Autacoids are chemical substances that our body releases periodically that act as local hormones. They are released due to various stimuli and bring about various physiological changes in the body. Autacoids handle several biological actions including modulation of the activity of smooth muscles, glands, nerves, platelets and other tissues. This scientific journal gives clear information on varied aspects of Autacoids associated with Eicosanoids, Vasconstrictor, Epinephrine, Neurotransmission, Neuroendocrine Regulation, Neurophysiology, various Vasoconstriction & Vasodilator Autacoids, as well as Endothelial Dysfunction, Autacoid Inhibitors, Ace inhibitors, Angiotensin, Paracrine, Neurophysiology, Kinins, Neurotensin, Brain Natriuretic peptide and Atrial natriuretic peptide. Journal of Autacoids and Hormones is an scholarly Open Access journal and aims to publish most complete and reliable source of information on the recent discoveries and current developments in the mode of original research and review articles, case reports, short communications, commentaries, mini review and making them freely available worldwide.

This scholarly publishing journal is using Editorial manager System for quality in peer review process. Editorial Manager is an online manuscript submission, review and tracking systems. Review processing is performed by the editorial board members of Journal of Autacoids and Hormones or outside experts; at least two independent reviewers approval followed by editor approval is required for acceptance of any citable manuscript. Authors may submit manuscripts and track their progress through the system, hopefully to publication. Reviewers can download manuscripts and submit their opinions to the editor. Editors can manage the whole submission/review/revise/publish process

## Hormones

Hormones are small molecules or peptides that act in signalling between one cell or cell set and another. They are generally involved in high-level processes of an organism such as growth, reproduction, and digestion; examples include adrenal complex hormones, gonadal hormones and gastrointestinal hormones, respectively. Hormones can be paracrine, endocrine or autocrine factors.

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## Neurodegenerative Disorders

Neurodegenerative diseases are defined as hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral structures of the nervous system. They include diseases such as Alzheimer's Disease and other dementias, Brain Cancer, Degenerative Nerve Diseases, Encephalitis, Epilepsy, Genetic Brain Disorders, Head and Brain Malformations, Hydrocephalus, Stroke, Parkinson's Disease, Multiple Sclerosis, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gehrig's Disease), Huntington's Disease, Prion Diseases, and others

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## Epinephrine

Epinephrine, more commonly known as adrenaline, is a hormone secreted by the medulla of the adrenal glands. Strong emotions such as fear or anger cause epinephrine to be released into the bloodstream, which causes an increase in heart rate, muscle strength, blood pressure, and sugar metabolism. This reaction, known as the “Flight or Fight Response” prepares the body for strenuous activity. In medicine epinephrine is used chiefly as a stimulant in cardiac arrest, as a vasoconstrictor in shock, and as a bronchodilator and antispasmodic in bronchial asthma. Epinephrine is found in small amounts in the body and is essential for maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis because of its ability to divert blood to tissues under stress.

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Biochemistry & Physiology: Open Access, Anatomy & Physiology: Current Research, Endocrinology & Metabolic Syndrome, Metabolomics: Open Access, Journal of Autocoids and Harmones, Journal of Addiction Research & Therapy, Autism-Open Access, Brain Disorders & Therapy, Journal of Psychology & Psychotherapy, Journal of Steroids & Hormonal Science, Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, American Journal of Veterinary Research, Endocrinology, Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Journal of Hormones, Hormones and Behavior.

## Racemic Epinephrine

Racemic epinephrine is a racemic mixture of epinephrine and is a sympathomimetic bronchodilator that is delivered by aerosol. Commonly used in croup (laryngotracheobronchitis) and when stridor is present after removal of an endotracheal tube (extubation). Racemic epinephrine prepared for aerosolization is equivalent to a 1:100 dose of epinephrine. The term racemic epinephrine refers to a mixture of 50 % each of the dextro-rotatory and levo-rotatory isomers. The l-isomer [(R)-epinephrine] is present in the adrenal glands of animals and humans and is produced commercially by extraction from animal glands or by separation of the d- and l-isomers in the synthetic preparation.

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## Eicosanoids

The term Eicosanoid is used to embrace biologically active lipid mediators (C20 fatty acids and their metabolites), including prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes and other oxygenated derivatives, which are produced primarily by three classes of enzymes, cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2), lipoxygenases (LOX) and cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenases. The key precursor fatty acids are 8c,11c,14c-eicosatrienoic (dihomo-γ-linolenic or 20:3(n-6)), 5c,8c,11c,14c-eicosatetraenoic (arachidonic or 20:4(n-6)) and 5c,8c,11c,14c,17c-eicosapentaenoic (20:5(n-3) or EPA) acids (see our web page on 'polyunsaturated fatty acids').

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Biochemistry & Physiology: Open Access, Endocrinology & Metabolic Syndrome, Metabolomics: Open Access, Anatomy & Physiology: Current Research, Journal of Autacoids and Harmones, Journal of Psychiatry, Journal of Psychology & Psychotherapy, Journal of Steroids & Hormonal Science, Enzyme Engineering, Journals Epilepsia, Neurobiology of Aging, Movement Disorders, Neurotherapeutics, Sleep, Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, Current Opinion in Neurology, Autism Research.

## Norepinephrine

Norepinephrine is a chemical released from the sympathetic nervous system in response to stress. It is classified as a neurotransmitter, a chemical that is released from neurons. Because the release of norepinephrine affects other organs of the body, it is also referred to as a stress hormone.

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## Endothelial Dysfunction

Endothelial dysfunction is a well established response to cardiovascular risk factors and precedes the development of atherosclerosis. Endothelial dysfunction is involved in lesion formation by the promotion of both the early and late mechanisms of atherosclerosis including up-regulation of adhesion molecules, increased chemokine secretion and leukocyte adherence, increased cell permeability, enhanced low-density lipoprotein oxidation, platelet activation, cytokine elaboration, and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration. Endothelial dysfunction is a term that covers diminished production/availability of nitric oxide and/or an imbalance in the relative contribution of endothelium-derived relaxing and contracting factors. Also, when cardiovascular risk factors are treated the endothelial dysfunction is reversed and it is an independent predictor of cardiac events.

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Archives of Medicine, Journal of Diabetic Complications & Medicine, Journal of Clinical & Cellular Immunology, Epidemiology: Open Access, Clinical Depression, Clinical and Experimental Psychology, Journal of Health Education Research & Development, Molecular Biology, Lancet Neurology, The Alzheimer's and Dementia, Annals of Neurology, Brain; a journal of neurology, Acta Neuropathologica, Nature Reviews Neurology, Stroke, Neurology.

## Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a 28-amino acid peptide that is synthesized, stored, and released by atrial myocytes in response to atrial distension, angiotensin II stimulation, endothelin, and sympathetic stimulation (beta-adrenoceptor mediated). Therefore, elevated levels of ANP are found during hypervolemic states (elevated blood volume), which occurs in congestive heart failure. ANP is first synthesized and stored in cardiac myocytes as prepro-ANP, which is then cleaved to pro-ANP and finally to ANP. ANP is the biologically active peptide.

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Journal of Diabetic Complications & Medicine, Journal of Diabetes Medication & Care,Diabetes Case Reports, Internal Medicine: Open Access, Journal of Autacoids and Haromones, Insights in Blood Pressure, Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Chronic Obstructive pulmonary Disease, International Journal of Cardiovascular Research, Journal of Human Hypertension, Journal of Neuro-Oncology, Gastroenterology Research and Practice, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, Brain Pathology, Cerebrovascular Diseases, Current Alzheimer Research.

## Brain Natriuretic Peptide

A brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) test measures the amount of the BNP hormone in your blood. BNP is made by your heart and shows how well your heart is working. Normally, only a low amount of BNP is found in your blood. But if your heart has to work harder than usual over a long period of time, such as from heart failure, the heart releases more BNP, increasing the blood level of BNP. The BNP level may drop when treatment for heart failure is working.

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Biochemistry & Physiology: Open Access,Journal of Child and Adolescent Behaviour, Archives of Medicine, Anatomy & Physiology: Current Research,Journal of Autacoids and Harmones, Journal of Brain Tumors & Neurooncology, Journal of Brain Tumors & Neurooncology, Journal of Cardiovascular Diseases & Diagnosis, Journal of Psychiatry, Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine, Alzheimer's Research and Therapy, Neurosurgery, Aging and Disease, Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, Journal of NeuroVirology, Brain Research.

## Neurotensin

The peptide neurotensin has been studied for more than 30 years. Although it is widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems, neurotensin has been more intensely studied with regard to its interactions with the central dopamine system. A number of claims have been made regarding its possible implication in many diseases of the central nervous system, including schizophrenia. In this review, we describe briefly the basic biology of this neuropeptide, and then we consider the strengths and the weaknesses of the data that suggest a role for neurotensin in schizophrenia, drug abuse, Parkinson's disease, pain, central control of blood pressure, eating disorders, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders and inflammation.

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## Kinins

Kinins are proteins in the blood that cause inflammation and affect blood pressure (especially low blood pressure) A kinin is any of various structurally related polypeptides, such as bradykinin and kallikrein. They are members of the autacoid family. They act locally to induce vasodilation and contraction of smooth muscle.

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Journal of Psychology & Psychotherapy, Brain Disorders & Therapy, Epilepsy and Behavior, Journal of Hypertension: Open Access, Angiology: Open Access, Anatomy & Physiology: Current Research, Journal of Cardiovascular Diseases & Diagnosis, Epilepsy and Behavior, Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, BMC Neurology, Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, Pain Medicine, Journal of the Peripheral Nervous System, Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities.

## Neurophysiology

Neurophysiology is a neuroscience that is concerned with the study of the functioning of the nervous system. The primary tools of basic neurophysiological research include electrophysiological recordings such as patch clamp and calcium imaging, as well as some of the common tools of molecular biology.Neurophysiology is connected with electrophysiology, neurobiology, psychology, neurology, clinical neurophysiology, neuroanatomy, cognitive science, biophysics, mathematical biology, and other brain sciences.

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Journal of the Peripheral Nervous System, Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities Anatomy & Physiology: Current Research, Endocrinology & Metabolic Syndrome, Advanced Techniques in Biology & Medicine, Journal of Clinical & Cellular Immunology, Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, Otology and Neurotology, Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy, International Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, Neuroradiology, NeuroImage: Clinical, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration.

## Paracrine

Paracrine signaling is a form of cell-cell communication in which a cell produces a signal to induce changes in nearby cells, altering the behavior or differentiation of those cells. Signaling molecules known as paracrine factors diffuse over a relatively short distance (local action), as opposed to endocrine factors (hormones which travel considerably longer distances via the circulatory system), juxtacrine interactions, and autocrine signaling. Cells that produce paracrine factors secrete them into the immediate extracellular environment. Factors then travel to nearby cells in which the gradient of factor received determines the outcome.

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Journal of Addiction Research & Therapy, Autism-Open Access, Brain Disorders & Therapy, Journal of Psychology & Psychotherapy, Archives of Medicine, Anatomy & Physiology: Current Research, Journal of Surgery [Jurnalul de Chirurgie], Biochemistry & Physiology: Open Access,Human Brain Mapping , Sleep Medicine Reviews, Pain, JAMA Neurology, Molecular Neurodegeneration, Brain Research Reviews, Epilepsy and Behavior, Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, BMC Neurology, Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation.

## Ace Inhibitors

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors help relax blood vessels. ACE inhibitors prevent an enzyme in your body from producing angiotensin II, a substance in your body that affects your cardiovascular system by narrowing your blood vessels and releasing hormones that can raise your blood pressure. This narrowing can cause high blood pressure and force your heart to work harder.

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Journal of Psychiatry, Journal of Depression and Anxiety, Journal of Neuropsychiatry, Journal of Psychology & Psychotherapy, Anatomy & Physiology: Current Research,Journal of Hypertension: Open Access, Angiology: Open Access, Journal of Cardiovascular Diseases & Diagnosis, Journal of Spinal Disorders and Techniques, Neurology Research International, Journal of the Neurological Sciences, Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics, Neuropathology, Current Neuropharmacology, Neurourology and Urodynamics, Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders.

## Neurotransmission

Neurotransmission or synaptic transmission, is the process by which signaling molecules called neurotransmitters are released by a neuron (the presynaptic neuron), and bind to and activate the receptors of another neuron (the postsynaptic neuron). Neurotransmission is essential for the process of communication between two neurons. Synaptic transmission relies on: the availability of the neurotransmitter; the release of the neurotransmitter by exocytosis; the binding of the postsynaptic receptor by the neurotransmitter; the functional response of the postsynaptic cell; and the subsequent removal or deactivation of the neurotransmitter.

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## Hormone Disorders

If a hormone disorder is left untreated, it may result in serious medical conditions such as diabetes, insomnia and major depressive disorder. If the imbalance is taking place in the pituitary gland of a young child for instance, a growth disorder may result, requiring prescription hormone replacement therapy. It is possible that such an imbalance can cause an overproduction of growth hormone and may be the root cause of medical conditions such as gigantism and acromegaly. There are approximately 6,000 endocrine disorders that may result from hormone imbalance . An imbalance of hormones is experienced at different times during life. As the body changes from childhood to adulthood, puberty is experienced by both males and females in similar fashion. Women and men alike experience some degree of hormonal imbalance later in life, particularly after their childbearing years have been passed.

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