**Data Availability** Not applicable.

**Declarations**

**Ethics Approval** Not applicable.

**Consent to Publish** Open Access; This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. ReprintsandPermissions

**Conflicts of Interest** The authors declare no competing interests.

**Open Access** This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

**References**

Agangi A, Hofmann A, Elburg MA (2018) A review of Palaeoarchaean felsic volcanism in the eastern Kaapvaal craton: Linking plutonic and volcanic records. Geoscience Frontiers 9:667–688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2017.08.003

Alard O (2022) Personal communication at the f(O₂) international school, University of Trieste, Italia, September 05–09

Arndt NT, Wilson A, Hofmann A, Mason P, Lowe D, Tice M, Byerly G, Chunnett G (2012) Peering into the Cradle of Life: Scientific Drilling in the Barberton Greenstone Belt. Scientific Drilling 13:71. https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-13-65-2012open

Barrenechea JF, Luque FJ, Millward D, Ortega L, Beyssac O, Rodas M (2009) Graphite morphologies from the Borrowdale deposit (NW England, UK): Raman and SIMS data. Contrib Mineral Petrol 158(1):37–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-008-0369-y

Bassez MP (1998) Director of T Witzel report (1997-1998): “Test of a Molecular Geometry Software and Study of Supercritical Water”. Institut Universitaire de Technologie, Université Robert Schuman, Strasbourg, France

Bassez MP (2003) Is high-pressure water the cradle of life? J Phys Condens Matter 15(24):L353–L361. https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/15/24/101

Bassez MP (2009) (2008a) Synthèse prébiotique dans les conditions hydrothermales. Comptes Rendus. Chimie 12(6-7):801–807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crci.2008.10.013

Bassez MP (2008b) Synthèse prébiotique dans les conditions hydrothermales. Correction from the editor (article classified as full paper). Comptes Rendus. Chimie (2013):1071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crci.2008.10.014

Bassez MP (2009) Prebiotic synthesis under hydrothermal conditions. Orig Life Evol Biosph 39(3-4): 223–225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11084-009-9164-7

Bassez MP (2013) Geochemical origin of biological molecules. Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol 15, EGU2013–22. EGU’2013:Vienna, Austria, Session: Planetary & Solar System Sciences, Origins and Astrobiology, Planetary Evolution and Life, PS8.1, Oral: Tues. April 09–9h30. http://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU2013/EGU2013-22.pdf

Bassez MP (2015) Water, air, earth and cosmic radiation. Orig Life Evol Biosph 45(1–2):5–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11084-015-9402-0
**Data Availability** Not applicable.

**Declarations**

**Ethics Approval** Not applicable.

**Consent to Publish** Open Access; This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. ReprintsandPermissions

**Conflicts of Interest** The authors declare no competing interests.

**Open Access** This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

**References**

Agangi A, Hofmann A, Elburg MA (2018) A review of Palaeoarchaean felsic volcanism in the eastern Kaapvaal craton: Linking plutonic and volcanic records. Geoscience Frontiers 9:667–688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2017.08.003

Alard O (2022) Personal communication at the f(O₂) international school, University of Trieste, Italia, September 05–09

Arndt NT, Wilson A, Hofmann A, Mason P, Lowe D, Tice M, Byerly G, Chunnett G (2012) Peering into the Cradle of Life: Scientific Drilling in the Barberton Greenstone Belt. Scientific Drilling 13:71. https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-13-65-2012open

Barrenechea JF, Luque FJ, Millward D, Ortega L, Beyssac O, Rodas M (2009) Graphite morphologies from the Borrowdale deposit (NW England, UK): Raman and SIMS data. Contrib Mineral Petrol 158(1):37–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-008-0369-y

Bassez MP (1998) Director of T Witzel report (1997-1998): “Test of a Molecular Geometry Software and Study of Supercritical Water”. Institut Universitaire de Technologie, Université Robert Schuman, Strasbourg, France

Bassez MP (2003) Is high-pressure water the cradle of life? J Phys Condens Matter 15(24):L353–L361. https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/15/24/101

Bassez MP (2009) (2008a) Synthèse prébiotique dans les conditions hydrothermales. Comptes Rendus. Chimie 12(6-7):801–807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crci.2008.10.013

Bassez MP (2008b) Synthèse prébiotique dans les conditions hydrothermales. Correction from the editor (article classified as full paper). Comptes Rendus. Chimie (2013):1071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crci.2008.10.014

Bassez MP (2009) Prebiotic synthesis under hydrothermal conditions. Orig Life Evol Biosph 39(3-4): 223–225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11084-009-9164-7

Bassez MP (2013) Geochemical origin of biological molecules. Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol 15, EGU2013–22. EGU’2013:Vienna, Austria, Session: Planetary & Solar System Sciences, Origins and Astrobiology, Planetary Evolution and Life, PS8.1, Oral: Tues. April 09–9h30. http://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU2013/EGU2013-22.pdf

Bassez MP (2015) Water, air, earth and cosmic radiation. Orig Life Evol Biosph 45(1-2):5–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11084-015-9402-0
Bassez MP (2016) Geobiotropy. LPSC'2016, The Woodlands, US. Abstr #1853. http://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2016/pdf/1853.pdf

Bassez MP (2017a) Ferromagnesian silicate and ferrosulfide rocks as a source of magnetite and hydrogen. Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 17: 492-495. 15th Water-Rock Interaction International Symposium, WRI-15, Evora, 16-21 Oct. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeps.2016.12.124

Bassez MP (2017) Anoxic and oxic oxidation of rocks containing Fe(II)Mg-silicates and Fe(II)-monosulfides as a source of Fe(III)-minerals and hydrogen. Geobiotropy. Orig Life Evol Biosph 47(4):453-480. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11084-017-9534-5

Bassez MP (2017c) Fluid Inclusions in Radioactive Rocks and Geobiotropy. European Current Research on Fluid Inclusions, ECROFI'2017c, Nancy France 23-29 June. Session : New Frontiers in inclusion research. Poster #S2.P02. http://2017c.ecrofi.univ-lorraine.fr/files/2016/03/catalogue-ecrofi-basseresolution2.pdf

Bassez MP (2018) Water near its supercritical point and at alkaline pH for the production of ferric oxides and silicates in anoxic conditions. A new hypothesis for the synthesis of minerals observed in banded iron formations and for the related geobiotropic chemistry inside fluid inclusions. Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres 48(3):289-320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11084-018-9560-y

Bassez MP (2019a) Follow the high subcritical water. Geosciences 9(6):249(25pp). https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9060249

Bassez MP (2019b) High subcritical water-rock interaction for the formation of ferric minerals, in the absence of oxygen, UV light and microorganisms. E3S Web of Conferences 98: 01002 (6pp) WRI-16. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199801002

Bassez MP (2022/2019) Can the high subcritical water contribute to explain the Neoproterozoic BIFs? In: Cinner A et al. (eds) Recent Research on Geomorphology, Sedimentology, Marine Geosciences and Geochemistry, ASTI-Springer pp 289-291. Proceedings of the 2nd Springer conference CAJG (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72547-1_62

Bassez MP, Takano Y, Okhouchi N (2009) Organic analysis of peridotite rocks from the Ashadze and Logatchev hydrothermal sites. Int J Mol Sci 10:2986-2998. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms10072986

Bassez MP, Takano Y, Kobayashi K (2012) Prebiotic organic microstructures. Orig Life Evol Biosph 42:307-316. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11084-012-9290-5

Basta FF, Maurice AE, Fontboté L, Favarger PY (2011) Petrology and geochemistry of the banded iron formation (BIF) of Wadi Karim and Um Anab, Eastern Desert, Egypt: implications for the origin of Neoproterozoic BIF. Precambrian Res 187:277-292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2011.03.011

Baumgartner M, Bakker RJ (2009) Raman spectroscopy of pure H₂O and NaCl-H₂O containing synthetic fluid inclusions in quartz-a study of polarization effects. Mineral Petrol 95:1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00710-008-0028-z

Becerril L, Galindo I, Gudmundsson A, Morales JM (2013) Depth of origin of magma in eruptions. Sci Rep 3:2762. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep02762

Beyssac O, Lazzeri M (2012) Application of Raman spectroscopy to the study of graphitic carbons in the Earth Sciences. In: Dubessy J, Caumon MC, Rull F (eds) Raman spectroscopy applied to Earth Sciences and cultural heritage, EMU Notes in Mineralogy, vol 12, chp 12, pp 415-454. https://doi.org/10.1180/EMU-notes.12.12

Bonal L, Quirico E, Flandinet L, Montagnac G (2016) Thermal history of type 3 chondrites from the Antarctic meteorite collection determined by Raman spectroscopy of their polyaromatic carbonaceous matter. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 189:312-337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2016.06.017

Bourbin M, Derenne S, Gourier D, Rouzaud JN, Gautret P, Westall F (2012) Electron Paramagnetic Resonance study of a photosynthetic microbial mat and comparison with Archean cherts. Orig Life Evol Biosph 42:569-585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11084-012-9320-3

Bourdelle F, Benzerara K, Beyssac O, Cosmidis J, Neuville DR, Brown GE, Paineau E (2013) Quantification of the ferric/ferrous iron ratio in silicates by scanning transmission X-ray microscopy at the Fe L₂,₃ edges. Contrib Mineral Petrol 166(2):423-434. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-013-0883-4

Buseck PR, Beyssac O (2014) From organic matter to graphite: Graphitization. Elements 10:421-426. https://doi.org/10.2113/gselements.10.6.421

Cairns-Smith, (1978) Precambrian solution photochemistry, inverse segregation, and banded iron formations. Nature 276:807-808

Carey D (1996) Measurements of the Raman spectrum of liquid water. Report KAPL-P-000226 USA.

Carey DM, Korenowski GM (1998) The measurement of the Raman spectrum of liquid water. J Chem Phys 108(7):2669-2675. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.475659

Carrière C (2017) Influence de la corrosion du fer sur les processus d'altération du verre: approche analytique multi-échelle. Thèse de doctorat, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris VI, NNT: 2017PA066299
Bassez MP (2016) Geobiotropy. LPSC'2016, The Woodlands, US. Abstr #1853. http://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2016/pdf/1853.pdf

Bassez MP (2017a) Ferromagnesian silicate and ferrosulfide rocks as a source of magnetite and hydrogen. Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 17: 492-495. 15th Water-Rock Interaction International Symposium, WRI-15, Evora, 16-21 Oct. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeps.2016.12.124

Bassez MP (2017) Anoxic and oxic oxidation of rocks containing Fe(II)Mg-silicates and Fe(II)-monosulfides as a source of Fe(III)-minerals and hydrogen. Geobiotropy. Orig Life Evol Biosph 47(4):453-480. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11084-017-9534-5

Bassez MP (2017c) Fluid Inclusions in Radioactive Rocks and Geobiotropy. European Current Research on Fluid Inclusions, ECROFI'2017c, Nancy France 23-29 June. Session : New Frontiers in inclusion research. Poster #S2.P02. http://2017c.ecrofi.univ-lorraine.fr/files/2016/03/catalogue-ecrofi-basseresolution2.pdf

Bassez MP (2018) Water near its supercritical point and at alkaline pH for the production of ferric oxides and silicates in anoxic conditions. A new hypothesis for the synthesis of minerals observed in banded iron formations and for the related geobiotropic chemistry inside fluid inclusions. Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres 48(3):289-320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11084-018-9560-y

Bassez MP (2019a) Follow the high subcritical water. Geosciences 9(6):249(25pp). https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9060249

Bassez MP (2019b) High subcritical water-rock interaction for the formation of ferric minerals, in the absence of oxygen, UV light and microorganisms. E3S Web of Conferences 98: 01002 (6pp) WRI-16. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199801002

Bassez MP (2022/2019) Can the high subcritical water contribute to explain the Neoproterozoic BIFs? In: Cinner A et al. (eds) Recent Research on Geomorphology, Sedimentology, Marine Geosciences and Geochemistry, ASTI-Springer pp 289-291. Proceedings of the 2nd Springer conference CAJG (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72547-1_62

Bassez MP, Takano Y, Okhouchi N (2009) Organic analysis of peridotite rocks from the Ashadze and Logatchev hydrothermal sites. Int J Mol Sci 10:2986-2998. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms10072986

Bassez MP, Takano Y, Kobayashi K (2012) Prebiotic organic microstructures. Orig Life Evol Biosph 42:307-316. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11084-012-9290-5

Basta FF, Maurice AE, Fontboté L, Favarger PY (2011) Petrology and geochemistry of the banded iron formation (BIF) of Wadi Karim and Um Anab, Eastern Desert, Egypt: implications for the origin of Neoproterozoic BIF. Precambrian Res 187:277-292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2011.03.011

Baumgartner M, Bakker RJ (2009) Raman spectroscopy of pure H₂O and NaCl-H₂O containing synthetic fluid inclusions in quartz-a study of polarization effects. Mineral Petrol 95:1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00710-008-0028-z

Becerril L, Galindo I, Gudmundsson A, Morales JM (2013) Depth of origin of magma in eruptions. Sci Rep 3:2762. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep02762

Beyssac O, Lazzeri M (2012) Application of Raman spectroscopy to the study of graphitic carbons in the Earth Sciences. In: Dubessy J, Caumon MC, Rull F (eds) Raman spectroscopy applied to Earth Sciences and cultural heritage, EMU Notes in Mineralogy, vol 12, chp 12, pp 415-454. https://doi.org/10.1180/EMU-notes.12.12

Bonal L, Quirico E, Flandinet L, Montagnac G (2016) Thermal history of type 3 chondrites from the Antarctic meteorite collection determined by Raman spectroscopy of their polyaromatic carbonaceous matter. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 189:312-337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2016.06.017

Bourbin M, Derenne S, Gourier D, Rouzaud JN, Gautret P, Westall F (2012) Electron Paramagnetic Resonance study of a photosynthetic microbial mat and comparison with Archean cherts. Orig Life Evol Biosph 42:569-585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11084-012-9320-3

Bourdelle F, Benzerara K, Beyssac O, Cosmidis J, Neuville DR, Brown GE, Paineau E (2013) Quantification of the ferric/ferrous iron ratio in silicates by scanning transmission X-ray microscopy at the Fe L₂,₃ edges. Contrib Mineral Petrol 166(2):423-434. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-013-0883-4

Buseck PR, Beyssac O (2014) From organic matter to graphite: Graphitization. Elements 10:421-426. https://doi.org/10.2113/gselements.10.6.421

Cairns-Smith, (1978) Precambrian solution photochemistry, inverse segregation, and banded iron formations. Nature 276:807-808

Carey D (1996) Measurements of the Raman spectrum of liquid water. Report KAPL-P-000226 USA.

Carey DM, Korenowski GM (1998) The measurement of the Raman spectrum of liquid water. J Chem Phys 108(7):2669-2675. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.475659

Carrière C (2017) Influence de la corrosion du fer sur les processus d'altération du verre: approche analytique multi-échelle. Thèse de doctorat, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris VI, NNT: 2017PA066299
Catling DC, Zahnle K (2020) The Archean atmosphere. Sci Adv 6:eaax1420

Chen CS, Cheng WH, Lin SS (2000) Mechanism of CO formation in reverse water-gas shift reaction over Cu/Al₂O₃ catalyst. Catalysis Lett 68:45-48

Chinnasami SS, Mishra B (2017) Genetic implications of fluid-deposited disordered graphite and methane-rich inclusions in the Jonnagiri granodiorite-hosted gold deposit, Eastern Dharwar Craton, India. Ore Geol Rev 89:587-593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2017.07.006

Cook WG, Olive RP (2012) Pourbaix diagrams for the iron-water system extended to high- and low-supercritical conditions. Corros Sci 55:326-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2011.10.034

Corridoni T, Sodo A, Bruni F, Ricci MA, Nardone M (2007) Probing water dynamics with OH-. Chem Phys 336(2-3):183-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemphys.2007.06.013

Cousseran S, Pêcher A, Bintz P (1998) Application de l'étude des inclusions fluides aux quartz taillés de quelques sites préhistoriques dans les Alpes du Nord. Revue d'Archéométrie 22:103-109. https://doi.org/10.3406/arsci.1998.966

Dazzi A, Deniset-Besseau A (2019) AFM-IR: caractérisation chimique à l'échelle nanométrique. Techniques de l'ingénieur IN224 V1: 1-13 and Doc IN224: 1-3

Dazzi A, Prater CB, Hu Q, Chase DB, Rabolt JF, Marcott C (2004) AFM-IR; Combining Atomic Force Microscopy and Infrared Spectroscopy for nanoscale chemical characterization. Applied Spectroscopy 66(12):1365-1384

de Faria DLA, Lopes FN (2007) Heated goethite and natural hematite: Can Raman spectroscopy be used to differentiate them? Vibrational spectroscopy 45:117-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vibspec.2007.07.003

de Oliveira DM, Bredt AJ, Miller TC, Corcelli SA, Ben-Amotz D (2021) Spectroscopic and structural characterization of water-shared ion-pairs in aqueous sodium and lithium hydroxide. J Phys Chem B 125:1439-1446. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c10564

de Vries ST, Nijman W, Armstrong RA (2006) Growth-fault structure and stratigraphic architecture of the Buck Ridge volcano-sedimentary complex, upper Hooggenoeg Formation, Barberton Greenstone Belt, Sth Africa. Precambrian Res 149:77-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2006.04.005

de Wit M, Furnes H, MacLennan S, Doucouré M, Schoene B, Weckmann U, Martinez U, Bowring S (2018) Paleoarchean bedrock lithologies across the Makhonjwa Mountains of South Africa and Swaziland linked to geochemical, magnetic and tectonic data reveal early plate tectonic genes flanking subduction margins. Geosci Front 9:603-665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2017.10.005

de Wit MJ, Furnes H, Robins B (2011) Geology and tectonostratigraphy of the Onverwacht Suite, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Precambrian Res 186:1-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2010.12.007

Delarue F, Rouzaud JN, Derenne S, Bourbin M, Westall F, Kremer B, Sugitani K, Deldicque D, Robert F (2016) The Raman-derived carbonization continuum: a tool to select the best preserved molecular structures in Archean kerogens. Astrobiology 16(6):1-11. https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2015.1392

di Pietro JA (2013) Landscape Evolution in the United States, Chapter 20, Keys to the interpretation of geological history: Ophiolite, subduction complexes, and collision. p 339. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-397799-1.00020-8

Dubois M, Monnin C, Castelain T, Coquinot Y, Gouy S, Gauthier A, Goffé B (2010) Investigation of the H₂O-NaCl-LiCl system: a synthetic fluid inclusion study and thermodynamic modeling from -50° to +100°C and up to 12 mol/kg. Econ Geol 105:329-338. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.105.2.329

Dubois M (2019) The world of fluid inclusions. https://fluid-inclusions.univ-lille.fr/co/008_homeogenization_critical_phase.html

El-Shazly AK, Khalil KI (2014) Banded iron formations of Um Nar, Eastern Desert of Egypt: P-T-X conditions of metamorphism and tectonic implications. Lithos 196-197:356-375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2014.01.006

El-Shazly AK, Khalil KI (2016) Metamorphic and geochronologic constraints on the tectonic evolution of the Central Eastern Desert of Egypt. Precambrian Res 283:144-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2016.07.016

El-Shazly AK, Khalil KI, Helba HA (2019) Geochemistry of banded iron formations and their host rocks from the Central Eastern Desert of Egypt: a working genetic model and tectonic implications. Precambrian Res 325:192-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2019.02.011

Foucher F, Guimbretière G, Bost N, Westall F (2017) Petrographical and mineralogical applications of Raman mapping. In: Maaz K (ed) Raman Spectroscopy and Applications, IntechOpen, Chapter 8, pp.163-180. https://doi.org/10.5772/65112

French BM, Rosenberg PE (1965) Siderite (FeCO₃): Thermal decomposition in equilibrium with graphite. Science 147:1283-1284. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.147.3663.1283
Catling DC, Zahnle K (2020) The Archean atmosphere. Sci Adv 6:eaax1420

Chen CS, Cheng WH, Lin SS (2000) Mechanism of CO formation in reverse water-gas shift reaction over Cu/Al₂O₃ catalyst. Catalysis Lett 68:45-48

Chinnasami SS, Mishra B (2017) Genetic implications of fluid-deposited disordered graphite and methane-rich inclusions in the Jonnagiri granodiorite-hosted gold deposit, Eastern Dharwar Craton, India. Ore Geol Rev 89:587-593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2017.07.006

Cook WG, Olive RP (2012) Pourbaix diagrams for the iron-water system extended to high- and low-supercritical conditions. Corros Sci 55:326-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2011.10.034

Corridoni T, Sodo A, Bruni F, Ricci MA, Nardone M (2007) Probing water dynamics with OH. Chem Phys 336(2-3):183-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemphys.2007.06.013

Cousseran S, Pêcher A, Bintz P (1998) Application de l'étude des inclusions fluides aux quartz taillés de quelques sites préhistoriques dans les Alpes du Nord. Revue d'Archéométrie 22:103-109. https://doi.org/10.3406/arsci.1998.966

Dazzi A, Deniset-Besseau A (2019) AFM-IR: caractérisation chimique à l'échelle nanométrique. Techniques de l'ingénieur IN224 V1: 1-13 and Doc IN224: 1-3

Dazzi A, Prater CB, Hu Q, Chase DB, Rabolt JF, Marcott C (2004) AFM-IR; Combining Atomic Force Microscopy and Infrared Spectroscopy for nanoscale chemical characterization. Applied Spectroscopy 66(12):1365-1384

de Faria DLA, Lopes FN (2007) Heated goethite and natural hematite: Can Raman spectroscopy be used to differentiate them? Vibrational spectroscopy 45:117-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vibspec.2007.07.003

de Oliveira DM, Bredt AJ, Miller TC, Corcelli SA, Ben-Amotz D (2021) Spectroscopic and structural characterization of water-shared ion-pairs in aqueous sodium and lithium hydroxide. J Phys Chem B 125:1439-1446. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c10564

de Vries ST, Nijman W, Armstrong RA (2006) Growth-fault structure and stratigraphic architecture of the Buck Ridge volcano-sedimentary complex, upper Hooggenoeg Formation, Barberton Greenstone Belt, Sth Africa. Precambrian Res 149:77-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2006.04.005

de Wit M, Furnes H, MacLennan S, Doucouré M, Schoene B, Weckmann U, Martinez U, Bowring S (2018) Paleoarchean bedrock lithologies across the Makhonjwa Mountains of South Africa and Swaziland linked to geochemical, magnetic and tectonic data reveal early plate tectonic genes flanking subduction margins. Geosci Front 9:603-665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2017.10.005

de Wit MJ, Furnes H, Robins B (2011) Geology and tectonostratigraphy of the Onverwacht Suite, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Precambrian Res 186:1-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2010.12.007

Delarue F, Rouzaud JN, Derenne S, Bourbin M, Westall F, Kremer B, Sugitani K, Deldicque D, Robert F (2016) The Raman-derived carbonization continuum: a tool to select the best preserved molecular structures in Archean kerogens. Astrobiology 16(6):1-11. https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2015.1392

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Fu Q, Seyfried WE Jr (2009) Experimental study of abiotic synthesis processes in a hydrothermal flow system: implications for organic matter formation in extraterrestrial environments. Abstract 2504.pdf-40th Lunar Planetary Sci Conf

Fu X, Wang A, Krawczynski JM (2017) Characterizing amorphous silicates in extraterrestrial materials: Polymerization effects on Raman and mid-IR spectral features of alkali and alkali earth silicate glasses. J Geophys Res Planets 122:839-855. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JE005241

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Ghosh N, Roy S, Bandyopadhyay A, Mondal JA (2023) Vibrational Raman spectroscopy of the hydration shell of ions. Liquids 3:19-39. https://doi.org/10.3390/loquids3010003

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Hill HGM, Nuth J (2003) The catalytic potential of cosmic dust: implications for prebiotic chemistry in the solar nebula and other protoplanetary systems. Astrobiology 3(2):291-304

Hinz I (2018) Understanding abiotic and biotic mechanisms associated with the formation of iron-silicates like low Fe(III) greenalite in banded iron formations. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Colorado, Boulder

Hofmann A, Bolhar R, Orberger B, Foucher F (2013) Cherts of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa: petrology and trace-element geochemistry of the 3.5 to 3.3 Ga old silicified volcaniclastic sediments. S Afr J Geol 116(2):297-322. https://doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.116.2.297

Hofmann A, Karykowski B, Mason P, Chunnet G, Arndt N (2013b) Barberton drilling project-Buck Reef Chert core BARB3. Geophys Res Abs 15:EGU2013b-12227

Holloway JR (1984) Graphite-CH4-H2O-CO2 equilibria at low-grade metamorphic conditions. Geology 12:455-458

Horvath E, Kristof J, Frost RL (2010) Vibrational spectroscopy of intercalated kaolinites. Part-I. Appl Spectrosc Rev 45:130-147. https://doi.org/10.1080/05704920903435862

ICDP (2011) General view of Buck Reef. Image UN_5047_2_A_drillsite_3.jpg. http://barberton.icdp-online.org/

Johnson JE, Muhling JR, Cosmidis J, Rasmussen B, Templeton AS (2018) Low-Fe(III) greenalite was a primary mineral from Neoarchean oceans. Geophys Res Lett 45. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL076311

Kiyokawa S, Suzuki T, El-Dokouny HA, Dawoud M, Abuelhasan MM (2020) Stratigraphy, petrology, and geochemistry of a neoproterozoic banded iron sequence in the El-Dabbah Group, central Eastern Desert, Egypt. J Afr Earth Sci 168:103805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2020.103805

Klein C Jr (1974) Greenalite, stilpnomelane, minnesotaite, crocidolite and carbonates in a very low-grade metamorphic Precambrian iron-formation. The Canadian Mineralogist 12:475-498

Klein C, Bricker OP (1977) Some aspects of the sedimentary and diagenetic environment of Proterozoic Banded Iron Formations. Economic Geology 72:1457-1470

Kröner (Krüner) A, GR Byerly, DR Lowe, (1991) Chronology of early Archaean granite greenstone evolution in the Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa, based on precise dating by single zircon evaporation. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 103:41-54

Lacroix B, Travé A, Buatier M, Labaume P, Vennemann T, Dubois M (2014) Syntectonic fluid-flow along thrust faults: example of the south-Pyrenean fold-and-thrust belt. Marine Petrol Geol 49:84-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2013.09.005

Ledevin M, Arndt N, Chauvel C, Jaillard E, Simionovici A (2019) The sedimentary origin of black and white Banded Cherts of the Buck Reef, Barberton. South Africa. Geosciences 9:424. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9100424

Lepland A, van Zuilen MA, Philippot P (2011) Fluid-deposited graphite and its geobiological implications in early Archean gneiss from Akilia, Greenland. Geobiology 9:2-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4669.2010.00261.x
Frezzotti ML, Tecce F, Casagli A (2012) Raman spectroscopy of fluid inclusion analysis. J Geochem Explor 112:1-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2011.09.009

Frost D (2022) Oxidation state of the Earth from the core to the mantle transition zone. Oral presentation at the f(O₂) International School, Trieste, Italy, 09 September

Fu Q, Seyfried WE Jr (2009) Experimental study of abiotic synthesis processes in a hydrothermal flow system: implications for organic matter formation in extraterrestrial environments. Abstract 2504.pdf-40th Lunar Planetary Sci Conf

Fu X, Wang A, Krawczynski JM (2017) Characterizing amorphous silicates in extraterrestrial materials: Polymerization effects on Raman and mid-IR spectral features of alkali and alkali earth silicate glasses. J Geophys Res Planets 122:839-855. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JE005241

Gaucher C, Sial AN, Frei R (2015) Chemostratigraphy of Neoproterozoic banded iron formation (BIF): types, age and origin. Chap. 17, p. 433-449 Chemostratigraphy. M Ramkuar ed. Periyar University, Salem, Tamilnadu, In. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-419968-2.00017-0

Ghosh N, Roy S, Bandyopadhyay A, Mondal JA (2023) Vibrational Raman spectroscopy of the hydration shell of ions. Liquids 3:19-39. https://doi.org/10.3390/loquids3010003

Guggenheim S, Bailey SW, Eggleton RA, Wilkes P (1982) Structural aspects of greenalite and related minerals. The Canadian Mineralogist 20:1-18

Guggenheim S, Eggleton RA (1998) Modulated crystal structures of greenalite and caryopilite: a system with long-range, in-plane structural disorder in the tetrahedral sheet. Can Mineral 36:163-179

Hamimi Z, Abd El-Wahed MA, Gahlan HA, Kamh SZ (2019) Tectonics of the Eastern Desert of Egypt: key to understanding the Neoproterozoic evolution of the Arabian-Nubian Shield (East African Orogen). In: Bendaoud A et al. (eds) The Geology of the Arab World-an Overview, Springer Geology, pp 1-81. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96794-3_1

Hill HGM, Nuth J (2003) The catalytic potential of cosmic dust: implications for prebiotic chemistry in the solar nebula and other protoplanetary systems. Astrobiology 3(2):291-304

Hinz I (2018) Understanding abiotic and biotic mechanisms associated with the formation of iron-silicates like low Fe(III) greenalite in banded iron formations. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Colorado, Boulder

Hofmann A, Bolhar R, Orberger B, Foucher F (2013) Cherts of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa: petrology and trace-element geochemistry of the 3.5 to 3.3 Ga old silicified volcaniclastic sediments. S Afr J Geol 116(2):297-322. https://doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.116.2.297

Hofmann A, Karykowski B, Mason P, Chunnet G, Arndt N (2013b) Barberton drilling project-Buck Reef Chert core BARB3. Geophys Res Abs 15:EGU2013b-12227

Holloway JR (1984) Graphite-CH4-H2O-CO2 equilibria at low-grade metamorphic conditions. Geology 12:455-458

Horvath E, Kristof J, Frost RL (2010) Vibrational spectroscopy of intercalated kaolinites. Part-I. Appl Spectrosc Rev 45:130-147. https://doi.org/10.1080/05704920903435862

ICDP (2011) General view of Buck Reef. Image UN_5047_2_A_drillsite_3.jpg. http://barberton.icdp-online.org/

Johnson JE, Muhling JR, Cosmidis J, Rasmussen B, Templeton AS (2018) Low-Fe(III) greenalite was a primary mineral from Neoarchean oceans. Geophys Res Lett 45. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL076311

Kiyokawa S, Suzuki T, El-Dokouny HA, Dawoud M, Abuelhasan MM (2020) Stratigraphy, petrology, and geochemistry of a neoproterozoic banded iron sequence in the El-Dabbah Group, central Eastern Desert, Egypt. J Afr Earth Sci 168:103805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2020.103805

Klein C Jr (1974) Greenalite, stilpnomelane, minnesotaite, crocidolite and carbonates in a very low-grade metamorphic Precambrian iron-formation. The Canadian Mineralogist 12:475-498

Klein C, Bricker OP (1977) Some aspects of the sedimentary and diagenetic environment of Proterozoic Banded Iron Formations. Economic Geology 72:1457-1470

Kröner (Krüner) A, GR Byerly, DR Lowe, (1991) Chronology of early Archaean granite greenstone evolution in the Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa, based on precise dating by single zircon evaporation. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 103:41-54

Lacroix B, Travé A, Buatier M, Labaume P, Vennemann T, Dubois M (2014) Syntectonic fluid-flow along thrust faults: example of the south-Pyrenean fold-and-thrust belt. Marine Petrol Geol 49:84-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2013.09.005

Ledevin M, Arndt N, Chauvel C, Jaillard E, Simionovici A (2019) The sedimentary origin of black and white Banded Cherts of the Buck Reef, Barberton. South Africa. Geosciences 9:424. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9100424

Lepland A, van Zuilen MA, Philippot P (2011) Fluid-deposited graphite and its geobiological implications in early Archean gneiss from Akilia, Greenland. Geobiology 9:2-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4669.2010.00261.x
Lepot K, Addad A, Knoll AH, Wang J, Troadec D, Béché A, Javaux EJ (2017) Iron minerals within specific microfossil morphospecies of the 1.88 Ga Gunflint Formation. Nat Commun 8:14890. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14890

Li L, Zhang X, Luan Z, Du Z, Xi S, Wang B, Lian C, Yan J (2018) A new approach to measuring the temperature of fluids reaching 300°C and 2 mol/kg NaCl based on the Raman shift of water. Appl Spectrosc 72(11):1621-1631. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003702818776662

Li ZX, Bogdanova SV, Collins AS, Davidson A, de Waele B, Ernst RE, Fitzsimons ICW, Fuck RA, Gladkochub DP, Jacobs J, Karlstrom KE, Lu S, Natapov LM, Pease V, Pisarevsky SA, Thrane K, Vernikovsky V (2008) Assembly, configuration, and break-up history of Rodinia: a synthesis. Precambrian Res 160:179-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2007.04.021

Lowe DR, Byerly GR (1999) Stratigraphy of the west-central part of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. In: Geological Evolution of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Lowe DR, Byerly GR (eds) The Geological Society of America, special paper 329, pp 1-36. https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2329-9.1

Lowe DR, Byerly GR (2020) The non-glacial and non-cratonic origin of an early Archean felsic volcanic unit, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Precambrian Res 341:105647

Luque FJ, Crespo-Feo E, Barrenechea JF, Ortega L (2012) Carbon isotopes of graphite: Implications on fluid history. Geosci Front 3(2):197-207

Luque FJ, Ortega L, Barrenechea JF, Millward D, Beyssac O, Huizenga JM (2009) Deposition of highly crystalline graphite from moderate-temperature fluids. Geology 37(3):275-278. https://doi.org/10.1130/G25284A.1

Luque FJ, Pasteris JD, Wopenka B, Rodas M, Barrenechea JF (1998) Natural fluid-deposited graphite: mineralogical characteristics and mechanisms of formation. Am J Sci 298:471-498

Maj K, Kocemba I (2018) Nanostructured forms of carbon deposit obtained during cracking of methane reaction over nanocrystalline iron catalysts. Adsorp Sci Technol 36(1-2):493-507. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263617417705471

Marshall PC, Edwards GMH, Jehlicka J (2010) Understanding the application of Raman spectroscopy to the detection of traces of life. Astrobiology 10(2):229-243. https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2009.0344

Marty B, Zimmermann L, Pujol M, Burgess R, Philippot P (2013) Nitrogen isotopic composition and density of the Archean atmosphere. Science 342:101-104. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1240971

McMillan P (1984a) Structural studies of silicate glasses and melts--applications and limitations of Raman spectroscopy. Am Miner 69:622-644

McMillan P (1984b) A Raman spectroscopic study of glasses in the system CaO-MgO-SiO₂ Am Miner 69:645-659

Milesi V, Guyot F, Brunet F, Richard L, Recham N, Benedetti M, Dairou J, Prinzhofer A (2015) Formation of CO₂, H₂ and condensed carbon from siderite dissolution in the 200-300°C range and at 50 MPa. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 154:201-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2015.01.015

Nan J, King HE, Delen G, Meier F, Weckhuysen BM, Guo Z, Peng X, Plümper O (2021) The nanogeochemistry of abiotic carbonaceous matter in serpentinites from the Yap Trench, western Pacific Ocean. Geology 49:330-334. https://doi.org/10.1130/G48153.1

Nasdala L, Smith DC, Kaindl R, Ziemann MA (2004) Raman spectroscopy: analytical perspectives in mineralogical research. In: A Beran, E. Libowitzky (eds) Spectroscopic methods in mineralogy. Eötvös Univ. Press, EMU Notes in Mineralogy, Vol. 6, chapter 7, pp 281-343. ISBN 963 463 6624.

Neal C, Stanger G (1983) Hydrogen generation from mantle source rocks in Oman. Earth Planet Sci Lett 66:315-320

Parnell J, Brolly C, Boyce AJ (2021) Mixed metamorphic and fluid graphite deposition in Palaeoproterozoic supracrustal rocks of the Lewisian Complex, NW Scotland. Terra Nova 33:541-550. https://doi.org/10.1111/ter.12546

Pasteris JD, Chou IM (1998) Fluid-deposited graphitic inclusions in quartz: Comparison between KTB (German Continental Deep Drilling) core samples and artificially reequilibrated natural inclusions. Geochimica Et Cosmo Acta 62(1):109-122

Pastorczak M, Kozanecki M, Ulanski J (2008) Raman Resonance Effect in Liquid Water. J Phys Chem A Lett 112:10705-10707. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp805369p

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Lepot K, Addad A, Knoll AH, Wang J, Troadec D, Béché A, Javaux EJ (2017) Iron minerals within specific microfossil morphospecies of the 1.88 Ga Gunflint Formation. Nat Commun 8:14890. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14890

Li L, Zhang X, Luan Z, Du Z, Xi S, Wang B, Lian C, Yan J (2018) A new approach to measuring the temperature of fluids reaching 300°C and 2 mol/kg NaCl based on the Raman shift of water. Appl Spectrosc 72(11):1621-1631. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003702818776662

Li ZX, Bogdanova SV, Collins AS, Davidson A, de Waele B, Ernst RE, Fitzsimons ICW, Fuck RA, Gladkochub DP, Jacobs J, Karlstrom KE, Lu S, Natapov LM, Pease V, Pisarevsky SA, Thrane K, Vernikovsky V (2008) Assembly, configuration, and break-up history of Rodinia: a synthesis. Precambrian Res 160:179-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2007.04.021

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Lowe DR, Byerly GR (2020) The non-glacial and non-cratonic origin of an early Archean felsic volcanic unit, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Precambrian Res 341:105647

Luque FJ, Crespo-Feo E, Barrenechea JF, Ortega L (2012) Carbon isotopes of graphite: Implications on fluid history. Geosci Front 3(2):197-207

Luque FJ, Ortega L, Barrenechea JF, Millward D, Beyssac O, Huizenga JM (2009) Deposition of highly crystalline graphite from moderate-temperature fluids. Geology 37(3):275-278. https://doi.org/10.1130/G25284A.1

Luque FJ, Pasteris JD, Wopenka B, Rodas M, Barrenechea JF (1998) Natural fluid-deposited graphite: mineralogical characteristics and mechanisms of formation. Am J Sci 298:471-498

Maj K, Kocemba I (2018) Nanostructured forms of carbon deposit obtained during cracking of methane reaction over nanocrystalline iron catalysts. Adsorp Sci Technol 36(1-2):493-507. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263617417705471

Marshall PC, Edwards GMH, Jehlicka J (2010) Understanding the application of Raman spectroscopy to the detection of traces of life. Astrobiology 10(2):229-243. https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2009.0344

Marty B, Zimmermann L, Pujol M, Burgess R, Philippot P (2013) Nitrogen isotopic composition and density of the Archean atmosphere. Science 342:101-104. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1240971

McMillan P (1984a) Structural studies of silicate glasses and melts--applications and limitations of Raman spectroscopy. Am Miner 69:622-644

McMillan P (1984b) A Raman spectroscopic study of glasses in the system CaO-MgO-SiO₂ Am Miner 69:645-659

Milesi V, Guyot F, Brunet F, Richard L, Recham N, Benedetti M, Dairou J, Prinzhofer A (2015) Formation of CO₂, H₂ and condensed carbon from siderite dissolution in the 200-300°C range and at 50 MPa. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 154:201-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2015.01.015

Nan J, King HE, Delen G, Meier F, Weckhuysen BM, Guo Z, Peng X, Plümper O (2021) The nanogeochemistry of abiotic carbonaceous matter in serpentinites from the Yap Trench, western Pacific Ocean. Geology 49:330-334. https://doi.org/10.1130/G48153.1

Nasdala L, Smith DC, Kaindl R, Ziemann MA (2004) Raman spectroscopy: analytical perspectives in mineralogical research. In: A Beran, E. Libowitzky (eds) Spectroscopic methods in mineralogy. Eötvös Univ. Press, EMU Notes in Mineralogy, Vol. 6, chapter 7, pp 281-343. ISBN 963 463 6624.

Neal C, Stanger G (1983) Hydrogen generation from mantle source rocks in Oman. Earth Planet Sci Lett 66:315-320

Parnell J, Brolly C, Boyce AJ (2021) Mixed metamorphic and fluid graphite deposition in Palaeoproterozoic supracrustal rocks of the Lewisian Complex, NW Scotland. Terra Nova 33:541-550. https://doi.org/10.1111/ter.12546

Pasteris JD, Chou IM (1998) Fluid-deposited graphitic inclusions in quartz: Comparison between KTB (German Continental Deep Drilling) core samples and artificially reequilibrated natural inclusions. Geochimica Et Cosmo Acta 62(1):109-122

Pastorczak M, Kozanecki M, Ulanski J (2008) Raman Resonance Effect in Liquid Water. J Phys Chem A Lett 112:10705-10707. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp805369p

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Pizzarello S (2012) Catalytic syntheses of amino acids and their significance for nebular and planetary chemistry. Meteorit Planet Sci 47(8):1291-1296. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1945-5100.2012.01390.x
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