# Eco-conception des bio-procédés : exemple des bactéries lactiques stabilisées

Caroline Pénicaud, Fernanda Fonseca, Bruno Perret, Stephanie Passot, Ioan-Cristian Trelea

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Caroline Pénicaud, Fernanda Fonseca, Bruno Perret, Stephanie Passot, Ioan-Cristian Trelea. Eco-conception des bio-procédés : exemple des bactéries lactiques stabilisées. Métaséminaire CEPIA 2017, INRA-CEPIA, Mar 2017, Massy, France. hal-04644051

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https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04644051v1

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# Eco-conception des bio-procédés :
## exemple des bactéries lactiques stabilisées

Séminaire CEPIA 2017

C. Pénicaud, F. Fonseca, B. Perret, S. Passot, C. Trelea

UMR 782 GMPA, INRA/AgroParisTech, Grignon
# INTRODUCTION

## STABILIZED LACTIC ACID BACTERIA

<figure><img src="image_3.png" /></figure>

*Lactobacillus delbrueckii*
*ssp. bulgaricus* strain CFL1

Freeze-drying

- Soft for the bacteria

- Energy intensive: freezing + drying of the frozen product

Functionality:
acidification activity
(CinAc®)

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_5.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_6.png" /></figure>
# INTRODUCTION

## CONCEVOIR DES PROCÉDÉS COUPLÉS/INTÉGRÉS, DANS UNE LOGIQUE D'ECO-CONCEPTION

* Procédé multi-étapes avec de FORTES CONNEXIONS ENTRE LES OPÉRATIONS UNITAIRES (ex: fermentation/stabilisation)

ISO 14062

* Une prise en compte globale de l'environnement
  **APPROCHE MULTI-CRITÈRES SUR L'ENSEMBLE DU CYCLE DE VIE DU PRODUIT**

* Intégration de la dimension environnementale dans les méthodes de conception
  **AU MÊME TITRE QUE LA QUALITÉ**

* Utilisation de méthodes et d'outils d'évaluation
  **ANALYSE DE CYCLE DE VIE**

* Combinaison de stratégies de réduction des impacts potentiels
  **IDENTIFICATION DES LEVIERS D'ACTION POSSIBLES**

* Le dialogue et le partenariat
  **PLURIDISCIPLINARITÉ**

<figure><img src="image_7.png" /></figure>
# LCA OF FREEZE-DRIED BACTERIA

## DATA ACQUISITION

<figure><img src="image_8.png" /></figure>

## Sensors used for data collection

* Wi-LEM® energy sensors (DISTRAME, France) for electricity

* Receiver Coronis® for water, steam and liquid wastes

## Other sources

* Data collected during handling (chemical products, water and liquid wastes)

* Database (Simapro, Ademe)

* Developed tool to estimate the electric consumption of cold storage supported by Intelligent Energy Europe. The electric consumption of storage is reported to the stored volume.

<figure><img src="image_9.png" /></figure>
# LCA OF FREEZE-DRIED BACTERIA
## METHODOLOGY

* **Functional Unit:** stabilization of 3 kg of protected bacteria

SimaPro S

ILCD 2011 method

### Weighting with Physiologic state of the bacteria

* **Specific activity**

$$t_{spe} = \frac{\text{Acidifyingactivity}}{\log(\text{viability})}$$

* **Weighting**

Weighted Impact = characterized impact value x Specific activity
# LCA OF FREEZE-DRIED BACTERIA

## RESULTS

-20 °C storage during 1 year

<figure><img src="image_10.png" /></figure>

electricity consumption,
leakage of refrigerant gas

natural gas, tap water

<figure><img src="image_11.png" /></figure>
# REDUCE ENERGY CONSUMPTION: INCREASE OF STORAGE TEMPERATURE

## LCA RESULTS storage during 3 months

<figure><img src="image_12.png" /></figure>

If bacteria quality remained constant, raising the storage temperature would reduce environmental impacts of about 10 %

## EFFECT OF PRODUCT QUALITY

Weighted Impact = characterized impact value x Specific activity

<figure><img src="image_13.png" /></figure>

INRA
SCIENCE & IMPACT

Caroline Pénicaud / ÉCO-CONCEPTION DE BACTÉRIES LACTIQUES STABILISÉES
<figure><img src="image_14.png" /></figure>

# REDUCE ENERGY CONSUMPTION: OPTIMIZATION OF FREEZE-DRYING

<figure><img src="image_15.png" /><figcaption>LyoBeta special
(Telstar, Terrassa, Spain)</figcaption></figure>

## Process operating conditions

$T_{fluid}$, $T_{product}$ and $T_{cold trap}$

Pressure

Time

Mathematical model
Linear relationship

## Product parameters

Viability

Acidifying activity

Structure

<figure><img src="image_16.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_17.png" /></figure>

## Process apparent energy consumptions

* Main components + Fans dedicated to compressors

* General supply

<figure><img src="image_18.png" /></figure>

INRA
SCIENCE & IMPACT
REDUCE ENERGY CONSUMPTION:
OPTIMIZATION OF FREEZE-DRYING

<figure><img src="image_19.png" /></figure>

Trelea et al. 2009,
Passot et al. 2011,
Antelo et al. 2012

<figure><img src="image_20.png" /></figure>

⇒ Fluid temperature fluctuation in primary drying saves energy by shortening cycle duration, while maintaining the product quality

Pénicaud et al. 2014, 2016

<figure><img src="image_21.png" /></figure>

INRA
SCIENCE & IMPACT
# STABILIZATION ALTERNATIVE

## STABILIZED LACTIC ACID BACTERIA

Fermentation

<figure><img src="image_22.png" /></figure>

Cooling

<figure><img src="image_23.png" /></figure>

Concentration

<figure><img src="image_24.png" /></figure>

Formulation

<figure><img src="image_25.png" /></figure>

Stabilization

Freeze-drying
Freezing

<figure><img src="image_26.png" /></figure>

Storage

* *Lactobacillus delbrueckii*
* ssp. bulgaricus* strain CFL1

### ❖ Freeze-drying

- Soft for the bacteria

- Energy intensive: freezing + drying of the frozen product

### ❖ Alternative: Freezing

- Need of frozen storage

- Is it really more eco-friendly than freeze-drying if we consider the whole life cycle?

Functionality:
acidification activity
(CinAc®)

<figure><img src="image_27.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_28.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_29.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_30.png" /></figure>
# LCA OF FROZEN VS FREEZE-DRIED BACTERIA

## RESULTS

Frozen, -50 °C storage during 1 year

<figure><img src="image_31.png" /></figure>

Monclus et al. 2015

Pénicaud et al. 2016

<figure><img src="image_32.png" /></figure>

Trend remains the same for all indicators
BUT

Depending on the indicator, the duration for
which Impact_frozen = Impact_freeze-dried is different
(from 2 to 56 months).

<figure><img src="image_33.png" /></figure>
# CONCLUSIONS

## Eco-design options

* Improve / re-design processes

* Freeze-dryer

* Fermentor

* Process alternative

* Freezing instead of freeze-drying for short-term storage

* Preserve cell quality to allow new options

* Increase $T_{storage}$

* Necessary to take simultaneously into account product quality / process conditions / environmental impact

* Knowledge integration (ontology): cf pres. E. Guichard 16/03/2017
# OUTLOOKS / REMAINING QUESTIONS

* How to take into account concomitantly product quality and environmental impact?

* LCA: functional unit

* Knowledge integration

* ??

* How to upscale lab -> pilot -> industry?

* at data level? at environmental impact level?

* does it make sense?

* How to shift from process consideration to value chains consideration?

* Many co-products / ingredients towards very different products / added values

* Complex networks