# Global consortium for the classification of fungi and fungus-like taxa

Kd Hyde, Ma Abdel-Wahab, J Abdollahzadeh, Pd Abeywickrama, S Absalan, N Afshari, Am Ainsworth, Oy Akulov, Vv Aleoshin, Am Al-Sadi, et al.

► To cite this version:

Kd Hyde, Ma Abdel-Wahab, J Abdollahzadeh, Pd Abeywickrama, S Absalan, et al. Global consortium for the classification of fungi and fungus-like taxa. Mycosphere Journal, 2023, 14 (1), pp.1960-2012. 10.5943/mycosphere/14/1/23. hal-04778612

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https://hal.science/hal-04778612v1

Submitted on 26 Jan 2026

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Article

Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/14/1/23

Global consortium for the classification of fungi and fungus-like taxa

Hyde KD¹,²,³, Abdel-Wahab MA⁴, Abdollahzadeh J⁵, Abeywickrama PD⁶, Absalan S⁷,², Afshari N⁷,², Ainsworth AM⁸, Akulov OY⁹, Aleoshin VV¹⁰,¹¹, Al-Sadi AM¹², Alvarado P¹³, Alves A¹⁴, Alves-Silva G¹³², Amalfi M¹⁵,¹⁶, Amira Y¹⁷, Amuhenage TB²,³, Anderson JL¹⁸,¹⁰², Antonín V¹⁹, Aouali S²⁰, Aptroot A²¹, Apurillo CCS²,³,²², Araújo JPM²³, Ariyawansa HA²⁴, Armand A²,³, Arumugam E²⁵, Asghari R²,³, Assis DMA²⁶, Atienza V²⁷, Avasthi S²⁸, Azevedo E²⁹, Bahkali AH³⁰, Bakhshi M³¹, Banihashemi Z³², Bao DF³³, Baral HO³⁴, Barata M³⁵, Barbosa FR³⁶, Barbosa RN²⁶, Barreto RW³⁷, Baschien C¹⁷⁸, Belamesiatseva DB³⁹, Bennett Reuel M⁴⁰,⁴¹, Bera I², Bezerra JDP⁴², Bezerra JL⁴³, Bhat DJ³⁰,⁴⁴, Bhunjun CS²,³, Bianchinotti MV⁴⁵, Błaszkowski J⁴⁶, Blondelle A¹¹², Boekhout T⁴⁷, Bonito G⁴⁸, Boonmee S²,³, Boonyuen N⁴⁹, Bregant C⁵⁰, Buchanan P⁵¹, Bundhun D²,³, Burgaud G⁵², Burgess T⁵³, Buyck B⁵⁴, Cabarroi-Hernández M⁵⁵, Cáceres MES⁵⁶, Caeiro MF²⁹, Cai L⁵⁸, Cai MF⁵⁹, Calabon MS⁶⁰, Calaça FJS⁶¹,⁶², Callalli M⁶³,⁶⁴,⁶⁵, Camara MPS⁶⁶, Cano-Lira JF⁶⁷, Cantillo T⁶⁸, Cao B⁶⁹, Carlavilla JR⁷⁰, Carvalho A⁷¹, Castañeda-Ruiz RF⁷², Castlebury L⁷³, Castro-Jauregui O⁵⁵, Catania MDV⁷⁴, Cavalcanti LH⁷⁵, Cazabonne J⁷⁶,⁷⁷, Cedeño-Sanchez ML⁷⁹,²⁷⁸, Chaharmiri-Dokhaharani S², Chaiwan N⁸⁰, Chakraborty N⁸¹, Chaverri P⁸²,⁸³, Cheewangkoon R⁸⁴, Chen C²,³,¹²⁷, Chen CY⁸⁵, Chen KH⁸⁶, Chen J¹⁸¹, Chen Q⁸⁷, Chen WH⁸⁸, Chen YP⁸⁹, Chethana KWT²,³, Coleine C⁹⁰, Condé TO⁹¹, Corazon-Guivin MA⁹²,⁹³, Cortés-Pérez A⁵⁵, Costa-Rezende DH⁹⁴, Courtecuisse R⁹⁵, Crouch JA⁹⁶, Crous PW⁹⁷, Cui BK⁹⁸, Cui YY⁹⁹,¹⁰⁰, da Silva DKA²⁶, da Silva GA²⁶, da Silva IR¹⁰¹, da Silva RMF²⁶, da Silva Santos AC²⁶, Dai DQ¹,*, Dai YC⁹⁸, Damm U¹⁰³, Darmostuk V¹⁰⁴, Daroodi Zoha¹⁰⁵, Das K¹⁰⁶, Das K¹⁰⁷, Davoodian N¹⁰⁸, Davydov EA¹⁰⁹, Dayarathne MC¹¹⁰, Decock C¹¹¹, de Groot MD¹¹²,¹¹³, De Kesel A¹⁵, dela Cruz TEE⁴⁰, De Lange R¹¹², Delgado G¹¹⁶, Denchev CM¹¹⁷, Denchev TT¹¹⁷, de Oliveira NT²⁶, de Silva NI⁷,¹¹⁸, de Souza FA¹¹⁹, Dentinger B¹²⁰, Devadatha B¹²¹,¹²², Dianese JC¹²³, Dima B¹²⁴, Diniz AG²⁶, Dissanayake AJ⁸⁹, Dissanayake LS¹²⁵, Doğan HH¹²⁶, Doilom M¹²⁷, Dolatabadi S¹²⁸, Dong W¹²⁷, Dong ZY¹²⁷, Dos Santos LA¹³¹, Drechsler-Santos ER¹³², Du TY¹,², Dubey MK¹³³, Dutta AK¹³⁴, Egidi E¹³⁵, Elliott TF¹³⁶, Elshahed MS¹³⁷, Erdoğdu M¹³⁸, Ertz D¹⁵,¹⁶, Etayo J¹³⁹, Evans HC¹⁴⁰, Fan XL¹⁴¹, Fan YG¹⁴², Fedosova AG¹⁴³, Fell J¹⁴⁴, Fernandes I¹⁴⁵,¹⁴⁶,¹⁰², Firmino AL¹⁴⁷, Fiuza PO¹⁴⁸, Flakus A¹⁰⁴,³³⁹, Fragoso de Souza CA¹⁵⁰, Frisvad JC¹⁵¹, Fryar SC¹⁵²,¹⁰², Gabaldón T¹⁵³,¹⁵⁴,¹⁵⁵,¹⁵⁶, Gajanayake AJ²,³, Galindo LJ¹⁷⁰, Gannibal PB¹⁵⁷,¹⁵⁸, García D¹⁵⁹, García-Sandoval SR¹⁶⁰,¹⁶¹, Garrido-Benavent I²⁷, Garzoli L¹⁶³, Gautam AK¹⁶⁴, Ge Z-W⁹⁹, Gené DJ¹⁶⁶, Gentekaki E²,³, Ghobad-Nejhad M¹⁶⁷,
Giachini AJ¹⁶⁸, Gibertoni TB²⁶, Góes-Neto A¹⁶⁹, Gomdola D²,³, Gomes de Farias AR², Gorjón SP¹⁷¹, Goto BT¹⁷², Granados-Montero MM¹⁷³, Griffith GW¹⁷⁴, Groenewald JZ⁹⁷, Groenewald M⁹⁷, Grossart HP¹⁷⁵,¹⁷⁶, Gueidan C¹⁷⁷, Gunarathne A²,³, Gunaseelan S²⁵, Gusmão LFP¹⁷⁹, Gutierrez AC¹⁸⁰, Guzmán-Dávalos L⁵⁵, Haelewaters D¹⁵,¹¹²,¹⁸²,¹⁸³, Halling R¹⁸⁴,¹⁸⁵, Han YF¹⁸⁶, Hapuarachchi KK¹⁸⁷, Harder CB¹⁸⁸, Harrington TC¹⁸⁹, Hattori T¹⁹⁰, He MQ⁶⁹, He S²,³,⁹⁹, He SH⁹⁸, Healy R¹⁹², Herández-Restrepo M⁹⁷, Heredia G¹⁹³, Hodge KT¹⁹⁴, Holgado-Rojas M¹⁹⁵,¹⁹⁶,¹⁹⁷, Hongsanan S¹⁹⁸,¹⁹⁹, Horak E²⁰⁰,²⁰¹, Hosoya T²⁰², Houbraken J⁹⁷, Huang SK²⁰³, Huanraluek N², Hur JS²⁰⁴, Hurdeal VG²,³, Hustad VP²⁰⁵, Iotti M²⁰⁶, Iturriaga T¹⁹⁴, Jafar E²⁰⁷, Janik P¹⁰⁴, Jany JL⁵², Jayalal RGU²⁰⁹, Jayasiri SC²¹⁰, Jayawardena RS²,³,²¹¹, Jeewon R²¹²,²¹³, Jerônimo GH³²⁴, Jesus AL³²⁴, Jin J²¹⁴, Johnston PR⁵¹, Jones EBG²¹⁶,³⁰, Joshi Y³⁹⁸, Justo A²¹⁸, Kaishian P²¹⁹, Kakishima M²²⁰, Kaliyaperumal M²⁵, Kang GP²²²,²²³, Kang JC²²⁴, Karakehian JM¹¹⁵, Karimi O²,³, Karpov SA²²⁵, Karunarathna SC²²⁷, Kaufmann M²²⁸, Kemler M²²⁹, Kezo K²⁵, Khyaju S²,³, Kirchmair M²³⁰, Kirk PM⁸, Kitaura MJ²³², Klawonn I²³³, Kolarik M²³⁴, Kong A²³⁵, Kuhar F²³⁶, Kukwa M²³⁷, Kumar S²³⁸, Kušan I²³⁹, Lado C²⁴⁰, Larsson KH²⁴¹,²⁴², Latha KPD²⁴³, Lee HB²⁵³, Leonardi M²⁰⁶, Leontyev DL²⁴⁴,²⁴⁵, Lestari AS²,³,²⁴⁶, Li CJY²,³,⁹⁹, Li DW²⁴⁷, Li H²,³,¹²⁷, Li HY²⁴⁸, Li L²⁴⁹,²,³, Li QR²⁵⁰, Li Q¹,*, Li WL⁸⁹, Li Y⁹⁸, Li YC⁹⁹,¹⁰⁰, Li YX²,³,¹²⁷, Liao CF²,³,¹²⁷, Liimatainen K⁸, Lim YW²⁵⁵, Lin CG²⁵⁶, Linaldeddu BT⁵⁰, Linde CC²⁵⁷, Linn MM²,³, Liu F⁶⁹, Liu JK⁸⁹, Liu NG²⁵⁸, Liu S⁹⁸, Liu SL⁶⁹, Liu XF¹,*, Liu XY²⁶⁰, Liu XZ²⁶¹, Liu ZB⁹⁸, Lu L², Lu YZ²⁴⁹, Luangharn T², Luangsa-ard JJ⁴⁹, Lumbsch HT²⁶³, Lumyong S⁷,²⁶⁴,²⁶⁵, Luo L²,³,⁹⁹, Luo M¹²⁷, Luo ZL³³, Ma J²,³,¹²⁹,²⁴⁹, Machado AR²⁶, Madagammana AD²,³, Madrid H²⁶⁸, Magurno F²⁶⁹, Magyar D²⁷⁰, Mahadevan N²⁷¹,²⁷², Maharachchikumbura SSN⁸⁹,²⁷³, Maimaiti Y²⁷⁴, Malosso E²⁶, Manamgoda DS²⁷⁵, Manawasinghe IS¹²⁷, Mapook A², Marasinghe DS², Mardones M²⁷⁷, Marin-Felix Y²⁷⁸, Márquez R²⁷⁹, Masigol H²⁸⁰, Matočec N²³⁹, May TW²⁸¹, McKenzie EHC⁵¹, Meiras-Ottoni A²⁶, Melo RFR²⁶, Mendes-Alvarenga RL²⁶, Mendieta S²⁸³, Meng QF²⁸⁴,²,³, Menkis A²⁸⁵, Menolli N Jr²⁸⁶, Mešić A²³⁹, Meza Calvo JG²⁸⁸, Mikhailov KV¹⁰,¹¹, Miller SL²⁸⁹, Moncada B²⁹⁰,²⁹¹, Moncalvo JM²⁹²,²⁹³, Monteiro JS²⁹⁴,²⁹⁵, Monteiro M²⁹⁶, Mora-Montes HM²⁹⁷, Moreau PA²⁹⁸, Mueller GM²⁹⁹, Mukhopadyay S²,³, Murugadoss R²⁵, Nagy LG³⁰⁰, Najafiniya M³⁰¹, Nanayakkara CM¹³⁰, Nascimento CC²⁸⁶,³⁰², Nei Y³⁰³, Neves MA³⁰⁴, Neuhauser S²³⁰, Niego AGT³⁰⁵, Nilsson RH³⁰⁶, Niskanen T³⁰⁷, Niveiro N³⁰⁸, Noorabadi MT², Noordeloos ME³⁰⁹, Norphanphoun C²,³⁶⁶, Nuñez Otaño NB³¹⁰, O'Donnell RP³¹¹, Oehl F³¹², Olariaga I³¹³, Orlando OP³¹⁴, Pang KL³¹⁵, Papp V³¹⁶, Pawłowska J³¹⁷, Peintner U²³⁰, Pem D²,³, Pereira OL³¹⁸, Perera RH²,³¹⁹, Perez-Moreno J³²⁰, Perez-Ortega S³²¹, Péter G³²², Phillips AJL³²³, Phonemany M²,³, Phukhamsakda C², Phutthacharoen K²,³, Piepenbring M²²¹, Pires-Zottarelli CLA³²⁴, Poinar G³²⁵, Pošta A²³⁹, Prieto M³²⁶, Promputtha I⁷, Quandt CA³²⁷, Radek R³²⁸, Rahnama K³²⁹, Raj KNA³³⁰, Rajeshkumar KC³³¹, Rämä T³³², Rambold G³³³,³³⁴, Ramírez-Cruz V⁵⁵, Rasconi S³³⁵, Rathnayaka AR², Raza M²⁷⁴,⁵⁸, Ren GC³³⁶,³³⁷, Robledo GL³³⁸, Rodriguez-Flakus P¹⁰⁴,³³⁹, Ronikier A¹⁰⁴, Rossi W²⁰⁶, Ryberg M³⁴⁰, Ryvarden LR³⁴¹, Salvador-Montoya CA³⁴², Samant B³⁴³, Samarakoon BC²,³, Samarakoon MC⁸⁴, Sánchez-Castro I³⁴⁴, Sánchez-García M³⁴⁵, Sandoval-Denis M⁹⁷,
Santamaria B¹¹², Santiago ALCMA²⁶, Sarma VV³⁴⁶, Savchenko A³⁴⁷, Savchenko K³⁴⁸, Saxena RK³⁴⁹, Scholler M³⁵⁰, Schoutteten N¹¹², Seifollahi E<fnref n="2" />, Selbmann L⁹⁰,³⁵¹, Selcuk F³⁵², Senanayake IC¹⁶²,³⁵³, Shabashova TG³⁹, Shen HW³³, Shen YM³⁵⁴, Silva-Filho AGS²⁸⁶, Simmons DR³⁵⁵, Singh R³⁵⁶, Sir EB³⁵⁷, Song CG⁹⁸, Souza-Motta CM²⁶, Sruthi OP³³¹, Stadler M²⁷⁸, Stchigel AM⁶⁷, Stemler J³⁵⁹,³⁶⁰,³⁶¹, Stephenson SL³⁶², Strassert JFH³⁶³, Su HL<fnref n="2" />,<fnref n="3" />,⁹⁹, Su L³⁶⁴, Suetrong S³⁶⁵, Sulistyo B¹¹², Sun YF⁹⁸, Sun YR³⁶⁶,<fnref n="2" />,<fnref n="3" />, Svantesson S³⁶⁷,³⁶⁸, Sysouphanthong P<fnref n="2" />, Takamatsu S³⁶⁹,²⁰², Tan TH<fnref n="2" />,²²²,²²³, Tanaka K³⁷⁰, Tang AMC³⁷¹, Tang X<fnref n="2" />,<fnref n="3" />,³⁷², Tanney JB³⁷³, Tavakol NM<fnref n="2" />, Taylor JE³⁷⁴, Taylor PWJ³⁷⁵, Tedersoo L³⁷⁶,⁴⁷, Tennakoon DS¹¹⁸,<fnref n="7" />, Thamodini GK<fnref n="12" />, Thines M³⁸, Thiyagaraja V³⁷⁹,⁸⁴,<fnref n="2" />, Thongklang N<fnref n="2" />,<fnref n="3" />, Tiago PV²⁶, Tian Q⁸⁹, Tian WH⁸⁹, Tibell L³⁸⁰, Tibell S³⁸⁰, Tibpromma S<fnref n="1" />, Tkalčec Z²³⁹, Tomšovský M³⁸¹, Toome-Heller M³⁸², Torruella G¹⁵³,¹⁵⁴, Tsurykau A³⁸⁵,³⁸⁶, Udayanga D²⁷⁵, Ulukapi M³⁵², Untereiner WA³⁸⁷, Uzunov BA³⁸⁸, Valle LG³⁸⁹, Van Caenegem W¹¹², Van den Wyngaert S³⁹⁰, Van Vooren N³⁹¹, Velez P³⁹², Verma RK³⁹³, Vieira LC²⁶, Vieira WAS³⁹⁴, Vizzini A³⁹⁵, Walker A<fnref n="2" />,<fnref n="3" />, Walker AK³⁹⁶, Wanasinghe DN³⁷⁹, Wang CG⁹⁸, Wang K⁶⁹, Wang SX³⁹⁹, Wang XY⁹⁹,¹⁰⁰, Wang Y³⁶⁶, Wannasawang N<fnref n="2" />, Wartchow F²⁷⁶, Wei DP³⁷², Wei XL⁵⁸, White JF²⁶⁶, Wijayawardene NN<fnref n="1" />,²⁵⁴, Wijesinghe SN<fnref n="2" />, Wijesundara DSA⁴⁰⁰, Wisitrassameewong K²⁶², Worthy FR⁹⁹,¹⁰⁰, Wu F⁹⁸, Wu G⁹⁹,¹⁰⁰, Wu HX¹⁶⁵, Wu N<fnref n="2" />,<fnref n="3" />,⁸⁹, Wu WP¹⁹¹, Wurzbacher C²⁵¹, Xiao YP²⁵², Xiong YR<fnref n="2" />,<fnref n="3" />,¹²⁷, Xu B¹²⁷, Xu LJ⁴⁰¹, Xu R²⁰⁸,¹⁴⁹, Xu RF<fnref n="2" />,<fnref n="3" />,⁹⁹, Xu RJ<fnref n="2" />,<fnref n="3" />,⁹⁹, Xu TM⁹⁸, Yakovchenko L³⁸³, Yan JY<fnref n="6" />, Yang HD<fnref n="2" />,<fnref n="3" />,³⁸⁴, Yang J<fnref n="2" />, Yang ZL³⁸⁴, Yang YH<fnref n="2" />,<fnref n="3" />,¹²⁷, Yapa N³⁹⁷, Yasanthika E<fnref n="2" />,<fnref n="3" />,, Youssef NH¹³⁷, Yu FM<fnref n="2" />,<fnref n="3" />,³⁸⁴, Yu Q³⁵⁸, Yu XD⁸⁹, Yu YX⁸⁹, Yu ZF⁴⁰¹, Yuan HS²⁸², Yuan Y⁹⁸, Yurkov A¹⁷⁸, Zafari D²¹⁵, Zamora JC¹¹⁴, Zare R³¹, Zeng M<fnref n="2" />,<fnref n="3" />,³⁸⁴, Zeng NK²⁶⁷, Zeng XY³⁶⁶, Zhang F<fnref n="2" />,<fnref n="3" />,³⁷⁷, Zhang H²¹⁷, Zhang JF⁵⁷,³⁷⁸, Zhang JY<fnref n="2" />,<fnref n="3" />,²⁴⁹, Zhang QY⁹⁸, Zhang SN⁸⁹, Zhang W<fnref n="6" />, Zhang Y⁹⁸, Zhang YX¹²⁷, Zhao CL¹⁸⁷, Zhao H⁹⁸, Zhao Q³⁸⁴, Zhao RL⁶⁹, Zhou LW⁶⁹, Zhou M⁹⁸, Zhurbenko MP¹⁴³, Zin HH<fnref n="2" />,<fnref n="3" />, Zucconi L²³¹

<footnote n="1">¹Centre for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan 655011, P.R. China</footnote>

<footnote n="2">²Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand</footnote>

<footnote n="4">⁴Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt</footnote>

<footnote n="5">⁵Department of Plant Protection, Agriculture Faculty, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 416, Sanandaj, Iran</footnote>

<footnote n="6">⁶Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, People's Republic of China</footnote>

<footnote n="7">⁷Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand</footnote>

<footnote n="8">⁸Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UK</footnote>

<footnote n="9">⁹V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Svobody sq., 4, Kharkiv, 61022, Ukraine</footnote>

<footnote n="10">¹⁰Belozersky Institute for Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russian Federation</footnote>

<footnote n="11">¹¹Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 127051, Russian Federation</footnote>

<footnote n="12">¹²Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, AlKhoud 123, Oman</footnote>

<footnote n="13">¹³Dr. Fernando Bongera st., Severo Ochoa bldg. S1.04, 33006 Oviedo, Spain</footnote>

<footnote n="14">¹⁴Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal</footnote>

<footnote n="15">¹⁵Meise Botanic Garden, Department Research, Nieuwelaan 38, BE-1860 Meise, Belgium</footnote>
¹⁶Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles, Service Général de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique, rue A. Lavallée 1, BE-1080 Bruxelles, Belgium

¹⁷REMA – Núcleo Ressacada de Pesquisas em Meio Ambiente, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Microbiologia, Campus Universitário – Trindade 88040-970 Florianópolis – SC – Brasil

¹⁸Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Division of Microbial Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lennart Hjelms väg 9, 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden

¹⁹Moravian Museum, Dept. of Botany, Zelný trh 6, CZ-659 37 Brno, Czech Republic

²⁰Forest Pathology and Mycology Laboratory, Forest Protection Division, National Forest Research Institute, Algiers 16032, Algeria

²¹Laboratório de Botânica / Liquenologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Avenida Costa e Silva s/n, Bairro Universitário, CEP 79070-900, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

²²Center for Research in Science and Technology (CReST), Philippine Science High School-Eastern Visayas Campus, 6501 Palo, Leyte, Philippines

²³Institute of Systematic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx - NY 10458 USA

²⁴Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taiwan

²⁵Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India

²⁶Department of Mycology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, 50740-600, Brazil

²⁷Departament de Botànica i Geologia, Facultat de Ciències Biològiques, Campus de Burjassot, Universitat de València, ES-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain

²⁸School of Studies in Botany, Jiwaji University Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, 474011, India

²⁹Centro de Ecologia, Evolução e Alterações Climáticas (CE3C), and Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal

³⁰Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia

³¹Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, P.O. Box 19395-1454, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran

³²Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran

³³College of Agriculture and Biological Science, Dali University, Dali 671003, Yunnan, P. R. China

³⁴Blaihofstraße 42, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany

³⁵Centro de Ecologia, Evolução e Alterações Climáticas (CE3C), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal

³⁶Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Instituto de Ciências Naturais, Humanas e Sociais, Av. Alexandre Ferronato, 1200, Setor Industrial, CEP: 78.557-267, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil

³⁷Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil

³⁸Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberganalge 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Goethe University, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60348 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany

³⁹State Scientific Institution V.F. Kuprevich Institute of Experimental Botany / 27 Akademichnaya St., Minsk BY-220072, Republic of Belarus

⁴⁰Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines

⁴¹UST Collection of Microbial Strains, Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines

⁴²Laboratório de Micologia and Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia da Relação Parasito-Hospedeiro, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás. Rua 235, s/n, 74605-050, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil

⁴³Department of Agronomy, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil

⁴⁴Biology Division, Vishnugupta Vishwavidyapeetam, Ashoke, Gokarna 581326, India

⁴⁵Dto. de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia. Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida (CERZOS-UNS-CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina

⁴⁶Department of Environmental Management, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Szczecin 71434, Poland

⁴⁷College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia

⁴⁸Department of Plant Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI, 48824, United States of America

⁴⁹National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand

⁵⁰Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy

⁵¹Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland 1142, New Zealand

⁵²Univ Brest, INRAE, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Écologie Microbienne, F-29280 Plouzané, France

⁵³Harry Butler Institute, 90 South St, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
⁵⁴Herbier de mycologie, Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France

⁵⁵Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Guadalajara, Apdo. postal 1-139, Zapopan, Jal., 45147, Mexico

⁵⁶Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Av. Vereador Olimpio Grande, s/n, Bairro Centro, CEP 49500-000, Itabaiana, Sergipe, Brazil

⁵⁷Guizhou Provincial Institute of Tea, Guiyang 550006, People's Republic of China

⁵⁸State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

⁵⁹State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Ecology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China

⁶⁰Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, Miagao, Iloilo, 5023, Philippines

⁶¹Mycokosmos – Mycology and Scientific Communication, Rua JP 11 Quadra 18 Lote 13, Jd. Primavera 1ª etapa, Anápolis, GO, 75090-260, Brazil

⁶²Laboratório de Pesquisa em Ensino de Ciências – LabPEC, Centro de Pesquisas e Educação Científica, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Campus Central (CEPEC/UEG), Anápolis, GO, 75132-903, Brazil

⁶³Organización Juvenil, Hongos Perú, Av. Ejército B-12, Cusco, Perú

⁶⁴Centro de Investigación y Producción de Hongos Alimenticios y Medicinales, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Av. De la Cultura 733, Cusco, Perú

⁶⁵Laboratorio de Biología y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad Nacional Intercultural de Quillabamba, El Arenal S/N, Quillabamba, Perú

⁶⁶Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, 52171-900, Brazil

⁶⁷Mycology and Environmental Microbiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain

⁶⁸Postgraduate Program in Earth and Environmental Sciences Modeling, Feira de Santana State University, Ave. Transnordestina, Feira de Santana, Bahia 44036900, Brazil

⁶⁹State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China

⁷⁰Departamento Ciencias de la Vida, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Alcala, 28805, Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain

⁷¹Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal

⁷²Instituto de Investigaciones de Sanidad Vegetal, Calle 110 No. 514, Playa, La Habana 11600, Cuba

⁷³Mycology and Nematology Genetic Diversity and Biology Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA

⁷⁴Instituto Criptogámico, Sección Micología - Área Botánica - Fundación Miguel Lillo, Miguel Lillo 251- (T4000JFE) San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina

⁷⁵Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil

⁷⁶Ecology Research Group of Abitibi RCM, Forest Research Institute, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Amos, QC J9T 2L8, Canada

⁷⁷Centre for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Stn. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada

⁷⁸Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany

⁸⁰Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand

⁸¹Department of Botany, Scottish Church College (affiliated to University of Calcutta), Kolkata, West Bengal, Pin-700006, India

⁸²Department of Natural Sciences, Bowie State University, Bowie, Maryland, U.S.A. 20715

⁸³School of Biology and Natural Products Research Centre (CIPRONA), University of Costa Rica, San Pedro, San José, Costa Rica

⁸⁴Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand

⁸⁵Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402202, Taiwan

⁸⁶Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan

⁸⁷State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 10010, China

⁸⁸Center for MycMedicine Research, Basic Medical School, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, P. R. China

⁸⁹School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China

⁹⁰Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo 01100, Italy

⁹¹Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil

⁹²Center of Biotechnology and Genetics, Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Jorge Amado km 16, Ilhéus 45662-900, Brazil

⁹³Laboratorio de Biología y Genética Molecular, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Jr. Amorarca N° 315, Morales, Peru

⁹⁴Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Botânica, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Av. Transnordestina s/n, Novo Horizonte, Feira de Santana, Bahia 44036-900, Brazil
⁹⁵Laboratoire de Génie civil et Géo-environnement (LGCgE) – ER4. LSVF, Faculté de Pharmacie, UFR3S – Université de Lille. 3, rue du Professeur Laguesse, 59000 Lille, France

⁹⁶Foreign Disease/Weed Science Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Fort Detrick, Maryland, U.S.A.

⁹⁷Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands

⁹⁸Institute of Microbiology, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China

⁹⁹Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China

¹⁰⁰Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China

¹⁰¹Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, California 95343, United States of America

¹⁰²IUCN SSC Aquatic Fungi Specialist Group, 1196 Gland, Switzerland

¹⁰³Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz, PF 300 154, 02806 Görlitz, Germany

¹⁰⁴W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, PL-31-512 Kraków, Poland

¹⁰⁵Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran

¹⁰⁶Central National Herbarium, Botanical Survey of India, P.O. - Botanic Garden, Howrah 711103, India

¹⁰⁷College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea

¹⁰⁸Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, South Yarra, VIC 3141, Australia

¹⁰⁹Altai State University, Lenin Ave. 61, Barnaul, 656049, Russia

¹¹⁰Denchev Postgraduate Institute of Agriculture, Old Galaha Road, 20400, Sri Lanka

¹¹¹Mycothèque de l'Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 2 bte L7.05.06, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgique

¹¹²Research Group Mycology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35 9000 Ghent, Belgium

¹¹³Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Havenlaan 88 box 73, 1000 Brussels, Belgium

¹¹⁴Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de Genève, Chemin de l'Impératrice 1, 1292 Chambésy-Genève, Switzerland

¹¹⁵University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, IL 61820, USA

¹¹⁶Eurofins Built Environment Houston, 6110 W. 34th St., Houston, TX 77092, USA

¹¹⁷Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin St., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria

¹¹⁸Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand

¹¹⁹Nucleus of Applied Biology - Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais 35702-098, Brazil

¹²⁰Natural History Museum of Utah; School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.

¹²¹Microbial Type Culture Collection and Gene Bank (MTCC), CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, 160036, India

¹²²Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India

¹²³Institute of Biological Sciences, Mycological Collection, Universidade de Brasília, 70910-900 Brasília, DF, Brazil

¹²⁴Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary

¹²⁵Engineering and Research Center for Southwest Bio-Pharmaceutical Resources of National Education, Ministry of China, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China

¹²⁶Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, Konya, Türkiye

¹²⁷Innovative Institute for Plant Health/ Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China

¹²⁸Department of Biology, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran

¹²⁹College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China

¹³⁰Department of Plant Sciences, University of Colombo, Colombo 00300, Sri Lanka

¹³¹Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, CEP 49500-000, Itabaiana, Sergipe, Brazil

¹³²MIND.Funga/MICOLAB, Botany Department, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil

¹³³Department of Biotechnology, University Center for Research & Development (UCRD), Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab 140413, India

¹³⁴Molecular and Applied Mycology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Gopinath Bordoloi Nagar, Jalukbari, Guwahati 781014, Assam, India

¹³⁵Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Locked Bag 1797 Penrith New South Wales, 2751, Australia

¹³⁶Ecosystem Management, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia

¹³⁷Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA

¹³⁸Department of Landscape Architects, Faculty of Agriculture, Kırşehir Ahi Evran University, Kırşehir, 40200, Turkey

¹³⁹Navarro Villoslada 16, 3º dcha, 31003 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain

¹⁴⁰CABI, UK Centre Egham, Surrey TW20 9TY, UK

¹⁴¹The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
¹⁴²Hainan Key Laboratory for R&D of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China

¹⁴³Laboratory of Systematics and Geography of Fungi, Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prof. Popov Street 2, St. Petersburg, 197022, Russia

¹⁴⁴Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Key Biscayne, Fl. 33149

¹⁴⁵Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal

¹⁴⁶Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal

¹⁴⁷Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, campus Monte Carmelo, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, 38500-000, Monte Carmelo, Minas Gerais, Brazil

¹⁴⁸Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Centro de Biociências, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, 3000, Lagoa Nova, Natal-RN, Brazil

¹⁴⁹Internationally Cooperative Research Center of China for New Germplasm Breeding of Edible Mushroom, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China

¹⁵⁰Laboratory of Microbiology and Enzymology-LEMA, Universidade Federal do Agreste de Pernambuco, 55292-270, Garanhuns, Pernambuco, Brazil

¹⁵¹Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Soltofts Plads B 221, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark

¹⁵²College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, G.P.O. Box 2100, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia

¹⁵³Barcelona Supercomputing Centre (BSC-CNS). Plaça Eusebi Güell, 1-3 08034 Barcelona, Spain

¹⁵⁴Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain

¹⁵⁵Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain

¹⁵⁶CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain

¹⁵⁷All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Saint Petersburg, 196608, Russia

¹⁵⁸The Institute of Environmental and Agricultural Biology (X-BIO), University of Tyumen, Tyumen, 625003, Russia

¹⁵⁹Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut and IURESCAT, Unitat de Micologia i Microbiologia Ambiental, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain

¹⁶⁰Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

¹⁶¹Av Universidad 3000, CP 04510, CDMX, México

¹⁶²Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China

¹⁶³Molecular Ecology Group (MEG), Water Research Institute (IRSA), National Research Council (CNR), Largo Tonolli 50, 28922 Verbania (VB), Italy

¹⁶⁴Patanjali Herbal Research Department, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar-249405, Uttarakhand, India

¹⁶⁵International Fungal Research and Development Centre, Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China

¹⁶⁶Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut and IURESCAT, Unitat de Micologia i Microbiologia Ambiental, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain

¹⁶⁷Department of Biotechnology, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), P. O. Box 3353-5111, Tehran 3353136846, Iran

¹⁶⁸Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-970, Brazil

¹⁶⁹Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil

¹⁷⁰Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SZ, United Kingdom

¹⁷¹Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Plant-DNA Biobank, University of Salamanca. Salamanca 37007, Spain

¹⁷²Departamento de Botânica e Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, Natal 59078-900, Brazil

¹⁷³Escuela de Agronomía, Estación Experimental Fabio Baudrit and Centro de Investigaciones en Estructuras Microscópicas, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, San José 11801, Costa Rica

¹⁷⁴Department of Life Sciences, Cledwyn Building, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion WALES SY23 3DD, UK

¹⁷⁵Department of Plankton and Microbial Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Zur Alten Fischerhuette 2, D-16775 Stechlin, Germany

¹⁷⁶Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, Maulbeerallee 2, D-14469 Potsdam, Germany

¹⁷⁷CSIRO - National Facilities and Collections, National Research Collections Australia, Australian National Herbarium, GPO Box 1700, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia

¹⁷⁸Department of Bioresources for Bioeconomy and Health, Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstrasse 7B, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany

¹⁷⁹Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Feira de Santana, 44036-900, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil

¹⁸⁰Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina

¹⁸¹Unidad Académica de Biotecnología y Agroindustrial, Universidad Politécnica de Huatusco, Huatusco 94116, Mexico
¹⁸²Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic

¹⁸³Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, 370 05 Česke Budějovice, Czech Republic

¹⁸⁴Institute of Systematic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York 10458, USA

¹⁸⁵Denver Botanic Gardens, 909 York St., Denver, CO 80206, USA

¹⁸⁶Institute of Fungus Resources, College of Life Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China

¹⁸⁷College of Biodiversity Conservation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, P.R China

¹⁸⁸University of Copenhagen, Dep. of Biology, Sect. of Terrestrial Ecology, 2100 København Ø,
DK-Denmark

¹⁸⁹Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA

¹⁹⁰Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato 1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

¹⁹¹The R&D Center, Novozymes China, 14 Xin Xi Lu, Shangdi, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, P.R. China

¹⁹²Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA

¹⁹³Instituto de Ecología A.C., Laboratorio de micromicetos, Xalapa, Veracruz, 91073, Mexico

¹⁹⁴Plant Pathology Herbarium, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA

¹⁹⁵Laboratorio de Micología Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y Producción de Hongos Alimenticios y Medicinales - CIPHAM, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad, Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Av. De la Cultura 733, Cusco, Perú

¹⁹⁶Sociedad Botanica del Cusco, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Av. De la Cultura 733, Cusco,
Perú

¹⁹⁷Organización de Mujeres en Ciencia para el mundo en Desarrollo -OWSD, Capítulo Perú

¹⁹⁸Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand

¹⁹⁹Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China

²⁰⁰Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland

²⁰¹Schlossfeld 17, A-6002 Innsbruck, Austria

²⁰²National Museum of Nature and Science, 4-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Pref. 305-0005, Japan

²⁰³School of Resources and Environment, Zunyi Normal University, Zuny, 563006, China

²⁰⁴Korean Lichen Research institute, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea

²⁰⁵Northwest Missouri State University, 800 University Drive, Maryville, Missouri 64468 USA

²⁰⁶Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences (MeSVA), University of L'Aquila, via Vetoio, Coppito 1, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy

²⁰⁷Department of Botany, Section of Mycology, National Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, Iran

²⁰⁸School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China

²⁰⁹Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Belihuloya 70140, Sri Lanka

²¹⁰Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, Qujing Normal University, Qujing City, Yunnan Province, P.R. China

²¹¹Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, South Korea

²¹²Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Moka, Mauritius

²¹³Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia

²¹⁴College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China

²¹⁵Department of Plant Protection Bu-ali Sina University. Hamedan, Iran

²¹⁶33B St Edwards Road, Southsea, Hants, PO53DH UK

²¹⁷Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water and Soil Conservation and Environmental Protection, College of Resources and Environment, Linyi University, West Side of North Section of Industrial Avenue, Linyi, Shandong 276000, China

²¹⁸New Brunswick Museum, Saint John, New Brunswick, E2K 1E5, Canada

²¹⁹New York State Museum, 3140 Cultural Education Center, Albany, NY, 12230, USA

²²⁰University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan

²²¹Mycology Working Group, Biologicum, Goethe University of Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany

²²²School of Agriculture and Forestry Engineering and Planning, Tongren University, Tongren 554300, China

²²³Guizhou Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization in the Fanjing Mountain Region, Tongren University, Tongren 554300, China

²²⁴Engineering and Research Center for Southwest Bio-Pharmaceutical Resources of National Education Ministry of China, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025 China

²²⁵Zoolological Institute RAS, Universitetskaya emb. 1St Petersburg, 199034. Russian Federation

²²⁶National Institute of Fundamental Studies (NIFS), Hantana Road, Kandy 20000, Sri Lanka

²²⁷ZHAW School of Life Sciences and Facility Management, Institute of Natural Resource Sciences, Einsiedlerstrasse 29, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland

²²⁸Organismic Botany and Mycology, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany
<sup>230</sup>Department of Microbiology, University Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria

<sup>231</sup>Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy

<sup>232</sup>Laboratório de Estudos de Biodiversidade, Campus Pantanal de Aquidauana, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Rua Oscar Trindade de Barros, 740, Bairro Serraria, CEP 79200-000, Aquidauana, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

<sup>233</sup>Department of Biological Oceanography, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (IOW), Seestr. 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany

<sup>234</sup>Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Praha 4, 14220, Czech Republic

<sup>235</sup>Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, San Felipe Ixtacuixtla, Tlaxcala, 90120, Mexico

<sup>236</sup>Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET), FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

<sup>237</sup>Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, PL-80-308 Gdańsk, Poland

<sup>238</sup>Forest Pathology Department, KSCSTE-Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala 680653, India

<sup>239</sup>Laboratory for Biological Diversity, Ruder Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia

<sup>240</sup>Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC. Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014 Madrid, Spain

<sup>241</sup>Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway

<sup>242</sup>Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 463, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden

<sup>243</sup>Department of Botany, University of Calicut, Kerala, 673 635, India

<sup>244</sup>Department of Botany, H.S. Skovoroda Kharkiv National Pedagogical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine

<sup>245</sup>Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

<sup>246</sup>Research Organization for Life Sciences, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong 16911, Bogor, Indonesia

<sup>247</sup>The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Valley Laboratory, Windsor, CT 06095, USA

<sup>248</sup>Medical school of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China, 727 Jingming South Road, Chenggong University Town, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China

<sup>249</sup>School of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guizhou Institute of Technology, Guiyang 550003, P.R. China

<sup>250</sup>State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, P.R. China

<sup>251</sup>Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany

<sup>252</sup>School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guizhou Institute of Technology, Guiyang, Guizhou 550003, China

<sup>253</sup>Department of Agricultural Biological Chemistry, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea

<sup>254</sup>Tropical Microbiology Research Foundation, 96/N/10, Meemanagoda Road, 10230 Pannipitiya, Sri Lanka

<sup>255</sup>School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea

<sup>256</sup>School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550025, China

<sup>257</sup>Division of Ecology & Evolution, Research School of Biology, ANU College of Science. Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2600, Australia

<sup>258</sup>School of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guizhou Institute of Technology, Guiyang 550003, China

<sup>259</sup>Centre for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, P.R. China

<sup>260</sup>College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China

<sup>261</sup>Department of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China

<sup>262</sup>National Biobank of Thailand, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand

<sup>263</sup>Collections, Conservation and Research Division, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S DuSable Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA

<sup>264</sup>Center of Excellence in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand

<sup>265</sup>The Academy of Science, Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok 10300, Thailand

<sup>266</sup>Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA

<sup>267</sup>Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158 China

<sup>268</sup>Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Tarapacá, Sede Iquique, Av. Luis Emilio Recabarren 2477, Iquique, Chile

<sup>269</sup>Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice 40032, Poland

<sup>270</sup>National Center for Public Health and Pharmacy, Budapest 1097, Hungary

<sup>271</sup>Graduate School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 7008530, Japan

<sup>272</sup>Plant Pathology Division, Tea Research Institute of Sri Lanka, Talawakelle 22100, Sri Lanka

<sup>273</sup>Department of Biosystems Technological Studies, Faculty of Technological Studies, Uva Wellassa University, Badulla, Sri Lanka
<sup>274</sup>Key Laboratory of Integrated Management on Crops in Northwestern Oasis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830091, China

<sup>275</sup>Department of Botany, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Soratha Mawatha, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka, 10250

<sup>276</sup>Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil

<sup>277</sup>Escuela de Biología and Herbario Luis Fournier Origgi, Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ecología Tropical (CIBET), Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, 11501-2060, San José, Costa Rica

<sup>278</sup>Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover/Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany

<sup>279</sup>Department of Biology and Geology, Physics and Inorganic Chemistry, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain

<sup>280</sup>Plankton and Microbial Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Neuglobsow, Germany

<sup>281</sup>Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Birdwood Avenue, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia

<sup>282</sup>CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110164, P. R. China

<sup>283</sup>Laboratory of In Vitro Plant Cultures, Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, Peruvian University Cayetano Heredia, Av. Honorio Delgado 430, Urb Ingeniería, Lima, Peru

<sup>284</sup>School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou 563000, China

<sup>285</sup>Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden

<sup>286</sup>IFungiLab, Departamento de Ciências e Matemática (DCM), Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia de São Paulo (IFSP), São Paulo, SP, 01109-010, Brazil

<sup>288</sup>CIPHAM Research Center, National University of San Antonio Abad of Cusco. Av. La Cultura N° 733. Cusco, Perú

<sup>289</sup>Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA

<sup>290</sup>Licenciatura en Biología, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Cra. 4 No. 26B-54, Torre de Laboratorios, Herbario, Bogotá, Colombia

<sup>291</sup>Botanischer Garten, Königin-Luise-Straße 6-8, 14195 Berlin, Germany

<sup>292</sup>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada

<sup>293</sup>Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queens Park, Toronto, ON M5S 2C6, Canada

<sup>294</sup>Coordenação de Botânica, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Av. Perimetral 1901, 66077-830 Belém, PA, Brazil

<sup>295</sup>Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Rua Boaventura da Silva, 955, Nazaré, 66055-090, Belém, PA, Brazil

<sup>296</sup>Botany Department, Postgraduate Program in Fungi, Algae and Plants Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil

<sup>297</sup>División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, Col. Noria Alta, Guanajuato, Gto. CP 36050, México

<sup>298</sup>EA 4489 LGCgE (Laboratoire de Génie Civil et Géo-Environnement), Univ Lille, F-59000 Lille, France

<sup>299</sup>Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, Illinois 60022, USA

<sup>300</sup>Institute for Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre Szeged, Szeged 6726, Hungary

<sup>301</sup>Plant Diseases Research Department, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, P.O. Box 1985813111, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran

<sup>302</sup>Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Piauí, Piripiri, Pi, 64260-000, Brazil

<sup>303</sup>School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan 243002, China

<sup>304</sup>Federal University of Santa Catarina, Graduate Program in Biology of Fungi, Algae and Plants, Florianópolis, Brazil

<sup>305</sup>Natural Science Department, College of Arts and Sciences, Iloilo Science and Technology University, La Paz, Iloilo City 5000, Philippines

<sup>306</sup>Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden

<sup>307</sup>Botany Unit, Finnish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 7, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

<sup>308</sup>Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste (UNNE - CONICET). Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Sgo Cabral 2131, CC. 209, CP 3400. Corrientes, Argentina

<sup>309</sup>Naturalis Biodiversity Centre; P.O. Box 9517; 2300 RA; Leiden; The Netherlands; private address Ronsseweg 726, 2803wz Gouda, The Netherlands.

<sup>310</sup>Laboratorio de Geología de Llanuras (CICYTTP-FCYT), Centro de Investigación Científica y de Transferencia Tecnológica a la Producción (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - Gobierno de la Provincia de Entre Ríos - Universidad Autónoma de Entre Ríos), España 149, Diamante, Entre Ríos, Argentina

<sup>311</sup>Division of Ecology & Evolution, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT, 2612, Australia

<sup>312</sup>Competence Division for Plants and Plant Products, Müller-Thurgau-Strasse 29, CH-8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland

<sup>313</sup>Department of Biology and Geology, Physics and Inorganic Chemistry, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
³¹⁴Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste, Laboratorio de Micología, Sargento Cabral 2131, CC 209 - CP 3400, Corrientes, Argentina

³¹⁵Institute of Marine Biology and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Road, Keelung 202301, Taiwan

³¹⁶Department of Botany, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Villányi út 29-43, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary

³¹⁷Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, ul. Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland

³¹⁸Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil

³¹⁹School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea

³²⁰Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Edafologia, Texcoco 56230, Mexico

³²¹Department of Mycology, Real Jardín Botánico (CSIC), Claudio Moyano 1, 28014, Madrid, Spain

³²²National Collection of Agricultural and Industrial Microorganisms, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-1118, Budapest, Hungary

³²³BioISI - Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal

³²⁴Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais, Secretaria de Meio Ambiente, Infraestrutura e Logística, São Paulo, Brazil

³²⁵Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA

³²⁶Department of Biology and Geology, Physics and Inorganic Chemistry, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain

³²⁷Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA

³²⁸Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology, Evolutionary Biology, Königin-Luise-Str. 1-3, 14195 Berlin, Germany

³²⁹Department of Plant Protection, Mycology Lab, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan university of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources, Golestan-Gorgan, Iran

³³⁰Department of Botany, Mahatma Gandhi Government Arts College, Mahe, Union Territory of Pondicherry, 673 311, India

³³¹National Fungal Culture Collection of India (NFCCI), Biodiversity and Palaeobiology (Fungi) Group, MACS Agharkar Research Institute, Pune 411 004, Maharashtra, India

³³²Norwegian College of Fishery Science,UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway

³³³University of Bayreuth, Dept. of Mycology, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany

³³⁴International Training Centre for Environmental Research (ITCER), Ng'iya, Kogelo Rd., PO Box 300, 40600 Siaya, Kenya

³³⁵Université Savoie Mont Blanc, INRAE, CARRTEL, 74200 Thonon les Bains, France

³³⁶School of Pharmacy, Guiyang Healthcare Vocational University, Guiyang 550081, China

³³⁷Guizhou Provincial Engineering Research Center of Medical Resourceful Healthcare Products, Guiyang Healthcare Vocational University, Guiyang 550081, China

³³⁸Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, CONICET, Córdoba Argentina

³³⁹Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia

³⁴⁰Systematic Biology program, Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18 D, 752 36 Uppsala

³⁴¹Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway, P.B. 1066 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway

³⁴²Fundación Miguel Lillo, Instituto Criptogámico-Sección Micología, Miguel Lillo 251, (4000) San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina

³⁴³Postgraduate Department of Geology, RTM Nagpur University, Nagpur, 440001, MH, India

³⁴⁴Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain

³⁴⁵Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden

³⁴⁶Fungal Biotechnology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Pondicherry-605014, India

³⁴⁷Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, J. Liivi 2, 50409, Tartu, Estonia

³⁴⁸Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN 46208, USA

³⁴⁹Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, 53 University Road, Lucknow-226007, India

³⁵⁰State Museum of Natural History Karlsruhe, Erbprinzenstr. 13, D-76133 Germany

³⁵¹Italian Antarctic National Museum (MNA), Mycological Section, Genoa, Italy

³⁵²Kırşehir Ahi Evran University, Sciences and Arts Faculty, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 40200, Kırşehir, Turkiye

³⁵³Innovative Institute for Plant Health/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Haizhu District, Guangzhou 510225, China

³⁵⁴Master Program for Plant Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan

³⁵⁵Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA

³⁵⁶Centre of Advanced Study (CAS) in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
<sup>357</sup>Instituto de Bioprospección y Fisiología Vegetal-INBIOFIV (CONICET-UNT), San Lorenzo 1469, San Miguel de Tucumán 4000, Tucumán, Argentina

<sup>358</sup>Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China

<sup>359</sup>University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD), European Diamond Excellence Center for Medical Mycology (ECMM), Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany

<sup>360</sup>Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Herderstrasse 52, 50931 Cologne, Germany

<sup>361</sup>German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn - Cologne, Herderstrasse 52, 50931 Cologne, Germany

<sup>362</sup>Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA

<sup>363</sup>Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Evolutionary and Integrative Ecology, Müggelseedamm 301, 12587 Berlin, Germany

<sup>364</sup>Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, 100021, China

<sup>365</sup>National Biobank of Thailand, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand

<sup>366</sup>Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, People's Republic of China

<sup>367</sup>Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden

<sup>368</sup>Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 461, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden

<sup>369</sup>Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurima-Machiya, Tsu 514-8507, Japan

<sup>370</sup>Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Bunkyo-cho3, Hirosaki, Aomori 035-8561, Japan

<sup>371</sup>School of Continuing Education, The Hong Kong Baptist University, Hongkong, P.R. China

<sup>372</sup>Engineering and Research Center for Southwest Biopharmaceutical Resource of National Education Ministry of China, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China

<sup>373</sup>Pacific Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 506 Burnside Road West, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5, Canada

<sup>374</sup>Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, United Kingdom

<sup>375</sup>Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3010

<sup>376</sup>Mycology and Microbiology Center, University of Tartu, 40409 Tartu, Estonia

<sup>377</sup>Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671003, China

<sup>378</sup>Guizhou Key Labratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, People's Republic of China

<sup>379</sup>Centre for Mountain Futures (CMF), CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Biodiversity and Biogeography of East Asia (KLPB), Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China

<sup>380</sup>Department of Organismal Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden

<sup>381</sup>Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-61300, Czechia

<sup>382</sup>Plant Health and Environment Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, Auckland 1072, New Zealand

<sup>383</sup>Federal Scientific Center of East Asian Terrestrial Biodiversity of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 100th anniversary of Vladivostok Avenue, 159, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia

<sup>384</sup>Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China

<sup>385</sup>Department of Biology, Francisk Skorina Gomel State University, Sovetskaja str. 104, 246028 Gomel, Belarus

<sup>386</sup>Department of General and Bioorganic Chemistry, Gomel State Medical University, Lange str. 5, 246000 Gomel, Belarus

<sup>387</sup>Department of Biology, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, Canada

<sup>388</sup>Sofia University “St Kliment Ohridski”, Faculty of Biology, Department of Botany, 8 Dragan Zankov, Blvd., BG-1164, Sofia, Bulgaria

<sup>389</sup>Dept. of Animal and Plant Biology and Ecology. Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193, Spain

<sup>390</sup>Department of Biology, University of Turku, Vesilinnantie 5, 20014 Turku, Finland

<sup>391</sup>Ascomycete.org, 13 chemin du Bois Ponard, 69160 Tassin-la-Demi-Lune, France

<sup>392</sup>Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico

<sup>393</sup>Department of Plant Pathology, Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana, 141004, India

<sup>394</sup>Universidade de Brasília, Departamento de Fitopatologia, Brasília, 70910-900, Distrito Federal, Brazil

<sup>395</sup>Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Viale Pier Andrea Mattioli 25 - 10125 Torino, Italy

<sup>396</sup>Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS, Canada

<sup>397</sup>Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka, 50300, Sri Lanka
Hyde KD, Abdel-Wahab MA, Abdollahzadeh J, Abeywickrama PD, Absalan S, Afshari N, Ainsworth AM, Akulov OY, Aleoshin VV, Al-Sadi AM, Alvarado P, Alves A, Alves-Silva G, Amalfi M, Amira Y, Amuhenage TB, Anderson J, Antonín V, Aouali S, Aptroot A, Apurillo CCS, Araújo JPM, Ariyawansa HA, Armand A, Arumugam E, Asghari R, Assis DMA, Atienza V, Avasthi S, Azevedo E, Bahkali AH, Bakhshi M, Banihashemi Z, Bao DF, Baral HO, Barata M, Barbosa F, Barbosa RN, Barreto RW, Baschien C, Belamesiatseva DB, Bennett Reuel M, Bera I, Bezerra JDP, Bezerra JL, Bhat DJ, Bhunjun CS, Bianchinotti MV, Błaszkowski J, Blondelle A, Boekhout T, Bonito G, Boonmee S, Boonyuen N, Bregant C, Buchanan P, Bundhun D, Burgaud G, Burgess T, Buyck B, Cabarroi-Hernández M, Cáceres MES, Caeiro MF, Cai L, Cai MF, Calabon MS, Calaça FJS, Callalli M, Camara MPS, Cano-Lira JF, Cantillo T, Cao B, Carlavilla JR, Carvalho A, Castañeda-Ruiz RF, Castlebury L, Castro-Jauregui O, Catania MDV, Cavalcanti LH, Cazabonne J, Cedeño-Sanchez ML, Chaharmiri-Dokhaharani S, Chaiwan N, Chakraborty N, Chaverri P, Cheewangkoon R, Chen C, Chen CY, Chen KH, Chen J, Chen Q, Chen WH, Chen YP, Chethana KWT, Coleine C, Condé TO, Corazon-Guivin MA, Cortés-Pérez A, Costa-Rezende DH, Courteuisse R, Crouch JA, Crous PW, Cui BK, Cui YY, da Silva DKA, da Silva GA, da Silva IR, da Silva RMF, da Silva Santos AC, Dai DQ, Dai YC, Damm U, Darmostuk V, Daroodi Zoha, Das K, Das K, Davoodian N, Davydov EA, Dayarathne MC, Decock C, de Groot MD, De Kesel A, dela Cruz TEE, De Lange R, Delgado G, Denchev CM, Denchev TT, de Oliveira NT, de Silva NI, de Souza FA, Dentinger B, Devadatha B, Dianese JC, Dima B, Diniz AG, Dissanayake AJ, Dissanayake LS, Doğan HH, Doilom M, Dolatabadi S, Dong W, Dong ZY, Dos Santos LA, Drechsler-Santos ER, Du TY, Dubey MK, Dutta AK, Egidi E, Elliott TF, Elshahed MS, Erdoğdu M, Ertz D, Etayo J, Evans HC, Fan XL, Fan YG, Fedosova AG, Fell J, Fernandes I, Firmino AL, Fiuza PO, Flakus A, Fragoso de Souza CA, Frisvad JC, Fryar SC, Gabaldón T, Gajanayake AJ, Galindo LJ, Gannibal PB, García D, García-Sandoval SR, Garrido-Benavent I, Garzoli L, Gautam AK, Ge ZW, Gené DJ, Gentekaki E, Ghobad-Nejhad M, Giachini AJ, Gibertoni TB, Góes-Neto A, Gomdola D, Gomes de Farias AR, Gorjón SP, Goto BT, Granados-Montero MM, Griffith GW, Groenewald JZ, Groenewald M, Grossart HP, Gueidan C, Gunarathne A, Gunaseelan S, Gusmão LFP, Gutierrez AC, Guzmán-Dávalos L, Haelewaters D, Halling R, Han YF, Hapuarachchi KK, Harder CB, Harrington TC, Hattori T, He MQ, He S, He SH, Healy R, Herández-Restrepo M, Heredia G, Hodge KT, Holgado-Rojas M, Hongsanan S, Horak E, Hosoya T, Houbraken J, Huang SK, Huanraluek N, Hur JS, Hurdeal VG, Hustad VP, Iotti M, Iturriaga T, Jafar E, Janik P, Jayalal RGU, Jayasiri SC, Jayawardena RS, Jeewon R, Jerônimo GH, Jesus AL, Jin J, Johnston PR, Jones EBG, Joshi Y, Justo A, Kaishian P, Kakishima M, Kaliyaperumal M, Kang GP, Kang JC, Karimi O, Karpov SA, Karunarathna SC, Kaufmann M, Kemler M, Kezo K, Khyaju S, Kirchmair M, Kirk PM, Kitaura MJ, Klawonn I, Kolarik M, Kong A, Kuhar F, Kukwa M, Kumar S, Kušan I, Lado C, Larsson KH, Latha KPD, Lee HB, Leonardi M, Leontyev DL, Lestari AS, Li CJY, Li DW, Li H, Li HY, Li L, Li QR, Li WL, Li Y, Li YC, Liao CF, Liimatainen K, Lim YW, Lin CG, Linaldeddu BT, Linde CC, Linn MM, Liu F, Liu JK, Liu NG, Liu S, Liu SL, Liu XF, Liu XY, Liu XZ, Liu ZB, Lu L, Lu YZ, Luangharn T, Luangsaard JJ, Lumbsch HT, Lumyong S, Luo L, Luo M, Luo ZL, Ma J, Machado AR, Madagammana AD, Madrid H, Magurno F, Magyar D, Mahadevan N, Maharachchikumbura SSN, Maimaiti Y, Malosso E, Manamgoda DS, Manawasinghe IS, Mapook A, Marasinghe DS, Mardones M, Marin-Felix Y, Márquez R, Masigol H, Matočec N, May T, McKenzie EHC, Meiras-Ottoni A, Melo RFR, Mendes ARL, Mendieta S, Meng QF, Menkis A, Menolli N Jr, Mešić A, Meza Calvo JG, Mikhailov KV, Miller SL, Moncada B, Moncalvo JM, Monteiro JS, Monteiro M, Mora-Montes HM, Moreau PA, Mueller GM, Mukhopadyay S, Murugadoss R, Nagy LG, Najafiniya M, Nanayakkara CM, Nascimento CC, Nei Y, Neves MA, Neuhauser S, Niego AGT, Nilsson RH, Niskanen T, Niveiro N, Noorabadi MT, Noordeloos ME, Norphanphoun C, Nuñez Otaño NB, O'Donnell RP, Oehl F,

<footnote n="398">³⁹⁸Laboratory no. 14, Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur - 302004, Rajasthan, India</footnote>

<footnote n="399">³⁹⁹Department of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Nankai University. Tianjin 300071, China</footnote>

<footnote n="400">⁴⁰⁰National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantane Road, Kandy, Sri Lanka</footnote>

<footnote n="401">⁴⁰¹College of Advanced Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150080, China</footnote>
Olariaga I, Orlando FP, Pang KL, Papp V, Pawłowska J, Peintner U, Pem D, Pereira OL, Perera RH, Perez-Moreno J, Perez-Ortega S, Péter G, Phillips AJL, Phonemany M, Phukhamsakda, Phutthacharoen K, Piepenbring M, Pires-Zottarelli CLA, Poinar G, Pošta A, Prieto M, Promputtha I, Quandt CA, Radek R, Rahnama K, Raj KNA, Rajeshkumar KC, Rämä T, Rambold G, Ramírez-Cruz V, Rasconi S, Rathnayaka AR, Raza M, Ren GC, Robledo GL, Rodriguez-Flakus P, Ronikier A, Rossi W, Ryberg M, Ryvarden LR, Salvador-Montoya CA, Samant B, Samarakoon BC, Samarakoon MC, Sánchez-Castro I, Sánchez-García M, Sandoval-Denis M, Santiago ALCMA, Santamaria B, Santos ACS, Sarma VV, Savchenko A, Savchenko K, Saxena RK, Scholler M, Schoutteten N, Seifollahi E, Selbmann L, Selcuk F, Senanayake IC, Shabashova TG, Shen HW, Shen YM, Silva-Filho AGS, Simmons DR, Singh R, Sir EB, Song Chang-Ge, Souza-Motta CM Sruthi OP, Stadler M, Stchigel AM, Stemler J, Stephenson SL, Strassert JFH, Su HL Su L, Suetrong S, Sulistyo B, Sun YF, Sun YR, Svantesson Sten Sysouphanthong P, Takamatsu S, Tan TH, Tanaka K, Tang AMC, Tang X, Tanney JB, Tavakol NM, Taylor JE, Taylor PWJ, Tedersoo L, Tennakoon DS, Thamodini GK, Thines M, Thiyagaraja V, Thongklang N, Tiago PV, Tian Q, Tian WH, Tibell L, Tibell S, Tibpromma S, Tkalčec Z, Tomšovský M, Toome-Heller M, Torruella G, Tsyrykau A, Udayanga D, Ulukapi M, Untereiner WA, Uzunov BA, Valle LG, Van Caenegem W, Van den Wyngaert S, Van Vooren N, Velez P, Verma RK, Vieira LC, Vieira WAS, Vizzini A, Walker A, Walker AK, Wanasinghe DN, Wang CG, Wang K, Wang SX, Wang XY, Wang Y, Wannasawang N, Wartchow F, Wei DP, Wei XL, White JF, Wijayawardene NN, Wijesinghe SN, Wijesundara DSA, Wisitrassameewong K, Worthy FR, Wu F, Wu G, Wu HX, Wu N, Wu WP, Wurzbacher C, Xiao YP, Xiong YR, Xu LJ, Xu R, Xu RF, Xu RJ, Xu TM, Yakovchenko L, Yan JY, Yang H, Yang J, Yang ZL, Yang YH, Yapa N, Yasanthika E, Youssef NH, Yu FM, Yu Q, fD, Yu YX, Yu ZF, Yuan HS, Yuan Y, Yurkov A, Zafari D, Zamora JC, Zare R, Zeng M, Zeng NK, Zeng XY, Zhang F, Zhang H, Zhang JF, Zhang JY, Zhang QY, Zhang SN, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Zhang YX, Zhao CL, Zhao H, Zhao Q, Zhao RL, Zhou LW, Zhou M, Zhurbenko MP, Zin HH, Zucconi L 2023 – Global consortium for the classification of fungi and fungus-like taxa. Mycosphere 14(1), 1960–2012, Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/14/1/23

**Abstract**

The Global Consortium for the Classification of Fungi and fungus-like taxa is an international initiative of more than 550 mycologists to develop an electronic structure for the classification of these organisms. The members of the Consortium originate from 55 countries/regions worldwide, from a wide range of disciplines, and include senior, mid-career and early-career mycologists and plant pathologists. The Consortium will publish a biannual update of the *Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa*, to act as an international scheme for other scientists. Notes on all newly published taxa at or above the level of species will be prepared and published online on the *Outline of Fungi* website (https://www.outlineoffungi.org/), and these will be finally published in the biannual edition of the *Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa*. Comments on recent important taxonomic opinions on controversial topics will be included in the biannual outline. For example, ‘to promote a more stable taxonomy in *Fusarium* given the divergences over its generic delimitation’, or ‘are there too many genera in the *Boletales*?’ and even more importantly, ‘what should be done with the tremendously diverse ‘dark fungal taxa?’ There are undeniable differences in mycologists’ perceptions and opinions regarding species classification as well as the establishment of new species. Given the pluralistic nature of fungal taxonomy and its implications for species concepts and the nature of species, this consortium aims to provide a platform to better refine and stabilise fungal classification, taking into consideration views from different parties. In the future, a confidential voting system will be set up to gauge the opinions of all mycologists in the Consortium on important topics. The results of such surveys will be presented to the International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi (ICTF) and the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi (NCF) with opinions and percentages of votes for and against. Criticisms based on scientific evidence with regards to nomenclature, classifications, and taxonomic concepts will be welcomed, and any recommendations on specific taxonomic issues will also be encouraged; however, we will encourage professionally and ethically responsible criticisms
of others' work. This biannual ongoing project will provide an outlet for advances in various topics of fungal classification, nomenclature, and taxonomic concepts and lead to a community-agreed classification scheme for the fungi and fungus-like taxa. Interested parties should contact the lead author if they would like to be involved in future outlines.

**Keywords** – classification – nomenclature – scientific criticism – taxonomy

**Introduction**

The series *Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa* (including fossil fungi) commenced with its first publication in 2020, has garnered over 450 citations to date, and is proving to be a very important publication in fungal classification. Since the inaugural outline by Wijayawardene et al. (2020a), we have strived to improve the effectiveness and accuracy of the outline, and this resulted in an updated 2022 outline (Wijayawardene et al. 2022a) featuring contributions from 57 authors. Nevertheless, worldwide participation was not sufficient to overcome arguments that the outline was not representative of most mycologists. Therefore, in 2022, we launched the Global Consortium for the Classification of Fungi and fungus-like taxa and its associated webpage, outlineoffungi.org, and invited numerous interested parties from around the world to form an internationally representative consortium. In this paper, we have more than 550 members representing 55 countries with a range of disciplines, providing a balanced participation in the Global Consortium for the Classification of Fungi and fungus-like taxa. As the project progresses, we will publish the *Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa* biannually, with notes on new taxa at or above the level of species. Along with the updated classification scheme for fungi and fungus-like taxa, any notes, critiques, or remarks on controversial topics, especially those pertaining to taxonomy and the establishment of novel taxa, will also be included. Where possible, we will provide appropriate parties with opposing arguments or any clarifications on these topics. Given the dynamic nature of fungal taxonomy as a field of study, it undergoes frequent updates and revisions as new data is acquired from various disciplines such as biochemistry, ecology, evolution, genomics, genetics, morphology, metabolomics, transcriptomics, phylogenetics, physiology, and proteomics. These advancements contribute to the modification of classification and taxonomic concepts at different taxonomic hierarchy. Therefore, it is essential to publish an *Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa* biannually to stay up-to-date on the changes and provide a universal platform to discuss controversial topics.

**Values and numbers of fungi**

The estimation of fungal species ranges from 1 to 11 million, depending on the criteria employed by various researchers (Hyde et al. 2020a). Among these estimates, Hawksworth & Lücking (2017) have proposed a potentially more accurate range of 2.3 to 3.8 million species. In 2022, the journal *Fungal Diversity* published a special issue on the numbers of fungi with nine papers dealing with different taxonomic groups (e.g., *Ascomycota*, *Basidiomycota* – He et al. 2022a, Wijayawardene et al. 2022b, Yeasts – Boekhout et al. 2022). High-throughput sequencing approaches yielded the highest estimates (OTUs; Baldrian et al. 2022). In the editorial of that special issue, Hyde (2022) had planned to provide a more accurate estimate following these various reviews; however, in the end, this editorial was only able to propose prospective research needed to accomplish better estimates of total fungal numbers.

While the discussion of fungal species numbers is still ongoing, the value of fungi is, however, indisputable with both beneficial and negative impacts. In terms of forest health, Niego et al. (2023a) showed how important and undervalued fungi are. They placed the value of fungi at USD 54.61 trillion annually and reported numerous benefits that fungi provide (e.g., food, industrial products, and novel drug discovery) (Niego et al. 2023b). Although any such appraisal has yet to be perfected, the data of Niego et al. (2023b) serves as an important baseline. The cumulative negative roles of fungi for humans, agriculture, and the environment have not been fully considered by Niego et al. (2023b). However, various studies show that human fungal infections are a global concern, causing ~1.7 million deaths annually. Growers worldwide experience losses of 10% to 23% of their crops
due to fungal infections each year, with an additional 10-20% lost during post-harvest (Stukenbrock & Gurr 2023). Though having great monetary value despite difficulties in quantitatively estimating fungal populations, the framework of the Fungi and fungus-like taxa will give scientists a much-needed categorization model to work from.

## History of fungal classification

The history of fungal classification systems dates back to the late 18th and the first third of the 19th century and connects with the writings of Persoon (1794, 1801, 1822–1828), Nees von Esenbeck (1817), Fries (1821–1832, 1825, 1835, 1836–1838, 1849), and Link (1833). Those systems were based on the external characters and morphology of the fruit-bodies, characters of hymenophore, and the place and mode of spore formation. By the mid-19th century, the knowledge pertaining to the classification and hierarchy of taxa in the field of mycology was not uniformly established and exhibited discrepancies between different authors. However, throughout this period, significant progress had been made in identifying and categorizing major fungal groupings, including hymenomycetes, discomycetes, pyrenomycetes, and gasteromycetes. The most important books of those times that made significant contributions to fungal classification include ‘*Synopsis methodica fungorum*’ (Persoon 1801), ‘*Systema mycologicum*’ with additional ‘*Index*’ and ‘*Elenchus fungorum*’ (Fries 1821–1832), not only because they were a base for subsequent fungal classifications and systems (e.g., Bonorden 1851, Gillet 1879–1887), as well as regional checklists (e.g., Berkeley 1860, Fuckel 1860, Crouan & Crouan 1867, Cooke 1871, Bernard 1882, Karsten 1871–1879, Quélet 1886, Phillips 1887), but also because of their influence on contemporary nomenclature of fungi. For a considerable period, they served as a starting point for fungal nomenclature up to the Shenzhen Code (Turland et al. 2018) and are now treated as sanctioning works (Turland et al. 2018).

The next major step in fungal classification was a series of twenty-five volumes, the ‘*Sylloge Fungorum*’, led by P.A. Saccardo (1882-1931). Among these publications, the significance of Saccardo & Sydow’s work in 1899 lies in their use of distinct terminology regarding conidial fungi, i.e., deuteromycetes, along with other ranks for fungi and fungus-like taxa. Meanwhile, novel systematics based on minutious microscopical observations were proposed for hymenomycetes by Fayod (1889) and Patouillard (1900), and for discomycetes by Boudier (1907). Subsequent studies by Ainsworth (1966) and Moore (1971) introduced, respectively, *Deuteromycotina* and *Deuteromycota* to accommodate conidial fungi.

Ainsworth (1966) made some of the most important compilations on the classification of fungi. The subsequent series *Systema Ascomycetum* (Eriksson 1982, Eriksson & Hawksworth 1998), which was conceived by Eriksson & Hawksworth (1998), can be considered as the foundation of compilations of fungal names, particularly when it comes to genera of *Ascomycota*. In addition to this series, several issues were published exclusively on the classification of ascomycetous taxa (i.e., Eriksson & Hawksworth 1998). Since 1997, *Myconet* has been published as hard copies and online (http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/myconet/printed.asp) (Lumbsch & Huhndorf 2007). Nonetheless, all these efforts have focused on sexually typified genera and their classification, i.e., prior to the use of DNA sequences for fungal taxonomy and classification based on phylogenetic reconstructions.

Hyde et al. (2011) were the first to attempt to list all asexually typified genera in a natural classification. However, Kirk et al. (2008) (i.e., *The Dictionary of Fungi*) also provided higher-level classifications of asexually typified genera, but in their classification, they listed them alphabetically. Subsequent publications by Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017) provided the current classification of asexually typified genera, and Wijayawardene et al. (2021) compiled the classification of asexually typified genera with notes on pleomorphic genera.

Since the paper of White et al. (1990), molecular biology techniques have widely been used in mycology, and thus, taxonomists have started to use DNA sequences in taxonomy and classification (Chethana et al. 2021). With these implementations, the dual nomenclature (e.g., Saccardo 1904) was abandoned and the ‘one fungus, one name’ concept for pleomorphic taxa was implemented (McNeill et al. 2011). Thus, maintaining separate classification systems for asexually typified genera was redundant, and all genera were incorporated into a natural classification. Wijayawardene et al.
(2020a) compiled both sexually typified and asexually typified genera into one classification. At the same time, the authors recognized the importance and necessity of developing and maintaining a continuously updated webpage based on new publications and new concepts or ideas. Hence, Wijayawardene et al. (2020a) introduced ‘*outlineoffungi.org*’, which provides the classification of the kingdom *Fungi*. The website is currently being updated based on new studies and publications.

## Operation of Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa

With the advent of molecular techniques, fungal taxonomy and classification have undergone a revolution (Ullah et al. 2022). Thus, the availability and accessibility of data to the end user are critical (Durkin et al. 2020). In the past decade, numerous databases have been established that provide easy access to fungal data (Jayasiri et al. 2015, Prakash et al. 2017, Nilsson et al. 2019, Pōlme et al. 2020, Zanne et al. 2020, Ullah et al. 2022, Zhou & May 2022). Some databases are restricted to molecular, morphological, or ecological data (Nilsson et al. 2019, Ullah et al. 2022, Zhou & May 2022), while others are designed for specific fungal groups. They also mainly deal with taxonomy, such as https://marinefungi.org/ (Jones et al. 2019), www.freshwaterfungi.org (Calabon et al. 2020), https://gmsmicrofungi.org (deals with microfungi from the Greater Mekong Subregion; Chaiwan et al. 2021), theyeasts.org (yeasts), https://eumycetozoa.com (fungus-like taxa such as *Myxomycetes*, *Dictyosteliomycetes* and *Protosteliomycetes*; Lado 2005–2023), https://invertebratefungi.org/ (invertebrate-associated fungi and fungus-like taxa; Wei et al. 2022), https://botryosphaeriales.org (Wu et al. 2021) and https://www.fusarium.org/ (commonly referred to as FUSARIOID ID database that deals with *Fusarium* and fusarium-like genera, primarily for DNA-based identification and taxonomy). The classification of fungi is constantly and inevitably changing due to the discovery of new taxa, the use of novel DNA based techniques to better understand relationships, and the incorporation of more DNA sequences from multigenes and increasingly whole genome datasets to reanalyse existing classification schemes. Sometimes databases may also become obsolete over time (Prakash et al. 2017) often due to a lack of curation. Many taxonomic studies tend to overlook important features, such as ecology, which are crucial sources of information for fungal identification and biological conservation (Durkin et al. 2020). Where possible, this type of information should be made available.

The registration of new taxa, combinations, and typifications in one of the three taxonomic repositories, Index Fungorum, MycoBank (Crous et al. 2004), and Fungal Names (https://nmdc.cn/fungalnames) is a condition of validity of these operations (May 2017, May et al. 2019, art. 5.F) and as they are linked to the other repositories, they are constantly being updated. Subsequently, the *Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa* database will provide a biannual update on new information, which will be curated by members of the consortium. The cross-database communications will help to identify and fill gaps, increase the discovery of, and improve the focus on genetic, ecological, and evolutionary information (Zanne et al. 2020). Thus, we expect to derive a stable classification of the Fungi and fungus-like taxa over time (Lado & Eliasson 2022).

## Notes on problems with classifications, nomenclature and taxonomic concepts

The *Outline of Fungi* online database presented here will provide updated information on taxonomic changes in the notes part. Newly introduced taxa will be assigned to curators by the head curators. A note for newly introduced genera and higher-level taxa will be provided, which includes the current classification, synonyms, morphological characters, habitat, host, lifestyle, molecular evidence, phylogenetic placement, and current issues in the classification and nomenclature, including controversial topics. The curators will write notes on their expertise, which will be corrected and edited by the head curator. The author(s) of the original paper, where the genera or higher-level taxa were introduced, will not usually write the entry to avoid partiality.

The notes will be linked to the repositories Index Fungorum, MycoBank, and Fungal Names. Furthermore, the fungal names will be linked to relevant databases such as coelomycetes (https://www.coelomycetes.org; Huanraluek et al. 2021), *Dothideomycetes* (https://dothideomycetes.org/, Pem et al. 2019), Faces of Fungi (http://www.facesoffungi.org;
Jayasiri et al. 2015), Freshwater fungi (http://fungi.life.illinois.edu/; Calabon et al. 2020), Genera of Fungi (https://fungalgenera.org/), Lichenicolous fungi (http://www.lichenicolous.net/), Macrofungi (https://nmdc.cn/macrofungi/; He et al. 2022b), Marine fungi (https://marinefungi.org/; Jones et al. 2019), One stop shop to genera of phytopathogens (https://onestopshopfungi.org/; Jayawardena et al. 2019), fungus-like taxa (https://eumycetozoa.com/; Lado 2005–2023), *Sordariomycetes* (https://sordariomycetes.org/, Bundhun et al. 2020), theyeasts.org and UNITE (https://unite.ut.ee/; Nilsson et al. 2019). The online preprint of notes will be sent to the corresponding curator for final approval before the notes are posted on the outline webpage periodically as new taxa are published. All the notes and the new classification will be published biannually in the ‘*Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa*’ towards the end of the following year.

While new genera and higher-level taxa introduced in the preceding year are easy to determine and include in the biannual outline, it is difficult to trace changes in the classifications that are published in papers that do not include new taxa. This problem has also been encountered on other webpages, such as Index Fungorum (P. Kirk, personal communication). It can be reduced by the participation of more than 500 curators who are experts on various groups of fungi and can provide an updated classification of their expert group. However, it is unlikely that even with more than 500 curators, the whole spectrum of fungi can be curated adequately. Therefore, alongside the *Outline*, a database *Fungalpedia* (Hyde et al. in press) will, over time, provide up-to-date notes on all genera of fungi so that the classification can also be updated. If there is a major disagreement in any classification, both sides of the disagreement will be encouraged to present entries in the outline justifying their opinion. The links to the entries in *Fungalpedia* will be added to the entry in the master file of the outline. Thus, this database will act as a user-friendly and informative platform that directs and allows users to browse and retrieve all the relevant updated information.

## Use of molecular and evolutionary data to improve fungal classification

The classification of fungal species has historically relied heavily on the study of morphology (Taylor et al. 2000, Hyde et al. 2010). In fact, the initial investigations into fungal diversity were primarily conducted through field observations of macro- and micro-morphological characteristics (Truong et al. 2017, Cazabonne et al. 2022), establishing morphology as a fundamental aspect of early fungal diversity studies. However, morphology alone can lead to misidentifications due to overlapping structural characters shown by fungi (Hyde et al. 2009, Marin-Felix et al. 2020, Bhunjun et al. 2021b, Senanayake et al. 2022). Several studies have demonstrated that morphological crypsis masks the true diversity of taxa, whereas circumscriptions based on molecular data often reveal the presence of distinct lineages (Hyde et al. 2009, Manamgoda et al. 2014, Haelewaters et al. 2022, Leontyev et al. 2023a). On the other hand, one particular phylogenetically circumscribed species can also exhibit phenotypic plasticity which ultimately can result in categorizing taxon below species level (Van Caenegem et al. 2023). Accurate species identification is crucial to more accurately estimate the number of species, considering that the kingdom *Fungi* comprises, perhaps, 2.3–3.8 million species, but only about 156,000 of these have been properly named and classified (Hawksworth & Lücking 2017, Hyde et al. 2020a, Bhunjun et al. 2022, 2023, Phukhamsakda et al. 2022). Accurate species identification is also important to take necessary actions for effective plant disease control, quarantine measures, medical and veterinary mycology treatment (Opathy & Gabaldón 2019, Bhunjun et al. 2021a, Jayawardena et al. 2021a, b), biotech industry and patenting, agro-food industries (both in terms of spoilage and technological fungi), product authorisation (EFSA 2021), as well as for species conservation. Accurate species identification is a fundamental requirement for the comprehensive assessment of various aspects pertaining to specific fungal species, such as their geographic distribution, population dynamics, habitat preferences, and ecological interactions. These crucial criteria are employed to further evaluate the potential threats faced by these species and determine their conservation status. However, the process of identifying fungal species and individuals is often impeded by various challenges, thereby hindering the accurate evaluation of these aforementioned factors (Dahlberg & Mueller 2011, Mueller et al. 2022).
Molecular studies have enhanced the way in which fungal species are defined and identified, clarifying inter- and intra-species phylogenetic relationships and correcting taxonomical errors arising from the phenotypic classification and identification methods used in the past. For this reason, the long-held convention of fungal species having two or more valid names for their teleomorph (sexual) and anamorph (asexual) states was abandoned in 2013 (Hawksworth et al. 2011). Moreover, advances in DNA based techniques and analyses revealed extensive genetic variation within species, leading to the description of new species (Kidd et al. 2023). The ITS region is often considered to include the whole ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 fragment of the ribosomal DNA and is the universal barcode marker for fungi, and it is commonly used to identify taxa to genus level in the case of speciose genera (Schoch et al. 2012, Bhunjun et al. 2021b); however, this is not the case with, e.g., within some groups of rust fungi (*Pucciniales*) (Ebinghaus et al. 2022, 2023a,b) or fungus-like protists (Leontyev & Schnittler 2022). For some fungal groupings, high levels of intragenomic variation compromise the utility of ITS. However, the introduction of the full ribosomal operon as extended fungal barcode alleviated some of these problems (Wurzbacher et al. 2019). Thus, accurate species-level identification now mainly relies on multi-gene analyses, and it is recommended to use a polyphasic approach based on multiple species recognition criteria (Simões et al. 2013, Jeewon & Hyde 2016, Bhunjun et al. 2020, Phukhamsakda et al. 2020, Chethana et al. 2021, Gannibal 2022, Haelewaters et al. 2022). Phylogenetic analyses are also the most commonly used method to infer the evolutionary relationships of fungal species based on molecular data (Laurence et al. 2014, Naranjo-Ortiz & Gabaldón 2019, Bhunjun et al. 2021b, Chethana et al. 2021, Strassert et al. 2021, Ebinghaus et al. 2022, Su et al. 2022 García-Martín et al. 2023).

Divergence time estimates (based on molecular clocks/dating) is also increasingly being used to unravel evolutionary relationships, origin and divergence of species. These analyses have also provided evidence to support the ranking of taxa (Zhao et al. 2016a, 2017, Hyde et al. 2017, Liu et al. 2017a, Guterres et al. 2018, Zhang et al. 2018b, He et al. 2019). Several studies have used divergence time estimates as additional evidence to introduce new families (Mapook et al. 2016, Phukhamsakda et al. 2016, Bhunjun et al. 2021c) and to support the ranking of taxa at higher levels (Pérez-Ortega et al. 2016, Samarakoon et al. 2016, Hyde et al. 2017, Zhao et al. 2017, Haelewaters et al. 2019). An ultrametric tree derived from divergence time estimates is also needed for analyses such as the general mixed Yule coalescent method and ancestral character state analysis (Parnmen et al. 2012, Zhao et al. 2016b, Thiyagaraja et al. 2020, Bhunjun et al. 2021b, Samarakoon et al. 2022). Coalescence methods play an important role in demarcating species as they provide a solution for incongruence among gene trees (Fujisawa & Barraclough 2013). These methods are becoming increasingly important in resolving cryptic species (Fujita et al. 2012, Fujisawa & Barraclough 2013, Sánchez-Ramírez et al. 2015, Bhunjun et al. 2021b).

## The use of whole genome data for classification

Fungi, being one of the most diverse and speciose kingdoms, is estimated to have 2.3–3.8 million species, among which less than 10% have been identified (Blackwell 2011, Hawksworth & Lücking 2017, Baldrian et al. 2022). Several studies proposed the use of genome-wide phylogenies for species delimitation, as genome data can limit the impact caused by individual genes and produce a phylogeny that gives a snapshot of the entire genome (Fitzpatrick et al. 2006, Sobel et al. 2010, Steele & Pires 2011, Bobay & Ochman 2017, Hibbett et al. 2017, Zhao et al. 2017, Matute & Sepúlveda 2019, Xu 2020, Chethana et al. 2021, Chen et al. 2023). As this technique becomes widely used and prices become more acceptable, dedicated pipelines to facilitate genome-wide phylogenetic analyses of fungi are beginning to emerge (Kim et al. 2023). Molecular data have shown whether taxonomic groups that have been classified and named based on common morphological or phenotypic characters share a single common ancestor (i.e., monophyletic) or whether they have mixed ancestry (i.e., polyphyletic). In the case of polyphyletic genera, transferring the species that do not share a common ancestry into a more appropriate genus is clearly justified (Kidd et al. 2023). Molecular techniques, specifically multi-gene phylogenetic analyses, have become common approaches in most research studies, improving fungal taxonomy (Hibbett et al. 2007). However,
research has shown that phylogenetic analyses using multi-genes may lead to erroneous phylogenetic interpretations due to insufficient information, gene-specific noises, the availability of sequences from only a few markers (mostly for ribosomal genes only), and incongruent phylogenies generated from different individual gene trees. The latter two issues cause poor resolution in the deep internal branches and poorly supported clades (Ebersberger et al. 2012, Xu 2016, 2020, Matute & Sepúlveda 2019, Chethana et al. 2021, García-Cunchillos et al. 2022, Liimatainen et al. 2022). In addition, whole genomes provide sufficient data to resolve internal nodes deeper in phylogenomic trees, and relationships evolved in short divergence times (James et al. 2020, Chen et al. 2023, Han et al. 2023). For example, there are many controversies around the class *Sordariomycetes* due to the introduction of numerous families and other higher ranks based mainly on a few markers, resulting in a grouping of phylogenetically unrelated taxa (Hyde et al. 2020b, Maharachchikumbura et al. 2022), low-resolution phylogenies and phylogenetic inconsistencies among different studies (Senanayake et al. 2018, Voglmayr et al. 2018, Hyde et al. 2020b, Samarakoon et al. 2022, Sun et al. 2022). Chen et al. (2023) conducted a phylogenomics analysis with 1,224 conserved protein sequences, covering 625 species across 50 families, 17 orders, and five subclasses. Their phylogenomic analyses demonstrated well-supported higher-level ranks, species-level phylogenies, and a strengthened backbone for *Sordariomycetes*, providing confirmative phylogenomic evidence to resolve some long-term debates in the mycological community. In addition to phylogenomics, comparative genomics establishes a robust evolutionary framework for fungal classification by decoding the genomic content responsible for functional and morphological similarities and divergences among closely related taxa (Floudas et al. 2012, Shen et al. 2018, Chethana et al. 2021, Wibberg et al. 2021, Díaz-Escandón et al. 2022).

Among different phylogenomic approaches, the two most commonly used are i) the concatenated approach, which mainly infers relationships at deeper internal nodes, and ii) the coalescence approach, which resolves relationships at shallow nodes of the fungal tree (Matute & Sepúlveda 2019, James et al. 2020, Chen et al. 2023). Some studies employ both (Shen et al. 2018, Davis et al. 2019, Li et al. 2021, Strassert & Monaghan 2022), whereas some employ only one (Shen et al. 2016). Both nucleotides and amino acids (protein sequences) have been used for phylogenomics (Li et al. 2021, Wibberg et al. 2021, Strassert & Monaghan 2022, Chen et al. 2023). A previous study suggested that protein-level phylogeny reflects evolutionary divergence better as it directly correlates with the morphology and function of fungi (Chowdhury & Garai 2017). Furthermore, protein sequences evolve more slowly, as slight “silent” changes at the nucleotide level do not necessarily alter the protein sequences. Regier et al. (2008) showed that relatively slow-evolving genes produce higher congruence in their respective gene trees compared to those of fast-evolving ones, and the exclusion of the latter resulted in improved node support (Philippe et al. 2000, Nozaki et al. 2007). Similarly, Wibberg et al. (2021) demonstrated that the use of protein sequences facilitated a more robust inference of relationships between fungal families and higher ranks.

Li et al. (2021) established a robust phylogenetic framework to assess fungal evolution and resolve conflict-prone and poorly supported major lineages in the fungal kingdom. They also established those that are sisters and the degree to which current taxonomy reflects their evolutionary relationships using 1,707 publicly available genomes of 1,679 taxa, representing every known major lineage across fungi and 28 taxa representing the outgroup. This study provided evidence that the relative evolutionary divergence (RED) of the current taxonomic ranks is consistent with their relative divergence times, resulting from the relaxed molecular clock approach, supporting the use of divergence times as a ranking criterion in fungal classification as suggested by previous studies (Avise & Johns 1999, Zhao et al. 2016a, 2017, Tedersoo et al. 2018). Using a smaller taxon-reduced but more balanced dataset, which allowed for computationally intensive analyses using best-fitting evolutionary models, Strassert & Monaghan (2022) resolved several contested deep nodes in the fungal tree of life, such as a sister relationship of *Chytridiomyceta* to all other non-*Opisthosporidia* fungi (with *Chytridiomycota* being sister to *Monoblepharomycota* + *Neocallimastigomycota*), a branching of *Blastocladiomycota* + *Sanchytriomycota* after *Chytridiomyceta* but before other non-*Opisthosporidia* fungi, and a branching of *Glomeromycota* as sister to the *Dikarya*. Recently, Groenewald et al. (2023) used the RED approach to reclassify the subphylum *Saccharomycotina* to
make it consistent with high level classifications of another *Ascomycota*. Since the 2010s, several phylogenomic studies have been conducted separately for diverse *Fungi* and fungus-like taxonomic groups for species delineations, such as *Aspergillaceae* (Steenwyk et al. 2019), *Cortinariaceae* (Liimatainen et al. 2022), *Glomeromycota* (Montoliu-Nerin et al. 2021), *Hypoxylaceae* (Wibberg et al. 2021), *Peronosporomycetes* (McCarthy & Fitzpatrick 2017), *Parmeliaceae* (Pizarro et al. 2018), *Peltigera* (Magain et al. 2017), *Rhizopus* (Gryganskyi et al. 2018), *Sordariomycetes* (Chen et al. 2023), *Trichoderma* (Druzhinina et al. 2018) and *Tilletia* (Nguyen et al. 2019), as well as to establish higher level classifications (Fitzpatrick et al. 2006, Spatafora et al. 2016, Shen et al. 2018, 2020, Johnston et al. 2019, Haridas et al. 2020, Li et al. 2021, Montoliu-Nerin et al. 2021). Based on the ability of the genomic data to eliminate inconsistencies in multi-gene phylogeny and to integrate diverse criteria in fungal taxonomy, Xu (2020) proposed a new genome sequence-based fungal recognition criterion, the genomic species recognition.

Comparative genomics approaches such as percentage of conserved proteins (POCP), average nucleotide identities (ANI), average amino acid identities (AAI), and shared and individual genes and gene families between taxa facilitate the establishment of relationships and taxonomic hierarchies as well as possible lifestyles (Wibberg et al. 2021). Changes to genomic content can occur because of selection pressure or other evolutionary forces like gene flow and bottleneck effects, hence reflecting evolution way better than sequence data. Whiston & Taylor (2016) suggested that gene family expansions and contractions influenced by adaptive radiation led to species or generic-level adaptations. Therefore, changes in genome content are often more suitable to distinguish species than those in nucleotide sequences of the selected markers. Wibberg et al. (2021) successfully used these genomic comparisons to differentiate *Hypoxylaceae* species. Though this approach has been applied previously to other organisms (Nobrega & Pennacchio 2004), this is the first study to apply genomic comparisons to deduce taxonomic hierarchies in fungi.

Since these are all sequence-based classification approaches, the accuracy of the completeness and whole genome sequences, their annotation and the associated metadata must be ensured for effective and efficient phylogenomic analyses. Furthermore, sequencing errors and misassemblies can strongly influence protein-level phylogenomic reconstructions. Therefore, prior to analysis, it is important to establish that the target genomes are of high quality (Zhou 2023). Collectively, these studies demonstrate the success achieved using genomic data via phylogenomic reconstructions and comparative genomic approaches to re-evaluate current taxonomic concepts.

## Morphology in the molecular era of fungal classification

Morphological characterization of newly described fungal taxa is still needed in the molecular era of fungal classification (Hyde et al. 2010). The written parts of a description should focus on the shapes, colours and typical dimensions (length, width, breadth) of the fungal elements (usually hyphae or yeast cells, mature spores, and sporogenesis), focusing on those with a distinctive diagnostic value over similar taxa. The shape descriptions (if possible) should be made with examination in the living state (Baral 1992, Dominguez de Toledo 1994), following the recommendations given in the Dictionary of Fungi (Kirk et al. 2008). Image analysis is a novel, high-throughput method that allows the automated recording and evaluation of microscopic images (Posch et al. 2012). Colony colours can be determined by the ‘RGB profiling’ procedure (Puchkov 2016). Line drawings and microphotographs (preferably both) are essential elements of a useful description. Authors should consider which illustration technique is most relevant to show key characteristics (Fawcett 1987). Details hardly visible on photographs should be illustrated with line drawings, SEM, or different focus/illumination settings of a light microscope. High quality descriptions should show more than one spore, all of them rotated in the same orientation, which will facilitate visual recognition (Harman et al. 1999). The appearance of the colony on the host, natural, and/or artificial substrate is also required in some taxa. Scale bars should be used instead of an indication of magnification. Figure legends should contain the full *genus* and *species* names and the techniques (e.g., staining) used to produce the figure.
## The use of ecology to improve fungal classification

Fungi are often considered a hidden component of the ecosystem and play crucial roles as decomposers, antagonistic or mutualistic symbionts of animals, plants, and other organisms. Fungi are essential for the recycling of nutrients in all habitats and interact in various ways with themselves, with representatives of other phylogenetic groups, and with organic and inorganic substrates (Dilly & Munch 2001, Dilly et al. 2004, Osono 2017, Jeewon et al. 2018, Zhang et al. 2018a, Gkoutselis et al. 2021, Chen et al. 2022a). Pieces of evidence also tend to suggest that aquatic fungi may be important promoters of nutrient and energy transfer in aquatic ecosystems (Danger et al. 2016). In addition, fungi exist in almost every conceivable habitat where organic carbon is available (e.g., freshwater, marine water, soil, rock surfaces, plants and animals, microplastic), which causes a vast range of variation in their morphology, reproduction, life cycles and modes of dispersal (Tsui et al. 2016, Grossart et al. 2019, Hyde et al. 2020a, Chen et al. 2022b). Ecological information, together with fungal identification, is important to achieve the predicted fungal diversity and ultimately fungal classification (Hyde et al. 2020b). However, although only some 156,000 species of fungi have been formally described and are accepted in the fungal kingdom so far, the ecological strategies they have evolved have been very successful even in adverse (Cantrell et al. 2011) or special environmental conditions, e.g., plant trichomes (Pereira-Carvalho et al. 2009). Giant diverse ecosystems such as those present in the African savannas are unexplored, while Neotropical vegetation is also underexplored (Dianese et al. 2022).

In recent years, an enormous number of unidentified molecular operational taxonomic units (OTUs) or amplified sequence variants (ASVs) were discovered because of ecological studies of fungal diversity (e.g., fungal succession) using high-throughput sequencing techniques (O'Brien et al. 2005, Porter et al. 2008, Ge et al. 2017, Li et al. 2017, Pietsch et al. 2019, Gui et al. 2020, Purahong et al. 2022). These sequences show the high diversity of fungal resources; however, the naming of taxa is required for fungal classification under the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi and Plants. Numerous deposited sequences, however, lack taxonomic assignment, resulting in a great amount of 'uncultured fungus' unvouchered sequences (Hofstetter et al. 2019) unlikely to be integrated into any fungal classification. Numerous mycologists have suggested that an integrated naming system is needed to facilitate unambiguous communication (Hibbett et al. 2011, Hawksworth et al. 2018, Ryberg & Nilsson 2018, Nilsson et al. 2023). Mycologists have debated the inclusion of molecular operational taxonomic units in taxonomy (Zamora et al. 2018), and the subject is still being discussed. Hongsanan et al. (2018) provided case studies on some genera (Botryosphaeria, Colletotrichum, Penicillium, and Xylaria) and illustrated that it is inappropriate to use DNA as holotypes in assigning names to fungal species due to the shorter fragments of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) obtained from environmental sequencing. In the meantime, Wu et al. (2019) proposed that attempts to obtain cultures of specimens as physical types should be the priority, the complete genome sequence of fungi (single-cell genome) as a DNA type is the second choice, and fungal sequence data generated from environmental genomic DNA can be a temporary digital type. Thus, these ecology-based studies have remarkable significance for revealing unknown fungal taxa and supporting fungal classification. As shown by Nilsson et al. (2023) "species discovery through environmental sequencing vastly outpaces traditional, Sanger sequencing-based efforts, in a strongly increasing trend over the last five years".

Fungal ecology-related aspects of fungal classification provide many merits, but there are also some misconceptions. One is that most historical fungal identifications were made based on cyanobacterial, algal, plant, or animal host associations (Jeewon et al. 2004, Dayarathne et al. 2016, Liu et al. 2017). This approach is quite error-prone and has resulted in species with few character differences and egregious misidentifications. For instance, according to assessments of Pestalotiopsis species by Jeewon et al. (2004) and Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014), numerous species that have been described based on host association (without phylogenetic data) are probably not valid species. An assumed very narrow natural host range of a fungus may potentially be much wider, as shown in an experimental setup with a carabidicolous Laboulbenia species (De Kesel 1996). On the other hand, a single host can support different species belonging to the same genus. For example, Jeewon et al.
(2004) revealed two species of the endophytic genus *Pestalotiopsis* (*P. sydowiana* (Bres.) B. Sutton and *P. theae* (Sawada) Steyaert) from *Protea mellifera* Thunb., and neither species appears to be closely related. Liu et al. (2017) introduced eight *Pestalotiopsis* species and three *Pseudopestalotiopsis* species from a single host. Thus, host-based fungal species nomenclature reflects multiple misleading points and needs molecular approaches for better resolution for identification and ultimately fungal classification. New host records are also extremely important (Hyde et al. 2020c) because they can reveal the diversity of adaptations and evolutionary traits of a species.

## The use of chemical profiles to improve fungal classification

Fungi are diverse in terms of their morphology, ecology, and chemical profiles (Naranjo-Ortiz & Gabaldón 2019). There are 845 publications and 26,288 citations on the Web of Science website using the keywords 'fungi', 'natural product' and 'classification' and 259 publications with 4,662 citations with the words 'fungi' and 'chemotaxonomy' from 2010 to 2022. Many publications highlight the advantages of involving chemical profiles in fungal classifications (Frisvad et al. 2008, Raja et al. 2017, Reich & Labes 2017, Guo et al. 2021, Maharachchikumbura et al. 2021). Morphological characters in speciose groups can be misleading due to cryptic speciation, hybridization, and convergent evolution (Raja et al. 2017, Sun et al. 2019, Boekhout et al. 2022); therefore, the application of chemotaxonomy has often been used to increase the efficiency of identifying, exploring and exploiting fungi (Frisvad 2015). However, studies have suggested that the secondary metabolite, also referred to as specialized metabolite profiles in fungi can be strain-specific, species-specific, or common to all species. This could be because fungal extracts include secondary as well as primary metabolites. In yeasts, growth patterns have been used for decades, as well as biochemical tests, i.e., chemotaxonomy (Kurtzman et al. 2011). Also, it is crucial to note that even minor changes in cultivation conditions can lead to a profound shift in the fungal metabolomic profile, underscoring the importance of maximizing the number of culture media and conditions to comprehensively assess the fungal metabolome (Rédou et al. 2016).

Chemotaxonomy is commonly used to classify and identify filamentous fungi using their chemical diversity for taxonomic purposes. This commonly consists of compounds produced on different media and includes toxins, antibiotics and other compounds defined very broadly, such as fatty acids, proteins, carbohydrates, or secondary metabolites, (Frisvad et al. 2008). However, not all compounds can be used for chemotaxonomy as the profile is based only on compounds with differentiation ability (Frisvad et al. 2008). Most fungi are fast-growing and have a high reproductive capacity; thus, metabolite profiles are generally unique in an individual group (Walker & White 2017). Different fungal species can produce one or more common secondary metabolites. For example, cytochalasin D has been reported as being produced by several fungal species in phylogenetically different groups, such as *Basidiomycota* (*Coriolus vernicipes* (Berk.) Murrill) and *Ascomycota* (*Hypoxylon terricola* J.H. Mill., *Metarhizium anisopliae* (Metschn.) Sorokīn and *Zygosporium masonii* S. Hughes) (Cole et al. 2003, Vicente et al. 2003). The hypocrealean genus *Pochonia* produces several secondary metabolites such as monordens and other resorcyclic acid lactones, citreoviridin A and aurovertin B, common to *Penicillium* and *Aspergillus* species (Stadler et al. 2003).

Chemotaxonomy is very helpful in delimiting species, especially in the resolution of species complexes that could not have been distinguished based on classical morphology and can be used as chemotaxonomic markers in comparative studies (Saag et al. 2009, Læssøe et al. 2010, Surup et al. 2014, Kuhnert et al. 2017, Dickschat et al. 2018, Rinkel et al. 2018, Lambert et al. 2019, Ekman & Tønsberg 2022). Fatty acids have been used as potential chemotaxonomic markers for identification in *Albugo*, *Cunninghamella*, *Mortierella*, *Mucor*, *Plasmopara*, *Puccinia*, *Pustula*, *Rhizomucor* and *Wilsoniana* species (Blomquist et al. 1992, Weete & Gandhi 1999, Spring & Haas 2002, Spring et al. 2005, Wołczańska et al. 2021). Some hypoxylean taxa, such as *Hypoxylon griseobrunneum* (B.S. Mehrotra) J. Fourn., Kuhnert & M. Stadler, *H. invadens* J. Fourn. and *H. macrocarpum* Pouzar, yielded several new natural volatiles that can be used as chemotaxonomic markers for a comparative
volatiles study (Dickschat et al. 2018, Rinkel et al. 2018). In the myxomycete genus *Lycogala*, the presence and structure of crystalline lime in peridial vesicles were shown to be a useful criterion for delimiting species (Leontyev et al. 2022, 2023b).

## Use of integrative approaches to improve fungal classification

Concurrent application of multiple characters or integrative approaches has the power to reduce confusion in identifications and help to improve contrasting classifications arising from various species concepts based on phenetics, phylogeny, ecology, evolution, chemistry, and physiology. Using polyphasic approaches based on morphological, molecular, and chemotaxonomic data is recommended and appears to provide a more useful classification tool, and is helpful in delimiting species (Stadler et al. 2014, Cao et al. 2021, Maharachchikumbura et al. 2021). In addition, biosynthesis, physiological, and genotypic information show functional characteristics that can improve the potential industrial production of fungal metabolites (Keller 2019).

## The use of physiology to improve fungal classification

Although not so common, physiological tests can be a useful tool for fungal classification. Basidiomycetous yeasts produce urease amongst other enzymes (i.e., see Kurtzman et al. 2011 and theyeasts.org), with quite extensive growth profiles, whereas in ascomycetous yeasts that enzyme is mostly lacking. Splitting of esculin by *Apophysomyces elegans* P.C. Misra, K.J. Srivast. & Lata growing on bile esculin agar is sufficient to separate that species from the rest of the genus (Alvarez et al. 2010). Fermentation and utilisation of compounds have proven useful for circumscription of genera, for example, *Mrakia* (glucose-fermenting basidiomycete), *Ogataea* (methanol assimilation), and *Scheffersomyces* (xylose fermentation).

## Professional criticism of mycological scientific work

Mycologists have different opinions, which could be subject to different interpretations, and unlike computers, humans make mistakes. This might involve missing references, poor alignments, ambiguous trees, and incorrectly deposited or missing data, amongst others. Phylogenomic information obtained from multi-gene sequences must be coupled and complemented with morphological characters during taxonomic studies (Hyde et al. 2010). In this context, reference to type specimens should be emphasized to adequately calibrate the morphological definition of species. Efforts should further include obtaining DNA sequences from type specimens of already described species and using these sequences in phylogenetic analyses whenever possible to ensure a direct reference to taxa within the phylogeny (e.g., Forin et al. 2018, Ronikier et al. 2022). The separation of genotype and phenotype criteria increases the frequency of mistakes by mycologists, which can be observed in mycological publications. It is essential that when other scientists encounter these mistakes, they should point them out. This might involve notifying the authors, asking for data that were not deposited, or discussing the work in publications. Most importantly, though, any criticism should be written professionally. It is rare that scientists deliberately publish incorrect research or data, although it is known to happen. However, it is not always possible to pick up every error. An eminent Chinese mycologist once stated that the job of the supervisor "is to find the silly hidden mistakes that students make in papers submitted for comment". Unfortunately, scientists can make mistakes, and professionally worded criticism or helpful advice will be much better received. Unhelpful or spiteful criticism does not help the situation and may discourage new scientists from continuing in their careers. The number of mycologists has been declining rapidly in Western countries; meanwhile, there have been an increasing number of mycologists being trained in other countries, such as Brazil, Thailand, and China. Members of the community should engage in encouraging and helping all who are interested in continuing their careers (Hyde et al. 2010).

Therefore, in the *Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa* and other related publications, we will follow our ethics of professional criticism of mycological scientific work. We hope that these ethics will be adopted throughout the mycological literature.
## Voting for opinions on problems of classification, nomenclature and taxonomic concepts

In cases where there are major differences in opinion regarding classification, nomenclature, and taxonomic concepts, we will encourage authors with opposing views to write arguments supporting their approaches and publish these in the outline. In some cases, we may need to follow one approach and also list a different one in the notes or outline. We may also send arguments, disseminated through electronic emails, to the consortium and ask them to vote on their preference, including a comment on their point of view, in a confidential online vote. The results of the vote can then be presented to the International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi and the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi with opinions and percentages of votes for and against each view. The members of the consortium are listed in Table 1 with their expertise and country.

<table><caption>**Table 1** List of mycologist names, expertise, and countries.</caption><thead><tr><td>Name</td><td>Expertise</td><td>Country/Region</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Abdel-Wahab Mohamed A</td><td>Marine fungi</td><td>Egypt</td></tr><tr><td>Abdollahzadeh Jafar</td><td>Dothideomycetes, phytopathogens</td><td>Iran</td></tr><tr><td>Abeywickrama Pranami D.</td><td>Dothideomycetes, phytopathogens</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Absalan Sahar</td><td>Eurotiomycetes</td><td>Thailand</td></tr><tr><td>Afshari Naghmeh</td><td>Ascomycota</td><td>Thailand</td></tr><tr><td>Ainsworth A. Martyn</td><td>Poroid and corticioid Basidiomycota, Hygrocybe s.l. and stipitate hydnoids</td><td>UK</td></tr><tr><td>Akulov Alexander Yu</td><td>Ascomycota, fungicolous and plant-associated fungi</td><td>Ukraine</td></tr><tr><td>Aleoshin VV</td><td>Eukaryotes (in general), Holomycota</td><td>Russia</td></tr><tr><td>Al-Sadi Abdullah Mohammed</td><td>Phytopathogens</td><td>Oman</td></tr><tr><td>Alvarado Pablo</td><td>Pezizales</td><td>Spain</td></tr><tr><td>Alves Artur</td><td>Botryosphaeriales, phytopathogens, marine fungi</td><td>Portugal</td></tr><tr><td>Alves-Silva Genivaldo</td><td>Polypores (Polyporales / Hymenochaetales)</td><td>Brazil</td></tr><tr><td>Amalfi Mario</td><td>Polypores / wood decay fungi / (Polyporales / Hymenochaetales / Cantharellales / Boletales / Russulales)</td><td>Belgium</td></tr><tr><td>Amira Yacoub</td><td>Leotiomycetes</td><td>Brazil</td></tr><tr><td>Amuhenage Tharindu</td><td>Aquatic fungi</td><td>Thailand</td></tr><tr><td>Bhagya</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anderson Jennifer</td><td>Aquatic fungi</td><td>Sweden</td></tr><tr><td>Antonín Vladimír</td><td>Basidiomycota (macrofungi)</td><td>Czechia</td></tr><tr><td>Aouali Souhila</td><td>Macrofungi and forest tree pathogenic fungi</td><td>Algeria</td></tr><tr><td>Aptroot Andre</td><td>Dothideomycetes, lichenized fungi</td><td>Netherlands</td></tr><tr><td>Apurillo Carlo Chris S</td><td>Mangrove fungi, marine fungi</td><td>Philippines</td></tr><tr><td>Araújo João PM</td><td>Insect-associated hypocrealean fungi</td><td>Brazil</td></tr><tr><td>Ariyawansa Hiran A.</td><td>Dothideomycetes, phytopathogens</td><td>Taiwan</td></tr><tr><td>Armand Alireza</td><td>Sordariomycetes, phytopathogens</td><td>Iran, Thailand</td></tr><tr><td>Arumugum Elangovan</td><td>Hymenochaetaceae</td><td>India</td></tr><tr><td>Asghari Raheleh</td><td>Marine fungi</td><td>Iran, Thailand</td></tr><tr><td>Assis Daniele Magna</td><td>Glomeromycota</td><td>Brazil</td></tr><tr><td>Azevedo</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Atienza Violeta</td><td>Lichenized fungi, lichenicolous fungi</td><td>Spain</td></tr><tr><td>Avasthi S</td><td>Phytopathogens</td><td>India</td></tr><tr><td>Azevedo Egídia</td><td>Marine fungi</td><td>Portugal</td></tr><tr><td>Bai Fengyan</td><td>Asco- and basidiomycetous yeasts</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Bakhshi Mounes</td><td>Hyphomycetes, Dothideomycetes, Mycosphaerellales, phytopathogens</td><td>Iran</td></tr><tr><td>Banihashemi Zia</td><td>Fungus-like organisms, Phytophthora and Pythium spp.</td><td>Iran</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>**Table 1 Continued.**</caption><thead><tr><th>Name</th><th>Expertise</th><th>Country/Region</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Bao Danfeng</td><td>Freshwater fungi, <i>Dothideomycetes</i></td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Baral Hans-Otto</td><td><i>Leotiomycetes</i>, <i>Orbiliomycetes</i></td><td>Germany</td></tr><tr><td>Barata Margarida</td><td>Marine fungi</td><td>Portugal</td></tr><tr><td>Barbosa Flavia</td><td>Freshwater and terrestrial asexual <i>Ascomycota</i></td><td>Brazil</td></tr><tr><td>Barbosa Renan do Nascimento</td><td><i>Eurotiales</i> (<i>Aspergillaceae</i>, <i>Trichocomaceae</i>, <i>Thermoascaceae</i>)</td><td>Brazil</td></tr><tr><td>Barreto Robert W</td><td><i>Mycosphaerellaceae</i>, phytopathogens, fungicolous and endophytic fungi and oomycetes</td><td>Brazil</td></tr><tr><td>Baschien Christiane</td><td>Aquatic fungi</td><td>Germany</td></tr><tr><td>Belamesiatseva DB</td><td>Forest phytopathology, invasive pathogens of forest species</td><td>Belarus</td></tr><tr><td>Bennett Reuel M</td><td>Basal fungi, fungus-like organisms</td><td>Philippines</td></tr><tr><td>Bera I</td><td><i>Basidiomycota</i> (macrofungi)</td><td>India, Thailand</td></tr><tr><td>Bezerra Jadson Diogo</td><td><i>Ascomycota</i></td><td>Brazil</td></tr><tr><td>Pereira</td><td><i>Ascomycota</i></td><td>Brazil</td></tr><tr><td>Bezerra JL</td><td><i>Dothideomycetes</i>, asexual <i>Ascomycota</i></td><td>India</td></tr><tr><td>Bhat D Jayarama</td><td><i>Dothideomycetes</i>, <i>Eurotiomycetes</i>, phytopathogens</td><td>Thailand</td></tr><tr><td>Bhunjun Chitrabhanu S.</td><td>Fossil fungi, <i>Ascomycota</i></td><td>Argentina</td></tr><tr><td>Bianchinotti M Virginia</td><td><i>Glomeromycota</i></td><td>Poland</td></tr><tr><td>Błaszkowski Janusz</td><td><i>Laboulbeniales</i></td><td>Belgium</td></tr><tr><td>Blondelle Aimée</td><td>Asco- and basidiomycetous yeasts</td><td>Netherlands</td></tr><tr><td>Boekhout Teun</td><td><i>Pezizales</i>, <i>Mucorales</i>, <i>Endogonales</i>, <i>Mortierellales</i>, truffles</td><td>USA</td></tr><tr><td>Bonito Gregory</td><td><i>Dothideomycetes</i></td><td>Thailand</td></tr><tr><td>Boonmee Saranyaphat</td><td><i>Sordariomycetes</i>, freshwater fungi</td><td>Thailand</td></tr><tr><td>Boonyuen Nattawut</td><td><i>Botryosphaeriales</i>, <i>Peronosporales</i></td><td>Italy</td></tr><tr><td>Bregant Carlo</td><td><i>Basidiomycota</i> (macrofungi)</td><td>New Zealand</td></tr><tr><td>Buchanan Peter</td><td><i>Sordariomycetes</i></td><td>Thailand</td></tr><tr><td>Bundhun Digvijayini</td><td>General fungi</td><td>France</td></tr><tr><td>Burgaud Gaëtan</td><td>Phytopathogens</td><td>Australia</td></tr><tr><td>Burgess Treena</td><td><i>Basidiomycota</i> (<i>Russulales</i>, <i>Cantharellales</i>, tropical ECM fungi)</td><td>France</td></tr><tr><td>Buyck Bart</td><td><i>Polypores</i> / wood decaying fungi / <i>Polyporales</i></td><td>Mexico</td></tr><tr><td>Cabarroi-Hernández M.</td><td>Lichenized fungi (tropical crustose, foliicolous)</td><td>Brazil</td></tr><tr><td>Caceres Marcela E. da Silva</td><td>Ascomycetous yeasts</td><td>Slovenia</td></tr><tr><td>Cadež Neža</td><td><i>Lulworthiales</i>, <i>Halosphaeriaceae</i></td><td>Portugal</td></tr><tr><td>Caeiro M. F.</td><td><i>Sordariomycetes</i></td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Cai Lei</td><td><i>Hypocreales</i>, halophilic fungi</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Cai M. Feng</td><td>Freshwater fungi, marine fungi</td><td>Philippines</td></tr><tr><td>Calabon Mark S</td><td>Dung-inhabiting fungi, <i>Ascomycota</i>, <i>Basidiomycota</i></td><td>Brazil</td></tr><tr><td>Calaça Francisco J. Simões</td><td><i>Basidiomycota</i>, <i>Agaricomycetes</i></td><td>Peru</td></tr><tr><td>Callalli Chancahuaña, Mario</td><td>Phytopathogens</td><td>Brazil</td></tr><tr><td>Camara Marcos Paz Saraiva</td><td><i>Ascomycota</i></td><td>Spain</td></tr><tr><td>Cano-Lira JF</td><td><i>Ascomycota</i>, <i>Sordariomycetes</i></td><td>Brazil</td></tr><tr><td>Cantillo Taimy</td><td><i>Basidiomycota</i></td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Cao Bin</td><td>General fungi, especially <i>Pezizales</i> and <i>Agaricales</i></td><td>Spain</td></tr><tr><td>Carlavilla Juan Ramón</td><td>Medically relevant fungi</td><td>Portugal</td></tr><tr><td>Carvalho A</td><td><i>hyphomycetes</i></td><td>Cuba</td></tr><tr><td>Castañeda-Ruiz Rafael F.</td><td><i>Diaporthales</i>, <i>Ustilaginales</i></td><td>USA</td></tr><tr><td>Castlebury Lisa</td><td>Macrofungi, myxomycetes</td><td>Mexico</td></tr><tr><td>Castro-Jauregui Oscar</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>**Table 1 Continued.**</caption><thead><tr><th>Name</th><th>Expertise</th><th>Country/Region</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Catania Myriam del Valle</td><td>Ascomycota</td><td>Argentina</td></tr><tr><td>Cavalcanti Laíse H.</td><td>Myxomycetes</td><td>Brazil</td></tr><tr><td>Cazabonne Jonathan</td><td>General macrofungi, Laboulbeniales</td><td>France, Canada</td></tr><tr><td>Cedeño-Sanchez Marjorie Lisset</td><td>Xylariales</td><td>Germany</td></tr><tr><td>Chaharmiri-Dokhaharani S</td><td>Polyporales</td><td>Thailand</td></tr><tr><td>Chaiwan Napalai</td><td>Ascomycota</td><td>Thailand</td></tr><tr><td>Chakraborty Nilanjan</td><td>Geoglossales</td><td>India</td></tr><tr><td>Chaverri Priscila</td><td>Ascomycota with emphasis on Hypocreales and Trichoderma</td><td>Costa Rica, United States</td></tr><tr><td>Cheewangkoon R</td><td>Phytopathogens</td><td>Thailand</td></tr><tr><td>Chen Chao</td><td>Coelomycetes</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Chen Chiyu</td><td>General fungi</td><td>Taiwan</td></tr><tr><td>Chen Jie</td><td>Basidiomycota</td><td>Mexico</td></tr><tr><td>Chen Kohsuan</td><td>Eurotiomycetes</td><td>Taiwan</td></tr><tr><td>Chen Qian</td><td>Dothideomycetes</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Chen Wenhao</td><td>Insect fungi</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Chen Yanpeng</td><td>Ascomycota</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Chethana K.W. Thilini</td><td>Dothideomycetes, discomycetes</td><td>Thailand</td></tr><tr><td>Coleine Claudia</td><td>Black fungi, Dothideomycetes Capnodiales</td><td>Italy</td></tr><tr><td>Corazon-Guivin Mike Anderson</td><td>Glomeromycota</td><td>Peru</td></tr><tr><td>Cortés-Pérez Alonso</td><td>Agaricales, Mycenaceae, Psilocybe</td><td>Mexico</td></tr><tr><td>Costa-Rezende Diogo Henrique</td><td>Polypores (Polyporales / Hymenochaetales)</td><td>Brazil</td></tr><tr><td>Courtecuisse Régis</td><td>Basidiomycota (mainly gilled) – mainly Europe and the Neotropics</td><td>France</td></tr><tr><td>Crouch Jo Anne</td><td>Phytopathogens (Calonectria, Clarireedia, Waitea, Colletotrichum), Peronosporaceae</td><td>USA</td></tr><tr><td>Crous Pedro W</td><td>General fungi</td><td>Netherlands</td></tr><tr><td>Cui Baokai</td><td>Polypores, Hymenochaetales</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Cui Yangyang</td><td>Resinicolus fungi, sooty moulds</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Czachura Paweł</td><td>Glomeromycota</td><td>Poland</td></tr><tr><td>Da Silva Danielle Karla Alves</td><td>Glomeromycota, endophytes</td><td>Brazil</td></tr><tr><td>da Silva Gladstone Alves</td><td>Glomeromycota</td><td>Brazil</td></tr><tr><td>da Silva Iolanda Ramalho</td><td>Ascomycota</td><td>Brazil, USA</td></tr><tr><td>da Silva Rejane M Ferreira</td><td>Fusarium, Hypocreales, insect-associated fungi</td><td>Brazil</td></tr><tr><td>da Silva Santos Ana Carla</td><td>Dothideomycetes</td><td>Brazil</td></tr><tr><td>Dai Dongqin</td><td>Basidiomycota</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Dai Yucheng</td><td>Lichenized fungi</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Dal Forno Manuela</td><td>Ascomycota (Cadophora, Colletotrichum, Phaeomoniellales, Tympanidaceae)</td><td>Germany</td></tr><tr><td>Damm Ulrike</td><td>Lichenicolous fungi, Hypocreales, Acrospermales</td><td>Poland</td></tr><tr><td>Darmostuk Valerii</td><td>Xylariomycetidae</td><td>Iran</td></tr><tr><td>Daroodi Zoha</td><td>Soil fungi</td><td>Korea</td></tr><tr><td>Das Kallol</td><td>Basidiomycota</td><td>India</td></tr><tr><td>Das Kanad</td><td>Boletales, Hysterangiales</td><td>Australia, USA</td></tr><tr><td>Davoodian Naveed</td><td>Lichenized fungi</td><td>Russia</td></tr><tr><td>Davydov Evgeny A</td><td>Freshwater fungi, marine fungi</td><td>Sri Lanka</td></tr><tr><td>Dayarathne Monika de Groot Michiel</td><td>Laboulbeniomyces</td><td>Netherlands, Belgium</td></tr><tr><td>De Kesel André</td><td>Laboulbeniomyces, Agaricomycetes</td><td>Belgium</td></tr><tr><td>De Lange Ruben</td><td>Russulaceae</td><td>Belgium</td></tr><tr><td>de Oliveira Neiva Tinti</td><td>Phytopathogens</td><td>Brazil</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>**Table 1 Continued.**</caption><thead><tr><th>Name</th><th>Expertise</th><th>Country/Region</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>de Silva NI</td><td>Ascomycota</td><td>Thailand</td></tr><tr><td>de Souza FA</td><td>Glomeromycota</td><td>Brazil</td></tr><tr><td>Decock Cony</td><td>Polypores, wood decay fungi (Polyporales, Hymenochaetales, Russulales), asexual Ascomycota</td><td>Belgium</td></tr><tr><td>dela Cruz Thomas Edison E</td><td>Fungal endophytes, endolichenic fungi, myxomycetes</td><td>Philippines</td></tr><tr><td>Delgado Gregorio</td><td>Asexual Ascomycota</td><td>USA</td></tr><tr><td>Denchev Cvetomir M</td><td>Smuts</td><td>Bulgaria</td></tr><tr><td>Denchev Teodor T</td><td>Smuts</td><td>Bulgaria</td></tr><tr><td>Dentinger Bryn</td><td>Agaricales, Boletales</td><td>USA</td></tr><tr><td>Devadatha B</td><td>Marine fungi</td><td>India</td></tr><tr><td>Dianese Jose C</td><td>Pucciniales, Sordariomycetes</td><td>Brazil</td></tr><tr><td>Dima Bálint</td><td>Entolomataceae, Cortinariaceae, EcM Basidiomycota</td><td>Hungary</td></tr><tr><td>Diniz Athaline Gonçalves</td><td>Fungal entomopathogens</td><td>Brazil</td></tr><tr><td>Dissanayake Asha J</td><td>Dothideomycetes</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Dissanayake Lakmali S</td><td>Sordariomycetes</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Doğan Hasan Hüseyin</td><td>Basidiomycota</td><td>Turkey</td></tr><tr><td>Doilom Mingkwan</td><td>Ascomycota</td><td>China, Thailand</td></tr><tr><td>Dolatabadi S</td><td>Mucorales</td><td>Iran</td></tr><tr><td>Dong Wei</td><td>Freshwater fungi</td><td>China, Thailand</td></tr><tr><td>Dong Zhangyong</td><td>Fusarium, Trichoderma</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Dos Santos LA</td><td>Lichenized fungi</td><td>Brazil</td></tr><tr><td>Drechsler-Santos Elisandro</td><td>Hymenochaetaceae (Hymenochaetales), Ganodermataceae, Polyporaceae (Polyporales)</td><td>Brazil</td></tr><tr><td>Ricardo</td><td>Asexual Ascomycota</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Du Tianye</td><td>Zoosporic fungi</td><td>India</td></tr><tr><td>Dubey Manish Kumar</td><td>Basidiomycota</td><td>India</td></tr><tr><td>Dutta Arun Kumar</td><td>Dothideomycetes</td><td>Australia</td></tr><tr><td>Egidi Eleonora</td><td>Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, truffles, fungal ecology</td><td>Australia, USA</td></tr><tr><td>Elliott Todd F</td><td>Neocallimastigomycota</td><td>USA</td></tr><tr><td>Elshahed Mostafa S</td><td>General fungi</td><td>Turkey</td></tr><tr><td>Erdoğdu M</td><td>Arthoniomycetes, Dothideomycetes, Basidiomycota, lichenicolous fungi</td><td>Belgium</td></tr><tr><td>Ertz Damien</td><td>Lichenicolous fungi</td><td>Spain</td></tr><tr><td>Etayo Javier</td><td>Endophytes, entomogenous, phytopathogens</td><td>UK</td></tr><tr><td>Evans Harry Charles</td><td>Sordariomycetes</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Fan Xinlei</td><td>Inocybaceae, Agaricales</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Fan Yuguang</td><td>Ascomycota, Geoglossomycetes</td><td>Russia</td></tr><tr><td>Fedosova Anna G</td><td>Basidiomycetous yeasts</td><td>USA</td></tr><tr><td>Fell Jack</td><td>Aquatic asexual Ascomycota</td><td>Portugal</td></tr><tr><td>Fernandes Isabel</td><td>Epifoliar fungi, entomogenous, phytopathogens, forest pathology</td><td>Brazil</td></tr><tr><td>Firmino André Luiz</td><td>Freshwater fungi</td><td>Brazil</td></tr><tr><td>Fiuza Patrícia Oliveira</td><td>Lichenicolous and lichenized fungi (tropical)</td><td>Bolivia, Poland</td></tr><tr><td>Flakus Adam</td><td>Zygosporic fungi (Mucoromycota and Mortierellomycota)</td><td>Brazil</td></tr><tr><td>Fragoso de Souza CA</td><td>Ascomycota, especially Apiospora, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Monascus, Paecilomyces, Penicillium and Talaromyces</td><td>Denmark</td></tr><tr><td>Frisvad Jens Christian</td><td>Freshwater and marine fungi</td><td>Australia</td></tr><tr><td>Fryar Sally C</td><td>Yeast</td><td>Spain</td></tr><tr><td>Gabaldon Toni</td><td>Taphrinales, ascomycetous yeasts</td><td>Hungary</td></tr><tr><td>Gábor Péter</td><td>Fungicolous fungi</td><td>Thailand</td></tr><tr><td>Gajanayake Achala J</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>**Table 1 Continued.**</caption><thead><tr><th>Name</th><th>Expertise</th><th>Country/Region</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Galindo Luis Javier</td><td>Zoosporic fungi and unicellular<br><i>Holomycota</i></td><td>UK</td></tr><tr><td>Gannibal Philipp B</td><td><i>Dothideomycetes</i></td><td>Russia</td></tr><tr><td>Garcia Dania</td><td><i>Ascomycota</i></td><td>Spain</td></tr><tr><td>Garcia-Sandoval Ricardo</td><td><i>Gloeophyllales</i></td><td>Mexico</td></tr><tr><td>Garrido-Benavent Isaac</td><td>Lichenized fungi and <i>Basidiomycota</i><br>(Cortinarius)</td><td>Spain</td></tr><tr><td>Garzoli Laura</td><td>Marine and freshwater <i>Ascomycota</i>, freshwater<br>zoosporic parasites</td><td>Italy</td></tr><tr><td>Gautam Ajay K</td><td>Phytopathogens</td><td>India</td></tr><tr><td>Ge Zaiwei</td><td><i>Basidiomycota</i></td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Gené Díaz Josepa</td><td><i>Ascomycota</i></td><td>Spain</td></tr><tr><td>Gentekaki Eleni</td><td>Basal fungi</td><td>Thailand</td></tr><tr><td>Ghobad-Nejhad Masoomeh</td><td>Corticioid and poroid fungi, wood-inhabiting<br><i>Basidiomycota</i>, <i>Corticiales</i></td><td>Iran</td></tr><tr><td>Giachini Admir J</td><td><i>Gomphales</i>, ECM, agriculture soil fungi</td><td>Brazil</td></tr><tr><td>Gibertoni Tatiana Baptista</td><td><i>Agaricomycotina</i></td><td>Brazil</td></tr><tr><td>Góes-Neto Aristóteles</td><td><i>Basidiomycota</i>, especially <i>Hymenochaetales</i>,<br><i>Polyporales</i>, <i>Ganodermatales</i></td><td>Brazil</td></tr><tr><td>Gomdola Deecksha</td><td>Saprobes and forest pathogens</td><td>Thailand</td></tr><tr><td>Gorjón Sergio P</td><td>Corticioid fungi, polypores</td><td>Spain</td></tr><tr><td>Goto BT</td><td><i>Glomeromycota</i></td><td>Brazil</td></tr><tr><td>Granados-Montero María del<br>Milagro</td><td>Phytopathogens</td><td>Costa Rica</td></tr><tr><td>Griffith Gareth W</td><td>Anaerobic fungi, grassland <i>Basidiomycota</i>,<br><i>Hygrophoraceae</i>, <i>Microglossum</i>, <i>Pterulaceae</i></td><td>UK</td></tr><tr><td>Groenewald Ewald JZ</td><td><i>Dothideomycetes</i></td><td>Netherlands</td></tr><tr><td>Groenewald Marizeth</td><td><i>Ascomycete yeasts</i></td><td>Netherlands</td></tr><tr><td>Grossart Hans-Peter Grube</td><td>Aquatic fungi, <i>Chytridiomycota</i> lichenized<br>fungi</td><td>Germany, Austria</td></tr><tr><td>Martin</td><td>Lichenized fungi (<i>Verrucariales</i>, <i>Pyrenulales</i>)</td><td>Australia</td></tr><tr><td>Gueidan Cecile</td><td>Fungi on basal plants</td><td>Thailand</td></tr><tr><td>Gunarathne Anujani</td><td><i>Hymenochaetaceae</i>, <i>Polyporales</i></td><td>India</td></tr><tr><td>Gunaseelan Sugantha</td><td><i>Asexual Ascomycota</i></td><td>Brazil</td></tr><tr><td>Gusmão Luis F. Pascholati</td><td>Entomopathogenic fungi, <i>Laboulbeniomycetes</i></td><td>Argentina</td></tr><tr><td>Gutierrez Alejandra C</td><td>Macrofungi</td><td>Mexico</td></tr><tr><td>Guzmán-Dávalos Laura</td><td><i>Laboulbeniomycetes</i>, <i>Leotiomycetes</i>,<br>entomopathogenic fungi</td><td>Belgium</td></tr><tr><td>Haelewaters Danny</td><td><i>Basidiomycota</i></td><td>USA</td></tr><tr><td>Halling Roy</td><td>Soil fungi</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Han Yanfeng</td><td><i>Ganodermataceae</i></td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Hapuarachchi Kalani K.</td><td><i>Mycenaceae</i></td><td>Denmark</td></tr><tr><td>Harder Christoffer Bugge</td><td>Forest pathogens</td><td>USA</td></tr><tr><td>Harrington Thomas C</td><td>Polypores</td><td>Japan</td></tr><tr><td>Hattori Tsutomu</td><td><i>Basidiomycota</i></td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>He Maoqiang</td><td>Corticioid fungi</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>He Shuanghui</td><td>Phytopathogens</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>He Shucheng</td><td><i>Pezizales</i></td><td>USA</td></tr><tr><td>Healy Rosanne</td><td><i>Asexual Ascomycota</i></td><td>Mexico</td></tr><tr><td>Heredia Gabriela</td><td><i>Asexual Ascomycota</i></td><td>Netherlands</td></tr><tr><td>Hernández-Restrepo<br>Margarita</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hodge Kathie T</td><td>Insect pathogenic fungi, <i>Ascomycota</i></td><td>USA</td></tr><tr><td>Holgado-Rojas Maria</td><td><i>Agaricales</i></td><td>Peru</td></tr><tr><td>Encarnacion</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hongsanan Sinang</td><td>Epi-foliar fungi, <i>Dothideomycetes</i>,<br><i>Sordariomycetes</i></td><td>China, Thailand</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>**Table 1 Continued.**</caption><thead><tr><th>Name</th><th>Expertise</th><th>Country/Region</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Horak Egon</td><td>Basidiomycota, Agaricales and Boletales</td><td>Switzerland</td></tr><tr><td>Hosoya Tsuyoshi</td><td>Discomycetes</td><td>Japan</td></tr><tr><td>Houbraken Jos</td><td>Eurotiomycetes, food and indoor fungi</td><td>Netherlands</td></tr><tr><td>Huang Shike</td><td>Sordariomycetes</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Huanraulek Naruemon</td><td>Dothideomycetes</td><td>Thailand</td></tr><tr><td>Hur Jae Seoun</td><td>Lichenized fungi</td><td>Korea</td></tr><tr><td>Hurdeal Vedprakash G</td><td>Basal fungi/Chytridiomycota/Mucorales</td><td>Thailand</td></tr><tr><td>Hustad Vincent P</td><td>Discomycetes</td><td>USA</td></tr><tr><td>Iotti Mirco</td><td>Macrofungi (truffles)</td><td>Italy</td></tr><tr><td>Iturriaga Teresa</td><td>Leotiomycetes</td><td>USA</td></tr><tr><td>Janik Paulina</td><td>Myxomycetes</td><td>Poland</td></tr><tr><td>Jany Jean-Luc</td><td>Mucoromycota (Mucor), Ascomycota (Cladosporium, Bisifusarium)</td><td>France</td></tr><tr><td>Jayalal Udeni</td><td>Lichenized fungi</td><td>Sri Lanka</td></tr><tr><td>Jayasiri Subashini C</td><td>Dothideomycetes</td><td>Australia</td></tr><tr><td>Jayawardena Ruvishika S</td><td>Phytopathogens</td><td>Thailand</td></tr><tr><td>Jeewon Rajesh</td><td>Phytopathogens</td><td>Mauritius</td></tr><tr><td>Jerônimo Gustavo Henrique</td><td>Zoosporic eufungi</td><td>Brazil</td></tr><tr><td>Jesus Ana Lucia</td><td>Zoosporic eufungi</td><td>Brazil</td></tr><tr><td>Jin Jing</td><td>Ascomycota</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Johnston Peter R.</td><td>Discomycetes</td><td>New Zealand</td></tr><tr><td>Jones E.B. Gareth</td><td>Dothideomycetes</td><td>UK</td></tr><tr><td>Joshi Y</td><td>Lichenicolous fungi</td><td>India</td></tr><tr><td>Justo Alfredo</td><td>Basidiomycota</td><td>Canada</td></tr><tr><td>Kaishian Patricia</td><td>Laboulbeniomycetes</td><td>USA</td></tr><tr><td>Kakishima Makoto</td><td>Pucciniales</td><td>Japan</td></tr><tr><td>Kang Gongping</td><td>General macrofungi</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Kang Jichuan</td><td>Amphisphaeriales</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Karimi Omid</td><td>Xylariomycetidae</td><td>Thailand</td></tr><tr><td>Karpov Sergey A</td><td>Basal fungi, Aphelida</td><td>Russia</td></tr><tr><td>Karunarathna Samantha C.</td><td>Basidiomycota (macrofungi)</td><td>China, Sri Lanka</td></tr><tr><td>Kaufmann Moritz</td><td>Bioinformatics</td><td>Switzerland</td></tr><tr><td>Kemler Martin</td><td>Smuts</td><td>Germany</td></tr><tr><td>Kezhocuyi Kezo</td><td>Hymenochaetaceae, Polyporales</td><td>India</td></tr><tr><td>Khyaju S</td><td>Basidiomycota (macrofungi)</td><td>Thailand</td></tr><tr><td>Kirchmair Martin</td><td>Agaricomycotina, asexual Ascomycota</td><td>Austria</td></tr><tr><td>Kirk PM</td><td>General fungi</td><td>UK</td></tr><tr><td>Kitaura Marcos Junji</td><td>Cyanolichens, especially Leptogium</td><td>Brazil</td></tr><tr><td>Klawonn Isabell</td><td>Marine fungi</td><td>Germany</td></tr><tr><td>Kolarik Miroslav</td><td>Ascomycota</td><td>Czechia</td></tr><tr><td>Kong Alejandro</td><td>Russulaceae, edible & ectomycorrhizal fungi</td><td>Mexico</td></tr><tr><td>Kossmann Thiago</td><td>Leotiomycetes, Agaricomycotina</td><td>Brazil, USA</td></tr><tr><td>Kuhar Francisco</td><td>Sequestrate fungi, corticioid, tomentelloid fungi, Gasteromycetes</td><td>Argentina</td></tr><tr><td>Kukwa Martin</td><td>Lichenized and lichenicolous fungi</td><td>Poland</td></tr><tr><td>Kumar Shambhu</td><td>Phytopathogenic fungi</td><td>India</td></tr><tr><td>Kušan Ivana</td><td>Onygenales, Mycocaliciales, Sclerococcales, Geoglossomycetes, Ostropales, Helotiales, Leotiales, Marthamycetales, Thelebolales, Orbiliomycetes, Pezizomycetes</td><td>Croatia</td></tr><tr><td>Lachance Marc-André</td><td>Ascomycetous yeasts</td><td>Canada</td></tr><tr><td>Lado Carlos</td><td>Myxomycetes</td><td>Spain</td></tr><tr><td>Larsson Karl-Henrik</td><td>Corticioid Agaricomycetes</td><td>Sweden</td></tr><tr><td>Latha K.P. Deepna</td><td>Basidiomycota (macrofungi)</td><td>India</td></tr><tr><td>Lee Hyang Burm</td><td>Basal fungi</td><td>Korea</td></tr><tr><td>Leonardi Marco</td><td>Laboulbeniales, macrofungi (tuffles)</td><td>Italy</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>**Table 1 Continued.**</caption><thead><tr><th>Name</th><th>Expertise</th><th>Country/Region</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Leontyev Dmytro L</td><td>Myxomycetes</td><td>Ukraine</td></tr><tr><td>Lestari Anis Sri</td><td>Discomycetes</td><td>Indonesia, Thailand</td></tr><tr><td>Li Cuijinyi</td><td>Discomycetes</td><td>China, Thailand</td></tr><tr><td>Li CY</td><td>Basidiomycota</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Li Dewei</td><td>Asexual fungi, phytopathogens</td><td>USA</td></tr><tr><td>Li Hua</td><td>Ascomycota</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Li Haiyan</td><td>Endophytes</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Li Lu</td><td>Microfungi</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Li Qirui</td><td>Xylariomycetidae</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Li Wenli</td><td>Ascomycota</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Li Yanchun</td><td>Macrofungi</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Li Yue</td><td>Basidiomycota</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Li Yanxia</td><td>Xylariomycetidae</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Liao Chunfang</td><td>Ascomycota</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Libkind Diego</td><td>Asco- and basidiomycetous yeasts</td><td>Argentina</td></tr><tr><td>Liimatainen Kare</td><td>Basidiomycota (Cortinariaceae, Inocybaceae)</td><td>UK</td></tr><tr><td>Lim YW</td><td>Basidiomycota Ascomycota (marine fungi)</td><td>Korea</td></tr><tr><td>Lin Chuangen</td><td>Hyphomycetes</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Linaldeddu Benedetto</td><td>Botryosphaeriales and Peronosporales</td><td>Italy</td></tr><tr><td>Teodoro</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Linde Celeste</td><td>Orchid mycorrhizal fungi</td><td>Australia</td></tr><tr><td>Linn Maung Maung</td><td>Yeasts</td><td>Thailand</td></tr><tr><td>Liu Fei</td><td>Basidiomycota</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Liu Jiankui</td><td>Dothideomycetes</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Liu Ningguo</td><td>Hyphomycetes</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Liu Shiliang</td><td>Basidiomycota</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Liu Shun</td><td>Polyporales</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Liu Xiangfu</td><td>Bat associated fungi</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Liu Xiaoyong</td><td>Zygomycota</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Liu Xingzhong</td><td>Nematode trapping fungi</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Liu Zhanbo</td><td>Basidiomycota</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Lu Yongzhong</td><td>Dothideomycetes, helicosporous fungi</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Luangharn Thatsanee</td><td>Basidiomycota</td><td>Thailand</td></tr><tr><td>Luangsa-ard Jennifer J</td><td>Insect fungi</td><td>Thailand</td></tr><tr><td>LumbschThorsten</td><td>Lichenized fungi</td><td>USA</td></tr><tr><td>Lumyong Saisamorn</td><td>Basidiomycota</td><td>Thailand</td></tr><tr><td>Luo Le</td><td>Discomycetes</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Luo Mei</td><td>Endophytes, Trichoderma</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Luo Zonglong</td><td>Dothideomycetes</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Ma Jian</td><td>Dothideomycetes, helicosporous fungi</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Machado Alexandre Reis</td><td>Botryosphaeriales, Mycosphaerellaceae, Fusarium, phytopathogens</td><td>Brazil</td></tr><tr><td>Madagammana AD</td><td>Dothideomycetes</td><td>Thailand</td></tr><tr><td>Madrid Hugo</td><td>Coelomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, hyphomycetes</td><td>Chile</td></tr><tr><td>Magurno F</td><td>Glomeromycota</td><td>Poland</td></tr><tr><td>Magyar Donat</td><td>Hagnosaceae; hyphomycetes on pollen grains</td><td>Hungary</td></tr><tr><td>Mahadevan Niranjan</td><td>Phytopathogens</td><td>Japan, Sri Lanka</td></tr><tr><td>Maharachchikumbura</td><td>Phytopathogens, Sordariomycetes</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Sajeewa</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Maimaiti Y</td><td>Biotrophic fungi</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Malarvizhi Kaliyaperumal</td><td>Hymenochaetales, Polyporales</td><td>India</td></tr><tr><td>Malosso Elaine</td><td>Asexual Ascomycota, Ingoldian fungi</td><td>Brazil</td></tr><tr><td>Manamgoda Dimuthu S.</td><td>Phytopathogens</td><td>Sri Lanka</td></tr><tr><td>Manawasinghe Ishara</td><td>Phytopathogens</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Mapook Ausana</td><td>Dothideomycetes</td><td>Thailand</td></tr><tr><td>Marasinghe Diana S.</td><td>Dothideomycetes, epi-foliar fungi</td><td>Sri Lanka</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>**Table 1 Continued.**</caption><thead><tr><th>Name</th><th>Expertise</th><th>Country/Region</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Mardones Melissa</td><td>Phyllchorales, Coronophorales, mainly the genus Lichenochora</td><td>Costa Rica</td></tr><tr><td>Marin-Felix Yasmina</td><td>Sordariales, Melanosporales, helminthosporioid fungi</td><td>Germany</td></tr><tr><td>Márquez Rodrigo</td><td>Cantharellales</td><td>Spain</td></tr><tr><td>Masigol Hossein</td><td>Oomycota</td><td>Iran, Germany</td></tr><tr><td>Matočec Neven</td><td>Onygenales, Mycocaliciales, Sclerococcales, Geoglossomycetes, Ostropales, Helotiales, Leotiales, Marthamycetales, Thelebolales, Orbiliomycetes, Pezizomycetes</td><td>Croatia</td></tr><tr><td>May Tom W</td><td>Basidiomycota</td><td>Australia</td></tr><tr><td>McKenzie Eric</td><td>Rusts</td><td>New Zealand</td></tr><tr><td>Meiras-Ottoni A</td><td>Ascomycota</td><td>Brazil</td></tr><tr><td>Melo Roger Fagner Ribeiro</td><td>Coprophilous Ascomycota (Podospora, Saccobolus, Sporormiella)</td><td>Brazil</td></tr><tr><td>Mendes Alvarenga Renato Lúcio</td><td>Auriculariales, Tremellales, Dacrymycetes</td><td>Brazil</td></tr><tr><td>Mendieta Yañez Stephany</td><td>Entomopathogenic fungi</td><td>Peru</td></tr><tr><td>Meng Qingfeng</td><td>Lichenicolous fungi, lichenized fungi</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Menkis Audrius</td><td>Forest Pathology</td><td>Sweden</td></tr><tr><td>Menolli Nelson Jr.</td><td>Agaricoid fungi</td><td>Brazil</td></tr><tr><td>Mešić Armin</td><td>Agaricomycotina</td><td>Croatia</td></tr><tr><td>Meza Calvo Jackeline</td><td>Entomopathogenic fungi</td><td>Peru</td></tr><tr><td>Mikhailov KV</td><td>Eukaryotes (in general), Holomycota</td><td>Russia</td></tr><tr><td>Miller Steven L</td><td>Russulaceae, Sequestrate Basidiomycota, ectomycorrhizal Basidiomycota</td><td>USA</td></tr><tr><td>Moncada Bibiana</td><td>Lichenized fungi</td><td>Colombia, Germany</td></tr><tr><td>Moncalvo Jean-Marc</td><td>Agaricales, Ganodermataceae</td><td>Canada</td></tr><tr><td>Monteiro Josiane Santana</td><td>Asexual Ascomycota</td><td>Brazil</td></tr><tr><td>Monteiro, Marcela</td><td>Hymenochaete, Hymenochaetaceae (Hymenochaetales)</td><td>Brazil</td></tr><tr><td>Mora-Montes Héctor M.</td><td>Clinical yeasts</td><td>Mexico</td></tr><tr><td>Moreau Pierre-Arthur</td><td>Agaricales, Tricholomataceae and other white-spored agarics, Hymenogastraceae, Strophariaceae, Morchellaceae</td><td>France</td></tr><tr><td>Mostert Lizel</td><td>Togniniales, Phaeomoniellales, Diatrypaceae, Botryosphaeriaceae, Diaporthe</td><td>South Africa</td></tr><tr><td>Mueller Greg M</td><td>Basidiomycota</td><td>USA</td></tr><tr><td>Mukhopadyay Samhita</td><td>Marine fungi</td><td>India, Thailand</td></tr><tr><td>Murugadoss Ramesh</td><td>Hymenochaetaceae</td><td>India</td></tr><tr><td>Nagy László G.</td><td>Coprinoid Agaricales</td><td>Hungary</td></tr><tr><td>Najafiniya Mousa</td><td>Phytopathogens</td><td>Iran</td></tr><tr><td>Nanayakkara Chandrika M</td><td>Phytopathogenic and endophytic fungi</td><td>Sri Lanka</td></tr><tr><td>Nascimento Cristiano Coelho</td><td>Agaricoid fungi</td><td>Brazil</td></tr><tr><td>Nei Yong</td><td>Entomophthoroid fungi</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Neuhauser Sigrid</td><td>Phytomyxea, plant-associated fungi, zoosporic fungi</td><td>Austria</td></tr><tr><td>Neves Maria Alice</td><td>Ectomycorrhizae, Agaricales, Boletales</td><td>Brazil</td></tr><tr><td>Niego Allen Grace</td><td>Basidiomycota</td><td>Philippines</td></tr><tr><td>Nilsson Henrik</td><td>Basidiomycota</td><td>Sweden</td></tr><tr><td>Niskanen Tuula</td><td>Basidiomycota</td><td>Finland</td></tr><tr><td>Niveiro Nicolás</td><td>Agaricales</td><td>Argentina</td></tr><tr><td>Nuñez Otaño Noelia B</td><td>Fossil fungi</td><td>Argentina</td></tr><tr><td>O'Donnell Ryan Patric</td><td>Orchid mycorrhizal fungi (Ceratobasidiaceae)</td><td>Australia</td></tr><tr><td>Oehl Fritz</td><td>Glomeromycota</td><td>Switzerland</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>**Table 1 Continued.**</caption><thead><tr><th>Name</th><th>Expertise</th><th>Country/Region</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Olariaga Ibai</td><td>Cantharellales overall, Ceratellopsis, Typhula, Macrotyphula, Clavariaceae, Tricholomopsis, Otidea, Sclerococcum</td><td>Spain</td></tr><tr><td>Pang Kalai</td><td>Aquatic fungi</td><td>Taiwan</td></tr><tr><td>Papp Viktor</td><td>Polypores, Basidiomycota, phytopathogens</td><td>Hungary</td></tr><tr><td>Pawłowska Julia</td><td>Basal fungi</td><td>Poland</td></tr><tr><td>Peintner Ursula</td><td>Mucorales, Mortierellaceae, Agaricales (Cortinariaceae), polyporoid taxa, Endophytes</td><td>Austria, Italy</td></tr><tr><td>Pem Dhandevi</td><td>Dothideomycetes</td><td>Thailand</td></tr><tr><td>Pereira Olinto Liparini</td><td>Ascomycota (fungicolous and plant-associated fungi), orchid mycorrhizal fungi (Ceratobasidiaceae, Sebacinaceae, Tulasnellaceae)</td><td>Brazil</td></tr><tr><td>Perera Rekhani Hansika</td><td>Sordariomycetes</td><td>Korea</td></tr><tr><td>Pérez-Ortega Sergio</td><td>Collemopsidales, Verrucariaceae (Marine genera), Lecanoraceae, Ramalina</td><td>Spain</td></tr><tr><td>Phillips Alan J. L.</td><td>Dothideomycetes, phytopathogens</td><td>Portugal</td></tr><tr><td>Phonemany Monthien</td><td>Basidiomycota</td><td>Laos, Thailand</td></tr><tr><td>Phukhamsakda Chayanard</td><td>Dothideomycetes</td><td>Thailand</td></tr><tr><td>Phutthacharoen K</td><td>Discomycetes</td><td>Thailand</td></tr><tr><td>Piątek Marcin</td><td>Black yeasts, sooty moulds, smut fungi</td><td>Poland</td></tr><tr><td>Piepenbring M</td><td>Pucciniales, Meliolales, Ustilaginales and other smut fungi</td><td>Germany</td></tr><tr><td>Pires-Zottarelli Carmen L A</td><td>Zoosporic eufungi</td><td>Brazil</td></tr><tr><td>Poinar George</td><td>Fossil fungi</td><td>USA</td></tr><tr><td>Popoff Orlando Fabián</td><td>Corticioid fungi, Polyporales</td><td>Argentina</td></tr><tr><td>Pošta Ana</td><td>Agaricomycotina, Helotiales, Xylariales</td><td>Croatia</td></tr><tr><td>Prieto M</td><td>Coniocybomycetes</td><td>Spain</td></tr><tr><td>Promputtha Itthayakorn</td><td>Endophytic fungi</td><td>Thailand</td></tr><tr><td>Quandt Alisha</td><td>Leotiomycetes, Hypocreales, Cryptomycota, mycoparasites</td><td>USA</td></tr><tr><td>Radek R</td><td>Nephridiophagales (Chytridiomycota)</td><td>Germany</td></tr><tr><td>Rahnama Kamran</td><td>Fungal endophytes, Ascomycota Venturiales & phytopathogen</td><td>Iran</td></tr><tr><td>Raj K.N. Anil</td><td>Basidiomycota (macrofungi)</td><td>India</td></tr><tr><td>Rajeshkumar KC</td><td>Asexual Ascomycota, Xenospadicoidales</td><td>India</td></tr><tr><td>Rämä Teppo</td><td>Aquatic fungi</td><td>Norway</td></tr><tr><td>Rambold Gerhard</td><td>Lichenized fungi</td><td>Germany</td></tr><tr><td>Ramírez-Cruz Virginia</td><td>Agaricales (Basidiomycota)</td><td>Mexico</td></tr><tr><td>Rasconi Serena</td><td>Chytrids and zoosporic parasites</td><td>France</td></tr><tr><td>Rathnayaka Achala</td><td>Botryosphaeriales</td><td>Sri Lanka, Thailand</td></tr><tr><td>Raymundo Tania</td><td>Sarcoscyphaceae, Sarcosomataceae, Patellariaceae, Pyronematceae, Mytilinidiales, Hysteriaceae, Hypoxylaceae and Xylariaceae</td><td>Mexico</td></tr><tr><td>Raza Mubashar</td><td>Phytopathogens</td><td>China, Pakistan</td></tr><tr><td>Ren Guangcong</td><td>Ascomycota</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Robledo Gerardo Lucio</td><td>Polypores (Antrodia clade, Ganodermataceae, Polyporus s.l., Hymenochaetaceae, Phlebioid clade)</td><td>Argentina</td></tr><tr><td>Rodriguez-Flakus P</td><td>Lichenized fungi including Lecidea s.l.</td><td>Bolivia, Poland</td></tr><tr><td>Ronikier Anna</td><td>Myxomycetes</td><td>Poland</td></tr><tr><td>Rossi Valter</td><td>Laboulbeniales</td><td>Italy</td></tr><tr><td>Ryberg Martin</td><td>Basidiomycota</td><td>Sweden</td></tr><tr><td>Ryvarden Leif R</td><td>Polypores</td><td>Norway</td></tr><tr><td>Salvador-Montoya, Carlos A.</td><td>Polypores (Hymenochaetales, Polyporales)</td><td>Peru</td></tr><tr><td>Samant Bandana</td><td>Fossil fungi</td><td>India</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>**Table 1 Continued.**</caption><thead><tr><th>Name</th><th>Expertise</th><th>Country/Region</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Samarakoon Binu Chamini</td><td>Asexual Ascomycota</td><td>Thailand</td></tr><tr><td>Samarakoon Milan C.</td><td>Sordariomycetes</td><td>Thailand</td></tr><tr><td>Sánchez-Castro I</td><td>Glomeromycota</td><td>Spain</td></tr><tr><td>Sánchez-García Marisol</td><td>Agaricales, mainly Tricholomataceae</td><td>Sweden</td></tr><tr><td>Sandoval-Denis Marcelo</td><td>Microascales, Hypocreales, Fusarium</td><td>Netherlands</td></tr><tr><td>Santamaria Brianna</td><td>Laboulbeniales</td><td>Belgium</td></tr><tr><td>Santiago, André Luiz</td><td>Mucoromycota, Zoopagomycota</td><td>Brazil</td></tr><tr><td>C.M.de A</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sarma VV</td><td>Marine fungi</td><td>India</td></tr><tr><td>Savchenko Anton</td><td>Dacrymycetes, heterobasidiomycetes</td><td>Ukraine, Estonia</td></tr><tr><td>Savchenko Kyryll</td><td>Phytopathogens</td><td>Estonia</td></tr><tr><td>Saxena RK</td><td>Fossil fungi</td><td>India</td></tr><tr><td>Scholler Markus</td><td>Pucciniales (rust fungi)</td><td>Germany</td></tr><tr><td>Schoutteten Nathan</td><td>Corticiaceae, Heterobasidiomycetes, Mycoparasitic fungi</td><td>Belgium</td></tr><tr><td>Seifollahi Ellaheh</td><td>Phytopathogens</td><td>Thailand</td></tr><tr><td>Selbmann L</td><td>Black fungi, Dothideomycetes Capnodiales</td><td>Italy</td></tr><tr><td>Selçuk Faruk</td><td>Asexual Ascomycota</td><td>Turkey</td></tr><tr><td>Senanayake I Chinthani</td><td>Coelomycetes</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Shabashova Tatiana G</td><td>Basidiomycota, myxomycetes</td><td>Belarus</td></tr><tr><td>Shen Hongwei</td><td>Spathulosporales</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Shen Yuanmin</td><td>General fungi</td><td>Taiwan</td></tr><tr><td>Silva-Filho Alexandre G.S.</td><td>Agaricoid fungi</td><td>Brazil</td></tr><tr><td>Simmons D. Rabern</td><td>Zoosporic eufungi / basal fungi, Chytridiomycota</td><td>USA</td></tr><tr><td>Singh Raghvendra</td><td>Pathogenic fungi, saprobic fungi related to Ascomycota and Basidiomycota (Rust fungi)</td><td>India</td></tr><tr><td>Sir Esteban B.</td><td>Xylariales</td><td>Argentina</td></tr><tr><td>Song Chang-Ge</td><td>Basidiomycota</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Souza-Motta Cristina M</td><td>Ascomycota</td><td>Brazil</td></tr><tr><td>Sruthi OP</td><td>Asexual Ascomycota</td><td>India</td></tr><tr><td>Stadler Marc</td><td>Sordariomycetes</td><td>Germany</td></tr><tr><td>Stchigel Alberto Miguel</td><td>Ascomycota, coelomycetes, Mucoromycota</td><td>Spain</td></tr><tr><td>Stemler Jannik</td><td>Phytopathogens</td><td>Germany</td></tr><tr><td>Stephenson Steven L</td><td>Myxomycetes</td><td>USA</td></tr><tr><td>Strassert JFH</td><td>Chytridiomycota (parasites of insects and phytoplankton)</td><td>Germany</td></tr><tr><td>Stryjak-Bogacka Monika</td><td>Endophytic fungi of bryophytes, sooty moulds</td><td>Poland</td></tr><tr><td>Su Hongli</td><td>Discomycetes</td><td>China, Thailand</td></tr><tr><td>Su Lei</td><td>Lichenized fungi, endophytes, phytopathogens, coprophilous fungi (Anthracina, Rupestriomyces, Spissiomyces, Talaromyces, Penicillium, Phialemoniopsis, Plectosphaerella, Lecanicillium, Kernia, Acaulium)</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Suetrong Satinee</td><td>Dothideomycetes</td><td>Thailand</td></tr><tr><td>Sulistyo Bobby</td><td>Atheliales</td><td>Belgium, Indonesia</td></tr><tr><td>Sun Yaru</td><td>Phytopathogens</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Sun Yifei</td><td>Polyporales, Ganodermataceae</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Svantesson Sten</td><td>Atheliales and Thelephorales</td><td>Sweden</td></tr><tr><td>Sysouphanthong Phongeun</td><td>Basidiomycota</td><td>Laos, Thailand</td></tr><tr><td>Takamatsu Susumu</td><td>Erysiphaceae</td><td>Japan</td></tr><tr><td>Takashima Masako</td><td>Asco- and basidiomycetous yeasts</td><td>Japan</td></tr><tr><td>Tan Tinghong</td><td>Macrofungi</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Tanaka Kazuaki</td><td>Dothideomycetes</td><td>Japan</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>**Table 1 Continued.**</caption><thead><tr><th>Name</th><th>Expertise</th><th>Country/Region</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Tang Alvin MC</td><td>Xylariales</td><td>Hong Kong</td></tr><tr><td>Tang Xia</td><td>Forest fungi</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Tanney Joey B</td><td>Leotiomycetes, endophytes, forest fungi</td><td>Canada</td></tr><tr><td>Tavakol Maryam</td><td>Eurotiomycetes</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Taylor Joanne</td><td>Ascomycota</td><td>UK</td></tr><tr><td>Taylor Paul WJ</td><td>Phytopathogens, Colletotrichum, Pythium</td><td>Australia</td></tr><tr><td>Tedersoo Leho</td><td>Basal fungi, Sebacinales</td><td>Estonia</td></tr><tr><td>Tennakoon Danushka S.</td><td>Dothideomycetes</td><td>Thailand</td></tr><tr><td>Thamodini GK</td><td>Ascomycota</td><td>Oman</td></tr><tr><td>Thines Marco</td><td>Oomycota, Peronosporomycetes, Saprolegniomycetes, Basidiomycota, Bartheletiomycetes, Ustilaginomycetes, Exobasidiomycetes</td><td>Germany</td></tr><tr><td>Thiyagaraja Vinodhini</td><td>Dothideomycetes, lichenicolous fungi, lichenized fungi, Eurotiomycetes</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Thongklang Naritsada</td><td>Basidiomycota (macrofungi)</td><td>Thailand</td></tr><tr><td>Tiago Patricia Vieira</td><td>Fungal entomopathogens</td><td>Brazil</td></tr><tr><td>Tian Qing</td><td>Eurotiomycetes, Melanommataceae</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Tian WH</td><td>Ascomycota</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Tibell Leif</td><td>Lichenized fungi</td><td>Sweden</td></tr><tr><td>Tibell Sanja</td><td>Lichenized fungi</td><td>Sweden</td></tr><tr><td>Tibpromma Saowaluck</td><td>Dothideomycetes, endophytic fungi, Sordariomycetes</td><td>China, Thailand</td></tr><tr><td>Tkalčec Zdenko</td><td>Agaricomycotina)</td><td>Croatia</td></tr><tr><td>Tomšovský M</td><td>Polyporales, Hymenochaetaceae, Armillaria, Melanoleuca, phytopathogens</td><td>Czechia</td></tr><tr><td>Toome-Heller Merje</td><td>Phytopathogens</td><td>New Zealand</td></tr><tr><td>Torruella G</td><td>Sister lineages of fungi</td><td>Spain</td></tr><tr><td>Tsurykau Andrei</td><td>Eurotiomycetes, lichenized fungi, lichenicolous fungi</td><td>Belarus</td></tr><tr><td>Turchetti Benedetta</td><td>Asco- and basidiomycetous yeasts</td><td>Italy</td></tr><tr><td>Udayanga Danuska</td><td>Phytopathogens</td><td>Sri Lanka</td></tr><tr><td>Ulukapı Merve</td><td>Asexual Ascomycota</td><td>Turkey</td></tr><tr><td>Untereiner Wendy</td><td>Leotiomycetes</td><td>USA</td></tr><tr><td>Uzunov Blagoy Angelov</td><td>General fungi (incl. lichenized fungi)</td><td>Bulgaria</td></tr><tr><td>Valenzuela Ricardo</td><td>Polyporales</td><td>Mexico</td></tr><tr><td>Valle Laia Guardia</td><td>Freshwater fungi</td><td>Spain</td></tr><tr><td>Van Caenegem Warre</td><td>Laboulbeniomycetes</td><td>Belgium</td></tr><tr><td>Van den Wyngaert Silke</td><td>Phytoplankton associated zoosporic fungi, Chytridiomycota</td><td>Finland</td></tr><tr><td>Van Vooren Nicolas</td><td>Pezizomycetes</td><td>France</td></tr><tr><td>Velez P</td><td>Ascomycota</td><td>Mexico</td></tr><tr><td>Verma Rajnish Kumar</td><td>Phytopathogens</td><td>India</td></tr><tr><td>Vieira LC</td><td>Glomeromycota</td><td>Brazil</td></tr><tr><td>Vieira Willie Anderson dos Santos</td><td>Colletotrichum</td><td>Brazil</td></tr><tr><td>Vizzini Alfredo</td><td>Basidiomycota and Ascomycota (Pezizales)</td><td>Italy</td></tr><tr><td>Walker Allison K</td><td>Basidiomycota</td><td>Canada</td></tr><tr><td>Walker Arttapon</td><td>Basidiomycota</td><td>Thailand</td></tr><tr><td>Wanasinghe Dhanushka N.</td><td>Dothideomycetes, epi-foliar fungi</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Wang Chaoge</td><td>Macrofungi</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Wang Ke</td><td>Macrofungi</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Wang SX</td><td>Basidiomycota</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Wang Xinyu</td><td>Lichenized fungi, Caliciales</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Wang Yong</td><td>Phytopathogens</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Wannasawang Narumon</td><td>General fungi</td><td>Thailand</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>**Table 1 Continued.**</caption><thead><tr><th>Name</th><th>Expertise</th><th>Country/Region</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Wartchow Felipe</td><td>Agaricoid fungi</td><td>Brazil</td></tr><tr><td>Wei Deping</td><td>Insect pathogens</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Wei Xinli</td><td>Lichenized fungi</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Westphalen Mauro</td><td>Steccherinaceae</td><td>Brazil</td></tr><tr><td>White Jim F</td><td>Endophytes, Ascomycota</td><td>USA</td></tr><tr><td>Wijayawardene Nalin N.</td><td>Coelomycetes</td><td>China, Sri Lanka</td></tr><tr><td>Wijesinghe Nuwanthika</td><td>Ascomycota</td><td>Sri Lanka</td></tr><tr><td>Wijesundara DSA</td><td>Fungal ecology</td><td>Sri Lanka</td></tr><tr><td>Wisitrassameewong Komsit</td><td>Basidiomycota</td><td>Thailand</td></tr><tr><td>Worthy Fiona Ruth</td><td>Lichenized fungi</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Wu Fang</td><td>Auriculariales, Tremellales, jelly fungi</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Wu Gang</td><td>Boletales</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Wu Haixia</td><td>Epi-foliar fungi, Ascomycota</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Wu Na</td><td>Ascomycota</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Wu Wenping</td><td>Asexual fungi, including chaetosphaeriaceous, Chalara-like, Sporidesmium-like fungi</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Wurzbacher Christian</td><td>Aquatic fungi</td><td>Germany</td></tr><tr><td>Xiao Yuanpin</td><td>Insect fungi</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Xiong Yinru</td><td>Ascomycota</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Xu Biao</td><td>Phytopathogens</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Xu Lijian</td><td>Ascomycota</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Xu Rongju</td><td>Ascomycota</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Xu Rong</td><td>Ascomycota</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Xu Ruifang</td><td>Rubber associated fungi</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Xu Taimin</td><td>Macrofungi</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Yakovchenko Lidia</td><td>Lichenized fungi</td><td>Russia</td></tr><tr><td>Yan Jiye</td><td>Phytopathogens</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Yang Hongde</td><td>Phytopathogens</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Yang Yunhui</td><td>Ascomycota</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Yang Jing</td><td>Asexual Ascomycota</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Yang Zhuliang</td><td>Basidiomycota</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Yapa N</td><td>Ascomycota</td><td>Sri Lanka</td></tr><tr><td>Yasanthika Erandi</td><td>Soil fungi</td><td>Thailand</td></tr><tr><td>Youssef Noha H</td><td>Neocallimastigomycota</td><td>USA</td></tr><tr><td>Yu Fengming</td><td>Discomycetes</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Yu Quan</td><td>Chaetothyriales</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Yu R</td><td>Basidiomycota (macrofungi)</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Yu Xiandong</td><td>Ascomycota</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Yu Yongxiu</td><td>Ascomycota</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Yu Zefen</td><td>Nematode trapping fungi</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Yuan Haisheng</td><td>Thelephorales in Basidiomycota, hydnaceous, polyporoid and corticioid Basidiomycota</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Yuan Yuan</td><td>Polyporales, Hymenochaetales</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Yurkov Andrey</td><td>Ascomycetous and basidiomycetous yeasts</td><td>Germany</td></tr><tr><td>Zafari D</td><td>Ascomycota, Hypocreales</td><td>Iran</td></tr><tr><td>Zamora Juan Carlos</td><td>Geastrales, Dacrymycetes, Tremellales</td><td>Spain/Switzerland</td></tr><tr><td>Zare Rasoul</td><td>Phialidic hyphomycetes (phytopathogens, entomogenous and nematophagous fungi)</td><td>Iran</td></tr><tr><td>Zeng Ming</td><td>Discomycetes</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Zeng Niankai</td><td>Basidiomycota</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Zeng Xiangyu</td><td>Phytopathogens, epi-foliar fungi (or epiphytes)</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Zhangyong Dong</td><td>Ascomycota</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Zhang Fa</td><td>Ascomycota</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Zhang Huang</td><td>Freshwater fungi</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Zhang Jinfeng</td><td>Ascomycota</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Zhang Jingyi</td><td>Ascomycota</td><td>China</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>**Table 1 Continued.**</caption><thead><tr><td>Name</td><td>Expertise</td><td>Country/Region</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Zhang Qiuyue</td><td>Mycenaceae (Favolaschia, Panellus)</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Zhang Shengnan</td><td>Dothideomycetes</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Zhang Wei</td><td>Phytopathogens</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Zhang Ying</td><td>Dothideomycetes</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Zhang Yunxia</td><td>Phytopathogens</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Zhang Zhiyuan</td><td>Arthrodermataceae</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Zhao Changlin</td><td>Basidiomycota</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Zhao Heng</td><td>Mucoromycota</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Zhao Qi</td><td>Pezizales</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Zhao Ruilin</td><td>Basidiomycota</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Zhou Liwei</td><td>Macrofungi, Basidiomycota</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Zhou Meng</td><td>Macrofungi</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Zhurbenko Mikhail P.</td><td>Lichenicolous fungi</td><td>Russia</td></tr><tr><td>Zin Hnin Htet</td><td>Ascomycota</td><td>Thailand</td></tr><tr><td>Zucconi Laura</td><td>Ascomycota</td><td>Italy</td></tr></tbody></table>

**Acknowledgements**

DQ Dai and Q Li would like to thank the “Yunnan Revitalization Talents Support Plan” (“Young Talents” Program and “High-End Foreign Experts” Program), Mee-mann Chang Academician Workstation in Yunnan Province, (Grant No. 202205AF150002), and Science and technology plan project of Science and Technology Department of Yunnan Province (Grant No. 202305AC350252, 20210BA070001-076) for the support. KD Hyde would like to thank the National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT) grant “Total fungal diversity in a given forest area with implications towards species numbers, chemical diversity and biotechnology” (grant no. N42A650547). Naghmeh Afshari would like to thank Chiang Mai University for providing the Presidential Scholarship and Mae Fah Luang University for the research collaboration. P.V Aguilar acknowledges the support of DGAPA-PAPIIT-UNAM IN200921. A. Alves and M.F. Caeiro thank the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT/MCTES) for the financial support to CESAM (UIDP/50017/2020 + UIDB/50017/2020 + LA/P/0094/2020). The work of JL Anderson, I Fernandes, L Garzoli, and H-P Grossart is funded by Biodiversa+, the European Biodiversity Partnership under the 2021-2022 BiodivProtect joint call for research proposals, co-funded by the European Commission (GA N°101052342) and with the funding organizations Formas (2022-01701), Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (DivProtect/0007/2021), Ministero dell'Università e della Ricerca, and the German Science Foundation (GR1540/47-1). Vladimír Antonín thanks the support provided to the Moravian Museum by the Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic as part of its long-term conceptual development programme for research institutions (DKRVO, ref. MK000094862). Alireza Armand would like to thank Thailand Science Research and Innovation (TSRI) for the grant “Biodiversity, taxonomy, phylogeny and evolution of *Colletotrichum* on Avocado, Citrus, Durian and Mango in northern Thailand” (grant no. 652A01003). Souhila Aouali would like to thank the General Direction of Scientific Research and Technological Development for funding a research project on the evaluation of the health status of *Cedrus atlantica* stands in the Theniet el Had National Park-Tisemsilt, Algeria (project code: P-423/DGRSDT). D.J. Bhat, Teun Boekhout, R Jeewon and EBG Jones gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the Distinguished Scientist Fellowship Program of King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Saranyaphat Boonmee would like to thank the National Science, Research and Innovation Fund: Thailand Science Research Innovation (Basic Research Fund 2022) entitled Occurrence of microfungi and assessment of their mycotoxin production in flower tea products in Thailand (652A01002). Gaëtan Burgaud thanks the French National Research Agency ANR-19-CE04-0001-01 Mycoplast project. MES Cáceres, JDP Bezerra, TB Gibertoni, LFP Gusmão, ER Drechsler-Santos, BT Goto, F Wartchow, GA da Silva and N Menolli Jr. thank the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) (307569/2019-5, 303939/2022-2, 302941/
2019-3, 312984/2018-9, 310150/2022-1, 311945/2019-8, 309652/2020-0, 312606/2022-2 and 314236/2021-0, respectively) for scholarships and/or financial support. MS Calabon is grateful to the UP System Balik PhD Program (OVPAA-BPhD-2022-02) entitled, "Unraveling the hidden diversity of aquatic fungi from Panay Island, Philippines". Francisco J. Simões Calaça is supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás (CNPq/FAPEG) consortium (proc. no. 150797/2023-0). L.A. Castlebury acknowledges support from USDA ARS National Programs 301 and 303, project numbers 8042-22000-323-00D and 8042-22000-327-00D. USDA is an equal employment opportunity agency. Oscar Castro-Jauregui, Milay Cabarroi-Hernández, Alonso Cortés-Perez, Laura Guzmán-Dávalos and Virginia Ramírez-Cruz thank the support of the University of Guadalajara. K.W.T. Chethana would like to thank the National Science, Research and Innovation Fund: Thailand Science Research Innovation (Basic Research Fund 2023) entitled 'Taxonomy, Phylogeny and chemo-profiling of selected families in *Xylariales* (662A01003). Napalai Chaiwan would like to thank the CMU Proactive Researcher grant of Chiang Mai University (grant number EP010196) and Chiang Mai University. C. Cloeine is supported by the European Commission under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No. 702057 (DRYLIFE). DQ Dai would like to thank the "Yunnan Revitalization Talents Support Plan" ("Young Talents" Program and "High-End Foreign Experts" Program) for the support. Valerii Darmostuk would like to thank the support from LinnéSys: Systematics Research Fund (2022-2023) and from the statutory fund of the W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences. Kanad Das would like to thank the Director, Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata (India) for facilitating the research on mushroom taxonomy in India. The work of Michiel D. de Groot is supported by the Research Foundation - Flanders (Fundamental Research Fellowship 1142722N). Teodor T. Denchev & Cvetomir M. Denchev would like to thank the Bulgarian National Science Fund (Grant no. KP-06-N51/10/16.11.2021). Bálint Dima thanks to the János Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the National Research, Development and Innovation Office of Hungary (OTKA FK-143061 and TKP2020-IKA-05). Mingkwan Doilom acknowledges Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Sustainable Control of Fruit and Vegetable Diseases and Pests & Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510225, China (KA21031C502) and the Science and Technology Bureau of Guangzhou City (2023A04J1426). J.C. Dianese thanks CNPq/Brazil for support through PPBIO-Cerrado led by Prof. G. Colli (University of Brasília) and FAPDF/Brasília/Brazil through a grant to Prof. Dirceu Macagnan to work on cerrado rust fungi. Wei Dong thanks the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 32200015). Anna G. Fedosova and Mikhail P. Zhurbenko thank the research project "Biodiversity, ecology and structural and functional features of fungi and fungus-like protists" (no. 122011900033-4) of the Komarov Botanical Institute RAS. Toni Gabaldón acknowledges support from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (IMPACT Grant IMP/00019 and CIBERINFEC CB21/13/00061- ISCIII-SGEFI/ERDF). M. Ghobad-Nejhad thanks the support by the Iran National Science Foundation INSF (project no. 4000655). Mei Luo thanks the regional joint fund of Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Fund - Youth Fund project [2022A1515110982]. Monthien phonemany would like to thank the Thailand Science Research and Innovation (TSRI) grant "Macrofungi diversity research from the Lancang-Mekong Watershed and surrounding areas" (grant No. DBG6280009). Zai-Wei Ge is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 31670024) and the Talent Project of Yunnan (no. 202005AC160037). Antonio R. Gomes de Farias thanks Thailand Science Research and Innovation (TSRI) and National Science Research and Innovation Fund (NSRF) (Fundamental Fund: Grant no. 662A1616047) entitled "Biodiversity, ecology, and applications of plant litter-inhabiting fungi for waste degradation and Mae Fah Luang University new researcher grant "Diversity and host specificity of soil fungi in forest ecosystems in Chiang Rai, Thailand" (Grant Number 662A16047). D. Haelewaters is supported by the Research Foundation - Flanders (Senior Postdoctoral Fellowship 1206024N). Y.F. Han would like to thank National Natural Science Foundation of China (32060011,32260003), "Hundred" Talent Projects of Guizhou Province (Qian Ke He [2020] 6005). Mao-Qiang He thanks the National Natural Science
Foundation of China (Project ID: 32100011) and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Project ID: 2021M693361). Huang Shi-Ke is grateful to the Scientific Research Fund of Guizhou Provincial Education Department (Qian-Jiao-Ji, No. [2022]310). Malarvizhi Kaliyaperumal and Sugantha Gunaseelan thanks Extramural Research-SERB, DST (EMR/2016/003078), Government of India for the financial assistance. They are also grateful to ‘The PCCF’ of Tamil Nadu Forest Department for providing permission (E2/20458/2017), assistance and support during field visits in Eastern Ghats. Malarvizhi Kaliyaperumal and Kezhocuyi Kezo thanks RUSA 2.0 (Theme-1, Group-1/2021/49) for providing the grant. Malarvizhi Kaliyaperumal and Elangovan Arumugam acknowledge the Tamil Nadu State Council for Higher Education (RGP/2019-20/MU/HECP-0040) for providing financial aid. Ramesh Murugadoss would like to acknowledge CSIR - Junior Research Fellowship (JRF-NET), New Delhi, India (09/0115(13300)/2022-EMR-I) for the financial assistance. S.A. Karpov thanks RSF (Grant No. 21-74-20089) for supporting the aphelid and sanchytrid studies, made in the frame of lab topic 122031100260-0 ZIN RAS. MJ Kitaura thanks the Fundação Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil (Edital UFMS/PROPP/PROGEP nº 135, de 30 de dezembro de 2021), and the Fundação de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Dmytro Leontyev would like to thank the Alexander von Humboldt foundation (Germany). De-Wei Li is grateful to the support of USDA (Hatch grant CONH 824) and The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station. Qi Rui Li would like to thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC31960005, NSFC3200009). Thatsanee Luangharn would like to thank the National Science, Research and Innovation Fund: Thailand Science Research Innovation (Basic Research Fund 2023) entitled “Taxonomy, phylogeny, screening of biologically active secondary metabolite and cultivation of *Ganoderma* species (662A16005)”. JS Monteiro is grateful to the Fundação de Amparo e Desenvolvimento da Pesquisa-FADESP (339020.02). N Menolli Jr. thanks the ‘Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo’ (Fapesp grant #18/15677-0) for financial support. OL Pereira thanks the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) – Finance Code 001, the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) and the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG). Armin Mešić, Zdenko Tkalčec, and Ana Pošta are grateful to Croatian Science Foundation for their financial support under the project grant HRZZ-IP-2022-10-5219 (FunMed), and Ivana Kušan and Neven Matočec under the project grant HRZZ-IP-2022-10-4733 (FunCavBioA) Moncalvo JM thanks the Royal Ontario Museum Governors and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada for support over the past 20 years. Laszlo G. Nagy thanks the Momentum Program of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (grant no: LP2019-13/2019). Mousa Najafinia would like to thank Plant Protection Research Department, South Kerman Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Jiroft and would like to thank the Plant Diseases Research Department, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, AREEO, Tehran, Iran for funding the research project No. 24-70-16-130-98119. Ka-Lai Pang thanks National Science and Technology Council (111-2621-B-019-001-MY3) for financial support. Alan JL Phillips acknowledges the support from UIDB/04046/2020 and UIDP/04046/2020 Centre grants from FCT, Portugal (to BioISI). C. Phukhamsakda would like to thank National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) for granting a Youth Science Fund Project (number 32100007). Promputtha I. is grateful to Chiang Mai University for research funding support under the project grant RG 46/2566. Raza M acknowledges support from National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC 32050410295). Raghvendra Singh thanked the Science & Engineering Research Board (SERB), Department of Science & Technology (DST), Govt. of India (Scheme No. CRG/2020/006053) and Institution of Eminence (IoE) Scheme, Ministry of Human Resource and Development (MHRD), Govt. of India (No. R/Dev/D/IoE/Incentive/2021-22/32387) for providing financial support. Raza M and Maimaiti Y are grateful to the project of funds for stable support to agriculture sci-tech renovation (XJNKYWDZC-2022004). Anna Ronikier and Paulina Janik would like to thank the support from the SYNTESYS+ project (www.synthesys.info) granted to Anna Ronikier (BE-TAF 152), that is a DiSSCo (Distributed System of Scientific Collections) project financed by Horizon 2020 Research Infrastructures Programme and from the statutory fund of the W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish
Academy of Sciences. B. Samant thanks Science and Engineering Research Board, New Delhi (No. CRG/2020/001339) for financial assistance. Teppo Rämä would like to thank the Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre (grant 2552164) and Tromsø Forskningstiftelse (grant 2520855 CANS). A. Savchenko is supported by the Estonian Research Council project PRG1170. Ramesh K. Saxena is grateful to the authorities of the Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, Lucknow, India for library facilities. N. Schoutteten is supported by the Research Foundation - Flanders (Fundamental Research Fellowship 11E0420). JFH Strassert acknowledges support from the German Research Foundation (DFG; grant STR1349/2-1, project no. 432453260). Tinghong Tan would like to thank the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31900271, No. 32160086), the National Scholarship Fund of China Scholarship Council (CSC) and the Projects of Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology (QKHZC-[2020]1Y065, QKHJC-[2019]1455). Kazuaki Tanaka would like to thank the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS, 23K05900). Yong Wang thanks the support of the project of Guizhou Provincial Education Department ([2021]001), Guizhou Science Technology Department International Cooperation Basic project ([2018]5806), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31972222, 31560489, 32160722), the key research project of Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Projects (QKHJC-ZK[2023]ZD-006) the Program of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities of China (111 Program, D20023) and the Talent project of the Guizhou Science and Technology Cooperation Platform [2020]5001). Christian Wurzbacher was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) - WU 890/2-1. WA Untereiner thanks the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. Yogesh Joshi would like to thank the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), New Delhi, India for providing financial assistance (SCP/2022/000072). The support of the János Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the ÚNKP-23-5 New National Excellence Program of the Ministry for Innovation and Technology from the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund of Hungary to Viktor Papp is highly appreciated. LW Zhou thanks the financial support of the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2022YFC2601200). This work was also supported by National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (2022M3H9A1082984). Omid Karimi would like to thank the National Science, Research and Innovation Fund: Thailand Science Research Innovation (Basic Research Fund 2023) entitled 'Taxonomy, Phylogeny and chemo-profiling of selected families in *Xylariales* (662A01003). Wu Hai-Xia thanks the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant No. 32170024) the Grant for Essential Scientific Research of National Nonprofit Institute (No. CAFYBB2019QB005), the Yunnan Province Ten Thousand Plan of Youth Top Talent Project (No. YNWR-QNBJ-2018-267). Samantha C. Karunarathna thanks the "Yunnan Revitalization Talents Support Plan" (High-End Foreign Experts Program) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC 32260004) for their support. VV Sarma would like to thank the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MOES), Govt. of India for funding a project on "Morpho-molecular diversity of higher marine fungi colonizing dead and decaying mangrove plant substrata in Andaman Islands, India" (MoES/36/OOIS/Extra/77/2020) and also thank the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), Govt. of India for funding a project titled "Antibiofilm potential and molecular diversity of marine fungi from Puducherry mangroves" (CRG/2021/005223-C). Huang Zhang would like to thank the National Natural Science Foundation of Shandong (Project ID: ZR202111230067 to Huang Zhang) and the Open Research Program of State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resource in Yunnan (2022KF005). I. Fernandes would like to thank the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT/MCTES) for the financial support to CBMA through the "Contrato-Programa" (UIDB/04050/2020). IS Manawasinghe would like to thank Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China for the research fund KA210319288 and Science and Technology Bureau of Guangzhou City (2023A04J1427). Raheleh Asghari would like to thank the Mae Fah Luang University Partial Scholarship for the doctoral degree program (GR-ST-PS-65-21) and Mushroom Research Foundation for support. JL Anderson gratefully acknowledges support from Formas (2020-02190). The authors would like to acknowledge support
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Fries EM. 1849 – Summa vegetabilium Scandinaviae, seu enumeratio systematica et critica plantarum quum cotyledonearum, tum nemearum inter mare occidentale et album, inter