21. Kostkova P, Francesc SR, Hans E, Damian B, Marieke V, Clayton H, et al. Data and Digital Solutions to Support Surveillance Strategies in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Digital Health. 2021;3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgh.2021.707902

22. Paolotti, D., Carnahan, A., Colizza, V., Eames, K., Edmunds, J., Gomes, G., ... Vespignani, A. Web-based participatory surveillance of infectious diseases: the Influenzanet participatory surveillance experience. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014;20(1):17-21. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-0691.12477

23. van Noort, S., Codeço, C., Koppeschaar, C., van Ranst, M., Paolotti, D., & Gomes, M. Ten-year performance of Influenzanet: ILI time series, risks, vaccine effects, and care-seeking behaviour; Epidemics. 2015; 13(28-36). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epidem.2015.05.001

24. Guerrisi, C., Turbelin, C., Blanchon, T., Hanslik, T., Bonmarin, I., Levy-Bruhl, D., ... Colizza, V. Participatory Syndromic Surveillance of Influenza in Europe. J Infect Dis. 2016; 112(4):S386-S392. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiw280

25. Morgan O, Pebody R. The WHO Hub for Pandemic and Epidemic Intelligence; supporting better preparedness for future health emergencies. Eurosurveillance. 2022;27(20):2200385.

26. Morgan OW, Abdelmalik P, Perez-Gutierrez E, Fall IS, Kato M, Hamblon E, Matsui T, et al. How Better Pandemic and Epidemic Intelligence Will Prepare the World for Future Threats. Nat Med. 2022;28(8):1526-8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-01900-5.

27. Kaiser R, Coulombier D. Different approaches to gathering epidemic intelligence in Europe. Eurosurveillance. 2006;11(17):2948. https://doi.org/10.2807/esw.11.17.02948-en.

28. Leal Neto O, Paolotti D, Dalton C, Carlon S, Susumpow P, Parker M, ... Smolinski M. Enabling Multicentric Participatory Disease Surveillance for Global Health Enhancement: Viewpoint on Global Flu View. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2023;9:e46644. https://doi.org/10.2196/46644

29. McNeil C, Verlander S, Divi N, Smolinski M. The Landscape of Participatory Surveillance Systems Across the One Health Spectrum: Systematic Review. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2022;8(8).

30. Lorthe T, Pollack M, Lassmann B, Brownstein J, Cohn E, Divi N, ... Madoff L. Evaluation of the EpiCore outbreak verification system. Bull World Health Organ, 2018;96(5):327-334. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.17.207225.

31. Geneviève, L., Martani, A., Wangmo, T., Paolotti, D., Koppeschaar, C., Kjelsø, C., ... Elger, B. Participatory Disease Surveillance Systems: Ethical Framework. J Med Internet Res.2019;23(21(5)):e12273. https://doi.org/10.2196/12273

32. Balajee SA, Salyer SJ, Greene-Cramer B, Sadek M, Mounts AW. The practice of event-based surveillance: concept and methods. Global Security Health Sci Policy. 2021;6(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/23779497.2020.1848444

33. Bianchini J, Simons X, Faes C, Nicolas G, Vilain A, Hendrickx G, Saegerman C. Assessing the Use of Animal Health Platforms: User's Needs, Preferences and Constraints. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2021;69(2):501-15. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.14008.

34. Amato L, Dente MG, Calistri P, Declich S. Integrated Early Warning Surveillance: Achilles' Heel of One Health? Microorganisms. 2020;8:84. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8010084.

35. Uchtmann N, Herrmann JA, Hahn EC, Beasley VR. Barriers to, efforts in, and optimization of integrated One Health surveillance: a review and synthesis. EcoHealth. 2015;12:368-84.

36. Morgenstern JD, Rosella LC, Daley MJ, Goel V, Schünemann HJ, Piggott T. AI's gonna have an impact on everything in society, so it has to have an impact on public health*: a fundamental qualitative descriptive study of the implications of artificial intelligence for public health. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):1-14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-10030-x.

37. Alexander N, Allepuz A, Alten B, Bødker R, Bonnet S, Carpenter S, et al. The impact of a decade (2004–2015) of research on vector-borne diseases. (R. Lancelot, S. Laurens, & Andrew Lewer, Eds.). CIRAD. 2015.

38. Callon M, Barthe Y, Lascoumes P. Agir dans un monde incertain. Essai sur la démocratie technique. Seuil. 2014.

39. Darré JP. La production de connaissance pour l'action. Paris: Editions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique. 1999.

40. Delville PL. Facing Uncertainty? Revue Tiers Monde. 2012;211(3):153-68.

41. Espinosa L, Wijermans A, Orchard F, Höhle M, Czernichow T, Coletti P, et al. Epitweetr: Early warning of public health threats using Twitter data. Euro

Surveillance. 2022;27(39):2200177. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917ES.2022.27.39.2200177.

42. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Challenges of Animal Health Information Systems and Surveillance for Animal Diseases and Zoonoses. FAO Animal Production and Health Proceedings 14. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2011.

43. David A. Études de cas et généralisation scientifique en sciences de gestion. Rev Sci de Gestion. 2003;39:139-166. http://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:dau:papers:123456789/1444

44. Yin RK. Case Study Research: design and methods. (Applied social research methods series, Ed.) (Vol. 5). Thousand Oaks: SAGE. 2009.

## Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
21. Kostkova P, Francesc SR, Hans E, Damian B, Marieke V, Clayton H, et al. Data and Digital Solutions to Support Surveillance Strategies in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Digital Health. 2021;3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgh.2021.707902

22. Paolotti, D., Carnahan, A., Colizza, V., Eames, K., Edmunds, J., Gomes, G., ... Vespignani, A. Web-based participatory surveillance of infectious diseases: the Influenzanet participatory surveillance experience. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014;20(1):17-21. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-0691.12477

23. van Noort, S., Codeço, C., Koppeschaar, C., van Ranst, M., Paolotti, D., & Gomes, M. Ten-year performance of Influenzanet: ILI time series, risks, vaccine effects, and care-seeking behaviour; Epidemics. 2015; 13(28-36). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epidem.2015.05.001

24. Guerrisi, C., Turbelin, C., Blanchon, T., Hanslik, T., Bonmarin, I., Levy-Bruhl, D., ... Colizza, V. Participatory Syndromic Surveillance of Influenza in Europe. J Infect Dis. 2016; 112(4):S386-S392. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiw280

25. Morgan O, Pebody R. The WHO Hub for Pandemic and Epidemic Intelligence; supporting better preparedness for future health emergencies. Eurosurveillance. 2022;27(20):2200385.

26. Morgan OW, Abdelmalik P, Perez-Gutierrez E, Fall IS, Kato M, Hamblon E, Matsui T, et al. How Better Pandemic and Epidemic Intelligence Will Prepare the World for Future Threats. Nat Med. 2022;28(8):1526-8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-01900-5.

27. Kaiser R, Coulombier D. Different approaches to gathering epidemic intelligence in Europe. Eurosurveillance. 2006;11(17):2948. https://doi.org/10.2807/esw.11.17.02948-en.

28. Leal Neto O, Paolotti D, Dalton C, Carlon S, Susumpow P, Parker M, ... Smolinski M. Enabling Multicentric Participatory Disease Surveillance for Global Health Enhancement: Viewpoint on Global Flu View. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2023;9:e46644. https://doi.org/10.2196/46644

29. McNeil C, Verlander S, Divi N, Smolinski M. The Landscape of Participatory Surveillance Systems Across the One Health Spectrum: Systematic Review. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2022;8(8).

30. Lorthe T, Pollack M, Lassmann B, Brownstein J, Cohn E, Divi N, ... Madoff L. Evaluation of the EpiCore outbreak verification system. Bull World Health Organ, 2018;96(5):327-334. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.17.207225.

31. Geneviève, L., Martani, A., Wangmo, T., Paolotti, D., Koppeschaar, C., Kjelsø, C., ... Elger, B. Participatory Disease Surveillance Systems: Ethical Framework. J Med Internet Res.2019;23(21(5)):e12273. https://doi.org/10.2196/12273

32. Balajee SA, Salyer SJ, Greene-Cramer B, Sadek M, Mounts AW. The practice of event-based surveillance: concept and methods. Global Security Health Sci Policy. 2021;6(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/23779497.2020.1848444

33. Bianchini J, Simons X, Faes C, Nicolas G, Vilain A, Hendrickx G, Saegerman C. Assessing the Use of Animal Health Platforms: User's Needs, Preferences and Constraints. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2021;69(2):501-15. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.14008.

34. Amato L, Dente MG, Calistri P, Declich S. Integrated Early Warning Surveillance: Achilles' Heel of One Health? Microorganisms. 2020;8:84. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8010084.

35. Uchtmann N, Herrmann JA, Hahn EC, Beasley VR. Barriers to, efforts in, and optimization of integrated One Health surveillance: a review and synthesis. EcoHealth. 2015;12:368-84.

36. Morgenstern JD, Rosella LC, Daley MJ, Goel V, Schünemann HJ, Piggott T. AI's gonna have an impact on everything in society, so it has to have an impact on public health*: a fundamental qualitative descriptive study of the implications of artificial intelligence for public health. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):1-14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-10030-x.

37. Alexander N, Allepuz A, Alten B, Bødker R, Bonnet S, Carpenter S, et al. The impact of a decade (2004–2015) of research on vector-borne diseases. (R. Lancelot, S. Laurens, & Andrew Lewer, Eds.). CIRAD. 2015.

38. Callon M, Barthe Y, Lascoumes P. Agir dans un monde incertain. Essai sur la démocratie technique. Seuil. 2014.

39. Darré JP. La production de connaissance pour l'action. Paris: Editions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique. 1999.

40. Delville PL. Facing Uncertainty? Revue Tiers Monde. 2012;211(3):153-68.

41. Espinosa L, Wijermans A, Orchard F, Höhle M, Czernichow T, Coletti P, et al. Epitweetr: Early warning of public health threats using Twitter data. Euro

Surveillance. 2022;27(39):2200177. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917ES.2022.27.39.2200177.

42. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Challenges of Animal Health Information Systems and Surveillance for Animal Diseases and Zoonoses. FAO Animal Production and Health Proceedings 14. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2011.

43. David A. Études de cas et généralisation scientifique en sciences de gestion. Rev Sci de Gestion. 2003;39:139-166. http://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:dau:papers:123456789/1444

44. Yin RK. Case Study Research: design and methods. (Applied social research methods series, Ed.) (Vol. 5). Thousand Oaks: SAGE. 2009.

## Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.