17. Bakay, W.M.H.; Anderson, L.A.; Garcia-Lazaro, J.A.; McAlpine, D.; Schaette, R. Hidden hearing loss selectively impairs neural adaptation to loud sound environments. *Nat. Commun.* **2018**, *9*, 4298. [CrossRef]

18. Asokan, M.M.; Williamson, R.S.; Hancock, K.E.; Polley, D.B. Publisher Correction: Sensory overamplification in layer 5 auditory corticofugal projection neurons following cochlear nerve synaptic damage. *Nat. Commun.* **2018**, *9*, 3158. [CrossRef]

19. Hesse, L.L.; Bakay, W.; Ong, H.C.; Anderson, L.; Ashmore, J.; McAlpine, D.; Linden, J.; Schaette, R. Non-Monotonic Relation between Noise Exposure Severity and Neuronal Hyperactivity in the Auditory Midbrain. *Front. Neurol.* **2016**, *7*, 133. [CrossRef]

20. Kraus, N.; Anderson, S.; White-Schwoch, T. The Frequency-Following Response: A Window into Human Communication. In *The Frequency-Following Response: A Window into Human Communication*; Kraus, N., Anderson, S., White-Schwoch, T., Fay, R.R., Popper, A.N., Eds.; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2017; pp. 1–15.

21. Chen, G.D. Hidden cochlear impairments. *J. Otol. 2018*, *13*, 37–43. [CrossRef]

22. De Siati, R.D.; Rosenzweig, F.; Gersdorff, G.; Gregoire, A.; Rombaux, P.; Deggouj, N. Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorders: From Diagnosis to Treatment: Literature Review and Case Reports. *J. Clin. Med.* **2020**, *9*, 1074. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

23. Iliadou, V.V.; Ptok, M.; Grech, H.; Pedersen, E.R.; Brechmann, A.; Deggouj, N.; Kiese-Himmel, C.; Sliwinska-Kowalska, M.; Nickisch, A.; Demanez, L.; et al. A European Perspective on Auditory Processing Disorder-Current Knowledge and Future Research Focus. *Front. Neurol.* **2017**, *8*, 622. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

24. Yingling, C.D.; Gardi, J.N. Intraoperative monitoring of facial and cochlear nerves during acoustic neuroma surgery. *Otolaryngol. Clin. North Am.* **1992**, *25*, 413–448. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

25. Eggink, M.C.; Frijns, J.H.M.; Sagers, J.E.; O'Malley, J.T.; Liberman, M.C.; Stankovic, K.M. Human vestibular schwannoma reduces density of auditory nerve fibers in the osseous spiral lamina. *Hear. Res.* **2022**, *418*, 108458. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

26. Le Prell, C.G. Effects of noise exposure on auditory brainstem response and speech-in-noise tasks: A review of the literature. *Int J. Audiol.* **2019**, *58*, S3–S32. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

27. Snell, K.B.; Frisina, D.R. Relationships among age-related differences in gap detection and word recognition. *J. Acoust. Soc. Am.* **2000**, *107*, 1615–1626. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

28. Johannesen, P.T.; Perez-Gonzalez, P.; Kalluri, S.; Blanco, J.L.; Lopez-Poveda, E.A. The Influence of Cochlear Mechanical Dysfunction, Temporal Processing Deficits, and Age on the Intelligibility of Audible Speech in Noise for Hearing-Impaired Listeners. *Trends Hear.* **2016**, *20*, 2331216516641055. [CrossRef]

29. Marrufo-Perez, M.I.; Lopez-Poveda, E.A. Adaptation to noise in normal and impaired hearing. *J. Acoust. Soc. Am.* **2022**, *151*, 1741. [CrossRef]

30. Ayasse, N.D.; Penn, L.R.; Wingfield, A. Variations Within Normal Hearing Acuity and Speech Comprehension: An Exploratory Study. *Am. J. Audiol.* **2019**, *28*, 369–375. [CrossRef]

31. Smith, R.L.; Zwislocki, J.J. Short-term adaptation and incremental responses of single auditory-nerve fibers. *Biol. Cybern.* **1975**, *17*, 169–182. [CrossRef]

32. von Gablenz, P.; Holube, I. Hearing Loss and Speech Recognition in the Elderly. *Laryngorhinootologie* **2017**, *96*, 759–764. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

33. den Besten, C.A.; Monksfield, P.; Bosman, A.; Skarzynski, P.H.; Green, K.; Runge, C.; Wigren, S.; Blechert, J.I.; Flynn, M.C.; Mylanus, E.A.M.; et al. Audiological and clinical outcomes of a transcutaneous bone conduction hearing implant: Six-month results from a multicentre study. *Clin. Otolaryngol.* **2019**, *44*, 144–157. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

34. Monson, B.B.; Hunter, E.J.; Lotto, A.J.; Story, B.H. The perceptual significance of high-frequency energy in the human voice. *Front. Psychol.* **2014**, *5*, 587. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

35. Sliwinska-Kowalska, M. Hearing. *Handb. Clin. Neurol.* **2015**, *131*, 341–363. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

36. Hunter, L.L.; Monson, B.B.; Moore, D.R.; Dhar, S.; Wright, B.A.; Munro, K.J.; Zadeh, L.M.; Blankenship, C.M.; Stiepan, S.M.; Siegel, J.H. Extended high frequency hearing and speech perception implications in adults and children. *Hear. Res.* **2020**, *397*, 107922. [CrossRef]

37. Lorenzi, C.; Gilbert, G.; Carn, H.; Garnier, S.; Moore, B.C. Speech perception problems of the hearing impaired reflect inability to use temporal fine structure. *Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA* **2006**, *103*, 18866–18869. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

38. Shaheen, L.A.; Valero, M.D.; Liberman, M.C. Towards a Diagnosis of Cochlear Neuropathy with Envelope Following Responses. *J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol.* **2015**, *16*, 727–745. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

39. Parthasarathy, A.; Bartlett, E.L.; Kujawa, S.G. Age-related Changes in Neural Coding of Envelope Cues: Peripheral Declines and Central Compensation. *Neuroscience* **2019**, *407*, 21–31. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

40. Garrett, M.; Vasilkov, V.; Mauermann, M.; Wilson, J.L.; Henry, K.S.; Verhulst, S. Speech-in-noise intelligibility difficulties with age: The role of cochlear synaptopathy. *bioRxiv* **2024**, 2020.06.09.142950. [CrossRef]

41. Rance, G. *The Auditory Steady-State Response: Generation, Recording, and Clinical Application*; Plural Publishing: San Diego, CA, USA, 2008.

42. Kuwada, S.; Anderson, J.S.; Batra, R.; Fitzpatrick, D.C.; Teissier, N.; D'Angelo, W.R. Sources of the scalp-recorded amplitude-modulation following response. *J. Am. Acad. Audiol.* **2002**, *13*, 188–204. [CrossRef]

43. Lu, H.; Mehta, A.H.; Oxenham, A.J. Methodological considerations when measuring and analyzing auditory steady-state responses with multi-channel EEG. *Curr. Res. Neurobiol.* **2022**, *3*, 100061. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

44. Zelle, D.; Lorenz, L.; Thiericke, J.P.; Gummer, A.W.; Dalhoff, E. Input-output functions of the nonlinear-distortion component of distortion-product otoacoustic emissions in normal and hearing-impaired human ears. *J. Acoust. Soc. Am.* **2017**, *141*, 3203. [CrossRef]
17. Bakay, W.M.H.; Anderson, L.A.; Garcia-Lazaro, J.A.; McAlpine, D.; Schaette, R. Hidden hearing loss selectively impairs neural adaptation to loud sound environments. *Nat. Commun.* **2018**, *9*, 4298. [CrossRef]

18. Asokan, M.M.; Williamson, R.S.; Hancock, K.E.; Polley, D.B. Publisher Correction: Sensory overamplification in layer 5 auditory corticofugal projection neurons following cochlear nerve synaptic damage. *Nat. Commun.* **2018**, *9*, 3158. [CrossRef]

19. Hesse, L.L.; Bakay, W.; Ong, H.C.; Anderson, L.; Ashmore, J.; McAlpine, D.; Linden, J.; Schaette, R. Non-Monotonic Relation between Noise Exposure Severity and Neuronal Hyperactivity in the Auditory Midbrain. *Front. Neurol.* **2016**, *7*, 133. [CrossRef]

20. Kraus, N.; Anderson, S.; White-Schwoch, T. The Frequency-Following Response: A Window into Human Communication. In *The Frequency-Following Response: A Window into Human Communication*; Kraus, N., Anderson, S., White-Schwoch, T., Fay, R.R., Popper, A.N., Eds.; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2017; pp. 1–15.

21. Chen, G.D. Hidden cochlear impairments. *J. Otol. 2018*, *13*, 37–43. [CrossRef]

22. De Siati, R.D.; Rosenzweig, F.; Gersdorff, G.; Gregoire, A.; Rombaux, P.; Deggouj, N. Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorders: From Diagnosis to Treatment: Literature Review and Case Reports. *J. Clin. Med.* **2020**, *9*, 1074. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

23. Iliadou, V.V.; Ptok, M.; Grech, H.; Pedersen, E.R.; Brechmann, A.; Deggouj, N.; Kiese-Himmel, C.; Sliwinska-Kowalska, M.; Nickisch, A.; Demanez, L.; et al. A European Perspective on Auditory Processing Disorder-Current Knowledge and Future Research Focus. *Front. Neurol.* **2017**, *8*, 622. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

24. Yingling, C.D.; Gardi, J.N. Intraoperative monitoring of facial and cochlear nerves during acoustic neuroma surgery. *Otolaryngol. Clin. North Am.* **1992**, *25*, 413–448. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

25. Eggink, M.C.; Frijns, J.H.M.; Sagers, J.E.; O'Malley, J.T.; Liberman, M.C.; Stankovic, K.M. Human vestibular schwannoma reduces density of auditory nerve fibers in the osseous spiral lamina. *Hear. Res.* **2022**, *418*, 108458. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

26. Le Prell, C.G. Effects of noise exposure on auditory brainstem response and speech-in-noise tasks: A review of the literature. *Int J. Audiol.* **2019**, *58*, S3–S32. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

27. Snell, K.B.; Frisina, D.R. Relationships among age-related differences in gap detection and word recognition. *J. Acoust. Soc. Am.* **2000**, *107*, 1615–1626. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

28. Johannesen, P.T.; Perez-Gonzalez, P.; Kalluri, S.; Blanco, J.L.; Lopez-Poveda, E.A. The Influence of Cochlear Mechanical Dysfunction, Temporal Processing Deficits, and Age on the Intelligibility of Audible Speech in Noise for Hearing-Impaired Listeners. *Trends Hear.* **2016**, *20*, 2331216516641055. [CrossRef]

29. Marrufo-Perez, M.I.; Lopez-Poveda, E.A. Adaptation to noise in normal and impaired hearing. *J. Acoust. Soc. Am.* **2022**, *151*, 1741. [CrossRef]

30. Ayasse, N.D.; Penn, L.R.; Wingfield, A. Variations Within Normal Hearing Acuity and Speech Comprehension: An Exploratory Study. *Am. J. Audiol.* **2019**, *28*, 369–375. [CrossRef]

31. Smith, R.L.; Zwislocki, J.J. Short-term adaptation and incremental responses of single auditory-nerve fibers. *Biol. Cybern.* **1975**, *17*, 169–182. [CrossRef]

32. von Gablenz, P.; Holube, I. Hearing Loss and Speech Recognition in the Elderly. *Laryngorhinootologie* **2017**, *96*, 759–764. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

33. den Besten, C.A.; Monksfield, P.; Bosman, A.; Skarzynski, P.H.; Green, K.; Runge, C.; Wigren, S.; Blechert, J.I.; Flynn, M.C.; Mylanus, E.A.M.; et al. Audiological and clinical outcomes of a transcutaneous bone conduction hearing implant: Six-month results from a multicentre study. *Clin. Otolaryngol.* **2019**, *44*, 144–157. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

34. Monson, B.B.; Hunter, E.J.; Lotto, A.J.; Story, B.H. The perceptual significance of high-frequency energy in the human voice. *Front. Psychol.* **2014**, *5*, 587. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

35. Sliwinska-Kowalska, M. Hearing. *Handb. Clin. Neurol.* **2015**, *131*, 341–363. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

36. Hunter, L.L.; Monson, B.B.; Moore, D.R.; Dhar, S.; Wright, B.A.; Munro, K.J.; Zadeh, L.M.; Blankenship, C.M.; Stiepan, S.M.; Siegel, J.H. Extended high frequency hearing and speech perception implications in adults and children. *Hear. Res.* **2020**, *397*, 107922. [CrossRef]

37. Lorenzi, C.; Gilbert, G.; Carn, H.; Garnier, S.; Moore, B.C. Speech perception problems of the hearing impaired reflect inability to use temporal fine structure. *Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA* **2006**, *103*, 18866–18869. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

38. Shaheen, L.A.; Valero, M.D.; Liberman, M.C. Towards a Diagnosis of Cochlear Neuropathy with Envelope Following Responses. *J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol.* **2015**, *16*, 727–745. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

39. Parthasarathy, A.; Bartlett, E.L.; Kujawa, S.G. Age-related Changes in Neural Coding of Envelope Cues: Peripheral Declines and Central Compensation. *Neuroscience* **2019**, *407*, 21–31. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

40. Garrett, M.; Vasilkov, V.; Mauermann, M.; Wilson, J.L.; Henry, K.S.; Verhulst, S. Speech-in-noise intelligibility difficulties with age: The role of cochlear synaptopathy. *bioRxiv* **2024**, 2020.06.09.142950. [CrossRef]

41. Rance, G. *The Auditory Steady-State Response: Generation, Recording, and Clinical Application*; Plural Publishing: San Diego, CA, USA, 2008.

42. Kuwada, S.; Anderson, J.S.; Batra, R.; Fitzpatrick, D.C.; Teissier, N.; D'Angelo, W.R. Sources of the scalp-recorded amplitude-modulation following response. *J. Am. Acad. Audiol.* **2002**, *13*, 188–204. [CrossRef]

43. Lu, H.; Mehta, A.H.; Oxenham, A.J. Methodological considerations when measuring and analyzing auditory steady-state responses with multi-channel EEG. *Curr. Res. Neurobiol.* **2022**, *3*, 100061. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

44. Zelle, D.; Lorenz, L.; Thiericke, J.P.; Gummer, A.W.; Dalhoff, E. Input-output functions of the nonlinear-distortion component of distortion-product otoacoustic emissions in normal and hearing-impaired human ears. *J. Acoust. Soc. Am.* **2017**, *141*, 3203. [CrossRef]
45. Portmann, M.; Cazals, Y.; Negrevergne, M.; Aran, J.M. Transtympanic and surface recordings in the diagnosis of retrocochlear disorders. *Acta Oto-Laryngol.* **1980**, *89*, 362–369. [CrossRef]

46. Wei, L.; Ding, D.; Sun, W.; Xu-Friedman, M.A.; Salvi, R. Effects of sodium salicylate on spontaneous and evoked spike rate in the dorsal cochlear nucleus. *Hear. Res.* **2010**, *267*, 54–60. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

47. Melcher, J.R.; Guinan, J.J., Jr.; Knudson, I.M.; Kiang, N.Y. Generators of the brainstem auditory evoked potential in cat. II. Correlating lesion sites with waveform changes. *Hear. Res.* **1996**, *93*, 28–51. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

48. Møller, A.R.; Jannetta, P.J.; Jho, H.D. Click-evoked responses from the cochlear nucleus: A study in human. *Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol.* **1994**, *92*, 215–224. [CrossRef]

49. Hashimoto, I.; Ishiyama, Y.; Yoshimoto, T.; Nemoto, S. Brain-stem auditory-evoked potentials recorded directly from human brain-stem and thalamus. *Brain* **1981**, *104*, 841–859. [CrossRef]

50. Hofmeier, B.; Wolpert, S.; Aldamer, E.S.; Walter, M.; Thiericke, J.; Braun, C.; Zelle, D.; Ruttiger, L.; Klose, U.; Knipper, M. Reduced sound-evoked and resting-state BOLD fMRI connectivity in tinnitus. *Neuroimage Clin.* **2018**, *20*, 637–649. [CrossRef]

51. Hofmeier, B.; Wertz, J.; Refat, F.; Hinrichs, P.; Saemisch, J.; Singer, W.; Ruttiger, L.; Klose, U.; Knipper, M.; Wolpert, S. Functional biomarkers that distinguish between tinnitus with and without hyperacusis. *Clin. Transl. Med.* **2021**, *11*, e378. [CrossRef]

52. Won, J.H.; Tremblay, K.; Clinard, C.G.; Wright, R.A.; Sagi, E.; Svirsky, M. The neural encoding of formant frequencies contributing to vowel identification in normal-hearing listeners. *J. Acoust. Soc. Am.* **2016**, *139*, 1–11. [CrossRef]

53. Hornickel, J.; Skoe, E.; Nicol, T.; Zecker, S.; Kraus, N. Subcortical differentiation of stop consonants relates to reading and speech-in-noise perception. *Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA* **2009**, *106*, 13022–13027. [CrossRef]

54. Verschooten, E.; Shamma, S.; Oxenham, A.J.; Moore, B.C.J.; Joris, P.X.; Heinz, M.G.; Plack, C.J. The upper frequency limit for the use of phase locking to code temporal fine structure in humans: A compilation of viewpoints. *Hear. Res.* **2019**, *377*, 109–121. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

55. Weiss, T.F.; Rose, C. A comparison of synchronization filters in different auditory receptor organs. *Hear. Res.* **1988**, *33*, 175–179. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

56. Huet, A.; Desmadryl, G.; Justal, T.; Nouvian, R.; Puel, J.L.; Bourien, J. The Interplay Between Spike-Time and Spike-Rate Modes in the Auditory Nerve Encodes Tone-In-Noise Threshold. *J. Neurosci.* **2018**, *38*, 5727–5738. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

57. Moore, B.C.J. Effects of hearing loss and age on the binaural processing of temporal envelope and temporal fine structure information. *Hear. Res.* **2021**, *402*, 107991. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

58. Wang, H.; Isik, M.; Borst, A.; Hemmert, W. Auditory information coding by modeled cochlear nucleus neurons. *J. Comput. Neurosci.* **2011**, *30*, 529–542. [CrossRef]

59. Beck, A.T.; Steer, R.A.; Ball, R.; Ranieri, W. Comparison of Beck Depression Inventories -IA and -II in psychiatric outpatients. *J. Pers. Assess* **1996**, *67*, 588–597. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

60. Yesavage, J.A.; Brink, T.L.; Rose, T.L.; Lum, O.; Huang, V.; Adey, M.; Leirer, V.O. Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A preliminary report. *J. Psychiatr. Res.* **1982**, *17*, 37–49. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

61. Folstein, M.F.; Folstein, S.E.; McHugh, P.R. "Mini-mental state". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. *J. Psychiatr. Res.* **1975**, *12*, 189–198. [CrossRef]

62. Tombaugh, T.N.; McIntyre, N.J. The mini-mental state examination: A comprehensive review. *J. Am. Geriatr. Soc.* **1992**, *40*, 922–935. [CrossRef]

63. Maele, T.V.; Keshishzadeh, S.; Poortere, N.; Dhooge, I.; Keppler, H.; Verhulst, S. The Variability in Potential Biomarkers for Cochlear Synaptopathy After Recreational Noise Exposure. *J. Speech Lang Hear. Res.* **2021**, *64*, 4964–4981. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

64. Shanks, J.E. Tympanometry. *Ear Hear.* **1984**, *5*, 268–280. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

65. Margolis, R.H.; Goycoolea, H.G. Multifrequency tympanometry in normal adults. *Ear Hear.* **1993**, *14*, 408–413. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

66. Vasilkov, V.; Garrett, M.; Mauermann, M.; Verhulst, S. Enhancing the sensitivity of the envelope-following response for cochlear synaptopathy screening in humans: The role of stimulus envelope. *Hear. Res.* **2021**, *400*, 108132. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

67. Shera, C.A.; Guinan, J.J., Jr. Evoked otoacoustic emissions arise by two fundamentally different mechanisms: A taxonomy for mammalian OAEs. *J. Acoust. Soc. Am.* **1999**, *105*, 782–798. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

68. Zelle, D.; Gummer, A.W.; Dalhoff, E. Extraction of distortion-product otoacoustic emission source components and its relevance for objective audiometry. *Procedia IUTAM* **2016**, *100*, 38–47. [CrossRef]

69. Kummer, P.; Janssen, T.; Arnold, W. The level and growth behavior of the 2 f1-f2 distortion product otoacoustic emission and its relationship to auditory sensitivity in normal hearing and cochlear hearing loss. *J. Acoust. Soc. Am.* **1998**, *103*, 3431–3444. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

70. Boege, P.; Janssen, T. Pure-tone threshold estimation from extrapolated distortion product otoacoustic emission I/O-functions in normal and cochlear hearing loss ears. *J. Acoust. Soc. Am.* **2002**, *111*, 1810–1818. [CrossRef]

71. Gorga, M.P.; Neely, S.T.; Dorn, P.A.; Hoover, B.M. Further efforts to predict pure-tone thresholds from distortion product otoacoustic emission input/output functions. *J. Acoust. Soc. Am.* **2003**, *113*, 3275–3284. [CrossRef]

72. Johnson, T.A.; Neely, S.T.; Kopun, J.G.; Dierking, D.M.; Tan, H.; Converse, C.; Kennedy, E.; Gorga, M.P. Distortion product otoacoustic emissions: Cochlear-source contributions and clinical test performance. *J. Acoust. Soc. Am.* **2007**, *122*, 3539–3553. [CrossRef]

73. Wagener, K.; Kühnel, V.; Kollmeier, B. Development and evaluation of a German sentence test I: Design of the Oldenburg sentence test. *Z. Audiol.* **1999**, *38*, 4–15.
45. Portmann, M.; Cazals, Y.; Negrevergne, M.; Aran, J.M. Transtympanic and surface recordings in the diagnosis of retrocochlear disorders. *Acta Oto-Laryngol.* **1980**, *89*, 362–369. [CrossRef]

46. Wei, L.; Ding, D.; Sun, W.; Xu-Friedman, M.A.; Salvi, R. Effects of sodium salicylate on spontaneous and evoked spike rate in the dorsal cochlear nucleus. *Hear. Res.* **2010**, *267*, 54–60. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

47. Melcher, J.R.; Guinan, J.J., Jr.; Knudson, I.M.; Kiang, N.Y. Generators of the brainstem auditory evoked potential in cat. II. Correlating lesion sites with waveform changes. *Hear. Res.* **1996**, *93*, 28–51. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

48. Møller, A.R.; Jannetta, P.J.; Jho, H.D. Click-evoked responses from the cochlear nucleus: A study in human. *Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol.* **1994**, *92*, 215–224. [CrossRef]

49. Hashimoto, I.; Ishiyama, Y.; Yoshimoto, T.; Nemoto, S. Brain-stem auditory-evoked potentials recorded directly from human brain-stem and thalamus. *Brain* **1981**, *104*, 841–859. [CrossRef]

50. Hofmeier, B.; Wolpert, S.; Aldamer, E.S.; Walter, M.; Thiericke, J.; Braun, C.; Zelle, D.; Ruttiger, L.; Klose, U.; Knipper, M. Reduced sound-evoked and resting-state BOLD fMRI connectivity in tinnitus. *Neuroimage Clin.* **2018**, *20*, 637–649. [CrossRef]

51. Hofmeier, B.; Wertz, J.; Refat, F.; Hinrichs, P.; Saemisch, J.; Singer, W.; Ruttiger, L.; Klose, U.; Knipper, M.; Wolpert, S. Functional biomarkers that distinguish between tinnitus with and without hyperacusis. *Clin. Transl. Med.* **2021**, *11*, e378. [CrossRef]

52. Won, J.H.; Tremblay, K.; Clinard, C.G.; Wright, R.A.; Sagi, E.; Svirsky, M. The neural encoding of formant frequencies contributing to vowel identification in normal-hearing listeners. *J. Acoust. Soc. Am.* **2016**, *139*, 1–11. [CrossRef]

53. Hornickel, J.; Skoe, E.; Nicol, T.; Zecker, S.; Kraus, N. Subcortical differentiation of stop consonants relates to reading and speech-in-noise perception. *Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA* **2009**, *106*, 13022–13027. [CrossRef]

54. Verschooten, E.; Shamma, S.; Oxenham, A.J.; Moore, B.C.J.; Joris, P.X.; Heinz, M.G.; Plack, C.J. The upper frequency limit for the use of phase locking to code temporal fine structure in humans: A compilation of viewpoints. *Hear. Res.* **2019**, *377*, 109–121. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

55. Weiss, T.F.; Rose, C. A comparison of synchronization filters in different auditory receptor organs. *Hear. Res.* **1988**, *33*, 175–179. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

56. Huet, A.; Desmadryl, G.; Justal, T.; Nouvian, R.; Puel, J.L.; Bourien, J. The Interplay Between Spike-Time and Spike-Rate Modes in the Auditory Nerve Encodes Tone-In-Noise Threshold. *J. Neurosci.* **2018**, *38*, 5727–5738. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

57. Moore, B.C.J. Effects of hearing loss and age on the binaural processing of temporal envelope and temporal fine structure information. *Hear. Res.* **2021**, *402*, 107991. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

58. Wang, H.; Isik, M.; Borst, A.; Hemmert, W. Auditory information coding by modeled cochlear nucleus neurons. *J. Comput. Neurosci.* **2011**, *30*, 529–542. [CrossRef]

59. Beck, A.T.; Steer, R.A.; Ball, R.; Ranieri, W. Comparison of Beck Depression Inventories -IA and -II in psychiatric outpatients. *J. Pers. Assess* **1996**, *67*, 588–597. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

60. Yesavage, J.A.; Brink, T.L.; Rose, T.L.; Lum, O.; Huang, V.; Adey, M.; Leirer, V.O. Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A preliminary report. *J. Psychiatr. Res.* **1982**, *17*, 37–49. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

61. Folstein, M.F.; Folstein, S.E.; McHugh, P.R. "Mini-mental state". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. *J. Psychiatr. Res.* **1975**, *12*, 189–198. [CrossRef]

62. Tombaugh, T.N.; McIntyre, N.J. The mini-mental state examination: A comprehensive review. *J. Am. Geriatr. Soc.* **1992**, *40*, 922–935. [CrossRef]

63. Maele, T.V.; Keshishzadeh, S.; Poortere, N.; Dhooge, I.; Keppler, H.; Verhulst, S. The Variability in Potential Biomarkers for Cochlear Synaptopathy After Recreational Noise Exposure. *J. Speech Lang Hear. Res.* **2021**, *64*, 4964–4981. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

64. Shanks, J.E. Tympanometry. *Ear Hear.* **1984**, *5*, 268–280. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

65. Margolis, R.H.; Goycoolea, H.G. Multifrequency tympanometry in normal adults. *Ear Hear.* **1993**, *14*, 408–413. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

66. Vasilkov, V.; Garrett, M.; Mauermann, M.; Verhulst, S. Enhancing the sensitivity of the envelope-following response for cochlear synaptopathy screening in humans: The role of stimulus envelope. *Hear. Res.* **2021**, *400*, 108132. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

67. Shera, C.A.; Guinan, J.J., Jr. Evoked otoacoustic emissions arise by two fundamentally different mechanisms: A taxonomy for mammalian OAEs. *J. Acoust. Soc. Am.* **1999**, *105*, 782–798. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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71. Gorga, M.P.; Neely, S.T.; Dorn, P.A.; Hoover, B.M. Further efforts to predict pure-tone thresholds from distortion product otoacoustic emission input/output functions. *J. Acoust. Soc. Am.* **2003**, *113*, 3275–3284. [CrossRef]

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73. Wagener, K.; Kühnel, V.; Kollmeier, B. Development and evaluation of a German sentence test I: Design of the Oldenburg sentence test. *Z. Audiol.* **1999**, *38*, 4–15.
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75. Wagener, K.C.; Brand, T.; Kollmeier, B. Development and evaluation of a German sentence test Part III: Evaluation of the Oldenburg sentence test. *Z. Audiol.* **1999**, *38*, 86–95.

76. Wagener, K.C.; Brand, T. Sentence intelligibility in noise for listeners with normal hearing and hearing impairment: Influence of measurement procedure and masking parameters. *Int. J. Audiol.* **2005**, *44*, 144–156. [CrossRef]

77. Byrne, D.; Dillon, H.; Tran, K.; Arlinger, S.; Wilbraham, K.; Cox, R.; Hagerman, B.; Hetu, R.; Kei, J.; Lui, C.; et al. An international comparison of long-term average speech spectra. *J. Acoust. Soc. Am.* **1994**, *96*, 2108–2120. [CrossRef]

78. Morise, M.; Yokomori, F.; Ozawa, K. WORLD: A Vocoder-Based High-Quality Speech Synthesis System for Real-Time Applications. *IEICE Trans. Inf. Syst.* **2016**, *E99*, 1877–1884. [CrossRef]

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80. Carcagno, S.; Plack, C.J. Relations between speech-reception, psychophysical temporal processing, and subcortical electrophysio- logical measures of auditory function in humans. *Hear. Res.* **2022**, *417*, 108456. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

81. Osterhammel, D.; Osterhammel, P. High-frequency audiometry. Age and sex variations. *Scand. Audiol.* **1979**, *8*, 73–81. [CrossRef]

82. Prendergast, G.; Hymers, M.; Lee, A. A quick and reliable estimate of extended high-frequency hearing. *Int. J. Audiol.* **2020**, *59*, 823–827. [CrossRef]

83. Wardenga, N.; Batsoulis, C.; Wagener, K.C.; Brand, T.; Lenarz, T.; Maier, H. Do you hear the noise? The German matrix sentence test with a fixed noise level in subjects with normal hearing and hearing impairment. *Int. J. Audiol.* **2015**, *54* (Suppl. S2), 71–79. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

84. Joris, P.X.; Schreiner, C.E.; Rees, A. Neural processing of amplitude-modulated sounds. *Physiol. Rev.* **2004**, *84*, 541–577. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

85. Eggermont, J.J.; Odenthal, D.W. Action potentials and summating potentials in the normal human cochlea. *Acta Otolaryngol. Suppl.* **1974**, *316*, 39–61. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

86. Wu, P.Z.; Liberman, M.C. Age-related stereocilia pathology in the human cochlea. *Hear. Res.* **2022**, *422*, 108551. [CrossRef]

87. Olson, H.F. Frequency Range Preference for Speech and Music. *J. Acoust. Soc. Am.* **1947**, *19*, 549–555. [CrossRef]

88. Moore, B.C. Basic auditory processes involved in the analysis of speech sounds. *Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci.* **2008**, *363*, 947–963. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

89. Buran, B.N.; Strenzke, N.; Neef, A.; Gundelfinger, E.D.; Moser, T.; Liberman, M.C. Onset coding is degraded in auditory nerve fibers from mutant mice lacking synaptic ribbons. *J. Neurosci.* **2010**, *30*, 7587–7597. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

90. Johnson, D.H.; Kiang, N.Y. Analysis of discharges recorded simultaneously from pairs of auditory nerve fibers. *Biophys. J.* **1976**, *16*, 719–734. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

91. Rhode, W.S.; Smith, P.H. Encoding timing and intensity in the ventral cochlear nucleus of the cat. *J. Neurophysiol.* **1986**, *56*, 261–286. [CrossRef]

92. Zohar, O.; Shackleton, T.M.; Nelken, I.; Palmer, A.R.; Shamir, M. First spike latency code for interaural phase difference discrimination in the guinea pig inferior colliculus. *J. Neurosci. Off.* *J. Soc. Neurosci.* **2011**, *31*, 9192–9204. [CrossRef]

93. Meddis, R. Auditory-nerve first-spike latency and auditory absolute threshold: A computer model. *J. Acoust. Soc. Am.* **2006**, *119*, 406–417. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

94. Heil, P.; Neubauer, H.; Brown, M.; Irvine, D.R. Towards a unifying basis of auditory thresholds: Distributions of the first-spike latencies of auditory-nerve fibers. *Hear. Res.* **2008**, *238*, 25–38. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

95. Huet, A.; Batrel, C.; Wang, J.; Desmadryl, G.; Nouvian, R.; Puel, J.L.; Bourien, J. Sound Coding in the Auditory Nerve: From Single Fiber Activity to Cochlear Mass Potentials in Gerbils. *Neuroscience* **2019**, *407*, 83–92. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

96. Bramhall, N.F. Use of the auditory brainstem response for assessment of cochlear synaptopathy in humans. *J. Acoust. Soc. Am.* **2021**, *150*, 4440. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

97. Batra, R.; Kuwada, S.; Maher, V.L. The frequency-following response to continuous tones in humans. *Hear. Res.* **1986**, *21*, 167–177. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

98. Anderson, S.; Parbery-Clark, A.; White-Schwoch, T.; Kraus, N. Aging affects neural precision of speech encoding. *J. Neurosci.* **2012**, *32*, 14156–14164. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

99. Frisina, D.R.; Frisina, R.D. Speech recognition in noise and presbycusis: Relations to possible neural mechanisms. *Hear. Res.* **1997**, *106*, 95–104. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

100. Liberman, M.C.; Dodds, L.W. Single-neuron labeling and chronic cochlear pathology. III. Stereocilia damage and alterations of threshold tuning curves. *Hear. Res.* **1984**, *16*, 55–74. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

101. Motlagh Zadeh, L.; Silbert, N.H.; Sternasty, K.; Swanepoel, W.; Hunter, L.L.; Moore, D.R. Extended high-frequency hearing enhances speech perception in noise. *Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA* **2019**, *116*, 23753–23759. [CrossRef]

102. Shehabi, A.M.; Prendergast, G.; Plack, C.J. The Relative and Combined Effects of Noise Exposure and Aging on Auditory Peripheral Neural Deafferentation: A Narrative Review. *Front. Aging Neurosci.* **2022**, *14*, 877588. [CrossRef]

103. Boettcher, F.A.; Poth, E.A.; Mills, J.H.; Dubno, J.R. The amplitude-modulation following response in young and aged human subjects. *Hear. Res.* **2001**, *153*, 32–42. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
74. Brand, T.; Kollmeier, B. Efficient adaptive procedures for threshold and concurrent slope estimates for psychophysics and speech intelligibility tests. *J. Acoust. Soc. Am.* **2002**, *111*, 2801–2810. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

75. Wagener, K.C.; Brand, T.; Kollmeier, B. Development and evaluation of a German sentence test Part III: Evaluation of the Oldenburg sentence test. *Z. Audiol.* **1999**, *38*, 86–95.

76. Wagener, K.C.; Brand, T. Sentence intelligibility in noise for listeners with normal hearing and hearing impairment: Influence of measurement procedure and masking parameters. *Int. J. Audiol.* **2005**, *44*, 144–156. [CrossRef]

77. Byrne, D.; Dillon, H.; Tran, K.; Arlinger, S.; Wilbraham, K.; Cox, R.; Hagerman, B.; Hetu, R.; Kei, J.; Lui, C.; et al. An international comparison of long-term average speech spectra. *J. Acoust. Soc. Am.* **1994**, *96*, 2108–2120. [CrossRef]

78. Morise, M.; Yokomori, F.; Ozawa, K. WORLD: A Vocoder-Based High-Quality Speech Synthesis System for Real-Time Applications. *IEICE Trans. Inf. Syst.* **2016**, *E99*, 1877–1884. [CrossRef]

79. Marcher-Rorsted, J.; Encina-Llamas, G.; Dau, T.; Liberman, M.C.; Wu, P.Z.; Hjortkjaer, J. Age-related reduction in frequency- following responses as a potential marker of cochlear neural degeneration. *Hear. Res.* **2022**, *414*, 108411. [CrossRef]

80. Carcagno, S.; Plack, C.J. Relations between speech-reception, psychophysical temporal processing, and subcortical electrophysio- logical measures of auditory function in humans. *Hear. Res.* **2022**, *417*, 108456. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

81. Osterhammel, D.; Osterhammel, P. High-frequency audiometry. Age and sex variations. *Scand. Audiol.* **1979**, *8*, 73–81. [CrossRef]

82. Prendergast, G.; Hymers, M.; Lee, A. A quick and reliable estimate of extended high-frequency hearing. *Int. J. Audiol.* **2020**, *59*, 823–827. [CrossRef]

83. Wardenga, N.; Batsoulis, C.; Wagener, K.C.; Brand, T.; Lenarz, T.; Maier, H. Do you hear the noise? The German matrix sentence test with a fixed noise level in subjects with normal hearing and hearing impairment. *Int. J. Audiol.* **2015**, *54* (Suppl. S2), 71–79. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

84. Joris, P.X.; Schreiner, C.E.; Rees, A. Neural processing of amplitude-modulated sounds. *Physiol. Rev.* **2004**, *84*, 541–577. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

85. Eggermont, J.J.; Odenthal, D.W. Action potentials and summating potentials in the normal human cochlea. *Acta Otolaryngol. Suppl.* **1974**, *316*, 39–61. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

86. Wu, P.Z.; Liberman, M.C. Age-related stereocilia pathology in the human cochlea. *Hear. Res.* **2022**, *422*, 108551. [CrossRef]

87. Olson, H.F. Frequency Range Preference for Speech and Music. *J. Acoust. Soc. Am.* **1947**, *19*, 549–555. [CrossRef]

88. Moore, B.C. Basic auditory processes involved in the analysis of speech sounds. *Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci.* **2008**, *363*, 947–963. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

89. Buran, B.N.; Strenzke, N.; Neef, A.; Gundelfinger, E.D.; Moser, T.; Liberman, M.C. Onset coding is degraded in auditory nerve fibers from mutant mice lacking synaptic ribbons. *J. Neurosci.* **2010**, *30*, 7587–7597. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

90. Johnson, D.H.; Kiang, N.Y. Analysis of discharges recorded simultaneously from pairs of auditory nerve fibers. *Biophys. J.* **1976**, *16*, 719–734. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

91. Rhode, W.S.; Smith, P.H. Encoding timing and intensity in the ventral cochlear nucleus of the cat. *J. Neurophysiol.* **1986**, *56*, 261–286. [CrossRef]

92. Zohar, O.; Shackleton, T.M.; Nelken, I.; Palmer, A.R.; Shamir, M. First spike latency code for interaural phase difference discrimination in the guinea pig inferior colliculus. *J. Neurosci. Off.* *J. Soc. Neurosci.* **2011**, *31*, 9192–9204. [CrossRef]

93. Meddis, R. Auditory-nerve first-spike latency and auditory absolute threshold: A computer model. *J. Acoust. Soc. Am.* **2006**, *119*, 406–417. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

94. Heil, P.; Neubauer, H.; Brown, M.; Irvine, D.R. Towards a unifying basis of auditory thresholds: Distributions of the first-spike latencies of auditory-nerve fibers. *Hear. Res.* **2008**, *238*, 25–38. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

95. Huet, A.; Batrel, C.; Wang, J.; Desmadryl, G.; Nouvian, R.; Puel, J.L.; Bourien, J. Sound Coding in the Auditory Nerve: From Single Fiber Activity to Cochlear Mass Potentials in Gerbils. *Neuroscience* **2019**, *407*, 83–92. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

96. Bramhall, N.F. Use of the auditory brainstem response for assessment of cochlear synaptopathy in humans. *J. Acoust. Soc. Am.* **2021**, *150*, 4440. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

97. Batra, R.; Kuwada, S.; Maher, V.L. The frequency-following response to continuous tones in humans. *Hear. Res.* **1986**, *21*, 167–177. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

98. Anderson, S.; Parbery-Clark, A.; White-Schwoch, T.; Kraus, N. Aging affects neural precision of speech encoding. *J. Neurosci.* **2012**, *32*, 14156–14164. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

99. Frisina, D.R.; Frisina, R.D. Speech recognition in noise and presbycusis: Relations to possible neural mechanisms. *Hear. Res.* **1997**, *106*, 95–104. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

100. Liberman, M.C.; Dodds, L.W. Single-neuron labeling and chronic cochlear pathology. III. Stereocilia damage and alterations of threshold tuning curves. *Hear. Res.* **1984**, *16*, 55–74. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

101. Motlagh Zadeh, L.; Silbert, N.H.; Sternasty, K.; Swanepoel, W.; Hunter, L.L.; Moore, D.R. Extended high-frequency hearing enhances speech perception in noise. *Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA* **2019**, *116*, 23753–23759. [CrossRef]

102. Shehabi, A.M.; Prendergast, G.; Plack, C.J. The Relative and Combined Effects of Noise Exposure and Aging on Auditory Peripheral Neural Deafferentation: A Narrative Review. *Front. Aging Neurosci.* **2022**, *14*, 877588. [CrossRef]

103. Boettcher, F.A.; Poth, E.A.; Mills, J.H.; Dubno, J.R. The amplitude-modulation following response in young and aged human subjects. *Hear. Res.* **2001**, *153*, 32–42. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
104. Rumschlag, J.A.; Razak, K.A. Age-related changes in event related potentials, steady state responses and temporal processing in the auditory cortex of mice with severe or mild hearing loss. *Hear. Res.* **2021**, *412*, 108380. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

105. Menard, M.; Gallego, S.; Berger-Vachon, C.; Collet, L.; Thai-Van, H. Relationship between loudness growth function and auditory steady-state response in normal-hearing subjects. *Hear. Res.* **2008**, *235*, 105–113. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

106. Oxenham, A.J. How We Hear: The Perception and Neural Coding of Sound. *Annu. Rev. Psychol.* **2018**, *69*, 27–50. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

107. Abdala, C.; Ortmann, A.J.; Guardia, Y.C. Weakened Cochlear Nonlinearity During Human Aging and Perceptual Correlates. *Ear Hear.* **2021**, *42*, 832–845. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

108. Kiang, N.Y.; Watanabe, T.; Thomas, E.C.; Clark, L.F. *Discharge Patterns of Single Fibers in the Cat's Auditory Nerve*; M.I.T. Press: Oxford, UK, 1966; p. xvii, 154.

109. Kim, D.O.; Dorn, P.A.; Neely, S.T.; Gorga, M.P. Adaptation of distortion product otoacoustic emission in humans. *J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol.* **2001**, *2*, 31–40. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

110. Bassim, M.K.; Miller, R.L.; Buss, E.; Smith, D.W. Rapid adaptation of the 2f1-f2 DPOAE in humans: Binaural and contralateral stimulation effects. *Hear. Res.* **2003**, *182*, 140–152. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

111. Goutman, J.D. Mechanisms of synaptic depression at the hair cell ribbon synapse that support auditory nerve function. *Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA* **2017**, *114*, 9719–9724. [CrossRef]

112. Moser, T.; Beutner, D. Kinetics of exocytosis and endocytosis at the cochlear inner hair cell afferent synapse of the mouse. *Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA* **2000**, *97*, 883–888. [CrossRef]

113. Peterson, A.J.; Huet, A.; Bourien, J.; Puel, J.L.; Heil, P. Recovery of auditory-nerve-fiber spike amplitude under natural excitation conditions. *Hear. Res.* **2018**, *370*, 248–263. [CrossRef]

114. Willmore, B.D.B.; King, A.J. Adaptation in auditory processing. *Physiol. Rev.* **2023**, *103*, 1025–1058. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

115. Kubota, T.; Ito, T.; Abe, Y.; Chiba, H.; Suzuki, Y.; Kakehata, S.; Aoyagi, M. Detecting the recruitment phenomenon in adults using 80-Hz auditory steady-state response. *Auris Nasus Larynx* **2019**, *46*, 696–702. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

116. Denes, P.; Naunton, R.F. The clinical detection of auditory recruitment. *J. Laryngol. Otol.* **1950**, *64*, 375–398. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

117. Rasetshwane, D.M.; Argenyi, M.; Neely, S.T.; Kopun, J.G.; Gorga, M.P. Latency of tone-burst-evoked auditory brain stem responses and otoacoustic emissions: Level, frequency, and rise-time effects. *J. Acoust. Soc. Am.* **2013**, *133*, 2803–2817. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

118. Suthakar, K.; Liberman, M.C. Noise Masking in Cochlear Synaptopathy: Auditory Brainstem Response vs. Auditory Nerve Response in Mouse. *J. Neurophysiol.* **2022**, *127*, 1574–1585. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

119. Oxenham, A.J. Predicting the Perceptual Consequences of Hidden Hearing Loss. *Trends Hear.* **2016**, *20*, 2331216516686768. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

120. Carney, L.H. Supra-Threshold Hearing and Fluctuation Profiles: Implications for Sensorineural and Hidden Hearing Loss. *J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol.* **2018**, *19*, 331–352. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

121. Chimento, T.C.; Schreiner, C.E. Adaptation and recovery from adaptation in single fiber responses of the cat auditory nerve. *J. Acoust. Soc. Am.* **1991**, *90*, 263–273. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

122. Young, E.; Sachs, M.B. Recovery from sound exposure in auditory-nerve fibers. *J. Acoust. Soc. Am.* **1973**, *54*, 1535–1543. [CrossRef]

123. Huet, A.; Batrel, C.; Dubernard, X.; Kleiber, J.C.; Desmadryl, G.; Venail, F.; Liberman, M.C.; Nouvian, R.; Puel, J.L.; Bourien, J. Peristimulus Time Responses Predict Adaptation and Spontaneous Firing of Auditory-Nerve Fibers: From Rodents Data to Humans. *J. Neurosci.* **2022**, *42*, 2253–2267. [CrossRef]

124. Bourien, J.; Tang, Y.; Batrel, C.; Huet, A.; Lenoir, M.; Ladrech, S.; Desmadryl, G.; Nouvian, R.; Puel, J.L.; Wang, J. Contribution of auditory nerve fibers to compound action potential of the auditory nerve. *J. Neurophysiol.* **2014**, *112*, 1025–1039. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

125. Zelle, D.; Bader, K.; Dierkes, L.; Gummer, A.W.; Dalhoff, E. Derivation of input-output functions from distortion-product otoacoustic emission level maps. *J. Acoust. Soc. Am.* **2020**, *147*, 3169–3187. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

126. Bader, K.; Dierkes, L.; Braun, L.H.; Gummer, A.W.; Dalhoff, E.; Zelle, D. Test-retest reliability of distortion-product thresholds compared to behavioral auditory thresholds. *Hear. Res.* **2021**, *406*, 108232. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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129. Zelle, D.; Gummer, A.W.; Dalhoff, E. Extraction of otoacoustic distortion product sources using pulse basis functions. *J. Acoust. Soc. Am.* **2013**, *134*, EL64–EL69. [CrossRef]

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104. Rumschlag, J.A.; Razak, K.A. Age-related changes in event related potentials, steady state responses and temporal processing in the auditory cortex of mice with severe or mild hearing loss. *Hear. Res.* **2021**, *412*, 108380. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

105. Menard, M.; Gallego, S.; Berger-Vachon, C.; Collet, L.; Thai-Van, H. Relationship between loudness growth function and auditory steady-state response in normal-hearing subjects. *Hear. Res.* **2008**, *235*, 105–113. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

106. Oxenham, A.J. How We Hear: The Perception and Neural Coding of Sound. *Annu. Rev. Psychol.* **2018**, *69*, 27–50. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

107. Abdala, C.; Ortmann, A.J.; Guardia, Y.C. Weakened Cochlear Nonlinearity During Human Aging and Perceptual Correlates. *Ear Hear.* **2021**, *42*, 832–845. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

108. Kiang, N.Y.; Watanabe, T.; Thomas, E.C.; Clark, L.F. *Discharge Patterns of Single Fibers in the Cat's Auditory Nerve*; M.I.T. Press: Oxford, UK, 1966; p. xvii, 154.

109. Kim, D.O.; Dorn, P.A.; Neely, S.T.; Gorga, M.P. Adaptation of distortion product otoacoustic emission in humans. *J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol.* **2001**, *2*, 31–40. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

110. Bassim, M.K.; Miller, R.L.; Buss, E.; Smith, D.W. Rapid adaptation of the 2f1-f2 DPOAE in humans: Binaural and contralateral stimulation effects. *Hear. Res.* **2003**, *182*, 140–152. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

111. Goutman, J.D. Mechanisms of synaptic depression at the hair cell ribbon synapse that support auditory nerve function. *Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA* **2017**, *114*, 9719–9724. [CrossRef]

112. Moser, T.; Beutner, D. Kinetics of exocytosis and endocytosis at the cochlear inner hair cell afferent synapse of the mouse. *Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA* **2000**, *97*, 883–888. [CrossRef]

113. Peterson, A.J.; Huet, A.; Bourien, J.; Puel, J.L.; Heil, P. Recovery of auditory-nerve-fiber spike amplitude under natural excitation conditions. *Hear. Res.* **2018**, *370*, 248–263. [CrossRef]

114. Willmore, B.D.B.; King, A.J. Adaptation in auditory processing. *Physiol. Rev.* **2023**, *103*, 1025–1058. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

115. Kubota, T.; Ito, T.; Abe, Y.; Chiba, H.; Suzuki, Y.; Kakehata, S.; Aoyagi, M. Detecting the recruitment phenomenon in adults using 80-Hz auditory steady-state response. *Auris Nasus Larynx* **2019**, *46*, 696–702. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

116. Denes, P.; Naunton, R.F. The clinical detection of auditory recruitment. *J. Laryngol. Otol.* **1950**, *64*, 375–398. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

117. Rasetshwane, D.M.; Argenyi, M.; Neely, S.T.; Kopun, J.G.; Gorga, M.P. Latency of tone-burst-evoked auditory brain stem responses and otoacoustic emissions: Level, frequency, and rise-time effects. *J. Acoust. Soc. Am.* **2013**, *133*, 2803–2817. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

118. Suthakar, K.; Liberman, M.C. Noise Masking in Cochlear Synaptopathy: Auditory Brainstem Response vs. Auditory Nerve Response in Mouse. *J. Neurophysiol.* **2022**, *127*, 1574–1585. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

119. Oxenham, A.J. Predicting the Perceptual Consequences of Hidden Hearing Loss. *Trends Hear.* **2016**, *20*, 2331216516686768. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

120. Carney, L.H. Supra-Threshold Hearing and Fluctuation Profiles: Implications for Sensorineural and Hidden Hearing Loss. *J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol.* **2018**, *19*, 331–352. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

121. Chimento, T.C.; Schreiner, C.E. Adaptation and recovery from adaptation in single fiber responses of the cat auditory nerve. *J. Acoust. Soc. Am.* **1991**, *90*, 263–273. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

122. Young, E.; Sachs, M.B. Recovery from sound exposure in auditory-nerve fibers. *J. Acoust. Soc. Am.* **1973**, *54*, 1535–1543. [CrossRef]

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