<table><caption>Table A.1: First-stage results</caption><thead><tr><th></th><th colspan="2">1[FRP: set 1]</th><th colspan="2">1[FRP: set 2]</th><th colspan="2">1[FRP: set 3]</th></tr><tr><th></th><th>(1)</th><th>(2)</th><th>(3)</th><th>(4)</th><th>(5)</th><th>(6)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Nb Signatories</td><td>0.246<br>(0.161)</td><td>0.209<br>(0.283)</td><td>0.246<br>(0.161)</td><td>0.209<br>(0.283)</td><td>-0.132<br>(0.165)</td><td>-0.011<br>(0.257)</td></tr><tr><td>Signature Year</td><td>77.493***<br>(21.070)</td><td>78.388***<br>(27.733)</td><td>77.493***<br>(21.070)</td><td>78.388***<br>(27.733)</td><td>90.136***<br>(18.782)</td><td>100.262***<br>(23.649)</td></tr><tr><td>Fish quantities (t-5 to t)</td><td>-0.271***<br>(0.103)</td><td>0.009<br>(0.131)</td><td>-0.271***<br>(0.103)</td><td>0.009<br>(0.131)</td><td>-0.387***<br>(0.105)</td><td>-0.242*<br>(0.128)</td></tr><tr><td>Fish exports (t-5 to t)</td><td>0.670***<br>(0.096)</td><td>0.398***<br>(0.126)</td><td>0.670***<br>(0.096)</td><td>0.398***<br>(0.126)</td><td>0.598***<br>(0.084)</td><td>0.483***<br>(0.113)</td></tr><tr><td>Ln Protected Area</td><td>-0.064<br>(0.052)</td><td>-0.048<br>(0.058)</td><td>-0.064<br>(0.052)</td><td>-0.048<br>(0.058)</td><td>0.049<br>(0.048)</td><td>0.074<br>(0.053)</td></tr><tr><td>Biocapacity</td><td></td><td>-0.033<br>(0.159)</td><td></td><td>-0.033<br>(0.159)</td><td></td><td>0.089<br>(0.149)</td></tr><tr><td>% of developed countries</td><td></td><td>1.370*<br>(0.712)</td><td></td><td>1.370*<br>(0.712)</td><td></td><td>0.641<br>(0.708)</td></tr><tr><td>Max. MTL</td><td></td><td>0.381<br>(0.638)</td><td></td><td>0.381<br>(0.638)</td><td></td><td>0.266<br>(0.604)</td></tr><tr><td>Total land Area</td><td></td><td>-0.000<br>(0.000)</td><td></td><td>-0.000<br>(0.000)</td><td></td><td>-0.000*<br>(0.000)</td></tr><tr><td>Nb. FRP (t-1)</td><td></td><td>0.030<br>(0.020)</td><td></td><td>0.030<br>(0.020)</td><td></td><td>0.005<br>(0.019)</td></tr><tr><td>GDP</td><td></td><td>-0.064<br>(0.144)</td><td></td><td>-0.064<br>(0.144)</td><td></td><td>-0.051<br>(0.133)</td></tr></tbody></table>

Note: * p < 0.1, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01. Logit estimation of equation 6.
# Appendix C: Further results

<table><caption>Table C1: Alternative sets of FRP</caption><thead><tr><th>Item</th><th>Description</th><th>N</th><th>Name</th><th>Benchmark</th><th>Alternative 1</th><th>Alternative 2</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1006</td><td>Species</td><td>38</td><td>Endangered species and their illegal trade</td><td></td><td></td><td>x</td></tr><tr><td>1008</td><td>Species</td><td>32</td><td>Whales and seals (ex. import ban based on CITES)</td><td>x</td><td>x</td><td>x</td></tr><tr><td>1011</td><td>Species</td><td>13</td><td>Shared species</td><td></td><td></td><td>x</td></tr><tr><td>1013</td><td>Ecosystems</td><td>56</td><td>Protected areas</td><td></td><td></td><td>x</td></tr><tr><td>10703</td><td>Sovereignty</td><td>7</td><td>Sovereignty over hydrobiological and fishery resources</td><td></td><td></td><td>x</td></tr><tr><td>100102</td><td>Ecosystems</td><td>3</td><td>Specific environmental issues: Coral reefs</td><td>x</td><td>x</td><td>x</td></tr><tr><td>100103</td><td>Ecosystems</td><td>111</td><td>Specific environmental issues: Seas and oceans</td><td>x</td><td>x</td><td>x</td></tr><tr><td>100106</td><td>Ecosystems</td><td>32</td><td>Specific environmental issues: Protection of coastal areas</td><td>x</td><td>x</td><td>x</td></tr><tr><td>100109</td><td>Ecosystems</td><td>1</td><td>Marine plastic pollution</td><td></td><td></td><td>x</td></tr><tr><td>100401</td><td>Fishery</td><td>78</td><td>Specific environmental issues: Conservation of fishery resources</td><td>x</td><td>x</td><td>x</td></tr><tr><td>100402</td><td>Fishery</td><td>18</td><td>Specific environmental issues: Sustainable trade in fishery products</td><td>x</td><td>x</td><td>x</td></tr><tr><td>100403</td><td>Fishery</td><td>23</td><td>Specific environmental issues: Combat illegal fishing</td><td>x</td><td>x</td><td>x</td></tr><tr><td>100404</td><td>Ecosystems</td><td>8</td><td>Prevent pollution from fishing activities</td><td></td><td></td><td>x</td></tr><tr><td>100405</td><td>Fishery</td><td>6</td><td>Bycatch prevention</td><td></td><td>x</td><td>x</td></tr><tr><td>100406</td><td>Subsidies</td><td>3</td><td>Prevent harmful subsidies</td><td></td><td>x</td><td>x</td></tr><tr><td>140221</td><td>other IEA</td><td>191</td><td>Implementation other agreements related to the environment</td><td></td><td></td><td>x</td></tr><tr><td>140301</td><td>CITES</td><td>21</td><td>Relation with international institutions: Prevalence CITES</td><td>x</td><td>x</td><td>x</td></tr><tr><td>140401</td><td>CITES</td><td>48</td><td>Other references CITES</td><td></td><td>x</td><td>x</td></tr><tr><td>140409</td><td>Whaling</td><td>4</td><td>Relation with international institutions: Whaling Convention</td><td>x</td><td>x</td><td>x</td></tr><tr><td>14020101</td><td>CITES</td><td>15</td><td>Implementation of CITES (whole treaty)</td><td></td><td>x</td><td>x</td></tr><tr><td>14020102</td><td>CITES</td><td>7</td><td>Implementation of CITES (specific parts)</td><td></td><td>x</td><td>x</td></tr><tr><td>14020901</td><td>Whaling</td><td>4</td><td>Implementation Whaling Convention (Whole treaty)</td><td></td><td>x</td><td>x</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table A.2: Functions, themes and bindingness of provisions</caption><thead><tr><td>Provision No.</td><td>Description</td><td>Theme</td><td>Type</td><td>Function</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1006</td><td>Endangered species and their illegal trade</td><td>Species</td><td>Enforcement</td><td>Trade Restrictive</td></tr><tr><td>1008</td><td>Whales and seals (e.g., import ban based on CITES)</td><td>Species</td><td>Enforcement</td><td>Trade Restrictive</td></tr><tr><td>1011</td><td>Shared species</td><td>Species</td><td>Cooperation</td><td>Environmental Cooperation</td></tr><tr><td>1013</td><td>Protected areas</td><td>Ecosystems</td><td>Cooperation</td><td>Environmental Cooperation</td></tr><tr><td>10703</td><td>Sovereignty over hydrobiological and fishery resources</td><td>Sovereignty</td><td>Enforcement</td><td>Governance</td></tr><tr><td>80601</td><td>Norms allowing subsidies granted for environmental purposes</td><td>Subsidies</td><td>Cooperation</td><td>Fishery Regulation</td></tr><tr><td>80602</td><td>Prevention of subsidies harmful to the environment</td><td>Subsidies</td><td>Cooperation</td><td>Fishery Regulation</td></tr><tr><td>100102</td><td>Specific environmental issues: Coral reefs</td><td>Ecosystems</td><td>Cooperation</td><td>Environmental Cooperation</td></tr><tr><td>100103</td><td>Specific environmental issues: Seas and oceans</td><td>Ecosystems</td><td>Cooperation</td><td>Environmental Cooperation</td></tr><tr><td>100106</td><td>Specific environmental issues: Protection of coastal areas</td><td>Ecosystems</td><td>Cooperation</td><td>Environmental Cooperation</td></tr><tr><td>100109</td><td>Marine plastic pollution</td><td>Ecosystems</td><td>Cooperation</td><td>Environmental Cooperation</td></tr><tr><td>100401</td><td>Conservation of fishery resources</td><td>Fishery</td><td>Cooperation</td><td>Environmental Cooperation</td></tr><tr><td>100402</td><td>Sustainable trade in fishery products</td><td>Fishery</td><td>Cooperation</td><td>Environmental Cooperation</td></tr><tr><td>100403</td><td>Combat illegal fishing</td><td>Fishery</td><td>Enforcement</td><td>Trade Restrictive</td></tr><tr><td>100404</td><td>Prevent pollution from fishing activities</td><td>Ecosystems</td><td>Enforcement</td><td>Fishery Regulation</td></tr><tr><td>100405</td><td>Bycatch prevention</td><td>Species</td><td>Enforcement</td><td>Fishery Regulation</td></tr><tr><td>100406</td><td>Prevent harmful subsidies</td><td>Subsidies</td><td>Enforcement</td><td>Trade Restrictive</td></tr><tr><td>140101</td><td>Ratification CITES</td><td>Species</td><td>Cooperation</td><td>Alignment</td></tr><tr><td>140109</td><td>Ratification Whaling convention</td><td>Species</td><td>Cooperation</td><td>Alignment</td></tr><tr><td>140221</td><td>Implementation other agreements related to the environment</td><td>Other IEA</td><td>Cooperation</td><td>Alignment</td></tr><tr><td>140301</td><td>Relation with international institutions: Prevalence CITES</td><td>Species</td><td>Enforcement</td><td>Trade Restrictive</td></tr><tr><td>140304</td><td>Prevalence MARPOL</td><td>Ecosystems</td><td>Enforcement</td><td>Governance</td></tr><tr><td>140401</td><td>Other references CITES</td><td>Species</td><td>Cooperation</td><td>Alignment</td></tr><tr><td>140409</td><td>Relation with international institutions: Whaling Convention</td><td>Species</td><td>Enforcement</td><td>Trade Restrictive</td></tr><tr><td>14020101</td><td>Implementation of CITES (whole treaty)</td><td>Species</td><td>Enforcement</td><td>Trade Restrictive</td></tr><tr><td>14020102</td><td>Implementation of CITES (specific parts)</td><td>Species</td><td>Enforcement</td><td>Trade Restrictive</td></tr><tr><td>14020901</td><td>Implementation Whaling Convention (Whole treaty)</td><td>Species</td><td>Enforcement</td><td>Trade Restrictive</td></tr><tr><td>14020902</td><td>Implementation Whaling Convention (specific part)</td><td>Species</td><td>Enforcement</td><td>Trade Restrictive</td></tr></tbody></table>
<figure><img src="image_16.png" /><figcaption>Figure C2: Alternative sets of fishery-related provisions</figcaption></figure>
948 B. Matching

949 C. Further results
<figure><img src="image_17.png" /><figcaption>Figure C3: Alternative clustering level - observation year x decade of the RTA signature</figcaption></figure>
Propensity Scores for fishery-related Provisions

<figure><img src="image_24.png" /><figcaption>Figure B.1: Propensity scores for the two groups (treated and control). (benchmark set of FRP; set 1)</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_18.png" /><figcaption>Figure C4: Alternative clustering level – observation year x number of agreements with FRP</figcaption></figure>
Propensity Scores for fishery-related Provisions

<figure><img src="image_25.png" /><figcaption>Figure B.2: Alternative Propensity scores for the two groups (treated and control). (benchmark set of FRP; set 1)</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_19.png" /><figcaption>Figure C5: Specification with a match-specification fixed effect</figcaption></figure>
Average MTL for treated and untreated agreements

<figure><img src="image_26.png" /><figcaption>Figure B.3: Trends in MTL, unmatched and matched samples</figcaption></figure>
<table><caption>Table C6: Robustness - Dynamic specification of MTL.</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Estimator</th><th colspan="5">Dep. Variable: MTL<sub>gt</sub></th><th rowspan="2">(6)<br>Dynamic<br>Panel</th></tr><tr><th>(1)<br>OLS</th><th>(2)<br>OLS</th><th>(3)<br>OLS</th><th>(4)<br>OLS</th><th>(5)<br>OLS</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Post RTA</td><td>-0.003***<br>(0.001)</td><td>-0.006***<br>(0.002)</td><td>-0.009***<br>(0.003)</td><td>-0.011***<br>(0.004)</td><td>-0.012***<br>(0.005)</td><td>-0.002***<br>(0.001)</td></tr><tr><td>Post RTA x Fish<br>Provision</td><td>0.003**<br>(0.001)</td><td>0.006***<br>(0.002)</td><td>0.008**<br>(0.003)</td><td>0.010**<br>(0.004)</td><td>0.011**<br>(0.005)</td><td>0.005***<br>(0.001)</td></tr><tr><td>MTL (t-1)</td><td>0.967***<br>(0.005)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1.402***<br>(0.009)</td></tr><tr><td>MTL (t-2)</td><td></td><td>0.894***<br>(0.009)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>-0.286***<br>(0.015)</td></tr><tr><td>MTL (t-3)</td><td></td><td></td><td>0.796***<br>(0.013)</td><td></td><td></td><td>-0.155***<br>(0.015)</td></tr><tr><td>MTL (t-4)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>0.689***<br>(0.017)</td><td></td><td>0.086***<br>(0.015)</td></tr><tr><td>MTL (t-5)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>0.584***<br>(0.020)</td><td>-0.379***<br>(0.015)</td></tr><tr><td>MTL (t-6)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>0.292***<br>(0.008)</td></tr><tr><td>Ln GDP</td><td>-0.000<br>(0.001)</td><td>-0.000<br>(0.001)</td><td>0.001<br>(0.002)</td><td>0.002<br>(0.003)</td><td>0.005<br>(0.003)</td><td>0.002***<br>(0.000)</td></tr><tr><td>Ln Marine Prot. Area</td><td>-0.001***<br>(0.000)</td><td>-0.001***<br>(0.000)</td><td>-0.001**<br>(0.000)</td><td>-0.001<br>(0.001)</td><td>-0.001<br>(0.001)</td><td>0.000<br>(0.000)</td></tr><tr><td>Observations</td><td>11728</td><td>11728</td><td>11728</td><td>11728</td><td>11728</td><td>11460</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td>0.996</td><td>0.987</td><td>0.976</td><td>0.965</td><td>0.956</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<figure><img src="image_27.png" /><figcaption>Figure B.4: Distribution of signature year across treated and untreated agreements (both unmatched and matched samples).</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_20.png" /><figcaption>Figure C7: Results with alternative propensity scores</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_28.png" /><figcaption>Figure B.5: Distribution of number of signatories across treated and untreated agreements (both unmatched and matched samples).</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_21.png" /><figcaption>Figure C8: Dynamic, heterogeneity-robust estimations</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_29.png" /><figcaption>Figure B.6: Distribution of cumulative catches across treated and untreated agreements (both unmatched and matched samples).</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_22.png" /><figcaption>Figure C9: Constrained Matching</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_30.png" /><figcaption>Figure B.7: Distribution of cumulative exports across treated and untreated agreements (both unmatched and matched samples).</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_23.png" /><figcaption>Figure C10 – Matching without any overlap</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_31.png" /><figcaption>Figure B.8: Distribution of protected areas across treated and untreated agreements (both unmatched and matched samples).</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_32.png" /><figcaption>Figure C.1: Alternative bindingness measure</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_33.png" /><figcaption>Figure C.2: Alternative outcomes</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_34.png" /><figcaption>Figure C.3: Alternative Aggregation Schemes</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_35.png" /><figcaption>Figure C.4: Alternative sets of fishery-related provisions</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_36.png" /><figcaption>Figure C.5: Results with alternative propensity scores</figcaption></figure>
Impact of FRP in trade Agreements on MTL

<figure><img src="image_37.png" /><figcaption>Figure C.6: Dynamic, heterogeneity-robust estimations</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_38.png" /><figcaption>Figure C.7: Specifications with group-specific linear time trends</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_39.png" /><figcaption>Figure C.8: Falsification test: placebo outcome = manufacturing exports</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_40.png" /><figcaption>Figure C.9: Alternative clustering level - observation year x decade of the RTA signature</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_41.png" /><figcaption>Figure C.10: Alternative clustering level – observation year x number of agreements with FRP</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_42.png" /><figcaption>Figure C.11: Subsample: excluding the EU</figcaption></figure>
<table><caption>Table C.1: Robustness - Dynamic specification of MTL.</caption><thead><tr><th></th><th colspan="6">Dep. Variable: MTL<sub>gt</sub></th></tr><tr><th></th><th>(1)</th><th>(2)</th><th>(3)</th><th>(4)</th><th>(5)</th><th>(6)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Post RTA</td><td>-0.004***<br>(0.001)</td><td>-0.006***<br>(0.002)</td><td>-0.008**<br>(0.003)</td><td>-0.009**<br>(0.004)</td><td>-0.009*<br>(0.005)</td><td>-0.005***<br>(0.001)</td></tr><tr><td>Post RTA × Fish Provision</td><td>0.005***<br>(0.001)</td><td>0.010***<br>(0.003)</td><td>0.013***<br>(0.005)</td><td>0.016**<br>(0.006)</td><td>0.017**<br>(0.008)</td><td>0.013***<br>(0.001)</td></tr><tr><td>MTL (t-1)</td><td>0.978***<br>(0.004)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1.289***<br>(0.012)</td></tr><tr><td>MTL (t-2)</td><td></td><td>0.913***<br>(0.010)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>-0.154***<br>(0.018)</td></tr><tr><td>MTL (t-3)</td><td></td><td></td><td>0.810***<br>(0.019)</td><td></td><td></td><td>-0.146***<br>(0.019)</td></tr><tr><td>MTL (t-4)d</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>0.680***<br>(0.030)</td><td></td><td>0.016<br>(0.020)</td></tr><tr><td>MTL (t-5)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>0.531***<br>(0.043)</td><td>-0.370***<br>(0.019)</td></tr><tr><td>MTL (t-6)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>0.303***<br>(0.011)</td></tr><tr><td>Ln GDP</td><td>0.002*<br>(0.001)</td><td>0.004*<br>(0.002)</td><td>0.008**<br>(0.004)</td><td>0.013**<br>(0.005)</td><td>0.018**<br>(0.007)</td><td>0.004***<br>(0.001)</td></tr><tr><td>Ln Marine Prot. Area</td><td>-0.001***<br>(0.000)</td><td>-0.002***<br>(0.001)</td><td>-0.003***<br>(0.001)</td><td>-0.003**<br>(0.001)</td><td>-0.002<br>(0.001)</td><td>-0.000<br>(0.000)</td></tr><tr><td>Observations</td><td>7706</td><td>7554</td><td>7402</td><td>7246</td><td>7089</td><td>6691</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td>0.997</td><td>0.990</td><td>0.982</td><td>0.974</td><td>0.968</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Note: * p < 0.1, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01. Standard Errors (in parentheses) are clustered at the agreement level. All estimations include agreement fixed effects and year fixed effects. Matched sample. See text for details.