A summary of Fe-Mn crusts resource assessment is proposed in Figure 12 using criteria cited above and samples analysed in this study. Surface areas and slopes were calculated using ArcMap's 3D analyst, ArcGIS®, from a 100 m scale bathymetric map [95]. Polygons of seamounts and ridges above 2500 m and presenting one or more samples were hand-drawn following bathymetric and slopes variations. This map underlines several zones of the Loyalty and Lord Howe ridges with large areas (up to 2045 km²), a relatively flat top (slopes < 20°) and samples with noticeable enrichment in Co + Ni + Cu (%). However, crusts used in this study are the result of opportunistic sampling during scientific cruises of various origins (mostly biology or geology). This makes it difficult to go beyond a first-order resource assessment. To further characterise this potential, exploration should be conducted, notably through a detailed sampling strategy, seamount-scale bathymetric and backscatter mappings, and the study of physicochemical properties and motion of water masses.

**6. Summary and Conclusions**

(1) Several deposit styles were identified within the EEZ: a group of hydrogenetic crusts with chemical, textural and mineralogical characteristics similar to other hydroge- netic deposits found elsewhere in the ocean, and two groups of hydrothermal and diagenetic deposits located on the Loyalty and the Lord Howe ridges.

(2) Hydrogenetic crusts started to grow about 34 Ma ago, at a rate of 2.2–3.1 mm/Ma, leading to a maximum crust thickness of 115 mm.

(3) The hydrothermal/diagenetic samples from the Lord Howe Rise and the Loyalty Ridge exhibit wider chemical and mineralogical compositions (10 Å manganates ± pyrolusite), as well as a significant enrichment in Ni for two samples.

(4) New Caledonia's hydrogenetic crust compositions are in the range of typical hydroge- netic Fe-Mn crusts. The mean combined concentration of metals with high economic potential Co + Ni + Cu is 0.81%, which is higher than Indian and Atlantic oceans, but lower than the Pacific Prime Crust Zone and the South Pacific Ocean. Several seamounts in the Southern part of the EEZ present clusters of Co + Ni + Cu values above 1%.

(5) Further investigations will be needed to constrain more precisely the depositional settings of the hydrothermal/diagenetic samples, and the economic potential of hydrogenetic Fe-Mn crusts inside New Caledonia's EEZ.

**Supplementary Materials:** The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/article/ 10.3390/min12020255/s1: Table S1: Normalised to 0% H₂O⁻ XRF chemical compositions of 104 Fe-Mn samples.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, P.S. and J.C.; methodology, P.S., P.J. and E.P.; validation, J.C., P.J. and E.P.; formal analysis, P.S., P.J. and E.P.; resources, S.C., A.B. and Y.G.; writing—original draft preparation, P.S.; writing—review and editing, J.C., P.J., E.P., S.E. and M.P.; supervision, J.C., S.E. and E.P.; project administration, J.C., S.E. and E.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research has been funded by a research collaboration between Ifremer and the Gou- vernment of New Caledonia.

**Data Availability Statement:** The data presented in this study are available in the main body of the paper and in Supplementary Materials.

**Acknowledgments:** P.S. thanks the Direction de l'Industrie des Mines et de l'Energie de Nouvelle- Calédonie (DIMENC), the Agence de Développement Économique de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (ADE- CAL), and the Institut Français pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER) for hosting whilst working on the manuscript. P.J. publishes with the permission of the Executive Director, British Geological Sur- vey (UKRI). We thank three anonymous reviewers for relevant suggestions and editors for handling of this publication.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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## References

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2. Halbach, P.E.; Jahn, A.; Cherkashov, G. Marine Co-Rich Ferromanganese Crust Deposits: Description and Formation, Occurrences and Distribution, Estimated World-wide Resources. In *Deep-Sea Mining*; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2017; pp. 65–141.

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[CrossRef]

4. Hein, J.; Morgenson, L.; Clague, D.; Koski, R. Cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts from the Exclusive Economic Zone of the United States and nodules from the oceanic Pacific. In *Geology and Resource Potential of the Continental Margin of Western North America and Adjacent Ocean Basins—Beaufort Sea to Baja California*; Circum Pacific Council for Energy and Mineral Resources: Menlo Park, CA, USA, 1987; pp. 753–771.

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17. Monzier, M.; Boulin, J.; Collot, J.-Y.; Daniel, J.; Lallemand, S.; Pelletier, B.E. First results of SUBPSO I dives in the collision zone "Loyalty islands ridge/New Hebrides island arc" (South West Pacific). *Comptes Rendus De L'Académie Des Sci. Paris Série II* **1989**, *309*, 2069–2076.

18. Pichocki, C.; Hoffert, M. Characteristics of Co-rich ferromanganese nodules and crusts sampled in French Polynesia. *Mar. Geol.* **1987**, *77*, 109–119. [CrossRef]

19. Exon, N.; Quilty, P.; Lafoy, Y.; Crawford, A.J.; Auzende, J.-M. Miocene volcanic seamounts on northern Lord Howe Rise: Lithology, age and origin. *Aust. J. Earth Sci.* **2004**, *51*, 291–300. [CrossRef]

20. Richer de Forges, B. BATHUS 3 cruise. RV *Alis* **1993**. [CrossRef]

21. Richer de Forges, B. EBISCO cruise. RV *Alis* **2005**. [CrossRef]

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65. Koschinsky, A.; Stascheit, A.; Bau, M.; Halbach, P. Effects of phosphatization on the geochemical and mineralogical composition of marine ferromanganese crusts. *Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta* **1997**, *61*, 4079–4094. [CrossRef]

66. Manheim, F.T.; Lane-Bostwick, C.M. Cobalt in ferromanganese crusts as a monitor of hydrothermal discharge on the Pacific sea floor. *Nature* **1988**, *335*, 59–62. [CrossRef]

67. Hein, J.R.; Ahn, J.-h.; Wong, J.-C.; Kang, J.-K.; Smith, V.K.; Yoon, S.H.; D'angelo, W.M.; Yoo, S.-O.; Gibbs, A.E.; Kim, H.-J.; et al. *Geology, Geophysics, Geochemistry, and Deep-Sea Mineral Deposits, Federated States of Micronesia*; KORDI-USGS R.V. Farnella Cruise F11-90-CP; US Department of Interior: Washington, DC, USA, 1992.

68. Hein, J.R.; Koschinsky, A.; Halbach, P.; Manheim, F.T.; Bau, M.; Kang, J.K.; Lubick, N. Iron and manganese oxide mineralization in the Pacific. *Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ.* **1997**, *119*, 123–138. [CrossRef]

69. Usui, A.; Yuasa, M.; Yokota, S.; Nohara, M.; Nishimura, A.; Murakami, F. Submarine hydrothermal manganese deposits from the Ogasawara (Bonin) Arc, off the Japan Islands. *Mar. Geol.* **1986**, *73*, 311–322. [CrossRef]

70. Enrico, B.; Tom, K.; Harold, R. Classification and Genesis of Submarine Iron-Manganese Deposits. In *Ferromanganese Deposits on the Ocean Floor*; Horn, D., Ed.; National Science Foundation: Washington, DC, USA, 1972; pp. 149–165.

71. Hein, J.R.; Conrad, T.A.; Frank, M.; Christl, M.; Sager, W.W. Copper-nickel-rich, amalgamated ferromanganese crust-nodule deposits from Shatsky Rise, NW Pacific. *Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst.* **2012**, *13*. [CrossRef]

72. Josso, P.; Pelleter, E.; Pourret, O.; Fouquet, Y.; Etoubleau, J.; Cheron, S.; Bollinger, C. A new discrimination scheme for oceanic ferromanganese deposits using high field strength and rare earth elements. *Ore Geol. Rev.* **2017**, *87*, 3–15. [CrossRef]

73. Bau, M.; Schmidt, K.; Koschinsky, A.; Hein, J.; Kuhn, T.; Usui, A. Discriminating between different genetic types of marine ferro-manganese crusts and nodules based on rare earth elements and yttrium. *Chem. Geol.* **2014**, *381*, 1–9. [CrossRef]

74. Taylor, S.R.; McLennan, S.M. The continental crust: Its composition and evolution: An examination of the geochemical record preserved in sedimentary rocks. *Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London. Ser. A Math. Phys. Sci.* **1981**, *301*, 381–399.

75. Hein, J.R.; Konstantinova, N.; Mikesell, M.; Mizell, K.; Fitzsimmons, J.N.; Lam, P.J.; Jensen, L.T.; Xiang, Y.; Gartman, A.; Cherkashov, G.; et al. Arctic Deep Water Ferromanganese-Oxide Deposits Reflect the Unique Characteristics of the Arctic Ocean. *Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst.* **2017**, *18*, 3771–3800. [CrossRef]

76. Hein, J.; Koschinsky, A. Deep-ocean ferromanganese crusts and nodules. In *Geochemistry of Mineral. Deposits: Treatise of Geochemistry*, 2nd ed.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2014; Volume 13, pp. 273–291.

77. Conrad, T.; Hein, J.R.; Paytan, A.; Clague, D.A. Formation of Fe-Mn crusts within a continental margin environment. *Ore Geol. Rev.* **2017**, *87*, 25–40. [CrossRef]

78. Muiños, S.B.; Hein, J.R.; Frank, M.; Monteiro, J.H.; Gaspar, L.; Conrad, T.; Pereira, H.G.; Abrantes, F. Deep-sea Fe-Mn Crusts from the Northeast Atlantic Ocean: Composition and Resource Considerations. *Mar. Georesources Geotechnol.* **2013**, *31*, 40–70. [CrossRef]

79. Mizell, K.; Hein, J.R.; Lam, P.J.; Koppers, A.A.P.; Staudigel, H. Geographic and oceanographic influences on ferromanganese crust composition along a Pacific Ocean meridional transect, 14N to 14S. *Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst.* **2019**, *21*, e2019GC008716.

80. Benites, M.; Hein, J.R.; Mizell, K.; Blackburn, T.; Jovane, L. Genesis and Evolution of Ferromanganese Crusts from the Summit of Rio Grande Rise, Southwest Atlantic Ocean. *Minerals* **2020**, *10*, 349. [CrossRef]

81. Aplin, A.C.; Cronan, D.S. Ferromanganese oxide deposits from the Central Pacific Ocean, II. Nodules and associated sediments. *Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta* **1985**, *49*, 437–451. [CrossRef]

82. Josso, P.; Lusty, P.; Chenery, S.; Murton, B. Controls on metal enrichment in ferromanganese crusts: Temporal changes in oceanic metal flux or phosphatisation? *Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta* **2021**, *308*, 60–74. [CrossRef]

83. Verlaan, P.A.; Cronan, D.S. Origin and variability of resource-grade marine ferromanganese nodules and crusts in the Pacific Ocean: A review of biogeochemical and physical controls. *Geochemistry* **2021**, in press. [CrossRef]
57. Pelletier, B.; Auzende, J.-M. Geometry and structure of the Vitiaz Trench Lineament (SW Pacific). *Mar. Geophys. Res.* **1996**, *18*, 305–335. [CrossRef]

58. Sevin, B.; Maurizot, P.; Cluzel, D.; Tournadour, E.; Etienne, S.; Folcher, N.; Jeanpert, J.; Collot, J.; Iseppi, M.; Meffre, S.; et al. Chapter 7 Post-obduction evolution of New Caledonia. *Geol. Soc. Lond. Mem.* **2020**, *51*, 147–188. [CrossRef]

59. Dubois, J.; Launay, J.; Recy, J. Uplift movements in New Caledonia-Loyalty Islands area and their plate tectonics interpretation. *Tectonophysics* **1974**, *24*, 133–150. [CrossRef]

60. Jochum, K.P.; Nohl, U.; Herwig, K.; Lammel, E.; Stoll, B.; Hofmann, A.W. GeoReM: A New Geochemical Database for Reference Materials and Isotopic Standards. *Geostand. Geoanalytical Res.* **2005**, *29*, 333–338. [CrossRef]

61. Barrat, J.A.; Keller, F.; Amossé, J.; Taylor, R.N.; Nesbitt, R.W.; Hirata, T. Determination of rare earth elements in sixteen silicate reference samples by ICP-MS after Tm addition and ion exchange separation. *Geostand. Newsl.* **1996**, *20*, 133–139. [CrossRef]

62. Charles, C.; Barrat, J.A.; Pelleter, E. Trace element determinations in Fe-Mn oxides by high resolution ICP-MS after Tm addition. *Talanta* **2021**, *233*, 122446. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

63. Halbach, P.; Puteanus, D. The influence of the carbonate dissolution rate on the growth and composition of Co-rich ferromanganese crusts from Central Pacific seamount areas. *Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.* **1984**, *68*, 73–87. [CrossRef]

64. Puteanus, D.; Halbach, P. Correlation of Co concentration and growth rate—A method for age determination of ferromanganese crusts. *Chem. Geol.* **1988**, *69*, 73–85. [CrossRef]

65. Koschinsky, A.; Stascheit, A.; Bau, M.; Halbach, P. Effects of phosphatization on the geochemical and mineralogical composition of marine ferromanganese crusts. *Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta* **1997**, *61*, 4079–4094. [CrossRef]

66. Manheim, F.T.; Lane-Bostwick, C.M. Cobalt in ferromanganese crusts as a monitor of hydrothermal discharge on the Pacific sea floor. *Nature* **1988**, *335*, 59–62. [CrossRef]

67. Hein, J.R.; Ahn, J.-h.; Wong, J.-C.; Kang, J.-K.; Smith, V.K.; Yoon, S.H.; D'angelo, W.M.; Yoo, S.-O.; Gibbs, A.E.; Kim, H.-J.; et al. *Geology, Geophysics, Geochemistry, and Deep-Sea Mineral Deposits, Federated States of Micronesia*; KORDI-USGS R.V. Farnella Cruise F11-90-CP; US Department of Interior: Washington, DC, USA, 1992.

68. Hein, J.R.; Koschinsky, A.; Halbach, P.; Manheim, F.T.; Bau, M.; Kang, J.K.; Lubick, N. Iron and manganese oxide mineralization in the Pacific. *Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ.* **1997**, *119*, 123–138. [CrossRef]

69. Usui, A.; Yuasa, M.; Yokota, S.; Nohara, M.; Nishimura, A.; Murakami, F. Submarine hydrothermal manganese deposits from the Ogasawara (Bonin) Arc, off the Japan Islands. *Mar. Geol.* **1986**, *73*, 311–322. [CrossRef]

70. Enrico, B.; Tom, K.; Harold, R. Classification and Genesis of Submarine Iron-Manganese Deposits. In *Ferromanganese Deposits on the Ocean Floor*; Horn, D., Ed.; National Science Foundation: Washington, DC, USA, 1972; pp. 149–165.

71. Hein, J.R.; Conrad, T.A.; Frank, M.; Christl, M.; Sager, W.W. Copper-nickel-rich, amalgamated ferromanganese crust-nodule deposits from Shatsky Rise, NW Pacific. *Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst.* **2012**, *13*. [CrossRef]

72. Josso, P.; Pelleter, E.; Pourret, O.; Fouquet, Y.; Etoubleau, J.; Cheron, S.; Bollinger, C. A new discrimination scheme for oceanic ferromanganese deposits using high field strength and rare earth elements. *Ore Geol. Rev.* **2017**, *87*, 3–15. [CrossRef]

73. Bau, M.; Schmidt, K.; Koschinsky, A.; Hein, J.; Kuhn, T.; Usui, A. Discriminating between different genetic types of marine ferro-manganese crusts and nodules based on rare earth elements and yttrium. *Chem. Geol.* **2014**, *381*, 1–9. [CrossRef]

74. Taylor, S.R.; McLennan, S.M. The continental crust: Its composition and evolution: An examination of the geochemical record preserved in sedimentary rocks. *Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London. Ser. A Math. Phys. Sci.* **1981**, *301*, 381–399.

75. Hein, J.R.; Konstantinova, N.; Mikesell, M.; Mizell, K.; Fitzsimmons, J.N.; Lam, P.J.; Jensen, L.T.; Xiang, Y.; Gartman, A.; Cherkashov, G.; et al. Arctic Deep Water Ferromanganese-Oxide Deposits Reflect the Unique Characteristics of the Arctic Ocean. *Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst.* **2017**, *18*, 3771–3800. [CrossRef]

76. Hein, J.; Koschinsky, A. Deep-ocean ferromanganese crusts and nodules. In *Geochemistry of Mineral. Deposits: Treatise of Geochemistry*, 2nd ed.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2014; Volume 13, pp. 273–291.

77. Conrad, T.; Hein, J.R.; Paytan, A.; Clague, D.A. Formation of Fe-Mn crusts within a continental margin environment. *Ore Geol. Rev.* **2017**, *87*, 25–40. [CrossRef]

78. Muiños, S.B.; Hein, J.R.; Frank, M.; Monteiro, J.H.; Gaspar, L.; Conrad, T.; Pereira, H.G.; Abrantes, F. Deep-sea Fe-Mn Crusts from the Northeast Atlantic Ocean: Composition and Resource Considerations. *Mar. Georesources Geotechnol.* **2013**, *31*, 40–70. [CrossRef]

79. Mizell, K.; Hein, J.R.; Lam, P.J.; Koppers, A.A.P.; Staudigel, H. Geographic and oceanographic influences on ferromanganese crust composition along a Pacific Ocean meridional transect, 14N to 14S. *Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst.* **2019**, *21*, e2019GC008716.

80. Benites, M.; Hein, J.R.; Mizell, K.; Blackburn, T.; Jovane, L. Genesis and Evolution of Ferromanganese Crusts from the Summit of Rio Grande Rise, Southwest Atlantic Ocean. *Minerals* **2020**, *10*, 349. [CrossRef]

81. Aplin, A.C.; Cronan, D.S. Ferromanganese oxide deposits from the Central Pacific Ocean, II. Nodules and associated sediments. *Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta* **1985**, *49*, 437–451. [CrossRef]

82. Josso, P.; Lusty, P.; Chenery, S.; Murton, B. Controls on metal enrichment in ferromanganese crusts: Temporal changes in oceanic metal flux or phosphatisation? *Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta* **2021**, *308*, 60–74. [CrossRef]

83. Verlaan, P.A.; Cronan, D.S. Origin and variability of resource-grade marine ferromanganese nodules and crusts in the Pacific Ocean: A review of biogeochemical and physical controls. *Geochemistry* **2021**, in press. [CrossRef]
84. Usui, A.; Nishi, K.; Sato, H.; Nakasato, Y.; Thornton, B.; Kashiwabara, T.; Tokumaru, A.; Sakaguchi, A.; Yamaoka, K.; Kato, S.; et al. Continuous growth of hydrogenetic ferromanganese crusts since 17Myr ago on Takuyo-Daigo Seamount, NW Pacific, at water depths of 800–5500 m. *Ore Geol. Rev.* **2017**, *87*, 71–87. [CrossRef]

85. Yeo, I.A.; Howarth, S.A.; Spearman, J.; Cooper, A.; Crossouard, N.; Taylor, J.; Turnbull, M.; Murton, B.J. Distribution of and hydrographic controls on ferromanganese crusts: Tropic Seamount, Atlantic. *Ore Geol. Rev.* **2019**, *114*, 103131. [CrossRef]

86. Astakhova, N.V.; Lopatnikov, E.A. Composition and parageneses of massive pyrolusite from the deep-water basin of the Sea of Japan. *Russ. Geol. Geophys.* **2016**, *57*, 1465–1476. [CrossRef]

87. Cronan, D.S.; Glasby, G.P.; Moorby, S.A.; Thomson, J.; Knedler, K.E.; McDougall, J.C. A submarine hydrothermal manganese deposit from the south-west Pacific island arc. *Nature* **1982**, *298*, 456–458. [CrossRef]

88. Goto, K.T.; Shimoda, G.; Anbar, A.D.; Gordon, G.W.; Harigane, Y.; Senda, R.; Suzuki, K. Molybdenum isotopes in hydrothermal manganese crust from the Ryukyu arc system: Implications for the source of molybdenum. *Mar. Geol.* **2015**, *369*, 91–99. [CrossRef]

89. Hodkinson, R.A.; Stoffers, P.; Scholten, J.; Cronan, D.S.; Jeschke, G.; Rogers, T.D.S. Geochemistry of hydrothermal manganese deposits from the Pitcairn Island hotspot, southeastern Pacific. *Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta* **1994**, *58*, 5011–5029. [CrossRef]

90. Glasby, G.P.; Stüben, D.; Jeschke, G.; Stoffers, P.; Garbe-Schönberg, C.D. A model for the formation of hydrothermal manganese crusts from the Pitcairn Island hotspot. *Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta* **1997**, *61*, 4583–4597.

91. Hein, J.R.; Gibbs, A.E.; Clague, D.A.; Torresan, M. Hydrothermal mineralization along submarine rift zones, Hawaii. *Marine Georesources Geotechnol.* **1996**, *14*, 177–203. [CrossRef]

92. Petersen, S.; Krätschell, A.; Augustin, N.; Jamieson, J.; Hein, J.R.; Hannington, M.D. News from the seabed—Geological characteristics and resource potential of deep-sea mineral resources. *Mar. Policy* **2016**, *70*, 175–187. [CrossRef]

93. Koschinsky, A.; Hein, J.; Schmidt, K.; Alexander, B.; Bau, M. *Rare and Valuable Metals for High-Tech Applications Found in Marine Ferromanganese Nodules and Crusts: Relationships to Genetic Endmembers*; Abstract volume of 39th Underwater Mining Institute; Underwater Mining Institute: Gelendzhik, Russia, 2010; pp. 1–13.

94. Hein, J.R.; Conrad, T.A.; Dunham, R.E. Seamount Characteristics and Mine-Site Model Applied to Exploration- and Mining- Lease-Block Selection for Cobalt-Rich Ferromanganese Crusts. *Mar. Georesources Geotechnol.* **2009**, *27*, 160–176. [CrossRef]

95. Juffroy, F. Atlas Bathymétrique de la Nouvelle-Calédonie. Rapports du Service de la Géomatique et de la Télédéction du Gou- vernement de la Nouvelle-Calédonie. 2009. Available online: https://www.zoneco.nc/resultats-thematiques/environnement- hauturier/mise-jour-de-latlas-bathymétrique-de-la-nouvelle (accessed on 17 August 2020).
84. Usui, A.; Nishi, K.; Sato, H.; Nakasato, Y.; Thornton, B.; Kashiwabara, T.; Tokumaru, A.; Sakaguchi, A.; Yamaoka, K.; Kato, S.; et al. Continuous growth of hydrogenetic ferromanganese crusts since 17Myr ago on Takuyo-Daigo Seamount, NW Pacific, at water depths of 800–5500 m. *Ore Geol. Rev.* **2017**, *87*, 71–87. [CrossRef]

85. Yeo, I.A.; Howarth, S.A.; Spearman, J.; Cooper, A.; Crossouard, N.; Taylor, J.; Turnbull, M.; Murton, B.J. Distribution of and hydrographic controls on ferromanganese crusts: Tropic Seamount, Atlantic. *Ore Geol. Rev.* **2019**, *114*, 103131. [CrossRef]

86. Astakhova, N.V.; Lopatnikov, E.A. Composition and parageneses of massive pyrolusite from the deep-water basin of the Sea of Japan. *Russ. Geol. Geophys.* **2016**, *57*, 1465–1476. [CrossRef]

87. Cronan, D.S.; Glasby, G.P.; Moorby, S.A.; Thomson, J.; Knedler, K.E.; McDougall, J.C. A submarine hydrothermal manganese deposit from the south-west Pacific island arc. *Nature* **1982**, *298*, 456–458. [CrossRef]

88. Goto, K.T.; Shimoda, G.; Anbar, A.D.; Gordon, G.W.; Harigane, Y.; Senda, R.; Suzuki, K. Molybdenum isotopes in hydrothermal manganese crust from the Ryukyu arc system: Implications for the source of molybdenum. *Mar. Geol.* **2015**, *369*, 91–99. [CrossRef]

89. Hodkinson, R.A.; Stoffers, P.; Scholten, J.; Cronan, D.S.; Jeschke, G.; Rogers, T.D.S. Geochemistry of hydrothermal manganese deposits from the Pitcairn Island hotspot, southeastern Pacific. *Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta* **1994**, *58*, 5011–5029. [CrossRef]

90. Glasby, G.P.; Stüben, D.; Jeschke, G.; Stoffers, P.; Garbe-Schönberg, C.D. A model for the formation of hydrothermal manganese crusts from the Pitcairn Island hotspot. *Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta* **1997**, *61*, 4583–4597.

91. Hein, J.R.; Gibbs, A.E.; Clague, D.A.; Torresan, M. Hydrothermal mineralization along submarine rift zones, Hawaii. *Marine Georesources Geotechnol.* **1996**, *14*, 177–203. [CrossRef]

92. Petersen, S.; Krätschell, A.; Augustin, N.; Jamieson, J.; Hein, J.R.; Hannington, M.D. News from the seabed—Geological characteristics and resource potential of deep-sea mineral resources. *Mar. Policy* **2016**, *70*, 175–187. [CrossRef]

93. Koschinsky, A.; Hein, J.; Schmidt, K.; Alexander, B.; Bau, M. *Rare and Valuable Metals for High-Tech Applications Found in Marine Ferromanganese Nodules and Crusts: Relationships to Genetic Endmembers*; Abstract volume of 39th Underwater Mining Institute; Underwater Mining Institute: Gelendzhik, Russia, 2010; pp. 1–13.

94. Hein, J.R.; Conrad, T.A.; Dunham, R.E. Seamount Characteristics and Mine-Site Model Applied to Exploration- and Mining- Lease-Block Selection for Cobalt-Rich Ferromanganese Crusts. *Mar. Georesources Geotechnol.* **2009**, *27*, 160–176. [CrossRef]

95. Juffroy, F. Atlas Bathymétrique de la Nouvelle-Calédonie. Rapports du Service de la Géomatique et de la Télédéction du Gou- vernement de la Nouvelle-Calédonie. 2009. Available online: https://www.zoneco.nc/resultats-thematiques/environnement- hauturier/mise-jour-de-latlas-bathymétrique-de-la-nouvelle (accessed on 17 August 2020).