0.128</td><td>-0.919</td><td>0.483</td><td>-0.610</td><td>0.542</td></tr><tr><td>Guttell et al., 2017 (16)</td><td>-0.189</td><td>0.357</td><td>0.127</td><td>-0.888</td><td>0.510</td><td>-0.530</td><td>0.596</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (1)</td><td>0.349</td><td>0.297</td><td>0.088</td><td>-0.234</td><td>0.932</td><td>1.174</td><td>0.240</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (2)</td><td>-0.198</td><td>0.291</td><td>0.085</td><td>-0.769</td><td>0.373</td><td>-0.679</td><td>0.497</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (3)</td><td>-0.290</td><td>0.295</td><td>0.087</td><td>-0.867</td><td>0.288</td><td>-0.983</td><td>0.326</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (4)</td><td>0.579</td><td>0.312</td><td>0.097</td><td>-0.032</td><td>1.190</td><td>1.856</td><td>0.063</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (5)</td><td>-0.024</td><td>0.289</td><td>0.083</td><td>-0.590</td><td>0.541</td><td>-0.085</td><td>0.932</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (6)</td><td>0.056</td><td>0.289</td><td>0.083</td><td>-0.510</td><td>0.622</td><td>0.194</td><td>0.846</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (7)</td><td>0.770</td><td>0.329</td><td>0.108</td><td>0.125</td><td>1.414</td><td>2.342</td><td>0.019</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (8)</td><td>0.097</td><td>0.289</td><td>0.084</td><td>-0.470</td><td>0.664</td><td>0.335</td><td>0.738</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (9)</td><td>0.364</td><td>0.298</td><td>0.089</td><td>-0.221</td><td>0.948</td><td>1.220</td><td>0.222</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (10)</td><td>0.704</td><td>0.322</td><td>0.104</td><td>0.072</td><td>1.336</td><td>2.184</td><td>0.029</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (11)</td><td>-0.137</td><td>0.290</td><td>0.084</td><td>-0.706</td><td>0.431</td><td>-0.473</td><td>0.636</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (12)</td><td>0.222</td><td>0.292</td><td>0.085</td><td>-0.351</td><td>0.795</td><td>0.760</td><td>0.447</td></tr><tr><td>P.Zalewski et al., 2014 (1)</td><td>0.153</td><td>0.201</td><td>0.040</td><td>-0.241</td><td>0.547</td><td>0.761</td><td>0.447</td></tr><tr><td>P.Zalewski et al., 2014 (2)</td><td>0.449</td><td>0.210</td><td>0.044</td><td>0.038</td><td>0.861</td><td>2.142</td><td>0.032</td></tr><tr><td>P.Zalewski et al., 2014 (3)</td><td>0.446</td><td>0.210</td><td>0.044</td><td>0.035</td><td>0.857</td><td>2.126</td><td>0.034</td></tr><tr><td>Zalewski et al., 2013 (1)</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.183</td><td>0.033</td><td>-0.358</td><td>0.358</td><td>0.000</td><td>1.000</td></tr><tr><td>Zalewski et al., 2013 (2)</td><td>0.347</td><td>0.188</td><td>0.035</td><td>-0.022</td><td>0.715</td><td>1.844</td><td>0.065</td></tr><tr><td>Zalewski et al., 2013 (3)</td><td>0.322</td><td>0.187</td><td>0.035</td><td>-0.045</td><td>0.689</td><td>1.720</td><td>0.085</td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and suska, 2011 (1)</td><td>1.076</td><td>0.199</td><td>0.039</td><td>0.686</td><td>1.465</td><td>5.415</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and suska, 2011 (2)</td><td>0.591</td><td>0.171</td><td>0.029</td><td>0.255</td><td>0.927</td><td>3.448</td><td>0.001</td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and suska, 2011 (3)</td><td>0.230</td><td>0.160</td><td>0.026</td><td>-0.084</td><td>0.544</td><td>1.437</td><td>0.151</td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and Szegula, 2010 (1)</td><td>0.890</td><td>0.236</td><td>0.056</td><td>0.427</td><td>1.353</td><td>3.766</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and Szegula, 2010 (2)</td><td>0.315</td><td>0.205</td><td>0.042</td><td>-0.086</td><td>0.717</td><td>1.539</td><td>0.124</td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and Szegula, 2010 (3)</td><td>0.718</td><td>0.224</td><td>0.050</td><td>0.279</td><td>1.158</td><td>3.203</td><td>0.001</td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and Szegula, 2010 (4)</td><td>0.800</td><td>0.230</td><td>0.053</td><td>0.350</td><td>1.250</td><td>3.482</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (1)</td><td>0.062</td><td>0.317</td><td>0.100</td><td>-0.558</td><td>0.683</td><td>0.196</td><td>0.844</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (2)</td><td>0.039</td><td>0.316</td><td>0.100</td><td>-0.581</td><td>0.659</td><td>0.124</td><td>0.901</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (3)</td><td>0.656</td><td>0.349</td><td>0.122</td><td>-0.027</td><td>1.340</td><td>1.883</td><td>0.060</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (4)</td><td>0.474</td><td>0.334</td><td>0.111</td><td>-0.180</td><td>1.128</td><td>1.421</td><td>0.155</td></tr><tr><td>Coppi et al., 2022</td><td>0.881</td><td>0.373</td><td>0.139</td><td>0.151</td><td>1.611</td><td>2.364</td><td>0.018</td></tr><tr><td>Rose et al., 2023 (2)</td><td>1.223</td><td>0.441</td><td>0.194</td><td>0.359</td><td>2.087</td><td>2.776</td><td>0.006</td></tr><tr><td>Muller et al., 2012 (1)</td><td>0.283</td><td>0.340</td><td>0.116</td><td>-0.383</td><td>0.950</td><td>0.834</td><td>0.404</td></tr><tr><td>Muller et al., 2012 (2)</td><td>-0.115</td><td>0.334</td><td>0.112</td><td>-0.771</td><td>0.540</td><td>-0.345</td><td>0.730</td></tr><tr><td>Muller et al., 2012 (3)</td><td>-0.198</td><td>0.337</td><td>0.113</td><td>-0.858</td><td>0.461</td><td>-0.589</td><td>0.556</td></tr><tr><td>Muller et al., 2012 (4)</td><td>0.181</td><td>0.336</td><td>0.113</td><td>-0.478</td><td>0.840</td><td>0.539</td><td>0.590</td></tr><tr><td>Muller et al., 2012 (5)</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.333</td><td>0.111</td><td>-0.653</td><td>0.653</td><td>0.000</td><td>1.000</td></tr><tr><td>Muller et al., 2012 (6)</td><td>0.521</td><td>0.355</td><td>0.126</td><td>-0.176</td><td>1.217</td><td>1.465</td><td>0.143</td></tr><tr><td>Sramek et al., 2000 (1)</td><td>0.614</td><td>0.345</td><td>0.119</td><td>-0.062</td><td>1.290</td><td>1.781</td><td>0.075</td></tr><tr><td>Sramek et al., 2000 (2)</td><td>-0.237</td><td>0.321</td><td>0.103</td><td>-0.865</td><td>0.392</td><td>-0.738</td><td>0.460</td></tr><tr><td>Sramek et al., 2000 (3)</td><td>-0.214</td><td>0.320</td><td>0.102</td><td>-0.841</td><td>0.412</td><td>-0.670</td><td>0.503</td></tr><tr><td>Sramek et al., 2000 (4)</td><td>-0.696</td><td>0.352</td><td>0.124</td><td>-1.387</td><td>-0.005</td><td>-1.974</td><td>0.048</td></tr><tr><td>Sramek et al., 2000 (5)</td><td>0.382</td><td>0.328</td><td>0.107</td><td>-0.260</td><td>1.024</td><td>1.165</td><td>0.244</td></tr><tr><td>Sramek et al., 2000 (6)</td><td>1.057</td><td>0.395</td><td>0.156</td><td>0.283</td><td>1.831</td><td>2.677</td><td>0.007</td></tr><tr><td>Jansky et al., 1996 (1)</td><td>2.074</td><td>0.561</td><td>0.315</td><td>0.974</td><td>3.174</td><td>3.695</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Jansky et al., 1996 (2)</td><td>2.121</td><td>0.570</td><td>0.325</td><td>1.004</td><td>3.238</td><td>3.721</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>0.284</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.171</td><td>0.397</td><td>4.935</td><td>0.000</td></tr></tbody></table>

<figure><img src="image_15.png" /></figure>

Forest plots of the effect of cold exposure on mean arterial pressure
<figure><img src="image_15.png" /></figure>
<figure><img src="image_16.png" /></figure>
Study name

Statistics for each study

Std diff in means and 95% CI

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>Std diff<br>in means</th><th>Standard<br>error</th><th>Variance</th><th>Lower<br>limit</th><th>Upper<br>limit</th><th>Z-Value</th><th>p-Value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Hausswirth et al., 2012 (1)</td><td>0.577</td><td>0.279</td><td>0.078</td><td>0.030</td><td>1.123</td><td>2.069</td><td>0.039</td></tr><tr><td>Hausswirth et al., 2012 (2)</td><td>0.180</td><td>0.260</td><td>0.068</td><td>-0.330</td><td>0.690</td><td>0.690</td><td>0.490</td></tr><tr><td>Hammond et al., 2020 (1)</td><td>-0.012</td><td>0.333</td><td>0.111</td><td>-0.665</td><td>0.641</td><td>-0.036</td><td>0.971</td></tr><tr><td>Hammond et al., 2020 (2)</td><td>-0.146</td><td>0.355</td><td>0.126</td><td>-0.842</td><td>0.551</td><td>-0.410</td><td>0.682</td></tr><tr><td>Hammond et al., 2020 (3)</td><td>-0.087</td><td>0.243</td><td>0.059</td><td>-0.563</td><td>0.390</td><td>-0.356</td><td>0.722</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (1)</td><td>4.757</td><td>1.110</td><td>1.232</td><td>2.582</td><td>6.933</td><td>4.287</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (2)</td><td>-0.123</td><td>0.317</td><td>0.101</td><td>-0.745</td><td>0.499</td><td>-0.387</td><td>0.699</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (3)</td><td>0.263</td><td>0.322</td><td>0.103</td><td>-0.367</td><td>0.893</td><td>0.817</td><td>0.414</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (4)</td><td>0.161</td><td>0.318</td><td>0.101</td><td>-0.463</td><td>0.785</td><td>0.505</td><td>0.614</td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (1)</td><td>0.801</td><td>0.210</td><td>0.044</td><td>0.390</td><td>1.213</td><td>3.819</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (2)</td><td>0.754</td><td>0.207</td><td>0.043</td><td>0.349</td><td>1.160</td><td>3.646</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (3)</td><td>0.806</td><td>0.210</td><td>0.044</td><td>0.394</td><td>1.218</td><td>3.836</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (4)</td><td>0.835</td><td>0.212</td><td>0.045</td><td>0.420</td><td>1.251</td><td>3.939</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (5)</td><td>1.103</td><td>0.232</td><td>0.054</td><td>0.649</td><td>1.557</td><td>4.763</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (6)</td><td>0.934</td><td>0.219</td><td>0.048</td><td>0.505</td><td>1.363</td><td>4.269</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (7)</td><td>0.967</td><td>0.221</td><td>0.049</td><td>0.533</td><td>1.400</td><td>4.372</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (8)</td><td>0.960</td><td>0.221</td><td>0.049</td><td>0.528</td><td>1.393</td><td>4.351</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (1)</td><td>0.341</td><td>0.297</td><td>0.088</td><td>-0.241</td><td>0.923</td><td>1.148</td><td>0.251</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (2)</td><td>-0.096</td><td>0.289</td><td>0.084</td><td>-0.663</td><td>0.471</td><td>-0.337</td><td>0.740</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (3)</td><td>-0.179</td><td>0.291</td><td>0.085</td><td>-0.750</td><td>0.391</td><td>-0.617</td><td>0.538</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (4)</td><td>0.560</td><td>0.311</td><td>0.096</td><td>-0.048</td><td>1.169</td><td>1.804</td><td>0.071</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (5)</td><td>0.195</td><td>0.291</td><td>0.085</td><td>-0.376</td><td>0.766</td><td>0.668</td><td>0.504</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (6)</td><td>0.421</td><td>0.301</td><td>0.091</td><td>-0.170</td><td>1.011</td><td>1.396</td><td>0.163</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (7)</td><td>0.713</td><td>0.323</td><td>0.105</td><td>0.080</td><td>1.347</td><td>2.206</td><td>0.027</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (8)</td><td>0.104</td><td>0.289</td><td>0.084</td><td>-0.463</td><td>0.671</td><td>0.360</td><td>0.719</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (9)</td><td>0.532</td><td>0.308</td><td>0.095</td><td>-0.072</td><td>1.137</td><td>1.725</td><td>0.084</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (10)</td><td>0.603</td><td>0.314</td><td>0.098</td><td>-0.012</td><td>1.218</td><td>1.920</td><td>0.055</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (11)</td><td>-0.194</td><td>0.291</td><td>0.085</td><td>-0.765</td><td>0.377</td><td>-0.667</td><td>0.505</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (12)</td><td>0.365</td><td>0.298</td><td>0.089</td><td>-0.219</td><td>0.950</td><td>1.225</td><td>0.221</td></tr><tr><td>P.Zalewski et al., 2014 (1)</td><td>0.376</td><td>0.207</td><td>0.043</td><td>-0.029</td><td>0.782</td><td>1.819</td><td>0.069</td></tr><tr><td>P.Zalewski et al., 2014 (2)</td><td>0.362</td><td>0.206</td><td>0.043</td><td>-0.043</td><td>0.766</td><td>1.752</td><td>0.080</td></tr><tr><td>P.Zalewski et al., 2014 (3)</td><td>0.594</td><td>0.217</td><td>0.047</td><td>0.169</td><td>1.019</td><td>2.738</td><td>0.006</td></tr><tr><td>Zalewski et al., 2013 (1)</td><td>0.310</td><td>0.187</td><td>0.035</td><td>-0.057</td><td>0.676</td><td>1.657</td><td>0.098</td></tr><tr><td>Zalewski et al., 2013 (2)</td><td>0.264</td><td>0.186</td><td>0.034</td><td>-0.100</td><td>0.628</td><td>1.422</td><td>0.155</td></tr><tr><td>Zalewski et al., 2013 (3)</td><td>0.299</td><td>0.187</td><td>0.035</td><td>-0.067</td><td>0.665</td><td>1.602</td><td>0.109</td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and suska, 2011 (1)</td><td>1.067</td><td>0.198</td><td>0.039</td><td>0.679</td><td>1.456</td><td>5.389</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and suska, 2011 (2)</td><td>-0.168</td><td>0.159</td><td>0.025</td><td>-0.480</td><td>0.144</td><td>-1.055</td><td>0.291</td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and suska, 2011 (3)</td><td>0.139</td><td>0.159</td><td>0.025</td><td>-0.173</td><td>0.450</td><td>0.873</td><td>0.383</td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and Szygula, 2010 (1)</td><td>0.489</td><td>0.212</td><td>0.045</td><td>0.074</td><td>0.903</td><td>2.309</td><td>0.021</td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and Szygula, 2010 (2)</td><td>-0.123</td><td>0.201</td><td>0.040</td><td>-0.517</td><td>0.270</td><td>-0.615</td><td>0.539</td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and Szygula, 2010 (3)</td><td>0.082</td><td>0.200</td><td>0.040</td><td>-0.310</td><td>0.475</td><td>0.411</td><td>0.681</td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and Szygula, 2010 (4)</td><td>0.493</td><td>0.212</td><td>0.045</td><td>0.078</td><td>0.908</td><td>2.327</td><td>0.020</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (1)</td><td>0.387</td><td>0.328</td><td>0.107</td><td>-0.255</td><td>1.030</td><td>1.181</td><td>0.238</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (2)</td><td>0.263</td><td>0.322</td><td>0.103</td><td>-0.367</td><td>0.893</td><td>0.817</td><td>0.414</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (3)</td><td>0.780</td><td>0.361</td><td>0.130</td><td>0.072</td><td>1.488</td><td>2.161</td><td>0.031</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (4)</td><td>0.604</td><td>0.344</td><td>0.118</td><td>-0.070</td><td>1.278</td><td>1.756</td><td>0.079</td></tr><tr><td>Coppi et al., 2022</td><td>1.000</td><td>0.387</td><td>0.150</td><td>0.241</td><td>1.759</td><td>2.582</td><td>0.010</td></tr><tr><td>Rose et al., 2023 (2)</td><td>1.000</td><td>0.408</td><td>0.167</td><td>0.200</td><td>1.800</td><td>2.449</td><td>0.014</td></tr><tr><td>Muller et al., 2012 (1)</td><td>0.311</td><td>0.341</td><td>0.116</td><td>-0.358</td><td>0.980</td><td>0.911</td><td>0.362</td></tr><tr><td>Muller et al., 2012 (2)</td><td>-0.192</td><td>0.336</td><td>0.113</td><td>-0.851</td><td>0.468</td><td>-0.569</td><td>0.569</td></tr><tr><td>Muller et al., 2012 (3)</td><td>-0.367</td><td>0.344</td><td>0.119</td><td>-1.041</td><td>0.308</td><td>-1.064</td><td>0.287</td></tr><tr><td>Muller et al., 2012 (4)</td><td>0.265</td><td>0.339</td><td>0.115</td><td>-0.400</td><td>0.930</td><td>0.781</td><td>0.435</td></tr><tr><td>Muller et al., 2012 (5)</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.333</td><td>0.111</td><td>-0.653</td><td>0.653</td><td>0.000</td><td>1.000</td></tr><tr><td>Muller et al., 2012 (6)</td><td>0.530</td><td>0.356</td><td>0.127</td><td>-0.168</td><td>1.227</td><td>1.488</td><td>0.137</td></tr><tr><td>Sramek et al., 2000 (1)</td><td>-0.005</td><td>0.316</td><td>0.100</td><td>-0.625</td><td>0.615</td><td>-0.016</td><td>0.988</td></tr><tr><td>Sramek et al., 2000 (2)</td><td>-0.466</td><td>0.333</td><td>0.111</td><td>-1.118</td><td>0.187</td><td>-1.398</td><td>0.162</td></tr><tr><td>Sramek et al., 2000 (3)</td><td>-0.550</td><td>0.339</td><td>0.115</td><td>-1.215</td><td>0.115</td><td>-1.620</td><td>0.105</td></tr><tr><td>Sramek et al., 2000 (4)</td><td>-0.198</td><td>0.319</td><td>0.102</td><td>-0.824</td><td>0.428</td><td>-0.620</td><td>0.535</td></tr><tr><td>Sramek et al., 2000 (5)</td><td>1.019</td><td>0.390</td><td>0.152</td><td>0.255</td><td>1.783</td><td>2.615</td><td>0.009</td></tr><tr><td>Sramek et al., 2000 (6)</td><td>1.517</td><td>0.464</td><td>0.215</td><td>0.608</td><td>2.426</td><td>3.271</td><td>0.001</td></tr><tr><td>Jansky et al., 1996 (1)</td><td>1.932</td><td>0.535</td><td>0.287</td><td>0.883</td><td>2.981</td><td>3.609</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Jansky et al., 1996 (2)</td><td>2.101</td><td>0.566</td><td>0.321</td><td>0.991</td><td>3.211</td><td>3.710</td><td>0.000</td></tr></tbody></table>

<figure><img src="image_16.png" /></figure>

Forest plots of the effect of cold exposure on diastolic arterial pressure
Study name

Statistics for each study

Std diff in means and 95% CI

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>Std diff<br>in means</th><th>Standard<br>error</th><th>Variance</th><th>Lower<br>limit</th><th>Upper<br>limit</th><th>Z-Value</th><th>p-Value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Hausswirth et al., 2012 (1)</td><td>0.577</td><td>0.279</td><td>0.078</td><td>0.030</td><td>1.123</td><td>2.069</td><td>0.039</td></tr><tr><td>Hausswirth et al., 2012 (2)</td><td>0.180</td><td>0.260</td><td>0.068</td><td>-0.330</td><td>0.690</td><td>0.690</td><td>0.490</td></tr><tr><td>Hammond et al., 2020 (1)</td><td>-0.012</td><td>0.333</td><td>0.111</td><td>-0.665</td><td>0.641</td><td>-0.036</td><td>0.971</td></tr><tr><td>Hammond et al., 2020 (2)</td><td>-0.146</td><td>0.355</td><td>0.126</td><td>-0.842</td><td>0.551</td><td>-0.410</td><td>0.682</td></tr><tr><td>Hammond et al., 2020 (3)</td><td>-0.087</td><td>0.243</td><td>0.059</td><td>-0.563</td><td>0.390</td><td>-0.356</td><td>0.722</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (1)</td><td>4.757</td><td>1.110</td><td>1.232</td><td>2.582</td><td>6.933</td><td>4.287</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (2)</td><td>-0.123</td><td>0.317</td><td>0.101</td><td>-0.745</td><td>0.499</td><td>-0.387</td><td>0.699</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (3)</td><td>0.263</td><td>0.322</td><td>0.103</td><td>-0.367</td><td>0.893</td><td>0.817</td><td>0.414</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (4)</td><td>0.161</td><td>0.318</td><td>0.101</td><td>-0.463</td><td>0.785</td><td>0.505</td><td>0.614</td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (1)</td><td>0.801</td><td>0.210</td><td>0.044</td><td>0.390</td><td>1.213</td><td>3.819</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (2)</td><td>0.754</td><td>0.207</td><td>0.043</td><td>0.349</td><td>1.160</td><td>3.646</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (3)</td><td>0.806</td><td>0.210</td><td>0.044</td><td>0.394</td><td>1.218</td><td>3.836</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (4)</td><td>0.835</td><td>0.212</td><td>0.045</td><td>0.420</td><td>1.251</td><td>3.939</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (5)</td><td>1.103</td><td>0.232</td><td>0.054</td><td>0.649</td><td>1.557</td><td>4.763</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (6)</td><td>0.934</td><td>0.219</td><td>0.048</td><td>0.505</td><td>1.363</td><td>4.269</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (7)</td><td>0.967</td><td>0.221</td><td>0.049</td><td>0.533</td><td>1.400</td><td>4.372</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (8)</td><td>0.960</td><td>0.221</td><td>0.049</td><td>0.528</td><td>1.393</td><td>4.351</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (1)</td><td>0.341</td><td>0.297</td><td>0.088</td><td>-0.241</td><td>0.923</td><td>1.148</td><td>0.251</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (2)</td><td>-0.096</td><td>0.289</td><td>0.084</td><td>-0.663</td><td>0.471</td><td>-0.337</td><td>0.740</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (3)</td><td>-0.179</td><td>0.291</td><td>0.085</td><td>-0.750</td><td>0.391</td><td>-0.617</td><td>0.538</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (4)</td><td>0.560</td><td>0.311</td><td>0.096</td><td>-0.048</td><td>1.169</td><td>1.804</td><td>0.071</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (5)</td><td>0.195</td><td>0.291</td><td>0.085</td><td>-0.376</td><td>0.766</td><td>0.668</td><td>0.504</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (6)</td><td>0.421</td><td>0.301</td><td>0.091</td><td>-0.170</td><td>1.011</td><td>1.396</td><td>0.163</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (7)</td><td>0.713</td><td>0.323</td><td>0.105</td><td>0.080</td><td>1.347</td><td>2.206</td><td>0.027</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (8)</td><td>0.104</td><td>0.289</td><td>0.084</td><td>-0.463</td><td>0.671</td><td>0.360</td><td>0.719</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (9)</td><td>0.532</td><td>0.308</td><td>0.095</td><td>-0.072</td><td>1.137</td><td>1.725</td><td>0.084</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (10)</td><td>0.603</td><td>0.314</td><td>0.098</td><td>-0.012</td><td>1.218</td><td>1.920</td><td>0.055</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (11)</td><td>-0.194</td><td>0.291</td><td>0.085</td><td>-0.765</td><td>0.377</td><td>-0.667</td><td>0.505</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (12)</td><td>0.365</td><td>0.298</td><td>0.089</td><td>-0.219</td><td>0.950</td><td>1.225</td><td>0.221</td></tr><tr><td>P.Zalewski et al., 2014 (1)</td><td>0.376</td><td>0.207</td><td>0.043</td><td>-0.029</td><td>0.782</td><td>1.819</td><td>0.069</td></tr><tr><td>P.Zalewski et al., 2014 (2)</td><td>0.362</td><td>0.206</td><td>0.043</td><td>-0.043</td><td>0.766</td><td>1.752</td><td>0.080</td></tr><tr><td>P.Zalewski et al., 2014 (3)</td><td>0.594</td><td>0.217</td><td>0.047</td><td>0.169</td><td>1.019</td><td>2.738</td><td>0.006</td></tr><tr><td>Zalewski et al., 2013 (1)</td><td>0.310</td><td>0.187</td><td>0.035</td><td>-0.057</td><td>0.676</td><td>1.657</td><td>0.098</td></tr><tr><td>Zalewski et al., 2013 (2)</td><td>0.264</td><td>0.186</td><td>0.034</td><td>-0.100</td><td>0.628</td><td>1.422</td><td>0.155</td></tr><tr><td>Zalewski et al., 2013 (3)</td><td>0.299</td><td>0.187</td><td>0.035</td><td>-0.067</td><td>0.665</td><td>1.602</td><td>0.109</td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and suska, 2011 (1)</td><td>1.067</td><td>0.198</td><td>0.039</td><td>0.679</td><td>1.456</td><td>5.389</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and suska, 2011 (2)</td><td>-0.168</td><td>0.159</td><td>0.025</td><td>-0.480</td><td>0.144</td><td>-1.055</td><td>0.291</td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and suska, 2011 (3)</td><td>0.139</td><td>0.159</td><td>0.025</td><td>-0.173</td><td>0.450</td><td>0.873</td><td>0.383</td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and Szygula, 2010 (1)</td><td>0.489</td><td>0.212</td><td>0.045</td><td>0.074</td><td>0.903</td><td>2.309</td><td>0.021</td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and Szygula, 2010 (2)</td><td>-0.123</td><td>0.201</td><td>0.040</td><td>-0.517</td><td>0.270</td><td>-0.615</td><td>0.539</td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and Szygula, 2010 (3)</td><td>0.082</td><td>0.200</td><td>0.040</td><td>-0.310</td><td>0.475</td><td>0.411</td><td>0.681</td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and Szygula, 2010 (4)</td><td>0.493</td><td>0.212</td><td>0.045</td><td>0.078</td><td>0.908</td><td>2.327</td><td>0.020</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (1)</td><td>0.387</td><td>0.328</td><td>0.107</td><td>-0.255</td><td>1.030</td><td>1.181</td><td>0.238</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (2)</td><td>0.263</td><td>0.322</td><td>0.103</td><td>-0.367</td><td>0.893</td><td>0.817</td><td>0.414</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (3)</td><td>0.780</td><td>0.361</td><td>0.130</td><td>0.072</td><td>1.488</td><td>2.161</td><td>0.031</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (4)</td><td>0.604</td><td>0.344</td><td>0.118</td><td>-0.070</td><td>1.278</td><td>1.756</td><td>0.079</td></tr><tr><td>Coppi et al., 2022</td><td>1.000</td><td>0.387</td><td>0.150</td><td>0.241</td><td>1.759</td><td>2.582</td><td>0.010</td></tr><tr><td>Rose et al., 2023 (2)</td><td>1.000</td><td>0.408</td><td>0.167</td><td>0.200</td><td>1.800</td><td>2.449</td><td>0.014</td></tr><tr><td>Muller et al., 2012 (1)</td><td>0.311</td><td>0.341</td><td>0.116</td><td>-0.358</td><td>0.980</td><td>0.911</td><td>0.362</td></tr><tr><td>Muller et al., 2012 (2)</td><td>-0.192</td><td>0.336</td><td>0.113</td><td>-0.851</td><td>0.468</td><td>-0.569</td><td>0.569</td></tr><tr><td>Muller et al., 2012 (3)</td><td>-0.367</td><td>0.344</td><td>0.119</td><td>-1.041</td><td>0.308</td><td>-1.064</td><td>0.287</td></tr><tr><td>Muller et al., 2012 (4)</td><td>0.265</td><td>0.339</td><td>0.115</td><td>-0.400</td><td>0.930</td><td>0.781</td><td>0.435</td></tr><tr><td>Muller et al., 2012 (5)</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.333</td><td>0.111</td><td>-0.653</td><td>0.653</td><td>0.000</td><td>1.000</td></tr><tr><td>Muller et al., 2012 (6)</td><td>0.530</td><td>0.356</td><td>0.127</td><td>-0.168</td><td>1.227</td><td>1.488</td><td>0.137</td></tr><tr><td>Sramek et al., 2000 (1)</td><td>-0.005</td><td>0.316</td><td>0.100</td><td>-0.625</td><td>0.615</td><td>-0.016</td><td>0.988</td></tr><tr><td>Sramek et al., 2000 (2)</td><td>-0.466</td><td>0.333</td><td>0.111</td><td>-1.118</td><td>0.187</td><td>-1.398</td><td>0.162</td></tr><tr><td>Sramek et al., 2000 (3)</td><td>-0.550</td><td>0.339</td><td>0.115</td><td>-1.215</td><td>0.115</td><td>-1.620</td><td>0.105</td></tr><tr><td>Sramek et al., 2000 (4)</td><td>-0.198</td><td>0.319</td><td>0.102</td><td>-0.824</td><td>0.428</td><td>-0.620</td><td>0.535</td></tr><tr><td>Sramek et al., 2000 (5)</td><td>1.019</td><td>0.390</td><td>0.152</td><td>0.255</td><td>1.783</td><td>2.615</td><td>0.009</td></tr><tr><td>Sramek et al., 2000 (6)</td><td>1.517</td><td>0.464</td><td>0.215</td><td>0.608</td><td>2.426</td><td>3.271</td><td>0.001</td></tr><tr><td>Jansky et al., 1996 (1)</td><td>1.932</td><td>0.535</td><td>0.287</td><td>0.883</td><td>2.981</td><td>3.609</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Jansky et al., 1996 (2)</td><td>2.101</td><td>0.566</td><td>0.321</td><td>0.991</td><td>3.211</td><td>3.710</td><td>0.000</td></tr></tbody></table>

<figure><img src="image_17.png" /><figcaption>Forest plots of the effect of cold exposure on diastolic arterial pressure</figcaption></figure>
Study name

<table><thead><tr><th>Std diff<br>in means</th><th>Standard<br>error</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1.123</td><td>0.330</td></tr><tr><td>0.747</td><td>0.292</td></tr><tr><td>0.526</td><td>0.337</td></tr><tr><td>0.795</td><td>0.363</td></tr><tr><td>0.439</td><td>0.331</td></tr><tr><td>1.003</td><td>0.388</td></tr><tr><td>0.526</td><td>0.337</td></tr><tr><td>0.439</td><td>0.331</td></tr><tr><td>1.024</td><td>0.390</td></tr><tr><td>1.538</td><td>0.467</td></tr><tr><td>0.765</td><td>0.110</td></tr></tbody></table>

Statistics for each study

<table><thead><tr><th>Variance</th><th>Lower<br>limit</th><th>Upper<br>limit</th><th>Z-Value</th><th>p-Value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>0.109</td><td>0.477</td><td>1.769</td><td>3.406</td><td>0.001</td></tr><tr><td>0.085</td><td>0.175</td><td>1.320</td><td>2.559</td><td>0.010</td></tr><tr><td>0.114</td><td>-0.136</td><td>1.187</td><td>1.558</td><td>0.119</td></tr><tr><td>0.132</td><td>0.084</td><td>1.507</td><td>2.192</td><td>0.028</td></tr><tr><td>0.110</td><td>-0.210</td><td>1.087</td><td>1.324</td><td>0.185</td></tr><tr><td>0.150</td><td>0.243</td><td>1.763</td><td>2.588</td><td>0.010</td></tr><tr><td>0.114</td><td>-0.136</td><td>1.187</td><td>1.558</td><td>0.119</td></tr><tr><td>0.110</td><td>-0.210</td><td>1.087</td><td>1.324</td><td>0.185</td></tr><tr><td>0.152</td><td>0.259</td><td>1.789</td><td>2.622</td><td>0.009</td></tr><tr><td>0.218</td><td>0.622</td><td>2.453</td><td>3.292</td><td>0.001</td></tr><tr><td>0.012</td><td>0.548</td><td>0.981</td><td>6.930</td><td>0.000</td></tr></tbody></table>

Std diff in means and 95% CI

<figure><img src="image_17.png" /></figure>

Forest plots of the effect of cold exposure on RR interval

Study name

<table><thead><tr><th>Std diff<br>in means</th><th>Standard<br>error</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>0.697</td><td>0.372</td></tr><tr><td>0.899</td><td>0.395</td></tr><tr><td>0.764</td><td>0.268</td></tr><tr><td>0.562</td><td>0.278</td></tr><tr><td>0.598</td><td>0.280</td></tr><tr><td>0.873</td><td>0.372</td></tr><tr><td>0.645</td><td>0.348</td></tr><tr><td>0.493</td><td>0.335</td></tr><tr><td>0.101</td><td>0.317</td></tr><tr><td>0.873</td><td>0.372</td></tr><tr><td>0.493</td><td>0.335</td></tr><tr><td>0.420</td><td>0.330</td></tr><tr><td>0.749</td><td>0.358</td></tr><tr><td>0.611</td><td>0.091</td></tr></tbody></table>

Statistics for each study

<table><thead><tr><th>Variance</th><th>Lower<br>limit</th><th>Upper<br>limit</th><th>Z-Value</th><th>p-Value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>0.138</td><td>-0.031</td><td>1.425</td><td>1.875</td><td>0.061</td></tr><tr><td>0.156</td><td>0.125</td><td>1.674</td><td>2.277</td><td>0.023</td></tr><tr><td>0.072</td><td>0.239</td><td>1.289</td><td>2.852</td><td>0.004</td></tr><tr><td>0.077</td><td>0.017</td><td>1.107</td><td>2.023</td><td>0.043</td></tr><tr><td>0.079</td><td>0.048</td><td>1.147</td><td>2.133</td><td>0.033</td></tr><tr><td>0.138</td><td>0.144</td><td>1.601</td><td>2.349</td><td>0.019</td></tr><tr><td>0.121</td><td>-0.036</td><td>1.326</td><td>1.856</td><td>0.063</td></tr><tr><td>0.112</td><td>-0.163</td><td>1.150</td><td>1.473</td><td>0.141</td></tr><tr><td>0.101</td><td>-0.521</td><td>0.722</td><td>0.318</td><td>0.751</td></tr><tr><td>0.138</td><td>0.144</td><td>1.601</td><td>2.349</td><td>0.019</td></tr><tr><td>0.112</td><td>-0.163</td><td>1.150</td><td>1.473</td><td>0.141</td></tr><tr><td>0.109</td><td>-0.226</td><td>1.067</td><td>1.274</td><td>0.202</td></tr><tr><td>0.128</td><td>0.048</td><td>1.451</td><td>2.094</td><td>0.036</td></tr><tr><td>0.008</td><td>0.433</td><td>0.790</td><td>6.718</td><td>0.000</td></tr></tbody></table>

Std diff in means and 95% CI

<figure><img src="image_18.png" /></figure>

Forest plots of the effect of cold exposure on RMSSD

Study name

<table><thead><tr><th>Std diff<br>in means</th><th>Standard<br>error</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>2.007</td><td>0.579</td></tr><tr><td>0.365</td><td>0.344</td></tr><tr><td>1.051</td><td>0.294</td></tr><tr><td>0.693</td><td>0.288</td></tr><tr><td>0.544</td><td>0.277</td></tr><tr><td>0.350</td><td>0.326</td></tr><tr><td>0.598</td><td>0.343</td></tr><tr><td>0.525</td><td>0.337</td></tr><tr><td>0.766</td><td>0.360</td></tr><tr><td>0.291</td><td>0.204</td></tr><tr><td>-0.231</td><td>0.203</td></tr><tr><td>-0.057</td><td>0.200</td></tr><tr><td>0.351</td><td>0.326</td></tr><tr><td>0.525</td><td>0.337</td></tr><tr><td>0.622</td><td>0.345</td></tr><tr><td>0.456</td><td>0.332</td></tr><tr><td>0.463</td><td>0.108</td></tr></tbody></table>

Statistics for each study

<table><thead><tr><th>Variance</th><th>Lower<br>limit</th><th>Upper<br>limit</th><th>Z-Value</th><th>p-Value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>0.335</td><td>0.873</td><td>3.141</td><td>3.468</td><td>0.001</td></tr><tr><td>0.119</td><td>-0.310</td><td>1.040</td><td>1.060</td><td>0.289</td></tr><tr><td>0.086</td><td>0.475</td><td>1.627</td><td>3.579</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>0.083</td><td>0.129</td><td>1.256</td><td>2.409</td><td>0.016</td></tr><tr><td>0.077</td><td>0.002</td><td>1.086</td><td>1.967</td><td>0.049</td></tr><tr><td>0.106</td><td>-0.288</td><td>0.989</td><td>1.075</td><td>0.282</td></tr><tr><td>0.118</td><td>-0.075</td><td>1.271</td><td>1.742</td><td>0.081</td></tr><tr><td>0.114</td><td>-0.136</td><td>1.186</td><td>1.556</td><td>0.120</td></tr><tr><td>0.129</td><td>0.061</td><td>1.471</td><td>2.131</td><td>0.033</td></tr><tr><td>0.042</td><td>-0.109</td><td>0.691</td><td>1.424</td><td>0.154</td></tr><tr><td>0.041</td><td>-0.629</td><td>0.166</td><td>-1.142</td><td>0.253</td></tr><tr><td>0.040</td><td>-0.450</td><td>0.335</td><td>-0.286</td><td>0.775</td></tr><tr><td>0.106</td><td>-0.288</td><td>0.989</td><td>1.076</td><td>0.282</td></tr><tr><td>0.114</td><td>-0.136</td><td>1.186</td><td>1.556</td><td>0.120</td></tr><tr><td>0.119</td><td>-0.055</td><td>1.299</td><td>1.800</td><td>0.072</td></tr><tr><td>0.110</td><td>-0.195</td><td>1.108</td><td>1.374</td><td>0.170</td></tr><tr><td>0.012</td><td>0.251</td><td>0.675</td><td>4.286</td><td>0.000</td></tr></tbody></table>

Std diff in means and 95% CI

<figure><img src="image_19.png" /></figure>

Forest plots of the effect of cold exposure on HF
Study name

<table><thead><tr><th>Std diff<br>in means</th><th>Standard<br>error</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1.123</td><td>0.330</td></tr><tr><td>0.747</td><td>0.292</td></tr><tr><td>0.526</td><td>0.337</td></tr><tr><td>0.795</td><td>0.363</td></tr><tr><td>0.439</td><td>0.331</td></tr><tr><td>1.003</td><td>0.388</td></tr><tr><td>0.526</td><td>0.337</td></tr><tr><td>0.439</td><td>0.331</td></tr><tr><td>1.024</td><td>0.390</td></tr><tr><td>1.538</td><td>0.467</td></tr><tr><td>0.765</td><td>0.110</td></tr></tbody></table>

Statistics for each study

<table><thead><tr><th>Variance</th><th>Lower<br>limit</th><th>Upper<br>limit</th><th>Z-Value</th><th>p-Value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>0.109</td><td>0.477</td><td>1.769</td><td>3.406</td><td>0.001</td></tr><tr><td>0.085</td><td>0.175</td><td>1.320</td><td>2.559</td><td>0.010</td></tr><tr><td>0.114</td><td>-0.136</td><td>1.187</td><td>1.558</td><td>0.119</td></tr><tr><td>0.132</td><td>0.084</td><td>1.507</td><td>2.192</td><td>0.028</td></tr><tr><td>0.110</td><td>-0.210</td><td>1.087</td><td>1.324</td><td>0.185</td></tr><tr><td>0.150</td><td>0.243</td><td>1.763</td><td>2.588</td><td>0.010</td></tr><tr><td>0.114</td><td>-0.136</td><td>1.187</td><td>1.558</td><td>0.119</td></tr><tr><td>0.110</td><td>-0.210</td><td>1.087</td><td>1.324</td><td>0.185</td></tr><tr><td>0.152</td><td>0.259</td><td>1.789</td><td>2.622</td><td>0.009</td></tr><tr><td>0.218</td><td>0.622</td><td>2.453</td><td>3.292</td><td>0.001</td></tr><tr><td>0.012</td><td>0.548</td><td>0.981</td><td>6.930</td><td>0.000</td></tr></tbody></table>

Std diff in means and 95% CI

<figure><img src="image_18.png" /></figure>

Forest plots of the effect of cold exposure on RR interval

Study name

<table><thead><tr><th>Std diff<br>in means</th><th>Standard<br>error</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>0.697</td><td>0.372</td></tr><tr><td>0.899</td><td>0.395</td></tr><tr><td>0.764</td><td>0.268</td></tr><tr><td>0.562</td><td>0.278</td></tr><tr><td>0.598</td><td>0.280</td></tr><tr><td>0.873</td><td>0.372</td></tr><tr><td>0.645</td><td>0.348</td></tr><tr><td>0.493</td><td>0.335</td></tr><tr><td>0.101</td><td>0.317</td></tr><tr><td>0.873</td><td>0.372</td></tr><tr><td>0.493</td><td>0.335</td></tr><tr><td>0.420</td><td>0.330</td></tr><tr><td>0.749</td><td>0.358</td></tr><tr><td>0.611</td><td>0.091</td></tr></tbody></table>

Statistics for each study

<table><thead><tr><th>Variance</th><th>Lower<br>limit</th><th>Upper<br>limit</th><th>Z-Value</th><th>p-Value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>0.138</td><td>-0.031</td><td>1.425</td><td>1.875</td><td>0.061</td></tr><tr><td>0.156</td><td>0.125</td><td>1.674</td><td>2.277</td><td>0.023</td></tr><tr><td>0.072</td><td>0.239</td><td>1.289</td><td>2.852</td><td>0.004</td></tr><tr><td>0.077</td><td>0.017</td><td>1.107</td><td>2.023</td><td>0.043</td></tr><tr><td>0.079</td><td>0.048</td><td>1.147</td><td>2.133</td><td>0.033</td></tr><tr><td>0.138</td><td>0.144</td><td>1.601</td><td>2.349</td><td>0.019</td></tr><tr><td>0.121</td><td>-0.036</td><td>1.326</td><td>1.856</td><td>0.063</td></tr><tr><td>0.112</td><td>-0.163</td><td>1.150</td><td>1.473</td><td>0.141</td></tr><tr><td>0.101</td><td>-0.521</td><td>0.722</td><td>0.318</td><td>0.751</td></tr><tr><td>0.138</td><td>0.144</td><td>1.601</td><td>2.349</td><td>0.019</td></tr><tr><td>0.112</td><td>-0.163</td><td>1.150</td><td>1.473</td><td>0.141</td></tr><tr><td>0.109</td><td>-0.226</td><td>1.067</td><td>1.274</td><td>0.202</td></tr><tr><td>0.128</td><td>0.048</td><td>1.451</td><td>2.094</td><td>0.036</td></tr><tr><td>0.008</td><td>0.433</td><td>0.790</td><td>6.718</td><td>0.000</td></tr></tbody></table>

Std diff in means and 95% CI

<figure><img src="image_19.png" /></figure>

Forest plots of the effect of cold exposure on RMSSD

Study name

<table><thead><tr><th>Std diff<br>in means</th><th>Standard<br>error</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>2.007</td><td>0.579</td></tr><tr><td>0.365</td><td>0.344</td></tr><tr><td>1.051</td><td>0.294</td></tr><tr><td>0.693</td><td>0.288</td></tr><tr><td>0.544</td><td>0.277</td></tr><tr><td>0.350</td><td>0.326</td></tr><tr><td>0.598</td><td>0.343</td></tr><tr><td>0.525</td><td>0.337</td></tr><tr><td>0.766</td><td>0.360</td></tr><tr><td>0.291</td><td>0.204</td></tr><tr><td>-0.231</td><td>0.203</td></tr><tr><td>-0.057</td><td>0.200</td></tr><tr><td>0.351</td><td>0.326</td></tr><tr><td>0.525</td><td>0.337</td></tr><tr><td>0.622</td><td>0.345</td></tr><tr><td>0.456</td><td>0.332</td></tr><tr><td>0.463</td><td>0.108</td></tr></tbody></table>

Statistics for each study

<table><thead><tr><th>Variance</th><th>Lower<br>limit</th><th>Upper<br>limit</th><th>Z-Value</th><th>p-Value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>0.335</td><td>0.873</td><td>3.141</td><td>3.468</td><td>0.001</td></tr><tr><td>0.119</td><td>-0.310</td><td>1.040</td><td>1.060</td><td>0.289</td></tr><tr><td>0.086</td><td>0.475</td><td>1.627</td><td>3.579</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>0.083</td><td>0.129</td><td>1.256</td><td>2.409</td><td>0.016</td></tr><tr><td>0.077</td><td>0.002</td><td>1.086</td><td>1.967</td><td>0.049</td></tr><tr><td>0.106</td><td>-0.288</td><td>0.989</td><td>1.075</td><td>0.282</td></tr><tr><td>0.118</td><td>-0.075</td><td>1.271</td><td>1.742</td><td>0.081</td></tr><tr><td>0.114</td><td>-0.136</td><td>1.186</td><td>1.556</td><td>0.120</td></tr><tr><td>0.129</td><td>0.061</td><td>1.471</td><td>2.131</td><td>0.033</td></tr><tr><td>0.042</td><td>-0.109</td><td>0.691</td><td>1.424</td><td>0.154</td></tr><tr><td>0.041</td><td>-0.629</td><td>0.166</td><td>-1.142</td><td>0.253</td></tr><tr><td>0.040</td><td>-0.450</td><td>0.335</td><td>-0.286</td><td>0.775</td></tr><tr><td>0.106</td><td>-0.288</td><td>0.989</td><td>1.076</td><td>0.282</td></tr><tr><td>0.114</td><td>-0.136</td><td>1.186</td><td>1.556</td><td>0.120</td></tr><tr><td>0.119</td><td>-0.055</td><td>1.299</td><td>1.800</td><td>0.072</td></tr><tr><td>0.110</td><td>-0.195</td><td>1.108</td><td>1.374</td><td>0.170</td></tr><tr><td>0.012</td><td>0.251</td><td>0.675</td><td>4.286</td><td>0.000</td></tr></tbody></table>

Std diff in means and 95% CI

<figure><img src="image_20.png" /></figure>

Forest plots of the effect of cold exposure on HF
Study name

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>Std diff<br>in means</th><th>Standard<br>error</th><th>Variance</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Theurot et al., 2021 (1)</td><td>-2.039</td><td>0.585</td><td>0.342</td></tr><tr><td>Theurot et al., 2021 (2)</td><td>-0.417</td><td>0.348</td><td>0.121</td></tr><tr><td>Theurot et al., 2021 (3)</td><td>-1.076</td><td>0.296</td><td>0.088</td></tr><tr><td>Hausswirth et al., 2012 (1)</td><td>-0.431</td><td>0.270</td><td>0.073</td></tr><tr><td>Hausswirth et al., 2012 (2)</td><td>-0.441</td><td>0.270</td><td>0.073</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (1)</td><td>-0.355</td><td>0.326</td><td>0.106</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (2)</td><td>-0.211</td><td>0.320</td><td>0.102</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (3)</td><td>-0.209</td><td>0.320</td><td>0.102</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (4)</td><td>-0.928</td><td>0.378</td><td>0.143</td></tr><tr><td>P.Zalewski et al., 2014 (1)</td><td>-0.291</td><td>0.204</td><td>0.042</td></tr><tr><td>P.Zalewski et al., 2014 (2)</td><td>0.231</td><td>0.203</td><td>0.041</td></tr><tr><td>P.Zalewski et al., 2014 (3)</td><td>0.057</td><td>0.200</td><td>0.040</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (1)</td><td>-0.355</td><td>0.326</td><td>0.106</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (2)</td><td>-0.758</td><td>0.359</td><td>0.129</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (3)</td><td>-0.626</td><td>0.346</td><td>0.120</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (4)</td><td>-0.307</td><td>0.324</td><td>0.105</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>-0.413</td><td>0.108</td><td>0.012</td></tr></tbody></table>

Statistics for each study

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>Lower<br>limit</th><th>Upper<br>limit</th><th>Z-Value</th><th>p-Value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td></td><td>-3.185</td><td>-0.893</td><td>-3.486</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>-1.098</td><td>0.264</td><td>-1.201</td><td>0.230</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>-1.656</td><td>-0.495</td><td>-3.633</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>-0.960</td><td>0.098</td><td>-1.596</td><td>0.110</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>-0.971</td><td>0.089</td><td>-1.629</td><td>0.103</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>-0.994</td><td>0.284</td><td>-1.088</td><td>0.276</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>-0.838</td><td>0.416</td><td>-0.660</td><td>0.509</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>-0.836</td><td>0.417</td><td>-0.654</td><td>0.513</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>-1.669</td><td>-0.187</td><td>-2.454</td><td>0.014</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>-0.691</td><td>0.109</td><td>-1.424</td><td>0.154</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>-0.166</td><td>0.629</td><td>1.142</td><td>0.253</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>-0.335</td><td>0.450</td><td>0.286</td><td>0.775</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>-0.994</td><td>0.284</td><td>-1.088</td><td>0.276</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>-1.461</td><td>-0.055</td><td>-2.113</td><td>0.035</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>-1.304</td><td>0.052</td><td>-1.811</td><td>0.070</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>-0.942</td><td>0.327</td><td>-0.950</td><td>0.342</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>-0.625</td><td>-0.201</td><td>-3.823</td><td>0.000</td></tr></tbody></table>

<figure><img src="image_20.png" /></figure>

Forest plots of the effect of cold exposure on LF

Study name

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>Std diff<br>in means</th><th>Standard<br>error</th><th>Variance</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Theurot et al., 2021 (1)</td><td>0.411</td><td>0.347</td><td>0.120</td></tr><tr><td>Theurot et al., 2021 (2)</td><td>-0.305</td><td>0.341</td><td>0.116</td></tr><tr><td>Theurot et al., 2021 (3)</td><td>-0.520</td><td>0.251</td><td>0.063</td></tr><tr><td>Hausswirth et al., 2012 (1)</td><td>-0.437</td><td>0.270</td><td>0.073</td></tr><tr><td>Hausswirth et al., 2012 (2)</td><td>-0.208</td><td>0.261</td><td>0.068</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (1)</td><td>-0.605</td><td>0.344</td><td>0.118</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (2)</td><td>0.059</td><td>0.317</td><td>0.100</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (3)</td><td>-0.365</td><td>0.327</td><td>0.107</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (4)</td><td>-0.918</td><td>0.377</td><td>0.142</td></tr><tr><td>P.Zalewski et al., 2014 (1)</td><td>-0.339</td><td>0.206</td><td>0.042</td></tr><tr><td>P.Zalewski et al., 2014 (2)</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.200</td><td>0.040</td></tr><tr><td>P.Zalewski et al., 2014 (3)</td><td>-0.099</td><td>0.200</td><td>0.040</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (1)</td><td>-0.605</td><td>0.344</td><td>0.118</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (2)</td><td>0.560</td><td>0.340</td><td>0.116</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (3)</td><td>-0.515</td><td>0.337</td><td>0.113</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (4)</td><td>-0.438</td><td>0.331</td><td>0.110</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>-0.254</td><td>0.084</td><td>0.007</td></tr></tbody></table>

Statistics for each study

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>Lower<br>limit</th><th>Upper<br>limit</th><th>Z-Value</th><th>p-Value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td></td><td>-0.269</td><td>1.091</td><td>1.184</td><td>0.236</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>-0.974</td><td>0.363</td><td>-0.896</td><td>0.370</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>-1.013</td><td>-0.028</td><td>-2.072</td><td>0.038</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>-0.967</td><td>0.092</td><td>-1.618</td><td>0.106</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>-0.720</td><td>0.303</td><td>-0.797</td><td>0.425</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>-1.279</td><td>0.069</td><td>-1.758</td><td>0.079</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>-0.561</td><td>0.680</td><td>0.188</td><td>0.851</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>-1.005</td><td>0.275</td><td>-1.117</td><td>0.264</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>-1.657</td><td>-0.179</td><td>-2.434</td><td>0.015</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>-0.742</td><td>0.064</td><td>-1.647</td><td>0.100</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>-0.392</td><td>0.392</td><td>0.000</td><td>1.000</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>-0.492</td><td>0.294</td><td>-0.493</td><td>0.622</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>-1.279</td><td>0.069</td><td>-1.758</td><td>0.079</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>-0.106</td><td>1.227</td><td>1.648</td><td>0.099</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>-1.174</td><td>0.145</td><td>-1.529</td><td>0.126</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>-1.087</td><td>0.211</td><td>-1.323</td><td>0.186</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>-0.418</td><td>-0.089</td><td>-3.027</td><td>0.002</td></tr></tbody></table>

<figure><img src="image_21.png" /></figure>

Forest plots of the effect of cold exposure on LF/HF ratio
Study name

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>Std diff<br>in means</th><th>Standard<br>error</th><th>Variance</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Theurot et al., 2021 (1)</td><td>-2.039</td><td>0.585</td><td>0.342</td></tr><tr><td>Theurot et al., 2021 (2)</td><td>-0.417</td><td>0.348</td><td>0.121</td></tr><tr><td>Theurot et al., 2021 (3)</td><td>-1.076</td><td>0.296</td><td>0.088</td></tr><tr><td>Hausswirth et al., 2012 (1)</td><td>-0.431</td><td>0.270</td><td>0.073</td></tr><tr><td>Hausswirth et al., 2012 (2)</td><td>-0.441</td><td>0.270</td><td>0.073</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (1)</td><td>-0.355</td><td>0.326</td><td>0.106</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (2)</td><td>-0.211</td><td>0.320</td><td>0.102</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (3)</td><td>-0.209</td><td>0.320</td><td>0.102</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (4)</td><td>-0.928</td><td>0.378</td><td>0.143</td></tr><tr><td>P.Zalewski et al., 2014 (1)</td><td>-0.291</td><td>0.204</td><td>0.042</td></tr><tr><td>P.Zalewski et al., 2014 (2)</td><td>0.231</td><td>0.203</td><td>0.041</td></tr><tr><td>P.Zalewski et al., 2014 (3)</td><td>0.057</td><td>0.200</td><td>0.040</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (1)</td><td>-0.355</td><td>0.326</td><td>0.106</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (2)</td><td>-0.758</td><td>0.359</td><td>0.129</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (3)</td><td>-0.626</td><td>0.346</td><td>0.120</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (4)</td><td>-0.307</td><td>0.324</td><td>0.105</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>-0.413</td><td>0.108</td><td>0.012</td></tr></tbody></table>

Statistics for each study

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>Lower<br>limit</th><th>Upper<br>limit</th><th>Z-Value</th><th>p-Value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>0.342</td><td>-3.185</td><td>-0.893</td><td>-3.486</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>0.121</td><td>-1.098</td><td>0.264</td><td>-1.201</td><td>0.230</td></tr><tr><td>0.088</td><td>-1.656</td><td>-0.495</td><td>-3.633</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>0.073</td><td>-0.960</td><td>0.098</td><td>-1.596</td><td>0.110</td></tr><tr><td>0.073</td><td>-0.971</td><td>0.089</td><td>-1.629</td><td>0.103</td></tr><tr><td>0.106</td><td>-0.994</td><td>0.284</td><td>-1.088</td><td>0.276</td></tr><tr><td>0.102</td><td>-0.838</td><td>0.416</td><td>-0.660</td><td>0.509</td></tr><tr><td>0.102</td><td>-0.836</td><td>0.417</td><td>-0.654</td><td>0.513</td></tr><tr><td>0.143</td><td>-1.669</td><td>-0.187</td><td>-2.454</td><td>0.014</td></tr><tr><td>0.042</td><td>-0.691</td><td>0.109</td><td>-1.424</td><td>0.154</td></tr><tr><td>0.041</td><td>-0.166</td><td>0.629</td><td>1.142</td><td>0.253</td></tr><tr><td>0.040</td><td>-0.335</td><td>0.450</td><td>0.286</td><td>0.775</td></tr><tr><td>0.200</td><td>-0.994</td><td>0.284</td><td>-1.088</td><td>0.276</td></tr><tr><td>0.106</td><td>-1.461</td><td>-0.055</td><td>-2.113</td><td>0.035</td></tr><tr><td>0.129</td><td>-1.304</td><td>0.052</td><td>-1.811</td><td>0.070</td></tr><tr><td>0.120</td><td>-0.942</td><td>0.327</td><td>-0.950</td><td>0.342</td></tr><tr><td>0.012</td><td>-0.625</td><td>-0.201</td><td>-3.823</td><td>0.000</td></tr></tbody></table>

Std diff in means
and 95% CI

<figure><img src="image_21.png" /></figure>

Forest plots of the effect of cold exposure on LF

Study name

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>Std diff<br>in means</th><th>Standard<br>error</th><th>Variance</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Theurot et al., 2021 (1)</td><td>0.411</td><td>0.347</td><td>0.120</td></tr><tr><td>Theurot et al., 2021 (2)</td><td>-0.305</td><td>0.341</td><td>0.116</td></tr><tr><td>Theurot et al., 2021 (3)</td><td>-0.520</td><td>0.251</td><td>0.063</td></tr><tr><td>Hausswirth et al., 2012 (1)</td><td>-0.437</td><td>0.270</td><td>0.073</td></tr><tr><td>Hausswirth et al., 2012 (2)</td><td>-0.208</td><td>0.261</td><td>0.068</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (1)</td><td>-0.605</td><td>0.344</td><td>0.118</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (2)</td><td>0.059</td><td>0.317</td><td>0.100</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (3)</td><td>-0.365</td><td>0.327</td><td>0.107</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (4)</td><td>-0.918</td><td>0.377</td><td>0.142</td></tr><tr><td>P.Zalewski et al., 2014 (1)</td><td>-0.339</td><td>0.206</td><td>0.042</td></tr><tr><td>P.Zalewski et al., 2014 (2)</td><td>0.000</td><td>0.200</td><td>0.040</td></tr><tr><td>P.Zalewski et al., 2014 (3)</td><td>-0.099</td><td>0.200</td><td>0.040</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (1)</td><td>-0.605</td><td>0.344</td><td>0.118</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (2)</td><td>0.560</td><td>0.340</td><td>0.116</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (3)</td><td>-0.515</td><td>0.337</td><td>0.113</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (4)</td><td>-0.438</td><td>0.331</td><td>0.110</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>-0.254</td><td>0.084</td><td>0.007</td></tr></tbody></table>

Statistics for each study

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>Lower<br>limit</th><th>Upper<br>limit</th><th>Z-Value</th><th>p-Value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>0.120</td><td>-0.269</td><td>1.091</td><td>1.184</td><td>0.236</td></tr><tr><td>0.116</td><td>-0.974</td><td>0.363</td><td>-0.896</td><td>0.370</td></tr><tr><td>0.063</td><td>-1.013</td><td>-0.028</td><td>-2.072</td><td>0.038</td></tr><tr><td>0.073</td><td>-0.967</td><td>0.092</td><td>-1.618</td><td>0.106</td></tr><tr><td>0.068</td><td>-0.720</td><td>0.303</td><td>-0.797</td><td>0.425</td></tr><tr><td>0.118</td><td>-1.279</td><td>0.069</td><td>-1.758</td><td>0.079</td></tr><tr><td>0.100</td><td>-0.561</td><td>0.680</td><td>0.188</td><td>0.851</td></tr><tr><td>0.107</td><td>-1.005</td><td>0.275</td><td>-1.117</td><td>0.264</td></tr><tr><td>0.142</td><td>-1.657</td><td>-0.179</td><td>-2.434</td><td>0.015</td></tr><tr><td>0.042</td><td>-0.742</td><td>0.064</td><td>-1.647</td><td>0.100</td></tr><tr><td>0.040</td><td>-0.392</td><td>0.392</td><td>0.000</td><td>1.000</td></tr><tr><td>0.040</td><td>-0.492</td><td>0.294</td><td>-0.493</td><td>0.622</td></tr><tr><td>0.118</td><td>-1.279</td><td>0.069</td><td>-1.758</td><td>0.079</td></tr><tr><td>0.116</td><td>-0.106</td><td>1.227</td><td>1.648</td><td>0.099</td></tr><tr><td>0.113</td><td>-1.174</td><td>0.145</td><td>-1.529</td><td>0.126</td></tr><tr><td>0.110</td><td>-1.087</td><td>0.211</td><td>-1.323</td><td>0.186</td></tr><tr><td>0.007</td><td>-0.418</td><td>-0.089</td><td>-3.027</td><td>0.002</td></tr></tbody></table>

Std diff in means
and 95% CI

<figure><img src="image_22.png" /></figure>

Forest plots of the effect of cold exposure on LF/HF ratio
Appendix 3. Funnels Plots

<figure><img src="image_22.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_23.png" /></figure>
Appendix 3. Funnels Plots

<figure><img src="image_23.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_24.png" /></figure>
<figure><img src="image_24.png" /><figcaption>Funnel Plot for diastolic arterial pressure</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_25.png" /><figcaption>Funnel Plot for systolic arterial pressure.</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_25.png" /><figcaption>Funnel Plot for diastolic arterial pressure</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_26.png" /><figcaption>Funnel Plot for systolic arterial pressure.</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_26.png" /></figure>

Funnel Plot for R-R interval

<figure><img src="image_27.png" /></figure>

Funnel Plot for RMSSD

<figure><img src="image_28.png" /></figure>

Funnel Plot for LF
<figure><img src="image_27.png" /></figure>

Funnel Plot for R-R interval

<figure><img src="image_28.png" /></figure>

Funnel Plot for RMSSD

<figure><img src="image_29.png" /></figure>

Funnel Plot for LF
<figure><img src="image_29.png" /></figure>

Funnel Plot for HF

<figure><img src="image_30.png" /></figure>

Funnel Plot for LF/HF
<figure><img src="image_30.png" /></figure>

Funnel Plot for HF

<figure><img src="image_31.png" /></figure>

Funnel Plot for LF/HF
Appendix 4. Leave-one out sensitivity analysis

<figure><img src="image_31.png" /><figcaption>Study name

| | Point | Standard error | Variance | Lower limit | Upper limit | Z-Value | p-Value |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Theurot et al., 2021 (1) | -0.148 | 0.061 | 0.004 | -0.268 | -0.027 | -2.403 | 0.016 |
| Theurot et al., 2021 (2) | -0.149 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.270 | -0.029 | -2.424 | 0.015 |
| Theurot et al., 2021 (3) | -0.146 | 0.061 | 0.004 | -0.266 | -0.026 | -2.383 | 0.017 |
| Hausswirth et al., 2012 (1) | -0.145 | 0.061 | 0.004 | -0.265 | -0.026 | -2.377 | 0.017 |
| Hausswirth et al., 2012 (2) | -0.149 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.270 | -0.028 | -2.416 | 0.016 |
| Hammond et al., 2020 (1) | -0.158 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.279 | -0.036 | -2.546 | 0.011 |
| Hammond et al., 2020 (2) | -0.163 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.284 | -0.043 | -2.649 | 0.008 |
| Hammond et al., 2020 (3) | -0.162 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.284 | -0.041 | -2.617 | 0.009 |
| Louis et al., 2015 (1) | -0.157 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.279 | -0.036 | -2.533 | 0.011 |
| Louis et al., 2015 (2) | -0.150 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.271 | -0.029 | -2.437 | 0.015 |
| Louis et al., 2015 (3) | -0.151 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.272 | -0.030 | -2.444 | 0.015 |
| Louis et al., 2015 (4) | -0.152 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.274 | -0.031 | -2.463 | 0.014 |
| Cuttell et al., 2017 (1) | -0.161 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.283 | -0.040 | -2.605 | 0.009 |
| Cuttell et al., 2017 (2) | -0.158 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.280 | -0.037 | -2.552 | 0.011 |
| Cuttell et al., 2017 (3) | -0.156 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.278 | -0.035 | -2.520 | 0.012 |
| Cuttell et al., 2017 (4) | -0.157 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.279 | -0.036 | -2.536 | 0.011 |
| Cuttell et al., 2017 (5) | -0.158 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.280 | -0.037 | -2.552 | 0.011 |
| Cuttell et al., 2017 (6) | -0.157 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.279 | -0.036 | -2.536 | 0.011 |
| Cuttell et al., 2017 (7) | -0.158 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.280 | -0.037 | -2.552 | 0.011 |
| Cuttell et al., 2017 (8) | -0.157 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.279 | -0.036 | -2.535 | 0.011 |
| Cuttell et al., 2017 (9) | -0.159 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.280 | -0.037 | -2.565 | 0.010 |
| Cuttell et al., 2017 (10) | -0.156 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.278 | -0.035 | -2.523 | 0.011 |
| Cuttell et al., 2017 (11) | -0.158 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.280 | -0.037 | -2.552 | 0.011 |
| Cuttell et al., 2017 (12) | -0.156 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.278 | -0.035 | -2.523 | 0.012 |
| Cuttell et al., 2017 (13) | -0.156 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.278 | -0.035 | -2.523 | 0.012 |
| Cuttell et al., 2017 (14) | -0.156 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.278 | -0.035 | -2.522 | 0.012 |
| Cuttell et al., 2017 (15) | -0.157 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.279 | -0.036 | -2.538 | 0.011 |
| Cuttell et al., 2017 (16) | -0.157 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.279 | -0.036 | -2.538 | 0.011 |
| Fondact et al., 2014 (1) | -0.153 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.275 | -0.032 | -2.475 | 0.013 |
| Fondact et al., 2014 (2) | -0.153 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.275 | -0.032 | -2.472 | 0.013 |
| Fondact et al., 2014 (3) | -0.149 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.269 | -0.028 | -2.414 | 0.016 |
| Fondact et al., 2014 (4) | -0.154 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.275 | -0.032 | -2.481 | 0.013 |
| Fondact et al., 2014 (5) | -0.155 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.277 | -0.033 | -2.495 | 0.013 |
| Fondact et al., 2014 (6) | -0.154 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.275 | -0.032 | -2.479 | 0.013 |
| Fondact et al., 2014 (7) | -0.154 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.275 | -0.032 | -2.480 | 0.013 |
| Fondact et al., 2014 (8) | -0.155 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.277 | -0.034 | -2.502 | 0.011 |
| Fondact et al., 2014 (9) | -0.154 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.275 | -0.032 | -2.479 | 0.013 |
| Fondact et al., 2014 (10) | -0.157 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.279 | -0.035 | -2.530 | 0.011 |
| Fondact et al., 2014 (11) | -0.159 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.281 | -0.037 | -2.564 | 0.010 |
| Fondact et al., 2014 (12) | -0.157 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.278 | -0.035 | -2.520 | 0.012 |
| P.Zalevski et al., 2014 (1) | -0.149 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.270 | -0.028 | -2.413 | 0.016 |
| P.Zalevski et al., 2014 (2) | -0.161 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.283 | -0.039 | -2.591 | 0.010 |
| P.Zalevski et al., 2014 (3) | -0.161 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.283 | -0.039 | -2.594 | 0.010 |
| Zalevski et al., 2013 (1) | -0.149 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.270 | -0.028 | -2.410 | 0.016 |
| Zalevski et al., 2013 (2) | -0.161 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.283 | -0.039 | -2.584 | 0.010 |
| Zalevski et al., 2013 (3) | -0.161 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.283 | -0.038 | -2.576 | 0.010 |
| Lubkowska and suska, 2011 (1) | -0.149 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.271 | -0.028 | -2.416 | 0.016 |
| Lubkowska and suska, 2011 (2) | -0.160 | 0.063 | 0.004 | -0.283 | -0.037 | -2.552 | 0.011 |
| Lubkowska and suska, 2011 (3) | -0.159 | 0.063 | 0.004 | -0.282 | -0.036 | -2.534 | 0.011 |
| Lubkowska and Seygula, 2010 (1) | -0.150 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.271 | -0.029 | -2.423 | 0.015 |
| Lubkowska and Seygula, 2010 (2) | -0.160 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.282 | -0.037 | -2.560 | 0.010 |
| Lubkowska and Seygula, 2010 (3) | -0.155 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.277 | -0.033 | -2.482 | 0.013 |
| Lubkowska and Seygula, 2010 (4) | -0.156 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.278 | -0.033 | -2.496 | 0.013 |
| Louis et al., 2020 (1) | -0.150 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.271 | -0.029 | -2.437 | 0.015 |
| Louis et al., 2020 (2) | -0.151 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.272 | -0.030 | -2.444 | 0.015 |
| Louis et al., 2020 (3) | -0.149 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.269 | -0.028 | -2.417 | 0.016 |
| Louis et al., 2020 (4) | -0.146 | 0.061 | 0.004 | -0.266 | -0.026 | -2.389 | 0.017 |
| Coppi et al., 2022 | -0.170 | 0.061 | 0.004 | -0.289 | -0.050 | -2.789 | 0.005 |
| Rose et al., 2023 (1) | -0.154 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.275 | -0.033 | -2.488 | 0.013 |
| Rose et al., 2023 (2) | -0.149 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.270 | -0.028 | -2.419 | 0.016 |
| Miller et al., 2012 (1) | -0.160 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.282 | -0.039 | -2.587 | 0.010 |
| Miller et al., 2012 (2) | -0.154 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.275 | -0.033 | -2.485 | 0.013 |
| Miller et al., 2012 (3) | -0.159 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.280 | -0.037 | -2.558 | 0.011 |
| Miller et al., 2012 (4) | -0.159 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.280 | -0.037 | -2.559 | 0.010 |
| Miller et al., 2012 (5) | -0.156 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.278 | -0.035 | -2.522 | 0.012 |
| Miller et al., 2012 (6) | -0.157 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.279 | -0.035 | -2.531 | 0.011 |
| Starek et al., 2000 (1) | -0.169 | 0.061 | 0.004 | -0.289 | -0.050 | -2.785 | 0.005 |
| Starek et al., 2000 (2) | -0.152 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.273 | -0.031 | -2.454 | 0.014 |
| Starek et al., 2000 (3) | -0.143 | 0.061 | 0.004 | -0.262 | -0.024 | -2.361 | 0.018 |
| Starek et al., 2000 (4) | -0.143 | 0.060 | 0.004 | -0.261 | -0.025 | -2.372 | 0.018 |
| Starek et al., 2000 (5) | -0.143 | 0.060 | 0.004 | -0.261 | -0.025 | -2.375 | 0.018 |
| Starek et al., 2000 (6) | -0.143 | 0.060 | 0.004 | -0.261 | -0.025 | -2.373 | 0.018 |
| Eimonte et al., 2021 (1) | -0.172 | 0.060 | 0.004 | -0.290 | -0.054 | -2.849 | 0.004 |
| Eimonte et al., 2021 (2) | -0.172 | 0.060 | 0.004 | -0.290 | -0.054 | -2.850 | 0.004 |
| Eimonte et al., 2021 (3) | -0.169 | 0.061 | 0.004 | -0.289 | -0.050 | -2.784 | 0.005 |
| Eimonte et al., 2021 (4) | -0.162 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.283 | -0.041 | -2.617 | 0.009 |
| Eimonte et al., 2021 (5) | -0.160 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.282 | -0.039 | -2.589 | 0.010 |
| Eimonte et al., 2021 (6) | -0.160 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.282 | -0.039 | -2.584 | 0.010 |
| Eimonte et al., 2021 (7) | -0.159 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.281 | -0.037 | -2.560 | 0.010 |
| Eimonte et al., 2021 (8) | -0.159 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.281 | -0.038 | -2.569 | 0.010 |
| Eimonte et al., 2021 (9) | -0.159 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.281 | -0.038 | -2.565 | 0.010 |
| Eimonte et al., 2021 (10) | -0.159 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.281 | -0.038 | -2.569 | 0.010 |
| Eimonte et al., 2021 (11) | -0.158 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.280 | -0.037 | -2.551 | 0.011 |
| Eimonte et al., 2021 (12) | -0.158 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.279 | -0.036 | -2.538 | 0.011 |
| Eimonte et al., 2021 (13) | -0.161 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.282 | -0.040 | -2.598 | 0.009 |
| Vogelaere et al., 1995 | -0.164 | 0.061 | 0.004 | -0.284 | -0.043 | -2.663 | 0.008 |
| Jansky et al., 1996 (1) | -0.158 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.279 | -0.036 | -2.544 | 0.011 |
| Jansky et al., 1996 (2) | -0.167 | 0.061 | 0.004 | -0.287 | -0.047 | -2.729 | 0.006 |
| Kwiecien et al., 2019 (1) | -0.150 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.271 | -0.029 | -2.427 | 0.015 |
| Manton et al., 2007 | -0.173 | 0.060 | 0.004 | -0.291 | -0.056 | -2.886 | 0.004 |
| Barwod et al., 2014 | -0.149 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.270 | -0.028 | -2.422 | 0.015 |
| Manton et al., 2008 | -0.169 | 0.061 | 0.004 | -0.288 | -0.050 | -2.777 | 0.005 |
| Brazaitis et al., 2014 | -0.169 | 0.059 | 0.003 | -0.285 | -0.053 | -2.863 | 0.004 |
| -0.157 | 0.061 | 0.004 | -0.277 | -0.036 | -2.549 | 0.011 |</figcaption></figure>

Forest plot of the leave-one-out sensitivity analysis for heart rate
Appendix 4. Leave-one out sensitivity analysis

<figure><img src="image_32.png" /><figcaption>Study name

| | Point | Standard error | Variance | Lower limit | Upper limit | Z-Value | p-Value |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Theurot et al., 2021 (1) | -0.148 | 0.061 | 0.004 | -0.268 | -0.027 | -2.403 | 0.016 |
| Theurot et al., 2021 (2) | -0.149 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.270 | -0.029 | -2.424 | 0.015 |
| Theurot et al., 2021 (3) | -0.146 | 0.061 | 0.004 | -0.266 | -0.026 | -2.383 | 0.017 |
| Hausswirth et al., 2012 (1) | -0.145 | 0.061 | 0.004 | -0.265 | -0.026 | -2.377 | 0.017 |
| Hausswirth et al., 2012 (2) | -0.149 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.270 | -0.028 | -2.416 | 0.016 |
| Hammond et al., 2020 (1) | -0.158 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.279 | -0.036 | -2.546 | 0.011 |
| Hammond et al., 2020 (2) | -0.163 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.284 | -0.043 | -2.649 | 0.008 |
| Hammond et al., 2020 (3) | -0.162 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.284 | -0.041 | -2.617 | 0.009 |
| Louis et al., 2015 (1) | -0.157 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.279 | -0.036 | -2.533 | 0.011 |
| Louis et al., 2015 (2) | -0.150 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.271 | -0.029 | -2.437 | 0.015 |
| Louis et al., 2015 (3) | -0.151 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.272 | -0.030 | -2.444 | 0.015 |
| Louis et al., 2015 (4) | -0.152 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.274 | -0.031 | -2.463 | 0.014 |
| Cuttell et al., 2017 (1) | -0.161 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.283 | -0.040 | -2.605 | 0.009 |
| Cuttell et al., 2017 (2) | -0.158 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.280 | -0.037 | -2.552 | 0.011 |
| Cuttell et al., 2017 (3) | -0.156 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.278 | -0.035 | -2.520 | 0.012 |
| Cuttell et al., 2017 (4) | -0.157 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.279 | -0.036 | -2.536 | 0.011 |
| Cuttell et al., 2017 (5) | -0.158 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.280 | -0.037 | -2.552 | 0.011 |
| Cuttell et al., 2017 (6) | -0.157 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.279 | -0.036 | -2.536 | 0.011 |
| Cuttell et al., 2017 (7) | -0.158 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.280 | -0.037 | -2.552 | 0.011 |
| Cuttell et al., 2017 (8) | -0.157 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.279 | -0.036 | -2.535 | 0.011 |
| Cuttell et al., 2017 (9) | -0.159 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.280 | -0.037 | -2.565 | 0.010 |
| Cuttell et al., 2017 (10) | -0.156 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.278 | -0.035 | -2.523 | 0.011 |
| Cuttell et al., 2017 (11) | -0.158 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.280 | -0.037 | -2.552 | 0.011 |
| Cuttell et al., 2017 (12) | -0.156 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.278 | -0.035 | -2.523 | 0.012 |
| Cuttell et al., 2017 (13) | -0.156 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.278 | -0.035 | -2.523 | 0.012 |
| Cuttell et al., 2017 (14) | -0.156 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.278 | -0.035 | -2.522 | 0.012 |
| Cuttell et al., 2017 (15) | -0.157 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.279 | -0.036 | -2.538 | 0.011 |
| Cuttell et al., 2017 (16) | -0.157 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.279 | -0.036 | -2.538 | 0.011 |
| Fondact et al., 2014 (1) | -0.153 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.275 | -0.032 | -2.475 | 0.013 |
| Fondact et al., 2014 (2) | -0.153 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.275 | -0.032 | -2.472 | 0.013 |
| Fondact et al., 2014 (3) | -0.149 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.269 | -0.028 | -2.414 | 0.016 |
| Fondact et al., 2014 (4) | -0.154 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.275 | -0.032 | -2.481 | 0.013 |
| Fondact et al., 2014 (5) | -0.155 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.277 | -0.033 | -2.495 | 0.013 |
| Fondact et al., 2014 (6) | -0.154 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.275 | -0.032 | -2.479 | 0.013 |
| Fondact et al., 2014 (7) | -0.154 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.275 | -0.032 | -2.480 | 0.013 |
| Fondact et al., 2014 (8) | -0.155 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.277 | -0.034 | -2.502 | 0.011 |
| Fondact et al., 2014 (9) | -0.154 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.275 | -0.032 | -2.479 | 0.013 |
| Fondact et al., 2014 (10) | -0.157 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.279 | -0.035 | -2.530 | 0.011 |
| Fondact et al., 2014 (11) | -0.159 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.281 | -0.037 | -2.564 | 0.010 |
| Fondact et al., 2014 (12) | -0.157 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.278 | -0.035 | -2.520 | 0.012 |
| P.Zalevski et al., 2014 (1) | -0.149 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.270 | -0.028 | -2.413 | 0.016 |
| P.Zalevski et al., 2014 (2) | -0.161 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.283 | -0.039 | -2.591 | 0.010 |
| P.Zalevski et al., 2014 (3) | -0.161 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.283 | -0.039 | -2.594 | 0.010 |
| Zalevski et al., 2013 (1) | -0.149 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.270 | -0.028 | -2.410 | 0.016 |
| Zalevski et al., 2013 (2) | -0.161 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.283 | -0.039 | -2.584 | 0.010 |
| Zalevski et al., 2013 (3) | -0.161 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.283 | -0.038 | -2.576 | 0.010 |
| Lubkowska and suska, 2011 (1) | -0.149 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.271 | -0.028 | -2.416 | 0.016 |
| Lubkowska and suska, 2011 (2) | -0.160 | 0.063 | 0.004 | -0.283 | -0.037 | -2.552 | 0.011 |
| Lubkowska and suska, 2011 (3) | -0.159 | 0.063 | 0.004 | -0.282 | -0.036 | -2.534 | 0.011 |
| Lubkowska and Seygula, 2010 (1) | -0.150 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.271 | -0.029 | -2.423 | 0.015 |
| Lubkowska and Seygula, 2010 (2) | -0.160 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.282 | -0.037 | -2.560 | 0.010 |
| Lubkowska and Seygula, 2010 (3) | -0.155 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.277 | -0.033 | -2.482 | 0.013 |
| Lubkowska and Seygula, 2010 (4) | -0.156 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.278 | -0.033 | -2.496 | 0.013 |
| Louis et al., 2020 (1) | -0.150 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.271 | -0.029 | -2.437 | 0.015 |
| Louis et al., 2020 (2) | -0.151 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.272 | -0.030 | -2.444 | 0.015 |
| Louis et al., 2020 (3) | -0.149 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.269 | -0.028 | -2.417 | 0.016 |
| Louis et al., 2020 (4) | -0.146 | 0.061 | 0.004 | -0.266 | -0.026 | -2.389 | 0.017 |
| Coppi et al., 2022 | -0.170 | 0.061 | 0.004 | -0.289 | -0.050 | -2.789 | 0.005 |
| Rose et al., 2023 (1) | -0.154 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.275 | -0.033 | -2.488 | 0.013 |
| Rose et al., 2023 (2) | -0.149 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.270 | -0.028 | -2.419 | 0.016 |
| Miller et al., 2012 (1) | -0.160 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.282 | -0.039 | -2.587 | 0.010 |
| Miller et al., 2012 (2) | -0.154 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.275 | -0.033 | -2.485 | 0.013 |
| Miller et al., 2012 (3) | -0.159 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.280 | -0.037 | -2.558 | 0.011 |
| Miller et al., 2012 (4) | -0.159 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.280 | -0.037 | -2.559 | 0.010 |
| Miller et al., 2012 (5) | -0.156 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.278 | -0.035 | -2.522 | 0.012 |
| Miller et al., 2012 (6) | -0.157 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.279 | -0.035 | -2.531 | 0.011 |
| Stanek et al., 2000 (1) | -0.169 | 0.061 | 0.004 | -0.289 | -0.050 | -2.785 | 0.005 |
| Stanek et al., 2000 (2) | -0.152 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.273 | -0.031 | -2.454 | 0.014 |
| Stanek et al., 2000 (3) | -0.143 | 0.061 | 0.004 | -0.262 | -0.024 | -2.361 | 0.018 |
| Stanek et al., 2000 (4) | -0.143 | 0.060 | 0.004 | -0.261 | -0.025 | -2.372 | 0.018 |
| Stanek et al., 2000 (5) | -0.143 | 0.060 | 0.004 | -0.261 | -0.025 | -2.375 | 0.018 |
| Stanek et al., 2000 (6) | -0.143 | 0.060 | 0.004 | -0.261 | -0.025 | -2.373 | 0.018 |
| Eimonte et al., 2021 (1) | -0.172 | 0.060 | 0.004 | -0.290 | -0.054 | -2.849 | 0.004 |
| Eimonte et al., 2021 (2) | -0.172 | 0.060 | 0.004 | -0.290 | -0.054 | -2.850 | 0.004 |
| Eimonte et al., 2021 (3) | -0.169 | 0.061 | 0.004 | -0.289 | -0.050 | -2.784 | 0.005 |
| Eimonte et al., 2021 (4) | -0.162 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.283 | -0.041 | -2.617 | 0.009 |
| Eimonte et al., 2021 (5) | -0.160 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.282 | -0.039 | -2.589 | 0.010 |
| Eimonte et al., 2021 (6) | -0.160 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.282 | -0.039 | -2.584 | 0.010 |
| Eimonte et al., 2021 (7) | -0.159 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.281 | -0.037 | -2.560 | 0.010 |
| Eimonte et al., 2021 (8) | -0.159 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.281 | -0.038 | -2.569 | 0.010 |
| Eimonte et al., 2021 (9) | -0.159 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.281 | -0.038 | -2.565 | 0.010 |
| Eimonte et al., 2021 (10) | -0.159 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.281 | -0.038 | -2.569 | 0.010 |
| Eimonte et al., 2021 (11) | -0.158 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.280 | -0.037 | -2.551 | 0.011 |
| Eimonte et al., 2021 (12) | -0.158 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.279 | -0.036 | -2.538 | 0.011 |
| Eimonte et al., 2021 (13) | -0.161 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.282 | -0.040 | -2.598 | 0.009 |
| Vogelaere et al., 1995 | -0.164 | 0.061 | 0.004 | -0.284 | -0.043 | -2.663 | 0.008 |
| Jansky et al., 1996 (1) | -0.158 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.279 | -0.036 | -2.544 | 0.011 |
| Jansky et al., 1996 (2) | -0.167 | 0.061 | 0.004 | -0.287 | -0.047 | -2.729 | 0.006 |
| Kwiecien et al., 2019 (1) | -0.150 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.271 | -0.029 | -2.427 | 0.015 |
| Manton et al., 2007 | -0.173 | 0.060 | 0.004 | -0.291 | -0.056 | -2.886 | 0.004 |
| Barwod et al., 2014 | -0.149 | 0.062 | 0.004 | -0.270 | -0.028 | -2.422 | 0.015 |
| Manton et al., 2008 | -0.169 | 0.061 | 0.004 | -0.288 | -0.050 | -2.777 | 0.005 |
| Brazaitis et al., 2014 | -0.169 | 0.059 | 0.003 | -0.285 | -0.053 | -2.863 | 0.004 |
| -0.157 | 0.061 | 0.004 | -0.277 | -0.036 | -2.549 | 0.011 |</figcaption></figure>

Forest plot of the leave-one-out sensitivity analysis for heart rate
<table><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Study name</th><th colspan="6">Statistics with study removed</th><th rowspan="2">Std diff in means (95%CI) with study removed</th></tr><tr><th>Point</th><th>Standard error</th><th>Variance</th><th>Lower limit</th><th>Upper limit</th><th>Z-Value</th><th>p-Value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Hausswirth et al., 2012 (1)</td><td>0.281</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.167</td><td>0.395</td><td>4.815</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Hausswirth et al., 2012 (2)</td><td>0.288</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.174</td><td>0.402</td><td>4.943</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Hammond et al., 2020 (1)</td><td>0.288</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.175</td><td>0.402</td><td>4.963</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Hammond et al., 2020 (2)</td><td>0.287</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.173</td><td>0.401</td><td>4.925</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Hammond et al., 2020 (3)</td><td>0.288</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.174</td><td>0.403</td><td>4.948</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (1)</td><td>0.273</td><td>0.056</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.162</td><td>0.383</td><td>4.834</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (2)</td><td>0.290</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.176</td><td>0.404</td><td>4.998</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (3)</td><td>0.287</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.173</td><td>0.402</td><td>4.939</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (4)</td><td>0.288</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.174</td><td>0.402</td><td>4.952</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (1)</td><td>0.278</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.164</td><td>0.392</td><td>4.764</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (2)</td><td>0.280</td><td>0.059</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.165</td><td>0.395</td><td>4.776</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (3)</td><td>0.277</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.163</td><td>0.390</td><td>4.757</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (4)</td><td>0.276</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.162</td><td>0.389</td><td>4.755</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (5)</td><td>0.273</td><td>0.057</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.161</td><td>0.386</td><td>4.754</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (6)</td><td>0.274</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.161</td><td>0.387</td><td>4.753</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (7)</td><td>0.276</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.162</td><td>0.390</td><td>4.756</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (8)</td><td>0.275</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.162</td><td>0.389</td><td>4.754</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Cuttell et al., 2017 (1)</td><td>0.289</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.175</td><td>0.403</td><td>4.977</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Cuttell et al., 2017 (2)</td><td>0.296</td><td>0.057</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.184</td><td>0.408</td><td>5.165</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Cuttell et al., 2017 (3)</td><td>0.292</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.179</td><td>0.406</td><td>5.060</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Cuttell et al., 2017 (4)</td><td>0.297</td><td>0.057</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.186</td><td>0.409</td><td>5.217</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Cuttell et al., 2017 (5)</td><td>0.295</td><td>0.057</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.182</td><td>0.407</td><td>5.132</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Cuttell et al., 2017 (6)</td><td>0.297</td><td>0.057</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.185</td><td>0.409</td><td>5.212</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Cuttell et al., 2017 (7)</td><td>0.297</td><td>0.057</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.185</td><td>0.409</td><td>5.191</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Cuttell et al., 2017 (8)</td><td>0.301</td><td>0.056</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.190</td><td>0.411</td><td>5.340</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Cuttell et al., 2017 (9)</td><td>0.280</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.167</td><td>0.394</td><td>4.827</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Cuttell et al., 2017 (10)</td><td>0.283</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.169</td><td>0.397</td><td>4.866</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Cuttell et al., 2017 (11)</td><td>0.285</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.171</td><td>0.399</td><td>4.897</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Cuttell et al., 2017 (12)</td><td>0.290</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.176</td><td>0.404</td><td>4.999</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Cuttell et al., 2017 (13)</td><td>0.288</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.174</td><td>0.402</td><td>4.948</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Cuttell et al., 2017 (14)</td><td>0.285</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.171</td><td>0.399</td><td>4.897</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Cuttell et al., 2017 (15)</td><td>0.290</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.177</td><td>0.404</td><td>5.007</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Cuttell et al., 2017 (16)</td><td>0.290</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.176</td><td>0.404</td><td>4.999</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (1)</td><td>0.283</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.169</td><td>0.398</td><td>4.858</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (2)</td><td>0.291</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.177</td><td>0.405</td><td>5.018</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (3)</td><td>0.292</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.179</td><td>0.406</td><td>5.052</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (4)</td><td>0.281</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.166</td><td>0.395</td><td>4.817</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (5)</td><td>0.289</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.175</td><td>0.403</td><td>4.959</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (6)</td><td>0.287</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.173</td><td>0.402</td><td>4.933</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (7)</td><td>0.278</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.165</td><td>0.392</td><td>4.794</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (8)</td><td>0.287</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.173</td><td>0.401</td><td>4.921</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (9)</td><td>0.283</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.169</td><td>0.398</td><td>4.855</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (10)</td><td>0.279</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.165</td><td>0.393</td><td>4.801</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (11)</td><td>0.290</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.176</td><td>0.404</td><td>4.997</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (12)</td><td>0.285</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.171</td><td>0.400</td><td>4.887</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>P.Zalewski et al., 2014 (1)</td><td>0.286</td><td>0.059</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.172</td><td>0.401</td><td>4.887</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>P.Zalewski et al., 2014 (2)</td><td>0.282</td><td>0.059</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.167</td><td>0.397</td><td>4.804</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>P.Zalewski et al., 2014 (3)</td><td>0.282</td><td>0.059</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.167</td><td>0.397</td><td>4.805</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Zalewski et al., 2013 (1)</td><td>0.289</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.175</td><td>0.404</td><td>4.950</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Zalewski et al., 2013 (2)</td><td>0.283</td><td>0.059</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.168</td><td>0.398</td><td>4.817</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Zalewski et al., 2013 (3)</td><td>0.284</td><td>0.059</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.168</td><td>0.399</td><td>4.824</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and Suska, 2011 (1)</td><td>0.272</td><td>0.057</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.160</td><td>0.384</td><td>4.766</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and Suska, 2011 (2)</td><td>0.279</td><td>0.059</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.164</td><td>0.394</td><td>4.757</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and Suska, 2011 (3)</td><td>0.285</td><td>0.059</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.170</td><td>0.401</td><td>4.835</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and Szygula, 2010 (1)</td><td>0.275</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.162</td><td>0.389</td><td>4.757</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and Szygula, 2010 (2)</td><td>0.284</td><td>0.059</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.169</td><td>0.399</td><td>4.835</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and Szygula, 2010 (3)</td><td>0.278</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.164</td><td>0.392</td><td>4.767</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and Szygula, 2010 (4)</td><td>0.277</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.163</td><td>0.390</td><td>4.761</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (1)</td><td>0.287</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.173</td><td>0.401</td><td>4.932</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (2)</td><td>0.287</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.173</td><td>0.402</td><td>4.939</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (3)</td><td>0.280</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.166</td><td>0.394</td><td>4.816</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (4)</td><td>0.282</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.168</td><td>0.396</td><td>4.841</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Coppi et al., 2022</td><td>0.278</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.164</td><td>0.392</td><td>4.794</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Rose et al., 2023 (2)</td><td>0.276</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.163</td><td>0.389</td><td>4.785</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Müller et al., 2012 (1)</td><td>0.284</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.170</td><td>0.399</td><td>4.881</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Müller et al., 2012 (2)</td><td>0.289</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.175</td><td>0.403</td><td>4.982</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Müller et al., 2012 (3)</td><td>0.290</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.177</td><td>0.404</td><td>5.007</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Müller et al., 2012 (4)</td><td>0.286</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.171</td><td>0.400</td><td>4.903</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Müller et al., 2012 (5)</td><td>0.288</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.174</td><td>0.402</td><td>4.949</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Müller et al., 2012 (6)</td><td>0.282</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.168</td><td>0.396</td><td>4.839</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Sramek et al., 2000 (1)</td><td>0.281</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.166</td><td>0.395</td><td>4.821</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Sramek et al., 2000 (2)</td><td>0.291</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.177</td><td>0.405</td><td>5.023</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Sramek et al., 2000 (3)</td><td>0.291</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.177</td><td>0.404</td><td>5.016</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Sramek et al., 2000 (4)</td><td>0.296</td><td>0.057</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.184</td><td>0.408</td><td>5.173</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Sramek et al., 2000 (5)</td><td>0.283</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.169</td><td>0.397</td><td>4.858</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Sramek et al., 2000 (6)</td><td>0.277</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.163</td><td>0.390</td><td>4.784</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Jansky et al., 1996 (1)</td><td>0.273</td><td>0.057</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.161</td><td>0.384</td><td>4.791</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Jansky et al., 1996 (2)</td><td>0.273</td><td>0.057</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.161</td><td>0.384</td><td>4.793</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr></tbody></table>

Forest plot of the leave-one-out sensitivity analysis for mean arterial pressure
<table><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Study name</th><th colspan="6">Statistics with study removed</th><th rowspan="2">Std diff in means (95%CI) with study removed</th></tr><tr><th>Point</th><th>Standard error</th><th>Variance</th><th>Lower limit</th><th>Upper limit</th><th>Z-Value</th><th>p-Value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Hausswirth et al., 2012 (1)</td><td>0.281</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.167</td><td>0.395</td><td>4.815</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Hausswirth et al., 2012 (2)</td><td>0.288</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.174</td><td>0.402</td><td>4.943</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Hammond et al., 2020 (1)</td><td>0.288</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.175</td><td>0.402</td><td>4.963</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Hammond et al., 2020 (2)</td><td>0.287</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.173</td><td>0.401</td><td>4.925</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Hammond et al., 2020 (3)</td><td>0.288</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.174</td><td>0.403</td><td>4.948</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (1)</td><td>0.273</td><td>0.056</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.162</td><td>0.383</td><td>4.834</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (2)</td><td>0.290</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.176</td><td>0.404</td><td>4.998</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (3)</td><td>0.287</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.173</td><td>0.402</td><td>4.939</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (4)</td><td>0.288</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.174</td><td>0.402</td><td>4.952</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Debbie-Bak et al., 2013 (1)</td><td>0.278</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.164</td><td>0.392</td><td>4.764</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Debbie-Bak et al., 2013 (2)</td><td>0.280</td><td>0.059</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.165</td><td>0.395</td><td>4.776</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Debbie-Bak et al., 2013 (3)</td><td>0.277</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.163</td><td>0.390</td><td>4.757</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Debbie-Bak et al., 2013 (4)</td><td>0.276</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.162</td><td>0.389</td><td>4.755</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Debbie-Bak et al., 2013 (5)</td><td>0.273</td><td>0.057</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.161</td><td>0.386</td><td>4.754</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Debbie-Bak et al., 2013 (6)</td><td>0.274</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.161</td><td>0.387</td><td>4.753</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Debbie-Bak et al., 2013 (7)</td><td>0.276</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.162</td><td>0.390</td><td>4.756</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Debbie-Bak et al., 2013 (8)</td><td>0.275</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.162</td><td>0.389</td><td>4.754</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Cuttell et al., 2017 (1)</td><td>0.289</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.175</td><td>0.403</td><td>4.977</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Cuttell et al., 2017 (2)</td><td>0.296</td><td>0.057</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.184</td><td>0.408</td><td>5.165</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Cuttell et al., 2017 (3)</td><td>0.292</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.179</td><td>0.406</td><td>5.060</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Cuttell et al., 2017 (4)</td><td>0.297</td><td>0.057</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.186</td><td>0.409</td><td>5.217</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Cuttell et al., 2017 (5)</td><td>0.295</td><td>0.057</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.182</td><td>0.407</td><td>5.132</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Cuttell et al., 2017 (6)</td><td>0.297</td><td>0.057</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.185</td><td>0.409</td><td>5.212</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Cuttell et al., 2017 (7)</td><td>0.297</td><td>0.057</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.185</td><td>0.409</td><td>5.191</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Cuttell et al., 2017 (8)</td><td>0.301</td><td>0.056</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.190</td><td>0.411</td><td>5.340</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Cuttell et al., 2017 (9)</td><td>0.280</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.167</td><td>0.394</td><td>4.827</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Cuttell et al., 2017 (10)</td><td>0.283</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.169</td><td>0.397</td><td>4.866</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Cuttell et al., 2017 (11)</td><td>0.285</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.171</td><td>0.399</td><td>4.897</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Cuttell et al., 2017 (12)</td><td>0.290</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.176</td><td>0.404</td><td>4.999</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Cuttell et al., 2017 (13)</td><td>0.288</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.174</td><td>0.402</td><td>4.948</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Cuttell et al., 2017 (14)</td><td>0.285</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.171</td><td>0.399</td><td>4.897</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Cuttell et al., 2017 (15)</td><td>0.290</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.177</td><td>0.404</td><td>5.007</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Cuttell et al., 2017 (16)</td><td>0.290</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.176</td><td>0.404</td><td>4.999</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (1)</td><td>0.283</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.169</td><td>0.398</td><td>4.858</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (2)</td><td>0.291</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.177</td><td>0.405</td><td>5.018</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (3)</td><td>0.292</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.179</td><td>0.406</td><td>5.052</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (4)</td><td>0.281</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.166</td><td>0.395</td><td>4.817</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (5)</td><td>0.289</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.175</td><td>0.403</td><td>4.959</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (6)</td><td>0.287</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.173</td><td>0.402</td><td>4.933</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (7)</td><td>0.278</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.165</td><td>0.392</td><td>4.794</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (8)</td><td>0.287</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.173</td><td>0.401</td><td>4.921</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (9)</td><td>0.283</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.169</td><td>0.398</td><td>4.855</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (10)</td><td>0.279</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.165</td><td>0.393</td><td>4.801</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (11)</td><td>0.290</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.176</td><td>0.404</td><td>4.997</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (12)</td><td>0.285</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.171</td><td>0.400</td><td>4.887</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>P.Zalewski et al., 2014 (1)</td><td>0.286</td><td>0.059</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.172</td><td>0.401</td><td>4.887</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>P.Zalewski et al., 2014 (2)</td><td>0.282</td><td>0.059</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.167</td><td>0.397</td><td>4.804</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>P.Zalewski et al., 2014 (3)</td><td>0.282</td><td>0.059</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.167</td><td>0.397</td><td>4.805</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Zalewski et al., 2013 (1)</td><td>0.289</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.175</td><td>0.404</td><td>4.950</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Zalewski et al., 2013 (2)</td><td>0.283</td><td>0.059</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.168</td><td>0.398</td><td>4.817</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Zalewski et al., 2013 (3)</td><td>0.284</td><td>0.059</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.168</td><td>0.399</td><td>4.824</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and Suska, 2011 (1)</td><td>0.272</td><td>0.057</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.160</td><td>0.384</td><td>4.766</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and Suska, 2011 (2)</td><td>0.279</td><td>0.059</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.164</td><td>0.394</td><td>4.757</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and Suska, 2011 (3)</td><td>0.285</td><td>0.059</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.170</td><td>0.401</td><td>4.835</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and Szygula, 2010 (1)</td><td>0.275</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.162</td><td>0.389</td><td>4.757</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and Szygula, 2010 (2)</td><td>0.284</td><td>0.059</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.169</td><td>0.399</td><td>4.835</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and Szygula, 2010 (3)</td><td>0.278</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.164</td><td>0.392</td><td>4.767</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and Szygula, 2010 (4)</td><td>0.277</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.163</td><td>0.390</td><td>4.761</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (1)</td><td>0.287</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.173</td><td>0.401</td><td>4.932</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (2)</td><td>0.287</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.173</td><td>0.402</td><td>4.939</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (3)</td><td>0.280</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.166</td><td>0.394</td><td>4.816</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (4)</td><td>0.282</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.168</td><td>0.396</td><td>4.841</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Coppi et al., 2022</td><td>0.278</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.164</td><td>0.392</td><td>4.794</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Rose et al., 2023 (2)</td><td>0.276</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.163</td><td>0.389</td><td>4.785</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Müller et al., 2012 (1)</td><td>0.284</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.170</td><td>0.399</td><td>4.881</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Müller et al., 2012 (2)</td><td>0.289</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.175</td><td>0.403</td><td>4.982</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Müller et al., 2012 (3)</td><td>0.290</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.177</td><td>0.404</td><td>5.007</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Müller et al., 2012 (4)</td><td>0.286</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.171</td><td>0.400</td><td>4.903</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Müller et al., 2012 (5)</td><td>0.288</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.174</td><td>0.402</td><td>4.949</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Müller et al., 2012 (6)</td><td>0.282</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.168</td><td>0.396</td><td>4.839</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Sramek et al., 2000 (1)</td><td>0.281</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.166</td><td>0.395</td><td>4.821</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Sramek et al., 2000 (2)</td><td>0.291</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.177</td><td>0.405</td><td>5.023</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Sramek et al., 2000 (3)</td><td>0.291</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.177</td><td>0.404</td><td>5.016</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Sramek et al., 2000 (4)</td><td>0.296</td><td>0.057</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.184</td><td>0.408</td><td>5.173</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Sramek et al., 2000 (5)</td><td>0.283</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.169</td><td>0.397</td><td>4.858</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Sramek et al., 2000 (6)</td><td>0.277</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.163</td><td>0.390</td><td>4.784</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Jansky et al., 1996 (1)</td><td>0.273</td><td>0.057</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.161</td><td>0.384</td><td>4.791</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Jansky et al., 1996 (2)</td><td>0.273</td><td>0.057</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.161</td><td>0.384</td><td>4.793</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr></tbody></table>

Forest plot of the leave-one-out sensitivity analysis for mean arterial pressure
<table><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Study name</th><th colspan="7">Statistics with study removed</th><th colspan="2">Std. diff in means (95%CI) with study removed</th></tr><tr><th>Point</th><th>Standard error</th><th>Variance</th><th>Lower limit</th><th>Upper limit</th><th>Z-Value</th><th>p-Value</th><th></th><th></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Hausswirth et al., 2012 (1)</td><td>0.402</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.335</td><td>0.469</td><td>11.791</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hausswirth et al., 2012 (2)</td><td>0.413</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.346</td><td>0.480</td><td>12.116</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hammond et al., 2020 (1)</td><td>0.408</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.341</td><td>0.474</td><td>11.992</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hammond et al., 2020 (2)</td><td>0.403</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.336</td><td>0.469</td><td>11.858</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hammond et al., 2020 (3)</td><td>0.410</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.343</td><td>0.477</td><td>12.007</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (1)</td><td>0.409</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.342</td><td>0.475</td><td>12.007</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (2)</td><td>0.410</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.343</td><td>0.476</td><td>12.041</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (3)</td><td>0.410</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.343</td><td>0.476</td><td>12.045</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (4)</td><td>0.408</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.341</td><td>0.475</td><td>11.988</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (1)</td><td>0.399</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.331</td><td>0.466</td><td>11.604</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (2)</td><td>0.404</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.336</td><td>0.471</td><td>11.740</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (3)</td><td>0.393</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.326</td><td>0.460</td><td>11.461</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (4)</td><td>0.391</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.324</td><td>0.458</td><td>11.416</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (5)</td><td>0.390</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.322</td><td>0.457</td><td>11.378</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (6)</td><td>0.389</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.322</td><td>0.456</td><td>11.356</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (7)</td><td>0.395</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.328</td><td>0.463</td><td>11.523</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (8)</td><td>0.392</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.325</td><td>0.459</td><td>11.436</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (1)</td><td>0.403</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.337</td><td>0.470</td><td>11.843</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (2)</td><td>0.412</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.346</td><td>0.479</td><td>12.107</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (3)</td><td>0.413</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.347</td><td>0.480</td><td>12.140</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (4)</td><td>0.400</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.334</td><td>0.467</td><td>11.768</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (5)</td><td>0.413</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.346</td><td>0.480</td><td>12.126</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (6)</td><td>0.414</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.348</td><td>0.481</td><td>12.171</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (7)</td><td>0.398</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.332</td><td>0.465</td><td>11.709</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (8)</td><td>0.407</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.340</td><td>0.474</td><td>11.951</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (9)</td><td>0.407</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.341</td><td>0.474</td><td>11.957</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (10)</td><td>0.398</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.332</td><td>0.465</td><td>11.716</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (11)</td><td>0.409</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.342</td><td>0.476</td><td>12.007</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (12)</td><td>0.408</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.342</td><td>0.475</td><td>11.990</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>P.Zalewski et al., 2014 (1)</td><td>0.410</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.342</td><td>0.477</td><td>11.939</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>P.Zalewski et al., 2014 (2)</td><td>0.399</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.332</td><td>0.466</td><td>11.653</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>P.Zalewski et al., 2014 (3)</td><td>0.401</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.334</td><td>0.469</td><td>11.712</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zalewski et al., 2013 (1)</td><td>0.408</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.340</td><td>0.475</td><td>11.844</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zalewski et al., 2013 (2)</td><td>0.398</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.331</td><td>0.465</td><td>11.586</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zalewski et al., 2013 (3)</td><td>0.400</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.332</td><td>0.467</td><td>11.628</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and suska, 2011 (1)</td><td>0.380</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.313</td><td>0.447</td><td>11.176</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and suska, 2011 (2)</td><td>0.392</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.325</td><td>0.460</td><td>11.376</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and suska, 2011 (3)</td><td>0.402</td><td>0.035</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.334</td><td>0.469</td><td>11.617</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and Szygula, 2010 (1)</td><td>0.387</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.321</td><td>0.454</td><td>11.396</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and Szygula, 2010 (2)</td><td>0.402</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.334</td><td>0.469</td><td>11.714</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and Szygula, 2010 (3)</td><td>0.388</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.321</td><td>0.455</td><td>11.392</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and Szygula, 2010 (4)</td><td>0.404</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.337</td><td>0.471</td><td>11.784</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (1)</td><td>0.408</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.341</td><td>0.474</td><td>11.978</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (2)</td><td>0.410</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.343</td><td>0.476</td><td>12.045</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (3)</td><td>0.402</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.335</td><td>0.469</td><td>11.824</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (4)</td><td>0.404</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.338</td><td>0.471</td><td>11.886</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Coppi et al., 2022</td><td>0.400</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.333</td><td>0.467</td><td>11.770</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rose et al., 2023 (2)</td><td>0.398</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.332</td><td>0.465</td><td>11.731</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Muller et al., 2012 (1)</td><td>0.404</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.338</td><td>0.471</td><td>11.892</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Muller et al., 2012 (2)</td><td>0.407</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.340</td><td>0.474</td><td>11.965</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Muller et al., 2012 (3)</td><td>0.407</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.340</td><td>0.474</td><td>11.965</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Muller et al., 2012 (4)</td><td>0.406</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.339</td><td>0.473</td><td>11.941</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Muller et al., 2012 (5)</td><td>0.407</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.340</td><td>0.474</td><td>11.965</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Muller et al., 2012 (6)</td><td>0.402</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.335</td><td>0.468</td><td>11.820</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sramek et al., 2000 (1)</td><td>0.397</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.330</td><td>0.463</td><td>11.696</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sramek et al., 2000 (2)</td><td>0.406</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.339</td><td>0.473</td><td>11.934</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sramek et al., 2000 (3)</td><td>0.404</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.337</td><td>0.471</td><td>11.875</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sramek et al., 2000 (4)</td><td>0.413</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.346</td><td>0.479</td><td>12.167</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sramek et al., 2000 (5)</td><td>0.414</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.347</td><td>0.480</td><td>12.179</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sramek et al., 2000 (6)</td><td>0.406</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.339</td><td>0.473</td><td>11.930</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Jansky et al., 1996 (1)</td><td>0.397</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.330</td><td>0.463</td><td>11.696</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Jansky et al., 1996 (2)</td><td>0.397</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.330</td><td>0.463</td><td>11.696</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>0.403</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.336</td><td>0.469</td><td>11.904</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Forest plot of the leave-one-out sensitivity analysis for systolic arterial pressure
<table><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Study name</th><th colspan="8">Statistics with study removed</th><th colspan="2">Std. diff in means (95%CI) with study removed</th></tr><tr><th>Point</th><th>Standard error</th><th>Variance</th><th>Lower limit</th><th>Upper limit</th><th>Z-Value</th><th>p-Value</th><th></th><th></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Hausswirth et al., 2012 (1)</td><td>0.402</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.335</td><td>0.469</td><td>11.791</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hausswirth et al., 2012 (2)</td><td>0.413</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.346</td><td>0.480</td><td>12.116</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hammond et al., 2020 (1)</td><td>0.408</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.341</td><td>0.474</td><td>11.992</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hammond et al., 2020 (2)</td><td>0.403</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.336</td><td>0.469</td><td>11.858</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hammond et al., 2020 (3)</td><td>0.410</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.343</td><td>0.477</td><td>12.007</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (1)</td><td>0.409</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.342</td><td>0.475</td><td>12.007</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (2)</td><td>0.410</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.343</td><td>0.476</td><td>12.041</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (3)</td><td>0.410</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.343</td><td>0.476</td><td>12.045</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (4)</td><td>0.408</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.341</td><td>0.475</td><td>11.988</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (1)</td><td>0.399</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.331</td><td>0.466</td><td>11.604</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (2)</td><td>0.404</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.336</td><td>0.471</td><td>11.740</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (3)</td><td>0.393</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.326</td><td>0.460</td><td>11.461</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (4)</td><td>0.391</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.324</td><td>0.458</td><td>11.416</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (5)</td><td>0.390</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.322</td><td>0.457</td><td>11.378</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (6)</td><td>0.389</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.322</td><td>0.456</td><td>11.356</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (7)</td><td>0.395</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.328</td><td>0.463</td><td>11.523</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (8)</td><td>0.392</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.325</td><td>0.459</td><td>11.436</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (1)</td><td>0.403</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.337</td><td>0.470</td><td>11.843</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (2)</td><td>0.412</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.346</td><td>0.479</td><td>12.107</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (3)</td><td>0.413</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.347</td><td>0.480</td><td>12.140</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (4)</td><td>0.400</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.334</td><td>0.467</td><td>11.768</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (5)</td><td>0.413</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.346</td><td>0.480</td><td>12.126</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (6)</td><td>0.414</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.348</td><td>0.481</td><td>12.171</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (7)</td><td>0.398</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.332</td><td>0.465</td><td>11.709</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (8)</td><td>0.407</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.340</td><td>0.474</td><td>11.951</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (9)</td><td>0.407</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.341</td><td>0.474</td><td>11.957</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (10)</td><td>0.398</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.332</td><td>0.465</td><td>11.716</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (11)</td><td>0.409</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.342</td><td>0.476</td><td>12.007</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (12)</td><td>0.408</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.342</td><td>0.475</td><td>11.990</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>P.Zalewski et al., 2014 (1)</td><td>0.410</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.342</td><td>0.477</td><td>11.939</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>P.Zalewski et al., 2014 (2)</td><td>0.399</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.332</td><td>0.466</td><td>11.653</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>P.Zalewski et al., 2014 (3)</td><td>0.401</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.334</td><td>0.469</td><td>11.712</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zalewski et al., 2013 (1)</td><td>0.408</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.340</td><td>0.475</td><td>11.844</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zalewski et al., 2013 (2)</td><td>0.398</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.331</td><td>0.465</td><td>11.586</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zalewski et al., 2013 (3)</td><td>0.400</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.332</td><td>0.467</td><td>11.628</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and suska, 2011 (1)</td><td>0.380</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.313</td><td>0.447</td><td>11.176</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and suska, 2011 (2)</td><td>0.392</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.325</td><td>0.460</td><td>11.376</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and suska, 2011 (3)</td><td>0.402</td><td>0.035</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.334</td><td>0.469</td><td>11.617</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and Szygula, 2010 (1)</td><td>0.387</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.321</td><td>0.454</td><td>11.396</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and Szygula, 2010 (2)</td><td>0.402</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.334</td><td>0.469</td><td>11.714</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and Szygula, 2010 (3)</td><td>0.388</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.321</td><td>0.455</td><td>11.392</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and Szygula, 2010 (4)</td><td>0.404</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.337</td><td>0.471</td><td>11.784</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (1)</td><td>0.408</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.341</td><td>0.474</td><td>11.978</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (2)</td><td>0.410</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.343</td><td>0.476</td><td>12.045</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (3)</td><td>0.402</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.335</td><td>0.469</td><td>11.824</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (4)</td><td>0.404</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.338</td><td>0.471</td><td>11.886</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Coppi et al., 2022</td><td>0.400</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.333</td><td>0.467</td><td>11.770</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rose et al., 2023 (2)</td><td>0.398</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.332</td><td>0.465</td><td>11.731</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Muller et al., 2012 (1)</td><td>0.404</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.338</td><td>0.471</td><td>11.892</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Muller et al., 2012 (2)</td><td>0.407</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.340</td><td>0.474</td><td>11.965</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Muller et al., 2012 (3)</td><td>0.407</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.340</td><td>0.474</td><td>11.965</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Muller et al., 2012 (4)</td><td>0.406</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.339</td><td>0.473</td><td>11.941</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Muller et al., 2012 (5)</td><td>0.407</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.340</td><td>0.474</td><td>11.965</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Muller et al., 2012 (6)</td><td>0.402</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.335</td><td>0.468</td><td>11.820</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sramek et al., 2000 (1)</td><td>0.397</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.330</td><td>0.463</td><td>11.696</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sramek et al., 2000 (2)</td><td>0.406</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.339</td><td>0.473</td><td>11.934</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sramek et al., 2000 (3)</td><td>0.404</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.337</td><td>0.471</td><td>11.875</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sramek et al., 2000 (4)</td><td>0.413</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.346</td><td>0.479</td><td>12.167</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sramek et al., 2000 (5)</td><td>0.414</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.347</td><td>0.480</td><td>12.179</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sramek et al., 2000 (6)</td><td>0.406</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.339</td><td>0.473</td><td>11.930</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Jansky et al., 1996 (1)</td><td>0.397</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.330</td><td>0.463</td><td>11.696</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Jansky et al., 1996 (2)</td><td>0.397</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.330</td><td>0.463</td><td>11.696</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>0.403</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.336</td><td>0.469</td><td>11.904</td><td>0.000</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Forest plot of the leave-one-out sensitivity analysis for systolic arterial pressure
<table><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Study name</th><th colspan="6">Statistics with study removed</th><th rowspan="2">Std diff in means (95% CI) with study removed</th></tr><tr><th>Point</th><th>Standard error</th><th>Variance</th><th>Lower limit</th><th>Upper limit</th><th>Z-Value</th><th>p-Value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Hausswirth et al., 2012 (1)</td><td>0.401</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.281</td><td>0.520</td><td>6.565</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Hausswirth et al., 2012 (2)</td><td>0.408</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.288</td><td>0.527</td><td>6.674</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Hammond et al., 2020 (1)</td><td>0.410</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.291</td><td>0.529</td><td>6.745</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Hammond et al., 2020 (2)</td><td>0.411</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.292</td><td>0.530</td><td>6.789</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Hammond et al., 2020 (3)</td><td>0.412</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.294</td><td>0.531</td><td>6.804</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (1)</td><td>0.391</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.278</td><td>0.505</td><td>6.760</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (2)</td><td>0.411</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.293</td><td>0.530</td><td>6.793</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (3)</td><td>0.406</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.286</td><td>0.525</td><td>6.656</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (4)</td><td>0.407</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.288</td><td>0.527</td><td>6.687</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (1)</td><td>0.395</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.276</td><td>0.515</td><td>6.505</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (2)</td><td>0.396</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.277</td><td>0.516</td><td>6.506</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (3)</td><td>0.395</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.276</td><td>0.514</td><td>6.505</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (4)</td><td>0.395</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.276</td><td>0.514</td><td>6.505</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (5)</td><td>0.389</td><td>0.060</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.272</td><td>0.507</td><td>6.521</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (6)</td><td>0.393</td><td>0.060</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.274</td><td>0.511</td><td>6.508</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (7)</td><td>0.392</td><td>0.060</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.274</td><td>0.510</td><td>6.510</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (8)</td><td>0.392</td><td>0.060</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.274</td><td>0.510</td><td>6.509</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (1)</td><td>0.405</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.285</td><td>0.524</td><td>6.628</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (2)</td><td>0.412</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.293</td><td>0.530</td><td>6.791</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (3)</td><td>0.413</td><td>0.060</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.294</td><td>0.531</td><td>6.830</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (4)</td><td>0.401</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.282</td><td>0.521</td><td>6.580</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (5)</td><td>0.407</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.288</td><td>0.527</td><td>6.673</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (6)</td><td>0.403</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.284</td><td>0.523</td><td>6.608</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (7)</td><td>0.399</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.280</td><td>0.518</td><td>6.558</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (8)</td><td>0.409</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.289</td><td>0.528</td><td>6.706</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (9)</td><td>0.402</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.282</td><td>0.521</td><td>6.585</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (10)</td><td>0.401</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.281</td><td>0.520</td><td>6.573</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (11)</td><td>0.413</td><td>0.060</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.295</td><td>0.531</td><td>6.838</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (12)</td><td>0.404</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.285</td><td>0.524</td><td>6.622</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>P.Zalewski et al., 2014 (1)</td><td>0.404</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.284</td><td>0.525</td><td>6.581</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>P.Zalewski et al., 2014 (2)</td><td>0.405</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.284</td><td>0.525</td><td>6.585</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>P.Zalewski et al., 2014 (3)</td><td>0.400</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.280</td><td>0.520</td><td>6.531</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Zalewski et al., 2013 (1)</td><td>0.406</td><td>0.062</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.285</td><td>0.527</td><td>6.592</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Zalewski et al., 2013 (2)</td><td>0.407</td><td>0.062</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.286</td><td>0.527</td><td>6.612</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Zalewski et al., 2013 (3)</td><td>0.406</td><td>0.062</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.285</td><td>0.527</td><td>6.597</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and suska, 2011 (1)</td><td>0.389</td><td>0.060</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.272</td><td>0.506</td><td>6.533</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and suska, 2011 (2)</td><td>0.416</td><td>0.060</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.299</td><td>0.533</td><td>6.960</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and suska, 2011 (3)</td><td>0.410</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.289</td><td>0.530</td><td>6.667</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and Szygula, 2010 (1)</td><td>0.402</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.282</td><td>0.522</td><td>6.550</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and Szygula, 2010 (2)</td><td>0.414</td><td>0.060</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.296</td><td>0.532</td><td>6.856</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and Szygula, 2010 (3)</td><td>0.410</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.290</td><td>0.530</td><td>6.714</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and Szygula, 2010 (4)</td><td>0.402</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.282</td><td>0.522</td><td>6.549</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (1)</td><td>0.404</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.284</td><td>0.523</td><td>6.624</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (2)</td><td>0.406</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.286</td><td>0.525</td><td>6.656</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (3)</td><td>0.398</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.279</td><td>0.517</td><td>6.562</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (4)</td><td>0.401</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.281</td><td>0.520</td><td>6.583</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Coppi et al., 2022</td><td>0.396</td><td>0.060</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.277</td><td>0.514</td><td>6.549</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Rose et al., 2023 (2)</td><td>0.396</td><td>0.060</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.278</td><td>0.515</td><td>6.555</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Muller et al., 2012 (1)</td><td>0.405</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.286</td><td>0.524</td><td>6.646</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Muller et al., 2012 (2)</td><td>0.412</td><td>0.060</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.293</td><td>0.530</td><td>6.814</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Muller et al., 2012 (3)</td><td>0.414</td><td>0.060</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.296</td><td>0.532</td><td>6.885</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Muller et al., 2012 (4)</td><td>0.406</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.286</td><td>0.525</td><td>6.658</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Muller et al., 2012 (5)</td><td>0.409</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.290</td><td>0.528</td><td>6.741</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Muller et al., 2012 (6)</td><td>0.402</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.283</td><td>0.521</td><td>6.601</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Sramek et al., 2000 (1)</td><td>0.410</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.291</td><td>0.529</td><td>6.745</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Sramek et al., 2000 (2)</td><td>0.416</td><td>0.060</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.298</td><td>0.533</td><td>6.943</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Sramek et al., 2000 (3)</td><td>0.417</td><td>0.060</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.300</td><td>0.534</td><td>6.980</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Sramek et al., 2000 (4)</td><td>0.412</td><td>0.060</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.294</td><td>0.531</td><td>6.824</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Sramek et al., 2000 (5)</td><td>0.396</td><td>0.060</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.277</td><td>0.514</td><td>6.548</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Sramek et al., 2000 (6)</td><td>0.392</td><td>0.060</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.275</td><td>0.509</td><td>6.553</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Jansky et al., 1996 (1)</td><td>0.390</td><td>0.059</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.274</td><td>0.506</td><td>6.576</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Jansky et al., 1996 (2)</td><td>0.390</td><td>0.059</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.274</td><td>0.505</td><td>6.587</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>0.403</td><td>0.060</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.286</td><td>0.521</td><td>6.707</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr></tbody></table>

Forest plot of the leave-one-out sensitivity analysis for diastolic arterial pressure
<table><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Study name</th><th colspan="6">Statistics with study removed</th><th rowspan="2">Std diff in means (95% CI) with study removed</th></tr><tr><th>Point</th><th>Standard error</th><th>Variance</th><th>Lower limit</th><th>Upper limit</th><th>Z-Value</th><th>p-Value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Hausswirth et al., 2012 (1)</td><td>0.401</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.281</td><td>0.520</td><td>6.565</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Hausswirth et al., 2012 (2)</td><td>0.408</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.288</td><td>0.527</td><td>6.674</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Hammond et al., 2020 (1)</td><td>0.410</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.291</td><td>0.529</td><td>6.745</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Hammond et al., 2020 (2)</td><td>0.411</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.292</td><td>0.530</td><td>6.789</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Hammond et al., 2020 (3)</td><td>0.412</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.294</td><td>0.531</td><td>6.804</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (1)</td><td>0.391</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.278</td><td>0.505</td><td>6.760</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (2)</td><td>0.411</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.293</td><td>0.530</td><td>6.793</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (3)</td><td>0.406</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.286</td><td>0.525</td><td>6.656</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (4)</td><td>0.407</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.288</td><td>0.527</td><td>6.687</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (1)</td><td>0.395</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.276</td><td>0.515</td><td>6.505</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (2)</td><td>0.396</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.277</td><td>0.516</td><td>6.506</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (3)</td><td>0.395</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.276</td><td>0.514</td><td>6.505</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (4)</td><td>0.395</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.276</td><td>0.514</td><td>6.505</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (5)</td><td>0.389</td><td>0.060</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.272</td><td>0.507</td><td>6.521</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (6)</td><td>0.393</td><td>0.060</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.274</td><td>0.511</td><td>6.508</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (7)</td><td>0.392</td><td>0.060</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.274</td><td>0.510</td><td>6.510</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Debiec-Bak et al., 2013 (8)</td><td>0.392</td><td>0.060</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.274</td><td>0.510</td><td>6.509</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (1)</td><td>0.405</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.285</td><td>0.524</td><td>6.628</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (2)</td><td>0.412</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.293</td><td>0.530</td><td>6.791</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (3)</td><td>0.413</td><td>0.060</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.294</td><td>0.531</td><td>6.830</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (4)</td><td>0.401</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.282</td><td>0.521</td><td>6.580</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (5)</td><td>0.407</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.288</td><td>0.527</td><td>6.673</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (6)</td><td>0.403</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.284</td><td>0.523</td><td>6.608</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (7)</td><td>0.399</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.280</td><td>0.518</td><td>6.558</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (8)</td><td>0.409</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.289</td><td>0.528</td><td>6.706</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (9)</td><td>0.402</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.282</td><td>0.521</td><td>6.585</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (10)</td><td>0.401</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.281</td><td>0.520</td><td>6.573</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (11)</td><td>0.413</td><td>0.060</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.295</td><td>0.531</td><td>6.838</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Fonda et al., 2014 (12)</td><td>0.404</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.285</td><td>0.524</td><td>6.622</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>P.Zalewski et al., 2014 (1)</td><td>0.404</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.284</td><td>0.525</td><td>6.581</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>P.Zalewski et al., 2014 (2)</td><td>0.405</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.284</td><td>0.525</td><td>6.585</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>P.Zalewski et al., 2014 (3)</td><td>0.400</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.280</td><td>0.520</td><td>6.531</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Zalewski et al., 2013 (1)</td><td>0.406</td><td>0.062</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.285</td><td>0.527</td><td>6.592</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Zalewski et al., 2013 (2)</td><td>0.407</td><td>0.062</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.286</td><td>0.527</td><td>6.612</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Zalewski et al., 2013 (3)</td><td>0.406</td><td>0.062</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.285</td><td>0.527</td><td>6.597</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and suska, 2011 (1)</td><td>0.389</td><td>0.060</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.272</td><td>0.506</td><td>6.533</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and suska, 2011 (2)</td><td>0.416</td><td>0.060</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.299</td><td>0.533</td><td>6.960</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and suska, 2011 (3)</td><td>0.410</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.289</td><td>0.530</td><td>6.667</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and Szygula, 2010 (1)</td><td>0.402</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.282</td><td>0.522</td><td>6.550</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and Szygula, 2010 (2)</td><td>0.414</td><td>0.060</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.296</td><td>0.532</td><td>6.856</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and Szygula, 2010 (3)</td><td>0.410</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.290</td><td>0.530</td><td>6.714</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Lubkowska and Szygula, 2010 (4)</td><td>0.402</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.282</td><td>0.522</td><td>6.549</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (1)</td><td>0.404</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.284</td><td>0.523</td><td>6.624</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (2)</td><td>0.406</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.286</td><td>0.525</td><td>6.656</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (3)</td><td>0.398</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.279</td><td>0.517</td><td>6.562</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (4)</td><td>0.401</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.281</td><td>0.520</td><td>6.583</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Coppi et al., 2022</td><td>0.396</td><td>0.060</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.277</td><td>0.514</td><td>6.549</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Rose et al., 2023 (2)</td><td>0.396</td><td>0.060</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.278</td><td>0.515</td><td>6.555</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Muller et al., 2012 (1)</td><td>0.405</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.286</td><td>0.524</td><td>6.646</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Muller et al., 2012 (2)</td><td>0.412</td><td>0.060</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.293</td><td>0.530</td><td>6.814</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Muller et al., 2012 (3)</td><td>0.414</td><td>0.060</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.296</td><td>0.532</td><td>6.885</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Muller et al., 2012 (4)</td><td>0.406</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.286</td><td>0.525</td><td>6.658</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Muller et al., 2012 (5)</td><td>0.409</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.290</td><td>0.528</td><td>6.741</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Muller et al., 2012 (6)</td><td>0.402</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.283</td><td>0.521</td><td>6.601</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Sramek et al., 2000 (1)</td><td>0.410</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.291</td><td>0.529</td><td>6.745</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Sramek et al., 2000 (2)</td><td>0.416</td><td>0.060</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.298</td><td>0.533</td><td>6.943</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Sramek et al., 2000 (3)</td><td>0.417</td><td>0.060</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.300</td><td>0.534</td><td>6.980</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Sramek et al., 2000 (4)</td><td>0.412</td><td>0.060</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.294</td><td>0.531</td><td>6.824</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Sramek et al., 2000 (5)</td><td>0.396</td><td>0.060</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.277</td><td>0.514</td><td>6.548</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Sramek et al., 2000 (6)</td><td>0.392</td><td>0.060</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.275</td><td>0.509</td><td>6.553</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Jansky et al., 1996 (1)</td><td>0.390</td><td>0.059</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.274</td><td>0.506</td><td>6.576</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td>Jansky et al., 1996 (2)</td><td>0.390</td><td>0.059</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.274</td><td>0.505</td><td>6.587</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>0.403</td><td>0.060</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.286</td><td>0.521</td><td>6.707</td><td>0.000</td><td>→</td></tr></tbody></table>

Forest plot of the leave-one-out sensitivity analysis for diastolic arterial pressure
Study name

<table><thead><tr><th rowspan="2"></th><th rowspan="2">Point</th><th colspan="5">Statistics with study removed</th><th colspan="2">Std diff in means (95% CI) with study removed</th></tr><tr><th>Standard error</th><th>Variance</th><th>Lower limit</th><th>Upper limit</th><th>Z-Value</th><th>p-Value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Hausswirth et al., 2012 (1)</td><td>0.720</td><td>0.117</td><td>0.014</td><td>0.490</td><td>0.949</td><td>6.145</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Hausswirth et al., 2012 (2)</td><td>0.768</td><td>0.119</td><td>0.014</td><td>0.534</td><td>1.001</td><td>6.441</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (1)</td><td>0.793</td><td>0.117</td><td>0.014</td><td>0.565</td><td>1.022</td><td>6.795</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (2)</td><td>0.762</td><td>0.116</td><td>0.013</td><td>0.535</td><td>0.989</td><td>6.575</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (3)</td><td>0.805</td><td>0.117</td><td>0.014</td><td>0.576</td><td>1.035</td><td>6.883</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (4)</td><td>0.744</td><td>0.115</td><td>0.013</td><td>0.518</td><td>0.969</td><td>6.461</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (1)</td><td>0.793</td><td>0.117</td><td>0.014</td><td>0.565</td><td>1.022</td><td>6.795</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (2)</td><td>0.805</td><td>0.117</td><td>0.014</td><td>0.576</td><td>1.035</td><td>6.883</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (3)</td><td>0.742</td><td>0.115</td><td>0.013</td><td>0.517</td><td>0.968</td><td>6.452</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (4)</td><td>0.719</td><td>0.114</td><td>0.013</td><td>0.496</td><td>0.942</td><td>6.332</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>0.765</td><td>0.110</td><td>0.012</td><td>0.548</td><td>0.981</td><td>6.930</td><td>0.000</td></tr></tbody></table>

<figure><img src="image_32.png" /></figure>

Forest plot of the leave-one-out sensitivity analysis for RR interval

Study name

<table><thead><tr><th rowspan="2"></th><th rowspan="2">Point</th><th rowspan="2">Standard error</th><th colspan="3">Statistics with study removed</th><th colspan="2">Std diff in means (95% CI) with study removed</th></tr><tr><th>Variance</th><th>Lower limit</th><th>Upper limit</th><th>Z-Value</th><th>p-Value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Theurot et al., 2021 (1)</td><td>0.606</td><td>0.094</td><td>0.009</td><td>0.422</td><td>0.790</td><td>6.455</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Theurot et al., 2021 (2)</td><td>0.595</td><td>0.093</td><td>0.009</td><td>0.412</td><td>0.778</td><td>6.365</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Theurot et al., 2021 (3)</td><td>0.591</td><td>0.097</td><td>0.009</td><td>0.402</td><td>0.781</td><td>6.113</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Hausswirth et al., 2012 (1)</td><td>0.617</td><td>0.096</td><td>0.009</td><td>0.428</td><td>0.806</td><td>6.409</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Hausswirth et al., 2012 (2)</td><td>0.613</td><td>0.096</td><td>0.009</td><td>0.424</td><td>0.801</td><td>6.371</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (1)</td><td>0.595</td><td>0.094</td><td>0.009</td><td>0.411</td><td>0.778</td><td>6.336</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (2)</td><td>0.609</td><td>0.094</td><td>0.009</td><td>0.424</td><td>0.794</td><td>6.457</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (3)</td><td>0.621</td><td>0.095</td><td>0.009</td><td>0.435</td><td>0.806</td><td>6.565</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (4)</td><td>0.657</td><td>0.095</td><td>0.009</td><td>0.471</td><td>0.843</td><td>6.918</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (1)</td><td>0.595</td><td>0.094</td><td>0.009</td><td>0.411</td><td>0.778</td><td>6.336</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (2)</td><td>0.621</td><td>0.095</td><td>0.009</td><td>0.435</td><td>0.806</td><td>6.565</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (3)</td><td>0.627</td><td>0.095</td><td>0.009</td><td>0.441</td><td>0.812</td><td>6.623</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (4)</td><td>0.602</td><td>0.094</td><td>0.009</td><td>0.417</td><td>0.786</td><td>6.396</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>0.611</td><td>0.091</td><td>0.008</td><td>0.433</td><td>0.790</td><td>6.718</td><td>0.000</td></tr></tbody></table>

<figure><img src="image_33.png" /></figure>

Forest plot of the leave-one-out analysis for RMSSD

Study name

<table><thead><tr><th rowspan="2"></th><th rowspan="2">Point</th><th colspan="5">Statistics with study removed</th><th colspan="2">Std diff in means (95% CI) with study removed</th></tr><tr><th>Standard error</th><th>Variance</th><th>Lower limit</th><th>Upper limit</th><th>Z-Value</th><th>p-Value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Theurot et al., 2021 (1)</td><td>0.406</td><td>0.096</td><td>0.009</td><td>0.217</td><td>0.595</td><td>4.214</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Theurot et al., 2021 (2)</td><td>0.473</td><td>0.115</td><td>0.013</td><td>0.249</td><td>0.697</td><td>4.131</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Theurot et al., 2021 (3)</td><td>0.412</td><td>0.105</td><td>0.011</td><td>0.206</td><td>0.617</td><td>3.929</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Hausswirth et al., 2012 (1)</td><td>0.449</td><td>0.114</td><td>0.013</td><td>0.226</td><td>0.671</td><td>3.954</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Hausswirth et al., 2012 (2)</td><td>0.461</td><td>0.115</td><td>0.013</td><td>0.235</td><td>0.688</td><td>3.996</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (1)</td><td>0.475</td><td>0.115</td><td>0.013</td><td>0.249</td><td>0.700</td><td>4.130</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (2)</td><td>0.458</td><td>0.114</td><td>0.013</td><td>0.235</td><td>0.681</td><td>4.028</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (3)</td><td>0.463</td><td>0.114</td><td>0.013</td><td>0.239</td><td>0.687</td><td>4.052</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (4)</td><td>0.447</td><td>0.112</td><td>0.013</td><td>0.228</td><td>0.667</td><td>3.994</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>P.Zalewski et al., 2014 (1)</td><td>0.486</td><td>0.119</td><td>0.014</td><td>0.254</td><td>0.719</td><td>4.095</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>P.Zalewski et al., 2014 (2)</td><td>0.511</td><td>0.097</td><td>0.009</td><td>0.321</td><td>0.701</td><td>5.271</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>P.Zalewski et al., 2014 (3)</td><td>0.508</td><td>0.108</td><td>0.012</td><td>0.296</td><td>0.720</td><td>4.691</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (1)</td><td>0.475</td><td>0.115</td><td>0.013</td><td>0.249</td><td>0.700</td><td>4.130</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (2)</td><td>0.463</td><td>0.114</td><td>0.013</td><td>0.239</td><td>0.687</td><td>4.052</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (3)</td><td>0.457</td><td>0.114</td><td>0.013</td><td>0.234</td><td>0.679</td><td>4.022</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (4)</td><td>0.468</td><td>0.115</td><td>0.013</td><td>0.243</td><td>0.692</td><td>4.078</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>0.463</td><td>0.108</td><td>0.012</td><td>0.251</td><td>0.675</td><td>4.286</td><td>0.000</td></tr></tbody></table>

<figure><img src="image_34.png" /></figure>

Forest plot of the leave-one-out sensitivity analysis for HF
Study name

<table><thead><tr><th>Point</th><th>Standard error</th><th>Variance</th><th>Lower limit</th><th>Upper limit</th><th>Z-Value</th><th>p-Value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>0.720</td><td>0.117</td><td>0.014</td><td>0.490</td><td>0.949</td><td>6.145</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>0.768</td><td>0.119</td><td>0.014</td><td>0.534</td><td>1.001</td><td>6.441</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>0.793</td><td>0.117</td><td>0.014</td><td>0.565</td><td>1.022</td><td>6.795</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>0.762</td><td>0.116</td><td>0.013</td><td>0.535</td><td>0.989</td><td>6.575</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>0.805</td><td>0.117</td><td>0.014</td><td>0.576</td><td>1.035</td><td>6.883</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>0.744</td><td>0.115</td><td>0.013</td><td>0.518</td><td>0.969</td><td>6.461</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>0.793</td><td>0.117</td><td>0.014</td><td>0.565</td><td>1.022</td><td>6.795</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>0.805</td><td>0.117</td><td>0.014</td><td>0.576</td><td>1.035</td><td>6.883</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>0.742</td><td>0.115</td><td>0.013</td><td>0.517</td><td>0.968</td><td>6.452</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>0.719</td><td>0.114</td><td>0.013</td><td>0.496</td><td>0.942</td><td>6.332</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>0.765</td><td>0.110</td><td>0.012</td><td>0.548</td><td>0.981</td><td>6.930</td><td>0.000</td></tr></tbody></table>

Statistics with study removed

Std diff in means (95% CI) with study removed

<figure><img src="image_33.png" /></figure>

Forest plot of the leave-one-out sensitivity analysis for RR interval

Study name

<table><thead><tr><th>Point</th><th>Standard error</th><th>Variance</th><th>Lower limit</th><th>Upper limit</th><th>Z-Value</th><th>p-Value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>0.606</td><td>0.094</td><td>0.009</td><td>0.422</td><td>0.790</td><td>6.455</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>0.595</td><td>0.093</td><td>0.009</td><td>0.412</td><td>0.778</td><td>6.365</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>0.591</td><td>0.097</td><td>0.009</td><td>0.402</td><td>0.781</td><td>6.113</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>0.617</td><td>0.096</td><td>0.009</td><td>0.428</td><td>0.806</td><td>6.409</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>0.613</td><td>0.096</td><td>0.009</td><td>0.424</td><td>0.801</td><td>6.371</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>0.595</td><td>0.094</td><td>0.009</td><td>0.411</td><td>0.778</td><td>6.336</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>0.609</td><td>0.094</td><td>0.009</td><td>0.424</td><td>0.794</td><td>6.457</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>0.621</td><td>0.095</td><td>0.009</td><td>0.435</td><td>0.806</td><td>6.565</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>0.657</td><td>0.095</td><td>0.009</td><td>0.471</td><td>0.843</td><td>6.918</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>0.595</td><td>0.094</td><td>0.009</td><td>0.411</td><td>0.778</td><td>6.336</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>0.621</td><td>0.095</td><td>0.009</td><td>0.435</td><td>0.806</td><td>6.565</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>0.627</td><td>0.095</td><td>0.009</td><td>0.441</td><td>0.812</td><td>6.623</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>0.602</td><td>0.094</td><td>0.009</td><td>0.417</td><td>0.786</td><td>6.396</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>0.611</td><td>0.091</td><td>0.008</td><td>0.433</td><td>0.790</td><td>6.718</td><td>0.000</td></tr></tbody></table>

Statistics with study removed

Std diff in means (95% CI) with study removed

<figure><img src="image_34.png" /></figure>

Forest plot of the leave-one-out analysis for RMSSD

Study name

<table><thead><tr><th>Point</th><th>Standard error</th><th>Variance</th><th>Lower limit</th><th>Upper limit</th><th>Z-Value</th><th>p-Value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>0.406</td><td>0.096</td><td>0.009</td><td>0.217</td><td>0.595</td><td>4.214</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>0.473</td><td>0.115</td><td>0.013</td><td>0.249</td><td>0.697</td><td>4.131</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>0.412</td><td>0.105</td><td>0.011</td><td>0.206</td><td>0.617</td><td>3.929</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>0.449</td><td>0.114</td><td>0.013</td><td>0.226</td><td>0.671</td><td>3.954</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>0.461</td><td>0.115</td><td>0.013</td><td>0.235</td><td>0.688</td><td>3.996</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>0.475</td><td>0.115</td><td>0.013</td><td>0.249</td><td>0.700</td><td>4.130</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>0.458</td><td>0.114</td><td>0.013</td><td>0.235</td><td>0.681</td><td>4.028</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>0.463</td><td>0.114</td><td>0.013</td><td>0.239</td><td>0.687</td><td>4.052</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>0.447</td><td>0.112</td><td>0.013</td><td>0.228</td><td>0.667</td><td>3.994</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>0.486</td><td>0.119</td><td>0.014</td><td>0.254</td><td>0.719</td><td>4.095</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>0.511</td><td>0.097</td><td>0.009</td><td>0.321</td><td>0.701</td><td>5.271</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>0.508</td><td>0.108</td><td>0.012</td><td>0.296</td><td>0.720</td><td>4.691</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>0.475</td><td>0.115</td><td>0.013</td><td>0.249</td><td>0.700</td><td>4.130</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>0.463</td><td>0.114</td><td>0.013</td><td>0.239</td><td>0.687</td><td>4.052</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>0.457</td><td>0.114</td><td>0.013</td><td>0.234</td><td>0.679</td><td>4.022</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>0.468</td><td>0.115</td><td>0.013</td><td>0.243</td><td>0.692</td><td>4.078</td><td>0.000</td></tr><tr><td>0.463</td><td>0.108</td><td>0.012</td><td>0.251</td><td>0.675</td><td>4.286</td><td>0.000</td></tr></tbody></table>

Statistics with study removed

Std diff in means (95% CI) with study removed

<figure><img src="image_35.png" /></figure>

Forest plot of the leave-one-out sensitivity analysis for HF
<figure><img src="image_35.png" /></figure>

Forest plot of the leave-one-out sensitivity analysis for LF

<figure><img src="image_36.png" /></figure>

Forest plot of the leave-one-out sensitivity analysis for LF/HF ratio
Study name

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>Point</th><th>Standard error</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Theurot et al., 2021 (1)</td><td>-0.354</td><td>0.095</td></tr><tr><td>Theurot et al., 2021 (2)</td><td>-0.417</td><td>0.114</td></tr><tr><td>Theurot et al., 2021 (3)</td><td>-0.354</td><td>0.103</td></tr><tr><td>Hausswirth et al., 2012 (1)</td><td>-0.417</td><td>0.116</td></tr><tr><td>Hausswirth et al., 2012 (2)</td><td>-0.416</td><td>0.116</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (1)</td><td>-0.421</td><td>0.115</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (2)</td><td>-0.430</td><td>0.115</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (3)</td><td>-0.430</td><td>0.115</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (4)</td><td>-0.384</td><td>0.109</td></tr><tr><td>P.Zalewski et al., 2014 (1)</td><td>-0.432</td><td>0.119</td></tr><tr><td>P.Zalewski et al., 2014 (2)</td><td>-0.460</td><td>0.101</td></tr><tr><td>P.Zalewski et al., 2014 (3)</td><td>-0.455</td><td>0.111</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (1)</td><td>-0.421</td><td>0.115</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (2)</td><td>-0.395</td><td>0.112</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (3)</td><td>-0.403</td><td>0.113</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (4)</td><td>-0.424</td><td>0.115</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>-0.413</td><td>0.108</td></tr></tbody></table>

Statistics with study removed

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>Lower limit</th><th>Upper limit</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Variance</td><td>0.009</td><td>-0.541</td></tr><tr><td>Variance</td><td>0.013</td><td>-0.641</td></tr><tr><td>Variance</td><td>0.011</td><td>-0.555</td></tr><tr><td>Variance</td><td>0.013</td><td>-0.644</td></tr><tr><td>Variance</td><td>0.013</td><td>-0.643</td></tr><tr><td>Variance</td><td>0.013</td><td>-0.655</td></tr><tr><td>Variance</td><td>0.013</td><td>-0.655</td></tr><tr><td>Variance</td><td>0.012</td><td>-0.598</td></tr><tr><td>Variance</td><td>0.014</td><td>-0.665</td></tr><tr><td>Variance</td><td>0.010</td><td>-0.658</td></tr><tr><td>Variance</td><td>0.012</td><td>-0.672</td></tr><tr><td>Variance</td><td>0.013</td><td>-0.646</td></tr><tr><td>Variance</td><td>0.012</td><td>-0.613</td></tr><tr><td>Variance</td><td>0.013</td><td>-0.625</td></tr><tr><td>Variance</td><td>0.013</td><td>-0.649</td></tr><tr><td>Variance</td><td>0.012</td><td>-0.625</td></tr></tbody></table>

<table><thead><tr><th>Z-Value</th><th>p-Value</th></tr></thead></table>

Std diff in means (95% CI) with study removed

<figure><img src="image_36.png" /></figure>

Forest plot of the leave-one-out sensitivity analysis for LF

Study name

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>Point</th><th>Standard error</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Theurot et al., 2021 (1)</td><td>-0.282</td><td>0.080</td></tr><tr><td>Theurot et al., 2021 (2)</td><td>-0.252</td><td>0.089</td></tr><tr><td>Theurot et al., 2021 (3)</td><td>-0.232</td><td>0.088</td></tr><tr><td>Hausswirth et al., 2012 (1)</td><td>-0.241</td><td>0.089</td></tr><tr><td>Hausswirth et al., 2012 (2)</td><td>-0.259</td><td>0.090</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (1)</td><td>-0.236</td><td>0.086</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (2)</td><td>-0.272</td><td>0.087</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (3)</td><td>-0.249</td><td>0.089</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2015 (4)</td><td>-0.224</td><td>0.080</td></tr><tr><td>P.Zalewski et al., 2014 (1)</td><td>-0.246</td><td>0.092</td></tr><tr><td>P.Zalewski et al., 2014 (2)</td><td>-0.282</td><td>0.088</td></tr><tr><td>P.Zalewski et al., 2014 (3)</td><td>-0.272</td><td>0.091</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (1)</td><td>-0.236</td><td>0.086</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (2)</td><td>-0.284</td><td>0.074</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (3)</td><td>-0.241</td><td>0.087</td></tr><tr><td>Louis et al., 2020 (4)</td><td>-0.245</td><td>0.088</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>-0.254</td><td>0.084</td></tr></tbody></table>

Statistics with study removed

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>Lower limit</th><th>Upper limit</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Variance</td><td>0.006</td><td>-0.438</td></tr><tr><td>Variance</td><td>0.008</td><td>-0.426</td></tr><tr><td>Variance</td><td>0.008</td><td>-0.404</td></tr><tr><td>Variance</td><td>0.008</td><td>-0.415</td></tr><tr><td>Variance</td><td>0.008</td><td>-0.436</td></tr><tr><td>Variance</td><td>0.008</td><td>-0.405</td></tr><tr><td>Variance</td><td>0.008</td><td>-0.443</td></tr><tr><td>Variance</td><td>0.008</td><td>-0.423</td></tr><tr><td>Variance</td><td>0.006</td><td>-0.382</td></tr><tr><td>Variance</td><td>0.008</td><td>-0.426</td></tr><tr><td>Variance</td><td>0.008</td><td>-0.455</td></tr><tr><td>Variance</td><td>0.008</td><td>-0.450</td></tr><tr><td>Variance</td><td>0.008</td><td>-0.405</td></tr><tr><td>Variance</td><td>0.007</td><td>-0.405</td></tr><tr><td>Variance</td><td>0.005</td><td>-0.428</td></tr><tr><td>Variance</td><td>0.008</td><td>-0.412</td></tr><tr><td>Variance</td><td>0.008</td><td>-0.418</td></tr><tr><td>Variance</td><td>0.007</td><td>-0.418</td></tr></tbody></table>

<table><thead><tr><th>Z-Value</th><th>p-Value</th></tr></thead></table>

Std diff in means (95% CI) with study removed

<figure><img src="image_37.png" /></figure>

Forest plot of the leave-one-out sensitivity analysis for LF/HF ratio
Appendix 5. Health-related reference intervals of blood pressure

<table><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Sex/Age</th><th colspan="3">Systolic arterial pressure</th><th colspan="3">Diastolic arterial pressure</th></tr><tr><th>Hypotension<br>upper limit</th><th>Normal<br>range</th><th>Hypertension<br>lower limit</th><th>Hypotension<br>upper limit</th><th>Normal<br>range</th><th>Hypertension<br>lower limit</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Males</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>16</td><td>98</td><td>105-135</td><td>145</td><td>52</td><td>60-86</td><td>90</td></tr><tr><td>17</td><td>98</td><td>105-135</td><td>145</td><td>55</td><td>60-86</td><td>90</td></tr><tr><td>18</td><td>98</td><td>105-135</td><td>145</td><td>55</td><td>60-86</td><td>90</td></tr><tr><td>19</td><td>98</td><td>105-140</td><td>150</td><td>55</td><td>60-88</td><td>95</td></tr><tr><td>20-24</td><td>98</td><td>105-140</td><td>150</td><td>56</td><td>62-88</td><td>95</td></tr><tr><td>25-29</td><td>100</td><td>108-140</td><td>150</td><td>60</td><td>65-90</td><td>96</td></tr><tr><td>30-34</td><td>100</td><td>110-145</td><td>155</td><td>60</td><td>68-92</td><td>98</td></tr><tr><td>35-39</td><td>102</td><td>110-145</td><td>160</td><td>60</td><td>68-92</td><td>100</td></tr><tr><td>40-44</td><td>102</td><td>110-150</td><td>165</td><td>60</td><td>70-94</td><td>100</td></tr><tr><td>45-49</td><td>104</td><td>110-155</td><td>170</td><td>60</td><td>70-96</td><td>104</td></tr><tr><td>50-54</td><td>105</td><td>115-160</td><td>175</td><td>60</td><td>70-98</td><td>106</td></tr><tr><td>55-59</td><td>106</td><td>115-165</td><td>180</td><td>60</td><td>70-98</td><td>108</td></tr><tr><td>60-64</td><td>108</td><td>115-170</td><td>190</td><td>60</td><td>70-100</td><td>110</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Females</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>16</td><td>95</td><td>100-130</td><td>140</td><td>55</td><td>60-85</td><td>90</td></tr><tr><td>17</td><td>95</td><td>100-130</td><td>140</td><td>55</td><td>60-85</td><td>90</td></tr><tr><td>18</td><td>95</td><td>100-130</td><td>140</td><td>55</td><td>60-85</td><td>90</td></tr><tr><td>19</td><td>95</td><td>100-130</td><td>140</td><td>55</td><td>60-85</td><td>90</td></tr><tr><td>20-24</td><td>95</td><td>100-130</td><td>140</td><td>55</td><td>60-85</td><td>90</td></tr><tr><td>25-29</td><td>98</td><td>102-130</td><td>140</td><td>55</td><td>60-86</td><td>92</td></tr><tr><td>30-34</td><td>98</td><td>102-135</td><td>145</td><td>55</td><td>60-88</td><td>95</td></tr><tr><td>35-39</td><td>100</td><td>105-140</td><td>150</td><td>60</td><td>65-90</td><td>98</td></tr><tr><td>40-44</td><td>100</td><td>105-150</td><td>165</td><td>60</td><td>65-92</td><td>100</td></tr><tr><td>45-49</td><td>100</td><td>105-155</td><td>175</td><td>60</td><td>65-96</td><td>105</td></tr><tr><td>50-54</td><td>105</td><td>110-165</td><td>180</td><td>60</td><td>70-100</td><td>108</td></tr><tr><td>55-59</td><td>105</td><td>110-170</td><td>185</td><td>60</td><td>70-100</td><td>108</td></tr><tr><td>60-64</td><td>105</td><td>115-175</td><td>190</td><td>60</td><td>70-100</td><td>110</td></tr></tbody></table>

Blood pressures are represented in millimeters of mercury
**Appendix 5.** Health-related reference intervals of blood pressure

<table><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Sex/Age</th><th colspan="3">Systolic arterial pressure</th><th colspan="3">Diastolic arterial pressure</th></tr><tr><th>Hypotension<br>upper limit</th><th>Normal<br>range</th><th>Hypertension<br>lower limit</th><th>Hypotension<br>upper limit</th><th>Normal<br>range</th><th>Hypertension<br>lower limit</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Males</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>16</td><td>98</td><td>105-135</td><td>145</td><td>52</td><td>60-86</td><td>90</td></tr><tr><td>17</td><td>98</td><td>105-135</td><td>145</td><td>55</td><td>60-86</td><td>90</td></tr><tr><td>18</td><td>98</td><td>105-135</td><td>145</td><td>55</td><td>60-86</td><td>90</td></tr><tr><td>19</td><td>98</td><td>105-140</td><td>150</td><td>55</td><td>60-88</td><td>95</td></tr><tr><td>20-24</td><td>98</td><td>105-140</td><td>150</td><td>56</td><td>62-88</td><td>95</td></tr><tr><td>25-29</td><td>100</td><td>108-140</td><td>150</td><td>60</td><td>65-90</td><td>96</td></tr><tr><td>30-34</td><td>100</td><td>110-145</td><td>155</td><td>60</td><td>68-92</td><td>98</td></tr><tr><td>35-39</td><td>102</td><td>110-145</td><td>160</td><td>60</td><td>68-92</td><td>100</td></tr><tr><td>40-44</td><td>102</td><td>110-150</td><td>165</td><td>60</td><td>70-94</td><td>100</td></tr><tr><td>45-49</td><td>104</td><td>110-155</td><td>170</td><td>60</td><td>70-96</td><td>104</td></tr><tr><td>50-54</td><td>105</td><td>115-160</td><td>175</td><td>60</td><td>70-98</td><td>106</td></tr><tr><td>55-59</td><td>106</td><td>115-165</td><td>180</td><td>60</td><td>70-98</td><td>108</td></tr><tr><td>60-64</td><td>108</td><td>115-170</td><td>190</td><td>60</td><td>70-100</td><td>110</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Females</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>16</td><td>95</td><td>100-130</td><td>140</td><td>55</td><td>60-85</td><td>90</td></tr><tr><td>17</td><td>95</td><td>100-130</td><td>140</td><td>55</td><td>60-85</td><td>90</td></tr><tr><td>18</td><td>95</td><td>100-130</td><td>140</td><td>55</td><td>60-85</td><td>90</td></tr><tr><td>19</td><td>95</td><td>100-130</td><td>140</td><td>55</td><td>60-85</td><td>90</td></tr><tr><td>20-24</td><td>95</td><td>100-130</td><td>140</td><td>55</td><td>60-85</td><td>90</td></tr><tr><td>25-29</td><td>98</td><td>102-130</td><td>140</td><td>55</td><td>60-86</td><td>92</td></tr><tr><td>30-34</td><td>98</td><td>102-135</td><td>145</td><td>55</td><td>60-88</td><td>95</td></tr><tr><td>35-39</td><td>100</td><td>105-140</td><td>150</td><td>60</td><td>65-90</td><td>98</td></tr><tr><td>40-44</td><td>100</td><td>105-150</td><td>165</td><td>60</td><td>65-92</td><td>100</td></tr><tr><td>45-49</td><td>100</td><td>105-155</td><td>175</td><td>60</td><td>65-96</td><td>105</td></tr><tr><td>50-54</td><td>105</td><td>110-165</td><td>180</td><td>60</td><td>70-100</td><td>108</td></tr><tr><td>55-59</td><td>105</td><td>110-170</td><td>185</td><td>60</td><td>70-100</td><td>108</td></tr><tr><td>60-64</td><td>105</td><td>115-175</td><td>190</td><td>60</td><td>70-100</td><td>110</td></tr></tbody></table>

Blood pressures are represented in millimeters of mercury
<figure><img src="image_37.png" /></figure>

PRISMA 2020 Checklist

<table><thead><tr><th>Section and Topic</th><th>item #</th><th>Checklist item</th><th>Location where item is reported</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="4">TITLE</td></tr><tr><td>Title</td><td>1</td><td>Identify the report as a systematic review.</td><td>Title (p1)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">ABSTRACT</td></tr><tr><td>Abstract</td><td>2</td><td>See the PRISMA 2020 for Abstracts checklist.</td><td>Abstract (p1)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">INTRODUCTION</td></tr><tr><td>Rationale</td><td>3</td><td>Describe the rationale for the review in the context of existing knowledge.</td><td>Introduction (p2-3)</td></tr><tr><td>Objectives</td><td>4</td><td>Provide an explicit statement of the objective(s) or question(s) the review addresses.</td><td>Introduction (p3-4)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">METHODS</td></tr><tr><td>Eligibility criteria</td><td>5</td><td>Specify the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the review and how studies were grouped for the syntheses.</td><td>Eligibility criteria (p4)</td></tr><tr><td>Information sources</td><td>6</td><td>Specify all databases, registers, websites, organisations, reference lists and other sources searched or consulted to identify studies. Specify the date when each source was last searched or consulted.</td><td>Literature search strategy (p4)</td></tr><tr><td>Search strategy</td><td>7</td><td>Present the full search strategies for all databases, registers, and websites, including any filters and limits used.</td><td>Literature search strategy (p4)</td></tr><tr><td>Selection process</td><td>8</td><td>Specify the methods used to decide whether a study met the inclusion criteria of the review, including how many reviewers screened each record and each report retrieved, whether they worked independently, and if applicable, details of automation tools used in the process.</td><td>Literature search strategy (p4)</td></tr><tr><td>Data collection process</td><td>9</td><td>Specify the methods used to collect data from reports, including how many reviewers collected data from each report, whether they worked independently, any processes for obtaining or confirming data from study investigators, and if applicable, details of automation tools used in the process.</td><td>Dara extraction and coding (p5)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Data items</td><td>10a</td><td>List and define all outcomes for which data were sought. Specify whether all results that were compatible with each outcome domain in each study were sought (e.g., for all measures, time points, analyses), and if not, the methods used to decide which results to collect.</td><td>Dara extraction and coding (p5)</td></tr><tr><td>10b</td><td>List and define all other variables for which data were sought (e.g., participant and intervention characteristics, funding sources). Describe any assumptions made about any missing or unclear information.</td><td>Dara extraction and coding (p5)</td></tr><tr><td>Study risk of bias assessment</td><td>11</td><td>Specify the methods used to assess risk of bias in the included studies, including details of the tool(s) used, how many reviewers assessed each study and whether they worked independently, and if applicable, details of automation tools used in the process.</td><td>Statistical analysis (p6)</td></tr><tr><td>Effect measures</td><td>12</td><td>Specify for each outcome the effect measure(s) (e.g., risk ratio, mean difference) used in the synthesis or presentation of results.</td><td>Statistical analysis (p4)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Synthesis methods</td><td>13a</td><td>Describe the processes used to decide which studies were eligible for each synthesis (e.g., tabulating the study intervention characteristics and comparing against the planned groups for each synthesis (item #5)).</td><td>Literature search strategy (p4)</td></tr><tr><td>13b</td><td>Describe any methods required to prepare the data for presentation or synthesis, such as handling of missing summary statistics, or data conversions.</td><td>Statistical analysis (p4)</td></tr></tbody></table>
<figure><img src="image_38.png" /></figure>

PRISMA 2020 Checklist

<table><thead><tr><th>Section and Topic</th><th>item #</th><th>Checklist item</th><th>Location where item is reported</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="4">TITLE</td></tr><tr><td>Title</td><td>1</td><td>Identify the report as a systematic review.</td><td>Title (p1)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">ABSTRACT</td></tr><tr><td>Abstract</td><td>2</td><td>See the PRISMA 2020 for Abstracts checklist.</td><td>Abstract (p1)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">INTRODUCTION</td></tr><tr><td>Rationale</td><td>3</td><td>Describe the rationale for the review in the context of existing knowledge.</td><td>Introduction (p2-3)</td></tr><tr><td>Objectives</td><td>4</td><td>Provide an explicit statement of the objective(s) or question(s) the review addresses.</td><td>Introduction (p3-4)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">METHODS</td></tr><tr><td>Eligibility criteria</td><td>5</td><td>Specify the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the review and how studies were grouped for the syntheses.</td><td>Eligibility criteria (p4)</td></tr><tr><td>Information sources</td><td>6</td><td>Specify all databases, registers, websites, organisations, reference lists and other sources searched or consulted to identify studies. Specify the date when each source was last searched or consulted.</td><td>Literature search strategy (p4)</td></tr><tr><td>Search strategy</td><td>7</td><td>Present the full search strategies for all databases, registers, and websites, including any filters and limits used.</td><td>Literature search strategy (p4)</td></tr><tr><td>Selection process</td><td>8</td><td>Specify the methods used to decide whether a study met the inclusion criteria of the review, including how many reviewers screened each record and each report retrieved, whether they worked independently, and if applicable, details of automation tools used in the process.</td><td>Literature search strategy (p4)</td></tr><tr><td>Data collection process</td><td>9</td><td>Specify the methods used to collect data from reports, including how many reviewers collected data from each report, whether they worked independently, any processes for obtaining or confirming data from study investigators, and if applicable, details of automation tools used in the process.</td><td>Dara extraction and coding (p5)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Data items</td><td>10a</td><td>List and define all outcomes for which data were sought. Specify whether all results that were compatible with each outcome domain in each study were sought (e.g., for all measures, time points, analyses), and if not, the methods used to decide which results to collect.</td><td>Dara extraction and coding (p5)</td></tr><tr><td>10b</td><td>List and define all other variables for which data were sought (e.g., participant and intervention characteristics, funding sources). Describe any assumptions made about any missing or unclear information.</td><td>Dara extraction and coding (p5)</td></tr><tr><td>Study risk of bias assessment</td><td>11</td><td>Specify the methods used to assess risk of bias in the included studies, including details of the tool(s) used, how many reviewers assessed each study and whether they worked independently, and if applicable, details of automation tools used in the process.</td><td>Statistical analysis (p6)</td></tr><tr><td>Effect measures</td><td>12</td><td>Specify for each outcome the effect measure(s) (e.g., risk ratio, mean difference) used in the synthesis or presentation of results.</td><td>Statistical analysis (p4)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Synthesis methods</td><td>13a</td><td>Describe the processes used to decide which studies were eligible for each synthesis (e.g., tabulating the study intervention characteristics and comparing against the planned groups for each synthesis (item #5)).</td><td>Literature search strategy (p4)</td></tr><tr><td>13b</td><td>Describe any methods required to prepare the data for presentation or synthesis, such as handling of missing summary statistics, or data conversions.</td><td>Statistical analysis (p4)</td></tr></tbody></table>
<figure><img src="image_38.png" /></figure>

PRISMA 2020 Checklist

<table><thead><tr><th>Section and Topic</th><th>item #</th><th>Checklist item</th><th>Location where item is reported</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="4"></td><td>13c</td><td>Describe any methods used to tabulate or visually display results of individual studies and syntheses.</td><td>Statistical analysis (p6)</td></tr><tr><td>13d</td><td>Describe any methods used to synthesize results and provide a rationale for the choice(s). If meta-analysis was performed, describe the model(s), method(s) to identify the presence and extent of statistical heterogeneity, and software package(s) used.</td><td>Statistical analysis (p6)</td></tr><tr><td>13e</td><td>Describe any methods used to explore possible causes of heterogeneity among study results (e.g., subgroup analysis, meta-regression).</td><td>Statistical analysis (p6)</td></tr><tr><td>13f</td><td>Describe any sensitivity analyses conducted to assess robustness of the synthesized results.</td><td>Statistical analysis (p6)</td></tr><tr><td>Reporting bias assessment</td><td>14</td><td>Describe any methods used to assess risk of bias due to missing results in a synthesis (arising from reporting biases).</td><td>Statistical analysis (p6)</td></tr><tr><td>Certainty assessment</td><td>15</td><td>Describe any methods used to assess certainty (or confidence) in the body of evidence for an outcome.</td><td>Statistical analysis (p6-7)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"><strong>RESULTS</strong></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Study selection</td><td>16a</td><td>Describe the results of the search and selection process, from the number of records identified in the search to the number of studies included in the review, ideally using a flow diagram.</td><td>Figure 1 (p8)</td></tr><tr><td>16b</td><td>Cite studies that might appear to meet the inclusion criteria, but which were excluded, and explain why they were excluded.</td><td>Appendix 1 (p1 of SM)</td></tr><tr><td>Study characteristics</td><td>17</td><td>Cite each included study and present its characteristics.</td><td>Table 1 (p9-14)</td></tr><tr><td>Risk of bias in studies</td><td>18</td><td>Present assessments of risk of bias for each included study.</td><td>Table 2 (p15)</td></tr><tr><td>Results of individual studies</td><td>19</td><td>For all outcomes, present, for each study: (a) summary statistics for each group (where appropriate) and (b) an estimate effect and its precision (e.g. confidence/credible interval), ideally using structured tables or plots.</td><td>Appendix 2 (p2-7 of SM)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Results of syntheses</td><td>20a</td><td>For each synthesis, briefly summarise the characteristics and risk of bias among contributing studies.</td><td>Overall effect (p7)</td></tr><tr><td>20b</td><td>Present results of all statistical syntheses conducted. If meta-analysis was done, present for each the summary estimate and its precision (e.g. confidence/credible interval) and measures of statistical heterogeneity. If comparing groups, describe the direction of the effect.</td><td>Results (p15-25)</td></tr><tr><td>20c</td><td>Present results of all investigations of possible causes of heterogeneity among study results.</td><td>Results (p15-25)</td></tr><tr><td>20d</td><td>Present results of all sensitivity analyses conducted to assess the robustness of the synthesized results.</td><td>Appendix 4 (p12-17 of SM)</td></tr><tr><td>Reporting biases</td><td>21</td><td>Present assessments of risk of bias due to missing results (arising from reporting biases) for each synthesis assessed.</td><td>Appendix 3 (p8-11 of SM)</td></tr></tbody></table>
<figure><img src="image_39.png" /></figure>

PRISMA 2020 Checklist

<table><thead><tr><th>Section and Topic</th><th>item #</th><th>Checklist item</th><th>Location where item is reported</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="4"></td><td>13c</td><td>Describe any methods used to tabulate or visually display results of individual studies and syntheses.</td><td>Statistical analysis (p6)</td></tr><tr><td>13d</td><td>Describe any methods used to synthesize results and provide a rationale for the choice(s). If meta-analysis was performed, describe the model(s), method(s) to identify the presence and extent of statistical heterogeneity, and software package(s) used.</td><td>Statistical analysis (p6)</td></tr><tr><td>13e</td><td>Describe any methods used to explore possible causes of heterogeneity among study results (e.g., subgroup analysis, meta-regression).</td><td>Statistical analysis (p6)</td></tr><tr><td>13f</td><td>Describe any sensitivity analyses conducted to assess robustness of the synthesized results.</td><td>Statistical analysis (p6)</td></tr><tr><td>Reporting bias assessment</td><td>14</td><td>Describe any methods used to assess risk of bias due to missing results in a synthesis (arising from reporting biases).</td><td>Statistical analysis (p6)</td></tr><tr><td>Certainty assessment</td><td>15</td><td>Describe any methods used to assess certainty (or confidence) in the body of evidence for an outcome.</td><td>Statistical analysis (p6-7)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"><strong>RESULTS</strong></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Study selection</td><td>16a</td><td>Describe the results of the search and selection process, from the number of records identified in the search to the number of studies included in the review, ideally using a flow diagram.</td><td>Figure 1 (p8)</td></tr><tr><td>16b</td><td>Cite studies that might appear to meet the inclusion criteria, but which were excluded, and explain why they were excluded.</td><td>Appendix 1 (p1 of SM)</td></tr><tr><td>Study characteristics</td><td>17</td><td>Cite each included study and present its characteristics.</td><td>Table 1 (p9-14)</td></tr><tr><td>Risk of bias in studies</td><td>18</td><td>Present assessments of risk of bias for each included study.</td><td>Table 2 (p15)</td></tr><tr><td>Results of individual studies</td><td>19</td><td>For all outcomes, present, for each study: (a) summary statistics for each group (where appropriate) and (b) an estimate effect and its precision (e.g. confidence/credible interval), ideally using structured tables or plots.</td><td>Appendix 2 (p2-7 of SM)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Results of syntheses</td><td>20a</td><td>For each synthesis, briefly summarise the characteristics and risk of bias among contributing studies.</td><td>Overall effect (p7)</td></tr><tr><td>20b</td><td>Present results of all statistical syntheses conducted. If meta-analysis was done, present for each the summary estimate and its precision (e.g. confidence/credible interval) and measures of statistical heterogeneity. If comparing groups, describe the direction of the effect.</td><td>Results (p15-25)</td></tr><tr><td>20c</td><td>Present results of all investigations of possible causes of heterogeneity among study results.</td><td>Results (p15-25)</td></tr><tr><td>20d</td><td>Present results of all sensitivity analyses conducted to assess the robustness of the synthesized results.</td><td>Appendix 4 (p12-17 of SM)</td></tr><tr><td>Reporting biases</td><td>21</td><td>Present assessments of risk of bias due to missing results (arising from reporting biases) for each synthesis assessed.</td><td>Appendix 3 (p8-11 of SM)</td></tr></tbody></table>
<figure><img src="image_39.png" /></figure>

PRISMA 2020 Checklist

<table><thead><tr><th>Section and Topic</th><th>Item #</th><th>Checklist item</th><th>Location where item is reported</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Certainty of evidence</td><td>22</td><td>Present assessments of certainty (or confidence) in the body of evidence for each outcome assessed.</td><td>Table 3 (p16)<br>Table 5 (p21)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"><strong>DISCUSSION</strong></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Discussion</td><td>23a</td><td>Provide a general interpretation of the results in the context of other evidence.</td><td>Discussion (p26)</td></tr><tr><td>23b</td><td>Discuss any limitations of the evidence included in the review.</td><td>Strength limits and perspective (p30-31)</td></tr><tr><td>23c</td><td>Discuss any limitations of the review processes used.</td><td>Strength limits and perspective (p30-31)</td></tr><tr><td>23d</td><td>Discuss implications of the results for practice, policy, and future research.</td><td>Strength limits and perspective (p30-31)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"><strong>OTHER INFORMATION</strong></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">Registration and protocol</td><td>24a</td><td>Provide registration information for the review, including register name and registration number, or state that the review was not registered.</td><td>Registration (p1)</td></tr><tr><td>24b</td><td>Indicate where the review protocol can be accessed, or state that a protocol was not prepared.</td><td>Registration (p1)</td></tr><tr><td>24c</td><td>Describe and explain any amendments to information provided at registration or in the protocol.</td><td>Registration (p1)</td></tr><tr><td>Support</td><td>25</td><td>Describe sources of financial or non-financial support for the review, and the role of the funders or sponsors in the review.</td><td>Funding (p1)</td></tr><tr><td>Competing interests</td><td>26</td><td>Declare any competing interests of review authors.</td><td>Conflicts of interest (p1)</td></tr><tr><td>Availability of data, code and other materials</td><td>27</td><td>Report which of the following are publicly available and where they can be found template data collection forms; data extracted from included studies; data used for all analyses; analytic code; any other materials used in the review.</td><td>Data accessibility statement (p1)</td></tr></tbody></table>
<figure><img src="image_40.png" /></figure>

PRISMA 2020 Checklist

<table><thead><tr><th>Section and Topic</th><th>Item #</th><th>Checklist item</th><th>Location where item is reported</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Certainty of evidence</td><td>22</td><td>Present assessments of certainty (or confidence) in the body of evidence for each outcome assessed.</td><td>Table 3 (p16)<br>Table 5 (p21)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"><strong>DISCUSSION</strong></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Discussion</td><td>23a</td><td>Provide a general interpretation of the results in the context of other evidence.</td><td>Discussion (p26)</td></tr><tr><td>23b</td><td>Discuss any limitations of the evidence included in the review.</td><td>Strength limits and perspective (p30-31)</td></tr><tr><td>23c</td><td>Discuss any limitations of the review processes used.</td><td>Strength limits and perspective (p30-31)</td></tr><tr><td>23d</td><td>Discuss implications of the results for practice, policy, and future research.</td><td>Strength limits and perspective (p30-31)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"><strong>OTHER INFORMATION</strong></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">Registration and protocol</td><td>24a</td><td>Provide registration information for the review, including register name and registration number, or state that the review was not registered.</td><td>Registration (p1)</td></tr><tr><td>24b</td><td>Indicate where the review protocol can be accessed, or state that a protocol was not prepared.</td><td>Registration (p1)</td></tr><tr><td>24c</td><td>Describe and explain any amendments to information provided at registration or in the protocol.</td><td>Registration (p1)</td></tr><tr><td>Support</td><td>25</td><td>Describe sources of financial or non-financial support for the review, and the role of the funders or sponsors in the review.</td><td>Funding (p1)</td></tr><tr><td>Competing interests</td><td>26</td><td>Declare any competing interests of review authors.</td><td>Conflicts of interest (p1)</td></tr><tr><td>Availability of data, code and other materials</td><td>27</td><td>Report which of the following are publicly available and where they can be found template data collection forms; data extracted from included studies; data used for all analyses; analytic code; any other materials used in the review.</td><td>Data accessibility statement (p1)</td></tr></tbody></table>