# Carbon based electrode perovskite solar cells under real outdoor working conditions

Maximilien Var, Frédéric Oswald, Yvan Bonnassieux, Anne Migan-Dubois, Stéphanie Narbey, Alexandre Jaffré

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## To cite this version:

Maximilien Var, Frédéric Oswald, Yvan Bonnassieux, Anne Migan-Dubois, Stéphanie Narbey, et al. Carbon based electrode perovskite solar cells under real outdoor working conditions. EU PVsec 2025 - the 42nd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, Sep 2025, Bilbao, Spain. hal-05308103

HAL Id: hal-05308103

https://hal.science/hal-05308103v1

Submitted on 10 Oct 2025

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# Carbon based electrode perovskite solar cells under real outdoor working conditions

M. Var<fnref n="1" />,<fnref n="2" />*, A. Migan Dubois<fnref n="3" />, J.Parra<fnref n="4" />, S.Narbey<fnref n="5" />, Y. Bonnassieux<fnref n="2" />, F. Oswald<fnref n="1" />

<footnote n="1">¹ Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN, 91191, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² LPICM, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau, France</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³ Université Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, CNRS, Laboratoire Génie Électrique et Électronique de Paris (GeePs), 91192 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France</footnote>

<footnote n="4">⁴ École Polytechnique, IPSL, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, ENS, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (LMD), 91120 Palaiseau, France</footnote>

<footnote n="5">⁵ Solaronix S.A. Rue de l'Ouriette 129, Aubonne, 1170, Switzerland</footnote>
# Carbon electrode perovskite solar cells (C-PSCs)

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### HTM / Gold electrode
High price
Instability

### Carbon electrode
Suitable work function
Low cost
Printable / Scalability
Stability

### But
Poor interfacial contact
Poor conductivity
# Carbon electrode perovskite solar cells (C-PSCs)

Carbon electrode vs Gold electrode

Over 22% Power conversion efficiency in 2024 [1]

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Power conversion efficiency

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# Outline

1. Triple-mesoscopic perovskite solar cells

2. Outdoor installation

3. Stability over time
# Triple-mesoscopic perovskite solar cells

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# Triple-mesoscopic perovskite solar cells

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<figure><img src="image_11.png" /><figcaption>Screen printing layer deposition</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_12.png" /><figcaption>Calcination
400°C</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_13.png" /><figcaption>Perovskite precursor infiltration</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_14.png" /><figcaption>Annealing</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_15.png" /></figure>
# Triple-mesoscopic perovskite solar cells

<figure><img src="image_16.png" /></figure>

Average PCE 14-17%

<figure><img src="image_17.png" /></figure>
# Triple-mesoscopic perovskite solar cells

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⑥ Carbon (10 - 15 µm)

⑤ Mesoporous ZrO₂ (1 µm)

④ Mesoporous nano-TiO₂ (500 nm)

③ Compact TiO₂ (50 - 80 nm)

② FTO (700 nm)

① Glass (1 mm)

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# Triple-mesoscopic perovskite solar cells

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# Triple-mesoscopic perovskite solar cells

## Stability assessment

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PCE: 11 % - Over 10000h stability

Nat. Comm., 8, 15684, (2017).
One-Year stable perovskite solar cells by 2D/3D interface engineering
# Outline

1. Triple-mesoscopic perovskite solar cells

2. Outdoor installation

3. Stability over time
**Outdoor installation**

Publication peer-reviewed 2009 - 2023

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<footnote>[1] : R Soc Open Sci. 2025 Jun 4;12(6):241986. doi: 10.1098/rsos.241986</footnote>

<footnote>[2] : The Perovskite Database Project</footnote>

<footnote>[3] : Getnet M. and al, Heliyon vol.10, issue 17. September 2024</footnote>

<footnote>doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36710</footnote>
# Outdoor installation

Outdoor is not indoor

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→ Outdoor constraints

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Outdoor installation

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<figure><img src="image_30.png" /><figcaption>Waterproof encapsulation</figcaption></figure>

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<figure><img src="image_32.png" /><figcaption>UV filter</figcaption></figure>

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Outdoor installation

Slow I-V (4min)
No hysteresis

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Challenge → Changing weather

Dilemma → I-V measurement

Fast I-V (< 1min)
Presence of hysteresis

<figure><img src="image_35.png" /></figure>

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We chose fast I-V measurements for our
setup to minimize the influence of weather on
our results.
# Outdoor installation

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SIRTA

## Atmospheric Research Observatory

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SIRTA Atmospheric Research Observatory is one of few sites in Europe offering the instrumentation and the facilities to study atmospheric physico-chemical processes
Outdoor installation

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* South facing : 27° tilt

* I-V measurement every 60 min

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The cells were divided into three distinct test configurations to isolate key electrical parameters :

* MPP Tracking

* V<sub>OC</sub> Tracking

* On load (27 Ω)
# Outdoor installation

## Photothermal environment at cells level

<figure><img src="image_41.png" /></figure>

EKO Sky Imager

11/08/25 - 13/08/25

SIRTA (48.1N, 2.2E)

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<figure><img src="image_43.png" /></figure>
# Outline

1. Triple-mesoscopic perovskite solar cells

2. Outdoor installation

3. Stability over time
**Stability over time**

<figure><img src="image_44.png" /></figure>
**Stability over time**

**V<sub>oc</sub> Tracking**

<figure><img src="image_45.png" /><figcaption>I-V: Open-circuit (204) (Irradiance: 800-1100 W/m²)
(Avg. irradiance: 953 W/m²)</figcaption></figure>

**MPP Tracking**

<figure><img src="image_46.png" /><figcaption>I-V: MPPT + IV (108) (Irradiance: 800-1100 W/m²)
(Avg. irradiance: 960 W/m²)</figcaption></figure>

Time (h)
# Stability over time

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# Stability over time

## Stability over the daily profiles of power and irradiance

16/05/2025

21/06/2025

13/07/2025

12/08/2025

18/09/2025

<figure><img src="image_48.png" /><figcaption>MPP tracking cell</figcaption></figure>

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01/07/2025

13/07/2025

15/08/2025

18/09/2025
## MPP Tracking cell

<figure><img src="image_50.png" /><figcaption>Power</figcaption></figure>

<caption>Plan
irradiance</caption>

<caption>Temperature
at cells level</caption>

## On load cell

<figure><img src="image_51.png" /><figcaption>Power</figcaption></figure>

<caption>Plan
irradiance</caption>

## Conclusion

* Triple-mesoscopic PSCs are easy to make, tunable, and highly promising for stability

* A test bench at SIRTA was developed to simultaneously monitor multiple cells under three different configurations

* MPP tracking and on load cells are stable so far

* Voc cells exhibit a notably faster degradation than the others
# Perspectives

* Improve EL imaging for resistance mapping.

* Implement PL and impedance spectroscopy in the indoor characterization routine.

* Compare our outdoor results with cells tested indoors under controlled environment.

* Adapt tracking algorithms to mitigate the impact of hysteresis.

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Thank you

CEA SACLAY

91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex

France

Maximilien VAR
IRAMIS/NIMBE/LICSEN