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## Authors and Affiliations

J.-E. Wahlund¹ ID · J.E.S. Bergman¹ · L. Åhlén¹ · W. Puccio¹ · B. Cecconi² · Y. Kasaba³ · I. Müller-Wodarg⁴ · H. Rothkaehl⁵ · M. Morawski⁵ · O. Santolik⁶,⁷ · J. Soucek⁶ ·
J. Grygorczuk<fnref n="8" /> · Ł. Wisniewski<fnref n="8" /> · P. Henri<fnref n="9" />,<fnref n="10" /> · J.L. Rauch<fnref n="9" /> · O. Le Duff<fnref n="9" /> · A. Retinò<fnref n="11" /> ·

M. Mansour<fnref n="11" /> · S. Stverak<fnref n="6" />,¹² · J. Laifr¹² · D. Andrews<fnref n="1" /> · M. André<fnref n="1" /> · I. Benko<fnref n="1" /> ·

M. Berglund<fnref n="1" /> · V. Cripps<fnref n="1" /> · C. Cully<fnref n="1" />,¹³ · J. Davidsson<fnref n="1" /> · A. Dimmock<fnref n="1" /> · N.J.T. Edberg<fnref n="1" /> ·

A.I. Eriksson<fnref n="1" /> · J. Fredriksson<fnref n="1" /> · R. Gill<fnref n="1" /> · S. Gomis<fnref n="1" /> · B. Holback<fnref n="1" /> · S.-E. Jansson<fnref n="1" /> ·

F. Johansson<fnref n="1" /> · E.P.G. Johansson<fnref n="1" /> · Y. Khotyaintsev<fnref n="1" /> · B. Mårtensson<fnref n="1" /> · M.W. Morooka<fnref n="1" /> ·

T. Nilsson<fnref n="1" /> · D. Ohlsson<fnref n="1" /> · D. Pelikan<fnref n="1" /> · L. Richard<fnref n="1" /> · F. Shiwa<fnref n="1" /> · E. Vigren<fnref n="1" /> · H.C. Wong<fnref n="1" /> ·

X. Bonnin<fnref n="2" /> · J.N. Girard<fnref n="2" /> · L. Grosset<fnref n="2" /> · F. Henry<fnref n="2" /> · L. Lamy<fnref n="2" />,¹⁴ · J.-P. Lebreton<fnref n="2" /> · P. Zarka<fnref n="2" /> ·

Y. Katoh<fnref n="3" /> · H. Kita¹⁵ · A. Kumamoto<fnref n="3" /> · H. Misawa<fnref n="3" /> · F. Tsuchiya<fnref n="3" /> · M. Galand<fnref n="4" /> ·

T. Barcinski<fnref n="5" /> · J. Baran<fnref n="5" /> · T. Kowalski<fnref n="5" /> · P. Szewczyk<fnref n="5" /> · B. Grison<fnref n="6" /> · J. Jansky<fnref n="6" /> ·

I. Kolmasova<fnref n="6" />,<fnref n="7" /> · R. Lan<fnref n="6" /> · D. Pisa<fnref n="6" /> · U. Taubenschuss<fnref n="6" /> · L. Uhlir<fnref n="6" /> · K. Bochra<fnref n="8" /> · M. Borys<fnref n="8" /> ·

M. Duda<fnref n="8" /> · T. Kucinski<fnref n="8" /> · M. Ossowski<fnref n="8" /> · P. Palma<fnref n="8" /> · M. Tokarz<fnref n="8" /> · F. Colin<fnref n="9" /> · P. Dazzi<fnref n="9" />,<fnref n="2" /> ·

E. De Léon<fnref n="9" /> · T. Hachemi<fnref n="9" /> · A.-L. Millet<fnref n="9" /> · O. Randrianboarisson<fnref n="9" /> · O. Sene<fnref n="9" /> · T. Chust<fnref n="11" /> ·

O. Le Contel<fnref n="11" /> · P. Canu<fnref n="11" /> · L. Hadid<fnref n="11" /> · F. Sahraoui<fnref n="11" /> · Y. Zouganelis<fnref n="11" /> · D. Alison<fnref n="11" /> ·

N. Ba<fnref n="11" /> · A. Jeandet<fnref n="11" /> · M. Lebassard<fnref n="11" /> · J.-D. Techer<fnref n="11" /> · F. Mehrez<fnref n="11" /> · L. Varizat<fnref n="11" />,¹⁶ ·

A.V. Sumant¹⁷ · G. Sou¹⁶ · P. Hellinger¹² · P. Travnicek¹²,¹⁸ · L. Bylander¹⁹ · G. Giono¹⁹ ·

N. Ivchenko¹⁹ · A. Kullen¹⁹ · L. Roth¹⁹ · A. Vaivads¹⁹,²⁰ · K. Tanimoto²¹ · H. Mizuno²¹ ·

A. Sawamura²¹ · T. Suzuki²¹ · M. Namiki²¹ · S. Fujishima²¹ · K. Asai²¹ · T. Shimoyama²¹ ·

M. Fujii²¹,²² · Y. Sato²² · J. Birch²³ · B. Bakhit²³,²⁴,²⁵ · G. Greczynski²³ · P. Gare²⁶ ·

S. Landström²⁶ · R. LeLetty²⁶ · E. Ryszawa²⁶ · I. Torralba²⁶ · J.L. Trescastro²⁶ ·

S. Osipenco²⁷ · U. Wiklund²⁸ · A. Roos²⁸ · J.C. Söderström²⁸ · O. Björneholm²⁸ ·

G. Fischer²⁹ · T. Nyberg³⁰ · K.K. Kovi³¹,¹⁷ · M. Balikhin³² · K.H. Yearby³² · M. Holmberg³³ ·

C.M. Jackman³³ · C.K. Louis<fnref n="2" />,³³ · A. Rhouni¹⁶ · V. Leray³⁴ · N. Geyskens³⁵ · C. Berthod³⁵ ·

B. Lemaire³⁵ · A. Clémécon³⁵ · G. Wattieaux³⁶ · N. André³⁷,³⁸ · P. Garnier³⁷ · V. Génot³⁷ ·

P. Louarn³⁷ · A. Marchaudon³⁷ · R. Modolo³⁹ · C.-A. Baskevitch³⁹ · L.G. Hess⁴⁰ ·

L. Leclercq⁴⁰ · J. Saur⁴¹ · T. Kimura⁴² · H. Kojima⁴³ · S. Yagitani⁴⁴ · Y. Miyoshi⁴⁵

<figure><img src="image_70.png" /></figure>

J.-E. Wahlund
jwe@irfu.se

<figure><img src="image_71.png" /></figure>

<footnote n="1">1 Swedish Institute of Space Physics (IRF), Box 537, 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden</footnote>

<footnote n="2">2 Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), Observatoire de Paris-PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, 5 Place Jules Janssen, 92190 Meudon, France</footnote>

<footnote n="3">3 Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aramaki aza Aoba 6-3, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan</footnote>

<footnote n="4">4 Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK</footnote>

<footnote n="5">5 Space Research Centre of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 00-716 Bartycka 18A, Warsaw, Poland</footnote>

<footnote n="6">6 Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Boční II/1401, 14100 Prague 4-Sporilov, Czech Republic</footnote>

<footnote n="7">7 Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic</footnote>

<footnote n="8">8 Astronika sp. z o.o., ul. Bartycka 18, 00-716 Warsaw, Poland</footnote>

<footnote n="9">9 CNRS-LPC2E, Université d'Orléans, 3A, Avenue de la Recherche Scientifique, 45071 Orléans cedex, France</footnote>

<footnote n="10">10 Laboratoire Lagrange, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Nice, France</footnote>

<footnote n="11">11 Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas (LPP), UMR7648, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris-Saclay, Observatoire de Paris, Ecole Polytechnique Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau 91128, France</footnote>
12 Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Fričova 298, 25165 Ondřejov, Czechia

13 University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada

14 Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France

15 Tohoku Institute of Technology, Yagiyama Kasumi-cho 35-1, Taihaku-ku, Sendai 982-8577, Japan

16 GEEPS (laboratoire de Genie Electrique et Electronique de Paris), CNRS, Sorbonne Universite,
75252 Paris, France

17 Center for Nanoscale Materials (CNM), Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA

18 Space Sciences Laboratory, UC Berkeley, 94720 Berkeley, USA

19 Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Space & Plasma Physics, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden

20 Ventspils University of Applied Sciences, Inzenieru 101, Ventspils, LV-3601, Latvia

21 Meisei Electric Co., Ltd., Naganuma-machi 2223, Isesaki, Gunma 372-8585, Japan

22 FAM Science Co., Ltd, Kinunodai 2-8-8, Tsukubamirai, Ibaraki 300-2436, Japan

23 Thin Film Physics Division, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping SE-58183, Sweden

24 Present address: Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Rd, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK

25 Present address: Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thompson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK

26 ESA/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands

27 Airbus, Friedrichshafen, Claude-Dornier-Straße, 88090 Immenstaad am Bodensee, Germany

28 Uppsala University, Ångström Laboratory, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden

29 Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Schmiedlstraße 6, 8042 Graz, Austria

30 Division of Solid State Electronics, Department of Electrical Engineering, Uppsala University, Box 65, SE-751 03 Uppsala, Sweden

31 AKHAN Semiconductor Inc, 940 Lakeside Drive, Gurnee, IL 60031, USA

32 Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK

33 School of Cosmic Physics, DIAS Dunsink Observatory, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, Dublin 15, Ireland

34 Hensoldt space consulting, Golf park - Bâtiment F, 1 rond-point du Général Eisenhower, 31100 Toulouse, France

35 Division Technique de l'Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers, CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France

36 LAPLACE, CNRS / INP / Université Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France

37 Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), CNRS-Université Toulouse III-CNES, 9, Avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France

38 Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
39 Laboratoire ATMOsphères, Observations Spatiales/IPSL, UVSQ Université Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, CNES, Guyancourt, France

40 Office National d'Etudes et de Recherches Aérospatiales, BP74025 - 2 avenue Edouard Belin, FR-31055 Toulouse cedex 4, France

41 University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

42 Faculty of Science Division I, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka 1-3, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan

43 Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan

44 School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan

45 Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan

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