# Respiration-based monitoring of metabolic rate following cold-exposure in two invasive Anoplophora species (Cerambycidae) depending on acclimation regime

Marion Javal, Alain Roques, Géraldine Roux, Mathieu Laparie

► To cite this version:

Marion Javal, Alain Roques, Géraldine Roux, Mathieu Laparie. Respiration-based monitoring of metabolic rate following cold-exposure in two invasive Anoplophora species (Cerambycidae) depending on acclimation regime. 16. SIP Annual Meeting, Jul 2017, Tours, France. 2017, 16th International Symposium on Insect-Plant Relationships - Abstract Book. hal-01605319

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16th International Symposium
on Insect-Plant Relationships

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16th SIP - Abstract Book

University François-Rabelais, Tours, France,
2-6 July 2017
# Respiration-based monitoring of metabolic rate following cold-exposure in two invasive Anoplophora species (Cerambycidae) depending on acclimation regime

Marion Javal*†<fnref n="1" />, Alain Roques<fnref n="1" />, Géraldine Roux<fnref n="1" />,<fnref n="2" />, Mathieu Laparie<fnref n="1" />

Asian and Citrus longhorned beetles *Anoplophora glabripennis* (ALB) and *A. chinensis* (CLB) respectively, are two closely related xylophagous invasive species whose native ranges overlap in Eastern Asia. Although both species are capable to develop in a wide range of hosts in their invaded areas, their invasion patterns differ. Introduction pathway is usually wood packaging for ALB but plants for planting for CLB. ALB shows numerous outbreaks remaining localized in urban areas in North-East America and Western Europe, whereas CLB is presently restricted to the Mediterranean area but spreading in natural areas. Temperature is pivotal in setting distribution limits of ectotherms, and limiting low temperatures may most likely be encountered by overwintering larvae of ALB and CLB. To investigate whether differential cold tolerance can contribute to setting the limits of both species' invaded ranges, we monitored larval metabolic rate before and after exposure to a one-week moderate cold stress assumed to be ecologically relevant in their European range (-2/+2 °C, 14/10 hours). We tested two distinctive fluctuating acclimation regimes before the cold exposure to check whether larval thermal experience prior to introduction events could alter the invasive success in new areas. Survival was high in all conditions for both species. While visual examination showed temporary locomotor and feeding inactivity during the stress, we found no clear evidence of altered respiration rate when comparing pre-stress and post-stress measurements, suggesting that larvae could immediately resume their initial metabolic activity after the stress, regardless of the acclimation regime. These results tend to indicate similar tolerances to the moderate stress considered for both species, but further studies on prolonged and more acute stresses are mandatory to address whether putative differential cold tolerance contribute to their distinctive spread patterns. Assessing respective propagule pressures through their introduction pathways is also required to understand their different invasion dynamics.

Keywords: ALB, CLB, Anoplophora, acclimation, invasive species, respirometry, cold stress

*Speaker, †Corresponding author: marion.javal@inra.fr

<footnote n="1">¹ INRA Orléans UR0633 Zoologie Forestière – Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA) : UR0633 – 2163 Avenue de la Pomme de Pin CS 40001 ARDON 45075 ORLEANS Cedex 2, France</footnote>

<footnote n="2">²Université d'Orléans – Université d'Orléans – 45075 Orléans, France</footnote>
Organizing structures

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UNIVERSITÉ
FRANÇOIS - RABELAIS
TOURS

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Supporting structures

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WILEY

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British Ecological Society Journals

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BRITISH
ECOLOGICAL
SOCIETY

Functional Ecology

A British Ecological Society journal *Functional Ecology* publishes high-impact papers that enable a mechanistic understanding of ecological pattern and process from the organismic to the ecosystem scale.

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VIRTUAL ISSUE FOR THE
SIP MEETING -

Plant-Microbe-Insect
Interactions, edited by
Alison Bennett

► Link: bit.ly/PMI-SIP

RECENT SPECIAL FEATURE -

Plant Pollinator Interactions from Flower to Landscape
edited by Susan W. Nicolson and Geraldine A. Wright

► Link: bit.ly/SF-PPI

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READ OUR OTHER JOURNALS

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Journal of Animal Ecology
www.journalofanimalecology.org

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Journal of Applied Ecology
www.journalofappliedecology.org

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Journal of Ecology
www.journalofecology.org

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Methods in Ecology and Evolution
www.methodsinecologyandevolution.org

REASONS TO PUBLISH:

Excellent journal metrics and global reach

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PROUD TO PARTNER WITH

Ecology and Evolution
Open Access
Functional Ecology

**Virtual Issue:** Functional Ecology will publish a virtual special issue on plant-microbe-insect interactions to coincide with the conference. Any paper published in Functional Ecology from June 2013 to December 2017 will be included to this virtual issue. Please contact us as soon as possible if you are eligible to be part of this virtual issue or plan to submit a paper to Functional Ecology before December 2017.

For more information contact Alison Bennett ([Alison.Bennett@hutton.ac.uk](mailto:Alison.Bennett@hutton.ac.uk)) or David Giron ([david.giron@univ-tours.fr](mailto:david.giron@univ-tours.fr))

Previous special issue on plant-microbe-insect interactions:
http://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/hub/issue/10.1111/fec.2013.27.issue-3/

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**Podcast:** A podcast about research on plant-insect-microbe interactions will be organized during the meeting. Please come and join us at the second poster session (Tuesday 4th of July) to answer a few questions about your research, the latest developments of this fascinating research field and the challenges ahead.

The podcast will appear on the Functional Ecology website.

For more information contact Alison Bennett ([Alison.Bennett@hutton.ac.uk](mailto:Alison.Bennett@hutton.ac.uk)) or David Giron ([david.giron@univ-tours.fr](mailto:david.giron@univ-tours.fr))

**Social Media:** Follow the latest developments about plant-microbe-insect interactions at the 16th SIP meeting on Twitter.

@IRBI_Tours

@FunEcology

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# Publish in Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata

## Why publish with us?

* Well established

* Easy submission and licensing procedure

* Fast publication

* 8000+ institutions with access worldwide

* International editorial board

* Promotional support to help you maximize the impact of your research

<figure><img src="image_25.png" /></figure>

Find out more:
wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/eea

WILEY

2855106
Entomologia, Experimentalis et Applicata

Wiley-Blackwell and the editors of *Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata* have agreed to publish the proceedings of SIP-16 as a special issue of the journal, as has been the case for previous SIP meetings. The papers to be included will be subjected to the journal's standard reviewing procedures. All contributions accepted for publication will become freely available on the EEA website.

Invited keynote speakers and presenters of oral communications and posters are all invited to submit their review-type or full research papers. Preparation of manuscripts should follow the guidelines of *Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata* as set out in the [Author Guidelines](#).

Authors may submit the manuscript before or during the symposium.

Manuscripts must be submitted at latest by 6 July 2017.

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**Guest Editors:**
David Giron
Géraldine Dubreuil
Sylvain Pincebourde

**Assistant editors:**
Franck Dedeine
Elisabeth Huguet
Carlos Lopez-vaamonde
Aurélien Sallé
Jean-Christophe Simon

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Read and Publish
Quality Research

Find out more: wileyonlinelibrary.com/subject/entomology

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@EntomologyNews

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facebook.com/ecologyandconservation

WILEY

2005.003
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Milieux & Diversité
Réseau thématique de recherche
en Région Centre Val de Loire

# The MiDi network
## Habitats & Diversity

The MiDi (Habitats & Diversity [Milieux & Diversité]) network is a **Thematic Research Network** in the Centre-Val de Loire Region. An extension of the RESONAT Cluster since 2014, it has brought together the laboratories of INRA, BRGM, the Universities of Tours and Orléans, IRSTEA and CNRS involved in the **observation and management of natural resources**. It develops its activity in close relation with the DREAM cluster.

### Its Ambitions

* in the Region, promote **cross-disciplinary and integrated** activities in the **BioGeosciences** and the **Human Sciences** on the theme of **interactions between Habitats, Biodiversity and Society**;

* **strengthen the international visibility of the Region's academic competences** relating to this theme;

* promote implementation in relation with socioeconomic and territorial partners.

### Its Scientific & Technical Perimeter

On the basis of the competences present in the Region on habitats, biodiversity and societal dynamics, MIDI has defined 3 directions of activity:

* **The dynamics of natural resources** concerns their composition, functioning and utilisation (economic, social and political dimensions) under conditions of global change.

* **Adaptation mechanisms** of living organisms to variations in habitats subject to anthropic forcing, and the impacts of these adaptations on habitats (retroaction).

* **The technical and social engineering** of habitats and biodiversity, and **decision aids** for the sustainable management of natural resources.

### Its key figures

MiDi has forged a network of more than 1500 researchers in the academic world, including **7 research organisations** (INRA, CNRS, IRSTEA, BRGM, MNHN, the Universities of Tours and Orléans), **24 units** and **7 partners** (DREAM cluster, SATT Grand Centre, Intelligence des patrimoines (I-PAT), the Zone Atelier Loire (ZAL), Labex Voltaire, the Natural Regional Park of Loire Anjou Tourraine (PNR LAT), the Conservatory of Natural Areas of Centre-Val de Loire (CEN)).

### Its actions

1. **Bring the laboratories in the Region that focus on environmental themes to work in a network** so as to facilitate meetings and exchanges between the researchers and the different actors.

2. **Create scientific and technical events of national and international scale** to promote and give prominence to the research carried out in the Region.

3. **Favour interactions between the region's research and socioeconomic activities.** The objective for the academic and socioeconomic worlds and the Region is to permit the **production of scientific knowledge, share and disseminate** knowledge to drive the **emergence of new concepts in the environmental sciences**, the emergence of collaborative platforms, and **technology transfers**.

### The network's organisation

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INRA
SCIENCE & IMPACT

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UNIVERSITÉ
FRANÇOIS-RABELAIS
TOURS

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Géosciences pour une Terre durable

brgm

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Muséum
national
d'Histoire
naturelle

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Parc
nature
régional

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SATT
GRAND CENTRE un
SOCIÉTÉ D'OCCELETERION DE
TRANSFERT DE TECHNOLOGIE

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Zone
Atelier

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Conservatoire
d'espaces naturels
Centre-Val de Loire

RÉSEAU
MiDi

Contact: [www.reseau-midi.fr](http://www.reseau-midi.fr); Coordination : [Alexia Soussen](mailto:alexia.soussen@univ-tours.fr); Management: [Catherine Hénault](mailto:catherine.henault@inra.fr), [Denis Martouzet](mailto:denis.martouzet@univ-tours.fr)
# The Federation for Research in Infectiology

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The **FéRI**, Federation for research in infectiology, is supported by the Région Val de Loire, and federates the activity of over 300 researchers in the fields of fundamental research, therapeutic applications and public health in order to prevent and cure infectious diseases by developing and using innovative diagnostic and therapeutic methods. Another goal of the FéRI is to highlight research in infectiology to inform the public and to create collaborations with other research domains and industry.

The **FéRI** is recognized by the Ministry of Higher Education and Research.

The **FéRI** is composed of **15 research institutes** specialized in infectiology and animal and human immunity, belonging to the universities of Angers, Limoges, Poitiers, Tours, the INRA, INSERM, CNRS and CHRU. The FéRI is co-directed by **Denys Brand** (INSERM U966, Université of Tours) and **Nathalie Winter** (Infectiologie et Santé Publique Institute, Centre INRA Val de Loire).

The **FéRI** is supported by several experimental platforms:

- Molecular Modelling Platform

- Experimental infectiology platform

- Platform of molecular and cellular biomarkers, microscopy and genome analysis

- Platform of genome and transcriptome analysis

- Platform of surgery and imaging

The **FéRI** also hosts the National reference centre for HIV and the International centre of microbial ressources dedicated to bacterial pathogens.

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https://www.infectiologie-regioncentre.fr/
COST Action FA1405

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Using three-way interactions between plants, microbes and arthropods
to enhance crop protection and production

Crop plants interact with both arthropods and microorganisms, including pests that reduce yields (in Europe up to 20% annually) and mutualists that promote yield. Direct and indirect interactions between microorganisms and arthropods on crops can strongly modify their impacts on yield. For instance, herbivores and pathogens can facilitate each other, causing additional yield loss. On the other hand, beneficial microorganisms can induce defenses that protect plants against herbivores.

There is thus potential to enhance crop production and reduce pesticide use if we can better predict and manage Crop-Arthropod-Microorganism (CAMo) interactions to our advantage. Currently, knowledge of CAMo interactions is limited due to historical separation of the involved research fields.

This COST Action therefore combines existing expertise on CAMo interactions in Europe, from basic and strategic research to agri-R&D companies, and forms an interdisciplinary platform and incubator for research on mechanisms, impacts and utilization of CAMo interactions on crop yield.

The COST Action also seeks to strengthen the careers of both female and young researchers, connect the newest research in the field with its applied use, and develop new monitoring and management support systems and CAMo-based applications.

**Chair of the Action:** Dr Arjen Biere, Netherlands, Institute of Ecology, Wageningen NL
(A.Biere@nioo.knaw.nl)

**Coordination:** Sabine van Wegen (S.vanWegen@nioo.knaw.nl)

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http://www_cost-fa1405_eu/
**Scientific Committee**

**David Giron*** - Université François-Rabelais/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France.

**Alison Bennett*** - James Hutton Institute, United Kingdom.

**Matthias Erb*** - Université de Bern, Switzerland.

**Marcel Dicke*** - Wageningen University, The Netherlands.

**Marion Harris** - North Dakota State University, USA.

**Atsushi Kawakita** - Kyoto University, Japan.

**Carlos Lopez-Vaamonde** - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, France.

**Aurélien Sallé** - Université d'Orléans, France.

**Jean-Christophe Simon*** - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Université de Rennes 1/Agrocampus Ouest, France.

**Arthur Woods** - University of Montana, USA.

**Noah Whiteman** - University of California Berkeley, USA.

**Organizing Committee**

**David Giron**, **Franck Dedeine**, **Géraldine Dubreuil**, **Elisabeth Huguet**, **Sylvain Pincebourde**, **Nathalie Duchesne**, **Marjorie Tholmont** and **Wilfried Kaiser** - Université François-Rabelais/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France.

**Carlos Lopez-Vaamonde** - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, France.

**Aurélien Sallé** - Université d'Orléans, France.

**Jean-Christophe Simon** and **Akiko Sugio** - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Université de Rennes 1/Agrocampus Ouest, France.

<footnote>* COST FA1405 participants</footnote>
<table><tr><td>Travel information</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Conference venue</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>Registration and other information</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>Social events</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>General information</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>Program at a glance</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td>Program schedule</td><td>11</td></tr><tr><td>Welcome and plenary session</td><td>15</td></tr><tr><td>Session: Insect-plant-microbe interactions</td><td>17</td></tr><tr><td>Session: Community ecology and phylogenetics</td><td>28</td></tr><tr><td>Session: Plant-insect-microorganisms interactions</td><td>38</td></tr><tr><td>Session: Multitrophic interactions and ecological networks</td><td>49</td></tr><tr><td>Session: Insect effectors and plant responses</td><td>61</td></tr><tr><td>Session: Global change and thermal ecology</td><td>72</td></tr><tr><td>Session: Evolutionary genomics</td><td>79</td></tr><tr><td>Poster sessions 1 and 2: Poster list by poster number</td><td>86</td></tr><tr><td>Poster abstracts</td><td>92</td></tr><tr><td>List of participants</td><td>148</td></tr></table>
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Source: Observatoire de l'Économie et des Territoires de Touraine (OE2T).
http://www.economie-touraine.com.

Located 240 km from Paris, the city of Tours is easily accessible by air, rail or road infrastructure. Tours is accessible from Paris (55 min), Roissy international airport (1h35 min), London (4h20 min), Brussels (3h30 min) and Geneva by high-speed train (TGV), as well as by motorways from Northern Europe, North-Eastern Europe, Spain, Italy and Switzerland. The Tours airport has direct flights to and from London (Ryanair), and is connected with most European capitals through Lyon (Airlinair).

## Travelling from outside Europe by air and high speed train (TGV)

To come to Tours, the easiest way is to fly to Paris and then take the high speed TGV train to Tours. The two international Parisian airports (http://www.aeroportsdeparis.fr/en/homepage), Paris-Charles de Gaulle (CDG) and Paris-Orly, are connected to nearly 300 destinations worldwide via about 150 airlines. If flying to Paris-Charles de Gaulle (CDG), there is a direct high speed train connection to Tours through the Saint Pierre-des-Corps station, from which a shuttle train provides easy connection to the city center (http://en.voyages-sncf.com/en/). Public transports (RER https://www.transilien.com/ line B, or the bus direct: http://www.lebusdirect.com/en/ line 1 from Orly and 4 from CDG) also provide easy connection to the center of Paris, from which it is then possible to take a direct train to Tours Centre from Paris Montparnasse train station.

For train reservations from outside of Europe: www.raileurope.com.
## Travelling from within Europe

Low cost flights direct to the international airport Tours-Loire Valley (http://www.tours.aeroport.fr/home) provide direct links (https://www.ryanair.com/gb/en/) to London-Stansted, Dublin, Figari, Porto, Marrakech and Marseille. Tours-Loire Valley airport is located only 15-30 minutes from Tours downtown (by car or 15 min walk to Vaucanson Tram station and bus line #2 Tempo to Gare Vinci),

## By rail

Tours has two TGV stations: Tours-Centre in the heart of the city and Saint-Pierre-des-Corps, located 5-20 minutes from downtown Tours, accessible via a shuttle train or bus (Fil bleu, line #5 to Parc Grandmont stop at Gare Vinci). Tours is directly connected by high speed train (TGV) to Paris (Montparnasse station; 1h10), Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport (1h45), Lyon, Lille, Strasbourg and Marseille (SNCF), but also Brussels (Thalys) and London (Eurostar). From Paris you can also choose a slower way to discover French landscapes by taking the regional express train (TER) from Austerlitz station (about 2h-2h30). Tours train stations:

- Tours Centre Train Station

Place du Général Leclerc (Square of the Général Leclerc), 37000 Tours

- Saint-Pierre-des-Corps Train Station

67 rue Fabienne Landy (67 Fabienne Landy street), 37700 Saint-Pierre-des-Corps

http://en.voyages-sncf.com/en/

https://www.thalys.com/fr/en

http://www.eurostar.com/uk-en

Tips. There is a shuttle train from Saint-Pierre-des-Corps to Tours after almost every TGV train. The shuttle usually departs from the next platform (you may have to go down the stairs and up again – look for information on screens). When buying a ticket you will be assigned a car and a seat number. If you don't have an electronic ticket don't forget to validate your train ticket before entering the train using yellow boxes available throughout the station.

## By road

Tours city is at the heart of a motorway junction with the A10 (Paris-Spain), the A28 (Calais-Bayonne) and the A85 (Nantes-Lyon) connecting with the main cities of France. Bus companies (Eurolines, OUIBUS) make the connection between the bus station of Tours and many cities in France and Europe. Other bus companies:

- Eurolines

http://www.eurolines.fr/en/

- OUIBUS

http://www.ouibus.com/

- FLIXBUS

https://www.flixbus.com/

For more details on the Tours bus system:

https://www.filbleu.fr/en/

Tips: Free parking will not be available at the conference site. Public parking with limited parking-time is available throughout the city. Conference hall and opening ceremony are located in the city center at a walking distance from most hotels and the train station. Bus and tramway tickets need to be purchased on platforms before entering any public transport. Don't forget to validate your ticket once you have entered the bus/tramway. Transport to the gala dinner will be provided.
The welcome cocktail, plenary lecture and opening ceremony on Sunday will be held at the **Hotel de ville** (or mairie de Tours). The building is localized in the North-East corner of the place Jean Jaurès.

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All conferences and poster sessions will take place at the **Thélème** auditorium, 3 rue des Tanneurs, 37000 Tours. This is located within the university building (site des tanneurs).

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The two sites are localized in the old center of Tours (or historic center). They are only 10-15 min walk from each other, but the TRAM is also an option in case you don't want to walk.
The Hotel de Ville is near the Tours train station (Gare de Tours - 5 min walking distance).

## Visit Touraine

For more details on excursions or trips to visit the castles of the Loire Valley :
http://www.tours-tourisme.fr/je-veux/visiter-les-chateaux-de-la-loire
The registration desk will open in the evening of July 2nd (Sunday), at the Hôtel de Ville. A welcome cocktail will be served upon arrival. The plenary lecture will be followed by an opening ceremony where food and drinks will be served in the salle des fêtes.

The registration desk will also be open throughout the conferences at the Thélème auditorium, starting on Monday morning. Please, once you arrive at the conference location, first thing is to register, so that we can give you the abstract book and other important information.

The registration desk will also guide those who will present a poster. Each poster will have a unique number which will be used to identify the place where you need to hang up your poster. This number will be provided at the registration desk. The format of posters is free but we recommend an A0 max (84,1 x 118,9 cm) in vertical orientation only. We do not accept digital posters. There are 2 posters sessions (on Monday and Tuesday). We recommend posters be put up at the morning coffee break or during the lunch break preceding your sessions. All posters from the Monday session will need to be put down before the morning coffee break on Tuesday.

Oral presentations will be 15 minutes long, including questions. All presentations (powerpoint or pdf) of a given session should be uploaded ahead of the session directly on stage. Oral presentations of Monday morning should be uploaded on Sunday evening upon arrival at the registration desk.

Due to recent events we are currently at a high level of security. Tours is a quiet place and there are no reasons to be concerned. However, it is strickly required that **each participant sign the attendance list each day** in case of an emergency.

WIFI will be available for each participant with a personal access code. Each participant should have received login information and code by email. The network is university of Tours (or eduspot). EDUROAM is also available. Please note that the WIFI access is limited to the Thelème auditorium.

A free wifi is also available at different hotspots in the city including the train station, the tourist office, the tramway stations place Jean Jaures and on the Loire riverside next to the Thelème auditorium. Name of the network: WITM
Welcome cocktail, opening ceremony, "wine & cheese" poster session, “saveurs de Loire” poster session, all lunches, and coffee breaks are included in the registration fees and will be served at the venue.

<figure><img src="image_70.png" /></figure>

An excursion, followed by the gala dinner, is organized at the Montbazon forteress on July 5th.
A bus will take you around 16:00 in front of the Thélème auditorium, and it will also drive
you back to city center. Come to discover a full medieval experience, including an animated
dinner that will bring you back at the time of French kings! An entire village is brought to life
at day and night, with introduction workshops and staged visits. The potter, the basket maker,
the weaver, the dyer, the tailor, the calligrapher, the illuminator, the coin engraver, the candle
maker, the blacksmith, the saddler, the stone carver, the herbalist, the shingler, the baker and
the crossbowman will welcome you in their workshops.

<figure><img src="image_71.png" /></figure>
The fortress of Montbazon was built in 991 AD at the top of a rocky spur overlooking the river Indre. The Cormery monks complained to the King of France of Foulque Nerra's behaviour, as he had seized their land. He first built a motte-and-bailey-castle – a wooden donjon on a mound – and later replaced it by a stone donjon. This fortified place forms one of the oldest feudal castles in France. The donjon consisted of a 120 feet-high massive tower, 65 feet long and 50 feet wide. Nowadays, the tower is only 90 feet high. The walls are 9 feet-thick at the ground, and 6 feet-thick at the top of the tower. The south and east frontages are supported by buttresses. The edifice was composed of a cellar and three floors, built in wood and organised according to the class system – the nobles living of the upper floor. The last floor was topped by a hip roof. The entrance of the donjon was located on the north side, at 21 feet from the ground, and was reached thanks to a wooden ladder or a handrail.

As Montbazon is incorporated to the kingdom of France, the fortress becomes the property of a number of famous families such as the Mirabeau, Savary, Craon, La Rochefoucauld, and finally passing to the Rohan family, the earls of Montbazon at the eve of the French Revolution. Towards the end of the 16th century, the place has yet experienced deep changes. It was in these times that Montbazon became one of the twelve duchy-peerages of the kingdom, and the second richest duchy after Orléans. A second castle was built in 1425, facing the 10th century donjon. The kings of France Charles VII and Louis XI regularly sojourned there. However, in 1746, the castle was demolished and its stones were used to divert the bed of the river Indre (the city council square was edified on the remains of the castle).

Excursion and Gala dinner

Montbazon fortress + Banquet: 50 € (http://www.forteressedufauconnoir.com/)

Important: Accompanying persons are welcome to "Excursion + Banquet" but don't forget to pay for them during your registration.

<figure><img src="image_72.png" /></figure>
Restaurants & drinks

If you want to eat, take a coffee or a drink, you will find everything you need in the center, near the Loire. Tours's main street (rue Nationale), with its shops, is oriented north/south. The two main areas dedicated to restaurants and bars are located roughly on both sides near the Loire. In the west, Tours's most famous square, with its houses from the Middle Ages, is "la place Plumerau" or "place Plum" as we say here. In this square, you will find some diners but mostly pubs and bars. Do not hesitate to explore the little streets that spread around and choose the mood that best suits you. In the east, the other area where you can eat and drink is the street called "rue Colbert". The mood here is quieter and you essentially come here for small restaurants.

Each summer, we are fortunate to have "la guinguette", a place where you can go at any moment of the day to hit the dance floor (in the evening), play chess, enjoy a relaxing read, have a drink, go for a boat ride, or enjoy a film or concert or simply let yourself be surprised. It is easy to find: at the end of the main street (rue Nationale), on the banks of the river Loire, below the bridge "pont Wilson". It is possible with reservation to eat in the restaurant but there are also BBQ sandwiches or boards with meat and cheese and everything you want to drink...

Tips: La guinguette is located next to the Thélème auditorium. Don't forget to attend talks and posters between two drinks at la guinguette ;-)

As restaurants are small, it is better to reserve...

In the area of "place Plumereau", we recommend:

Le Bistrot N'Home (bistro), 11 rue de la Serpe, 37000 Tours, +33 9 81 00 62 21

Le Marché Gourmand (french cuisine), 27 rue du Grand Marché, 37000 Tours, +33 2 74 64 50 38

L'atelier Gourmand (gastronomic cuisine), 37 rue Etienne Marcel, 37000 Tours, +33 2 47 38

59 87 La Deuvalière (french cuisine), 18 rue Monnaie, 37000, Tours, +33 2 47 64 01 57

L'Embellie (french cuisine), 21 rue de la Monnaie, 37000, Tours, +33 9 54 61 64 43

Mamie Bigoude (pancake house), 22 Rue de Châteauneuf, 37000 Tours, +33 2 47 64 53 85

Les trois écritoires (bistro), 53 Place du Grand Marché, 37000 Tours, +33 2 47 36 97 35

La maison des halles (authentic french cuisine), 19 Place des Halles, 37000, Tours, +33 2 47 39 96 90

In the area of "rue Colbert", we recommend:

Le Petit Patrimoine (gastronomic cuisine), 58 Rue Colbert, 37000 Tours, +33 2 47 66 05 81

Au lapin qui fume (french cuisine), 90 Rue Colbert, 37000 Tours, +33 2 47 66 95 49

L'Evidence (gastronomic cuisine), 33 rue Colbert, 37000 Tours, +33 2 47 66 33 08

La souris gourmande (cheese plates), 100 Rue Colbert, 37000 Tours, +33 2 47 47 04 80

Beyrouth (Lebanese restaurant), 60 Rue Colbert, 37000, Tours, +33 2 47 31 94 43

L'escapade (french cuisine), 88 rue Colbert, 37000, Tours, +33 2 47 05 24 81

La réserve (wine bar), 84 Rue Colbert, 37000 Tours, +33 9 84 45 93 09

Outside of town, for an unforgettable experience:

L'auberge du 12ème siècle (tavern from the 12th century – Gastronomic restaurant), 1 rue du Château, 37190 Saché, +33 2 47 26 88 77

Tips: Feel free to ask the organizing committee for good suggestions
Currency

As in most countries of the European Union, the currency in France is the Euro (the “Euro” sign is €- here denoted as EUR). Major credit cards are accepted in most stores, restaurants and hotels.

Tipping

In France you normally "round up" the amount of restaurant bills, by leaving some change on the table.

Weather

Tours enjoys a temperate oceanic climate. In July visitors can expect average temperatures of 24-28 °C during daytime and 13 °C at night. July is generally above average for sunshine and storms are not unusual. Weather Forecast is available here.

(http://www.meteofrance.com/previsions-meteo-france/tours/37000)

Tips: Please note that air conditioning is not usual in most hotels, bars and restaurants.

Electricity

The electrical power supply in France is 220v, 50 Hz, AC.

You may use type E or C plugs

Security measures

Tourists are warmly welcomed in the city of Tours and the Loire Valley, which is considered as quiet and very safe. However usual personal safety should be applied. Bags should not be left unattended in public places. Remember to carry an ID with you.

In case of emergency

Firefighters and Ambulance: 112

Police: 17
PROGRAM AT A GLANCE

SIP 16

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>Sunday 2</th><th>Monday 3</th><th>Tuesday 4</th><th>Wednesday 5</th><th>Thursday 6</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>08h15-08h30</td><td></td><td><strong>Introduction</strong><br>Insect-plant-microbe interactions in forests and agrosystems<br><strong>Chairs</strong><br>M. Harris<br>A. Sallé</td><td><strong>Introduction</strong><br>Plant-insect-microorganisms interactions<br><strong>Chairs</strong><br>A. Bennett<br>F. Dedeine</td><td><strong>Introduction</strong><br>Insect Effectors and plant response<br><strong>Chairs</strong><br>G. Dubreuil<br>M. Erb</td><td><strong>Introduction</strong><br>Evolutionary genomics<br><strong>Chairs</strong><br>JC. Simon<br>N. Whiteman</td></tr><tr><td>08h30-08h45<br>08h45-09h00<br>09h00-09h15<br>09h15-09h30<br>09h30-09h45<br>09h45-10h00<br>10h00-10h15</td><td></td><td><strong>Keynote</strong><br>D. Thierry</td><td><strong>Keynote</strong><br>E. Zchori-Fein</td><td><strong>Keynote</strong><br>I. Kaloshian</td><td><strong>Keynote</strong><br>N. Whiteman</td></tr><tr><td><strong>10h15-11h15</strong></td><td></td><td>G. Aradottir<br>S. Behmer<br>D. Bouchon<br>A. Cusumano (PhD)</td><td>A. Bennett<br>A. Biere<br>L. Chrétien (PhD)<br>A. Martinez-Medina</td><td>M. Dicke<br>G. Felton<br>A. Guiguet (PhD)<br>M. Harris</td><td>P. Abbot<br>H. Boulain (PhD)<br>M. Karageorgi<br>N. Van Dam</td></tr><tr><td>11h15-11h30<br>11h30-11h45<br>11h45-12h00<br>12h00-12h15<br>12h15-12h30</td><td></td><td><strong>Coffee Break</strong><br>sponsored by COST<br>P. Fernandez-Conradi<br>J. Garnas<br>H. Lingfei<br>A. Sallé<br>D. Santos-Garcia</td><td><strong>Coffee Break</strong><br>sponsored by COST<br>K. Moisan (PhD)<br>S. Pichon<br>A. Pineda<br>A. Smilanich<br>T. Vaello</td><td><strong>Coffee Break</strong><br>sponsored by Féri<br>R. Kirsch<br>R. Machado<br>M. Stefanov (PhD)<br>C. Stolpe (PhD)<br>B. Schimmel</td><td><strong>Coffee Break</strong><br>sponsored by INRA<br><strong>Keynote</strong><br>M. Poulsen<br><strong>Business meeting &amp; Concluding remarks</strong></td></tr><tr><td><strong>12h30-14h00</strong></td><td></td><td><strong>Lunch</strong><br>Sponsored by University of Orléans</td><td><strong>Lunch</strong><br>Sponsored by IRBI</td><td><strong>Lunch</strong><br>Sponsored by Région Centre VL</td><td><strong>Lunch bags</strong><br>Sponsored by University of Tours</td></tr><tr><td>14h00-14h15<br>14h15-14h30<br>14h30-14h45<br>14:45-15:00<br>15:00-15:15<br>15:15-15:30<br>15h30-15h45<br>15h45-16h00</td><td></td><td><strong>Community ecology and phylogenetics</strong><br><strong>Chairs</strong><br>C. Lopez<br>A. Kawakita</td><td><strong>Multitrophic interactions and ecological networks</strong><br><strong>Chairs</strong><br>M. Dicke<br>E. Huguet</td><td><strong>Global change and thermal ecology</strong><br><strong>Chairs</strong><br>S. Pincebourde<br>A. Woods</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><strong>16h00-16h30</strong></td><td>Registration and Welcome cocktail</td><td><strong>Keynote</strong><br>A. Kawakita</td><td><strong>Keynote</strong><br>T. Petanidou</td><td><strong>Keynote</strong><br>J. Terblanche</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>16h30-16h45<br>16h45-17h00<br>17h00-17h15</td><td>sponsored by the city of Tours</td><td>E. Frago<br>C. Lopez-Vaamonde<br>E. Poelman<br>S. Rasmann<br>G. Stone</td><td>Y. Aartsma (PhD)<br>M. Baude<br>C. Becker<br>N. Borowiec<br>M. Cuny (PhD)</td><td>M. Javal (PhD)<br>T. Li<br>M. Macel<br>S. Morin<br>Pincebourde &amp; Woods</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>17h15-17h30<br>17h30-17h45<br>17h45-18h00</td><td>Opening - Maire<br><strong>Opening</strong><br>D. Giron</td><td>Coffee Break sponsored by CNRS<br><strong>Keynote</strong><br>T. Palmer</td><td>Coffee Break sponsored by IRBI<br>G. Delpon (PhD)<br>A. Kergunteuil<br>D. Lucas-Barbosa</td><td>Departure for gala dinner</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>18h00-18h15<br>18h15-18h30<br>18h30-18h45<br>18h45-19h00<br>19h00-19h15</td><td></td><td>T. Zuest<br>S. Zytynska</td><td>G. Martinez (PhD)<br>Q. Rusman (PhD)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>19h15-19h30<br>19h30-19h45<br>19h45-20h00</td><td>Opening ceremony sponsored by Tours +</td><td>Plenary<br>L. Dyer</td><td>Poster session 1 "Wine and Cheese" sponsored by Wiley<br><strong>Poster session 2</strong><br>"Saveurs de Loire" sponsored by BES and MIDI network<br><strong>Functional Ecology Podcast</strong></td><td>Excursion and Gala dinner (end ~23h30)</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
Sunday 2nd of July 2017 Hôtel de Ville Tours

16h00 **Welcome and registration**
Welcome cocktail (sponsored by the city of TOURS)

17h15 **Maire of Tours** Opening

17h30 **David Giron**
**Arjen Biere**
Opening
The COST action FA1405: Using three-way interactions between plants, microbes and arthropods to enhance crop protection and production

18h00 **L. Dyer**
**Plenary Speaker**
Predators, herbivores, and phytochemicals:
putting together the scales, nodes, and edges for appropriate hypothesis testing and theory development

19h00-20h00 **Opening ceremony** (sponsored by Tours +)

Monday 3rd of July 2017 Salle Thélème Tanneurs

08h15 Introduction

Insect-plant-microbe interactions in forests and agrosystems - *COST action FA1405*

Chairs M. Harris and A. Sallé

08h30 **Denis Thiery**
**Keynote Speaker**
How to improve grape moth pests control in viticulture. Which research fields should be promoted?

09h15 **Gudbjorg Aradottir**
Cereal aphid feeding behaviour – commonalities and differences depending on aphid species and wheat susceptibility

09h30 **Spencer Behmer**
Insect sterol requirements: a novel target for controlling insect herbivore pests

09h45 **Didier Bouchon**
Phytophagous insects' gut microbiome as facilitator of invasiveness?

10h00 **Antonino Cusumano**
Insect-associated symbionts impact plant-mediated interactions in brassicaceous plants

10h15 Coffee break (sponsored by the COST action FA 1405)

11h15 **Pilar Fernandez-Conradi**
Fungi reduce preference and performance of insect herbivores on infected plants

11h30 **Jeff Garnas**
Understanding the ecology and evolution of forest insects in an interconnected world

11h45 **Hu Lingfei**
A root herbivore uses a siderophore to locate the most nutritious roots

12h00 **Aurélien Sallé**
Tree-killing aphid dramatically affects bark contents in carbohydrates and nitrogen compounds

12h15 **Diego Santos-Garcia**
Inside out: Are gut bacteria involved in whiteflies' plant adaptation?

12h30 Lunch (sponsored by the University of Orléans)

Community ecology and phylogenetics

Chairs A. Kawakita and C. Lopez-Vaamonde

14h00 **Atsushi Kawakita**
**Keynote Speaker**
Evolution of obligate pollination mutualism in Phyllanthaceae

14h45 **Enric Frago**
Signals of plant phylogeny and plant invasions on thrips diversity along elevational gradients

15h00 **Carlos Lopez-Vaamonde**
Have host plant shifts caused adaptive radiations in leaf-mining moths?
<table><tr><td>15h15</td><td>Erik Poelman</td><td>Keystone herbivores and the evolution of plant defense</td></tr><tr><td>15h30</td><td>Sergio Rasmann</td><td>The unfolding plant growth-defense syndromes along elevation gradients</td></tr><tr><td>15h45</td><td>Graham Stone</td><td>Sweet tetra-trophic interactions: multiple evolution of nectar secretion, a defensive extended phenotype in cynipid gallwasps</td></tr><tr><td>16h00</td><td colspan="2">Coffee break (sponsored by the CNRS)</td></tr><tr><td>16h30</td><td>Todd Palmer<br>Keynote Speaker</td><td>Costs, benefits and the community ecology of mutualism</td></tr><tr><td>17h15</td><td>Tobias Zuest</td><td>Mechanisms and consequences of phytochemical diversification in a rapidly evolving plant clade</td></tr><tr><td>17h30</td><td>Sharon Zytynska</td><td>Genetic interactions drive metacommunity species associations in a plant-aphid system</td></tr><tr><td>17h45</td><td colspan="2">Poster session 1 – “Wine and Cheese” (sponsored by Wiley)</td></tr><tr><td>19h30</td><td colspan="2">Free evening</td></tr></table>

Tuesday 4th of July 2017 Salle Thélème Tanneurs

<table><tr><td>08h15</td><td colspan="2">Introduction</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"><strong>Plant-insect-microorganisms interactions - *COST action FA1405</strong><br>Chairs A. Bennett and F. Dedeine</td></tr><tr><td>08h30</td><td>Einat Zchori-Fein<br>Keynote Speaker<br>(Sponsored by COST)</td><td>Insect symbionts as bio-control agents against phloem-restricted plant pathogens</td></tr><tr><td>09h15</td><td>Alison Bennett</td><td>Indirect influences of a belowground microbe on aboveground parasitism of plant herbivores</td></tr><tr><td>09h30</td><td>Arjen Biere</td><td>Can beneficial microbes help mitigate plant growth-defense trade-offs under shading?</td></tr><tr><td>09h45</td><td>Lucille Chrétien PhD</td><td>Can flowering plants resist insect and pathogen attack? Induction of phytohormones and resistance of plants under multiple attack</td></tr><tr><td>10h00</td><td>Samuel Pichon</td><td>Evolutionary stability of beneficial gut microbial communities in wood-feeding termites</td></tr><tr><td>10h15</td><td colspan="2">Coffee break (sponsored by the COST action FA1405)</td></tr><tr><td>11h15</td><td>Ainhoa Martinez-Medina</td><td>An integrative ‘omics’ approach to unravel the mechanisms driving the impact of root symbionts on plant multitrophic interactions</td></tr><tr><td>11h30</td><td>Kay Moisan PhD</td><td>Warning or blessing? Volatiles emitted by pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi affect plant development and resistance to insects</td></tr><tr><td>11h45</td><td>Ana Pineda</td><td>Steering soil microbiomes through plant-soil feedbacks to enhance resistance to herbivores</td></tr><tr><td>12h00</td><td>Angela Smilanich</td><td>Host range expansion and the insect immune response</td></tr><tr><td>12h15</td><td>Teresa Vaello</td><td>Facilitation between aphids and thrips is modulated by parasitization but not by plant-soil feedbacks</td></tr><tr><td>12h30</td><td colspan="2">Lunch (sponsored by the Insect Biology Research Institute)</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td colspan="2"><strong>Multitrophic interactions and ecological networks</strong><br>Chairs M. Dicke and E. Huguet</td></tr><tr><td>14h00</td><td>Theodora Petanidou<br>Keynote Speaker<br>(Sponsored by COST)</td><td>The Aegean revisited: unravelling the Archipelago’s “small, great world” through ecological network analysis</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>14h45</td><td><strong><em>Yavanna Aartsma PhD</em></strong></td><td>Parasitoid attraction to herbivore-induced plant volatiles across spatial scales</td></tr><tr><td>15h00</td><td><strong><em>Mathilde Baude</em></strong></td><td>Quantifying nectar resources for pollinators in Great Britain across the last century</td></tr><tr><td>15h15</td><td><strong><em>Christine Becker</em></strong></td><td>Plant mediated bottom-up effects of nitrogen and water supply on leafminers and aphids as well as their parasitoids</td></tr><tr><td>15h30</td><td><strong><em>Nicolas Borowiec</em></strong></td><td>Comparative dynamics of introduced and native parasitoids: the case-study of classical biological control against the chestnut gall wasp in France</td></tr><tr><td>15h45</td><td><strong><em>Maximilien Cuny PhD</em></strong></td><td>The interactive effects of seed beetles and parasitoids on seed germination and plant performance in wild Lima bean</td></tr><tr><td>16h00</td><td colspan="2">Coffee break (sponsored by the Insect Biology Research Institute)</td></tr><tr><td>16h30</td><td><strong><em>Gaël Delpon PhD</em></strong></td><td>Dynamics of plant-butterfly interaction networks along secondary successions</td></tr><tr><td>16h45</td><td><strong><em>Alan Kergunteuil</em></strong></td><td>Indirect plant defences do not get high: adaptive differentiation of phytochemistry along elevation gradients drives variations in the strength of plant-mediated trophic cascades</td></tr><tr><td>17h00</td><td><strong><em>Dani Lucas-Barbosa</em></strong></td><td>Plant life-style determines defensive strategies against insect herbivores, and consequences for plant fitness</td></tr><tr><td>17h15</td><td><strong><em>Gonzalo Martinez PhD</em></strong></td><td>Preference and performance of an herbivorous true bug: Feeding or laying eggs ?</td></tr><tr><td>17h30</td><td><strong><em>Quint Rusman PhD</em></strong></td><td>Flowering plants under attack: The generality and specificity of plant-mediated interactions between insect herbivores and flower visitors</td></tr><tr><td>17h45</td><td colspan="2"><strong><em>Poster session 2 – “Saveurs de Loire” (sponsored by The British Ecological Society and the MIDI network)</em></strong></td></tr><tr><td>17h45</td><td colspan="2"><strong><em>Functional Ecology Podcast</em></strong></td></tr><tr><td>19h30</td><td colspan="2">Free evening</td></tr></table>

Wednesday 5th of July 2017 Salle Thélème Tanneurs

08h15 Introduction

Insect effectors and plant responses

Chairs G. Dubreuil and M. Erb

<table><tr><td>08h30</td><td><strong><em>Isgouhi Kaloshian</em></strong><br/><em>Keynote Speaker</em></td><td>Aphid-plant interactions: unraveling arsenals used in this arms race</td></tr><tr><td>09h15</td><td><strong><em>Marcel Dicke</em></strong></td><td>Natural variation in plant responses to combinations of biotic and abiotic stresses</td></tr><tr><td>09h30</td><td><strong><em>Gary Felton</em></strong></td><td>Multitrophic Manipulation of Herbivore Perception by Plants</td></tr><tr><td>09h45</td><td><strong><em>Antoine Guiguet PhD</em></strong></td><td>Insights into mechanisms of gall morphogenesis and the origin of gall induction</td></tr><tr><td>10h00</td><td><strong><em>Marion Harris</em></strong></td><td>Plant Galls Induced by Insects: Lessons from Plant Galls Induced by Bacteria</td></tr><tr><td>10h15</td><td colspan="2">Coffee break (sponsored by the Féri)</td></tr><tr><td>11h15</td><td><strong><em>Roy Kirsch</em></strong></td><td>Biological relevance of pectolytic enzymes in herbivorous beetles</td></tr><tr><td>11h30</td><td><strong><em>Ricardo Machado</em></strong></td><td>Herbivory-induced jasmonates impact carbon acquisition and thereby constrain plant resistance and defoliation tolerance</td></tr><tr><td>11h45</td><td><strong><em>Martin Stefanov PhD</em></strong></td><td>Inference of plant-mediated interactions in herbivorous insect communities from time series count data</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>12h00</td><td><strong>Clemens Stolpe PhD</strong></td><td>Aphids suck their own grave - induced elevated concentrations of cadmium and zinc in phloem exudates of a hyperaccumulator plant lead to negative potentiation effect on <em>Myzus persicae</em></td></tr><tr><td>12h15</td><td><strong>Bernardus Schimmel</strong></td><td>Overcompensation of herbivore reproduction through hyper-suppression of plant defenses in response to competition</td></tr></table>

12h30 Lunch (sponsored by the Région Centre Val de Loire)

## Global change and thermal ecology

Chairs S. Pincebourde and A. Woods

<table><tr><td>14h00</td><td><strong>John Terblanche</strong><br><em>Keynote Speaker</em></td><td>Mechanisms and responses of insects to climate stress</td></tr><tr><td>14h45</td><td><strong>Marion Javal PhD</strong></td><td>Respiration-based monitoring of metabolic rate following cold-exposure in two invasive Anoplophora species (Cerambycidae) depending on acclimation regime</td></tr><tr><td>15h00</td><td><strong>Tao Li</strong></td><td>Long-term effects of elevated CO2, warming and droughts on VOC emission and phenolics production of <em>Calluna vulgaris</em> in a temperate heath ecosystem</td></tr><tr><td>15h15</td><td><strong>Mirka Macel</strong></td><td>Rapid evolution of a range expanding plant</td></tr><tr><td>15h30</td><td><strong>Shai Morin</strong></td><td>Projecting pest population dynamics under global warming: the combined effect of inter- and intra- annual variations</td></tr><tr><td>15h45</td><td><strong>Pincebourde/Woods</strong></td><td>Extended phenotypes and global change biology</td></tr></table>

16h00 Departure for excursion and gala dinner

16h30 Montbazon Forteresse

23h30 Departure from gala dinner

## Thursday 6th of July 2017 Salle Thélème Tanneurs

08h15 Introduction

## Evolutionary genomics

Chairs JC Simon and N. Whiteman

<table><tr><td>08h30</td><td><strong>Noah Whiteman</strong><br><em>Keynote Speaker</em></td><td>Breaking bad: The evolution of herbivory in Drosophilidae</td></tr><tr><td>09h15</td><td><strong>Patrick Abbot</strong></td><td>Transcriptional profile and differential fitness across a cardenolide gradient in a specialist milkweed insect reveal the costs of response</td></tr><tr><td>09h30</td><td><strong>Hélène Boulain PhD</strong></td><td>Evolutionary analyses of a new quantitative catalogue of candidate secreted salivary effectors in <em>Acyrthosiphon pisum</em></td></tr><tr><td>09h45</td><td><strong>Marianthi Karageorgi</strong></td><td>Olfactory specialization contributes in the making of the fruit pest <em>Drosophila suzukii</em></td></tr><tr><td>10h00</td><td><strong>Nicole Van Dam</strong></td><td>Ecogenomics analysis of <em>Solanum dulcamara</em> reveals chemical diversity in glycoalkaloids related to slug resistance</td></tr></table>

10h15 Coffee break (sponsored by the INRA)

<table><tr><td>11h15</td><td><strong>Michael Thomas-Poulsen</strong><br><em>Keynote Speaker</em></td><td>Novel insights into symbiotic paths to sustainable agriculture</td></tr></table>

12h00 Business meeting and Concluding remarks

12h30 Lunch bags (sponsored by the University of Tours)

14h00 End of the meeting
Welcome and Plenary Session

Sunday 2nd of July 18h Hôtel de Ville

<table><tr><td>16h00</td><td colspan="2"><strong>Welcome and registration</strong><br/><strong>Welcome cocktail</strong> (sponsored by the city of TOURS)</td></tr><tr><td>17h15</td><td><strong>Maire of Tours</strong></td><td>Opening</td></tr><tr><td>17h30</td><td><strong>David Giron</strong><br/><strong>Arjen Biere</strong></td><td>Opening<br/>The COST action FA1405: Using three-way interactions between plants, microbes and arthropods to enhance crop protection and production</td></tr><tr><td>18h00</td><td><strong>L. Dyer</strong><br/><strong>Plenary Speaker</strong></td><td>Predators, herbivores, and phytochemicals:<br/>putting together the scales, nodes, and edges for appropriate hypothesis testing and theory development</td></tr><tr><td>19h00-20h00</td><td colspan="2"><strong>Opening ceremony</strong> (sponsored by Tours +)</td></tr></table>
# Plenary

**Predators, herbivores, and phytochemicals:**
**putting together the scales, nodes, and edges**
**for appropriate hypothesis testing and theory development.**

Lee Dyer<fnref n="1" />*

Thousands of important chemically mediated trophic interactions have been described in great detail since thoughtful papers from Brower (1958); Fraenkel (1959); Hairston, Smith and Slobodkin (1960); Ehrlich and Raven (1964); Berenbaum (1978); and Price (1980) provided elegant theoretical frameworks for elucidating simple food webs that are tied together by chemistry. The empirical byproducts of these theoretical advances produced a wealth of good science and yielded benefits such as a better understanding of the diversification of plants and insects, guiding principles for pest control in agriculture, insight into synergistic interactions between molecules in mixtures, wonderful natural history stories, and productive collaborations between chemists and ecologists. This literature is lacking a few important components and I will discuss three of these gaps in knowledge. First, there has been confusion and disagreement about local and regional consumer diet breadth in these tritrophic webs. Second, there are no consistent methods for documenting the richness and abundance of these interactions in local communities and specific habitats, thus we are left with messy collections of data that we call food webs. Third, there has been an unjustified focus on individual plant metabolites or on crude measures of broad classes of compounds as the most important mediators of multitrophic interactions. I will discuss new methods for documenting chemically mediated interaction diversity at different scales and will show results from models, observational data, and experiments, demonstrating that local and regional interaction diversity is affected by consumer diet breadth and by diverse phytochemical mixtures.

Keywords: interaction diversity, phytochemical diversity, specialization, networks, scale

*Speaker: nolaclimber@gmail.com

<footnote n="1">¹University of Nevada Reno (UNR) – EECB, Mailstop 314 University of Nevada, United States</footnote>
# Insect-plant-microbe interactions in forests and agrosystems
*COST action FA1405

Monday 3rd of July 2017 Salle Thélème Tanneurs

08h15 Introduction

## Insect-plant-microbe interactions in forests and agrosystems

Chairs M. Harris and A. Sallé

<table><tr><td>08h30</td><td><strong>Denis Thiery</strong><br><em>Keynote Speaker</em></td><td>How to improve grape moth pests control in viticulture. Which research fields should be promoted?</td></tr><tr><td>09h15</td><td><strong>Gudbjorg Aradottir</strong></td><td>Cereal aphid feeding behaviour – commonalities and differences depending on aphid species and wheat susceptibility</td></tr><tr><td>09h30</td><td><strong>Spencer Behmer</strong></td><td>Insect sterol requirements: a novel target for controlling insect herbivore pests</td></tr><tr><td>09h45</td><td><strong>Didier Bouchon</strong></td><td>Phytophagous insects' gut microbiome as facilitator of invasiveness?</td></tr><tr><td>10h00</td><td><strong>Antonino Cusumano</strong></td><td>Insect-associated symbionts impact plant-mediated interactions in brassicaceous plants</td></tr><tr><td>10h15</td><td colspan="2">Coffee break (sponsored by the COST action FA 1405)</td></tr><tr><td>11h15</td><td><strong>Pilar Fernandez-Conradi</strong></td><td>Fungi reduce preference and performance of insect herbivores on infected plants</td></tr><tr><td>11h30</td><td><strong>Jeff Garnas</strong></td><td>Understanding the ecology and evolution of forest insects in an interconnected world</td></tr><tr><td>11h45</td><td><strong>Hu Lingfei</strong></td><td>A root herbivore uses a siderophore to locate the most nutritious roots</td></tr><tr><td>12h00</td><td><strong>Aurélien Sallé</strong></td><td>Tree-killing aphid dramatically affects bark contents in carbohydrates and nitrogen compounds</td></tr><tr><td>12h15</td><td><strong>Diego Santos-Garcia</strong></td><td>Inside out: Are gut bacteria involved in whiteflies' plant adaptation?</td></tr><tr><td>12h30</td><td colspan="2">Lunch (sponsored by the University of Orléans)</td></tr></table>
Keynote

How to improve grape moth pests control in viticulture.

Which research fields should be promoted?

Denis Thiéry¹*, Fanny Vogelweith² and Jérôme Moreau³

1-UMR INRA 1065 Save, 71 Ave E Bourleaux, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France

2- Abteilung Evolutionsbiologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Institut für Zoologie, 55128 Mainz, Germany

3- Université de Bourgogne, Equipe Ecologie-Evolution, UMR 6282 Biogéosciences, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France

Lepidopterans larvae are most exclusively phytophagous and several tortricid moth species cause severe damages to fruit production such as orchards and grapes. In viticulture, the two moths *Eupoecilia ambiguella* and *Lobesia botrana* are considered major pests in European viticulture and *L. botrana* recently invaded the American vineyards.

The larvae of these species attack the grape bunch from spring to autumn, cause direct losses and also qualitative deviation to wines, but they can also favour the development of fungi responsible of the well-known rots and may produce harmful toxins to humans like ochratoxins. These tortricids moths have existed for a long time in viticulture, *E. ambiguella* being described as early as in the bible and roman viticulture. The other species *L. botrana* is currently the species, which is colonizing new viticulture areas. It for example invaded American viticulture a few years ago.

To drastically reduce insecticide use in viticulture, several Integrated Pest Management control methods have been developed against these pests, involving mating control, parasitoids/predators release and environmental control based on practices and landscape management. In this present talk we attempted to review the different interactions between the grape cultivars and these two pests.

In these species, the different cultivars of grapes affect life history traits, such as reproduction and immune defence, but also the parasitism success of parasitoids. Recent data also show how the landscape architecture and the grape training practices influences the activity of natural enemies. Research on trophic networks around grapes and these pests are now investigated in more detail. The effect of global warming on the immune systems and reproductive output are now investigated on these species with the perspective of future application in the biological control of these pests.

Many factors influence the biological control of *L. botrana*, depending on coevolution mechanisms between plant-pest and pest-parasitoids in the context of tritrophic interactions. Understanding factors that cause varying host/prey quality is crucial to avoid unexpected failures in biological control.

<footnote>* Speaker: denis.thiéry@inra.fr</footnote>
Cereal aphid feeding behaviour –commonalities and differences depending on aphid species and wheat susceptibility.

Gudbjorg Aradottir *†<fnref n="1" />, Amma Simon<fnref n="1" />, Beant Singh <fnref n="1" />,<fnref n="2" />, Emmanuel Ziramba<fnref n="3" />, Lucas Bruguier<fnref n="1" />, Alexander Greenslade<fnref n="1" />, Suzanne Clark<fnref n="1" />, Janet Martin<fnref n="1" />, Lesley Smart<fnref n="1" />

Cereal aphids can cause significant problems for farmers, affecting yield directly by feeding and indirectly by spreading viruses, such as the barley yellow dwarf virus. For some aphid species, such as the Russian wheat aphid (*Diuraphis noxia*) resistant varieties are commercially available, whereas for other aphid species in cereals, control is mainly via insecticide applications. We have studied the development and feeding behaviour of three cereal aphid species, *Rhopalosiphum padi*, *Sitobion avenae* and *D. noxia* on wheat lines ranging from modern elite varieties, landraces and wild relatives. This has been done using laboratory bioassays and the Electrical Penetration Graph. The main focus has been on studying the difference in feeding behaviour on lines differing in susceptibility or resistance to cereal aphids as well as how other factors, such as mycorrhizal fungi can affect how aphids feed. Here we present results showing how aphid feeding behaviour differs depending on aphid species, host-plant susceptibility and mycorrhizal association. We discuss possible explanations for these differences and implications for aphid control and management in agro-ecosystems.

Keywords: Aphid, wheat, *Rhopalosiphum padi*, *Sitobion avenae*, *Diuraphis noxia*, insect, plant interactions, feeding behaviour

*Speaker, †Corresponding author: gia.aradottir@rothamsted.ac.uk

<footnote n="1">¹ Rothamsted Research (RRes) – Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom</footnote>

<footnote n="2">2 Punjab Agricultural University (PAU) – Ludhiana, 141004, India</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³ Seed Co Ltd. – Rattray Arnold Research Station, PO Box CH142, Chisipite, Harare, Zimbabwe</footnote>
Insect sterol requirements:
a novel target for controlling insect herbivore pests

Ivy Chen<sup>1</sup>, Keyan Zhu-Salzman<sup>1</sup>, Robert Grebenok<sup>2</sup>, Spencer Behmer<sup>*†1</sup></td>

All insects require a dietary source of sterol, which is used primarily in cell membranes and as a precursor to molting hormone. Cholesterol is the most abundant sterol found in insects, but it is rare in plants, so plant-feeding insects generate cholesterol by metabolizing ingested plant sterols. However, plant-feeding insects are often limited in terms of which sterols can be converted to cholesterol. Exploiting sterol metabolic constraints in insects represents a novel way to potentially control insect herbivores that feed on economically important agricultural plants. One way to attack insect sterol metabolic constraints is to modify the sterol profile of plants, to increase the expression of sterols that insect herbivores cannot readily convert to cholesterol. Here we use an RNAi approach to silence an enzyme in the plant sterol biosynthetic pathway in Arabidopsis and report its effects on the green peach aphid.

Keywords: nutrition, sterol, aphid, Arabidopsis

<footnote n="1">¹ Texas AM University – United States</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² Canisius College – United States</footnote>

<footnote>*Speaker, †Corresponding author: s-behmer@tamu.edu</footnote>
# Phytophagous insects' gut microbiome as facilitator of invasiveness?

Marie-Caroline Lefort<sup>1,2</sup>, Travis Glare<sup>2</sup>, Didier Bouchon<sup>3*</sup>, Stéphane Boyer<sup>† 1,2</sup>

<sup>1</sup> Unitec Institute of Technology (UNITEC) – Private Bag 92025, Victoria Street West, Auckland 1142 - New Zealand

<sup>2</sup> Bio-Protection Research Centre (BPRC) – P. O. Box 85084, Lincoln University, Christchurch 7647, - New Zealand

<sup>3</sup> Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions - UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers - France

In phytophagous insects, dispersal ability, environmental tolerance, phenotypic plasticity and their associated epigenetic drivers are critical determinants of invasion success. These attributes can potentially be modified through the action of gut bacteria and yet the role of the gut microbiome in invasion success remains largely unexplored. As part of our new international research project MADII (Microbiome As Driver of Insect Invasiveness), we used Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies to interrogate the role of gut microbial communities in driving invasiveness in phytophagous insects. We analysed the diet and the gut microbiome composition of two closely related scarab beetles from New Zealand, the invasive *Costelytra zealandica* (White) and the non-invasive *C. brunneum* (Broun). Significant differences were observed in the gut microbial composition between the two species. In addition, intraspecific differences were also observed within the invasive species. Specimens from different ecotypes (from native grassland, vineyard and exotic pastures) and which correspond to putative host-races based on feeding preferences, displayed significant differences in their diet and in their gut microbiome. Our results suggest that gut microbiome in *Costelytra* beetles is influenced by diet and phylogeny. In this presentation we will discuss the mode of transmission of the different group of bacteria discriminating the model species and ecotypes studied and discuss their possible role driving these insects' invasiveness. We will discuss the role of the gut microbiome in insect invasiveness as well as its potential implications for pest control and biosecurity.

Keywords: Biological control, phytophagous insects, invasive species, high throughput DNA sequencing, genomics

*Speaker: didier.bouchon@univ-poitiers.fr
# Insect-associated symbionts impact plant-mediated interactions in brassicaceous plants

Antonino Cusumano*†1, Marcel Dicke¹, Erik Poelman¹

1 Wageningen University and Research – Netherlands

The importance of mutualistic symbioses is increasingly recognized in plant responses to herbivory as well as in plant-mediated interactions. It is well established that beneficial microbes such as mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth-promoting bacteria can play a role in plant responses to herbivory. Symbionts associated with herbivorous insects are also known to affect the way the herbivore interacts with its food plant by manipulating plant-physiology for the benefits of their herbivore hosts. However the role of insect-associated symbionts has received less attention in a multi-trophic perspective. Here, we will address the effects of symbionts associated with insects at different positions in the community structure. Using as model system a cabbage-based food-web network, we show that insect-associated symbionts induce phenotypic changes in the plant, with consequences for other insect community members. We argue that insect-associated symbionts can play an important role in plant-mediated interactions highlighting a fascinating complexity of terrestrial-ecological networks.

Keywords: insect, associated symbionts, plant, mediated interactions, multitrophic perspective

*Speaker, †Corresponding author: antonino.cusumano@wur.nl
# Fungi reduce preference and performance of insect herbivores on infected plants

Pilar Fernandez-Conradi<sup>*1*</sup>, Hervé Jactel<sup>1</sup>, Cécile Robin<sup>1</sup>, Ayco Tack<sup>2</sup>, Bastien Castagneyrol<sup>1</sup>

<sup>1</sup> Biodiversité, Gènes Communautés (BioGeCo) – Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique : UMR1202, Université de Bordeaux – Site de recherche Forêt - Bois de Pierroton - 69, route d'Arcachon F-33612 Cestas Cedex - France

<sup>2</sup> Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm – Sweden

Although insect herbivores and fungal pathogens frequently share the same individual host plant, we lack general insights in how fungal infection affects insect preference and performance. We addressed this question in a meta-analysis of 1,113 case studies gathered from 101 primary papers that compared preference or performance of insect herbivores on control vs. fungus infected plants. Generally, insects preferred, and performed better on, non-infected plants, regardless of experimental conditions. Insect response to fungus infection significantly differed according to fungus lifestyle, insect feeding guild and the spatial scale of the interaction (local/distant). Insect performance was reduced on plants infected by biotrophic pathogens or endophytes but not by necrotrophic pathogens. For both chewing and piercing-sucking insects, performance was reduced on infected plants when interactions occurred locally but not distantly. In plants infected by biotrophic pathogens, both preference and performance of herbivores were negatively impacted, whereas infection by necrotrophic pathogens reduced herbivore preference more than performance and endophyte infection reduced only herbivore performance. Our study unequivocally demonstrates that fungi are key drivers of plant-herbivore interactions, suggesting both direct and plant-mediated effects of fungi on insect's behavior and development.

Keywords: biotrophic pathogens, endophytes, necrotrophic pathogens, plant defense, plant, mediated indirect interactions, tripartite interactions

*Speaker: pilar.fernandez-conradi@inra.fr
# Understanding the ecology and evolution of forest insects in an interconnected world

Jeff Garnas *<fnref n="1" />,<fnref n="2" />*, Michael Wingfield <fnref n="2" />, Bernard Slippers <fnref n="2" />,<fnref n="3" />

The widespread application of simple and affordable tools for molecular reconstruction of invasion patterns has brought with it an emerging understanding that the biogeography, introduction history and subsequent movement and spread of many invasive insect species is far more complex than previously understood. For a number of invasive alien insects, there is strong accumulating evidence that multiple introductions, complex global movement, and population admixture within the invasive range are common. This is particularly true in forested ecosystems where regionally dominant tree species (i.e., Pinus, Eucalyptus and Acacia) are increasingly cultivated and/or adventive worldwide, where these trees encounter novel biotic communities and stressful abiotic conditions. This forms a backdrop characterized by diverse evolutionary contexts and high global connectivity that strongly impacts both propagule pressure, as well as the ecology and evolution of associated insect pests in both the native and exotic ranges of host trees. We highlight key aspects of this phenomenon with respect to insects as drivers of forest pestilence, including 1) the role of admixture and frequent interchange of genetic material among discrete parts of the exotic range, and 2) the acquisition and exchange of novel symbionts. We use examples from across the recent and historical literature together with primary research on a number of plantation pests, particularly the globally invasive European woodwasp (*Sirex noctilio*), to highlight the consequences of elevated global connectivity for the ecology and evolution of invasive insect pests. We argue that invasive dynamics and impacts must increasingly be understood in the context of the global network rather than as isolated regional phenomena.

Keywords: *Sirex noctilio*, invasion biology, global change, invasion genetics, insect, fungal interactions, novel associates

<footnote n="1">¹ University of New Hampshire (UNH) – Durham, New Hampshire, United States</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI) – Hatfield, Pretoria, South Africa</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³ University of Pretoria Department of Genetics (UP Genetics) – Pretoria 0002, South Africa</footnote>

<footnote>*Speaker: jeff.garnas@unh.edu</footnote>
A root herbivore uses a siderophore to locate the most nutritious roots

Hu Lingfei*<fnref n="1" />, Robert Christelle<fnref n="1" />, Bühler Bettina<fnref n="1" />, Ye Meng<fnref n="1" />, Erb Matthias†<fnref n="1" />

Benzoxazinoids (BXs) are the predominant class of defensive metabolites in cereals. Our previous work revealed that the specialist root herbivore, *Diabrotica virgifera* (the western corn rootworm, WCR) can tolerate BXs and use them to locate nutritious tissues. However, it remained unknown, which BXs are used as signposts by the larvae. Screening BX-deficient mutants suggested that DIMBOA or DIMBOA-Glc may be responsible for the observed foraging behavior. However, both compounds were inactive when tested *in vitro*. As DIMBOA is known to chelate with iron, we investigated the possibility that WCR may use this siderophore for orientation. In choice experiments, WCR larvae were attracted to DIMBOA-Fe, and DIMBOA-Fe was sufficient to restore the attractiveness of BX-deficient plants. Furthermore, DIMBOA-Fe application was sufficient to misdirect WCR larvae to non-preferred primary roots. Our results show that WCR uses a siderophore to locate the most nutritious tissues. The direct and indirect benefits of foraging for roots, which produce high amounts of DIMBOA-Fe are currently under investigation.

Keywords: maize, benzoxazinoids, western corn rootworm, foraging behavior, siderophore

<footnote n="1">¹ Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern – Switzerland</footnote>

<footnote>*Speaker: lingfei.hu@ips.unibe.ch</footnote>

<footnote>†Corresponding author: matthias.erb@ips.unibe.ch</footnote>
Tree-killing aphid dramatically affects bark contents
in carbohydrates and nitrogen compounds

Aurélien Sallé*¹, Romain Jerger¹, Cécile Vincent-Barbaroux¹, Damien Dahuron¹,
Olivier Baubet², Sylvain Bourgerie¹, François Lieutier¹

¹ LBLGC – Université d'Orléans – France

² Département de la Santé des Forêts – Ministry of Agriculture – France

Aphids can affect the growth or architecture of their host-trees, but rarely challenge their survival. Nonetheless, the woolly poplar aphid, *Phloeomyzus passerinii*, can kill healthy, mature poplars during outbreaks. Trees fail to budbreak and flush their leaves in the spring following a severe infestation. This insect develops on poplar trunks, where it induces galls, which accumulate amino acids and deplete starch content in the bark tissues. Here, we hypothesized that an infestation may then affect carbohydrates and nitrogen compounds allocations and consequently compromise the spring reactivation of trees. The bark contents of non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) and non-structural nitrogen compounds (NSNC) were quantified in autumn for poplars exhibiting different levels of infestation and located in two distant stands. In one stand, NSC and NSNC contents in the bark were also quantified in spring and the damage level in the crowns were evaluated. In both stands, the infestation dramatically reduced the NSC and NSNC contents in autumn, especially starch and protein contents. While the drop in protein content was not related to infestation duration, the starch content gradually decreased when infestation duration increased. The infestation effect on starch content was still detectible in spring, after reserves had been mobilized for the spring reactivation. Starch content in autumn and spring was strongly positively correlated with crown damage level. These results suggest that poplars infested by *P. passerinii* may die from carbon reserves deficiency, which would be an unprecedented situation for tree-aphid and tree-gall inducing insects interactions. Further experiments monitoring seasonal dynamics of NSC and NSNC reserves in different organs of infested trees should be conducted to validate this hypothesis. The results also suggest that the starch content in the bark of infested trees, in autumn, might be used as a predictor of tree survival.

Keywords: gall, inducing insect, *Phloeomyzus passerinii*, Populus, reserves allocation, resources mobilization

*Speaker: aurelien.salle@univ-orleans.fr
**Inside out: Are gut bacteria involved in whiteflies' plant adaptation?**

Diego Santos-Garcia<sup>*† 1</sup></sub>, Natividad Mestre-Rincon<sup>1</sup></sub>, Einat Zchori-Fein<sup>2</sup></sub>, Shai Morin<sup>1</sup>

Polyphagous insects require an ability to overcome different sets of host plant defense com-
pounds. In general, during host-plant switching, there is a quick response of the insect, which shows a
reduced performance that only rebounds few generations later. Natural selection (a slow process)
seems not to be the main force driving this relatively short-term adaptation. Indeed, phenotypic
plasticity and host-gut bacteria interactions are fast processes that could be involved in the host
switching process. Gut-associated bacteria can help the host by processing the food and/or degrading
the plant's defense compounds. In addition, bacteria can acquire new genetic material to deal with new
environmental conditions.

The whitefly *Bemisia tabaci*, a tiny phloem-feeder, is considered an important polyphagous pest species. Reported microbiomes of *B. tabaci* are dominated by bacterial endosymbionts. However, because insects’ gut microbiota can play a major role in host-plant adaptation and are mainly acquired from the diet/environment, we hypothesized that *B. tabaci* might acquire environmental bacteria that can provide different benefits/costs related to host adaptation. Accordingly, our goal was to explore the putative role of gut bacteria in the plant-adaptation process of *B. tabaci* under field conditions.

We conducted a field-like assay by following the adaptation process of a *B. tabaci* popula-
tion switching from watermelon (suitable host) to pepper (unsuitable) along four generations. Each
generation, we collected samples for gut dissections (cDNA 16S rRNA amplicons) and performance
assays (offspring survival). Amplicons were generated using a blocking strategy to decrease the
endosymbionts' load and analyzed with USEARH and phyloseq.

Our results show that *B. tabaci* adaptation to pepper took 2-3 generations but also some mi-
crobiome differences between watermelon/pepper populations. Genera significantly associated with
watermelon or pepper diets and with generational time were identified. These data suggest that gut
bacteria might help *B. tabaci* to adapt to new host plants.

Keywords: *Bemisia tabaci*, Insect, plant interaction, Gut microbiota, Adaptation process, Amplicon sequencing

<footnote n="1"><sup>1</sup> The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJI) – Robert H. Smith Faculty, Department of Entomology, Rehovot, Israel</footnote>

<footnote n="2"><sup>2</sup> Agricultural Research Organisation (ARO) – Newe-Ya’ar Research Center, Department of Entomology, Ramat-Yishai, Israel</footnote>

<footnote>* Speaker, † Corresponding author: diego.santos@mail.huji.ac.il</footnote>
Community ecology and phylogenetics

Monday 3rd of July 2017 Salle Thélème Tanneurs

Community ecology and phylogenetics

Chairs A. Kawakita and C. Lopez-Vaamonde

<table><tr><td>14h00</td><td><strong>Atsushi Kawakita</strong><br/><strong>Keynote Speaker</strong></td><td>Evolution of obligate pollination mutualism in Phyllanthaceae</td></tr><tr><td>14h45</td><td><strong>Enric Frago</strong></td><td>Signals of plant phylogeny and plant invasions on thrips diversity along elevational gradients</td></tr><tr><td>15h00</td><td><strong>Carlos Lopez-Vaamonde</strong></td><td>Have host plant shifts caused adaptive radiations in leaf-mining moths?</td></tr><tr><td>15h15</td><td><strong>Erik Poelman</strong></td><td>Keystone herbivores and the evolution of plant defense</td></tr><tr><td>15h30</td><td><strong>Sergio Rasmann</strong></td><td>The unfolding plant growth-defense syndromes along elevation gradients</td></tr><tr><td>15h45</td><td><strong>Graham Stone</strong></td><td>Sweet tetra-trophic interactions: multiple evolution of nectar secretion, a defensive extended phenotype in cynipid gallwasps</td></tr><tr><td>16h00</td><td colspan="2">Coffee break (sponsored by the CNRS)</td></tr><tr><td>16h30</td><td><strong>Todd Palmer</strong><br/><strong>Keynote Speaker</strong></td><td>Costs, benefits and the community ecology of mutualism</td></tr><tr><td>17h15</td><td><strong>Tobias Zuest</strong></td><td>Mechanisms and consequences of phytochemical diversification in a rapidly evolving plant clade</td></tr><tr><td>17h30</td><td><strong>Sharon Zytynska</strong></td><td>Genetic interactions drive metacommunity species associations in a plant-aphid system</td></tr></table>
Keynote

Evolution of obligate pollination mutualism in Phyllanthaceae

Atsushi Kawakita ¹*

¹ Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University (CER, Kyoto Univ) – Japan

The myriad of ways by which angiosperms accomplish outcrossing demonstrate the intensity
of the struggle they face to secure reliable pollinators. We recently discovered a novel example of
highly coevolved mutualism between trees/shrubs of Phyllanthaceae and nocturnal moths of the genus
Epicephala (Gracillariidae). In the Old World tropics, roughly 500 species of Phyllanthaceae are
pollinated by specialized Epicephala seed parasites that lay eggs in flowers and whose larvae feed on
the developing seeds. Remarkably, the pollinating moths actively collect pollen on male flowers with
their proboscises and use it to pollinate female flowers to secure food for their seed-feeding larvae. In
most cases, each Phyllanthaceae species has its own pollinator Epicephala species, and this high
specificity is mediated by floral scent, which the pollinators use to locate host flowers in the dark.
Phylogenetic analysis of plants and moths suggest that Epicephala pollination evolved at least five
times independently in Phyllanthaceae, after the origin of pollination behavior in Epicephala 25
million years ago. This mutualism is maintained because a single moth larva only destroys a fraction
of the seeds produced in each fruit, but why do moths not evolve to eat more seeds, driving the
mutualism to collapse? We found that plants selectively abort flowers with heavy egg load, thereby
limiting the evolution of ‘cheaters’ that overexploit plant resources. Such a ‘sanction’ mechanism by
hosts may provide a general explanation for the long-term persistence of potentially disruptive
mutualisms such as the Phyllanthaceae–Epicephala mutualism.

Keywords: mutualism, pollination, floral scent, seed parasite, host specificity, Phyllanthaceae, Gracillariidae

*Speaker: kawakita@ecology.kyoto-u.ac.jp
# Signals of plant phylogeny and plant invasions on thrips diversity along elevational gradients

Niry T. Dianzinga<fnref n="1" />,<fnref n="2" />, Marie-Ludders Moutoussamy<fnref n="1" />, Lala H. R. Ravaomanarivo<fnref n="3" />,
Samuel Nibouche<fnref n="1" />, Enric Frago*

Abiotic factors and interactions with host plants can determine the diversity and composition of herbivorous insect communities. To explore these questions, elevational gradients are increasingly used to assess the effect of abiotic factors on insect communities because several variables such as temperature covary with elevation. The phylogenetic composition at the plant layer is also important in these communities because herbivorous insects tend to feed on a few, and often related, host plant species. In this study we sampled thrips (Thysanoptera) on different plant species along replicated elevational gradients in Reunion island, a French overseas territory in the Indian Ocean. Although this island is a diversity hotspot considered as a UNESCO world heritage, its diversity is greatly threatened by invasive plant species, which mostly colonise low altitude areas. We hypothesise that thrips diversity and community composition will (i) vary with elevation, and will depend (ii) on whether the host plant is exotic or native, and (iii) on the phylogenetic structure of the plant community. We have found that invasive plant species harbour an important diversity of thrips, and that particular thrips species may find refuges in native plants that colonise high elevations. Despite these evidences, plant phylogenetic signals and elevation were weak predictors of community structure and diversity in this group. Our results reveal intricate interactions between herbivores, the distribution of their host plants, and abiotic conditions, and emphasise the need of experimental work to better understand the mechanisms underlying the patterns observed.

Keywords: community ecology, trophic, web, elevational gradient, invasive plant, thrips

<footnote n="1">¹ CIRAD - UMR PVBMT – Réunion</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² Université de La Réunion – Réunion</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³ Université d'Antananarivo – Madagascar</footnote>

<footnote>*Speaker: enric.frago@cirad.fr</footnote>
Have host plant shifts caused adaptive radiations in leaf-mining moths?

Carlos Lopez-Vaamonde* <fnref n="1" />,<fnref n="2" />, Camiel Doorenweerd<fnref n="3" />, Fabien Condamine<fnref n="4" />, Stephe Menken<fnref n="5" />, Erik Van Nieukerken<fnref n="6" />

Flowering plants and their associated herbivorous insects comprise a large proportion of ter-
restrial biodiversity. Therefore, insights into the mechanisms of diversification of those groups would
increase our understanding of the evolution of big chunks of this terrestrial biodiversity. An attractive
explanation for the enormous diversity of phytophagous insects and plants is ecological speciation, a
process by which a shift in host plant within an ancestral species causes the divergence into two new
sister species, each adapted to feed on different host plants. However, the relative importance of host
plant shifts in the speciation process of herbivorous insects is an area of debate. Here we test the
hypothesis that host plant families constitute new adaptive zones, so shifting to them would lead to
adaptive radiation (including increased rates of diversification). To test this hypothesis, we studied the
diversification of two groups of leaf-mining moths: pygmy leaf-mining moths (Nepticulidae) and leaf-
blotch mining moths (Gracillariidae: Lithocolletinae). We inferred phylogenies based on eight genes
for 335 species of Lithocolletinae and 645 species of Nepticulidae, which encompasses approximately
50% of their known diversity. Using state-speciation-extinction analyses next to a Bayesian approach
we found that as the climate cooled since the Cretaceous, overall diversification rates decreased.
Additionally, we found that in both groups there have been two significant shifts in diversification
with very similar timing. The diversification rates of the leaf-miners are significantly higher for groups
that feed on Fagaceae or Rosaceae, but not for those feeding on Fabaceae, even though they also
constitute an important host family. Our findings indicate that global temperatures influence ‘baseline’
diversification rates but also that evolutionary events such as the Miocene diversification of plants in
temperate climate have led to the present diversity of leaf-miners.

Keywords: Adaptive radiation, leaf, miners, angiosperms, Diversification rate shifts, Multi state, speciation, extinction model

<footnote n="1">¹ Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de Zoologie Forestière (URZF-INRA)
2163 Avenue de la Pomme de Pin CS 40001 Ardon, 45075 Orléans Cedex 2, France</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² Institut de recherche sur la biologie de l'insecte (IRBI) – Université François Rabelais - Tours,
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique : UMR7261 – Av Monge 37200 TOURS, France</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³ Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii – United States</footnote>

<footnote n="4">⁴ CNRS, UMR 5554 Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution (Université de Montpellier) – France</footnote>

<footnote n="5">⁵ Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics; University of Amsterdam – Netherlands</footnote>

<footnote n="6">⁶ Naturalis Biodiversity Center – Netherlands</footnote>

<footnote>*Speaker: carlos.lopezvaamonde@inra.fr</footnote>
# Keystone herbivores and the evolution of plant defense

Erik H. Poelman *† 1, André Kessler 2*

Plants need to defend themselves against a diverse and dynamic herbivore community. Such communities may be shaped by keystone herbivores that through their feeding alter the plant phenotype as well as the likelihood of attack by other herbivores. Not only may these herbivores have a large effect on the interaction network structure and insect assembly on individual plants, these effects of keystone herbivores may have associated fitness consequences for the plant. In a field study on *Brassica nigra* and its insect community, we identified that caterpillars of *Pieris rapae* may qualify as keystone herbivores. Induced responses to feeding by *P. rapae*, but not to the aphid *Brevicoryne brassicae*, caused plants to be colonized earlier and more frequently by other insect herbivores and the indirect effect of *P. rapae* herbivory on community assembly negatively affected plant fitness. Thereby, *P. rapae* may be considered a dominant agent of selection on plant defense traits by its large indirect effect on plant fitness that overarches its direct effect on plant fitness. Merging the keystone herbivore concept with plant fitness and trait selection frameworks will provide an approach to identify which herbivores drive selection in complex multispecies interactions.

Keywords: plant mediated interactions, insect community, induced plant defense, diffuse evolution

<footnote n="1">¹ Wageningen University, Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen – Netherlands</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² Cornell University, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Ithaca, NY – United States</footnote>

<footnote>*Speaker, †Corresponding author: erik-poelman@wur.nl</footnote>
# Sweet tetra-trophic interactions: multiple evolution of nectar secretion, a defensive extended phenotype in cynipid gallwasps

Graham Stone*†<fnref n="1" />, James Nicholls<fnref n="1" />, George Melika<fnref n="2" />

Many herbivores employ reward-based mutualisms with ants to gain protection from natural enemies. We examine the evolutionary dynamics of a tetra-trophic interaction in which gallwasp herbivores induce their host oaks to produce nectar-secreting galls, which attract ants that provide protection from parasitoids. We show that, consistent with other gall defensive traits, nectar secretion has evolved repeatedly across the oak gallwasp tribe and also within a single genus (Disholcaspis) that includes many nectar-inducing species. Once evolved, nectar secretion is never lost in Disholcaspis, consistent with high defensive value of this trait. We also show that evolution of nectar secretion is correlated with a transition from solitary to aggregated oviposition, resulting in clustered nectar-secreting galls, which produce a resource that ants can more easily monopolize. Such clustering is commonly seen in ant guard mutualisms. We suggest that correlated evolution between maternal oviposition and larval nectar-induction traits has enhanced the effectiveness of this gall defense strategy.

Keywords: cynipid, gall, nectar, ant, multitrophic, mutualism

<footnote n="1">¹ University of Edinburgh – Institute of Evolutionary Biology University of Edinburgh Ashworth Laboratories King’s Buildings West Mains Road Edinburgh EH9 3JT, United Kingdom</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² Hungarian National Food Chain Safety Office – Buda Örsi u. 141-145 1118 Budapest, Hungary</footnote>

<footnote>*Speaker, †Corresponding author: Graham.Stone@ed.ac.uk</footnote>
Keynote

Costs, benefits and the community ecology of mutualism

Todd Palmer <fnref n="1" />*

Mutualisms are species interactions of reciprocal benefit, and are often studied from the perspective of these benefits. Yet many mutualisms also involve costs, which are much less well-understood. In this talk I present results from recent field work exploring these costs in a widespread ant-plant mutualism in East Africa, and argue that a more explicit accounting of costs can help us to better understand these interactions and their role in the broader communities that surround them.

Keywords: ant, plant, myrmecophyte, mutualism, costs and benefits, East Africa, invasive species, Crematogaster

*Speaker: tmp@ufl.edu

<footnote n="1">¹ Department of Biology, University of Florida (UF) – Gainesville, FL 32601, United States</footnote>
# Mechanisms and consequences of phytochemical diversification in a rapidly evolving plant clade

Tobias Zuest ¹*

¹ University of Bern – Switzerland

Plants often express a diverse array of defensive chemicals to fight off enemies. Phytochemical diversity may be advantageous for a plant, as complex chemical mixtures can interact with more target sites in herbivores, or can harbor more potential for facilitation among compounds to increase toxicity. Yet in contrast to the large number of different compounds produced by any one plant, the number of chemical classes these compounds belong to is often much reduced and highly phylogenetically constrained. For example, the vast majority of defensive compounds produced by plants of the Brassicaceae belong to a single compound class, the glucosinolates. Such phylogenetic conservatism in chemical defense likely facilitates specialization of herbivores, as a gain of tolerance to one compound will increase the likelihood of tolerance to related compounds as well. As a strategy to lose co-adapted herbivores, plants have occasionally gained the ability to produce completely novel defense classes in addition to the phylogenetically basal defense. Plants of the genus Erysimum (Brassicaceae) have gained the ability to synthesize toxic cardenolides in addition to glucosinolates, making them resistant to several specialist herbivores of the Brassicaceae. Such events of gain-of-function provide unique opportunities for the study of the selective forces that drive phytochemical diversification, as they involve mostly non-adapted herbivores and thus allow us a peek at co-evolutionary processes while they are out of balance. Here I show how generalist and Brassicaceae-specialist herbivores are coping with phytochemical diversity at the levels of chemical classes as well as compounds. I highlight patterns of diversification in both the basal and novel defense following the gain of the novel trait, and finally I identify a potential molecular mechanism involved in phytochemical diversification.

Keywords: cardenolides, glucosinolates, coevolution, phytochemical defense

*Speaker: tobias.zuest@ips.unibe.ch
Genetic interactions drive metacommunity species associations
in a plant-aphid system

Sharon Zytynska<sup>*† 1</sup>, Mary Clancy<sup>2</sup>, Matthias Senft<sup>1</sup>, Jörg-Peter Schnitzler<sup>2</sup>,
Wolfgang Weisser<sup>1</sup>

<sup>1</sup> Technical University Munich (TUM) – 85354 Freising, Germany

<sup>2</sup> Helmholtz Zentrum München (HMGU) – 85764 Neuherberg, Germany

Metapopulations, groups of spatially separated populations of the same species, will rarely exist without interactions linking them to a wider ecological community, and thus must be considered in this metacommunity context, even though not all species within this community will have the same home-range size or dispersal ability. Specialized insect herbivores feeding on a host plant are examples for such systems, whereby even a single plant may host a local population of the target species. Under the framework of community genetics, within-species genetic variation drives variation in the outcome of interactions between species and, in turn, community dynamics, but examples from metacommunities are rare. We used a natural patch-forming chemically-diverse plant (tansy; *Tanacetum vulgare*), its specialised aphids, their mutualistic ants, and aphid natural enemies, to test our hypothesis that plant intraspecific chemical variation in volatile terpenoids drives aphid metapopulation genetic structuring and metacommunity dynamics at the small-spatial scale of a single field of 200 individual plants. Neither the different plant chemotypes nor aphid genotypes were spatially clustered, but we found consistent effects of plant chemotypes on aphid genetic clustering. Overall, it was the full profile of volatile terpenoids stored in the glands on the plant's surface that influenced aphid population genetic structuring rather than individual compounds. This was further mediated by the presence of mutualistic ants and parasitoid wasps, leading to local community dynamics occurring at the level of individual plants. We show that by approaching metacommunity ecology from the community genetics viewpoint (i.e. the importance of genetic interactions) we can begin to explain the co-existence of multiple species, and genotypes within a species, across spatially separated habitats.

Keywords: *Metopeurum fuscoviride*, *Lasius niger*, ecological genetics, microsatellites, monoterpenes

*Speaker, †Corresponding author: sharon.zytynska@tum.de
# Plant-insect-microorganisms interactions
## *COST action FA1405

Tuesday 4th of July 2017 Salle Thélème Tanneurs

08h15 Introduction

## Plant-insect-microorganisms interactions - *COST FA1405

Chairs A. Bennett and F. Dedeine

<table><tr><td>08h30</td><td><strong>Einat Zchori-Fein</strong><br/><strong>Keynote Speaker</strong><br/><em>(Sponsored by COST)</em></td><td>Insect symbionts as bio-control agents against phloem-restricted plant pathogens</td></tr><tr><td>09h15</td><td><strong>Alison Bennett</strong></td><td>Indirect influences of a belowground microbe on aboveground parasitism of plant herbivores</td></tr><tr><td>09h30</td><td><strong>Arjen Biere</strong></td><td>Can beneficial microbes help mitigate plant growth-defense trade-offs under shading?</td></tr><tr><td>09h45</td><td><strong>Lucille Chrétien PhD</strong></td><td>Can flowering plants resist insect and pathogen attack? Induction of phytohormones and resistance of plants under multiple attack</td></tr><tr><td>10h00</td><td><strong>Samuel Pichon</strong></td><td>Evolutionary stability of beneficial gut microbial communities in wood-feeding termites</td></tr><tr><td>10h15</td><td colspan="2">Coffee break (sponsored by the COST action FA 1405)</td></tr><tr><td>11h15</td><td><strong>Ainhoa Martinez-Medina</strong></td><td>An integrative 'omics' approach to unravel the mechanisms driving the impact of root symbionts on plant multitrophic interactions</td></tr><tr><td>11h30</td><td><strong>Kay Moisan PhD</strong></td><td>Warning or blessing? Volatiles emitted by pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi affect plant development and resistance to insects</td></tr><tr><td>11h45</td><td><strong>Ana Pineda</strong></td><td>Steering soil microbiomes through plant-soil feedbacks to enhance resistance to herbivores</td></tr><tr><td>12h00</td><td><strong>Angela Smilanich</strong></td><td>Host range expansion and the insect immune response</td></tr><tr><td>12h15</td><td><strong>Teresa Vaello</strong></td><td>Facilitation between aphids and thrips is modulated by parasitization but not by plant-soil feedbacks</td></tr><tr><td>12h30</td><td colspan="2">Lunch (sponsored by the Insect Biology Research Institute)</td></tr></table>
Keynote

Insect symbionts as bio-control agents against
phloem-restricted plant pathogens

Einat Zchori-Fein *<fnref n="1" />, Lilach Iasur Kruh <fnref n="2" />, Ofir Bahar <fnref n="3" />, Ofir Lidor <fnref n="4" />, Tirza Zahavi <fnref n="5" />,
Vered Naor <fnref n="6" />

Phloem restricted bacterial pathogens pose a major threat in many agricultural crops. Because the conventional application of chemical sprays is inefficient, endophytes have been suggested as a potential reservoir for innovative control approaches. We hypothesized that insects that are involved in the transmission of plant pathogens may harbor microbes that affect disease agents. The study reported is focused on a bacterium that was isolated from the planthopper *Hyalesthes obsoletus* (Hemiptera: Cixiidae), the insect vector of Bois noir disease. The isolate belongs to the bacterial family Xanthomonadaceae, and its full genome suggests it is a new genus. This isolate could be introduced into a number of healthy and infected crop plants, and its presence in plant tissues was confirmed up to four weeks post inoculation. In the presence of the isolate symptoms of disease-causing agents such as Phytoplasma were markedly reduced in both laboratory and field experiments. Taken together, the results demonstrate that insects that serve as vectors for plant pathogens may be a useful source for potentially beneficial bacteria.

Keywords: DLB, endophytes, grapevines, Hyalesthes obsoletus, phytoplasma

<footnote n="1">¹ Department of Entomology, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO) – Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² ORT Braude College (OBC) – Karmiel, Israel</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³ Agricultural Research Organisation (ARO) – The Volcani Center P.O.B. 6, Bet-Dagan 50250 Israel</footnote>

<footnote n="4">⁴ N (ARO) – Israel</footnote>

<footnote n="5">⁵ Extension Service, Ministry of Agriculture (SHAHAM) – Volca, Israel</footnote>

<footnote n="6">⁶ Golan Research Institute (GRI) – Katsrin, Israel</footnote>

<footnote>*Speaker: einat@agri.gov.il</footnote>
# Indirect influences of a belowground microbe on aboveground parasitism of plant herbivores

Alison Bennett¹*

¹ James Hutton Institute (JHI) – Errol Road, Invergowrie Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom

Soil microbial communities are known to indirectly impact insect herbivores, but in this talk I will demonstrate that soil microbial communities can also indirectly impact insect herbivore enemies via multiple mechanisms. In this talk we focus on a community of the soil organism arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, which can change host plant quality for insect herbivores altering plant nutritional quality and/or by priming effects that lead to enhanced inducible and constitutive plant defences. Thus there are two mechanisms of AM fungal influence: First, plant quality effects (due to altered nutrition or direct defenses) on herbivores could cascade to higher trophic levels influencing natural enemy control of insect pests. Second, via their priming influence, AM fungi could alter indirect defences by altering volatiles used to attract parasitoids. Building on previous work, we addressed the relative importance of these two pathways in a series of experiments in which we manipulated the presence of a natural AM fungal community, Solanum species and genotype, potato aphid genotype, and parasitism of potato aphids. We measured aphid growth rates, and conducted parasitism assays with aphids in a neutral environment and involving host plants (and host plant volatiles). We found that AM fungi altered parasitism via both mechanisms: AM fungi increased parasitism success of aphids in a neutral environment without cues from the host plant, and parasitoid attraction to plants hosting AM fungi was much greater than attraction to plants that did not host AM fungi. However, in both cases, the influence of these pathways was dependent upon Solanum species and genotype. As a result, AM fungi influenced parasitism via multiple mechanisms, but this influence was dependent on host plant. The redundancy in parasitoid influence may allow AM fungi to alter parasitism regardless of individual host plant responses to AM fungi.

Keywords: aphid, parasitoid, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, herbivore quality, defense priming

* Speaker: Alison.Bennett@hutton.ac.uk
Can beneficial microbes help mitigate
plant growth-defense trade-offs under shading ?

Arjen Biere *†1, Sjoerd Engelbertink 1

1 Netherlands Institute of Ecology - NIOO-KNAW- Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands

The outcome of interactions between plants and insect herbivores can be strongly modulated by plant-associated microbes such as arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. AM fungi have been shown to enhance plant growth and to induce or prime plants for jasmonic acid (JA)-signalled defences against necrotrophic pathogens and generalist chewing insect herbivores. We tested whether the AM fungus *Funneliformis mosseae* enhances resistance of *Plantago lanceolata* against the necrotrophic pathogen *Botrytis cinerea* and the generalist leaf chewing insect herbivore *Mamestra brassicae* when plants are under simulated competition from neighbours.

Shading by neighbours reduces the ratio of red to far-red light perceived by plants, leading to activation of the so-called shade avoidance syndrome (SAS) characterized by elongation growth. Recent studies have shown that activating SAS comes at a cost of the plant's ability to activate JA signalled defences. We studied whether mycorrhizae can mitigate such trade-offs under simulated shading (low red to far-red ratio).

Simulated shading enhanced susceptibility to the pathogen, but only in older plants, and mycorrhiza did not mitigate this effect. By contrast, mycorrhizae enhanced resistance of older plants to *Mamestra brassicae*, largely independent of light treatment. The mycorrhiza-enhanced resistance was associated with a reduced leaf digestibility due to a higher leaf C/N and C/P ratio, induction of the defense metabolite aucubin, and a higher leaf dry matter content. Interestingly, in young plants mycorrhiza had opposite, positive, effects on leaf digestibility, associated with reduced leaf C/N ratio and leaf dry matter content.

We conclude that AM fungi can strongly enhance plant resistance to insect herbivores, but that their effect is highly dynamic during plant ontogeny, with opposite effects on young vs. old plants. AM fungi do not appear to play a significant role in mitigating trade-offs between resistance and elongation growth under shading.

Keywords: plant herbivore microbe interaction, resistance, C/N ratio, *Mamestra brassicae*, light quality, mycorrhizae

*Speaker, †Corresponding author: a.biere@nioo.knaw.nl
Can flowering plants resist insect and pathogen attack?
Induction of phytohormones and resistance of plants under multiple attack

Lucille Chrétien * <fnref n="1" />,<fnref n="2" />,<fnref n="3" />, Anja David <fnref n="4" />, Eirini Daikou <fnref n="1" />, Wilhelm Boland <fnref n="4" />,
Jonathan Gershenzon <fnref n="5" />, David Giron <fnref n="2" />, Marcel Dicke <fnref n="1" />, Dani Lucas-Barbosa † <fnref n="1" />

In nature, the period where insects are most abundant generally coincides with the flowering peak. Thus, plants face a multitude of attackers during their reproductive phase. Plant responses to one attacker can interfere with responses to a second attacker, and phytohormones that regulate reproduction in plants are also involved in resistance to insect and pathogen attack. In this study, we quantified phytohormonal responses of flowering plants to single and dual attack, and the consequences of dual attack for plant resistance against the insect attackers. Plants were exposed to single and dual attack by a chewing caterpillar, a sap-sucking aphid, and a pathogen. We quantified phytohormonal concentrations in leaves and inflorescences during the development of the plant and of the attackers, and determined consequences of phytohormonal changes for plant direct and indirect resistance. Interestingly, caterpillars highly induced the upregulation of jasmonic-acid-related phytohormones in inflorescences, but not in the leaves. Upregulation of jasmonic-acid-related phytohormones was particularly high on dually attacked plants, and dual attack increased plant resistance to caterpillars, but compromised plant resistance to aphids. Parasitoid performance was negatively correlated with the performance of their hosts. In this presentation, we will discuss that chewing herbivores are the main drivers of responses in flowering plants despite the identity of the second attacker, and that plants prioritize resistance of reproductive tissues over vegetative tissues.

Keywords: Phytohormones, inflorescences, plant resistance, multiple attack, phytopathogens, florivorous insects, parasitoids

<footnote n="1">¹ Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University (WUR) – Netherlands</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte (IRBI) – CNRS : UMR7261 Université François-Rabelais Tours – France</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³ Department of Biology, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon (ENS L) – Ecole Normale Supérieure - Lyon - France</footnote>

<footnote n="4">⁴ Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry (MPI CE) – Germany</footnote>

<footnote n="5">⁵ Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Biochemistry (MPI CE) – Germany</footnote>

<footnote>*Speaker, †Corresponding author: dani.lucasbarbosa@wur.nl</footnote>
Evolutionary stability of beneficial gut microbial communities
in wood-feeding termites

Samuel Pichon*<fnref n="1" />, Sylvain Guyot<fnref n="1" />, Veronica Chevasco<fnref n="1" />, Caroline Michaud<fnref n="1" />, Simon Dupont<fnref n="1" />,
Andrea Luchetti<fnref n="1" />,<fnref n="2" />, Franck Dedeine † <fnref n="1" />

Many herbivorous insects rely on beneficial microbial symbionts to exploit their plant
resources, but yet the stability mechanisms of such mutualistic associations remain poorly understood.
Here we present recent results obtained in the associations between wood-feeding termites (genus
Reticulitermes) and their gut microbial communities that are essential to degrade and supplement
lignocellulose. Using both metabarcoding (16S and 18S for prokaryotic and eukaryotic symbionts) and
more conventional cloning / sequencing approaches, we estimated the level of host-symbiont
specificity and inferred the evolutionary history of these complex symbiotic systems. Together, our
results revealed that the evolutionary diversification of termite - symbiont associations is not only
characterized by co-speciation events, but also exhibits multiple host switching. Implications of these
results in the understanding of the stability mechanisms of host-microbiota mutualisms are discussed.

Keywords: Symbiosis, mutualism, microbiota, metabarcoding, termites

<footnote n="1">¹ Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte (IRBI) – Université François Rabelais - Tours,
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique : UMR7261 – Av Monge 37200 TOURS, France</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² Dip. Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Universita di Bologna – via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy</footnote>

<footnote>*Speaker: samuel.pichon@univ-tours.fr †Corresponding author: franck.dedeine@univ-tours.fr</footnote>
# An integrative ‘omics’ approach to unravel the mechanisms driving the impact of root symbionts on plant multitrophic interactions

Ainhoa Martinez-Medina<sup>*†1</sup>, Alexander Weinhold<sup>1</sup>, Javier Rivero Bravo<sup>2</sup>, Anne Maedicke<sup>1</sup>,
Maria Pozo<sup>2</sup>, Nicole Van Dam<sup>1</sup>

Plants nurture a vast community of symbiotic microbes, which in analogy to microbial communities in the human gut, provides their host with essential functions related to nutrient acquisition and protection against infections. Among them, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and Trichoderma fungi are widespread soil inhabitants that establish symbiosis with a vast majority of terrestrial plants, conferring positive effects on growth and fitness. Root microbial symbionts represent thus a promising contribution to sustainable pest management strategies. However, the mechanisms underlying the impact of root symbionts on plant-insect interactions remain largely unknown, and mostly based on targeted analysis of a limited set of defense-related traits. Moreover, besides improving plant growth and inducing defenses against herbivorous insects, root-colonizing microbes may affect plant-insect performance via interactions at higher trophic levels. In our study, we take an ‘integrative multi-omics approach’, combining untargeted transcriptomics and metabolomics, with performance and behavioral studies to uncover key processes driving the impact of the AMF fungus *Rhizophagus irregularis* and *Trichoderma harzianum* on the interaction of tomato plants with the specialist and generalist herbivores *Manduca sexta* and *Spodoptera exigua*, respectively. We found that root interactions with both fungal symbionts influence the shoot metabolome and transcriptome, priming the plant for strong accumulation of different defense-related compounds. As consequence, root inoculation with the fungal symbionts strongly altered the dynamics of the plant-herbivore interaction by negatively affecting insect’s growth and survival rates, pupation success, sex ratio, and even host selection by ovipositing moths, which eventually translated in an improved plant fitness. Moreover, fungal symbionts strongly affected the blend of volatiles released by the plants after herbivory, indicating that the effect of root symbionts on herbivores can escalate up to further trophic levels.

Keywords: Metabolomics, Mycorrhiza, Plant Defenses, Plant, Microbe, Herbivore Interactions, Priming, Transcriptomics, Trichoderma, Volatile Organic Compounds

<footnote n="1"><sup>1</sup> German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig (iDiv) – Deutscher Pl. 5E, 04103 Leipzig, Germany</footnote>

<footnote n="2"><sup>2</sup> Estacion Experimental del Zaidin-CSIC (EEZ-CSIC) – Calle Prof. Albareda, 1, 18160 Granada, Spain</footnote>

<footnote>*Speaker, †Corresponding author: ainhoa martinez.medina@idiv.de</footnote>
# Warning or blessing? Volatiles emitted by pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi affect plant development and resistance to insects

Kay Moisan *† 1,2, Viviane Cordovez 1, Jos M. Raaijmakers 1,3, Marcel Dicke 2,
Dani Lucas-Barbosa 2

¹ Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW) – Wageningen, Netherlands

² Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR) – Wageningen, Netherlands

³ Institute of Biology, Leiden University (LU) – Leiden, Netherlands

Plants are exposed to a manifold of interactions both below- and aboveground, and can be simultaneously or sequentially exposed to beneficial and antagonistic macro- and microorganisms. We, therefore, expect plants to have developed strategies to distinguish friends from foes, which would be especially advantageous to anticipate enemies. In fact, prior to a direct physical contact, plants can perceive and respond to odours (i.e. volatiles) emitted by various organisms, including other plants, herbivorous insects and microorganisms. Various volatiles emitted by beneficial microorganisms, such as soil bacteria and fungi, have shown to positively affect plant development, and to enhance plant resistance to pathogens, hence acting as a blessing. Whether plants distinguish and perceive volatiles from pathogenic fungi as a warning remains unknown. Additionally, how these volatile-mediated belowground interactions affect aboveground interactions are still elusive. In this study, we aimed to elucidate if plants perceive fungal volatiles as a warning or a blessing by investigating (1) whether plants can discriminate volatiles emitted by pathogenic and non-pathogenic soil-borne fungi, (2) what the effects are on plant development, and (3) what the ecological consequences are for plant resistance against a generalist insect herbivore. During this presentation, I will discuss how plant development, including flowering time, and plant resistance to an insect herbivore are affected upon exposure to volatiles emitted by fungi with different lifestyle.

Keywords: volatiles, soil fungi, *Arabidopsis thaliana*, growth, development, resistance, herbivory, pathogenicity, saprophyte

*Speaker, †Corresponding author: kay.moisan@wur.nl
Steering soil microbiomes through plant-soil feedbacks to enhance
resistance to herbivores

Ana Pineda * <fnref n="1" />, Ian Kaplan <fnref n="2" />, Wadih Ghanem <fnref n="1" />, Martijn Bezemer <fnref n="1" />

The rhizosphere is colonized by an astonishing diversity of microbes, the so-called microbiome, and the soil is the major source of these plant-associated microbes. A current challenge is how we can manipulate the plant-associated microbiome to enhance plant growth and resistance to their attackers. Plants shape soil microbiomes in a species-specific manner, with consequences for the performance of future plants. This is the main mechanism of plant-soil feedbacks, a long-standing concept in succession ecology. Here, by conditioning the soil with wild plant species from two functional groups (i.e. grasses and forbs), we applied the plant-soil feedback concept to create healthy soils. Then we assessed in the cut-flower crop Chrysanthemum, plant growth, phenolics and resistance against aphids and thrips, as well as performance of an aphid parasitoid. Understanding how microbiomes affect plant-insect interactions in natural ecological systems may give us new insights on how to apply microbiomes in ecologically intensive agroecosystems.

Keywords: Plant, soil feedbacks, induced resistance, microbiome, greenhouse crop

<footnote n="1">¹ Netherlands Institute of Ecology - NIOO-KNAW (NETHERLANDS) – Netherlands</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West-Lafayette – United States</footnote>

<footnote>*Speaker: a.pineda@nioo.knaw.nl</footnote>
Host range expansion and the insect immune response

Angela Smilanich *<fnref n="1" />, Peri Mason<fnref n="2" />, Nadya Muchoney<fnref n="1" />, Carmen Mo<fnref n="1" />, Mike Teglas<fnref n="1" />,
M. Deane Bowers<fnref n="3" />

Introduction: Investigating the factors that influence herbivore host range expansion can provide insight into the process of diet shifts. In addition to plant chemistry and natural enemies, we are interested in the role that the immune response plays in the incorporation of a new host plant, and whether the degree of its importance varies depending on the diet breadth and sequestration ability of the herbivore.

Methods: Herbivores were reared on either their native host or a naturalized exotic host (*Plan-
tago lanceolata*) that has been incorporated into the diet of the focal species. Each native-exotic
pairing differed in the presence or amount of iridoid glycosides. In addition, each herbivore had a
range of sequestration ability from high to low. Herbivores were challenged with viral or bacterial
pathogen, then assayed for immune strength, survival, and development.

Results/Discussion: The importance of the immune response will be discussed in terms of the diet breadth and sequestration abilities of the individual. At least in one case, it appears that the immune response is not as important for survival against pathogenic enemies as plant chemistry. This is most likely a result of the high sequestration ability of the herbivore. Moreover, regardless of the immune response, survival was highest of the exotic host suggesting a beneficial effect of incorporating the host into the diet of the herbivore. It appears that the importance of the immune response in host range expansion is context dependent with diet breadth, sequestration, and plant chemistry having important interactive effects.

Keywords: ecological immunology, caterpillar, immune response, diet breadth, specialization, pathogen, virus, bacterium, sequestration, chemistry

<footnote n="1">¹ University of Nevada, Reno (UNR) – United States</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² Bard College – United States</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³ University of Colorado at Boulder – Boulder, Colorado 80309-0425, United States</footnote>

<footnote>*Speaker: asmilanich@unr.edu</footnote>
# Facilitation between aphids and thrips is modulated by parasitization but not by plant-soil feedbacks

Teresa Vaello<sup>*†1</sup>, Martine Kos<sup>2</sup>, Saandep Sarde<sup>3</sup>, Martijn Bezemer<sup>2</sup>,
Angeles Marcos-Garcia<sup>1</sup>, Ana Pineda<sup>2</sup>

<sup>1</sup> University of Alicante – Spain

<sup>2</sup> Netherlands Institute of Ecology - NIOO-KNAW (NETHERLANDS) – Netherlands

<sup>3</sup> Wageningen University – Netherlands

Plant-soil interactions can influence the performance of plants that grow later in the soil, termed known as ‘plant-soil feedbacks’, these interactions can be caused by soil microorganisms, such as bacteria, mycorrhizal or pathogenic fungi. Soil microbial communities changes can influence primary and secondary plant metabolite concentration and consequently affect the performance of above-ground insects feeding. However, little is known about the potential effect of plant-soil feedbacks in enhancing the defensive response in plants, where salicylic and jasmonic acid signalling pathways play a major role. Moreover, no much information exists about plant resistance in plants that are attacked by parasitized and unparasitized insects or how this can affect the performance of future herbivory. The objective of this study was to investigate the plant-soil feedback effects on the induction of salicylic and jasmonic acid signalling at transcriptional level in the plant *Capsicum annuum*, after attack by the aphid *Myzus persicae* (comparing aphid vs. parasitized aphid by *Aphidius colemani*) and the consequences for a secondary attack by the thrips *Frankliniella occidentalis*. Our results show how plant defence respond differently when aphids were parasitized or not, independently of plant-soil feedbacks. Moreover, the effect of sequentially herbivory on the *Frankliniella occidentalis* performance will be discussed.

This work was funded by the CGL2016-79054-R (Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, Spain), STW 13848 and the STSM Cost Action FA1405 funded by the European Union.

Keywords: Plant, soil feedbacks, induced systemic resistance, multitrophic interactions, insect, plant, microbe interactions, sweet pepper.

*Speaker, †Corresponding author: teresa.vaello@ua.es
Multitrophic interactions and ecological networks

Tuesday 4th of July 2017 Salle Thélème Tanneurs

Multitrophic interactions and ecological networks

Chairs M. Dicke and E. Huguet

<table><tr><td>14h00</td><td><strong>Theodora Petanidou</strong><br><strong>Keynote Speaker</strong><br>(sponsored by COST)</td><td>The Aegean revisited: unravelling the Archipelago's "small, great world" through ecological network analysis</td></tr><tr><td>14h45</td><td><strong>Yavanna Aartsma PhD</strong></td><td>Parasitoid attraction to herbivore-induced plant volatiles across spatial scales</td></tr><tr><td>15h00</td><td><strong>Mathilde Baude</strong></td><td>Quantifying nectar resources for pollinators in Great Britain across the last century</td></tr><tr><td>15h15</td><td><strong>Christine Becker</strong></td><td>Plant mediated bottom-up effects of nitrogen and water supply on leafminers and aphids as well as their parasitoids</td></tr><tr><td>15h30</td><td><strong>Nicolas Borowiec</strong></td><td>Comparative dynamics of introduced and native parasitoids: the case-study of classical biological control against the chestnut gall wasp in France</td></tr><tr><td>15h45</td><td><strong>Maximilien Cuny PhD</strong></td><td>The interactive effects of seed beetles and parasitoids on seed germination and plant performance in wild Lima bean</td></tr><tr><td>16h00</td><td colspan="2">Coffee break (sponsored by the Insect Biology Research Institute)</td></tr><tr><td>16h30</td><td><strong>Gaël Delpon PhD</strong></td><td>Dynamics of plant-butterfly interaction networks along secondary successions</td></tr><tr><td>16h45</td><td><strong>Alan Kergunteuil</strong></td><td>Indirect plant defences do not get high: adaptive differentiation of phytochemistry along elevation gradients drives variations in the strength of plant-mediated trophic cascades</td></tr><tr><td>17h00</td><td><strong>Dani Lucas-Barbosa</strong></td><td>Plant life-style determines defensive strategies against insect herbivores, and consequences for plant fitness</td></tr><tr><td>17h15</td><td><strong>Gonzalo Martinez PhD</strong></td><td>Preference and performance of an herbivorous true bug: Feeding or laying eggs?</td></tr><tr><td>17h30</td><td><strong>Quint Rusman PhD</strong></td><td>Flowering plants under attack: The generality and specificity of plant-mediated interactions between insect herbivores and flower visitors</td></tr></table>
Keynote

# The Aegean revisited: unravelling the Archipelago's "small, great world" through ecological network analysis

Theodora Petanidou¹

¹ University of the Aegean – University Hill, 81100 Mytilene, Lesvos, Greece

The "small, great world" is a poetic narrative swinging between the microcosm and the macrocosm of O. Elytis' (poet, Nobel Prize in Literature 1979) valued world, the Aegean. This popular poetic account has been the inspiring ground for the current scientific approach that is based simply on species relationships (viz. plant-pollinator interactions) expressed as network links. Despite its apparent simplicity, the Aegean is very complex, and I predict that investigating this world using ecological network analysis tools provides an alternative, more holistic and, thus, better understanding of its essence.

My talk is based on data from plant-pollinator interaction networks collected in > 100 sites with phrygana (Mediterranean low scrub), on 24 islands in the Aegean. My approach covers ecological, biogeographical, and conservation/restoration aspects, organized in the following three umbrella-sections:

Networks represent functional aspects of the real world addresses the subjects/questions: networks of small vs. large islands, also exploring the effect of bee-sizes and specialization/generalization issues; the role of floral color, odor, and nectar secretion in network structure; and year-to-year network variability.

The three worlds addresses the issue of geographical scale at the level of site, island, and the entire archipelago, including the issue of specialization/generalization of either partners (plants, pollinators).

Threats and conservation/restoration explores the role of traditional management in the area (e.g. grazing, bee-keeping) and the threat of global warming from a conservational perspective of the Aegean world; it also pinpoints the importance of super-generalist plants constituting network hubs for wild bee conservation and the eventual creation of wild bee sanctuaries in the area.

Keywords: plant-pollinator interactions, pollination networks, network analysis, Aegean Archipelago, islands, phrygana, Mediterranean scrublands

Speaker: t.petanidou@aegean.gr
# Parasitoid attraction to herbivore-induced plant volatiles across spatial scales

Yavanna Aartsma*† 1,2,3, Erik H. Poelman<fnref n="1" />, Marcel Dicke<fnref n="1" />, Wopke Van Der Werf<fnref n="3" />,
Felix Bianchi<fnref n="2" />

Herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) mediate host-seeking behaviour of carnivorous insects, such as parasitoids and predators, and are considered a part of a plant's indirect defence against herbivores. Plants show both intra- and interspecific variation in the quality and quantity of HIPVs, affecting the attraction of carnivorous insects. Studies on HPV variation and parasitoid behaviour are often conducted in small-scale choice assays. However, the relevance of HIPVs on larger spatial scales is not well understood. This is especially true for the effects of plant variation in HPV emissions on parasitoid behaviour in the field. The distance from which HIPVs influence parasitoid behaviour may influence parasitoid movement and consequently their population distribution. In addition, the relevance of HIPVs may be affected by the landscape context in which the plant is embedded, including background odours and the physical structure of the vegetation. Therefore, parasitoids have to find their hosts in a chemically and structurally complex environment. Understanding how parasitoids are influenced by this complexity is important for our understanding of tritrophic interactions in realistic field settings. We will discuss field experiments with cabbage cultivars that differ in attractiveness to parasitoids, in combination with the spatial context of parasitoid foraging behaviour. We discuss these findings in both an ecological and applied context.

Keywords: herbivore induced plant volatiles, host location by parasitoids, landscape ecology, spatial scales, tritrophic interactions

<footnote n="1">¹ Wageningen University, Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen – Netherlands</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² Wageningen University, Farming Systems Ecology, Wageningen, – Netherlands</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³ Wageningen University, Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen – Netherlands</footnote>

<footnote>*Speaker, †Corresponding author: yavanna.aartsma@wur.nl</footnote>
# Quantifying nectar resources for pollinators in Great Britain
across the last century

Mathilde Baude *<fnref n="1" />,<fnref n="2" />*, Bill Kunin <fnref n="3" />, Jane Memmott <fnref n="2" />

The lack of floral resources is suspected to be one of the main factors involved in pollinator decline. However, floral resources are rarely quantified at large scale making difficult 1- to assess the value of habitats in feeding pollinators and 2- to study the changes in the availability of floral resources across time. We estimated the nectar sugar values for 260 common plant species from the flower to the landscape scale through empirical nectar sampling, flower density counting and statistical modeling based on plant traits. We then combined this nectar database with vegetation data from the Countryside Survey, a national-scale representative survey of British plant communities. We found that a few productive species and habitats increasingly dominate national nectar supplies and that the total nectar production of Great Britain showed a marked decline in floral resources from 1930s to 1970s, followed by a period of stable low production and then increased post-2000. These results will be discussed in the context of opportunities for conservation and restoration efforts dedicated to pollinators and we will present how this database could be used to improve our understanding of the role of floral resources in plant-pollinator networks.

Reference: Baude, M; Kunin, WE; Boatman, ND; Conyers, S; Davies, N; Gillespie, MAK; Morton, RD; Smart, SM; Memmott, J; Historical nectar assessment reveals the fall and rise of floral resources in Britain, Nature, 530, 7588, 85-88, 2016

Keywords: plant pollinator interactions, nectar resources, pollinator declines

<footnote n="1">¹ Université d'Orléans, LBLGC, Equipe entomologie et biologie intégrée – Université d'Orléans EA1207 – France</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol – United Kingdom</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³ Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds – United Kingdom</footnote>

<footnote>* Speaker Contact: mathilde.baude@univ-orleans.fr</footnote>
Plant mediated bottom-up effects of nitrogen and water supply
on leafminers and aphids as well as their parasitoids

Christine Becker<sup>*†1</sup>, Peng Han<sup>1</sup>, Mateus Ribeiro De Campos<sup>1</sup>, Lucie Monticelli<sup>1</sup>,
Philippe Béarez<sup>1</sup>, Edwige Amiens<sup>1</sup>, Christiane Metay-Merrien<sup>1</sup>, Richard Brun<sup>1</sup>,
Jacques Le Bot<sup>2</sup>, Thomas Michel<sup>3</sup>, Nicolas Desneux<sup>1</sup>, Anne-Violette Lavoir<sup>1,3</sup>

¹ Institut Sophia Agrobiotech [Sophia Antipolis] (ISA) – Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA) : UMR1355, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (UNS), CNRS : UMR7254 – INRA Centre de recherche Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur, 400 route des Chappes, BP 167, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France

² Unité de recherche Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles (PSH) – Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA) : UR1115 – Domaine St Paul, Site Agroparc, 84941 Avignon Cedex 9, France, France

³ Université Côte d'Azur – Institut de Chimie de Nice, CNRS UMR 7272, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France

In the context of global change, resource input into agricultural systems has to be optimized but crop production must stay feasible. Dry regions like the Mediterranean face water limitation and nitrogen (N) leaching risks eutrophication. Yet, water and N are necessary for basic processes in plants, like photosynthesis and growth, and linked to defense compound production. Plant-feeding insects obtain their N from plant tissue but can be impacted by toxins. Water availability can influence this interaction depending on their dietary specialization. Nutritional value and/or toxin concentration of insect hosts can affect parasitoids. We studied how moderately reduced amounts of N and/or water impact tomato plants (*Solanum lycopersicum*) while monitoring bottom-up effects on two specialist herbivores, feeding on leaf-tissue (*Tuta absoluta*) or plant sap (*Macrosiphum euphorbiae*), and on their respective parasitoids (*Necremnus tutae*, *Aphelinus abdominalis*).

On the first and second trophic levels, we detected several clear effects. Plant development and photosynthesis decreased with reduced N but were hardly affected by water supply. Importantly, the number of fruits was not reduced by lower N supply. *M. euphorbiae* population size increased with reduced N supply on "low water"-plants. Regarding *T. absoluta*, neither growth rate nor consumed leaf area were significantly affected. The nutritional value of both species was reduced on "low N"-plants. On the third trophic level, we detected no significant effect – only a trend towards higher emergence rates of *A. abdominalis* on "high N high water"-plants. Our results indicate that reducing N input in tomato production is feasible without significant yield loss. However, water supply should not be reduced simultaneously, to avoid increased herbivore pressure by aphids. While some stressed plants offer more readily available nutrients to herbivores, defense compounds may also be influential. Analyses of alkaloid and phenolics concentrations are in progress and will be discussed.

Keywords: bottom up effect, nitrogen, water, plant ecophysiology, plant defense, *Tuta absoluta*, *Macrosiphum euphorbiae*, *Necremnus tutae*, *Aphelinus abdominalis*

*Speaker, †Corresponding author: christine.becker@inra.fr
Comparative dynamics of introduced and native parasitoids: the case-study
of classical biological control against the chestnut gall wasp in France

Nicolas Borowiec *† 1, Marcel Thaon 1, Benoît Cailleret 1, Elodie Vercken 1, Nicolas Ris 1

¹ Institut Sophia Agrobiotech [Sophia Antipolis] (ISA) – Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA) : UMR1355, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (UNS), CNRS : UMR7254 – INRA Centre de recherche Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur, 400 route des Chappes, BP 167, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France

Based on the introduction of an exotic species for its permanent establishment and the long-
term control of an agricultural pest, classical biological control can be used as an experimental frame
to study the biology of introduced populations in real-life ecosystems. Following the arrival in France
in 2008 of *Dryocosmus kuriphilus* (CGW, Cynipidae), a major pest of Castanea worldwide, a classical
biological control program using the exotic parasitoid *Torymus sinensis* (Torymidae) was
implemented in 2011. The first aim of this project was to allow the long-term control of CGW
populations, both in commercial orchards and in forests. This project was also a good opportunity to
assess ecological mechanisms linked with biological invasions, in particular (i) the role of propagule
pressure on the dynamics of *T. sinensis* and (ii) the ecological changes in communities of native
parasitoids induced by the arrival of both exotic species. Between 2011 and 2015, a total of almost
15000 *T. sinensis* were released on 58 sites, covering a large geographic area. All of these releases
were proven to be highly successful with a rate of establishment of 100%. Dynamics of *T. sinensis* is
characterized by a 4-years exponential increase of population size. The number of individuals
introduced did not significantly influenced population’s size or dynamics of *T. sinensis*. Interestingly,
dynamics were similar on sites naturally colonized by *T. sinensis* but with higher population size,
suggesting high propagule pressure from natural populations. Analysis of the dynamics of native
parasitoids belonging to the Eupelmus genus showed influence of some ecological factors like habitat
connectivity or invasive status of CGW (i.e. core versus front of invasion) but no sign of either
positive (e.g. facilitation) or negative (e.g. competition) interaction with *T. sinensis*. This apparent
neutral state may nevertheless change over time when host population size will start decreasing.

Keywords: biological control, dynamics, parasitoids

*Speaker, †Corresponding author: nicolas.borowiec@inra.fr
# The interactive effects of seed beetles and parasitoids on seed germination and plant performance in wild Lima bean

Maximilien A. C. Cuny*<fnref n="1" />, Diana La Forgia<fnref n="2" />, Gaylord A. Desurmont<fnref n="3" />, Betty Benrey†<fnref n="1" />

For natural plant populations, pre-dispersal seed predation can have devastating effects on subsequent seedling recruitment and plant fitness. However, if insect damage does not completely deplete seed reserves, seeds may still be able to germinate and produce healthy seedlings. In this context, the action of natural enemies such as parasitic wasps that kill or halt the development of seed predators may reduce the negative effects of seed predation on plant fitness. We examined the interactive effects of seed predation by Bruchinae beetles and parasitoids of these beetles on seed germination and plant performance in wild lima bean *Phaseolus lunatus*. Seeds with varying degrees of beetle and parasitoid infestation were collected from natural populations in Mexico. These were then used to conduct field and laboratory experiments to determine the relationship between seed damage, germination success, and plant performance.

In the lab, seed predation had a positive effect on seed germination at low infestation levels compared to undamaged seeds, and a negative effect at high infestation level. Parasitism mitigated the negative effects of high levels of infestation. Moreover, seedling performance (growth rate and shoot mass) was higher for plants grown from seeds with parasitoids than seeds infested by beetles only.

In the field, low levels of seed damage did not improve germination success, but did enhance germination speed. In parallel, the negative effects of seed damage on plant performance were stronger. Plants from damaged seeds were more attacked by leaf-chewing herbivores and flowered later than plants from undamaged seeds.

Our results demonstrate that seed beetles can negatively affect seedling recruitment depending on the severity of damage and that natural enemies can lessen these effects. These results highlight the importance of seed predators and their parasitoids on plant population dynamics and seed bank persistence in *P. lunatus*.

Keywords: tritrophic interactions, pre-dispersal seed predation, *Phaseolus lunatus*, plant performance, germination, natural populations

<footnote n="1">¹ Laboratory of Evolutionary Entomology (E-VOL) – Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² Department of Functional and Evolutionary Entomology – Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege. 2, Passage des Déportés, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³ European Biological Control Laboratory – European Biological Control Laboratory – Montferrier sur lez, France</footnote>

<footnote>*Speaker, †Corresponding author: betty.benrey@unine.ch</footnote>
Dynamics of plant-butterfly interaction networks
along secondary successions

Gaël Delpon \*\dagger 1,2, Pascal Dupont\dagger 3, Franck Richard§ 2, Bertrand Schatz¶ 2

In the current context of changes in land uses, the consequences of secondary successions on plant-insect interactions remains poorly investigated. Butterflies are widely recognized as relevant integrators of landscape dynamics since they are involved in obligatory interactions with one or several plant species at larval stage. Distribution and abundance of host plants are thus one of the key factors driving the distribution patterns and temporal dynamics of butterfly communities. We performed an analysis of a caterpillars-host plants bipartite network, assembling 2230 interactions among 250 butterfly species and 830 plant species in France. Based on this large dataset, we investigated how the structure of the interaction network varies during secondary succession linked to changes in plant communities. Our analysis revealed independent modules of plant-butterfly interactions. Large modules show close interactions between some butterfly genera and their specifically associated plant families. Other modules show that plant traits (herbs, bushes, trees) differentiate available resource for several groups of butterflies. Last, few small modules link monophageous butterflies to their specific hosts. We also investigated how life history traits of butterfly species underlie these modules to identify those to be considered as determinant in such structuration. In the light of plant ecological requirements, such interaction network was then used to simulate the potential response of the host plant pool (in terms of species composition) to natural dynamics of habitat closure from open grassland to forest. We assessed the dynamics of both butterfly species richness and network structure along these stages, and showed that these changes contribute to understand the impacts of secondary successions on the composition of butterfly communities. Our results show that network analyses may be used as predictive tools to describe changes in local butterfly communities and identify the most threatened species during changes in land uses.

Keywords: Butterflies, host plants, herbivory, host, specificity, bipartite network, ecological successions

<footnote n="1">1 Biotope - 22 Boulevard Maréchal Foch, 34140 Mèze, France</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE) – Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques – 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³ Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN) – Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle – France</footnote>

<footnote>\*Speaker, \daggerCorresponding author: gael.delpon@cefe.cnrs.fr</footnote>

<footnote>‡Corresponding author: pascal.dupont@mnhn.fr</footnote>

<footnote>§Corresponding author: franck.richard@cefe.cnrs.fr</footnote>

<footnote>¶Corresponding author: bertrand.schatz@cefe.cnrs.fr 48</footnote>
# Indirect plant defences do not get high: adaptive differentiation of phytochemistry along elevation gradients drives variations in the strength of plant-mediated trophic cascades

Alan Kergunteuil *<fnref n="1" />, Gregory Roeder <fnref n="2" />, Sergio Rasmann <fnref n="1" />

Despite a relatively well-resolved picture of ecological mechanisms governing indirect plant defences, their evolution has received very little consideration to date. From micro-evolutionary perspectives, exploring the distribution of indirect plant defences across different environments provides a valuable framework to shed light on the assemblage of tri-trophic systems and, thereby, unravel the drivers influencing the strength of trophic cascades. Based on surveys of soil-dwelling natural enemies along mountain slopes, we predicted an adaptive decrease in indirect root defences with elevation. Olfactometer bioassays confirm a relaxation of plant-regulated trophic strength for subalpine and alpine plants. While linear discriminant analyses of root volatiles enable to discriminate chemotypes between altitudinal plant populations, variations in natural enemies' recruitment along elevation gradients are more particularly correlated to the emissions of oxylipins. We completed the study by a reciprocal transplant experiment to test whether variations in top-down forces mediated by indirect plant defences rely on versatile plasticity at the phenotype level or local adaptations based on genetic differentiation between altitudinal populations. In a global warming context and colonization of alpine habitats by herbivore insects, the ability of mountain vegetation to rapidly overcome future biotic stresses likely depends on these two opposite hypotheses. More generally, this study brings additional brick to the still-debated question of whether or not indirect plant defences confer fitness benefit for plants. Finally, our results also challenges the principle of allocation cost of indirect plant defences and raises a pending issue about individual and combined selective agents responsible for their local adaptations along ecological gradients.

Keywords: tritrophic interactions, trophic strength, plant fitness, local adaptation, micro, evolution

<footnote n="1">¹ Functional Ecology Laboratory (LEF) – Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, rue Emile Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology (FARCE) – Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, rue Emile Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland</footnote>

<footnote>* Speaker: alan.kergunteuil@unine.ch</footnote>
# Plant life-style determines defensive strategies against insect herbivores, and consequences for plant fitness

Dani Lucas-Barbosa<fnref n="1" />

This study addresses insect-plant interactions when regarding defences of plants against insects, and reproduction, as a result of insect-pollination. We investigated whether plant life-style determines plant defensive strategies across Brassicaceae. We designed greenhouse and field experiments to study tolerance and plant resistance traits against herbivorous-insects, in 21 brassicaceous species, including annual and perennial plant-species. In the field, we investigated the effects of plant exposure to insect-herbivores, on insect-pollinator behavior and plant fitness. We found that perennial plants species invest more in direct resistance to insect-herbivores, whereas annual species can best attract parasitoids. All plants can to some extent tolerate herbivory, however, inducible plant responses by a chewer herbivore led to negative consequences for plant fitness in perennial plants, but did not affect the reproductive output of annual plant species. During this talk, I will discuss to what extent the impact on plant reproduction can be explained by changes in behavior of insect-pollinators.

Keywords: resistance, tolerance, herbivory, pollinators, plant fitness

Corresponding author: dani.lucasbarbosa@wur.nl

<footnote n="1">¹ Wageningen University (NETHERLANDS) (WUR) – Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen, Netherlands</footnote>
Preference and performance of an herbivorous true bug:
Feeding or laying eggs?

Gonzalo Martinez *† 1,2, Andrés Gonzalez 3, Marcel Dicke 2

Optimal foraging and optimal oviposition may be major selective forces during plant selection by female herbivorous insects. However, their contribution to the host-selection process in sucking herbivores has been little investigated. Understanding the behavioral patterns involved in host-plant selection is particularly relevant in species of economic importance as it may be used in the development of sustainable management strategies. We studied feeding and oviposition behavior of an invasive forestry pest, the bronze bug *Thaumastocoris peregrinus*, which attacks Eucalyptus plantations worldwide. We used dual-choice bioassays to evaluate the preference of females between host species, developmental leaf stages, or prior plant exposure to potential competitors, either conspecifics or the lerp psyllid *Glycaspis brimblecombei*. We assessed the link between these preferences and offspring performance, by comparing survival and developmental rates of nymphs reared on the different treatments. Using healthy adult leaves of *Eucalyptus tereticornis* as a reference host, we found that female bugs discriminated among plant species and developmental leaf stages. In addition, infestation with either the bronze bug or the lerp psyllid stimulated oviposition. Nymphal performance varied among treatments, suggesting a correlation with oviposition preference. Thus, *T. peregrinus* females seem to use different criteria when selecting sites for feeding or oviposition. Oviposition choice may generally be linked with nymphal performance. We discuss these findings in the context of management alternatives for this pest.

Keywords: Host selection, mother, knows, best hypothesis, forestry pest, dual, choice assay, *Thaumastocoris peregrinus*, *Glycaspis brimblecombei*, *Eucalyptus*

<footnote n="1">¹ Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA) – INIA. Ruta 5 km 386. Tacuarembó 45000, Uruguay</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² Wageningen University, Laboratory of Entomology – P.O. Box 16 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³ Universidad de la República [Montevideo] (UdelaR) – Facultad de Química. Av. Gral. Flores 2124 Montevideo, Uruguay</footnote>

<footnote>*Speaker, †Corresponding author: gmartinez@tb.inia.org.uy</footnote>
Flowering plants under attack:
The generality and specificity of plant-mediated interactions
between insect herbivores and flower visitors

Quint Rusman *†<fnref n="1" />, Dani Lucas-Barbosa<fnref n="1" />, Marcel Dicke <fnref n="1" />, Erik Poelman <fnref n="1" />

To optimize reproductive output, plants need to maintain interactions with mutualists, such as pollinators, and at the same time deal with antagonists, such as herbivorous insects. Although many plant species rely on inducible defences to save metabolic costs in absence of herbivores, plant responses induced by herbivore attack can lead to important ecological costs. For example, herbivore-induced responses can affect flower traits and alter interactions with flower visitors, and the effects can vary depending on the herbivore species or feeding guild of the plant attacker. The current knowledge on the generality and specificity of plant-mediated herbivore-flower-visitor interactions and its consequences for plant fitness is limited. Using a common-garden set-up, we found that herbivore induction by 10 different herbivores resulted in changes in pollinator community composition of the annual *Brassica nigra*. Aboveground chewing and belowground herbivory resulted in changes in pollinator community composition when compared with uninfested or plants exposed to phloem-feeding herbivores. In addition, plants exposed to belowground herbivory overcompensated in seed set, setting more seeds compared with uninfested or plants exposed to aboveground herbivores. In the greenhouse, we found that herbivory by five herbivore species resulted in species-specific changes in the pollinator behaviour of a syrphid fly and a butterfly, with increased or decreased visitation, or no response. To explain our results, we investigated which flower traits are changed upon herbivory. We found herbivore species-specific changes in the volatile emission of flowering *B. nigra* plants. There were also specific changes depending on the feeding guild of the herbivores; the volatile blend of plants induced by chewing and phloem-feeding herbivores was different. Thus, we show that plant-mediated interactions between herbivores and flower visitor are common, may be specific for the herbivore and pollinator involved, are mediated by herbivore-induced changes in flower traits, and might come with consequences for plant reproduction.

Keywords: plant mediated interactions, flower visitors, pollinators, herbivores, plant reproduction, herbivore induced plant responses

<footnote n="1">¹ Wageningen University, Laboratory of Entomology – Wageningen, Netherlands</footnote>

<footnote>*Speaker, †Corresponding author: quint.rusman@wur.nl</footnote>
Insect effectors and plant responses

Wednesday 5th of July 2017 Salle Thélème Tanneurs

Insect effectors and plant responses

Chairs G. Dubreuil and M. Erb

<table><tr><td>08h30</td><td>Isgouhi Kaloshian<br>Keynote Speaker</td><td>Aphid-plant interactions: unraveling arsenals used in this arms race</td></tr><tr><td>09h15</td><td>Marcel Dicke</td><td>Natural variation in plant responses to combinations of biotic and abiotic stresses</td></tr><tr><td>09h30</td><td>Gary Felton</td><td>Multitrophic Manipulation of Herbivore Perception by Plants</td></tr><tr><td>09h45</td><td>Antoine Guiguet PhD</td><td>Insights into mechanisms of gall morphogenesis and the origin of gall induction</td></tr><tr><td>10h00</td><td>Marion Harris</td><td>Plant Galls Induced by Insects: Lessons from Plant Galls Induced by Bacteria</td></tr><tr><td>10h15</td><td>Coffee break (sponsored by the Féri)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>11h15</td><td>Roy Kirsch</td><td>Biological relevance of pectolytic enzymes in herbivorous beetles</td></tr><tr><td>11h30</td><td>Ricardo Machado</td><td>Herbivory-induced jasmonates impact carbon acquisition and thereby constrain plant resistance and defoliation tolerance</td></tr><tr><td>11h45</td><td>Martin Stefanov PhD</td><td>Inference of plant-mediated interactions in herbivorous insect communities from time series count data</td></tr><tr><td>12h00</td><td>Clemens Stolpe PhD</td><td>Aphids suck their own grave - induced elevated concentrations of cadmium and zinc in phloem exudates of a hyperaccumulator plant lead to negative potentiation effect on Myzus persicae</td></tr><tr><td>12h15</td><td>Bernardus Schimmel</td><td>Overcompensation of herbivore reproduction through hyper-suppression of plant defenses in response to competition</td></tr></table>

12h30 Lunch (sponsored by the Région Centre Val de Loire)
Keynote

**Aphid-plant interactions: unraveling arsenals used in this arms race**

Isgouhi Kaloshian¹

¹ Isgouhi Kaloshian (Department of Nematology, University of California) – 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA 92521, United States

We study the interactions of tomato (*Solanum lycopersicum*) with its aphid pest, the potato aphid (*Macrosiphum euphorbiae*), to understand the evolutionary arms race between plants and aphids for survival. To identify the repertoire of the potato aphid salivary arsenals, *in vitro* collected aphid saliva was subjected to mass spectrometry. The majority of the identified proteins were of unknown function. Using functional analyses, we identified roles for several of the aphid effectors in altering plant immunity. In addition, we identified a host target for one of these immunomodulating effectors suggesting a mechanism how aphids overcome plant immunity. Remarkably, among the salivary proteome were proteins of microbial origin including the obligate endosymbiont *Buchnera aphidicola*, a bacterium essential for aphid survival. In addition, peptides of known and novel insect viruses were also present in the aphid saliva. For plant immune responses against aphids, we identified a potato aphid early immune recognition receptor, the Somatic Embryogenesis Receptor Kinase 1 (SERK1), associated with the resistance protein Mi-1.2. M-1.2 encodes a coiled-coil nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeats protein and confers resistance to three species of piercing-sucking insects and root-knot nematodes, respectively. The tomato SERK1 belongs to a gene family of three transmembrane receptor kinases known for their roles in pattern-triggered immunity. In this presentation, I will describe the aphid arsenals and counter defense by the plant host and present a model for their race for survival.

Keywords: Effectors, plant immunity, Hemiptera, aphids, microbes

Speaker: isgouhi.kaloshian@ucr.edu
Natural variation in plant responses to combinations
of biotic and abiotic stresses

Marcel Dicke<sup>*† 1</sup>, Nelson Davila Olivas<sup>1</sup>, Manus Thoen<sup>1</sup>, Karen Kloth<sup>1</sup>, Silvia Coolen<sup>2</sup>, Pingping Huang<sup>1</sup>, Silvia Proietti<sup>2</sup>, Corné Pieterse<sup>2</sup>, Mark Aarts<sup>1</sup>, Joop Van Loon<sup>1</sup>, Joost Keurentjes<sup>1</sup>, Joost VanHeerwaarden<sup>1</sup>, Willem Kruijer<sup>1</sup>, Fred Van Eeuwijk<sup>1</sup>

Plants are exposed to a plethora of biotic and abiotic stresses in their local habitat. As a result, different populations of a species are subject to different selection pressures leading to adaptation to local conditions and intraspecific divergence. Yet, plant stress responses are usually investigated for individual stresses only. The annual brassicaceous plant *Arabidopsis thaliana* is an attractive model for ecologists and evolutionary biologists due to the availability of a large collection of re-sequenced natural accessions. This rich resource can be used to investigate how Arabidopsis responds to single stresses as well as combinations of biotic and abiotic stresses, including caterpillars, aphids, thrips, pathogens, salt stress and drought. Here, we will address global transcriptional responses to single stresses and combinations of stresses, genetic architecture underlying responses to various single stresses and stress combinations as well as the effects of plant life-history on resistance against herbivorous insects as single and double stresses.

When two stresses were applied in sequence, plants displayed transcriptome profiles that were very similar to the second stress, irrespective of the nature of the first stress. Nevertheless, significant first-stress signatures could be identified in the sequential stress profiles. The transcriptional profiles strengthened the notion that phytohormones are global modulators of interactions between different types of stresses. Genome-wide association analyses identified QTLs with contrasting and with similar responses to biotic vs abiotic stresses, and below-ground vs above-ground stresses. A newly developed multi-trait GWA analysis revealed novel candidate genes associated with multiple stress responses, where specific contrasts were identified with some genes positively associated with the resistance to one set of stresses while being negatively associated with another set of stresses. Finally, plant life-history strategy was shown to be an important determinant of stress responses.

Keywords: Pieris, Frankliniella, Myzus, Botrytis, Arabidopsis, biotic stress, abiotic stress, tran-
scriptome, phenome, multiple stress, ecology, evolution

<footnote n="1">¹ Wageningen University (WUR) – Droevendaalsesteeg 1 6708PB Wageningen, Netherlands</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² Utrecht University (UU) – Netherlands</footnote>

<footnote>*Speaker, †Corresponding author: marcel.dicke@wur.nl</footnote>
# Multitrophic Manipulation of Herbivore Perception by Plants

Gary Felton¹

¹ Department of Entomology and Center for Chemical Ecology, Pennsylvania State University –
United States

Herbivore oral secretions may contain elicitors or herbivore-associated molecular patterns (=HAMPs) that are perceived by plants and then trigger an array of induced defenses. Much of this research has been conducted without considering that, in some instances, herbivores in the field harbor rich microbial communities, may be parasitized or infected with pathogens. Consequently, our research shows plant perception of herbivores and their HAMPs may be manipulated by these higher trophic levels. Suppression of direct plant defenses may allow the herbivore to grow faster and thus serve as a better host for the third trophic level. Manipulating herbivore perception could also benefit the third trophic level by reducing the sustained release of volatiles that would attract competitors including predators that may consume parasitized hosts.

Keywords: saliva, oral secretions, parasitoids, polydnaviruses, bacteria, baculoviruses
# Insights into mechanisms of gall morphogenesis and the origin of gall induction

Antoine Guiguet*¹,², Carlos Lopez-Vaamonde³, Issei Ohshima², Seiji Takeda⁴, Françoise Laurans⁵, Véronique Lainé-Prade⁵, David Giron¹

¹ Institut de recherche sur la biologie de l'insecte (IRBI) – CNRS : UMR7261, Université François Rabelais - Tours – France

² Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University – Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan

³ Zoologie Forestière (URZF) – Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA) : UR633 – Orléans, France

⁴ Biotechnology Research Department, Kyoto Prefectural Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries Technology Center – Seika, Kyoto, Japan

⁵ Amélioration, Génétique et Physiologie Forestières (AGPF) – Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA) : UR588 – Orléans, France

Galls induced by arthropods constitute one of the most spectacular examples of hijacking plant development by a parasite. During the evolution of insects, this ability evolved several times in diverse orders. Price (1987) proposes the hypothesis that the galligenous lifestyle evolved from the leaf-miner lifestyle. The old origin of the capacity to induce galls in major galligenous families like the Cynipidae (Hymenoptera) and the Cecidomyidae (Diptera) makes it difficult to validate this hypothesis within these groups. For this reason, we decided to study the Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera), the majority of which are leaf miners. This family contains around 2000 species but includes only three galligenous species. Among them, *Caloptilia cecidophora* induce a gall on leaves of *Glochidion obovatum* (Phyllanthaceae). Other species in the *Caloptilia* genus are characterized by a leaf-miner/endophyte lifestyle at early instars followed by a leaf-roller/ectophyte lifestyle at late instars. To understand which of these lifestyles is ancestral to the galligenous lifestyle of *C.cecidophora*, we conducted a complete histological study of the development of *C.cecidophora* galls and compared it with a closely related species, *C.ryukyuensis*, at same larval stages. It appears that first and second instars of *C.cecidophora* dig a mine with no alteration of cell development of leaves as *C.ryukyuensis*. On the contrary, the third instar of *C.cecidophora* activates cell growth and cell divisions at the mine edges, leading to a closure of leaf tissues around the larvae, whereas in *C.ryukyuensis* simply making tentiform mines at the same stage. Then, later stages induce the development of two new tissues absent from the normal leaf but found in complex galls like those made by Cynipidae. By confirming the Price hypothesis and showing a convergence in complex gall structures, these results light on the origin of gall induction by insects and help to understand the mechanisms of gall morphogenesis.

Keywords: gall, Gracillariidae, histology, salivary effectors, evolution

*Speaker: antoine.guiguet@etu.univ-tours.fr
**Plant Galls Induced by Insects:**
**Lessons from Plant Galls Induced by Bacteria**

Marion Harris¹*

¹ North Dakota State University (NDSU) – Department of Entomology, NDSU Dept 7650, PO Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, United States

Galls are the end point of a deviation in plant growth caused by a foreign organism. The foreign organisms are diverse. Among Prokaryotes, the Kingdom Bacteria has three Phyla with well-known gall inducers: Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Tenericutes (phytoplasmas). Among Eukaryotes, three Kingdoms have well-known gall inducers: Fungi, Plantae and Animalia. Animal gall inducers are found in three phyla: Nematoda, Rotifera, and Arthropoda (insects and mites). Across these phylogenetically and ecologically diverse foreign organisms, insects stand out for sheer numbers of gall-inducing species. Nevertheless, within the field of plant-insect interactions, the study of gall-inducing species has been isolated from the mainstream. In spite of this, insect-induced galls have attracted devotees among both scientists and naturalists. Paleobiologists have appreciated the clear-cut and long-lasting imprint that galls make on host plants, which persist long after the gall inducer has departed. Ecologists similarly appreciate this feature, which enables comparisons of the incidence of the gall-inducing strategy compared to other strategies across plant species and the world's ecosystems. Our interest in plant galls is on the mechanistic side, both how the gall inducer succeeds in manipulating the plant to do its bidding and how plants fight off or limit the harm from such manipulations. Currently, the deepest mechanistic understanding of plant galls comes from plant-bacteria interactions. We focus on lessons from these systems for the study of insect-induced galls. We propose several benefits of deeper mechanistic understanding of insect-induced plant galls. First, it will bring insect-plant gall interactions into the mainstream of insect-plant interactions. Second, it will create beneficial links with other disciplines that study plant biotic interactions. Finally, by refining our sense of what plant galls truly represent for plant biotic interactions, it will contribute to the ecological and evolutionary interpretation of patterns of galling across plant species and ecosystems.

Keywords: Plant Galls, biotrophs, effectors, induced susceptibility

*Speaker: marion.harris@ndsu.edu
Biological relevance of pectolytic enzymes in herbivorous beetles

Roy Kirsch*†<fnref n="1" />, David Heckel<fnref n="1" />, Yannick Pauchet<fnref n="1" />

Pectin is the most complex polysaccharide in nature and a highly abundant component of the plant cell wall contributing to the wall's protective function by balancing its flexibility and stiffness. It forms the matrix where cellulose and hemicelluloses are embedded in, and is the first cell wall polysaccharide degraded by phyto-pathogenic microbes during infestation. The best studied pectolytic enzymes secreted by microbes are polygalacturonases (PGs) that hydrolyze the pectin backbone, and it has been shown that PG-deficient mutants are less or non-pathogenic. This illustrates the importance of PGs for pathogens regarding plant colonization and nutrient acquisition. Genes encoding PG family members were also identified in several herbivorous insects including mirid bugs, stick insects and the Phytophaga beetle lineages of weevils, longhorned beetles and leaf beetles. Although it is believed that PGs enable these insects to digest plant cell walls, thus promoting herbivory, and their activity has been characterized in vitro, the biological relevance of PG enzymes in the context of insect-plant interaction has not been experimentally tested so far. To address this point, we silenced the three active endo-PGs of the mustard leaf beetle *Phaedon cochleariae* by RNA interference and recorded larval development. Successful knockdown of the three PGs at once in 2nd instar larvae resulted in an 80% reduction of total PG activity in their guts compared to both gfp-injection and non-injection controls. PG-silenced larvae showed a slower development with a delay in molting from 2nd to 3rd instar, and a significantly lower weight gain and food intake. These findings clearly show the benefit of expressing PG genes as an adaptation to feed on plants and indicate that PG activity in insects helps to get access to the plant cell wall encased protein-rich cytoplasm and/or to directly utilize the pectin breakdown products as carbon source.

Keywords: plant cell wall degrading enzymes, Phytophaga, leaf beetles, polygalacturonases, RNA interference

<footnote n="1">¹ Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology (MPI) – Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, Jena, Germany</footnote>

<footnote>*Speaker, †Corresponding author: rkirsch@ice.mpg.de</footnote>
# Herbivory-induced jasmonates impact carbon acquisition and thereby constrain plant resistance and defoliation tolerance

Ricardo Machado<sup>*1*</sup>, Ian Baldwin<sup>2</sup>, Matthias Erb<sup>1</sup>

Jasmonates regulate a vast array of plant processes as secondary metabolism and plant development. Whether and how they influence plant primary metabolism and in turn plant resistance to herbivores and defoliation tolerance is unclear. I will present our work in this context, which covers four major topics: i) the impact of herbivory-induced jasmonates on leaf and root carbohydrate pools<sup>1,2</sup>; ii) the mechanisms through which jasmonates regulate carbohydrate accumulation<sup>3,4</sup> iii) the effect of herbivory-induced, jasmonate-dependent changes in carbohydrate accumulation on herbivory performance<sup>3</sup> and iv) on plant tolerance to herbivory<sup>5</sup>. Our research illustrates that herbivory-induced jasmonates reduce carbohydrate accumulation by regulating gibberellin signaling, and that carbon depletion constrains plant resistance to herbivory by increasing herbivore growth, and reduces defoliation tolerance. Our findings provide novel insights on the mechanisms that may contribute to natural variation in jasmonate-signaling and to the evolution of plant defense syndromes in nature.

## References

1. Machado RAR., et al. 2016. Benefits of jasmonate-dependent defenses against vertebrate herbivores in nature. Elife, e13720.

2. Machado RAR., et al. 2013. Leaf-herbivore attack reduces carbon reserves and regrowth from the roots via jasmonate and auxin signaling. New Phytologist 200:1234-1246.

3. Machado RAR., et al. 2015. Jasmonate-dependent depletion of soluble sugars compromises plant resistance to *Manduca sexta*. New Phytologist 207(1):91-105.

4. Machado RAR., et al. 2016. Herbivory-induced jasmonates constrain plant resource accumulation and growth by antagonizing gibberellin signaling and not by promoting secondary metabolite production. New Phytologist (under review).

5. Machado RAR., et al. 2017. Species-specific regulation of herbivory-induced defoliation tolerance is associated with jasmonate inducibility. New Phytologist (under review).

Keywords: Herbivory, Jasmonates, Gibberellins, Primary Metabolites, Defoliation Tolerance, Plant Resistance

*Speaker: ricardo.machado@ips.unibe.ch

<footnote n="1">¹ Biotic Interactions. Institute of Plant Sciences. University of Bern. – Switzerland</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology – Germany</footnote>
# Inference of plant-mediated interactions in herbivorous insect communities
from time series count data

Martin Stefanov *† 1,2, Maarten Gee, De 1, Lia Hemerik 1, Erik Poelman 2, Marcel Dicke 2,
Jaap Molenaar 1

¹ Biometris, Wageningen University, Wageningen – Netherlands

² Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen – Netherlands

Plant-mediated interactions shape the insect herbivore community on plants. Attack by one herbivore species induces a plant response that in turn affects the preference and performance of other herbivores interacting with the induced plant. The number and type of herbivorous insects determine the defence response of plants. Thus, each herbivore species may differentially affect the composition of the herbivorous community at subsequent times. So far, these plant-mediated interactions have been studied with multivariate techniques applied to count time-series data. However, such techniques offer limited insight into the structural and quantitative wiring of plant-mediated interaction networks. Thus, we propose a data-based generalized time-series model that establishes a probabilistic relationship between present and past herbivore infestations. To achieve this we use time-series count data while accounting for interactions, space, time, growth rate of insects, and random plant variation. We built a new framework of unprecedented complexity, adopting common elements from well-accepted models. A new experiment was carried out in which insect populations on cabbage plants were monitored on a daily basis for one growth season. With this high-resolution time-series dataset and the new time-series model, we succeeded in 1) quantifying the sign, strength, and decay of insect-insect interactions; and 2) identifying which herbivore species have strong effects on the presence of others (so called keystone herbivores) and which species strongly respond to induced plants. We show that the species *Autographa gamma* has the highest instantaneous effect on all other species, but the species *Myzus persicae* has the highest season long effect. We link the discrepancy between strength and season-long effect of inducers to the abundance, spread, and order of arrival of insects which have been shown to be important to the community dynamics.

Keywords: plant mediated interactions, time series models, herbivores, *Brassica oleracea*

*Speaker, †Corresponding author: martin.stefanov@wur.nl
# Aphids suck their own grave –
induced elevated concentrations of cadmium and zinc in phloem exudates
of a hyperaccumulator plant lead to negative potentiation
effect on *Myzus persicae*

Clemens Stolpe *<fnref n="1" />, Franziska Giehren <fnref n="1" />, Ute Krämer <fnref n="2" />, Caroline Müller <fnref n="1" />

Plants that are able to (hyper)accumulate heavy metals and metalloids store these in their aboveground tissues and can avoid self intoxication. However, it was unknown whether heavy metals also accumulate in the phloem of such plants and thus could act detrimental against phloem-sucking herbivores and whether they are inducible upon herbivore infestation. Therefore, we collected phloem exudates from leaves of the (hyper)accumulator species *Arabidopsis halleri* with and without aphid infestation and analyzed the ionome. Phloem exudates collected from plants that grew on heavy metal-amended soil contained indeed higher concentrations of Cd and Zn than exudates of plants grown on unamended soil. Moreover, these heavy metals were found in highest concentrations in phloem exudates of aphid-infested plants, indicating that inorganic defences may be similarly inducible as organic defences. To investigate long term effects of Cd and Zn on the performance of the aphid *Myzus persicae*, we added them in different combinations with and without their phloem-specific metal transport proteins in artificial diets. Diets amended with both heavy metals showed a potentiation effect leading to more negative influences on aphid survival and reproduction compared to diets amended with only one metal. The presence of phloem-specific metal transport proteins in the artificial diets had no effect on the aphids. Our results provide evidence that elevated concentrations of Cd and Zn, particularly in combination, can serve as an effective defence in metal-(hyper)accumulating plant species against phloem- sucking insects, supporting the elemental defence hypothesis.

Keywords: Brassicaceae, chemical ecology, environmental toxicity, heavy metals

*Speaker: clemens.stolpe@uni-bielefeld.de

<footnote n="1">¹ Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University – Germany</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² Department of Molecular Genetics and Physiology of Plants, Ruhr-University Bochum – Germany</footnote>
Overcompensation of herbivore reproduction through hyper-suppression of
plant defenses in response to competition

Bernardus Schimmel*†1, Livia Ataide 1,2, Rachid Chafi 1, Carlos Villarroel 3, Juan Alba 1,
Robert Schuurink 3, Merijn Kant 1

Spider mites are destructive arthropod pests on a variety of crops. The generalist herbivorous mite *Tetranychus urticae* induces defenses in tomato (*Solanum lycopersicum*) when feeding on it and this constrains its fitness. In contrast, the Solanaceae-specialist *T. evansi* upholds a high reproductive performance by suppressing tomato defenses. When present on the same plant, *T. evansi* outcompetes *T. urticae* as was found in natural settings as well as in laboratory experiments, but it is not known to which extent this is facilitated by the defenses of the plant. Here we show that *T. evansi* switches to hyper-suppression of defenses after its tomato host is also invaded by its natural competitor *T. urticae*. Jasmonate (JA) and salicylate (SA) defenses were suppressed stronger, albeit only locally at *T. evansi*'s feeding site, once *T. urticae* was introduced to an adjacent area on the same leaflet. The hyper-suppression of JA and SA defenses coincided with increased expression of *T. evansi* genes coding for salivary defense-suppressing effector proteins and was paralleled by an increased reproductive performance of the mite. Together, these observations suggest that *T. evansi* overcompensates its reproduction through hyper-suppression of plant defenses in response to nearby competitors. We hypothesize that the competitor-induced overcompensation promotes *T. evansi*'s competitive population growth on tomato.

Keywords: competition, defense suppression, effectors, overcompensation, plant, mediated interactions, spider mites, tomato

*Speaker, †Corresponding author: B.C.J.Schimmel@uva.nl

<footnote n="1">¹ Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics; University of Amsterdam – Netherlands</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² Department of Entomology; Federal University of Vicosa – Brazil</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³ Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences; University of Amsterdam – Netherlands</footnote>
Global Change and Thermal Ecology

Wednesday 5th of July 2017 Salle Thélème Tanneurs

Global change and thermal ecology

Chairs S. Pincebourde and A. Woods

<table><tr><td>14h00</td><td><strong>John Terblanche</strong><br/><strong>Keynote Speaker</strong></td><td>Mechanisms and responses of insects to climate stress</td></tr><tr><td>14h45</td><td><strong>Marion Javal PhD</strong></td><td>Respiration-based monitoring of metabolic rate following cold-exposure in two invasive Anoplophora species (Cerambycidae) depending on acclimation regime</td></tr><tr><td>15h</td><td><strong>Tao Li</strong></td><td>Long-term effects of elevated CO2, warming and droughts on VOC emission and phenolics production of <em>Calluna vulgaris</em> in a temperate heath ecosystem</td></tr><tr><td>15h15</td><td><strong>Mirka Macel</strong></td><td>Rapid evolution of a range expanding plant</td></tr><tr><td>15h30</td><td><strong>Shai Morin</strong></td><td>Projecting pest population dynamics under global warming: the combined effect of inter- and intra-annual variations</td></tr><tr><td>15h45</td><td><strong>Pincebourde/Woods</strong></td><td>Extended phenotypes and global change biology</td></tr><tr><td>16h00</td><td colspan="2">Departure for excursion and gala dinner</td></tr><tr><td>16h30</td><td colspan="2">Montbazon Forteresse</td></tr><tr><td>23h30</td><td colspan="2">Departure from gala dinner</td></tr><tr><td>00h00</td><td colspan="2">Return</td></tr></table>
Keynote

Mechanisms and responses of insects to climate stress

John Terblanche ¹

¹ Université de Stellenbosch – Victoria Street, Stellenbosch, 7600 Stellenbosch, Cap occidental, South Africa

Understanding terrestrial arthropod population dynamics is a critical component of forecasting for risk (invasions, agricultural or species vulnerability). Accurate forecasting of, for example, diurnal activity patterns, population fitness, niche shifts, environmental stress, or key phonological events allows timely, cost-effective interventions and management strategies. However, due to the diversity of physiological or behavioural strategies within (e.g. between life-stages) and among insect species in their sensitivity toward climate, insect pest population abundance models are often not easily interpreted for, or lack direct relevance to, management strategies in the field. Here we describe our efforts to better establish functional links between laboratory trait-based assays and insect field responses. Using diverse Lepidotera and Diptera in agro-ecosystems as model taxa, we further show how distinct species-specific trait-environment associations, and their plastic responses to environmental conditions, challenge any broad generalizations regarding climate change responses. We then discuss how a population's age-structure, especially in species with overlapping generations, partly determines the outcome of climate extremes experienced during a particular season on downstream fitness and the following season's population abundance. The application of biophysical, process-based or agent-based models at fine spatial or temporal grains to forecast field population abundance holds promise for understanding the ecologically-relevant microclimate of insects on their hosts plants. In consequence, the integration of these models with trait responses at diverse time scales should reveal important insights into the functional or adaptive evolutionary potential of key species, and ultimately, lead to better understanding of trait-environment associations and the evolution of plasticity in novel environments.

Keywords: phenotypic plasticity, thermal tolerance, physiological response, population dynamics, overwintering

Speaker: jst@sun.ac.za
# Respiration-based monitoring of metabolic rate following cold-exposure in two invasive Anoplophora species (Cerambycidae) depending on acclimation regime

Marion Javal*†<fnref n="1" />, Alain Roques<fnref n="1" />, Géraldine Roux<fnref n="1" />,<fnref n="2" />, Mathieu Laparie<fnref n="1" />

Asian and Citrus longhorned beetles *Anoplophora glabripennis* (ALB) and *A. chinensis* (CLB) respectively, are two closely related xylophagous invasive species whose native ranges overlap in Eastern Asia. Although both species are capable to develop in a wide range of hosts in their invaded areas, their invasion patterns differ. Introduction pathway is usually wood packaging for ALB but plants for planting for CLB. ALB shows numerous outbreaks remaining localized in urban areas in North-East America and Western Europe, whereas CLB is presently restricted to the Mediterranean area but spreading in natural areas. Temperature is pivotal in setting distribution limits of ectotherms, and limiting low temperatures may most likely be encountered by overwintering larvae of ALB and CLB. To investigate whether differential cold tolerance can contribute to setting the limits of both species' invaded ranges, we monitored larval metabolic rate before and after exposure to a one-week moderate cold stress assumed to be ecologically relevant in their European range (-2/+2 °C, 14/10 hours). We tested two distinctive fluctuating acclimation regimes before the cold exposure to check whether larval thermal experience prior to introduction events could alter the invasive success in new areas. Survival was high in all conditions for both species. While visual examination showed temporary locomotor and feeding inactivity during the stress, we found no clear evidence of altered respiration rate when comparing pre-stress and post-stress measurements, suggesting that larvae could immediately resume their initial metabolic activity after the stress, regardless of the acclimation regime. These results tend to indicate similar tolerances to the moderate stress considered for both species, but further studies on prolonged and more acute stresses are mandatory to address whether putative differential cold tolerance contribute to their distinctive spread patterns. Assessing respective propagule pressures through their introduction pathways is also required to understand their different invasion dynamics.

Keywords: ALB, CLB, Anoplophora, acclimation, invasive species, respirometry, cold stress

*Speaker, †Corresponding author: marion.javal@inra.fr

<footnote n="1">¹ INRA Orléans UR0633 Zoologie Forestière – Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA) : UR0633 – 2163 Avenue de la Pomme de Pin CS 40001 ARDON 45075 ORLEANS Cedex 2, France</footnote>

<footnote n="2">²Université d'Orléans – Université d'Orléans – 45075 Orléans, France</footnote>
Long-term effects of elevated CO2,
warming and droughts on VOC emission and phenolics production of
*Calluna vulgaris* in a temperate
heath ecosystem

Tao Li*<fnref n="1" />, Päivi Tiiva<fnref n="2" />, Anders Michelsen<fnref n="1" />, Riikka Rinnan<fnref n="1" />

Climate change is reshaping species interactions with ecosystem-level consequences. The mechanisms underlying the shift in species interactions are multifaceted, including climate-related changes in plant secondary metabolites that are potentially implicated in these interactions. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and phenolics are among those that have increasingly been shown to mediate myriad species interactions and be influenced by climate change. Components of climate change, including increasing CO2 levels, warming and droughts can drastically influence the production of plant secondary chemicals. Despite increasing studies addressing this issue, most of them have primarily focused on the effects of single climate change factors and employed relatively short exposure durations. Under natural conditions, however, plants are simultaneously confronting multiple abiotic and/or biotic factors. It is becoming increasingly apparent that plant responses to multiple environmental factors differ from and cannot be predicted by the effects of these factors acting alone. In addition, plant responses to long-term exposure to environmental stresses may differ from responses to short-term exposure because of their capability to acclimate and adapt successfully to novel environments. In order to more accurately characterize the trajectory of plant secondary metabolite responses and provide more realistic prediction of how projected climate change will restructure species interactions, long-term, multifactor experiments are in urgent need.

Here we aimed to investigate plant secondary metabolism response to elevated CO2, droughts and night-time warming using the dominant evergreen dwarf species, *Calluna vulgaris*, in a temperate heath. We measured VOC emissions at the branch level and quantitated the production of phenolics and tannins in different plant organs (leaves, stems and flowers) over two growing seasons after six years of exposure to these environmental factors. We will present these data and discuss the ecological consequences as well as the potential feedbacks on the local and regional climate.

Keywords: climate change, phenolics, volatile organic compounds

*Speaker: tao.li@bio.ku.dk

<footnote n="1">¹ Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen – Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Eastern Finland – Finland</footnote>
Rapid evolution of a range expanding plant

Martine Huberty<sup>1,2</sup>, Jennifer Cross<sup>2</sup>, Klaas Vrieling<sup>3</sup>, Nicole Van Dam<sup>4,5</sup>,
Mirka Macel<sup>*† 2,5</sup>

Due to climate change, some species are shifting their distribution ranges towards the poles. What happens with these species in their novel range? Do they quickly evolve and adapt to their new biotic and abiotic environments? Can we predict evolutionary changes in the novel range? We tested the genetic and phenotypic differentiation of the range expanding plant *Rorippa austriaca* (Brassicaceae). This species is native to south central-east Europe and has expanded its range to northwards with its current range limit in southern Scandinavia. Molecular genetic analyses showed that the genotypes from the novel range in North-West Europe were different from genotypes of the core distribution. Plants from the novel range showed increased vigor and differences in chemical defenses (glucosinolates) and insect herbivore resistance. In a common garden in the new range, there was a higher insect abundance and more herbivore damage on the plants originating from the core distribution compared to plants from the novel range. Our results suggest that range expanding plants may evolve increased vigor and altered herbivore resistance in their novel range, analogous to evolution of invasive plants. Theories on the evolution of invasive species could therefore (partly) be used to predict the evolution of species that are on the move due to global warming.

Keywords: climate change, insect communities, chemical defenses, latitudinal gradient

*Speaker, †Corresponding author: mirkamacel@gmail.com*

<footnote n="1"><sup>1</sup> NIOO-KNAW – Netherlands</footnote>

<footnote n="2"><sup>2</sup> University of Tuebingen – Germany</footnote>

<footnote n="3"><sup>3</sup> Leiden University – Netherlands</footnote>

<footnote n="4"><sup>4</sup> iDiv – Germany</footnote>

<footnote n="5"><sup>5</sup> Radboud University Nijmegen – Netherlands</footnote>
# Projecting pest population dynamics under global warming:
the combined effect of inter- and intra-annual variations

Shai Morin *<fnref n="1" />, Royi Zidon <fnref n="1" />, Efrat Morin <fnref n="1" />

The typical short generation length of insects makes their population dynamics highly sensitive not only to mean annual temperatures but also to their intra-annual variations. To consider the combined effect of both thermal factors under global warming, we propose a modeling frame-work that links general circulation models with a stochastic weather generator and population dynamics models to predict species population responses to inter- and intra-annual temperature changes. This framework was utilized to explore future changes in populations of *Bemisia tabaci*, an invasive insect pest-species in the Mediterranean region. We considered three locations representing different pest status and climatic conditions: Montpellier (France), Seville (Spain) and Beit-Jamal (Israel). We produced ensembles of local daily temperature realizations representing current and future (mid 21-century) climatic conditions under two emission scenarios. Our simulations predicted a significant increase in the average number of annual generations and in population size, and a significant lengthening of the growing season in all three locations. A negative effect was found only in Seville for the summer season, where future temperatures lead to a reduction in population size. High variability in population size was observed between years with similar annual mean temperatures, suggesting a strong effect of intra-annual temperature variation. Critical periods were from late spring to late summer in Montpellier and from late winter to early summer in Seville and Beit-Jamal. Although our analysis suggested that earlier seasonal activity does not necessarily lead to increased populations load unless an additional generation is produced, it is likely that the insect will become a significant pest at Mediterranean latitudes above 40° during the next 50 years. Our simulations also implied that current predictions based on mean temperature anomalies are relatively conservative and it is better to apply stochastic tools to resolve complex responses to climate change while taking natural variability into account.

Keywords: climate change, population dynamics models, general circulation models, down scaling, weather generator, invasive species, intra, annual temperature variability, reproductive performance, *Bemisia tabaci*

*Speaker: shai.morin@mail.huji.ac.il

<footnote n="1">¹ Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJ) – Jerusalem 91905, Israel</footnote>
Extended phenotypes and global change biology

Arthur Woods * <fnref n="1" />, Sylvain Pincebourde * <fnref n="2" />, Victoria Dalhloff <fnref n="1" />, Jérôme Casas <fnref n="2" />

Insects build shelters using an astonishing array of materials and techniques. The shelters are extended phenotypes of the insects and can fulfill diverse physiological and ecological functions: they may protect their inhabitants from predators, provide access to more or better food, and ameliorate poor abiotic conditions, particularly temperature and humidity. Here, we argue that insect-built shelters may also affect how insects respond to climate change, particularly change in abiotic factors. Climate change is causing monotonic shifts in conditions, such as long-term increases in atmospheric CO2 and mean surface temperature, and it is causing higher levels of variability, e.g., in temperature, rainfall, and frequency of extreme events. Insect-built shelters are effectively external integuments, made of living or non-living layers, that separate the insect from its proximate macro-environment and that alter exchanges of heat and water vapor. Using a set of case studies, we examine how strong this filtering can be, and we evaluate evidence about whether structures show developmental plasticity or phenotypic flexibility in their design. Finally, we integrate physiological and biophysical aspects of insect-built structures with anticipated patterns of change in temperature, solar irradiation, and hydrological cycles to predict the consequences of climate change for shelter-building insects.

Keywords: extended phenotype, plasticity, temperature, humidity, climate change

*Speakers,

Corresponding authors: art.woods@mso.umt.edu; sylvain.pincebourde@univ-tours.fr

<footnote n="1">¹University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive HS104 Missoula, MT 59812, United States.</footnote>

<footnote n="2">²Institut de recherche sur la biologie de l'insecte (IRBI) – CNRS : UMR7261, Université François Rabelais - Tours – France</footnote>
Evolutionary genomics

Thursday 6th of July 2017 Salle Thélème Tanneurs

<table><thead><tr><th colspan="3">Evolutionary genomics<br>Chairs JC Simon and N. Whiteman</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>08h30</td><td>Noah Whiteman<br>Keynote Speaker</td><td>Breaking bad: The evolution of herbivory in Drosophilidae</td></tr><tr><td>09h15</td><td>Patrick Abbot</td><td>Transcriptional profile and differential fitness across a cardenolide gradient in a specialist milkweed insect reveal the costs of response</td></tr><tr><td>09h30</td><td>Hélène Boulain (PhD)</td><td>Evolutionary analyses of a new quantitative catalogue of candidate secreted sali vary effectors in <i>Acyrthosiphon pisum</i></td></tr><tr><td>09h45</td><td>Marianthi Karageorgi</td><td>Olfactory specialization contributes in the making of the fruit pest <i>Drosophila suzukii</i></td></tr><tr><td>10h00</td><td>Nicole Van Dam</td><td>Ecogenomics analysis of <i>Solanum dulcamara</i> reveals chemical diversity in glycoalkaloids related to slug resistance</td></tr><tr><td>10h15</td><td colspan="2">Coffee break (sponsored by the INRA)</td></tr><tr><td>11h15</td><td>Michael Thomas-Poulsen<br>Keynote Speaker</td><td>Novel insights into symbiotic paths to sustainable agriculture</td></tr><tr><td>12h00</td><td colspan="2">Business meeting and Concluding remarks</td></tr><tr><td>12h30</td><td colspan="2">Lunch bags (sponsored by the University of Tours)</td></tr><tr><td>14h00</td><td colspan="2">End of the meeting</td></tr></tbody></table>
Keynote

**Breaking bad: The evolution of herbivory in Drosophilidae**

Noah Whiteman<sup>*† 1</sup></sub>, Andrew Gloss<sup>2</sup>, Anna Nelson-Dittrich<sup>3</sup>, Richard Lapoint<sup>3</sup>

Southwood proposed that the paucity of insect orders with herbivorous members was due to effective hurdles that herbivorous insects must overcome when colonizing plants: nutritional, attachment, desiccation and host finding. Once overcome, evolutionary transitions to herbivory drive species radiations and herbivory explains 30% of the variation in diversification rates across insect orders. The ancient origin of herbivory in most lineages renders identifying the genomic architecture associated with overcoming the hurdles difficult, such as Cuculionoidea and Lepidoptera. We leveraged a recent transition to herbivory within the Drosophiliae to study the genomic architecture of traits linked to overcoming hurdles to herbivory. We sequenced and annotated the genome of *Scaptomyza flava*, a drosophilid fly that feeds on living leaves of mustards and that of *S. pallida*, a non-herbivorous relative that feeds on decaying leaves. The close relatedness between *S. flava* and *Drosophila melanogaster*, the genetic model insect, enabled the discovery of evolutionary innovations in Scaptomyza using comparative genomics. Genes playing key roles in metabolism of plant-derived dietary compounds evolved at an accelerated rate following the transition to herbivory in *S. flava*, consistent with the hypothesis that plant chemicals are major drivers of herbivore evolution. Notably, an expanded set of rapidly evolving glutathione S-transferases confer unprecedented capacity to detoxify insecticidal mustard oils produced by host plants. An altered sterol profile in *S. flava* relative to microbe-feeders was coupled with rapid evolution of sterol transporters that are orthologous to a gene essential for cholesterol homeostasis in humans. Genome-wide association mapping revealed the neural developmental pathway is involved in the formation of dense, plant-cutting pegs on the *S. flava* ovipositor, a key morphological innovation in *S. flava*. Overall, these analyses highlight how targeted modification of pre-existing genes-rather than dramatic genome-wide changes-plays a key role in overcoming barriers to the evolution of herbivory.

Keywords: Evolution, herbivory, adaptation, mustard oils, Arabidopsis, Drosophilidae

*Speaker, †Corresponding author: whiteman@berkeley.edu

<footnote n="1">¹ University of California, Berkeley – Department of Integrative Biology 3040 Valley Life Sciences Building, United States</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² University of Chicago – United States</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³ University of Arizona – United States</footnote>