province of Buenos Aires (9/186; 4.8%) [212]. In 2005, in a sampling of 30 establishments in the province of Buenos Aires, 41 goats were detected with positive serology [208]. In a new study in 2007 covering goats from almost the entire country, Trezeguet et al. detected 11.6% (33/285) positive in goats from Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Mendoza, Río Negro, Santa Fe, and Santiago del Estero [70].

Pacheco et al. reported the detection of *C. burnetii* by PCR and its isolation by cell culture in *Amblyomma tigrinum* and *Amblyomma parvum* ticks from Córdoba [167].

Finally, in 2022, there was an outbreak of Q fever in slaughterhouse workers from Entre Ríos and Santa Fé [213, 214].

In conclusion, *C. burnetii* is a pathogen little studied in Argentina, with few or no publications in the last decade. Serological studies have covered farm animals, companion animals, and humans, although the diversity of techniques and threshold titles used makes their comparison difficult. On the other hand, only two publications use diagnosis through molecular biology, and they are also the only ones that studied ticks. It is necessary to study this neglected pathogen in depth in Argentina.

## Chile

Information on *C. burnetii* in vertebrates and ticks in Chile is scarce. Moreover, its potential presence and distribution started to be investigated only recently. The first study analyzing a Chilean animal was published in late 2013. Archived blood samples of 30 endangered Darwin's foxes (*Lyalopex fulvipes*) captured between 2009 and 2012 were analyzed by qPCR. All samples turned out to be negative [149]. Serum samples of 47 individuals of this same specie captured between 2013 and 2018 were later analyzed by means of a commercial ELISA kit, again with negative results [148]. Although this kit is not validated for this species, the combination of both negative PCR and serological results strongly suggests that this species has no regular contact with this bacterium. The cold environments of southern Chile where this fox survives, are unsuitable for most of the ixodid ticks, which partially explains the absence of this bacterium. A more spatially broad survey was performed using freeranging dogs and the three species of fox present in Chile (Darwin's fox, the Andean fox, *Lyalopex culpaeus*, and the South American grey fox, *Lyalopex griseus*) as sentinels. Again, none of the 358 dogs and 32 foxes surveyed from 5 different bioregions was seropositive according to the IFA test [133]. On the other hand, the analysis of blood samples from 55 bats belonging to five different species, collected opportunistically in three different Chilean regions, resulted in five positive samples by qPCR. All five samples belonged to any of the nine Brazilian free-tailed bats (*T. brasiliensis*) from the Metropolitan area included in the study. Although

the sample size was small, the observed occurrence of this particular species in this region was remarkable [147•].

Regarding livestock, an investigation following a Q fever outbreak that took place in 2017 among dairy farm workers resulted in the presence of the bacteria in two out of 105 raw milk samples [91]. Lastly, an unpublished report mentioned that 13 alpacas imported from Chile to China were found to be seropositive for *C. burnetii* during quarantine [90].

No study has yet systematically analyzed potential arthropod vectors for the presence of *C. burnetii* in Chile. Only a single study reported the presence of a *C. burnetii*-like endosymbiont in an *Ornithodoros amblus* female, collected from the soil near a Humboldt penguin (*Spheniscus humboldti*) nesting area in Isla Grande de Atacama, Chile [176].

In summary, Chile can be considered a country with a low endemicity of *C. burnetii*. Nevertheless, cases in humans seem to have been underestimated [215], and the bacterium is present in domestic and wild animals in the country, as confirmed in bat and cow milk samples. In consequence, veterinarians and public health authorities must be aware of potential cases of Q fever. More extensive studies on domestic animals, wildlife, and ticks are necessary in Chile to know the actual distribution and impact of Q fever in Chile.

## Colombia

Until the early 2010s, publications on human Q fever in Colombia were almost nonexistent [216]. In 2006, a seroprevalence of 23.6% of antibodies against *C. burnetii* was reported for the first time in rural field workers in the departments of Córdoba and Sucre [217]. In 2012, two cases of Q fever were identified in Colombia; one associated with endocarditis in Medellín, Colombia, and another case in a patient with pneumonia in Cali [218, 219]. Some seroprevalence studies in cattle from several regions of Colombia were conducted between 1961 and 1981 [92, 93, 95, 125], and then in the 2010s [71, 96, 97, 99], with regard to animal infections caused by *C. burnetii*. The carriage of anti-*C. burnetii* antibodies in cattle was generally high, around 20–25% and around 5% for sheep. Colombia performed one of the rare studies by PCR in goats and sheep in Latin America in milk and vaginal swabs, sowing 6% of positivity in sheep and 0.6% in goats [98]. It is important to note that the strain found had a 100% identity with the strain CbuK Q 154 and a 99% identity with the strain Guiana Cb175. A Colombian team also published one of the rare publications in 2022 of *C. burnetii* in bats from Macaregua caves in the Department of Santander with 5 to 7% positivity in the bats according to the species [150•]. Finally, four studies from Colombia have been published in search of *C. burnetii* in ticks such as *Amblyomma variegatum*, *Rhipicephalus microplus*, and *Rhipicephalus sanguineus*, leading to the evidence of Coxiellalike endosymbiont [97, 156, 181–183]. Thus, *C. burnetii* is

<figure><img src="image_24.png" /></figure>
province of Buenos Aires (9/186; 4.8%) [212]. In 2005, in a sampling of 30 establishments in the province of Buenos Aires, 41 goats were detected with positive serology [208]. In a new study in 2007 covering goats from almost the entire country, Trezeguet et al. detected 11.6% (33/285) positive in goats from Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Mendoza, Río Negro, Santa Fe, and Santiago del Estero [70].

Pacheco et al. reported the detection of *C. burnetii* by PCR and its isolation by cell culture in *Amblyomma tigrinum* and *Amblyomma parvum* ticks from Córdoba [167].

Finally, in 2022, there was an outbreak of Q fever in slaughterhouse workers from Entre Ríos and Santa Fé [213, 214].

In conclusion, *C. burnetii* is a pathogen little studied in Argentina, with few or no publications in the last decade. Serological studies have covered farm animals, companion animals, and humans, although the diversity of techniques and threshold titles used makes their comparison difficult. On the other hand, only two publications use diagnosis through molecular biology, and they are also the only ones that studied ticks. It is necessary to study this neglected pathogen in depth in Argentina.

## Chile

Information on *C. burnetii* in vertebrates and ticks in Chile is scarce. Moreover, its potential presence and distribution started to be investigated only recently. The first study analyzing a Chilean animal was published in late 2013. Archived blood samples of 30 endangered Darwin's foxes (*Lyalopex fulvipes*) captured between 2009 and 2012 were analyzed by qPCR. All samples turned out to be negative [149]. Serum samples of 47 individuals of this same specie captured between 2013 and 2018 were later analyzed by means of a commercial ELISA kit, again with negative results [148]. Although this kit is not validated for this species, the combination of both negative PCR and serological results strongly suggests that this species has no regular contact with this bacterium. The cold environments of southern Chile where this fox survives, are unsuitable for most of the ixodid ticks, which partially explains the absence of this bacterium. A more spatially broad survey was performed using free-ranging dogs and the three species of fox present in Chile (Darwin's fox, the Andean fox, *Lyalopex culpaeus*, and the South American grey fox, *Lyalopex griseus*) as sentinels. Again, none of the 358 dogs and 32 foxes surveyed from 5 different bioregions was seropositive according to the IFA test [133]. On the other hand, the analysis of blood samples from 55 bats belonging to five different species, collected opportunistically in three different Chilean regions, resulted in five positive samples by qPCR. All five samples belonged to any of the nine Brazilian free-tailed bats (*T. brasiliensis*) from the Metropolitan area included in the study. Although

the sample size was small, the observed occurrence of this particular species in this region was remarkable [147•].

Regarding livestock, an investigation following a Q fever outbreak that took place in 2017 among dairy farm workers resulted in the presence of the bacteria in two out of 105 raw milk samples [91]. Lastly, an unpublished report mentioned that 13 alpacas imported from Chile to China were found to be seropositive for *C. burnetii* during quarantine [90].

No study has yet systematically analyzed potential arthropod vectors for the presence of *C. burnetii* in Chile. Only a single study reported the presence of a *C. burnetii*-like endosymbiont in an *Ornithodoros amblus* female, collected from the soil near a Humboldt penguin (*Spheniscus humboldti*) nesting area in Isla Grande de Atacama, Chile [176].

In summary, Chile can be considered a country with a low endemicity of *C. burnetii*. Nevertheless, cases in humans seem to have been underestimated [215], and the bacterium is present in domestic and wild animals in the country, as confirmed in bat and cow milk samples. In consequence, veterinarians and public health authorities must be aware of potential cases of Q fever. More extensive studies on domestic animals, wildlife, and ticks are necessary in Chile to know the actual distribution and impact of Q fever in Chile.

## Colombia

Until the early 2010s, publications on human Q fever in Colombia were almost nonexistent [216]. In 2006, a seroprevalence of 23.6% of antibodies against *C. burnetii* was reported for the first time in rural field workers in the departments of Córdoba and Sucre [217]. In 2012, two cases of Q fever were identified in Colombia; one associated with endocarditis in Medellín, Colombia, and another case in a patient with pneumonia in Cali [218, 219]. Some seroprevalence studies in cattle from several regions of Colombia were conducted between 1961 and 1981 [92, 93, 95, 125], and then in the 2010s [71, 96, 97, 99], with regard to animal infections caused by *C. burnetii*. The carriage of anti-*C. burnetii* antibodies in cattle was generally high, around 20–25% and around 5% for sheep. Colombia performed one of the rare studies by PCR in goats and sheep in Latin America in milk and vaginal swabs, sowing 6% of positivity in sheep and 0.6% in goats [98]. It is important to note that the strain found had a 100% identity with the strain CbuK Q 154 and a 99% identity with the strain Guiana Cb175. A Colombian team also published one of the rare publications in 2022 of *C. burnetii* in bats from Macaregua caves in the Department of Santander with 5 to 7% positivity in the bats according to the species [150•]. Finally, four studies from Colombia have been published in search of *C. burnetii* in ticks such as *Amblyomma variegatum*, *Rhipicephalus microplus*, and *Rhipicephalus sanguineus*, leading to the evidence of Coxiellalike endosymbiont [97, 156, 181–183]. Thus, *C. burnetii* is
<table><caption>**Table 5** Studies on *Coxiella burnetii* in ticks and ectoparasites in Latin America</caption><thead><tr><th>Author</th><th>Year of the study</th><th>Year of publication</th><th>Language</th><th>Country</th><th>State</th><th>Methodology</th><th>Sample type</th><th>Species</th><th>Number of samples</th><th>Result</th><th>Comments</th><th>Published</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Robinson [166]</td><td>2000</td><td>2009</td><td>English</td><td>Antigua and Barbuda</td><td>city of St. Johns abattoir, Antigua</td><td>qPCR (1 S1111)</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Ticks<br>Amblyomma variegatum<br>Rhipicephalus Microplus</td><td>0/113<br>95<br>6</td><td>0%</td><td>Collected from 7 bovines</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Pacheco [167]</td><td>NA</td><td>2013</td><td>English</td><td>Argentina</td><td>Córdoba Province</td><td>PCR</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Ticks<br>A. variegatum<br>Ambylyomma parvum and A. tigrinum</td><td>12<br>3/105</td><td>2.9%</td><td>Collected from the common yellow-toothed cavy (Galea musteloides)<br>Isolation in Vero cells of C. burnetii strain A12<br>No Cb only CLE</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Duron [168]</td><td>NA</td><td>2017</td><td>English</td><td>Argentina</td><td>Salta Chaco</td><td>16S rRNA PCR</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Ticks<br>Ornithodoros rostratus (Salta)</td><td>1/4</td><td>CLE</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mioni [86]</td><td>NA</td><td>2019</td><td>English</td><td>Argentina</td><td>Córdoba Province</td><td>PCR</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Argas monaculus (Chaco)<br>Amblyomma tigrinum</td><td>1/3</td><td>CLE</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cline [169]</td><td>2014–2015</td><td>2016</td><td>English</td><td>Belize</td><td>Cayo District</td><td>qPCR</td><td>Half tick</td><td>Ticks*</td><td>0/272</td><td>0%</td><td>Unpublished data (thesis)</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Machado-Ferreira [170]</td><td>2007–2008</td><td>2011</td><td>English</td><td>Brazil</td><td>Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais</td><td>16S rRNA PCR</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Ixodidae ticks<br>Amblyomma cajemense<br>Dermacentor nitens</td><td>0/39<br>0/8<br>0/6</td><td>0%</td><td>CLE</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Labruna [171]</td><td>2014</td><td>English</td><td>Brazil</td><td>6 municipalities in 4 states: Minas Gerais, Goiás, Pernambuco, and Rio Grande do Norte</td><td></td><td>PCR (no precision)</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Rhipicephalus microplus</td><td>0/20</td><td>0%</td><td>Collected in human houses on opossums</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Mares-Guia [77]</td><td>2011 and 2012</td><td>2015</td><td>Portuguese</td><td>Brazil</td><td>Rio de Janeiro</td><td>PCR (htpAB)</td><td>Whole</td><td>Ticks<br>Ornithodoros mimon</td><td>0/21</td><td>0%</td><td>Fleas collected from feline puppies</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>PCR</td><td>–</td><td>Ticks<br>R sanguineus<br>A. sculptum<br>D. nitens</td><td>9/283<br>8/266<br>1/8<br>0/7</td><td>3.2%</td><td>Ticks collected on dogs</td><td>Unpublished thesis</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Fleas<br>Ctenocephalides canis</td><td>0/2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

<figure><img src="image_25.png" /></figure>
<table><caption>**Table 5** Studies on *Coxiella burnetii* in ticks and ectoparasites in Latin America</caption><thead><tr><th>Author</th><th>Year of the study</th><th>Year of publication</th><th>Language</th><th>Country</th><th>State</th><th>Methodology</th><th>Sample type</th><th>Species</th><th>Number of samples</th><th>Result</th><th>Comments</th><th>Published</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Robinson [166]</td><td>2000</td><td>2009</td><td>English</td><td>Antigua and Barbuda</td><td>city of St. Johns abattoir, Antigua</td><td>qPCR (1 S1111)</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Ticks<br>Amblyomma variegatum<br>Rhipicephalus Microplus</td><td>0/113<br>95<br>6</td><td>0%</td><td>Collected from 7 bovines</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Pacheco [167]</td><td>NA</td><td>2013</td><td>English</td><td>Argentina</td><td>Córdoba Province</td><td>PCR</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Ticks<br>A. variegatum<br>Amblyomma parvum and A. tigrinum</td><td>12<br>3/105</td><td>2.9%</td><td>Collected from the common yellow-toothed cavy (Galea musteloides)<br>Isolation in Vero cells of C. burnetii strain A12<br>No Cb only CLE</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Duron [168]</td><td>NA</td><td>2017</td><td>English</td><td>Argentina</td><td>Salta Chaco</td><td>16S rRNA PCR</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Ticks<br>Ornithodoros rostratus (Salta)</td><td>1/4</td><td>CLE</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mioni [86]</td><td>NA</td><td>2019</td><td>English</td><td>Argentina</td><td>Córdoba Province</td><td>PCR</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Argas monaculus (Chaco)<br>Amblyomma tigrinum</td><td>1/3</td><td>CLE</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cline [169]</td><td>2014–2015</td><td>2016</td><td>English</td><td>Belize</td><td>Cayo District</td><td>qPCR</td><td>Half tick</td><td>Ticks*</td><td>0/272</td><td>0%</td><td>Unpublished data (thesis)</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Machado-Ferreira [170]</td><td>2007–2008</td><td>2011</td><td>English</td><td>Brazil</td><td>Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais</td><td>16S rRNA PCR</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Ixodidae ticks<br>Amblyomma cajemense<br>Dermacentor nitens</td><td>0/39<br>0/8</td><td>0%</td><td>CLE</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Labruna [171]</td><td>2014</td><td>English</td><td>Brazil</td><td>6 municipalities in 4 states: Minas Gerais, Goiás, Pernambuco, and Rio Grande do Norte</td><td></td><td>PCR (no precision)</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Rhipicephalus microplus</td><td>0/6</td><td>0%</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mares-Guia [77]</td><td>2011 and 2012</td><td>2015</td><td>Portuguese</td><td>Brazil</td><td>Rio de Janeiro</td><td>PCR (htpAB)</td><td>Whole</td><td>Ticks<br>Ornithodoros mimon</td><td>0/20</td><td>0%</td><td>Collected in human houses on opossums</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>PCR (htpAB)</td><td>Whole</td><td>Fleas</td><td>0/21</td><td>0%</td><td>Fleas collected from feline puppies</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>PCR</td><td>–</td><td>Ticks<br>R sanguineus<br>A. sculptum<br>D. nitens</td><td>9/283<br>8/266<br>1/8<br>0/7</td><td>3.2%</td><td>Ticks collected on dogs</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Fleas<br>Ctenocephalides canis</td><td>0/2</td><td></td><td>Unpublished thesis</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>**Table 5 (continued)**</caption><thead><tr><th>Author</th><th>Year of the study</th><th>Year of publication</th><th>Language</th><th>Country</th><th>State</th><th>Methodology</th><th>Sample type</th><th>Species</th><th>Number of samples</th><th>Result</th><th>Comments</th><th>Published</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Machado-Ferreira [156]</td><td>2010–2012</td><td>2016</td><td>English</td><td>Brazil</td><td>Goiás, São Paulo, Ceara, Tocantins, Rio de Janeiro</td><td>16S rDNA PCR</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Ixodidae ticks*</td><td>0/285</td><td>0%</td><td>~61% of Rhipicephalus sanguineus and ~37% of R. microplus DNA samples were positive for Coxiella-like symbionts</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Guimarães [78]</td><td>2013</td><td>2017</td><td>Portugues</td><td>Brazil</td><td>Parque Nacional da Serra das Confusões, Caatinga biome, Piauí</td><td>IFA</td><td>Serum</td><td>Ticks<br>Rhipicephalus microplus</td><td>0/56</td><td>0%</td><td>Collected on sheep</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Dall'Agnol [172]</td><td>2014–2016</td><td>2017</td><td>English</td><td>Brazil</td><td>Viamão and Sanatana di Livramento Municipais Rio Grande do Sul State</td><td>16S rRNA metagenomic sequencing</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Ticks</td><td>0/16</td><td>0%</td><td>Ticks obtained from crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous)<br>Microbiota studies of O. brasiliensis predominant bacterial genera (Coxiella (87.71%))</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Duron [168]</td><td>2013</td><td>2017</td><td>English</td><td>Brazil</td><td>Sao Francisco de Paula Chapada Gaucha</td><td>16S rDNA PCR</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Ticks<br>Ornithodoros brasiliensis<br>ovale</td><td>0/3</td><td>CLE</td><td>No Cp only CLE</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Mares-Guia [173]</td><td>2013–2015</td><td>2018</td><td>English</td><td>Brazil</td><td>Not specified</td><td>PCR (IS1111)</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Amblyomma aureolatum<br>Ornithodoros brasiliensis</td><td>87.71%<br>Coxiella genera</td><td>0%</td><td> technique validation. A nested PCR assay for the diagnosis of C. burnetii infection</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Ogrzewalska [174]</td><td>2016–2018</td><td>2019</td><td>English</td><td>Brazil</td><td>Rio de Janeiro City</td><td>PCR</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Amblyomma<br>ovale<br>cajennense<br>(Chapada Gaucha)</td><td>1/3</td><td>CLE</td><td>Ticks collected from snakes</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Jacinavicius [175]</td><td>NA</td><td>2019</td><td>English</td><td>Brazil</td><td>São Paulo City</td><td>PCR 16S RNA</td><td>Whole chigger mites</td><td>Amblyomma<br>dissimile<br>Ambllyomma<br>rotundatum</td><td>2/180</td><td>1.1%</td><td>Chigger mites*</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Barboza de Oliveira [131]</td><td>NA</td><td>2020</td><td>English</td><td>Brazil</td><td>Ceara and Pernambuco (Caatinga biome)</td><td>PCR cap gene</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Ticks*</td><td>0/317</td><td>0%</td><td>Collected from rodents and marsupials</td><td>Yes</td></tr></tbody></table>

<figure><img src="image_26.png" /></figure>
<table><caption>**Table 5 (continued)**</caption><thead><tr><th>Author</th><th>Year of the study</th><th>Year of publication</th><th>Language</th><th>Country</th><th>State</th><th>Methodology</th><th>Sample type</th><th>Species</th><th>Number of samples</th><th>Result</th><th>Comments</th><th>Published</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Matado-Ferreira [156]</td><td>2010–2012</td><td>2016</td><td>English</td><td>Brazil</td><td>Goiás, São Paulo, Ceara, Tocantins, Rio de Janeiro</td><td>16S rDNA PCR</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Ixodidae ticks*</td><td>0/285</td><td>0%</td><td>~61% of Rhipicephalus sanguineus and ~37% of R. microplus DNA samples were positive for Coxiella-like symbionts</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Guimarães [78]</td><td>2013</td><td>2017</td><td>Portugues</td><td>Brazil</td><td>Parque Nacional da Serra das Confusões, Caatinga biome, Piauí</td><td>IFA</td><td>Serum</td><td>Ticks<br>Rhipicephalus microplus</td><td>0/56</td><td>0%</td><td>Collected on sheep</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Dall'Agnol [172]</td><td>2014–2016</td><td>2017</td><td>English</td><td>Brazil</td><td>Viamão and Sanatana di Livramento Municipais Rio Grande do Sul State</td><td>16S rRNA metagenomic sequencing</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Ticks</td><td>0/16</td><td>0%</td><td>Ticks obtained from crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous)<br>Microbiota studies of O. brasiliensis predominant bacterial genera (Coxiella (87.71%))</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Duron [168]</td><td>2013</td><td>2017</td><td>English</td><td>Brazil</td><td>Sao Francisco de Paula Chapada Gaucha</td><td>16S rDNA PCR</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Ticks<br>Ornithodoros brasiliensis<br>ovale</td><td>0/3</td><td>CLE</td><td>No Cp only CLE</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Mares-Guia [173]</td><td>2013–2015</td><td>2018</td><td>English</td><td>Brazil</td><td>Not specified</td><td>PCR (IS1111)</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Amblyomma aureolatum<br>Ornithodoros brasiliensis</td><td>87.71%<br>Coxiella genera</td><td>1/3</td><td>CLE</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Ogrzewalska [174]</td><td>2016–2018</td><td>2019</td><td>English</td><td>Brazil</td><td>Rio de Janeiro City</td><td>PCR</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Amblyomma<br>ovale<br>cajennense<br>(Chapada Gaucha)</td><td>1/5<br>1/3</td><td>CLE<br>CLE</td><td>1.1%</td><td>Technique validation. A nested PCR assay for the diagnosis of C. burnetii infection</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Jacinavicius [175]</td><td>NA</td><td>2019</td><td>English</td><td>Brazil</td><td>São Paulo City</td><td>PCR 16S RNA</td><td>Whole chigger mites</td><td>Ticks Rhipicephalus sanguineus Amblyomma sculptum</td><td>2/180</td><td>0%</td><td>Ticks collected from snakes</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Barboza de Oliveira [131]</td><td>NA</td><td>2020</td><td>English</td><td>Brazil</td><td>Ceara and Pernambuco (Caatinga biome)</td><td>PCR cap gene</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Amblyomma<br>dissimile<br>Amblyomma rotundatum</td><td>0/60<br>0/55</td><td>0%</td><td>Chigger mites*<br>0/317</td><td>Collected from rodents and marsupials</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Ticks*</td><td>0/196</td><td>0%</td><td>Collected from rodents, wild canids, and marsupials</td><td>Yes</td></tr></tbody></table>

<figure><img src="image_25.png" /></figure>
<table><caption>**Table 5 (continued)**</caption><thead><tr><th>Author</th><th>Year of the study</th><th>Year of publication</th><th>Language</th><th>Country</th><th>State</th><th>Methodology</th><th>Sample type</th><th>Species</th><th>Number of samples</th><th>Result</th><th>Comments</th><th>Published</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Mendoza-Roldan [143]</td><td>2015–2018</td><td>2020</td><td>English</td><td>Brazil</td><td>States: Acre, Espirito Santo, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Pará, Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo</td><td>Conventional PCR (Cox-iella) spp.—capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis protein L-like gene (cap))</td><td>Ectoparasites from reptiles and amphibians</td><td>113 mites<br>26 ticks*<br>48 blood samples from live animals and 12 samples of liver from euthanized animals</td><td>0/139</td><td>0%</td><td>Collected from reptiles and amphibians</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Ikeda [144]</td><td>2017–201</td><td>2021</td><td>English</td><td>Brazil</td><td>Campo Grande city, Mato Grosso do Sul state</td><td>qPCR (JS1/111)</td><td>Ectoparasites from non-matophagous bats</td><td>64 bat flies<br>46 Spinturnicidae mites<br>21 Macronys-sidae mites<br>19 tick larvae (Ornithodoros hasei)</td><td>0/150</td><td>0%</td><td>Collected from non-matophagous bats</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Duron [168]</td><td>2010–2013</td><td>2017</td><td>English</td><td>Brazil</td><td>Pan de Azucar</td><td>16S rRNA PCR</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Ticks</td><td></td><td>Collected on common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus)<br>Humboldt penguin (Spheniscus humboldti)<br>No Cb only CLE</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Brenner [176]</td><td>NA</td><td>2021</td><td>English</td><td>Chile</td><td>Isla Grande de Atacama</td><td>NGS</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Ornithodoros peruvianus</td><td>2/3</td><td>CLE</td><td>Humboldt penguin (Spheniscus humboldti)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lima-duarte [177]</td><td>2017</td><td>2021</td><td>English</td><td>Brazil</td><td>Municipality of Formiga, Minas Gerais State</td><td>Nested cPCR mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Ornithodoros spheniscus (Pan de Azucar)</td><td>1/3</td><td>CLE</td><td>No Cb only CLE</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Luzzi [178]</td><td>NA</td><td>2021</td><td>English</td><td>Brazil</td><td>Jaboticabal, São Paulo State and Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul State</td><td>PCR 16S rRNA</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Ticks Ornithodoros amblus</td><td>CLE is present but not Cb<br>~0/100</td><td>0%</td><td>Collected from seabirds Spheniscus humboldti (Humboldt penguin)</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Ticks Ornithodoros amblus</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Ticks Rhipicephalus microplus</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Ticks Rhipicephalus sanguineus</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Yes</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>**Table 5 (continued)**</caption><thead><tr><th>Author</th><th>Year of the study</th><th>Year of publication</th><th>Language</th><th>Country</th><th>State</th><th>Methodology</th><th>Sample type</th><th>Species</th><th>Number of samples</th><th>Result</th><th>Comments</th><th>Published</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Mendozaro Roldan [143]</td><td>2015–2018</td><td>2020</td><td>English</td><td>Brazil</td><td>States: Acre, Espirito Santo, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Pará, Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo</td><td>Conventional PCR (Cox1/ iella spp.—capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis protein L-like gene (cap))</td><td>Ectoparasites from reptiles and amphibians</td><td>113 mites<br>26 ticks*<br>48 blood samples from live animals and 12 samples of liver from euthanized animals</td><td>0/139</td><td>0%</td><td>Collected from reptiles and amphibians</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Ikeda [144]</td><td>2017–201</td><td>2021</td><td>English</td><td>Brazil</td><td>Campo Grande city, Mato Grosso do Sul state</td><td>qPCR (JS1/111)</td><td>Ectoparasites from nonhe-matophagous bats</td><td>64 bat flies<br>46 Spinturnicidae mites<br>21 Macronys-sidae mites<br>19 tick larvae (Ornithodoros hasei)</td><td>0/150</td><td>0%</td><td>Collected from nonhe-matophagous bats</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Duron [168]</td><td>2010–2013</td><td>2017</td><td>English</td><td>Brazil</td><td>Pan de Azucar</td><td>16S rRNA PCR</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Ticks</td><td></td><td>Collected on common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus)<br>Humboldt penguin (Spheniscus humboldti)<br>No Cb only CLE</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Brenner [176]</td><td>NA</td><td>2021</td><td>English</td><td>Chile</td><td>Isla Grande de Atacama</td><td>NGS</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Ornithodoros peruvianus</td><td>2/3</td><td>CLE</td><td>Humboldt penguin (Spheniscus humboldti)</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Lima-duarte [177]</td><td>2017</td><td>2021</td><td>English</td><td>Brazil</td><td>Municipality of Formiga, Minas Gerais State</td><td>Nested cPCR mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Ornithodoros spheniscus (Pan de Azucar)</td><td>1/3</td><td>CLE</td><td>No Cb only CLE</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Luzzi [178]</td><td>NA</td><td>2021</td><td>English</td><td>Brazil</td><td>Jaboticabal, São Paulo State and Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul State</td><td>PCR 16S rRNA</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Ticks Ornithodoros amblus</td><td>CLE is present but not Cb<br>~0/100</td><td>0%</td><td>Collected from seabirds Spheniscus humboldti (Humboldt penguin)</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Ticks Ornithodoros amblus</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Ticks Rhipicephalus microplus</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Ticks Rhipicephalus sanguineus</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<figure><img src="image_27.png" /></figure>

<table><caption>**Table 5 (continued)**</caption><thead><tr><th>Author</th><th>Year of the study</th><th>Year of publication</th><th>Language</th><th>Country</th><th>State</th><th>Methodology</th><th>Sample type</th><th>Species</th><th>Number of samples</th><th>Result</th><th>Comments</th><th>Published</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Santana [145]</td><td>2018–2020</td><td>2022</td><td>English</td><td>Brazil</td><td>Municipalities of Barre-tos, Colina, Guaraci, Jaboticabal, Monte Alto, Monte Azul, Paulistia, Morro Agudo, Olimpia, and Tor-rinha, São Paulo State</td><td>qPCR (JS1111)</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Ticks<br><i>Amblyomma<br>sculpium</i></td><td>0/184</td><td>0%</td><td>Collected from 97 free-living wild boars (Sus scrofa)</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Guizzo [179]</td><td>NA</td><td>2022</td><td>English</td><td>Brazil</td><td>Rural area of Porto Alegre (Rio Grande do Sul</td><td>qPCR</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Ticks<br><i>Rhipicephalus<br>microplus</i></td><td>Several colonies</td><td>0% Cb<br>100% CLE</td><td></td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Lima-Duarte [180]</td><td>NA</td><td>2022</td><td>English</td><td>Brazil</td><td>Piracicaba, São Paulo State</td><td>PCR (16S rRNA gene)</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Ticks<br><i>Amblyomma<br>sculpium</i></td><td>0/80</td><td>0%</td><td>Collected from free-living capybaras</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Faccini-Mar-tínez [97]</td><td>2011</td><td>2017</td><td>English</td><td>Colombia</td><td>Villeta</td><td>Conventional and nested PCR</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Ixodidae ticks*</td><td>0/1287</td><td>0%</td><td>Collected from domestic animals, wild mammals, and vegetation</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Machado-Fer-reira [156]</td><td>2010–2012</td><td>2018</td><td>English</td><td>Colombia</td><td>Barranquilla</td><td>16S rDNA PCR</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Ticks<br><i>Amblyomma<br>variegatum</i></td><td>0/1</td><td>0%</td><td></td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Cotes-Perdomo [181]</td><td>2016–2018</td><td>2020</td><td>English</td><td>Colombia</td><td>Localities of Bonda, Calabazo, Guachaca, Minca and Aracataca, Magdalena regions</td><td>Nested PCR<br><i>rpmB</i> (607 pb)<br><i>rpmB</i> (539 pb)</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Ticks*</td><td>0/526<br>55/526</td><td>0% Cb<br>52.9% CLE</td><td>Collected from 18 dogs, 1 donkey (Equus asinus), 9 horses 12 cows, 2 mules (Equus asinus × E. caballus), and 1 turkey</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Segura [182]</td><td>2017</td><td>2020</td><td>English</td><td>Colombia</td><td>Northern and Middle Magdalena regions, Antioquia</td><td>16S rRNA NGS</td><td>Pooled ticks</td><td>Ticks<br><i>Rhipicephalus<br>microplus</i></td><td>N=25</td><td>Detected: CLE</td><td>Collected from cattle</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Cabrera [183]</td><td>2018–2020</td><td>2022</td><td>English</td><td>Colombia</td><td>Puerto Berrio, Puerto Triunfo, Puerto Nare, Caracoli, San Roque, Maceo, and San José del Nus. Magdalena Medio region, and Antioquia</td><td>BLASTn<br>Analysis and molecular phylogenetic analysis of 16 s rRNA sequences</td><td></td><td>Ticks<br><i>Rhipicephalus<br>sanguineus</i></td><td>0/169<br>20/169</td><td>0% Cb<br>11.8% CLE</td><td>Collected from dogs and bovines in the households [15] or workplaces [1] of 271 patients with acute febrile illness. C. bur-netti antibodies were detected in 39.5% of the patients and 33.6% by real-time PCR</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Noda [184]</td><td>2014</td><td>2015</td><td>English</td><td>Cuba</td><td>Candelaria, Artemisa province</td><td>PCR (JS1111)</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Ticks*</td><td>6/468</td><td>2 tick pools (4 males and 2 females collected from a horse)</td><td>Collected from horses, dogs, and humans<br>All positives were <i>Amblyomma mixtum</i></td><td>Yes</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>**Table 5 (continued)**</caption><thead><tr><th>Author</th><th>Year of the study</th><th>Year of publication</th><th>Language</th><th>Country</th><th>State</th><th>Methodology</th><th>Sample type</th><th>Species</th><th>Number of samples</th><th>Result</th><th>Comments</th><th>Published</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Santana [145]</td><td>2018–2020</td><td>2022</td><td>English</td><td>Brazil</td><td>Municipalities of Barre-tos, Colina, Guaraci, Jaboticabal, Monte Alto, Monte Azul, Paulistia, Morro Agudo, Olimpia, and Tor-rinha, São Paulo State</td><td>qPCR (JS1111)</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Ticks<br>Amblyomma<br>sculpium</td><td>0/184</td><td>0%</td><td>Collected from 97 free-living wild boars (Sus scrofa)</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Guizzo [179]</td><td>NA</td><td>2022</td><td>English</td><td>Brazil</td><td>Rural area of Porto Alegre (Rio Grande do Sul</td><td>qPCR</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Ticks<br>Rhipicephalus<br>microplus</td><td>Several colonies</td><td>0% Cb<br>100% CLE</td><td></td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Lima-Duarte [180]</td><td>NA</td><td>2022</td><td>English</td><td>Brazil</td><td>Piracicaba, São Paulo State</td><td>PCR (16S rRNA gene)</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Ticks<br>Amblyomma<br>sculpium</td><td>0/80</td><td>0%</td><td>Collected from free-living capybaras</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Faccini-Mar-tínez [97]</td><td>2011</td><td>2017</td><td>English</td><td>Colombia</td><td>Villeta</td><td>Conventional and nested PCR</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Ixodidae ticks*</td><td>0/1287</td><td>0%</td><td>Collected from domestic animals, wild mammals, and vegetation</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Machado-Fer-reira [156]</td><td>2010–2012</td><td>2018</td><td>English</td><td>Colombia</td><td>Barranquilla</td><td>16S rDNA PCR</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Ticks<br>Amblyomma<br>variegatum</td><td>0/1</td><td>0%</td><td></td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Cotes-Perdomo [181]</td><td>2016–2018</td><td>2020</td><td>English</td><td>Colombia</td><td>Localities of Bonda, Calabazo, Guachaca, Minca and Aracataca, Magdalena regions</td><td>Nested PCR<br>rpoB (607 pb)<br>rpoB (539 pb)</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Ticks*</td><td>0/526<br>55/526</td><td>0% Cb<br>52.9% CLE</td><td>Collected from 18 dogs, 1 donkey (Equus asinus), 9 horses 12 cows, 2 mules (Equus asinus × E. caballus), and 1 turkey</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Segura [182]</td><td>2017</td><td>2020</td><td>English</td><td>Colombia</td><td>Northern and Middle Magdalena regions, Antioquia</td><td>16S rRNA NGS</td><td>Pooled ticks</td><td>Ticks<br>Rhipicephalus<br>microplus</td><td>N=25</td><td>Detected: CLE</td><td>Collected from cattle</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Cabrera [183]</td><td>2018–2020</td><td>2022</td><td>English</td><td>Colombia</td><td>Puerto Berrio, Puerto Triunfo, Puerto Nare, Caracoli, San Roque, Maceo, and San José del Nus. Magdalena Medio region, and Antioquia</td><td>BLASTn<br>Analysis and molecular phylogenetic analysis of 16 s rRNA sequences</td><td></td><td>Ticks<br>Rhipicephalus<br>sanguineus</td><td>0/169<br>20/169</td><td>0% Cb<br>11.8% CLE</td><td>Collected from dogs and bovines in the households [15] or workplaces [1] of 271 patients with acute febrile illness. C. bur-netti antibodies were detected in 39.5% of the patients and 33.6% by real-time PCR</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Noda [184]</td><td>2014</td><td>2015</td><td>English</td><td>Cuba</td><td>Candelaria, Artemisa province</td><td>PCR (JS1111)</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Ticks*</td><td>6/468</td><td>2 tick pools (4 males and 2 females collected from a horse)</td><td>Collected from horses, dogs, and humans All positives were Amblyomma mixtum</td><td>Yes</td></tr></tbody></table>

<figure><img src="image_26.png" /></figure>
<table><caption>Table 5 (continued)</caption><thead><tr><th>Author</th><th>Year of the study</th><th>Year of publication</th><th>Language</th><th>Country</th><th>State</th><th>Methodology</th><th>Sample type</th><th>Species</th><th>Number of samples</th><th>Result</th><th>Comments</th><th>Published</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Debin [108]</td><td>2007</td><td>2007</td><td>French</td><td>French Guiana</td><td>Macouria. Kourou, and Cayenne area</td><td>PCR</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Ticks (species not available)</td><td>0/133</td><td>0%</td><td>Unpublished thesis Collected on dogs and horses</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td>Davoust [109]</td><td>2014</td><td>2014</td><td>English</td><td>French Guiana</td><td>Montagne du Tigre (Cayenne)</td><td>qPCR (IS1111)</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Tick. Ambly- omma geayi</td><td>14/16</td><td>88%</td><td>Found on a 3-toed sloth (female) (Bradypus tridacnylus) positive for C. burnetii, with serotype MST17</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Pommier de Santi [152]</td><td>NA</td><td>2014</td><td>French</td><td>French Guiana</td><td>Montagne du Tigre (Cayenne) and Macouria Sloths Rescue Center</td><td>qPCR (IS1111)</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Ticks (species not available)</td><td>0/85</td><td>0%</td><td>Collected on 16 3-toed sloths (Bradypus tridacnylus)</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Tahir [185]</td><td>2013</td><td>2016</td><td>English</td><td>French Guiana</td><td>Saint-Jean-du-Maroni</td><td>Real-time PCR (IS30A) Positive results confirmed by standard PCR</td><td></td><td>Ticks Ornitho- doros hasei</td><td>0/107</td><td>0%</td><td>Collected from 12 bats (Noctilio albiventris)</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Duron [168]</td><td>2015</td><td>2017</td><td>English</td><td>French Guiana</td><td>Cayenne</td><td>16S rRNA PCR</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Ticks</td><td></td><td></td><td>Collected from unidenti- fied lizard species</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Binetruy [186]</td><td>2017</td><td>2019</td><td>English</td><td>French Guiana</td><td>Piste de Lamirande, Matoury</td><td>16S rRNA metabarcod- ing</td><td>Whole-tick and tick-organ sequences (guts and carcasses)</td><td>Amblyomma sp. Ticks Amblyomma cajennense (sensu stricto)</td><td>1/5</td><td>CLE</td><td>No Cb only CLE</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td>Binetruy [187]</td><td>NA</td><td>2020</td><td>English</td><td>French Guiana</td><td>Various locations, mainly along the coastline</td><td>Metabarcoding</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Ticks (18 species belong- ing to the Amblyomma genus*)</td><td>0/109</td><td>0%</td><td>Study of the impact of different steriliza- tion methods on the internal microbial diversity hosted by the Cayenne tick</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Grosieta [188]</td><td>2018–2020</td><td>2022</td><td>English</td><td>Mexico</td><td>99 localities of the State of Veracruz</td><td>PCR</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>6/888 Ambly- omma mixtum 5/25 in Castán 1/51 Los Angeles</td><td>0.7%</td><td></td><td>Study on CLE</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>De Rodan- iche [189]</td><td>NA</td><td>1947</td><td>English</td><td>Panama</td><td>City of Panama</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>Tick Amblyomma cajennense</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>Shown to transmit Q fever in the author’s laboratory</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Kueneman [190]</td><td>2012–2014</td><td>2020</td><td>English</td><td>Panama</td><td>18 sites in Central Panama (lowland tropical rainforest)</td><td>PCR</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Ticks*</td><td>64/733</td><td>8.7%</td><td>Cox- iella sp. (species not available)</td><td>Collected from 179 individual small mammals of 8 species</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table 5 (continued)</caption><thead><tr><th>Author</th><th>Year of the study</th><th>Year of publication</th><th>Language</th><th>Country</th><th>State</th><th>Methodology</th><th>Sample type</th><th>Species</th><th>Number of samples</th><th>Result</th><th>Comments</th><th>Published</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Debin [108]</td><td>2007</td><td>2007</td><td>French</td><td>French Guiana</td><td>Macouria. Kourou, and Cayenne area</td><td>PCR</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Ticks (species not available)</td><td>0/133</td><td>0%</td><td>Unpublished thesis Collected on dogs and horses</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td>Davoust [109]</td><td>2014</td><td>2014</td><td>English</td><td>French Guiana</td><td>Montagne du Tigre (Cayenne)</td><td>qPCR (IS1111)</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Tick. Ambly- omma geayi</td><td>14/16</td><td>88%</td><td>Found on a 3-toed sloth (female) (Bradypus tridacnylus) positive for C. burnetii. with serotype MST17</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Pommier de Santi [152]</td><td>NA</td><td>2014</td><td>French</td><td>French Guiana</td><td>Montagne du Tigre (Cayenne) and Macouria Sloths Rescue Center</td><td>qPCR (IS1111)</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Ticks (species not available)</td><td>0/85</td><td>0%</td><td>Collected on 16 3-toed sloths (Bradypus tridacnylus)</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Tahir [185]</td><td>2013</td><td>2016</td><td>English</td><td>French Guiana</td><td>Saint-Jean-du-Maroni</td><td>Real-time PCR (IS30A) Positive results confirmed by standard PCR</td><td></td><td>Ticks Ornitho- doros hasei</td><td>0/107</td><td>0%</td><td>Collected from 12 bats (Noctilio albiventris)</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Duron [168]</td><td>2015</td><td>2017</td><td>English</td><td>French Guiana</td><td>Cayenne</td><td>16S rRNA PCR</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Ticks</td><td></td><td></td><td>Collected from unidenti- fied lizard species</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Binetruy [186]</td><td>2017</td><td>2019</td><td>English</td><td>French Guiana</td><td>Piste de Lamirande, Matoury</td><td>16S rRNA metabarcod- ing</td><td>Whole-tick and tick-organ sequences (guts and carcasses)</td><td>Amblyomma sp. Ticks Amblyomma cajennense (sensu stricto)</td><td>1/5</td><td>CLE</td><td>No Cb only CLE</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td>Binetruy [187]</td><td>NA</td><td>2020</td><td>English</td><td>French Guiana</td><td>Various locations, mainly along the coastline</td><td>Metabarcoding</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Ticks (18 species belong- ing to the Amblyomma genus*)</td><td>0/109</td><td>0%</td><td>Study of the impact of different steriliza- tion methods on the internal microbial diversity hosted by the Cayenne tick</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Grosieta [188]</td><td>2018–2020</td><td>2022</td><td>English</td><td>Mexico</td><td>99 localities of the State of Veracruz</td><td>PCR</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>6/888 Ambly- omma mixtum 5/25 in Castán 1/5 1 Los Angeles</td><td>0.7%</td><td></td><td>Study on CLE</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>De Rodan- iche [189]</td><td>NA</td><td>1947</td><td>English</td><td>Panama</td><td>City of Panama</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>Tick Amblyomma cajennense</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>Shown to transmit Q fever in the author's laboratory</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Kueneman [190]</td><td>2012–2014</td><td>2020</td><td>English</td><td>Panama</td><td>18 sites in Central Panama (lowland tropical rainforest)</td><td>PCR</td><td>Whole tick</td><td>Ticks*</td><td>64/733</td><td>8.7%</td><td>Cox- iella sp. (species not available)</td><td>Collected from 179 individual small mammals of 8 species</td></tr></tbody></table>

<figure><img src="image_27.png" /></figure>
circulating in Colombia, in livestock as well as in wildlife, especially bats, and deserves the implementation of studies in various animal taxa, both in animals and humans.

## Conclusions and Perspectives

It is interesting to note that the literature reviews that follow one another from one decade to the next repeat tirelessly that Q fever is ubiquitous and that it is found everywhere in the world except in New Zealand [2, 68, 69, 207]. It is difficult to know where the claim that *C. burnetii* has been described in every country in the world has its roots. Recently, it was shown that numerous African countries have no trace of publication on *C. burnetii* in humans [208]. In 2016, we published a literature review on human Q fever in South America that showed that seven countries had never reported any cases of human Q fever or seroprevalence studies according to the available literature (Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Paraguay, Suriname) [63]. The present literature review highlights the fact that there are no available data on *C. burnetii* infection in animals in many countries of Latin America. Thus, among the 21 countries or territories in continental Latin America, five (24%) have no publication related to *C. burnetii* detection in animals (Guyana, Suriname, Honduras, Bolivia, Paraguay), and 17 (65%) among the 26 Caribbean countries and territories, among which populated islands with livestock farms such as Jamaica, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic. There is thus an urgent need for studies on *C. burnetii* infection in animals in Latin America and the Caribbean, as well as in humans, to better understand the dynamic of this infection in the neotropical area.

While seroprevalence studies on *C. burnetii* in livestock exist in various countries, studies on wildlife and domestic animals are rare. Finally, studies on ticks seem to rule out this taxon as a contributor to *C. burnetii* transmission, although many *Coxiella*-LE have been found. Pets may be particularly valuable sentinel indicators for “one health” epidemiological studies because they share human environmental exposures. A significant effort has been made in recent years, particularly in Brazil and French Guiana, but most other Latin American countries, probably due to the low reporting of human cases, do not focus their research in this direction. In order to explain the contagion cycles in hyperendemic areas, it seems important to multiply studies on domestic and wild animals in terms of descriptive epidemiology and molecular epidemiology, considering the surveillance of particular strains. It would be interesting to see if the wild reservoirs are perhaps at the origin of this hyperendemicity, on the one hand, while the domestic ones would rather be at the origin of localized epidemics. There is also a need to study synanthropic species that are neither wildlife nor domesticated, such as mice and the two *Rattus* species. Nevertheless, it

is important to address the question of cross-border spread through wildlife and imported domestic animals. Finally, this study demonstrates the need to include *C. burnetii* infection in the public health surveillance systems, considering its wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, and in animal health programs, especially for animals with reproductive disorders,” and the need for better surveillance systems. The environmental aspects of the disease (reservoir and source of contamination through feces, dust, etc.) may be considered to introduce a One Health approach to this infection.

**Funding** This article was supported by the European Union and the Collectivité territoriale de Guyane of French Guiana as part of the call for projects FlashCovid-19 and the AMAZCOV’N FEVERS project (FEDER, SYNERGIE GY0028034).

**Data Availability** Most of the data that support the findings of this study are openly available consulting PubMed (National Institutes of Health’s National Library of Medicine), ScienceDirect (Elsevier), SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online) and LILACS. The unpublished data and "grey literature" that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, LE, upon reasonable request.

## Declarations

**Conflict of Interest** The authors declare no competing interests.

**Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent** All reported studies/experiments with human or animal subjects performed by the authors were performed in accordance with all applicable ethical standards, including the Helsinki Declaration and its amendments, institutional/national research committee standards, and international/national/institutional guidelines.

**Open Access** This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

## References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as:

* Of importance

* Of major importance

1. Eldin C, Melenotte C, Mediannikov O, Ghigo E, Million M, Edouard S, et al. From Q fever to *Coxiella burnetii* infection: a paradigm change. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2017;30(1):115-90.
circulating in Colombia, in livestock as well as in wildlife, especially bats, and deserves the implementation of studies in various animal taxa, both in animals and humans.

## Conclusions and Perspectives

It is interesting to note that the literature reviews that follow one another from one decade to the next repeat tirelessly that Q fever is ubiquitous and that it is found everywhere in the world except in New Zealand [2, 68, 69, 207]. It is difficult to know where the claim that *C. burnetii* has been described in every country in the world has its roots. Recently, it was shown that numerous African countries have no trace of publication on *C. burnetii* in humans [208]. In 2016, we published a literature review on human Q fever in South America that showed that seven countries had never reported any cases of human Q fever or seroprevalence studies according to the available literature (Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Paraguay, Suriname) [63]. The present literature review highlights the fact that there are no available data on *C. burnetii* infection in animals in many countries of Latin America. Thus, among the 21 countries or territories in continental Latin America, five (24%) have no publication related to *C. burnetii* detection in animals (Guyana, Suriname, Honduras, Bolivia, Paraguay), and 17 (65%) among the 26 Caribbean countries and territories, among which populated islands with livestock farms such as Jamaica, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic. There is thus an urgent need for studies on *C. burnetii* infection in animals in Latin America and the Caribbean, as well as in humans, to better understand the dynamic of this infection in the neotropical area.

While seroprevalence studies on *C. burnetii* in livestock exist in various countries, studies on wildlife and domestic animals are rare. Finally, studies on ticks seem to rule out this taxon as a contributor to *C. burnetii* transmission, although many *Coxiella*-LE have been found. Pets may be particularly valuable sentinel indicators for “one health” epidemiological studies because they share human environmental exposures. A significant effort has been made in recent years, particularly in Brazil and French Guiana, but most other Latin American countries, probably due to the low reporting of human cases, do not focus their research in this direction. In order to explain the contagion cycles in hyperendemic areas, it seems important to multiply studies on domestic and wild animals in terms of descriptive epidemiology and molecular epidemiology, considering the surveillance of particular strains. It would be interesting to see if the wild reservoirs are perhaps at the origin of this hyperendemicity, on the one hand, while the domestic ones would rather be at the origin of localized epidemics. There is also a need to study synanthropic species that are neither wildlife nor domesticated, such as mice and the two *Rattus* species. Nevertheless, it

is important to address the question of cross-border spread through wildlife and imported domestic animals. Finally, this study demonstrates the need to include *C. burnetii* infection in the public health surveillance systems, considering its wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, and in animal health programs, especially for animals with reproductive disorders,” and the need for better surveillance systems. The environmental aspects of the disease (reservoir and source of contamination through feces, dust, etc.) may be considered to introduce a One Health approach to this infection.

**Funding** This article was supported by the European Union and the Collectivité territoriale de Guyane of French Guiana as part of the call for projects FlashCovid-19 and the AMAZCOV’N FEVERS project (FEDER, SYNERGIE GY0028034).

**Data Availability** Most of the data that support the findings of this study are openly available consulting PubMed (National Institutes of Health’s National Library of Medicine), ScienceDirect (Elsevier), SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online) and LILACS. The unpublished data and "grey literature" that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, LE, upon reasonable request.

## Declarations

**Conflict of Interest** The authors declare no competing interests.

**Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent** All reported studies/experiments with human or animal subjects performed by the authors were performed in accordance with all applicable ethical standards, including the Helsinki Declaration and its amendments, institutional/national research committee standards, and international/national/institutional guidelines.

**Open Access** This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

## References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as:

* Of importance

* Of major importance

1. Eldin C, Melenotte C, Mediannikov O, Ghigo E, Million M, Edouard S, et al. From Q fever to *Coxiella burnetii* infection: a paradigm change. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2017;30(1):115-90.
2. Marrie TJ. Coxiellosis (Q fever) in animals. In: Press C, editor. Q fever. Volume I: The disease. Boca Raton; 1990. p. 23–48.

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4. Sandoz KM, Popham DL, Beare PA, Sturdevant DE, Hansen B, Nair V, et al. Transcriptional profiling of Coxiella burnetii reveals extensive cell wall remodeling in the small cell variant developmental form. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(2): e0149957.

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7. Sander WE, King R, Graser W, Kapfer JM, Engel AI, Adamovicz L, et al. Coxiella burnetii in 3 species of turtles in the Upper Midwest, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(12):3199–202.

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12. Cyr J, Turcotte M, Desrosiers A, Bélanger D, Harel J, Tremblay D, et al. Prevalence of Coxiella burnetii seropositivity and shedding in farm, pet and feral cats and associated risk factors in farm cats in Quebec, Canada. Epidemiol Infect. 2021;149: e57.

13. Abdel-Moein KA, Zaher HM. Parturient cat as a potential reservoir for Coxiella burnetii: a hidden threat to pet owners. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2021;21(4):264–8.

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15. Langley JM, Marrie TJ, Covert A, Waag DM, Williams JC. Poker players’ pneumonia. An urban outbreak of Q fever following exposure to a parturient cat. N Engl J Med. 1988;319(6):354–6.

16. Marrie TJ, Durant H, Williams JC, Mintz E, Waag DM. Exposure to parturient cats: a risk factor for acquisition of Q fever in Maritime Canada. J Infect Dis. 1988;158(1):101–8.

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19. Duncan C, Savage K, Williams M, Dickerson B, Kondas AV, Fitzpatrick KA, et al. Multiple strains of Coxiella burnetii are present in the environment of St. Paul Island, Alaska. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2013;60(4):345–50.

20. Alende-Castro V, Macía-Rodríguez C, Novo-Veleiro I, García-Fernández X, Treviño-Castellano M, Rodríguez-Fernández S, et al. Q fever in Spain: description of a new series, and systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2018;12(3): e0006338.

21. Edouard S, Mahamat A, Demar M, Abboud P, Djossou F, Raoult D. Comparison between emerging Q fever in French Guiana and endemic Q fever in Marseille, France. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014;90(5):915–9.

22. Abou Abdallah R, Million M, Delerce J, Anani H, Diop A, Caputo A, et al. Pangenomic analysis of Coxiella burnetii unveils new traits in genome architecture. Front Microbiol. 2022;13:1022356.

23. Ankert J, Frosinski J, Weis S, Boden K, Pletz MW. Incidence of chronic Q fever and chronic fatigue syndrome: a 6 year follow-up of a large Q fever outbreak. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2022;69(4):2219–26.

24. Ayres JG, Smith EG, Flint N. Protracted fatigue and debility after acute Q fever. Lancet. 1996;347(9006):978–9.

25. Marmion BP, Shannon M, Maddocks I, Storm P, Penttila I. Protracted debility and fatigue after acute Q fever. Lancet. 1996;347(9006):977–8.

26. van Asseldonk MA, Prins J, Bergevoet RH. Economic assessment of Q fever in the Netherlands. Prev Vet Med. 2013;112(1–2):27–34.

27. de Boer PT, de Lange MMA, Wielders CCH, Dijkstra F, van Roeden SE, Bleeker-Rovers CP, et al. Cost-effectiveness of screening program for chronic Q fever, the Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26(2):238–46.

28.●● Epelboin L, Eldin C, Thill P, Pommier de Santi V, Abboud P, Walter G, et al. Human Q Fever on the Guiana Shield and Brazil: recent findings and remaining questions. Curr Trop Med Rep. 2021;8(3):173-182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40475-021-00243-4. Epub 2021 Jun 1. This literature review comprehensively covers the specific issues of the 2 countries with the highest production of Coxiella burnetii infection in Latin America.

29. Hayoun MA, King KC. Biologic warfare agent toxicity. Stat-Pearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing Copyright © 2022, StatPearls Publishing LLC.; 2022.

30. EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW). Scientific Opinion on Q Fever. EFSA J. 2010; 8(5);[114 p.]. Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1595. Accessed 2 June 2023

31. Espí A, Del Cerro A, Oleaga Á, Rodríguez-Pérez M, López CM, Hurtado A, et al. One health approach: an overview of Q fever in livestock, wildlife and humans in Asturias (Northwestern Spain). Animals (Basel). 2021 May 13;11(5):1395. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11051395.

32. Rahaman MR, Milazzo A, Marshall H, Bi P. Is a one health approach utilized for Q fever control? A comprehensive literature review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(5).

33. Moore JD, Barr BC, Daft BM, O'Connor MT. Pathology and diagnosis of Coxiella burnetii infection in a goat herd. Vet Pathol. 1991;28(1):81–4.

34. Lang GH. Q Fever Vol 1 The Disease. In: Marrie TJ, editor. CRC Press, Boca Raton; 1990. p. 23–48.

35. Agerholm JS. Coxiella burnetii associated reproductive disorders in domestic animals—a critical review. Acta Vet Scand. 2013;55(1):13.

36. Bildfell RJ, Thomson GW, Haines DM, McEwen BJ, Smart N. Coxiella burnetii infection is associated with placentitis in cases of bovine abortion. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2000;12(5):419–25.

37. Sánchez J, Souriau A, Buendía AJ, Arricau-Bouvery N, Martínez CM, Salinas J, et al. Experimental Coxiella burnetii infection in pregnant goats: a histopathological and immunohistochemical study. J Comp Pathol. 2006;135(2–3):108–15.

38. Roest HJ, van Gelderen B, Dinkla A, Frangoulidis D, van Zijderveld F, Rebel J, et al. Q fever in pregnant goats: pathogenesis and excretion of Coxiella burnetii. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(11): e48949.

39. Gonzalez-Barrio D, Ruiz-Fons F. Coxiella burnetii in wild mammals: a systematic review. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2019;66(2):662–71.
2. Marrie TJ. Coxiellosis (Q fever) in animals. In: Press C, editor. Q fever. Volume I: The disease. Boca Raton; 1990. p. 23–48.

3. Rousset E, Niemczuk K, Sidi-Boumedine K, Thiéry R. Q fever. 2018 Updated 01/12/2022. In: Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals 2022 [Internet]. WOAH-World Organisation for Animal Health. [560–77]. Available from: https://www.woah.org/en/what-we-do/standards/codes-and-manuals/terrestrial-manual-online-access/. Accessed 2 June 2023

4. Sandoz KM, Popham DL, Beare PA, Sturdevant DE, Hansen B, Nair V, et al. Transcriptional profiling of Coxiella burnetii reveals extensive cell wall remodeling in the small cell variant developmental form. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(2): e0149957.

5. Babudieri B. Q fever: a zoonosis. Adv Vet Sci. 1959;5:81–182.

6. Duron O, Sidi-Boumedine K, Rousset E, Moutailler S, Jourdain E. The importance of ticks in Q fever transmission: what has (and has not) been demonstrated? Trends Parasitol. 2015;31(11):536–52.

7. Sander WE, King R, Graser W, Kapfer JM, Engel AI, Adamovicz L, et al. Coxiella burnetii in 3 species of turtles in the Upper Midwest, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(12):3199–202.

8. Sanchez SE, Goodman AG, Omsland A. Metabolic plasticity aids amphotropism of Coxiella burnetii. Infect Immun. 2021;89(12): e0013521.

9. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Risk assessment on Q fever. ECDC Technical Report [Internet]. 2010;[85 p.]. Available from: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/public-health-guidance-screening-and-vaccination-infectious-diseases-newly. Accessed 2 June 2023

10. Pexara A, Solomakos N, Govaris A. Q fever and seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii in domestic ruminants. Vet Ital. 2018;54(4):265–79.

11. Ma GC, Norris JM, Mathews KO, Chandra S, Šlapeta J, Bosward KL, et al. New insights on the epidemiology of Coxiella burnetii in pet dogs and cats from New South Wales, Australia. Acta Trop. 2020;205: 105416.

12. Cyr J, Turcotte M, Desrosiers A, Bélanger D, Harel J, Tremblay D, et al. Prevalence of Coxiella burnetii seropositivity and shedding in farm, pet and feral cats and associated risk factors in farm cats in Quebec, Canada. Epidemiol Infect. 2021;149: e57.

13. Abdel-Moein KA, Zaher HM. Parturient cat as a potential reservoir for Coxiella burnetii: a hidden threat to pet owners. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2021;21(4):264–8.

14. Buhariwalla F, Cann B, Marrie TJ. A dog-related outbreak of Q fever. Clin Infect Dis. 1996;23(4):753–5.

15. Langley JM, Marrie TJ, Covert A, Waag DM, Williams JC. Poker players' pneumonia. An urban outbreak of Q fever following exposure to a parturient cat. N Engl J Med. 1988;319(6):354–6.

16. Marrie TJ, Durant H, Williams JC, Mintz E, Waag DM. Exposure to parturient cats: a risk factor for acquisition of Q fever in Maritime Canada. J Infect Dis. 1988;158(1):101–8.

17. Marrie TJ, Schlech WF 3rd, Williams JC, Yates L. Q fever pneumonia associated with exposure to wild rabbits. Lancet. 1986;1(8478):427–9.

18. Stein A, Raoult D. Pigeon pneumonia in Provence: a bird-borne Q fever outbreak. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;29(3):617–20.

19. Duncan C, Savage K, Williams M, Dickerson B, Kondas AV, Fitzpatrick KA, et al. Multiple strains of Coxiella burnetii are present in the environment of St. Paul Island, Alaska. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2013;60(4):345–50.

20. Alende-Castro V, Macía-Rodríguez C, Novo-Veleiro I, García-Fernández X, Treviño-Castellano M, Rodríguez-Fernández S, et al. Q fever in Spain: description of a new series, and systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2018;12(3): e0006338.

21. Edouard S, Mahamat A, Demar M, Abboud P, Djossou F, Raoult D. Comparison between emerging Q fever in French Guiana and endemic Q fever in Marseille, France. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014;90(5):915–9.

22. Abou Abdallah R, Million M, Delerce J, Anani H, Diop A, Caputo A, et al. Pangenomic analysis of Coxiella burnetii unveils new traits in genome architecture. Front Microbiol. 2022;13:1022356.

23. Ankert J, Frosinski J, Weis S, Boden K, Pletz MW. Incidence of chronic Q fever and chronic fatigue syndrome: a 6 year follow-up of a large Q fever outbreak. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2022;69(4):2219–26.

24. Ayres JG, Smith EG, Flint N. Protracted fatigue and debility after acute Q fever. Lancet. 1996;347(9006):978–9.

25. Marmion BP, Shannon M, Maddocks I, Storm P, Penttila I. Protracted debility and fatigue after acute Q fever. Lancet. 1996;347(9006):977–8.

26. van Asseldonk MA, Prins J, Bergevoet RH. Economic assessment of Q fever in the Netherlands. Prev Vet Med. 2013;112(1–2):27–34.

27. de Boer PT, de Lange MMA, Wielders CCH, Dijkstra F, van Roeden SE, Bleeker-Rovers CP, et al. Cost-effectiveness of screening program for chronic Q fever, the Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26(2):238–46.

28.●● Epelboin L, Eldin C, Thill P, Pommier de Santi V, Abboud P, Walter G, et al. Human Q Fever on the Guiana Shield and Brazil: recent findings and remaining questions. Curr Trop Med Rep. 2021;8(3):173-182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40475-021-00243-4. Epub 2021 Jun 1. This literature review comprehensively covers the specific issues of the 2 countries with the highest production of Coxiella burnetii infection in Latin America.

29. Hayoun MA, King KC. Biologic warfare agent toxicity. Stat-Pearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing Copyright © 2022, StatPearls Publishing LLC.; 2022.

30. EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW). Scientific Opinion on Q Fever. EFSA J. 2010; 8(5);[114 p.]. Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1595. Accessed 2 June 2023

31. Espí A, Del Cerro A, Oleaga Á, Rodríguez-Pérez M, López CM, Hurtado A, et al. One health approach: an overview of Q fever in livestock, wildlife and humans in Asturias (Northwestern Spain). Animals (Basel). 2021 May 13;11(5):1395. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11051395.

32. Rahaman MR, Milazzo A, Marshall H, Bi P. Is a one health approach utilized for Q fever control? A comprehensive literature review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(5).

33. Moore JD, Barr BC, Daft BM, O'Connor MT. Pathology and diagnosis of Coxiella burnetii infection in a goat herd. Vet Pathol. 1991;28(1):81–4.

34. Lang GH. Q Fever Vol 1 The Disease. In: Marrie TJ, editor. CRC Press, Boca Raton; 1990. p. 23–48.

35. Agerholm JS. Coxiella burnetii associated reproductive disorders in domestic animals—a critical review. Acta Vet Scand. 2013;55(1):13.

36. Bildfell RJ, Thomson GW, Haines DM, McEwen BJ, Smart N. Coxiella burnetii infection is associated with placentitis in cases of bovine abortion. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2000;12(5):419–25.

37. Sánchez J, Souriau A, Buendía AJ, Arricau-Bouvery N, Martínez CM, Salinas J, et al. Experimental Coxiella burnetii infection in pregnant goats: a histopathological and immunohistochemical study. J Comp Pathol. 2006;135(2–3):108–15.

38. Roest HJ, van Gelderen B, Dinkla A, Frangoulidis D, van Zijderveld F, Rebel J, et al. Q fever in pregnant goats: pathogenesis and excretion of Coxiella burnetii. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(11): e48949.

39. Gonzalez-Barrio D, Ruiz-Fons F. Coxiella burnetii in wild mammals: a systematic review. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2019;66(2):662–71.
40. Cheung A, Dufour S, Jones G, Kostoulas P, Stevenson MA, Singanallur NB, et al. Bayesian latent class analysis when the reference test is imperfect. *Rev Sci Tech. 2021;40*(1):271–86.

41. Lurier T, Rousset E, Gasqui P, Sala C, Claustre C, Abrial D, et al. Evaluation using latent class models of the diagnostic performances of three ELISA tests commercialized for the serological diagnosis of Coxiella burnetii infection in domestic ruminants. *Vet Res. 2021;52*(1):56.

42. Rousset E, Berri M, Durand B, Dufour P, Prigent M, Delcroix T, et al. Coxiella burnetii shedding routes and antibody response after outbreaks of Q fever-induced abortion in dairy goat herds. *Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009;75*(2):428–33.

43. Abeykoon AMH, Clark NJ, Soares Magalhaes RJ, Vincent GA, Stevenson MA, Firestone SM, et al. Coxiella burnetii in the environment: a systematic review and critical appraisal of sampling methods. *Zoonoses Public Health. 2021;68*(3):165–81.

44. Tomaiuolo S, Boarbi S, Fancello T, Michel P, Desqueper D, Grégoire F, et al. Phylogeography of human and animal Coxiella burnetii strains: genetic fingerprinting of Q fever in Belgium. *Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020;10*: 625576.

45. Arricau Bouvery N, Souriau A, Lechopier P, Rodolakis A. Experimental Coxiella burnetii infection in pregnant goats: excretion routes. *Vet Res. 2003;34*(4):423–33.

46. Carrie P, Barry S, Rousset E, de Cremoux R, Sala C, Calavas D, et al. Swab cloths as a tool for revealing environmental contamination by Q fever in ruminant farms. *Transbound Emerg Dis. 2019;66*(3):1202–9.

47. Farooq M, Khan AU, El-Adawy H, Mertens-Scholz K, Khan I, Neubauer H, et al. Research trends and hotspots of Q fever research: a bibliometric analysis 1990–2019. *Biomed Res Int. 2022;2022:9324471*.

48. Yon L, Duff JP, Ågren EO, Erdélyi K, Ferroglio E, Godfroid J, et al. Recent changes in infectious diseases in European wildlife. *J Wildl Dis. 2019;55*(1):3–43.

49. Tokarevich NK, Panferova YA, Freylikhman OA, Blinova OV, Medvedev SG, Mironov SV, et al. Coxiella burnetii in ticks and wild birds. *Ticks Tick-Borne Dis. 2019;10*(2):377–85.

50. Fernández-Aguilar X, Cabezón Ó, Colom-Cadena A, Lavín S, López-Olvera JR. Serological survey of Coxiella burnetii at the wildlife-livestock interface in the Eastern Pyrenees. *Spain Acta Vet Scand. 2016;58*:26.

51. González-Barrio D, Jado I, Viñuela J, García JT, Olea PP, Arce F, et al. Investigating the role of micromammals in the ecology of Coxiella burnetii in Spain. *Animals (Basel). 2021;11*(3):654. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11030654.

52. Krzysiak MK, Puchalska M, Olech W, Anusz K. A Freedom of Coxiella burnetii infection survey in European Bison (Bison bonasus) in Poland. *Animals (Basel). 2021;11*(3):651. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11030651.

53. Bártová E, Kučerová HL, Žákovská A, Budíková M, Nejezchlebová H. Coxiella burnetii and Francisella tularensis in wild small mammals from the Czech Republic. *Ticks Tick-Borne Dis. 2020;11*(2):101350.

54. Candela MG, Caballol A, Atance PM. Wide exposure to Coxiella burnetii in ruminant and feline species living in a natural environment: zoonoses in a human-livestock-wildlife interface. *Epidemiol Infect. 2017;145*(3):478–81.

55. Thill P, Eldin C, Dahuron L, Berlioz-Artaud A, Demar M, Nacher M, et al. High endemicity of Q fever in French Guiana: a cross sectional study (2007–2017). *PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2022;16*(5): e0010349.

56. Epelboin L, Chesnais C, Boulle C, Drogoul AS, Raoult D, Djossou F, et al. Q fever pneumonia in French Guiana: prevalence, risk factors, and prognostic score. *Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55*(1):67–74.

57. Epelboin L, Mahamat A, Bonifay T, Demar M, Abboud P, Walter G, et al. Q fever as a cause of community-acquired pneumonia in French Guiana. *Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2022;107*(2):407–15.

58. Melenotte C, Caputo A, Bechah Y, Lepidi H, Terras J, Kowalczewska M, et al. The hypervirulent Coxiella burnetii Guiana strain compared in silico, in vitro and in vivo to the Nine Mile and the German strain. *Clin Microbiol Infect. 2019;25*(9):1155. e1–1155.e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2018.12.039

59. Mahamat A, Edouard S, Demar M, Abboud P, Patrice JY, La Scola B, et al. Unique clone of *Coxiella burnetii* causing severe Q fever, French Guiana. *Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19*(7):1102–4.

60. França DA, Mioni MSR, Fornazari F, Duré ÁIL, Silva MVF, Possebon FS, et al. Seropositivity for Coxiella burnetii in suspected patients with dengue in São Paulo state, Brazil. *PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2022;16*(5): e0010392.

61. Meurer IR, Silva MR, Silva MVF, de Lima DA, Adelino TÉR, da Costa AVB, et al. Seroprevalence estimate and risk factors for Coxiella burnetii infections among humans in a highly urbanised Brazilian state. *Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2022;116*(3):261–9.

62. Souza EAR, André MR, Labruna MB, Horta MC. Q fever and coxiellosis in Brazil: an underestimated disease? A brief review. *Revista brasileira de parasitologia veterinaria = Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Parasitology: Orgao Oficial do Colegio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinaria. 2022;31*(3):e009822.

63. Rabaza A, Giannitti F, Fraga M, Macías-Rioseco M, Corbelini LG, Riet-Correa F, et al. Serological evidence of human infection with Coxiella burnetii after occupational exposure to aborting cattle. *Vet Sci. 2021;8*(9):196. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8090196

64. Mioni MSR, Costa FB, Ribeiro BLD, Teixeira WSR, Pelicia VC, Labruna MB, et al. Coxiella burnetii in slaughterhouses in Brazil: a public health concern. *PLoS ONE. 2020;15*(10): e0241246.

65. de Lemos ERS, Rozental T, Siqueira BN, Júnior AAP, Joaquim TE, da Silva RG, et al. Q fever in military firefighters during cadet training in Brazil. *Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2018;99*(2):303–5.

66. Mares-Guia MAMM, Rozental T, Guterres A, Ferreira Mdos S, Botticini Rde G, Terra AK, et al. Molecular identification of Q fever in patients with a suspected diagnosis of dengue in Brazil in 2013–2014. *Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2016;94*(5):1090–4.

67. Epelboin L, Nacher M, Mahamat A, Pommier de Santi V, Berlioz-Arthaud A, Eldin C, et al. Q fever in French Guiana: tip of the iceberg or epidemiological exception? *PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016;10*(5):e0004598.

68. Kaplan MM, Bertagna P. The geographical distribution of Q fever. *Bull World Health Organ. 1955;13*(5):829–60.

69. Babudieri B, Parodi AS. Primera prueba de la existencia de la Coxiella burneti en la Republica Argentina. *Prensa Med Argent. 1952;39*(39):2331–2.

70. Trezeguet MA, Debenedetti RT, Suarez MF, Barral LE, Ramos M. Detección de Fiebre Q en Majadas Generales Caprinas, en la República Argentina. *Revista Veterinaria Argentina. 2010;XXVII*(262 Enero):9.

71. Rojas MI, Barragan V, Trueba G, Hornstra H, Pearson T, Keim P. Detección de *Coxiella burnetii* en leche de bovinos domésticos del Ecuador. Avances en Ciencias e Ingenierías. 2013;5(1):B5-9.

72. Travassos J, Ubatuba A, Silva N, Mell MTF. Febre Q no Rio de Janeiro. Ciência e Cultura, São Paulo. 1954;6(4):199–200.

73. Valle LAR, Brandão H, de Cristovão D A, D'Apice M. Investigações sobre a Febre Q em São Paulo. 2. Estudos em tratadores de gado e em bovinos. Arq Fac Hig Saude Publica Univ São Paulo. 1955;9:167–80.

74. Riemann HP, Brant PC, Behymer DE, Franti CE. Toxoplasma gondii and Coxiella burneti antibodies among Brazilian slaughterhouse employees. *Am J Epidemiol. 1975;102*(5):386–93.
40. Cheung A, Dufour S, Jones G, Kostoulas P, Stevenson MA, Singanallur NB, et al. Bayesian latent class analysis when the reference test is imperfect. *Rev Sci Tech. 2021;40*(1):271–86.

41. Lurier T, Rousset E, Gasqui P, Sala C, Claustre C, Abrial D, et al. Evaluation using latent class models of the diagnostic performances of three ELISA tests commercialized for the serological diagnosis of Coxiella burnetii infection in domestic ruminants. *Vet Res. 2021;52*(1):56.

42. Rousset E, Berri M, Durand B, Dufour P, Prigent M, Delcroix T, et al. Coxiella burnetii shedding routes and antibody response after outbreaks of Q fever-induced abortion in dairy goat herds. *Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009;75*(2):428–33.

43. Abeykoon AMH, Clark NJ, Soares Magalhaes RJ, Vincent GA, Stevenson MA, Firestone SM, et al. Coxiella burnetii in the environment: a systematic review and critical appraisal of sampling methods. *Zoonoses Public Health. 2021;68*(3):165–81.

44. Tomaiuolo S, Boarbi S, Fancello T, Michel P, Desqueper D, Grégoire F, et al. Phylogeography of human and animal Coxiella burnetii strains: genetic fingerprinting of Q fever in Belgium. *Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020;10*: 625576.

45. Arricau Bouvery N, Souriau A, Lechopier P, Rodolakis A. Experimental Coxiella burnetii infection in pregnant goats: excretion routes. *Vet Res. 2003;34*(4):423–33.

46. Carrie P, Barry S, Rousset E, de Cremoux R, Sala C, Calavas D, et al. Swab cloths as a tool for revealing environmental contamination by Q fever in ruminant farms. *Transbound Emerg Dis. 2019;66*(3):1202–9.

47. Farooq M, Khan AU, El-Adawy H, Mertens-Scholz K, Khan I, Neubauer H, et al. Research trends and hotspots of Q fever research: a bibliometric analysis 1990–2019. *Biomed Res Int. 2022;2022:9324471*.

48. Yon L, Duff JP, Ågren EO, Erdélyi K, Ferroglio E, Godfroid J, et al. Recent changes in infectious diseases in European wildlife. *J Wildl Dis. 2019;55*(1):3–43.

49. Tokarevich NK, Panferova YA, Freylikhman OA, Blinova OV, Medvedev SG, Mironov SV, et al. Coxiella burnetii in ticks and wild birds. *Ticks Tick-Borne Dis. 2019;10*(2):377–85.

50. Fernández-Aguilar X, Cabezón Ó, Colom-Cadena A, Lavín S, López-Olvera JR. Serological survey of Coxiella burnetii at the wildlife-livestock interface in the Eastern Pyrenees. *Spain Acta Vet Scand. 2016;58*:26.

51. González-Barrio D, Jado I, Viñuela J, García JT, Olea PP, Arce F, et al. Investigating the role of micromammals in the ecology of Coxiella burnetii in Spain. *Animals (Basel). 2021;11*(3):654. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11030654.

52. Krzysiak MK, Puchalska M, Olech W, Anusz K. A Freedom of Coxiella burnetii infection survey in European Bison (Bison bonasus) in Poland. *Animals (Basel). 2021;11*(3):651. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11030651.

53. Bártová E, Kučerová HL, Žákovská A, Budíková M, Nejezchlebová H. Coxiella burnetii and Francisella tularensis in wild small mammals from the Czech Republic. *Ticks Tick-Borne Dis. 2020;11*(2):101350.

54. Candela MG, Caballol A, Atance PM. Wide exposure to Coxiella burnetii in ruminant and feline species living in a natural environment: zoonoses in a human-livestock-wildlife interface. *Epidemiol Infect. 2017;145*(3):478–81.

55. Thill P, Eldin C, Dahuron L, Berlioz-Artaud A, Demar M, Nacher M, et al. High endemicity of Q fever in French Guiana: a cross sectional study (2007–2017). *PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2022;16*(5): e0010349.

56. Epelboin L, Chesnais C, Boulle C, Drogoul AS, Raoult D, Djossou F, et al. Q fever pneumonia in French Guiana: prevalence, risk factors, and prognostic score. *Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55*(1):67–74.

57. Epelboin L, Mahamat A, Bonifay T, Demar M, Abboud P, Walter G, et al. Q fever as a cause of community-acquired pneumonia in French Guiana. *Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2022;107*(2):407–15.

58. Melenotte C, Caputo A, Bechah Y, Lepidi H, Terras J, Kowalczewska M, et al. The hypervirulent Coxiella burnetii Guiana strain compared in silico, in vitro and in vivo to the Nine Mile and the German strain. *Clin Microbiol Infect. 2019;25*(9):1155. e1–1155.e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2018.12.039

59. Mahamat A, Edouard S, Demar M, Abboud P, Patrice JY, La Scola B, et al. Unique clone of *Coxiella burnetii* causing severe Q fever, French Guiana. *Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19*(7):1102–4.

60. França DA, Mioni MSR, Fornazari F, Duré ÁIL, Silva MVF, Possebon FS, et al. Seropositivity for Coxiella burnetii in suspected patients with dengue in São Paulo state, Brazil. *PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2022;16*(5): e0010392.

61. Meurer IR, Silva MR, Silva MVF, de Lima DA, Adelino TÉR, da Costa AVB, et al. Seroprevalence estimate and risk factors for Coxiella burnetii infections among humans in a highly urbanised Brazilian state. *Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2022;116*(3):261–9.

62. Souza EAR, André MR, Labruna MB, Horta MC. Q fever and coxiellosis in Brazil: an underestimated disease? A brief review. *Revista brasileira de parasitologia veterinaria = Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Parasitology: Orgao Oficial do Colegio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinaria. 2022;31*(3):e009822.

63. Rabaza A, Giannitti F, Fraga M, Macías-Rioseco M, Corbelini LG, Riet-Correa F, et al. Serological evidence of human infection with Coxiella burnetii after occupational exposure to aborting cattle. *Vet Sci. 2021;8*(9):196. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8090196

64. Mioni MSR, Costa FB, Ribeiro BLD, Teixeira WSR, Pelicia VC, Labruna MB, et al. Coxiella burnetii in slaughterhouses in Brazil: a public health concern. *PLoS ONE. 2020;15*(10): e0241246.

65. de Lemos ERS, Rozental T, Siqueira BN, Júnior AAP, Joaquim TE, da Silva RG, et al. Q fever in military firefighters during cadet training in Brazil. *Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2018;99*(2):303–5.

66. Mares-Guia MAMM, Rozental T, Guterres A, Ferreira Mdos S, Botticini Rde G, Terra AK, et al. Molecular identification of Q fever in patients with a suspected diagnosis of dengue in Brazil in 2013–2014. *Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2016;94*(5):1090–4.

67. Epelboin L, Nacher M, Mahamat A, Pommier de Santi V, Berlioz-Arthaud A, Eldin C, et al. Q fever in French Guiana: tip of the iceberg or epidemiological exception? *PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016;10*(5):e0004598.

68. Kaplan MM, Bertagna P. The geographical distribution of Q fever. *Bull World Health Organ. 1955;13*(5):829–60.

69. Babudieri B, Parodi AS. Primera prueba de la existencia de la Coxiella burneti en la Republica Argentina. *Prensa Med Argent. 1952;39*(39):2331–2.

70. Trezeguet MA, Debenedetti RT, Suarez MF, Barral LE, Ramos M. Deteción de Fiebre Q en Majadas Generales Caprinas, en la República Argentina. *Revista Veterinaria Argentina. 2010;XXVII*(262 Enero):9.

71. Rojas MI, Barragan V, Trueba G, Hornstra H, Pearson T, Keim P. Deteción de *Coxiella burnetii* en leche de bovinos domésticos del Ecuador. Avances en Ciencias e Ingenierias. 2013;5(1):B5-9.

72. Travassos J, Ubatuba A, Silva N, Mell MTF. Febre Q no Rio de Janeiro. Ciência e Cultura, São Paulo. 1954;6(4):199–200.

73. Valle LAR, Brandão H, de Cristovão D A, D'Apice M. Investigações sobre a Febre Q em São Paulo. 2. Estudos em tratadores de gado e em bovinos. Arq Fac Hig Saude Publica Univ São Paulo. 1955;9:167–80.

74. Riemann HP, Brant PC, Behymer DE, Franti CE. Toxoplasma gondii and Coxiella burneti antibodies among Brazilian slaughterhouse employees. *Am J Epidemiol. 1975;102*(5):386–93.
75. Brown CC, Olander HJ, Castro AE, Behymer DE. Prevalence of antibodies in goats in north-eastern Brazil to selected viral and bacterial agents. Trop Anim Health Prod. 1989;21(3):167-9.

76. Mares-Guia MAMM, Rozental T, Guterres A, Gomes R, Almeida DN, Moreira NS, et al. Molecular identification of the agent of Q fever - *Coxiella burnetii* - in domestic animals in State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2014;47(2):231-4.

77. Mares-Guia MAMM. Febre Q: pacientes suspeitos de dengue, animais domésticos, animais silvestres e artrópodes no Estado do Rio de Janeiro [Thesis in Tropical Medicine]. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz); 2015.

78. Guimarães MF, Araujo AdC, Freire DP, Machado DMR, Martins NNVM, Moraes-Filho J, et al. Investigação sorológica de Rickettsia rickettsii e Coxiella burnetii em caprinos e ovinos no entorno do Parque Nacional da Serra das Confusões, Piauí. Pesq Vet Bras. 2017;37(6):555-60.

79. de Oliveira JMB, Rozental T, de Lemos ERS, Forneas D, Ortega-Mora LM, Porto WJN, et al. Coxiella burnetii in dairy goats with a history of reproductive disorders in Brazil. Acta Trop. 2018;183:19-22.

80. Souza EAR, Castro EMS, Oliveira GMB, Azevedo SS, Peixoto RM, Labruna MB, et al. Serological diagnosis and risk factors for Coxiella burnetii in goats and sheep in a semi-arid region of Northeastern Brazil. Revista brasileira de parasitologia veterinaria = Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Parasitology: Orgao Oficial do Colegio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinaria. 2018;27(4):514-20.

81. Mioni MSR, Ribeiro BLD, Peres MG, Teixeira WSR, Pelícia VC, Motta RG, et al. Real-time quantitative PCR-based detection of Coxiella burnetii in unpasteurized cow's milk sold for human consumption. Zoonoses Public Health. 2019;66(6):695-700.

82. Zanatto DCS, Gatto IRH, Labruna MB, Jusi MMG, Samara SI, Machado RZ, et al. Coxiella burnetii associated with BVDV (Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus), BoHV (Bovine Herpesvirus), Leptospira spp., Neospora caninum, Toxoplasma gondii and Trypanosoma vivax in reproductive disorders in cattle. Revista brasileira de parasitologia veterinaria = Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Parasitology: Orgao Oficial do Colegio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinaria. 2019;28(2):245-57.

83. Ramos IAS, Mello VVC, Mendes NS, Zanatto DCS, Campos JBV, Alves JVA, et al. Serological occurrence for tick-borne agents in beef cattle in the Brazilian Pantanal. Revista brasileira de parasitologia veterinaria = Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Parasitology: Orgao Oficial do Colegio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinaria. 2020;29(1):e014919.

84. Rozental T, Scafitto de Faria L, Silva MR, Ribeiro JB, Ribeiro Araujo F, Rodrigues da Costa R, et al. Ocorrência de Coxiella burnetii em queijo Minas artesanal de leite cru: resultados preliminares de um preocupante problema de saúde pública. Rev Med Minas Gerais. 2018;28(Supl 5):e-S280510.

85. Rozental T, Faria LS, Forneas D, Guterres A, Ribeiro JB, Araújo FR, et al. First molecular detection of Coxiella burnetii in Brazilian artisanal cheese: a neglected food safety hazard in ready-to-eat raw-milk product. Braz J Infect Dis. 2020;24(3):208-12.

86. Mioni MSR, Sidi-Boumedine K, Morales Dalanezi F, Fernandes Joaquim S, Denadai R, Reis Teixeira WS, et al. New genotypes of Coxiella burnetii circulating in Brazil and Argentina. Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland). 2019 Dec 28;9(1):30. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9010030.

87. Nascimento CF, de Mello VVC, Machado RZ, André MR, Bürger KP. Molecular detection of Coxiella burnetii in unstandardized Minas Artisanal cheese marketed in Southeastern Brazil. Acta Trop. 2021;220: 105942.

88. Mioni MSR, Henker LC, Teixeira WSR, Lorenzett MP, Labruna MB, Pavarini SP, et al. Molecular detection of Coxiella burnetii

in aborted bovine fetuses in Brazil. Acta Trop. 2021;227:106258.
**One of the most recent publications on C. burnetti infection in cattle in Brazil.**

89. Mioni MSR. Sorologia e detecção molecular de Coxiella burnetii em bovinos no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. [Tese de doutorado apresentada junto ao programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária]. Botucatu, São Paulo: UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA “JÚLIO DE MESQUITA FILHO” 2018.

90. International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Q fever - China: ex Chile, Alpaca, request for information. ProMED-mail post. 2014.

91. Cornejo J, Araya P, Ibáñez D, Hormazabal JC, Retamal P, Fresno M, et al. Identification of Coxiella burnetii in tank raw cow milk: first findings from Chile. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2020;20(3):228-30.

92. Covelli HP, Fiebre Q. Investigación en sueros bovinos por medio de la fijación del complemento. Vet Colomb. 1961;1(3):3.

93. Vaughn JB, Newell KW, Brayton JB, Barth RA, Gracian M. Encuesta sobre las zonosis en mataderos de Colombia. Bol Oficina Sanit Panam. 1967;63(1):17-30.

94. Lorbacher de Ruiz H. Q fever in Colombia, S.A. A serological survey of human and bovine populations. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B. 1977;24(4):287-92.

95. Perry BD, Mogollon D JD, Parra Florez D, Grieve A, de Galvis AL. Prevalencia serologica a Coxiella burnetti en ovinos, por la prueba de fijacion del complemento. Revista ICA Bogota (Colombia). 1981;XVI(4):199-203.

96. Contreras V, Mattar S, Gonzalez M, Alvarez J, Oteo JA. Coxiella burnetii in bulk tank milk and antibodies in farm workers at Montería, Colombia. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias. 2015;28:181-7.

97. Faccini-Martinez AA, Ramirez-Hernandez A, Barreto C, Forero-Becerra E, Millan D, Valbuena E, et al. Epidemiology of spotted fever group rickettsioses and acute undifferentiated febrile illness in Villeta, Colombia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2017;97(3):782-788. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.16-0442.

98. Contreras V, Gonzalez M, Alvarez J, Mattar S. Coxiella burnetii infection in sheep and goats: a public risk health, Colombia. Infectio. 2018;22(4):173-7.

99. Cabrera Orrego R, Ríos-Osorio LA, Keynan Y, Rueda ZV, Gutiérrez LA. Molecular detection of Coxiella burnetii in livestock farmers and cattle from Magdalena Medio in Antioquia, Colombia. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(6): e0234360.

100. Villagra-Blanco R, Esquivel-Suarez A, Wagner H, Romero-Zuniga JJ, Taubert A, Wehrend A, et al. Seroprevalence and factors associated with Toxoplasma gondii-, Neospora caninum- and Coxiella burnetii-infections in dairy goat flocks from Costa Rica. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Rep. 2018;14:79-84.

101. Johnson JW, Lucas H, King S, Caron T, Wang C, Kelly PJ. Serosurvey for Brucella spp. and Coxiella burnetii in animals on Caribbean islands. Vet Med Sci. 2020;6(1):39-43.

102. Carbonero A, Guzman LT, Montano K, Torralbo A, Arenas-Montes A, Saa LR. Coxiella burnetii seroprevalence and associated risk factors in dairy and mixed cattle farms from Ecuador. Prev Vet Med. 2015;118(4):427-35.

103. Echeverria G, Reyna-Bello A, Minda-Aluisa E, Celi-Erazo M, Olmedo L, Garcia HA, et al. Serological evidence of Coxiella burnetii infection in cattle and farm workers: is Q fever an underreported zoonotic disease in Ecuador? Infect Drug Resist. 2019;12:701-6.

104. Changoluisa D, Rivera-Olivero IA, Echeverria G, Garcia-Bereguiain MA, de Waard JH. Serology for Neosporosis, Q fever and Brucellosis to assess the cause of abortion in two dairy cattle herds in Ecuador. BMC Vet Res. 2019;15(1):194.
75. Brown CC, Olander HJ, Castro AE, Behymer DE. Prevalence of antibodies in goats in north-eastern Brazil to selected viral and bacterial agents. Trop Anim Health Prod. 1989;21(3):167-9.

76. Mares-Guia MAMM, Rozental T, Guterres A, Gomes R, Almeida DN, Moreira NS, et al. Molecular identification of the agent of Q fever - *Coxiella burnetii* - in domestic animals in State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2014;47(2):231-4.

77. Mares-Guia MAMM. Febre Q: pacientes suspeitos de dengue, animais domésticos, animais silvestres e artrópodes no Estado do Rio de Janeiro [Thesis in Tropical Medicine]. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz); 2015.

78. Guimarães MF, Araujo AdC, Freire DP, Machado DMR, Martins NNVM, Moraes-Filho J, et al. Investigação sorológica de Rickettsia rickettsii e Coxiella burnetii em caprinos e ovinos no entorno do Parque Nacional da Serra das Confusões, Piauí. Pesq Vet Bras. 2017;37(6):555-60.

79. de Oliveira JMB, Rozental T, de Lemos ERS, Forneas D, Ortega-Mora LM, Porto WJN, et al. Coxiella burnetii in dairy goats with a history of reproductive disorders in Brazil. Acta Trop. 2018;183:19-22.

80. Souza EAR, Castro EMS, Oliveira GMB, Azevedo SS, Peixoto RM, Labruna MB, et al. Serological diagnosis and risk factors for Coxiella burnetii in goats and sheep in a semi-arid region of Northeastern Brazil. Revista brasileira de parasitologia veterinaria = Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Parasitology: Orgao Oficial do Colegio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinaria. 2018;27(4):514-20.

81. Mioni MSR, Ribeiro BLD, Peres MG, Teixeira WSR, Pelícia VC, Motta RG, et al. Real-time quantitative PCR-based detection of Coxiella burnetii in unpasteurized cow's milk sold for human consumption. Zoonoses Public Health. 2019;66(6):695-700.

82. Zanatto DCS, Gatto IRH, Labruna MB, Jusi MMG, Samara SI, Machado RZ, et al. Coxiella burnetii associated with BVDV (Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus), BoHV (Bovine Herpesvirus), Leptospira spp., Neospora caninum, Toxoplasma gondii and Trypanosoma vivax in reproductive disorders in cattle. Revista brasileira de parasitologia veterinaria = Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Parasitology: Orgao Oficial do Colegio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinaria. 2019;28(2):245-57.

83. Ramos IAS, Mello VVC, Mendes NS, Zanatto DCS, Campos JBV, Alves JVA, et al. Serological occurrence for tick-borne agents in beef cattle in the Brazilian Pantanal. Revista brasileira de parasitologia veterinaria = Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Parasitology: Orgao Oficial do Colegio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinaria. 2020;29(1):e014919.

84. Rozental T, Scafutto de Faria L, Silva MR, Ribeiro JB, Ribeiro Araujo F, Rodrigues da Costa R, et al. Ocorrência de Coxiella burnetii em queijo Minas artesanal de leite cru: resultados preliminares de um preocupante problema de saúde pública. Rev Med Minas Gerais. 2018;28(Supl 5):e-S280510.

85. Rozental T, Faria LS, Forneas D, Guterres A, Ribeiro JB, Araújo FR, et al. First molecular detection of Coxiella burnetii in Brazilian artisanal cheese: a neglected food safety hazard in ready-to-eat raw-milk product. Braz J Infect Dis. 2020;24(3):208-12.

86. Mioni MSR, Sidi-Boumedine K, Morales Dalanezi F, Fernandes Joaquim S, Denadai R, Reis Teixeira WS, et al. New genotypes of Coxiella burnetii circulating in Brazil and Argentina. Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland). 2019 Dec 28;9(1):30. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9010030.

87. Nascimento CF, de Mello VVC, Machado RZ, André MR, Bürger KP. Molecular detection of Coxiella burnetii in unstandardized Minas Artisanal cheese marketed in Southeastern Brazil. Acta Trop. 2021;220: 105942.

88. Mioni MSR, Henker LC, Teixeira WSR, Lorenzett MP, Labruna MB, Pavarini SP, et al. Molecular detection of Coxiella burnetii

in aborted bovine fetuses in Brazil. Acta Trop. 2021;227:106258.
**One of the most recent publications on C. burnetti infection in cattle in Brazil.**

89. Mioni MSR. Sorologia e detecção molecular de Coxiella burnetii em bovinos no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. [Tese de doutorado apresentada junto ao programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária]. Botucatu, São Paulo: UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA “JÚLIO DE MESQUITA FILHO” 2018.

90. International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Q fever - China: ex Chile, Alpaca, request for information. ProMED-mail post. 2014.

91. Cornejo J, Araya P, Ibáñez D, Hormazabal JC, Retamal P, Fresno M, et al. Identification of Coxiella burnetii in tank raw cow milk: first findings from Chile. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2020;20(3):228-30.

92. Covelli HP, Fiebre Q. Investigación en sueros bovinos por medio de la fijación del complemento. Vet Colomb. 1961;1(3):3.

93. Vaughn JB, Newell KW, Brayton JB, Barth RA, Gracian M. Encuesta sobre las zonosis en mataderos de Colombia. Bol Oficina Sanit Panam. 1967;63(1):17-30.

94. Lorbacher de Ruiz H. Q fever in Colombia, S.A. A serological survey of human and bovine populations. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B. 1977;24(4):287-92.

95. Perry BD, Mogollon D JD, Parra Florez D, Grieve A, de Galvis AL. Prevalencia serologica a Coxiella burnetti en ovinos, por la prueba de fijacion del complemento. Revista ICA Bogota (Colombia). 1981;XVI(4):199-203.

96. Contreras V, Mattar S, Gonzalez M, Alvarez J, Oteo JA. Coxiella burnetii in bulk tank milk and antibodies in farm workers at Montería, Colombia. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias. 2015;28:181-7.

97. Faccini-Martinez AA, Ramirez-Hernandez A, Barreto C, Forero-Becerra E, Millan D, Valbuena E, et al. Epidemiology of spotted fever group rickettsioses and acute undifferentiated febrile illness in Villeta, Colombia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2017;97(3):782-788. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.16-0442.

98. Contreras V, Gonzalez M, Alvarez J, Mattar S. Coxiella burnetii infection in sheep and goats: a public risk health, Colombia. Infectio. 2018;22(4):173-7.

99. Cabrera Orrego R, Ríos-Osorio LA, Keynan Y, Rueda ZV, Gutiérrez LA. Molecular detection of Coxiella burnetii in livestock farmers and cattle from Magdalena Medio in Antioquia, Colombia. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(6): e0234360.

100. Villagra-Blanco R, Esquivel-Suarez A, Wagner H, Romero-Zuniga JJ, Taubert A, Wehrend A, et al. Seroprevalence and factors associated with Toxoplasma gondii-, Neospora caninum- and Coxiella burnetii-infections in dairy goat flocks from Costa Rica. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Rep. 2018;14:79-84.

101. Johnson JW, Lucas H, King S, Caron T, Wang C, Kelly PJ. Serosurvey for Brucella spp. and Coxiella burnetii in animals on Caribbean islands. Vet Med Sci. 2020;6(1):39-43.

102. Carbonero A, Guzman LT, Montano K, Torralbo A, Arenas-Montes A, Saa LR. Coxiella burnetii seroprevalence and associated risk factors in dairy and mixed cattle farms from Ecuador. Prev Vet Med. 2015;118(4):427-35.

103. Echeverria G, Reyna-Bello A, Minda-Aluisa E, Celi-Erazo M, Olmedo L, Garcia HA, et al. Serological evidence of Coxiella burnetii infection in cattle and farm workers: is Q fever an underreported zoonotic disease in Ecuador? Infect Drug Resist. 2019;12:701-6.

104. Changoluisa D, Rivera-Olivero IA, Echeverria G, Garcia-Bereguiain MA, de Waard JH. Serology for Neosporosis, Q fever and Brucellosis to assess the cause of abortion in two dairy cattle herds in Ecuador. BMC Vet Res. 2019;15(1):194.
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130. Lemos ER, Rozental T, Mares-Guia MAMM, Almeida DN, Moreira N, Silva RG, et al. Q fever as a cause of fever of unknown origin and thrombocytosis: first molecular evidence of *Coxiella burnetii* in Brazil. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2011;11(1):85–7.

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134. Boni M, Davoust B, Tissot-Dupont H, Raoult D. Survey of seroprevalence of Q fever in dogs in the southeast of France, French Guyana, Martinique, Senegal and the Ivory Coast. Vet Microbiol. 1998;64(1):1–5.

135. Wei L, Kelly P, Ackerson K, Zhang J, El-Mahallawy HS, Kaltenboeck B, et al. First report of Babesia gibsoni in Central America and survey for vector-borne infections in dogs from Nicaragua. Parasit Vectors. 2014;7:126.

136. Somma-Moreira RE, Caffarena RM, Somma S, Pérez G, Monteiro M. Analysis of Q fever in Uruguay. Rev Infect Dis. 1987;9(2):386–7.

137. Salveraglio FJ, Bacigalupi JC, Srulevich S, Viera O. Comprobación epidemiológica y clínica de la fiebre Q. en el Uruguay Anales de la Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay. 1956;41(3-4):131-8.
138. Pinsky RL, Fishbein DB, Greene CR, Gensheimer KF. An outbreak of cat-associated Q fever in the United States. J Infect Dis. 1991;164(1):202–4.

139. Rozental T, Ferreira MS, Guterres A, Mares-Guia MAMM, Teixeira BR, Goncalves J, et al. Zoonotic pathogens in Atlantic Forest wild rodents in Brazil: Bartonella and Coxiella infections. Acta Trop. 2017;168:64–73.

140. Ferreira MS, Guterres A, Rozental T, Novaes RLM, Vilar EM, Oliveira RC, et al. Coxiella and Bartonella spp. in bats (Chiroptera) captured in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest biome. BMC Vet Res. 2018;14(1):279.

141. Zanatto DCS, Duarte JMB, Labruna MB, Tasso JB, Calchi AC, Machado RZ, et al. Evidence of exposure to Coxiella burnetii in neotropical free-living cervids in South America. Acta Trop. 2019;197: 105037.

142. Colle AC, Mendonca RFB, Maia MO, Freitas LDC, Witter R, Marcili A, et al. Molecular survey of tick-borne pathogens in small mammals from Brazilian Amazonia. 2019;28(4):592-604. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612019086.

143. Mendoza-Roldan JA, Ribeiro SR, Castilho-Onofrio V, Marcili A, Simonato BB, Latrofa MS, et al. Molecular detection of vector-borne agents in ectoparasites and reptiles from Brazil. Ticks Tick-Borne Dis. 2021;12(1): 101585.

144. Ikeda P, Torres JM, Placa AJVdM, V.V.C., Lourenço EC, Herrera HM, de Oliveira CE, et al. Molecular survey of *Ana-plasmataceae* agents and *Coxiellaceae* in non-hematophagous bats and associated ectoparasites from Brazil. Parasitologia. 2021;1(4):197–209.

145. Santana MS, Hoppe EGL, Carraro PE, Calchi AC, de Oliveira LB, do Amaral RB, et al. Molecular detection of vector-borne agents in wild boars (Sus scrofa) and associated ticks from Brazil, with evidence of putative new genotypes of Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, and haemoplasmas. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2022;69(5):e2808-e31.

146. de Oliveira LB, Calchi AC, Vultão JG, Yogui DR, Kluyber D, Alves MH, et al. Molecular investigation of haemotropic mycoplasmas and Coxiella burnetii in free-living Xenarthra mammals from Brazil, with evidence of new haemoplasma species. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2022;69(5):e1877-91.

147. • Müller A, Sepúlveda P, Di Cataldo S, Cevidanes A, Lisón F, Millán J. Molecular investigation of zoonotic intracellular bacteria in Chilean bats. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2020;73:101541. **Recent publication on C. burnetii found in bats in Chile.**

148. Hidalgo-Hermoso E, Cabello J, Verasay J, Moreira-Arce D, Hidalgo M, Abalos P, et al. Serosurvey for selected parasitic and bacterial pathogens in Darwin's fox (*Lycalopex fulvipes*): not only dog diseases are a threat. J Wildl Dis. 2022;58(1):76–85.

149. Cabello J, Altet L, Napolitano C, Sastre N, Hidalgo E, Dávila JA, et al. Survey of infectious agents in the endangered Darwin's fox (*Lycalopex fulvipes*): high prevalence and diversity of hemotrophic mycoplasmas. Vet Microbiol. 2013;167(3–4):448–54.

150. • Silva-Ramos CR, Faccini-Martínez Á, Pérez-Torres J, Hidalgo M, Cuervo C. First molecular evidence of Coxiella burnetii in bats from Colombia. Res Vet Sci. 2022;150:33–5. **Recent publication on C. burnetii found in bats in Colombia.**

151. Pommier de Santi V, Briolant S, Mahamat A, Ilcinkas C, Blanchet D, de Thoisy B, et al. Q fever epidemic in Cayenne, French Guiana, epidemiologically linked to three-toed sloth. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2018;56:34–8.

152. Pommier de Santi V, Marié J-L, Briolant S, Mahamat A, Djossou F, Epelboin L, et al. Spécificités épidémiologiques de la fièvre Q en Guyane. Bull Acad Vét France. 2016;169(2):148–54.

153. Marié JL, Pommier de Santi V, Schlienger D, Ilcinkas C, Raoult D, Davoust B, editors. The challenging epidemiology of Q Fever

in French Guiana. Medical Biodefense Conference; 2013 22–25 October 2013; Munich, Germany.

154. Christen JR, Edouard S, Lamour T, Martinez E, Rousseau C, de Laval F, et al. Capybara and brush cutter involvement in Q fever outbreak in remote area of Amazon Rain Forest, French Guiana, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26(5):993–7.

155. Hernandez S, Lyford-Pike V, Alvarez ME, Tomasina F. Q fever outbreak in an experimental wildlife breeding station in Uruguay. Revista de Patologia Tropical. 2007;36(2):129–40.

156. Machado-Ferreira E, Vizzoni VF, Balsemao-Pires E, Moerbeck L, Gazeta GS, Piesman J, et al. Coxiella symbionts are widespread into hard ticks. Parasitol Res. 2016;115(12):4691–9.

157. Bolaños-Rivero M, Carranza-Rodríguez C, Rodríguez NF, Gutiérrez C, Pérez-Arellano JL. Detection of Coxiella burnetii DNA in peridomestic and wild animals and ticks in an endemic region (Canary Islands, Spain). Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2017;17(9):630–4.

158. Grangier C, Debin M, Ardillon V, Mahamat A, Fournier P-E, Simonnet C, et al. Epidémiologie de la fièvre Q en Guyane, 1990–2006. Bulletin de Veille Sanitaire - Cellule Interrégionale d'Epidémiologie Antilles Guyane. 2009;10:2–4.

159. Million M, Raoult D. Recent advances in the study of Q fever epidemiology, diagnosis and management. J Infect. 2015;71(Suppl 1):S2-9.

160. Epelboin L, Guilloton E, Saout M, Demar M, Schaub R, Bonifay T, et al., editors. Recherche d'un réservoir de la fièvre Q dans la faune sauvage amazonienne: présentation préliminaire de l'étude faunacox en Guyane. XXVIIe Actualités du Pharo 2022; 2022; Marseille, France.

161. Carlos Ramiro S-R, Álvaro AF-M, Jairo P-T, Marylin H, Claudia C. First molecular evidence of Coxiella burnetii in bats from Colombia. Res Vet Sci. 2022;150:33–5.

162. Han HJ, Wen HL, Zhou CM, Chen FF, Luo LM, Liu JW, et al. Bats as reservoirs of severe emerging infectious diseases. Virus Res. 2015;205:1–6.

163. McDade JE. Historical aspects of Q fever. In: Press C, editor. Q fever. Vol. 1. Marrie, T.J. ed. 1990. p. 5–22.

164. Körner S, Makert GR, Mertens-Scholz K, Henning K, Pfeffer M, Starke A, et al. Uptake and fecal excretion of Coxiella burnetii by Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor marginatus ticks. Parasit Vectors. 2020;13(1):75.

165. Buysse M, Duhayon M, Cantet F, Bonazzi M, Duron O. Vector competence of the African argasid tick Ornithodoros moubata for the Q fever agent Coxiella burnetii. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021;15(1): e0009008.

166. Robinson JB, Eremeeva ME, Olson PE, Thornton SA, Medina MJ, Sumner JW, et al. New approaches to detection and identification of Rickettsia africanae and Ehrlichia ruminantium in Amblyomma variegatum (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks from the Caribbean. J Med Entomol. 2009;46(4):942–51.

167. Pacheco RC, Echaide IE, Alves RN, Beletti ME, Nava S, Labruna MB. Coxiella burnetii in ticks, Argentina. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(2):344–6.

168. Duron O, Binetruy F, Noël V, Cremaschi J, McCoy KD, Arnathau C, et al. Evolutionary changes in symbiont community structure in ticks. Mol Ecol. 2017;26(11):2905–21.

169. Cline AA. Detection of Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) and Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease) in field-collected ticks from the Cayo District of Belize, Central America. Bethesda, MD 20814: Uniformed Services University, School of Medicine Graduate Programs 2016.

170. Machado-Ferreira E, Dietrich G, Hojgaard A, Levin M, Piesman J, Zeidner NS, et al. Coxiella symbionts in the Cayenne tick Amblyomma cajennense. Microb Ecol. 2011;62(1):134–42.

171. Labruna MB, Marcili A, Ogrzewalska M, Barros-Battesti DM, Dantas-Torres F, Fernandes AA, et al. New records and human
138. Pinsky RL, Fishbein DB, Greene CR, Gensheimer KF. An outbreak of cat-associated Q fever in the United States. J Infect Dis. 1991;164(1):202–4.

139. Rozental T, Ferreira MS, Guterres A, Mares-Guia MAMM, Teixeira BR, Goncalves J, et al. Zoonotic pathogens in Atlantic Forest wild rodents in Brazil: Bartonella and Coxiella infections. Acta Trop. 2017;168:64–73.

140. Ferreira MS, Guterres A, Rozental T, Novaes RLM, Vilar EM, Oliveira RC, et al. Coxiella and Bartonella spp. in bats (Chiroptera) captured in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest biome. BMC Vet Res. 2018;14(1):279.

141. Zanatto DCS, Duarte JMB, Labruna MB, Tasso JB, Calchi AC, Machado RZ, et al. Evidence of exposure to Coxiella burnetii in neotropical free-living cervids in South America. Acta Trop. 2019;197: 105037.

142. Colle AC, Mendonca RFB, Maia MO, Freitas LDC, Witter R, Marcili A, et al. Molecular survey of tick-borne pathogens in small mammals from Brazilian Amazonia. 2019;28(4):592-604. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612019086.

143. Mendoza-Roldan JA, Ribeiro SR, Castilho-Onofrio V, Marcili A, Simonato BB, Latrofa MS, et al. Molecular detection of vector-borne agents in ectoparasites and reptiles from Brazil. Ticks Tick-Borne Dis. 2021;12(1): 101585.

144. Ikeda P, Torres JM, Placa AJVdM, V.V.C., Lourenço EC, Herrera HM, de Oliveira CE, et al. Molecular survey of *Ana-plasmataceae* agents and *Coxiellaceae* in non-hematophagous bats and associated ectoparasites from Brazil. Parasitologia. 2021;1(4):197–209.

145. Santana MS, Hoppe EGL, Carraro PE, Calchi AC, de Oliveira LB, do Amaral RB, et al. Molecular detection of vector-borne agents in wild boars (Sus scrofa) and associated ticks from Brazil, with evidence of putative new genotypes of Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, and haemoplasmas. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2022;69(5):e2808-e31.

146. de Oliveira LB, Calchi AC, Vultão JG, Yogui DR, Kluyber D, Alves MH, et al. Molecular investigation of haemotropic mycoplasmas and Coxiella burnetii in free-living Xenarthra mammals from Brazil, with evidence of new haemoplasma species. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2022;69(5):e1877-91.

147. • Müller A, Sepúlveda P, Di Cataldo S, Cevidanes A, Lisón F, Millán J. Molecular investigation of zoonotic intracellular bacteria in Chilean bats. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2020;73:101541. **Recent publication on C. burnetii found in bats in Chile.**

148. Hidalgo-Hermoso E, Cabello J, Verasay J, Moreira-Arce D, Hidalgo M, Abalos P, et al. Serosurvey for selected parasitic and bacterial pathogens in Darwin's fox (*Lycalopex fulvipes*): not only dog diseases are a threat. J Wildl Dis. 2022;58(1):76–85.

149. Cabello J, Altet L, Napolitano C, Sastre N, Hidalgo E, Dávila JA, et al. Survey of infectious agents in the endangered Darwin's fox (*Lycalopex fulvipes*): high prevalence and diversity of hemotrophic mycoplasmas. Vet Microbiol. 2013;167(3–4):448–54.

150. • Silva-Ramos CR, Faccini-Martínez Á, Pérez-Torres J, Hidalgo M, Cuervo C. First molecular evidence of Coxiella burnetii in bats from Colombia. Res Vet Sci. 2022;150:33–5. **Recent publication on C. burnetii found in bats in Colombia.**

151. Pommier de Santi V, Briolant S, Mahamat A, Ilcinkas C, Blanchet D, de Thoisy B, et al. Q fever epidemic in Cayenne, French Guiana, epidemiologically linked to three-toed sloth. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2018;56:34–8.

152. Pommier de Santi V, Marié J-L, Briolant S, Mahamat A, Djossou F, Epelboin L, et al. Spécificités épidémiologiques de la fièvre Q en Guyane. Bull Acad Vét France. 2016;169(2):148–54.

153. Marié JL, Pommier de Santi V, Schlienger D, Ilcinkas C, Raoult D, Davoust B, editors. The challenging epidemiology of Q Fever

in French Guiana. Medical Biodefense Conference; 2013 22–25 October 2013; Munich, Germany.

154. Christen JR, Edouard S, Lamour T, Martinez E, Rousseau C, de Laval F, et al. Capybara and brush cutter involvement in Q fever outbreak in remote area of Amazon Rain Forest, French Guiana, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26(5):993–7.

155. Hernandez S, Lyford-Pike V, Alvarez ME, Tomasina F. Q fever outbreak in an experimental wildlife breeding station in Uruguay. Revista de Patologia Tropical. 2007;36(2):129–40.

156. Machado-Ferreira E, Vizzoni VF, Balsemao-Pires E, Moerbeck L, Gazeta GS, Piesman J, et al. Coxiella symbionts are widespread into hard ticks. Parasitol Res. 2016;115(12):4691–9.

157. Bolaños-Rivero M, Carranza-Rodríguez C, Rodríguez NF, Gutiérrez C, Pérez-Arellano JL. Detection of Coxiella burnetii DNA in peridomestic and wild animals and ticks in an endemic region (Canary Islands, Spain). Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2017;17(9):630–4.

158. Grangier C, Debin M, Ardillon V, Mahamat A, Fournier P-E, Simonnet C, et al. Epidémiologie de la fièvre Q en Guyane, 1990–2006. Bulletin de Veille Sanitaire - Cellule Interrégionale d'Epidémiologie Antilles Guyane. 2009;10:2–4.

159. Million M, Raoult D. Recent advances in the study of Q fever epidemiology, diagnosis and management. J Infect. 2015;71(Suppl 1):S2-9.

160. Epelboin L, Guilloton E, Saout M, Demar M, Schaub R, Bonifay T, et al., editors. Recherche d'un réservoir de la fièvre Q dans la faune sauvage amazonienne: présentation préliminaire de l'étude faunacox en Guyane. XXVIIe Actualités du Pharo 2022; 2022; Marseille, France.

161. Carlos Ramiro S-R, Álvaro AF-M, Jairo P-T, Marylin H, Claudia C. First molecular evidence of Coxiella burnetii in bats from Colombia. Res Vet Sci. 2022;150:33–5.

162. Han HJ, Wen HL, Zhou CM, Chen FF, Luo LM, Liu JW, et al. Bats as reservoirs of severe emerging infectious diseases. Virus Res. 2015;205:1–6.

163. McDade JE. Historical aspects of Q fever. In: Press C, editor. Q fever. Vol. 1. Marrie, T.J. ed. 1990. p. 5–22.

164. Körner S, Makert GR, Mertens-Scholz K, Henning K, Pfeffer M, Starke A, et al. Uptake and fecal excretion of Coxiella burnetii by Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor marginatus ticks. Parasit Vectors. 2020;13(1):75.

165. Buysse M, Duhayon M, Cantet F, Bonazzi M, Duron O. Vector competence of the African argasid tick Ornithodoros moubata for the Q fever agent Coxiella burnetii. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021;15(1): e0009008.

166. Robinson JB, Eremeeva ME, Olson PE, Thornton SA, Medina MJ, Sumner JW, et al. New approaches to detection and identification of Rickettsia africanae and Ehrlichia ruminantium in Amblyomma variegatum (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks from the Caribbean. J Med Entomol. 2009;46(4):942–51.

167. Pacheco RC, Echaide IE, Alves RN, Beletti ME, Nava S, Labruna MB. Coxiella burnetii in ticks, Argentina. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(2):344–6.

168. Duron O, Binetruy F, Noël V, Cremaschi J, McCoy KD, Arnathau C, et al. Evolutionary changes in symbiont community structure in ticks. Mol Ecol. 2017;26(11):2905–21.

169. Cline AA. Detection of Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) and Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease) in field-collected ticks from the Cayo District of Belize, Central America. Bethesda, MD 20814: Uniformed Services University, School of Medicine Graduate Programs 2016.

170. Machado-Ferreira E, Dietrich G, Hojgaard A, Levin M, Piesman J, Zeidner NS, et al. Coxiella symbionts in the Cayenne tick Amblyomma cajennense. Microb Ecol. 2011;62(1):134–42.

171. Labruna MB, Marcili A, Ogrzewalska M, Barros-Battesti DM, Dantas-Torres F, Fernandes AA, et al. New records and human
parasitism by Ornithodoros mimon (Acari: Argasidae) in Brazil. J Med Entomol. 2014;51(1):283-7.

172. Dall'Agnol B, McCulloch JA, Mayer FQ, Souza U, Webster A, Antunes P, et al. Molecular characterization of bacterial communities of two neotropical tick species (Amblyomma aureolatum and Ornithodoros brasiliensis) using rDNA 16S sequencing. Ticks Tick-Borne Dis. 2021;12(5): 101746.

173. Mares-Guia MAMM, Guterres A, Rozental T, Ferreira MDS, Lemos ERS. Clinical and epidemiological use of nested PCR targeting the repetitive element IS1111 associated with the transposase gene from Coxiella burnetii. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology: [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology]. 2018;49(1):138-43.

174. Ogrzewalska M, Machado C, Rozental T, Forneas D, Cunha LE, de Lemos ERS. Microorganisms in the ticks Amblyomma dissimile Koch 1844 and Amblyomma rotundatum Koch 1844 collected from snakes in Brazil. Med Vet Entomol. 2019;33(1):154-61.

175. Jacinavicius FC, Bassini-Silva R, Muñoz-Leal S, Welbourn C, Ochoa R, Labruna MB, et al. Molecular detection of Rickettsia genus in chigger mites (Trombidiformes: Trombiculidae) collected on small mammals in southeastern brazilian. Revista brasileira de parasitologia veterinaria = Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Parasitology: Orgao Oficial do Colegio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinaria. 2019;28(4):563-8.

176. Brenner AE, Muñoz-Leal S, Sachan M, Labruna MB, Raghavan R. Coxiella burnetii and related tick endosymbionts evolved from pathogenic ancestors. Genome Biol Evol. 2021;13(7).

177. Lima-Duarte L, Camargo JV, Castro-Santiago AC, Machado RZ, André MR, Cabral-de-Mello DC, et al. Establishment and characterization of a cell line (RBME-6) of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus from Brazil. Ticks Tick-Borne Dis. 2021;12(5): 101770.

178. Luzzi MC, Carvalho LAL, Pinheiro DG, Lima-Duarte L, Camargo JV, Kishi LT, et al. Analysis on the prokaryotic microbiome in females and embryonic cell cultures of Rhipicephalus sanguineus tropical and temperate lineages from two specific localities in Brazil. Revista brasileira de parasitologia veterinaria = Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Parasitology: Orgao Oficial do Colegio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinaria. 2021;30(3):e005721.

179. Guizzo MG, Tirloni L, Gonzalez SA, Farber MD, Braz G, Parizi LF, et al. Coxiella endosymbiont of Rhipicephalus microplus modulates tick physiology with a major impact in blood feeding capacity. Front Microbiol. 2022;13: 868575.

180. Lima-Duarte L, Castro-Santiago AC, Camargo JV, Ferretti A, Anholeto LA, Pereira MC, et al. Establishment and multi-approach characterization of Amblyomma sculptum (Acari: Ixodidae) cell line (ASE-14) from Brazil. Ticks Tick-Borne Dis. 2022;13(4): 101951.

181. Cotes-Perdomo AP, Oviedo Á, Castro LR. Molecular detection of pathogens in ticks associated with domestic animals from the Colombian Caribbean region. Exp Appl Acarol. 2020;82(1):137-50.

182. Segura JA, Isaza JP, Botero LE, Alzate JF, Gutiérrez LA. Assessment of bacterial diversity of Rhipicephalus microplus ticks from two livestock agroecosystems in Antioquia, Colombia. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(7): e0234005.

183. Cabrera R, Mendoza W, López-Mosquera L, Cano MA, Ortiz N, Campo V, et al. Tick-borne-agents detection in patients with acute febrile syndrome and ticks from Magdalena Medio, Colombia. Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland). 2022;11(10):1090. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11101090.

184. Noda AA, Rodriguez I, Miranda J, Contreras V, Mattar S. First molecular evidence of Coxiella burnetii infecting ticks in Cuba. Ticks Tick-Borne Dis. 2016;7(1):68-70.

185. Tahir D, Socolovschi C, Marié JL, Ganay G, Berenger JM, Bompar JM, et al. New Rickettsia species in soft ticks Ornithodoros hasei collected from bats in French Guiana. Ticks Tick-Borne Dis. 2016;7(6):1089-96.

186. Binetruy F, Dupraz M, Buysse M, Duron O. Surface sterilization methods impact measures of internal microbial diversity in ticks. Parasit Vectors. 2019;12(1):268.

187. Binetruy F, Buysse M, Lejarre Q, Barosi R, Villa M, Rahola N, et al. Microbial community structure reveals instability of nutritional symbiosis during the evolutionary radiation of Amblyomma ticks. Mol Ecol. 2020;29(5):1016-29.

188. Grostieta E, Zazueta-Islas HM, Cruz-Valdez T, Ballados-González GG, Álvarez-Castillo L, García-Esparza SM, et al. Molecular detection of Coxiella-like endosymbionts and absence of Coxiella burnetii in Amblyomma mixtum from Veracruz, Mexico. Exp Appl Acarol. 2022;88(1):113-25.

189. De Rodaniche EC, Rodaniche A. Studies on Q fever in Panama. Am J Hyg. 1949;49(1):67-75.

190. Kueneman JG, Esser HJ, Weiss SJ, Jansen PA, Foley JE. Tick microbiomes in neotropical forest fragments are best explained by tick-associated and environmental factors rather than host blood source. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2021;87(7).

191. Guizzo MG, Parizi LF, Nunes RD, Schama R, Albano RM, Tirloni L, et al. A Coxiella mutualist symbiont is essential to the development of Rhipicephalus microplus. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):17554.

192. ••Buysse M, Duron O. Evidence that microbes identified as tick-borne pathogens are nutritional endosymbionts. Cell. 2021;184(9):2259-60. **Publication clarifying the difference between Coxiella burnetii infection of ticks and Coxiella-like endosymbionts.**

193. Jourdain E, Duron O, Séverine B, González-Acuña D, Sidi-Boumedine K. Molecular methods routinely used to detect Coxiella burnetii in ticks cross-react with Coxiella-like bacteria. Infect Ecol Epidemiol. 2015;5:29230.

194. Duron O. The IS1111 insertion sequence used for detection of Coxiella burnetii is widespread in Coxiella-like endosymbionts of ticks. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2015;362(17):fnv132.

195. Körner S, Makert GR, Ulbert S, Pfeffer M, Mertens-Scholz K. The prevalence of Coxiella burnetii in hard ticks in Europe and their role in Q fever transmission revisited-a systematic review. Front Vet Sci. 2021;8: 655715.

196. Schneeberger PM, Wintenberger C, van der Hoek W, Stahl JP. Q fever in the Netherlands - 2007-2010: what we learned from the largest outbreak ever. Med Mal Infect. 2014;44(8):339-53.

197. Bailly S, Hozé N, Bisser S, Zhu-Soubise A, Fritzell C, Fernandes-Pellerin S, et al. Transmission dynamics of Q fever in French Guiana: a population-based cross-sectional study. The Lancet Regional Health - Americas. 2022;16: 100385.

198. OIE (Office International des Epizooties), Rousset E, Niemczuk K, Sidi-Boumedine K, Thiéry R. Q fever. In: O.I.E., editor. Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals (mammals, birds and bees). Q fever. 3.1.16: OIE (Office International des Epizooties). 2018.

199. Brandão H, Vale LAR, A. CDD. Investigações sobre a Febre Q em São Paulo. 1. Estudo sorológico em operários de um frigorífico. Arquivos da Faculdade de Higiene e Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo. 1953;7(1):127-34.

200. Sidi-Boumedine K, Rousset E, Henning K, Ziller M, Niemczuk K, Roest HIJ, et al. Development of harmonised schemes for the monitoring and reporting of Q fever in animals in the European Union. Scientific Report submitted to EFSA [Internet]. 2010;[1-48 pp.]. Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2010.EN-48. Accessed 2 June 2023

201. Hemsley CM, Essex-Lopresti A, Norville IH, Titball RW. Correlating genotyping data of Coxiella burnetii with genomic groups. Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland). 2021;10(5).
parasitism by Ornithodoros mimon (Acari: Argasidae) in Brazil. J Med Entomol. 2014;51(1):283-7.

172. Dall'Agnol B, McCulloch JA, Mayer FQ, Souza U, Webster A, Antunes P, et al. Molecular characterization of bacterial communities of two neotropical tick species (Amblyomma aureolatum and Ornithodoros brasiliensis) using rDNA 16S sequencing. Ticks Tick-Borne Dis. 2021;12(5): 101746.

173. Mares-Guia MAMM, Guterres A, Rozental T, Ferreira MDS, Lemos ERS. Clinical and epidemiological use of nested PCR targeting the repetitive element IS1111 associated with the transposase gene from Coxiella burnetii. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology: [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology]. 2018;49(1):138-43.

174. Ogrzewalska M, Machado C, Rozental T, Forneas D, Cunha LE, de Lemos ERS. Microorganisms in the ticks Amblyomma dissimile Koch 1844 and Amblyomma rotundatum Koch 1844 collected from snakes in Brazil. Med Vet Entomol. 2019;33(1):154-61.

175. Jacinavicius FC, Bassini-Silva R, Muñoz-Leal S, Welbourn C, Ochoa R, Labruna MB, et al. Molecular detection of Rickettsia genus in chigger mites (Trombidiformes: Trombiculidae) collected on small mammals in southeastern brazilian. Revista brasileira de parasitologia veterinaria = Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Parasitology: Orgao Oficial do Colegio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinaria. 2019;28(4):563-8.

176. Brenner AE, Muñoz-Leal S, Sachan M, Labruna MB, Raghavan R. Coxiella burnetii and related tick endosymbionts evolved from pathogenic ancestors. Genome Biol Evol. 2021;13(7).

177. Lima-Duarte L, Camargo JV, Castro-Santiago AC, Machado RZ, André MR, Cabral-de-Mello DC, et al. Establishment and characterization of a cell line (RBME-6) of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus from Brazil. Ticks Tick-Borne Dis. 2021;12(5): 101770.

178. Luzzi MC, Carvalho LAL, Pinheiro DG, Lima-Duarte L, Camargo JV, Kishi LT, et al. Analysis on the prokaryotic microbiome in females and embryonic cell cultures of Rhipicephalus sanguineus tropical and temperate lineages from two specific localities in Brazil. Revista brasileira de parasitologia veterinaria = Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Parasitology: Orgao Oficial do Colegio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinaria. 2021;30(3):e005721.

179. Guizzo MG, Tirloni L, Gonzalez SA, Farber MD, Braz G, Parizi LF, et al. Coxiella endosymbiont of Rhipicephalus microplus modulates tick physiology with a major impact in blood feeding capacity. Front Microbiol. 2022;13: 868575.

180. Lima-Duarte L, Castro-Santiago AC, Camargo JV, Ferretti A, Anholeto LA, Pereira MC, et al. Establishment and multi-approach characterization of Amblyomma sculptum (Acari: Ixodidae) cell line (ASE-14) from Brazil. Ticks Tick-Borne Dis. 2022;13(4): 101951.

181. Cotes-Perdomo AP, Oviedo Á, Castro LR. Molecular detection of pathogens in ticks associated with domestic animals from the Colombian Caribbean region. Exp Appl Acarol. 2020;82(1):137-50.

182. Segura JA, Isaza JP, Botero LE, Alzate JF, Gutiérrez LA. Assessment of bacterial diversity of Rhipicephalus microplus ticks from two livestock agroecosystems in Antioquia, Colombia. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(7): e0234005.

183. Cabrera R, Mendoza W, López-Mosquera L, Cano MA, Ortiz N, Campo V, et al. Tick-borne-agents detection in patients with acute febrile syndrome and ticks from Magdalena Medio, Colombia. Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland). 2022;11(10):1090. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11101090.

184. Noda AA, Rodriguez I, Miranda J, Contreras V, Mattar S. First molecular evidence of Coxiella burnetii infecting ticks in Cuba. Ticks Tick-Borne Dis. 2016;7(1):68-70.

185. Tahir D, Socolovschi C, Marié JL, Ganay G, Berenger JM, Bompar JM, et al. New Rickettsia species in soft ticks Ornithodoros hasei collected from bats in French Guiana. Ticks Tick-Borne Dis. 2016;7(6):1089-96.

186. Binetruy F, Dupraz M, Buysse M, Duron O. Surface sterilization methods impact measures of internal microbial diversity in ticks. Parasit Vectors. 2019;12(1):268.

187. Binetruy F, Buysse M, Lejarre Q, Barosi R, Villa M, Rahola N, et al. Microbial community structure reveals instability of nutritional symbiosis during the evolutionary radiation of Amblyomma ticks. Mol Ecol. 2020;29(5):1016-29.

188. Grostieta E, Zazueta-Islas HM, Cruz-Valdez T, Ballados-González GG, Álvarez-Castillo L, García-Esparza SM, et al. Molecular detection of Coxiella-like endosymbionts and absence of Coxiella burnetii in Amblyomma mixtum from Veracruz, Mexico. Exp Appl Acarol. 2022;88(1):113-25.

189. De Rodaniche EC, Rodaniche A. Studies on Q fever in Panama. Am J Hyg. 1949;49(1):67-75.

190. Kueneman JG, Esser HJ, Weiss SJ, Jansen PA, Foley JE. Tick microbiomes in neotropical forest fragments are best explained by tick-associated and environmental factors rather than host blood source. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2021;87(7).

191. Guizzo MG, Parizi LF, Nunes RD, Schama R, Albano RM, Tirloni L, et al. A Coxiella mutualist symbiont is essential to the development of Rhipicephalus microplus. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):17554.

192. ••Buysse M, Duron O. Evidence that microbes identified as tick-borne pathogens are nutritional endosymbionts. Cell. 2021;184(9):2259-60. **Publication clarifying the difference between Coxiella burnetii infection of ticks and Coxiella-like endosymbionts.**

193. Jourdain E, Duron O, Séverine B, González-Acuña D, Sidi-Boumedine K. Molecular methods routinely used to detect Coxiella burnetii in ticks cross-react with Coxiella-like bacteria. Infect Ecol Epidemiol. 2015;5:29230.

194. Duron O. The IS1111 insertion sequence used for detection of Coxiella burnetii is widespread in Coxiella-like endosymbionts of ticks. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2015;362(17):fnv132.

195. Körner S, Makert GR, Ulbert S, Pfeffer M, Mertens-Scholz K. The prevalence of Coxiella burnetii in hard ticks in Europe and their role in Q fever transmission revisited-a systematic review. Front Vet Sci. 2021;8: 655715.

196. Schneeberger PM, Wintenberger C, van der Hoek W, Stahl JP. Q fever in the Netherlands - 2007-2010: what we learned from the largest outbreak ever. Med Mal Infect. 2014;44(8):339-53.

197. Bailly S, Hozé N, Bisser S, Zhu-Soubise A, Fritzell C, Fernandes-Pellerin S, et al. Transmission dynamics of Q fever in French Guiana: a population-based cross-sectional study. The Lancet Regional Health - Americas. 2022;16: 100385.

198. OIE (Office International des Epizooties), Rousset E, Niemczuk K, Sidi-Boumedine K, Thiéry R. Q fever. In: O.I.E., editor. Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals (mammals, birds and bees). Q fever. 3.1.16: OIE (Office International des Epizooties). 2018.

199. Brandão H, Vale LAR, A. CDD. Investigações sobre a Febre Q em São Paulo. 1. Estudo sorológico em operários de um frigorífico. Arquivos da Faculdade de Higiene e Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo. 1953;7(1):127-34.

200. Sidi-Boumedine K, Rousset E, Henning K, Ziller M, Niemczuk K, Roest HIJ, et al. Development of harmonised schemes for the monitoring and reporting of Q fever in animals in the European Union. Scientific Report submitted to EFSA [Internet]. 2010;[1-48 pp.]. Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2010.EN-48. Accessed 2 June 2023

201. Hemsley CM, Essex-Lopresti A, Norville IH, Titball RW. Correlating genotyping data of Coxiella burnetii with genomic groups. Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland). 2021;10(5).
202. Hemsley CM, O'Neill PA, Essex-Lopresti A, Norville IH, Atkins TP, Titball RW. Extensive genome analysis of Coxiella burnetii reveals limited evolution within genomic groups. BMC Genomics. 2019;20(1):441.

203. Russell-Lodrigue KE, Andoh M, Poels MW, Shive HR, Weeks BR, Zhang GQ, et al. Coxiella burnetii isolates cause genogroup-specific virulence in mouse and guinea pig models of acute Q fever. Infect Immun. 2009;77(12):5640–50.

204. Cerf O, Condron R. Coxiella burnetii and milk pasteurization: an early application of the precautionary principle? Epidemiol Infect. 2006;134(5):946–51.

205. De Villafañe LT, Wilde H, Strada L. Fiebre Q. Rev Méd Córdoba. 1959;47:244–60.

206. Romaña C, Roldán L, Torrico R, Mayer H. Primer caso agudo de fiebre "Q" diagnosticado en la Argentina. La Semana medica. 1959:506–13.

207. Seijo A. Síndrome de neumonía atípica de origen zoonótico. Temas de Zoonosis II Asociación Argentina de Zoonosis. 2004. p. 243–51.

208. Ministerio de Salud de la Nación. Antecedentes de Fiebre Q en la República Argentina. Boletín Epidemiológico Periódico. 2005;28:3.

209. Debenedetti RT. Coxiella burnetii agente causal de Fiebre Q. III Congreso Panamericano de Zoonosis y VIII Congreso Argentino de Zoonosis Asociación Argentina de Zoonosis; La Plata, Argentina 2014.

210. Cicuttin GL, Rodríguez Vargas M, Jado I, Anda P. Primera detección de Rickettsia massiliae en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Comunicación preliminar. Rev Argentina Zoonosis. 2004;1:8–10.

211. Cicuttin GL, Degiuseppe JI, Mamianetti A, Corin MV, Linares MC, De Salvo MN, et al. Serological evidence of Rickettsia and Coxiella burnetii in humans of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2015;43:57–60.

212. Trezeguet MA, Suarez M, Barral L, Debenedetti R, De la Sota MD. Estudio seroepidemiológico de anticuerpos frente a Fiebre Q en cabañas y tambos caprinos en la República Argentina. Rev Med Vet. 2008;89:152–8.

213. Ministerio de Salud Argentina. Brote de Fiebre Q en trabajadores de frigorífico. Comunicación Epidemiológica [Internet]. 2022; 08 de febrero de 2022 – SE6:[1–6 pp.]. Available from: https://bancos.salud.gob.ar/sites/default/files/2022-02/comunicacion-epidemiologica-brote-fiebre-Q-pcia-entre-rios.pdf. Accessed 2 June 2023

214. Ministerio de Salud Argentina. Brote de Fiebre Q en trabajadores de frigorífico. ACTUALIZACIÓN EPIDEMIOLÓGICA [Internet]. 2022; 10 de mayo de 2022 – SE19:[1–5 pp.]. Available from: https://bancos.salud.gob.ar/sites/default/files/2022-05/20220504-Actualizacion_FiebreQ.pdf. Accessed 2 June 2023

215. Tapia T, Stenos J, Flores R, Duery O, Iglesias R, Olivares MF, et al. Evidence of Q fever and rickettsial disease in Chile. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2020;5(2).

216. Contreras V, Gonzalez M, Guzman C, Mattar S. Fiebre Q: una zoonosis olvidada en Colombia. Rev Méd Risaralda. 2013;19(2):137–46.

217. Mattar S, Parra M. Detección de anticuerpos contra Anaplasma, Bartonella and Coxiella en habitantes rurales de un área del caribe colombiano. Rev MVZ Córdoba. 2006;11(2):781–9.

218. Betancur CA, Munera AG. Endocarditis por Coxiella burnetii: fiebre Q. Acta Med Colomb. 2012;37:31–3.

219. Cardona JCM. Neumonía por Coxiella burnetii: presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura/Coxiella burnetii pneumonia: Case report and literature review. CES Medicina. 2012;26(2):201–8.

**Publisher's Note** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
202. Hemsley CM, O'Neill PA, Essex-Lopresti A, Norville IH, Atkins TP, Titball RW. Extensive genome analysis of Coxiella burnetii reveals limited evolution within genomic groups. BMC Genomics. 2019;20(1):441.

203. Russell-Lodrigue KE, Andoh M, Poels MW, Shive HR, Weeks BR, Zhang GQ, et al. Coxiella burnetii isolates cause genogroup-specific virulence in mouse and guinea pig models of acute Q fever. Infect Immun. 2009;77(12):5640–50.

204. Cerf O, Condron R. Coxiella burnetii and milk pasteurization: an early application of the precautionary principle? Epidemiol Infect. 2006;134(5):946–51.

205. De Villafañe LT, Wilde H, Strada L. Fiebre Q. Rev Méd Córdoba. 1959;47:244–60.

206. Romaña C, Roldán L, Torrico R, Mayer H. Primer caso agudo de fiebre "Q" diagnosticado en la Argentina. La Semana medica. 1959:506–13.

207. Seijo A. Síndrome de neumonía atípica de origen zoonótico. Temas de Zoonosis II Asociación Argentina de Zoonosis. 2004. p. 243–51.

208. Ministerio de Salud de la Nación. Antecedentes de Fiebre Q en la República Argentina. Boletín Epidemiológico Periódico. 2005;28:3.

209. Debenedetti RT. Coxiella burnetii agente causal de Fiebre Q. III Congreso Panamericano de Zoonosis y VIII Congreso Argentino de Zoonosis Asociación Argentina de Zoonosis; La Plata, Argentina 2014.

210. Cicuttin GL, Rodríguez Vargas M, Jado I, Anda P. Primera detección de Rickettsia massiliae en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Comunicación preliminar. Rev Argentina Zoonosis. 2004;1:8–10.

211. Cicuttin GL, Degiuseppe JI, Mamianetti A, Corin MV, Linares MC, De Salvo MN, et al. Serological evidence of Rickettsia and Coxiella burnetii in humans of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2015;43:57–60.

212. Trezeguet MA, Suarez M, Barral L, Debenedetti R, De la Sota MD. Estudio seroepidemiológico de anticuerpos frente a Fiebre Q en cabañas y tambos caprinos en la República Argentina. Rev Med Vet. 2008;89:152–8.

213. Ministerio de Salud Argentina. Brote de Fiebre Q en trabajadores de frigorífico. Comunicación Epidemiológica [Internet]. 2022; 08 de febrero de 2022 – SE6:[1–6 pp.]. Available from: https://bancos.salud.gob.ar/sites/default/files/2022-02/comunicacion-epidemiologica-brote-fiebre-Q-pcia-entre-rios.pdf. Accessed 2 June 2023

214. Ministerio de Salud Argentina. Brote de Fiebre Q en trabajadores de frigorífico. ACTUALIZACIÓN EPIDEMIOLÓGICA [Internet]. 2022; 10 de mayo de 2022 – SE19:[1–5 pp.]. Available from: https://bancos.salud.gob.ar/sites/default/files/2022-05/20220504-Actualizacion_FiebreQ.pdf. Accessed 2 June 2023

215. Tapia T, Stenos J, Flores R, Duery O, Iglesias R, Olivares MF, et al. Evidence of Q fever and rickettsial disease in Chile. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2020;5(2).

216. Contreras V, Gonzalez M, Guzman C, Mattar S. Fiebre Q: una zoonosis olvidada en Colombia. Rev Méd Risaralda. 2013;19(2):137–46.

217. Mattar S, Parra M. Detección de anticuerpos contra Anaplasma, Bartonella and Coxiella en habitantes rurales de un área del caribe colombiano. Rev MVZ Córdoba. 2006;11(2):781–9.

218. Betancur CA, Munera AG. Endocarditis por Coxiella burnetii: fiebre Q. Acta Med Colomb. 2012;37:31–3.

219. Cardona JCM. Neumonía por Coxiella burnetii: presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura/Coxiella burnetii pneumonia: Case report and literature review. CES Medicina. 2012;26(2):201–8.

**Publisher's Note** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Authors and Affiliations

Loïc Epelboin<sup>1,2</sup> · Mateus De Souza Ribeiro Mioni<sup>3</sup> · Aurelie Couesnon<sup>4</sup> · Mona Saout<sup>5</sup> · Edith Guilloton<sup>2</sup> ·

Salma Omar<sup>2</sup> · Vincent Pommier De Santi<sup>6</sup> · Bernard Davoust<sup>7,8</sup> · Jean Lou Marié<sup>7,9</sup> · Anne Lavergne<sup>10</sup> ·

Damien Donato<sup>10</sup> · Alexandro Guterres<sup>11</sup> · Sebastien Rabier<sup>2</sup> · Justin Destoop<sup>12</sup> · Felix Djossou<sup>1</sup> ·

Xavier Baudrimont<sup>13</sup> · Antoine Roch<sup>13</sup> · Gabriel Leonardo Cicuttin<sup>14</sup> · Tatiana Rozental<sup>11,15</sup> · Mathieu Nacher<sup>2</sup> ·

Javier Millán<sup>16,17,18</sup> · Elba R. Sampaio De Lemos<sup>11</sup> · Jorlan Fernandes<sup>11</sup> · Olivier Duron<sup>19</sup> · Benoit De Thoisy<sup>10,20</sup> ·

Elodie Rousset<sup>4</sup>

<figure><img src="image_28.png" /></figure>

Loïc Epelboin
epelboincrh@hotmail.fr

1 Unité Des Maladies Infectieuses Et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne Andrée Rosemon, Avenue des Flamboyants, Cayenne F-97300, French Guiana

2 Centre d'Investigation Clinique Inserm 1424, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne F-97300, French Guiana

3 Instituto de Biotecnologia (IBTEC), Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu, Brazil

4 French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Laboratory of Sophia Antipolis, Animal Q Fever Unit, Sophia Antipolis, France

5 UMR TBIP 1019 Tropical Biomes and Immunophysiopathology, University of French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana

6 French Military Center for Epidemiology and Public Health, Marseille, France

7 Animal Epidemiology Expert Group, French Military Health Service, Tours, France

8 Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France

9 Institut de Recherche Biomédicale Des Armées (IRBA), Brétigny-Sur-Orge, France

10 Laboratoire Des Interactions Virus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur de La Guyane, Cayenne F-97300, French Guiana

11 Laboratory of Hantaviroses and Rickettsiosis, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil

12 Service de Dermatologie, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne F-97300, French Guiana

13 Direction Générale des Territoires Et de La Mer de La Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana

14 Instituto de Zoonosis Luis Pasteur, Av. Díaz Vélez 4821, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina

15 Kimron Veterinary Institute (Bacteriology Department), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, 5025001 Bayit Dagan, Israel

16 Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain

17 Fundación ARAID, Avda. de Ranillas, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain

18 Facultad de Ciencias de La Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, República 440, Santiago, Chile

19 MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France

20 Collection JAGUARS, Association Kwata, Cayenne, French Guiana
Authors and Affiliations

Loïc Epelboin¹,² Ⓒ · Mateus De Souza Ribeiro Mioni³ · Aurelie Couesnon⁴ · Mona Saout⁵ · Edith Guilloton² ·

Salma Omar² · Vincent Pommier De Santi⁶ · Bernard Davoust⁷,⁸ · Jean Lou Marié⁷,⁹ · Anne Lavergne¹⁰ ·

Damien Donato¹⁰ · Alexandro Guterres¹¹ · Sebastien Rabier² · Justin Destoop¹² · Felix Djossou¹ ·

Xavier Baudrimont¹³ · Antoine Roch¹³ · Gabriel Leonardo Cicuttin¹⁴ · Tatiana Rozental¹¹,¹⁵ · Mathieu Nacher² ·

Javier Millán¹⁶,¹⁷,¹⁸ · Elba R. Sampaio De Lemos¹¹ · Jorlan Fernandes¹¹ · Olivier Duron¹⁹ · Benoit De Thoisy¹⁰,²⁰ ·

Elodie Rousset⁴

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Loïc Epelboin
epelboincrh@hotmail.fr

¹ Unité Des Maladies Infectieuses Et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne Andrée Rosemon, Avenue des Flamboyants, Cayenne F-97300, French Guiana

² Centre d'Investigation Clinique Inserm 1424, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne F-97300, French Guiana

³ Instituto de Biotecnologia (IBTEC), Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu, Brazil

⁴ French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Laboratory of Sophia Antipolis, Animal Q Fever Unit, Sophia Antipolis, France

5 UMR TBIP 1019 Tropical Biomes and Immunophysiopathology, University of French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana

6 French Military Center for Epidemiology and Public Health, Marseille, France

7 Animal Epidemiology Expert Group, French Military Health Service, Tours, France

8 Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France

9 Institut de Recherche Biomédicale Des Armées (IRBA), Brétigny-Sur-Orge, France

10 Laboratoire Des Interactions Virus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur de La Guyane, Cayenne F-97300, French Guiana

11 Laboratory of Hantaviroses and Rickettsiosis, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil

12 Service de Dermatologie, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne F-97300, French Guiana

13 Direction Générale des Territoires Et de La Mer de La Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana

14 Instituto de Zoonosis Luis Pasteur, Av. Díaz Vélez 4821, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina

15 Kimron Veterinary Institute (Bacteriology Department), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, 5025001 Bayit Dagan, Israel

16 Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain

17 Fundación ARAID, Avda. de Ranillas, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain

18 Facultad de Ciencias de La Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, República 440, Santiago, Chile

19 MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France

20 Collection JAGUARS, Association Kwata, Cayenne, French Guiana