# The End of Einstein's Astronomy: Astronomical Origin for the Largest Marsquake Observed by InSight

Alexander N. Safronov

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Alexander N. Safronov. The End of Einstein's Astronomy: Astronomical Origin for the Largest Marsquake Observed by InSight. 2024. hal-04704981

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Article

# The End of Einstein's Astronomy: Astronomical Origin for the Largest Marsquake Observed by InSight

Alexander N. Safronov

Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pyzhevskii Per. 3,
119017 Moscow, Russia; email: safronov_2003@mail.ru; ORCID: 0000-0001-5960-6590

**Abstract:** In this study, we investigated the planetary configuration of the Solar system at the moment of the largest marsquake s1222a observed by InSight. It is shown that the Solar system has a unique linear configuration formed by Saturn, Mars, Venus, and Mercury. Also it was also found that during the 1222a marsquake (3:50 LMST) Mars was turned in the direction of Jupiter. It has been suggested that the nature of this marsquake is the extrusion of gas through pingo chimneys or through cracks in the Martian crust (sips) under the influence of external gravitational forces. Additionally, 18 more cases of marsquakes were analyzed. It was found that during marsquakes, planetary parallelism often took place, in which the planets line up in pairs parallel to each other. It is assumed that possible sources of graviton may be not only planets, but also excited sites in the orbits of planets. It is shown that the excitation of the orbits of the planets is not arbitrary, but is determined by additional influence from other planets. It has been found that gravitons can move both from the overlying orbits to the underlying ones, and in the opposite direction. Several cases for the cascade transition of gravitons in a system of several orbits have been identified. These features do not fit into the standard picture of Einstein's theory of relativity. Up-to-date astronomy is like the sinking of the Titanic.

**Keywords:** Mars · Marsquake · Planet Alignment · Planet Parallelism · Solar System Graviton

## 1 Introduction

In the author's works (Safronov, 2022b) and (Safronov, 2022a) it was shown that seismic and volcanic activity on Earth can be activated by planetary configurations. In particular, in (Safronov, 2022a), the geometry of the planets of the Solar system was studied during strong earthquakes with a magnitude of more than 8 points (Mw8+) and occurring in the period from 1900 to 2011. Three main planetary schemes were identified in which these strong earthquakes occurred, namely the generalized Archimedes lever (gAL) pattern, the generalized Kepler conjunction (gKc) pattern, and the triangular pattern of the remote cosmic signal detector (remote signal interceptor, cRS). Note that the cRS scheme is an analog of the LISA experiment (Bayle et al., 2022), however, instead of expensive satellites, which are not easy to accurately contain in a triangular interference pattern, in our case the planets themselves line up at some point in time in a triangular pattern with a resonant ratio of the distances between them. In (Safronov, 2022a) it was found that Mw8+ earthquakes occurred at 22 gAL, 42 gKc and 28 cRS, which is 23.9 %, 45.7 % and 30.4 %, respectively, of the total number of cases studied. Therefore, it is of interest to test the connection between marsquakes and planetary configurations. Some remarks about deep crisis in the astronomy are presented in Section 5.
# 2 Materials and Methods

## 2.1 Strong marsquakes as studying object

On May 5, 2018 a special InSight (Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport) mission was sent to Mars. The geophysical observatory successfully landed on Mars on November 26, 2018 in the western region of Elysium Planitia at 4.5°N and 136.0°E. The InSight satellite includes the SEIS (Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure) seismometer package, which provides scientists with high-quality extra-terrestrial seismic data for the first time. For over the four years of the InSight mission, which ended on December 21, 2022, more than 1,300 events were recorded, see reviews (Giardini et al., 2020), (Duran et al., 2022), and (Lognonne et al., 2023). The InSight seismic event catalog is available from the IPGP Data Center, NASA-PDS and IRISDMC, please see (MSC dataset v14, 2023) and an alternative catalog in (Dahmen et al., 2022). Marsquake features for martian days (sols) 0–478 (through the end of March 2020) can be found in (Clinton et al., 2021), and for sols 0–1011, marsquake features covering events up to September 2021 can be found in (Ceylan et al., 2022). In this work, we use Local Mean Solar Time (LMST) to determine the diurnal cycle of marsquakes. Thus, the LMST 12-hour axis always points toward the Sun.

## 2.2 Astronomical data and method

To investigate the causes of strong marsquakes, we need to measure astronomical angles and distances between planets. This work used the Orbit Viewer Java applet from (Osamu and Ron, 1996), which was created by Osamu Ajiki (AstroArts Inc.) in 1996 and modified by Ron Baalke (NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory, below JPL) in 2000–2001.

Original Orbit Viewer is an interactive applet that displays the orbits of small bodies such as comets and asteroids in the Solar System in 3D projection. Orbits can be shown forward or backward. For example, a visualization of Comet 1P/Halley was presented in the JPL Small-Body Database Browser. For simplicity, all the figures below are presented in a 2D projection onto plane of the planet. In this projection, the direction of rotation of the planet is counterclockwise. The Orbit Viewer applet (JPL Tools, 2023) is adapted for measuring the angles between the planets of the Solar System and determining the proportions in the positions of the planets. The following abbreviations were used in this study: Mercury: Mr, Venus: V, Earth: E, Mars: M, Jupiter: J, Saturn: S, Uranus: U, Neptune: N.

Planets located along the line are designated as *Planet1*, *Planet2*, *Planet3*, in order of distance from the Sun. The angle (in degrees) between the three planets was calculated by placing the vertex of the angle on the more distant planet. For example, the linearity angle J-E-V is the smaller angle between the two lines JE and JV. During our exploration of planetary geometry, the alignment angle between the *Planet1*-*Planetj* and *Planetj*-*Planetk* lines was used, so this alignment angle $\alpha_{ijk}$ was defined in degrees as follows:

$$ \alpha_{ijk} = 180^{\circ} / \pi \cdot \arccos\left(\frac{(R_{ij}^2 + R_{jk}^2 - R_{ik}^2)}{2 \cdot R_{ij} \cdot R_{jk}}\right) \quad (1) $$

where i, j, k – three planets of the Solar System; $x_i$, $y_i$, $z_i$ – the coordinates of the i-planet and the distance between the i and j planets are equal to $R_{ij} = ((x_i - x_j) + (y_i - y_j) + (z_i - z_j))^{1/2}$.

In connection with the search for an interference tracer, the notation of spatial relationships was used as the ratio of distances between planets. This ratio was defined as:

$$ N_{ij} = R_{j3} / R_{i3} \quad (2) $$

where $R_{i,j3}$ is the distance between the i, j planets to the Earth and $R_{j3} > R_{i3}$. We look for large interference extremes whose spatial ratio is close to integer values. Further, the designation that
the line *Planet*₁-*Planet*₂ is parallel to the line *Planet*₃-*Planet*₄ is marked as symbol “||”, see Equation (3).

$$ \textit{Planet}_1 \textit{ Planet}_2 \parallel \textit{Planet}_3 \textit{ Planet}_4 \qquad (3) $$

# 3 Volcanic and seismic activities on Mars

## 3.1 Volcanic eruptions on Mars

As it is known that gaseous sulfur-containing compounds have never been detected in the Martian atmosphere, see, e.g. (Encrenaz et al., 2011). Let us recall that in this work Encrenaz et al. to search for SO₂ in the atmosphere of Mars, the thermal spectrum of Mars at a wavelength of 7.4 µm, obtained by the Texas Echelon Cross Echelle Spectrograph (TEXES) at the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF) was used. However, note that the sulfur-carrying molecules have been detected on the surface of Mars by the Viking lander, the Spirit and Opportunity rovers, and the OMEGA infrared spectrometer on board Mars Express, see (Encrenaz et al., 2011), (Mangold et al., 2016) and are mentioned therein.

Note that astronomer N.A. Kozyrev from the Central Astronomical Observatory at Pulkovo in Russia was the first scientist who experimentally discovered lunar volcanism in 1958 (Kozyrev, 1959), (Kozyrev, 1962), and (Dadaev, 2009). In the early morning of November 3, 1958, Kozyrev observed a volcanic eruption on the Moon near the central peak of the Alphons crater. First, dust was thrown out – volcanic ash, and then gases were released. During the eruption, the maximum emission was recorded at a wavelength of 4737 Å, which corresponds to the beginning of the Swan vibration band system of the carbon molecule C₂ (C₂H₂). The existence of C₂ was confirmed by the presence of other, but much weaker groups of Swan bands with maxima at 5165 and 5636 Å.

On Earth, unlike Mars and the Moon, seismic activity and volcanic eruptions occur mainly in the subduction zone, and gases containing sulfur compounds are released mainly during eruptions. In (Safronov, 2022b) it was shown that a ⁴⁰K nuclear layer at the boundary of the upper and lower mantle is the basis of the modern theory of seismology, volcanology, subduction and continental formation. Due to the presence of this hot nuclear layer at a depth of ~ 660 km, a thermopause is created, which separates light and heavy elements in accordance with Archimedes' law of buoyancy. Light elements float up, and heavy elements sink lower, into the deep layers of magma. That is why, with such vertical thermal stratification, volcanic lavas and ash plumes lack compounds containing heavy elements such as gold, platinum, silver and copper.

Therefore, when we talk about volcanism on planetary objects such as the Moon and Mars, we mean pseudo-volcanism, in which volcanoes emit precisely CO, CO₂, CH₄, C₂H₆, H₂O and C₂H₂, and not sulfur-containing compounds such as H₂S, SO₂ and SO₃, please see the corresponding section in (Safronov, 2023), which described in detail the process of eruption of a lunar volcano. A more general overview of sedimentary volcanism on Mars can be found in (Brož et al., 2023).

## 3.2 Martian seismology activity and north-south dichotomy

Next, we will discuss the effect of dichotomy on marsquakes. Recall that the boundary between the northern lowlands and the southern highlands is usually called the North-South dichotomy in Martian geology. Marsquakes are observed mainly in the northern hemisphere of Mars, mainly near the equatorial dichotomy boundary please see (Ceylan et al., 2023), and data from the Mars Quake Service catalog (MSC dataset v14, 2023). Nevertheless, the works mainly note the influence of dichotomy on the propagation of seismic waves and, accordingly, on the accuracy of localization of marsquakes (e.g. Kim et al., 2023), and not on the process of formation
of conditions for the occurrence of marsquakes themselves. Various hypothesis of the origin of the dichotomy boundary have been actively discussed, see e.g. (Frey, 2006), (Andrews-Hanna et al., 2008), and (Marinova et al., 2008). A common opinion is that the dichotomy of the Martian hemisphere is formed as a result of an asteroid mega-impact.

At the same time, there is a strong impression that, according to a large group of researchers, planets can only collide with solid asteroids and meteorites, and not with comets. Comets, unlike asteroids, are made of ice, which evaporates when approaching the Sun, forming a characteristic comet tail. The gas composition of comet tails can vary, but in most cases comets are composed primarily of dry ice. The hypothesis about the possible collision of comets with planets is actively promoted by the author of this study. In particular, in (Safronov, 2016) it was shown that a comet can break through the crust of protoplanets and explode inside them. Also about impact nuclear explosions, see (Safronov, 2016), (Voronin, 2011), (de Meijer et al., 2013), (Brandenburg, 2023), and about nuclear reactors inside planets, see famous Kuroda work (Kuroda, 1960), and Herndon series of studies (Herndon, 1992), (Herndon, 1993), (Hollenbach and Herndon, 2001), (Herndon, 2003), (Herndon, 2014).

Note that a thermal nuclear explosion provides the formation of excess hydrogen (H) and deuterium (D). On the other hand, the original cometary gases CO₂ and nuclear hydrogen (H, D, H₂) provided secondary martian gases in the atmosphere and crust, such as CH₄, C₂H₆, C₂H₂ and others, through molecular (4) or atomic (5) canals the following chemical reactions:

$$CO_2 + 4H_2 \rightarrow CH_4 + 2H_2O \\ 2CO_2 + 7H_2 \rightarrow C_2H_6 + 4H_2O \qquad (4)$$

$$nCO_2 + (3n + 1)H_2 \rightarrow C_nH_{2n+2} + 2nH_2O$$

$$CO_2 \rightarrow CO + O$$

$$H_2 \rightarrow H + H$$

$$CO \rightarrow C + O$$

$$O + O \rightarrow O_2 \qquad (5)$$

$$O_2 + O \rightarrow O_3$$

$$2H + O \rightarrow H_2O$$

$$C + H \rightarrow CH \rightarrow C_2H_2 \rightarrow CH_4 \rightarrow C_2H_6 \rightarrow C_nH_{2n+2}$$

The explosion of a comet inside a planet can lead to the formation of water H₂O and various radicals CH, CO, as well as second-order derivatives of the nuclear cycle containing nitrogen, such as -CN- and -NO-: NH₃, HCN, N₂O, NO, NO₂ and N₂. For the chemical composition and gas forms of CH₄, CH₃OH, H₂CO, C₂H₆, C₂H₂, and C₂H₄ in the Martian atmosphere, see also (Villanueva et al., 2013).

The creation of water H₂O and various hydrocarbon radicals under the Martian crust and in cracks leads to the formation of water and gas-oil deposits in caverns, and the destruction of the crust occurs mainly in the northern hemisphere of Mars. Let us also recall that the author of this study was the first to substantiate why oil and gas deposits on Earth are more common in the northern hemisphere, while large diamond deposits dominate in the southern hemisphere of the Earth, especially at the southern tip of Africa (Safronov, 2016).

An alternative opinion about the origin of water on Mars reader will be able to find in (Lunine et al., 2003), (Lammer et al., 2005), (Marov and Ipatov, 2018), (Alsaeed and Jakosky, 2019), review (Nazari-Sharabian et al., 2020) and many others studies, referenced in them.

### 3.3 Seasonal and temporal behaviors of seismic activity on Mars

Judging by the absence of SO₂ in the atmosphere of Mars, it is clear that there is currently no active volcanism, subduction or movement of lithospheric plates on Mars, so the probability of
strong seismic events is very small, and the magnitude of such a marsquake can be comparable to weak and very weak earthquakes. It was assumed that the potential cause of marsquakes could be the following three factors: the movement of crustal blocks along faults, the movement of magma along systems of cracks in the Martian crust, or the fall of large meteorites. Therefore, it was a surprise to note the seasonal behavior of marsquake activity.

In (Knapmeyer et al., 2021a), (Knapmeyer et al., 2021b) it was shown that solar declination is the most likely and the CO2 cycle is the least likely driver of this seismic activity. Although solar discrimination is weak, according to opinions of these authors, solar declination and CO2 ice load are triggers for marsquakes. In this situation, we note that the largest number of marsquakes occur nearby the Cerberus Fossae, the Grojta Valley, and only a few distant events were recorded near Olympus Mons and in the Valles Marineris (Giardini et al., 2020), (Ceylan et al., 2023) and InSight Marsquake Service Catalog (MSC dataset v14, 2023).

However, space images of the martian surface in these areas did not reveal thick ice sheets similar to the ice cover of Greenland and Antarctica, which could lead to seismic movements of tectonic plates. This calls into question the thesis that has been put forward that the icy load of CO2 is the case of marsquakes. Note that authors in (Knapmeyer et al., 2021a) also discussed the influence of meteorological conditions, daytime variations in surface temperature and wind, as well as Phobos tide on the Marian seismic activity. In September 2023 the InSight Team confirms eight meteoroid impact events on Mars, namely: s0533a, s0793a, s0981c, s0986c, s1000a, s1034a, s1094b, and s1160a (Daubar et. al, 2023). However only two strong marsquakes, s1000a and s1094b with magnitude M<sub>w</sub>4.0 and 4.1, have been confirmed as impact-generated events (Posiolova et al., 2022), (Garcia et al., 2022). Further, Fernando et al. (2023) concluded that the largest marsquake, s1222a is of tectonic origin, but Lei and colleges in (Lei et al., 2023) suggested that some surface super-high-frequency marsquakes are of thermal origin.

Let's summarize everything written above. It can be stated that the activities of scientific groups studying marsquakes have reached a dead end: on the one hand, marsquakes have been registered, but on the other, there is no simple, clear and physically understandable explanation for this phenomenon.

## 3.4 Martian craters and pingos

It is well-known that water and gases such as CO2, CH4 trapped under the planet's crust could form a convex geological basin called pingos. In the geology of the Earth, pingos, methane craters and methane sips (outflow of gases through cracks on the shelf), are well known. Some information on the creation, evolution and collapse of terrestrial and Martian pingos can be found in (Burr et al., 2009), (Dundas and McEwen, 2010), (Soare et al., 2013), and the references cited therein. Pingos can sometimes collapse and form a reverse volcanic craters, which usually have the highest vertical walls and columns of chimneys, and sometimes wells in the center of the craters (Safronov, 2023). Thus, it is easy to assume that the pseudo-volcanic activity, as well as the activity of pingos and sips, leads to marsquakes and episodic methane emissions on Mars.

It is important to emphasize that there are many craters in the InSight landing area, which are gaseous pingos craters, with collapsed pingos' domes. Externally, such Martian craters are similar to the same lunar gas craters, have a rounded shape, high vertical walls, a depressed bottom and often a chimney in the middle of the crater, so visually they are easy to distinguish from impact craters. It is important to note that in astronomy, craters are not actually classified, that is, impact, pingos and the oldest original volcanic calderas are not distinguished. Thus, any statistics based on crater counts may turn out to be unreliable, and studies using a dating method based on such statistics are clearly pretentious and dogmatic in nature.

So let's get back to discussing the problems of marsquakes. It can be assumed that the external gravitational load on Mars leads to the squeezing out of carbon dioxide, methane and water vapor through the chimneys of ping craters, cracks in the crust and gas sips. Then the
seasonality and daily variations of marsquakes are easily explained by the freezing of gases and water when passing through such pipes (black smokers or chimneys). According to this hypothesis, maximum seismic activity should be achieved in spring and summer and mainly immediately after sunset, when the thickness of the ice plug is not yet large. A small external gravitational influence leads to an increase in pressure in geological cavities filled with gases. The effect of knocking out the ice plug blocking the chimney of pingos craters and crustal cracks is similar to knocking the cork out of a champagne bottle when shaken.

On the other hand, the studies of marsquakes give us a unique opportunity to observe the process of graviton formation in the Solar System. Thus, the purpose of this work is to test the connection between external gravitational load and marsquakes.

# 4 Results

## 4.1 The strongest s1222a marsquake

The strongest s1222a marsquake occurred on May 4, 2022 at 23:23:07 UTC, early Martian morning at 03:54:39 LMST (Local Mean Solar Time). The magnitude of this marsquake was $M_w$4.7. This event occurred within an almost ellipse with an epicenter of about 3.0°S, 171.9°E at ~2200 km from InSight, see e.g. (Fernando et al., 2023), (Kawamura et al., 2022). The configuration of the planet corresponding to the moment of the marsquake 1222a is shown in Figure 1. This configuration is unique and is characterized by 4-planet alignment, i.e. four planets located in the Saturn–Mars–Venus–Mercury line, please see the black line in Figure 1a.

Figure 1b shows the polar axis of the Local Mean Solar Time (LMST). It is assumed that the 12h-LMST axis is always directed towards the Sun. The purple lines in Figures 1a and 1b correspond to the directions of the LMST. Thus, the purple line is the LMST-line, which characterizes the self rotation of Mars. The LMST-line helps us identify the source of the gravitational signal (vortexes, gravitons). In this case under study, 1222a graviton probably arrived on Mars from Jupiter. Thus, we present the main conclusion of this study about the astronomical origin of the largest marsquake observed by InSight. Note that in (Fernando et al., 2023) it is written about the tectonic origin for this marsquake.

Researchers studying marsquakes are professional astronomers and astrophysicists, not classical geologists and geophysicists who rarely pay attention to the starry sky. The reason why none of them paid attention to the connection between the marsquakes and the state of the Solar System remains a mystery. Either they did not pay enough attention to this, which is well-known in science as a paradox of "Invisible Gorilla" (Chabris and Simons, 2011), or they wanted to remain ideologically tolerant, see the hard discussion in Section 5.
<figure><img src="image_3.png" /><figcaption>**Fig. 1** The planetary configuration for the strongest s1222a marsquake (May 4, 2022, 23:23:07 UTC, 03:54:39 LMST), whose magnitude was Mw4.7, is presented. (a) – the alignment of Saturn–Mars–Venus–Mercury at 23 UTC is shown by a black line; (b) is the polar axis of the Local Mean Solar Time (LMST). It is assumed that the 12h-LMST axis always directed to the Sun, please see Figure 1b. The purple lines in Figures 1a and 1b correspond to the directions of the LMST, i.e. they probably determine the source of gravitational signal (vortexes, gravitons). Thus, the purple line is the LMST-line, which characterizes the self-rotation of Mars. In this case under study, graviton came to Mars from Jupiter.</figcaption></figure>

## 4.2 The planet alignments and strong marsquakes

In several previous works by the author (Safronov, 2022a), (Safronov, 2022b), and (Safronov, 2023), it was shown that the excitation of the Solar system can occur due to the linearization of planets, historically called planetary alignment or Kepler's conjunction. Therefore, according to the principle of connecting the lever of Archimedes and Kepler, the Third Law of Motion should be changed by adding a few words to the end of the text of the law:

> "When one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body exerts a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to that of the first body in the absence of obstacles in the path between these bodies" (6)

Alignments of planets that are registered for two marsquakes (s0802a, s0809a) are presented in Figure 2. Note that in both these cases the alignment of the planets is the same: the linearization of Jupiter-Mercury-Earth. Then the continuation of the LMST-lines (purple lines) at 23:09 and 23:34 LMST pass through the position of Mercury. Thus, we could assume that gravitational vortexes originate from Mercury.
<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>**Fig. 2** The same planetary alignments (Jupiter–Mercury–Earth) were recorded for two marsquakes (s0802a, s0809a). Note that in both these cases, the continuations of the LMST-lines (purple lines) at 23:09 and 23:34 LMST pass cross through position of Mercury. The purple lines are the LMST-lines that characterize the self-rotation of Mars.</figcaption></figure>

In the following Figures 3 and 4, we have demonstrated that the sources of vortexes (gravitons) can be activated areas of the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Two marsquakes (s0152a, s0154a) that occurred on May 2 and 4, 2019 and took place at the Saturn-Sun-Mars alignments are shown in Figures 3a and 3b. In both cases, gravitational signals (vortexes, gravitons) came to Mars from sections of the orbit of Mars itself, marked as a virtual source S1. However, on May 2, 2019, the excitation of the orbit of Mars occurred due to the impact of Earth and Venus, please see green line in Figure 3a. However, on May 4, the excitation of the orbit of Mars, see site S1, was determined by the position of the planets Venus, Mercury and probably the Sun, now please pay attention to the green line in Figure 3b.

The planetary configurations of the s0189a and s0475a marsquakes are shown in Figures 4a and 4b. The planet alignments are shown by black lines. In these Figures, we demonstrate that the orbital sites (virtual source S1) were activated in the orbit of Jupiter as a result of the impact of the Venus–Sun linearization, please see the green lines in Figures 4a and 4b. Thus, in both cases s0189a and s0475a, gravitational vortexes came to Mars due to disturbed sites of the upper laying planet, Jupiter.
<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>**Fig. 3** Two marsquakes (s0152a, s0154a) are presented, which occurred on May 2 and 4, 2019 and have Saturn-Sun-Mars alignments. The alignments of the planets are shown by black lines. In both cases, gravitational signals (vortexes, gravitons) came to Mars from parts of the orbit of Mars itself, marked as a virtual source $S_1$. On May 2, 2019, the excitation of the orbit of Mars occurred due to the impact of Earth and Venus, please see the green line in Figure (a). However, on May 4, the excitation of the orbital $S_1$ site was determined by the position of the planets Venus, Mercury and, probably, Sun, see the green line in Figure (b).</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_6.png" /></figure>
**Fig. 4** The planetary configurations for the cases of marsquakes s0189a (Figure a) and s0475a (Figure b) are presented. The planet alignments are shown by black lines. The purple lines are the LMST-lines that characterized self-rotation of Mars. In these Figures, we demonstrate how the linearity of Venus–Sun disturbs the orbit of Mars, please see the position of the virtual source $S_1$.

## 4.3 Planetary parallelism and marsquakes

Earlier in (Safronov, 2022a) it was discovered that in addition to the resonant triangular schemes of eLISA, the processes of perturbation of the Solar system can also be caused by planetary parallelism (PP). The planetary principle is similar to the Fabry–Perot interferometer in optics. Therefore, it is worth paying attention to the presence of parallelism of planets during marsquakes.

First, we demonstrate planetary parallelism (PP) on the planet configurations of marsquakes (s0133a, s0173a), please see Figures 5a and 5b. Planetary parallelisms are highlighted with parallel blue lines and blue labels. For the s0133a marsquakes, it was recorded that the Jupiter–Venus line is in parallel of Earth–Mars line (JV||EM) and for s0173a) in the Jupiter–Venus line is in parallel to the Sun–Mercury line (JV||SunMr).

In the both studied cases, these were the activation sites of Marjan's orbit. In Figure 5a it is shown that the site of the Mars' orbit was under the pressure of the Venus–Mercury linearity, and Figure 5b shows that the Mars site was under the pressure of the Earth–Venus linearity, please see the green lines. However, no planetary alignments have been detected, so it is possible that the Solar system is reacting to an external galactic influence or Solar system was activated for another unknown reason.

<figure><img src="image_7.png" /></figure>

**Fig. 5** Planetary parallelism (PP) was demonstrated on the planet configurations of marsquakes (s0133a, s0173a). The planetary parallelism is highlighted by parallel blue lines and blue labels. (a) – The Jupiter–Venus line is parallel to the Earth–Mars line (JV||EM); (b) – the Jupiter–Venus line is parallel to the Sun–Mercury line (JV||SunMr). Both Figures (a, b) show that the activation of the Martian orbits took place in the intervals marked red labels $S_1$. In Figure (a), the orbit of Mars was under the pressure of the Venus–Mercury linearity, and in (b) the orbit of Mars was under the pressure of the Earth–Venus linearity, please
see the green lines. The alignment of the planets has not been detected, so it is possible that the solar system
is reacting to an external galactic influence. The principle of planetary parallelism is similar to the Fabry-
Perot interferometer in optics.

Next, we will give a couple more examples of planetary parallelism (PP), but in these
studying cases the orbits of far planets could be involved in process of graviton emissions. In
Figure 6a, the Jupiter–Venus line is parallel to the Mercury–Sun line (JV||MrSun), and in
Figure 6b, the Jupiter–Mars line is in parallel to the Earth–Mercury line (JM||EMr). At the
moment s0128a marsquake, the graviton source is probably located in the orbit of Jupiter
(Figure 6a), but the activated site for s0185a marsquake is located in the orbit of Saturn
(Figure 6b). The reasons for the activation of the orbit are the same, it is the Earth–Venus
linearity, please see the green lines.

<figure><img src="image_8.png" /><figcaption>**Fig. 6** The orbits of distant planets could be involved in the process of gravitonic emissions in two examples (s0128a, s0185a) of marsquakes: in Figure (a) – *S*₁ source is, probably, located in the Jupiter orbit, in (b) – in the Saturn orbit. The activation of the orbit is the same, this is the Earth–Venus line, please see the green lines. However, the schemes of planetary parallelism PP (blue lines) are different: in Figure (a) – Jupiter–Venus is parallel to Mercury–Sun (JV||MrSun), in Figure (b) – the Jupiter–Mars line is parallel to the Earth–Mercury line (JM||EMr).</figcaption></figure>

Further, we demonstrate multiple planetary parallelisms on the planetary configurations of
the s0421b and s1022a marsquakes. In these cases of study, we pay attention to the fact that the
sources of graviton (S₁) could be involved in the PP process. For the marsquakes s0421b, it was
recorded that Mars–Earth is parallel to Mercury–Venus, and Jupiter–Mars is parallel to Earth–S₁
(Figure 7a). For the s1022a marsquake the Jupiter–Mercury line is parallel to Earth–S₁, and Earth–
Venus is parallel to Mars–S₁ (Figure 7b).
<figure><img src="image_9.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 7 We once again demonstrate planetary parallelism (PP) on the planetary configurations of the marsquakes s0421b and s1022a. However, in these studied cases, we draw attention to the fact that the sources of gravitons ($S_1$) could be involved in the PP process. The LMST-lines are drawn with purple lines; the planetary parallelism (PP) is highlighted with blue lines. In addition, in Figure (b), the alignment of the Mars-Sun-Earth planets is drawn with a black line.</figcaption></figure>

## 4.4 Cascading perturbations of planetary orbits

In the course of this study, cases of cascading disturbances of the orbits of planets were also discovered. This may correspond to the cascade transition of the graviton from one orbit to another before it reaches the surface of Mars. Below are several cases of such cascading transitions.

The s0235b marsquake, which occurred on July 26, 2019 with a magnitude of Mw3.7, has the planet configuration shown in Figure 8a. The orbital sites involved in the graviton generation process are marked with red labels $S_1$ and $S_2$. These sites have been activated by the Venus–Mars planet parallelism system (JS₁||ES₂||VM), please see the green lines in Figure 8a. Thus, it can be concluded that the cause of this marsquake was a graviton that passed along the purple line: $S_2 \rightarrow S_1 \rightarrow Mars$.

Figure 8b shows the configuration of the planet during the s0794a marsquake. This marsquake occurred on February 19, 2021 with a magnitude of Mw3.1. In the case of the study of the s0794a marsquake, the graviton jumps from the lower orbits to the upper ones: *Earth* → *Mercury* → *Mars* along the margin line: $S_2 \rightarrow S_1 \rightarrow Mars$. The parallelism of the planets in this case is as follows: The Mercury – Earth line is parallel to the Venus–Sun line. Note that no alignment of the planets was detected in this marsquake, so again it can be assumed that the Solar System reacts to external influences.

More complex events of cascade excitations of orbital sites that took place during the s0183a and s0343b marsquakes are demonstrated in Figures 9a and 9b. The planetary parallelism in the Figures is highlighted in blue; the lines of orbital excitation are drawn in green; the sources of graviton vortexes are designated as $S_1$ and $S_2$; the LMST-line is colored purple.
Cascading transitions are also shown in Figures S6a and Figure S9b in the Supplementary. However, please note that the interpretation of jumping gravitons is not as simple as it might seem at first glance.

<figure><img src="image_10.png" /><figcaption>**Fig. 8** The cascade transition of gravitons between the orbits of planets is represented by two cases: (a) – the s0235b marsquake, which occurred on July 26, 2019 with a magnitude of M<sub>w</sub>3.7, and (b) – the s0794a marsquake, which occurred on February 19, 2021 with a magnitude of M<sub>w</sub>3.1. The orbital sites involved in the process of generating gravitons are marked with red marks S<sub>1</sub> and S<sub>2</sub>. The planetary parallelism (PP) is marked with blue and green lines. The LMST lines are highlighted in purple. The alignment of the planets was not detected, so again it can be assumed that the Solar system reacts to external influences.</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_11.png" /><figcaption>**Fig. 9** The cascade excitations of the orbital sites that occurred during the marsquakes s0183a (Figure a) and s0343b (Figure b) are demonstrated, please see the red marks $S_1$ and $S_2$. The planetary parallelism is highlighted in blue; the lines of orbital excitation are drawn in green; the LMST-lines are colored purple; the sources of graviton vortexes are labeled as $S_1$ and $S_2$.</figcaption></figure>

**4.5 Summary**

We have considered several characteristic configurations of planets that took place during marsquakes. The influence of planetary alignments, planetary parallelisms, and the possibility of cascading gravitonic transitions between planetary orbits were shown. To be convincing, we will once again demonstrate the variability of the causes of graviton generation in the Solar System. In Figures 10a and 10b we demonstrate that the sources of gravitons a planet (Figure 10a) as well as several sites of executed planetary orbits (Figure 10b). The configurations shown correspond to the s0234c and s0976a marsquakes, which occurred on July 25 and August 25, 2021 at 20:46 and 02:20 LMST. All the planetary parameters for the 19 marsquakes studied in the work are summarized in Table 1.
<figure><img src="image_12.png" /><figcaption>**Fig. 10** Two marsquakes (s0234c, s0976a) occurred on July 25 and August 25, 2021 at 20:46 and 02:20 LMST. In these examples, we demonstrate once again that the sources of gravitons can be planets (Figure a), as well as several active sites (S1, S2) of planetary orbits (Figure b).</figcaption></figure>

<table><caption>**Table 1.** A summary list of parameters for the 19 selected marsquakes. LMST stands for Local Mean Solar Time (Martian local time), and UTC stands for Greenwich terrestrial time. The "Type" of the marsquake is associated with the recorded seismic frequencies, so the abbreviations of type are as follows: Broad Band (BB), Low Frequency (LF), High Frequency (HF), and Very High Frequency (VHF) events. The parameter "Quality" is described in the MSC V14 Guide (2023). A description of the parameter "Magnitude" can be found in (Böse and et al., 2021).</caption><thead><tr><th>Figure</th><th>Name</th><th>Magnitude</th><th>Date</th><th>UTC</th><th>LMST</th><th>Quality</th><th>Type</th><th>Alignment</th><th>Parallelism</th><th>Initialization</th><th>Source</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1a</td><td>s1222a</td><td>M4.6</td><td>2022-05-04</td><td>23:23:07</td><td>03:50</td><td>A</td><td>BB</td><td>S-M-V-Mr</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>planet J</td></tr><tr><td>2a</td><td>s0802a</td><td>M2.9</td><td>2021-02-28</td><td>06:07:21</td><td>23:09</td><td>B</td><td>BB</td><td>J-Mr-E</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>planet Mr</td></tr><tr><td>2b</td><td>s0809a</td><td>M3.3</td><td>2021-03-07</td><td>11:09:26</td><td>23:33</td><td>A</td><td>LF</td><td>J-Mr-E</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>planet Mr</td></tr><tr><td>3a</td><td>s0152a</td><td>M2.9</td><td>2019-05-02</td><td>07:19:57</td><td>21:26</td><td>C</td><td>BB</td><td>S-Sun-M</td><td>-</td><td>V-E</td><td>orbit M</td></tr><tr><td>3b</td><td>s0154a</td><td>M2.9</td><td>2019-05-04</td><td>07:03:35</td><td>19:41</td><td>C</td><td>BB</td><td>S-Sun-M</td><td>-</td><td>V-Mr-Sun</td><td>orbit M</td></tr><tr><td>4a</td><td>s0189a</td><td>M2.7</td><td>2019-06-09</td><td>05:35:56</td><td>19:11</td><td>B</td><td>LF</td><td>S-Mr-M</td><td>-</td><td>V-Sun</td><td>orbit J</td></tr><tr><td>4b</td><td>s0475a</td><td>M2.0</td><td>2020-03-29</td><td>00:37:59</td><td>17:34</td><td>B</td><td>VHF</td><td>S-M-E,<br>M-Mr-Sun</td><td>-</td><td>V-Sun</td><td>orbit J</td></tr><tr><td>5a</td><td>s0133a</td><td>M3.1</td><td>2019-04-12</td><td>18:00:20</td><td>20:44</td><td>C</td><td>BB</td><td>-</td><td>JV||EM</td><td>V-Mr</td><td>orbit M</td></tr><tr><td>5b</td><td>s0173a</td><td>M3.7</td><td>2019-05-23</td><td>02:19:10</td><td>02:55</td><td>A</td><td>LF</td><td>-</td><td>JV||SunMr</td><td>E-V</td><td>orbit M</td></tr><tr><td>6a</td><td>s0128a</td><td>M2.2</td><td>2019-04-07</td><td>09:31:52</td><td>15:28</td><td>B</td><td>VHF</td><td>-</td><td>JM||MrSun</td><td>E-V</td><td>orbit J</td></tr><tr><td>6b</td><td>s0185a</td><td>M3.1</td><td>2019-06-05</td><td>02:06:38</td><td>18:28</td><td>B</td><td>BB</td><td>-</td><td>JM||EMr</td><td>E-V</td><td>orbit S</td></tr><tr><td>7a</td><td>s0421b</td><td>M3.3</td><td>2020-02-02</td><td>16:42:33</td><td>21:22</td><td>C</td><td>LF</td><td>-</td><td>ME||MrV</td><td>JM||ES<sub>1</sub></td><td>orbit E</td></tr><tr><td>7b</td><td>s1022a</td><td>M3.6</td><td>2021-10-11</td><td>23:14:29</td><td>15:20</td><td>A</td><td>LF</td><td>M-Sun-E</td><td>-</td><td>JMr||ES<sub>1</sub></td><td>orbit M</td></tr></tbody></table>
ratio of 1:2:4, when two Io-Europa conjunctions and four Io-Ganymede conjunctions occur during
the rotation of the satellites around Jupiter. Since the orbital resonance is characterized by a ratio
of integer values, it is sometimes called the numerology of planets. Therefore, it is impossible to
separate the geometry of the planets (planet linearization / Kepler conjunction / planet alignment)
from the numerology of the planets. It is important to note that a number of journals (Nature,
Icarus, A&A journal, Copernicus) have banned the publication of the works by Kepler, Bode and
Titius.

However, recently new methods have been developing rapidly and successfully in
exoplanetary astronomy. Thus, the use of the astro-combs method gave an impetus to the study
of exoplanets of remote stars. Analysis of the location of exoplanets revealed the presence of
orbital resonances in many stellar systems. In particular, a long sequence of resonant frequencies
was detected in the planetary systems HD 110067, TOI-178 and TRAPPIST-1 (Luger et al., 2017),
(Leleu et al., 2021) and (Luque et al., 2023). Some new information about exoplanets could be
found in (Cseh et al., 2023) and (Chang, 2023). In fact, the works Luger et al., Leleu et al. and
Luque et al. are an important milestone in the unconditional decline of Einstein's theory of
relativity. Please note that the above-mentioned features of the alignment or connection of the
planets in no way fit into the framework of Einstein's general theory of relativity.

*To summarize.* The results of (Luger et al., 2017), (Leleu et al., 2021) and (Luque et al., 2023), as well as the classic works of Pierre-Simon de Laplace, Johannes Kepler, Johann Elert Bode, and Johann Daniel Titius and previous studies in which a report on the influence of planetary configurations on seismic activity (Safronov, 2022a), (Safronov, 2022b), (Gribbin, 1973), (Gribben and Plagemann, 1974), on solar activity (Okhlopkov, 2013a), (Okhlopkov, 2013b), (Okhlopkov, 2014), (Stefani et al., 2016), (Stefani et al., 2019), (Nataf, 2022), (Scafetta, 2023), and on climate processes (Scafetta, 2014), (Scafetta and Bianchini, 2022) and (Scafetta and Bianchini, 2023) question the fundamental modern postulates of astronomy.

The main opponents of such studies are supporters of Albert Einstein's theory. Billions of
dollars were spent on substantiating Albert Einstein's theory of gravity. However, the ambiguous
results obtained by the LILO and VIRGO teams give reason to believe that the general theory of
relativity, developed in the last century by Albert Einstein, is incorrect. The joint work of LIGO,
Virgo and KAGRA reported that 35 gravitational wave events were detected between November
2019 and March 2020, 32 of which were most likely mergers of black holes (mBH), in which two
black holes spiral around each other and finally join together, the event, which emits a
gravitational wave burst by GWTC-3 Team (2023). Thus, these Teams detect regular collisions of
3 mBH for two weeks. It is not any evidence of such regular mBH collisions. Note that this
frequency is more similar to the frequency of bursts at shale gas mining or other anthropogenic
activities than to the gravitational tsunami from black hole collisions.

An attempt to identify the sources of gravitational waves has led to searching mBH events
and finally a revision of the concepts of dark matter and dark energy. As it is well-known
Adam Riess, a physicist at Johns Hopkins University, recently said in Baltimore: "*With
measurement errors negated [between James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and Hubble Space Telescope
measurements]*, what remains is *the real and exciting possibility we have misunderstood the universe*",
please also see the discussion in (Riess et al., 2023). Remark that A. Riess holds a Nobel Prize for
co-discovering the fact that the universe's expansion is accelerating, due to a mysterious
phenomenon now called "*dark energy*". In 2023 the European Space Agency launched a special
Euclid mission, aiming to produce a cosmic map of dark matter. The future of this mission looks
blurry and uncertain.

Further, in frame of the dark matter crisis, two alternative theories have appeared that deny
the existence of dark matter (Oppenheim and Russo, 2024), (Gupta, 2024). The interpretation of
gravity proposed by Oppenheim and Rousseau would allow describing some phenomena
without resorting to concepts such as dark energy and dark matter. Let's draw readers' attention
to the statement of Oppenheim and Russo, who wrote in (Oppenheim and Russo, 2024): "The gravity has a long history of being a trickster. The dark matter nature has remained mysterious and searches by the Large Hadron Collider have come up empty-handed. In the absence of any direct evidence for dark energy or dark matter it is natural to wonder whether they may be unnecessary scientific constructs like celestial spheres, ether, or the planet Vulcan, all of which were superseded by simpler explanations".

Therefore, we push reader to understand the very simple and clear fact that that in nature it is not reasonable arguments to write the space-time relation, which usually described in modern cosmology by the Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) metric, as following:

$$ds^2 = g_{\mu\nu}x^\mu x^\nu = a^2(\eta)[d\eta^2 - dx^2] \\ dt^2 = a^2(\eta)d\eta^2 \qquad (7)$$

where $g_{\mu\nu}$ is the metric tensor, $a$ is a scale factor describing the expansion or contraction of space, and $\eta$ is conformal time. An error in axiomatic is fatal, so up-to-date astronomy is like the sinking of the Titanic.

All above remarks indicate that it is the end of the Einsteinian era. Unfortunately, the author is forced to report that nuclear astrophysics, like astronomy, does not stand up to the stress test, please see discussion in (Safronov, 2024).

## 6 Conclusions

In this study, we investigate the planetary configuration corresponding to the moment of the largest marsquake s1222a observed by InSight. It is shown that this marsquake corresponds to a unique linear configuration formed by Saturn, Mars, Venus, and Mercury. At the moment of a marsquake, the angle between these planets is zero, up to the accuracy of the orbit calculation method, the discreteness of which is 1 hour. Additional research has shown that during the earthquake on Mars, which occurred at 03:50 LMST (Martian time), Mars was turned towards Jupiter. It has been suggested that the nature of this marsquake is squeezing of gas through chimneys of pingos or crust cracks under the influence of external gravitational forces.

In addition to this case, 18 more cases of marsquakes were analyzed, in which it was shown that the external gravitational influence can be enhanced by parameters such as the planet alignments, as well as the parallelism of the planets. It has been shown that possible sources of gravitons can be not only planets, but also excited sites of the planetary orbits. It is found that the excitation of the sites of the orbits of the planets is not arbitrary, but is determined by additional influence from other planets.

Thus, thanks to the study of marsquakes, the complex nature of the generation of gravitons of the Solar system was revealed. It has been shown that gravitons can move both from higher orbits to lower ones and in the opposite direction. Several cases of cascading transition of gravitons in a system of several planetary orbits have been identified. It should be particularly noted that the discovered patterns do not fit into the standard picture of Einstein's theory of relativity.

**The main results are following:**

r1. Only the author of this study allows planets to collide with comets; other astronomers and astrophysics consider collisions planets only with asteroids or hypothetical planets such as Thea. It is look strange and highlights the low professionalism of such researchers.

r2. Due to the delay of the possibility of an impact planet (satellite) with a comet and therefore absent the comet products under planet crust, the planet craters are not actually classified. In particularly, it means that the impact, pits, pingos, and the volcanic lava calderas on Mars and
Moon are not distinguished. Thus, any statistics based on crater counts may turn out to be unreliable, and any studies using such statistics are dogmatic in nature.

r3. Next, due to the delay of comet impact, the "gas" trigger mechanism and pseudo-volcanism activity with gaseous emissions of CO, CO₂, CH₄, C₂H₆, H₂O and C₂H₂ are a surprise to the astrophysics. These researchers believe that the methane and water on Mars have purely geological or biological origin, and large volumes these species under pressure do not form in the lithosphere of Mars. Important note that, without a theoretical justification of the origin of water and methane, any space mission, aimed at searching H₂O and CH₄ traces, is a gamble adventures and looks like financial fraud.

r4. It is well-known that any error in axiomatic is fatal. Mostly up-to-day astronomers and astrophysics bet on Albert Einstein's axiomatic without evidence and lost. It's monstrous that such great scientists as Kepler, Laplace, Bode and Titus were included by Einstein's followers in the blacklist of the modern Holy Inquisition. Up-to-date astronomy is like the sinking of the Titanic, in particular this concerns the recent crisis of mBH tsunami, dark matter, and dark energy.

r5. The conclusions of this study about planet geometry (planet alignment/conjunction) and planet numerology are supported by Kepler, Laplace, Bode and Titus studies. However firstly in this study it is assumed that possible sources of graviton (solar system vortexes) may be not only planets, but also excited sites in the orbits of planets.

r6. Finally, the Kepler's conjunction was included to the Third Law of Motion by adding few words to the end of the text of the law: "When one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body exerts a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to that of the first body in the absence of obstacles in the path between these bodies".

**Supplementary Materials:** The following supporting information can be downloaded at: xxxxx, Table S1: The list of parameters for 11 more marsquakes; Figure S1: The configuration of the planets during the s0784a and s1102a marsquakes; Figure S2: The configuration of the planets during the s0756a and s0923d marsquakes; Figure S3: The parallelism of the planets during the s0864a and s1048d marsquakes; Figure S4: Detailed configurations of the planets in the s0105a marsquake; Figure S5: A detailed configuration of the planets for the (s0290b) marsquake; Figure S6: A configuration of the planet for the (s0734a) marsquake; Figure S7: The detailed planetary configuration for the (s1133c) marsquake; Figure S8. One more detailed planetary configuration for (s0820a) marsquake.

**Acknowledgments:** The author gratefully acknowledges colleagues and my wife for suggesting the topic of this paper and for the very thorough revision of the manuscript.

## Declarations

**Funding** This research received no external funding.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The author declares no conflicts of interest.

**Data availability** The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author/s.

**Code availability** Not applicable

**Author Contributions:** Alexander N. Safronov designed the study, analyzed the data, made model simulations and wrote the manuscript.

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