# Modelling social and legal facts
in the context of the
Semantic Data for Humanities
and Social Sciences ontology ecosystem
(SDHSS)

Seminar Legal History Meets Digital Humanities

Max-Plank-Institut für Rechtsgeschichte und Rechtstheorie
16 May 2024
Introduction

Linked Open Data (LOD)
and
FAIR research data in
the humanities and social sciences (HSS)

New dimensions and challenges
* emergence of *new, digital research practices* which need to be integrated, *epistemically* and otherwise, in the context of a given *discipline*.

* what is actually decisive for the expansion of knowledge-building possibilities are the associated *scaling effects* (volumes, speed, complexity)
The effects of the digital turn on the sciences and humanities can be divided into three categories:

* **Transformative change** concerns the transfer of analogue information and practices to a digital form

* **Enabling change** is the use of data-intensive technologies to address [new] research questions that could not be tackled in another form

* **Substitutive change**, digital technologies are used to support or even replace conceptual parts of the research process

DFG, White Paper 2020
Linked Open Data and the Semantic Web

<figure><img src="image_1.png" /></figure>

Tim Berners-Lee, the inventor of the Web and Linked Data initiator, suggested a 5-star deployment scheme for Open Data.

https://5stardata.info/en/
<figure><img src="image_2.png" /></figure>

★ make your stuff available on the Web (whatever format) under an open licence

★★ make it available as structured data (e.g., Excel instead of image scan of a table)

★★★ make it available in a non-proprietary open format (e.g., CSV instead of Excel)

★★★★ use URIs to denote things, so that people can point at your stuff

★★★★★ link your data to other data to provide context

Quoted from : https://5stardata.info/en/
Linked Open Data and the Semantic Web

( https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/ )

◦ « The Resource Description Framework (RDF) is a framework for representing information in the Web. »

◦ « A graph-based data model »

<figure><img src="image_3.png" /></figure>
# LOD as Links

« URIs to denote things, so that people can point at your stuff »

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /></figure>
<figure><img src="image_5.png" /></figure>
# LOD as Links

## « URIs to denote things, so that people can point at your stuff »

<figure><img src="image_6.png" /></figure>
Wikidata : a semantic graph (*knowledge graph*)
representing the objects in the world and their relationships

<figure><img src="image_7.png" /></figure>
<figure><img src="image_8.png" /><figcaption>16 February 2020 : 71,611,020 items</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_9.png" /></figure>
"By March 2023, it had grown to 800 billion facts on 8 billion entities" (Wikipedia).

<figure><img src="image_10.png" /></figure>
Wikidata and Google Knowledge Graph

<figure><img src="image_11.png" /></figure>
# SPARQL :
a query language for exploring LOD and the Semantic Web

<figure><img src="image_12.png" /></figure>
Knowledge Graphs for Natural Language Processing

Leibniz wrote to Caroline of Ansbach that Newton's physics was detrimental to natural theology. However, eager to defend the Newtonian view, it was Clarke who responded and the correspondence between both continued until the death of Leibniz.

text

knowledge
base

<figure><img src="image_13.png" /></figure>

DBpedia

dbr:Gottfried_Willhelm_Leibniz

rdf:type

dbp:Philosopher

rdfs:subClassOf

dbp:Person

dbp:doctoralAdvisor

foaf:name

"Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz"@de

dbp:birthDate

"1646-07-01"^^xsd date

dbp:deathDate

"1716-11-14"^^xsd date

dbp:ontology

dbr:Christian_Wolff

rdf:type

dbp:Philosopher

21

Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (29. Novembre 2017) – Antrittsvorlesung von

Prof. Dr. Harald Sack

Combining Semantics and Deep Learning for Intelligent Information Services
# Combined Feature Embeddings for a Compound Knowledge Space

* Various feature vectors

* Word embeddings

* Knowledge Graph embeddings

* Instances

* Ontologies

* Embeddings for semantically enriched texts

* Metadata and aggregated features

0.271
0.123
-0.24
-0.286
0.792

-0.177
-0.10
0.109
-0.542

0.349
0.56
-0.132
0.113
0.91

0.56
0.99
0.271
0.123
-0.24
-0.334

Text space

Knowledge space

Compound
Knowledge
Space

Context space
The effects of the digital turn on the sciences and humanities can be divided into three categories:

* **Transformative change** concerns the transfer of analogue information and practices to a digital form

* **Enabling change** is the use of data-intensive technologies to address [new] research questions that could not be tackled in another form

* **Substitutive change**, digital technologies are used to support or even replace conceptual parts of the research process

DFG, White Paper 2020
Findable

Accessible

Interoperable

Re-usable

«There is an urgent need to improve the infrastructure supporting the
reuse of scholarly data»

Wilkinson, Mark D., Michel Dumontier, Ijsbrand Jan Aalbersberg, Gabrielle Appleton, Myles Axton, Arie Baak, Niklas Blomberg, et al. “The FAIR Guiding Principles for Scientific Data Management and Stewardship.” Scientific Data 3 (March 15, 2016): 160018.
<figure><img src="image_14.png" /></figure>
# The FAIR Data Principles

## To be Interoperable:

1. (metaicie use a *formal, accessible, shared, and broadly applicable language for knowledge representation*.

2. (meta)data use vocabularies that follow FAIR principles.

3. (meta)data include qualified references to other (meta)data.

## To be Re-usable:

R1. meta(data) have a plurality of accurate and relevant attributes.

R1.1. (meta)data are released with a *clear and accessible data usage license*.

R1.2. (meta)data are associated with their *provenance*.

R1.3. (meta)data meet *domain-relevant community standards*.
<figure><img src="image_15.png" /><figcaption>ABox</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_16.png" /></figure>

© Dimitris Kotzinos

RDFS – OWL-DL
> "An ontology is a formal explicit specification of a shared conceptualization of a domain of interest"

* «Formality – ... a knowledge representation language that is based on the grounds of formal semantics. »

* «Consensus – ... an agreement on a domain conceptualization among people in a community. »

* «Conceptuality – ... in terms of conceptual symbols that can be intuitively grasped by humans, as they correspond to the elements in their mental models. »

* «Domain Specificity – ... limited to knowledge about a particular domain of interest. »

[Domingue et al. 2011, p. 510-511]
CIDOC CRM

DUL
(DOLCE ULTRA LIGHT)

<figure><img src="image_17.png" /></figure>

schema.org

Research agenda

Research specific data model

Research data
Epistemological and methodological foundations
of the Semantic Data for Humanities and Social Sciences
(SDHSS) ontology ecosystem
What are scientific disciplines?

* Communities of knowledge that share a common domain of discourse and of scientific interest.
What are scientific disciplines?

* Communities of knowledge that share a common domain of discourse and of scientific interest.

* They define scientific objects and research questions that are considered as valid in a scientific domain.
What are scientific disciplines?

* Communities of knowledge that share a common domain of discourse and of scientific interest.

* They define scientific objects and research questions that are considered as valid in a scientific domain.

* They share a specific methodology which must be empirical and provide reproducible results.
What are scientific disciplines?

* Communities of knowledge that share a **common domain of discourse** and of **scientific interest**.

* They define scientific objects and research questions that are considered as valid in a scientific domain.

* They share a specific methodology which must be empirical and provide reproducible results.

* They produce new **knowledge** in their **domain** and this knowledge may have more or less impact on human societies in which they are embedded.
The domain of HSS
Material
and biological
world

<figure><img src="image_18.png" /></figure>
Mental reality

Material
and biological
world

<figure><img src="image_19.png" /></figure>
Social reality

Mental reality

Material
and biological
world

CC 4

MissLunaRose12

<figure><img src="image_20.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_21.png" /></figure>
Social reality

Mental reality

Material
and biological
world

CC 4

MissLunaRose12

<figure><img src="image_22.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_23.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_24.png" /></figure>
<figure><img src="image_25.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_26.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_27.png" /></figure>
How are conceptualized observable mental and social
phenomena in HSS disciplines ?
How are conceptualized observable mental and social
phenomena in HSS disciplines ?

• Social representations (social sciences):

«social identity emerges based on social representations ... Identity is a way of organizing meanings, of being constructed as a social subject»

Álvarez Bermúdez, Javier and Juana Juárez-Romero. “Identities, Memory and the Construction of Citizenship.” Papers on Social Representations 28, no. 2 (2019).
How are conceptualized observable mental and social
phenomena in HSS disciplines ?

* Social representations (social sciences):

«social identity emerges based on social representations ... Identity is a way of organizing meanings, of being constructed as a social subject»

Álvarez Bermúdez, Javier and Juana Juárez-Romero. “Identities, Memory and the Construction of Citizenship.” Papers on Social Representations 28, no. 2 (2019).

- Collective intentionality (social philosophy):

«Consciousness and intentionality are caused by and realized in neurobiology. Collective intentionality is a type of intentionality, and society is created by collective intentionality. ... language enables the creation and continue dexistence of status functions that do not require any physical existence beyond thelinguistic representations themselves. »

John Searle. Making the Social World: The Structure of Human Civilization, Oxford, 2010.
Reference literature (selection):

* Gallotti Mattia and Michael John (éds.), *Perspectives on Social Ontology and Social Cognition*, Dordrecht, Springer Netherlands, 2014.

* Sammut Gordon et al. (éds.), *The Cambridge Handbook of Social Representations*, Cambridge, University Press, 2015.

* The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2021 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.) (online) (especially entries: *Collective Intentionality*, *Mental Representation*, *Consciousness* and *Intentionality*, *Social Norms*, etc.)

* Thomas T. (ed.), *Encyclopedia of critical psychology* (New York: Springer Reference, 2014) (especially entries: *Interobjectivity*; *Social Constructionism*; *Social Representations*; *Socialisation*)
<figure><img src="image_28.png" /></figure>

Social
representations

<figure><img src="image_29.png" /></figure>

Individual
minds

<figure><img src="image_30.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_31.png" /></figure>

Social
representations

<figure><img src="image_32.png" /></figure>

Individual
minds

<figure><img src="image_33.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_34.png" /></figure>
<figure><img src="image_35.png" /></figure>
<figure><img src="image_36.png" /></figure>

Francesco Beretta (CNRS/Université de Lyon), 7 July 2020 CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
<figure><img src="image_37.png" /><figcaption>Figure 1: Architecture of a knowledge graph</figcaption></figure>

Ehrlinger, Lisa and Wolfram Wöß, ‘Towards a Definition of Knowledge Graphs’,

Joint Proceedings of the Posters and Demos Track of the 12th International Conference on Semantic Systems ..., Leipzig, Germany, September 12-15, 2016, 2016 (https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1695/paper4.pdf)
<figure><img src="image_38.png" /></figure>

Francesco Beretta (CNRS/Université de Lyon), 7 July 2020 CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
Social Representations (Collective Intentionality)

<figure><img src="image_39.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_40.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_41.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_42.png" /></figure>
Information as representations of the world

Knowledge as interpretation of the world

<figure><img src="image_43.png" /></figure>
An ontology as a representation of the world :

• representation of the things (→ objects) in the world

<figure><img src="image_44.png" /></figure>
An ontology as a representation of the world :

• representation of the things (→ objects) in the world

• of their properties (qualities)

<figure><img src="image_45.png" /></figure>
An ontology as a representation of the world :

- representation of the things (→ objects) in the world

- of their properties (qualities)

- of their relationships

<figure><img src="image_46.png" /></figure>
Examples of objects and questions

in the HSS domain
Artefacts and their social significance:
a border stone represents a delineation of a border

<figure><img src="image_47.png" /></figure>

Border stone from c. 1280 on the border of the lands of the Wrocław bishops.

In the background the contemporary road sign marking the border between Opole and Wałbrzych voivodships.

Photo: Władysław Łoś (CC BY SA 3.0)

The physical object, the notion of border, the symbol of the episcopal crozier, the function of bishop.

The bio-physical world, the social world
<figure><img src="image_48.png" /></figure>
The observed phenomenon:
different mental and social representations
of the same phenomena

<figure><img src="image_49.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_50.png" /></figure>
Methodology
N. Guarino/C. A. Welty, « An Overview of OntoClean », in Steffen Staab, ed., Handbook on ontologies, 2nd ed. Berlin: Springer, 2009.

**Essence (as defined by rigid intensional properties)**

- A 'student': not a class but a time-indexed property of a person

**Identity (criteria to clearly distinguish individuals)**

- The identity of a building as individual does not depend on its changing use

**Unity (parthood)**

- A crowd of humans vs a group having a plan

**Dependence (one instance implies the existence of another one)**

- No human without a birth and no birth without a human

## Modelling Best Practices

- Property inheritance, quantifiers, multiple statements on same properties

- Rich controlled vocabularies (researchers) but concise ontology (semantic engineers)
<figure><img src="image_51.png" /></figure>

"1571-12-21"

<figure><img src="image_52.png" /></figure>

dbp:birthDate

Kepler, Johannes

<figure><img src="image_53.png" /></figure>

dbp:birthPlace

<figure><img src="image_54.png" /></figure>

"Weil der Stadt"

Sourcing ???
<figure><img src="image_55.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_56.png" /></figure>

BNF Authorities

"1571-12-21"

wdt:P569 (date of birth)

Kepler, Johannes
(Q8963)

wdt:P19 (place of birth)

Weil der Stadt (Q505147)
... or prefer a more robust event-centered model !

<figure><img src="image_57.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_58.png" /></figure>
CIDOC CRM

DUL
(DOLCE ULTRA LIGHT)

<figure><img src="image_59.png" /></figure>

schema.org

Research agenda

Research specific data model

Research data
Research agenda

Research specific data model

Research data
« **Foundational ontologies** are not directly used for applications; rather, they provide **conceptual handles** to solve cases of misunderstandings due to the limitations of expressiveness of the application languages. [...]

DOLCE has remained fixed over the years fulfilling the purpose of top-level ontologies to provide a solid and stable basis for modeling different domains, in this way ensuring interoperability of reference and domain ontologies that use DOLCE. »

Borgo Stefano et al., « DOLCE: A descriptive ontology for linguistic and cognitive engineering1 », Applied Ontology, 18.11.2021, pp. 1-25.
## Foundational ontologies

were developed to support the verification and improvement of the conceptualization of a domain of discourse.

<figure><img src="image_60.png" /></figure>

Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering (DOLCE) – a foundational ontology designed in 2002 in the context of the WonderWeb EU project, developed by Nicola Guarino and his associates at the Laboratory for Applied Ontology (LOA) – WonderWeb Deliverable D18, p.14
<figure><img src="image_61.png" /></figure>

$$ \forall x \neg CF(x, 2 \text{ CT eacher, t2}) \wedge \\ CF(\text{Potter}, 2 \text{ CTeacher, t1}) \wedge \\ CF(\text{Bumblebee}, 2\text{CTeacher, t3}) $$

CF( Mary, 2CStudent, t1 )
Foundational ontologies
& modelling best practices

DOLCE + Descriptions and Situations
& object-oriented modelling principles

<figure><img src="image_62.png" /></figure>

Generic, domain related core ontology

<figure><img src="image_63.png" /></figure>

CIDOC CRM

Research agenda

Research specific data model

Research data
E41 Appellations

refer to / identify

E55 Types

refer to / refine

E39 Actors

participate in

affect or / refer to

E28 Conceptual Objects

E18 Physical Thing

E2 Temporal Entities

E52 Time-Spans within

at

location

E53 Places
Foundational ontologies
& modelling best practices

DOLCE + Descriptions and Situations
& object-oriented modelling principles

<figure><img src="image_64.png" /></figure>

Generic, domain related core ontology

<figure><img src="image_65.png" /></figure>

CIDOC CRM

SDHSS

Research agenda

Research specific data model

Research data
# Semantic Data for Humanities and Social Sciences (SDHSS)
CIDOC CRM Core Extension

## Semantic Data for Humanities and Social Sciences (SDHSS) CIDOC CRM Top-Level Extension

### Description:

Published by Francesco Beretta (CNRS/Université de Lyon), 7 December 2020. Last revised on March 30 2021. (CC BY-SA 4.0)

The extension of CIDOC CRM for semantic data for humanities and social sciences (SDHSS) stems from the need to conceptualise the reality in the world, and more specifically factual information, from the point of view of historical research. The *ontological commitment* is therefore related to the domain of discourse of history but insofar as history, as a discipline that studies the life of humans and societies in the past, is interested in all the different aspects of social, economic, political, religious, literary and cultural life, the scope of this extension could be defined as the whole of social and human life, apprehended from the descriptive point of view, and global approach to reality, that characterises historical research.

This definition of the scope or domain modelled is based on the conviction that in a *constructivist approach of scientific knowledge*, a conceptualisation and data model can only be developed from the point of view of a specific discipline because *scientific objects* do not exist in the absolute but depend on the method and research agenda. They depend on the perspective or epistemic context researchers adopt in considering states of affairs: *scientific objects*, and *semantic models modelling them*, are not declared to be the only appropriate and exclusive representation of *things* in the pre-Kantian sense but defined as *intentional objects* constructed from the point of view of a discipline and methodological approach in relation to things in the world. Scientific objects are not the things in the world themselves, even if they must necessarily refer to them by way of observation or experimentation, if a scientific and therefore realistic approach is to be maintained. This corresponds to the notion of inter-objectivity in social sciences relying on the distinction between things in themselves and things as perceived, experienced and discussed by human subjects, in their *shared intentionality* and in relation to their social practices and context.

sdhss.org
CIDOC CRM

SDHSS

schema.org

DBpedia
Ontology

Wikidata
Ontology

HiCO

PROV

Web
Annotation
Data Model

IPM

KM

FIM

KPM

FM

SM

FRBR

LRM

EAD

TEI

RiC

DCMI

<figure><img src="image_66.png" /></figure>
Foundational ontologies
& modelling best practices

DOLCE + Descriptions and Situations
& object-oriented modelling principles

<figure><img src="image_67.png" /></figure>

Generic, domain related core ontology

<figure><img src="image_68.png" /></figure>

CIDOC CRM

SDHSS

<figure><img src="image_69.png" /></figure>

Domain related extensions

<figure><img src="image_70.png" /></figure>

CRM
Archaeo

FRBRoo

<figure><img src="image_71.png" /></figure>

Research specific data model

CRMsoc

CRMgeo

Research data
Foundational ontologies
& modelling best practices

DOLCE + Descriptions and Situations
& object-oriented modelling principles

<figure><img src="image_72.png" /></figure>

Generic, domain related core ontology

<figure><img src="image_73.png" /></figure>

CIDOC CRM

SDHSS

<figure><img src="image_74.png" /></figure>

Domain related extensions

<figure><img src="image_75.png" /></figure>

CRM
Archaeo

FRBRoo

Society
& Law
(SDHSS)

Literary life
(SDHSS)

<figure><img src="image_76.png" /></figure>

Research specific data model

CRMsoc

CRMgeo

Education &
Universities
(SDHSS)

Ships &
navigation
(SDHSS)

Research data
Foundational ontologies
& modelling best practices

DOLCE + Descriptions and Situations
& object-oriented modelling principles

<figure><img src="image_77.png" /></figure>

Generic, domain related core ontology

CIDOC CRM

SDHSS

<figure><img src="image_78.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_79.png" /></figure>

Domain related extensions

CRM
Archaeo

FRBRoo

Society
& Law
(SDHSS)

Literary life
(SDHSS)

<figure><img src="image_80.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_81.png" /></figure>

Research specific data model

CRMsoc

CRMgeo

Education &
Universities
(SDHSS)

Ships &
navigation
(SDHSS)

Projects' research specific extensions

Research data
Foundational ontologies
& modelling best practices

DOLCE + Descriptions and Situations
& object-oriented modelling principles

<figure><img src="image_82.png" /></figure>

Generic, domain related core ontology

<figure><img src="image_83.png" /></figure>

CIDOC CRM

SDHSS

<figure><img src="image_84.png" /></figure>

Domain related extensions

Research agenda

<figure><img src="image_85.png" /></figure>

CRM
Archaeo

FRBRoo

Society
& Law
(SDHSS)

Literary life
(SDHSS)

<figure><img src="image_86.png" /></figure>

Research agenda

Research specific data model

CRMsoc

CRMgeo

Education &
Universities
(SDHSS)

Ships &
navigation
(SDHSS)

Projects' research specific extensions

Application profiles

<figure><img src="image_87.png" /></figure>

Research data

Interoperable research data

<figure><img src="image_88.png" /></figure>
<figure><img src="image_89.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_90.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_91.png" /></figure>

## Man-Made Object - E22

Summary

Definition

Properties

Identification

Namespace

Hierarchy

Relations

Profiles

Graph

Comments

<figure><img src="image_92.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_93.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_94.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_95.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_96.png" /></figure>

## Ship - C2

Summary

Definition

Properties

Identification

Namespace

Hierarchy

Relations

Profiles

Graph

Comments

<figure><img src="image_97.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_98.png" /></figure>

### C2 Ship

**Subclass of:** E22 Man-Made Object

**Scope note:** Used to denote a watercraft that travels the world's oceans and other sufficiently deep waterways, carrying passengers or goods, or in support of specialized missions, such as defense, research and fishing.

**Examples:** tba

**In First Order Logic:** C2(x) → E22(x)

**Outgoing properties:** P6 has ship type → C3 Ship type

**Incoming properties:** C1 Ship voyage → P3 carried out by
C12 Shipbuilding → P7 has built
<figure><img src="image_99.png" /></figure>

ontome.net
The SDHSS ontology ecosystem
<figure><img src="image_100.png" /></figure>

sdhss.org
crm:E2 Temporal Entity

<figure><img src="image_101.png" /></figure>

crm:E4 Period

<figure><img src="image_102.png" /></figure>

sdh:C2 Entity Quality

<figure><img src="image_103.png" /></figure>

sdh:C2 Epistemic Situation

<figure><img src="image_104.png" /></figure>

* Length of a bridge

* Color of a bicycle

* Weather in Paris in March 2024

* Economic activity of France in 2023

crm:E5 Event

<figure><img src="image_105.png" /></figure>

crm:E7 Activity
<figure><img src="image_106.png" /></figure>
crm:E2 Temporal Entity

<figure><img src="image_107.png" /></figure>

crm:E4 Period

<figure><img src="image_108.png" /></figure>

sdh:C2 Entity Quality

<figure><img src="image_109.png" /></figure>

sdh:C2 Epistemic Situation

sdh:P7
is intention of

<figure><img src="image_110.png" /></figure>

crm:E21 Person

<figure><img src="image_111.png" /></figure>

sdh:C4 Intention

sdh:P7
is intention of

<figure><img src="image_112.png" /></figure>

sdh:C25 Intentional Collective

sdh:C7 Intentional State

<figure><img src="image_113.png" /></figure>

sdh:C10 Intentional Event

<figure><img src="image_114.png" /></figure>
How to conceptualize observable mental and social phenomena ?

« In philosophy, **intentionality** is the power of minds and mental states to be about, to represent, or to stand for, things, properties and states of affairs. To say of an individual's mental states that they have intentionality is to say that they are mental representations or that they have contents. » https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/intentionality

« **Collective intentionality** is the power of minds to be jointly directed at objects, matters of fact, states of affairs, goals, or values. [...] Collective intentional attitudes permeate our everyday lives, for instance when two or more agents look after or raise a child, grieve the loss of a loved one, campaign for a political party, or cheer for a sports team. They are relevant for philosophers and social scientists because they play crucial roles in the constitution of the social world. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/collective-intentionality
<figure><img src="image_115.png" /></figure>

Social
representations

<figure><img src="image_116.png" /></figure>

Individual
minds

<figure><img src="image_117.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_118.png" /></figure>

Social
representations

<figure><img src="image_119.png" /></figure>

Individual
minds

<figure><img src="image_120.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_121.png" /></figure>
<figure><img src="image_122.png" /></figure>
Artefacts and their social significance:
a boundary stone that defines a boundary

<figure><img src="image_123.png" /></figure>

Border stone from c. 1280 on the border of the lands of the Wrocław bishops.

In the background the contemporary road sign marking the border between Opole and Wałbrzych voivodships.

Photo: Władysław Łoś (CC BY SA 3.0)

The physical object, the notion of border, the symbol of the episcopal crozier, the function of bishop.

The bio-physical world, the social world
<figure><img src="image_124.png" /></figure>
<figure><img src="image_125.png" /></figure>
<figure><img src="image_126.png" /></figure>
Foundational ontologies
& modelling best practices

<figure><img src="image_127.png" /></figure>

Generic, domain related core ontology

<figure><img src="image_128.png" /></figure>

Domain related extensions

<figure><img src="image_129.png" /></figure>

Research specific data model

Research data

DOLCE + Descriptions and Situations
& object-oriented modelling principles

<figure><img src="image_130.png" /></figure>

CIDOC CRM

SDHSS

<figure><img src="image_131.png" /></figure>

CRM
Archaeo

FRBRoo

Society
& Law
(SDHSS)

Literary life
(SDHSS)

CRMsoc

CRMgeo

Education &
Universities
(SDHSS)

Ships &
navigation
(SDHSS)

sdhss.org
<figure><img src="image_132.png" /></figure>
All persons

List additional appellations

Filter persons by corpus

Sphaera Sacrobosco

Ps.Proclus

Theoricae Peurbach

Theoricae Gerard

Filter Results

<table><thead><tr><th>Person</th><th>Corpus</th><th>Role</th><th>Gender</th><th>Biography</th><th>Num Books</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Achillini, Cinzio</td><td>Ps.Proclus</td><td>Publisher, Printer</td><td>Male</td><td>(1524 - 1527)</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Acontius, Melchior</td><td>Sphaera Sacrobosco</td><td>Author</td><td>Male</td><td>1515 - 1569</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>Acosta, José de</td><td>Sphaera Sacrobosco</td><td>Author</td><td>Male</td><td>1540 - 1600</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Adam of Rottweil</td><td>Theoricae Gerard, Sphaera Sacrobosco</td><td>Publisher</td><td>Male</td><td>(1470 - 1500)</td><td>2</td></tr></tbody></table>

Kräutli, Florian, and Matteo Valleriani, 'CorpusTracer: A CIDOC Database for Tracing Knowledge Networks', Digital Scholarship in the Humanities, 33.2 (2018), 336–46 <https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqx047>
# Sphaera Corpus Ontology Diagram

We model our data according to the formal ontology CIDOC-CRM and the FRBRoo extension for bibliographic records. This ensures that our data is compatible to other sources and remains usable in the foreseeable future. We use and extend the Erlangen OWL implementation of CIDOC-CRM and FRBRoo.

## Book Relations

<figure><img src="image_133.png" /></figure>

Sphaera CorpusTracer

Corpora

Parts

Persons

Places

Terms

Search

Ontology

Visualizations

<figure><img src="image_134.png" /></figure>

About

Home / SPARQL

Global Queries

Personal Queries

Recent Queries

Search for queries ...

1. SELECT * WHERE {
2. ?subject ?property <http://sphaera.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/resource/Start> .
3. } LIMIT 100

<figure><img src="image_135.png" /></figure>

Execute
Project for the publication of semantified data by ABES and LARHRA

https://dataforhumanities.org/sparql-endpoint/prelib-v1

Data For Humanities

Home

Projects

Data

Guides

About us

## ABES SPARQL ENDPOINT

Endpoint description

PRELIB — Projet de recherche en littérature bretonne

## GEOVISTORY SPARQL ENDPOINTS

Endpoint description

# PRELIB — Projet de recherche en littérature bretonne

## Jeu de données converti en RDF

* Site original du projet

* Site de publication de données SQL interrogeable

* Documentation de la transformation

## Exemples de requêtes

### Liste des classes avec effectifs

Voir les résultats de la requête.

```sql
SELECT ?class (COUNT(*) AS ?eff)<br/>
WHERE {GRAPH <https://dataforhumanities.org/sparql-endpoint/prelib-v1> {?s a ?class}}
```

```sql
GROUP BY ?class
ORDER BY DESC(?eff)
```
# Geovistory

## Virtual Research Environment for Humanities and Social Sciences

Search and hit enter...

### Featured Projects

#### Tagebücher Anna Maria Preiswerk-

Digitale Edition der Tagebücher der Anna Maria Preiswerk-Iselin (1758-1840).

Open →

<figure><img src="image_136.png" /></figure>

#### ANR Processetti

Les Processetti : Migration et mariage à Venise au 16ème/17ème siècle.

Open →

<figure><img src="image_137.png" /></figure>

#### Maritime History

Historical information about the Dutch East India Company, ready to explore and re-use at your hand.

Open →

<figure><img src="image_138.png" /></figure>

#### Roma's deportation

Individual trajectories, and collective fates.

Open →

<figure><img src="image_139.png" /></figure>

geovistory.org

<figure><img src="image_140.png" /></figure>

Geovistory : a new LOD repository and VRE as a successor to the infrastructure of the symogih.org project
<figure><img src="image_141.png" /></figure>
<figure><img src="image_142.png" /></figure>

... open and connected to the Semantic Web.
Some final thoughts
The effects of the digital turn on the sciences and humanities can be divided into three categories:

* **Transformative change** concerns the transfer of analogue information and practices to a digital form

* **Enabling change** is the use of data-intensive technologies to address [new] research questions that could not be tackled in another form

* **Substitutive change**, digital technologies are used to support or even replace conceptual parts of the research process

DFG, White Paper 2020
# LOD as Links

« URIs to denote things, so that people can point at your stuff »

<figure><img src="image_143.png" /></figure>
Web sémantique (Wikipédia)

<figure><img src="image_144.png" /></figure>
Foundational ontologies
& modelling best practices

<figure><img src="image_145.png" /></figure>

Generic, domain related core ontology

<figure><img src="image_146.png" /></figure>

Domain related extensions

<figure><img src="image_147.png" /></figure>

Research specific data model

Research data

DOLCE + Descriptions and Situations
& object-oriented modelling principles

<figure><img src="image_148.png" /></figure>

CIDOC CRM

SDHSS

<figure><img src="image_149.png" /></figure>

CRM
Archaeo

FRBRoo

Society
& Law
(SDHSS)

Literary life
(SDHSS)

CRMsoc

CRMgeo

Education &
Universities
(SDHSS)

Ships &
navigation
(SDHSS)

Projects' research specific extensions

Application profiles

<figure><img src="image_150.png" /></figure>

Interoperable research data
CIDOC CRM

SDHSS

schema.org

DBpedia
Ontology

Wikidata
Ontology

HiCO

PROV

Web
Annotation
Data Model

IPM

KM

FIM

KPM

FM

SM

FRBR

LRM

EAD

TEI

RiC

DCMI

<figure><img src="image_151.png" /></figure>
crm:E2 Temporal Entity

<figure><img src="image_152.png" /></figure>

crm:E4 Period

<figure><img src="image_153.png" /></figure>

sdh:C2 Entity Quality

<figure><img src="image_154.png" /></figure>

sdh:C2 Epistemic Situation

sdh:P7
is intention of

<figure><img src="image_155.png" /></figure>

crm:E21 Person

<figure><img src="image_156.png" /></figure>

sdh:C4 Intention

<figure><img src="image_157.png" /></figure>

sdh:C7 Intentional State

<figure><img src="image_158.png" /></figure>

sdh:P7
is intention of

<figure><img src="image_159.png" /></figure>

sdh:C25 Intentional Collective

sdh:C10 Intentional Event
<figure><img src="image_160.png" /></figure>
* 'A Challenge for Historical Research: Making Data FAIR Using a Collaborative Ontology Management Environment (OntoME)'. Semantic Web 12, no. 2 (1 January 2021): 279-94. https://doi.org/10.3233/SW-200416.

* 'Semantic Data for Humanities and Social Sciences (SDHSS): An Ecosystem of CIDOC CRM Extensions for Research Data Production and Reuse'. In Professorale Karrieremuster, 73-102. Leipzig: Open-Access-Hochschulverlag, 2024. https://doi.org/10.33968/9783966270502-05.

* 'Données ouvertes liées et recherche historique : un changement de paradigme'. Humanités numériques, no. 7 (1 July 2023). https://doi.org/10.4000/revuehn.3349.

* 'Données Liées Ouvertes et Référentiels Public : Un Changement de Paradigme Pour La Recherche En Sciences Humaines et Sociales'. Arabesques, no. 112 (2024): 26-27. https://doi.org/10.35562/arabesques.3820.
Join the project,
your contribution matters !

sdhss.org

dataforhumanities.org

geovistory.org

<figure><img src="image_161.png" /></figure>

LOD4HSS
Linked Open Data for the
Humanities & Social Sciences