900X. OCLC: 6825140208. PMC: 5017830.
PMID: 27625710. QID: Q28078731.

[ARE14] Samantha Cukier; Lucas Helal; Danielle B Rice; et al. (2020). "Checklists to detect potential predatory biomedical journals: a systematic review". BMC Medicine. 18 (1):104. DOI: 10.1186/S12916-020-01566-1. ISSN: 1741-7015. OCLC: 8587965888. PMC: 7203891. PMID: 32375818. QID: Q94585918.

[ARE15] Basile Audoly; Sébastien Neukirch (2005). "Fragmentation of Rods by Cascading Cracks: Why Spaghetti Does Not Break in Half". Physical Review Letters. (9) 95: 4-1.
DOI: 10.1103/PHYSREVLETT.95.095505.
ISSN: 0031-9007. OCLC: 112056070.
PMID: 16197227. QID: Q27452775.

[ARE16] Francesca Tripodi (2021). "Ms. Categorized: Gender, notability, and inequality on Wikipedia". New Media & Society 25 (7): 1707-1687. DOI: 10.1177/14614448211023772. ISSN: 1461-4448. OCLC: 9103223113. QID: Q107357257.

[ARE17] Myriam Vidal Valero (2023). "Death threats, trolling and sexist abuse: climate scientists report online attacks". Nature 616: 422-421. DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-01018-9. ISSN: 1476-4687. OCLC: 9827678181. PMID: 37024589. QID: Q130466939.

[ARE18] Mandeep R. Mehra; Sapan S Desai; Frank Ruschitzka; Amit N Patel (2020). "RETRACTED: Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine with or without
a macrolide for treatment of COVID-19: a multinational registry analysis". The Lancet. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31180-6. ISSN: 0140-6736. OCLC: 8600229464. PMC: 7255293. PMID: 32450107. QID: Q95177432.

[ARE19] Paul Weindling; Anna von Villiez; Aleksandra Loewenau; Nichola Farron (2016). "The victims of unethical human experiments and coerced research under National Socialism". Endeavour. 40 (1): 1-6. DOI: 10.1016/J.ENDEAVOUR.2015.10.005. ISSN: 0160-9327. OCLC: 6018501916. PMC: 4822534. PMID: 26749461. QID: Q36770332.

[ARE20] J. Katz (1996). "The Nuremberg Code and the Nuremberg Trial. A reappraisal". The Journal of the American Medical Association. 276 (20): 1662-1666. DOI: 10.1001/JAMA.276.20.1662. ISSN: 0098-7484. OCLC: 120895663. PMID: 8922453. QID: Q56912441.

[ARE21] Charles Dawson; Arthur Smith Woodward (1913). "On the Discovery of a Palaeolithic Human Skull and Mandible in a Flint-bearing Gravel overlying the Wealden (Hastings Beds) at Piltdown, Fletching (Sussex)". Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London. 69 (1-4): 117-123. DOI: 10.1144/GSL.JGS.1913.069.01-04.10. ISSN: 0370-291X. OCLC: 4648945442. QID: Q56093223.

[ARE22] Clair C. Patterson (1965). "Contaminated and Natural Lead Environments of Man". Archives of
Environmental and Occupational Health. 11: 344–360. DOI: 10.1080/00039896.1965.10664229. ISSN:1933-8244. OCLC: 101185363. PMID: 14334042. QID: Q33972132.

[ARE23] Dorothy M. Settle; Clair C. Patterson (1980). "Lead in albacore: guide to lead pollution in Americans". Science. 207 (4436): 1167–1176. DOI: 10.1126/SCIENCE.6986654. ISSN: 0036-8075. OCLC: 9985653064. PMID: 6986654. QID: Q34056690.

[ARE24] "Closing the Climategate". Nature. 468 (7322): 345–345. 2010. DOI: 10.1038/468345A. ISSN:1476-4687. OCLC: 4654548920. PMID: 21085128. QID: Q56772747.

[ARE25] Jim Isaak; Mina J. Hanna (2018). "User Data Privacy: Facebook, Cambridge Analytica, and Privacy Protection". Computer. 51 (8): 56–59. DOI: 10.1109/MC.2018.3191268. ISSN: 0018-9162. OCLC: 7877989723. QID: Q130544461.

[ARE26] Sandra C. Matz; Ruth E. Appel; Michal Kosinski (2020). "Privacy in the age of psychological targeting". Current opinion in psychology. 31: 116–121. DOI: 10.1016/J.COPSYC.2019.08.010. ISSN: 2352-250X. OCLC: 8264377221. PMID: 31563799. QID: Q90347511.

[ARE27] Eugenie Samuel Reich (2009). "The rise and fall of a physics fraudster". Physics World. 22 (5): 24–29. DOI: 10.1088/2058-7058/22/05/37. ISSN: 0953-8585. QID: Q130544629.
[ARE28] A. J. Wakefield; S. H. Murch; A. Anthony; et al. (1998). "RETRACTED: Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children". The Lancet. 351 (9103): 637-41. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11096-0. ISSN: 0140-6736. OCLC: 4926571157. PMID: 9500320. QID: Q28264479. (erratum).

## In German

[ARG01] Albert Einstein (1905). "Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper" [On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies]. Annalen der Physik. 322 (17): 891-921. DOI: 10.1002/ANDP.19053221004. ISSN: 0003-3804. QID: Q3020388.

## In Latin

[ARL01] Leonhardus Eulerus (1741). "Solutio problematis ad geometriam situs pertinentis" [Solution of problems related to the geometry of the site]. Commentarii Academiae scientiarum imperialis Petropolitanae 8: 140-128. ISSN: 2686-7079. QID: Q130474712.

# II. Books

## In Arabic

ابن الهيثم (1971)، الشكوك على بطليموس، تحقيق: عبد الحميد صيرة، نبيل الشهايي (ط. 1)، القاهرة: مطبعة دار الكتب،

QID: Q123558574، OCLC: 23513400

[BKA01]
In English

[BKE01] Oxford advanced learner's dictionary of Current English (10th ed.). Oxford University Press. 2023. ISBN: 978-0-19-479848-8. OCLC: 1349940205. QID: Q123558356.

[BKE02] Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary (4th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 978-1-107-03515-7. OCLC: 843487331. QID: Q123558412.

[BKE03] The Merriam-Webster Dictionary Merriam-Webster. 2022. ISBN: 978-0-87779-095-2. OCLC: 1349739558. QID: Q123558481.

[BKE04] John Simpson; Edmund Weiner, eds. (1989). The Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978-0-19-861186-8. OCLC: 611410378. QID: Q120829013.

[BKE05] Edward O. Wilson (1999). Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge (1st ed.). Vintage Books. ISBN: 978-0-679-76867-8. OCLC: 552642298. OL: 18306608M. QID: Q123558554.

[BKE06] Bertrand Russell (2016). The impact of science on society. Routledge classics. London: Routledge. ISBN: 978-1-317-23002-1. OCLC: 946931698. QID: Q130130461.

[BKE07] Anna Wierzbicka (1985). Lexicography and conceptual analysis. Tucson: Karoma Publishers. ISBN: 978-0-89720-069-1. OCLC: 813675199. QID: Q123584908.
[BKE08] Alan Isaacs; John Daintith; Elizabeth Martin, eds. (2003). A dictionary of science. Oxford Paperback Reference (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978-0-19-860757-1. OCLC: 52324038. OL: 7401497M. QID: Q123584948.

[BKE09] H. A. Lorentz; Albert Einstein; H. Minkowski; Hermann Weyl; Arnold Sommerfeld (1923), The principle of relativity: a collection of original memoirs on the special and general theory of relativity, translated by W. Perrett; G. B. Jeffery, London: Methuen Publishing, OCLC: 6137599, QID: Q130259854.

[BKE10] Robert Audi; Paul Audi, eds. (2015). The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 978-1-107-01505-0. OCLC: 930365467. OL: 28535299M. QID: Q123585260.

[BKE11] Friedrich Hayek (2008). A free-market monetary system. Auburn: Mises Institute. ISBN:978-1-933550-37-4. OCLC:502635266. OL:25540241M. QID:Q123653849.

[BKE12] Reproducibility and Replicability in Science. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. 10 October 2019. ISBN: 978-0-309-48617-0. OCLC: 1122461743. PMID: 31596559. QID:Q123653937.

[BKE13] Eliel Cohen (2021). The university and its boundaries: thriving or surviving in the twenty-first century. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge.
ISBN: 78-0-367-56298-4.

OCLC: 1221018016.

QID: Q123654031.

[BKE14] Michael Shermer (1997). Why some people believe weird things: pseudoscience, superstition, and other confusions of our time (2nd ed.). Basingstoke: William Hazen Freeman. ISBN: 978-0-7167-3090-3. OCLC: 1243845885. OL: OL22118952M. QID: Q123670617.

[BKE15] MLA handbook (9th ed.). New York: Modern Language Association. 2021. ISBN: 978-1-60329-351-8. OCLC: 1255705318. QID: Q130487424.

[BKE16] Publication manual of the American Psychological Association: the official guide to APA style (7th ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association. 2020. ISBN: 978-1-4338-3215-4. OCLC: 1111952681. QID: Q130487443.

[BKE17] The Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2017. ISBN: 978-0-226-28705-8. LCCN: 2017020712. OCLC: 988171830. OL: 26882059M. QID: Q107523790.

[BKE18] Will Durant (1927), The story of philosophy, Garden City: Garden City Publishing Company, OCLC: 3964107, QID: Q130535496.

[BKE19] Peter J. Hotez (2023). The deadly rise of anti-science: a scientist's warning. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN: 978-1-4214-4722-3. OCLC: 1382342717. QID: Q130535563.
**[BKE20]** Byron Kaldis, ed. (2013). *Encyclopedia of philosophy and the social sciences*. Los Angeles: SAGE Publishing. ISBN: 978-1-4522-7604-5. OCLC: 849246204. QID: Q130542408.

In French

**[BKF01]** René Descartes (1824), Victor Cousin (ed.), *Oeuvres de Descartes*, Paris: Éditions Berger-Levrault, OCLC: 14827871, QID: Q130191949.

In German

**[BKG01]** Alfred Wegener (1915), *Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane, Braunschweig: Vieweg Verlag*, OCLC: 6827249, QID: Q3027316.

In Latin

**[BKL01]** Heinrich Dörrie (1971). P. Ovidii Nasonis Epistulae heroidum. Texte und Kommentare (6). Berolinum: W. de Gruyter. ISBN:978-3-11-003587-2. OCLC:14023255. OL:22069919M. QID:Q123585641.

III. Theses

**[THS01]** John Forbes Nash (1950), *Non-cooperative games, Princeton University*, OCLC:49200612, QID:Q130478169.

IV. Web:

**[WEB01]** "Research Methods: What are research methods?", University of Newcastle Library Guides, URL:
https://libguides.newcastle.edu.au/researchmethods, last visited: 30-11-2023, archive URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20231130134641/https://libguides.newcastle.edu.au/researchmethods, archive date: 30-11-2023.

[WEB02] "Research Coins: Electronic Auction", CNG-Ancient Greek, Roman, British Coins, URL: https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=368240, last visited: 30-11-2023, archive URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20231130140242/https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=368240, archive date: 30-11-2023.

[WEB03] Ashutosh Jogalekar (13-08-2013), "Is psychology a "real" science? Does it really matter?", Scientific American Blog Network, URL: https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/thecurious-wavefunction/is-psychology-ae2809creale2809d-science-does-it-really-matter/, Last visited: 03-12-2023, archive URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20231203223557/https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/thecurious-wavefunction/is-psychology-ae2809creale2809d-science-does-it-really-matter/, archive date: 03-12-2023.

[WEB04] "The problem of reproducibility in economics", Open Science Future, URL: https://open-sciencefuture.zbw.eu/en/problem-reproducibilityeconomics/, Last visited: 03-12-2023, archive URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20231203232634/https://open-science-
future.zbw.eu/en/problem-reproducibility-
economics/, archive date: 03-12-2023.

[WEB05] "Chapter 7: Science and Technology: Public Attitudes and Public Understanding: Science Fiction and Pseudoscience", Indicators 2002, URL: https://wayback.archive-it.org/5902/20150628100513/http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind02/c7/c7s5.htm, Last visited: 03-12-2023, archive URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20231203235132/https://partner.archive-it.org/missing_url_record?getJS=true&type=count&collld=5902&checkBefore=20231203235126&cPage=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsf.gov%2Fstatistics%2Fseind02%2Fc7%2Fc7s5.htm&timestamp=20150628100513, archive date: 03-12-2023.

[WEB06] "Predatory Publication", Kscien Organization for Scientific Research, URL: https://kscien.org/predatory.php, Last visited: 17-10-2023. archive URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20231017104938/https://kscien.org/predatory.php, archive date: 17-10-2023.

[WEB07] "Colonialism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 09-05-2006. URL: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/colonialism/, Last visited: 10-07-2024. archive URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20241007213258/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/colonialism/, archive date: 07-10-2024.
[WEB08] "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1994", nobelprize, url: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1994, archive URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20081017212643/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1994, archive date: 17-10-2008.

[WEB09] "About record structure", OCLC, 11-08-2020, URL: https://help.oclc.org/Metadata_Services/OCLC_MARC_records/Record_structure/00About_recover_structure, archive url: https://web.archive.org/web/20241225195606/https://help.oclc.org/Metadata_Services/OCLC_MARC_records/Record_structure/00About_record_structure, archive date: 25-12-2024.

[WEB10] Sarah Boseley and Melissa Davey (04-06-2020), "Covid-19: Lancet retracts paper that halted hydroxychloroquine trials", The Guardian, URL: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/04/covid-19-lancet-retracts-paper-that-halted-hydroxychloroquine-trials, archive URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20241225200226/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/04/covid-19-lancet-retracts-paper-that-halted-hydroxychloroquine-trials, archive date: 25-12-2024.

[WEB11] "Science: End As a Man" (30-11-1953), TIME.com, URL: http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C823171%2C00.html, archive URL: https://web.archive.org/web/201010302340
43/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C823171%2C00.html, archive date: 30-10-2010.

[WEB12] "Sarcophage de la reine Saddan" (16-02-2024), URL: https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/c1010165751, archive URL: https://archive.vn/hyVqA, archive date: 25-12-2024.

[WEB13] "Commons:Copyright rules by territory", Wikimedia Commons, URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory, archive url: https://web.archive.org/web/20241225201339/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory, archive date: 25-12-2024.

[WEB14] "Renewable energy innovation: accelerating research for a low-carbon future" (2017), IRENA, URL: https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2017/Nov/IRENA_Accelerating_research_2017.pdf, archive URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20230917034905/https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2017/Nov/IRENA_Accelerating_research_2017.pdf, archive date: 17-09-2023. ISBN: 978-92-9260-046-4.

[WEB15] Mike Schroepfer (04-04-2018). "An Update on Our Plans to Restrict Data Access on Facebook". Facebook. URL:
https://newsroom.fb.com/news/2018/04/restricti
ng-data-access/. Archive
URL: https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.ph
p?url=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.fb.com%2Fnew
s%2F2018%2F04%2Frestricting-data-
access%2F#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=u
rl.Archived from the original on 2023-05-03.
Retrieved 2023-05-03.

[WEB16] "Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation) (Text with EEA relevance)" (04-05-2016), EUR-Lex, URL: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj, archive URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20241225202751/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj, archive date: 25-12-2024.

[WEB17] "health insurance portability and accountability act of 1996 public law 104-191",
URL: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-
104publ191/html/PLAW-104publ191.htm, archive
URL: https://web.archive.org/web/202412252031
55/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-
104publ191/html/PLAW-104publ191.htm, archive
date: 25-12-2024.

[WEB18] "What Is Plagiarism?", Stanford University, URL: https://communitystandards.stanford.edu/pol
icies-and-guidance/what-plagiarism, archive
URL: https://web.archive.org/web/202005050557
07/https://communitystandards.stanford.edu/polici
es-and-guidance/what-plagiarism, archive
date: 05-06-2020.

[WEB19] “What Is Plagiarism?”, Poorvu Center for Teaching and Learning ,
URL: https://poorvucenter.yale.edu/undergraduat es/using-sources/understanding-and-avoiding- plagiarism/what-plagiarism, archive url: https://web.archive.org/web/2024091003311 7/https://poorvucenter.yale.edu/undergraduates/ using-sources/understanding-and-avoiding- plagiarism/what-plagiarism, archive date: 10-09- 2024.

[WEB20] “Defining and Avoiding Plagiarism: The WPA Statement on Best Practice” (01-2003), URL: http://wpacouncil.org/files/wpa-plagiarism-statement.pdf, archive
URL: https://web.archive.org/web/201305251503
29/http://wpacouncil.org/files/wpa-plagiarism-statement.pdf, archive date: 25-06-2013, access date: 25-06-2013.

[WEB21] Martin Hagve (17-08-2020), “The money behind academic publishing”, URL: https://tidsskriftet.no/en/2020/08/kronikk/money-behind-academic-publishing, archive URL: https://web.archive.org/web/202412061435
49/https://tidsskriftet.no/en/2020/08/kronikk/mo
ney-behind-academic-publishing, archive date: 06-12-2024, access date: 06-12-2024.

<figure><img src="image_68.png" /></figure>
## About the author

<figure><img src="image_69.png" /></figure>

Michel BAKNI received the B.S. degree in telecommunication and electronics from Tishreen University, Syria, in 2013 and the M.S. degree from UTBM (French: Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbéliard), France, in 2017, in mobile and distributed networks. In 2021, He received a Ph.D. degree in electronics from the doctoral school of the University of Bordeaux. His research interests include networking, wireless sensor networks, and energy consumption optimisation.

### Notable publications:

* In Arabic

* مذكرة في أصول تجزئة الشبكة.

* الترانزستور ثنائي القطب: القواعد والفوائد (ISBN: 978-2-95-768870-8)

* بروتوكول الإنترنت: الإصداران الرابع وال السادس (ISBN: 978-2-95-76887-1-5)

* In English:

* Huawei HCIA-IoT v. 2.5: Evaluation Questions (DOI: 10.6084/m9 figshare.14336687)
# The Scientific Method
A Practical Guide

Scientific research has been the driving force behind technological advancements over the past five centuries.

Yet, many people perceive the study of scientific methodology and philosophy as overly theoretical, causing them to lose interest in exploring this vital field.

This book aims to bridge that gap, presenting science and its methods in a straightforward, accessible format, enriched with relatable, real-life examples.

Whether you are a postgraduate student or an early-career researcher, this book is crafted specifically to guide and inspire you on your scientific journey.

<figure><img src="image_70.png" /></figure>

BY

<figure><img src="image_71.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_72.png" /></figure>

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