**Introduction**

T. Boyer, J. Blunden, R. Dunn, Melanie Ades, Robert Adler, Susheel Adusumilli, W. Agyakwah, Somayeh Ahmadpour, Laura Aldeco, Michael Alexander, et al.

► **To cite this version:**

T. Boyer, J. Blunden, R. Dunn, Melanie Ades, Robert Adler, et al. Introduction. State of the Climate in 2023, 105 (8), pp.S1-S11, 2024, 10.1175/2024BAMSStateoftheClimate_Intro.1. hal-04846855

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Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
STATE OF THE CLIMATE
IN 2023

<figure><img src="image_2.png" /></figure>

Special Supplement to the
Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
Vol. 105, No. 8, August 2024
**Cover Credit:**

Ice Worm Glacier in the North Cascade mountains of Washington, United States, which was under continuous annual monitoring from 1984 onward and disappeared in 2023. Large photo: The location of former Ice Worm Glacier in 2023. Inset photo: Ice Worm Glacier in 1986. Photo credits Mauri Pelto. 13 August 2023 is the date for the main photo. 16 August 1986 is the date for the inset photo.

**How to cite this document:**

Special Supplement to the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 105, No. 8, August 2024 https://doi.org/10.1175/2024BAMSStateoftheClimate.1. Compiled by NOAA's National Centers for Environmental Information, *State of the Climate in 2023* is based on contributions from scientists from around the world. It provides a detailed update on global climate indicators, notable weather events, and other data collected by environmental monitoring stations and instruments located on land, water, ice, and in space.

**Citing the complete report:**

Blunden, J. and T. Boyer, Eds., 2024: "State of the Climate in 2023". *Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.*, **105** (8), Si-S483 https://doi.org/10.1175/2024BAMSStateoftheClimate.1.

Corresponding author: Full Report: Jessica Blunden / jessica.blunden@noaa.gov

©2024 American Meteorological Society
For information regarding reuse of this content and general copyright information, consult the AMS Copyright Policy.
# STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2023

## Table of Contents

<table><tr><td>Abstract</td><td>Siii</td></tr><tr><td>1. Introduction</td><td>S1</td></tr><tr><td>2. Global Climate</td><td>S12</td></tr><tr><td>3. Global Oceans</td><td>S156</td></tr><tr><td>4. The Tropics</td><td>S214</td></tr><tr><td>5. The Arctic</td><td>S277</td></tr><tr><td>6. Antarctica and the Southern Ocean</td><td>S331</td></tr><tr><td>7. Regional Climates</td><td>S371</td></tr></table>
**Abstract**

—J. BLUNDEN AND T. BOYER

In 2023, La Niña conditions that generally prevailed in the eastern Pacific Ocean from mid-2020 into early 2023 gave way to a strong El Niño by October. Atmospheric concentrations of Earth's major greenhouse gases—carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide—all increased to record-high levels. The annual global average carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere rose to 419.3±0.1 ppm, which is 50% greater than the pre-industrial level. The growth from 2022 to 2023 was 2.8 ppm, the fourth highest in the record since the 1960s.

The combined short-term effects of El Niño and the long-term effects of increasing levels of heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere contributed to new records for many essential climate variables reported here. The annual global temperature across land and oceans was the highest in records dating as far back as 1850, with the last seven months (June–December) having each been record warm. Over land, the globally averaged temperature was also record high. Dozens of countries reported record or near-record warmth for the year, including China and continental Europe as a whole (warmest on record), India and Russia (second warmest), and Canada (third warmest). Intense and widespread heatwaves were reported around the world. In Vietnam, an all-time national maximum temperature record of 44.2°C was observed at Tuong Duong on 7 May, surpassing the previous record of 43.4°C at Huong Khe on 20 April 2019. In Brazil, the air temperature reached 44.8°C in Araçuaí in Minas Gerais on 20 November, potentially a new national record and 12.8°C above normal.

The effect of rising temperatures was apparent in the cryosphere, where snow cover extent by June 2023 was the smallest in the 56-year record for North America and seventh smallest for the Northern Hemisphere overall. Heatwaves contributed to the greatest average mass balance loss for Alpine glaciers around the world since the start of the record in 1970. Due to rapid volume loss beginning in 2021, St. Anna Glacier in Switzerland and Ice Worm Glacier in the United States disappeared completely. In August, as a direct result of glacial thinning over the past 20 years, a glacial lake on a tributary of the Mendenhall Glacier in Alaska burst through its ice dam and caused unprecedented flooding on Mendenhall River near Juneau.

Across the Arctic, the annual surface air temperature was the fourth highest in the 124-year record, and summer (July–September) was record warm. Smaller-than-normal snow cover extent in May and June contributed to the third-highest average peak tundra greenness in the 24-year record. In September, Arctic minimum sea ice extent was the fifth smallest in the 45-year satellite record. The 17 lowest September extents have all occurred in the last 17 years.

In Antarctica, temperatures for much of the year were up to 6°C above average over the Weddell Sea and along coastal Dronning Maud Land. The Antarctic Peninsula also experienced well-above-average temperatures during the 2022/23 melt season, which contributed to its fourth consecutive summer of above-average surface melt. On 21 February, Antarctic sea ice extent and sea ice area both reached all-time lows, surpassing records set just a year earlier. Over the course of the year, new daily record-low sea ice extents were set on 278 days. In some instances, these daily records were set by a large margin, for example, the extent on 6 July was 1.8 million km² lower than the previous record low for that day.

Across the global oceans, the annual sea surface temperature was the highest in the 170-year record, far surpassing the previous record of 2016 by 0.13°C. Daily and monthly records were set from March onward, including an historic-high daily global mean sea surface temperature of 18.99°C recorded on 22 August. Approximately 94% of the ocean surface experienced at least one marine heatwave in 2023, while 27% experienced at least one cold spell. Globally averaged ocean heat content from the surface to 2000-m depth was record high in 2023, increasing at a rate equivalent to ~0.7 Watts per square meter of energy applied over Earth's surface. Global mean sea level was also record high for the 12th consecutive year, reaching 101.4 mm above the 1993 average when satellite measurements began, an increase of 8.1±1.5 mm over 2022 and the third highest year-over-year increase in the record.

A total of 82 named tropical storms were observed during the Northern and Southern Hemispheres' storm seasons, below the 1991–2020 average of 87. Hurricane Otis became the strongest landfalling hurricane on record for the west coast of Mexico at 140 kt (72 m s⁻¹), causing at least 52 fatalities and $12–16 billion U.S. dollars in damage. Freddy became the world's longest-lived tropical cyclones on record, developing into a tropical cyclone on 6 February and finally dissipating on 12 March. Freddy crossed the full width of the Indian Ocean and made one landfall in Madagascar and two in Mozambique. In the Mediterranean Sea—outside of traditional tropical cyclone basins—heavy rains and flooding from Storm Daniel killed more than 4300 people and left more than 8000 missing in Libya.

The record-warm temperatures in 2023 created conditions that helped intensify the hydrological cycle. Measurements of total-column water vapor in the atmosphere were the highest on record, while the fraction of cloud area in the sky was the lowest since records began in 1980. The annual global mean precipitation total over land surfaces for 2023 was among the
lowest since 1979, but global one-day maximum totals were
close to average, indicating an increase in rainfall intensity.

In July, record-high areas of land across the globe (7.9%) experienced extreme drought, breaking the previous record of 6.2% in July 2022. Overall, 29.7% of land experienced moderate or worse categories of drought during the year, also a record. Mexico reported its driest (and hottest) year since the start of its record in 1950. In alignment with hot and prolonged dry conditions, Canada experienced its worst national wildfire season on record. Approximately 15 million hectares burned across the country, which was more than double the previous record from 1989. Smoke from the fires were transported far into the United States and even to western European countries. August to October 2023 was the driest three-month period in Australia in the 104-year record. Millions of hectares of bushfires burned for weeks in the Northern Territory. In South

America, extreme drought developed in the latter half of the year through the Amazon basin. By the end of October, the Rio Negro at Manaus, a major tributary of the Amazon River, fell to its lowest water level since records began in 1902.

The transition from La Niña to El Niño helped bring relief to the prolonged drought conditions in equatorial eastern Africa. However, El Niño along with positive Indian Ocean dipole conditions also contributed to excessive rainfall that resulted in devastating floods over southeastern Ethiopia, Somalia, and Kenya during October to December that displaced around 1.5 million people. On 5 September, the town of Zagora, Greece, broke a national record for highest daily rainfall (754 mm in 21 hours, after which the station ceased reporting) due to Storm Daniel; this one-day accumulation was close to Zagora's normal annual total.
Editor and Author Affiliations (alphabetical by name)

Ades, Melanie, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, United Kingdom

Adler, Robert, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland

Adusumilli, Susheel, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California

Agyakwah, W., NOAA/NWS National Centers for Environmental Prediction Climate Prediction Center, College Park, Maryland

Ahmadpour, Somayeh, Brandenburg University of Technology (BTU), Cottbus-Senftenberg, Germany

Aldeco, Laura S., Servicio Meteorológico Nacional, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Alexander, Michael A., NOAA/OAR Physical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado

Alexe, Mihai, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Bonn, Germany

Alfaro, Eric J., Center for Geophysical Research and School of Physics, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica

Allan, Richard P., Department of Meteorology and National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom

Allgood, Adam, NOAA/NWS National Centers for Environmental Prediction Climate Prediction Center, College Park, Maryland

Alves, Lincoln M., Centro Nacional de Monitoramento e Alertas de Desastres Naturais CEMADEN, São Paulo, Brazil

Amador, Jorge A., Center for Geophysical Research and School of Physics, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica

Amaya, Dillon J., NOAA/OAR Physical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado

Amory, Charles, Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut des Géosciences de l'Environnement, IRD, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Grenoble, France

Anderson, John, Hampton University, Hampton, Virginia

Andrade, B., Seychelles Meteorological Authority, Mahe, Seychelles

Andreassen, Liss Marie, Section for Glaciers, Ice and Snow, Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate, Oslo, Norway

Anneville, Orlane, National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), CARRTEL, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, Thonon les Bains, France

Aono, Yasuyuki, Graduate School of Agriculture, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai, Japan

Arguez, Anthony, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina

Armenteras Pascual, Dolores, Science Faculty, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia

Arosio, Carlo, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany

Asher, Elizabeth, NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado

Augustine, John A., NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado

Avalos, Grinia, Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología del Perú, Lima, Perú

Azorin-Molina, Cesar, Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificación – Spanish National Research Council (CSIC-UV-GVA), Valencia, Spain

Baez-Villanueva, Oscar M., Hydro-Climate Extremes Lab (H-CEL), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

Baiman, Rebecca, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado

Ballinger, Thomas J., International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska

Banwell, Alison F., Earth Science Observation Center, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (ESOC/CIRES), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado

Bardin, M. Yu., Yu. A. Izrael Institute of Global Climate and Ecology, Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

Barichivich, J., Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Instituto de Geografia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile

Barreira, Sandra, Argentine Naval Hydrographic Service, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Beadling, Rebecca L., Department of Earth and Environmental Science, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Beauchemin, Marc, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Montreal, Canada

Beck, Hylke E., Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia

Becker, Emily J., Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida

Beckley, Brian, KBR, Inc., Greenbelt, Maryland; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland

Bekele, E., NOAA/NWS National Centers for Environmental Prediction Climate Prediction Center, College Park, Maryland

Bellouin, Nicolas, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom; Institute Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Guyancourt, France

Benedetti, Angela, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, United Kingdom

Berne, Christine, Météo France, Toulouse, France

Berner, Logan T., School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona

Bernhard, Germar H., Biospherical Instruments Inc., San Diego, California

Bhatt, Uma S., Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska

Bigalke, Siiri, Plant, Soils and Climate Department, Utah State University, Logan, Utah

Bissolli, Peter, Deutscher Wetterdienst, WMO RA VI Regional Climate Centre Network, Offenbach, Germany

Bjerke, Jarle W., Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim, Norway; FRAM – High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, Tromsø, Norway

Blake, Eric S., NOAA/NWS National Hurricane Center, Miami, Florida

Blannin, Josh, Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom

Blenkinsop, Stephen, School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom

Blunden, Jessica, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina

Bochníček, Oliver, Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia

Bock, Olivier, Université Paris Cité, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, CNRS, IGN, F-75005 Paris, France; Univ Gustave Eiffel, ENSG, IGN, F-77455 Marne-la-Vallée, France

Bodin, Xavier, Laboratoire EDYTEM, CNRS/Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France

Bonte, Olivier, Hydro-Climate Extremes Lab (H-CEL), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

Bosilovich, Michael G., Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland

Boucher, Olivier, Institute Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Guyancourt, France

Box, Jason E., Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Copenhagen, Denmark

Boyer, Tim, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Silver Spring, Maryland

Bozkurt, Deniz, Department of Meteorology, University of Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile; Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Santiago, Chile

Brettschneider, Brian, NOAA/NWS Alaska Region, Anchorage, Alaska

Bringas, Francis G., NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, Florida

Brubaker, Mike, Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, Anchorage, Alaska

Buehler, Stefan A., Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany

Bukunt, Brandon, NOAA/NWS Weather Forecast Office, Tiyan, Guam

Burgess, David, Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, Canada

Butler, Amy H., NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado
Editor and Author Affiliations (continued)

**Byrne, Michael P.**, Climate Dynamics Lab, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom

**Calderón, Blanca**, Center for Geophysical Research, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica

**Camargo, Suzana J.**, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York

**Campbell, Jayaka**, Department of Physics, The University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica

**Campos, Diego**, Earth Sciences Department, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain

**Cappucci, Fabrizio**, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy

**Carrea, Laura**, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom

**Carter, Brendan R.**, Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean, and Ecosystem Studies, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; NOAA/OAR Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington

**Cerveny, Randall**, Department of Geography, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona

**Cetinić, Ivona**, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, Maryland

**Chambers, Don P.**, College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, Florida

**Chan, Duo**, School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom

**Chandler, Elise**, Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Australia

**Chang, Kai-Lan**, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado; NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado

**Charlton, Candice S.**, Department of Physics, The University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica

**Chen, Jack**, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Canada

**Chen, Lin**, Institute for Climate and Application Research (ICAR)/KLME/ILCEC/CIC-FEMD, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China

**Cheng, Lijing**, International Center for Climate and Environment Sciences, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

**Cheng, Vincent Y. S.**, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada

**Chisholm, Lucy**, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Halifax, Canada

**Christiansen, Hanne H.**, Arctic Geophysics Department, University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Norway; Geology Department, University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Norway

**Christy, John R.**, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama

**Chung, Eui-Seok**, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea

**Ciasto, Laura M.**, NOAA/NWS National Centers for Environmental Prediction Climate Prediction Center, College Park, Maryland

**Clarke, Leonardo**, Department of Physics, The University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica

**Clem, Kyle R.**, School of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand

**Clingan, Scott**, Cooperative Institute for Research in Earth Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado; NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado

**Coelho, Caio A.S.**, Centro de Previsão do Tempo e Estudos Climáticos/National Institute for Space Research, Center for Weather Forecasts and Climate Studies, Cachoeira Paulista, Brazil

**Coldewey-Egbers, Melanie**, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany

**Colwell, Steve**, British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, United Kingdom

**Cooper, Owen R.**, NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado

**Cornes, Richard C.**, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom

**Correa, Kris**, Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología del Perú, Lima, Perú

**Costa, Felipe**, Centro Internacional para la Investigación del Fenómeno de El Niño (CIIEN), Guayaquil, Ecuador

**Covey, Curt**, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California

**Coy, Lawrence**, Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Lanham, Maryland; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland

**Crétaux, Jean-François**, LEGOS (CNES/CNRS/IRD/UPS), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France

**Crimmins, Theresa**, USA National Phenology Network, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.

**Crotwell, Molly**, Cooperative Institute for Research in Earth Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado; NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado

**Culpepper, Joshua**, Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Canada

**Cunha, Ana P.**, Centro Nacional de Monitoramento e Alertas de Desastres Naturais CEMADEN, São Paulo, Brazil

**Cusicanqui, Diego**, Institut de Géosciences de l'Environnement (IGE), Université Grenoble Alpes, INRAE, CNRS, IRD, Grenoble INP, ISTerre, Grenoble, France

**Datta, Rajashree T.**, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado

**Davis, Sean**, NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado

**de Jeu, Richard A. M.**, Planet Labs, Haarlem, The Netherlands

**De Laat, Jos**, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), DeBilt, The Netherlands

**Deb, Pranab**, Centre for Ocean, River, Atmosphere and Land Sciences (CORAL), Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India

**Decharme, Bertrand**, Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques, Météo-France/CNRS, Toulouse, France

**Degenstein, Doug**, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada

**Delalye, Reynald**, Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland

**Derksen, Chris**, Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada

**Diamond, Howard J.**, NOAA/OAR Air Resources Laboratory, College Park, Maryland

**DiGangi, Elizabeth**, AEM R&D, Germantown, Maryland

**Dindyal, S.**, Mauritius Meteorological Service, Vacoas, Mauritius

**Divine, Dmitry**, Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway

**Dokulil, Martin T.**, Research Institute for Limnology, University of Innsbruck, Mondsee, Austria

**Donat, Markus G.**, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain

**Dong, Shenfu**, NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, Florida

**Dorigo, Wouter A.**, Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria

**Drost Jensen, Caroline**, Danish Meteorological Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark

**Druckenmiller, Matthew L.**, National Snow and Ice Data Center, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado

**du Plessis, Marcel**, Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

**Duchemin, Diane**, CESBIO, Université de Toulouse, CNES/CNRS/INRAe/IRD/UPS, Toulouse, France

**Dugan, Hilary**, Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin

**Dulamsuren, Dashkhuu**, Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment, National Agency for Meteorology, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

**Dunn, Robert J. H.**, Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom

**Durre, Imke**, NOAA/NESDIS National Center for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina
Editor and Author Affiliations (continued)

Dutton, Geoff, Cooperative Institute for Research in the Earth Sciences, NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado

Duveiller, Gregory, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany

Earl-Spurr, Craig, Bureau of Meteorology, Perth, Australia

Echeverría García's, Paola, Instituto Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología de Ecuador (INAMHI), Quito, Ecuador

Ekici, Mithat, Turkish State Meteorological Service, Ankara, Türkiye

Elias Chereque, Alesksandra, Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

Elipot, Shane, Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida

Elkharrim, M., General Directorate of Meteorology, Rabat, Morocco

Epstein, Howard E., Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia

Espinoza, Jhan-Carlo, Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut des Géosciences de l'Environnement, IRD, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Grenoble, France

Estilow, Thomas W., Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey

Estrella, Nicole, Ecoclimatology, Department of Life Science Systems, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.

Farrell, Sinead, Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland

Fauchereau, Nicolas, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Auckland, New Zealand

Fausto, Robert S., Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Copenhagen, Denmark

Feely, Richard A., NOAA/OAR Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington

Fenimore, Chris, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina

Fereday, David, Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom

Fernandez, Denise, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Auckland, New Zealand

Fettweis, Xavier, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium

Fioletov, Vitali E., Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada

Flemming, Johannes, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Bonn, Germany

Florentine, Caitlyn, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Bozeman, Montana

Fogarty, Chris, Canadian Hurricane Centre, Dartmouth, Canada

Fogt, Ryan L., Department of Geography, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio

Forbes, Bruce C., Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, Rovaniemi, Finland

Foster, Michael J., Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies, Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin

Franz, Bryan A., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland

Frederikse, Thomas, Planet Labs, Haarlem, The Netherlands

Fricker, Helen A., Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California

Frith, Stacey M., Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Lanham, Maryland; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland

Froidevaux, Lucien, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California

Frost, Gerald V. (JJ), Alaska Biological Research, Inc., Fairbanks, Alaska

Fu, Shanshan, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China

Fu, Yao, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia

Füllekrug, Martin, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom

Ganter, Catherine, Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Australia

Gao, Meng, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland; Science Systems and Applications Inc., Lanham, Maryland

Garforth, Judith, Woodland Trust, Grantham, United Kingdom.

Garg, Jay, ADNET Systems, Inc., Hampton, Virginia

Gerland, Sebastian, Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway

Gevorgyan, Artur, Hydrometeorology and Monitoring Center, Yerevan, Armenia

Giglio, Donata, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado

Gille, Sarah T., Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California

Gilson, John, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California

Gleason, Karin, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina

Gobron, Nadine, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy

Godin-Beekmann, Sophie, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), UVSQ, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IPSL, Guyancourt, France

Goes, Marlos, Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, University of Miami, Miami, Florida; NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, Florida

Goldenberg, Stanley B., NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, Florida

Gómez Camacho, Julio, National Meteorological Service of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico

González Hernández, Yolanda, Centro Internacional para la Investigación del Fenómeno de El Niño (CIIFEN), Guayaquil, Ecuador

Goodman, Steven, Thunderbolt Global Analytics, Huntsville, Alabama

Goto, Atsushi, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

Graham, Garrett, North Carolina Institute for Climate Studies, North Carolina State University, Asheville, North Carolina

Grimm, Alice, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil

Groß, Jens-Uwe, Forschungszentrum Jülich (IEK-7), Jülich, Germany

Gruber, Alexander, Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria

Gu, Guojun, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland

Guglielmin, Mauro, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Insubria University, Varese, Italy

Hahn, Sebastian, Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria

Haimberger, Leopold, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

Hakmi, S., General Directorate of Meteorology, Rabat, Morocco

Hall, Brad D., NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado

Hamlington, Benjamin D., Center for Coastal Physical Oceanography, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia

Hanna, Edward, Department of Geography and Lincoln Climate Research Group, Lincoln, United Kingdom

Hanssen-Bauer, Inger, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway

Harlan, Merritt E., U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado

Harnos, Daniel S., NOAA/NWS National Centers for Environmental Prediction Climate Prediction Center, College Park, Maryland

Harris, I., National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS), University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom; Climatic Research Unit, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom

He, Qiong, Earth System Modeling Center, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China

Heatta, Máret J., Saami Council, Kárášjohka, Norway

Heim, Richard R. Jr., NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina
Editor and Author Affiliations (continued)

Hemming, Deborah L., Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom.;
Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, Birmingham University, Birmingham,
United Kingdom.

Hendricks, Stefan, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany

Hicks, J., NOAA/NWS National Centers for Environmental Prediction Climate Prediction Center, College Park, Maryland

Hidalgo, Hugo G., Center for Geophysical Research and School of Physics, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica

Hirschi, Martin, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland

Ho, Shu-peng (Ben), NOAA/NESDIS Center for Satellite Applications and Research, College Park, Maryland

Hobbs, Will, Australian Antarctic Program Partnership, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia

Holzworth, Robert, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington

Horton, Radley M., Columbia Climate School, Columbia University, New York, New York

Hrbáček, Filip, Department of Geography, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic

Hu, Guojie, Cryosphere Research Station on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Northwestern Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

Hu, Zeng-Zhen, NOAA/NWS National Centers for Environmental Prediction Climate Prediction Center, College Park, Maryland

Huang, Boyin, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina

Huang, Hongjie, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China

Hurst, Dale, NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado

Ialongo, Iolanda, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland

Inness, Antje, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, United Kingdom

Isaksen, Ketil, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway

Ishii, Masayoshi, Department of Atmosphere, Ocean, and Earth System Modeling Research, Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tsukuba, Japan

Jacox, Michael G., NOAA/NMFS Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Monterey, California; NOAA/OAR Physical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado

Jadra, Gerardo, Instituto Uruguayo de Meteorología, Montevideo, Uruguay

Jain, Piyush, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Edmonton, Canada

Jersild, Annika, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center/Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland

Jeuring, Jelmer, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Bergen, Norway

Jevrejeva, Svetlana, National Oceanography Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Jia, Gensuo, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

John, Viju O., EUMETSAT, Darmstadt, Germany

Johns, William E., Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida

Johnsen, Bjørn, Norwegian Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, Østerås, Norway

Johnson, Bryan, NOAA/OAR Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado; University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado

Johnson, Gregory C., NOAA/OAR Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington

Jones, P. D., Climatic Research Unit, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom

Josey, Simon A., Marine Systems Modelling, National Oceanography Center, Southampton, United Kingdom

Jumaux, G., Meteo France, Direction Interregionale Pour L'Ocean Indien, Reunion

Junod, Robert, Earth System Science Center, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama

Kääb, Andreas, Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Norway

Kabidi, K., General Directorate of Meteorology, Rabat, Morocco

Kaiser, Johannes W., Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Kjeller, Norway

Kaleschke, Lars, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany

Kaufmann, Viktor, Institute of Geodesy, Working Group Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria

Kazemi, Amin Fazl, Iran National Meteorology Organization, Tehran, Iran

Keller, Linda M., Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; Antarctic Meteorological Research and Data Center, Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin

Kellerer-Pirklbauer, Andreas, Institute of Geography and Regional Science, Cascade - The Mountain Processes and Mountain Hazards Group, University of Graz, Graz, Austria

Kendon, Michael, Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom

Kennedy, John, Independent Researcher, Verdun, France

Khalatyan, Yelena, Hydrometeorology and Monitoring Center, Yerevan, Armenia

Khan, Valentina, Hydrometeorological Centre of Russia, World Meteorological Organization (WMO) North EurAsia Climate Center, Moscow, Russia

Khaykin, Sergey, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), UVSQ, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IPSL, Guyancourt, France

Khiem, Mai Van, National Center for Hydro-Meteorological Forecasting, Vietnam Meteorological and Hydrological Administration, Hanoi, Vietnam

Kidd, Richard, EODC GmbH, Vienna, Austria

Killick, Rachel E., Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom

Kim, Seong-Joong, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea

King, Tyler V., U.S. Geological Survey, Boise, Idaho

Kipling, Zak, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, United Kingdom

Kirchmeier-Young, Megan, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada

Klotzbach, Philip J., Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado

Knaff, John A., NOAA/NESDIS Center for Satellite Applications and Research, Fort Collins, Colorado

Kohler, Jack, Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway

Koppa, Akash, Hydro-Climate Extremes Lab (H-CEL), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

Korshunova, Natalia N., All-Russia Research Institute of Hydrometeorological Information, World Data Center, Obninsk, Russia

Kraemer, Benjamin M., University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

Kramarova, Natalya A., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland

Kromer, Jessica, Department of Geography, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania

Kruger, A. C., Climate Service, South African Weather Service, Pretoria, South Africa

Kumar, Arun, NOAA/NWS National Centers for Environmental Prediction Climate Prediction Center, College Park, Maryland

Kuusela, Mikael, Department of Statistics and Data Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

La Fuente, R. Sofia, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium

Laas, Alo, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartumaa, Estonia

Labe, Zachary, M., Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Program, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
Editor and Author Affiliations (continued)

Lader, Rick, International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska

Lait, Leslie, R., Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Lanham, Maryland; NASA
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland

Lakatos, Mónika, Climatology Unit, Hungarian Meteorological Service, Budapest, Hungary

Lakkala, Kaisa, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Sodankylä, Finland

Lam, Hoang Phuc, National Center for Hydro-Meteorological Forecasting, Vietnam Meteorological and Hydrological Administration, Hanoi, Vietnam

Lan, Xin, Cooperative Institute for Research in the Earth Sciences, NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado; NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado

Landschützer, Peter, Flanders Marine Institute, InnovOcean Campus, Ostend, Belgium

Landsea, Chris W., NOAA/NWS National Hurricane Center, Miami, Florida

Lantz, Kathleen O., NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado

Lapierre, Jeff, AEM R&D, Germantown, Maryland

Lara, Mark J., Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois; Department of Geography, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois

Lavado-Casimiro, Waldo, Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología del Perú, Lima, Perú

Lavers, David A., European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, United Kingdom

Lazzara, Matthew A., Department of Physical Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Madison Area Technical College, Madison, Wisconsin; Antarctic Meteorological Research and Data Center, Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin

Leblanc, Thierry, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Wrightwood, California

Lee, Simon H., Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York

Lee, Tsz-Cheung, Hong Kong Observatory, Hong Kong, China

Leibensperger, Eric, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ithaca College, Ithaca, New York

Lennard, Chris, Department of Environmental and Geographical Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

Leuliette, Eric, NOAA/NWS NCWCP Laboratory for Satellite Altimetry, College Park, Maryland

L'Heureux, Michelle, NOAA/NWS National Centers for Environmental Prediction Climate Prediction Center, College Park, Maryland

Lieser, Jan L., Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Australia; Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia

Liley, Ben, National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Lauder, New Zealand

Lin, I-I, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan

Liu, Chao, Department of Physical Oceanography, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts

Liu, Yakun, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts

Lo, Y. T. Eunice, Cabot Institute for the Environment, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Locarnini, Ricardo, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Silver Spring, Maryland

Loeb, Norman G., NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton Virginia

Loomis, Bryant D., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland

Lopez, Hosmay, NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, Florida

Lorrey, Andrew M., National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Auckland, New Zealand

Loyola, Diego, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany

Lozier, Susan M., School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia

Lu, Rui, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China

Luks, Bartłomiej, Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland

Lumpkin, Rick, NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, Florida

Luo, Jing-Jia, Institute for Climate and Application Research, (ICAR)/KLME/ILCEC/CIC-FEMD, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China

Luojus, Kari, Arctic Research Centre, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland

Lyman, John M., Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii; NOAA/OAR Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington

Macander, Matthew J., Alaska Biological Research, Inc., Fairbanks, Alaska

MacFerrin, Michael, Earth Science and Observation Center, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado

MacGilchrist, Graeme M., University of St. Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom

MacLennan, Michelle L., Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado

Magee, Andrew D., Centre for Water, Climate and Land, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia

Magnin, Florence, Laboratoire EDYTEM, CNRS/Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France

Magnússon, Rúna Í., Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands

Mamen, Jostein, Climate Division, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway

Mankoff, Ken D., Business Integra, New York, New York; NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, New York

Manney, Gloria, NorthWest Research Associates, Inc, Socorro, New Mexico; Department of Physics, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico

Marengo, Jose A., Centro Nacional de Monitoramento e Alertas de Desastres Naturais CEMADEN, São Paulo, Brazil

Marjan, Mohammadi, Iran National Meteorology Organization, Tehran, Iran

Marouchos, Andreas, CSIRO Environment, Canberra, Australia

Martinez, Rodney, World Meteorological Organization, San Jose, Costa Rica

Massom, Robert A., Australian Antarctic Division, Australian Antarctic Program Partnership (AAPP) and Australian Centre for Excellence in Antarctic Science (ACEAS), Hobart, Australia

Matsuzaki, Shin-Ichiro, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan

Matthews, Tom, Department of Geography, King's College London, London, United Kingdom

Mayer, Michael, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, United Kingdom

McBride, C., Climate Service, South African Weather Service, Pretoria, South Africa

McCarthy, Michael, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington

McMahon, Clive R., Sydney Institute of Marine Science, IMOS Animal Tagging, Mosman, Australia

McVicar, Tim R., CSIRO Environment, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, Sydney, Australia

Mears, Carl A., Remote Sensing Systems, Santa Rosa, California

Medley, Brooke, Cryospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland

Meier, Walter N., National Snow and Ice Data Center, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
Editor and Author Affiliations (continued)

Mekonnen, Ademe, North Carolina A&T University, Greensboro, North Carolina

Menzel, Annette, Ecoclimatology, Department of Life Science Systems, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany; Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany

Merchant, Christopher J., University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom

Merio, Leo-Juhani, Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Oulu, Finland

Merrifield, Mark A., Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii

Meyer, Michael F., U.S. Geological Survey, Madison, Wisconsin

Meyers, Tristan, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Auckland, New Zealand

Mikolajczyk, David E., Antarctic Meteorological Research and Data Center, Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin

Miller, John B., NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado

Minney, Caitlin, Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Australia

Miralles, Diego G., Hydro-Climate Extremes Lab (H-CEL), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

Mishonov, Alexey, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center/Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland; NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Silver Spring, Maryland

Mitchum, Gary T., College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, Florida

Moat, Ben I., National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom

Moise, Aurel, Centre for Climate Research Singapore, Meteorological Service Singapore, Singapore

Molina-Carpio, Jorge, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia

Montesano, Paul M., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland

Montzka, Stephan A., NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado

Moody, Ronald, Meteorological Service Jamaica, Kingston, Jamaica

Moon, Twila A., National Snow and Ice Data Center, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado

Mora, Natali, Center for Geophysical Research, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica

Morice, Colin, Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom

Morino, Isamu, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan

Mostafa, A. E., Department of Seasonal Forecast and Climate Research, Cairo Numerical Weather Prediction, Egyptian Meteorological Authority, Cairo, Egypt

Mote, Thomas L., Department of Geography, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia

Mrekaj, Ivan, Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia

Mudryk, Lawrence, Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Muharsyah, Robi, Division of Climate Variability Analysis, Meteorological, Climatological, and Geophysical Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia

Mühle, Jens, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California

Müller, Rolf, Forschungszentrum Jülich (IEK-7), Jülich, Germany

Nance, D., Cooperative Institute for Research in Earth Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado; NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado

Neigh, Christopher S. R., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland

Nerem, R. Steven, Colorado Center for Astrodynamics Research, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado

Newman, Paul A., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland

Nicolas, Julien P., European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Bonn, Germany

Noetzli, Jeannette, WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF Climate Change, Davos Dorf, Switzerland; Extremes and Natural Hazards in Alpine Regions Research Center CERC, Davos Dorf, Switzerland

Noll, Ben, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Auckland, New Zealand

Norton, Taylor, Antarctic Meteorological Research and Data Center, Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin

Nyland, Kelsey E., Department of Geography, George Washington University, Washington, DC

O'Keeffe, John, The Harvard Forest, Harvard University, Petersham, Massachusetts

Oe, Mitsuho, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan

Okunaka, Yuka, Tokyo Climate Center, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan

Orlik, Alexander, GeoSphere, Vienna, Austria

Osborn, Tim J., Climatic Research Unit, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom

Overland, James E., NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington

Pálsson, Finnur, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland

Parrington, Mark, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Bonn, Germany

Pasch, Richard J., NOAA/NWS National Hurricane Center, Miami, Florida

Pascual Ramírez, Reynaldo, National Meteorological Service of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico

Paterson, Linda, Bureau of Meteorology, Perth, Australia

Pellet, Cécile, Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland

Pelto, Mauri S., Nichols College, Dudley, Massachusetts

Perez, Renellys C., NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, Florida

Perovich, Donald K., University of Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire

Petersen, Kyle, Cooperative Institute for Research in Earth Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado; NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado

Petropavlovskikh, Irina, NOAA/OAR Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado; University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado

Petty, Alek, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland

Pezza, Alexandre B., Greater Wellington Regional Council, Wellington, New Zealand

Pezzi, Luciano P., National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil

Phillips, Coda, Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies, Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin

Phoenix, Gareth K., School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom

Pierson, Don, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

Pinto, Izidine, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), De Bilt, The Netherlands

Pita, Ivenis, Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, University of Miami, Miami, Florida; NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, Florida

Pitts, Michael, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia

Po-Chedley, Stephen, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California

Pogliotti, Paolo, Environmental Protection Agency of Valle d'Aosta, Saint Christophe, Italy

Poinar, Kristin, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York

Polvani, Lorenzo, Columbia University, New York, New York
Editor and Author Affiliations (continued)

Porat, Amos, Israel Meteorological Service, Bet Dagan, Israel

Preimesberger, Wolfgang, Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria

Price, Colin, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

Purkey, Sarah G., Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California

Quispe, Willy R., Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología de Bolivia, La Paz, Bolivia

Ramos, Andrea M., Instituto Nacional de Meteorología, Brasilia, Brazil

Randel, William J., National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado

Raphael, Marilyn N., Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California

Raymond, Colin, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California

Reagan, James, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Silver Spring, Maryland

Reid, Phillip, Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Australia; Australian Antarctic Program Partnership (AAPP), Hobart, Australia

Rémy, Samuel, HYGEOS, Lille, France

Ressl, Hans, GeoSphere, Vienna, Austria

Ricciardulli, Lucrezia, Remote Sensing Systems, Santa Rosa, California

Richardson, Andrew D., School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona; Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona

Ricker, Robert, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Tromsø, Norway

Rivera, Patricia P., Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología del Perú, Lima, Perú

Robinson, David A., Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey

Robjhon, M., NOAA/NWS National Centers for Environmental Prediction Climate Prediction Center, College Park, Maryland

Rodell, Matthew, Earth Sciences Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland

Rodriguez Guisado, Esteban, Agencia Estatal de Meteorología, Madrid, Spain

Rodriguez-Fernandez, Nemesio, CESBIO, Université de Toulouse, CNES/CNRS/ INRAe/IRD/UPS, Toulouse, France

Roebeling, Maarit, Deutscher Wetterdienst, WMO RA VI Regional Climate Centre Network, Offenbach, Germany

Rogers, Cassandra, D. W., Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Australia

Rohini, P., India Meteorological Department, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India

Romanovsky, Vladimir E., Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska; Earth Cryosphere Institute, Tyumen Science Center, Tyumen, Russia

Ronchail, Josyane, Laboratoire LOCEAN-IPSL, Paris, France

Rosencrans, Matthew, NOAA/NWS National Centers for Environmental Prediction Climate Prediction Center, College Park, Maryland

Rosenlof, Karen, NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado

Rösner, Benjamin, Remote Sensing Section, Deutscher Wetterdienst, Offenbach, Germany

Rozanov, Alexei, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany

Rozkošný, Jozef, Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia

Rusanovskaya, Olga O., Irkutsk State University, Institute of Biology, Irkutsk, Russia

Rutishauser, This, Swiss Academy of Sciences (SCNAT), Bern, Switzerland

Sabeerali, C. T., India Meteorological Department, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India

Said, Ryan, Vaisala R&D, Louisville, Colorado

Sakai, Tetsu, Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tsukuba, Japan

Salinas, Roberto, Dirección de Meteorología e Hidrología / Dirección Nacional de Aeronáutica Civil, Asunción, Paraguay

Sánchez-Lugo, Ahira, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina

Santee, Michelle L., Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California

Sass, Louis, U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, Alaska

Sato, Kanako, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Japan

Sawaengphokhai, Parnchai, ADNET Systems, Inc., Hampton Virginia

Sayouri, A., General Directorate of Meteorology, Rabat, Morocco

Scambos, Theodore A., Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado

Scheller, Johan H., Department of Ecoscience, Arctic Research Centre Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark

Schenzinger, Verena, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria

Schlegel, Robert W., Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, Sorbonne Université, Villefranche-sur-mer, France

Schmid, Claudia, NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, Florida

Schmid, Martin, Eawag, Department Surface Waters - Research and Management, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland

Schreck, Carl J., Cooperative Institute Satellite Earth System Studies, North Carolina Institute for Climate Studies, North Carolina State University, Asheville, North Carolina

Schulz, Cristina, Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Northeastern University, Massachusetts

Segele, Z. T., NOAA/NWS National Centers for Environmental Prediction Climate Prediction Center, College Park, Maryland

Seneviratne, Sonia I., ETH Zurich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Zürich, Switzerland

Sensoy, Serhat, Turkish State Meteorological Service, Ankara, Türkiye

Seong, Ji-In, Climate Change Monitoring Division, Korea Meteorological Administration, Seoul, South Korea

Serna Cuenca, Julieta, Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales de Colombia (IDEAM), Bogotá, Colombia

Serreze, Mark C., National Snow and Ice Data Center, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado

Sezaki, Fumi, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan

Shao, Xi, NOAA/NESDIS Center for Satellite Applications and Research, College Park, Maryland

Sharma, Sapna, Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Canada

Shi, Jia-Rui, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts

Shi, Lei, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina

Shiklomanov, Nikolay I., Department of Geography, George Washington University, Washington, DC

Shimaraeva, Svetlana V., Irkutsk State University, Institute of Biology, Irkutsk, Russia

Shinohara, Ryuichiro, Regional Environment Conservation Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan

Shukla, R., ERT, Laurel, Maryland

Silow, Eugene A., Irkutsk State University, Institute of Biology, Irkutsk, Russia

Simmons, Adrian J., European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, United Kingdom

Smeed, David A., National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom

Smith, Adam, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina

Smith, Benjamin E., Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington

Smith, Ryan H., NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, Florida

Smith, Sharon L., Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, Canada

Soden, Brian J., University of Miami, Miami, Florida
Editor and Author Affiliations (continued)

Sofieva, Viktoria, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland

Soldo, Logan, Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado

Souza, Everaldo, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil

Spence-Hemmings, Jacqueline, Meteorological Service Jamaica, Kingston, Jamaica

Spillane, Sandra, Met Éireann, Dublin, Ireland

Sreejith, O. P., India Meteorological Department, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India

Srivastava, A. K., India Meteorological Department, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India

Stackhouse, Jr., Paul W., NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia

Stammerjohn, Sharon, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado

Stauffer, Ryan, Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland

Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Deutscher Wetterdienst, Hohenpeissenberg, Germany

Steiner, Andrea K., Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change, University of Graz, Graz, Austria

Stella, Jose L., Servicio Meteorológico Nacional, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Stephenson, Tannecia S., Department of Physics, The University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica

Stevens, Laura, Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies, North Carolina Institute for Climate Studies, North Carolina State University, Asheville, North Carolina

Stoy, Paul, C., Biological Systems Engineering, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin

Stradiotti, Pietro, Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria

Streletskiy, Dmitry A., Department of Geography, George Washington University, Washington, DC

Sukianto, Thea, Department of Statistics and Data Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Svendby, Tove, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Kjeller, Norway

Sweet, William, NOAA/NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services, Silver Spring, Maryland

Taha, Ghassan, Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland; NASA Goddard Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland

Takahashi, Kiyotoshi, Tokyo Climate Center, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan

Takemura, Kazuto, Tokyo Climate Center, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan

Taylor, Michael A., Department of Physics, The University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica

Tedesco, Marco, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York; NASA Goddard Institute of Space Studies, New York, New York

Thackeray, Stephen J., United Kingdom Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster, United Kingdom

Thiaw, W. M., NOAA/NWS National Centers for Environmental Prediction Climate Prediction Center, College Park, Maryland

Thibert, Emmanuel, Institut de Géosciences de l'Environnement (IGE), Université Grenoble Alpes, INRAE, CNRS, IRD, Grenoble INP, ISTERe, Grenoble, France

Thomalla, Sandy, Southern Ocean Carbon-Climate Observatory, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pretoria, South Africa; Marine and Antarctic Research Centre for Innovation and Sustainability, Department of Oceanography, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

Thoman, Richard L., International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska

Thompson, Philip R., Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii

Thomson, Laura, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada

Thorsteinsson, Thorsteinn, Icelandic Meteorological Office, Reykjavík, Iceland

Tian-Kunze, Xiangshan, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany

Timmermans, Mary-Louise, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut

Timofeyev, Maxim A., Institute of Biology, Irkutsk State University, Irkutsk, Russia

Tømmervik, Hans, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim, Norway; FRAM – High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, Tromsø, Norway

Tourpali, Kleareti, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece

Trachte, Katja, Brandenburg University of Technology (BTU), Cottbus-Senftenberg, Germany

Trewin, Blair C., Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Australia

Triñanes, Joaquin A., Laboratory of Systems, Technological Research Institute, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario Sur, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida; NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, Florida

Tripathy, Sarat Chandra, National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Vasco da Gama, India

Tronquo, Emma, Hydro-Climate Extremes Lab (H-CEL), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

Trotman, Adrian, Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology, Bridgetown, Barbados

Truchelat, Ryan E., WeatherTiger, Tallahassee, Florida

Trusel, Luke D., Department of Geography, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania

Turner, Katherine, Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey; Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey

Tye, Mari R., National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado

Uehling, John, Cooperative Institute Satellite Earth System Studies, North Carolina Institute for Climate Studies, North Carolina State University, Asheville, North Carolina

van der A, Ronald, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), De Bilt, The Netherlands

van der Linden, Roderick, Deutscher Wetterdienst, Offenbach, Germany

van der Schalie, Robin, Planet Labs, Haarlem, The Netherlands

van der Schrier, Gerard, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), De Bilt, The Netherlands

Van Meerbeeck, Cédric J., Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology, Bridgetown, Barbados

van Vliet, Arnold J. H., Environmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University & Research, The Netherlands

Vazife, Ahad, Iran National Meteorology Organization, Tehran, Iran

Verburg, Piet, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Wellington, New Zealand

Vernier, Jean-Paul, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia

Vimont, Isaac J., NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado

Virasami, R., Mauritius Meteorological Service, Vacoas, Mauritius

Virts, Katrina, University of Huntsville in Alabama, Huntsville, Alabama

Vivero, Sebastián, Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland

Volkov, Denis L., Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, University of Miami, Miami, Florida; NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, Florida

Vömel, Holger, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado
Editor and Author Affiliations (continued)

Vose, Russell S., NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina

Waigl, Christine F., Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska

Walker, Donald (Skip) A., Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska

Walsh, John E., International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska

Wang, Bin, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, Department of Meteorology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii; International Pacific Research Center, Honolulu, Hawaii

Wang, Hui, NOAA/NWS National Centers for Environmental Prediction Climate Prediction Center, College Park, Maryland

Wang, Muyin, NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington; Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean, and Ecosystem Studies, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington

Wang, Ray H. J., Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia

Wanninkhof, Rik, NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, Florida

Warnock, Taran, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada

Weber, Mark, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany

Webster, Melinda, Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington

Wehrlé, Adrian, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland

Weller, Robert A., Department of Physical Oceanography, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts

Westberry, Toby K., Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon

Widlansky, Matthew J., Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii

Wiese, David N., Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California

Wild, Jeannette D., Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland; NOAA/NESDIS Center for Satellite Applications and Research, College Park, Maryland

Willett, Kate M., Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom

Williams, Earle, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts

Willis, Josh K., Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California

Wolken, Gabriel J., Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska; University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska

Wong, Takmeng, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia

Wood, Kimberly M., Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona

Woolway, Richard Iestyn, School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom

Wouters, Bert, Department of Geoscience & Remote Sensing, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands

Wu, Francis, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Vancouver, Canada

Yang, Dedi, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee

Yin, Xungang, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina

Yin, Ziqi, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado

Yu, Lisan, Department of Physical Oceanography, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts

Zeng, Zhenzhong, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China

Zhang, Huai-min, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina

Zhang, Peiqun, Beijing Climate Center, Beijing, China

Zhao, Lin, School of Geographical Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China

Zhong, Feng, Hydro-Climate Extremes Lab (H-CEL), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

Zhu, Zhiwei, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China

Ziemke, Jerry R., Goddard Earth Sciences Technology and Research, Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland

Ziese, Markus, Global Precipitation Climatology Centre, Deutscher Wetterdienst, Offenbach, Germany

Zotta, Ruxandra M., TU Wien, Vienna, Austria

Zou, Cheng-Zhi, NOAA/NESDIS Center for Satellite Applications and Research, College Park, Maryland

Editorial and Production Team

Allen, Jessica, Graphics Support, Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies, North Carolina State University, Asheville, North Carolina

Camper, Amy V., Graphics Support, Innovative Consulting and Management Services, LLC, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina

Haley, Bridgette O., Graphics Support, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina

Hammer, Gregory, Content Team Lead, Communications and Outreach, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina

Love-Brotak, S. Elizabeth, Lead Graphics Production, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina

Ohlmann, Laura, Technical Editor, Innovative Consulting and Management Services, LLC, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina

Noguchi, Lukas, Technical Editor, Innovative Consulting and Management Services, LLC, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina

Riddle, Deborah B., Graphics Support, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina

Veasey, Sara W., Visual Communications Team Lead, Communications and Outreach, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina
# STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2023

## INTRODUCTION

T. Boyer, J. Blunden, and R. J. H. Dunn

<figure><img src="image_3.png" /></figure>

Special Online Supplement to the *Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society* Vol. 105 No. 8, August, 2024

https://doi.org/10.1175/2024BAMSStateoftheClimate_Intro.1

Corresponding author: Jessica Blunden / jessica.blunden@noaa.gov

©2024 American Meteorological Society

For information regarding reuse of this content and general copyright information, consult the AMS Copyright Policy.
# STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2023
## Introduction

**Editors**

Jessica Blunden
Tim Boyer

**Chapter Editors**

Anthony Arguez
Josh Blannin
Peter Bissolli
Kyle R. Clem
Howard J. Diamond
Matthew L. Druckenmiller
Robert J. H. Dunn
Catherine Ganter
Nadine Gobron
Gregory C. Johnson
Rick Lumpkin
Rodney Martinez
Ademe Mekonnen
John B. Miller
Twila A. Moon
Marilyn N. Raphael
Carl J. Schreck III
Laura Stevens
Richard L. Thoman
Kate M. Willett
Zhiwei Zhu

**Technical Editor**

Lukas Noguchi

**BAMS Special Editor for Climate**

Timothy DelSole

**American Meteorological Society**
**Cover Credit:**

The port of the city of Tefé, Brazil along Lake Tefé during drought conditions in the Central Amazon (30 September 2023). Photo credit: Ayan Fleischmann, Mamirauá Institute for Sustainable Development.

**How to cite this document:**

Introduction is one chapter from the *State of the Climate in 2023* annual report and is available from https://doi.org/10.1175/2024BAMSStateoftheClimate_Intro.1. Compiled by NOAA's National Centers for Environmental Information, *State of the Climate in 2023* is based on contributions from scientists from around the world. It provides a detailed update on global climate indicators, notable weather events, and other data collected by environmental monitoring stations and instruments located on land, water, ice, and in space. The full report is available from https://doi.org/10.1175/2024BAMSStateoftheClimate.1.

**Citing the complete report:**

Blunden, J. and T. Boyer, Eds., 2024: "State of the Climate in 2023". *Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.*, **105** (8), Si-S483 https://doi.org/10.1175/2024BAMSStateoftheClimate.1.

**Citing this chapter:**

Boyer, T., J. Blunden, and R J. H. Dunn, 2024: Introduction [in "State of the Climate in 2023"). *Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.*, **105** (8), S1-S11, https://doi.org/10.1175/2024BAMSStateoftheClimate_Intro.1.
Editor and Author Affiliations (alphabetical by name)

**Blunden, Jessica**, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information,
Asheville, North Carolina

**Boyer, Tim**, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Silver
Spring, Maryland

**Dunn, Robert J. H.**, Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom

Editorial and Production Team

**Allen, Jessica**, Graphics Support, Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System
Studies, North Carolina State University, Asheville, North Carolina

**Camper, Amy V.**, Graphics Support, Innovative Consulting and Management
Services, LLC, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information,
Asheville, North Carolina

**Haley, Bridgette O.**, Graphics Support, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for
Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina

**Hammer, Gregory**, Content Team Lead, Communications and Outreach,
NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville,
North Carolina

**Love-Brotak, S. Elizabeth**, Lead Graphics Production, NOAA/NESDIS National
Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina

**Ohlmann, Laura**, Technical Editor, Innovative Consulting and Management Services,
LLC, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville,
North Carolina

**Noguchi, Lukas**, Technical Editor, Innovative Consulting and Management Services,
LLC, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville,
North Carolina

**Riddle, Deborah B.**, Graphics Support, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for
Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina

**Veasey, Sara W.**, Visual Communications Team Lead, Communications and
Outreach, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information,
Asheville, North Carolina
## 2. INTRODUCTION

T. Boyer, J. Blunden, and R. J. H. Dunn

The year 2023 was marked by the highest global mean surface temperature on record, exceeding the previous record-high year (2016) by a large margin of 0.13°C to 0.17°C, according to a range of scientific analyses presented in this report. This record high was evident in many other global climate indicators (Plate 1.1; Chapter 2, Global Climate). For example, humid-heat indices, which are relevant to human comfort and safety in ambient air temperature and humidity, were also record high in 2023, with humid-heat intensity (anomaly of maximum daily wet-bulb temperature) having doubled the value from the previous record year (1998). Sidebars 2.1, 3.1, and 5.2 detail the extreme heat observed across the globe in 2023 and its impacts across land, ocean, and ice-covered regions. Still, as is evident from the compendium of statistics, analyses, and events across this year's *State of the Climate* report, cause and effect of a changing climate are more complex than simply the measure of surface temperatures. The year 2023 began in the La Niña phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, having been the prevalent phase over much of the previous three years. A transition occurred during the year that led to the establishment of an El Niño in April/May/June, which reached the threshold necessary to be classified as strong by August/September/October (Chapter 4; The Tropics). The El Niño–Southern Oscillation is a coupled atmosphere–ocean system where surface temperatures are not the only factor, though they are a distinct indicator of its state. For example, the Madden-Julian Oscillation (a transient rainfall suppression/enhancement atmospheric phenomenon) contributed to the westerly wind bursts that hastened the breakdown of the La Niña in the early part of the year and the buildup of the El Niño into June. The timing of the establishment and strengthening of El Niño atmospheric patterns was critical in 2023, as it roughly coincided with the Atlantic Hurricane season. Despite favorable ocean conditions over the Gulf of Mexico and much of the North Atlantic (i.e., tropical cyclone heat potential above the threshold conducive to hurricane generation), the Gulf of Mexico had a below-average year for tropical cyclone activity in 2023, which is typical during El Niño. Atypically, the whole North Atlantic basin had an above-average season for both number of cyclones and accumulated cyclone energy.

The Gulf of Mexico example shows the value of the *State of the Climate* report in bringing together information from different disciplines and across geographic scales from global to regional to local. Another example, the disappearance of Ice Worm Glacier in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States, is depicted on the cover of the report. For the first time, all reference glaciers of the World Glacier Monitoring Service lost mass in 2023. While Ice Worm Glacier was not a reference glacier, it had been monitored continuously for 40 years. Both Ice Worm Glacier and St. Anna Glacier (also known as St. Annafirn Glacier) in Switzerland, the other glacier which disappeared in 2023 (after having been monitored for 12 years), were very small glaciers (less than 0.5 km² area) when monitoring began, so their disappearance did not alter to any degree the global alpine glacier mass balance. However, these glacier disappearances are reflective of the global pattern of glacial mass loss. Within 10 km of Ice Worm Glacier, five other glaciers have disappeared since 2015. Local and regional events such as these emphasize the impacts of a changing climate at a scale, which makes it easier to understand the statistics and analyses of climate at the global scale. Chapter 7, Regional Climates, provides an exhaustive listing of air temperature, precipitation, and significant events in regions and subregions across the globe. It is here that local impacts, the statistics and analyses of events, and trends at larger scales are most minutely detailed. Moreover, pairing this regional/local information with the information from the other chapters of the *State of the Climate* can lead to a better understanding
of the complex factors that contribute to local conditions and events, and provides us with a
clearer understanding of global climate. The cover of this chapter (Chapter 1; Introduction)
shows satellite imagery of the Rio Negro River as it flows past Manaus, Brazil. In October 2023,
the water level on the Rio Negro at the port of Manaus was at its lowest level since 1902. The
factors that led to the low water level are the hydrological cycles affected by both the La Niña
at the beginning of the year and the El Niño later in the year as well as record-high sea surface
temperatures globally (Espinoza et al. 2024). There are numerous other details at the regional
and local level in the *State of the Climate*—such as Hurricane Otis’ unexpected intensification
from Category 1 to Category 5 (Sidebar 4.1), the record extent of wildfires in Canada (Sidebar 7.1),
the record-high temperatures in northern China (Sidebar 7.4), and the record-low sea ice extent
in the Southern Ocean (section 6f)—from which we could extract or already have extracted a
better understanding of the local and global climate system.

The compilation of the *State of the Climate* is possible due to the dedication of the chapter editors and 592 section authors from 59 countries. Plate 1.1 provides information for essential climate variables detailed in the report in the form of 36 time series, showing the climate variables for 2023 in the context of the long-term record. The sequence of the *State of the Climate in 2023* is similar to previous years: Chapter 1, Introduction (i.e., this chapter); Chapter 2, Global Climate; Chapter 3, Global Oceans; Chapter 4, The Tropics; Chapter 5, The Arctic; Chapter 6, Antarctica and the Southern Ocean; and Chapter 7, Regional Climates, which covers the seven regions of North America, Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Africa, Europe and the Middle East, Asia, and Oceania. In a notable change from previous years, Chapter 8, Relevant datasets and sources, has been removed. Instead, the datasets used in the *State of the Climate* are found in appendices at the ends of Chapters 2–6 and are separated by section. This is intended to make it easier for researchers to find and access the datasets used for the statistics and analysis in the individual sections, in the hope that they will utilize the datasets and the information provided in the *State of the Climate* to further understanding of Earth’s climate system on global, regional, and local scales. Also new to this year’s report are sections on humid-heat extremes over land (section 2d2), which were introduced last year as a sidebar and serve as a climate indicator more directly connected to human health as opposed to surface temperature. Another new addition is a section on stratospheric aerosols (section 2g5), an indicator that was introduced in the *State of the Climate in 2019* and is instrumental in tracking the ongoing effects of the Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha’apai eruption of 2022. The section on lightning flashes has been replaced by a section on thunder hours, which is a proxy for lightning activity.
<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 1.1. Geographical distribution of selected notable climate anomalies and events in 2023.</figcaption></figure>

Plate 1.1. (Next page.) Global (or representative) average time series for essential climate variables through 2023. Anomalies are shown relative to the base period in parentheses, although base periods used in other sections of the report may differ. The numbers in the parentheses in the lower left or right side of each panel indicate how many in situ (red), reanalysis (blue), and satellite (orange), datasets are used to create each time series in that order. (a) Northern Hemisphere (NH) polar stratospheric ozone (Mar); (b) Southern Hemisphere (SH) polar stratospheric ozone (Oct); (c) surface temperature; (d) night marine air temperature; (e) lower tropospheric temperature; (f) lower stratospheric temperature; (g) extremes (warm days [solid] and cool days [dotted]); (h) Arctic sea ice extent (max [solid]) and min [dotted]); (i) Antarctic sea ice extent (max [solid] and min [dotted]); (j) glacier cumulative mean specific balance; (k) NH snow cover extent; (l) NH lake ice duration; (m) Mauna Loa apparent transmission; (n) lower stratospheric water vapor; (o) global land evaporation; (p) total column water vapor – land; (q) total column water vapor – ocean; (r) upper tropospheric humidity; (s) specific humidity – land; (t) specific humidity – ocean; (u) relative humidity – land; (v) relative humidity – ocean; (w) precipitation – land; (x) precipitation – ocean; (y) ocean heat content (0–700 m); (z) sea level rise; (aa) tropospheric ozone; (ab) tropospheric wind speed at 850 hPa; (ac) land wind speed; (ad) ocean wind speed; (ae) biomass burning; (af) cloud radiative effect; (ag) soil moisture; (ah) terrestrial groundwater storage; (ai) fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FAPAR); (aj) land surface albedo – visible (solid) and infrared (dotted).
<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>Numbers of (In Situ, Reanalysis, Satellite) datasets shown in bottom left or right of each panel</figcaption></figure>
# Essential Climate Variables

J. BLUNDEN, T. BOYER, AND R. J. H. DUNN

The following variables are considered fully monitored in this report, in that there are sufficient spatial and temporal data, with peer-reviewed documentation to characterize them on a global scale:

* Surface atmosphere: air pressure, precipitation, temperature, water vapor, wind speed and direction

* Upper atmosphere: Earth radiation budget, temperature, water vapor, wind speed and direction

* Atmospheric composition: carbon dioxide, methane and other greenhouse gases, ozone

* Ocean physics: ocean surface heat flux, sea ice, sea level, surface salinity, sea surface temperature, subsurface salinity, subsurface temperature, surface currents, surface stress

* Ocean biogeochemistry: ocean color

* Ocean biogeochemicals: plankton

* Land: albedo, river discharge, snow

The following variables are considered partially monitored, in that there is systematic, rigorous measurement found in this report, but some coverage of the variable in time and space is

lacking due to observing limitations or availability of data or authors:

* Atmospheric composition: aerosols properties, cloud properties, precursors of aerosol and ozone

* Upper atmosphere: lightning

* Ocean physics: subsurface currents

* Ocean biogeochemistry: inorganic carbon

* Land: above-ground biomass, anthropogenic greenhouse gas fluxes, fire, fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation, glaciers, groundwater, ice sheets and ice shelves, lakes, permafrost, soil moisture

* Surface atmosphere: surface radiation budget

The following variables are not yet covered in this report, or are outside the scope of it.

* Ocean physics: sea state

* Ocean biogeochemistry: nitrous oxide, nutrients, oxygen, transient tracers

* Ocean biogeochemicals: marine habitat properties

* Land: anthropogenic water use, land cover, land surface temperature, latent and sensible heat fluxes, leaf area index, soil carbon
# Acknowledgements

The editors thank the BAMS editorial staff, in particular Bryan Hanssen, who provided technical guidance and oversaw publication of the report; Andrea Herbst, who provided peer review support; and Nicole Rietmann, who oversaw the hundreds of citations and references this year; and the NCEI Graphics team for facilitating the construction of the report and executing the countless number of technical edits needed. We thank our technical editor Lukas Noguchi for his dedication and attention to detail. We also express our gratitude to Dr. Timothy DelSole, who served as the AMS special editor for this report. Finally, we thank all of the authors and chapter editors who provide these valuable contributions each year, always with an aim to improve and expand their analyses for the readers.
References

Espinoza, J. C., J. C. Jimenez, J. A. Marengo, J. Schongart, J. Ronchail, W. Lavado-Casimiro, and J. V. M. Ribeiro, 2024: The new record of drought and warmth in the Amazon in 2023 related to regional and global climatic features. *Sci. Rep.*, **14**, 8107, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-58782-5.