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# Glossary

## GLOSSARY OF TERMS 1

**Marine noise pollution:** Noise produced by human activities which can potentially damage marine organisms by interfering with or masking biological relevant signals, causing physiological stress, physical damage on sensory systems or behavioural reactions

**Vibration:** Mechanical oscillation able to propagate in an elastic medium (air, water, etc.).

**Impulsive sound:** Sound of short duration and wide frequency bandwidth reaching a rapid maximum value followed by a fast decay. (e. g. explosions, military sonar, pile driving, airgun arrays, cetacean echolocation signals).

**Continuous sound:** Sound of a narrow frequency range that extends over long periods of time (e.g. dredging, drilling, wind turbines, tidal and wave energy devices, ships, etc.).

**Sound Pressure:** component of the underwater sound waves consisting on the pressure fluctuations of the local hydrostatic pressure in the medium (ISO/DIS, 2016).

**Particle motion:** component of the underwater sound waves consisting on the back-and-forth motion of particles in the medium (ISO/DIS, 2016)

## GLOSSARY OF TERMS 2

**Statocyst:** Invertebrates internal sensory receptor that act as an equilibrium and sound/vibration perceptor system.

**Hydrodynamic receptor systems:** Invertebrate epidermal sensory systems located all over external body surface that are used to detect movement and vibration.

**Lateral line system:** sensory organ (analogous to fish lateral line) used to detect movement and vibration in some invertebrate larvae. Usually they are ciliated cell lines running over the head and arms.

**Chordotonal organs:** proprioceptive organs associated with flexible articulations on the crustacean appendages that monitor joint movement, direction of movement, static position and sound perception.

**Stridulation:** Mechanism of sound-production where the vibrations are produced by rubbing two rigid structures against each other.

**Dose-response:** Relationship between the sound exposure level and the magnitude of the response.

**Physical effects:** damage produced after noise exposure consisting in barotraumatic ruptures, massive internal injuries, statocyst sensory cell ultrastructural damages, epidermal sensory cells and neurons that can lead to death.

**Behavioural effects:** changes produced in the species normal behaviour after noise exposure related to reproduction and survival, increased aggressiveness, alarm responses or predator defence.

**Physiological effects:** changes in physiological parameters after noise exposure. Stress bioindicators such as hormones, immune responses, heat shock proteins, cardiac physiology and metabolic rate are main physiological responses to noise exposure.

**Cortisol (stress hormone):** corticosteroid hormone or glucocorticoid involved in response to stress after sound exposure.

**Masking:** Situation where a biological signal occurs at the same time as noise, leading to an increase of the threshold for detection by the receiver.

**Mitigation:** Procedure to reduce harmful effects, in this case from exposure to underwater sound.