<table><caption>**Table 10** List of programmed solar Electric Propulsion operational periods along BepiColombo cruise. From BC-ESC-RP-0550_BC_CReMA document, Issue 5.4, June 2018</caption><thead><tr><th>Nr.</th><th>Duration (days)</th><th>Start time</th><th>End time</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>EP1</td><td>66</td><td>16-12-2018</td><td>19-02-2019</td></tr><tr><td>EP2</td><td>60</td><td>22-09-2019</td><td>20-11-2019</td></tr><tr><td>EP3</td><td>5</td><td>12-02-2020</td><td>16-02-2020</td></tr><tr><td>EP4</td><td>17</td><td>18-06-2021</td><td>04-07-2021</td></tr><tr><td>EP5</td><td>8</td><td>18-08-2021</td><td>25-08-2021</td></tr><tr><td>EP6</td><td>5</td><td>09-10-2021</td><td>13-10-2021</td></tr><tr><td>EP7</td><td>6</td><td>06-12-2021</td><td>11-12-2021</td></tr><tr><td>EP8</td><td>22</td><td>05-02-2022</td><td>26-02-2022</td></tr><tr><td>EP9</td><td>6</td><td>30-06-2022</td><td>05-07-2022</td></tr><tr><td>EP10</td><td>5</td><td>21-08-2022</td><td>25-08-2022</td></tr><tr><td>EP11</td><td>34</td><td>01-12-2022</td><td>03-01-2023</td></tr><tr><td>EP12</td><td>46</td><td>23-03-2023</td><td>07-05-2023</td></tr><tr><td>EP13</td><td>34</td><td>12-08-2023</td><td>14-09-2023</td></tr><tr><td>EP14</td><td>16</td><td>18-12-2023</td><td>02-01-2024</td></tr><tr><td>EP15</td><td>29</td><td>21-01-2024</td><td>18-02-2024</td></tr><tr><td>EP16</td><td>48</td><td>25-04-2024</td><td>11-06-2024</td></tr><tr><td>EP17</td><td>12</td><td>12-09-2024</td><td>23-09-2024</td></tr><tr><td>EP18</td><td>11</td><td>14-10-2024</td><td>24-10-2024</td></tr><tr><td>EP19</td><td>29</td><td>19-01-2025</td><td>16-02-2025</td></tr><tr><td>EP20</td><td>35</td><td>26-02-2025</td><td>01-04-2025</td></tr><tr><td>EP21</td><td>70</td><td>24-04-2025</td><td>02-07-2025</td></tr><tr><td>EP22</td><td>44</td><td>15-08-2025</td><td>27-09-2025</td></tr></tbody></table>

References

V. Airapetian, R. Barnes, O. Cohen, G. Collinson, W. Danchi, C. Dong, A. Del Genio, K. France, K. Garcia-Sage, A. Glocer et al., Impact of space weather on climate and habitability of terrestrial-type exoplanets. Int. J. Astrobiol. 19(2), 136–194 (2020)

T. Alberti, M. Laurenza, G. Consolini, A. Milillo, M.F. Marcucci, V. Carbone, S.D. Bale, On the scaling properties of magnetic field fluctuations through the inner heliosphere. ArXiv preprint (2020). arXiv:2006.03285

N. Altobelli, E. Grün, M. Landgraf, A new look into the Helios dust experiment data: presence of interstellar dust inside the Earth’s orbit. Astron. Astrophys. 448(1), 243–252 (2006)

B.J. Anderson, M.H. Acuña, D.A. Lohr, J. Scheifele, A. Raval, H. Korth, J.A. Slavin, The Magnetometer Instrument on MESSENGER. Space Sci. Rev. 131(1–4), 417–450 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-007-9246-7

B.J. Anderson, C.L. Johnson, H. Korth, M.E. Purucker, R.M. Winslow, J.A. Slavin, S.C. Solomon, R.L. McNutt, J.M. Raines, T.H. Zurbuchen, The global magnetic field of Mercury from MESSENGER orbital observations. Science 333(6051), 1859 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1211001

B.J. Anderson, C.L. Johnson, H. Korth, R.M. Winslow, J.E. Borovsky, M.E. Purucker, J.A. Slavin, S.C. Solomon, M.T. Zuber, J. McNutt, L. Ralph, Low-degree structure in Mercury’s planetary magnetic field. J. Geophys. Res., Planets 117, E00L12 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JE004159

B.J. Anderson, C.L. Johnson, H. Korth, J.A. Slavin, R.M. Winslow, R.J. Phillips, R.L. McNutt, S.C. Solomon, Steady-state field-aligned currents at Mercury. Geophys. Res. Lett. 41(21), 7444–7452 (2014)

B. Andreichikov, Chemical composition and structure of Venus clouds from results of X-ray radiometric experiments made with the Vega 1 and Vega 2 automatic interplanetary stations. Kosm. Issled. 25, 737–743 (1987)

C.N. Arge, V.J. Pizzo, Improvement in the prediction of solar wind conditions using near-real time solar magnetic field updates. J. Geophys. Res. 105(A5), 10465–10480 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JA000262
A. Bader, G. Stenberg Wieser, M. André, M. Wieser, Y. Futaana, M. Persson, H. Nilsson, T.L. Zhang, Proton temperature anisotropies in the plasma environment of Venus. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 124(5), 3312–3330 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA026619

S. Barabash, A. Fedorov, J.J. Sauvaud, R. Lundin, C.T. Russell, Y. Futaana, T.L. Zhang, H. Andersson, K. Brinkfeldt, A. Grigoriev, M. Holmström, M. Yamauchi, K. Asamura, W. Baumjohann, H. Lammer, A.J. Coates, D.O. Kataria, D.R. Linder, C.C. Curtis, K.C. Hsieh, B.R. Sandel, M. Grande, H. Gunell, H.E.J. Koskinen, E. Kallio, P. Riihelä, T. Säles, W. Schmidt, J. Kozyra, N. Krupp, M. Fränz, J. Woch, J. Luhmann, S. McKenna-Lawlor, C. Mazelle, J.J. Thocaven, S. Orsini, R. Cerulli-Irelli, M. Mura, M. Milillo, M. Maggi, E. Roelof, P. Brandt, K. Szego, J.D. Winningham, R.A. Frahm, J. Scherrer, J.R. Sharber, P. Wurz, P. Bochsler, The loss of ions from Venus through the plasma wake. Nature 450(7170), 650–653 (2007a). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06434

S. Barabash, J.A. Sauvaud, H. Gunell, H. Andersson, A. Grigoriev, K. Brinkfeldt, M. Holmström, R. Lundin, M. Yamauchi, K. Asamura, W. Baumjohann, T.L. Zhang, A.J. Coates, D.R. Linder, D.O. Kataria, C.C. Curtis, K.C. Hsieh, B.R. Sandel, A. Fedorov, C. Mazelle, J.J. Thocaven, M. Grande, H.E.J. Koskinen, E. Kallio, T. Säles, P. Riihela, J. Kozyra, N. Krupp, J. Woch, J. Luhmann, S. McKenna-Lawlor, S. Orsini, R. Cerulli-Irelli, M. Mura, M. Milillo, M. Maggi, E. Roelof, P. Brandt, C.T. Russell, K. Szego, J.D. Winningham, R.A. Frahm, J. Scherrer, J.R. Sharber, P. Wurz, P. Bochsler, The Analyser of Space Plasmas and Energetic Atoms (ASPERA-4) for the Venus Express mission. Planet. Space Sci. 55(12), 1772–1792 (2007b). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2007.01.014

J. Baumgardner, J. Wilson, M. Mendillo, Imaging the sources and full extent of the sodium tail of the planet Mercury. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35(3), L03201 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032337

W. Baumjohann, A. Matsuoka, Y. Narita, W. Magnes, D. Heyner, K.H. Glassmeier, R. Nakamura, D. Fischer, F. Plaschke, M. Volwerk et al., The BepiColombo–Mio magnetometer en route to Mercury. Space Sci. Rev. 216(8), 1–33 (2020)

D.A. Belyaev, D.G. Evdokimova, F. Montmessin, J.L. Bertaux, O.I. Korablev, A.A. Fedorova, E. Marcq, L. Soret, M.S. Luginin, Night side distribution of SO₂ content in Venus' upper mesosphere. Icarus 294, 58–71 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2017.05.002

J.L. Bertaux, J.E. Blamont, V.M. Lepine, V.G. Kurt, N.N. Romanova, A.S. Smirnov, Venera 11 and Venera 12 observations of e.u.v. emissions from the upper atmosphere of Venus. Planet. Space Sci. 29(2), 149–166 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-0633(81)90029-5

J.L. Bertaux, E. Kyrölä, E. Quémerais, R. Pellinen, R. Lallement, W. Schmidt, M. Berthe, E. Dimarellis, J.P. Goutail, C. Taulemesse et al., Swan: a study of Solar Wind Anisotropies on SOHO with Lyman alpha sky mapping, in *The SOHO Mission* (Springer, Berlin, 1995), pp. 403–439

J.L. Bertaux, D. Nevejans, O. Korablev, E. Villard, E. Quémerais, E. Neefs, F. Montmessin, F. Leblanc, J.P. Dubois, E. Dimarellis, A. Hauchecorne, F. Lefèvre, P. Rannou, J.Y. Chaufray, M. Cabane, G. Cernogora, G. Souchon, F. Semelin, A. Reberac, E. Van Ransbeek, S. Berkenbosch, R. Clairquin, C. Muller, F. Forget, F. Hourdin, O. Talagrand, A. Rodin, A. Fedorova, A. Stepanov, I. Vinogradov, A. Kiselev, Y. Kalinnikov, G. Durry, B. el Sand, A. Stern, J.C. Gérard, SPICAV on Venus Express: three spectrometers to study the global structure and composition of the Venus atmosphere. Planet. Space Sci. 55(12), 1673–1700 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2007.01.016

B. Bertotti, G. Comoretto, L. Iess, Doppler tracking of spacecraft with multi-frequency links. Astron. Astro-phys. 269, 608–616 (1993)

B. Bertotti, L. Iess, P. Tortora, A test of general relativity using radio links with the Cassini spacecraft. Nature 425(6956), 374–376 (2003)

T.A. Bida, R.M. Killen, Observations of the minor species Al and Fe in Mercury's exosphere. Icarus 289, 227–238 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2016.10.019

T.A. Bida, R.M. Killen, T.H. Morgan, Discovery of calcium in Mercury's atmosphere. Nature 404(6774), 159–161 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1038/35004521

D. Bohm, E.P. Gross, Theory of plasma oscillations. B. Excitation and damping of oscillations. Phys. Rev. 75(12), 1864 (1949)

V. Bothmer, R. Schwenn, The structure and origin of magnetic clouds in the solar wind. Ann. Geophys. 16(1), 1–24 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00585-997-0001-x

L.H. Brace, R.F. Theis, H.G. Mayr, S.A. Curtis, J.G. Luhmann, Holes in the nightside ionosphere of Venus. J. Geophys. Res. 87(A1), 199–211 (1982). https://doi.org/10.1029/9A087iA01p00199

D.A. Brain, J. McFadden, J.S. Halekas, J. Connerney, S.W. Bougher, S. Curry, C. Dong, Y. Dong, F. Eparvier, X. Fang et al., The spatial distribution of planetary ion fluxes near Mars observed by MAVEN. Geophys. Res. Lett. 42(21), 9142–9148 (2015)

R. Bruno, V. Carbone, *Turbulence in the Solar Wind* (Springer, Berlin, 2016)

R. Bruno, V. Carbone, Z. Vörös, R. D'Amicis, B. Bavassano, M.B. Cattaneo, A. Mura, A. Milillo, S. Orsini, P. Veltri, L. Sorriso-Valvo, T. Zhang, H. Biernat, H. Rucker, W. Baumjohann, D. Jankovičová, P. Kovács, Coordinated study on solar wind turbulence during the Venus-Express, ACE and Ulysses
alignment of August 2007. Earth Moon Planets **104**(1-4), 101-104 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11038-008-9272-9

L.F. Burlaga, Magnetic clouds and force-free fields with constant alpha. J. Geophys. Res. **93**(A7), 7217–7224 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1029/JA093iA07p07217

L.F. Burlaga, K.W. Ogilvie, D.H. Fairfield, Microscale fluctuations in the interplanetary magnetic field. Astrophys. J. Lett. **155**, L171 (1969). https://doi.org/10.1086/180329

H.V. Cane, I.G. Richardson, Interplanetary coronal mass ejections in the near-Earth solar wind during 1996–2002. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. **108**(A4), 1156 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JA009817

A. Cardesín Moinelo, G. Piccioni, A. Migliorini, P. Drossart, Global mapping of Venus' atmosphere using accumulated projections of VIRTIS Venus Express observations, in AGUFM 2008:P22A-04 (2008)

T.A. Cassidy, A.W. Merkel, M.H. Burger, M. Sarantos, R.M. Killen, W.E. McClintock, R.J. Vervack Jr., Mercury's seasonal sodium exosphere: MESSENGER orbital observations. Icarus **248**, 547–559 (2015)

J.Y. Chaufray, J.L. Bertaux, UV cometary observations by SPICAV on Venus Express, in *European Planetary Science Congress, EPSC2015-88* (2015)

J.Y. Chaufray, J.L. Bertaux, E. Quémerais, E. Villard, F. Leblanc, Hydrogen density in the dayside Venusian exosphere derived from Lyman-α observations by SPICAV on Venus Express. Icarus **217**(2), 767–778 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2011.09.027

C. Chen, S. Bale, J. Bonnell, D. Borovikov, T. Bowen, D. Burgess, A. Case, B. Chandran, T.D. de Wit, K. Goetz et al., The evolution and role of solar wind turbulence in the inner heliosphere. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. **246**(2), 53 (2020)

R.N. Clark, Detection of adsorbed water and hydroxyl on the Moon. Science **326**(5952), 562 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1178105

M.R. Combi, T. Mäkinen, J.L. Bertaux, E. Quémerais, S. Ferron, M. Avery, C. Wright, Water production activity of nine long-period comets from SOHO/SWAN observations of hydrogen Lyman-alpha: 2013–2016. Icarus **300**, 33–46 (2018)

V. Cottini, N.I. Ignatiev, G. Piccioni, P. Drossart, Water vapor near Venus cloud tops from VIRTIS-H/Venus Express observations 2006–2011. Planet. Space Sci. **113**, 219–225 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2015.03.012

T.E. Cravens, L.H. Brace, H.A. Taylor, C.T. Russell, W.L. Knudsen, K.L. Miller, A. Barnes, J.D. Mihalov, F.L. Scarf, S.J. Quenon, A.F. Nagy, Disappearing ionospheres on the nightside of Venus. Icarus **51**(2), 271–282 (1982). https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(82)90083-5

J.L. Culhane, L.K. Harra, A.M. James, K. Al-Janabi, L.J. Bradley, R.A. Chaudry, K. Rees, J.A. Tandy, P. Thomas, M.C.R. Whillock, B. Winter, G.A. Doschek, C.M. Korendyke, C.M. Brown, S. Myers, J. Mariska, J. Seely, J. Lang, B.J. Kent, B.M. Shaughnessy, P.R. Young, G.M. Simnett, C.M. Castelli, S. Mahmoud, H. Mapson-Menard, B.J. Probyn, R.J. Thomas, J. Davila, K. Dere, D. Windt, J. Shea, R. Hagood, R. Moye, H. Hara, T. Watanabe, K. Matsuzaki, T. Kosugi, V. Hansteen, O. Wikstol, The EUV imaging spectrometer for Hinode. Sol. Phys. **243**(1), 19–61 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s01007-007-0293-1

S. Curry, M. Liemohn, X. Fang, Y. Ma, J. Slavin, J. Espley, S. Bougher, C. Dong, Test particle comparison of heavy atomic and molecular ion distributions at Mars. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. **119**(3), 2328–2344 (2014)

S. Dasso, M.S. Nakwacki, P. Démoulin, C.H. Mandrini, Progressive transformation of a flux rope to an ICME. Comparative analysis using the direct and fitted expansion methods. Sol. Phys. **244**(1–2), 115–137 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-007-9034-2. 0706.2889

M. Delva, C. Bertucci, M. Volwerk, R. Lundin, C. Mazelle, N. Romanelli, Upstream proton cyclotron waves at Venus near solar maximum. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. **120**(1), 344–354 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JA020318

K. Dennerl, Charge transfer reactions. Space Sci. Rev. **157**(1–4), 57–91 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-010-9720-5

M. Desai, J. Giacalone, Large gradual solar energetic particle events. Living Rev. Sol. Phys. **13**(1), 3 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41116-016-0002-5

G.A. DiBraccio, J.A. Slavin, S.M. Imber, D.J. Gershman, J.M. Raines, C.M. Jackman, S.A. Boardsen, B.J. Anderson, H. Korth, T.H. Zurbuchen, R.L. McNutt, S.C. Solomon, MESSENGER observations of flux ropes in Mercury's magnetotail. Planet. Space Sci. **115**, 77–89 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2014.12.016

C. Dong, M. Jin, M. Lingam, V.S. Airapetian, Y. Ma, B. van der Holst, Atmospheric escape from the TRAPPIST-1 planets and implications for habitability. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. **115**(2), 260–265 (2018a)

C. Dong, L. Wang, Y.M. Huang, L. Comisso, A. Bhattacharjee, Role of the plasmoid instability in magnetohydrodynamic turbulence. Phys. Rev. Lett. **121**(16), 165101 (2018b)
C. Dong, L. Wang, A. Hakim, A. Bhattacharjee, J.A. Slavin, G.A. DiBraccio, K. Germaschewski, Global ten-moment multifluid simulations of the solar wind interaction with Mercury: from the planetary conducting core to the dynamic magnetosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 46(21), 11584–11596 (2019)

C. Dong, M. Jin, M. Lingam, Atmospheric escape from TOI-700 d: Venus versus Earth analogs. Astrophys. J. Lett. 896(2), L24 (2020)

M. Dósa, G. Erdős, Long-term longitudinal recurrences of the open magnetic flux density in the heliosphere. Astrophys. J. 838(2), 104 (2017)

N. Dresing, R. Gómez-Herrero, B. Heber, A. Klassen, O. Malandraki, W. Dröge, Y. Kartavykh, Statistical survey of widely spread out solar electron events observed with STEREO and ACE with special attention to anisotropies. Astron. Astrophys. 567, A27 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201423789

M.R. Drinkwater, R. Haagmans, D. Muzi, A. Popescu, R. Floberghagen, M. Kern, M. Fehringer, The GOCE gravity mission: ESA's first core Earth explorer, in Proceedings of the 3rd International GOCE User Workshop. Citeseer (2006), pp. 6–8

E. Dubinin, M. Fraenz, A. Fedorov, R. Lundin, N. Edberg, F. Duru, O. Vaisberg, Ion energization and escape on Mars and Venus. Space Sci. Rev. 162(1–4), 173–211 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-011-9831-7

E. Dubinin, M. Fraenz, T.L. Zhang, J. Woch, Y. Wei, A. Fedorov, S. Barabash, R. Lundin, Plasma in the near Venus tail: Venus Express observations. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 118(12), 7624–7634 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JA019164

M. Dumbović, J. Čalogović, B. Vršnak, M. Temmer, M.L. Mays, A. Veronig, I. Piantschitsch, The Drag-Based Ensemble Model (DBEM) for coronal mass ejection propagation. Astrophys. J. 854(2), 180 (2018)

R.C. Elphic, C.T. Russell, J.G. Luhmann, F.L. Scarf, L.H. Brace, The Venus ionopause current sheet: thickness length scale and controlling factors. J. Geophys. Res. 86(A13), 11430–11438 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1029/JA086iA13p11430

T. Encrenaz, T.K. Greathouse, E. Marcq, H. Sagawa, T. Widemann, B. Bézard, T. Fouchet, F. Lefèvre, S. Lebonnois, S.K. Atreya, Y.J. Lee, R. Giles, S. Watanabe, HDO and SO₂ thermal mapping on Venus. IV. Statistical analysis of the SO₂ plumes. Astron. Astrophys. 623, A70 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201833511

L.G. Evans, P.N. Peplowski, E.A. Rhodes, J.O. Goldsten, R.D. Starr, S.C. Solomon, The MESSENGER Gamma-Ray Spectrometer: calibration and operations. Icarus 288, 186–200 (2017)

W. Exner, D. Heyner, L. Liuzzo, U. Motschmann, D. Shiota, K. Kusano, T. Shibayama, Coronal mass ejection hits Mercury: A.I.K.E.F. hybrid-code results compared to MESSENGER data. Planet. Space Sci. 153, 89–99 (2018)

C.J. Eyles, R.A. Harrison, C.J. Davis, N.P. Waltham, B.M. Shaughnessy, H.C.A. Mapson-Menard, D. Bewsher, S.R. Crothers, J.A. Davies, G.M. Simnett, R.A. Howard, J.D. Moses, J.S. Newmark, D.G. Socker, J.P. Halain, J.M. Defise, E. Mazy, P. Rochus, The heliospheric imagers onboard the STEREO mission. Sol. Phys. 254(2), 387–445 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-008-9299-0

A. Fedorov, S. Barabash, J.A. Sauvaud, Y. Futaana, T.L. Zhang, R. Lundin, C. Ferrier, Measurements of the ion escape rates from Venus for solar minimum. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 116(A7), A07220 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JA016427

G. Fjeldbo, V.R. Eshleman, Atmosphere of Venus as studied with the Mariner 5 dual radio-frequency occultation experiment. Radio Sci. 4(10), 879–897 (1969). https://doi.org/10.1029/RS004i010p00879

J.L. Fox, Morphology of the dayside ionosphere of Venus: implications for ion outflows. J. Geophys. Res., Planets 113(E11), E11001 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JE003182

J.L. Fox, W.T. Kasprzak, Near-terminator Venus ionosphere: evidence for a dawn/dusk asymmetry in the thermosphere. J. Geophys. Res., Planets 112(E9), E09008 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JE002899

M. Fränz, E. Echer, A. Marques de Souza, E. Dubinin, T.L. Zhang, Ultra low frequency waves at Venus: observations by the Venus Express spacecraft. Planet. Space Sci. 146, 55–65 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2017.08.011

K. Fujiki, M. Kojima, M. Tokumaru, T. Ohmi, A. Yokobe, K. Hayashi, D.J. McComas, H.A. Elliott, How did the solar wind structure change around the solar maximum? From interplanetary scintillation observation. Ann. Geophys. 21(6), 1257–1261 (2003). https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-21-1257-2003

T. Fukuhara, M. Futaguchi, G.L. Hashimoto, T. Horinouchi, T. Imamura, N. Iwagaimi, T. Kouyama, S.Y. Murakami, M. Nakamura, K. Ogohara, M. Sato, T.M. Sato, M. Suzuki, M. Taguchi, S. Takagi, M. Ueno, S. Watanabe, M. Yamada, A. Yamazaki, Large stationary gravity wave in the atmosphere of Venus. Nat. Geosci. 10(2), 85–88 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2873

Y. Futaana, G. Stenberg Wieser, S. Barabash, J.G. Luhmann, Solar wind interaction and impact on the Venus atmosphere. Space Sci. Rev. 212(3–4), 1453–1509 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-017-0362-8

I. Garate-Lopez, R. Hueso, Y.J. Lee, V. Mangano, K.L. Jessup, J. Peralta, A. Sanchez-Lavega, J. Zender, J. Benkhoff, G. Murakami, M. Scherf, Amateur ground-based support of the first BepiColombo
flyby of Venus, in *Europlanet Science Congress 2020, Online*, vol. 14 (2020). https://doi.org/10.5194/epsc2020-1060

J.C. Gérard, J. Gustin, B. Hubert, G.R. Gladstone, L.W. Esposito, Measurements of the helium 584 Å airglow during the Cassini flyby of Venus. Planet. Space Sci. **59**(13), 1524–1528 (2011a). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2011.06.018

J.C. Gérard, B. Hubert, J. Gustin, V.I. Shematovich, D. Bisikalo, G.R. Gladstone, L.W. Esposito, EUV spectroscopy of the Venus dayglow with UVIS on Cassini. Icarus **211**(1), 70–80 (2011b). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2010.09.020

D.J. Gershman, J.A. Slavin, J.M. Raines, T.H. Zurbuchen, B.J. Anderson, H. Korth, D.N. Baker, S.C. Solomon, Magnetic flux pileup and plasma depletion in Mercury's subsolar magnetosheath. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. **118**(11), 7181–7199 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JA019244

K.H. Glassmeier, *Currents in Mercury's Magnetosphere*. Washington DC American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph Series, vol. 118 (2000), p. 371. https://doi.org/10.1029/GM118p0371

K.H. Glassmeier, H.U. Auster, D. Heyner, K. Okrafka, C. Carr, G. Berghofer, B.J. Anderson, A. Balogh, W. Baumjohann, P. Cargill, U. Christensen, M. Delva, M. Dougherty, K.H. Fornaçon, T.S. Horbury, E.A. Lucek, W. Magnes, M. Mandea, A. Matsuoka, M. Matsushima, U. Motschmann, R. Nakamura, Y. Narita, H. O'Brien, I. Richter, K. Schwingenschuh, H. Shibuya, J.A. Slavin, C. Sotin, B. Stoll, H. Tsunakawa, S. Vennerstrom, J. Vogt, T. Zhang, The fluxgate magnetometer of the BepiColombo Mercury Planetary Orbiter. Planet. Space Sci. **58**(1–2), 287–299 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2008.06.018

S.W. Good, R.J. Forsyth, Interplanetary coronal mass ejections observed by MESSENGER and Venus Express. Sol. Phys. **291**(1), 239–263 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-015-0828-3. 1511.07749

B. Grieger, N. Ignatiev, D. Titov, Light scattering in Venus' atmosphere: a reanalysis of Venera 14 spectrophotometer data, in *EAEJA*, **911** (2003)

E. Grün, N. Pailer, H. Fechtig, J. Kissel, Orbital and physical characteristics of micrometeoroids in the inner solar system as observed by Helios 1. Planet. Space Sci. **28**(3), 333–349 (1980)

H. Grünwaldt, M. Neugebauer, M. Hilchenbach, P. Bochsler, D. Hovestadt, A. Bürgi, F.M. Ipavich, K.U. Reiche, W.I. Axford, H. Balsiger, A.B. Galvin, J. Geiss, F. Gliem, G. Gloeckler, K.C. Hsieh, R. Kallenbach, B. Klecker, S. Livi, M.A. Lee, G.G. Managadze, E. Marsch, E. Möbius, M. Scholer, M.I. Verigin, B. Wilken, P. Wurz, Venus tail ray observation near Earth. Geophys. Res. Lett. **24**(10), 1163–1166 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL01159

L. Guicking, K.H. Glassmeier, H.U. Auster, M. Delva, U. Motschmann, Y. Narita, T.L. Zhang, Low-frequency magnetic field fluctuations in Venus' solar wind interaction region: Venus Express observations. Ann. Geophys. **28**(4), 951–967 (2010). https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-28-951-2010

H. Gunell, E. Kallio, R. Jarvinen, P. Janhunen, M. Holmström, K. Dennerl, Simulations of solar wind charge exchange X-ray emissions at Venus. Geophys. Res. Lett. **34**(3), L03107 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028602

L.Z. Hadid, F. Sahraoui, K.H. Kiyani, A. Retinò, R. Modolo, P. Canu, A. Masters, M.K. Dougherty, Nature of the MHD and kinetic scale turbulence in the magnetosheath of Saturn: Cassini observations. Astrophys. J. Lett. **813**(2), L29 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/813/2/L29. 1611.08245

J.E. Hansen, J. Hovenier, Interpretation of the polarization of Venus. J. Atmos. Sci. **31**(4), 1137–1160 (1974)

A. Hasegawa, Drift mirror instability of the magnetosphere. Phys. Fluids **12**, 2642–2650 (1969). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1692407

A. Hasegawa, B.T. Tsurutani, Mirror mode expansion in planetary magnetosheaths: Bohm-like diffusion. Phys. Rev. Lett. **107**(24), 245005 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.245005

R. Haus, D. Kappel, G. Arnold, Atmospheric thermal structure and cloud features in the southern hemisphere of Venus as retrieved from VIRTIS/VEX radiation measurements. Icarus **232**, 232–248 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2014.01.020

M. He, J. Vogt, D. Heyner, J. Zhong, Solar wind controls on Mercury's magnetospheric cusp. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. **122**(6), 6150–6164 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JA023687

J. He, B. Cui, L. Yang, C. Hou, L. Zhang, W.H. Ip, Y. Jia, C. Dong, D. Duan, Q. Zong et al., Encounter of Parker Solar Probe and a comet-like object during their perihelium: model predictions and measurements. ArXiv preprint (2020). arXiv:2012.00005

Heyner et al. (2021). This journal (for MAG instrument)

H. Hiesinger, J. Helbert, G. Alemanno, K. Bauch, M. D'Amore, A. Maturilli, A. Morlok, M. Reitze, C. Stangarone, A. Stojic et al., Studying the composition and mineralogy of the Hermean surface with the Mercury Radiometer and Thermal Infrared Spectrometer (MERTIS) for the BepiColombo mission: an update. Space Sci. Rev. **216**(6), 1–37 (2020)

J. Hoffman, V. Oyama, U. Von Zahn, Measurements of the Venus lower atmosphere composition: a comparison of results. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. **85**(A13), 7871–7881 (1980)
L.L. Hood, Magnetic anomalies concentrated near and within Mercury's impact basins: early mapping and interpretation. *J. Geophys. Res., Planets* **121**(6), 1016–1025 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JE005048

L.L. Hood, J.S. Oliveira, V. Galluzzi, D.A. Rothery, Investigating sources of Mercury's crustal magnetic field: further mapping of MESSENGER magnetometer data. *J. Geophys. Res., Planets* **123**(10), 2647–2666 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JE005683

R. Howard, A. Vourlidas, R. Colaninno, C. Korendyke, S. Plunkett, M. Carter, D. Wang, N. Rich, S. Lynch, A. Thurn, D. Socker, A. Thernisien, D. Chua, The Solar Orbiter Heliospheric Imager (SoLoHI). *Astron. Astrophys.* **642**, A13 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201935202

S.Y. Huang, H.S. Fu, Z.G. Yuan, A. Vaivads, Y.V. Khotyaintsev, A. Retino, M. Zhou, D.B. Graham, K. Fujimoto, F. Sahraoui, X.H. Deng, B. Ni, Y. Pang, S. Fu, D.D. Wang, X. Zhou, Two types of whistler waves in the Hall reconnection region. *J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys.* **121**(7), 6639–6646 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JA022650

S.Y. Huang, L.Z. Hadid, F. Sahraoui, Z.G. Yuan, X.H. Deng, On the existence of the Kolmogorov inertial range in the terrestrial magnetosheath turbulence. *Astrophys. J. Lett.* **836**(1), L10 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/836/1/L10.1611.00199

S.Y. Huang, K. Jiang, Z.G. Yuan, F. Sahraoui, L.H. He, M. Zhou, H.S. Fu, X.H. Deng, J.S. He, D. Cao, X.D. Yu, D.D. Wang, J.L. Burch, C.J. Pollock, R.B. Torbert, Observations of the electron jet generated by secondary reconnection in the terrestrial magnetotail. *Astrophys. J.* **862**(2), 144 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aacd4c

S.Y. Huang, Q.Y. Wang, F. Sahraoui, Z.G. Yuan, Y.J. Liu, X.H. Deng, W.J. Sun, K. Jiang, S.B. Xu, X.D. Yu, Y.Y. Wei, J. Zhang, Analysis of turbulence properties in the Mercury plasma environment using MESSENGER observations. *Astrophys. J.* **891**(2), 159 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab7349

R. Hueso, J. Peralta, I. Garate-Lopez, T.V. Bandos, A. Sánchez-Lavega, Six years of Venus winds at the upper cloud level from UV, visible and near infrared observations from VIRTIS on Venus Express. *Planet. Space Sci.* **113**, 78–99 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2014.12.010

J. Huovelin, R. Vainio, E. Kilpua, A. Lehtolainen, S. Korpela, E. Esko, K. Muinonen, E. Bunce, A. Martindale, M. Grande et al., Solar Intensity X-ray and Particle Spectrometer SIXS: instrument design and first results. *Space Sci. Rev.* **216**(5), 1–42 (2020)

K. Hurley, V. Pal'shın, R. Aptekar, S. Golenetskii, D. Frederiks, E. Mazets, D. Svinkin, M. Briggs, V. Connaughton, C. Meegan et al., The interplanetary network supplement to the Fermi GBM catalog of cosmic gamma-ray bursts. *Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser.* **207**(2), 39 (2013)

V. Iafolla, S. Nozzoli, Italian Spring Accelerometer (ISA) a high sensitive accelerometer for “BepiColombo” ESA cornerstone. *Planet. Space Sci.* **49**(14–15), 1609–1617 (2001)

V. Iafolla, D.M. Lucchesi, S. Nozzoli, F. Santoli, ISA accelerometer onboard the Mercury Planetary Orbiter: error budget. *Celest. Mech. Dyn. Astron.* **97**(3), 165–187 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10569-006-9059-0

V. Iafolla, E. Fiorenza, C. Lefevre, A. Morbidini, S. Nozzoli, R. Peron, M. Persichini, A. Reale, F. Santoli, Italian Spring Accelerometer (ISA): a fundamental support to BepiColombo radio science experiments. *Planet. Space Sci.* **58**(1–2), 300–308 (2010)

V. Iafolla, E. Fiorenza, C. Lefevre, D.M. Lucchesi, M. Lucente, C. Magnafico, R. Peron, F. Santoli, The BepiColombo ISA accelerometer: ready for launch, in *2016 IEEE Metrology for Aerospace (MetroAeroSpace)*. IEEE (2016), pp. 538–544

Iess et al. (2021). This journal (for MORE experiment)

N.I. Ignatiev, D.V. Titov, G. Piccioni, P. Drossart, W.J. Markiewicz, V. Cottini, T. Roatsch, M. Almeida, N. Manoel, Altimetry of the Venus cloud tops from the Venus Express observations. *J. Geophys. Res., Planets* **114**(E5), E00B43 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JE003320

S.M. Imber, J.A. Slavin, MESSENGER observations of magnetotail loading and unloading: implications for substorms at Mercury. *J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys.* **122**(11), 11,402–11,412 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA024332

S.M. Imber, J.A. Slavin, S.A. Boardsen, B.J. Anderson, H. Korth, R.L. McNutt, S.C. Solomon, MESSENGER observations of large dayside flux transfer events: do they drive Mercury's substorm cycle? *J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys.* **119**(7), 5613–5623 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JA019884

K. Iwai, D. Shiota, M. Tokumaru, K. Fujiki, M. Den, Y. Kubo, Development of a coronal mass ejection arrival time forecasting system using interplanetary scintillation observations. *Earth Planets Space* **71**(1), 39 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-019-1019-5.1903.11769

K. Iwai, S. Yashiro, N.V. Nitta, Y. Kubo, Spectral structures of type II solar radio bursts and solar energetic particles. *Astrophys. J.* **888**(1), 50 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab57ff.1911.05897

B.V. Jackson, P.P. Hick, A. Buffington, M.M. Bisi, J.M. Clover, M. Tokumaru, M. Kojima, K. Fujiki, Three-dimensional reconstruction of heliospheric structure using iterative tomography: a review. *J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys.* **73**(10), 1214–1227 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2010.10.007
B.V. Jackson, D. Odstrcil, H.S. Yu, P.P. Hick, A. Buffington, J.C. Mejia-Ambriz, J. Kim, S. Hong, Y. Kim, J. Han, M. Tokumaru, The UCSD kinematic IPS solar wind boundary and its use in the ENLIL 3-D MHD prediction model. Space Weather **13**(2), 104–115 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/2014SW001130

M. Jefráb, Z. Němeček, J. Šafránková, K. Jelínek, J. Měrka, Improved bow shock model with dependence on the IMF strength. Planet. Space Sci. **53**(1–3), 85–93 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2004.09.032

K.L. Jessup, E. Marcq, F. Mills, A. Mahieux, S. Limaye, C. Wilson, M. Allen, J.L. Bertaux, W. Markiewicz, T. Roman, A.C. Vandaele, V. Wilquet, Y. Yung, Coordinated Hubble Space Telescope and Venus Express observations of Venus’ upper cloud deck. *Icarus* **258**, 309–336 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2015.05.027

X. Jia, J.A. Slavin, G. Poh, G.A. DiBraccio, G. Toth, Y. Chen, J.M. Raines, T.I. Gombosi, MESSENGER observations and global simulations of highly compressed magnetosphere events at Mercury. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. **124**(1), 229–247 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA026166

S.R. Kane, G. Arney, D. Crisp, S. Domagal-Goldman, L.S. Glaze, C. Goldblatt, D. Grinspoon, J.W. Head, A. Lenardic, C. Unterborn et al., Venus as a laboratory for exoplanetary science. J. Geophys. Res., Planets **124**(8), 2015–2028 (2019)

T. Karlsson, Y. Kasaba, J.E. Wahlund, P. Henri, L. Bylander, W. Puccio, S.E. Jansson, L. Åhlen, E. Kallio, H. Kojima et al., The MEFISTO and WPT electric field sensors of the plasma wave investigation on the BepiColombo Mio spacecraft. Space Sci. Rev. **216**(8), 1–24 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-020-00760-0

Y. Kasaba, T. Takashima, S. Matsuda, S. Eguchi, M. Endo, T. Miyabara, M. Taeda, Y. Kuroda, Y. Kasahara, T. Imachi et al., Mission data processor aboard the BepiColombo Mio spacecraft: design and scientific operation concept. Space Sci. Rev. **216**(3), 1–19 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-020-00692-9

R.M. Killen, T.A. Bida, T.H. Morgan, The calcium exosphere of Mercury. *Icarus* **173**(2), 300–311 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2004.08.022

E.K.J. Kilpua, A. Isavnin, A. Vourlidas, H.E.J. Koskinen, L. Rodriguez, On the relationship between interplanetary coronal mass ejections and magnetic clouds. Ann. Geophys. **31**(7), 1251–1265 (2013). https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1251-2013

E.K.J. Kilpua, A. Balogh, R. von Steiger, Y.D. Liu, Geoeffective properties of solar transients and stream interaction regions. Space Sci. Rev. **212**(3–4), 1271–1314 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-017-0411-3

E.K.J. Kilpua, S.W. Good, E. Palmerio, E. Asvestari, E. Lumme, M. Ala-Lahti, M.M.H. Kalliokoski, D.E. Morosan, J. Pomoell, D.J. Price, J. Magdalenić, S. Poedts, Y. Futaana, Multipoint observations of the June 2012 interacting interplanetary flux ropes. Front. Astron. Space Sci. **6**, 50 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3389/fsps.2019.00050

L.W. Klein, L.F. Burlaga, Interplanetary magnetic clouds at 1 AU. J. Geophys. Res. **87**(A2), 613–624 (1982). https://doi.org/10.1029/JA087iA02p00613

A. Kliore, G.S. Levy, D.L. Cain, G. Fjeldbo, S.I. Rasool, Atmosphere and ionosphere of Venus from the Mariner V S-band radio occultation measurement. Science **158**(3809), 1683–1688 (1967). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.158.3809.1683

R.G. Knollenberg, D.M. Hunten, The microphysics of the clouds of Venus – results of the Pioneer Venus particle size spectrometer experiment. J. Geophys. Res. **85**, 8039–8058 (1980). https://doi.org/10.1029/JA085iA13p08039

W.C. Knudsen, K.L. Miller, The Venus transterminator ion flux at solar maximum. J. Geophys. Res. **97**(A11), 17165–17167 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1029/92JA01460

W.C. Knudsen, K. Spenner, K.L. Miller, V. Novak, Transport of ionospheric $O^+$ ions across the Venus terminator and implications. J. Geophys. Res. **85**, 7803–7810 (1980). https://doi.org/10.1029/JA085iA13p07803

W.C. Knudsen, P.M. Banks, K.L. Miller, A new concept of plasma motion and planetary magnetic field for Venus. Geophys. Res. Lett. **9**(7), 765–768 (1982). https://doi.org/10.1029/GL009i007p00765

M. Kobayashi, H. Shibata, K. Nogami, M. Fujii, S. Hasegawa, M. Hirabayashi, T. Hirai, T. Iwai, H. Kimura, T. Miyachi et al., Mercury Dust Monitor (MDM) onboard the Mio orbiter of the BepiColombo mission. Space Sci. Rev. **216**(8), 1–18 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-020-00775-7

P. Kollmann, P.C. Brandt, G. Collinson, Z.J. Rong, Y. Futaana, T.L. Zhang, Properties of planetward ion flows in Venus’ magnetotail. *Icarus* **274**, 73–82 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2016.02.053

R.P. Kornfeld, B.W. Arnold, M.A. Gross, N.T. Dahya, W.M. Klipstein, P.F. Gath, S. Bettadpur, GRACE-FO: the gravity recovery and climate experiment follow-on mission. J. Spacecr. Rockets **56**(3), 931–951 (2019). https://doi.org/10.2514/1.A34326

H. Korth, B.J. Anderson, J.M. Raines, J.A. Slavin, T.H. Zurbuchen, C.L. Johnson, M.E. Purucker, R.M. Winslow, S.C. Solomon, R.L. McNutt Jr., Plasma pressure in Mercury’s equatorial magnetosphere derived from MESSENGER magnetometer observations. Geophys. Res. Lett. **38**(22), L22201 (2011)
H. Korth, C.L. Johnson, L. Philpott, N.A. Tsyganenko, B.J. Anderson, A dynamic model of Mercury's magnetospheric magnetic field. Geophys. Res. Lett. 44(20), 10–147 (2017)

T. Kouyama, T. Imamura, M. Taguchi, T. Fukuhara, T.M. Sato, A. Yamazaki, M. Futaguchi, S. Murakami, G.L. Hashimoto, M. Ueno, N. Iwagami, S. Takagi, M. Takagi, K. Ogohara, H. Kashimura, T. Horinouchi, N. Sato, M. Yamada, Y. Yamamoto, S. Ohtsuki, K. Sugiyama, H. Ando, M. Takamura, T. Yamada, T. Satoh, M. Nakamura, Topographical and local time dependence of large stationary gravity waves observed at the cloud top of Venus. Geophys. Res. Lett. 44(24), 12,098–12,105 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL075792

T. Kouyama, M. Taguchi, T. Fukuhara, T. Imamura, T. Horinouchi, T.M. Sato, S. Murakami, G.L. Hashimoto, Y.J. Lee, M. Futaguchi, T. Yamada, M. Akiba, T. Satoh, M. Nakamura, Global structure of thermal tides in the upper cloud layer of Venus revealed by LIR on board Akatsuki. Geophys. Res. Lett. 46(16), 9457–9465 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL083820. 1905.08947

A. Kozyrev, I. Mitrofanov, J. Benkhoff, A. Owens, F. Quarati, M. Litvak, A. Malakhov, M. Mokrousov, G. Timoshenko, V. Shvetsov, Next generation of scintillation detector based on cerium bromide crystal for space application in the gamma-ray spectrometer of the Mercurian gamma-ray and neutron spectrometer. Instrum. Exp. Tech. 59(4), 569–577 (2016)

S.M. Krimigis, D.G. Mitchell, D.H. Hamilton, S. Livi, J. Dandouras, Preliminary results from MIMI observations during Cassini's Venus-2 flyby on June 24, 1999, in *AAS/Division for Planetary Sciences Meeting Abstracts* #31, *AAS/Division for Planetary Sciences Meeting Abstracts*, 64.04 (1999)

H. Lammer, H.I.M. Lichtenegger, H.K. Biernat, N.V. Erkaev, I.L. Arshukova, C. Kolb, H. Gunell, A. Lukyanov, M. Holmstrom, S. Barabash, T.L. Zhang, W. Baumjohann, Loss of hydrogen and oxygen from the upper atmosphere of Venus. Planet. Space Sci. 54(13–14), 1445–1456 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2006.04.022

D. Lario, R.Y. Kwon, A. Vourlidas, N.E. Raouafi, D.K. Haggerty, G.C. Ho, B.J. Anderson, A. Papaioannou, R. Gómez-Herrero, N. Dresing, P. Riley, Longitudinal properties of a widespread solar energetic particle event on 2014 February 25: evolution of the associated CME shock. Astrophys. J. 819(1), 72 (2016). https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/819/1/72

G. Le, P.J. Chi, X. Blanco-Cano, S. Boardsen, J.A. Slavin, B.J. Anderson, H. Korth, Upstream ultra-low frequency waves in Mercury's foreshock region: MESSENGER magnetic field observations. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 118(6), 2809–2823 (2013)

F. Leblanc, A. Doressoundiram, N. Schneider, V. Mangano, A. López Ariste, C. Lemen, B. Gelly, C. Barbieri, G. Cremonese, High latitude peaks in Mercury's sodium exosphere: spectral signature using THEMIS solar telescope. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35(18), L18204 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL035322

F. Leblanc, A. Doressoundiram, N. Schneider, S. Massetti, M. Wedlund, A. López Ariste, C. Barbieri, V. Mangano, G. Cremonese, Short-term variations of Mercury's Na exosphere observed with very high spectral resolution. Geophys. Res. Lett. 36(7), L07201 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL038089

Y.J. Lee, K.L. Jessup, S. Perez-Hoyos, D.V. Titov, S. Lebonnois, J. Peralta, T. Horinouchi, T. Imamura, S. Limaye, E. Marcq, M. Takagi, A. Yamazaki, M. Yamada, S. Watanabe, S.y. Murakami, K. Ogohara, W.M. McClintock, G. Holsclaw, A. Roman, Long-term variations of Venus's 365 nm albedo observed by Venus Express, Akatsuki, MESSENGER, and the Hubble Space Telescope. Astron. J. 158(3), 126 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ab3120. 1907.09683

Y. Lee, A.G. Muñoz, T. Imamura, M. Yamada, T. Satoh, A. Yamazaki, S. Watanabe, Brightness modulations of our nearest terrestrial planet Venus reveal atmospheric super-rotation rather than surface features. Nat. Commun. 11(1), 1–8 (2020)

J. Lilensten, A.J. Coates, V. Dehant, T. Dudok de Wit, R.B. Horne, F. Leblanc, J. Luhmann, E. Woodfield, M. Barthélemy, What characterizes planetary space weather? Astron. Astrophys. Rev. 22, 79 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00159-014-0079-6

S.S. Limaye, S. Lebonnois, A. Mahieux, M. Pätzold, S. Bougher, S. Bruinsma, S. Chamberlain, R.T. Clancy, J.C. Gérard, G. Gilli, D. Grassi, R. Haus, M. Herrmann, T. Imamura, E. Kohler, P. Krause, A. Migliorini, F. Montmessin, C. Pere, M. Persson, A. Piccialli, M. Rengel, A. Rodin, B. Sandor, M. Sornig, H. Svedhem, S. Tellmann, P. Tanga, A.C. Vandaele, T. Widemann, C.F. Wilson, I. Müller-Wodarg, L. Zasova, The thermal structure of the Venus atmosphere: intercomparison of Venus Express and ground based observations of vertical temperature and density profiles. Icarus 294, 124–155 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2017.04.020

S.S. Limaye, D. Grassi, A. Mahieux, A. Migliorini, S. Tellmann, D. Titov, Venus atmospheric thermal structure and radiative balance. Space Sci. Rev. 214(5), 102 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-018-0525-2

M. Livshits, I. Zimovets, D. Golovin, B. Nizamov, V. Vybornov, I. Mitrofanov, A. Kozyrev, M. Litvak, A. Sanin, V. Tretyakov, Catalog of hard X-ray solar flares detected with Mars Odyssey/HEND from the Mars orbit in 2001–2016. Astron. Rep. 61(9), 791–804 (2017)
D.M. Lucchesi, V. Iafolla, The non-gravitational perturbations impact on the BepiColombo radio science experiment and the key rôle of the ISA accelerometer: direct solar radiation and albedo effects. Celest. Mech. Dyn. Astron. **96**, 99–127 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10569-006-9034-9

N. Lugaz, M. Temmer, Y. Wang, C.J. Farrugia, The interaction of successive coronal mass ejections: a review. Sol. Phys. **292**(4), 64 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-017-1091-6_64_1612_02398

M. Luginin, A. Fedorova, D. Belyaev, F. Montmessin, V. Wilquet, O. Korablev, J.L. Bertaux, A.C. Vandaele, Aerosol properties in the upper haze of Venus from SPICAV IR data. Icarus **277**, 154–170 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2016.05.008

J.G. Luhmann, The inner magnetosheath of Venus: an analogue for Earth? J. Geophys. Res. **100**(A7), 12035–12046 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1029/94JA02862

J.G. Luhmann, S.A. Ledvina, D. Odstrcil, M.J. Owens, X.P. Zhao, Y. Liu, P. Riley, Cone model-based SEP event calculations for applications to multipoint observations. Adv. Space Res. **46**(1), 1–21 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2010.03.011

J.G. Luhmann, C. Dong, Y. Ma, S.M. Curry, D. Mitchell, J. Espley, J. Connerney, J. Halekas, D.A. Brain, B.M. Jakosky, C. Mazelle, Implications of MAVEN Mars near-wake measurements and models. Geophys. Res. Lett. **42**(21), 9087–9094 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL066122

P. Machado, T. Widemann, J. Peralta, R. Gonçalves, J.F. Donati, D. Luz, Venus cloud-tracked and Doppler velocimetry winds from CFHT/ESPaDOnS and Venus Express/VIRTIS in April 2014. Icarus **285**, 8–26 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2016.12.017

D. Magurno, T. Maestri, D. Grassi, G. Piccioni, G. Sindoni, Retrieval of Venus’ cloud parameters from VIRTIS nightside spectra in the latitude band 25°-55°N. Planet. Space Sci. **144**, 16–31 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2017.06.004

W. Manchester, E.K.J. Kilpua, Y.D. Liu, N. Lugaz, P. Riley, T. Török, B. Vršnak, The physical processes of CME/ICME evolution. Space Sci. Rev. **212**(3–4), 1159–1219 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-017-0394-0

V. Mangano, S. Massetti, A. Milillo, A. Mura, S. Orsini, F. Leblanc, Dynamical evolution of sodium anisotropies in the exosphere of Mercury. Planet. Space Sci. **82**, 1–10 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2013.03.002

V. Mangano, S. Massetti, A. Milillo, C. Plainaki, S. Orsini, R. Rispoli, F. Leblanc, THEMIS Na exosphere observations of Mercury and their correlation with in-situ magnetic field measurements by MESSENGER. Planet. Space Sci. **115**, 102–109 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2015.04.001

E. Marcq, K. Lea Jessup, L. Baggio, T. Encrenaz, Y.J. Lee, F. Montmessin, D. Belyaev, O. Korablev, J.L. Bertaux, Climatology of SO₂ and UV absorber at Venus’ cloud top from SPICAV-UV nadir dataset. Icarus **335**, 113368 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2019.07.002

W. Markiewicz, D. Titov, S. Limaye, H.U. Keller, N. Ignatiev, R. Jaumann, N. Thomas, H. Michalik, R. Moissl, P. Russo, Morphology and dynamics of the upper cloud layer of Venus. Nature **450**(7170), 633–636 (2007)

C. Martinecz, A. Boesswetter, M. Fränz, E. Roussos, J. Woch, N. Krupp, E. Dubinin, U. Motschmann, S. Wiehle, S. Simon, S. Barabash, R. Lundin, T.L. Zhang, H. Lammer, H. Lichtenegger, Y. Kulikov, Plasma environment of Venus: comparison of Venus Express ASPERA-4 measurements with 3-D hybrid simulations. J. Geophys. Res., Planets **114**(E9), E00B30 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JE003174

S. Massetti, V. Mangano, A. Milillo, A. Mura, S. Orsini, C. Plainaki, Short-term observations of double-peaked Na emission from Mercury’s exosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. **44**(7), 2970–2977 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073090

K. Masunaga, K. Seki, N. Terada, F. Tsuchiya, T. Kimura, K. Yoshioka, G. Murakami, A. Yamazaki, M. Kagitani, C. Tao, A. Fedorov, Y. Futaana, T.L. Zhang, D. Shiota, F. Leblanc, J.Y. Chaufray, I. Yoshikawa, Periodic variations of oxygen EUV dayglow in the upper atmosphere of Venus: Hisaki/EXCEED observations. J. Geophys. Res., Planets **120**(12), 2037–2052 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JE004849

M.B. McElroy, D.F. Strobel, Models for the nighttime Venus ionosphere. J. Geophys. Res. **74**(5), 1118 (1969). https://doi.org/10.1029/JA074i005p01118

S. McKenna-Lawlor, V.V. Afonin, K.I. Gringauz, E. Keppler, E. Kirsch, A. Richter, M. Witte, D. O’Sullivan, A. Thompson, A.J. Somogyi, L. Szabo, A. Varga, The low energy particle detector sled (~30 keV-3.2 MeV) and its performance on the Phobos mission to Mars and its moons. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A **290**(1), 217–222 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(90)90364-C

S. McKenna-Lawlor, E. Kallio, R. Jarvinen, V.V. Afonin, Magnetic shadowing of high energy ions at Mars and how this effect can be simulated using a hybrid model. Earth Planets Space **64**(2), 247–256 (2012). https://doi.org/10.5047/eps.2011.06.039

J. McNutt, L. Ralph, S.C. Solomon, D.G. Grant, E.J. Finnegan, P.D. Bedini, The MESSENGER mission to Mercury: status after the Venus flybys. Acta Astronaut. **63**, 68–73 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2007.12.062
A. Mignone, M. Flock, M. Stute, S.M. Kolb, G. Muscianisi, A conservative orbital advection scheme for simulations of magnetized shear flows with the PLUTO code. Astron. Astrophys. 545, A152 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201219557.1207.2955

A. Milani, A.M. Nobili, P. Farinella, *Non-gravitational Perturbations and Satellite Geodesy* (Adam Hilger Ltd., Bristol, 1987)

A. Milillo, M. Fujimoto, G. Murakami, J. Benkhoff, J. Zender, S. Aizawa, M. Dósa, L. Griton, D. Heyner, G. Ho et al., Investigating Mercury's environment with the two-spacecraft BepiColombo mission. Space Sci. Rev. 216(5), 1-78 (2020)

K.L. Miller, W.C. Knudsen, Spatial and temporal variations of the ion velocity measured in the Venus ionosphere. Adv. Space Res. 7(12), 107-110 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(87)90207-9

K.L. Miller, R.C. Whitten, Ion dynamics in the Venus ionosphere. Space Sci. Rev. 55(1-4), 165-199 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00177137

K.L. Miller, W.C. Knudsen, K. Spenner, R.C. Whitten, V. Novak, Solar zenith angle dependence of ionospheric ion and electron temperatures and density on Venus. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 85(A13), 7759-7764 (1980)

L.I. Miroshnichenko, Retrospective analysis of GLEs and estimates of radiation risks. J. Space Weather Space Clim. 8, A52 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2018042

I. Mitrofanov, A. Kozyrev, A. Konovalov, M. Litvak, A. Malakhov, M. Mokrousov, A. Sanin, V. Tret'ykov, A. Vostrukhin, Y.I. Bobrovnitskij et al., The Mercury Gamma and Neutron Spectrometer (MGNS) on board the Planetary Orbiter of the BepiColombo mission. Planet. Space Sci. 58(1-2), 116-124 (2010)

Mitrofanov et al. (2021). This journal (for MGNS instrument)

M. Miyamoto, T. Imamura, M. Tokumaru, H. Ando, H. Isobe, A. Asai, D. Shiota, T. Toda, B. Häusler, M. Pätzold et al., Radial distribution of compressive waves in the solar corona revealed by Akatsuki radio occultation observations. Astrophys. J. 797(1), 51 (2014)

J. Müller, S. Simon, Y.-C. Wang, U. Motschmann, D. Heyner, J. Schüle, W.-H. Ip, G. Kleindienst, G.J. Pringle, Origin of Mercury's double magnetopause: 3D hybrid simulation study with AIKEF. Icarus 218(1), 666-687 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2011.12.028

F. Montmessin, J.L. Bertaux, F. Lefèvre, E. Marcq, D. Belyaev, J.C. Gérard, O. Korablev, A. Fedorova, V. Sarago, A.C. Vandaele, A layer of ozone detected in the nightside upper atmosphere of Venus. Icarus 216(1), 82-85 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2011.08.010

G. Murakami, H. Hayakawa, H. Ogawa, S. Matsuda, T. Seki, Y. Kasaba, Y. Saito, I. Yoshikawa, M. Kobayashi, W. Baumjohann et al., Mio—first comprehensive exploration of Mercury's space environment: mission overview. Space Sci. Rev. 216(7), 1-25 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-020-00733-3

A.F. Nagy, T.E. Cravens, J.H. Yee, A.I.F. Stewart, Hot oxygen atoms in the upper atmosphere of Venus. Geophys. Res. Lett. 8(6), 629-632 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1029/GL008i006p00629

M. Nakamura, T. Imamura, N. Ishii, T. Abe, Y. Kawakatsu, C. Hirose, T. Satoh, M. Suzuki, M. Ueno, A. Yamazaki, N. Iwagami, S. Watanabe, M. Taguchi, T. Fukuhara, Y. Takahashi, M. Yamada, M. Imai, S. Ohtsuki, K. Uemizu, G.L. Hashimoto, M. Takagi, Y. Matsuda, K. Ogohara, N. Sato, Y. Kasaba, T. Kouyama, N. Hirata, R. Nakamura, Y. Yamamoto, T. Horinouchi, M. Yamamoto, Y.Y. Hayashi, H. Kashimura, S. Ki, T. Sakanoi, H. Ando, S.y. Murakami, T.M. Sato, S. Takagi, K. Nakajima, J. Peralta, Y.J. Lee, J. Nakatsuka, T. Ichikawa, K. Inoue, T. Toda, H. Toyota, S. Tachikawa, S. Narita, T. Hayashiyama, A. Hasegawa, Y. Kamata, AKATSUKI returns to Venus. Earth Planets Space 68(1), 75 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-016-0457-6

G. Napoletano, R. Forte, D. Del Moro, E. Pietropaolo, L. Giovannelli, F. Berrilli, A probabilistic approach to the drag-based model. J. Space Weather Space Clim. 8, A11 (2018)

Y. Narita, S.P. Gary, S. Saito, K.H. Glassmeier, U. Motschmann, Dispersion relation analysis of solar wind turbulence. Geophys. Res. Lett. 38(5), L05101 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL046588

T. Navarro, G. Schubert, S. Lebonnois, Atmospheric mountain wave generation on Venus and its influence on the solid planet's rotation rate. Nat. Geosci. 11(7), 487-491 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0157-x

N.F. Ness, K.W. Behannon, R.P. Lepping, Y.C. Whang, The magnetic field of Mercury, I. J. Geophys. Res. 80(19), 2708 (1975). https://doi.org/10.1029/JA080i019p02708

T. Nordström, G. Stenberg, H. Nilsson, S. Barabash, T.L. Zhang, Venus ion outflow estimates at solar minimum: influence of reference frames and disturbed solar wind conditions. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 118(6), 3592-3601 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1002/jgra.50305

D. Odstrcil, Modeling 3-D solar wind structure. Adv. Space Res. 32(4), 497-506 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00332-6

D. Odstrcil, V.J. Pizzo, Distortion of the interplanetary magnetic field by three-dimensional propagation of coronal mass ejections in a structured solar wind. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 28225-28240 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JA900319
D. Odstrcil, V. Pizzo, C. Arge, Propagation of the 12 May 1997 interplanetary coronal mass ejection in evolving solar wind structures. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 110(A2), A02106 (2005)

J.S. Oliveira, B. Langlais, M.A. Pais, H. Amit, A modified Equivalent Source Dipole method to model partially distributed magnetic field measurements, with application to Mercury. J. Geophys. Res., Planets 120(6), 1075–1094 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JE004734

J.S. Oliveira, L.L. Hood, B. Langlais, Constraining the early history of Mercury and its core dynamo by studying the crustal magnetic field. J. Geophys. Res., Planets 124(9), 2382–2396 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JE005938

S. Orsini, V. Mangano, A. Milillo, C. Plainaki, A. Mura, J. Raines, E. De Angelis, R. Rispoli, F. Lazzarotto, A. Aronica, Mercury sodium exospheric emission as a proxy for solar perturbations transit. Sci. Rep. 8, 928 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-19163-x

J. Peralta, A. Sánchez-Lavega, M.A. López-Valverde, D. Luz, P. Machado, Venus’s major cloud feature as an equatorially trapped wave distorted by the wind. Geophys. Res. Lett. 42(3), 705–711 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL062280

J. Peralta, Y.J. Lee, R. Hueso, R.T. Clancy, B.J. Sandor, A. Sánchez-Lavega, E. Lellouch, M. Rengel, P. Machado, M. Omino, A. Piccialli, T. Imamura, T. Horinouchi, S. Murakami, K. Ogohara, D. Luz, D. Peach, Venus’s winds and temperatures during the MESSENGER’s flyby: an approximation to a three-dimensional instantaneous state of the atmosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 44(8), 3907–3915 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL072900

S. Pérez-Hoyos, A. Sánchez-Lavega, A. García-Muñoz, P.G.J. Irwin, J. Peralta, G. Holsclaw, W.M. McClintock, J.F. Sanz-Requena, Venus upper clouds and the UV absorber from MESSENGER/MASCs observations. J. Geophys. Res., Planets 123(1), 145–162 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JE005406.1801.03820

M. Persson, Y. Futaana, A. Fedorov, H. Nilsson, M. Hamrin, S. Barabash, H⁺/O⁺ escape rate ratio in the Venus magnetotail and its dependence on the solar cycle. Geophys. Res. Lett. 45(20), 10,805–10,811 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL079454

L.C. Philpott, C.L. Johnson, R.M. Winslow, B.J. Anderson, H. Korth, M.E. Purucker, S.C. Solomon, Constraints on the secular variation of Mercury’s magnetic field from the combined analysis of MESSENGER and Mariner 10 data. Geophys. Res. Lett. 41(19), 6627–6634 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL061401

A. Piccialli, F. Montmessin, D. Belyaev, A. Mahieux, A. Fedorova, E. Marcq, J.L. Bertaux, S. Tellmann, A.C. Vandaele, O. Korablev, Thermal structure of Venus nightside upper atmosphere measured by stellar occultations with SPICAV/Venus Express. Planet. Space Sci. 113, 321–335 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2014.12.009

C.M. Pieters, J.N. Goswami, R.N. Clark, M. Annadurai, J. Boardman, B. Buratti, J.P. Combe, M.D. Dyar, R. Green, J.W. Head, C. Hibbitts, M. Hicks, P. Isaacson, R. Klima, G. Kramer, S. Kumar, E. Livo, S. Lundeen, E. Malaret, T. McCord, J. Mustard, J. Nettles, N. Petro, C. Runyon, M. Staid, J. Sunshine, L.A. Taylor, S. Tompkins, P. Varanasi, Character and spatial distribution of OH/H₂O on the surface of the Moon seen by M³ on Chandrayaan-1. Science 326(5952), 568 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1178658

C. Plainaki, J. Lilensten, A. Radioti, M. Andriopoulou, A. Milillo, T.A. Nordheim, I. Dandouras, A. Coustenis, D. Grassi, V. Mangano, S. Massetti, S. Orsini, A. Lucchetti, Planetary space weather: scientific aspects and future perspectives. J. Space Weather Space Clim. 6, A31 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2016024

G. Poh, J.A. Slavin, X. Jia, J.M. Raines, S.M. Imber, W.J. Sun, D.J. Gershman, G.A. DiBraccio, K.J. Gestreti, A.W. Smith, Coupling between Mercury and its nightside magnetosphere: cross-tail current sheet asymmetry and substorm current wedge formation. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 122(8), 8419–8433 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA024266

J. Pomoell, S. Poedts, EUHFORIA: European heliospheric forecasting information asset. J. Space Weather Space Clim. 8, A35 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2018020

A.E. Potter, R.M. Killen, Observations of the sodium tail of Mercury. Icarus 194(1), 1–12 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2007.09.023

A. Potter, T. Morgan, Discovery of sodium in the atmosphere of Mercury. Science 229(4714), 651–653 (1985)

A.E. Potter, T.H. Morgan, Evidence for magnetospheric effects on the sodium atmosphere of Mercury. Science 248(4957), 835–838 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.248.4957.835

E. Quémerais, J.Y. Chaufray, D. Koutroumpa, F. Leblanc, A. Reberac, B. Lustrement, C. Montaron, J.F. Mariscal, N. Rouanet, I. Yoshikawa et al., Phebus on Bepi-Colombo: post-launch update and instrument performance. Space Sci. Rev. 216(4), 67 (2020)
R. Reasenberg, I. Shapiro, P. MacNeil, R. Goldstein, J. Breidenthal, J. Brenkle, D. Cain, T. Kaufman, T. Komarek, A. Zygielbaum, Viking relativity experiment-verification of signal retardation by solar gravity. Astrophys. J. **234**, L219–L221 (1979)

C. Reigber, P. Schwintzer, R. Stubenvoll, R. Schmidt, F. Flechtner, U. Meyer, R. König, K.H. Neumayer, C. Förste, F. Barthelmes et al., A high resolution global gravity field model combining champ and grace satellite mission and surface data: Eigen-cg01c. Scientific Technical Report (2006)

I.G. Richardson, Solar wind stream interaction regions throughout the heliosphere. Living Rev. Sol. Phys. **15**(1), 1 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41116-017-0011-z

A.C. Richie-Halford, L. Iess, P. Tortora, J.W. Armstrong, S.W. Asmar, R. Woo, S.R. Habbal, H. Morgan, Space-time localization of inner heliospheric plasma turbulence using multiple spacecraft radio links. Space Weather **7**(12), S12003 (2009)

C.D. Rodgers, *Inverse Methods for Atmospheric Sounding: Theory and Practice*, vol. 2 (World Scientific, Singapore, 2000)

Z.J. Rong, S. Barabash, G. Stenberg, Y. Futaana, T.L. Zhang, W.X. Wan, Y. Wei, X.D. Wang, L.H. Chai, J. Zhong, The flapping motion of the Venusian magnetotail: Venus Express observations. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. **120**(7), 5593–5602 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA021317

Z.J. Rong, Y. Ding, J.A. Slavin, J. Zhong, G. Poh, W.J. Sun, Y. Wei, L.H. Chai, W.X. Wan, C. Shen, The magnetic field structure of Mercury's magnetotail. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. **123**(1), 548–566 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA024923

A. Ruffenach, B. Lavraud, C.J. Farrugia, P. Démoulin, S. Dasso, M.J. Owens, J.A. Sauvaud, A.P. Roullard, A. Lynnyk, C. Foulon, N.P. Savani, J.G. Luhmann, A.B. Galvin, Statistical study of magnetic cloud erosion by magnetic reconnection. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. **120**(1), 43–60 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JA020628

S. Ruhunusiri, J.S. Halekas, J.R. Espley, C. Mazelle, D. Brain, Y. Harada, G.A. DiBraccio, R. Livi, D.E. Larson, D.L. Mitchell, B.M. Jakosky, G.G. Howes, Characterization of turbulence in the Mars plasma environment with MAVEN observations. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. **122**(1), 656–674 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JA023456

C.T. Russell, J.G. Luhmann, T.E. Cravens, A.F. Nagy, R.J. Strangeway, *Venus Upper Atmosphere and Plasma Environment: Critical Issues for Future Exploration*. Geophysical Monograph Series, vol. 176 (American Geophysical Union, Washington DC, 2007), pp. 139–156. https://doi.org/10.1029/176GM09

F. Sahraoui, G. Belmont, L. Rezeau, Hamiltonian canonical formulation of Hall-magnetohydrodynamics: toward an application to weak turbulence theory. Phys. Plasmas **10**(5), 1325–1337 (2003)

F. Sahraoui, M.L. Goldstein, P. Robert, Y.V. Khotyaintsev, Evidence of a cascade and dissipation of solar-wind turbulence at the electron gyroscale. Phys. Rev. Lett. **102**(23), 231102 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.231102

F. Sahraoui, M.L. Goldstein, G. Belmont, P. Canu, L. Rezeau, Three dimensional anisotropic k spectra of turbulence at subproton scales in the solar wind. Phys. Rev. Lett. **105**(13), 131101 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.131101

Saito et al. (2021). This journal (for MPPE instrument)

F. Sahraoui, S.Y. Huang, G. Belmont, M.L. Goldstein, A. Rétino, P. Robert, J. De Patoul, Scaling of the electron dissipation range of solar wind turbulence. Astrophys. J. **777**(1), 15 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/777/1/15.1303.7394

A. Sánchez-Lavega, J. Peralta, J.M. Gomez-Forrellad, R. Hueso, S. Pérez-Hoyos, I. Mendikoa, J.F. Rojas, T. Horinouchi, Y.J. Lee, S. Watanabe, Venus cloud morphology and motions from ground-based images at the time of the Akatsuki orbit insertion. Astrophys. J. Lett. **833**(1), L7 (2016). https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8205/833/1/L7.1611.04318

A. Sánchez-Lavega, S. Lebonnois, T. Imamura, P. Read, D. Luz, The atmospheric dynamics of Venus. Space Sci. Rev. **212**(3–4), 1541–1616 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-017-0389-x

F. Santoli, E. Fiorenza, C. Lefevre, D.M. Lucchesi, M. Lucente, C. Magnafico, A. Morbidini, R. Peron, V. Iafolla, ISA, a high sensitivity accelerometer in the interplanetary space. Space Sci. Rev. **216**(8), 1–30 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-020-00768-6

D. Schmid, M. Volwerk, F. Plaschke, Z. Vörös, T.L. Zhang, W. Baumjohann, Y. Narita, Mirror mode structures near Venus and comet P/Halley. Ann. Geophys. **32**(6), 651–657 (2014). https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-651-2014

C.A. Schmidt, J.K. Wilson, J. Baumgardner, M. Mendillo, Orbital effects on Mercury's escaping sodium exosphere. Icarus **207**(1), 9–16 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2009.10.017

R. Schunk, A. Nagy, *Ionospheres: Physics, Plasma Physics, and Chemistry*, 2nd edn. (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2009)

R. Schwenn, Large-scale structure of the interplanetary medium, in *Physics of the Inner Heliosphere I* (Springer, Berlin, 1990), pp. 99–181
A. Seiff, J. Schofield, A. Kliore, F. Taylor, S. Limaye, H. Revercomb, L. Sromovsky, V. Kerzhanovich, V. Mo-
roz, M.Y. Marov, Models of the structure of the atmosphere of Venus from the surface to 100 kilometers
altitude. Adv. Space Res. **5**(11), 3–58 (1985)

O.S. Shalygina, E.V. Petrova, W.J. Markiewicz, N.I. Ignatiev, E.V. Shalygin, Optical properties of the Venus
upper clouds from the data obtained by Venus monitoring camera on-board the Venus Express. Planet.
Space Sci. **113**, 135–158 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2014.11.012

D. Shiota, R. Kataoka, Y. Miyoshi, T. Hara, C. Tao, K. Masunaga, Y. Futaana, N. Terada, Inner heliosphere
MHD modeling system applicable to space weather forecasting for the other planets. Space Weather
**12**(4), 187–204 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/2013SW000989

M. Shoda, T.K. Suzuki, M. Asgari-Targhi, T. Yokoyama, Three-dimensional simulation of the fast solar
wind driven by compressible magnetohydrodynamic turbulence. Astrophys. J. Lett. **880**(1), L2 (2019).
https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab2b45. 1905.11685

J.H. Shue, P. Song, C.T. Russell, J.T. Steinberg, J.K. Chao, G. Zastenker, O.L. Vaisberg, S. Kokubun, H.J.
Singer, T.R. Detman, H. Kawano, Magnetopause location under extreme solar wind conditions. J. Geo-
phys. Res. **103**(A8), 17691–17700 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1029/98JA01103

J.A. Slavin, R.E. Holzer, Solar wind flow about the terrestrial planets, 1. Modeling bow shock position and
shape. J. Geophys. Res. **86**(A13), 11401–11418 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1029/JA086iA13p11401

J.A. Slavin, M.H. Acuña, B.J. Anderson, D.N. Baker, M. Benna, S.A. Boardsen, G. Gloeckler, R.E. Gold,
G.C. Ho, H. Korth, S.M. Krimigis, R.L. McNutt, J.M. Raines, M. Sarantos, D. Schriver, S.C. Solomon,
P. Trávníček, T.H. Zurbuchen, MESSENGER observations of magnetic reconnection in Mercury's mag-
netosphere. Science **324**(5927), 606 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1172011

J.A. Slavin, B.J. Anderson, D.N. Baker, M. Benna, S.A. Boardsen, G. Gloeckler, R.E. Gold, G.C.
Ho, H. Korth, S.M. Krimigis, R.L. McNutt, L.R. Nittler, J.M. Raines, M. Sarantos, D. Schriver,
S.C. Solomon, R.D. Starr, P.M. Trávníček, T.H. Zurbuchen, MESSENGER observations of extreme
loading and unloading of Mercury's magnetic tail. Science **329**(5992), 665 (2010). https://doi.org/
10.1126/science.1188067

J.A. Slavin, B.J. Anderson, D.N. Baker, M. Benna, S.A. Boardsen, R.E. Gold, G.C. Ho, S.M. Imber, H.
Korth, S.M. Krimigis, R.L. McNutt Jr., J.M. Raines, M. Sarantos, D. Schriver, S.C. Solomon, P.
Trávníček, T.H. Zurbuchen, MESSENGER and Mariner 10 flyby observations of magnetotail struc-
ture and dynamics at Mercury. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. **117**(A1), A01215 (2012a). https://doi.org/
10.1029/2011JA016900

J.A. Slavin, S.M. Imber, S.A. Boardsen, G.A. DiBraccio, T. Sundberg, M. Sarantos, T. Nieves-Chinchilla,
A. Szabo, B.J. Anderson, H. Korth, T.H. Zurbuchen, J.M. Raines, C.L. Johnson, R.M. Winslow, R.M.
Killen, R.L. McNutt Jr., S.C. Solomon, MESSENGER observations of a flux-transfer-event shower at
Mercury. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. **117**, A00M06 (2012b). https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JA017926

J.A. Slavin, H.R. Middleton, J.M. Raines, X. Jia, J. Zhong, W.J. Sun, S. Livi, S.M. Imber, G.K. Poh, M.
Akhavan-Tafti, J.M. Jasinski, G.A. DiBraccio, C. Dong, R.M. Dewey, M.L. Mays, MESSENGER ob-
servations of disappearing dayside magnetosphere events at Mercury. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys.
**124**(8), 6613–6635 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA026892

A.W. Smith, J.A. Slavin, C.M. Jackman, G.K. Poh, R.C. Fear, Flux ropes in the Hermean magneto-
tail: distribution, properties, and formation. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. **122**(8), 8136–8153 (2017).
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA024295

R. Soja, M. Sommer, J. Herzog, J. Agarwal, J. Rodmann, R. Srama, J. Vaubaillon, P. Strub, A. Hornig, L.
Bausch et al., Characteristics of the dust trail of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko: an application of the
IMEX model. Astron. Astrophys. **583**, A18 (2015a)

R.H. Soja, J.T. Herzog, M. Sommer, J. Rodmann, J. Vaubaillon, P. Strub, T. Albin, V. Sterken, A. Hornig, L.
Bausch et al., Meteor storms and showers with the IMEX model, in *Proceedings of the International
Meteor Conference* (2015b), pp. 66–69

M.L. Stevens, J.C. Kasper, A scale-free analysis of magnetic holes at 1 AU. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys.
**112**(A5), A05109 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JA012116

T. Sundberg, J.A. Slavin, S.A. Boardsen, B.J. Anderson, H. Korth, G.C. Ho, D. Schriver, V.M. Uritsky,
T.H. Zurbuchen, J.M. Raines et al., MESSENGER observations of dipolarization events in Mercury's
magnetotail. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. **117**(A12), A00M03 (2012)

J.M. Sunshine, T.L. Farnham, L.M. Feaga, O. Groussin, F. Merlin, R.E. Milliken, M.F. A'Hearn, Temporal
and spatial variability of lunar hydration as observed by the Deep Impact spacecraft. Science **326**(5952),
565 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1179788

M. Taguchi, T. Fukuhara, T. Imamura, M. Nakamura, N. Iwagami, M. Ueno, M. Suzuki, G.L. Hashimoto,
K. Mitsuyama, Longwave infrared camera onboard the Venus climate orbiter. Adv. Space Res. **40**(6),
861–868 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2007.05.085
C. Tao, F. Sahraoui, D. Fontaine, J. Patoul, T. Chust, S. Kasahara, A. Retinò, Properties of Jupiter's magnetospheric turbulence observed by the Galileo spacecraft. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 120(4), 2477-2493 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JA020749

B. Tapley, F. Flechtner, S. Bettadpur, M. Watkins, The status and future prospect for grace after the first decade, in *AGUFM 2013:G32A-01* (2013)

G.I. Taylor, The spectrum of turbulence. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A, Math. Phys. Sci. 164(919), 476-490 (1938)

S. Tellmann, M. Pätzold, B. Häusler, M.K. Bird, G.L. Tyler, Structure of the Venus neutral atmosphere as observed by the Radio Science experiment VeRa on Venus Express. J. Geophys. Res., Planets 114(9), E00B36 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JE003204

E. Thébault, B. Langlais, J.S. Oliveira, H. Amit, L. Leclercq, A time-averaged regional model of the Hermean magnetic field. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 276, 93-105 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2017.07.001

D.V. Titov, N.I. Ignatiev, K. McGouldrick, V. Wilquet, C.F. Wilson, Clouds and hazes of Venus. Space Sci. Rev. 214(8), 126 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-018-0552-z

S. Tsuneta, K. Ichimoto, Y. Katsukawa, S. Nagata, M. Otsubo, T. Shimizu, Y. Suematsu, M. Nakagiri, M. Noguchi, T. Tarbell, A. Title, R. Shine, W. Rosenberg, C. Hoffmann, B. Jurcevich, G. Kushner, M. Levay, B. Lites, D. Elmore, T. Matsushita, N. Kawaguchi, H. Saito, I. Mikami, L.D. Hill, J.K. Owens, The Solar Optical Telescope for the Hinode mission: an overview. Sol. Phys. 249(2), 167-196 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-008-9174-z. 0711.1715

C.Y. Tu, E. Marsch, MHD structures, waves and turbulence in the solar wind: observations and theories. Space Sci. Rev. 73(1-2), 1-210 (1995)

J.M. Turner, L.F. Burlaga, N.F. Ness, J.F. Lemaire, Magnetic holes in the solar wind. J. Geophys. Res. 82(13), 1921 (1977). https://doi.org/10.1029/JA082i013p01921

S.G. Turyshev, M. Shao, K.L. Nordtvedt, H. Dittus, C. Laemmerzahl, S. Theil, C. Salomon, S. Reynaud, T. Damour, U. Johann, P. Bouyer, P. Touboul, B. Foulon, O. Bertolami, J. Páramos, Advancing fundamental physics with the Laser Astrometric Test of Relativity. The LATOR mission. Exp. Astron. 27(1-2), 27-60 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10686-009-9170-9

R.J. Vervack, R.M. Killen, W.E. McClintock, A.W. Merkel, M.H. Burger, T.A. Cassidy, M. Sarantos, New discoveries from MESSENGER and insights into Mercury's exosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 43(22), 11,545-11,551 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071284

M. Volwerk, T.L. Zhang, M. Delva, Z. Vörös, W. Baumjohann, K.H. Glassmeier, First identification of mirror mode waves in Venus' magnetosheath? Geophys. Res. Lett. 35(12), L12204 (2008a). https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL033621

M. Volwerk, T.L. Zhang, M. Delva, Z. Vörös, W. Baumjohann, K.H. Glassmeier, Mirror-mode-like structures in Venus' induced magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res., Planets 113(15), E00B16 (2008b). https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JE003154

M. Volwerk, M. Delva, Y. Futaana, A. Retinò, Z. Vörös, T.L. Zhang, W. Baumjohann, S. Barabash, Substorm activity in Venus's magnetotail. Ann. Geophys. 27(6), 2321-2330 (2009). https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-27-2321-2009

M. Volwerk, M. Delva, Y. Futaana, A. Retinò, Z. Vörös, T.L. Zhang, W. Baumjohann, S. Barabash, Corrigendum to “Substorm activity in Venus's magnetotail”. Ann. Geophys. 28(10), 1877-1878 (2010). https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-28-1877-2010; Ann. Geophys. 27, 2321-2330 (2009). https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-27-2321-2009

M. Volwerk, D. Schmid, B.T. Tsurutani, M. Delva, F. Plaschke, Y. Narita, T. Zhang, K.H. Glassmeier, Mirror mode waves in Venus's magnetosheath: solar minimum vs. solar maximum. Ann. Geophys. 34(11), 1099-1108 (2016). https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-1099-2016

M. Volwerk, C. Goetz, F. Plaschke, T. Karlsson, D. Heyner, B. Anderson, On the magnetic characteristics of magnetic holes in the solar wind between Mercury and Venus. Ann. Geophys. 38(1), 51-60 (2020). https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-51-2020

A. Vourlidas, R.A. Howard, S.P. Plunkett, C.M. Korendyke, A.F.R. Thernisien, D. Wang, N. Rich, M.T. Carter, D.H. Chua, D.G. Socker, M.G. Linton, J.S. Morrill, S. Lynch, A. Thurn, P. Van Duyne, R. Hagood, G. Clifford, P.J. Grey, M. Velli, P.C. Liewer, J.R. Hall, E.M. DeJong, Z. Mikic, P. Rochus, E. Mazy, V. Bothmer, J. Rodmann, The Wide-Field Imager for Solar Probe Plus (WISPR). Space Sci. Rev. 204(1-4), 83-130 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-014-0114-y

R.C. Whitten, B. Baldwin, W.C. Knudsen, K.L. Miller, K. Spenner, The Venus ionosphere at grazing incidence of solar radiation: transport of plasma to the night ionosphere. Icarus 51(2), 261-270 (1982). https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(82)90082-3
J. Wicht, D. Heyner, Mercury's magnetic field in the MESSENGER era, in *Planetary Geodesy and Remote Sensing* (2014), pp. 223–262

T.W. Williams, N. Ottenstein, M. Farahmand, E. Palmer, Initial satellite formation flight results from the magnetospheric multiscale mission, in *AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference* (2016), p. 5505

V. Wilquet, R. Drummond, A. Mahieux, S. Robert, A.C. Vandaele, J.L. Bertaux, Optical extinction due to aerosols in the upper haze of Venus: four years of SOIR/VEX observations from 2006 to 2010. *Icarus* **217**(2), 875–881 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2011.11.002

C.F. Wilson, S. Guerlet, P.G.J. Irwin, C.C.C. Tsang, F.W. Taylor, R.W. Carlson, P. Drossart, G. Piccioni, Evidence for anomalous cloud particles at the poles of Venus. *J. Geophys. Res., Planets* **113**(12), E00B13 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JE003108

R.M. Winslow, C.L. Johnson, B.J. Anderson, D.J. Gershman, J.M. Raines, R.J. Lillis, H. Korth, J.A. Slavin, S.C. Solomon, T.H. Zurbuchen, M.T. Zuber, Mercury's surface magnetic field determined from proton-reflection magnetometry. *Geophys. Res. Lett.* **41**(13), 4463–4470 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL060258

R.M. Winslow, N. Lugaz, L.C. Philpott, N.A. Schwadron, C.J. Farrugia, B.J. Anderson, C.W. Smith, Inter-planetary coronal mass ejections from MESSENGER orbital observations at Mercury. *J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys.* **120**(8), 6101–6118 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA021200

R.M. Winslow, N. Lugaz, N.A. Schwadron, C.J. Farrugia, W. Yu, J.M. Raines, M.L. Mays, A.B. Galvin, T.H. Zurbuchen, Longitudinal conjunction between MESSENGER and STEREO A: development of ICME complexity through stream interactions. *J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys.* **121**(7), 6092–6106 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA022307

D. Winterhalter, M. Neugebauer, B.E. Goldstein, E.J. Smith, B.T. Tsurutani, S.J. Bame, A. Balogh, Magnetic holes in the solar wind and their relation to mirror mode structures. *Space Sci. Rev.* **72**(1–2), 201–204 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00768780

S.D. Xiao, T.L. Zhang, Z. Vörös, Magnetic fluctuations and turbulence in the Venusian magnetosheath downstream of different types of bow shock. *J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys.* **123**(10), 8219–8226 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA025250

S. Yagitani, M. Ozaki, F. Sahraoui, L. Mirioni, M. Mansour, G. Chanteur, C. Coillot, S. Ruocco, V. Leray, M. Hikishima et al., Measurements of magnetic field fluctuations for plasma wave investigation by the search coil magnetometers (SCM) onboard BepiColombo Mio (Mercury magnetospheric orbiter). *Space Sci. Rev.* **216**(7), 1–26 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-020-00734-2

A. Yamazaki, M. Yamada, Y.J. Lee, S. Watanabe, T. Horinouchi, S.y. Murakami, T. Kouyama, K. Ogohara, T. Imamura, T.M. Sato, Y. Yamamoto, T. Fukuhara, H. Ando, K.i. Sugiyama, S. Takagi, H. Kashimura, S. Ohtsuki, N. Hirata, G.L. Hashimoto, M. Suzuki, C. Hirose, M. Ueno, T. Satoh, T. Abe, N. Ishii, M. Nakamura, Ultraviolet imager on Venus orbiter Akatsuki and its initial results. *Earth Planets Space* **70**(1), 23 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-017-0772-6

H. Yano, T. Hirai, Revealing exo-zody and exo-planets from solar system dust measurements: ALADDIN-2 for the Solar Power Sail mission, in *41st COSPAR Scientific Assembly*, vol. 41 (2016)

L.V. Zasova, I.A. Khatountsev, V.I. Moroz, N.I. Ignatiev, Structure of the Venus middle atmosphere: Venus 15 Fourier spectrometry data revisited. *Adv. Space Res.* **23**(9), 1559–1568 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1177(99)00169-6

L.V. Zasova, N. Ignatiev, I. Khatuntsev, V. Linkin, Structure of the Venus atmosphere. *Planet. Space Sci.* **55**(12), 1712–1728 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2007.01.011

T.L. Zhang, M. Delva, W. Baumjohann, M. Volwerk, C.T. Russell, S. Barabash, M. Balikhin, S. Pope, K.H. Glassmeier, C. Wang, K. Kudela, Initial Venus Express magnetic field observations of the magnetic barrier at solar minimum. *Planet. Space Sci.* **56**(6), 790–795 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2007.10.013

T.L. Zhang, Q.M. Lu, W. Baumjohann, C.T. Russell, A. Fedorov, S. Barabash, A.J. Coates, A.M. Du, J.B. Cao, R. Nakamura, W.L. Teh, R.S. Wang, X.K. Dou, S. Wang, K.H. Glassmeier, H.U. Auster, M. Balikhin, Magnetic reconnection in the near Venusian magnetotail. *Science* **336**(6081), 567 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1217013

J. Zhong, W.X. Wan, J.A. Slavin, Y. Wei, R.L. Lin, L.H. Chai, J.M. Raines, Z.J. Rong, X.H. Han, Mercury's three-dimensional asymmetric magnetopause. *J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys.* **120**(9), 7658–7671 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA021425

J. Zhong, Y. Wei, Z. Pu, X. Wang, W. Wan, J. Slavin, X. Cao, J. Raines, H. Zhang, C. Xiao et al., MESSENGER observations of rapid and impulsive magnetic reconnection in Mercury's magnetotail. *Astrophys. J. Lett.* **860**(2), L20 (2018)

J. Zhong, Q. Zong, Y. Wei, J. Slavin, X. Cao, Z. Pu, X. Wang, S. Fu, J. Raines, W. Wan, MESSENGER observations of giant plasmons in Mercury's magnetotail. *Astrophys. J. Lett.* **886**(2), L32 (2019)
J. Zhong, L.C. Lee, X.G. Wang, Z.Y. Pu, J.S. He, Y. Wei, W.X. Wan, Multiple X-line reconnection observed in Mercury's magnetotail driven by an interplanetary coronal mass ejection. Astrophys. J. Lett. **893**(1), L11 (2020a). https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab8380

J. Zhong, Y. Wei, L.C. Lee, J.S. He, J.A. Slavin, Z.Y. Pu, H. Zhang, X.G. Wang, W.X. Wan, Formation of macroscale flux transfer events at Mercury. Astrophys. J. Lett. **893**(1), L18 (2020b). https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab8566