the late Quaternary inferred from the Rincão das Cabritas core,
The Holocene, 22, 1251–1262, 2012.

Jeske-Pieruschka, V., Fidelis, A., Bergamin, R. S., Vélez, E., and Behling, H.: Araucaria forest dynamics in relation to fire frequency in southern Brazil based on fossil and modern pollen data, Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol., 160, 53–65, 2010.

Jeske-Pieruschka, V., Pillar, V. D., De Oliveira, M. A. T., and Behling, H.: New insights into vegetation, climate and fire history of southern Brazil revealed by a 40,000 year environmental record from the State Park Serra do Tabuleiro, Veg. Hist. Archeobot., 22, 299–314, 2013.

Kuentz, A., de Mera, A. G., Ledru, M.-P., and Thouret, J.-C.: Phyto geographical data and modern pollen rain of the puna belt in southern Peru (Nevado Coropuna, Western Cordillera), J. Biogeogr., 34, 1762–1776, 2007.

Kuentz, A., Ledru, M.-P., and Thouret, J.-C.: Environmental changes in the highlands of the western Andean Cordillera, southern Peru, during the Holocene, The Holocene, 22, 1215–1226, 2012.

Labraga, J. C., Scian, B., and Frumento, O.: Anomalies in the atmospheric circulation associated with the rainfall excess or deficit in the Pampa Region in Argentina, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmospheres, 107, 1–15, 2012.

Leal, A., Perez, T., and Bilbao, B.: Contribution to early Holocene vegetation and climate history of eastern Orinoco Llanos, Venezuela, from a palaeoecological record of a *Mauritia* Lf swamp, Acta Amaz., 41, 513–520, 2011.

Ledru, M. P.: Late Holocene rainforest disturbance in French Guiana, Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol., 115, 161–170, 2001.

Ledru, M. P., Bertraux, J., and Sifeddine, A.: Absence of Last Glacial Maximum records, Quat. Res., 49, 233–237, 1998.

Ledru, M.-P., Jomelli, V., Samaniego, P., Vuille, M., Hidalgo, S., Herrera, M., and Ceron, C.: The Medieval Climate Anomaly and the Little Ice Age in the eastern Ecuadorian Andes, Clim. Past, 9, 307–321, doi:10.5194/cp-9-307-2013, 2013a.

Ledru, M.-P., Jomelli, V., Bremond, L., Ortuño, T., Cruz, P., Bentaleb, I., Sylvestre, F., Kuentz, A., Beck, S., Martin, C., Paillès, C., and Subitani, S.: Evidence of moist niches in the Bolivian Andes during the mid-Holocene arid period, The Holocene, 23, 1547–1559, 2013b.

Legates, D. R. and Willmott, C. J.: Mean seasonal and spatial variability in gauge-corrected, global precipitation, Int. J. Climatol., 10, 111–127, 1990.

Lewis, S. L., Brando, P. M., Phillips, O. L., Van der Heijden, G. M. F., and Nepstad, D.: The 2010 Amazon drought, Science, 331, 554–554, 2011.

Leyden, B. W.: Late Quaternary aridity and Holocene moisture fluctuations in the Lake Valencia Basin, Venezuela, Ecology, 66, 1279–1295, 1985.

Li, B., Nychka, D. W., and Ammann, C. M.: The value of multiproxy reconstruction of past climate, J. Am. Stat. Assoc., 105, 883–895, 2010.

Li, W. and Fu, R.: Influence of cold air intrusions on the wet season onset over Amazonia, J. Clim., 19, 257–275, 2006.

Liebmann, B. and Marengo, J.: Interannual variability of the rainy season and rainfall in the Brazilian Amazon basin, J. Clim., 14, 4308–4318, 2001.

Maldonado, A. and Villagrán, C.: Climate variability over the last 9900 cal yr BP from a swamp forest record along the semiarid coast of Chile, Quat. Res., 66, 246–258, 2006.

Mancini, M. V.: Variabilidad climática durante los últimos 1000 años en el área de Cabo Vírgenes, Argentina, Ameghiniana, 44, 173–182, 2007.

Mancini, M. V.: Holocene vegetation and climate changes from a peat pollen record of the forest - steppe ecotone, southwest of Patagonia (Argentina), Quat. Sci. Rev., 28, 1490–1497, 2009.

Mancini, M. V. and Graham, M.: Registros polínicos de depósitos del Holoceno en el sudeste de Patagonia, Argentina: Su aplicación en la reconstrucción paleoambiental, Ameghiniana, 51, 194–208, 2014.

Mancini, M. V., Paez, M. M., and Prieto, A. R.: Cambios paleoambientales durante los últimos 7000 ¹⁴C años en el ecotono bosque'estepa, 47-48° S, Santa Cruz, Argentina, Ameghiniana, 39, 151-162, 2002.

Marchant, R., Behling, H., Berrio, J. C., Cleef, A., Duivenvoorden, J., Hooghiemstra, H., Kuhry, P., Melief, B., Van Geel, B., and Van der Hammen, T.: Mid-to late-Holocene pollen-based biome reconstructions for Colombia, Quat. Sci. Rev., 20, 1289–1308, 2001.

Marchant, R., Almeida, L., Behling, H., Berrio, J. C., Bush, M., Cleef, A., Duivenvoorden, J., Kappelle, M., De Oliveira, P., Teixeira de Oliveira-Filho, A., Lozano-García, S., Hooghiemstra, H., Ledru, M. P., Ludlow-Wiechers, B., Markgraf, V., Mancini, V., Paez, M., Prieto, A., Rangel, O., and Salgado-Labouriau, M. L.: Distribution and ecology of parent taxa of pollen lodged within the Latin American Pollen Database, Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol., 121, 1–75, 2002.

Marengo, J. A., Nobre, C. A., Tomasella, J., Oyama, M. D., Sampaio de Oliveira, G., de Oliveira, R., Camargo, H., Alves, L. M., and Brown, I. F.: The drought of Amazonia in 2005, J. Clim., 21, 495–516, 2008.

Markgraf, V. and Huber, U. M.: Late and postglacial vegetation and fire history in southern Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 297, 351–366, 2010.

Markgraf, V., Webb, R. S., Anderson, K. H., and Anderson, L.: Modern pollen/climate calibration for southern South America, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 181, 375–397, 2002.

Markgraf, V., Whitlock, C., and Haberle, S.: Vegetation and fire history during the last 18,000 cal yr B.P. in southern Patagonia: Mallín Pollux, Coyhaique, Province Aisén (45° 41'30° S, 71° 50'30° W, 640 m elevation), Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 254, 492–507, 2007.

Martin, L., Bertaux, J., Correge, T., Ledru, M.-P., Mourguiart, P., Sifeddine, A., Soubies, F., Wirrmann, D., Suguio, K., and Turcq, B.: Astronomical forcing of contrasting rainfall changes in tropical South America between 12,400 and 8800 cal yr BP, Quaternary Res., 47, 117–122, 1997.

Matthews-Bird, F., Gosling, W. D., Coe, A. L., Bush, M., Mayle, F. E., Axford, Y., and Brooks, S. J.: Environmental controls on the distribution and diversity of lentic Chironomidae (Insecta: Diptera) across an altitudinal gradient in tropical South America, Ecol. Evolut., 6, 91–112, doi:10.1002/ece3.1833, 2015.

Mauquoy, D., Blaauw, M., Van Geel, B., Borromei, A., Quattrochio, M., Chambers, F. M., and Possnert, G.: Late Holocene climatic changes in Tierra del Fuego based on multiproxy analyses of peat deposits, Quat. Res., 61, 148–158, 2004.
Mayle, F. E. and Iriarte, J.: Integrated palaeoecology and archaeology – a powerful approach for understanding pre-Columbian Amazonia, J. Archaeol. Sci., 51, 54–64, 2014.

Mayle, F. E., Burbridge, R., and Killeen, T. J.: Millennial-scale dynamics of southern Amazonian rain forests, Science, 290, 2291–2294, 2000.

Mayr, C., Fey, M., Haberzettl, T., Janssen, S., Lücke, A., Maidana, N. I., Ohlendorf, C., Schäbitz, F., Schleser, G. H., Struck, U., Wille, M., and Zolitschka, B.: Palaeoenvironmental changes in southern Patagonia during the last millennium recorded in lake sediments from Laguna Azul (Argentina), Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 228, 203–227, 2005.

McGlue, M. M., Silva, A., Zani, H., Corradini, F. A., Parolin, M., Abel, E. J., Cohen, A. S., Assine, M. L., Ellis, G. S., Trees, M. A., Kuerten, S., dos Santos, F. G., and Rasbold, G. G.: Lacustrine records of Holocene flood pulse dynamics in the Upper Paraguay River watershed (Pantanal wetlands, Brazil), Quat. Res., 78, 285–294, 2012.

Montecinos, A. and Aceituno, P.: Seasonality of the ENSO-related rainfall variability in central Chile and associated circulation anomalies, J. Clim., 16, 281–296, 2003.

Montoya, E. and Rull, V.: Gran Sabana fires (SE Venezuela): a palaeoecological perspective, Quat. Sci. Rev., 30, 3430–3444, 2011.

Montoya, E., Rull, V., Nogué, S., and Díaz, W. A.: Paleocología del Holoceno en la Gran Sabana, SE Venezuela: Análisis preliminar de polen y microcarbons en la Laguna Encantada, Collectanea Botanica, 28, 65–79, 2009.

Montoya, E., Rull, V., Stansell, N. D., Abbott, M. B., Nogué, S., Bird, B. W., and Díaz, W. A.: Forest–savanna–morichal dynamics in relation to fire and human occupation in the southern Gran Sabana (SE Venezuela) during the last millennia, Quaternary Res., 76, 335–344, 2011a.

Montoya, E., Rull, V., Stansell, N. D., Bird, B. W., Nogué, S., Vegas-vilarrúbia, T., Abbott, M. B., and Díaz, W. A.: Vegetation changes in the Neotropical Gran Sabana (Venezuela) around the Younger Dryas chron, J. Quat. Scien., 26, 207–218, 2011b.

Moreno, P. I., François, J. P., Villa-Martínez, R. P., and Moy, C. M.: Millennial-scale variability in Southern Hemisphere westerly wind activity over the last 5000 years in SW Patagonia, Quat. Sci. Rev., 28, 25–38, 2009.

Moreno, P. I., Vilanova, I., Villa-Martínez, R., Garreaud, R. D., Rojas, M., and De Pol-Holz, R.: Southern Annular Mode-like changes in southwestern Patagonia at centennial timescales over the last three millennia, Nat. Commun., 5, 4375, doi:10.1038/ncomms5375, 2014.

Moscol-Olivera, M. C. and Hooghiemstra, H.: Three millennia upper forest line changes in northern Ecuador: pollen records and altitudinal vegetation distributions, Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol., 163, 113–126, 2010.

Neukom, R. and Gergis, J.: Southern Hemisphere high-resolution palaeoclimate records of the last 2000 years, The Holocene, 22, 501–524, 2012.

Neukom, R., Luterbacher, J., Villalba, R., Küttel, M., Frank, D., Jones, P. D., Grosjean, M., Esper, J., Lopez, L., and Wanner, H.: Multi-centennial summer and winter precipitation variability in southern South America: South American precipitation variability, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L14708, doi:10.1029/2010GL043680, 2010.

Niemann, H. and Behling, H.: Late Holocene environmental change and human impact inferred from three soil monoliths and the Laguna Zurita multi-proxi record in the southeastern Ecuadorian Andes, Veg. Hist. Archaeobot., 19, 1–15, 2010.

Niemann, H., Matthias, I., Michalzik, B., and Behling, H.: Late Holocene human impact and environmental change inferred from a multi-proxy lake sediment record in the Loja region, southeastern Ecuador, Quat. Int., 308/309, 253–264, 2013.

Nobre, P. and Shukla, J.: Variations of sea surface temperature, wind stress, and rainfall over the tropical Atlantic and South America, J. Clim., 9, 2464–2479, 1996.

Nogué, S., Rull, V., Montoya, E., Huber, O., and Vegas-Vilarrúbia, T.: Paleocology of the Guayana Highlands (northern South America): Holocene pollen record from the Eruoda-tepui, in the Chimantá massif, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 281, 165–173, 2009.

Olson, D. M., Dinerstein, E., Wikramanayake, E. D., Burgess, N. D., V. G., Powell, N., Underwood, E. C., D. J. A., Itoua, I., Strand, H. E., Morrison, J.C., Loucks, C. J., Allnutt, T. F., Ricketts, T. H., Kura, Y., Lamoreux, J. F., Wettengel, W. W., Hedao, P., and Kassem, K. R.: Terrestrial ecoregions of the world: a new map of life on Earth, BioScience, 51, 933–938, 2010.

PAGES-2k Consortium: Continental-scale temperature variability during the past two millennia, Nat. Geosci., 6, 339–346, 2013.

Pesce, O. H. and Moreno, P. I.: Vegetation, fire and climate change in central-east Isla Grande de Chiloé (43° S) since the Last Glacial Maximum, northwestern Patagonia, Quat. Sci. Rev., 90, 143–157, 2014.

Polissar, P. J., Abbott, M. B., Wolfe, A. P., Bezada, M., Rull, V., and Bradley, R. S.: Solar modulation of Little Ice Age climate in the tropical Andes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 103, 8937–8942, 2006.

Punyasena, S. W.: Estimating Neotropical palaeotemperature and palaeoprecipitation using plant family climatic optima, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 265, 226–237, 2008.

Punyasena, S. W., Eshel, G., and McElwain, J. C.: The influence of climate on the spatial patterning of Neotropical plant families, J. Biogeogr., 35, 117–130, 2008.

Rayner, N. A., Parker, D. E., Horton, E. B., Folland, C. K., Alexander, L. V., Rowell, D. P., Kent, E. C., and Kaplan, A.: Global analyses of sea surface temperature, sea ice, and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century, J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 108, 4407, doi:10.1029/2002JD002670, 2003.

Rodbell, D. T.: An 15,000-year record of El Niño-driven alluviation in southwestern Ecuador, Science, 283, 516–520, 1999.

Ronchail, J., Cochonneau, G., Molinier, M., Guyot, J.-L., De Miranda Chaves, A. G., Guimarães, V., and de Oliveira, E.: Inter-annual rainfall variability in the Amazon basin and sea-surface temperatures in the equatorial Pacific and the tropical Atlantic oceans, Int. J. Climatol., 22, 1663–1686, 2002.

Roucoux, K. H., Lawson, I. T., Jones, T. D., Baker, T. R., Coronado, E. N. H., Gosling, W. D., and Lähteenoja, O.: Vegetation development in an Amazonian peatland, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 374, 242–255, 2013.

Rull, V.: Contribución a la paleocología de Pantepui la Gran Sabana (Guayana Venezolana): clima, biogeografía, y ecología, Scientia Guaianae, 2, 1–133, 1991.

Rull, V.: A palynological record of a secondary succession after fire in the Gran Sabana, Venezuela, J. Quat. Sci., 14, 137–152, 1999.
Rull, V.: Palaeovegetational and palaeoenvironmental trends in the summit of the Guaiquinima massif (Venezuelan Guayana) during the Holocene, J. Quat. Sci., 20, 135–145, 2005a.

Rull, V.: Vegetation and environmental constancy in the Neotropical Guayana Highlands during the last 6000 years?, Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol., 135, 205–222, 2005b.

Rull, V.: An evaluation of the Lost World and vertical displacement hypotheses in the Chimantá Massif, Venezuelan Guayana, Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr., 13, 141–148, 2004a.

Rull, V.: Is the “Lost World” really lost? Palaeoecological insights into the origin of the peculiar flora of the Guayana Highlands, Naturwissenschaften, 91, 139–142, 2004b.

Rull, V.: Long-term vegetation stability and the concept of potential natural vegetation in the Neotropics, J. Veg. Sci., 26, 603–607, 2015.

Rull, V. and Montoya, E.: *Mauritia* flexuosa palm swamp communities: natural or human-made? A palynological study of the Gran Sabana region (northern South America) within a neotropical context, Quat. Sci. Rev., 99, 17–33, 2014.

Rull, V. and Schubert, C.: The little ice age in the tropical Venezuelan Andes, Acta Científica Venez., 40, 71–73, 1989.

Rull, V., Salgado-Labouriau, M. L., Schubert, C., and Valastro Jr, S.: Late Holocene temperature depression in the Venezuelan Andes: Palynological evidence, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 60, 109–121, 1987.

Rull, V., Vegas, T., Nogué, S., and Montoya, E.: Bureaucratic obstruction of conservation science in the Guayana Highlands, Conserv. Biol., 22, 508–509, 2008.

Rull, V., Montoya, E., Nogué, S., and Huber, O.: Preliminary palynological analysis of a Holocene peat bog from Apakará-tepui (Chimantá Massif, Venezuelan Guayana), Collectanea Botanica, 30, 79–88, 2011.

Rull, V., Montoya, E., Nogué, S., Vegas-Vilarrúbia, T., and Safont, E.: Ecological palaeoecology in the neotropical Gran Sabana region: long-term records of vegetation dynamics as a basis for ecological hypothesis testing, Perspect. Plant Ecol. Evol. Syst., 15, 338–359, 2013.

Safont, E., Rull, V., Vegas-vilarrúbia, T., Holst, B. K, Huber, O., Nozawa, S., Vivas, Y., and Silva, A.: Establishing a baseline of plant diversity and endemism on a neotropical mountain summit for future comparative studies assessing upward migration: an approach from biogeography and nature conservation, Syst. Biodivers., 12, 292–314, 2014.

Safont, E., Rull, V., Vegas-Vilarrúbia, T., Montoya, E., Huber, O., and Holst, B. K. Late Holocene vegetation and fire dynamics in the Guayana Highlands: the Uei-tepui palynological record, Vegetation history and Archaeobotany, accepted, 2016.

Schäbitz, F., Wille, M., Francois, J.-P., Haberzettl, T., Quintana, F., Mayr, C., Lücke, A., Ohlendorf, C., Mancini, V., Paez, M. M., Prieto, A. R., and Zolitschka, B.: Reconstruction of palaeoprecipitation based on pollen transfer functions – the record of the last 16 ka from Laguna Potrok Aike, southern Patagonia, Quat. Sci. Rev., 71, 175–190, 2013.

Schittek, K., Forbriger, M., Mächtle, B., Schäbitz, F., Wennrich, V., Reindel, M., and Eitel, B.: Holocene environmental changes in the highlands of the southern Peruvian Andes (14° S) and their impact on pre-Columbian cultures, Clim. Past, 11, 27–44, doi:10.5194/cp-11-27-2015, 2015.

Silverman, H.: Andean Archaeology III: North and South, Springer US, NY, 2008.

Silvestri, G. E. and Vera, C. S.: Antarctic Oscillation signal on precipitation anomalies over southeastern South America, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 2115, doi:10.1029/2003GL018277, 2003.

Stutz, S., Borel, C. M., Fontana, S. L., and Tonello, M. S.: Holocene changes in trophic states of shallow lakes from the Pampa plain of Argentina, The Holocene, 22, 1263–1270, 2012.

Stutz, S., Tonello, M. S., Gonzalez Sagraria, M. A., Navarro, D., and Fontana, S.: Historia ambiental de los lagos someros de la llanura Pampeana desde el Holoceno medio. Inferencias paleoclimáticas, Lat. Am. J. Sedimentol. Basin Anal., 21, 119–138, 2015.

Takahashi, K.: The atmospheric circulation associated with extreme rainfall events in Piura, Peru, during the 1997–1998 and 2002 El Niño events, Ann. Geophys., 22, 3917–3926, 2004.

Thomas, D. J.: Order without government: the society of the Pemons indians of Venezuela, University of Illinois Press, Illinois, 1982.

Thompson, D. W. J. and Wallace, J. M.: Annular modes in the extratropical circulation – Part I: Month-to-Month Variability*, J. Clim., 13, 1000–1016, 2000.

Tonello, M. S. and Prieto, A. R.: Modern vegetation–pollen–climate relationships for the Pampa grasslands of Argentina, J. Biogeogr., 35, 926–938, 2008.

Tonello, M. S., Mancini, M. V., and Seppä, H.: Quantitative reconstruction of Holocene precipitation changes in southern Patagonia, Quat. Res., 72, 410–420, 2009.

Tonello, M. S., Mancini, M. V., de Porras, M. E., Bamonte, F. P., and Sottile, G.: Pollen and climate dataset at southern Patagonia: evaluating weaknesses and strengths for quantitative palaeoclimatic reconstructions, Valdivia, Chile, 2010.

Urrego, D. H., Bush, M. B., and Silman, M. R.: A long history of cloud and forest migration from Lake Consuelo, Peru, Quat. Res., 73, 364–373, 2010.

Urrego Giraldo, L. E. and Berrio M., J. C.: Los estudios paleoecológicos en el Chocó Biogeográfico durante el Holoceno medio y reciente., in Diversidad Biótica IV. El Chocó Biogeográfico/Costa Pacífica, edited by J.O. Rangel-Ch, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Conservación Internacional, Bogotá, DC, Colombia., 2011.

Urrego Giraldo, L. E. and del Valle A., J. I.: Reconstrucción de la sucesión de un bosque de “Guandal” (Pacífico Colombiano) durante el Holoceno reciente, Caldasia, 24, 425–443, 2002.

Valencia, B. G., Urrego, D. H., Silman, M. R., and Bush, M. B.: From ice age to modern: a record of landscape change in an Andean cloud forest: Cloud forest history: from ice age to modern, J. Biogeogr., 37, 1637–1647, 2010.

Van Boxel, J. H., González-Carranza, Z., Hooghiemstra, H., Bierkens, M., and Vélez, M. I.: Reconstructing past precipitation from lake levels and inverse modelling for Andean Lake La Cocha, J. Palaeolim., 51, 63–77, 2013.

Van der Hammen, T. and Correal Urrego, G.: Prehistoric man of the Sabana de Bogotá: Data for an ecological prehistory, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 25, 179–190, 1978.

Van Geel, B. and Van der Hammen, T.: Upper Quaternary vegetational and climatic secuense of the Fúquene area (Eastern Cordillera, Colombia), Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 14, 9–92, 1973.
Vélez, M. I., Wille, M., Hooghiemstra, H., Metcalfe, S., Vandenberghe, J., and Van der Borg, K.: Late Holocene environmental history of southern Chocó region, Pacific Colombia; sediment, diatom and pollen analysis of core El Caimito, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 173, 197–214, 2001.

Vera, C., Higgins, W., Amador, J., Ambrizzi, T., Garreaud, R., Gochis, D., Gutzler, D., Lettenmaier, D., Marengo, J., Mechoso, C. R., Nogues-Paegle, J., Dias, P. L. S., and Zhang, C.: Toward a Unified View of the American Monsoon Systems, J. Climate, 19, 4977–5000, 2006.

Viglizzo, E. F. and Frank, F. C.: Ecological interactions, feedbacks, thresholds and collapses in the Argentine Pampas in response to climate and farming during the last century, Quat. Int., 158, 122–126, 2006.

Villalba, R., Grosjean, M., and Kiefer, T.: Long-term multi-proxy climate reconstructions and dynamics in South America (LOTRED-SA): State of the art and perspectives, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 281, 175–179, 2009.

Villa-Martínez, R., Villagrán, C., and Jenny, B.: Pollen evidence for late-Holocene climatic variability at Laguna de Aculeo, Central Chile (lat. 34° S), The Holocene, 14, 361–367, 2004.

Vuille, M. and Garreaud, R. D.: Ocean-atmosphere interactions on interannual to decadal timescales, in Handbook of Environmental Change, vol. 1, edited by: J. A. Matthews, P. J. Bartlein, K. R. Briffa, A. Dawson, A. de Vernal, T. Denham, S. C. Fritz, and F. Oldfield, Sage Publications, London, Los Angeles, New Delhi, Singapore, 471–496, 2012.

Vuille, M. and Werner, M.: Stable isotopes in precipitation recording South American summer monsoon and ENSO variability – observations and model results, Clim. Dynam., 25, 401–413, 2005.

Vuille, M., Bradley, R. S., and Keimig, F.: Interannual climate variability in the Central Andes and its relation to tropical Pacific and Atlantic forcing, J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 105, 12447–12460, 2000.

Vuille, M., Burns, S. J., Taylor, B. L., Cruz, F. W., Bird, B. W., Abbott, M. B., Kanner, L. C., Cheng, H., and Novello, V. F.: A review of the South American monsoon history as recorded in stable isotopic proxies over the past two millennia, Clim. Past, 8, 1309–1321, 2012.

Wang, H. and Fu, R.: Cross-equatorial flow and seasonal cycle of precipitation over South America, J. Clim., 15, 1591–1608, 2002.

Weng, C., Bush, M. B., and Athens, J. S.: Holocene climate change and hydrarch succession in lowland Amazonian Ecuador, Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol., 120, 73–90, 2002.

Whitlock, C., Bianchi, M. M., Bartlein, P. J., Markgraf, V., Marlon, J., Walsh, M., and McCoy, N.: Postglacial vegetation, climate, and fire history along the east side of the Andes (lat 41–42.5° S), Argentina, Quat. Res., 66, 187–201, 2006.

Whitney, B. S., Mayle, F. E., Punyasena, S., Fitzpatrick, K., Burn, M., Guillen, R., Chavez, E., Mann, D., Pennington, R. T., and Metcalfe, S.: A 45 kyr palaeoclimate record from the lowland interior of tropical South America, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 307, 177–192, 2011.

Whitney, B. S., Dickau, R., Mayle, F. E., Soto, J. D., and Iriarte, J.: Pre-Columbian landscape impact and agriculture in the Monumental Mound region of the Llanos de Moxos, lowland Bolivia, Quat. Res., 80, 207–217, 2013.

Whitney, B. S., Dickau, R., Mayle, F. E., Walker, J. H., Soto, J. D., and Iriarte, J.: Pre-Columbian raised-field agriculture and land-use in the Bolivian Amazon, The Holocene, 24, 231–241, 2014.

Winsborough, B. M., Shimada, I., Newsom, L. A., Jones, J. G., and Segura, R. A.: Paleoenvironmental catastrophies on the Peruvian coast revealed in lagoon sediment cores from Pachacamac, J. Archaeol. Sci., 39, 602–614, 2012.

Wille, M., Negret, J. A., and Hooghiemstra, H.: Paleoenvironmental history of the Popayán area since 27 000 yr BP at Timbio, southern Colombia, Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol., 109, 45–63, 2000.

Wille, M., Hooghiemstra, H., Behling, H., van der Borg, K., and Negret, A. J.: Environmental change in the Colombian subandean forest belt from 8 pollen records: the last 50 kyr, Vegetat. Hist. Archaeobot., 10, 61–77, 2001.

Wille, M., Hooghiemstra, H., Van Geel, B., Behling, H., de Jong, A., and Van der Borg, K.: Submillennium-scale migrations of the rainforest–savanna boundary in Colombia: $^{14}$C wiggle-matching and pollen analysis of core Las Margaritas, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 193, 201–223, 2003.

Wille, M., Maidana, N. I., Schäbitz, F., Fey, M., Haberzettl, T., Janssen, S., Lücke, A., Mayr, C., Ohlendorf, C., Schleser, G. H., and Zolitschka, B.: Vegetation and climate dynamics in southern South America: the microfossil record of Laguna Potrok Aike, Santa Cruz, Argentina, Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol., 146, 234–246, 2007.

Williams, J. J., Gosling, W. D., Coe, A. L., Brooks, S. J., and Guliver, P.: Four thousand years of environmental change and human activity in the Cochabamba Basin, Bolivia, Quaternary Res., 76, 58–68, 2011.

Williams, J. J., Brooks, S. J., and Gosling, W. D.: Response of chironomids to late Pleistocene and Holocene environmental change in the eastern Bolivian Andes, J. Paleolimnol., 48, 485–501, 2012.

Zárate, M. A. and Tripaldi, A.: The aeolian system of central Argentina, Aeolian Res., 3, 401–417, 2012.

Zhou, J. and Lau, K.-M.: Principal modes of interannual and decadal variability of summer rainfall over South America, Int. J. Climatol., 21, 1623–1644, 2001.