# Unveiling nonlinear site response through time-frequency analysis of earthquake records

Ssu-Ting Lai, Alessandra Schibuola, Luis Fabian Bonilla

► To cite this version:

Ssu-Ting Lai, Alessandra Schibuola, Luis Fabian Bonilla. Unveiling nonlinear site response through time-frequency analysis of earthquake records. Geophysical Journal International, 2025, 241, pp.1600-1631. 10.1093/gji/ggaf098. insu-05080889

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# Unveiling nonlinear site response through time-frequency analysis of earthquake records

Ssu-Ting Lai<sup>1,2</sup> Alessandra Schibuola<sup>3</sup> and Luis Fabian Bonilla<sup>3</sup>

Accepted 2025 March 13. Received 2025 February 21; in original form 2024 November 8

## SUMMARY

It is well known that nonlinear site effects may arise in soils during strong ground motion. This translates into a decrease in propagation velocity, shift of resonance frequencies, increased material damping and lessened ground motion amplification. In this study, we introduce a time-frequency resonance analysis (TFRA) technique to unveil nonlinear site response by computing broad-band resonance frequencies derived from waveforms recorded across a wide range of ground motions at 567 stations of the Kiban Kyoshin network (KiK-net) in Japan. The found resonance frequencies follow closely those computed from surface to borehole spectral ratios. Furthermore, we quantify the coseismic frequency changes, which shift towards lower values as the earthquake ground shaking increases. At some stations, the extracted resonance frequencies attain up to a 60 per cent decrease, representing a shear modulus reduction ($\mu/\mu_{max}$) of 0.16 (84 per cent decrease) assuming a homogeneous layer over a half-space model. To ensure independence from specific seismic events, we establish peak ground acceleration (PGA) thresholds corresponding to 5 per cent and 10 per cent frequency shifts to identify regions where sites are prone to soil nonlinearity. We find that for a 5 per cent frequency shift, some sites require a relatively small PGA (~ 30 cm s⁻<fnref n="2" />) to trigger this effect, with most places needing a PGA ~ 50 cm s⁻<fnref n="2" />. Furthermore, the computed $\mu/\mu_{max}$ values are categorized by the time-averaged shear-wave velocity to a depth of 30 and 5 m ($V_{S30}$ and $V_{S05}$), which are proxies commonly used in earthquake engineering studies for characterizing site effects. We do not observe a clear correlation between the time-averaged shear-wave velocity to a certain depth and the computed shear modulus reduction (nonlinear site effect). Furthermore, no evident correlation was found between the nonlinear site effect and the earthquake magnitude, the distance from the earthquake to the site. This study suggests that nonlinear soil behaviour is site-specific. This complicates the use of proxies or equations to take into account these effects, making it difficult to include soil nonlinearity in regional seismic hazard studies.

**Key words:** Elasticity and anelasticity; Japan; Earthquake ground motions; Site effects.

## 1 INTRODUCTION

Site response, driven by the geological characteristics of the shallow subsurface, plays a vital role in shaping the amplitude, duration and spatial distribution of seismic waves, thereby significantly influencing the variability of the earthquake ground motion. Understanding and quantifying these effects are important in any seismic hazard assessment. Site response is the result of the impedance contrast between the sediments and the underlying rock (e.g. Seed et al. 1988; Kramer 1996); however, when the soil has low strength and the incident wave field is strong enough, nonlinear material behaviour could

develop. Furthermore, if the sediments are water-saturated, liquefaction may also be triggered. Soil nonlinear behaviour leads to a decrease in the media's wave propagation velocity, which produces a shift in the resonance frequencies. Concomitantly, the damping increases, yielding less ground motion amplification (Beresnev & Wen 1996; Bonilla et al. 2011a).

Despite the acknowledged significance of incorporating nonlinear effects, challenges persist in their identification. Nonlinear behaviour in rocks and soils is commonly observed through laboratory experiments. Compressed and damaged rocks are known to exhibit nonlinear elasticity, as evidenced by laboratory experiments showing shifts in resonance frequency with increasing levels of strain

<footnote n="1">¹GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam D-14473, Germany. E-mail: ssuting@gfz.de</footnote>

<footnote n="2">²Université Paris Cité, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³Université Gustave Eiffel Département GERS (Géotechnique, Environnement, Risques naturels et Sciences de la terre), Cité Descartes, F-77447 Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2, France</footnote>
<figure><img src="image_2.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 1.** (a) Moment magnitude versus Joyner–Boore distance to the stations and the (b) spatial distribution of the seismic events in the KiK-net data base of Bahrampouri *et al.* (2020). The two stations used for test cases (see Section 2.3), IBRH16 and IBRH11, are marked on the map.</figcaption></figure>

(e.g. Johnson & Jia 2005; Pasqualini *et al.* 2007; TenCate 2011). In addition, the experiment shown in Lai *et al.* (2021) detects changes in velocity and quality factor of the material by inverting seismic waveforms recorded at increasing stress conditions. On the other hand, soil experiments typically measure both normalized shear modulus ($μ/μ_{max}$), being $μ_{max}$ the shear modulus at strain values lower than $10^{-6}$ and the damping ratio as a function of increasing shear strains (e.g. Seed & Idriss 1970; Hardin & Drnevich 1972a; Sun *et al.* 1988). Thus, characterizing nonlinear material behaviour relies on the estimation of either the propagation velocity, the shear or bulk moduli or frequency changes as a function of increasing loads. Shear and bulk moduli are proportional to the square of the shear and compressional wave speed, respectively. The resonance frequency is proportional to the wave speed. Thus, a reduction of the shear or bulk moduli implies a reduction of the wave propagation speed in the material, and therefore a shift to lower values of its resonance frequency.

When using *in-situ* seismic records, previous studies have computed the spectral ratio between the surface and borehole observations of weak and strong motion data. These results show a shift of the resonance frequencies and a reduction of the amplification (Beresnev & Wen 1996; Bonilla *et al.* 2011a; Régnier *et al.* 2013; Seyhan & Stewart 2014) as the ground motion increases. More recently, Bonilla *et al.* (2019) and Esfahani *et al.* (2024) have analysed earthquake data in Japan recorded by both surface and borehole sensors to determine the coseismic velocity and frequency changes during the Tokohu-Oki 2011, $M_w$ 9 and the Kumamoto 2016 sequence ($M_w$ 6 and $M_w$ 6.2), respectively. They found a velocity reduction up to 50 per cent, and frequency shifts of 30 per cent to 40 per cent during the strong motion near the seismic source, respectively. Additionally, Sawazaki *et al.* (2018) applied seismic

interferometry using surface-borehole seismogram pairs from the 2016 Kumamoto sequence, observing velocity changes of up to 6.4 per cent across oscillation azimuths and anisotropy coefficient variations ranging from 0.2 per cent to 0.8 per cent. Furthermore, Vassallo *et al.* (2022) used the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio on ambient noise, mHVSR, to monitor frequency changes during 12 yr of continuous data in Central Italy. The data comprise the sequence of L'Aquila 2009 April 6, $M_w$ 6.1; Amatrice 2016 August 24, $M_w$ 6.0; Visso 2016 October 26, $M_w$ 5.9 and Norcia 2016 October 30, $M_w$ 6.5 earthquakes. The results showed a reduction of the resonance frequency between 7 per cent to 10 per cent after strong shaking.

These studies show that the use of long-term seismic data including both noise and earthquake records allow monitoring frequency changes as a proxy for nonlinear site response. Most of these researches use surface and borehole seismic stations. This configuration is not common in seismic networks in the world. Seismic stations are usually deployed at the Earth's surface, having in the best cases the description of the velocity profile at the site or the time-average shear-wave velocity up to 30 m depth ($V_{S30}$). When dealing with nonlinear site response we need to have a reference, which is the linear site amplification. In the absence of a reference site or a borehole station, Lermo & Chávez-García (1993) and Sánchez-Sesma *et al.* (2011) proposed the horizontal-to-earthquake spectral ratio on earthquake data, eHVSR. This method identifies the fundamental resonance frequency and more harmonics than the mHVSR due to the higher energy in the earthquake signal (Bonilla *et al.* 1997). They do not provide the site amplification; they are a proxy of the site response. Traditionally, the mHVSR and eHVSR methods are primarily used to identify the fundamental resonance frequency, with limited attention given to higher resonance modes.
IBRH16 ($V_{S30}$=626.14 m/s)

<figure><img src="image_3.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 2.** Seismic events plotted with PGA and predominant frequency, kernel density estimation, resonance curves for the three percentiles and borehole response at the unimodal station IBRH16 in the radial and transverse components. The distance is plotted in a log10 scale, the magnitude is indicated with a colour bar. The dashed line is the predominant resonance frequency of the site. The borehole response is calculated using the borehole and surface stations with the 68 per cent and 95 per cent confidence limit concerning the mean. The dashed curve is the curve fitting using the hyperbolic model.</figcaption></figure>

Castro-Cruz *et al.* (2020) investigated the resonance frequency at which nonlinear site behaviour is triggered also using data from Japan. They identified this frequency at various levels of ground motion and proposed that its shift serves as a proxy for the reduction in shear modulus as it is observed in laboratory tests. However, the specific frequency band affected has not been identified, particularly in cases where the site exhibits multiple resonance frequencies.

In this study, we develop a time-frequency resonance analysis (TFRA) to analyse seismic records to extract broad-band resonance frequencies at a site. The method uses all recorded events at each station, covering a wide range of magnitudes and distances. The proposed technique extracts the resonance frequencies at a site from the normalized spectrogram together with the PGA as a measure of the ground motion intensity. We find that site effects are pervasive by averaging normalized spectrograms for small-amplitude events, regardless of the magnitude and epicentral distance of the earthquake. The TFRA method does not provide the site amplification because of the energy normalization; yet, it identifies all resonance frequencies, similar to the classical site-to-reference spectral ratio (SRSR) approach. The proposed method, however, does not require a reference. In the following, we introduce the data set used, the TFRA method and its validation by comparing the results to computed

spectral ratios from previous studies (Regnier 2013; Régnier *et al.* 2013). When combined with earthquake data spanning from weak to strong ground motion, we can identify the peak ground acceleration (PGA) threshold, when frequency shifts begin, thus when nonlinear material behaviour is triggered. Finally, we study the dependence of frequency shifts in terms of $V_{S30}$ to see whether this parameter can be used to identify nonlinear site effects in earthquake engineering studies.

# 2 DATA AND METHODS

## 2.1 KiK-net data base

The Kiban Kyoshin network (KiK-net), installed since the middle of the 90s and the beginning of 2000, has a large data base of earthquakes produced by different types of tectonic regimes and recorded on various soil conditions all over Japan (National Research Institute For Earth Science And Disaster Resilience 2019). For detailed information regarding the KiK-net network and instrument specifications, readers are referred to previous studies (Okada *et al.* 2004; Aoi *et al.* 2011; Chandra *et al.* 2016; Zhu *et al.* 2021).
IBRH11 ($V_{S30}$=242.48 m/s)

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 3.** Seismic events plotted with PGA and predominant frequency, kernel density estimation, resonance curves for the three percentiles and borehole response at the multimodal station IBRH11 in the radial component. The distance is plotted in a log10 scale, the magnitude is indicated with a colour bar. The dashed line is predominant resonance frequency of the site. The borehole response is calculated using the borehole and surface stations with the 68 per cent and 95 per cent confidence limit concerning the mean. The dashed curve is the curve fitting using the hyperbolic model.</figcaption></figure>

This network has around 700 stations with the particularity of having both surface and borehole instruments, the latter located mostly between 100 and 200 m depth (Régnier *et al.* 2013). All these features make these data of great importance when studying site effects under different site conditions and ground motion levels. The earthquake records utilized in this study were compiled by Bahrampouri *et al.* (2020). These data contain the horizontal components of events with a moment magnitude larger than three, recorded between 1996 and the end of 2017, and therefore, all references to magnitude in this study specifically refer to moment magnitude. The waveforms underwent automated ground motion processing, serve to reduce the influence of background noise, correct baseline offset and eliminate frequencies characterized by low signal-to-noise ratios (for more details, please refer to Bahrampouri *et al.* 2020). In addition, the Joyner-Boore distance, namely, the closest distance to the projection of the fault to the surface and $V_{S30}$ values are part of the metadata at each station (Fig. 1). The $V_{S30}$ and $V_{S05}$ values referenced in this study are sourced from the site data base provided by Zhu *et al.* (2021). In this study, we selected 567 KiK-net stations, all having at least five earthquake records per site.

## 2.2 Computing broad-band resonance frequencies

An important proxy of site response, in the absence of a reference, is the identification of the resonance frequencies where peaks of amplification exist. We perform a time-frequency representation of the earthquake signal using the Stockwell transform (Stockwell *et al.* 1996). The procedure is as follows:

(i) Rotation of horizontal components to radial and transverse direction

(ii) Selection of a time window around the PGA on the radial component. The length of this window depends on the magnitude of the event. It is 5 s for events having a magnitude lower than 6; 10 s for events between magnitude 6 and 7 and 15 s for events of larger magnitudes (Kawase *et al.* 2023). In order to have the same number of samples, we taper the signal and pad zeros up to 20.48 s. We use the same window for both radial and transverse components.

(iii) We compute the Stockwell transform of the windowed data. The amplitude is squared to obtain the power spectra evolution in time (signal energy), and the result is normalized between 0 and 1.

(iv) We then compute the 84-percentile along the time axis of the normalized matrix. This produces a smooth representation of the
<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 4.** Hyperbolic model of eq. (1) modifying parameters $\alpha$ and $c$. (a) Setting $c=500$ but changing $\alpha$ or (b) setting $\alpha=1$ but changing $c$ for the hyperbolic model.</figcaption></figure>

energy distribution in the frequency domain. We call this representation the resonance curve.

(v) From this curve, we identify the predominant frequency, to which we associate the event's PGA. In both unimodal and multimodal sites, this yields a single pair of PGA and predominant frequency values.

We follow the described procedure to process all data recorded at each station. For each station and each recorded event, we obtain the resonance curve, the predominant frequency and the corresponding PGA.

After data processing, we calculate the density distribution of all PGA values paired with their corresponding predominant resonance frequencies. This density distribution curve allows one to identify the frequency at which the intensity is highest. The chosen intensity measure is the PGA because we use acceleration time histories, but other values, such as PGV and Arias intensity, can also be used. Concomitantly, we obtain the 16-, 50-, and 84-percentiles of the resonance curves for events having a PGA less than $10 \text{ cm s}^{-2}$ at each site. They will also be comprised between 0 and 1. These results correspond to weak-motion events; thus, possible nonlinear effects are ignored Regnier (2013). Furthermore, in her work, Regnier (2013), calculated the borehole response by taking the spectral ratio of the surface with respect to the bottom of the soil column (borehole station) for all KiK-net stations available at that time. The reported response is the quadratic mean of both horizontal components and the maximum PGA was also $10 \text{ cm s}^{-2}$ in order to limit nonlinear effects in the obtained spectral ratios. In Section 2.3, we will show that the resonance curves and the surface/borehole spectral ratios share the same shape. The difference in amplitude is because of the

normalization of the resonance curve compared to the amplification obtained with the spectral ratio method.

## 2.3 Test case on stations IBRH16 and IBRH11

Fig. 2 illustrates the results for both the radial and transverse components of station IBRH16. At the top panel, Fig. 2(a) shows the PGA distribution as a function of the predominant frequency. Fig. 2(b) indicates the density distribution for PGA values less than $10 \text{ cm s}^{-2}$. Fig. 2(c) depicts the 16-, 50- and 84-percentiles of the resonance curves; and finally, Fig. 2(d) shows the computed borehole response by Regnier (2013). We use the information of the horizontal components only. We see that the PGA-frequency density distribution, the resonance curves and the borehole response give similar information about the broad-band distribution of the resonance frequencies at this site. An advantage of this technique is that we do not need a reference to compute the resonance frequencies. They represent a proxy of the site effect, but the amplification values are still missing. The method improves the information provided by the traditional horizontal-to-vertical ratio on the fundamental frequency.

Using data below the chosen threshold of $10 \text{ cm s}^{-2}$, which depends on record quality, signal-to-noise ratio and network sensitivity, provides a reference in amplitude for the frequency distribution. In Japan, it can effectively distinguish linear from nonlinear behaviour (Régnier et al. 2013). Fig. 2(a) shows the frequency where most of the data lie, represented by a dashed red line. As the ground motion increases the frequency shifts towards lower values. This allows us to identify the PGA threshold where nonlinear effects begin, which will be discussed in greater detail in the following section. Fig. 2(a) also shows that PGA values less than $30 \text{ cm s}^{-2}$ are present in two frequency bands. These events have a wide range of magnitudes and can be either from near or distant earthquakes. On the contrary, larger PGA values mainly come from short-distance events regardless of their magnitude, and some produce strong frequency shifts. Fig. 2 illustrates that there is variability around the resonance frequencies. This may play a role in the uncertainty related to ground motion prediction when site effects are important.

Fig. 2(d) (both left and right) shows that the fundamental frequency is located around 1.8 Hz, and it is not identified by the proposed method. This is because no events are resonating at that frequency. Most of the events resonate around 7 Hz and others at 12 Hz. This also suggests that ground motion amplification and therefore possible damage are not always related to the fundamental frequency. Figs 2(a) to (c), left and right panels, highlight the differences between the radial and transverse components, with the IBRH16 case, especially in Fig. 2(a), showing a larger frequency shift from low to high PGA in the radial component compared to the transverse. The energy can be distributed at higher modes. Station IBRH16 has mainly an unimodal response. Thus, to see whether we can capture multimodal response we perform a similar analysis on station IBRH11.

Fig. 3 illustrates a more complex response, showing four resonance frequencies that shift with increasing PGA (Fig. 3a). These four frequencies are also captured by the PGA-frequency density distribution (Fig. 3b) and the resonance curves (Fig. 3c). The latter coincides with the borehole response shown in Fig. 3(d). There are some differences in amplitudes in the density, resonance and borehole amplification curves. These are important when identifying the predominant frequency. For example, Fig. 3(d) suggests that the fundamental and predominant frequencies are the same. Figs 3(b) and (c) identify the predominant frequency of the second
<figure><img src="image_6.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 5.** Predominant frequency ($f_{r0}$) map calculated using seismic records of (a) radial and (b) transverse component. (c) $V_{S30}$ map using information from KiK-net data base. The dots in the figures are the positions of sites. The purple lines indicate the sites with high $V_{S30}$ (≥800 m s⁻¹) but with low $f_{r0}$ (≤5 Hz). The green lines indicate the sites with low $V_{S30}$ (≤360 m s⁻¹) but with high $f_{r0}$ (≥12 Hz). The solid and dashed lines shown in (a) and (b), respectively, are plotted together in (c).</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_7.png" /><figcaption>Figure 6. The relationship between $f_{r_0}$, $V_{S30}$ and $V_{S05}$ at all the unimodal stations. The 10 red and 10 black errors bars are for $V_{S30}$ and $V_{S05}$ plots, respectively.</figcaption></figure>

resonance peak. Furthermore, Fig. 3(a) shows that this frequency is more affected by the shift compared to the fundamental. Recall that we have only surface data in this data base. The borehole response comes from another study (Regnier 2013). Most of the seismic deployments worldwide do not have a borehole station. Thus, we are interested in assessing the accuracy of this method in such cases.

In the following, we develop an automated method to measure the frequency shift, which will be used together with the previous results to identify the onset of nonlinear site response at the KiK-net sites in Japan.

## 2.4 Automate measuring of frequency shifts

Laboratory experiments on soil have led to the development of several models to describe the stress-strain behaviour of soil materials under cyclic loading (e.g. Hardin & Drnevich 1972a; Ramesooj & Alwash 1990). Among these, the hyperbolic model is one of the most accessible due to its simple mathematical formulation and the small number of parameters required to define it (e.g. Hardin & Drnevich 1972b; Pyke 1979; Beresnev & Wen 1996; Ishihara 1996). Given that soil nonlinearity is typically characterized by the evolution of the shear modulus with increasing shear deformation (Hashash & Groholski 2010; Castro-Cruz et al. 2020), this study focuses on examining the shear modulus evolution for increasing acceleration levels of the ground motion. To do that, we fit the hyperbolic model to quantify these changes as a function of the PGA. Previous studies have emphasized the frequency shift as a primary indicator of reduced shear modulus impacting site response (e.g. Régnier et al. 2013), focusing on the shift of frequency peaks towards lower frequency bands (e.g. Castro-Cruz et al. 2020). This nonlinear relationship is rooted in the connection between frequency shifts, shear-wave velocity and changes in shear modulus. Considering a site configuration with a sediment layer over a semi-infinite medium, the resonance frequency of the layer (f) is calculated using the equation $f = V_S/(4H)$, where $V_S$ is the shear-wave velocity and H is the depth. Assuming constant depth (H), the frequency shift can be further represented as $\Delta f/f_0 = (f - f_0)/f_0 = \Delta V_S/V_{S0} = V_S/V_{S0} - 1$, where $\Delta f$ is the

frequency shift, $\Delta V_S$ is the change in shear-wave velocity due to soil stiffness alterations and $f_0$ and $V_{S0}$ are the original resonance frequency and shear-wave velocity of the material. The relationship of shear modulus (G) to shear-wave velocity ($V_S$) is expressed as $G = \rho V_S^2$, where density ($\rho$) remains constant during ground motion. Therefore, the reduction in shear modulus ($\mu/\mu_{max}$) can be approximated by $(\Delta V_S/V_{S0} + 1)^2$.

To observe nonlinear behaviour by tracing the stress-strain curves, Chandra et al. (2016) adopted the PGA-PGV/V$_{S30}$ relationship as an analogous representation of the shear stress versus shear strain using in-situ data. Using a similar approach as eq. (6) in Chandra et al. (2016), we propose the following relation for modelling the linear-to-nonlinear behaviour by fitting the frequency changes along the increasing PGA using the proposed hyperbolic model (eq. 1):

$$ \frac{f}{f_0} = \frac{1}{(1 + \text{PGA}/c)^\alpha} \quad (1) $$

where $\alpha$ and $c$ are constants and $f_0$ is the normalized initial resonance frequency. The effects of changing $\alpha$ and $c$ on the curves are shown in Fig. 4. In this study, $\alpha$ is set between 0.1 to 3 and the range of $c$ is set to be 100–3000 for the fitting analysis. $\alpha$ controls the curvature of the hyperbolic model, while $c$ is the reference acceleration. This means that a low $\alpha$ and a high $c$ indicate less nonlinear behaviour, and vice versa.

The two parameters for the quantification of the frequency shift are (1) $\Delta f_r/f_{r_0}$: percentage of resonance frequency shift, where $\Delta f_r$ is the difference between the frequency fitted at the highest PGA and the initial resonance frequency, $f_{r_0}$; and (2) PGA$_{th}$: PGA threshold of 5 per cent frequency shift (equivalent to 0.90 $\mu/\mu_{max}$), which indicates how much ground motion is required to exceed this level of nonlinear frequency shift. This provides insight into the susceptibility of the site to nonlinear effects, independent of specific strong motion events. These parameters serve as indicators of the nonlinear behaviour exhibited by the sites or as quantified measures of nonlinear effects. In cases where the resonance curves exhibit multiple peaks, we apply the curve-fitting to all resonance frequencies ($f_{r1}$, $f_{r2}$, etc.). In what follows, we calculate the relative frequency shifts and PGA thresholds for these respective $f_r$ values for events having a PGA higher than 50 cm s$^{-2}$, which we consider indicative of stations with strong motion records (Régnier et al. 2013), denoted as $[\Delta f_r/f_{r_0}, \Delta f_r/f_{r1}, \Delta f_r/f_{r2}, \dots]$), and [PGA$_{th0}$, PGA$_{th1}$, PGA$_{th2}$, \dots], thereby discerning the nonlinear behaviour in various frequency bands, as illustrated in Fig. 3.

# 3 CASE STUDY: KIK-NET NETWORK, JAPAN

## 3.1 Resonance curves analysis for linear and nonlinear site effects

Resonance frequencies are calculated and identified for each station using both the radial and transverse components, respectively. First, we aim to determine the linear site response by deriving resonance curves and identifying the $f_{r_0}$. As shown in Figs 2(a) and 3(a), we study the relationship between resonance frequencies, earthquake distance and the magnitude of the earthquake across all stations. Regardless of whether the sites are unimodal or multimodal (the distribution of unimodal and multimodal stations on the map is shown in Fig. A4), the distance and the direction from which the earthquake originates does not affect the results (refer to the Appendix A1 for more details). The stability of the resonance curves
<table><caption>**Table 1.** Stations information provided by the KiK-net data base and the parameters derived from resonance frequency analysis and hyperbolic curve fitting (eq. 1).</caption><thead><tr><th>Station</th><th>V<sub>S30</sub></th><th>f<sub>r0</sub> (Hz)</th><th>Δ f<sub>r</sub>/f<sub>r0</sub></th><th>PGA<sub>th0</sub></th><th>f<sub>r1</sub> (Hz)</th><th>Δ f<sub>r</sub>/f<sub>r1</sub></th><th>PGA<sub>th1</sub></th><th>f<sub>r2</sub> (Hz)</th><th>Δ f<sub>r</sub>/f<sub>r2</sub></th><th>PGA<sub>th2</sub></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="11"><strong>Waveforms of radial components</strong></td></tr><tr><td>IBRH16</td><td>626.14</td><td>7.217</td><td>47.7 per cent</td><td>40</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>IBRH11</td><td>242.48</td><td>5.115</td><td>30.2 per cent</td><td>78</td><td>8.715</td><td>5.4 per cent</td><td>66</td><td>2.683</td><td>9.5 per cent</td><td>50</td></tr><tr><td colspan="11"><strong>Waveforms of transverse components</strong></td></tr><tr><td>IBRH16</td><td>626.14</td><td>7.403</td><td>10.3 per cent</td><td>210</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>IBRH11</td><td>242.48</td><td>9.171</td><td>6.8 per cent</td><td>52</td><td>2.911</td><td>36.7 per cent</td><td>76</td><td>5.115</td><td>13.8 per cent</td><td>58</td></tr></tbody></table>

<figure><img src="image_8.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 7.** Spatial distribution of unimodal and multimodal KiK-net sites with their maximum nonlinear frequency shifts (Δ f<sub>r</sub>/f<sub>r0</sub>) and shear modulus reduction (μ/μ<sub>max</sub>) calculated using (a) radial and (b) transverse components of the waveforms. Note that only the maximum frequency shift among all the Δ f<sub>r</sub>/f<sub>r0</sub> of multimodal stations is illustrated here.</figcaption></figure>

concerning the distance and azimuth of earthquakes is high in the KiK-net network, owing to the abundance of seismic records. Since resonance frequencies are related to site effects, they consistently occur within similar frequency bands across different events. The variability of these curves across different KiK-net stations—from unimodal to multimodal stations, and even among different multimodal stations—is substantial and likely depends heavily on the local geological conditions at each site.

Stations like IBRH16 (detailed in Section 2.3), which exhibit an unimodal resonance curve characterized by a principal peak, suggest that resonance at a single depth influences the site response. This makes the assessment of their nonlinear behaviour easier, as there is only one peak shifting towards a lower frequency band in the resonance curves of these stations when they encounter nonlinear effects during strong ground motions. Given the abundant seismic data recorded in the KiK-net network, which includes more weak

motion data than strong motion data, the 16- and 50-percentiles of the average resonance curves primarily reflect the resonance frequency features observed during weaker motions, but they do not capture all frequency peaks. The 84-percentile contains most of the information on the energy distribution. Therefore, we use the 84-percentile when computing a single resonance curve.

On the other hand, for the multimodal stations like IBRH11 (detailed in Section 2.3), the frequency ranges with resonance peaks remain generally consistent, though the ordering of peak amplitudes varies. These stations display complex features in their resonance curves, suggesting that reverberations at multiple depths, including the influence of several soil layers, contribute to the site response, as depicted in Fig. 3(c). However, stations like IBRH11, which have multiple peaks with similar amplitudes, sometimes pose challenges in determining the predominant resonance frequency, as the presence of multiple peaks complicates
<figure><img src="image_9.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 8.** Maximum $\Delta f_r/f_{r0}$ of radial and transverse components at each unimodal station. The dashed line indicates the point where the maximum $\Delta f_r/f_{r0}$ values of radial and transverse components are equal.</figcaption></figure>

the identification of the most effective resonance frequency. Furthermore, the resonance curves calculated from the radial and transverse components for a station exhibit peaks in similar frequency bands, though their amplitude rankings often differ. Therefore, the peaks of the resonance curve identified in the radial and transverse components can differ, as observed at station IBRH11 (Fig. 3c).

Note that a strong resemblance exists between the borehole response and the resonance curve. The borehole response used in this study (Regnier 2013) averages the effects of both horizontal components. For the unimodal stations, the resonance curves and borehole responses exhibit their highest peaks at approximately the same frequency. At multimodal stations like IBRH11, despite discrepancies in resonance peak amplitudes—such as the highest borehole response peak occurring around 2.5 Hz, followed by secondary, tertiary and quaternary peaks at higher frequencies—the resonance curves generally align with the frequencies observed in the borehole responses. No matter the station's response, unimodal or multimodal, the resonance curves exhibit the general features of the transfer functions that we computed using the surface/borehole spectral ratio.

Strong ground motions occurring at significant distances often excite fundamental frequencies or lower resonance frequencies due to attenuation along the wave propagation path. However, events with the highest PGA do not necessarily trigger the fundamental frequency; instead, they may activate higher resonance frequencies, which may also differ between the radial and transverse components. Near-source events can trigger a range of resonance frequencies from low to high values. This implies that by exclusively considering strong ground motions from distant sources, we capture effects primarily at lower frequencies but overlook crucial high-frequency information. This phenomenon can be attributed to the nature of strong ground motions with lower corner frequencies and the significant attenuation experienced by seismic waves as they propagate from distant events, resulting in predominantly low-frequency

content. In contrast, near-source seismic events retain a broader frequency range, encompassing both high and low frequencies.

## 3.2 Predominant resonance frequency map of Japan

Since the method accounts for a broad-band frequency content, we obtain resonance frequency peaks between 0.5 and 30 Hz. As a result, the predominant frequencies identified in this study may differ from those found in previous studies using the HVSR method. Additionally, the predominant frequency presented here is not necessarily the fundamental one. Fig. 5 depicts the map of predominant resonance frequency ($f_{r0}$) of each station computed through our methodology and the $V_{S30}$ map of Japan based on KiK-net data. The sites with high $V_{S30}$ (≥800 m s⁻¹) but low $f_{r0}$ (≤5 Hz) or with low $V_{S30}$ (≤360 m s⁻¹) but high $f_{r0}$ (≥12 Hz), are highlighted on the map.

Compared to the $V_{S30}$ map, which aggregates the characteristics of the top 30 m from the surface, the $f_{r0}$ map identifies the frequency at which sites are most prone to significant amplification. Note that the fundamental frequency is related to the total depth of the soil column where the strongest impedance contrast exists. The predominant resonance frequency is associated with the amplitude where the resonance energy is larger and is not necessarily related to the entire depth but to particular shallow layers. Yet, Fig. 5 shows a similar trend between the $V_{S30}$ and the $f_{r0}$ map for both radial and transverse waveform components, wherein regions characterized by lower $V_{S30}$ values tend to correspond to smaller $f_{r0}$ values and vice versa. Previous studies (e.g. McNamara et al. 2015; Yong et al. 2020) have concluded that the HVSR-derived predominant frequency increases with increasing $V_{S30}$ at the site. However, the relationship between $f_{r0}$ derived using the current method, $V_{S30}$ and $V_{S05}$ plotted in Fig. 6 shows that the $V_{S30}$ and the $f_{r0}$ maps have no linear relationship; instead, the relationship is nonlinear. While frequency generally increases with $V_{S30}$, a trend is observable despite
<figure><img src="image_10.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 9.** The PGA versus $\Delta f_r/f_{r_o}$ curve of stations (a)(b) IBRH11 and (c)(d) IBRH13 (detailed in Appendix A2). Corresponding $\mu/\mu_{max}$ values are displayed at the top of the figure. The solid, dashed and dotted lines are the frequency reduction curves of predominant frequency, secondary resonance frequency and tertiary resonance frequency, respectively. The colour indicates the original resonance frequency before the nonlinear frequency shift.</figcaption></figure>

significant data dispersion. Notably, break points occur below 5 Hz and after 12 Hz, where the trends reverse. This raises the question: is $V_{S30}$ or $V_{S05}$ a better predictor of predominant resonance frequency? Our findings suggest that both are inadequate.

## 3.3 Observed nonlinear behaviour in Japan

We aim to identify the location where nonlinearity takes place and determine the level of ground motion required to trigger nonlinear behaviour at these sites. We also seek to understand the general behaviour of nonlinear sites and identify when and where these effects become significant in Japan. Additionally, do nonlinear effects at a site behave consistently across different frequency bands? Can the commonly used proxies in Earthquake Engineering effectively describe nonlinear site behaviour? Incorporating the curve-fitting method into the analysis of resonance frequencies for all KiK-net stations provides a quantitative approach to identify nonlinear site behaviour. It demonstrates the tendency of frequency shifts, the extent of these shifts, and the PGA threshold at which these shifts

start. This threshold, a critical indicator of nonlinearity triggering, can be derived using the fitting parameters (presented in Table 1). We, therefore, compute the ratio of the maximum frequency shift related to its original frequency for all the sites and plot the results in Fig. 7. The colours indicate the corresponding values of shear modulus reduction ($\mu/\mu_{max}$). Then, we determine the $\mu/\mu_{max}$ as explained in Section 2.4, as the change in frequency proportional to the change in velocity. Fig. 7 provides insights into the locations of nonlinear site effects at both unimodal and multimodal stations. It presents their maximum frequency shift relative to their respective predominant frequency ($\Delta f_r/f_{r_o}$), where $f_{r_o}$ denotes the predominant frequency corresponding to the maximum $\Delta f_r$. Regions displaying larger shifts in $f_r$ have previously experienced strong nonlinear effects in their recording history. This observation signifies the occurrence of significant nonlinearity in these areas, notably in the eastern regions of Kanto, Tohoku, Niigata, Nagoya, Shimane and Tottori, which have been the focus of previous studies on nonlinear site effects or liquefaction (Kuribayashi & Tatsuoka 1975; Wu et al. 2009; Bonilla et al. 2011b, a; Towhata et al. 2014).
<figure><img src="image_11.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 10.** Spatial distribution of the PGA threshold of (a) 5 per cent and (b) 10 per cent nonlinear frequency shifts at unimodal stations transverse component of the waveforms. 5 per cent and 10 per cent frequency shift ($\Delta f_r/f_{r_o}$) can be converted to 0.90 and 0.81 of shear modulus reduction ($\mu/\mu_{max}$), respectively.</figcaption></figure>

The map also indicates that nonlinear site effects can occur beyond these previously studied regions and in various geological settings, not limited to basins, with notable nonlinear frequency shifts, such as Aomori-ken (northern Honshu), Fukui-ken and Gifu-ken (Chubu region of Honshu), and eastern Shikoku.

As depicted in Fig. 7, radial and transverse components exhibit varying degrees of frequency shifts. Since P-SV waves, which travel in the direction of wave propagation, predominantly contribute to the radial component of waveforms, while transverse components primarily capture the SH waves polarized perpendicular to the direction of propagation, it is intuitive to consider that discrepancies between the results derived from these two components may be attributed to differences in the incident wave types. Same as the discrepancy in $f_r$ values calculated from radial and transverse components plotted in Figs 2(a) and 3(a), the differences between Figs 7(a) and (b) may suggest varying responses to nonlinear site effects, potentially due to anisotropy, pore pressure or damage. However, further studies are required to fully understand the causes of these discrepancies, which are beyond the scope of this study. Furthermore, since Fig. 7 presents the maximum nonlinear frequency shifts for all unimodal and multimodal stations combined, it implicates the investigation into the differences between the two components. Notably, the map reveals that the area exhibiting stronger nonlinear site effects in the radial component is concentrated around the Tohoku region in Japan, which directly experienced the 2011 Tohoku earthquake.

To summarize the differences between the radial and transverse components across all sites, we further present the $\Delta f_r/f_{r_o}$ values derived from seismic waveforms at unimodal stations in Fig. 8. Note that not all sites exhibit nonlinear frequency shifts in both radial and transverse components; hence, the number of data points in the radial-transverse $\Delta f_r/f_{r_o}$ plot is smaller than the total number of stations. From the available data, we observe only a slight trend suggesting that radial components exhibit higher $\Delta f_r/f_{r_o}$ values at certain sites. As previously mentioned, the underlying causes of this phenomenon require further investigation.

Sites having a multimodal behaviour show a complex nonlinear response. We seek to determine whether the nonlinearity affects all frequencies equally—are the frequency shifts consistent across all affected frequencies? At the same site, each frequency band can display different patterns of nonlinear behaviour. Fig. 9 illustrates the curve-fitted nonlinear behaviour of frequency shifts with increasing PGA across different frequency bands at two multimodal sites. The result shows that the predominant resonance frequency does not necessarily exhibit the strongest nonlinearity. In the analysis of over 125 multimodal stations, we found that greater nonlinear frequency shifts do not consistently occur at either low or high resonance frequencies. Furthermore, the degree of nonlinearity across different frequency bands can vary significantly between the radial and transverse components. The results suggest that nonlinear behaviour must be studied on a site-by-site basis, across different frequency bands, and even considering seismic particle motion—both radial and transverse components. Given these complexities, we mainly focus on unimodal stations in the following analysis to avoid mixing differences among frequency bands within the same multimodal station.

Fig. 7 shows the maximum nonlinear frequency shifts based on the recorded events in the data base. Yet, it does not determine whether stations having the larger frequency shifts are inherently more prone to nonlinear behaviour than others. Therefore, we introduce the PGA threshold as shown in Fig. 10, which shows the spatial distribution of the PGA values when there is 5 per cent and 10 per cent of frequency shifts using the transverse components of the waveforms at unimodal stations. As shown in Fig. 10(a), to exceed 5 per cent $\Delta f_r/f_{r_o}$ (equivalent to 0.90 $\mu/\mu_{max}$), most of the locations require a PGA as low as 50 cm s$^{-2}$, and many even need
<figure><img src="image_12.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 11.** (a) The average PGA versus $\Delta f_r/f_{r_o}$ curve for Japan (dashed black curve) and the individual site-specific PGA versus $\Delta f_r/f_{r_o}$ curves (coloured dotted curves), where the colour represents the $V_{S30}$ value at each unimodal station calculated from the transverse component of the waveforms. The PGA versus $\Delta f_r/f_{r_o}$ curves are also (b) grouped by Eurocode 8 (EC8) codes using $V_{S30}$ and (c) grouped by the maximum impedance contrast within the top 30 m (max(IC30)). Corresponding $\mu/\mu_{max}$ values are displayed on the right of the figure. The average $\Delta f_r/f_{r_o}$ within the PGA bands and the error bars are plotted as solid circles and lines.</figcaption></figure>

a PGA around 30 cm s⁻². To exceed 10 per cent $\Delta f_r/f_{r_o}$ (equivalent to 0.81 $\mu/\mu_{max}$) (Fig. 10b), most of the stations require a PGA larger than 100 cm s⁻² to reach this level. There are still locations that require a smaller PGA (around 50 cm s⁻²) to achieve this amount of frequency change; however, these places are quite scattered. Even when stations are geographically or geologically close, such as those on the Noto Peninsula and in the Kanto basins, their nonlinear behaviour can still differ in terms of the initial threshold and the reduction of the resonance frequency. When we plot the normalized frequency reduction curves of the sites in Fig. 10 with their $V_{S30}$ values in Fig. 11(a), it becomes evident that $V_{S30}$ has no clear relation to the nonlinear behaviour at each site. Each dotted curve in Fig. 11 represents the curve-fitted result of frequency and shear modulus reduction along with increasing PGA for a single unimodal station calculated on the transverse component of the

waveforms. The results obtained from the radial component of the waveforms, along with the comparison between the two components, are presented in Appendix A3. The average curve of $\Delta f_r/f_{r_o}$ and $\mu/\mu_{max}$ as a function of increasing PGA for all unimodal stations reflect the general nonlinear signature observed in Japan. To have a 4.2 per cent frequency shift ($\approx0.918 \mu/\mu_{max}$), an average PGA of approximately 37 cm s⁻² is required. For a 10 per cent shift ($\approx0.81 \mu/\mu_{max}$), the necessary PGA increases to about 123.2 cm s⁻², while a 20 per cent frequency shift ($\approx0.64 \mu/\mu_{max}$) requires around 385.6 cm s⁻². A larger 50 per cent frequency shift ($\approx0.25 \mu/\mu_{max}$) demands a PGA of approximately 945 cm s⁻². Fig. 11(b) shows the average frequency and shear modulus reduction curves grouped by Eurocode 8 (EC8) codes based on $V_{S30}$ (CEN 2004). The group A ($V_{S30} \ge 800 \text{ m s}^{-1}$) shows even stronger nonlinear effects compared to the group B ($360 \text{ m s}^{-1} \le V_{S30} < 800 \text{ m s}^{-1}$), and
<figure><img src="image_13.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 12.** The relationship between $\mu/\mu_{max}$ and the PGA of the corresponding event at the KiK-net unimodal stations. The overall $\mu/\mu_{max}$-PGA relationship is represented by the colour dark grey. The red, green, yellow, blue and light grey colours depict the $\mu/\mu_{max}$-PGA relationship, categorized by $V_{S30}$ from low to high, referencing the classification.</figcaption></figure>

sometimes group C ($180 \text{ m s}^{-1} \le V_{S30} < 360 \text{ m s}^{-1}$). The group C appears to be more prone to nonlinear effects than B, though both groups display large error bars. However, group C is dominated by only 1–2 events having large PGA values. In general, all groups contain sites with significantly diverse patterns of nonlinear behaviour, indicating that EC8 site classes cannot identify nonlinear site effects in Japan. We further propose to categorize the sites into two groups based on their maximum impedance contrast within the top 30 m [max(IC30)] using a threshold of 4.5 (Fig. 11c). The impedance contrast values are calculated from the shear velocity profiles of KiK-net stations. This approach identifies the sites with significant impedance contrasts in their shallow surface layers. The average shear modulus reduction curves of sites within the group exhibiting an impedance contrast greater than 4.5 consistently has larger frequency shifts as PGA increases. Compared to the general nonlinear site behaviour in Japan shown in Fig. 11, the group with higher max(IC30) exhibits a greater susceptibility to nonlinearity, while the other group shows a slightly lower tendency. Starting from PGA values greater than 100 cm s$^{-2}$, the two categories begin to display different trends in terms of nonlinearity. By the time PGA

reaches 500 cm s$^{-2}$, the difference between the average curves of the two groups exceeds 0.1 in $\Delta f_r/f_{r_o}$. Based on these results, the presence of strong impedance contrast within a specific depth range may be a useful indicator for assessing the potential for nonlinear site effects, though additional factors like velocity and the incident wavefield should also be considered.

In order to better understand whether $V_{S30}$ groups can effectively characterize nonlinear site effects in Japan, we propose redefining $V_S$ groups specifically for the KiK-net stations, aiming to better capture site effects. The categorization of shear wave velocity groups is based on the distribution of values using the KiK-net stations in the data base (detailed in Appendix A4). Figs 12 and 13 illustrate the relationship between the minimum $\mu/\mu_{max}$ (calculated from the maximum observed $\Delta f_r/f_{r_o}$ at each site) and PGA across all stations, categorized by $V_{S30}$ and $V_{S05}$, respectively. Intuitively, one might expect categories with lower $V_{S30}$ or $V_{S05}$, which typically represent soft sediments, to exhibit a more pronounced decrease with increasing PGA. Overall, both parameters exhibit a trend across all categories of $V_{S30}$ and $V_{S05}$, indicating that larger ground motions tend to produce stronger nonlinear effects. However, as depicted in
<figure><img src="image_14.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 13.** The relationship between $\mu/\mu_{max}$ and the PGA of the corresponding event at the KiK-net unimodal stations. The overall $\mu/\mu_{max}$-PGA relationship is represented by the colour dark grey. The red, green, yellow, blue and light grey colours depict the $\mu/\mu_{max}$-PGA relationship, categorized by $V_{S05}$ from low to high, referencing the classification.</figcaption></figure>

Fig. 12, the $V_{S30}$ categories display similar descending trends without clear distinctions. The lowest category of $V_{S30}$ ($< 275 \text{ m s}^{-1}$) may exhibit a steeper descent, although there are insufficient data points available for higher PGA records within this lowest $V_{S30}$ group. The $V_{S05}$ categories display slightly varying trends, particularly exhibiting a steeper decline in the lowest $V_{S05}$ groups (Fig. 13). However, the $V_{S05}$ groups with the highest, second-highest and third-highest velocities do not show a flatter descent with increasing $V_{S05}$. Regardless of whether using categories based on $V_{S30}$ or $V_{S05}$, the negative correlation trends of $\mu/\mu_{max}$ along increasing PGA do not show significant evolution from category to category. These results can only indicate the presence of nonlinear site effects but they again suggest that $V_{S30}$ and $V_{S05}$ may not be ideal proxies for describing the nonlinear site effects. While average shear-wave velocities, such as $V_{S30}$, are commonly used for classifying sites and estimating site amplification, they do not account for deeper impedance contrasts that may influence low-frequency amplification or high-frequency components when a thinner layer with strong impedance contrast is present. Additionally, relying on such averaged values as proxies one may miss the effects of layers or heterogeneities with specific

high or low velocities, as these effects may be smoothed in the averaging process, potentially masking unexpected nonlinear effects.

In addition to $V_{S30}$, we investigate whether other parameters, such as earthquake magnitude, distance or the site's $f_{r_o}$, are related to nonlinear effects, considering all stations where nonlinearity was detected. Fig. 14 plots $\mu/\mu_{max}$ against as a function of magnitude and Joyner-Boore's distance to assess whether specific types of earthquakes are more prone to inducing nonlinear site effects. $\mu/\mu_{max}$ is derived from the maximum observed frequency shift at the station. The symbols represent the sites grouped according to the EC8 classifications based on $V_{S30}$, suggesting again that $V_{S30}$ may not serve as a reliable proxy for nonlinear effects. Furthermore, the magnitude and distance of the earthquakes apparently do not correlate with nonlinear site behaviour. The zoom-in block of Fig. 14 indicates that, despite being affected by the same 2011 $M_w 9.0$ Tohoku earthquake, the distance does not decide the level of nonlinear site behaviour. Fig. 15 illustrates the relationship among $\mu/\mu_{max}$, $f_{r_o}$ and PGA using both unimodal and multimodal sites. The cross marks highlight the site that experienced the maximum nonlinear effect induced by the Tohoku earthquake on 2011 March 11. This
<figure><img src="image_15.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 14.** The minimum ($\mu/\mu_{max}$) value for each station, along with the magnitude and Joyner-Boore distance of the earthquake responsible for the maximum nonlinearity observed at the sites. In each plot, $\mu/\mu_{max}$ is calculated from the maximum frequency shift observed at the station, with the corresponding magnitude and Joyner-Boore distance of the event that caused this maximum shift. The symbols indicate sites grouped by Eurocode 8 (EC8) codes using $V_{S30}$. The zoom-in block provides a clearer view of the stations within the database that experienced varying levels of maximum nonlinear site effects due to the 2011 Tohoku earthquake.</figcaption></figure>

earthquake was the main cause of the strong nonlinear effects at stations with higher $f_{r_o}$ (>10 Hz). At sites having $f_{r_o}$ below 10 Hz, the stations affected by the Tohoku earthquake exhibited varying levels of nonlinearity across different frequencies. However, as shown in Fig. 15, $f_{r_o}$ is not a reliable proxy for describing nonlinearity.

## 4 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

The TFRA offers valuable insights into linear and nonlinear site characteristics from multiple perspectives. Site effects shape the ground motion, as they are broad-band and pervasive. In this study, the use of a large data set of earthquake records allows the understanding of these predominant site effects. Our findings indicate that site effect is present across all seismic events, with earthquakes illuminating different resonance frequencies depending on the magnitude and distance. For understanding linear site effects, we examined the impact of earthquake distance. Earthquakes at greater distances tend to experience attenuation and scattering along the wave propagation path, leading to longer wavelengths and reduced resolution for detecting shallow layers. They mainly excite low frequencies, thus probably up to the sediment/bedrock depth. In contrast, ground motions in the vicinity of the site mobilize a broad-band frequency range. This is an important issue for site-specific seismic hazard

evaluation. Furthermore, the influence from the seismic source or propagation path do not alter the fundamental pattern of single to multiple peaks in the resonance curve at a given site. The unimodal and multimodal site response peaks are primarily attributed to the local geology underneath the site. The TFRA method used in this study does not require a reference. When comparing the borehole response of KiK-net sites with the resonance curves, a robust correlation was evident, which allows their use as a proxy for site effects. A downside is that it does not provide the site amplification.

The weak to strong motion evolution of seismic event plots with PGA and $f_{r_o}$ make it possible to quantify nonlinear site effects as it has been observed in laboratory tests of resonance experiments on rocks. The gradual frequency shifts observed across a range of PGA values illustrate site characteristics changes affected by various levels of ground motions. We calculate the frequency shifts, and convert these values into reductions in shear modulus ($\mu/\mu_{max}$), which is of interest to engineers for modelling purposes, and shows that nonlinear site effects vary across different stations.

To identify sites more susceptible to nonlinear site effects, we introduce PGA thresholds corresponding to 5 per cent and 10 per cent $\Delta f_r/f_{r_o}$ values that quantify the site conditions, marking the onset of nonlinear effects. Our findings indicate that the PGA thresholds
<figure><img src="image_16.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 15.** The $\mu/\mu_{max}$ versus $f_{r_o}$ versus PGA plots illustrate the relationship between the two proxies as a function of PGA for each station. In each plot, $\mu/\mu_{max}$ is calculated from the maximum frequency shift observed at the station, with the corresponding PGA representing the event that caused this maximum shift. Crosses denote the maximum nonlinear effect induced by the Tohoku earthquake on 2011 March 11.</figcaption></figure>

corresponding to 5 per cent $\Delta f_r/f_{r_o}$ are relatively low (less than 50 cm s⁻²) for most sites, while a 10 per cent frequency shift in Japan requires around 123.2 cm s⁻². This suggests that strong ground motions are not particularly required to trigger nonlinear effects. In addition, both the spatial distribution results for nonlinearity and PGA thresholds indicate that nonlinear site conditions are highly dependent on local characteristics that may not be easily substituted by a specific proxy or equations. Furthermore, the commonly used $V_{S30}$, $V_{S05}$ and even EC8 codes based on $V_{S30}$ groups are not sufficient to describe nonlinear site effects. We proposed using a threshold of 4.5 for the maximum impedance contrast within the top 30 m to separate sites with strong nonlinear behaviour. However, this requires knowledge of the velocity profile, which is not always available.

Throughout this study, we use both radial and transverse components of seismic waveforms. The differences between the results from the two components include varying predominant frequencies and distinct features in resonance curves, particularly notable for multimodal stations. However, as noted earlier, the reasons behind the observed differences between the two components require additional research to better understand the causes of such variability.

The TFRA methodology, which relies solely on seismic records from surface stations, could be applied to any seismic network. This enables the computation of resonance curves comparable in quality to borehole responses. However, it is essential to recognize that the effectiveness of this method fundamentally depends on the availability of seismic stations and their records. Nonlinear site effects are shown to be highly specific to each site. Traditional parameters, including $V_{S30}$, $V_{S05}$, $f_{r_o}$, earthquake distance and magnitude, are insufficient for fully characterizing site nonlinearity. Combining the resonance frequency study with further investigation using local site velocity profiles or geological environment is recommended for better characterizing nonlinear site behaviour and its effects.

## ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by the DT-GEO European program and ANR E-City project (AAPG 2021 - CES 22) for funding this research. We extend our sincere appreciation to the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience (NIED), Japan, for generously providing access to the recordings and site data from the KiK-net stations, which greatly facilitated our study. We would like to thank the constructive and fruitful reviews of Editor Carl Tape, Assistant Editor Louise Alexander and anonymous reviewers. We sincerely acknowledge the valuable discussions with Philippe Gueguen, Fabrice Cotton and Dino Bindi, which have been helpful to our work. Additionally, we thank Adrian Rodriguez-Marek for graciously sharing the data base they compiled and Julie Régnier for her results of borehole responses in Japan.

## DATA AVAILABILITY

The corresponding author can provide the codes used in this study upon reasonable request. All the resonance curves generated in this study are available at the Zenodo link: https://doi.org/10.5281/ze.nodo.14887463. Processing and plotting of data and results were carried out using Python.

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## APPENDIX A: APPENDIX

### A1 Predominant frequency plots in azimuth

To ascertain the primary factors influencing the resonance frequencies, we present the frequency in conjunction with earthquake events
at the station, mapping it against parameters such as earthquake backazimuth.

Fig. A1 consistently displays two stations with constant predominant frequencies across various earthquake backazimuths, irrespective of whether they are unimodal or multimodal stations.

## A2 Example of IBRH13

Fig. A2 shows another example of multimodal station. The $f_{r0}$ for IBRH13 is identified 10.94 Hz for the radial component and 11.1 Hz for the transverse component. Both the resonance curves and borehole responses exhibit the highest peaks around 11 Hz. Particularly, the resonance curve of the transverse component closely resembles its corresponding borehole response.

## A3 The average PGA versus $\Delta f_r/f_{r0}$ curve for Japan calculated from the radial component of the waveforms

Fig. A3(a) presents the average PGA versus $\Delta f_r/f_{r0}$ curve for Japan, calculated from the radial component of the waveforms. Similar to the results derived from the transverse components (Fig. 11a), the uncorrelated distribution of the dot-coloured curves indicates that $V_{S30}$ has no clear relationship with the nonlinear behaviour at each site. Fig. A3(b) compares the average PGA versus $\Delta f_r/f_{r0}$ curves from the radial and transverse components, showing that the average results from the two components exhibit similar patterns.

## A4 $V_{S05}$, $V_{S10}$, $V_{S15}$, $V_{S20}$ and $V_{S30}$ value distributions

The stations in KiK-net network have well-investigated time-averaged shear-wave velocity to a depth of 5 m ($V_{S05}$), 10 m ($V_{S10}$), 15 m ($V_{S15}$), 20 m ($V_{S20}$) and 30 m ($V_{S30}$). The chosen stations (with the location of the unimodal and multimodal stations plotted in Fig. A4) of this study display distributions of $V_{S05}$, $V_{S10}$, $V_{S15}$, $V_{S20}$ and $V_{S30}$ as depicted in Fig. A5, which also shows that the log-normal distribution may reflect the global distribution of averaged shear-wave velocity by depth. The kernel density estimate (KDE) plots

in Fig. A5 employ a Gaussian kernel to smooth the distributions. We have opted for categorizing shear-wave velocity groups based on data distributions rather than employing the conventional Ec8 classification. This approach enables us to determine the preferable values to classify time-averaged shear-wave velocities into groups and even find out the optimal depth for time-averaged shear-wave velocity that is more sensitive to nonlinear site effects, offering a more precise representation of nonlinear effects. The newly defined categories for $V_{S05}$, $V_{S10}$, $V_{S15}$, $V_{S20}$ and $V_{S30}$ may further serve as valuable references for future studies.

## A5 List of KiK-net stations used for calculating predominant frequency

Tables A1 and A2 are the lists of the sites and their calculated $f_{r0}$ derived using radial and transverse component of the waveforms, respectively.

## A6 List of KiK-net unimodal and multimodal stations detected with nonlinearity

Tables A3 and A4 are the unimodal stations detected with nonlinearity using radial and transverse component of the waveforms, respectively. Tables A5 and A6 are the multimodal stations detected with nonlinearity using radial and transverse component of the waveforms, respectively. Note that the tables for multimodal stations only provide information at the resonance frequency with the maximum frequency shift. $f_{r0}$ is the original resonance frequency before effected by nonlinear frequency shift. $\Delta f_r$ is the frequency shift and $\Delta f_r/f_{r0}$ is the relative frequency shift normalized by the original resonance frequency. $\alpha$ and $c$ are the parameters used to obtain the best-fit using the curve fitting technique (see Section 2.4). PGA$_{max}$ is the PGA that caused the maximum frequency shift at the site. PGA$_{th5 per cent}$ and PGA$_{th10 per cent}$ are the PGA thresholds of 5 per cent and 10 per cent frequency shifts, which can be converted to 0.90 and 0.81 of shear modulus reduction ($\mu/\mu_{max}$), respectively.
<figure><img src="image_17.png" /><figcaption>**Figure A1.** The predominant frequency plots in azimuth of all the seismic waveforms recorded at stations (a,b) IBRH16 (unimodal) and (c,d) IBRH11 (multimodal).</figcaption></figure>
IBRH13 ($V_{S30}$=335.36 m/s)

<figure><img src="image_18.png" /></figure>

**Figure A2.** Seismic events plotted with PGA and predominant frequency, kernel density estimation, resonance curves for the three percentiles and borehole response at the multimodal station IBRH13 in the radial component. The distance is plotted in a log10 scale, the magnitude is indicated with a colour bar. The dashed line is predominant resonance frequency of the site. The borehole response is calculated using the borehole and surface stations with the 68 per cent and 95 per cent confidence limit concerning the mean. The dashed curve is the curve fitting using the hyperbolic model.
<figure><img src="image_19.png" /><figcaption>**Figure A3.** (a) The average PGA versus $\Delta f_r/f_{r_o}$ curve for Japan (dashed black curve) and the individual site-specific PGA versus $\Delta f_r/f_{r_o}$ curves (coloured dotted curves), where the colour represents the $V_{S30}$ value at each unimodal station calculated from the radial component of the waveforms. (b) Comparison between the average PGA versus $\Delta f_r/f_{r_o}$ curve for Japan calculated from the radial and transverse component of the waveforms.</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_20.png" /><figcaption>**Figure A4.** KiK-net stations used in this study. Unimodal and multimodal stations are identified using the transverse component of seismic records. The unimodal stations have one principal peak in the resonance curve. The multimodal stations either lack a single significant resonance frequency or have several peaks with equivalent amplitudes in resonance curves.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_21.png" /><figcaption>**Figure A5.** Vs05, Vs10, Vs15, Vs20 and Vs30 distributions of selected KiK-net stations.</figcaption></figure>
<table><caption>Table A1. List of the 567 KiK-net stations used for deriving radial component of the waveforms and their calculated $f_r$ 0</caption><thead><tr><th>Station</th><th>f<sub>r</sub> 0</th><th>Station</th><th>f<sub>r</sub> 0</th><th>Station</th><th>f<sub>r</sub> 0</th><th>Station</th><th>f<sub>r</sub> 0</th><th>Station</th><th>f<sub>r</sub> 0</th><th>Station</th><th>f<sub>r</sub> 0</th><th>Station</th><th>f<sub>r</sub> 0</th><th>Station</th><th>f<sub>r</sub> 0</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>ABSH06</td><td>9.01</td><td>CHBH04</td><td>5.78</td><td>GIFH12</td><td>9.93</td><td>HYMH03</td><td>9.77</td><td>KGSH08</td><td>6.26</td><td>MYGH02</td><td>5.58</td><td>NIGH04</td><td>9.22</td><td>SITH08</td><td>6.62</td><td>TKSH06</td><td>13.93</td></tr><tr><td>ABSH07</td><td>8.80</td><td>CHBH06</td><td>7.37</td><td>GIFH14</td><td>5.88</td><td>IBRH06</td><td>10.00</td><td>KGSH09</td><td>9.08</td><td>MYGH03</td><td>17.53</td><td>NIGH05</td><td>5.65</td><td>SITH10</td><td>7.40</td><td>TKYH02</td><td>7.52</td></tr><tr><td>ABSH09</td><td>6.11</td><td>CHBH10</td><td>4.58</td><td>GIFH15</td><td>4.24</td><td>IBRH07</td><td>5.44</td><td>KGSH10</td><td>5.58</td><td>MYGH04</td><td>15.20</td><td>NIGH06</td><td>4.16</td><td>SITH11</td><td>4.12</td><td>TKYH11</td><td>3.97</td></tr><tr><td>ABSH10</td><td>5.66</td><td>CHBH11</td><td>4.74</td><td>GIFH16</td><td>9.27</td><td>IBRH08</td><td>7.87</td><td>KGSH12</td><td>4.63</td><td>MYGH05</td><td>14.04</td><td>NIGH07</td><td>6.96</td><td>SMNH01</td><td>11.19</td><td>TKYH12</td><td>3.49</td></tr><tr><td>ABSH11</td><td>5.33</td><td>CHBH12</td><td>3.22</td><td>GIFH17</td><td>4.85</td><td>IBRH09</td><td>8.45</td><td>KGWH01</td><td>8.92</td><td>MYGH06</td><td>5.95</td><td>NIGH08</td><td>12.55</td><td>SMNH02</td><td>11.02</td><td>TKYH13</td><td>10.55</td></tr><tr><td>ABSH12</td><td>6.05</td><td>CHBH13</td><td>5.45</td><td>GIFH18</td><td>12.09</td><td>IBRH10</td><td>5.77</td><td>KGWH02</td><td>6.70</td><td>MYGH07</td><td>8.83</td><td>NIGH09</td><td>7.40</td><td>SMNH03</td><td>5.77</td><td>TTRH01</td><td>14.91</td></tr><tr><td>ABSH13</td><td>2.67</td><td>CHBH14</td><td>3.39</td><td>GIFH19</td><td>12.94</td><td>IBRH11</td><td>5.11</td><td>KGWH03</td><td>17.98</td><td>MYGH08</td><td>11.22</td><td>NIGH11</td><td>14.08</td><td>SMNH04</td><td>3.70</td><td>TTRH02</td><td>6.96</td></tr><tr><td>ABSH14</td><td>5.52</td><td>CHBH15</td><td>6.69</td><td>GIFH20</td><td>13.72</td><td>IBRH12</td><td>7.23</td><td>KGWH04</td><td>4.85</td><td>MYGH09</td><td>12.14</td><td>NIGH12</td><td>6.89</td><td>SMNH05</td><td>12.87</td><td>TTRH03</td><td>1.95</td></tr><tr><td>ABSH15</td><td>3.13</td><td>CHBH16</td><td>0.80</td><td>GIFH21</td><td>10.99</td><td>IBRH13</td><td>10.94</td><td>KGWH05</td><td>10.88</td><td>MYGH10</td><td>9.41</td><td>NIGH13</td><td>2.52</td><td>SMNH06</td><td>3.09</td><td>TTRH04</td><td>10.34</td></tr><tr><td>AICH04</td><td>11.80</td><td>CHBH17</td><td>9.93</td><td>GIFH22</td><td>9.24</td><td>IBRH14</td><td>14.59</td><td>KKWH08</td><td>2.82</td><td>MYGH14</td><td>13.48</td><td>NIGH14</td><td>8.92</td><td>SMNH07</td><td>3.43</td><td>TTRH05</td><td>9.73</td></tr><tr><td>AICH05</td><td>6.15</td><td>CHBH19</td><td>4.86</td><td>GIFH23</td><td>8.54</td><td>IBRH15</td><td>9.15</td><td>KKWH10</td><td>5.10</td><td>MYGH12</td><td>18.12</td><td>NIGH15</td><td>14.62</td><td>SMNH08</td><td>23.14</td><td>TTRH06</td><td>7.02</td></tr><tr><td>AICH06</td><td>12.17</td><td>CHBH20</td><td>0.74</td><td>GIFH24</td><td>18.73</td><td>IBRH16</td><td>7.22</td><td>KMMH01</td><td>9.55</td><td>MYGH13</td><td>3.82</td><td>NIGH16</td><td>3.96</td><td>SMNH09</td><td>22.39</td><td>TTRH07</td><td>6.98</td></tr><tr><td>AICH07</td><td>8.28</td><td>EHMH01</td><td>11.57</td><td>GIFH25</td><td>6.57</td><td>IBRH17</td><td>9.31</td><td>KMMH02</td><td>6.04</td><td>MYGH14</td><td>5.30</td><td>NIGH17</td><td>3.69</td><td>SMNH10</td><td>7.35</td><td>TYMH01</td><td>11.45</td></tr><tr><td>AICH08</td><td>17.80</td><td>EHMH02</td><td>12.14</td><td>GIFH26</td><td>2.66</td><td>IBRH18</td><td>5.27</td><td>KMMH03</td><td>7.99</td><td>MYZH04</td><td>5.45</td><td>NIGH18</td><td>3.36</td><td>SMNH11</td><td>7.37</td><td>TYMH03</td><td>2.50</td></tr><tr><td>AICH09</td><td>4.06</td><td>EHMH03</td><td>15.31</td><td>GIFH27</td><td>15.16</td><td>IBRH19</td><td>5.21</td><td>KMMH06</td><td>7.35</td><td>MYZH05</td><td>9.60</td><td>NIGH19</td><td>3.55</td><td>SMNH12</td><td>8.18</td><td>TYMH04</td><td>5.88</td></tr><tr><td>AICH10</td><td>9.88</td><td>EHMH04</td><td>6.75</td><td>GIFH28</td><td>11.77</td><td>IBRH20</td><td>6.21</td><td>KMMH07</td><td>10.23</td><td>MYZH08</td><td>9.29</td><td>NMRH01</td><td>10.03</td><td>SMNH13</td><td>15.23</td><td>TYMH06</td><td>5.30</td></tr><tr><td>AICH11</td><td>12.58</td><td>EHMH05</td><td>7.89</td><td>GIFH29</td><td>5.85</td><td>IBRH21</td><td>7.48</td><td>KMMH09</td><td>3.96</td><td>MYZH09</td><td>3.30</td><td>NMRH02</td><td>6.93</td><td>SMNH16</td><td>2.87</td><td>TYMH07</td><td>11.45</td></tr><tr><td>AICH12</td><td>8.22</td><td>EHMH06</td><td>13.07</td><td>GNMH05</td><td>4.20</td><td>IBUH01</td><td>9.43</td><td>KMMH10</td><td>2.66</td><td>MYZH10</td><td>11.48</td><td>NMRH04</td><td>7.67</td><td>SOYH06</td><td>2.15</td><td>WKYH01</td><td>16.11</td></tr><tr><td>AICH13</td><td>6.22</td><td>EHMH07</td><td>15.59</td><td>GNMH06</td><td>6.32</td><td>IBUH02</td><td>10.06</td><td>KMMH11</td><td>2.07</td><td>MYZH12</td><td>4.43</td><td>NMRH05</td><td>9.06</td><td>SOYH08</td><td>4.63</td><td>WKYH02</td><td>6.81</td></tr><tr><td>AICH14</td><td>5.98</td><td>EHMH08</td><td>4.76</td><td>GNMH07</td><td>15.71</td><td>IBUH05</td><td>13.06</td><td>KMMH12</td><td>9.41</td><td>MYZH13</td><td>6.95</td><td>OITH01</td><td>4.54</td><td>SOYH09</td><td>2.78</td><td>WKYH03</td><td>20.32</td></tr><tr><td>AICH15</td><td>6.29</td><td>EHMH10</td><td>10.77</td><td>GNMH08</td><td>8.37</td><td>IBUH06</td><td>5.45</td><td>KMMH14</td><td>4.68</td><td>MYZH15</td><td>8.37</td><td>OITH03</td><td>2.61</td><td>SRCH09</td><td>3.67</td><td>WKYH04</td><td>15.80</td></tr><tr><td>AICH16</td><td>12.91</td><td>EHMH11</td><td>9.19</td><td>GNMH09</td><td>8.69</td><td>IBUH07</td><td>13.86</td><td>KMMH16</td><td>4.86</td><td>MYZH16</td><td>8.67</td><td>OITH05</td><td>16.60</td><td>SZOH24</td><td>19.11</td><td>WKYH06</td><td>10.21</td></tr><tr><td>AICH17</td><td>4.32</td><td>EHMH12</td><td>3.57</td><td>GNMH10</td><td>14.48</td><td>IKRH01</td><td>8.22</td><td>KNGH10</td><td>2.62</td><td>NARH01</td><td>5.30</td><td>OITH08</td><td>15.59</td><td>SZOH25</td><td>4.12</td><td>WKYH07</td><td>3.63</td></tr><tr><td>AICH18</td><td>6.42</td><td>FKIH01</td><td>4.56</td><td>GNMH11</td><td>3.41</td><td>IKRH02</td><td>1.49</td><td>KNGH11</td><td>2.62</td><td>NARH02</td><td>11.19</td><td>OITH10</td><td>9.15</td><td>SZOH28</td><td>4.42</td><td>WKYH08</td><td>1.69</td></tr><tr><td>AICH19</td><td>11.51</td><td>FKIH03</td><td>9.90</td><td>GNMH12</td><td>4.29</td><td>IKRH03</td><td>4.15</td><td>KNGH18</td><td>3.52</td><td>NARH03</td><td>5.96</td><td>OITH11</td><td>7.18</td><td>SZOH30</td><td>7.89</td><td>WKYH09</td><td>9.36</td></tr><tr><td>AICH20</td><td>7.18</td><td>FKIH04</td><td>5.77</td><td>GNMH13</td><td>7.63</td><td>ISKH01</td><td>2.13</td><td>KNGH19</td><td>9.43</td><td>NARH04</td><td>17.04</td><td>OKYH01</td><td>10.08</td><td>SZOH31</td><td>4.73</td><td>WKYH10</td><td>7.69</td></tr><tr><td>AICH21</td><td>3.43</td><td>FKIH05</td><td>3.32</td><td>GNMH14</td><td>9.85</td><td>ISKH02</td><td>1.86</td><td>KNGH20</td><td>5.56</td><td>NARH05</td><td>5.96</td><td>OKYH02</td><td>12.11</td><td>SZOH32</td><td>4.14</td><td>YMGH09</td><td>7.77</td></tr><tr><td>AICH22</td><td>3.04</td><td>FKIH06</td><td>12.61</td><td>HDKH01</td><td>4.99</td><td>ISKH03</td><td>4.45</td><td>KNGH21</td><td>8.01</td><td>NARH06</td><td>8.11</td><td>OKYH03</td><td>9.90</td><td>SZOH33</td><td>5.55</td><td>YMGH10</td><td>7.99</td></tr><tr><td>AKTH01</td><td>5.42</td><td>FKIH06</td><td>4.99</td><td>HDKH03</td><td>5.49</td><td>ISKH04</td><td>13.02</td><td>KNGH23</td><td>3.67</td><td>NARH07</td><td>6.47</td><td>OKYH04</td><td>12.71</td><td>SZOH34</td><td>6.21</td><td>YMGH14</td><td>2.62</td></tr><tr><td>AKTH02</td><td>13.07</td><td>FKOH01</td><td>8.37</td><td>HDKH04</td><td>5.62</td><td>ISKH05</td><td>6.88</td><td>KOCH01</td><td>7.77</td><td>NGNH03</td><td>11.02</td><td>OKYH05</td><td>12.14</td><td>SZOH35</td><td>2.22</td><td>YMGH15</td><td>6.88</td></tr><tr><td>AKTH03</td><td>4.15</td><td>FKOH03</td><td>11.69</td><td>HDKH05</td><td>5.14</td><td>ISKH06</td><td>13.79</td><td>KOCH02</td><td>19.76</td><td>NGNH07</td><td>11.30</td><td>OKYH06</td><td>11.45</td><td>SZOH36</td><td>8.45</td><td>YMGH16</td><td>5.04</td></tr><tr><td>AKTH04</td><td>4.69</td><td>FKOH06</td><td>14.70</td><td>HDKH06</td><td>1.81</td><td>ISKH07</td><td>4.60</td><td>KOCH04</td><td>3.67</td><td>NGNH08</td><td>11.71</td><td>OKYH07</td><td>16.83</td><td>SZOH37</td><td>4.92</td><td>YMGH17</td><td>2.41</td></tr><tr><td>AKTH05</td><td>8.74</td><td>FKOH07</td><td>6.35</td><td>HDKH07</td><td>2.90</td><td>ISKH08</td><td>4.91</td><td>KOCH05</td><td>10.18</td><td>NGNH09</td><td>7.11</td><td>OKYH08</td><td>10.66</td><td>SZOH38</td><td>8.94</td><td>YMNH08</td><td>7.13</td></tr><tr><td>AKTH06</td><td>5.42</td><td>FKOH08</td><td>9.48</td><td>HRSH01</td><td>10.77</td><td>ISKH09</td><td>9.60</td><td>KOCH06</td><td>5.52</td><td>NGNH10</td><td>13.14</td><td>OKYH09</td><td>9.98</td><td>SZOH39</td><td>8.56</td><td>YMNH09</td><td>10.85</td></tr><tr><td>AKTH07</td><td>4.90</td><td>FKOH10</td><td>14.18</td><td>HRSH02</td><td>11.54</td><td>IWTH01</td><td>4.51</td><td>KOCH09</td><td>8.52</td><td>NGNH11</td><td>4.33</td><td>OKYH10</td><td>7.18</td><td>SZOH40</td><td>15.91</td><td>YMNH10</td><td>5.49</td></tr><tr><td>AKTH08</td><td>8.94</td><td>FKSH01</td><td>10.05</td><td>HRSH03</td><td>6.81</td><td>IWTH02</td><td>6.43</td><td>KOCH10</td><td>3.60</td><td>NGNH12</td><td>7.50</td><td>OKYH11</td><td>8.63</td><td>SZOH41</td><td>6.88</td><td>YMNH11</td><td>2.78</td></tr><tr><td>AKTH09</td><td>4.34</td><td>FKSH02</td><td>12.81</td><td>HRSH04</td><td>6.11</td><td>IWTH03</td><td>12.87</td><td>KOCH13</td><td>8.14</td><td>NGNH13</td><td>7.71</td><td>OKYH12</td><td>8.80</td><td>SZOH42</td><td>4.11</td><td>YMNH12</td><td>5.77</td></tr><tr><td>AKTH10</td><td>4.26</td><td>FKSH03</td><td>3.65</td><td>HRSH05</td><td>4.12</td><td>IWTH04</td><td>3.30</td><td>KSRH01</td><td>2.30</td><td>NGNH14</td><td>9.01</td><td>OKYH14</td><td>13.41</td><td>SZOH43</td><td>0.52</td><td>YMNH13</td><td>12.20</td></tr><tr><td>AKTH11</td><td>5.37</td><td>FKSH04</td><td>10.21</td><td>HRSH06</td><td>3.38</td><td>IWTH05</td><td>12.49</td><td>KSRH02</td><td>3.37</td><td>NGNH15</td><td>15.87</td><td>OSKH01</td><td>8.96</td><td>SZOH53</td><td>14.00</td><td>YMNH14</td><td>8.96</td></tr><tr><td>AKTH12</td><td>7.33</td><td>FKSH05</td><td>5.38</td><td>HRSH07</td><td>2.61</td><td>IWTH06</td><td>6.48</td><td>KSRH03</td><td>5.55</td><td>NGNH16</td><td>7.73</td><td>OSKH02</td><td>7.40</td><td>SZOH54</td><td>7.16</td><td>YMNH15</td><td>10.14</td></tr><tr><td>AKTH13</td><td>8.05</td><td>FKSH06</td><td>8.58</td><td>HRSH08</td><td>17.13</td><td>IWTH07</td><td>6.04</td><td>KSRH04</td><td>8.89</td><td>NGNH17</td><td>9.22</td><td>OSKH03</td><td>9.31</td><td>TCGH06</td><td>8.26</td><td>YMNH16</td><td>8.94</td></tr><tr><td>AKTH14</td><td>4.99</td><td>FKSH07</td><td>12.52</td><td>HRSH09</td><td>19.76</td><td>IWTH08</td><td>2.87</td><td>KSRH05</td><td>9.55</td><td>NGNH18</td><td>5.88</td><td>OSKH04</td><td>7.16</td><td>TCGH07</td><td>4.92</td><td>YMTH01</td><td>6.67</td></tr><tr><td>AKTH15</td><td>10.42</td><td>FKSH08</td><td>12.65</td><td>HRSH10</td><td>6.40</td><td>IWTH09</td><td>16.66</td><td>KSRH06</td><td>10.05</td><td>NGNH19</td><td>13.90</td><td>OSMH01</td><td>6.08</td><td>TCGH08</td><td>10.08</td><td>YMTH02</td><td>3.49</td></tr><tr><td>AKTH16</td><td>9.06</td><td>FKSH09</td><td>12.78</td><td>HRSH11</td><td>14.37</td><td>IWTH10</td><td>14.15</td><td>KSRH07</td><td>8.52</td><td>NGNH20</td><td>13.62</td><td>OSMH02</td><td>5.80</td><td>TCGH09</td><td>12.52</td><td>YMTH03</td><td>6.58</td></tr><tr><td>AKTH17</td><td>8.32</td><td>FKSH10</td><td>7.03</td><td>HRSH13</td><td>6.43</td><td>IWTH11</td><td>14.00</td><td>KSRH09</td><td>3.68</td><td>NGNH21</td><td>5.14</td><td>RMIH01</td><td>3.38</td><td>TCGH10</td><td>8.67</td><td>YMTH04</td><td>11.69</td></tr><tr><td>AKTH18</td><td>7.18</td><td>FKSH11</td><td>8.18</td><td>HRSH14</td><td>3.93</td><td>IWTH12</td><td>5.58</td><td>KSRH10</td><td>7.07</td><td>NGNH22</td><td>4.32</td><td>RMIH05</td><td>2.37</td><td>TCGH11</td><td>7.35</td><td>YMTH05</td><td>2.64</td></tr><tr><td>AKTH19</td><td>4.13</td><td>FKSH12</td><td>4.46</td><td>HRSH15</td><td>6.77</td><td>IWTH13</td><td>18.49</td><td>KYTH01</td><td>5.10</td><td>NGNH23</td><td>8.56</td><td>SAGH01</td><td>10.55</td><td>TCGH12</td><td>9.90</td><td>YMTH06</td><td>4.26</td></tr><tr><td>AOMH01</td><td>6.05</td><td>FKSH13</td><td>9.15</td><td>HRSH16</td><td>5.14</td><td>IWTH14</td><td>10.99</td><td>KYTH02</td><td>10.55</td><td>NGNH24</td><td>5.75</td><td>SAGH04</td><td>8.76</td><td>TCGH13</td><td>4.87</td><td>YMTH07</td><td>3.89</td></tr><tr><td>AOMH03</td><td>14.34</td><td>FKSH14</td><td>5.98</td><td>HRSH17</td><td>14.59</td><td>IWTH15</td><td>6.79</td><td>KYTH03</td><td>14.40</td><td>NGNH25</td><td>9.27</td><td>SBSH03</td><td>5.31</td><td>TCGH14</td><td>10.96</td><td>YMTH08</td><td>7.52</td></tr><tr><td>AOMH04</td><td>3.85</td><td>FKSH16</td><td>11.08</td><td>HRSH18</td><td>15.23</td><td>IWTH16</td><td>14.08</td><td>KYTH04</td><td>14.89</td><td>NGNH26</td><td>3.78</td><td>SBSH06</td><td>5.96</td><td>TCGH15</td><td>6.42</td><td>YMTH09</td><td>5.41</td></tr><tr><td>AOMH05</td><td>5.64</td><td>FKSH17</td><td>3.94</td><td>HYGH01</td><td>5.47</td><td>IWTH17</td><td>16.24</td><td>KYTH06</td><td>16.96</td><td>NGNH27</td><td>1.84</td><td>SBSH07</td><td>9.62</td><td>TCGH16</td><td>4.82</td><td>YMTH11</td><td>3.63</td></tr><tr><td>AOMH06</td><td>8.14</td><td>FKSH18</td><td>5.75</td><td>HYGH02</td><td>18.87</td><td>IWTH18</td><td>10.88</td><td>KYTH07</td><td>8.41</td><td>NGNH28</td><td>1.70</td><td>SBSH08</td><td>7.20</td><td>TCGH17</td><td>14.00</td><td>YMTH12</td><td>3.12</td></tr><tr><td>AOMH07</td><td>10.21</td><td>FKSH19</td><td>3.27</td><td>HYGH03</td><td>10.85</td><td>IWTH19</td><td>8.03</td><td>KYTH08</td><td>10.50</td><td>NGNH29</td><td>6.77</td><td>SBSH09</td><td>5.15</td><td>TKCH02</td><td>8.22</td><td>YMTH13</td><td>12.36</td></tr><tr><td>AOMH08</td><td>5.18</td><td>FKSH20</td><td>4.46</td><td>HYGH04</td><td>8.37</td><td>IWTH20</td><td>6.32</td><td>MIEH01</td><td>13.38</td><td>NGNH30</td><td>10.21</td><td>SBSH10</td><td>10.18</td><td>TKCH03</td><td>3.44</td><td>YMTH14</td><td>7.99</td></tr><tr><td>AOMH09</td><td>2.62</td><td>FKSH21</td><td>14.59</td><td>HYGH05</td><td>7.81</td><td>IWTH21</td><td>6.42</td><td>MIEH02</td><td>13.21</td><td>NGNH31</td><td>10.66</td><td>SIGH01</td><td>11.62</td><td>TKCH04</td><td>4.95</td><td>YMTH15</td><td>1.67</td></tr><tr><td>AOMH10</td><td>1.83</td><td>GIFH03</td><td>10.23</td><td>HYGH06</td><td>9.82</td><td>IWTH22</td><td>7.38</td><td>MIEH03</td><td>10.16</td><td>NGNH32</td><td>2.87</td><td>SIGH02</td><td>7.67</td><td>TKCH05</td><td>6.22</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>AOMH11</td><td>6.19</td><td>GIFH04</td><td>5.40</td><td>HYGH07</td><td>13.69</td><td>IWTH23</td><td>13.79</td><td>MIEH04</td><td>15.59</td><td>NGNH33</td><td>7.13</td><td>SIGH03</td><td>7.97</td><td>TKCH06</td><td>1.08</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>AOMH12</td><td>7.91</td><td>GIFH05</td><td>3.15</td><td>HYGH08</td><td>11.80</td><td>IWTH24</td><td>6.05</td><td>MIEH05</td><td>11.08</td><td>NGNH34</td><td>4.01</td><td>SIGH04</td><td>6.48</td><td>TKCH07</td><td>2.18</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>AOMH13</td><td>8.78</td><td>GIFH06</td><td>9.36</td><td>HYGH09</td><td>6.01</td><td>IWTH25</td><td>12.45</td><td>MIEH06</td><td>14.22</td><td>NGNH35</td><td>11.57</td><td>SITH01</td><td>2.64</td><td>TKCH08</td><td>8.74</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>AOMH14</td><td>3.27</td><td>GIFH07</td><td>9.53</td><td>HYGH10</td><td>5.13</td><td>IWTH26</td><td>10.00</td><td>MIEH07</td><td>6.98</td><td>NGNH37</td><td>7.83</td><td>SITH03</td><td>7.20</td><td>TKCH11</td><td>3.15</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>AOMH15</td><td>12.17</td><td>GIFH08</td><td>13.69</td><td>HYGH11</td><td>6.29</td><td>IWTH27</td><td>7.42</td><td>MIEH08</td><td>10.50</td><td>NGNH54</td><td>11.05</td><td>SITH04</td><td>5.22</td><td>TKSH02</td><td>8.18</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>AOMH16</td><td>5.45</td><td>GIFH09</td><td>3.16</td><td>HYGH12</td><td>11.33</td><td>IWTH28</td><td>2.39</td><td>MIEH09</td><td>6.80</td><td>NIGH01</td><td>6.65</td><td>SITH05</td><td>12.91</td><td>TKSH03</td><td>7.13</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>AOMH17</td><td>7.87</td><td>GIFH10</td><td>4.00</td><td>HYGH14</td><td>12.78</td><td>KGSH03</td><td>3.26</td><td>MIEH10</td><td>4.85</td><td>NIGH02</td><td>1.07</td><td>SITH06</td><td>7.67</td><td>TKSH04</td><td>3.67</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>AOMH18</td><td>10.39</td><td>GIFH11</td><td>9.95</td><td>HYMH01</td><td>9.08</td><td>KGSH04</td><td>6.82</td><td>MYGH01</td><td>6.39</td><td>NIGH03</td><td>10.37</td><td>SITH07</td><td>12.33</td><td>TKSH05</td><td>10.82</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table A2. List of the 567 KiK-net stations used for deriving transverse component of the waveforms and their calculated $f_r$ 0</caption><thead><tr><th>Station</th><th>f<sub>r</sub> 0</th><th>Station</th><th>f<sub>r</sub> 0</th><th>Station</th><th>f<sub>r</sub> 0</th><th>Station</th><th>f<sub>r</sub> 0</th><th>Station</th><th>f<sub>r</sub> 0</th><th>Station</th><th>f<sub>r</sub> 0</th><th>Station</th><th>f<sub>r</sub> 0</th><th>Station</th><th>f<sub>r</sub> 0</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>ABSH06</td><td>2.95</td><td>CHBH04</td><td>9.43</td><td>GIFH12</td><td>10.03</td><td>HYMH02</td><td>3.97</td><td>KGSH04</td><td>6.63</td><td>MYGH01</td><td>6.37</td><td>NIGH05</td><td>5.83</td><td>SITH08</td><td>6.50</td><td>TKSH05</td><td>10.03</td></tr><tr><td>ABSH07</td><td>8.56</td><td>CHBH06</td><td>5.71</td><td>GIFH14</td><td>5.10</td><td>HYMH03</td><td>10.26</td><td>KGSH08</td><td>6.57</td><td>MYGH02</td><td>5.47</td><td>NIGH06</td><td>3.96</td><td>SITH10</td><td>8.16</td><td>TKSH06</td><td>3.21</td></tr><tr><td>ABSH09</td><td>8.50</td><td>CHBH10</td><td>7.09</td><td>GIFH15</td><td>4.53</td><td>IBRH06</td><td>10.05</td><td>KGSH09</td><td>8.72</td><td>MYGH03</td><td>15.39</td><td>NIGH07</td><td>6.74</td><td>SITH11</td><td>3.89</td><td>TKYH02</td><td>7.25</td></tr><tr><td>ABSH10</td><td>5.17</td><td>CHBH11</td><td>5.65</td><td>GIFH16</td><td>9.41</td><td>IBRH07</td><td>5.37</td><td>KGSH10</td><td>5.51</td><td>MYGH04</td><td>14.66</td><td>NIGH08</td><td>12.49</td><td>SMNH01</td><td>10.85</td><td>TKYH11</td><td>3.13</td></tr><tr><td>ABSH11</td><td>4.82</td><td>CHBH12</td><td>2.79</td><td>GIFH17</td><td>4.92</td><td>IBRH08</td><td>7.91</td><td>KGSH12</td><td>4.33</td><td>MYGH05</td><td>14.48</td><td>NIGH09</td><td>7.71</td><td>SMNH02</td><td>10.21</td><td>TKYH12</td><td>5.27</td></tr><tr><td>ABSH12</td><td>6.26</td><td>CHBH13</td><td>5.25</td><td>GIFH18</td><td>8.60</td><td>IBRH09</td><td>8.20</td><td>KGWH01</td><td>7.03</td><td>MYGH06</td><td>3.69</td><td>NIGH11</td><td>13.97</td><td>SMNH03</td><td>5.19</td><td>TKYH13</td><td>9.55</td></tr><tr><td>ABSH13</td><td>2.13</td><td>CHBH14</td><td>5.71</td><td>GIFH19</td><td>13.19</td><td>IBRH10</td><td>4.10</td><td>KGWH02</td><td>5.88</td><td>MYGH07</td><td>9.06</td><td>NIGH12</td><td>7.02</td><td>SMNH04</td><td>4.02</td><td>TTRH01</td><td>11.25</td></tr><tr><td>ABSH14</td><td>10.00</td><td>CHBH15</td><td>7.37</td><td>GIFH20</td><td>13.51</td><td>IBRH11</td><td>9.17</td><td>KGWH03</td><td>17.09</td><td>MYGH08</td><td>12.17</td><td>NIGH13</td><td>2.15</td><td>SMNH05</td><td>12.97</td><td>TTRH02</td><td>7.07</td></tr><tr><td>ABSH15</td><td>5.40</td><td>CHBH16</td><td>4.02</td><td>GIFH21</td><td>11.02</td><td>IBRH12</td><td>6.96</td><td>KGWH04</td><td>5.06</td><td>MYGH09</td><td>5.56</td><td>NIGH14</td><td>8.69</td><td>SMNH06</td><td>6.12</td><td>TTRH03</td><td>1.99</td></tr><tr><td>AICH04</td><td>11.63</td><td>CHBH17</td><td>9.73</td><td>GIFH22</td><td>9.22</td><td>IBRH13</td><td>11.10</td><td>KGWH05</td><td>4.18</td><td>MYGH10</td><td>7.89</td><td>NIGH15</td><td>15.51</td><td>SMNH07</td><td>5.52</td><td>TTRH04</td><td>10.58</td></tr><tr><td>AICH05</td><td>11.45</td><td>CHBH19</td><td>7.65</td><td>GIFH23</td><td>9.19</td><td>IBRH14</td><td>14.40</td><td>KKWH08</td><td>2.90</td><td>MYGH11</td><td>10.37</td><td>NIGH16</td><td>3.84</td><td>SMNH08</td><td>15.79</td><td>TTRH05</td><td>5.62</td></tr><tr><td>AICH06</td><td>1.17</td><td>CHBH20</td><td>0.65</td><td>GIFH24</td><td>18.40</td><td>IBRH15</td><td>9.27</td><td>KKWH10</td><td>4.57</td><td>MYGH12</td><td>17.17</td><td>NIGH17</td><td>3.41</td><td>SMNH09</td><td>14.11</td><td>TTRH06</td><td>5.26</td></tr><tr><td>AICH07</td><td>8.30</td><td>EHMH01</td><td>11.51</td><td>GIFH25</td><td>7.40</td><td>IBRH16</td><td>7.40</td><td>KMMH01</td><td>10.24</td><td>MYGH13</td><td>5.35</td><td>NIGH18</td><td>3.85</td><td>SMNH10</td><td>3.40</td><td>TTRH07</td><td>10.23</td></tr><tr><td>AICH08</td><td>17.17</td><td>EHMH02</td><td>12.45</td><td>GIFH26</td><td>2.82</td><td>IBRH17</td><td>9.12</td><td>KMMH02</td><td>6.32</td><td>MYGH14</td><td>5.35</td><td>NIGH19</td><td>3.71</td><td>SMNH11</td><td>10.22</td><td>TYMH01</td><td>11.84</td></tr><tr><td>AICH09</td><td>4.07</td><td>EHMH03</td><td>14.51</td><td>GIFH27</td><td>15.87</td><td>IBRH18</td><td>5.22</td><td>KMMH03</td><td>6.88</td><td>MYZH04</td><td>7.46</td><td>NMRH01</td><td>10.60</td><td>SMNH12</td><td>8.16</td><td>TYMH03</td><td>4.16</td></tr><tr><td>AICH10</td><td>10.10</td><td>EHMH04</td><td>5.51</td><td>GIFH28</td><td>12.11</td><td>IBRH19</td><td>5.08</td><td>KMMH06</td><td>8.99</td><td>MYZH05</td><td>9.65</td><td>NMRH02</td><td>7.20</td><td>SMNH13</td><td>14.66</td><td>TYMH04</td><td>5.26</td></tr><tr><td>AICH11</td><td>13.31</td><td>EHMH05</td><td>14.62</td><td>GIFH29</td><td>12.20</td><td>IBRH20</td><td>5.74</td><td>KMMH07</td><td>8.65</td><td>MYZH08</td><td>9.01</td><td>NMRH04</td><td>6.91</td><td>SMNH16</td><td>2.85</td><td>TYMH06</td><td>2.45</td></tr><tr><td>AICH12</td><td>8.41</td><td>EHMH06</td><td>13.38</td><td>GNMH05</td><td>2.24</td><td>IBRH21</td><td>4.70</td><td>KMMH09</td><td>3.94</td><td>MYZH09</td><td>3.65</td><td>NMRH05</td><td>9.31</td><td>SOYH06</td><td>2.34</td><td>TYMH07</td><td>3.76</td></tr><tr><td>AICH13</td><td>6.98</td><td>EHMH07</td><td>13.65</td><td>GNMH06</td><td>6.40</td><td>IBUH01</td><td>4.40</td><td>KMMH10</td><td>3.05</td><td>MYZH10</td><td>11.13</td><td>OITH01</td><td>6.72</td><td>SOYH08</td><td>4.45</td><td>WKYH01</td><td>15.83</td></tr><tr><td>AICH14</td><td>4.24</td><td>EHMH08</td><td>4.96</td><td>GNMH07</td><td>15.51</td><td>IBUH02</td><td>11.59</td><td>KMMH11</td><td>1.96</td><td>MYZH12</td><td>4.54</td><td>OITH03</td><td>3.27</td><td>SOYH09</td><td>2.71</td><td>WKYH02</td><td>5.49</td></tr><tr><td>AICH15</td><td>6.22</td><td>EHMH10</td><td>9.51</td><td>GNMH08</td><td>8.52</td><td>IBUH05</td><td>12.02</td><td>KMMH12</td><td>6.82</td><td>MYZH15</td><td>7.57</td><td>OITH05</td><td>15.51</td><td>SRCH09</td><td>2.59</td><td>WKYH03</td><td>20.22</td></tr><tr><td>AICH16</td><td>13.65</td><td>EHMH11</td><td>9.29</td><td>GNMH09</td><td>8.20</td><td>IBUH06</td><td>3.91</td><td>KMMH14</td><td>3.68</td><td>MYZH16</td><td>12.97</td><td>OITH08</td><td>14.51</td><td>SZOH24</td><td>22.91</td><td>WKYH04</td><td>8.76</td></tr><tr><td>AICH17</td><td>4.12</td><td>EHMH12</td><td>3.66</td><td>GNMH10</td><td>14.44</td><td>IBUH07</td><td>13.86</td><td>KMMH16</td><td>5.25</td><td>NARH01</td><td>5.23</td><td>OITH10</td><td>9.36</td><td>SZOH25</td><td>4.05</td><td>WKYH06</td><td>10.04</td></tr><tr><td>AICH18</td><td>6.93</td><td>FKIH01</td><td>4.34</td><td>GNMH11</td><td>11.13</td><td>IKRH01</td><td>4.65</td><td>KNGH10</td><td>2.82</td><td>NARH02</td><td>11.99</td><td>OITH11</td><td>7.14</td><td>SZOH28</td><td>4.22</td><td>WKYH07</td><td>3.53</td></tr><tr><td>AICH19</td><td>10.55</td><td>FKIH03</td><td>13.61</td><td>GNMH12</td><td>4.22</td><td>IKRH02</td><td>3.69</td><td>KNGH11</td><td>2.69</td><td>NARH03</td><td>6.59</td><td>OKYH01</td><td>10.08</td><td>SZOH29</td><td>13.62</td><td>WKYH08</td><td>4.38</td></tr><tr><td>AICH20</td><td>7.12</td><td>FKIH04</td><td>5.61</td><td>GNMH13</td><td>6.11</td><td>IKRH03</td><td>3.65</td><td>KNGH18</td><td>3.68</td><td>NARH04</td><td>17.00</td><td>OKYH01</td><td>14.77</td><td>SZOH30</td><td>7.43</td><td>WKYH09</td><td>7.48</td></tr><tr><td>AICH21</td><td>3.72</td><td>FKIH05</td><td>3.71</td><td>GNMH14</td><td>14.15</td><td>ISKH01</td><td>2.56</td><td>KNGH19</td><td>8.52</td><td>NARH05</td><td>6.02</td><td>OKYH03</td><td>8.76</td><td>SZOH31</td><td>4.77</td><td>WKYH10</td><td>7.59</td></tr><tr><td>AICH22</td><td>3.20</td><td>FKIH06</td><td>10.47</td><td>HDKH01</td><td>6.95</td><td>ISKH02</td><td>2.39</td><td>KNGH20</td><td>5.42</td><td>NARH06</td><td>7.87</td><td>OKYH04</td><td>12.71</td><td>SZOH32</td><td>5.22</td><td>YMGH09</td><td>7.61</td></tr><tr><td>AKTH01</td><td>6.05</td><td>FKIH06</td><td>9.01</td><td>HDKH03</td><td>5.44</td><td>ISKH03</td><td>4.81</td><td>KNGH21</td><td>8.05</td><td>NARH07</td><td>7.57</td><td>OKYH05</td><td>11.80</td><td>SZOH33</td><td>5.27</td><td>YMGH10</td><td>7.91</td></tr><tr><td>AKTH02</td><td>8.30</td><td>FKOH01</td><td>9.53</td><td>HDKH04</td><td>6.55</td><td>ISKH04</td><td>3.40</td><td>KNGH23</td><td>3.47</td><td>NGNH03</td><td>10.77</td><td>OKYH06</td><td>14.04</td><td>SZOH34</td><td>6.22</td><td>YMGH14</td><td>2.79</td></tr><tr><td>AKTH03</td><td>10.31</td><td>FKOH03</td><td>11.74</td><td>HDKH05</td><td>6.26</td><td>ISKH05</td><td>6.98</td><td>KOCH01</td><td>7.42</td><td>NGNH07</td><td>10.79</td><td>OKYH07</td><td>16.91</td><td>SZOH35</td><td>2.11</td><td>YMGH15</td><td>6.86</td></tr><tr><td>AKTH04</td><td>4.75</td><td>FKOH06</td><td>14.00</td><td>HDKH06</td><td>1.78</td><td>ISKH06</td><td>5.19</td><td>KOCH02</td><td>20.69</td><td>NGNH08</td><td>12.33</td><td>OKYH07</td><td>10.91</td><td>SZOH36</td><td>7.59</td><td>YMGH16</td><td>4.40</td></tr><tr><td>AKTH05</td><td>8.80</td><td>FKOH07</td><td>6.88</td><td>HDKH07</td><td>2.96</td><td>ISKH07</td><td>4.67</td><td>KOCH04</td><td>17.09</td><td>NGNH09</td><td>15.59</td><td>OKYH09</td><td>10.08</td><td>SZOH37</td><td>5.47</td><td>YMGH17</td><td>2.78</td></tr><tr><td>AKTH06</td><td>5.64</td><td>FKOH08</td><td>8.99</td><td>HRSH01</td><td>10.88</td><td>ISKH08</td><td>6.30</td><td>KOCH05</td><td>9.88</td><td>NARH010</td><td>4.01</td><td>OKYH08</td><td>6.84</td><td>SZOH38</td><td>8.78</td><td>YMNH08</td><td>7.20</td></tr><tr><td>AKTH07</td><td>4.90</td><td>FKOH10</td><td>15.12</td><td>HRSH02</td><td>11.93</td><td>ISKH09</td><td>9.57</td><td>KOCH06</td><td>5.84</td><td>NGNH11</td><td>4.34</td><td>OKYH11</td><td>8.54</td><td>SZOH39</td><td>6.88</td><td>YMNH09</td><td>11.66</td></tr><tr><td>AKTH08</td><td>10.31</td><td>FKSH01</td><td>9.43</td><td>HRSH03</td><td>6.98</td><td>IWTH01</td><td>4.68</td><td>KOCH09</td><td>9.70</td><td>NGNH12</td><td>7.20</td><td>OKYH12</td><td>9.24</td><td>SZOH40</td><td>15.35</td><td>YMNH10</td><td>5.80</td></tr><tr><td>AKTH09</td><td>3.59</td><td>FKSH02</td><td>13.86</td><td>HRSH04</td><td>9.15</td><td>IWTH02</td><td>6.42</td><td>KOCH10</td><td>2.96</td><td>NGNH13</td><td>8.67</td><td>OKYH03</td><td>19.61</td><td>SZOH41</td><td>3.63</td><td>YMNH11</td><td>2.76</td></tr><tr><td>AKTH10</td><td>5.55</td><td>FKSH03</td><td>3.84</td><td>HRSH05</td><td>6.23</td><td>IWTH03</td><td>12.87</td><td>KOCH13</td><td>7.57</td><td>NGNH14</td><td>9.08</td><td>OKYH14</td><td>8.96</td><td>SZOH42</td><td>4.42</td><td>YMNH12</td><td>6.48</td></tr><tr><td>AKTH11</td><td>5.93</td><td>FKSH04</td><td>9.73</td><td>HRSH06</td><td>3.70</td><td>IWTH05</td><td>3.37</td><td>KSRH01</td><td>2.30</td><td>NGNH15</td><td>14.81</td><td>OSKH01</td><td>8.35</td><td>SZOH43</td><td>0.61</td><td>YMNH13</td><td>2.42</td></tr><tr><td>AKTH12</td><td>6.69</td><td>FKSH05</td><td>5.23</td><td>HRSH07</td><td>12.08</td><td>IWTH05</td><td>12.87</td><td>KSRH02</td><td>7.16</td><td>NGNH16</td><td>8.03</td><td>OSKH02</td><td>6.73</td><td>SZOH53</td><td>15.16</td><td>YMNH14</td><td>9.29</td></tr><tr><td>AKTH13</td><td>8.26</td><td>FKSH06</td><td>8.16</td><td>HRSH08</td><td>16.66</td><td>IWTH06</td><td>6.50</td><td>KSRH03</td><td>7.95</td><td>NGNH17</td><td>8.87</td><td>OSKH03</td><td>7.89</td><td>SZOH54</td><td>9.73</td><td>YMNH15</td><td>9.06</td></tr><tr><td>AKTH14</td><td>4.94</td><td>FKSH07</td><td>12.15</td><td>HRSH09</td><td>18.44</td><td>IWTH07</td><td>16.44</td><td>KSRH04</td><td>10.69</td><td>NGNH18</td><td>5.74</td><td>OSKH04</td><td>8.96</td><td>TCGH06</td><td>6.15</td><td>YMNH16</td><td>8.60</td></tr><tr><td>AKTH15</td><td>10.50</td><td>FKSH08</td><td>7.48</td><td>HRSH10</td><td>6.81</td><td>IWTH08</td><td>2.86</td><td>KSRH05</td><td>9.85</td><td>NGNH19</td><td>14.93</td><td>OSMH01</td><td>2.60</td><td>TCGH07</td><td>4.81</td><td>YMTH01</td><td>3.52</td></tr><tr><td>AKTH16</td><td>9.01</td><td>FKSH09</td><td>12.58</td><td>HRSH11</td><td>14.11</td><td>IWTH09</td><td>17.39</td><td>KSRH06</td><td>10.47</td><td>NGNH20</td><td>14.48</td><td>OSMH02</td><td>3.58</td><td>TCGH08</td><td>8.50</td><td>YMTH02</td><td>3.57</td></tr><tr><td>AKTH17</td><td>8.50</td><td>FKSH10</td><td>7.05</td><td>HRSH13</td><td>6.37</td><td>IWTH10</td><td>13.44</td><td>KNRH07</td><td>8.83</td><td>NGNH22</td><td>6.74</td><td>RMIH01</td><td>4.39</td><td>TCGH09</td><td>8.87</td><td>YMTH03</td><td>6.50</td></tr><tr><td>AKTH18</td><td>4.24</td><td>FKSH11</td><td>8.35</td><td>HRSH14</td><td>3.94</td><td>IWTH11</td><td>13.97</td><td>KSRH08</td><td>8.39</td><td>NGNH23</td><td>8.54</td><td>RMIH05</td><td>2.63</td><td>TCGH10</td><td>8.26</td><td>YMTH04</td><td>11.99</td></tr><tr><td>AKTH19</td><td>4.30</td><td>FKSH12</td><td>4.64</td><td>HRSH15</td><td>4.65</td><td>IWTH11</td><td>10.37</td><td>KSRH09</td><td>3.46</td><td>NGNH24</td><td>5.64</td><td>SAGH01</td><td>9.88</td><td>TCGH11</td><td>7.13</td><td>YMTH05</td><td>4.83</td></tr><tr><td>AOMH01</td><td>6.04</td><td>FKSH13</td><td>10.29</td><td>HRSH16</td><td>5.11</td><td>IWTH13</td><td>18.73</td><td>KSRH10</td><td>4.42</td><td>NGNH25</td><td>9.24</td><td>SAGH04</td><td>7.42</td><td>TCGH12</td><td>9.60</td><td>YMTH06</td><td>4.26</td></tr><tr><td>AOMH03</td><td>7.73</td><td>FKSH14</td><td>5.96</td><td>HRSH17</td><td>14.11</td><td>IWTH14</td><td>11.02</td><td>KYTH01</td><td>2.57</td><td>NGNH26</td><td>3.69</td><td>SBSH03</td><td>5.27</td><td>TCGH13</td><td>4.51</td><td>YMTH07</td><td>3.77</td></tr><tr><td>AOMH04</td><td>3.81</td><td>FKSH16</td><td>11.57</td><td>HRSH18</td><td>4.45</td><td>IWTH15</td><td>7.37</td><td>KYTH02</td><td>13.48</td><td>NGNH27</td><td>1.74</td><td>SBSH06</td><td>3.79</td><td>TCGH14</td><td>12.05</td><td>YMTH09</td><td>6.04</td></tr><tr><td>AOMH05</td><td>5.54</td><td>FKSH17</td><td>4.00</td><td>HYGH01</td><td>3.42</td><td>IWTH16</td><td>13.79</td><td>KYTH03</td><td>13.94</td><td>NGNH28</td><td>1.94</td><td>SBSH07</td><td>9.88</td><td>TCGH15</td><td>6.11</td><td>YMTH11</td><td>4.38</td></tr><tr><td>AOMH06</td><td>7.48</td><td>FKSH18</td><td>5.51</td><td>HYGH02</td><td>3.00</td><td>IWTH17</td><td>10.23</td><td>KYTH04</td><td>14.04</td><td>NGNH29</td><td>6.81</td><td>SBSH08</td><td>7.05</td><td>TCGH16</td><td>4.79</td><td>YMTH12</td><td>3.45</td></tr><tr><td>AOMH07</td><td>9.93</td><td>FKSH19</td><td>9.27</td><td>HYGH03</td><td>10.91</td><td>IWTH18</td><td>11.74</td><td>KYTH06</td><td>16.03</td><td>NGNH30</td><td>10.60</td><td>SBSH09</td><td>4.77</td><td>TCGH17</td><td>14.26</td><td>YMTH13</td><td>12.36</td></tr><tr><td>AOMH08</td><td>4.98</td><td>FKSH20</td><td>4.40</td><td>HYGH04</td><td>8.76</td><td>IWTH19</td><td>7.71</td><td>KYTH07</td><td>8.40</td><td>NGNH31</td><td>10.88</td><td>SBSH10</td><td>10.81</td><td>TKCH02</td><td>8.56</td><td>YMTH14</td><td>2.73</td></tr><tr><td>AOMH09</td><td>2.54</td><td>FKSH21</td><td>3.91</td><td>HYGH05</td><td>8.52</td><td>IWTH20</td><td>6.70</td><td>KYTH08</td><td>9.95</td><td>NGNH32</td><td>4.02</td><td>SIGH01</td><td>11.38</td><td>TKCH03</td><td>4.28</td><td>YMTH15</td><td>1.62</td></tr><tr><td>AOMH10</td><td>0.79</td><td>GIFH03</td><td>10.03</td><td>HYGH06</td><td>9.43</td><td>IWTH21</td><td>6.26</td><td>MIEH01</td><td>13.17</td><td>NGNH33</td><td>5.96</td><td>SIGH02</td><td>7.33</td><td>TKCH04</td><td>4.53</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>AOMH11</td><td>6.81</td><td>GIFH04</td><td>5.65</td><td>HYGH07</td><td>13.14</td><td>IWTH22</td><td>10.96</td><td>MIEH02</td><td>13.57</td><td>NGNH34</td><td>3.97</td><td>SIGH03</td><td>5.40</td><td>TKCH05</td><td>6.21</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>AOMH12</td><td>7.85</td><td>GIFH05</td><td>6.96</td><td>HYGH08</td><td>12.52</td><td>IWTH23</td><td>14.62</td><td>MIEH03</td><td>10.50</td><td>NGNH35</td><td>11.48</td><td>SIGH04</td><td>7.75</td><td>TKCH06</td><td>12.65</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>AOMH13</td><td>7.96</td><td>GIFH06</td><td>10.45</td><td>HYGH09</td><td>5.31</td><td>IWTH24</td><td>6.15</td><td>MIEH04</td><td>13.11</td><td>NGNH37</td><td>6.34</td><td>SITH01</td><td>2.67</td><td>TKCH07</td><td>1.42</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>AOMH14</td><td>3.48</td><td>GIFH07</td><td>9.38</td><td>HYGH10</td><td>7.11</td><td>IWTH25</td><td>11.08</td><td>MIEH05</td><td>10.80</td><td>NGNH54</td><td>10.37</td><td>SITH03</td><td>7.16</td><td>TKCH08</td><td>9.24</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>AOMH15</td><td>12.40</td><td>GIFH08</td><td>12.78</td><td>HYGH11</td><td>5.88</td><td>IWTH26</td><td>9.75</td><td>MIEH06</td><td>14.62</td><td>NIGH01</td><td>6.62</td><td>SITH04</td><td>4.76</td><td>TKCH11</td><td>3.48</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>AOMH16</td><td>5.27</td><td>GIFH09</td><td>10.99</td><td>HYGH12</td><td>8.65</td><td>IWTH27</td><td>7.38</td><td>MIEH08</td><td>8.78</td><td>NIGH02</td><td>1.75</td><td>SITH05</td><td>13.27</td><td>TKSH02</td><td>8.28</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>AOMH17</td><td>7.91</td><td>GIFH10</td><td>3.20</td><td>HYGH14</td><td>12.74</td><td>IWTH28</td><td>2.99</td><td>MIEH09</td><td>7.73</td><td>NIGH03</td><td>9.68</td><td>SITH06</td><td>8.67</td><td>TKSH03</td><td>7.05</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>AOMH18</td><td>10.44</td><td>GIFH11</td><td>9.75</td><td>HYMH01</td><td>8.83</td><td>KGSH03</td><td>3.02</td><td>MIEH10</td><td>4.75</td><td>NIGH04</td><td>9.06</td><td>SITH07</td><td>12.81</td><td>TKSH04</td><td>3.82</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table A3. Continued</caption><thead><tr><th>Station</th><th>f<sub>r</sub> o</th><th>Δf<sub>r</sub></th><th>Δf<sub>r</sub>/f<sub>r<sub>o</sub></sub></th><th>α</th><th>c</th><th>V<sub>S30</sub></th><th>PGA<sub>max</sub></th><th>PGA<sub>th5 per cent</sub></th><th>PGA<sub>th10 per cent</sub></th><th>Station</th><th>f<sub>r</sub> o</th><th>Δf<sub>r</sub></th><th>Δf<sub>r</sub>/f<sub>r<sub>o</sub></sub></th><th>α</th><th>c</th><th>V<sub>S30</sub></th><th>PGA<sub>max</sub></th><th>PGA<sub>th5 per cent</sub></th><th>PGA<sub>th10 per cent</sub></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>GIFH23</td><td>8.54</td><td>-0.70</td><td>-0.08</td><td>2</td><td>1233.36</td><td>588.46</td><td>53.54</td><td>29</td><td>64</td><td>SITH06</td><td>7.67</td><td>-0.31</td><td>-0.04</td><td>0.25</td><td>1512.28</td><td>369.40</td><td>273.51</td><td>306</td><td>743</td></tr><tr><td>GIFH24</td><td>18.73</td><td>-3.49</td><td>-0.19</td><td>3</td><td>792.83</td><td>907.56</td><td>56.36</td><td>13</td><td>27</td><td>SITH07</td><td>12.33</td><td>-2.88</td><td>-0.23</td><td>3</td><td>1072.54</td><td>705.45</td><td>99.53</td><td>17</td><td>37</td></tr><tr><td>GNMH10</td><td>14.48</td><td>-0.58</td><td>-0.04</td><td>1</td><td>1547.85</td><td>668.10</td><td>64.12</td><td>73</td><td>163</td><td>SITH08</td><td>6.62</td><td>-0.99</td><td>-0.15</td><td>2</td><td>1181.14</td><td>520.60</td><td>99.50</td><td>28</td><td>61</td></tr><tr><td>GNMH12</td><td>4.29</td><td>-0.13</td><td>-0.03</td><td>0.1</td><td>676.84</td><td>406.76</td><td>232.54</td><td>396</td><td>1160</td><td>SITH10</td><td>7.40</td><td>-0.52</td><td>-0.07</td><td>0.5</td><td>976.56</td><td>542.00</td><td>152.46</td><td>95</td><td>216</td></tr><tr><td>HDKH01</td><td>4.99</td><td>-0.31</td><td>-0.06</td><td>2</td><td>1575.96</td><td>368.25</td><td>50.59</td><td>37</td><td>81</td><td>SMNH03</td><td>5.77</td><td>-0.93</td><td>-0.16</td><td>2</td><td>1729.65</td><td>434.57</td><td>158.21</td><td>41</td><td>89</td></tr><tr><td>HRSH01</td><td>10.77</td><td>-1.66</td><td>-0.15</td><td>2</td><td>1742.94</td><td>402.65</td><td>152.00</td><td>41</td><td>90</td><td>SMNH05</td><td>12.87</td><td>-0.89</td><td>-0.07</td><td>1</td><td>1429.64</td><td>710.53</td><td>106.45</td><td>68</td><td>151</td></tr><tr><td>HRSH02</td><td>11.54</td><td>-1.65</td><td>-0.14</td><td>2</td><td>1324.13</td><td>390.78</td><td>106.42</td><td>31</td><td>68</td><td>SMNH12</td><td>8.18</td><td>-0.34</td><td>-0.04</td><td>0.25</td><td>1393.12</td><td>590.20</td><td>259.10</td><td>282</td><td>684</td></tr><tr><td>HRSH03</td><td>6.81</td><td>-0.10</td><td>-0.02</td><td>0.1</td><td>1442.72</td><td>486.78</td><td>234.67</td><td>844</td><td>2472</td><td>SMNH13</td><td>15.23</td><td>-1.51</td><td>-0.10</td><td>3</td><td>1725.87</td><td>650.00</td><td>61.14</td><td>27</td><td>59</td></tr><tr><td>HYGH03</td><td>10.85</td><td>-1.05</td><td>-0.10</td><td>2</td><td>1335.31</td><td>508.88</td><td>69.71</td><td>32</td><td>69</td><td>SZOH30</td><td>7.89</td><td>-1.42</td><td>-0.18</td><td>3</td><td>956.00</td><td>505.73</td><td>65.13</td><td>15</td><td>33</td></tr><tr><td>HYGH04</td><td>8.37</td><td>-0.15</td><td>-0.02</td><td>0.5</td><td>1686.93</td><td>472.05</td><td>61.81</td><td>163</td><td>373</td><td>SZOH31</td><td>4.73</td><td>-1.48</td><td>-0.31</td><td>3</td><td>1258.20</td><td>397.58</td><td>168.21</td><td>20</td><td>43</td></tr><tr><td>HYGH14</td><td>12.78</td><td>-0.86</td><td>-0.07</td><td>2</td><td>1612.25</td><td>698.02</td><td>57.02</td><td>38</td><td>83</td><td>SZOH34</td><td>6.21</td><td>-1.11</td><td>-0.18</td><td>1</td><td>1356.32</td><td>430.19</td><td>295.59</td><td>64</td><td>143</td></tr><tr><td>IBRH12</td><td>7.24</td><td>-3.09</td><td>-0.43</td><td>1</td><td>860.46</td><td>485.71</td><td>641.08</td><td>41</td><td>91</td><td>SZOH35</td><td>2.22</td><td>-0.48</td><td>-0.22</td><td>2</td><td>1201.59</td><td>158.33</td><td>157.67</td><td>28</td><td>62</td></tr><tr><td>IBRH14</td><td>14.59</td><td>-2.38</td><td>-0.16</td><td>0.5</td><td>1046.81</td><td>829.12</td><td>448.64</td><td>101</td><td>232</td><td>SZOH36</td><td>8.45</td><td>-1.99</td><td>-0.24</td><td>1</td><td>910.05</td><td>676.54</td><td>280.75</td><td>43</td><td>96</td></tr><tr><td>IBRH15</td><td>9.15</td><td>-3.99</td><td>-0.44</td><td>1</td><td>1281.14</td><td>450.40</td><td>989.23</td><td>61</td><td>135</td><td>SZOH37</td><td>4.92</td><td>-1.74</td><td>-0.35</td><td>2</td><td>1525.61</td><td>365.95</td><td>372.21</td><td>36</td><td>79</td></tr><tr><td>IBRH16</td><td>7.22</td><td>-3.44</td><td>-0.48</td><td>2</td><td>1708.68</td><td>626.15</td><td>653.45</td><td>40</td><td>88</td><td>SZOH38</td><td>8.94</td><td>-0.53</td><td>-0.06</td><td>1</td><td>1755.05</td><td>588.47</td><td>109.92</td><td>83</td><td>185</td></tr><tr><td>IBRH17</td><td>9.31</td><td>-1.12</td><td>-0.12</td><td>0.5</td><td>1394.57</td><td>300.77</td><td>408.07</td><td>135</td><td>309</td><td>SZOH39</td><td>8.56</td><td>-1.48</td><td>-0.17</td><td>1</td><td>1421.65</td><td>376.82</td><td>296.71</td><td>67</td><td>150</td></tr><tr><td>ISKH03</td><td>4.45</td><td>-0.22</td><td>-0.05</td><td>0.5</td><td>1570.39</td><td>310.94</td><td>163.72</td><td>152</td><td>347</td><td>TCGH10</td><td>8.61</td><td>-3.00</td><td>-0.35</td><td>1</td><td>1261.79</td><td>371.46</td><td>673.27</td><td>60</td><td>133</td></tr><tr><td>ISKH09</td><td>9.60</td><td>-0.63</td><td>-0.07</td><td>0.5</td><td>1252.32</td><td>635.81</td><td>181.07</td><td>121</td><td>277</td><td>TCGH11</td><td>7.35</td><td>-0.98</td><td>-0.13</td><td>0.5</td><td>1333.73</td><td>328.98</td><td>439.19</td><td>129</td><td>295</td></tr><tr><td>IWTH01</td><td>4.51</td><td>-0.79</td><td>-0.18</td><td>1</td><td>1381.11</td><td>438.04</td><td>294.07</td><td>66</td><td>145</td><td>TCGH14</td><td>10.96</td><td>-1.76</td><td>-0.16</td><td>1</td><td>1334.68</td><td>849.01</td><td>255.95</td><td>63</td><td>141</td></tr><tr><td>IWTH02</td><td>6.43</td><td>-0.81</td><td>-0.13</td><td>0.25</td><td>1000.12</td><td>389.57</td><td>708.94</td><td>203</td><td>491</td><td>TCGH16</td><td>4.82</td><td>-2.60</td><td>-0.54</td><td>2</td><td>1791.40</td><td>213.20</td><td>848.85</td><td>42</td><td>92</td></tr><tr><td>IWTH03</td><td>12.87</td><td>-4.03</td><td>-0.31</td><td>3</td><td>1160.19</td><td>732.56</td><td>154.64</td><td>18</td><td>40</td><td>TCGH17</td><td>14.00</td><td>-1.14</td><td>-0.08</td><td>2</td><td>1690.37</td><td>1432.75</td><td>73.08</td><td>40</td><td>87</td></tr><tr><td>IWTH05</td><td>12.49</td><td>-4.58</td><td>-0.37</td><td>1</td><td>838.72</td><td>429.20</td><td>485.91</td><td>40</td><td>89</td><td>TKYH13</td><td>10.55</td><td>-0.57</td><td>-0.05</td><td>1</td><td>1275.44</td><td>1110.06</td><td>72.62</td><td>61</td><td>134</td></tr><tr><td>IWTH06</td><td>6.48</td><td>-0.32</td><td>-0.05</td><td>0.5</td><td>1428.38</td><td>431.66</td><td>153.87</td><td>138</td><td>316</td><td>TTRH04</td><td>10.34</td><td>-0.97</td><td>-0.09</td><td>1</td><td>1616.51</td><td>254.26</td><td>166.88</td><td>77</td><td>170</td></tr><tr><td>IWTH10</td><td>14.15</td><td>-3.00</td><td>-0.21</td><td>3</td><td>1166.81</td><td>496.20</td><td>96.41</td><td>19</td><td>40</td><td>WKYH01</td><td>16.11</td><td>-3.10</td><td>-0.19</td><td>0.5</td><td>1565.55</td><td>462.91</td><td>834.83</td><td>152</td><td>346</td></tr><tr><td>IWTH13</td><td>18.49</td><td>-1.73</td><td>-0.09</td><td>3</td><td>1784.80</td><td>620.54</td><td>59.34</td><td>28</td><td>61</td><td>WKYH03</td><td>20.32</td><td>-1.83</td><td>-0.09</td><td>1</td><td>1160.45</td><td>546.65</td><td>114.58</td><td>55</td><td>122</td></tr><tr><td>IWTH14</td><td>10.99</td><td>-1.12</td><td>-0.10</td><td>0.5</td><td>1141.17</td><td>816.31</td><td>272.35</td><td>111</td><td>253</td><td>WKYH06</td><td>10.21</td><td>-0.95</td><td>-0.09</td><td>1</td><td>1019.17</td><td>751.97</td><td>105.11</td><td>49</td><td>107</td></tr><tr><td>IWTH19</td><td>8.03</td><td>-0.84</td><td>-0.11</td><td>1</td><td>1275.30</td><td>482.08</td><td>148.84</td><td>61</td><td>134</td><td>WKYH10</td><td>7.69</td><td>-0.80</td><td>-0.10</td><td>3</td><td>1406.60</td><td>465.90</td><td>52.16</td><td>22</td><td>48</td></tr><tr><td>IWTH23</td><td>13.79</td><td>-3.49</td><td>-0.25</td><td>1</td><td>1144.41</td><td>922.89</td><td>387.28</td><td>54</td><td>121</td><td>YMNH14</td><td>8.96</td><td>-0.11</td><td>-0.01</td><td>0.1</td><td>1251.02</td><td>309.26</td><td>162.74</td><td>732</td><td>2144</td></tr><tr><td>IWTH26</td><td>10.00</td><td>-4.49</td><td>-0.45</td><td>1</td><td>1429.08</td><td>371.06</td><td>1165.43</td><td>68</td><td>151</td><td>YMTH04</td><td>11.69</td><td>-3.25</td><td>-0.28</td><td>2</td><td>1256.51</td><td>247.62</td><td>222.66</td><td>30</td><td>65</td></tr><tr><td>KGWH04</td><td>4.85</td><td>-0.44</td><td>-0.09</td><td>2</td><td>1260.42</td><td>407.21</td><td>61.86</td><td>30</td><td>65</td><td>YMTH06</td><td>4.26</td><td>-1.28</td><td>-0.30</td><td>3</td><td>1538.09</td><td>261.09</td><td>194.32</td><td>24</td><td>53</td></tr><tr><td>KMMH02</td><td>6.04</td><td>-0.41</td><td>-0.07</td><td>0.5</td><td>1428.75</td><td>576.67</td><td>215.79</td><td>138</td><td>316</td><td>YMTH07</td><td>3.89</td><td>-1.36</td><td>-0.35</td><td>3</td><td>1406.67</td><td>371.57</td><td>216.66</td><td>22</td><td>48</td></tr><tr><td>KNGH10</td><td>2.62</td><td>-0.68</td><td>-0.26</td><td>2</td><td>1601.38</td><td>nan</td><td>258.23</td><td>38</td><td>82</td><td>YMTH09</td><td>5.41</td><td>-0.60</td><td>-0.11</td><td>3</td><td>1706.04</td><td>291.48</td><td>67.82</td><td>27</td><td>58</td></tr><tr><td>KSRH01</td><td>3.18</td><td>-1.30</td><td>-0.41</td><td>3</td><td>1055.56</td><td>215.43</td><td>202.63</td><td>17</td><td>36</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KYTH04</td><td>14.89</td><td>-2.85</td><td>-0.19</td><td>3</td><td>1280.49</td><td>1068.94</td><td>93.83</td><td>20</td><td>44</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MIEH03</td><td>10.16</td><td>-0.90</td><td>-0.09</td><td>1</td><td>1549.40</td><td>434.93</td><td>150.42</td><td>74</td><td>163</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MIEH05</td><td>11.08</td><td>-2.33</td><td>-0.21</td><td>1</td><td>1036.56</td><td>590.08</td><td>275.55</td><td>49</td><td>109</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MIEH08</td><td>8.81</td><td>-0.72</td><td>-0.08</td><td>1</td><td>943.76</td><td>1009.77</td><td>83.61</td><td>45</td><td>100</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MIEH09</td><td>6.80</td><td>-0.74</td><td>-0.11</td><td>2</td><td>1680.23</td><td>608.15</td><td>99.05</td><td>40</td><td>86</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MYGH01</td><td>6.39</td><td>-0.28</td><td>-0.04</td><td>0.5</td><td>1570.91</td><td>210.00</td><td>148.12</td><td>152</td><td>348</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MYGH04</td><td>15.20</td><td>-5.46</td><td>-0.36</td><td>2</td><td>1745.82</td><td>849.83</td><td>435.79</td><td>41</td><td>90</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MYGH07</td><td>8.83</td><td>-0.58</td><td>-0.07</td><td>0.5</td><td>1078.33</td><td>365.63</td><td>158.34</td><td>105</td><td>239</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table A4. List of KiK-net unimodal stations detected with nonlinearity using the transverse component of the waveforms</caption><thead><tr><th>Station</th><th>f<sub>r</sub> o</th><th>Δf<sub>r</sub></th><th>Δf<sub>r</sub>/f<sub>ro</sub></th><th>α</th><th>c</th><th>V<sub>S30</sub></th><th>PGA<sub>max</sub></th><th>PGA<sub>th5 per cent</sub></th><th>PGA<sub>th10 per cent</sub></th><th>Station</th><th>f<sub>r</sub> o</th><th>Δf<sub>r</sub></th><th>Δf<sub>r</sub>/f<sub>ro</sub></th><th>α</th><th>c</th><th>V<sub>S30</sub></th><th>PGA<sub>max</sub></th><th>PGA<sub>th5 per cent</sub></th><th>PGA<sub>th10 per cent</sub></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>AICH08</td><td>17.17</td><td>-0.31</td><td>-0.02</td><td>0.5</td><td>1581.74</td><td>448.53</td><td>58.28</td><td>153</td><td>350</td><td>MYGH01</td><td>6.37</td><td>-0.42</td><td>-0.07</td><td>1</td><td>1257.52</td><td>210.00</td><td>89.51</td><td>60</td><td>133</td></tr><tr><td>AICH15</td><td>6.22</td><td>-0.75</td><td>-0.12</td><td>2</td><td>1200.35</td><td>663.15</td><td>79.87</td><td>28</td><td>62</td><td>MYGH04</td><td>14.66</td><td>-6.62</td><td>-0.45</td><td>2</td><td>1659.08</td><td>849.83</td><td>581.52</td><td>39</td><td>85</td></tr><tr><td>AICH21</td><td>3.72</td><td>-0.52</td><td>-0.14</td><td>3</td><td>1509.60</td><td>355.36</td><td>77.85</td><td>24</td><td>52</td><td>MYGH07</td><td>9.06</td><td>-0.87</td><td>-0.10</td><td>1</td><td>1474.32</td><td>365.63</td><td>157.26</td><td>70</td><td>155</td></tr><tr><td>AKTH05</td><td>8.81</td><td>-1.13</td><td>-0.13</td><td>3</td><td>1792.31</td><td>829.46</td><td>84.23</td><td>28</td><td>61</td><td>MYGH10</td><td>7.89</td><td>-1.70</td><td>-0.22</td><td>2</td><td>1584.41</td><td>347.54</td><td>204.15</td><td>37</td><td>82</td></tr><tr><td>AKTH06</td><td>5.64</td><td>-0.35</td><td>-0.06</td><td>0.5</td><td>1320.74</td><td>455.32</td><td>183.20</td><td>128</td><td>292</td><td>MYGH11</td><td>10.37</td><td>-1.34</td><td>-0.13</td><td>1</td><td>977.93</td><td>859.19</td><td>145.72</td><td>47</td><td>103</td></tr><tr><td>AKTH08</td><td>10.31</td><td>-2.10</td><td>-0.20</td><td>1</td><td>908.67</td><td>471.98</td><td>232.03</td><td>43</td><td>96</td><td>MYGH13</td><td>5.36</td><td>-1.01</td><td>-0.19</td><td>3</td><td>710.25</td><td>570.59</td><td>51.50</td><td>11</td><td>25</td></tr><tr><td>AKTH12</td><td>6.69</td><td>-0.19</td><td>-0.03</td><td>0.5</td><td>1340.41</td><td>389.24</td><td>79.12</td><td>130</td><td>297</td><td>MYGH14</td><td>5.36</td><td>-0.93</td><td>-0.17</td><td>3</td><td>1012.57</td><td>nan</td><td>66.62</td><td>16</td><td>35</td></tr><tr><td>AKTH13</td><td>8.26</td><td>-0.37</td><td>-0.05</td><td>0.25</td><td>994.96</td><td>535.72</td><td>202.82</td><td>202</td><td>489</td><td>MYZH08</td><td>9.01</td><td>-0.06</td><td>-0.01</td><td>0.1</td><td>1228.31</td><td>374.42</td><td>80.93</td><td>719</td><td>2105</td></tr><tr><td>AKTH14</td><td>4.94</td><td>-0.35</td><td>-0.07</td><td>0.5</td><td>904.83</td><td>232.58</td><td>143.41</td><td>88</td><td>200</td><td>MYZH15</td><td>7.58</td><td>-0.60</td><td>-0.08</td><td>2</td><td>1205.83</td><td>445.67</td><td>50.88</td><td>29</td><td>62</td></tr><tr><td>AKTH15</td><td>10.50</td><td>-0.85</td><td>-0.08</td><td>2</td><td>1418.98</td><td>498.05</td><td>61.16</td><td>34</td><td>73</td><td>NARH04</td><td>17.00</td><td>-1.02</td><td>-0.06</td><td>1</td><td>1247.03</td><td>583.62</td><td>79.29</td><td>59</td><td>131</td></tr><tr><td>AKTH16</td><td>9.01</td><td>-0.48</td><td>-0.05</td><td>0.5</td><td>1022.42</td><td>375.00</td><td>118.81</td><td>99</td><td>226</td><td>NARH05</td><td>6.02</td><td>-0.70</td><td>-0.12</td><td>1</td><td>1347.79</td><td>396.98</td><td>178.47</td><td>64</td><td>142</td></tr><tr><td>AKTH17</td><td>8.50</td><td>-1.50</td><td>-0.18</td><td>2</td><td>1307.83</td><td>288.82</td><td>132.85</td><td>31</td><td>67</td><td>NGNH11</td><td>4.35</td><td>-0.22</td><td>-0.05</td><td>1</td><td>967.49</td><td>372.13</td><td>50.53</td><td>46</td><td>102</td></tr><tr><td>AOMH05</td><td>5.54</td><td>-0.25</td><td>-0.05</td><td>0.5</td><td>1227.16</td><td>238.30</td><td>118.23</td><td>119</td><td>272</td><td>NGNH14</td><td>9.08</td><td>-1.03</td><td>-0.11</td><td>1</td><td>1162.72</td><td>476.25</td><td>148.74</td><td>55</td><td>123</td></tr><tr><td>AOMH08</td><td>5.00</td><td>-0.19</td><td>-0.04</td><td>1</td><td>1693.65</td><td>297.79</td><td>66.74</td><td>80</td><td>178</td><td>NGNH16</td><td>8.03</td><td>-1.41</td><td>-0.18</td><td>3</td><td>759.71</td><td>276.21</td><td>50.44</td><td>12</td><td>26</td></tr><tr><td>AOMH11</td><td>6.81</td><td>-0.49</td><td>-0.07</td><td>2</td><td>1629.76</td><td>539.29</td><td>62.20</td><td>38</td><td>84</td><td>NGNH23</td><td>8.54</td><td>-0.89</td><td>-0.10</td><td>1</td><td>891.48</td><td>524.27</td><td>103.71</td><td>43</td><td>94</td></tr><tr><td>AOMH12</td><td>7.85</td><td>-2.79</td><td>-0.36</td><td>3</td><td>688.89</td><td>281.00</td><td>108.57</td><td>11</td><td>24</td><td>NGNH25</td><td>9.24</td><td>-1.28</td><td>-0.14</td><td>1</td><td>997.82</td><td>622.92</td><td>160.65</td><td>48</td><td>105</td></tr><tr><td>AOMH14</td><td>3.48</td><td>-0.08</td><td>-0.02</td><td>0.5</td><td>1604.16</td><td>360.65</td><td>73.03</td><td>155</td><td>355</td><td>NGNH30</td><td>10.36</td><td>-0.12</td><td>-0.01</td><td>0.1</td><td>519.77</td><td>456.56</td><td>64.93</td><td>304</td><td>891</td></tr><tr><td>AOMH15</td><td>12.40</td><td>-0.48</td><td>-0.04</td><td>1</td><td>1597.76</td><td>577.54</td><td>64.96</td><td>76</td><td>168</td><td>NGNH32</td><td>4.03</td><td>-0.20</td><td>-0.05</td><td>1</td><td>1104.02</td><td>309.60</td><td>56.75</td><td>53</td><td>116</td></tr><tr><td>AOMH17</td><td>7.91</td><td>-0.69</td><td>-0.09</td><td>0.5</td><td>960.56</td><td>378.36</td><td>192.35</td><td>93</td><td>213</td><td>NIGH04</td><td>9.06</td><td>-0.07</td><td>-0.01</td><td>0.1</td><td>961.41</td><td>392.08</td><td>78.47</td><td>563</td><td>1648</td></tr><tr><td>AOMH18</td><td>10.45</td><td>-2.27</td><td>-0.22</td><td>1</td><td>1474.90</td><td>369.11</td><td>409.50</td><td>70</td><td>155</td><td>NIGH06</td><td>3.96</td><td>-1.56</td><td>-0.39</td><td>2</td><td>1278.74</td><td>336.14</td><td>362.37</td><td>30</td><td>66</td></tr><tr><td>FKIH01</td><td>4.35</td><td>-0.58</td><td>-0.13</td><td>1</td><td>961.19</td><td>715.76</td><td>146.59</td><td>46</td><td>101</td><td>NIGH09</td><td>7.71</td><td>-1.56</td><td>-0.20</td><td>1</td><td>1671.11</td><td>462.94</td><td>422.48</td><td>79</td><td>176</td></tr><tr><td>FKIH05</td><td>3.71</td><td>-0.70</td><td>-0.19</td><td>3</td><td>758.01</td><td>187.41</td><td>54.77</td><td>12</td><td>26</td><td>NIGH18</td><td>3.85</td><td>-0.73</td><td>-0.19</td><td>3</td><td>1456.56</td><td>311.10</td><td>105.29</td><td>23</td><td>50</td></tr><tr><td>FKSH05</td><td>5.23</td><td>-0.53</td><td>-0.10</td><td>0.5</td><td>876.47</td><td>596.03</td><td>207.27</td><td>85</td><td>194</td><td>NMRH02</td><td>7.20</td><td>-0.37</td><td>-0.05</td><td>0.5</td><td>1213.65</td><td>315.41</td><td>134.11</td><td>118</td><td>269</td></tr><tr><td>FKSH06</td><td>8.16</td><td>-1.28</td><td>-0.16</td><td>2</td><td>1609.68</td><td>680.23</td><td>143.91</td><td>38</td><td>83</td><td>OITH08</td><td>14.51</td><td>-1.86</td><td>-0.13</td><td>2</td><td>1224.64</td><td>657.44</td><td>87.03</td><td>29</td><td>63</td></tr><tr><td>FKSH07</td><td>12.15</td><td>-1.35</td><td>-0.11</td><td>1</td><td>1175.95</td><td>828.95</td><td>146.36</td><td>56</td><td>124</td><td>OKYH07</td><td>16.91</td><td>-2.58</td><td>-0.15</td><td>2</td><td>1402.99</td><td>929.25</td><td>121.15</td><td>33</td><td>72</td></tr><tr><td>FKSH09</td><td>12.58</td><td>-5.09</td><td>-0.41</td><td>2</td><td>1632.40</td><td>584.62</td><td>483.59</td><td>39</td><td>84</td><td>OKYH08</td><td>10.91</td><td>-2.25</td><td>-0.21</td><td>2</td><td>1753.53</td><td>694.22</td><td>214.53</td><td>41</td><td>90</td></tr><tr><td>FKSH10</td><td>7.05</td><td>-2.03</td><td>-0.29</td><td>0.5</td><td>962.47</td><td>487.02</td><td>935.59</td><td>93</td><td>213</td><td>OKYH09</td><td>10.08</td><td>-2.10</td><td>-0.21</td><td>2</td><td>1601.32</td><td>511.00</td><td>198.53</td><td>38</td><td>82</td></tr><tr><td>FKSH11</td><td>8.35</td><td>-1.24</td><td>-0.15</td><td>1</td><td>1750.28</td><td>239.83</td><td>305.05</td><td>83</td><td>184</td><td>OKYH11</td><td>8.54</td><td>-0.66</td><td>-0.08</td><td>1</td><td>1284.37</td><td>531.98</td><td>107.39</td><td>61</td><td>135</td></tr><tr><td>FKSH12</td><td>4.64</td><td>-1.42</td><td>-0.31</td><td>1</td><td>1002.60</td><td>448.55</td><td>442.60</td><td>48</td><td>106</td><td>OKYH12</td><td>9.24</td><td>-0.57</td><td>-0.06</td><td>1</td><td>1123.64</td><td>719.57</td><td>73.13</td><td>53</td><td>118</td></tr><tr><td>GIFH03</td><td>10.03</td><td>-0.33</td><td>-0.03</td><td>0.5</td><td>1329.63</td><td>421.24</td><td>92.13</td><td>129</td><td>294</td><td>OSKH03</td><td>7.89</td><td>-2.24</td><td>-0.28</td><td>2</td><td>1254.97</td><td>391.70</td><td>228.59</td><td>30</td><td>65</td></tr><tr><td>GIFH07</td><td>9.80</td><td>-0.92</td><td>-0.09</td><td>1</td><td>979.16</td><td>424.30</td><td>101.37</td><td>47</td><td>103</td><td>RMIH05</td><td>2.63</td><td>-0.59</td><td>-0.22</td><td>1</td><td>1130.54</td><td>218.14</td><td>325.76</td><td>54</td><td>119</td></tr><tr><td>GIFH08</td><td>12.78</td><td>-1.31</td><td>-0.10</td><td>1</td><td>1557.74</td><td>384.84</td><td>178.35</td><td>74</td><td>164</td><td>SBSH08</td><td>7.05</td><td>-0.60</td><td>-0.09</td><td>2</td><td>1667.26</td><td>325.25</td><td>75.59</td><td>39</td><td>86</td></tr><tr><td>GIFH12</td><td>10.03</td><td>-1.35</td><td>-0.14</td><td>0.5</td><td>1306.70</td><td>666.81</td><td>439.93</td><td>127</td><td>289</td><td>SBSH10</td><td>10.81</td><td>-0.60</td><td>-0.06</td><td>1</td><td>1494.27</td><td>950.00</td><td>87.72</td><td>71</td><td>157</td></tr><tr><td>GIFH14</td><td>5.10</td><td>-0.57</td><td>-0.11</td><td>1</td><td>1738.65</td><td>627.38</td><td>217.56</td><td>82</td><td>183</td><td>SIGH02</td><td>7.33</td><td>-0.80</td><td>-0.11</td><td>1</td><td>910.92</td><td>569.19</td><td>112.34</td><td>43</td><td>96</td></tr><tr><td>GIFH16</td><td>9.41</td><td>-1.59</td><td>-0.17</td><td>2</td><td>1571.26</td><td>830.77</td><td>152.72</td><td>37</td><td>81</td><td>SITH05</td><td>13.27</td><td>-1.70</td><td>-0.13</td><td>2</td><td>1499.19</td><td>670.21</td><td>106.28</td><td>35</td><td>77</td></tr><tr><td>GIFH19</td><td>13.31</td><td>-0.86</td><td>-0.06</td><td>1</td><td>1594.64</td><td>744.12</td><td>109.47</td><td>76</td><td>168</td><td>SITH06</td><td>8.67</td><td>-1.16</td><td>-0.13</td><td>1</td><td>1325.79</td><td>369.40</td><td>205.14</td><td>63</td><td>140</td></tr><tr><td>GIFH21</td><td>11.02</td><td>-2.41</td><td>-0.22</td><td>3</td><td>754.74</td><td>964.17</td><td>64.72</td><td>12</td><td>26</td><td>SITH07</td><td>12.81</td><td>-1.80</td><td>-0.14</td><td>3</td><td>1616.48</td><td>705.45</td><td>83.48</td><td>26</td><td>55</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table A4. Continued</caption><thead><tr><th>Station</th><th>f<sub>r</sub> o</th><th>Δf<sub>r</sub></th><th>Δf<sub>r</sub>/f<sub>ro</sub></th><th>α</th><th>c</th><th>V<sub>S30</sub></th><th>PGA<sub>max</sub></th><th>PGA<sub>th5 per cent</sub></th><th>PGA<sub>th10 per cent</sub></th><th>Station</th><th>f<sub>r</sub> o</th><th>Δf<sub>r</sub></th><th>Δf<sub>r</sub>/f<sub>ro</sub></th><th>α</th><th>c</th><th>V<sub>S30</sub></th><th>PGA<sub>max</sub></th><th>PGA<sub>th5 per cent</sub></th><th>PGA<sub>th10 per cent</sub></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>GIFH22</td><td>9.22</td><td>-0.32</td><td>-0.03</td><td>0.25</td><td>1371.31</td><td>806.71</td><td>204.73</td><td>278</td><td>673</td><td>SITH08</td><td>6.50</td><td>-0.53</td><td>-0.08</td><td>1</td><td>1023.05</td><td>520.60</td><td>90.18</td><td>49</td><td>108</td></tr><tr><td>GIFH23</td><td>9.20</td><td>-2.69</td><td>-0.29</td><td>3</td><td>939.58</td><td>588.46</td><td>114.63</td><td>15</td><td>32</td><td>SMNH02</td><td>10.21</td><td>-3.18</td><td>-0.31</td><td>1</td><td>1307.00</td><td>502.66</td><td>590.50</td><td>62</td><td>138</td></tr><tr><td>GNMH10</td><td>13.21</td><td>-0.10</td><td>-0.01</td><td>0.1</td><td>637.49</td><td>668.10</td><td>50.86</td><td>373</td><td>1093</td><td>SMNH03</td><td>5.19</td><td>-0.15</td><td>-0.03</td><td>0.25</td><td>1187.77</td><td>434.57</td><td>150.60</td><td>241</td><td>583</td></tr><tr><td>HRSH01</td><td>10.88</td><td>-1.01</td><td>-0.09</td><td>1</td><td>1733.02</td><td>402.65</td><td>176.71</td><td>82</td><td>182</td><td>SMNH04</td><td>4.03</td><td>-0.75</td><td>-0.19</td><td>3</td><td>995.27</td><td>276.92</td><td>71.05</td><td>16</td><td>34</td></tr><tr><td>HRSH02</td><td>11.93</td><td>-1.48</td><td>-0.12</td><td>2</td><td>1298.31</td><td>390.78</td><td>88.69</td><td>31</td><td>67</td><td>SMNH05</td><td>12.97</td><td>-0.47</td><td>-0.04</td><td>0.25</td><td>1220.98</td><td>710.53</td><td>195.18</td><td>247</td><td>600</td></tr><tr><td>HRSH03</td><td>6.98</td><td>-0.63</td><td>-0.09</td><td>0.5</td><td>1660.88</td><td>486.78</td><td>345.46</td><td>161</td><td>367</td><td>SMNH12</td><td>8.16</td><td>-0.83</td><td>-0.10</td><td>0.5</td><td>1034.22</td><td>590.20</td><td>247.26</td><td>100</td><td>229</td></tr><tr><td>HRSH06</td><td>3.70</td><td>-0.13</td><td>-0.03</td><td>0.1</td><td>721.86</td><td>279.19</td><td>300.00</td><td>423</td><td>1237</td><td>SMNH13</td><td>14.66</td><td>-1.22</td><td>-0.08</td><td>2</td><td>1738.66</td><td>650.00</td><td>77.02</td><td>41</td><td>89</td></tr><tr><td>HYGH01</td><td>3.42</td><td>-1.23</td><td>-0.36</td><td>3</td><td>1035.50</td><td>347.79</td><td>166.17</td><td>17</td><td>36</td><td>SZOH32</td><td>5.22</td><td>-1.34</td><td>-0.26</td><td>3</td><td>618.06</td><td>579.17</td><td>64.28</td><td>10</td><td>21</td></tr><tr><td>HYGH04</td><td>8.76</td><td>-0.62</td><td>-0.07</td><td>2</td><td>1598.98</td><td>472.05</td><td>59.74</td><td>38</td><td>82</td><td>SZOH33</td><td>5.27</td><td>-0.72</td><td>-0.14</td><td>0.5</td><td>1536.68</td><td>519.79</td><td>522.93</td><td>149</td><td>340</td></tr><tr><td>HYGH12</td><td>8.65</td><td>-0.57</td><td>-0.07</td><td>1</td><td>1047.39</td><td>677.44</td><td>74.01</td><td>50</td><td>110</td><td>SZOH34</td><td>6.22</td><td>-0.62</td><td>-0.10</td><td>0.5</td><td>1309.72</td><td>430.19</td><td>305.24</td><td>127</td><td>290</td></tr><tr><td>HYGH14</td><td>12.74</td><td>-0.89</td><td>-0.07</td><td>1</td><td>975.14</td><td>698.02</td><td>73.60</td><td>46</td><td>103</td><td>SZOH36</td><td>7.59</td><td>-2.93</td><td>-0.39</td><td>3</td><td>1435.47</td><td>676.54</td><td>252.83</td><td>23</td><td>49</td></tr><tr><td>IBRH12</td><td>6.96</td><td>-2.24</td><td>-0.32</td><td>1</td><td>1071.09</td><td>485.71</td><td>507.47</td><td>51</td><td>113</td><td>SZOH37</td><td>5.47</td><td>-1.71</td><td>-0.31</td><td>2</td><td>1601.11</td><td>365.95</td><td>329.18</td><td>38</td><td>82</td></tr><tr><td>IBRH14</td><td>14.40</td><td>-3.15</td><td>-0.22</td><td>0.5</td><td>860.71</td><td>829.12</td><td>550.31</td><td>84</td><td>191</td><td>SZOH38</td><td>8.78</td><td>-0.95</td><td>-0.11</td><td>0.5</td><td>836.73</td><td>588.47</td><td>214.68</td><td>81</td><td>185</td></tr><tr><td>IBRH15</td><td>9.27</td><td>-2.35</td><td>-0.25</td><td>1</td><td>1536.54</td><td>450.40</td><td>521.69</td><td>73</td><td>162</td><td>SZOH39</td><td>6.88</td><td>-0.43</td><td>-0.06</td><td>0.25</td><td>1774.60</td><td>376.82</td><td>518.03</td><td>359</td><td>871</td></tr><tr><td>IBRH16</td><td>7.40</td><td>-0.76</td><td>-0.10</td><td>0.25</td><td>1034.55</td><td>626.15</td><td>563.63</td><td>210</td><td>508</td><td>TCGH08</td><td>8.50</td><td>-1.30</td><td>-0.15</td><td>1</td><td>1153.52</td><td>723.23</td><td>209.01</td><td>55</td><td>122</td></tr><tr><td>IBRH17</td><td>9.13</td><td>-1.20</td><td>-0.13</td><td>0.5</td><td>1458.64</td><td>300.77</td><td>474.91</td><td>141</td><td>323</td><td>TCGH10</td><td>8.26</td><td>-0.41</td><td>-0.05</td><td>0.5</td><td>942.46</td><td>371.46</td><td>100.43</td><td>91</td><td>209</td></tr><tr><td>ISKH02</td><td>2.39</td><td>-0.53</td><td>-0.22</td><td>1</td><td>921.68</td><td>720.76</td><td>264.73</td><td>44</td><td>97</td><td>TCGH12</td><td>9.45</td><td>-2.01</td><td>-0.21</td><td>1</td><td>1644.95</td><td>343.68</td><td>443.81</td><td>78</td><td>173</td></tr><tr><td>ISKH03</td><td>4.81</td><td>-0.36</td><td>-0.08</td><td>1</td><td>1480.26</td><td>310.94</td><td>120.60</td><td>70</td><td>156</td><td>TCGH13</td><td>4.51</td><td>-1.95</td><td>-0.43</td><td>1</td><td>862.68</td><td>573.60</td><td>657.27</td><td>41</td><td>91</td></tr><tr><td>ISKH04</td><td>3.40</td><td>-0.50</td><td>-0.15</td><td>2</td><td>1283.31</td><td>443.55</td><td>106.59</td><td>30</td><td>66</td><td>TCGH14</td><td>12.05</td><td>-1.59</td><td>-0.13</td><td>1</td><td>1303.48</td><td>849.01</td><td>198.09</td><td>62</td><td>137</td></tr><tr><td>ISKH05</td><td>6.98</td><td>-0.64</td><td>-0.09</td><td>0.25</td><td>879.30</td><td>681.02</td><td>410.92</td><td>178</td><td>432</td><td>TCGH16</td><td>4.79</td><td>-3.06</td><td>-0.64</td><td>2</td><td>1772.88</td><td>213.20</td><td>1177.93</td><td>42</td><td>91</td></tr><tr><td>ISKH09</td><td>9.61</td><td>-0.80</td><td>-0.08</td><td>0.5</td><td>928.00</td><td>635.81</td><td>176.31</td><td>90</td><td>206</td><td>TCGH17</td><td>14.26</td><td>-1.24</td><td>-0.09</td><td>2</td><td>1458.49</td><td>1432.75</td><td>67.75</td><td>34</td><td>75</td></tr><tr><td>IWTH01</td><td>4.68</td><td>-0.77</td><td>-0.17</td><td>1</td><td>1792.56</td><td>438.04</td><td>353.36</td><td>85</td><td>189</td><td>TKCH11</td><td>3.48</td><td>-0.20</td><td>-0.06</td><td>2</td><td>1771.52</td><td>458.84</td><td>53.98</td><td>42</td><td>91</td></tr><tr><td>IWTH02</td><td>6.42</td><td>-1.23</td><td>-0.19</td><td>0.5</td><td>1006.01</td><td>389.57</td><td>530.59</td><td>98</td><td>223</td><td>TTRH03</td><td>1.99</td><td>-0.33</td><td>-0.16</td><td>1</td><td>915.56</td><td>189.23</td><td>180.04</td><td>44</td><td>97</td></tr><tr><td>IWTH03</td><td>12.87</td><td>-3.71</td><td>-0.29</td><td>3</td><td>1486.91</td><td>732.56</td><td>178.35</td><td>23</td><td>51</td><td>TTRH04</td><td>10.58</td><td>-0.37</td><td>-0.04</td><td>0.25</td><td>1260.40</td><td>254.26</td><td>193.54</td><td>255</td><td>619</td></tr><tr><td>IWTH06</td><td>6.50</td><td>-0.27</td><td>-0.04</td><td>0.5</td><td>1533.90</td><td>431.66</td><td>134.29</td><td>148</td><td>339</td><td>WKYH01</td><td>15.83</td><td>-2.48</td><td>-0.16</td><td>0.5</td><td>1734.05</td><td>462.91</td><td>702.49</td><td>168</td><td>384</td></tr><tr><td>IWTH13</td><td>18.73</td><td>-5.61</td><td>-0.30</td><td>3</td><td>571.29</td><td>620.54</td><td>71.91</td><td>9</td><td>20</td><td>WKYH03</td><td>20.22</td><td>-2.05</td><td>-0.10</td><td>1</td><td>1111.72</td><td>546.65</td><td>125.41</td><td>53</td><td>117</td></tr><tr><td>IWTH14</td><td>11.02</td><td>-1.10</td><td>-0.10</td><td>0.5</td><td>1010.36</td><td>816.31</td><td>236.47</td><td>98</td><td>224</td><td>WKYH06</td><td>10.04</td><td>-0.98</td><td>-0.10</td><td>3</td><td>1493.32</td><td>751.97</td><td>51.78</td><td>24</td><td>51</td></tr><tr><td>IWTH15</td><td>7.37</td><td>-2.27</td><td>-0.31</td><td>3</td><td>1271.05</td><td>337.50</td><td>166.21</td><td>20</td><td>44</td><td>WKYH10</td><td>7.54</td><td>-0.16</td><td>-0.02</td><td>0.5</td><td>1194.48</td><td>465.90</td><td>51.44</td><td>116</td><td>264</td></tr><tr><td>IWTH19</td><td>7.71</td><td>-0.57</td><td>-0.07</td><td>0.5</td><td>904.43</td><td>482.08</td><td>149.92</td><td>88</td><td>200</td><td>YMNH09</td><td>11.66</td><td>-2.51</td><td>-0.22</td><td>3</td><td>1394.69</td><td>768.38</td><td>117.47</td><td>22</td><td>48</td></tr><tr><td>IWTH23</td><td>14.63</td><td>-5.61</td><td>-0.38</td><td>2</td><td>1330.97</td><td>922.89</td><td>364.23</td><td>31</td><td>69</td><td>YMTH02</td><td>3.57</td><td>-1.18</td><td>-0.33</td><td>3</td><td>1007.63</td><td>nan</td><td>144.06</td><td>16</td><td>35</td></tr><tr><td>IWTH26</td><td>9.75</td><td>-3.80</td><td>-0.39</td><td>1</td><td>1330.50</td><td>371.06</td><td>848.84</td><td>63</td><td>140</td><td>YMTH04</td><td>11.99</td><td>-5.10</td><td>-0.43</td><td>3</td><td>1074.99</td><td>247.62</td><td>217.79</td><td>17</td><td>37</td></tr><tr><td>KGSH09</td><td>8.72</td><td>-2.60</td><td>-0.30</td><td>1</td><td>1056.16</td><td>409.09</td><td>450.11</td><td>50</td><td>111</td><td>YMTH06</td><td>4.26</td><td>-1.02</td><td>-0.24</td><td>3</td><td>1581.46</td><td>261.09</td><td>150.42</td><td>25</td><td>54</td></tr><tr><td>KGWH01</td><td>7.04</td><td>-3.15</td><td>-0.45</td><td>3</td><td>355.71</td><td>255.25</td><td>77.99</td><td>6</td><td>13</td><td>YMTH07</td><td>3.77</td><td>-0.90</td><td>-0.24</td><td>3</td><td>1496.74</td><td>371.57</td><td>142.35</td><td>24</td><td>51</td></tr><tr><td>KGWH02</td><td>5.89</td><td>-0.92</td><td>-0.16</td><td>2</td><td>1497.06</td><td>185.34</td><td>132.41</td><td>35</td><td>77</td><td>YMTH09</td><td>6.04</td><td>-1.32</td><td>-0.22</td><td>3</td><td>813.89</td><td>291.48</td><td>69.72</td><td>13</td><td>28</td></tr><tr><td>KMMH02</td><td>6.32</td><td>-0.09</td><td>-0.01</td><td>0.1</td><td>1149.51</td><td>576.67</td><td>172.70</td><td>673</td><td>1970</td><td>YMTH13</td><td>12.36</td><td>-0.52</td><td>-0.04</td><td>0.5</td><td>921.53</td><td>576.97</td><td>81.91</td><td>89</td><td>204</td></tr><tr><td>KNGH10</td><td>2.82</td><td>-0.58</td><td>-0.21</td><td>2</td><td>1432.50</td><td>nan</td><td>173.74</td><td>34</td><td>74</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KNGH19</td><td>8.52</td><td>-0.85</td><td>-0.10</td><td>1</td><td>1094.55</td><td>731.42</td><td>122.00</td><td>52</td><td>115</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KNGH21</td><td>8.05</td><td>-0.75</td><td>-0.09</td><td>1</td><td>872.06</td><td>792.45</td><td>89.46</td><td>42</td><td>92</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KYTH04</td><td>14.04</td><td>-1.02</td><td>-0.07</td><td>0.5</td><td>1117.67</td><td>1068.94</td><td>181.53</td><td>108</td><td>247</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MIEH03</td><td>10.50</td><td>-1.74</td><td>-0.17</td><td>2</td><td>1481.23</td><td>434.93</td><td>140.06</td><td>35</td><td>76</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MIEH05</td><td>10.80</td><td>-1.99</td><td>-0.18</td><td>2</td><td>1750.54</td><td>590.08</td><td>187.42</td><td>41</td><td>90</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MIEH09</td><td>7.73</td><td>-0.41</td><td>-0.05</td><td>0.5</td><td>877.05</td><td>608.15</td><td>101.38</td><td>85</td><td>194</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MIEH10</td><td>4.75</td><td>-1.57</td><td>-0.33</td><td>2</td><td>1732.03</td><td>421.86</td><td>383.10</td><td>41</td><td>89</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table A5. List of KiK-net multimodal stations detected with nonlinearity using the radial component of the waveforms</caption><thead><tr><th>Station</th><th>f<sub>r</sub> o</th><th>Δf<sub>r</sub></th><th>Δf<sub>r</sub>/f<sub>o</sub></th><th>α</th><th>c</th><th>V<sub>S30</sub></th><th>PGA<sub>max</sub></th><th>PGA<sub>th5 per cent</sub></th><th>PGA<sub>th10 per cent</sub></th><th>Station</th><th>f<sub>r</sub> o</th><th>Δf<sub>r</sub></th><th>Δf<sub>r</sub>/f<sub>o</sub></th><th>α</th><th>c</th><th>V<sub>S30</sub></th><th>PGA<sub>max</sub></th><th>PGA<sub>th5 per cent</sub></th><th>PGA<sub>th10 per cent</sub></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>ABSH09</td><td>8.09</td><td>-0.64</td><td>-0.08</td><td>1</td><td>1750.89</td><td>394.29</td><td>150.44</td><td>83</td><td>184</td><td>NGNH10</td><td>4.31</td><td>-1.36</td><td>-0.32</td><td>3</td><td>699.93</td><td>511.11</td><td>94.61</td><td>11</td><td>24</td></tr><tr><td>AICH05</td><td>10.42</td><td>-1.09</td><td>-0.11</td><td>2</td><td>1779.21</td><td>301.33</td><td>101.45</td><td>42</td><td>92</td><td>NGNH13</td><td>1.74</td><td>-0.02</td><td>-0.01</td><td>0.25</td><td>1181.26</td><td>513.05</td><td>63.60</td><td>239</td><td>580</td></tr><tr><td>AICH16</td><td>2.54</td><td>-0.06</td><td>-0.02</td><td>0.5</td><td>1111.97</td><td>363.64</td><td>50.85</td><td>108</td><td>246</td><td>NGNH18</td><td>5.89</td><td>-0.97</td><td>-0.17</td><td>0.5</td><td>855.84</td><td>379.47</td><td>371.09</td><td>83</td><td>190</td></tr><tr><td>AKTH02</td><td>5.05</td><td>-0.93</td><td>-0.18</td><td>3</td><td>918.77</td><td>620.40</td><td>64.11</td><td>15</td><td>32</td><td>NGNH19</td><td>3.11</td><td>-0.31</td><td>-0.10</td><td>3</td><td>1462.08</td><td>473.50</td><td>52.32</td><td>23</td><td>50</td></tr><tr><td>AKTH04</td><td>4.69</td><td>-0.48</td><td>-0.10</td><td>0.1</td><td>1005.08</td><td>458.73</td><td>1936.83</td><td>588</td><td>1723</td><td>NGNH26</td><td>1.60</td><td>-0.22</td><td>-0.14</td><td>3</td><td>1044.22</td><td>300.47</td><td>52.72</td><td>17</td><td>36</td></tr><tr><td>AKTH14</td><td>4.99</td><td>-0.43</td><td>-0.09</td><td>1</td><td>1356.60</td><td>232.58</td><td>126.61</td><td>64</td><td>143</td><td>NGNH33</td><td>3.89</td><td>-1.63</td><td>-0.42</td><td>3</td><td>551.28</td><td>435.40</td><td>109.39</td><td>9</td><td>19</td></tr><tr><td>AKTH18</td><td>3.20</td><td>-0.04</td><td>-0.01</td><td>0.1</td><td>1092.57</td><td>431.00</td><td>131.63</td><td>639</td><td>1873</td><td>NIGH01</td><td>3.70</td><td>-0.70</td><td>-0.19</td><td>0.5</td><td>1596.75</td><td>nan</td><td>835.75</td><td>155</td><td>353</td></tr><tr><td>AOMH17</td><td>7.87</td><td>-0.82</td><td>-0.10</td><td>0.5</td><td>1135.66</td><td>378.36</td><td>280.12</td><td>110</td><td>251</td><td>NIGH07</td><td>6.96</td><td>-1.53</td><td>-0.22</td><td>2</td><td>1312.99</td><td>528.19</td><td>173.01</td><td>31</td><td>68</td></tr><tr><td>CHBH10</td><td>4.58</td><td>-0.40</td><td>-0.09</td><td>1</td><td>996.34</td><td>nan</td><td>94.76</td><td>47</td><td>105</td><td>NIGH08</td><td>12.55</td><td>-2.46</td><td>-0.20</td><td>3</td><td>1723.98</td><td>326.88</td><td>130.18</td><td>27</td><td>59</td></tr><tr><td>CHBH13</td><td>3.38</td><td>-0.38</td><td>-0.11</td><td>0.5</td><td>902.13</td><td>nan</td><td>243.45</td><td>88</td><td>200</td><td>NIGH11</td><td>14.08</td><td>-3.11</td><td>-0.22</td><td>1</td><td>1054.51</td><td>375.00</td><td>298.66</td><td>50</td><td>111</td></tr><tr><td>CHBH14</td><td>5.37</td><td>-1.54</td><td>-0.29</td><td>3</td><td>865.90</td><td>200.74</td><td>102.98</td><td>14</td><td>30</td><td>NIGH12</td><td>16.36</td><td>-6.52</td><td>-0.40</td><td>1</td><td>830.30</td><td>552.98</td><td>550.51</td><td>40</td><td>88</td></tr><tr><td>CHBH19</td><td>4.86</td><td>-0.38</td><td>-0.08</td><td>2</td><td>1799.85</td><td>nan</td><td>74.60</td><td>42</td><td>93</td><td>NIGH15</td><td>14.63</td><td>-3.18</td><td>-0.22</td><td>2</td><td>1603.82</td><td>685.78</td><td>209.40</td><td>38</td><td>83</td></tr><tr><td>EHHM10</td><td>15.16</td><td>-0.62</td><td>-0.04</td><td>1</td><td>1569.04</td><td>318.18</td><td>67.36</td><td>74</td><td>165</td><td>NIGH16</td><td>3.96</td><td>-0.45</td><td>-0.11</td><td>3</td><td>1354.81</td><td>525.00</td><td>55.03</td><td>21</td><td>46</td></tr><tr><td>FKSH04</td><td>10.21</td><td>-2.35</td><td>-0.23</td><td>3</td><td>987.31</td><td>245.89</td><td>89.73</td><td>16</td><td>34</td><td>NIGH19</td><td>18.59</td><td>-5.44</td><td>-0.29</td><td>3</td><td>412.36</td><td>625.00</td><td>50.51</td><td>7</td><td>14</td></tr><tr><td>FKSH07</td><td>12.52</td><td>-1.03</td><td>-0.08</td><td>0.5</td><td>1119.41</td><td>828.95</td><td>210.55</td><td>108</td><td>248</td><td>OSKH01</td><td>8.96</td><td>-0.44</td><td>-0.05</td><td>0.5</td><td>906.27</td><td>500.00</td><td>94.94</td><td>88</td><td>201</td></tr><tr><td>FKSH12</td><td>4.46</td><td>-1.39</td><td>-0.31</td><td>1</td><td>1057.95</td><td>448.55</td><td>478.72</td><td>50</td><td>112</td><td>SIGH03</td><td>5.08</td><td>-0.88</td><td>-0.17</td><td>3</td><td>987.93</td><td>392.59</td><td>64.28</td><td>16</td><td>34</td></tr><tr><td>FKSH14</td><td>1.17</td><td>-0.27</td><td>-0.23</td><td>1</td><td>1082.33</td><td>236.56</td><td>325.64</td><td>51</td><td>114</td><td>SITH01</td><td>2.64</td><td>-0.45</td><td>-0.17</td><td>2</td><td>1723.02</td><td>nan</td><td>166.55</td><td>41</td><td>89</td></tr><tr><td>FKSH16</td><td>11.08</td><td>-2.80</td><td>-0.25</td><td>1</td><td>1023.41</td><td>531.61</td><td>345.91</td><td>49</td><td>108</td><td>SITH03</td><td>2.01</td><td>-0.73</td><td>-0.36</td><td>3</td><td>418.46</td><td>nan</td><td>67.59</td><td>7</td><td>15</td></tr><tr><td>FKSH18</td><td>5.75</td><td>-1.89</td><td>-0.33</td><td>1</td><td>1132.31</td><td>307.18</td><td>555.81</td><td>54</td><td>119</td><td>SITH11</td><td>5.14</td><td>-0.44</td><td>-0.09</td><td>0.5</td><td>893.90</td><td>371.62</td><td>176.49</td><td>87</td><td>198</td></tr><tr><td>FKSH19</td><td>9.03</td><td>-3.04</td><td>-0.34</td><td>1</td><td>1596.43</td><td>338.06</td><td>810.71</td><td>76</td><td>168</td><td>SMNH01</td><td>8.56</td><td>-1.73</td><td>-0.20</td><td>0.5</td><td>1272.59</td><td>464.41</td><td>728.09</td><td>123</td><td>282</td></tr><tr><td>FKSH20</td><td>1.89</td><td>-1.31</td><td>-0.70</td><td>3</td><td>1282.57</td><td>nan</td><td>622.17</td><td>20</td><td>44</td><td>SMNH02</td><td>5.29</td><td>-1.58</td><td>-0.30</td><td>2</td><td>1282.73</td><td>502.66</td><td>248.95</td><td>30</td><td>66</td></tr><tr><td>FKSH21</td><td>3.63</td><td>-1.02</td><td>-0.28</td><td>2</td><td>1589.50</td><td>364.91</td><td>284.17</td><td>38</td><td>82</td><td>SMNH04</td><td>3.70</td><td>-0.10</td><td>-0.03</td><td>0.5</td><td>1573.97</td><td>276.92</td><td>85.97</td><td>152</td><td>348</td></tr><tr><td>GIFH05</td><td>3.15</td><td>-0.39</td><td>-0.12</td><td>3</td><td>1784.99</td><td>262.35</td><td>79.72</td><td>28</td><td>61</td><td>SMNH08</td><td>14.96</td><td>-1.24</td><td>-0.08</td><td>2</td><td>1602.92</td><td>533.20</td><td>70.68</td><td>38</td><td>83</td></tr><tr><td>GIFH14</td><td>3.73</td><td>-0.50</td><td>-0.13</td><td>1</td><td>1293.85</td><td>627.38</td><td>198.41</td><td>61</td><td>136</td><td>SZOH33</td><td>5.55</td><td>-2.52</td><td>-0.45</td><td>2</td><td>1335.67</td><td>519.79</td><td>470.77</td><td>32</td><td>69</td></tr><tr><td>GIFH15</td><td>4.24</td><td>-1.40</td><td>-0.33</td><td>3</td><td>598.63</td><td>369.23</td><td>85.45</td><td>10</td><td>21</td><td>SZOH40</td><td>4.19</td><td>-1.01</td><td>-0.24</td><td>3</td><td>973.06</td><td>492.75</td><td>94.04</td><td>16</td><td>33</td></tr><tr><td>GIFH20</td><td>9.95</td><td>-3.41</td><td>-0.34</td><td>3</td><td>522.27</td><td>809.86</td><td>78.39</td><td>9</td><td>18</td><td>SZOH43</td><td>5.22</td><td>-0.34</td><td>-0.07</td><td>0.5</td><td>1739.27</td><td>323.47</td><td>251.23</td><td>168</td><td>385</td></tr><tr><td>GIFH25</td><td>6.57</td><td>-1.54</td><td>-0.24</td><td>3</td><td>543.14</td><td>468.75</td><td>50.77</td><td>9</td><td>19</td><td>TCGH06</td><td>8.26</td><td>-1.43</td><td>-0.17</td><td>3</td><td>1085.31</td><td>nan</td><td>70.79</td><td>17</td><td>37</td></tr><tr><td>GNMH07</td><td>8.01</td><td>-1.85</td><td>-0.23</td><td>3</td><td>1296.42</td><td>647.48</td><td>118.28</td><td>21</td><td>44</td><td>TCGH07</td><td>4.92</td><td>-0.27</td><td>-0.05</td><td>0.25</td><td>1493.31</td><td>419.49</td><td>371.16</td><td>302</td><td>733</td></tr><tr><td>GNMH08</td><td>3.03</td><td>-0.08</td><td>-0.03</td><td>0.5</td><td>999.37</td><td>338.68</td><td>52.86</td><td>97</td><td>221</td><td>TCGH08</td><td>8.35</td><td>-0.75</td><td>-0.09</td><td>1</td><td>1310.98</td><td>723.23</td><td>130.12</td><td>62</td><td>138</td></tr><tr><td>GNMH11</td><td>3.41</td><td>-1.18</td><td>-0.35</td><td>3</td><td>541.53</td><td>421.41</td><td>82.00</td><td>9</td><td>19</td><td>TCGH09</td><td>12.52</td><td>-1.47</td><td>-0.12</td><td>1</td><td>1130.56</td><td>468.40</td><td>150.17</td><td>54</td><td>119</td></tr><tr><td>GNMH13</td><td>7.63</td><td>-1.88</td><td>-0.25</td><td>3</td><td>1112.83</td><td>323.08</td><td>109.82</td><td>18</td><td>38</td><td>TCGH12</td><td>9.90</td><td>-1.99</td><td>-0.20</td><td>1</td><td>1653.79</td><td>343.68</td><td>415.82</td><td>78</td><td>174</td></tr><tr><td>GNMH14</td><td>14.85</td><td>-1.33</td><td>-0.09</td><td>1</td><td>1051.40</td><td>982.93</td><td>103.18</td><td>50</td><td>111</td><td>TCGH13</td><td>4.87</td><td>-0.86</td><td>-0.18</td><td>0.25</td><td>764.58</td><td>573.60</td><td>889.55</td><td>155</td><td>376</td></tr><tr><td>HRSH06</td><td>3.38</td><td>-0.11</td><td>-0.03</td><td>0.1</td><td>877.46</td><td>279.19</td><td>350.60</td><td>514</td><td>1504</td><td>TKSH05</td><td>4.01</td><td>-0.29</td><td>-0.07</td><td>0.25</td><td>1573.89</td><td>380.02</td><td>545.83</td><td>319</td><td>773</td></tr><tr><td>HRSH07</td><td>2.61</td><td>-0.10</td><td>-0.04</td><td>0.5</td><td>964.31</td><td>461.46</td><td>74.21</td><td>94</td><td>214</td><td>TKYH12</td><td>3.49</td><td>-0.65</td><td>-0.19</td><td>3</td><td>1661.89</td><td>325.71</td><td>118.69</td><td>26</td><td>57</td></tr><tr><td>HYGH05</td><td>7.81</td><td>-0.25</td><td>-0.03</td><td>0.5</td><td>1173.02</td><td>532.54</td><td>77.31</td><td>114</td><td>260</td><td>TTRH02</td><td>2.15</td><td>-0.59</td><td>-0.27</td><td>1</td><td>1499.57</td><td>310.21</td><td>564.81</td><td>71</td><td>158</td></tr><tr><td>HYGH10</td><td>1.34</td><td>-0.12</td><td>-0.09</td><td>3</td><td>1777.43</td><td>223.87</td><td>55.21</td><td>28</td><td>61</td><td>TTRH03</td><td>1.95</td><td>-0.40</td><td>-0.20</td><td>2</td><td>1350.57</td><td>189.23</td><td>162.50</td><td>32</td><td>70</td></tr><tr><td>IBRH06</td><td>10.00</td><td>-3.87</td><td>-0.39</td><td>2</td><td>1169.47</td><td>nan</td><td>323.92</td><td>28</td><td>60</td><td>TTRH07</td><td>1.92</td><td>-0.15</td><td>-0.08</td><td>0.5</td><td>1550.39</td><td>388.79</td><td>274.01</td><td>150</td><td>343</td></tr><tr><td>IBRH07</td><td>0.67</td><td>-0.14</td><td>-0.21</td><td>3</td><td>736.19</td><td>nan</td><td>60.65</td><td>12</td><td>25</td><td>TYMH07</td><td>11.45</td><td>-1.11</td><td>-0.10</td><td>2</td><td>1267.36</td><td>425.88</td><td>66.02</td><td>30</td><td>65</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table A5. Continued</caption><thead><tr><th>Station</th><th>f<sub>r</sub> o</th><th>Δf<sub>r</sub></th><th>Δf<sub>r</sub>/f<sub>ro</sub></th><th>α</th><th>c</th><th>V<sub>S30</sub></th><th>PGA<sub>max</sub></th><th>PGA<sub>th5 per cent</sub></th><th>PGA<sub>th10 per cent</sub></th><th>Station</th><th>f<sub>r</sub> o</th><th>Δf<sub>r</sub></th><th>Δf<sub>r</sub>/f<sub>ro</sub></th><th>α</th><th>c</th><th>V<sub>S30</sub></th><th>PGA<sub>max</sub></th><th>PGA<sub>th5 per cent</sub></th><th>PGA<sub>th10 per cent</sub></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>IBRH10</td><td>1.15</td><td>-0.06</td><td>-0.05</td><td>0.25</td><td>1002.55</td><td>144.14</td><td>248.53</td><td>203</td><td>493</td><td>WKYH07</td><td>3.63</td><td>-0.71</td><td>-0.20</td><td>3</td><td>1484.25</td><td>316.29</td><td>111.84</td><td>23</td><td>51</td></tr><tr><td>IBRH11</td><td>5.12</td><td>-1.54</td><td>-0.30</td><td>1</td><td>1645.59</td><td>242.49</td><td>710.73</td><td>78</td><td>173</td><td>WKYH08</td><td>2.82</td><td>-0.89</td><td>-0.32</td><td>3</td><td>437.01</td><td>343.89</td><td>59.15</td><td>7</td><td>15</td></tr><tr><td>IBRH13</td><td>6.69</td><td>-1.15</td><td>-0.17</td><td>0.25</td><td>908.84</td><td>335.37</td><td>1023.96</td><td>184</td><td>447</td><td>YMNH11</td><td>2.78</td><td>-0.52</td><td>-0.19</td><td>2</td><td>1252.00</td><td>295.15</td><td>137.06</td><td>30</td><td>65</td></tr><tr><td>IBRH18</td><td>5.27</td><td>-0.64</td><td>-0.12</td><td>0.25</td><td>842.55</td><td>558.56</td><td>576.25</td><td>171</td><td>414</td><td>YMTH02</td><td>3.49</td><td>-0.33</td><td>-0.09</td><td>2</td><td>1212.57</td><td>nan</td><td>61.19</td><td>29</td><td>63</td></tr><tr><td>IBRH20</td><td>2.83</td><td>-0.76</td><td>-0.27</td><td>2</td><td>1300.37</td><td>243.87</td><td>219.54</td><td>31</td><td>67</td><td>YMTH03</td><td>6.58</td><td>-2.79</td><td>-0.42</td><td>3</td><td>355.94</td><td>899.84</td><td>71.74</td><td>6</td><td>13</td></tr><tr><td>IBRH21</td><td>4.90</td><td>-0.03</td><td>-0.01</td><td>0.1</td><td>1356.30</td><td>nan</td><td>79.43</td><td>794</td><td>2324</td><td>YMTH15</td><td>1.67</td><td>-0.14</td><td>-0.08</td><td>1</td><td>937.44</td><td>285.91</td><td>82.63</td><td>45</td><td>99</td></tr><tr><td>IBUH07</td><td>1.92</td><td>-0.04</td><td>-0.02</td><td>0.1</td><td>815.47</td><td>259.28</td><td>192.10</td><td>477</td><td>1398</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ISKH05</td><td>6.88</td><td>-0.42</td><td>-0.06</td><td>0.25</td><td>1319.72</td><td>681.02</td><td>373.47</td><td>267</td><td>648</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IWTH04</td><td>3.30</td><td>-0.55</td><td>-0.17</td><td>0.5</td><td>971.28</td><td>455.93</td><td>427.16</td><td>94</td><td>215</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IWTH07</td><td>6.04</td><td>-0.54</td><td>-0.09</td><td>1</td><td>939.24</td><td>395.57</td><td>91.94</td><td>45</td><td>99</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IWTH08</td><td>2.87</td><td>-0.20</td><td>-0.07</td><td>1</td><td>1462.03</td><td>304.52</td><td>109.82</td><td>69</td><td>154</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IWTH09</td><td>6.86</td><td>-2.00</td><td>-0.29</td><td>3</td><td>787.30</td><td>966.82</td><td>96.04</td><td>13</td><td>27</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IWTH11</td><td>2.26</td><td>-0.10</td><td>-0.04</td><td>0.5</td><td>1751.10</td><td>343.15</td><td>164.10</td><td>169</td><td>387</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IWTH12</td><td>5.58</td><td>-0.90</td><td>-0.16</td><td>2</td><td>1540.50</td><td>367.94</td><td>141.12</td><td>36</td><td>79</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IWTH15</td><td>6.79</td><td>-3.27</td><td>-0.48</td><td>3</td><td>864.41</td><td>337.50</td><td>211.41</td><td>14</td><td>30</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IWTH16</td><td>1.29</td><td>-0.42</td><td>-0.33</td><td>3</td><td>954.45</td><td>534.71</td><td>133.60</td><td>15</td><td>33</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IWTH17</td><td>9.73</td><td>-1.48</td><td>-0.15</td><td>2</td><td>1485.51</td><td>1269.78</td><td>128.06</td><td>35</td><td>77</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IWTH18</td><td>15.23</td><td>-4.28</td><td>-0.28</td><td>1</td><td>859.94</td><td>891.55</td><td>335.79</td><td>41</td><td>91</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IWTH20</td><td>3.72</td><td>-0.70</td><td>-0.19</td><td>1</td><td>1557.49</td><td>288.75</td><td>358.19</td><td>74</td><td>164</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IWTH21</td><td>5.75</td><td>-1.62</td><td>-0.28</td><td>1</td><td>925.20</td><td>521.09</td><td>363.02</td><td>44</td><td>98</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IWTH22</td><td>10.94</td><td>-1.90</td><td>-0.17</td><td>1</td><td>957.80</td><td>532.13</td><td>200.90</td><td>46</td><td>101</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IWTH24</td><td>6.05</td><td>-0.71</td><td>-0.12</td><td>1</td><td>1461.59</td><td>486.41</td><td>194.01</td><td>69</td><td>154</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IWTH25</td><td>12.45</td><td>-4.80</td><td>-0.39</td><td>0.5</td><td>838.01</td><td>506.44</td><td>1377.79</td><td>81</td><td>186</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IWTH27</td><td>8.87</td><td>-0.46</td><td>-0.05</td><td>0.25</td><td>994.74</td><td>670.31</td><td>235.74</td><td>202</td><td>489</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IWTH28</td><td>2.39</td><td>-0.35</td><td>-0.15</td><td>1</td><td>1718.74</td><td>416.75</td><td>295.60</td><td>81</td><td>181</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KGWH01</td><td>6.04</td><td>-0.09</td><td>-0.02</td><td>0.25</td><td>1206.59</td><td>255.25</td><td>73.37</td><td>245</td><td>593</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KKWH10</td><td>3.93</td><td>-0.03</td><td>-0.01</td><td>0.1</td><td>897.36</td><td>327.57</td><td>62.93</td><td>525</td><td>1538</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KMMH16</td><td>4.86</td><td>-0.44</td><td>-0.09</td><td>1</td><td>1126.76</td><td>279.66</td><td>110.95</td><td>54</td><td>119</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KNGH18</td><td>7.83</td><td>-1.17</td><td>-0.15</td><td>3</td><td>1704.03</td><td>388.42</td><td>94.70</td><td>27</td><td>58</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KNGH19</td><td>9.43</td><td>-2.36</td><td>-0.25</td><td>3</td><td>1407.16</td><td>731.42</td><td>141.80</td><td>22</td><td>48</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KNGH20</td><td>2.60</td><td>-0.10</td><td>-0.04</td><td>1</td><td>1410.65</td><td>272.73</td><td>54.28</td><td>67</td><td>149</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KNGH21</td><td>8.01</td><td>-0.99</td><td>-0.12</td><td>3</td><td>1621.07</td><td>792.45</td><td>72.90</td><td>26</td><td>55</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KSRH03</td><td>9.36</td><td>-0.18</td><td>-0.02</td><td>0.5</td><td>1408.74</td><td>249.76</td><td>54.56</td><td>136</td><td>312</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MIEH01</td><td>6.21</td><td>-0.43</td><td>-0.07</td><td>0.5</td><td>1139.15</td><td>342.04</td><td>177.20</td><td>110</td><td>252</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MIEH10</td><td>4.85</td><td>-2.04</td><td>-0.42</td><td></td><td>1128.15</td><td>421.86</td><td>820.19</td><td>54</td><td>119</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MYGH02</td><td>5.58</td><td>-1.44</td><td>-0.26</td><td>2</td><td>1603.84</td><td>398.59</td><td>258.43</td><td>38</td><td>83</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MYGH03</td><td>17.53</td><td>-3.34</td><td>-0.19</td><td>0.5</td><td>886.84</td><td>933.96</td><td>466.58</td><td>86</td><td>196</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MYGH05</td><td>14.04</td><td>-5.96</td><td>-0.42</td><td>2</td><td>1204.73</td><td>305.33</td><td>382.97</td><td>29</td><td>62</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MYGH13</td><td>3.82</td><td>-0.22</td><td>-0.06</td><td></td><td>1296.99</td><td>570.59</td><td>78.33</td><td>62</td><td>137</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MYZH15</td><td>8.37</td><td>-0.77</td><td>-0.09</td><td>2</td><td>1450.19</td><td>445.67</td><td>71.45</td><td>34</td><td>75</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NARH01</td><td>5.30</td><td>-1.22</td><td>-0.23</td><td>3</td><td>681.38</td><td>338.41</td><td>62.14</td><td>11</td><td>24</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NGNH03</td><td>3.59</td><td>-1.48</td><td>-0.41</td><td>3</td><td>530.27</td><td>400.26</td><td>102.54</td><td>9</td><td>18</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table A6. List of KiK-net multimodal stations detected with nonlinearity using the transverse component of the waveforms</caption><thead><tr><th>Station</th><th>f<sub>r</sub> o</th><th>Δf<sub>r</sub></th><th>Δf<sub>r</sub>/f<sub>ro</sub></th><th>α</th><th>c</th><th>V<sub>S30</sub></th><th>PGA<sub>max</sub></th><th>PGA<sub>th5 per cent</sub></th><th>PGA<sub>th10 per cent</sub></th><th>Station</th><th>f<sub>r</sub> o</th><th>Δf<sub>r</sub></th><th>Δf<sub>r</sub>/f<sub>ro</sub></th><th>α</th><th>c</th><th>V<sub>S30</sub></th><th>PGA<sub>max</sub></th><th>PGA<sub>th5 per cent</sub></th><th>PGA<sub>th10 per cent</sub></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>AICH05</td><td>6.37</td><td>-0.72</td><td>-0.11</td><td>2</td><td>1350.98</td><td>301.33</td><td>83.78</td><td>32</td><td>70</td><td>NGNH19</td><td>14.93</td><td>-1.38</td><td>-0.09</td><td>2</td><td>1319.10</td><td>473.50</td><td>65.76</td><td>31</td><td>68</td></tr><tr><td>AICH12</td><td>8.41</td><td>-0.48</td><td>-0.06</td><td>1</td><td>1116.66</td><td>163.26</td><td>67.43</td><td>53</td><td>118</td><td>NGNH20</td><td>4.87</td><td>-0.30</td><td>-0.06</td><td>1</td><td>1158.44</td><td>529.77</td><td>75.22</td><td>55</td><td>122</td></tr><tr><td>AKTH02</td><td>8.30</td><td>-0.63</td><td>-0.08</td><td>1</td><td>1094.32</td><td>620.40</td><td>89.26</td><td>52</td><td>115</td><td>NGNH26</td><td>1.91</td><td>-0.23</td><td>-0.12</td><td>3</td><td>1295.79</td><td>300.47</td><td>55.82</td><td>21</td><td>44</td></tr><tr><td>AKTH04</td><td>4.75</td><td>-1.16</td><td>-0.25</td><td>1</td><td>974.59</td><td>458.73</td><td>316.35</td><td>46</td><td>103</td><td>NGNH28</td><td>0.68</td><td>-0.06</td><td>-0.08</td><td>0.5</td><td>1063.64</td><td>586.50</td><td>199.89</td><td>103</td><td>236</td></tr><tr><td>AKTH09</td><td>3.59</td><td>-0.82</td><td>-0.23</td><td>1</td><td>854.09</td><td>319.63</td><td>254.45</td><td>41</td><td>90</td><td>NGNH29</td><td>6.81</td><td>-1.03</td><td>-0.15</td><td>0.5</td><td>869.44</td><td>464.92</td><td>336.41</td><td>84</td><td>193</td></tr><tr><td>AKTH18</td><td>4.24</td><td>-0.27</td><td>-0.06</td><td>0.5</td><td>914.00</td><td>431.00</td><td>130.28</td><td>89</td><td>202</td><td>NGNH30</td><td>10.60</td><td>-0.19</td><td>-0.02</td><td>0.5</td><td>1758.13</td><td>456.56</td><td>64.93</td><td>170</td><td>389</td></tr><tr><td>AKTH19</td><td>4.30</td><td>-0.89</td><td>-0.21</td><td>2</td><td>1657.30</td><td>287.96</td><td>203.57</td><td>39</td><td>85</td><td>NGNH54</td><td>0.94</td><td>-0.04</td><td>-0.04</td><td>1</td><td>1145.16</td><td>661.34</td><td>51.22</td><td>54</td><td>121</td></tr><tr><td>AOMH01</td><td>6.04</td><td>-2.77</td><td>-0.46</td><td>3</td><td>409.92</td><td>301.99</td><td>93.29</td><td>7</td><td>14</td><td>NIGH01</td><td>3.64</td><td>-0.55</td><td>-0.15</td><td>0.5</td><td>1725.32</td><td>nan</td><td>672.95</td><td>167</td><td>382</td></tr><tr><td>AOMH16</td><td>5.27</td><td>-1.29</td><td>-0.24</td><td>3</td><td>1255.39</td><td>225.75</td><td>122.67</td><td>20</td><td>43</td><td>NIGH05</td><td>5.83</td><td>-0.48</td><td>-0.08</td><td>1</td><td>979.25</td><td>244.84</td><td>88.46</td><td>47</td><td>103</td></tr><tr><td>CHBH04</td><td>4.70</td><td>-1.65</td><td>-0.35</td><td>3</td><td>1314.39</td><td>nan</td><td>203.08</td><td>21</td><td>45</td><td>NIGH07</td><td>6.74</td><td>-0.72</td><td>-0.11</td><td>1</td><td>1013.50</td><td>528.19</td><td>120.47</td><td>48</td><td>107</td></tr><tr><td>CHBH10</td><td>7.09</td><td>-0.67</td><td>-0.09</td><td>1</td><td>1201.05</td><td>nan</td><td>124.41</td><td>57</td><td>127</td><td>NIGH08</td><td>12.70</td><td>-0.71</td><td>-0.06</td><td>0.5</td><td>1321.97</td><td>326.88</td><td>161.90</td><td>128</td><td>293</td></tr><tr><td>CHBH11</td><td>5.65</td><td>-1.12</td><td>-0.20</td><td>3</td><td>863.28</td><td>nan</td><td>65.65</td><td>14</td><td>30</td><td>NIGH11</td><td>13.97</td><td>-1.68</td><td>-0.12</td><td>1</td><td>1526.08</td><td>375.00</td><td>208.17</td><td>72</td><td>161</td></tr><tr><td>CHBH13</td><td>9.13</td><td>-0.57</td><td>-0.06</td><td>2</td><td>1564.16</td><td>nan</td><td>51.58</td><td>37</td><td>81</td><td>NIGH12</td><td>7.02</td><td>-2.49</td><td>-0.35</td><td>2</td><td>1601.75</td><td>552.98</td><td>391.68</td><td>38</td><td>82</td></tr><tr><td>CHBH19</td><td>5.13</td><td>-0.61</td><td>-0.12</td><td>3</td><td>1479.76</td><td>nan</td><td>63.36</td><td>23</td><td>51</td><td>NIGH13</td><td>2.22</td><td>-0.34</td><td>-0.15</td><td>1</td><td>1212.97</td><td>461.10</td><td>216.47</td><td>58</td><td>128</td></tr><tr><td>FKSH02</td><td>9.01</td><td>-0.15</td><td>-0.02</td><td>0.25</td><td>1035.99</td><td>507.56</td><td>70.73</td><td>210</td><td>509</td><td>NIGH14</td><td>8.69</td><td>-3.35</td><td>-0.39</td><td>2</td><td>1337.27</td><td>437.64</td><td>368.06</td><td>32</td><td>69</td></tr><tr><td>FKSH08</td><td>13.07</td><td>-4.96</td><td>-0.38</td><td>2</td><td>1338.45</td><td>562.50</td><td>361.00</td><td>32</td><td>69</td><td>NIGH15</td><td>2.62</td><td>-0.19</td><td>-0.07</td><td>0.5</td><td>892.00</td><td>685.78</td><td>140.97</td><td>87</td><td>198</td></tr><tr><td>FKSH14</td><td>5.96</td><td>-0.56</td><td>-0.09</td><td>1</td><td>1571.21</td><td>236.56</td><td>161.94</td><td>75</td><td>165</td><td>NIGH16</td><td>3.93</td><td>-0.37</td><td>-0.10</td><td>2</td><td>1441.17</td><td>525.00</td><td>73.37</td><td>34</td><td>74</td></tr><tr><td>FKSH16</td><td>11.57</td><td>-0.97</td><td>-0.08</td><td>2</td><td>1342.38</td><td>531.61</td><td>60.29</td><td>32</td><td>69</td><td>NIGH19</td><td>3.71</td><td>-0.07</td><td>-0.02</td><td>0.25</td><td>1553.44</td><td>625.00</td><td>116.11</td><td>315</td><td>763</td></tr><tr><td>FKSH18</td><td>5.51</td><td>-0.61</td><td>-0.11</td><td>1</td><td>1301.82</td><td>307.18</td><td>162.99</td><td>62</td><td>137</td><td>OKYH01</td><td>2.65</td><td>-0.13</td><td>-0.05</td><td>1</td><td>1025.25</td><td>240.85</td><td>53.57</td><td>49</td><td>108</td></tr><tr><td>FKSH19</td><td>3.27</td><td>-0.90</td><td>-0.28</td><td>0.5</td><td>795.28</td><td>338.06</td><td>721.82</td><td>77</td><td>176</td><td>OKYH06</td><td>9.85</td><td>-1.15</td><td>-0.12</td><td>2</td><td>1219.35</td><td>549.74</td><td>77.75</td><td>29</td><td>63</td></tr><tr><td>FKSH20</td><td>1.77</td><td>-1.04</td><td>-0.59</td><td>3</td><td>1333.69</td><td>nan</td><td>460.05</td><td>21</td><td>46</td><td>OKYH10</td><td>6.84</td><td>-0.44</td><td>-0.07</td><td>0.25</td><td>904.17</td><td>553.65</td><td>276.49</td><td>183</td><td>444</td></tr><tr><td>FKSH21</td><td>3.91</td><td>-0.91</td><td>-0.23</td><td>1</td><td>1285.82</td><td>364.91</td><td>390.57</td><td>61</td><td>135</td><td>OKYH14</td><td>8.96</td><td>-1.70</td><td>-0.19</td><td>0.5</td><td>893.63</td><td>709.86</td><td>465.97</td><td>87</td><td>198</td></tr><tr><td>GIFH05</td><td>3.03</td><td>-0.25</td><td>-0.08</td><td>2</td><td>1300.10</td><td>262.35</td><td>57.09</td><td>31</td><td>67</td><td>SIGH03</td><td>5.40</td><td>-0.80</td><td>-0.15</td><td>3</td><td>1191.79</td><td>392.59</td><td>65.04</td><td>19</td><td>41</td></tr><tr><td>GIFH10</td><td>3.20</td><td>-0.10</td><td>-0.03</td><td>0.5</td><td>1099.07</td><td>385.48</td><td>75.02</td><td>107</td><td>243</td><td>SITH01</td><td>2.67</td><td>-0.22</td><td>-0.08</td><td>0.5</td><td>927.33</td><td>nan</td><td>177.16</td><td>90</td><td>205</td></tr><tr><td>GIFH15</td><td>4.53</td><td>-1.12</td><td>-0.25</td><td>3</td><td>851.38</td><td>369.23</td><td>84.49</td><td>14</td><td>29</td><td>SITH03</td><td>1.94</td><td>-0.40</td><td>-0.20</td><td>3</td><td>1071.96</td><td>nan</td><td>84.85</td><td>17</td><td>37</td></tr><tr><td>GIFH17</td><td>4.92</td><td>-0.39</td><td>-0.08</td><td>1</td><td>1266.21</td><td>429.39</td><td>108.81</td><td>60</td><td>133</td><td>SITH10</td><td>8.16</td><td>-0.23</td><td>-0.03</td><td>0.25</td><td>1309.47</td><td>542.00</td><td>156.83</td><td>265</td><td>643</td></tr><tr><td>GIFH18</td><td>8.61</td><td>-1.96</td><td>-0.23</td><td>3</td><td>695.57</td><td>553.04</td><td>62.55</td><td>11</td><td>24</td><td>SITH11</td><td>3.89</td><td>-0.45</td><td>-0.12</td><td>1</td><td>1556.43</td><td>371.62</td><td>201.42</td><td>74</td><td>164</td></tr><tr><td>GIFH20</td><td>13.51</td><td>-4.00</td><td>-0.30</td><td>3</td><td>508.48</td><td>809.86</td><td>63.13</td><td>8</td><td>18</td><td>SMNH01</td><td>6.07</td><td>-0.75</td><td>-0.12</td><td>0.25</td><td>1011.88</td><td>464.41</td><td>704.59</td><td>205</td><td>497</td></tr><tr><td>GIFH25</td><td>3.51</td><td>-0.38</td><td>-0.11</td><td>2</td><td>1381.92</td><td>468.75</td><td>81.64</td><td>33</td><td>71</td><td>SRCH09</td><td>6.43</td><td>-0.40</td><td>-0.06</td><td>0.5</td><td>890.79</td><td>240.52</td><td>123.17</td><td>86</td><td>197</td></tr><tr><td>GIFH27</td><td>15.87</td><td>-0.88</td><td>-0.06</td><td>1</td><td>971.14</td><td>685.28</td><td>57.07</td><td>46</td><td>102</td><td>SZOH31</td><td>4.77</td><td>-0.56</td><td>-0.12</td><td>1</td><td>1058.01</td><td>397.58</td><td>141.33</td><td>50</td><td>112</td></tr><tr><td>GNMH05</td><td>4.33</td><td>-0.24</td><td>-0.06</td><td>0.5</td><td>1278.85</td><td>nan</td><td>157.11</td><td>124</td><td>283</td><td>SZOH35</td><td>2.11</td><td>-0.19</td><td>-0.09</td><td>1</td><td>1347.41</td><td>158.33</td><td>130.41</td><td>64</td><td>142</td></tr><tr><td>GNMH07</td><td>15.51</td><td>-4.40</td><td>-0.28</td><td>3</td><td>1124.60</td><td>647.48</td><td>132.36</td><td>18</td><td>39</td><td>SZOH40</td><td>4.25</td><td>-0.55</td><td>-0.13</td><td>2</td><td>1423.74</td><td>492.75</td><td>101.30</td><td>34</td><td>73</td></tr><tr><td>GNMH11</td><td>3.46</td><td>-0.49</td><td>-0.14</td><td>3</td><td>1566.42</td><td>421.41</td><td>82.17</td><td>25</td><td>53</td><td>SZOH41</td><td>9.01</td><td>-0.58</td><td>-0.06</td><td>1</td><td>1135.14</td><td>609.90</td><td>78.01</td><td>54</td><td>120</td></tr><tr><td>GNMH12</td><td>4.22</td><td>-0.57</td><td>-0.14</td><td>1</td><td>1323.48</td><td>406.76</td><td>208.24</td><td>63</td><td>139</td><td>TCGH06</td><td>6.15</td><td>-1.01</td><td>-0.17</td><td>3</td><td>1351.32</td><td>nan</td><td>83.71</td><td>21</td><td>46</td></tr><tr><td>GNMH13</td><td>6.11</td><td>-1.11</td><td>-0.18</td><td>2</td><td>1508.46</td><td>323.08</td><td>158.36</td><td>36</td><td>78</td><td>TCGH07</td><td>6.79</td><td>-1.27</td><td>-0.19</td><td>1</td><td>1031.42</td><td>419.49</td><td>237.95</td><td>49</td><td>109</td></tr><tr><td>GNMH14</td><td>14.15</td><td>-0.76</td><td>-0.05</td><td>0.5</td><td>1189.78</td><td>982.93</td><td>139.38</td><td>115</td><td>263</td><td>TCGH09</td><td>8.87</td><td>-1.26</td><td>-0.14</td><td>2</td><td>1740.10</td><td>468.40</td><td>138.26</td><td>41</td><td>90</td></tr><tr><td>HRSH10</td><td>6.81</td><td>-0.66</td><td>-0.10</td><td>2</td><td>1467.66</td><td>264.65</td><td>77.18</td><td>35</td><td>76</td><td>TCGH11</td><td>7.13</td><td>-1.79</td><td>-0.25</td><td>3</td><td>1329.42</td><td>328.98</td><td>134.59</td><td>21</td><td>45</td></tr><tr><td>HYGH05</td><td>14.66</td><td>-0.80</td><td>-0.05</td><td>1</td><td>1486.39</td><td>532.54</td><td>85.56</td><td>71</td><td>157</td><td>TKCH08</td><td>9.24</td><td>-0.47</td><td>-0.05</td><td>1</td><td>1128.83</td><td>353.21</td><td>60.30</td><td>54</td><td>119</td></tr><tr><td>HYGH08</td><td>10.58</td><td>-0.95</td><td>-0.09</td><td>3</td><td>1716.57</td><td>285.26</td><td>54.47</td><td>27</td><td>59</td><td>TKSH05</td><td>5.13</td><td>-3.11</td><td>-0.61</td><td>3</td><td>1160.09</td><td>380.02</td><td>421.65</td><td>18</td><td>40</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table A6. Continued</caption><thead><tr><th>Station</th><th>f<sub>r o</sub></th><th>Δf<sub>r</sub></th><th>Δf<sub>r</sub>/f<sub>ro</sub></th><th>α</th><th>c</th><th>V<sub>S30</sub></th><th>PGA<sub>max</sub></th><th>PGA<sub>th5 per cent</sub></th><th>PGA<sub>th10 per cent</sub></th><th>Station</th><th>f<sub>r o</sub></th><th>Δf<sub>r</sub></th><th>Δf<sub>r</sub>/f<sub>ro</sub></th><th>α</th><th>c</th><th>V<sub>S30</sub></th><th>PGA<sub>max</sub></th><th>PGA<sub>th5 per cent</sub></th><th>PGA<sub>th10 per cent</sub></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>HYGH11</td><td>3.08</td><td>-0.40</td><td>-0.13</td><td>3</td><td>1398.27</td><td>270.66</td><td>65.68</td><td>22</td><td>48</td><td>TKYH02</td><td>7.25</td><td>-1.31</td><td>-0.18</td><td>3</td><td>929.63</td><td>nan</td><td>63.98</td><td>15</td><td>32</td></tr><tr><td>IBRH10</td><td>4.10</td><td>-1.27</td><td>-0.31</td><td>3</td><td>916.74</td><td>144.14</td><td>120.35</td><td>15</td><td>32</td><td>TKYH12</td><td>3.45</td><td>-1.69</td><td>-0.49</td><td>3</td><td>441.67</td><td>325.71</td><td>111.21</td><td>7</td><td>15</td></tr><tr><td>IBRH11</td><td>2.91</td><td>-1.07</td><td>-0.37</td><td>1</td><td>1601.93</td><td>242.49</td><td>929.18</td><td>76</td><td>169</td><td>TTRH02</td><td>7.07</td><td>-2.14</td><td>-0.30</td><td>3</td><td>880.88</td><td>310.21</td><td>112.62</td><td>14</td><td>30</td></tr><tr><td>IBRH13</td><td>11.10</td><td>-2.15</td><td>-0.19</td><td>1</td><td>1557.54</td><td>335.37</td><td>374.53</td><td>74</td><td>164</td><td>TYMH07</td><td>3.70</td><td>-0.33</td><td>-0.09</td><td>2</td><td>1719.58</td><td>425.88</td><td>81.43</td><td>41</td><td>89</td></tr><tr><td>IBRH18</td><td>5.22</td><td>-1.33</td><td>-0.25</td><td>1</td><td>1700.39</td><td>558.56</td><td>579.08</td><td>81</td><td>179</td><td>YMNH11</td><td>4.24</td><td>-0.91</td><td>-0.21</td><td>3</td><td>1574.49</td><td>295.15</td><td>131.66</td><td>25</td><td>54</td></tr><tr><td>IBRH19</td><td>5.08</td><td>-0.47</td><td>-0.09</td><td>0.5</td><td>1013.43</td><td>692.31</td><td>215.95</td><td>98</td><td>224</td><td>YMTH01</td><td>3.53</td><td>-0.23</td><td>-0.06</td><td>0.5</td><td>1407.30</td><td>327.82</td><td>198.89</td><td>136</td><td>311</td></tr><tr><td>IBRH20</td><td>5.74</td><td>-0.61</td><td>-0.11</td><td>2</td><td>1287.96</td><td>243.87</td><td>74.96</td><td>30</td><td>66</td><td>YMTH15</td><td>1.62</td><td>-0.18</td><td>-0.11</td><td>2</td><td>1319.29</td><td>285.91</td><td>78.46</td><td>31</td><td>68</td></tr><tr><td>IBRH21</td><td>4.70</td><td>-0.11</td><td>-0.02</td><td>0.25</td><td>943.19</td><td>nan</td><td>90.54</td><td>191</td><td>463</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IBUH01</td><td>5.72</td><td>-0.65</td><td>-0.11</td><td>1</td><td>1665.06</td><td>306.79</td><td>213.21</td><td>79</td><td>175</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IBUH07</td><td>2.16</td><td>-0.33</td><td>-0.15</td><td>1</td><td>968.02</td><td>259.28</td><td>171.61</td><td>46</td><td>102</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IWTH04</td><td>3.37</td><td>-0.74</td><td>-0.22</td><td>1</td><td>1256.00</td><td>455.93</td><td>353.23</td><td>60</td><td>132</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IWTH05</td><td>12.87</td><td>-2.35</td><td>-0.18</td><td>1</td><td>1038.27</td><td>429.20</td><td>231.95</td><td>49</td><td>109</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IWTH07</td><td>6.45</td><td>-0.38</td><td>-0.06</td><td>1</td><td>1150.27</td><td>395.57</td><td>71.50</td><td>55</td><td>121</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IWTH08</td><td>2.86</td><td>-0.27</td><td>-0.09</td><td>1</td><td>992.94</td><td>304.52</td><td>102.82</td><td>47</td><td>105</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IWTH11</td><td>13.97</td><td>-5.67</td><td>-0.41</td><td>3</td><td>284.11</td><td>343.15</td><td>53.86</td><td>5</td><td>10</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IWTH12</td><td>5.80</td><td>-0.42</td><td>-0.07</td><td>1</td><td>1590.76</td><td>367.94</td><td>124.62</td><td>75</td><td>167</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IWTH17</td><td>17.84</td><td>-4.74</td><td>-0.27</td><td>3</td><td>1266.69</td><td>1269.78</td><td>137.24</td><td>20</td><td>43</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IWTH18</td><td>11.75</td><td>-1.67</td><td>-0.14</td><td>1</td><td>1718.30</td><td>891.55</td><td>284.18</td><td>81</td><td>181</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IWTH20</td><td>3.72</td><td>-0.73</td><td>-0.20</td><td>1</td><td>1567.48</td><td>288.75</td><td>382.45</td><td>74</td><td>165</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IWTH21</td><td>6.26</td><td>-1.92</td><td>-0.31</td><td>2</td><td>1736.16</td><td>521.09</td><td>349.21</td><td>41</td><td>89</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IWTH22</td><td>8.01</td><td>-1.64</td><td>-0.21</td><td>1</td><td>1246.62</td><td>532.13</td><td>320.76</td><td>59</td><td>131</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IWTH25</td><td>11.08</td><td>-4.49</td><td>-0.41</td><td>0.5</td><td>752.04</td><td>506.44</td><td>1374.02</td><td>73</td><td>167</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IWTH27</td><td>9.03</td><td>-0.87</td><td>-0.10</td><td>0.5</td><td>967.49</td><td>670.31</td><td>217.06</td><td>94</td><td>214</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IWTH28</td><td>10.03</td><td>-4.44</td><td>-0.44</td><td>3</td><td>1136.35</td><td>416.75</td><td>244.81</td><td>18</td><td>39</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KGSH10</td><td>2.52</td><td>-0.66</td><td>-0.26</td><td>3</td><td>1710.56</td><td>254.88</td><td>183.15</td><td>27</td><td>58</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KMMH06</td><td>8.99</td><td>-2.03</td><td>-0.23</td><td>3</td><td>614.86</td><td>567.82</td><td>54.86</td><td>10</td><td>21</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KMMH06</td><td>1.14</td><td>-0.10</td><td>-0.09</td><td>3</td><td>1704.66</td><td>567.82</td><td>53.20</td><td>27</td><td>58</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KNGH11</td><td>2.69</td><td>-0.64</td><td>-0.24</td><td>3</td><td>1562.67</td><td>nan</td><td>147.43</td><td>25</td><td>53</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KNGH18</td><td>9.75</td><td>-1.37</td><td>-0.14</td><td>1</td><td>926.36</td><td>388.42</td><td>151.76</td><td>44</td><td>98</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KNGH20</td><td>8.20</td><td>-1.19</td><td>-0.15</td><td>2</td><td>1205.16</td><td>272.73</td><td>98.42</td><td>29</td><td>62</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KOCH09</td><td>9.70</td><td>-1.65</td><td>-0.17</td><td>3</td><td>861.82</td><td>nan</td><td>55.32</td><td>14</td><td>30</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MIEH01</td><td>13.17</td><td>-1.84</td><td>-0.14</td><td>3</td><td>1225.64</td><td>342.04</td><td>63.16</td><td>19</td><td>42</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MIEH08</td><td>15.75</td><td>-2.07</td><td>-0.13</td><td>3</td><td>1178.80</td><td>1009.77</td><td>56.82</td><td>19</td><td>40</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MYGH02</td><td>5.47</td><td>-1.53</td><td>-0.28</td><td>1</td><td>1410.76</td><td>398.59</td><td>546.55</td><td>67</td><td>149</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MYGH05</td><td>1.30</td><td>-0.30</td><td>-0.23</td><td>1</td><td>1604.02</td><td>305.33</td><td>481.23</td><td>76</td><td>169</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MYGH08</td><td>1.71</td><td>-0.42</td><td>-0.24</td><td>1</td><td>874.66</td><td>203.45</td><td>282.86</td><td>42</td><td>92</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MYGH09</td><td>1.99</td><td>-0.11</td><td>-0.05</td><td>0.25</td><td>1340.63</td><td>358.25</td><td>323.98</td><td>272</td><td>658</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MYGH12</td><td>17.17</td><td>-7.17</td><td>-0.42</td><td>2</td><td>1762.09</td><td>748.29</td><td>546.74</td><td>42</td><td>91</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NGNH01</td><td>3.52</td><td>-1.20</td><td>-0.34</td><td>3</td><td>343.54</td><td>nan</td><td>51.25</td><td>6</td><td>12</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NGNH10</td><td>2.22</td><td>-0.27</td><td>-0.12</td><td>2</td><td>1367.39</td><td>511.11</td><td>89.90</td><td>32</td><td>70</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NGNH18</td><td>5.74</td><td>-0.72</td><td>-0.13</td><td>0.25</td><td>807.87</td><td>379.47</td><td>568.66</td><td>164</td><td>397</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>