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**SEBASTIAN MÜLLER** received the master's degree in applied mathematics from the University of Grenoble, in 2003, the Diploma degree in mathematics from the University of Karlsruhe (KIT), Germany, and the Ph.D. degree thesis in mathematics from the University of Münster, in 2007. He was a DFG-Postdoc at the University of Graz (TU) and a Feinberg Fellow at the Weizmann Institute. He received an ERC Marie-Curie Grant at the University of Aix-Marseille, in 2009. Since 2010, he has been an Associate Professor of applied mathematics at the University of Aix-Marseille. His research interests include broad spectrum in probability theory and its applications and probabilistic consensus protocols.

**ANDREAS PENZKOFER** received the Diploma degree in physics from the University of Regensburg, Germany, in 2010, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the University of Sheffield, U.K., in 2016. He was a Postdoctoral Researcher on the topic of pseudo-direct drive electrical machines at the University of Sheffield. Since 2018, he has been a Researcher at the IOTA Foundation. His research interests include consensus in distributed systems, graph algorithms, network models, and applied science.

**NIKITA POLYANSKII** received the Specialist and Ph.D. degrees in mathematics from Lomonosov Moscow State University, in 2013 and 2016, respectively. From 2015 to 2017, he was a Researcher at the Institute for Information Transmission Problems. He worked as a Research Engineer at the Huawei Research and Development Department, Moscow. From 2017 to 2021, he was a Postdoctoral Researcher at the Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, the Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, and the Technical University of Munich. Since 2021, he has been a Research Scientist at the IOTA Foundation. His research interests include coding theory, distributed ledger technologies, and information theory.

**JONAS THEIS** received the B.S. degree in computer science from the RheinMain University of Applied Sciences, in 2016, and the M.S. degree in the top program parallel and distributed computer systems from Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, in 2021. Since 2020, he has been a part of the Research Department, IOTA Foundation, mainly involved in research and development of a new innovative design for the IOTA protocol. His research interests include applied science in distributed systems, system security, and distributed ledger technologies.

**WILLIAM SANDERS** received the Ph.D. degree in mathematics from the University of Kansas, in 2015. From 2015 to 2018, he was a Postdoctoral Researcher at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. Since 2018, he has been a Researcher at the IOTA Foundation, and the Director of research, since 2021.

**HANS MOOG** received the degree in computer science from Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, with a focus on cloud computing, IT security, and artificial intelligence. He started his first company at the age of 21 and has been a part of a number of well-known projects, leading international teams of developers. He is a tech enthusiast, a hacker, and an entrepreneur, with 24 years of experience in software development. In 2018, he joined the IOTA Foundation, as a Senior Developer and a Researcher.

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