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## Authors and Affiliations

Pierre Auclair¹ · David Bacon² · Tessa Baker²,³ · Tiago Barreiro⁴ ·

Nicola Bartolo⁵,⁶,⁷ · Enis Belgacem⁸ · Nicola Bellomo⁹ · Ido Ben-Dayan¹⁰,¹¹,¹² ·

Daniele Bertacca⁵,⁶,⁷ · Marc Besançon¹³ · Jose J. Blanco-Pillado¹⁴,¹⁵ ·

Diego Blas¹⁶,¹⁷ · Guillaume Boileau¹⁸ · Gianluca Calcagni¹⁹ ·

Robert Caldwell²⁰ · Chiara Caprini¹,²¹,²² · Carmelita Carbone²³ ·

Chia-Feng Chang²⁴ · Hsin-Yu Chen²⁵ · Nelson Christensen¹⁸ ·

Sebastien Clesse²⁶ · Denis Comelli²⁷ · Giuseppe Congedo²⁸ ·

Carlo Contaldi²⁹ · Marco Crisostomi³⁰,³¹,³² · Djuna Croon³³,³⁴ ·

Yanou Cui²⁴ · Giulia Cusin²¹ · Daniel Cutting³⁵ · Charles Dalang²¹ ·

Valerio De Luca²¹ · Walter Del Pozzo³⁶,³⁷ · Vincent Desjacques³⁸ ·

Emanuela Dimastrogiovanni³⁹,⁴⁰ · Glauber C. Dorsch⁴¹ ·

Jose Maria Ezquiaga⁴²,⁴³ · Matteo Fasiello²,⁴⁴ · Daniel G. Figueroa⁴⁵ ·

Raphael Flauger⁴⁶ · Gabriele Franciolini²¹ · Noemi Frusciante⁴⁷ ·

Jacopo Fumagalli⁴⁴,⁴⁸ · Juan García-Bellido⁴⁴ · Oliver Gould⁴⁹ ·

Daniel Holz⁴² · Laura Iacconi² · Rajeev Kumar Jain⁵⁰ · Alexander C. Jenkins⁵¹,⁵² ·

Ryusuke Jinno⁴⁴,⁵³ · Cristian Joana⁵⁴ · Nikolaos Karnesis⁵⁵ ·

Thomas Konstandin⁵³ · Kazuya Koyama² · Jonathan Kozaczuk⁴⁶ ·

Sachiko Kuroyanagi⁴⁴ · Danny Laghi⁵⁶ · Marek Lewicki⁵⁷ ·

Lucas Lombriser²¹ · Eric Madge⁵⁸ · Michele Maggiore²¹ · Ameek Malhotra³⁹ ·

Michele Mancarella²¹ · Vuk Mandic⁵⁹ · Alberto Mangiagli¹ ·

Sabino Matarrese⁵,⁶,⁷ · Anupam Mazumdar⁴⁰ · Suvodip Mukherjee⁶⁰,⁶¹,⁶² ·

Ilia Musco⁶³,⁶⁴ · Germano Nardini⁶⁵ ID · Jose Miguel No⁴⁴ ·

Theodoros Papanikolaou¹,⁶⁶ · Marco Peloso⁵,⁶ · Mauro Pieroni²⁹ ·

Luigi Pilo⁶⁷,⁶⁸ · Alvise Raccanelli⁵,⁶,⁷,²² · Sébastien Renaux-Petel⁴⁷ ·

Arianna I. Renzini⁶⁹,⁷⁰ · Angelo Ricciardone⁵,⁶ · Antonio Riotto²¹ ·

Joseph D. Romano⁷¹ · Rocco Rollo⁷² · Alberto Roper Pol¹,⁷³ ·

Ester Ruiz Morales⁷⁴ · Mairi Sakellariadou⁵² · Ippocratis D. Saltas⁷⁵ ·

Marco Scalisi⁷⁶ · Kai Schmitz²² · Pedro Schwaller⁷⁷ · Olga Sergijenko⁷⁸,⁷⁹ ·

Geraldine Servant⁵³,⁸⁰ · Peera Simakachorn⁵³,⁸⁰ · Lorenzo Sorbo⁸¹ ·

Lara Sousa⁸²,⁸³,⁸⁴ · Lorenzo Speri⁸⁵ · Danièle A. Steer¹ · Nicola Tamanini⁵⁶ ·

Gianmassimo Tasinato⁸⁶ · Jesús Torrado⁸⁷ · Caner Unal⁷⁵,⁸⁸ ·

Vincent Vennin¹ · Daniele Vernieri⁸⁹ · Filippo Vernizzi⁹⁰ · Marta Volonteri⁴⁸ ·
Jeremy M. Wachter⁹¹ · David Wands<fnref n="2" /> · Lukas T. Witkowski⁴⁸ ·

Miguel Zumalacárregui⁸⁵ · James Annis⁹² · Fëanor Reuben Ares³³,⁹³ ·

Pedro P. Avelino⁸³,⁸⁴ · Anastasios Avgoustidis⁴⁹ · Enrico Barausse³⁰,³¹,³² ·

Alexander Bonilla⁹⁴ · Camille Bonvin²¹ · Pasquale Bosso⁹⁵ ·

Matteo Calabrese⁹⁶,⁹⁷ · Mesut Çalışkan⁹⁸ · Jose A. R. Cembranos⁹⁹ ·

Mikael Chala¹⁰⁰ · David Chernoff¹⁰¹ · Katy Clough¹⁰² · Alexander Criswell⁵⁹ ·

Saurya Das⁹⁵ · Antonio da Silva⁴⁷,¹⁰³ · Pratika Dayal¹⁰⁴ · Valerie Domcke²²,¹⁰⁵ ·

Ruth Durrer²¹ · Richard Easther¹⁰⁶ · Stephanie Escoffier¹⁰⁷ ·

Sandrine Ferrans¹⁰⁸ · Chris Fryer¹⁰⁹ · Jonathan Gair⁸⁵ · Chris Gordon¹¹⁰ ·

Martin Hendry¹¹¹ · Mark Hindmarsh³⁵ · Deanna C. Hooper³⁵ ·

Eric Kajfasz¹⁰⁷ · Joachim Kopp²²,⁷⁷ · Savvas M. Koushiappas¹¹²,¹¹³ ·

Utkarsh Kumar<fnref n="10" /> · Martin Kunz²¹ · Macarena Lagos¹¹⁴ · Marc Lilley¹¹⁵ ·

Joanes Lizarraga¹⁷ · Francisco S. N. Lobo⁴⁷,¹⁰³ · Azadeh Maleknejad²² ·

C. J. A. P. Martins⁸²,⁸³ · P. Daniel Meerburg⁴⁰ · Renate Meyer¹¹⁶ ·

José Pedro Mimoso⁴⁶,¹⁰³ · Savvas Nesseris⁴⁴ · Nelson Nunes⁴⁷ ·

Vasilis Oikonomou⁵⁵ · Giorgio Orlando⁴⁰ · Ogan Özsoy⁷⁵ ·

Fabio Pacucci¹¹⁷,¹¹⁸ · Antonella Palmese<fnref n="11" /> · Antoine Petiteau<fnref n="1" />,¹³ ·

Lucas Pinol⁴⁴ · Simon Portegies Zwart¹¹⁹ · Geraint Pratten¹²⁰ ·

Tomislav Prokopec<fnref n="8" /> · John Quenby¹²¹ · Saeed Rastgoo¹²² ·

Diederik Roest⁴⁰ · Kari Rummukainen³⁵ · Carlo Schimd¹²³ ·

Aurélia Secroun¹⁰⁷ · Alberto Sesana¹²⁴ · Carlos F. Sopuerta¹²⁵,¹²⁶ ·

Ismael Tereno⁴⁷ · Andrew Tolley²⁹ · Jon Urrestilla¹⁵ · Elias C. Vagenas¹²⁷ ·

Jorinde van de Vis⁵² · Rien van de Weygaert<fnref n="11" /> · Barry Wardell¹²⁸ ·

David J. Weir³⁵ · Graham White¹²⁹ · Bogumiła Świeżewska⁵⁷ ·

Valery I. Zhdanov¹³⁰ · The LISA Cosmology Working Group

<figure><img src="image_49.png" /></figure>

Germano Nardini
chairscoswg@gmail.com

<footnote n="1">¹ Laboratoire Astroparticule et Cosmologie, Université de Paris, CNRS, 75013 Paris, France</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² Institute of Cosmology & Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³ Department of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK</footnote>

<footnote n="4">⁴ Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias Campo Grande, 376, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal</footnote>

<footnote n="5">⁵ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei”, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padua, Italy</footnote>

<footnote n="6">⁶ INFN, Sezione di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padua, Italy</footnote>

<footnote n="7">⁷ INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padua, Italy</footnote>

<footnote n="8">⁸ Institute for Theoretical Physics, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands</footnote>

<footnote n="9">⁹ Theory Group, Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA</footnote>

<footnote n="10">¹⁰ Department of Physics, Ariel University, POB 3, 4070000 Ariel, Israel</footnote>

<footnote n="11">¹¹ Berkeley Center for Cosmological Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA</footnote>
12 Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

13 CEA Paris-Saclay, Irfu/DPhP, Bat.141, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France

14 IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain

15 Department of Physics, UPV/EHU, 48080 Bilbao, Spain

16 Grup de Física Teòrica, Departament de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain

17 Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain

18 Artemis, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, France

19 Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, CSIC, Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain

20 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College, 6127 Wilder Laboratory, Hanover, NH 03755, USA

21 Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Geneva, 24 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, Geneva, Switzerland

22 Theoretical Physics Department, CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland

23 INAF - Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica cosmica di Milano (IASF-MI), Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milan, Italy

24 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA

25 Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA

26 Service de Physique Théorique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP225, Campus de la Plaine, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium

27 INFN, Sezione di Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy

28 Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK

29 Theoretical Physics Group, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK

30 SISSA, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy

31 INFN Sezione di Trieste, Trieste, Italy

32 IFPU - Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, Via Beirut 2, 34014 Trieste, Italy

33 TRIUMF Theory Group, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T2A3, Canada

34 Department of Physics, Institute for Particle Physics Phenomenology, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK

35 Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, PL 64, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland

36 Dipartimento di Fisica “E. Fermi”, Università di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy

37 INFN, Sezione di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy

38 Physics Department, Technion, 3200003 Haifa, Israel

39 Sydney Consortium for Particle Physics and Cosmology, School of Physics, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia

40 Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
41 Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil

42 Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics and Enrico Fermi Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA

43 Niels Bohr International Academy, Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark

44 Instituto de Física Teórica UAM/CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain

45 Instituto de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), University of Valencia-CSIC, 46980 Valencia, Spain

46 UC San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA

47 Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Edificio C8, Campo Grande, 1749016 Lisbon, Portugal

48 Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, GReCO, UMR 7095 du CNRS et de Sorbonne Université, 98bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France

49 School of Physics and Astronomy, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK

50 Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India

51 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK

52 Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology Group, Physics Department, King's College London, University of London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK

53 Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany

54 CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China

55 Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece

56 Laboratoire des 2 Infinis - Toulouse (L2IT-IN2P3), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France

57 Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw ul. Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland

58 Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel

59 School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA

60 Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street N., Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, Canada

61 Gravitation Astroparticle Physics Amsterdam, Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy and Institute for High-Energy Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1090 GL Amsterdam, The Netherlands

62 Institute Lorentz, Leiden University, PO Box 9506, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands

63 Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy

64 INFN, Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy

65 Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway

66 National Observatory of Athens, Lofos Nymfon, 11852 Athens, Greece

67 Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
68 INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, 67010 Assergi, Italy

69 LIGO Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA

70 Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA

71 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Tech University, Box 41051, Lubbock, TX 79409-1051, USA

72 Centro Nazionale INFN di Studi Avanzati GGI, Largo Enrico Fermi 2, 50125 Florence, Italy

73 School of Natural Sciences and Medicine, Ilia State University, 3-5 Cholokashvili Ave, Tbilisi 0194, Georgia

74 Departamento de Física, ETSIDI, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28012 Madrid, Spain

75 CEICO, FZU – Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague, Czech Republic

76 Max-Planck-Institut für Physik (Werner-Heisenberg-Institut), Föhringer Ring 6, 80805 Munchen, Germany

77 PRISMA+ Cluster of Excellence & Mainz Institute for Theoretical Physics, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany

78 Main Astronomical Observatory of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Zabolotnoho str., 27, Kyiv 03143, Ukraine

79 AGH University of Science and Technology, Aleja Mickiewicza, 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland

80 II. Institute of Theoretical Physics, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany

81 Amherst Center for Fundamental Interactions, Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA

82 Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal

83 Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal

84 Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal

85 Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam 14476, Germany

86 Department of Physics, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK

87 Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology (TTK), RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany

88 Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University, 84105 Be'er Sheva, Israel

89 Dipartimento di Fisica “E. Pancini”, Università di Napoli “Federico II” and INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Compl. Univ. di Monte S. Angelo, Edificio G, Via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy

90 Institut de physique théorique, Université Paris Saclay CEA, CNRS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France

91 Department of Physics, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA

92 Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Pine and Kirk, Batavia, IL, USA

93 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Falmer, East Sussex BN1 9QH, UK

94 Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 36036-330 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil

95 University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
96 INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese, TO, Italy

97 OAVdA - Astronomical Observatory of the Autonomous Region Valle d'Aosta, Loc. Lignan 39, 11020 Nus, AO, Italy

98 The William H. Miller III Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA

99 Departamento de Física Teórica and IPARCOS, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ciencias, n 1, 28040 Madrid, Spain

100 Departamento de Física Teórica y del Cosmos, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain

101 Department of Astronomy, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA

102 School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK

103 Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal

104 Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands

105 Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland

106 Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand

107 Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, IPhU, Marseille, France

108 Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA

109 Center for Theoretical Astrophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA

110 School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand

111 Institute for Gravitational Research & School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK

112 Department of Physics, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA

113 Brown Theoretical Physics Centner, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA

114 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA

115 SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, LNE, 61 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France

116 Department of Statistics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

117 Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

118 Black Hole Initiative, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

119 Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands

120 Institute for Gravitational Wave Astronomy & School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

121 High Energy Physics Group Blackett Laboratory, London SW72BZ, UK

122 Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G1, Canada

123 Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
124 Dipartimento di Fisica “G. Occhialini”, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy

125 Institut de Ciències de l’Espai (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain

126 Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Carrer del Gran Capità 2-4, Edifici Nexus, Despatx 201, 08034 Barcelona, Spain

127 Department of Physics, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, 13060 Safat, Kuwait

128 School of Mathematics and Statistics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4 D04 V1W8, Ireland

129 Kavli IPMU (WPI), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan

130 Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Astronomical Observatory, Observatorna str., 3, Kyiv 04053, Ukraine