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<figure><img src="image_24.png" /></figure>
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González-Díaz L, van den Berg F, van den Bosch F, González-Andújar JL (2012) Controlling annual weeds in cereals by deploying crop rotation at the landscape scale: Avena sterilis as an example. Ecol Appl 22:982-992. https://doi.org/10.1890/11-1079.1

Graham L, Gaulton R, Gerard F, Staley JT (2018) The influence of hedgerow structural condition on wildlife habitat provision in farmed landscapes. Biol Conserv 220:122-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.02.017

Guerrero I, Martínez P, Morales MB, Oñate JJ (2010) Influence of agricultural factors on weed, carabid and bird richness in a Mediterranean cereal cropping system. Agric Ecosyst Environ 138:103-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2010.04.006

Guerrero I, Carmona CP, Morales MB, Oñate JJ, Peco B (2014) Non-linear responses of functional diversity and redundancy to agricultural intensification at the field scale in Mediterranean arable plant communities. Agric Ecosyst Environ 195:36-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.05.021

Haan NL, Zhang Y, Landis DA (2020) Predicting landscape configuration effects on agricultural pest suppression. Trends Ecol Evol 35:175-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2019.10.003

Håkansson S (2003) Weeds and weed management on arable land: an ecological approach. CABI Pub, Wallingford Oxon UK, Cambridge MA

Hall RM, Penke N, Kriechbaum M, Kratschmer S, Jung V, Chollet S, Guernion M, Nicolai A, Burel F, Fertil A, Lora Á, Sánchez-Cuesta R, Guzmán G, Gómez J, Popescu D, Hoble A, Bunea C-I, Zaller JG, Winter S (2020) Vegetation management intensity and landscape diversity alter plant species richness, functional traits and community composition across European vineyards. Agric Syst 177:102706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2019.102706

Hannachi M, Martinet V (2019) Chapitre 11. Vers une co-conception de paysages pour la santé des plantes et avec des acteurs du territoire. In: Petit S, Lavigne C (eds) Paysage, biodiversité fonctionnelle et santé des plantes. Educagri éditions, Dijon, pp 181-201

Henckel L, Börger L, Meiss H, Gaba S, Bretagnolle V (2015) Organic fields sustain weed metacommunity dynamics in farmland landscapes. Proc Biol Sci 282:20150002. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0002

Hertzog LR, Vandegehuchte ML, Dekeukeleire D, Dekoninck W, Smedt P, Schrojenstein Lantman I, Proesmans W, Baeten L, Bonte D, an Martel, Verheyen K, Lens L (2021) Mixing of tree species is especially beneficial for biodiversity in fragmented landscapes, without compromising forest functioning. J Appl Ecol 58:2903-2913. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14013

HilleRisLambers J, Adler PB, Harpole WS, Levine JM, Mayfield MM (2012) Rethinking community assembly through the lens of coexistence theory. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 43:227-248. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110411-160411

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Hu J, Ricono C, Fournier P, Mondy S, Vandenkoornhuyse P, Mony C (2023) Neighbourhood effect of weeds on wheat root endospheric mycobiota. J Ecol. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.14073

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Iuliano B, Gratton C (2020) Temporal resource (dis)continuity for conservation biological control: from field to landscape scales. Front Sustainable Food Syst 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2020.00127

Jaureguiberry P, Titeux N, Wiemers M, Bowler DE, Coscieme L, Golden AS, Guerra CA, Jacob U, Takahashi Y, Settele J, Díaz S, Molnár Z, Purvis A (2022) The direct drivers of recent global anthropogenic biodiversity loss. Sci Adv 8:eabm9982. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abm9982

Jeanneret P, Aviron S, Alignier A, Lavigne C, Helfenstein J, Herzog F, Kay S, Petit S (2021) Agroecology landscapes. Landscape Ecol 36:2235-2257. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-021-01248-0

Jonason D, Smith HG, Bengtsson J, Birkhofer K (2013) Landscape simplification promotes weed seed predation by carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Landscape Ecol 28:487-494. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-013-9848-2

Jones L, Norton L, Austin Z, Browne AL, Donovan D, Emmett BA, Grabowski Z, Howard DC, Jones J, Kenter J, Manley W, Morris C, Robinson DA, Short C, Siriwardena GM, Stevens CJ, Storkey J, Waters RD, Willis GF (2016) Stocks and flows of natural and human-derived capital in ecosystem services. Land Use Policy 52:151-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.12.014

Jones GM, Brosi B, Evans JM, Gottlieb IGW, Loy X, Núñez-Regueiro MM, Ober HK, Pienaar E, Pillay R, Pisarello K, Smith LL, Fletcher RJ (2022) Conserving alpha and beta diversity in wood-production landscapes. Conserv Biol 36:e13872. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13872

José-María L, Armengot L, Blanco-Moreno JM, Bassa M, Sans FX (2010) Effects of agricultural intensification on plant diversity in Mediterranean dryland cereal fields. J Appl Ecol 47:832-840. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01822.x

José-María L, Blanco-Moreno JM, Armengot L, Sans FX (2011) How does agricultural intensification modulate changes in plant community composition? Agric Ecosyst Environ 145:77-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2010.12.020

José-María L, Sans FX (2011) Weed seedbanks in arable fields: effects of management practices and surrounding landscape. Weed Res 51:631-640. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.2011.00872.x

Jowett K, Milne AE, Metcalfe H, Hassall KL, Potts SG, Senapathi D, Storkey J (2019) Species matter when considering landscape effects on carabid distributions. Agric Ecosyst Environ 285:106631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2019.106631

Kempel A, Bornand CN, Gygax A, Juillerat P, Jutzi M, Sager L, Bäumler B, Eggenberg S, Fischer M (2020) Nationwide revisitation reveals thousands of local extinctions across the ranges of 713 threatened and rare plant species. Conserv Lett 13:e12749. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12749

Kennedy CM, Lonsdorf E, Neel MC, Williams NM, Ricketts TH, Winfree R, Bommarco R, Brittain C, Burley AL, Cariveau D, Carvalheiro LG, Chacoff NP, Cunningham SA, Danforth BN, Dudenhöffer J-H, Elle E, Gaines HR, Garibaldi LA, Gratton C, Holzschuh A, Isaacs R, Javorek SK, Jha S, Klein AM, Krewenka K, Mandelik Y, Mayfield MM, Morandin L, Neame LA, Otieno
Gabay O, Perevolotsky A, Shachak M (2012) How landscape modulators function: woody plant impact on seed dispersal and abiotic filtering. Plant Ecolog 213:685-693. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-012-0033-5

Gabriel D, Thies C, Tscharntke T (2005) Local diversity of arable weeds increases with landscape complexity. Perspect Plant Ecol Evol Syst 7:85-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2005.04.001

Gabriel D, Roschewitz I, Tscharntke T, Thies C (2006) Beta diversity at different spatial scales: plant communities in organic and conventional agriculture. Ecol Appl 16:2011-2021

Gámez-Virués S, Perović DJ, Gossner MM, Börschig C, Blüthgen N, de Jong H, Simons NK, Klein A-M, Krauss J, Maier G, Scherber C, Steckel J, Rothenwöhrer C, Steffan-Dewenter I, Weiner CN, Weisser W, Werner M, Tscharntke T, Westphal C (2015) Landscape simplification filters species traits and drives biotic homogenization. Nat Commun 6:8568. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9568

Ghersa CM, Roush ML (1993) Searching for solutions to weed problems: do we study competition or dispersion? Bioscience 43:1049-109

González-Díaz L, van den Berg F, van den Bosch F, González-Andújar JL (2012) Controlling annual weeds in cereals by deploying crop rotation at the landscape scale: Avena sterilis as an example. Ecol Appl 22:982-992. https://doi.org/10.1890/11-1079.1

Graham L, Gaulton R, Gerard F, Staley JT (2018) The influence of hedgerow structural condition on wildlife habitat provision in farmed landscapes. Biol Conserv 220:122-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.02.017

Guerrero I, Martínez P, Morales MB, Oñate JJ (2010) Influence of agricultural factors on weed, carabid and bird richness in a Mediterranean cereal cropping system. Agric Ecosyst Environ 138:103-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2010.04.006

Guerrero I, Carmona CP, Morales MB, Oñate JJ, Peco B (2014) Non-linear responses of functional diversity and redundancy to agricultural intensification at the field scale in Mediterranean arable plant communities. Agric Ecosyst Environ 195:36-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.05.021

Haan NL, Zhang Y, Landis DA (2020) Predicting landscape configuration effects on agricultural pest suppression. Trends Ecol Evol 35:175-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2019.10.003

Håkansson S (2003) Weeds and weed management on arable land: an ecological approach. CABI Pub, Wallingford Oxon UK, Cambridge MA

Hall RM, Penke N, Kriechbaum M, Kratschmer S, Jung V, Chollet S, Guernion M, Nicolai A, Burel F, Fertil A, Lora Á, Sánchez-Cuesta R, Guzmán G, Gómez J, Popescu D, Hoble A, Bunea C-I, Zaller JG, Winter S (2020) Vegetation management intensity and landscape diversity alter plant species richness, functional traits and community composition across European vineyards. Agric Syst 177:102706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2019.102706

Hannachi M, Martinet V (2019) Chapitre 11. Vers une co-conception de paysages pour la santé des plantes et avec des acteurs du territoire. In: Petit S, Lavigne C (eds) Paysage, biodiversité fonctionnelle et santé des plantes. Educagri éditions, Dijon, pp 181-201

Henckel L, Börger L, Meiss H, Gaba S, Bretagnolle V (2015) Organic fields sustain weed metacommunity dynamics in farmland landscapes. Proc Biol Sci 282:20150002. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0002

Hertzog LR, Vandegehuchte ML, Dekeukeleire D, Dekoninck W, Smedt P, Schrojenstein Lantman I, Proesmans W, Baeten L, Bonte D, an Martel, Verheyen K, Lens L (2021) Mixing of tree species is especially beneficial for biodiversity in fragmented landscapes, without compromising forest functioning. J Appl Ecol 58:2903-2913. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14013

HilleRisLambers J, Adler PB, Harpole WS, Levine JM, Mayfield MM (2012) Rethinking community assembly through the lens of coexistence theory. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 43:227-248. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110411-160411

Holland JM, Bianchi FJ, Entling MH, Moonen A-C, Smith BM, Jeaneret P (2016) Structure, function and management of semi-natural habitats for conservation biological control: a review of European studies. Pest Manage Sci 72:1638-1651. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.4318

Hu J, Ricono C, Fournier P, Mondy S, Vandenkoornhuyse P, Mony C (2023) Neighbourhood effect of weeds on wheat root endospheric mycobiota. J Ecol. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.14073

Hulme PE (1998) Post-dispersal seed predation: consequences for plant demography and evolution. Perspect Plant Ecol Evol Syst 1:32-46. https://doi.org/10.1078/1433-8319-00050

Iuliano B, Gratton C (2020) Temporal resource (dis)continuity for conservation biological control: from field to landscape scales. Front Sustainable Food Syst 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2020.00127

Jaureguiberry P, Titeux N, Wiemers M, Bowler DE, Coscieme L, Golden AS, Guerra CA, Jacob U, Takahashi Y, Settele J, Díaz S, Molnár Z, Purvis A (2022) The direct drivers of recent global anthropogenic biodiversity loss. Sci Adv 8:eabm9982. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abm9982

Jeanneret P, Aviron S, Alignier A, Lavigne C, Helfenstein J, Herzog F, Kay S, Petit S (2021) Agroecology landscapes. Landscape Ecol 36:2235-2257. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-021-01248-0

Jonason D, Smith HG, Bengtsson J, Birkhofer K (2013) Landscape simplification promotes weed seed predation by carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Landscape Ecol 28:487-494. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-013-9848-2

Jones L, Norton L, Austin Z, Browne AL, Donovan D, Emmett BA, Grabowski Z, Howard DC, Jones J, Kenter J, Manley W, Morris C, Robinson DA, Short C, Siriwardena GM, Stevens CJ, Storkey J, Waters RD, Willis GF (2016) Stocks and flows of natural and human-derived capital in ecosystem services. Land Use Policy 52:151-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.12.014

Jones GM, Brosi B, Evans JM, Gottlieb IGW, Loy X, Núñez-Regueiro MM, Ober HK, Pienaar E, Pillay R, Pisarello K, Smith LL, Fletcher RJ (2022) Conserving alpha and beta diversity in wood-production landscapes. Conserv Biol 36:e13872. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13872

José-María L, Armengot L, Blanco-Moreno JM, Bassa M, Sans FX (2010) Effects of agricultural intensification on plant diversity in Mediterranean dryland cereal fields. J Appl Ecol 47:832-840. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01822.x

José-María L, Blanco-Moreno JM, Armengot L, Sans FX (2011) How does agricultural intensification modulate changes in plant community composition? Agric Ecosyst Environ 145:77-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2010.12.020

José-María L, Sans FX (2011) Weed seedbanks in arable fields: effects of management practices and surrounding landscape. Weed Res 51:631-640. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.2011.00872.x

Jowett K, Milne AE, Metcalfe H, Hassall KL, Potts SG, Senapathi D, Storkey J (2019) Species matter when considering landscape effects on carabid distributions. Agric Ecosyst Environ 285:106631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2019.106631

Kempel A, Bornand CN, Gygax A, Juillerat P, Jutzi M, Sager L, Bäumler B, Eggenberg S, Fischer M (2020) Nationwide revisitation reveals thousands of local extinctions across the ranges of 713 threatened and rare plant species. Conserv Lett 13:e12749. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12749

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Kuhfuss L, Préget R, Thoyer S, de Vries FP, Hanley N (2022) Enhancing spatial coordination in payment for ecosystem services schemes with non-pecuniary preferences. Ecol Econ 192:107271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2021.107271

La Fuente EB de, Perelman S, Ghersa CM (2010) Weed andthropod communities in soyabean as related to crop productivity and land use in the Rolling Pampa, Argentina. Weed Res 50:561–571. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.2010.00811.x

Labarthe P (2009) Extension services and multifunctional agriculture. Lessons learnt from the French and Dutch contexts and approaches. J Environ Manage 90(Suppl 2):S193-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.11.021

Labruyere S, Ricci B, Lubac A, Petit S (2016) Crop type, crop management and grass margins affect the abundance and the nutritional state of seed-eating carabid species in arable landscapes. Agric Ecosyst Environ 231:183–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.06.037

Landis DA (2017) Designing agricultural landscapes for biodiversity-based ecosystem services. Basic Appl Ecol 18:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2016.07.005

Lenoir J, Decocq G, Spicher F, Gallet-Moron E, Buridant J, Closset-Kopp D (2021) Historical continuity and spatial connectivity ensure hedgerows are effective corridors for forest plants: evidence from the species–time–area relationship. J Veg Sci 32:e12845. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvs.12845

Liebman M, Nguyen HTX, Woods MM, Hunt ND, Hill JD, Storkey J (2021) Weed seedbank diversity and sustainability indicators for simple and more diverse cropping systems. Weed Res 61:164–177. https://doi.org/10.1111/wre.12466

Lin BB, Perfecto I, Vandermeer J (2008) Synergies between agricultural intensification and climate change could create surprising vulnerabilities for crops. Bioscience 58:847–854. https://doi.org/10.1641/B580911

Loureiro I, Escorial M-C, Chueca M-C (2016) Pollen-mediated movement of herbicide resistance genes in Lolium rigidum. PLoS ONE 11:e0157892. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157892

Lüscher G, Jeanneret P, Schneider MK, Turnbull LA, Arndorfer M, Balázs K, Báldi A, Bailey D, Bernhardt KG, Choisis J-P, Elek Z, Frank T, Friedel JK, Kainz M, Kovács-Hostyánszki A, Oschatz M-L, Paoletti MG, Papaja-Hülsbergen S, Sarthou J-P, Siebrecht N, Wolfrum S, Herzog F (2014) Responses of plants, earthworms, spiders and bees to geographic location, agricultural

management and surrounding landscape in European arable fields. Agric Ecosyst Environ 186:124–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.01.020

MacLaren C, Storkey J, Strauss J, Swanepoel P, Dehnen-Schmutz K (2019) Livestock in diverse cropping systems improve weed management and sustain yields whilst reducing inputs. J Appl Ecol 56:144–156. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13239

MacLaren C, Storkey J, Menegat A, Metcalfe H, Dehnen-Schmutz K (2020) An ecological future for weed science to sustain crop production and the environment A review. Agron Sustain Dev 40:24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-020-00631-6

Magrini M-B, Martin G, Magne M-A, Duru M, Couix N, Hazard L, Plumecocq G (2019) Agroecological transition from farms to territorialised agri-food systems: issues and drivers. In: Bergez J-E, Audouin E, Therond O (eds) Agroecological transitions: from theory to practice in local participatory design. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 69–98

Mahaut L, Gaba S, Fried G (2019) A functional diversity approach of crop sequences reveals that weed diversity and abundance show different responses to environmental variability. J Appl Ecol 56:1400–1409. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13389

Marino PC, Gross KL, Landis DA (1997) Weed seed loss due to predation in Michigan maize fields. Agric Ecosyst Environ 66:189–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(97)00091-1

Marino PC, Westerman PR, Pinkert C, van der Werf W (2005) Influence of seed density and aggregation on post-dispersal weed seed predation in cereal fields. Agric Ecosyst Environ 106:17–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2004.07.001

Marrec R, Brusse T, Caro G (2022) Biodiversity-friendly agricultural landscapes - integrating farming practices and spatiotemporal dynamics. Trends Ecol Evol 37:731–733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2022.05.004

Marshall E, West TM, Kleijn D (2006) Impacts of an agri-environment field margin prescription on the flora and fauna of arable farmland in different landscapes. Agric Ecosyst Environ 113:36–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2005.08.036

Marshall EJP (2009) The impact of landscape structure and sown grass margin strips on weed assemblages in arable crops and their boundaries. Weed Res 49:107–115

Marshall EJP, Brown VK, Boatman ND, Lutman PJW, Squire GR, Ward LK (2003) The role of weeds in supporting biological diversity within crop fields*. Weed Res 43:77–89. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3180.2003.00326.x

Martin EA, Dainese M, Clough Y, Báldi A, Bommarco R, Gagic V, Garratt MPD, Holzschuh A, Kleijn D, Kovács-Hostyánszki A, Marini L, Potts SG, Smith HG, Al Hassan D, Albrecht M, Andersson GKS, Asís JD, Aviron S, Balzan MV, Baños-Picón L, Bartomeus I, Batáry P, Burel F, Caballero-López B, Concepción ED, Coudrain V, Dänhardt J, Diaz M, Diekötter T, Dormann CF, Duflot R, Entling MH, Farwig N, Fischer C, Frank T, Garibaldi LA, Hermann J, Herzog F, Inclán D, Jacot K, Jauker F, Jeaneret P, Kaiser M, Krauss J, Le Féon V, Marshall J, Moonen A-C, Moreno G, Riedinger V, Rundlöf M, Rusch A, Scheper J, Schneider G, Schüepp C, Stutz S, Sutter L, Tamburini G, Thies C, Tormos J, Tscharntke T, Tschumi M, Uzman D, Wagner C, Zubair-Anjum M, Steffan-Dewenter I (2019) The interplay of landscape composition and configuration: new pathways to manage functional biodiversity and agroecosystem services across Europe. Ecol Lett 22:1083–1094. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13265

Martin AE, Collins SJ, Crowe S, Girard J, Naujokaitis-Lewis I, Smith AC, Lindsay K, Mitchell S, Fahrig L (2020) Effects of farmland heterogeneity on biodiversity are similar to—or even larger than—the effects of farming practices. Agric Ecosyst Environ 288:106698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2019.106698

<figure><img src="image_24.png" /></figure>
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Kessler M, Abrahamczyk S, Bos M, Buchori D, Putra DD, Gradstein SR, Höhn P, Kluge J, Orend F, Pitopang R, Saleh S, Schulze CH, Sporn SG, Steffan-Dewenter I, Tjitrosoedirdjo SS, Tscharntke T (2009) Alpha and beta diversity of plants and animals along a tropical land-use gradient. Ecol Appl 19:2142–2156. https://doi.org/10.1890/08-1074.1

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Kovács-Hostyánszki A, Batáry P, Báldi A, Harnos A (2011) Interaction of local and landscape features in the conservation of Hungarian arable weed diversity. Appl Veg Sci 14:40–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-109X.2010.01098.x

Kuhfuss L, Préget R, Thoyer S, de Vries FP, Hanley N (2022) Enhancing spatial coordination in payment for ecosystem services schemes with non-pecuniary preferences. Ecol Econ 192:107271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2021.107271

La Fuente EB de, Perelman S, Ghersa CM (2010) Weed andthropod communities in soyabean as related to crop productivity and land use in the Rolling Pampa, Argentina. Weed Res 50:561–571. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.2010.00811.x

Labarthe P (2009) Extension services and multifunctional agriculture. Lessons learnt from the French and Dutch contexts and approaches. J Environ Manage 90(Suppl 2):S193-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.11.021

Labruyere S, Ricci B, Lubac A, Petit S (2016) Crop type, crop management and grass margins affect the abundance and the nutritional state of seed-eating carabid species in arable landscapes. Agric Ecosyst Environ 231:183–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.06.037

Landis DA (2017) Designing agricultural landscapes for biodiversity-based ecosystem services. Basic Appl Ecol 18:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2016.07.005

Lenoir J, Decocq G, Spicher F, Gallet-Moron E, Buridant J, Closset-Kopp D (2021) Historical continuity and spatial connectivity ensure hedgerows are effective corridors for forest plants: evidence from the species–time–area relationship. J Veg Sci 32:e12845. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvs.12845

Liebman M, Nguyen HTX, Woods MM, Hunt ND, Hill JD, Storkey J (2021) Weed seedbank diversity and sustainability indicators for simple and more diverse cropping systems. Weed Res 61:164–177. https://doi.org/10.1111/wre.12466

Lin BB, Perfecto I, Vandermeer J (2008) Synergies between agricultural intensification and climate change could create surprising vulnerabilities for crops. Bioscience 58:847–854. https://doi.org/10.1641/B580911

Loureiro I, Escorial M-C, Chueca M-C (2016) Pollen-mediated movement of herbicide resistance genes in Lolium rigidum. PLoS ONE 11:e0157892. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157892

Lüscher G, Jeanneret P, Schneider MK, Turnbull LA, Arndorfer M, Balázs K, Báldi A, Bailey D, Bernhardt KG, Choisis J-P, Elek Z, Frank T, Friedel JK, Kainz M, Kovács-Hostyánszki A, Oschatz M-L, Paoletti MG, Papaja-Hülsbergen S, Sarthou J-P, Siebrecht N, Wolfrum S, Herzog F (2014) Responses of plants, earthworms, spiders and bees to geographic location, agricultural

management and surrounding landscape in European arable fields. Agric Ecosyst Environ 186:124–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.01.020

MacLaren C, Storkey J, Strauss J, Swanepoel P, Dehnen-Schmutz K (2019) Livestock in diverse cropping systems improve weed management and sustain yields whilst reducing inputs. J Appl Ecol 56:144–156. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13239

MacLaren C, Storkey J, Menegat A, Metcalfe H, Dehnen-Schmutz K (2020) An ecological future for weed science to sustain crop production and the environment A review. Agron Sustain Dev 40:24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-020-00631-6

Magrini M-B, Martin G, Magne M-A, Duru M, Couix N, Hazard L, Plumecocq G (2019) Agroecological transition from farms to territorialised agri-food systems: issues and drivers. In: Bergez J-E, Audouin E, Therond O (eds) Agroecological transitions: from theory to practice in local participatory design. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 69–98

Mahaut L, Gaba S, Fried G (2019) A functional diversity approach of crop sequences reveals that weed diversity and abundance show different responses to environmental variability. J Appl Ecol 56:1400–1409. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13389

Marino PC, Gross KL, Landis DA (1997) Weed seed loss due to predation in Michigan maize fields. Agric Ecosyst Environ 66:189–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(97)00091-1

Marino PC, Westerman PR, Pinkert C, van der Werf W (2005) Influence of seed density and aggregation on post-dispersal weed seed predation in cereal fields. Agric Ecosyst Environ 106:17–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2004.07.001

Marrec R, Brusse T, Caro G (2022) Biodiversity-friendly agricultural landscapes - integrating farming practices and spatiotemporal dynamics. Trends Ecol Evol 37:731–733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2022.05.004

Marshall E, West TM, Kleijn D (2006) Impacts of an agri-environment field margin prescription on the flora and fauna of arable farmland in different landscapes. Agric Ecosyst Environ 113:36–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2005.08.036

Marshall EJP (2009) The impact of landscape structure and sown grass margin strips on weed assemblages in arable crops and their boundaries. Weed Res 49:107–115

Marshall EJP, Brown VK, Boatman ND, Lutman PJW, Squire GR, Ward LK (2003) The role of weeds in supporting biological diversity within crop fields*. Weed Res 43:77–89. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3180.2003.00326.x

Martin EA, Dainese M, Clough Y, Báldi A, Bommarco R, Gagic V, Garratt MPD, Holzschuh A, Kleijn D, Kovács-Hostyánszki A, Marini L, Potts SG, Smith HG, Al Hassan D, Albrecht M, Andersson GKS, Asís JD, Aviron S, Balzan MV, Baños-Picón L, Bartomeus I, Batáry P, Burel F, Caballero-López B, Concepción ED, Coudrain V, Dänhardt J, Diaz M, Diekötter T, Dormann CF, Duflot R, Entling MH, Farwig N, Fischer C, Frank T, Garibaldi LA, Hermann J, Herzog F, Inclán D, Jacot K, Jauker F, Jeaneret P, Kaiser M, Krauss J, Le Féon V, Marshall J, Moonen A-C, Moreno G, Riedinger V, Rundlöf M, Rusch A, Scheper J, Schneider G, Schüepp C, Stutz S, Sutter L, Tamburini G, Thies C, Tormos J, Tscharntke T, Tschumi M, Uzman D, Wagner C, Zubair-Anjum M, Steffan-Dewenter I (2019) The interplay of landscape composition and configuration: new pathways to manage functional biodiversity and agroecosystem services across Europe. Ecol Lett 22:1083–1094. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13265

Martin AE, Collins SJ, Crowe S, Girard J, Naujokaitis-Lewis I, Smith AC, Lindsay K, Mitchell S, Fahrig L (2020) Effects of farmland heterogeneity on biodiversity are similar to—or even larger than—the effects of farming practices. Agric Ecosyst Environ 288:106698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2019.106698

<figure><img src="image_25.png" /></figure>
Martínez E, Rös M, Bonilla MA, Dirzo R (2015) Habitat heterogene-
ity affects plant and arthropod species diversity and turnover in
traditional cornfields. PLoS ONE 10:e0128950. https://doi.org/
10.1371/journal.pone.0128950

Martínez-Núñez C, Manzaneda AJ, Lendínez S, Pérez AJ, Ruiz-Valenzuela L, Rey PJ (2019) Interacting effects of landscape and management on plant-solitary bee networks in olive orchards. Funct Ecol 33:2316-2326. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13465

Matthias I, Semmler MSS, Giesecke T (2015) Pollen diversity captures landscape structure and diversity. J Ecol 103:880-890. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12404

Mayer F, Albrecht H, Pfadenhauer J (2002) Secondary dispersal of seeds in the soil seed bank by cultivation. J Plant Dis Prot 551-560

McHugh NM, Moreby S, Lof ME, Werf W, Holland JM (2020) The contribution of semi-natural habitats to biological control is dependent on sentinel prey type. J Appl Ecol 57:914-925. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13596

Menalled FD, Marino PC, Renner KA, Landis DA (2000) Post-dispersal weed seed predation in Michigan crop fields as a function of agricultural landscape structure. Agric Ecosyst Environ 77:193-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(99)00083-3

Metcalfe H, Hassall KL, Boinot S, Storkey J (2019) The contribution of spatial mass effects to plant diversity in arable fields. J Appl Ecol 56:1560-1574. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13414

Meyer S, Wesche K, Krause B, Leuschner C (2013) Dramatic losses of specialist arable plants in Central Germany since the 1950s/60s - a cross-regional analysis. Divers Distrib 19:1175-1187. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12102

Meynard J-M, Charrier F, Fares M, Le Bail M, Magrini M-B, Charlier A, Messéan A (2018) Socio-technical lock-in hinders crop diversification in France. Agron Sustain Dev 38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-018-0535-1

Mony C, Vandenkoornhuyse P, Bohannan BJM, Peay K, Leibold MA (2020) A landscape of opportunities for microbial ecology research. Front Microbiol 11:561427. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.561427

Muneret L, Auriol A, Thiéry D, Rusch A (2019) Organic farming at local and landscape scales fosters biological pest control in vineyards. Ecol Appl 29:e01818. https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.1818

Munoz F, Fried G, Armengot L, Bourgeois B, Bretagnolle V, Chadoeuf J, Mahaut L, Plumejeaud C, Storkey J, Violle C, Gaba S (2020) Ecological specialization and rarity of arable weeds: insights from a comprehensive survey in France. Plants 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9070824

Nascimbene J, Zottini M, Ivan D, Casagrande V, Marini L (2016) Do vineyards in contrasting landscapes contribute to conserve plant species of dry calcareous grasslands? Sci Total Environ 545-546:244-249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.051

Navas M-L (2012) Trait-based approaches to unravelling the assem-
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Martínez E, Rös M, Bonilla MA, Dirzo R (2015) Habitat heterogene-
ity affects plant and arthropod species diversity and turnover in
traditional cornfields. PLoS ONE 10:e0128950. https://doi.org/
10.1371/journal.pone.0128950

Martínez-Núñez C, Manzaneda AJ, Lendínez S, Pérez AJ, Ruiz-Valenzuela L, Rey PJ (2019) Interacting effects of landscape and management on plant-solitary bee networks in olive orchards. Funct Ecol 33:2316-2326. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13465

Matthias I, Semmler MSS, Giesecke T (2015) Pollen diversity captures landscape structure and diversity. J Ecol 103:880-890. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12404

Mayer F, Albrecht H, Pfadenhauer J (2002) Secondary dispersal of seeds in the soil seed bank by cultivation. J Plant Dis Prot 551-560

McHugh NM, Moreby S, Lof ME, Werf W, Holland JM (2020) The contribution of semi-natural habitats to biological control is dependent on sentinel prey type. J Appl Ecol 57:914-925. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13596

Menalled FD, Marino PC, Renner KA, Landis DA (2000) Post-dispersal weed seed predation in Michigan crop fields as a function of agricultural landscape structure. Agric Ecosyst Environ 77:193-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(99)00083-3

Metcalfe H, Hassall KL, Boinot S, Storkey J (2019) The contribution of spatial mass effects to plant diversity in arable fields. J Appl Ecol 56:1560-1574. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13414

Meyer S, Wesche K, Krause B, Leuschner C (2013) Dramatic losses of specialist arable plants in Central Germany since the 1950s/60s - a cross-regional analysis. Divers Distrib 19:1175-1187. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12102

Meynard J-M, Charrier F, Fares M, Le Bail M, Magrini M-B, Charlier A, Messéan A (2018) Socio-technical lock-in hinders crop diversification in France. Agron Sustain Dev 38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-018-0535-1

Mony C, Vandenkoornhuyse P, Bohannan BJM, Peay K, Leibold MA (2020) A landscape of opportunities for microbial ecology research. Front Microbiol 11:561427. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.561427

Muneret L, Auriol A, Thiéry D, Rusch A (2019) Organic farming at local and landscape scales fosters biological pest control in vineyards. Ecol Appl 29:e01818. https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.1818

Munoz F, Fried G, Armengot L, Bourgeois B, Bretagnolle V, Chadoeuf J, Mahaut L, Plumejeaud C, Storkey J, Violle C, Gaba S (2020) Ecological specialization and rarity of arable weeds: insights from a comprehensive survey in France. Plants 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9070824

Nascimbene J, Zottini M, Ivan D, Casagrande V, Marini L (2016) Do vineyards in contrasting landscapes contribute to conserve plant species of dry calcareous grasslands? Sci Total Environ 545-546:244-249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.051

Navas M-L (2012) Trait-based approaches to unravelling the assem-
bly of weed communities and their impact on agro-ecosystem
functioning. Weed Res 52:479-488. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.
1365-3180.2012.00941.x

Neve P, Vila-Aiub M, Roux F (2009) Evolutionary-thinking in agricul-
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Tobisch C, Rojas-Botero S, Uhler J, Kollmann J, Müller J, Moning C, Redlich S, Steffan-Dewenter I, Benjamin C, Englmeier J, Fricke U, Ganoza C, Haensel M, Riebl R, Uphus L, Ewald J (2023) Conservation-relevant plant species indicate arthropod richness across trophic levels: habitat quality is more important than habitat amount. Ecol Indic 148:110039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.110039

Tortosa A, Duflot R, Rivers-Moore J, Ladet S, Esquerré D, Vialatte A (2022) Natural enemies emerging in cereal fields in spring may contribute to biological control. Agric for Entomol 24:267–278. https://doi.org/10.1111/afe.12490

Tortosa A, Giffard B, Sirami C, Larrieu L, Ladet S, Vialatte A (2023) Increasing landscape heterogeneity as a win-win solution to manage trade-offs in biological control of crop and woodland pests. Sci Rep 13:13573. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-40473-2

Trichard A, Alignier A, Biju-Duval L, Petit S (2013) The relative effects of local management and landscape context on weed seed predation and carabid functional groups. Basic Appl Ecol 14:235–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2013.02.002

Trichard A, Ricci B, Ducourtieux C, Petit S (2014) The spatio-temporal distribution of weed seed predation differs between conservation agriculture and conventional tillage. Agric Ecosyst Environ 188:40–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.01.031

Tscharntke T, Tylianakis JM, Rand TA, Didham RK, Fahrig L, Batáry P, Bengtsson J, Clough Y, Crist TO, Dormann CF, Ewers RM, Fründ J, Holt RD, Holzschuh A, Klein AM, Kleijn D, Kremen C, Landis DA, Laurance W, Lindenmayer D, Scherber C, Sodhi N, Steffan-Dewenter I, Thies C, van der Putten WH, Westphal C (2012) Landscape moderation of biodiversity patterns and processes - eight hypotheses. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 87:661–685. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.2011.00216.x

Tschumi M, Ekroos J, Hjort C, Smith HG, Birkhofer K (2018) Predation-mediated ecosystem services and disservices in agricultural landscapes. Ecol Appl 28:2109–2118. https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.1799

Uroy L, Mony C, Ernoult A, Alignier A (2022) Increasing habitat connectivity in agricultural landscapes as a weed management strategy reconciling ecology and agronomy. Basic Appl Ecol 61:116–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2022.03.003

van der Hoek Y, Zuckerberg B, Manne LL (2015) Application of habitat thresholds in conservation: considerations, limitations, and future directions. Global Ecol Conserv 3:736–743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2015.03.010

van der Plas F, Manning P, Soliveres S, Allan E, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Verheyen K, Wirth C, Zavala MA, Ampoorter E, Baeten L, Barbaro L, Bauhus J, Benavides R, Benneter A, Bonal D, Bouriaud O, Bruelheide H, Bussotti F, Carnol M, Castagneyrol B, Charbonnier Y, Coomes DA, Coppi A, Bastias CC, Dawud SM, de Wandeler H, Domisch T, Finér L, Gessler A, Granier A, Grossiord C, Guyot V, Hättenschwiler S, Jactel H, Jaroszewicz B, Joly F-X, Jucker T, Koricheva J, Milligan H, Mueller S, Muys B, Nguyen D, Pollastrini M, Ratcliffe S, Raulund-Rasmussen K, Selvi F, Stenlid J, Valladares F, Vesterdal L, Zielinski D, Fischer M (2016) Biotic homogenization can decrease landscape-scale
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Smart SM, Marrs RH, Le Duc MG, Thompson KE, Bunce RGH, Firbank LG, Rossall MJ (2006b) Spatial relationships between intensive land cover and residual plant species diversity in temperate farmed landscapes. J Appl Ecol 43:1128–1137. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2006.01231.x

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Solé-Senan XO, Juárez-Escario A, Conesa JA, Torra J, Royo-Esnal A, Recasens J (2014) Plant diversity in Mediterranean cereal fields: unraveling the effect of landscape complexity on rare arable plants. Agric Ecosyst Environ 185:221–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.01.003

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of plant traits related to pollination. Global Ecol Conserv 38:e02229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02229

Tamburini G, Santoiemma G, E O'Rourke M, Bommarco R, Chaplin-Kramer R, Dainese M, Karp DS, Kim TN, Martin EA, Petersen M, Marini L (2020) Species traits elucidate crop pest response to landscape composition: a global analysis. Proc Biol Sci 287:20202116. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.2116

Tarifa R, Martínez-Núñez C, Valera F, González-Varo JP, Salido T, Rey PJ (2021) Agricultural intensification erodes taxonomic and functional diversity in Mediterranean olive groves by filtering out rare species. J Appl Ecol 58:2266–2276. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13970

Tobisch C, Rojas-Botero S, Uhler J, Kollmann J, Müller J, Moning C, Redlich S, Steffan-Dewenter I, Benjamin C, Englmeier J, Fricke U, Ganoza C, Haensel M, Riebl R, Uphus L, Ewald J (2023) Conservation-relevant plant species indicate arthropod richness across trophic levels: habitat quality is more important than habitat amount. Ecol Indic 148:110039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.110039

Tortosa A, Duflot R, Rivers-Moore J, Ladet S, Esquerré D, Vialatte A (2022) Natural enemies emerging in cereal fields in spring may contribute to biological control. Agric for Entomol 24:267–278. https://doi.org/10.1111/afe.12490

Tortosa A, Giffard B, Sirami C, Larrieu L, Ladet S, Vialatte A (2023) Increasing landscape heterogeneity as a win-win solution to manage trade-offs in biological control of crop and woodland pests. Sci Rep 13:13573. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-40473-2

Trichard A, Alignier A, Biju-Duval L, Petit S (2013) The relative effects of local management and landscape context on weed seed predation and carabid functional groups. Basic Appl Ecol 14:235–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2013.02.002

Trichard A, Ricci B, Ducourtieux C, Petit S (2014) The spatio-temporal distribution of weed seed predation differs between conservation agriculture and conventional tillage. Agric Ecosyst Environ 188:40–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.01.031

Tscharntke T, Tylianakis JM, Rand TA, Didham RK, Fahrig L, Batáry P, Bengtsson J, Clough Y, Crist TO, Dormann CF, Ewers RM, Fründ J, Holt RD, Holzschuh A, Klein AM, Kleijn D, Kremen C, Landis DA, Laurance W, Lindenmayer D, Scherber C, Sodhi N, Steffan-Dewenter I, Thies C, van der Putten WH, Westphal C (2012) Landscape moderation of biodiversity patterns and processes - eight hypotheses. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 87:661–685. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.2011.00216.x

Tschumi M, Ekroos J, Hjort C, Smith HG, Birkhofer K (2018) Predation-mediated ecosystem services and disservices in agricultural landscapes. Ecol Appl 28:2109–2118. https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.1799

Uroy L, Mony C, Ernoult A, Alignier A (2022) Increasing habitat connectivity in agricultural landscapes as a weed management strategy reconciling ecology and agronomy. Basic Appl Ecol 61:116–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2022.03.003

van der Hoek Y, Zuckerberg B, Manne LL (2015) Application of habitat thresholds in conservation: considerations, limitations, and future directions. Global Ecol Conserv 3:736–743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2015.03.010

van der Plas F, Manning P, Soliveres S, Allan E, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Verheyen K, Wirth C, Zavala MA, Ampoorter E, Baeten L, Barbaro L, Bauhus J, Benavides R, Benneter A, Bonal D, Bouriaud O, Bruelheide H, Bussotti F, Carnol M, Castagneyrol B, Charbonnier Y, Coomes DA, Coppi A, Bastias CC, Dawud SM, de Wandeler H, Domisch T, Finér L, Gessler A, Granier A, Grossiord C, Guyot V, Hättenschwiler S, Jactel H, Jaroszewicz B, Joly F-X, Jucker T, Koricheva J, Milligan H, Mueller S, Muys B, Nguyen D, Pollastrini M, Ratcliffe S, Raulund-Rasmussen K, Selvi F, Stenlid J, Valladares F, Vesterdal L, Zielinski D, Fischer M (2016) Biotic homogenization can decrease landscape-scale
forest multifunctionality. PNAS 113:3557–3562. https://doi.org/
10.1073/pnas.1517903113

Vasseur C, Joannon A, Aviron S, Burel F, Meynard J-M, Baudry J (2013) The cropping systems mosaic: how does the hidden heterogeneity of agricultural landscapes drive arthropod populations? Agric Ecosyst Environ 166:3–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2012.08.013

Vercellino RB, Hernández F, Pandolfo C, Ureta S, Presotto A (2022) Agricultural weeds: the contribution of domesticated species to the origin and evolution of feral weeds. Pest Manage Sci. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.7321

Vialatte A, Barnaud C, Blanco J, Ouin A, Choisis J-P, Andrieu E, Sheeren D, Ladet S, Deconchat M, Clément F, Esquerré D, Sirami C (2019) A conceptual framework for the governance of multiple ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes. Landscape Ecol 34:1653–1673. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-019-00829-4

Villamayor-Tomas S, Sagebiel J, Olschewski R (2019) Bringing the neighbors in: a choice experiment on the influence of coordination and social norms on farmers' willingness to accept agro-environmental schemes across Europe. Land Use Policy 84:200–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.03.006

Wang S, Loreau M, de Mazancourt C, Isbell F, Beierkuhnlein C, Connolly J, Deutschman DH, Doležal J, Eisenhauer N, Hector A, Jentsch A, Kreyling J, Lanta V, Lepš J, Polley HW, Reich PB, van Ruijven J, Schmid B, Tilman D, Wilsey B, Craven D (2021) Biotic homogenization destabilizes ecosystem functioning by decreasing spatial asynchrony. Ecology 102:e03332. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3332

Westoby M (1998) A leaf-height-seed (LHS) plant ecology strategy scheme. Plant Soil 199:213–227

Wilkerson ML (2014) Using hedgerows as model linkages to examine non-native plant patterns. Agric Ecosyst Environ 192:38–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.03.044

Winqvist C, Bengtsson J, Aavik T, Berendse F, Clement LW, Eggers S, Fischer C, Flohre A, Geiger F, Liira J, Pärt T, Thies C, Tscharntke T, Weisser WW, Bommarco R (2011) Mixed effects of organic farming and landscape complexity on farmland biodiversity and biological control potential across Europe. J Appl Ecol 48:570–579. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01950.x

Yvoz S, Cordeau S, Petit S (2022) Enhancing weed multifunctionality at a landscape scale: a simulation study. Landscape Urban Plann 228:104589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2022.104589

Zobel M, Moora M, Pärtel M, Semchenko M, Tedersoo L, Öpik M, Davison J (2022) The multiscale feedback theory of biodiversity. Trends Ecol Evol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2022.09.008

Zou Y, de Kraker J, Bianchi FJJA, van Telgen MD, Xiao H, van der Werf W (2017) Video monitoring of brown planthopper predation in rice shows flaws of sentinel methods. Sci Rep 7:42210. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep42210

## References of the systematic review

Alignier A, Bretagnolle V, Petit S (2012) Spatial patterns of weeds along a gradient of landscape complexity. Basic Appl Ecol 13:328–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2012.05.005

Alignier A, Petit S, Bohan DA (2017) Relative effects of local management and landscape heterogeneity on weed richness, density, biomass and seed rain at the country-wide level, Great Britain. Agric Ecosyst Environ 246:12–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.05.025

Alignier A, Solé-Senan XO, Robleño I, Baraibar B, Fahrig L, Giralt D, Gross N, Martin J-L, Recasens J, Sirami C, Siriwardena G, Bosem

Baillod A, Bertrand C, Carrié R, Hass A, Henckel L, Miguet P, Badenhausser I, Baudry J, Bota G, Bretagnolle V, Brotons L, Burel F, Calatayud F, Clough Y, Georges R, Gibon A, Girard J, Lindsay K, Minano J, Mitchell S, Patry N, Poulin B, Tscharntke T, Vialatte A, Violle C, Yaverscovski N, Batáry P (2020) Configurational crop heterogeneity increases within-field plant diversity. J Appl Ecol 57:654–663. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13585

Armengot L, José-María L, Blanco-Moreno JM, Romero-Puente A, Sans FX (2011) Landscape and land-use effects on weed flora in Mediterranean cereal fields. Agric Ecosyst Environ 142:311–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2011.06.001

Badenhausser I, Gross N, Mornet V, Roncoroni M, Saintilan A, Rusch A (2020) Increasing amount and quality of green infrastructures at different scales promotes biological control in agricultural landscapes. Agric Ecosyst Environ 290:106735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2019.106735

Baessler C, Klotz S (2006) Effects of changes in agricultural land-use on landscape structure and arable weed vegetation over the last 50 years. Agric Ecosyst Environ 115:43–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2005.12.007

Batáry P, Holzschuh A, Orci KM, Samu F, Tscharntke T (2012) Responses of plant, insect and spider biodiversity to local and landscape scale management intensity in cereal crops and grasslands. Agric Ecosyst Environ 146:130–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2011.10.018

Berquer A, Martin O, Gaba S (2021) Landscape is the main driver of weed assemblages in field margins but is outperformed by crop competition in field cores. Plants 10:2131. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102131

Bohan DA, Haughton AJ (2012) Effects of local landscape richness on in-field weed metrics across the Great Britain scale. Agric Ecosyst Environ 158:208–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2012.03.010

Boinot S, Mony C, Fried G, Ernoult A, Aviron S, Ricono C, Couthouis E, Alignier A (2022) Weed communities are more diverse, but not more abundant, in dense and complex bocage landscapes. J Appl Ecol. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14312

Bourgeois B, Gaba S, Plumejeaud C, Bretagnolle V (2020) Weed diversity is driven by complex interplay between multi-scale dispersal and local filtering. Proc Biol Sci 287:20201118. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1118

Carbonne B, Bohan DA, Foffová H, Daouti E, Frei B, Neidel V, Saska P, Skuhrovec J, Petit S (2022) Direct and indirect effects of landscape and field management intensity on carabids through trophic resources and weeds. J Appl Ecol 59:176–187. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14043

Carbonne B, Muneret L, Laurent E, Felten E, Ducourtieux C, Henon N, Matejicek A, Chauvel B, Petit S (2023) Conservation agriculture affects multitrophic interactions driving the efficacy of weed biological control. J Appl Ecol 00:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14475

Carmona CP, Guerrero I, Peco B, Morales MB, Oñate JJ, Pärt T, Tscharntke T, Liira J, Aavik T, Emmerson M, Berendse F, Ceryngier P, Bretagnolle V, Weisser WW, Bengtsson J (2020) Agriculture intensification reduces plant taxonomic and functional diversity across European arable systems. Funct Ecol 34:1448–1460. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13608

Carpio AJ, Lora A, Martín-Consuegra E, Sánchez-Cuesta R, Tortosa FS, Castro J (2020) The influence of the soil management systems on aboveground and seed bank weed communities in olive orchards. Weed Biol Manage 20:12–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/wbm.12195

Carrié R, Ekroos J, Smith HG (2022) Turnover and nestedness drive plant diversity benefits of organic farming from local to landscape scales. Ecol Appl 32:e2576. https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2576

<figure><img src="image_26.png" /></figure>
forest multifunctionality. PNAS 113:3557–3562. https://doi.org/
10.1073/pnas.1517903113

Vasseur C, Joannon A, Aviron S, Burel F, Meynard J-M, Baudry J (2013) The cropping systems mosaic: how does the hidden heterogeneity of agricultural landscapes drive arthropod populations? Agric Ecosyst Environ 166:3–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2012.08.013

Vercellino RB, Hernández F, Pandolfo C, Ureta S, Presotto A (2022) Agricultural weeds: the contribution of domesticated species to the origin and evolution of feral weeds. Pest Manage Sci. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.7321

Vialatte A, Barnaud C, Blanco J, Ouin A, Choisis J-P, Andrieu E, Sheeren D, Ladet S, Deconchat M, Clément F, Esquerré D, Sirami C (2019) A conceptual framework for the governance of multiple ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes. Landscape Ecol 34:1653–1673. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-019-00829-4

Villamayor-Tomas S, Sagebiel J, Olschewski R (2019) Bringing the neighbors in: a choice experiment on the influence of coordination and social norms on farmers' willingness to accept agro-environmental schemes across Europe. Land Use Policy 84:200–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.03.006

Wang S, Loreau M, de Mazancourt C, Isbell F, Beierkuhnlein C, Connolly J, Deutschman DH, Doležal J, Eisenhauer N, Hector A, Jentsch A, Kreyling J, Lanta V, Lepš J, Polley HW, Reich PB, van Ruijven J, Schmid B, Tilman D, Wilsey B, Craven D (2021) Biotic homogenization destabilizes ecosystem functioning by decreasing spatial asynchrony. Ecology 102:e03332. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3332

Westoby M (1998) A leaf-height-seed (LHS) plant ecology strategy scheme. Plant Soil 199:213–227

Wilkerson ML (2014) Using hedgerows as model linkages to examine non-native plant patterns. Agric Ecosyst Environ 192:38–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.03.044

Winqvist C, Bengtsson J, Aavik T, Berendse F, Clement LW, Eggers S, Fischer C, Flohre A, Geiger F, Liira J, Pärt T, Thies C, Tscharntke T, Weisser WW, Bommarco R (2011) Mixed effects of organic farming and landscape complexity on farmland biodiversity and biological control potential across Europe. J Appl Ecol 48:570–579. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01950.x

Yvoz S, Cordeau S, Petit S (2022) Enhancing weed multifunctionality at a landscape scale: a simulation study. Landscape Urban Plann 228:104589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2022.104589

Zobel M, Moora M, Pärtel M, Semchenko M, Tedersoo L, Öpik M, Davison J (2022) The multiscale feedback theory of biodiversity. Trends Ecol Evol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2022.09.008

Zou Y, de Kraker J, Bianchi FJJA, van Telgen MD, Xiao H, van der Werf W (2017) Video monitoring of brown planthopper predation in rice shows flaws of sentinel methods. Sci Rep 7:42210. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep42210

## References of the systematic review

Alignier A, Bretagnolle V, Petit S (2012) Spatial patterns of weeds along a gradient of landscape complexity. Basic Appl Ecol 13:328–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2012.05.005

Alignier A, Petit S, Bohan DA (2017) Relative effects of local management and landscape heterogeneity on weed richness, density, biomass and seed rain at the country-wide level, Great Britain. Agric Ecosyst Environ 246:12–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.05.025

Alignier A, Solé-Senan XO, Robleño I, Baraibar B, Fahrig L, Giralt D, Gross N, Martin J-L, Recasens J, Sirami C, Siriwardena G, Bosem

Baillod A, Bertrand C, Carrié R, Hass A, Henckel L, Miguet P, Badenhausser I, Baudry J, Bota G, Bretagnolle V, Brotons L, Burel F, Calatayud F, Clough Y, Georges R, Gibon A, Girard J, Lindsay K, Minano J, Mitchell S, Patry N, Poulin B, Tscharntke T, Vialatte A, Violle C, Yaverscovski N, Batáry P (2020) Configurational crop heterogeneity increases within-field plant diversity. J Appl Ecol 57:654–663. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13585

Armengot L, José-María L, Blanco-Moreno JM, Romero-Puente A, Sans FX (2011) Landscape and land-use effects on weed flora in Mediterranean cereal fields. Agric Ecosyst Environ 142:311–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2011.06.001

Badenhausser I, Gross N, Mornet V, Roncoroni M, Saintilan A, Rusch A (2020) Increasing amount and quality of green infrastructures at different scales promotes biological control in agricultural landscapes. Agric Ecosyst Environ 290:106735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2019.106735

Baessler C, Klotz S (2006) Effects of changes in agricultural land-use on landscape structure and arable weed vegetation over the last 50 years. Agric Ecosyst Environ 115:43–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2005.12.007

Batáry P, Holzschuh A, Orci KM, Samu F, Tscharntke T (2012) Responses of plant, insect and spider biodiversity to local and landscape scale management intensity in cereal crops and grasslands. Agric Ecosyst Environ 146:130–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2011.10.018

Berquer A, Martin O, Gaba S (2021) Landscape is the main driver of weed assemblages in field margins but is outperformed by crop competition in field cores. Plants 10:2131. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102131

Bohan DA, Haughton AJ (2012) Effects of local landscape richness on in-field weed metrics across the Great Britain scale. Agric Ecosyst Environ 158:208–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2012.03.010

Boinot S, Mony C, Fried G, Ernoult A, Aviron S, Ricono C, Couthouis E, Alignier A (2022) Weed communities are more diverse, but not more abundant, in dense and complex bocage landscapes. J Appl Ecol. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14312

Bourgeois B, Gaba S, Plumejeaud C, Bretagnolle V (2020) Weed diversity is driven by complex interplay between multi-scale dispersal and local filtering. Proc Biol Sci 287:20201118. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1118

Carbonne B, Bohan DA, Foffová H, Daouti E, Frei B, Neidel V, Saska P, Skuhrovec J, Petit S (2022) Direct and indirect effects of landscape and field management intensity on carabids through trophic resources and weeds. J Appl Ecol 59:176–187. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14043

Carbonne B, Muneret L, Laurent E, Felten E, Ducourtieux C, Henon N, Matejicek A, Chauvel B, Petit S (2023) Conservation agriculture affects multitrophic interactions driving the efficacy of weed biological control. J Appl Ecol 00:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14475

Carmona CP, Guerrero I, Peco B, Morales MB, Oñate JJ, Pärt T, Tscharntke T, Liira J, Aavik T, Emmerson M, Berendse F, Ceryngier P, Bretagnolle V, Weisser WW, Bengtsson J (2020) Agriculture intensification reduces plant taxonomic and functional diversity across European arable systems. Funct Ecol 34:1448–1460. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13608

Carpio AJ, Lora A, Martín-Consuegra E, Sánchez-Cuesta R, Tortosa FS, Castro J (2020) The influence of the soil management systems on aboveground and seed bank weed communities in olive orchards. Weed Biol Manage 20:12–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/wbm.12195

Carrié R, Ekroos J, Smith HG (2022) Turnover and nestedness drive plant diversity benefits of organic farming from local to landscape scales. Ecol Appl 32:e2576. https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2576

<figure><img src="image_27.png" /></figure>
Concepción ED, Díaz M, Kleijn D, Báldi A, Batáry P, Clough Y, Gabriel D, Herzog F, Holzschuh A, Knop E, Marshall EJP, Tscharntke T, Verhulst J (2012) Interactive effects of landscape context constrain the effectiveness of local agri-environmental management. J Appl Ecol 49: no-no. https://doi.org/10.1111/j. 1365-2664.2012.02131.x

Dainese M, Montecchiari S, Sitzia T, Sigura M, Marini L (2017) High cover of hedgerows in the landscape supports multiple ecosystem services in Mediterranean cereal fields. J Appl Ecol 54:380-388. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12747

Daouti E, Feit B, Jonsson M (2022) Agricultural management intensity determines the strength of weed seed predation. Agric Ecosyst Environ 339:108132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2022.108132

Diekötter T, Wamser S, Wolters V, Birkhofer K (2010) Landscape and management effects on structure and function of soil arthropod communities in winter wheat. Agric Ecosyst Environ 137:108-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2010.01.008

Dormann CF, Schweiger O, Augenstein I, Bailey D, Billeter R, de Blust G, DeFilippi R, Frenzel M, Hendrickx F, Herzog F, Klotz S, Liira J, Maelfait J-P, Schmidt T, Speelmans M, van Wingerden WKRE, Zobel M (2007) Effects of landscape structure and land-use intensity on similarity of plant and animal communities. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 16:774-787. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2007.00344.x

Ekroos J, Hyvönen T, Tiainen J, Tiira M (2010) Responses in plant and carabid communities to farming practises in boreal landscapes. Agric Ecosyst Environ 135:288-293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2009.10.007

Fahrig L, Girard J, Duro D, Pasher J, Smith A, Javorek S, King D, Lindsay KF, Mitchell S, Tischendorf L (2015) Farmlands with smaller crop fields have higher within-field biodiversity. Agric Ecosyst Environ 200:219-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.11.018

Fischer C, Thies C, Tscharntke T (2011) Mixed effects of landscape complexity and farming practice on weed seed removal. Perspect Plant Ecol Evol Syst 13:297-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2011.08.001

Fischer C, Gayer C, Kurucz K, Riesch F, Tscharntke T, Batáry P (2018) Ecosystem services and disservices provided by small rodents in arable fields: effects of local and landscape management. J Appl Ecol 55:548-558. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13016

Fischer C, Riesch F, Tscharntke T, Batáry P (2021) Large carabids enhance weed seed removal in organic fields and in large-scale, but not small-scale agriculture. Landscape Ecol 36:427-438. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-020-01157-8

Flohre A, Fischer C, Aavik T, Bengtsson J, Berendse F, Bommarco R, Ceryngier P, Clement LW, Dennis C, Eggers S, Emmerson M, Geiger F, Guerrero I, Hawro V, Inchausti P, Liira J, Morales MB, Oñate JJ, Pärt T, Weisser WW, Winqvist C, Thies C, Tscharntke T (2011) Agricultural intensification and biodiversity partitioning in European landscapes comparing plants, carabids, and birds. Ecol Appl 21:1772-1781

Flohre A, Rudnick M, Traser G, Tscharntke T, Eggers T (2011c) Does soil biota benefit from organic farming in complex vs. simple landscapes? Agric Ecosyst Environ 141:210-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2011.02.032

Fried G, Norton LR, Reboud X (2008) Environmental and management factors determining weed species composition and diversity in France. Agric Ecosyst Environ 128:68-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2008.05.003

Fried O, Kühn I, Schrader J, van Nguyen S, Bergmeier E (2017) Plant diversity and community composition of rice agroecosystems in Vietnam and the Philippines. Phytocoenologia 47:49-66. https://doi.org/10.1127/phyto/2017/0123

Fried G, Le Corre V, Rakotoson T, Buchmann J, Germain T, Gou-non R, Royer H, Biju-Duval L, Felten E, Vieren E, Chauvel B (2022) Impact of new management practices on arable and field margin plant communities in sunflower, with an emphasis on the abundance of Ambrosia artemisiifolia (Asteraceae). Weed Res 62:134-148. https://doi.org/10.1111/wre.12522

Gaba S, Chauvel B, Dessaint F, Bretagnolle V, Petit S (2010) Weed species richness in winter wheat increases with landscape heterogeneity. Agric Ecosyst Environ 138:318-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2010.06.005

Gabriel D, Thies C, Tscharntke T (2005) Local diversity of arable weeds increases with landscape complexity. Perspect Plant Ecol Evol Syst 7:85-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2005.04.001

Gabriel D, Roschewitz I, Tscharntke T, Thies C (2006) Beta diversity at different spatial scales: plant communities in organic and conventional agriculture. Ecol Appl 16:2011-2021

Guerrero I, Martínez P, Morales MB, Oñate JJ (2010) Influence of agricultural factors on weed, carabid and bird richness in a Mediterranean cereal cropping system. Agric Ecosyst Environ 138:103-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2010.04.006

Guerrero I, Carmona CP, Morales MB, Oñate JJ, Peco B (2014) Non-linear responses of functional diversity and redundancy to agricultural intensification at the field scale in Mediterranean arable plant communities. Agric Ecosyst Environ 195:36-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.05.021

Hall RM, Penke N, Kriechbaum M, Kratschmer S, Jung V, Chollet S, Guernion M, Nicolai A, Burel F, Fertil A, Lora Á, Sánchez-Cuesta R, Guzmán G, Gómez J, Popescu D, Hoble A, Bunea C-I, Zaller JG, Winter S (2020) Vegetation management intensity and landscape diversity alter plant species richness, functional traits and community composition across European vineyards. Agric Syst 177:102706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2019.102706

Henckel L, Börger L, Meiss H, Gaba S, Bretagnolle V (2015) Organic fields sustain weed metacommunity dynamics in farmland landscapes. Proc Biol Sci 282:20150002. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0002

Holzschuh A, Steffan-Dewenter I, Kleijn D, Tscharntke T (2007) Diversity of flower-visiting bees in cereal fields: effects of farming system, landscape composition and regional context. J Appl Ecol 44:41-49. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2006.01259.x

Jonason D, Smith HG, Bengtsson J, Birkhofer K (2013) Landscape simplification promotes weed seed predation by carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Landscape Ecol 28:487-494. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-013-9848-2

José-María L, Armengot L, Blanco-Moreno JM, Bassa M, Sans FX (2010) Effects of agricultural intensification on plant diversity in Mediterranean dryland cereal fields. J Appl Ecol 47:832-840. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01822.x

José-María L, Blanco-Moreno JM, Armengot L, Sans FX (2011) How does agricultural intensification modulate changes in plant community composition? Agric Ecosyst Environ 145:77-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2010.12.020

José-María L, Sans FX (2011) Weed seedbanks in arable fields: effects of management practices and surrounding landscape. Weed Res 51:631-640. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.2011.00872.x

Kovács-Hostyánszki A, Batáry P, Báldi A, Harnos A (2011) Interaction of local and landscape features in the conservation of Hungarian arable weed diversity. Appl Veg Sci 14:40-48. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-109X.2010.01098.x

La Fuente EB de, Perelman S, Ghersa CM (2010) Weed and arthropod communities in soyabean as related to crop productivity and land use in the Rolling Pampa, Argentina. Weed Res 50:561-571. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.2010.00811.x

Lüscher G, Jeanneret P, Schneider MK, Turnbull LA, Arndorfer M, Balázs K, Báldi A, Bailey D, Bernhardt KG, Choisis J-P, Elek Z, Frank T, Friedel JK, Kainz M, Kovács-Hostyánszki A, Oschatz
Concepción ED, Díaz M, Kleijn D, Báldi A, Batáry P, Clough Y, Gabriel D, Herzog F, Holzschuh A, Knop E, Marshall EJP, Tscharntke T, Verhulst J (2012) Interactive effects of landscape context constrain the effectiveness of local agri-environmental management. J Appl Ecol 49: no-no. https://doi.org/10.1111/j. 1365-2664.2012.02131.x

Dainese M, Montecchiari S, Sitzia T, Sigura M, Marini L (2017) High cover of hedgerows in the landscape supports multiple ecosystem services in Mediterranean cereal fields. J Appl Ecol 54:380-388. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12747

Daouti E, Feit B, Jonsson M (2022) Agricultural management intensity determines the strength of weed seed predation. Agric Ecosyst Environ 339:108132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2022.108132

Diekötter T, Wamser S, Wolters V, Birkhofer K (2010) Landscape and management effects on structure and function of soil arthropod communities in winter wheat. Agric Ecosyst Environ 137:108-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2010.01.008

Dormann CF, Schweiger O, Augenstein I, Bailey D, Billeter R, de Blust G, DeFilippi R, Frenzel M, Hendrickx F, Herzog F, Klotz S, Liira J, Maelfait J-P, Schmidt T, Speelmans M, van Wingerden WKRE, Zobel M (2007) Effects of landscape structure and land-use intensity on similarity of plant and animal communities. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 16:774-787. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2007.00344.x

Ekroos J, Hyvönen T, Tiainen J, Tiira M (2010) Responses in plant and carabid communities to farming practises in boreal landscapes. Agric Ecosyst Environ 135:288-293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2009.10.007

Fahrig L, Girard J, Duro D, Pasher J, Smith A, Javorek S, King D, Lindsay KF, Mitchell S, Tischendorf L (2015) Farmlands with smaller crop fields have higher within-field biodiversity. Agric Ecosyst Environ 200:219-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.11.018

Fischer C, Thies C, Tscharntke T (2011) Mixed effects of landscape complexity and farming practice on weed seed removal. Perspect Plant Ecol Evol Syst 13:297-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2011.08.001

Fischer C, Gayer C, Kurucz K, Riesch F, Tscharntke T, Batáry P (2018) Ecosystem services and disservices provided by small rodents in arable fields: effects of local and landscape management. J Appl Ecol 55:548-558. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13016

Fischer C, Riesch F, Tscharntke T, Batáry P (2021) Large carabids enhance weed seed removal in organic fields and in large-scale, but not small-scale agriculture. Landscape Ecol 36:427-438. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-020-01157-8

Flohre A, Fischer C, Aavik T, Bengtsson J, Berendse F, Bommarco R, Ceryngier P, Clement LW, Dennis C, Eggers S, Emmerson M, Geiger F, Guerrero I, Hawro V, Inchausti P, Liira J, Morales MB, Oñate JJ, Pärt T, Weisser WW, Winqvist C, Thies C, Tscharntke T (2011) Agricultural intensification and biodiversity partitioning in European landscapes comparing plants, carabids, and birds. Ecol Appl 21:1772-1781

Flohre A, Rudnick M, Traser G, Tscharntke T, Eggers T (2011c) Does soil biota benefit from organic farming in complex vs. simple landscapes? Agric Ecosyst Environ 141:210-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2011.02.032

Fried G, Norton LR, Reboud X (2008) Environmental and management factors determining weed species composition and diversity in France. Agric Ecosyst Environ 128:68-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2008.05.003

Fried O, Kühn I, Schrader J, van Nguyen S, Bergmeier E (2017) Plant diversity and community composition of rice agroecosystems in Vietnam and the Philippines. Phytocoenologia 47:49-66. https://doi.org/10.1127/phyto/2017/0123

Fried G, Le Corre V, Rakotoson T, Buchmann J, Germain T, Gou-non R, Royer H, Biju-Duval L, Felten E, Vieren E, Chauvel B (2022) Impact of new management practices on arable and field margin plant communities in sunflower, with an emphasis on the abundance of Ambrosia artemisiifolia (Asteraceae). Weed Res 62:134-148. https://doi.org/10.1111/wre.12522

Gaba S, Chauvel B, Dessaint F, Bretagnolle V, Petit S (2010) Weed species richness in winter wheat increases with landscape heterogeneity. Agric Ecosyst Environ 138:318-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2010.06.005

Gabriel D, Thies C, Tscharntke T (2005) Local diversity of arable weeds increases with landscape complexity. Perspect Plant Ecol Evol Syst 7:85-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2005.04.001

Gabriel D, Roschewitz I, Tscharntke T, Thies C (2006) Beta diversity at different spatial scales: plant communities in organic and conventional agriculture. Ecol Appl 16:2011-2021

Guerrero I, Martínez P, Morales MB, Oñate JJ (2010) Influence of agricultural factors on weed, carabid and bird richness in a Mediterranean cereal cropping system. Agric Ecosyst Environ 138:103-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2010.04.006

Guerrero I, Carmona CP, Morales MB, Oñate JJ, Peco B (2014) Non-linear responses of functional diversity and redundancy to agricultural intensification at the field scale in Mediterranean arable plant communities. Agric Ecosyst Environ 195:36-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.05.021

Hall RM, Penke N, Kriechbaum M, Kratschmer S, Jung V, Chollet S, Guernion M, Nicolai A, Burel F, Fertil A, Lora Á, Sánchez-Cuesta R, Guzmán G, Gómez J, Popescu D, Hoble A, Bunea C-I, Zaller JG, Winter S (2020) Vegetation management intensity and landscape diversity alter plant species richness, functional traits and community composition across European vineyards. Agric Syst 177:102706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2019.102706

Henckel L, Börger L, Meiss H, Gaba S, Bretagnolle V (2015) Organic fields sustain weed metacommunity dynamics in farmland landscapes. Proc Biol Sci 282:20150002. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0002

Holzschuh A, Steffan-Dewenter I, Kleijn D, Tscharntke T (2007) Diversity of flower-visiting bees in cereal fields: effects of farming system, landscape composition and regional context. J Appl Ecol 44:41-49. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2006.01259.x

Jonason D, Smith HG, Bengtsson J, Birkhofer K (2013) Landscape simplification promotes weed seed predation by carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Landscape Ecol 28:487-494. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-013-9848-2

José-María L, Armengot L, Blanco-Moreno JM, Bassa M, Sans FX (2010) Effects of agricultural intensification on plant diversity in Mediterranean dryland cereal fields. J Appl Ecol 47:832-840. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01822.x

José-María L, Blanco-Moreno JM, Armengot L, Sans FX (2011) How does agricultural intensification modulate changes in plant community composition? Agric Ecosyst Environ 145:77-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2010.12.020

José-María L, Sans FX (2011) Weed seedbanks in arable fields: effects of management practices and surrounding landscape. Weed Res 51:631-640. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.2011.00872.x

Kovács-Hostyánszki A, Batáry P, Báldi A, Harnos A (2011) Interaction of local and landscape features in the conservation of Hungarian arable weed diversity. Appl Veg Sci 14:40-48. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-109X.2010.01098.x

La Fuente EB de, Perelman S, Ghersa CM (2010) Weed and arthropod communities in soyabean as related to crop productivity and land use in the Rolling Pampa, Argentina. Weed Res 50:561-571. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.2010.00811.x

Lüscher G, Jeanneret P, Schneider MK, Turnbull LA, Arndorfer M, Balázs K, Báldi A, Bailey D, Bernhardt KG, Choisis J-P, Elek Z, Frank T, Friedel JK, Kainz M, Kovács-Hostyánszki A, Oschatz
M-L, Paoletti MG, Papaja-Hülsbergen S, Sarthou J-P, Siebrecht N, Wolfrum S, Herzog F (2014) Responses of plants, earthworms, spiders and bees to geographic location, agricultural management and surrounding landscape in European arable fields. Agric Ecosyst Environ 186:124–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.01.020

Marshall E, West TM, Kleijn D (2006) Impacts of an agri-environment field margin prescription on the flora and fauna of arable farmland in different landscapes. Agric Ecosyst Environ 113:36–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2005.08.036

Marshall EJP (2009) The impact of landscape structure and sown grass margin strips on weed assemblages in arable crops and their boundaries. Weed Res 49:107–115

Martin AE, Collins SJ, Crowe S, Girard J, Naujokaitis-Lewis I, Smith AC, Lindsay K, Mitchell S, Fahrig L (2020) Effects of farmland heterogeneity on biodiversity are similar to—or even larger than—the effects of farming practices. Agric Ecosyst Environ 288:106698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2019.106698

Martínez E, Rös M, Bonilla MA, Dirzo R (2015) Habitat heterogeneity affects plant and arthropod species diversity and turnover in traditional cornfields. PLoS ONE 10:e0128950. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0128950

McHugh NM, Moreby S, Lof ME, Werf W, Holland JM (2020) The contribution of semi-natural habitats to biological control is dependent on sentinel prey type. J Appl Ecol 57:914–925. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13596

Menalled FD, Marino PC, Renner KA, Landis DA (2000) Post-dispersal weed seed predation in Michigan crop fields as a function of agricultural landscape structure. Agric Ecosyst Environ 77:193–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(99)00083-3

Muneret L, Auriol A, Thiéry D, Rusch A (2019) Organic farming at local and landscape scales fosters biological pest control in vineyards. Ecol Appl 29:e01818. https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.1818

Nascimbene J, Zottini M, Ivan D, Casagrande V, Marini L (2016) Do vineyards in contrasting landscapes contribute to conserve plant species of dry calcareous grasslands? Sci Total Environ 545–546:244–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.051

Otto S, Vasileiadis VP, Masin R, Zanin G (2012) Evaluating weed diversity with indices of varying complexity in north-eastern Italy. Weed Res 52:373–382. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.2012.00921.x

Pallavicini Y, Hernandez Plaza E, Bastida F, Izquierdo J, Gallart M, Gonzalez-Andujar JL (2020) Weed seed bank diversity in dryland cereal fields: does it differ along the field and between fields with different landscape structure? Agronomy 10:575. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10040575

Perrot T, Rusch A, Coux C, Gaba S, Bretagnolle V (2021) Proportion of grassland at landscape scale drives natural pest control services in agricultural landscapes. Front Ecol Evol 9:607023. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.607023

Petit S, Gaba S, Grison A-L, Meiss H. Simmoneau B, Munier-Jolain N, Bretagnolle V (2016) Landscape scale management affects weed richness but not weed abundance in winter wheat fields. Agric Ecosyst Environ 223:41–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.02.031

Petit S, Trichard A, Biju-Duval L, McLaughlin Ó, Bohan DA (2017) Interactions between conservation agricultural practice and landscape composition promote weed seed predation by invertebrates. Agric Ecosyst Environ 240:45–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.02.014

Poggio SL, Chaneton EJ, Ghersa CM (2010) Landscape complexity differentially affects alpha, beta, and gamma diversities of plants occurring in fencersows and crop fields. Biol Conserv 143:2477–2486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.06.014

Poggio SL, Chaneton EJ, Ghersa CM (2013) The arable plant diversity of intensively managed farmland: effects of field position and crop type at local and landscape scales. Agric Ecosyst Environ 166:55–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2012.01.013

Rey PJ, Manzaneda AJ, Valera F, Alcántara JM, Tarifa R, Isla J, Molina-Pardo JL, Calvo G, Salido T, Gutiérrez JE, Ruiz C (2019) Landscape-moderated biodiversity effects of ground herb cover in olive groves: implications for regional biodiversity conservation. Agric Ecosyst Environ 277:61–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2019.03.007

Ricci B, Lavigne C, Alignier A, Aviron S, Biju-Duval L, Bouvier JC, Choisis J-P, Franck P, Joannon A, Ladet S, Mezerette F, Plantegenest M, Savary G, Thomas C, Vialatte A, Petit S (2019) Local pesticide use intensity conditions landscape effects on biological pest control. Proc Biol Sci 286:20182898. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.2898

Roschewitz I, Gabriel D, Tscharntke T, Thies C (2005) The effects of landscape complexity on arable weed species diversity in organic and conventional farming. J Appl Ecol 42:873–882. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2005.01072.x

Rotchés-Ribalta R, Blanco-Moreno JM, Armengot L, Chamorro L, Sans FX (2015) Both farming practices and landscape characteristics determine the diversity of characteristic and rare arable weeds in organically managed fields. Appl Veg Sci 18:423–431. https://doi.org/10.1111/avsc.12154

Rusch A, Binet D, Delbac L, Thiéry D (2016) Local and landscape effects of agricultural intensification on Carabid community structure and weed seed predation in a perennial cropping system. Landscape Ecol 31:2163–2174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-016-0390-x

Sirami C, Gross N, Bailott AB, Bertrand C, Carrié R, Hass A, Henckel L, Miguet P, Vuillot C, Alignier A, Girard J, Batáry P, Clough Y, Violle C, Giralt D, Bota G, Badenhausser I, Lefebvre G, Gauffre B, Vialatte A, Calatayud F, Gil-Tena A, Tischendorf L, Mitchell S, Lindsay K, Georges R, Hilaire S, Recasens J, Solé-Senan XO, Robleño I, Bosch J, Barrientos JA, Ricarte A, Marcos-Garcia MÁ, Miñano J, Mathevet R, Gibon A, Baudry J, Balent G, Poulin B, Burel F, Tscharntke T, Bretagnolle V, Siriwardena G, Ouin A, Brotons L, Martin J-L, Fahrig L (2019) Increasing crop heterogeneity enhances multitrophic diversity across agricultural regions. PNAS 116:16442–16447. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1906419116

Solé-Senan XO, Juárez-Escario A, Conesa JA, Torra J, Royo-Esnal A, Recasens J (2014) Plant diversity in Mediterranean cereal fields: unraveling the effect of landscape complexity on rare arable plants. Agric Ecosyst Environ 185:221–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.01.003

Szítár K, Deák B, Halassy M, Steffen C, Batáry P (2022) Combination of organic farming and flower strips in agricultural landscapes – a feasible method to maximise functional diversity of plant traits related to pollination. Glob Ecol Conserv 38:e02229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02229

Tarifa R, Martínez-Núñez C, Valera F, González-Varo JP, Salido T, Rey PJ (2021) Agricultural intensification erodes taxonomic and functional diversity in Mediterranean olive groves by filtering out rare species. J Appl Ecol 58:2266–2276. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13970

Tortosa A, Duflot R, Rivers-Moore J, Ladet S, Esquerré D, Vialatte A (2022) Natural enemies emerging in cereal fields in spring may contribute to biological control. Agric For Entomol 24:267–278. https://doi.org/10.1111/afe.12490

Tortosa A, Giffard B, Sirami C, Larrieu L, Ladet S, Vialatte A (2023) Increasing landscape heterogeneity as a win-win solution to manage trade-offs in biological control of crop and woodland pests. Sci Rep 13:13573. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-40473-2

<figure><img src="image_27.png" /></figure>
M-L, Paoletti MG, Papaja-Hülsbergen S, Sarthou J-P, Siebrecht N, Wolfrum S, Herzog F (2014) Responses of plants, earthworms, spiders and bees to geographic location, agricultural management and surrounding landscape in European arable fields. Agric Ecosyst Environ 186:124–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.01.020

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Marshall EJP (2009) The impact of landscape structure and sown grass margin strips on weed assemblages in arable crops and their boundaries. Weed Res 49:107–115

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Trichard A, Alignier A, Biju-Duval L, Petit S (2013) The relative effects of local management and landscape context on weed seed predation and carabid functional groups. Basic Appl Ecol 14:235–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2013.02.002

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Uroy L, Mony C, Ernoult A (2019) Additive effects of connectivity provided by different habitat types drive plant assembly. Sci Rep 9:13952. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-50184-2

Uroy L, Mony C, Ernoult A, Alignier A (2022) Increasing habitat connectivity in agricultural landscapes as a weed management strategy reconciling ecology and agronomy. Basic Appl Ecol 61:116–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2022.03.003

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**Publisher's Note** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

<figure><img src="image_28.png" /></figure>
Trichard A, Alignier A, Biju-Duval L, Petit S (2013) The relative effects of local management and landscape context on weed seed predation and carabid functional groups. Basic Appl Ecol 14:235–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2013.02.002

Tschumi M, Ekroos J, Hjort C, Smith HG, Birkhofer K (2018) Predation-mediated ecosystem services and disservices in agricultural landscapes. Ecol Appl 28:2109–2118. https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.1799

Uroy L, Mony C, Ernoult A (2019) Additive effects of connectivity provided by different habitat types drive plant assembly. Sci Rep 9:13952. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-50184-2

Uroy L, Mony C, Ernoult A, Alignier A (2022) Increasing habitat connectivity in agricultural landscapes as a weed management strategy reconciling ecology and agronomy. Basic Appl Ecol 61:116–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2022.03.003

Winqvist C, Bengtsson J, Aavik T, Berendse F, Clement LW, Eggers S, Fischer C, Flohre A, Geiger F, Liira J, Pärt T, Thies C, Tscharntke T, Weisser WW, Bommarco R (2011) Mixed effects of organic farming and landscape complexity on farmland biodiversity and biological control potential across Europe. J Appl Ecol 48:570–579. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01950.x

**Publisher's Note** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

<figure><img src="image_29.png" /></figure>