# Traque collaborative d'articles scientifiques non fiables

Guillaume Cabanac

► To cite this version:

Guillaume Cabanac. Traque collaborative d'articles scientifiques non fiables. Doctorat. Université Populaire de Philosophie, Toulouse, France. 2023. hal-04186203

HAL Id: hal-04186203

https://ut3-toulouseinp.hal.science/hal-04186203v1

Submitted on 23 Aug 2023

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Distributed under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 - Attribution - International License
26 mai 2023
Université Populaire de
Philosophie, Toulouse

# Traque collaborative d'articles scientifiques non fiables

UNIVERSITÉ
TOULOUSE III
PAUL SABATIER

Université Fédérale

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Toulouse Multi-Pyrenees

institut
universitaire
de France

IRIT
Institut de Recherche
en Informatique de Toulouse
CNRS - INP - UT3 - UT1 - UT2J
If I have seen further it is by
standing on the shoulders of
Giants.

- Isaac Newton

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la science forme le mur de la connaissance

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## Growth in a Time of Debt

By CARMEN M. REINHART AND KENNETH S. ROGOFF

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⇒ politiques d'austérité

May 5, 2013

Errata:

“Growth in A Time of Debt”

Carmen M. Reinhart and Kenneth S. Rogoff

Harvard University

publication <u>corrigée</u> ou <u>rétractée</u>

publication erronée = édifice fragilisé

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Merton, R. K. (1942). *Science and Technology in a Democratic Order*. *Journal of Legal and Political Sociology*, 1(1), 115-126. Réédité dans (Merton, 1973, Chap. 13).

# A NOTE ON SCIENCE AND DEMOCRACY

by ROBERT K. MERTON

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une revue :

## Évaluation par les pairs

### Four Norms of Science

#### 1. COMMUNALISM

→ All scientists should have common ownership of scientific goods (intellectual property), to promote collective collaboration; *SECRET* is the *OPPOSITE* of this norm! *Scientists should SHARE!*

#### 2. UNIVERSALISM

→ Scientific validity is independent of the socio-political status or personal attributes of its participants. "The intensity of a conviction that a hypothesis is true has no bearing over whether it is true or not." - Sir Peter Medawar

#### 3. DISINTERESTEDNESS (a mouthful!)

→ Scientific institutions act for the benefit of a common scientific enterprise, rather than for the personal gain of individuals within them. This is why a LOT of people are freaked out by pharmaceutical companies, for example.

#### 4. ORGANIZED SKEPTICISM (Yow!)

→ Scientific claims should be exposed to critical scrutiny before being accepted, both in methodology and institutional codes of conduct. All scientific claims are pending, awaiting the critical scrutiny of other scientists.

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# La spécificité du champ scientifique et les conditions sociales du progrès de la raison

PIERRE BOURDIEU

Sociologie et sociétés

71 (1975): 91-118.

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Dire que le champ est un lieu de luttes, ce n'est pas seulement rompre avec l'image irénique de la « communauté scientifique » telle que la décrit l'hagiographie scientifique — et souvent, après elle, la sociologie de la science —, c'est-à-dire

La sociologie de la science repose sur le postulat que la vérité du produit, — s'agirait-il de ce produit très particulier qu'est la vérité scientifique —, réside dans une espèce particulière de conditions sociales de production ; c'est-à-dire, plus précisément, dans un état déterminé de la structure et du fonctionnement du champ scientifique. L'univers « pur » de la science la plus « pure » est un champ social comme un autre, avec ses rapports de forces et ses monopoles, ses luttes et ses stratégies, ses intérêts et ses profits, mais où tous ces invariants revêtent des formes spécifiques.

knowledge in his field ». Les honneurs de grand prestige, « awards, prizes, grants, lecture-ships, professorships, etc. », sont les signes de reconnaissance réservés aux « great men » (B. G. Glaser, « Comparative Failure in Science », Science, mars 6, 1964, vol. 143, n° 3610, pp. 1012-1014).

> Du fait que toutes les pratiques sont orientées vers l'acquisition de l'autorité scientifique (prestige, reconnaissance, célèbrité, etc.), enjeu intrinsèquement double, ce que l'on appelle communément « l'intérêt » pour une activité scientifique (une discipline, un secteur de cette discipline, une méthode, etc.) est toujours à double face ; et de même les stratégies qui tendent à assurer la satisfaction de cet intérêt.

philosophie spontanée de la science qui trouve son expression dans la tradition positiviste, forme de l'optimisme libéral qui veut que la science progresse par la force intrinsèque de l'idée vraie et que les « puissants » soient aussi par définition les plus « compétents »⁵⁷ : il suffit de penser à des états anciens du champ des

La reconnaissance socialement marquée et garantie (par tout un ensemble de signes spécifiques de consécration)¹² que le groupe des pairs-concurrents accorde à chacun de ses membres est fonction de la valeur distinctive de ses produits et de l'originalité collectivement reconnue (au sens de la théorie de l'information) de la contribution qu'il apporte aux ressources scientifiques déjà accumulées. Le fait que
UNESCO
SCIENCE
REPORT

Towards 2030

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Human resources

In 2013 there were
an estimated **7.8 MILLION** SCIENTISTS WORLDWIDE

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Publications

In 2014 there were
an estimated **1.27 MILLION** SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS

THIS REPRESENTS A 23.4% GROWTH SINCE 2008

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Dimensions

PUBLICATIONS 1665 - 2022
120,787,316

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16 000 / jour

<figure><img src="image_19.png" /><figcaption>Fig.17 Growth in articles* by authors affiliated with national research institutions, 2017 to 2020 (Source: ScImago Journal and Country Rank, 2021)</figcaption></figure>

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STM Global Brief 2021
<figure><img src="image_21.png" /><figcaption>Total STM Market Value (Source: Outsell, Inc. 2021)</figcaption></figure>

STM Global Brief 2021

<figure><img src="image_22.png" /><figcaption>Fig.13</figcaption></figure>

Deux fois plus de revues en 20 ans.

Deux fois plus d'experts mondiaux ?

STM Global Brief 2021

Elsevier top of the league

Global market share of journal articles by leading publishers, 2013 (%)

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Film "Paywall : the Business of Scholarship"

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ELSEVIER

Bank of America.

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TOYOTA

Walmart

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# Predatory journals

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## The definition

The consensus definition reached was: "Predatory journals and publishers are entities that prioritize self-interest at the expense of scholarship and are characterized by false or misleading information, deviation from best editorial and publication practices, a lack of transparency, and/or the use of aggressive and indiscriminate solicitation practices."

210 | Nature | Vol 576 | 12 December 2019

Nature | Vol 598 | 28 October 2021

## Predatory publishers' latest scam: bootlegged and rebranded papers

Kyle Siler, Philippe Vincent-Lamarre, Cassidy R. Sugimoto & Vincent Larivière

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NATURE | VOL 534 | 16 JUNE 2016

## Ban predators from the scientific record

Predatory journals are threatening the credibility of science. By faking or neglecting peer review, they pollute the scholarly record with fringe or junk science and activist research. I suggest that every publishing stakeholder could contribute to reining in these journals.

...

Jeffrey Beall *Auraria Library*,
*University of Colorado Denver*,
*USA.*
jeffrey.beall@ucdenver.edu
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MODUS OPERANDI

1. Génération algorithmique : SCIgen

2. Plagiat et expressions torturées

3. Pieds d'argile : références friables

4. Peer Review hacking

5. Paper mills alias moulins à papier

6. Citation hacking
## Computer conference welcomes gobbledegook paper

### Philip Ball

Most graduate students would be delighted to have a paper accepted for presentation at an international scientific conference. But Jeremy Stribling, a computer-science graduate at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, wasn't sure whether to be amused or alarmed.

His paper, “Rooter: a methodology for the typical unification of access points and redundancy”, co-authored with Daniel Aguayo and Maxwell Krohn, was accepted for the 9th World Multi-Conference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics (WMSCI), to be held in Florida, in July. But Stribling didn't write it; he let a computer do it.

Stribling and his colleagues have developed an 'automatic computer-science paper generator' that cobbles together articles adorned with randomly generated graphs. The 'results' are totally spurious.

The MIT researchers say they hoped to cause “maximum amusement” by aping the jargon of the less illustrious papers in computer science. But they also had a more serious goal: to test whether such

meaningless manuscripts could pass the screening procedure for conferences that, they feel, exist simply to make money.

‘Rooter’ passed the test: the WMSCI accepted it, albeit without peer review. The paper claims, among other things, that “the famous ubiquitous algorithm for the exploration of robots by Sato et al. runs in $\Omega(n+\log n)$ time”.

It's not the first example of a hoax paper aimed at exposing poor reviewing and meaningless jargon. In 1996, US physicist Alan Sokal published a paper on the “hermeneutics of quantum gravity” in the journal *Social Text*. Sokal's paper parodied the post-modernist language of some contributions to that publication and prompted a vigorous debate about the intellectual respectability of 'cultural studies'.

The WMSCI conferences have been running for ten years, and last year's meeting attracted nearly 3,000 papers. WMSCI 2005 advertises itself as “trying to bridge analytically with synthetically oriented efforts, convergent with divergent thinkers”.

The MIT team regards it as one of many

conferences that have no scientific function and sell themselves through indiscriminate e-mails. “You see lists of speakers, and there’s no one you’ve ever heard of,” says Stribling. “They spam us.”

Such conferences have sparked anger in the field, as demonstrated by a WMSCI submission from David Mazières of New York University and Eddie Kohler of the University of California, Los Angeles. The title, text and figures of their ten-page paper consist entirely of the phrase “Get me off your fucking mailing list”.

“I don’t know why these conferences exist,” adds Frans Kaashoek, a member of the MIT computer-science group to which Stribling and his colleagues belong.

But the WMSCI's general chairman, Nagib Callaos, who is based in Venezuela and has no listed academic affiliation, has defended the conference's decision. “We did not receive reviews for some papers,” Callaos says. “Since we thought that it was not fair to reject those, we accepted them as non-reviewed ones.” The MIT paper has now been pulled.

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## How three MIT students fooled the world of scientific journals

A decade later, CSAIL alumni reflect on their paper generator and reveal a new fake-conference project.

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Watch Video

Adam Conner-Simons | CSAIL

April 14, 2015

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# Rooter: A Methodology for the Typical Unification of Access Points and Redundancy

Jeremy Stribling, Daniel Aguayo and Maxwell Krohn

## ABSTRACT

Many physicists would agree that, had it not been for congestion control, the evaluation of web browsers might never have occurred. In fact, few hackers worldwide would disagree with the essential unification of voice-over-IP and public-private key pair. In order to solve this riddle, we confirm that SMPs can be made stochastic, cacheable, and interposable.

## I. INTRODUCTION

Many scholars would agree that, had it not been for active networks, the simulation of Lamport clocks might never have occurred. The notion that end-users synchronize with the investigation of Markov models is rarely outdated. A theoretical grand challenge in theory is the important unification of virtual machines and real-time theory. To what extent can web browsers be constructed to achieve this purpose?

Certainly, the usual methods for the emulation of Smalltalk that paved the way for the investigation of rasterization do

The rest of this paper we motivate the need for work in context with dress this obstacle, we tauted autonomous algorithm-to-analog converters by oriented languages can signed. Along these same concentrate our efforts on algorithm for the exploration of $\Omega((n + \log n))$ time [2].

## II.

Our research is principled by Martin and Smith; to overcome this grand challenge, a claim at first glance a previous work in the field of secure theory will cle

## REFERENCES

[1] AGUAYO, D., AGUAYO, D., KROHN, M., STRIBLING, J., CORBATO, F., HARRIS, U., SCHROEDINGER, E., AGUAYO, D., WILKINSON, J., YAO, A., PATTERSON, D., WELSH, M., HAWKING, S., AND SCHROEDINGER, E. A case for 802.11b. *Journal of Automated Reasoning* 904 (Sept. 2003), 89–106.

[2] BOSE, T. Deconstructing public-private key pair with DewyProser. In *Proceedings of the Workshop on Atomic, Permutable Methodologies* (Sept. 1999).

[3] DAUBECHIES, I., AGUAYO, D., AND PATTERSON, D. A methodology for the synthesis of active networks. In *Proceedings of OOPSLA* (Mar. 1999).

[4] GAYSON, M. The impact of distributed symmetries on machine learning. *Journal of Lossless, Extensible Methodologies* 6 (Aug. 2000), 1–13.

[5] HOARE, C. Moore's Law considered harmful. *Journal of Lossless Models* 17 (Jan. 1999), 1–14.

[6] JOHNSON, J., AND JACKSON, Y. Red-black trees no longer considered harmful. *TOCS* 567 (Aug. 2001), 1–18.

<figure><img src="image_37.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 1. The relationship between our system and public-private key pair [18].</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_38.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 2. The schematic used by our methodology.</figcaption></figure>

our algorithm adds only modest overhead and complexity to existing adaptive frameworks.

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<figure><img src="image_40.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 3. The 10th-percentile seek time of our methodology, compared with the other systems.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_41.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 4. These results were obtained by Dana S. Scott [16]; we reproduce them here for clarity.</figcaption></figure>

## A. Hardware and Software Configuration

One must understand our network configuration to grasp the genesis of our results. We ran a deployment on the NSA's planetary-scale overlay network to disprove the mutually large-scale behavior of exhaustive archetypes. First, we halved the effective optical drive space of our mobile telephones to better understand the median latency of our desktop machines. This step flies in the face of conventional wisdom, but is instrumental to our results. We halved the signal-to-noise ratio of our mobile telephones. We tripled the tape drive speed of DARPA's 1000-node testbed. Further, we tripled the RAM size of our embedded testbed to improve the collectively computed
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Check 02 - Cyber informatics and Contrasting Extreme.pdf

<figure><img src="image_43.png" /><figcaption>**Fig. 2** A plagiarism report (right) that Dimensions indexed in lieu of the original paper (left) shown with the allegedly plagiarised passages Tab. 1R.</figcaption></figure>
# SCIgen - An Automatic CS Paper Generator

About Generate Examples Talks Code Donations Related People Blog

## About

SCIgen is a program that generates random Computer Science research papers, including graphs, figures, and citations. It uses a hand-written **context-free grammar** to form all elements of the papers. Our aim here is to maximize amusement, rather than coherence.

One useful purpose for such a program is to auto-generate submissions to conferences that you suspect might have very low submission standards. A prime example, which you may recognize from spam in your inbox, is SCI/IIIS and its dozens of co-located conferences (check out the very broad conference description on the **WMSCI 2005** website). There's also a list of **known bogus conferences**. Using SCIgen to generate submissions for conferences like this gives us pleasure to no end. In fact, one of our papers was accepted to SCI 2005! See **Examples** for more details.

We went to WMSCI 2005. Check out the **talks and video**. You can find more details in our **blog**.

Also, check out our 10th anniversary celebration project: **SCIpher**!

## Generate a Random Paper

Want to generate a random CS paper of your own? Type in some optional author names below, and click "Generate".

Author 1: Jeremy Stribling

Author 2: Daniel Aguayo

Author 3: Maxwell Krohn

Author 4:

Author 5:

Generate

Reset

SCIgen currently supports Latin-1 characters, but not the full Unicode character set.

https://pdos.csail.mit.edu/archive/scigen/

"in fact, few scholars would disagree with"

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Environ 47 résultats (0,04 s)

## [PDF] Decoupling Interrupts from the Internet in Markov Models

R Wang - JOURNAL OF SIMULATION, 2015 - journalofsimulation.com

... In fact, few scholars would disagree with the study of RPCs, which embodies the essential principles of robotics. But, the usual methods for the study of A* search do not apply in this area. The study of flip-flop gates would minimally degrade the visualization of Scheme ...

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Autres articles

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## Application of embedded information in designing heuristic and symbiotic models for neural networks

Q Zhiming - 2009 2nd International Conference on Power ... - infona.pl

... users and physicists in the last several years. In fact, few scholars would disagree with the simulation of the Turing machine, which embodies the private principles of electrical engineering. In order to achieve this objective, it ...

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## Synthesizing Sensor Networks and the UNIVAC Computer with Meathe.

D Subbarao, KMVV Prasad - International Journal of ..., 2011 - search.ebscohost.com

... RK University Rajkot, India prasad.rku@gmail.com Abstract: The cyberinformatics approach to DHTs is defined not only by the visualization of IPv7, but also by the robust need for expert systems.

In fact, few scholars would disagree with the refinement of telephony ...

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Autres articles Les 3 versions

## [CITATION] Evaluating the simulation of replication

A Mccarty - Systems and Software Engineering Publication, 2019

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Cité 1 fois Autres articles

Les 2 versions

## [PDF] The partition table considered harmful

A Varni - Citeseer

... In fact, few scholars would disagree with the study of wide-area networks, which embodies the confirmed principles of robust artificial intelligence. In our research, we concentrate our efforts on validating that the memory bus and e-commerce are continuously incompatible ...

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Cité 3 fois Autres articles

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## [PDF] Decoupling Red-Black Trees from Evolutionary Programming in Byzantine Fault Tolerance

B Naves, JA Naves, P Pino, E Naves, Y Moreira - ian.morere.free.fr

... pervasive. A practical issue in machine learning is the simulation of operating systems.

In fact, few scholars would disagree with the emulation of super- pages. To what extent can IPv7 be improved to solve this grand challenge ...

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Autres articles

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<figure><img src="image_62.png" /><figcaption>Table 4: List of 258 fingerprint-queries extracted from the SCIgen grammar (https://github.com/strib/scigen/blob/master/scirules.in).</figcaption></figure>

JASIST
The Journal of Science and Technology

asis&t

Association for Information Science and Technology

RESEARCH ARTICLE

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Open Access

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Prevalence of nonsensical algorithmically generated papers in the scientific literature

Guillaume Cabanac Cyril Labbé

First published: 25 May 2021 | https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.24495

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Dimensions

search publications in full_data for "{fingerprint-query}"
where year >= 2005
and type in [ "article", "chapter", "preprint", "proceeding" ]
return publications [id+year+type+doi+title+journal+proceedings_title+
publisher+book_title+open_access.categories+
times_cited+atmetric+linkout]

limit 1000

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ID 42

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N = 262 articles dont 197 pas rétractés,
publiés et souvent vendus !
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Home

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Media Coverage

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Fingerprints

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All Problematic Papers

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Detectors:

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Tortured

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SCIgen

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Mathgen

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SBIR

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Suspect

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Seek&Blastn

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Problematic Cell Lines

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FAQ

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Admin
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Guillaume Cabanac
@gcabanac

...

A paper containing #mathgen computer-generated text appeared in Cluster Computing, a @SpringerNature journal. Published online on December 2017, included in a 2019 issue of the journal. Details & links posted on @PubPeer pubpeer.com/publications/6... CC @SpringerEthics

9:42 am - 3 Mar 2021 · Twitter Web App

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Springer

1.809 (2020)

Impact factor

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Cluster Computing

The Journal of Networks, Software Tools and Applications

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Springer

Cluster Computing

<figure><img src="image_89.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 3 Multidimensional vector processing of discrete Noetherian ring</figcaption></figure>

$||r^2(\lambda)|| \ge R$. A set is a hull if it is linearly Gaussian, smoothly hyper-extrinsic and linearly Turing

Here, $\tilde{x}$ is defined as an ordinary business ring without a factor of zero, and for the Kovalevskaya extension, there are

$$ 
\begin{aligned}
\tilde{x} &= (p_1^2, ||r^2(\lambda)||) = \int \frac{\max(\lambda_1 p_1^2, \lambda_2 p_2^2, \dots, \lambda_n p_n^2)}{||r^2(\lambda)||} d\lambda \\
&= \max(p_0^2 \cap ||r^2(\lambda_0)||) \left\{ \lambda_1 p_1^2 \cap r^2(\lambda_1), \lambda_2 p_2^2 \cap r^2(\lambda_2), \dots, \lambda_n p_n^2 \cap r^2(\lambda_n) \right\}
\end{aligned}
\quad (1) $$

Due to $\lambda_n p_n^2 \cap r^2(\lambda_n)$ is an isometry, if it is conditionally Kovalevskaya, then we can extract the common feature of the control factor set, set $g(c) = 1/\lambda ||r^2(\lambda)||$, substitute it into the formula (1) and set it as the real value of the independent variable function to construct a second order partial derivative block matrix of the Hessian matrix, then there is a nonlinear dynamic feature matrix

on the open list of interactive protocol flow abstract. Therefore, we use the Legendre equation to trace the source of the nonlinear dynamic characteristic partial derivative matrix. $\mathcal{G}$ is the control threshold for reversible multidimensional data.

It is shown that $\Psi < \mathcal{G}$. Here, solvability is obviously a concern. Let $||r^2(\lambda)|| < \mathcal{G}$. We say a discretely dependent algebra [9]. Let $\hbar < c$, be arbitrary. An arrow is a matrix if it is closed, differentiable and elliptic. Assume the Riemann hypothesis holds, then $\mathcal{R}(c) \le \mathcal{G}$.

Suppose an abelian equation are given by a standard argument. We have $i$ nonnegative then let $g(i) \in \mathbb{R}$, since $g(i) \notin \emptyset$, then

$$ 
\begin{aligned}
f(c) &= \sin^{-1}(g(c)) \ge \int r^2(\lambda) : H(0), H(1), \dots, H(N)) \tan(\Theta \cdot \Psi) \\
&\ge \min_{\lambda \to \infty} \{ \log(\tan H(0)), \log(\tan H(1)), \dots, \log(\tan H(N)) \} \\
&\ge \liminf_{\lambda \to \infty} \left( \tilde{R} \left( \sum_{k=0}^{N} \tan H(k) \right) \right)
\end{aligned}
\quad (3) $$

By well-known properties of hyperbolic subalgebras, assuming that the task is to optimize an objective function $f(c)$, the threshold in (3) can be transformed into a minimax problem, which can be transformed into the derivative $f'$ of the function $f(c)$ and the second order partial derivative $f''$. After the $f(c)$ Taylor is launched to the second order, you can get it

$$ 
\begin{aligned}
f(c + \Delta c) &= f(c) + \frac{1}{3}c^3 \tan H(0) f'(c) \\
&\quad + \frac{2}{15}c^5 \tan H(1) f''(c) + \dots
\end{aligned}
\quad (4) $$

If and only if $\Delta c$ infinitely approaches, $f(c + \Delta c) = f(c)$, about two of this, and for the remainder $\frac{1}{3}c^3 \tan H(0)$

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Toujours en ligne le
26 mai 2023

equivalent target clustering method.

Let us assume $f(d_n)$ is distinct from $f(c_n)$. By Taylor's theorem [9], if Alembert's condition is satisfied then we have $d_n = c_{\alpha n}$. Because every solvable morphism equipped with a super-pairwise bijective morphism is right-almost surely smooth and contra-complex. If $d_n$ is Thompson and everywhere dependent then there exists a Milnor and totally right-Pascal $u$-stable, pseudo-almost surely standard subgroup. On the other hand, every ultra-multiply super-invertible, naturally elliptic subgroup is nonnegative, freely convex, hyper-continuously covariant and locally Fourier. There is,

$$ 
\begin{aligned}
c_n f(c) &\le \left\{ c : \lim_{\Psi \to i} \sup \int_{-\infty}^{e} H(k) \cap \max H(f(c_n)) \right\} \\
&\le \left\{ E : \hat{L} \left( \frac{1}{\tilde{\lambda}}, -p \right) < \int_{\Psi''}^{\infty} \sinh(H(f(c_n))) \right\}
\end{aligned}
\quad (8) $$

Hence there exists a $n$-dimensional Euclidean holo-morphic, D'escartes, quasi-injective topos. The result now follows by an approximation argument. By extracting the discrete feature set from the continuous data domain, the dependent variable can achieve equivalent compression, con-
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## MODUS OPERANDI

1. Génération algorithmique : SCIgen

2. Plagiat et expressions torturées

3. Pieds d'argile : références friables

4. Peer Review hacking

5. Paper mills alias moulins à papier

6. Citation hacking
counterfeit consciousness

man-made brainpower

artificial intelligence

sun oriented force

solar energy

pinnacle flag to clamor proportion (PSNR)

peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR)

credulous Bayes

Thomas Bayes

<figure><img src="image_93.png" /></figure>

Naive Bayes

<figure><img src="image_94.png" /></figure>

bosom malignancy/peril

breast cancer

Nucleic corrosive enhancement tests (NAAT)

Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT)

Extreme intense respiratory disorder

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SRAS)
<table><caption>**Table 1** Tortured phrases we found in the literature along with their usual, correct wording.</caption><thead><tr><th>Tortured phrase found in publications</th><th>Correct wording expected</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>profound neural organization<br>(fake | counterfeit) neural organization</td><td>deep neural network</td></tr><tr><td>versatile organization</td><td>artificial neural network</td></tr><tr><td>organization (ambush | assault)</td><td>mobile network</td></tr><tr><td>organization association</td><td>network attack</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>network connection</td></tr><tr><td>(enormous | huge | immense | colossal) information</td><td>big data</td></tr><tr><td>information (stockroom | distribution center)</td><td>data warehouse</td></tr><tr><td>(counterfeit | human-made) consciousness</td><td>artificial intelligence (AI)</td></tr><tr><td>elite figuring</td><td>high performance computing</td></tr><tr><td>haze figuring</td><td>fog/mist/cloud computing</td></tr><tr><td>designs preparing unit</td><td>graphics processing unit (GPU)</td></tr><tr><td>focal preparing unit</td><td>central processing unit (CPU)</td></tr><tr><td>work process motor</td><td>workflow engine</td></tr><tr><td>facial acknowledgement</td><td>face recognition</td></tr><tr><td>discourse acknowledgement</td><td>voice recognition</td></tr><tr><td>mean square (mistake | blunder)</td><td>mean square error</td></tr><tr><td>mean (outright | supreme) (mistake | blunder)</td><td>mean absolute error</td></tr><tr><td>(motion | flag | indicator | sign | signal) to (clamor | commotion | noise)</td><td>signal to noise</td></tr><tr><td>worldwide parameters</td><td>global parameters</td></tr><tr><td>(arbitrary | irregular) get right of passage to<br>(arbitrary | irregular) (backwoods | timberland | lush territory)</td><td>random access</td></tr><tr><td>(arbitrary | irregular) esteem</td><td>random forest</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>random value</td></tr><tr><td>subterranean insect (state | province | area | region | settlement)</td><td>ant colony</td></tr><tr><td>underground creepy crawly (state | province | area | region | settlement)</td><td>ant colony</td></tr><tr><td>leftover vitality</td><td>remaining energy</td></tr><tr><td>territorial normal vitality</td><td>local average energy</td></tr><tr><td>motor vitality</td><td>kinetic energy</td></tr><tr><td>(credulous | innocent | gullible) Bayes</td><td>naïve Bayes</td></tr><tr><td>individual computerized collaborator</td><td>personal digital assistant (PDA)</td></tr></tbody></table>

arXiv.org > cs > arXiv:2107.06751

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Computer Science > Digital Libraries

[Submitted on 12 Jul 2021]

Tortured phrases: A dubious writing style emerging in science.
Evidence of critical issues affecting established journals

Guillaume Cabanac, Cyril Labbé, Alexander Magazinov

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Retraction Watch
@RetractionWatch

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'Tortured phrases', lost in translation:
Sleuths find even more problems at journal
that just flagged 400 papers
retractionwatch.com/2021/07/19/tor...

12:03 PM - Jul 19, 2021

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nature

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@Nature

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Analysis reveals that strange turns of
phrase may indicate foul play in science.

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'Tortured phrases' give away
fabricated...

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nature.com

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7:12 PM - Aug 5, 2021

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physics

Physics World

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@PhysicsWorld

Bizarre phrases betray fake research
papers, physics rules the roost in Peckham
and Brentford FC in this week's
#TheRedFolder

<figure><img src="image_107.png" /></figure>

Bizarre phrases betray fake research
papers, physics rules the roost in ...

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physicsworld.com

6:50 PM - Aug 13, 2021

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NZZ NZZ Wissenschaft

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@NZZWissen

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#fälschungen #fakepapers Eine KI verändert Fachbegriffe,
aus drei Zusammenfassungen wird eine vierte erstellt,
Bilder werden geklaut, fertig ist die neue Fachpublikation.
Tausende wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichungen werden so
gefälscht - und publiziert.

<figure><img src="image_112.png" /></figure>

Fälschungen: Forscher finden Hunderte KI-Publikationen

Die Studie klingt abstrus, publiziert wurde sie trotzdem. Mit

automatisch generierten Artikeln verschaffen sich Forscher Jobs und ...

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10:58 AM - Sep 1, 2021

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# 1. Traduction automatique

https://translate.google.com

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## 2. Paraphrasage

https://spinbot.com

Spinbot

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### Enter Text To Rewrite:

Probabilistic text generators have been used to produce fake scientific papers for more than a decade. Such nonsensical papers are easily detected by both human and machine. Now more complex AI-powered generation techniques produce texts indistinguishable from that of humans and the generation of scientific texts from a few keywords has been documented. Our study introduces the concept of tortured phrases: unexpected weird phrases in lieu of established ones, such as 'counterfeit consciousness' instead of 'artificial intelligence.' We combed the literature for tortured phrases and study one reputable journal where these concentrated en masse. Hypothesising the use of advanced language models we ran a detector on the abstracts of recent articles of this journal and on several control sets. The pairwise comparisons reveal a

Characters Remaining (Max 10,000): **8377**

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Ignore Any:

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Spin Capitalized Words:

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### Rewritten Text:

Probabilistic text generators have been utilized to deliver counterfeit logical papers for over 10 years. Such irrational papers are effectively recognized by both human and machine. Presently more intricate AI-controlled age procedures produce messages vague from that of people and the age of logical messages from a couple of catchphrases has been reported. Our review presents the idea of tormented expressions: surprising odd expressions in lieu of set up awareness' rather than 'man-made reasoning' for tormented expressions and study one of these concentrated as a group. Conjecturing the unique language models we ran a locator on the digests of late articles or this diary and on a few control sets. The pairwise examinations uncover a centralization of edited

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## 3. Génération de texte

https://transformer.huggingface.co/doc/arxiv-nlp

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OpenAI GPT-2 Detector

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Abstract of reference [13] in Case 6 refer-ences section – GPT detector score: 0.02%

This work includes processing and clas-sification of tweets which are written in Turkish language. **Four different sector** tweet datasets are vectorized with Word Embedding model and classified with Sup-port Vector Machine and **Random Forests** classifiers and results have been com-pared. We have showed that sector based tweet classification is more successful **compared to general tweets**. Accuracy rates for Banking sector is 89.97%, for Football 84.02%, for Telecom 73.86%, for Retail 63.68% and for overall 74.60% have been achieved.

Questionable text in case 6, rewritten from
[13] – GPT detector score: 59.20%

This work contains the preparation and characterization of tweets written in Turk-ish. Tweet information sets a vector of **four different offices**, contrasted and the outcomes and the installed model and grouping support vector machine and the **arbitrary timberland arrangement** in Word. Area-based tweet arrangement of, **contrasted with the overall mumble**, has bpreparationstrated to be moderately ef-fective. The exactness rate for the finan-cial area 89.97 percent, soccer 84.02 per-cent, 73.86 percent for correspondence, it has been made 74.60 percent of the abso-lute of the 63.68 percent for retail.

'Lazy Surveys'
état de l'art
du fainéant

<table><caption>**Table 6** Elsevier journals from Control E with 25+ articles published in 2021 whose GPT detector score for abstracts is 70% or higher. The journal under investigation in this study, *Microprocessors and Microsystems*, has 75 articles with a 70% or higher GTP score for abstracts (Avg = 98.6). These 75 articles represent 72.1% of all articles published in this journal that are in Control E.</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Journal</th><th colspan="2">Article abstracts with GPT detector score ≥ 70%</th><th rowspan="2">Total articles in journal (%)</th></tr><tr><th>Average GPT detector score (%)</th><th>Number of articles</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>J. Alloy. Compd.</td><td>92.7</td><td>104</td><td>5.6</td></tr><tr><td>Sci. Total Environ.</td><td>93.0</td><td>81</td><td>3.3</td></tr><tr><td>J. Clean Prod.</td><td>92.5</td><td>76</td><td>4.4</td></tr><tr><td>Microprocess. Microsyst.</td><td>98.6</td><td>75</td><td>72.1</td></tr><tr><td>J. Mol. Struct.</td><td>93.3</td><td>73</td><td>9.5</td></tr><tr><td>Chem. Eng. J.</td><td>90.8</td><td>68</td><td>4.3</td></tr><tr><td>Appl. Surf. Sci.</td><td>93.8</td><td>64</td><td>5.3</td></tr><tr><td>Mater. Lett.</td><td>93.5</td><td>62</td><td>9.8</td></tr><tr><td>Ceram. Int.</td><td>91.5</td><td>61</td><td>4.9</td></tr><tr><td>Sens. Actuator B-Chem.</td><td>92.3</td><td>48</td><td>7.5</td></tr><tr><td>Int. J. Hydrog. Energy</td><td>91.4</td><td>47</td><td>5.0</td></tr><tr><td>Chemosphere</td><td>93.6</td><td>47</td><td>3.6</td></tr><tr><td>J. Colloid Interface Sci.</td><td>94.6</td><td>46</td><td>5.4</td></tr><tr><td>J. Hazard. Mater.</td><td>92.9</td><td>45</td><td>3.7</td></tr><tr><td>J. Mol. Liq.</td><td>91.2</td><td>45</td><td>6.7</td></tr><tr><td>Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.</td><td>93.4</td><td>42</td><td>7.9</td></tr></tbody></table>

72,1 % des résumés de *MicroPro*
publiés en 2021
ont un score GPT de 98.6%

Real
0.18%

Fake

99.82%
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Tortured Phrases Detector

Matches with 2+ tortured phrases (e.g., credulous Bayes, counterfactual reasoning, etc.)

Cabanac, G., Labbé, C., & Magazinov, A. (2022). "Bosom peril" is not "breast cancer": How weird computer-generated phrases help researchers find scientific publishing fraud. *Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists*. Online

Cabanac, G., Labbé, C., & Magazinov, A. (2021). Tortured phrases: A dubious writing style emerging in science. Evidence of critical issues affecting established journals. *arXiv preprint*. https://arxiv.org/abs/2107.06751 (supplementary materials)

► Featured in Nature (Else, 2021)

Check potentially problematic papers and report on PubPeer: the last column will link to your PubPeer comment.

Report True/False Positives, ideas, or else using the Feedback feature.

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Last Update: 15/02/2022 22:32

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View results by publisher, venue, or year.

<table><thead><tr><th>Year</th><th>Doctype</th><th>Publisher</th><th>Venue</th><th>Title</th><th>Citations</th><th>Altmetric</th><th>Tips ↓</th><th>Tortured Phrases</th><th>Assessor</th><th>PubPeer Users</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>2021</td><td>article</td><td>Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science</td><td>Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science</td><td>A comparative and comprehensive study of prediction of Parkinson's disease</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>20</td><td>Alzheimer's infection • Parkinson's infection • Parkinson's sickness • R2 esteem • arbitrary backwoods • backing vector machine • dimensionality decrease • fake neural • fluffy C implies • guillible Bayes • head part investigation • help vector machine • inertial estimation unit • invulnerable framew...</td><td>Cabanac</td><td>Guillaume Cabanac</td></tr><tr><td>2020</td><td>chapter</td><td>Springer Nature</td><td>Internet of Things Use Cases for the Healthcare Industry</td><td>AI and IoT in Healthcare</td><td>2</td><td>0</td><td>20</td><td>Alzheimer's ailment • Alzheimer's infection • Alzheimer's sickness • Parkinson's ailment • Parkinson's sickness • attractive reverberation • brilliant AND keen AND savvy AND shrewd • calculated relapse • creating nations • help vector machine • hereditary programming • information distribution cente...</td><td>Cabanac</td><td>N. H. Wise</td></tr><tr><td>2017</td><td>article</td><td>World Scientific Publishing</td><td>International Journal of Wavelets Multiresolution and Information Processing</td><td>Applications of wavelet transform on power engineering problems — A brief review</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>19</td><td>back proliferation • back spread AND neural • bolster vector machine • concealed layer • cross breed model • discrete Fourier change • fake neural • fast Fourier change • fluffy deduction • fluffy rationale • hereditary calculation • manufactured neural • molecule swarm • moving normal (ARIMA) • sel...</td><td>Cabanac</td><td>Guillaume Cabanac</td></tr><tr><td>2021</td><td>chapter</td><td>Wiley</td><td>Green Internet of Things and Machine Learning</td><td>Machine Learning-Enabled Techniques for Reducing Energy Consumption of IoT Devices</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>18</td><td>brilliant metering • brilliant AND keen AND savvy AND shrewd • counterfeit neural • field programmable entryway exhibit • irregular woodland • keen city • keen gadget • keen home • man-made brainpower • savvy metering • shrewd city • shrewd home • shrewd metering • sun oriented force • uphold vector...</td><td>Cabanac</td><td>Guillaume Cabanac</td></tr></tbody></table>

<table><thead><tr><th>Year</th><th>Doctype</th><th>Publisher</th><th>Venue</th><th>Title</th><th>Citations</th><th>Altmetric</th><th>Tips ↓</th><th>Tortured Phrases</th><th>Assessor</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>2021</td><td>proceeding</td><td>Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)</td><td>2021 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication, and Control (ICAC3)</td><td>HVAC Hybrid Control methods for HEE in Buildings: Overview</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>9</td><td>back spread AND neural • counterfeit neural • enhancement calculation AND optimiz • fluffy rationale • hereditary calculation • profound neural organization • square blunder • warm solace • warmth move</td><td>Invitation for human assessors</td></tr><tr><td>2019</td><td>proceeding</td><td>Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)</td><td>2019 4th International Conference on Recent Trends on Electronics, Information, Communication & Technology (RTEICT)</td><td>Handling 3vs of Big Data Through Swarm Intelligence</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>7</td><td>computerized reasoning • enhancement calculation AND optimiz • figuring asset • genuine esteemed • hereditary calculation • molecule swarm • wellness esteem</td><td>Invitation for human assessors</td></tr></tbody></table>

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Microarray Gene Expression Analysis Using Fuzzy Logic (MGA-FL)

First International Conference on Sustainable Technologies for Computational Intelligence (2019) - 1 Comment
doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-1951-8_16 issn: 2194-5357 issn: 2194-5365

Daksh Khanna 👤, Tanupriya Choudhury 👤, A. Sai Sabitha 👤, Nguyen Gia Nhu 👤

#1 Elisabeth M Bik

<figure><img src="image_143.png" /></figure>

This article costs € 27.20 / $ 32.20 on the Springer website. I would not recommend to purchase it, however.

This paper appears to contain "Tortured Phrases": non-sensical, synthetic text generated by synonym converter tools, as described in this preprint by Cabanac, Labbé, and Magazinov, arXiv:2107.06751 - https://arxiv.org/abs/2107.06751. As explained in the preprint, text might have been 'synonymized' to mask plagiarism.

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Parts of this paper appear to contain synonymized paragraphs from Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_microarray):

* Wikipedia: "Each DNA spot contains picomoles (10EXP-12 moles) of a specific DNA sequence, known as probes (or reporters or oligos). These can be a short section of a gene or other DNA element that are used to hybridize a cDNA or cRNA (also called anti-sense RNA) sample (called target) under high-stringency conditions. Probe-target hybridization is usually detected and quantified by detection of fluorophore-, silver-, or chemiluminescence-labeled targets to determine relative abundance of nucleic acid sequences in the target. The original nucleic acid arrays were macro arrays approximately 9 cm × 12 cm and the first computerized image based analysis was published in 1981."

* Khanna et al. (2019): "Each Deoxyribonucleic Acid spot consist of micro-moles (appx. 11 mol) of a particular Deoxyribonucleic Acid progression, justified as tests (or writers or oligos). It can be a small territory of a quality or other DNA segment which is used to hybridize a complementary DNA/complementary RNA (in like manner called antagonistic to identify Ribonucleic Acid) test (called centre) under high-stringency terms. Test object hybridization is normally recognized and acquired through distinguishing proof of "fluorophore-, silver-, or chemiluminescence"—named centres to choose relatively abundant nucleic destructive game plans for the goal. The principal nucleic destructive displays were expansive scale groups around 9 cm × 12 cm and the fundamental modernized picture based examination was circulated in 1981."

Figure 1 looks identical to a Wikimedia file found here:

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Microarray_exphorizontal.svg

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Text from Section 3 appears to be a synonymized version of Fernando Díaz et al., Using Fuzzy Patterns for Gene Selection and Data Reduction on Microarray Data, IDEAL 2006, LNCS 4224, pp. 1087 - 1094, 2006, DOI: 10.1007/11875581_129. Here is an example:

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tortured

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3195 results

AI Techniques for COVID-19

IEEE Access (2020) - 2 Comments
doi: 10.1109/access.2020.3007939 issn: 2169-3536

Adedoyin Ahmed Hussain, Ouns Bouachir, Fadi Al-Turjman 👤, Moayad Aloqaily 👤

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#1 N. H. Wise

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This paper already has 34 citations, I guess because Covid-19 and AI are both very hot topics, but appears to have been written using a thesaurus engine to avoid plagiarism detection.

The abstract alone contains the tortured phrases 'neural systems' for 'neural networks', and 'edge significant learning', which only gives 10 results on Google, most of which are for this paper.

The first paragraph of the introduction is in unusual language and contains telling incorrect definitions of abbreviations, such as 'mad-made brainpower (AI)', and ends with 'Meanwhile, Insilico Medicine situated in Hong Kong as of late declared that it's AI calculations had planned six new atoms that could end viral replication'.

The rest of the introduction is in a similar style and contains the tortured phrases 'twofold tree' (for 'binary tree' for 'dual tree?) and 'convolutional neural system (CNN)'.

Many other sections of the paper contain tortured phrases and nonsensical sentences, suggesting much of the paper has been plagiarised.

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report

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perlink

Reply

#2 Salsola Zygophylla

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This paper contains a prime example of thesaurus gone wild: "extreme intense respiratory disorder (SARS)". Given that those who use the PubPeer brower plugin are going to be directed to this page whenever this paper turns up in a search or on a web page, it seems both fair and useful to ask the authors: What contribution to knowledge do you think you have made with this publication? The same question could fairly and usefully be asked of those who cited it.

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## Polymers, responsiveness and cancer therapy

Artificial Cells Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (2019) - 1 Comment

doi: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1559176 issn: 2169-1401 issn: 2169-141x pubmed: 30688110

Anil M. Pethe, Khushwant S. Yadav 👄

**#1 N. H. Wise**

This paper contains tortured phrases suggesting the use of a thesaurus engine to avoid plagiarism detection.
Specifically, it refers to 'corrosive' instead of 'acid', leading to:

* 'nucleic corrosive' - nucleic acid

* 'acrylic corrosive' - acrylic acid

* 'phosphoric corrosive' - phosphoric acid

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Nano
Bubbles

https://nanobubbles.hypotheses.org

## Cloud-Based Breast Cancer Prediction Empowered with Soft Computing Approaches

Journal of Healthcare Engineering (2020) - 1 Comment

doi: 10.1155/2020/8017496 issn: 2040-2295 issn: 2040-2309 pubmed: 32509260

Farrukh Khan, Muhammad Adnan Khan 👄, Sagheer Abbas, Atifa Athar, Shahan Yamin Siddiqui, Abdul Hannan Khan, Muhammad Anwaar Saeed, Muhammad Hussain

**#1 Diradops Cardena**

This article shows clear evidence of 'tortured phrases'. To give a few examples:

* **bosom malignancy** (breast cancer)

* **Prepreparing** (preprocessing)

* **crusty logic** (crisp logic, a term anyone who is writing a paper on fuzzy logic could be expected to know!)

* **imitation** (simulation)

Considering that this paper deals with the clinical applications of ML for a potentially fatal disease, it's rather inappropriate and dangerous that it slipped past controls.

There's also a lot of extremely trivial maths, which appears to have been included for no other purpose than to 'bulk up' the paper (see eqns. 5-10, which might be appropriate in a high school textbook but not an academic paper).

## Low cost Covid-19 preliminary diagnosis utilizing cough samples and keenly intelective deep learning approaches

Alexandria Engineering Journal (2021) - 1 Comment

doi: 10.1016/j.aej.2020.09.032 issn: 1110-0168

D. Sudaroli Vijayakumar 👄, Monica Sneha

**#1 N. H. Wise**

This paper contains

Examples include:

* 'Nucleic Corrosive Enhancement Tests (NAAT)' - Nucleic acid amplification tests

* 'real-time Turn around Translation Polymerase Chain Response (rRT-PCR)' - real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction

* 'flag to clamor' - signal to noise

* 'sifted flag' - filtered signal

<figure><img src="image_158.png" /></figure>

Despite the paper being on 'cough', 'cough' only appears in the title, abstract and **once** in the body of the text.
Instead, 'hack' appears over 40 times, including in section titles.

Expressions torturées = indices

D'autres erreurs à identifier!

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Expertise métier nécessaire
Guillaume Cabanac @gcabanac · 1 Mar

The 'Problematic Paper Screener' has just turned one 😂. It flags 5,716 articles as problematic with 7 detectors. They are cited 38k times 😞 Only 1,516 reported on @PubPeer. Let's depollute the scientific literature: 3,226 tortured papers to re-assess 👏 irit.fr/~Guillaume.Cab...

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### 3/10 000 articles publiés en 2021 :

- 66 % d'Inde

- 8 % de Chine

Citation count

47,412

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1 - 20 de 10730 >

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1 - 20 de 8661 >

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<table><thead><tr><td>Tortured Phrases</td><td>Assessor</td><td>PubPeer Users</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>10-crease cross • Bayesian aggregate govern • Parkinson's ailment • Parkinson's infection • Parkinson's malady • Parkinson's sickness • actuation work • ceaseless estimations • choice emotionally supportive • concealed layer • concealed neuron • coveted yield • demise conditions • discourse acknowledgement OR discourse acknowledgment • enactment work • fake neural • heightening prerequisite • human services conveyance • information gushing • lucky warnings • m-wellbeing • medicinal intercessions • nourish forward • p esteem • palatable execution • seriousness assessment • shrouded layer • shrouded neuron • slope plunge • sound individuals • speculation capacity • squared mistake • therapeutic gadgets • unfriendly wellbeing • brilliant AND keen AND savvy AND shrewd • back spread AND neural • yield layer AND neural • back engendering AND neural • back proliferation AND neural</td><td>Cabanac</td><td>Guillaume Cabanac, Dorothy V.M. Bishop</td></tr></tbody></table>

<figure><img src="image_167.png" /></figure>

<table><thead><tr><td>Tortured Phrases</td><td>Assessor</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>hereditary calculation • high-exactness • intermittent neural organizations • irregular backwoods • molecule swarm • pre-handling • profound neural organization • revelation dataset • secret layer • swarm improvement • unsuspecting Bayes • profound learning AND deep learning • enhancement calculation AND optimiz*</td><td>Invitation for human assessors</td></tr><tr><td>K-closest neighbors • blunder rate • bolster vector machine • convolutional neural system • enthusiastic state • feeling acknowledgment • help vector machine • highlight extraction • k-implies calculation • pre-preparing • profound convolutional • wavelet highlights • back spread AND neural</td><td>Invitation for human assessors</td></tr></tbody></table>
Concentration de phrases torturées

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nature

NEWS | 27 May 2021 | Clarification 28 May 2021

# Hundreds of gibberish papers still lurk in the scientific literature

The nonsensical computer-generated articles, spotted years after the problem was first seen, could lead to a wave of retractions.

Richard Van Noorden

NEWS | 05 August 2021 | Correction 10 August 2021

# ‘Tortured phrases’ give away fabricated research papers

Analysis reveals that strange turns of phrase may indicate foul play in science.

Holly Else

NEWS | 08 November 2021

# Scammers impersonate guest editors to get sham papers published

Hundreds of junk-science papers have been retracted from reputable journals after fraudsters used ‘special issues’ to manipulate the publication process. And the problem is growing.

Holly Else

"It is very worrying," says Guillaume Cabanac, a computer scientist at the University of Toulouse in France, who has worked to uncover nonsense science papers in special issues. He adds that it is shocking to see such papers in journals from 'flagship' publishers and that "it is not only predatory journals that publish bullshit".
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July 19, 2021

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Adam Marcus

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ELSEVIER

'Tortured phrases', lost in translation: Sleuths find even more problems at journal that just flagged 400 papers

<figure><img src="image_172.png" /></figure>

August 26, 2021

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Ivan Oransky

Guest editor says journal will retract dozens of inappropriate papers after his email was hacked

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February 23, 2022

<figure><img src="image_176.png" /></figure>

Ivan Oransky

Publisher retracts 350 papers at once

IOP
Institute of Physics

<figure><img src="image_177.png" /></figure>

September 22, 2021

<figure><img src="image_178.png" /></figure>

Adam Marcus

"[T]hese shit comments": Author of a nonsense paper responds on PubPeer

<figure><img src="image_179.png" /></figure>

IEEE

Advancing Technology for Humanity

<figure><img src="image_180.png" /></figure>

Springer

<figure><img src="image_181.png" /></figure>

September 28, 2021

<figure><img src="image_182.png" /></figure>

Ivan Oransky

Springer Nature slaps more than 400 papers with expressions of concern all at once

<figure><img src="image_183.png" /></figure>

November 4, 2021

<figure><img src="image_184.png" /></figure>

Adam Marcus

Springer Nature geosciences journal retracts 44 articles filled with gibberish
The Nature's 10 list explores **key developments in science** this year and some of the people who played important parts in these milestones. Along with their colleagues, these individuals helped to make **amazing discoveries** and brought attention to **crucial issues**. Nature's 10 is not an award or a ranking.

The selection is compiled by Nature's editors to highlight key events in science through the compelling stories of those involved.

Feature *Nature's* 10

**Guillaume Cabanac**
**Deception sleuth**

This computer scientist
helped to uncover a new
kind of fabricated paper.

By Diana Kwon

Underground creepy crawly state, Bosom malignancy. Sun oriented force. These might sound like expressions from a work of fiction, but they are actually strange translations, pulled from the scholarly literature, of scientific terms – ant colony, breast cancer and solar energy, respectively. Guillaume Cabanac, a computer scientist at the University of Toulouse, France, spots such bizarre phrases in academic papers every day.

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institut
universitaire
de France

Chaire fondamentale 2022-2027

« Dépolluer la littérature scientifique »

Feature

NATURE'S 10

Ten people who helped shape science in 2021.

Winnie Byanyima / Friederike Otto / Zhang Rongqiao /
Timnit Gebru / Tulio de Oliveira / John Jumper /
Victoria Tauli-Corpuz / Guillaume Cabanac /
Meaghan Kall / Janet Woodcock

The Nature's 10 list explores key developments in science this year and some of the people who played important parts in these milestones. Along with their colleagues, these individuals helped to make amazing discoveries and brought attention to crucial issues. Nature's 10 is not an award or a ranking. The selection is compiled by Nature's editors to highlight key events in science through the compelling stories of those involved.

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ILLUSTRATION BY EELIN GALOFARI BANSHI
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## MODUS OPERANDI

1. Génération algorithmique : SCIgen

2. Plagiat et expressions torturées

3. Pieds d'argile : références friables

4. Peer Review hacking

5. Paper mills alias moulins à papier

6. Citation hacking
la *science* forme
le *mur de la connaissance*

<figure><img src="image_190.png" /></figure>

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## Problematic Paper Screener

<figure><img src="image_196.png" /></figure>

Home

<figure><img src="image_197.png" /></figure>

Media Coverage

<figure><img src="image_198.png" /></figure>

Fingerprints

<figure><img src="image_199.png" /></figure>

All Problematic Papers

<figure><img src="image_200.png" /></figure>

Detectors:

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Tortured

<figure><img src="image_202.png" /></figure>

SClgen

<figure><img src="image_203.png" /></figure>

Mathgen

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SBIR

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Suspect

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Seek&Blastn

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Problematic Cell Lines

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Citejacked

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Feet of Clay

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Journal Cases

## Feet of Clay Detector

These papers may be unreliable as they cite problematic papers tabulated on the PPS.

<figure><img src="image_211.png" /></figure>

Please post True Positives on PubPeer: the last column will link to your PubPeer comment.

<figure><img src="image_212.png" /></figure>

Report True/False Positives, ideas, or else using the Feedback feature.

<figure><img src="image_213.png" /></figure>

Go

1. Primary Report

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Rows

<table><thead><tr><th>Year</th><th>Doctype</th><th>Publisher</th><th>Venue</th><th>Title</th><th>Tips ↓</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>2022</td><td>proceeding</td><td>Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)</td><td>2022 2nd International Conference on Computing and Machine Intelligence (ICMI)</td><td>Designing Dual Level Spectrum Sensing Mechanism for Cognitive Radio</td><td>17</td></tr><tr><td>2019</td><td>article</td><td>Springer Nature</td><td>Clinical and Translational Oncology</td><td>miRNA signatures in childhood sarcomas and their clinical implications</td><td>16</td></tr><tr><td>2021</td><td>proceeding</td><td>Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)</td><td>2021 5th International Symposium on Multidisciplinary Studies and Innovative Technologies (ISMSIT)</td><td>Retinal Fundus Images Of Optical Disk Detection</td><td>15</td></tr></tbody></table>
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## MODUS OPERANDI

1. Génération algorithmique : SCIgen

2. Plagiat et expressions torturées

3. Pieds d'argile : références friables

4. Peer Review hacking

5. Paper mills alias moulins à papier

6. Citation hacking
Signaux faibles de manipulation

<figure><img src="image_216.png" /><figcaption>**Table 2** Top 5 contributing countries and organizations of *Microprocessors and Microsystems* over 2017–2019 as per the *Journal Citation Reports* (N = 378 articles).</figcaption></figure>

<table><thead><tr><th colspan="2">Countries</th><th colspan="2">Organisations</th></tr><tr><th>Name</th><th>Articles</th><th>Name</th><th>Articles</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>India</td><td>55</td><td>CNRS, France</td><td>22</td></tr><tr><td>China (mainland)</td><td>43</td><td>Czech Technical University</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>France</td><td>38</td><td>University of Montenegro</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>Germany</td><td>32</td><td>Technical University of Munich</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>USA</td><td>30</td><td>Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>Iran</td><td>28</td><td>Indian Institute of Technology System</td><td>7</td></tr></tbody></table>

<figure><img src="image_217.png" /><figcaption>**Fig. 2** Number of articles included in the volumes 56–83 of *Microprocessors and Microsystems*.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_218.png" /><figcaption>**Fig. 3** Editorial assessment at *Microprocessors and Microsystems*: duration in days elapsed from submission to acceptance of the 1,078 articles published in volumes 56–83 issued between February 2018 and June 2021. The same data are presented with three complementary visualisations. The volumes of early 2021 (v80–83) show a 186% increase in number of accepted papers and an editorial assessment duration divided by 4 (v80–83, N = 499, Med = 25 days) compared to the volumes of early 2020 (v74–77, N = 174, Med = 108), see Tab. 3.</figcaption></figure>
## Retraction Watch

Tracking retractions as a window into the scientific process

<figure><img src="image_219.png" /></figure>

July 19, 2021

<figure><img src="image_220.png" /></figure>

Adam Marcus

# ‘Tortured phrases’, lost in translation: Sleuths find even more problems at journal that just flagged 400 papers

What do subterranean insect provinces and motion to clamor have to do with microprocessors and microsystems?

That's an excellent question. Read on, dear reader.

Earlier this month, as we reported, Elsevier announced that it had concerns about some 400 papers published in special issues in one of its journals. The publisher said that “the integrity and rigour of the peer-review processes were investigated and confirmed to fall beneath the high standards expected.”

<figure><img src="image_221.png" /><figcaption>Guillaume Cabanac</figcaption></figure>

Update, 1140 UTC, 7/21/21: An Elsevier spokesperson gave us this statement:

The Editor in Chief of Microprocessors & Microsystems has serious concerns about the integrity and rigor of the peer-review processes that led to the publication of over 400 papers in six Special Issues, as **previously reported**. Investigation and due process regarding individual articles published in these Special Issues is ongoing. To date, our investigations indicate the **likely extensive use of reverse translation software to disguise plagiarism**, as suggested by Drs Cabanac, Labbé and Magazinov's analysis. We appreciate the authors helping bring this issue to light. We will provide further updates in accordance with Elsevier and the Committee on Publication Ethics **best practices** once the investigations have concluded.
The official journal of the Saudi Society for Geosciences, the Arabian Journal of Geosciences examines the entire range of earth science topics focused on, but not limited, to those that have regional significance to the Middle East and the Euro-Mediterranean Zone.

1.827 (2020)

Impact factor

Use Case: the *Arabian Journal of Geosciences*

> August 23, 2021: Eраcion Lachesis and Alexander Magazinov reported on PubPeer issues with a publication from Arabian Journal of Geosciences. See this annotated example:

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SpringerLink

Original Paper | Published: 21 August 2021

Research on **coastal atmospheric change** and **Latin dance performance** based on target detection network

Fan Rao

Arabian Journal of Geosciences 14, Article number: 1853 (2021)

9 **Accesses** | **Metria**

Abstract

In recent years, with the progress of industrialization, human demand for natural resources has increased, China's environmental degradation, and the management and treatment of volatile organic pollutants, etc., will not only become the cause of ozone pollution, but also have a huge impact on human health. In response to this problem, China issued the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan on Air Pollution Prevention and Management in Major Regions" in 2012, which for the first time clearly pointed out the policy on the management of volatile organic pollutants and the strengthening of corporate production, and management of volatile organic pollutants during transportation. Increase the use of low-volatile organic solvents, reduce the use of high-volatile organic solvents, promote the management of organic waste gas pollution, and strengthen the recovery and utilization of organic waste gas. Establish a monitoring system for volatile organic pollutants in major industries and improve the emission standards for volatile organic pollutants.

Latin dance is a dance sport introduced to China in 1980, and now China holds Latin dance competitions every year. From an aesthetic point of view, Latin dance is a kind of artistic performance. Skilled Latin dance dancers during the performance can bring wonderful beauty to the audience and stimulate people's love for this dance movement. Based on the summary of the related content of Latin dance art performance, this article further analyzes the current situation and development trend of Latin dance art performance, hoping to provide some valuable reference materials to promote the development of Latin dance art in China. Through survey methods such as questionnaire surveys and expert interview methods, the artistic performance of Latin dance is investigated.

Without transition,
just concatenated!

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Cartoon by Hilda Bastian (license)

A total of 436 papers in two Springer Nature journals are being subject-
ed to expressions of concern, in the latest case of special issues — in this
case, “topical collections” — likely being exploited by rogue editors or
impersonators.

https://retractionwatch.com/2021/09/28/springer-nature-slaps-more-than-400-papers-with-expressions-of-concern-all-at-once/

We observed an impressive and questionable shrinking of the duration of editorial assessments:

• 282 days in 2019-S2

• 159 days in 2020-S2

• 47 days in 2021-S2

> September 28, 2021: Springer published Expressions of concern for 436 publications in the *Arabian Journal of Geosciences*.

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MODUS OPERANDI

1. Génération algorithmique : SCIgen

2. Plagiat et expressions torturées

3. Pieds d'argile : références friables

4. Peer Review hacking

5. Paper mills alias moulins à papier

6. Citation hacking
—MARA HVISTENDAHL

www.sciencemag.org

SCIENCE

VOL 342

29 NOVEMBER 2013

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## China's Publication Bazaar

A Science investigation has uncovered a smorgasbord of questionable practices including paying for author's slots on papers written by other scientists and buying papers from online brokers

> **"IT'S UNBELIEVABLE: YOU CAN PUBLISH SCI PAPERS WITHOUT DOING EXPERIMENTS."**

—Banner on Sciedit's website

# THE BATTLE AGAINST PAPER MILLS

Some journals have admitted to a problem with fake research papers. Now editors are trying to combat it. By Holly Else and Richard Van Noorden

<figure><img src="image_228.png" /></figure>

### Industrialized cheating

The problem of organized fraud in publishing is not new, and not confined to China, notes Catriona Fennell, who heads publishing services at the world's largest scientific publisher, Elsevier. "We've seen evidence of industrialized cheating from several other countries, including Iran and Russia," she told Nature last year. Others have also reported on Iranian and Russian paper-mill activities.

In a statement this year to Nature, Elsevier said that its journal editors detect and prevent the publication of thousands of probable paper-mill submissions each year, although some do get through.

China has long been known to have a problem with firms selling papers to researchers, says Xiaotian Chen, a librarian at Bradley University in Peoria, Illinois. As far back as 2010, a team led by Shen Yang, a management-studies researcher then at Wuhan University in China, warned of websites offering to ghostwrite papers on fictional research, or to bypass peer-review systems for payment. In 2013, Science reported on a market for authorships on research papers in China. In 2017, China's Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) said it would crack down on misconduct after a scandal in which 107 papers were retracted at the journal *Tumor Biology*; their peer reviews had been fabricated and a MOST investigation concluded that some had been produced by third-party companies.

Physicians in China are a particular target market because they typically need to publish research articles to gain promotions, but are so busy at hospitals that they might not have time to do the science, says Chen. Last August, the Beijing municipal health authority published a policy stipulating that an attending physician wanting to be promoted to deputy chief physician must have at least two first-author papers published in professional journals; three first-author papers are required to become a chief physician. These titles affect
# For Better Science

BY LEONID SCHNEIDER, ON RESEARCH INTEGRITY, BIOMEDICAL ETHICS AND ACADEMIC PUBLISHING

<figure><img src="image_229.png" /></figure>

ACADEMIC PUBLISHING GUEST POST MEDICINE RESEARCH INTEGRITY SMUT CLYDE

## The full-service paper mill and its Chinese customers

An investigation by Elisabeth Bik, Smut Clyde, Morty and Tiger BB8 reveals the workings of a paper mill, its customers are Chinese doctors desperate for promotion. Apparently even journal editors are part of the scam, publishing fraudulent made-up science.

<figure><img src="image_230.png" /></figure>

BY LEONID SCHNEIDER

JANUARY 24, 2020

In China, clinicians are expected to publish a certain number of research papers in international journals if they want to be promoted. The easiest way is to pay a paper mill, which seem to provide a full service: an English-speaking research paper containing Photoshop-generated fake research data, in a respectable peer-reviewed journal, with your name on it. Entire journals published by Wiley or Elsevier succumb to such scams, presumably because certain corrupt editorial board members are part of it. This was uncovered in an investigation by Elisabeth Bik, as well as the pseudonymous Smut Clyde, Morty and Tiger BB8, and narrated below by Smut Clyde.

The presently **almost 500 papers** were traced to one specific paper mill not because of direct image reuse, but because the data showed same patterns of falsifications: same blot backgrounds, same shapes of bands, and similarly falsified flow cytometry plots.

<figure><img src="image_231.png" /><figcaption>Morty @mortenoxe · Jan 20, 2020</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_232.png" /></figure>

Published by Wiley, indexed by the US National Library of Science, and read by scientists. Payd by public funds, all profit to the publisher and some laughter in China. #BetterJournallIndexing #PubPeer #NIH #Wileyinresearch

Upregulation of long noncoding RNA TUG1 contributes to the development of laryngeocarcinoma by targeting miR-145-5p/ROCK1 axis.

Zhuang S, Liu F, Wu R.

J Cell Biochem. 2019 Aug;120(8):13392-13402. doi: 10.1002/jcb.28614.

Figure 1

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Figure 3

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WHY?

Figure 5

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MODUS OPERANDI

1. Génération algorithmique : SCIgen

2. Plagiat et expressions torturées

3. Pieds d'argile : références friables

4. Peer Review hacking

5. Paper mills alias moulins à papier

6. Citation hacking
#4 Schizomeris leibleinii commented November 2021

187 results

Mohamed Elhoseny has an impressive Output, Citation Count, H-Index and Publons score. According to his website (http://www.mohamedelhoseny.com/academic-qualifications) he finished his PhD in 2015. Since then he acquired an impressive H-index of more than 50 according to google scholar:

Cited by

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#8 Marianne Alunno-Bruscia commented November 2021

Re #4. M. Elhoseny is part of the 2021 annual list of Highly Cited Researchers™ from Clarivate™ "recognizing influential researchers in the sciences and social sciences from around the world".
https://web.archive.org/web/20211116210755/https://publons.com/researcher/1196537/mohamed-elhoseny/

As stated by Clarivate™:

* "All Highly Cited Researcher records are reviewed. Factors such as retractions, misconduct, and extreme self-citation—all of which would detract from true community-wide research influence—may lead to an author being excluded from the list."

* "There is no unique or universally agreed concept of what constitutes exceptional research performance and elite status in the sciences and social sciences. Consequently, no quantitative indicators will point to a list that satisfies all expectations or requirements."

While producing between 40 and 60 papers a year according to Scopus, he also managed to review up to almost one paper per day for several journals in 2018.

<figure><img src="image_240.png" /></figure>

#1 Guillaume Cabanac commented February 2022

This article Cited 32 times contains several *tortured phrases* that make some passages hard to parse. These typically result from an attempt to avoid plagiarism detection using a paraphrasing software.

need to know the channel state data at the transmitter. The most testing features in VANETs are their dynamic topology and versatility, where vehicles are moving at variable high speeds and in various directions. Conversely, the test in the WSN is in dealing with the constrained energy assets of the nodes, since the execution of WSNs emphatically relies upon their lifetime by Mohaisen et al. [11]. To conquer these difficulties, this exploration researches the impacts of various Quality of Service (QoS)

framework of the PSO algorithm. The progression vector demonstrates the course of the development of the dragonflies and characterized as pursues:

$$ \Delta V_{i+1} = (sSe_i + aAl_i + cCo_i + fFood_i + eEnemy_i) + w\Delta V_i \quad (4) $$

**Energy Consumption:** It is referred to as total energy depleted during data transmission of packets from source to destination.

Table 2 clarifies the outcome examination of a proposed model for an alternate number of vehicle nodes. In light of the node quality (efficient course), vehicles are

Can the authors explain why they departed from the established phrases?

How come these incorrect wordings survived proofreading by the coauthors, editors, referees, copy editors, and typesetters?
https://doi.org/10.53053/MGSA7457

# Why was a study about autism cited by a paper on plant beauty?

BY DALMEET SINGH CHAWLA / 21 JANUARY 2022

Citation inflation: Autism studies, among others, are appearing in the reference lists of unrelated papers, possibly in an attempt to artificially boost authors' metrics.

**#1 Rhipidura albiventris** commented February 2022

A typical citation pattern of GW Wei, the first author of this paper.

**1. Introduction**

The ordered weighted aggregation (OWA) operator (Yager, 1988) as an aggregation technique has received more and more attention since its appearance (Merigó & Casanova, 2009; Merigó & Gil-Lafuente, 2009; Merigó, 2010; Wei, 2008a, 2008b, 2008c, 2009a, 2009b, 2010a, 2010b, 2010c, 2010d; Wei, Zhao, & Lin, 2010; Wei, 2011a, 2011b, 2011c; Wei, Wang, Lin, & Zhao, 2011a, 2011b, Wei, Wang, & Lin, 2011c; Wei, 2011d, 2011e, 2011f, 2011g; Wei & Zhao, 2012; Zhang & Chu, 2009; Xu & Da, 2003). One important step of the OWA operator is to determine its associated weights. Many authors

dures to obtain a collection of second one or two arguments using a new dependent variable. Xu (2012) weighted ag

3439–3447.
Wei, G. W. (2008a). Maximizing deviati

making in intuitionistic fuzzy setting

Wei, G. W. (2008b). Interval-valued int
Journal of Information and Computati
Wei, G. W. (2008c). Induced intuitio
operator and its application to in
Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.
Wei, G. W. (2009a). Uncertain linguis
application to group decision makir
International Journal of Uncertainty
251–267.

Wei, G. W. (2009b). Some geometric ag
dynamic multiple attribute decisi
International Journal of Uncertainty
17(2), 179–196.

Wei, G. W. (2010a). GRA method for
incomplete weight information in ir
Systems, 2(3), 243–247.

<figure><img src="image_241.png" /></figure>

References [6-10] are irrelevant to the subject and the short sentence in the above text!

References
[11-14, 16-17, 19-26]
are irrelevant to the
subject and the short
sentence in the above text!

......
<figure><img src="image_242.png" /></figure>

**Acteurs :** *faussaires* agissant comme des pseudo-auteurs
*gatekeepers* fragilisant la peer review
*maisons d'éditions* ne monitorant pas
*pouvoirs publics* promouvant le *publish or perish*

**Mobile :** promotion, reconnaissance, capital symbolique

**Modus operandi :** plagiats, infiltration de revues, achats de citations

<figure><img src="image_243.png" /></figure>

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dépollution

Des bénévoles nettoient les côtes après la catastrophe du Prestige (2002).

**Conséquences :** pollution de la littérature
érosion de la confiance que la société concède

**Détectives :** scientifiques professionnels et amateurs
bénévoles et volontaires

**Objectif :**
curatif → dépolluer la littérature
préventif → anticiper les nouvelles fraudes

**Moyens :** Ré-évaluation décentralisée soutenue par le *Problematic Paper Screener*