Book of Abstracts

11th International Phytotechnologies Conference

**Organized by:**

International Phytotechnology Society

**Hosted by:**

Technical University of Crete,
TEI of Crete

**Supported by:**

Region of Crete,
Regional Development Fund of Crete

EDITORS: N. Kalogerakis
Th. Manios
# Use of poplar for rehabilitation of metal polluted soils

van Anh Le Thi, Mathieu Pottier, Annabelle Dejardin, Gilles Pilate, Sébastien Thomine

► To cite this version:

van Anh Le Thi, Mathieu Pottier, Annabelle Dejardin, Gilles Pilate, Sébastien Thomine. Use of poplar for rehabilitation of metal polluted soils. 11. International Phytotechnologies Conference, Sep 2014, Heraklion, Crete, Greece., 2014, 11th International Phytotechnologies Conference. Book of Abstracts. hal-01601535

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Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike 4.0 International License
Book of Abstracts

« 11th International Phytotechnologies Conference »

Heraklion, Crete, Greece, Sept. 30 - Oct. 3, 2014

ISBN 978-960-6865-81-7

<figure><img src="image_1.png" /></figure>

Grafima Publ.

Str. Exadaktilou 5, PO 54635, Thessaloniki, Greece

Tel./Fax : 2310-248272

e-mail: grafima@grafima.com.gr, grafima@gmail.com

www.grafima.com.gr
# USE OF POPLAR FOR REHABILITATION OF METAL POLLUTED SOILS

Van Anh LE THI<fnref n="1" />, Mathieu POTTIER<fnref n="1" />, Annabelle DEJARDIN<fnref n="2" />, Gilles PILATE<fnref n="2" /> and Sébastien THOMINE<fnref n="1" />

Corresponding author email: lethi@isv.cnrs.gif.fr

## ABSTRACT

Phytoextraction is the use of plants to remove heavy metals from soils contaminated by industrial activities, such as smelting or disposal of high metal wastes. Poplar is well adapted for phytoextraction because it tolerates growth on contaminated soils and produces high biomass. In addition, poplar is also suitable for molecular genetic studies because its genome was sequenced in 2006 and it is amenable to transgenic technologies. However, previous reports indicated that metal accumulation was the highest in leaves causing metal return to the soil after leaf abscission. In order to circumvent this problem, genetic engineering can be used to direct metal accumulation in poplar trunks using a relevant metal transporter gene under the control of a wood-specific promoter.

We first focused our study on the functional characterization of suitable metal transporter genes. We selected candidate transporters potentially controlling metal storage in the vacuole, the main compartment where heavy metals are accumulated in plant cells. The NRAMP (Natural Resistance Associated Macrophage Protein) and the IREG (Iron Regulated Gene) metal transporter families, which are still poorly characterized in poplar, have been investigated. Based on the knowledge gained from their homologues in *Arabidopsis thaliana*, PtNRAMP3.1 and PtNRAMP3.2 are putatively involved in metal release from the vacuole while PtIREG1 is putatively involved in metal sequestration in the vacuole. We showed that both PtNRAMP3.1 and 3.2 were functional metal transporters but only PtNRAMP3.2 was targeted to the vacuolar membrane. In contrast, PtNRAMP3.1 was targeted to intracellular vesicles. In addition, the function of PtIREG1 putative metal transporter gene was investigated by heterologous expression in yeast: PtIREG1 was shown to be able to complement the hypersensitivity of mutant strains to Ni but not to other metals, including Co, Cd, Fe, Mn and Zn.

Transgenic poplars overexpressing PtNRAMP3.1 or PtNRAMP3.2 were assessed for metal tolerance and accumulation. When grown on non-contaminated soil, wild-type and transgenic poplar lines exhibited clear differences in leaf metal concentrations (Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn and Zn). Metal accumulation will also be measured in transgenic poplar lines grown on metal-contaminated soil. Arabidopsis and poplar plants overexpressing PtIREG1 as a fusion with the fluorescent protein GFP (PtIREG1-GFP) are being generated. This should allow identification of the subcellular compartment where PtIREG1 resides and analysis of the effect of PtIREG1 expression on metal tolerance and accumulation. Besides, PtIREG1-GFP under control of the CAD promoter, which targets expression in poplar xylem cells, was introduced in poplar to specifically drive metal accumulation in wood.

**Acknowledgements:** The financial support by PHYTOPOP project and a fellowship from Vietnamese Government to the PhD training program in France for future lecturers-researchers of University of Science and Technology of Hanoi (USTH).

**Abstract submitted for ORAL (Van Anh LE THI) presentation**

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<footnote n="1">¹Institut des Sciences du Végétal, CNRS UPR 2355, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France</footnote>

<footnote n="2">²Unité Amélioration Génétique et Physiologie Forestières, UR0588, INRA-Val de Loire, 45075 Orléans Cedex 2, France</footnote>
# PREFACE

On behalf of the hosting institutions (TU-Crete and TEI-Crete), we would like to welcome you to Heraklion for the 11th International Phytotechnologies Conference (Sept 30 to Oct 3, 2014).

The recent tradition of the IPS conferences to rotate on a biannual basis between North America and another continent continues. It started with Nanjing, China in 2008; St. Louis, MO in 2009; Parma, Italy in 2010; Portland, OR in 2011; Hasselt, Belgium in 2012; Syracuse, NY in 2013 and this year in Heraklion, Greece for the 11th IPS conference. This conference provides the opportunity to scientists, engineers, consultants, policy regulators and other interested individuals to explore and discuss how recent developments in phytotechnologies address current and emerging environmental challenges. We received a total of 420 abstracts from 49 countries. After several cancelations due to the very limited funds available for travel assistance, the final program is comprised of 129 full platform presentations, 63 short platform presentations and 147 posters – a total of 342.

Phytotechnologies refer to plant-based technologies to clean water, soil, air and provide ecosystem services including energy from biomass. The Conference will feature a wide range of topics. Selected papers will be published in the *International Journal of Phytoremediation* following peer review.

As in previous IPS conferences, besides three plenary lectures, several mini plenary speakers will introduce each session topic and the oral presentations to be presented in each session. In addition, post-conference tours will provide an opportunity to experience what Crete has to offer as a famous tourist destination.

Enjoy the conference and have a wonderful stay in Crete!

<figure><img src="image_2.png" /><figcaption>Nicolas Kalogerakis
TU-Crete</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_3.png" /><figcaption>Thrassyvoulos Manios
TEI-Crete</figcaption></figure>
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE

Burken, Joel (USA)

Daffonchio, Daniele (Saudi Arabia)

Ebbs, Stephen (USA)

Gerth, Andrè (Germany)

Henry, Heather (USA)

Juwarkar, Asha (India)

Kalogerakis, Nicolas (Greece)

Luo, Yongming (China)

Macek, Tomas (Czech Republic)

Maestri, Elena (Italy)

Manios, Thrassyvoulos (Greece)

Marmiroli, Nelson (Italy)

Matthias Kaestner (UFZ, Germany),

Newman, Lee (USA)

Nektarios, Panayiotis (Greece)

Rock, Steven (USA)

Rylott, Liz (UK)

Schnoor, Jerry (USA)

Schwitzguébel, Jean-Paul (Switzerland)

Toscano, Attilio (Italy)

Tsao, David (USA)

Vanek, Tomas (Czech Republic)

Vangronsveld, Jaco (Belgium)

White, Jason (USA)

Zeeb, Barbara (Canada)

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# ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

## International members:

- Burken, Joel (USA)

- Ebbs, Stephen (USA)

- Henry, Heather F. (USA)

- Luo, Yongming (China)

- Maestri, Elena (Italy)

- Newman, Lee (USA)

- Rock, Steven (USA)

- Rylott, Liz (UK)

- Tsao, David (USA)

- Vangronsveld, Jaco (Belgium)

- White, Jason (USA)

- Zeeb, Barbara (Canada)

## Local members (Crete, Greece):

- Kalogerakis, Nicolas (TU-Crete)

- Manios, Thrassyvoulos (TEI-Crete)

- Maragkaki, Angeliki (TEI-Crete)

- Manousaki, Eleni (TU-Crete)

## Conference Secretariat:

- Papadaki, Akrivi (TEI-Crete)

- Tzaferou, Paulina (TEI-Crete)
Congratulations to the 2014 scholars!

<table><thead><tr><td>NAME</td><td>INSTITUTION</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Paul Vaughn Manley</td><td>Virginia Commonwealth University</td></tr><tr><td>Andrew Birch</td><td>North Carolina State University</td></tr><tr><td>Meaghan Kern</td><td>University of Iowa</td></tr><tr><td>Jessica Starsman</td><td>University of Alaska</td></tr><tr><td>Parul Tomar</td><td>University of Massachusetts</td></tr><tr><td>Camille Warner</td><td>SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry</td></tr><tr><td>Chuanxin Ma</td><td>University of Massachusetts</td></tr><tr><td>Pawan Kumar</td><td>Southern Illinois University-Carbondale</td></tr><tr><td>Ali Farag Mehdawi</td><td>Colorado State University</td></tr><tr><td>Stephen Via</td><td>Virginia Commonwealth University</td></tr><tr><td>Andew McEachran</td><td>North Carolina State University</td></tr></tbody></table>

Special thanks to **Prof. Stephen Ebbs** who on behalf of IPS prepared and submitted the Phyto-Scholars proposal which was quite more detailed as new rules by National Institutes of Health came in effect. The proposal was successful and a grant was awarded by the National Institution of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Superfund Research Program (SRP) enabling the above named scholars from several universities across USA to attend the 11th International Phytotechnologies Conference in Heraklion, Crete, Greece.

The Phyto-Scholars program is well suited to SRP mission “to seek solutions to the complex health and environmental issues associated with the nation's hazardous waste sites.” By promoting remediation and sustainability, phytotechnologies directly protect public health, promote environmental stewardship, and improve ecosystem function.

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## THE GORDON AWARD

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In 2005, the Phytoremediation community lost one of the pioneers of the field. Milton P. Gordon, Professor of Biochemistry at the University of Washington, had a life-long love of science, and his research passions allowed him to have an impact in many fields, from red-tide toxins, the development of Agrobacterium as a tool for plant genetic engineering, plant pathogenesis-related proteins, astrobiology, and his love, phytoremediation.

Milt loved all aspects of this work, from understanding, on a molecular and genetic level, how plants are able to degrade a wide range of organic pollutants, the genetic engineering of plants to increase their ability to do this degradative task, field studies and final application of the technology to hazardous waste sites. In this capacity, Milt was the driving force behind the formation of the remediation and consulting firm Verdant Technologies.

Milt was also an outstanding teacher, and taught not only the courses required in his department, but also was involved in courses in scientific ethics and astrobiology. His love of science came through to the students, and he was always available beyond the classroom to discuss anything. This also highlights one of his other traits, that he would never turn away a student in need. He was always available to help students understand material and expand their knowledge, but he was also there for his students if they had problems outside the classroom.

In 2007, Steve McCutcheon, a friend a colleague, proposed to the International Phytotechnology Society that an award be presented at the annual meetings to honor Milt. Thus the Gordon Award was formed. The award honors people in the field of phytoremediation that exemplify the traits that made Milt the person he was, and outstanding researcher, a strong proponent of the development of phytoremediation as an applied technology, a teacher and dedicated supporter of students. Every year since 2007, the IPS has presented the Gordon award, to both honor Milt and the current year's recipient, and to serve as an incentive to up and coming researchers in the field of phytoremediation to strive for excellence in these important areas.

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* MULTIFACETED MONITORING OF A LARGE PHYTOREMEDIATION SYSTEM DEMONSTRATES LONG-TERM EFFECTIVENESS

Lorraine M. LaFreniere, Robert A. Sedivy, Y. Eugene Yan, Steve Gilmore, Caroline Roe 17

* RECENT FINDINGS ON THE PHYTOREMEDIATION OF POLLUTED SOILS BY THE GENOREM MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH TEAM

Michel Labrecque for the GenoRem Research Team 18

* A MONITORING OF A LONG TERM FIELD STUDY OF SEWAGE SLUDGE APPLICATION ON SOIL CONTAMINATED WITH TRACE ELEMENTS

Agnieszka Placek, Anna Grobelak 19

* DEPLOYMENT OF AIDED PHYTOSTABILISATION AT FIELD SCALE: SET UP AND MONITORING LESSONS

Valérie Bert, Nicolas Manier, Michel Mench, Pierre Boucard 20

* REMEDIATION OF UNSATURATED SOILS BY PHYTOREMEDIATION AT VENICE TECHNOLOGIES SPA, PORTO MARGHERA (VE)

Carmine Guarino, Carlo Montella, Barbara Conte, Valentina Spada, Rosaria Sciarrillo 21

* LOCAL COMMUNITY PERCEPTIONS OF MINE SITE RESTORATION USING PHYTOREMEDIATION IN ABITIBI-TEMISCAMINGUE (QUEBEC)

Fifanou G. Vodouhe, Damase P. Khasa 22

* PHYTOREMEDIATION OF SEWAGE AND INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER USING HIGH RATE TRANSPRATION SYSTEM

Prashant R. Thawale, Sanjeev Kumar Singh, Asha A. Juwarkar 23

* PHYTOREMEDIATION OF MANGANESE MINE SPOIL DUMP

Asha A. Juwarkar, Lal Singh, Prashant R. Thawale 24

* STUDY OF LONGTIME SOIL FORMAITON ON OVERGROWN QUARRY ON THE SOUTH OF KAZAKHSTAN

Bakhytzhan Yelikbayev 25

* PHYTOREMEDIATION OF SULFENTRAZONE-CONTAMINATED SOILS USING GREEN MANURE UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS

Alessandra Ferreira Belo, Luis Henrique Ortelan Tenis, Bruno Passigatto Ortelan, Fábio Ribeiro Pires, Robson Bonomo, Marcelo Antônio Oliveira, Alberto Cargnelutti Filho, Sergio Oliveira Procópio 26

* A DECADE OF PHYTOREMEDIATION PROJECTIONS BY EUCALYPTUS TREES PREVENTING CONTAMINATED PLUME MIGRATION

Michael van Bavel, Frank Thomas, Stephanie Fiorenza 27

* PHYTOSCREENING OF TREES RECOLONISING A DISUSED POLLUTED INDUSTRIAL LANDFILL

Paolo Sconocchia, Sara Piloni, Eugenia Peirone, Paolo De Angelis 28

* SWINE WASTE PHYTOREMEDIATION USING DUCKWEED (LANDOLTIA PUNCTATA, LES & CRAWFORD) IN A FULL SCALE PLANT

Rodrigo de Almeida Mohedano, Rejane. H.R. Costa, Paulo Belli Filho 29

## CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS

* OLIVE OIL MILL WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS COMBINED WITH ADVANCED OXIDATION PROCCESES

Eleftheria Loupasaki, Evan Diamadopoulos 33

* REUSING CONSTRUCTED WETLAND EFFLUENTS FOR VEGETABLE CROP IRRIGATION

Salvatore Barbagallo, Alessandro Castorina, Ferdinando Branca, Giuseppe L. Cirelli, Simona Consoli, Feliciana Licciardello 34

* BIOREMEDIATION OF BENZENE-CONTAMINATED GROUNDWATER WITH PILOT-SCALE CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS

Eva M. Seeger, Henrike Beck, Jochen A Mueller, Peter Kuschk, Matthias Kaestner 35

* USE OF CONSTRUCTED WETLAND PLANTED WITH HALOPHYTE FOR DOMESTIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT

M. Fountoulakis, G. Daskalakis, N. Kalogerakis, T. Manios 36

* BIOREMEDIATION OF GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATED WITH ORGANIC MICRO-POLLUTANTS USING HORIZONTAL SUBSURFACE FLOW CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS

Alexandros I. Stefanakis, Anja Sinke, Martin Thullner 37

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* NUTRIENT REMOVAL FROM EUTROPHIC WATERS USING FLOATING TREATMENT WETLANDS
Chris C. Tanner, James P.S. Sukias, Jason Park, Tom R. Headley 38

* FLOATING WETLANDS FOR WATER TREATMENT IN A EUTROPHIZED URBAN LAKE LOCATED IN XALAPA CITY, MEXICO
Eugenia J. Olguín, Gloria Sánchez-Galván, Erik González-Portela, Víctor J. Hernández, José Luis Domínguez, Omar S. Castillo 39

* HIGH CAPABILITY OF PTERIS VITTATA IN ARSENIC REMOVAL FROM CONTAMINATED WATER USING NOVEL HYDROPONICS CULTIVATION SYSTEM
Yi Huang, Keisuke Miyauchi, Chihiro Inoue, Ginro Endo 40

* MICROALGAE BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT. OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES
José A. Perales, M. Carmen Garrido-Pérez 41

* SEASONAL DYNAMICS OF Cd AND Cr IN ABOVEGROUND BIOMASS OF PHALARIS ARUNDINACEA IN A CONSTRUCTED WETLAND
Tereza Březinová, Jan Vymazal 42

* SELECTION OF SUITABLE PLANT SPECIES IN SEMI ARID CLIMATIC CONDITIONS FOR QUALITY IMPROVEMENT OF SECONDARY TREATED EFFLUENT BY USING VERTICAL CONSTRUCTED WETLAND
Gargi Sharma, Urmila Brighu, Pravin K. Mutiyar 43

* PERFORMANCE OF YOUNG CONSTRUCTED WETLAND SYSTEM AT DIFFERENT SUBSTRATE CONFIGURATIONS
Rakesh Kadaverugu, Komal Selokar, Azeem Uddin Siddiqui, Karthik Raghunathan, Prashant R. Thawale, Asha A. Juwarkar 44

* HYDRAULICS OF HORIZONTAL SUBSURFACE FLOW CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS
Rosa Aiello, Vincenzo Bagarello, Massimo Iovino, Alessia Marzo, Attilio Toscano 45

* INNOVATION IN CONSTRUCTED WETLAND DESIGN - NOVEL SYSTEM OF FLOATING PLANT MATS
Kristina Ziegler, Diana Claus, Markus Weiss, André Gerth 46

* PHYTO PROCESS PREDICTABILITY TREATS FOOD PROCESSING WASTEWATER YEAR-ROUND
Louis A. Licht, Marshall J. English 47

* SCREENING OF SIX SALIX SPP. (WILLOW) GENOTYPES FOR THE BIOREMEDIATION OF MUNICIPAL EFFLUENT
M. Garofolo, A. McCracken, J. McGrath 48

* ECO-ENGINEERING PROCESS FOR THE TREATMENT OF CONTAMINANTS FROM SALTED HIGHWAY RUNOFF: ADAPTED WETLAND AND ACTIVE FILTER
Rosa Galvez-Cloutier, Gaëlle Triffault-Bouchet, Samuel Roy 49

* COMPARISON OF ENERGY AND WATER BALANCE METHODS TO ESTIMATE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN A CONSTRUCTED WETLAND
Salvatore Barbagallo, Giuseppe L. Cirelli, Simona Consoli, Mirco Milani, Attilio Toscano 50

* CAPABILITY OF HIGH RATE ALGAL PONDS FOR REMOVING EMERGING CONTAMINANTS FROM DOMESTIC WASTEWATER
Víctor Matamoros, Yolanda Rodríguez, Raquel Gutiérrez, Ivet Ferrer, Joan García, Josep M Bayona 51

* TRANSFORMATION OF CHLOROFORM IN SUBSURFACE-FLOW CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS: A MASS BALANCE STUDY
Yi Chen, Jan Vymazal 52

* FACTORS INFLUENCING BACTERIA REMOVAL IN CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS
Jochen A. Müller, Matthias Kästner, Peter Kuschk, Mareike Braeckevelt, Helmut Wand, Gabriela Vacca, Jaime Nivalla, Roland A. Müller 53

* UNEXPECTED NET EXPORT OF FAECAL INDICATOR BACTERIA FROM A TYPHA WETLAND INTERCEPTING AGRICULTURAL DRAINAGE
Rebecca Stott, James Sukias, Lucy A. McKergow, Rob Davies-Colley, Chris Tanner 54

* THE EFFECT OF SWINE WASTEWATER ON THE ECOPHYSIOLOGY AND STOICHIOMETRY OF TWO OPPORTUNISTIC MACROALGAE
Olympia Nisiforou, Sotiris Orfanidis, Alexandros G., Charalambides, Nicolas Kalogerakis 55

<figure><img src="image_10.png" /></figure>
* REMOVAL OF Cr(III) AND Cr(VI) IONS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION BY CALLITRICHE COPHOCARPA
  Joanna Kyzioł-Komosińska, Joanna Augustynowicz, Wojciech Lasek 56

* HARNESSING THE INTERACTION OF PLANTS AND BACTERIA IN WETLAND SYSTEMS TO REMEDiate TRICHLOROETHYLENE CONTAMINATED GROUNDWATER
  Camille Warner, Sean Hohm, Amanda Ludlow, David Tsao, Lee A. Newman 57

* AQUATIC MACROPHYTES AZOLLA AND SALVINIA AS BIOFILTERS FOR SURFACTANT DECONTAMINATION
  Cinzia Forni, Patrizia Di Cori, Manuela Pintore, Elisha Tel-Or 58

* Cr(VI)-CONTAMINATED GROUNDWATER REMEDIATION BY CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS PLANTED WITH FOUR HALOPHYTIC PLANTS
  Helen Dimitroula, Eleni Manousaki, Nicolas Kalogerakis 59

* MONITORING OF IRON ABSORBTION USING A CONTRACTED WETLAND PILOT PLANT WITH AN HYBRID LAYOUT
  Elena Comino, Adriano Fiorucci, Stefania Menegatti, Vincenzo Riggio 60

* INSIGHTS ON THE ROLE OF VEGETATION ON NITROGEN REMOVAL IN SUBSURFACE FLOW CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS
  Myrto Tsiknia, Niovi Stasinou, Nikolaos Paranychianakis, Nicolas Kalogerakis 61

* EVALUATION OF A PILOT-SCALE CONSTRUCTED WETLAND WITH JUNCUS ACUTUS L. FOR THE REMOVAL OF BISPHENOL A FROM SECONDARY-TREATED WASTEWATER
  Stavros Christofilopoulos, Stella Voutsadaki, Nikolaos Nikolaidis, Nicolas Kalogerakis 62

* CONSTRUCTED WETLAND WITH HALOPHYTES FOR THE DEGRADATION OF BISPHENOL A IN PRIMARY-TREATED MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER
  Stavros Christofilopoulos, Michalis Fountoulakis, Eleni Michalodimitraki, Thrassyvoulos Manios, Nicolas Kalogerakis 63

* THE PLANTS THAT PURIFY THE WATER (LE PIANTE CHE DEPURANO L'ACQUA)
  Maria Cristina Grandi, Angelo Massacci, Laura Passatore, Floriana Romagnolli 64

* PELLICE RIVER BASIN: ECO-RESTORATION WITH A SMALL RIVERINE WETLAND AND OLD FRUIT SEED BANK CREATION
  Elena Comino, Maurizio Rosso 65

## METALS

* EFFECT OF HYPERACCUMULATOR PLANTS AND ASSOCIATED RHIZOBACTERIA ON THE EFFICIENCY OF NICKEL EXTRACTION
  Marie Rue, Guillaume Echevarria, Emile Benizri 69

* REGULATION OF COPPER DELIVERY TO PLASTOCYANIN VIA THE PAA2/HMA8 TRANSPORTER
  Marinus Pilo 70

* ANALYSIS OF SELENIUM ACCUMULATION, SPECIATION AND TOLERANCE OF POTENTIAL SELENIUM HYPERACCUMULATOR SYMPHYOTRICHUM ERICOIDES
  Ali F. El Mehdawi, Elizabeth A. H. Pilon-Smits 71

* TOLERANCE LEVEL OF DOUGLAS FIRS (PSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII) PLANTLETS TO METALLIC TRACE ELEMENTS
  Amandine Bonet, Grégoire Pascaud, Céline Faugeron, Marilyne Soubrand, Emmanuel Joussein, Vincent Gloaguen, Gaëlle Saladin 72

* ARSENIC PHYTOEXTRACTION BY AN INDIAN ECOTYPE PTERIS VITTATA: MOLECULAR EVIDENCE OF ITS GENETIC POTENTIALITY
  Sarita Tiwari, Bijaya Ketan Sarangi 73

* THE STUDY OF THE PROCESS OF METALS ACCUMULATION BY FLOATING MACROTHYTES UNDER WATER POLLUTION CONDITIONS
  Olga Shuvaeva, Ludmila Belchenko, Tamara Romanova, Maria Denisyuk, Alla Bryanskaya 74

* POSSIBILITIES OF AIR POLLUTANTS REMOVAL: HEAVY METALS, PARTICULATE MATTER AND PAH
  Stanislaw Waldemar Gawronski, Helena Gawronska 75

* MITIGATION MEASURES FOR GEOGENIC CHROMIUM RICH SOILS
  Maria Lilli, Nikolaos Nikolaidis, Nicolas Kalogerakis, George Karatzas, Mike Mueller 76

<figure><img src="image_11.png" /></figure>
* CITRIC ACID-ASSISTED PHYTOEXTRACTION OF LEAD: A FIELD EXPERIMENT
Eriberto Freitas, Clístenes Nascimento, Fernando Bruno Silva, Wildson Silva.................................................. 77

* CHELANT-ENHANCED HEAVY METAL UPTAKE BY EUCALYPTUS SP. UNDER CONTROLLED DEFICIT IRRIGATION (CDI)
Pinchas Fine, Rathod Paresh, Anna Beriozkin, Oz Ein-Gal, Amir Hass ........................................................................ 78

* CITRIC ACID-AND TWEEN® 80- ASSISTED PHYTOREMEDIATION OF MULTICONTAMINATED SOILS VEGETATED WITH ALFALFA
Ana Carolina Agnello, David Huguenot, Eric van Hullebusch, Giovanni Esposito.................................................... 80

* LEAD TOLERANCE AND ACCUMULATION IN METALLICOLOUS AND NONMETALLICOLOUS POPULATIONS OF HIRSCHFELDIA INCANA
Mouna Fahr, Laurent Laplaze, Mohammed El Mzibri, Najib Bendaou, Valérie Hocher, Didier Bogusz, Abdelaziz Smouni .................................................................................................................................................. 81

* CADMIUM UPTAKE AND REPARTITION OVER THE VEGETATIVE STAGE IN HELIANTHUS ANNUUS GROWN AT Cd 2 AND 20 nM
Jean-Yves Cornu, Rémi Bakoto, Christophe Nguyen........................................................................................................ 82

* SELECTION OF PHYTO- AND/OR PHYCO-REMEDIATION BASED SYSTEMS TO APPLY ON NUCLEAR CONTAMINATION
Nathalie Vanhoudt, Paul Janssen, Natalie Leys, Chrystelle Verhoest, Hildegarde Vandenhove.................... 83

* CHROMIUM BEHAVIOUR IN SILENE VULGARIS
Ana E. Pradas del Real, David H. McNear Jr, Pilar García, Mª Carmen Lobo, Araceli Pérez-Sanz .................... 84

* ROLE OF PHRAGMITES AUSTRALIS (COMMON REED) FOR HEAVY METALS PHYTOREMEDIATION OF ESTUARINE SEDIMENTS
Diego Cicero Fernández, Manuel Peña Fernández, Jose A. Expósito Camargo, Blanca Antizar-Ladislao .................................................................................................................................................. 85

* ZINC/CADMIUM ACCUMULATION AND CELLULAR LOCALIZATION IN A NEW HYPERACCUMULATOR SEDUM PLUMBIZINCICOLA GROWN IN MINE AREA
Zhu Li, Yaodong Wang, Jolanta Mesjasz-Przybylowicz, Wojciech Jozef Przybylowicz, Pengjie Hu, Longhua Wu, Yongming Luo .................................................................................................................................................. 86

* NATURALLY SELECTED BIO-ACCUMULATORS OF HEAVY METALS IN A BATTERY WASTE DUMPSITE IN IBADAN, SOUTH-WESTERN NIGERIA
Comfort Modupeore Adeoye, Gideon Olajire Adeoye, Oladele Osibanjo, Jose Morenike Adeoye-Isijola.................................................................................................................................................. 87

* CADMIUM BIOAVAILABILITY IN AN INTEGRATED BIOSYSTEM, AND THE USE OF AGARICUS SUBRUFESCENS AS A REMEDIATION AGENT
Ketil Stoknes, Ewelina Wojciechowska, Agnieszka Jasińska, Ales Hanc........................................................................ 88

* PLANT UPTAKE AND TRANSLOCATION OF 223-Ra AS A POTENTIAL RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL NUCLIDE
Stanislav Smrček, Ján Kozempel, Martin Vlk, Šárka Pšondrová.................................................................................. 89

* RECOVERING METALS FROM SEWAGE SLUDGE, WASTE INCINERATION RESIDUES AND SIMILAR SUBSTANCES WITH HYPERACCUMULATIVE PLANTS
Johannes Kisser, Heinz Gattringer, Monika Iordanopoulos-Kisser........................................................................ 90

* POTENTIAL OF INDIAN MUSTARD FOR RHENIUM PHYTOMINING
Luís A. B. Novo, Andrea Pereira, Alba Casanova, Claudio F. Mahler, Luís González................................................ 92

* LOCALISED TRACE METAL SOLUBILISATION AND OXYGEN DEPLETION IN THE RHIZOSPHERE OF SALIX SMITHIANA UPON ADDITION OF ELEMENTAL SULFUR
Christoph Hoefer, Jakob Santner, Markus Puschenreiter, Walter W. Wenzel.................................................................. 93

* HOW DO LOW DOSES OF DFOB AND EDTA AFFECT THE PHYTOEXTRACTION OF Cd, Cu, Pb AND Zn BY HELIANTHUS ANNUUS?
Jean-Yves Cornu, Clément Dépernet, Armelle Braud, Thierry Lebeau........................................................................ 94

* NEW INFORMATION FOR PHYTOEXTRACTION AND PHYTOMINING
X. Zhang, B. Laubie, V. Houzelot, E. Plasari, A. Bani, J.L. Morel, G. Echevarria, M.O. Simonnot.................... 95

<figure><img src="image_12.png" /></figure>
* OPTIMISATION OF AMENDMENT EFFECTIVENESS IN STABILISATION OF METALS IN HEAVILY CONTAMINATED SOILS

Grzegorz Siebielec, Petra Kidd, Michel Mench, Monika Pecio, Rafal Galazka, Vanessa Álvarez-López, Jaco Vangronsveld, Wolfgang Friesl-Hanl, Markus Puschenreiter, Andy Cundy 96

* AIDED PHYTOSTABILISATION OF A Cr, Mo AND Ni-CONTAMINATED TECHNOSOL

Nadège Oustriere, Michel Mench, Lilian Marchand, Jean Luc Bouchardon, Olivier Faure 97

* TRACE METALS IN GROWTH MEDIUMS AND PLANT TISSUE MATERIAL FROM A REMEDIATED GOLD MINE TAILINGS DAM IN SOUTH AFRICA

Pieter W. van Deventer, Michael Seiderer 98

* ASSESSMENT OF PHYTOSTABILIZATION OF Pb AND Zn IN A TAILING POND FROM SE SPAIN

Raúl Zornoza, Silvia Martínez-Martínez, Ángel Faz, José A. Acosta, María Dolores Gómez 99

* (AIDED)-PHYTOSTABILISATION OF Cu-RICH MINE TAILINGS USING WOODY CROPS AND GRASS SPECIES

Petra Kidd, Vanessa Álvarez-López, Beatriz Rodríguez-Garrido, Carmen Trasar-Cepeda, María Touceda-González, Michel Mench, Markus Puschenreiter, Felipe Macías-García, Ángeles Prieto-Fernández 100

* EDTA AIDED PHYTOREMEDIATION OF CADMIUM BY BRASSICA NAPUS L.

Mujahid Farid, Shafaqat Ali, Muhammad Bilal Shakoor 101

* PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENT MINE TAILINGS ON THE CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE OF PLANTS

Jacques Berner, Pieter W. van Deventer, Cindy Faul 102

* HEAVY METAL TOLERANCE AND ACCUMULATION OF SWEET SORGHUM- POT OUTDOORS EXPERIMENT

Wang Xu, Wang Jian-long, Li Shi-zhong, Fan Gui-fang, Chen Can 103

* NATURAL PLANTS ON BORON (B) RESERVE AREAS IN TURKEY AS PHYTOREMEDIATION AGENTS OF B CONTAMINATED ENVIRONMENTS

Harun Böcük, Cengiz Türe 104

* STUDY OF ORGANIC AMENDMENTS USED IN PHYTOREMEDIATION AND ITS INTERACTIONS WITH METALS BY ¹³C CPMAS NMR SPECTROSCOPY

Consuelo Escolástico, Javier Pérez-Esteban, Ángeles García, Ana Moliner, Alberto Masaguer 105

* BORON TOLERANCE IN PUCCINELLIA FRIGIDA: AN EXTREMELY BORON TOLERANT SPECIES

Consuelo Rámila, Samuel Contreras, Camila Di Domenico, Gonzalo Pizarro 106

* MYCORRHIZATION OF BETULA CELTIBERICA INCREASES THE TOLERANCE TO GROW IN A HEAVY-METAL POLLUTED SOIL

Daniel Fernández-Fuego, Elena Fernández-Miranda, Abelardo Casares, Ana Bertrand, Aida González 107

* SEED GERMINATION OF PLANT SPECIES USEFUL TO RECLAMATION OF WASTES AFTER Zn-Pb ORES FLOTATION USING IN VITRO AND IN VIVO ASSAYS

Zbigniew Gajewski, Ewa Muszyńska, Ewa Hanus-Fajerska, Tomasz Czech 108

* REMOVAL EFFICIENCY OF COPPER AND CHROMIUM BY AQUATIC MACROPHYTES EICHHORNIA CRASSIPES AND PISTIA STRATIOTES

A.B. Tabinda, R. Irfan, A. Yasar, G. Riaz 109

* EFFECT OF Pb AND Cu TOXICITY ON ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN SEEDLINGS OF CITRUS AURANTIUM L.

Giannakoula A., Sarafi E., Therios I., Chatzissavvidis C 110

* PRELIMINARY STUDY FOR THE PHYTOREMEDIATION OF HIGHLY ACIDIC MINE TAILINGS: SELECTION OF AMENDMENTS

Tania Pardo, Clémence Bes, Mª Pilar Bernal, Rafael Clemente 112

* THE EFFECT OF ORGANIC AND MINERAL SUBSTANCES ON THE MOBILITY OF CADMIUM IN THE SOIL - PLANT SYSTEM

Alžbeta Hegedúsová, Alena Andrejiová, Miroslav Šlosár, Alena Vollmannová, Janette Musilová, Ondrej Hegedűs, Tímea Pernyeszi 113

* TISSUE KINETICS OF METAL ACCUMULATION IN THE RECOVERY OF INDUSTRIAL WATER SLUDGE BY PLANTS

Juan Navarro-Aviñó, J.J Fernández Navarro, C. Cioranu, Leonor Lapeña, Pilar García-Agustín 114

<figure><img src="image_13.png" /></figure>
* HYPERACCUMULATOR THLASPI CAERULESCENS (GANGES ECOTYPE) RESPONSE TO INCREASING LEVELS OF DISSOLVED CADMIUM AND ZINC

Saoussen Benzarti, Helmi Hamdi, Shino Mohri, Yoshiro Ono.................................................................................. 135

* ASSESSMENT OF EFFICACY OF EDTA AND CITRIC ACID IN RHIZOFILTRATION ENHANCEMENT OF CADMIUM USING LEMNA MINOR

R. Aravind, V.S. Bharti, M. Rajkumar, P.K. Pandey, C.S. Purushothaman, A. Vennila, S.P. Shukla.................. 136

* THE CURRENT STATUS OF BISCUTELLA LAEVIGATA L. (BRASSICACEAE) SPECIMENS TESTED FOR THE SUITABILITY TO PHYTOREMEDIATION TECHNOLOGY

Ewa Muszyńska, Ewa Hanus-Fajerska, Krystyna Ciarkowska, Tomasz Czech .................................................. 137

* POTATOES - A CROP RESISTANT AGAINST INPUT OF HEAVY METALS FROM THE METALLICALY CONTAMINATED SOIL

Janette Musilova, Judita Bystricka, Jaromir Lachman, Lubos Harangozo, Pavol Trebichalsky, Beata Volnova.................................................................................................................................................. 139

* EVALUATION ABILITY TO ACCUMULATE Cd AND Zn OF ARABIDOPSIS HALLERI SSP. GEMMIFERA IN FIELD AND HYDROPONIC STUDY

Kazuki Sugawara, Xia Wen, Yi Huang, Keisuke Miyauchi, Ginro Endo, Nobuyuki Kitajima, Chihiro Inoue.................................................................................................................................................. 140

* LOCALIZATION OF SOYBEAN HMA8 TRANSPORTER AND ITS IMPLICATION IN COPPER HOMEOSTASIS

Diana Sancho, Marinus Pilon, Rafael Picorel, María Bernal.................................................................................. 141

* HEAVY METAL EFFECTS ON SUNFLOWERS: BIOMASS PRODUCTION AND ACCUMULATION CAPACITY

Xin Zhao, Dongwook Kim, Jae Young Kim.................................................................................................................................. 142

* ELEUSINE INDICA - A NEWLY DISCOVERED ANTIMONIC HYPERACCUMULATOR PLANT

Yuan YiNing.................................................................................................................................................................................. 143

* EFFECTS OF CADMIUM STRESS IN STRAWBERRY PLANTS

Hatice Gulen, Zeynep Zaimoglu, Fuat Budak, Muge Kesici Zengin, Sergul Ergin, Sevgi Demir, Atilla Eris.................................................................................................................................................. 144

* IMPORTANT ROLE OF ENHANCED LEVEL OF GLUTATHIONE IN CRAMBE ABYSSINICA TO DETOXIFY Ag NPs AND Ag+ IONS

Chuanxin Ma, Craig Musante, Stephanie Long, Rakesh Minocha, Jason C. White, Baoshan Xing, Om Parkash Dhankher.................................................................................................................................................. 145

* THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CONTENT OF HEAVY METALS IN SOILS AND IN STRAWBERRIES

Judita Bystricka, Janette Musilova, Pavol Trebichalsky, Jan Tomas, Radovan Stanovic, Daniel Bajcan, Petra Kavalcova .................................................................................................................................................. 146

* STUDY ON As UPTAKE AND REMOVAL BY As HYPER-ACCUMULATOR PTERIS VITTATA AND IT'S RHIZOSPHERE BACTERIA

Mei-Fang Chien, Kazuki Obata, Yi Huang, Keisuke Miyauchi, Ginro Endo, Chihiro Inoue ................................. 147

* ROOT UPTAKE OF Cs 134 EARLY AFTER RADIOACTIVE FALLOUT

Jan Mihalik.................................................................................................................................................................................. 148

* VARIOUS SPECIES FOR PHYTOREMEDIATION OF Ag, Cu AND Zn IN DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS FROM A SOIL MATRIX

Dominic Desjardins, Frédéric E. Pitre, Werther Guidi Nissim, Michel Labrecque.................................................. 149

* THE EFFECT OF SUPER ABSORBENT POLYMER ON PHYTOEXTRACTION OF TRACE ELEMENTS

Dongwook Kim, Seong Min Woo, Jaehong Yim, Jongchan Park, Eunjin Lee, Bomin Kang, Gwang Hyun Han .................................................................................................................................................. 150

* SACCHARIFICATION OF SUNFLOWER STALKS WITH HIGH METAL CONTENT USING LIGNOCELLULASES FROM A FUNGAL CONSORTIUM COMPRISING PHOLIOTA ADIPOSA AND ARMILLARIA GEMINA

Priyadharshini Ramachandran, Tae-Su Kim, Yun Chan Kang, Dongwook Kim, Jung-Kul Lee ................................. 151

* PHRAGMITES AUSTRALIS' DEFENSIVE RESPONSE TO METAL CONTAMINATION

A. Cristina S. Rocha, C. Marisa R. Almeida, M. Clara P. Basto, M. Teresa S.D. Vasconcelos ................................. 152

* INPUT OF RISK METALS INTO FABA BEAN CULTIVATED IN TARGETED CONTAMINATED SOIL IN MODEL CONDITIONS

Mária Timoracká, Alena Vollmannová, Dalaram S. Ismael, Janette Musilová.................................................. 153

<figure><img src="image_14.png" /></figure>
* OPTIMIZING VALORIZATION OF METAL-CONTAMINATED SOILS USING SRC OF WILLOW, PLANT-ASSOCIATED BACTERIA AND FERTILIZERS

Jolien Janssen, Sarah Croes, Nele Weyens, Robert Carleer, Jaco Vangronsveld.................................................. 154

* TRANSGENIC LINSEED (LINUM USITATISSIMUM L.) WITH alphaHMT1a: THE EFFECT ON THE ACCUMULATION OF SEVERAL METAL ELEMENTS

Magdalena Cvečková, Miroslava Vrbová, Michaela Pavelková, Martina Větrovcová, Iva Smýkalová, Miroslav Griga.................................................................................................................. 155

* THE EFFECT OF HUMIC ACIDS ON CADMIUM ACCUMULATION BY AGROPYRON REPENS L. AND BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS

Saule Atabayeva, Ayzhan Beisenova, Batyrbek Sarsenbayev, Saule Kenzhebayeva, Ravilya Alybayeva, Saltanat Asrandina .................................................................................................................. 156

* WILLOWS UNDER ARSENIC EXPOSURE: PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES, ACCUMULATION AND DIFFERENTIAL GENE EXPRESSION IN ROOTS AND ABOVE GROUND PARTS

Aymeric Yanitch, Emmanuel Gonzalez, Frederic Pitre, Simon Joly, Michel Labrecque.................................................. 157

* EFFECTS OF HEAVY METALS ON PLANT RECOMBINANT GLUCOSE-6PDEHYDROGENASE ISOFORMS

Alessia De Lillo, Marco Lentini, Daniela Castiglia, Sergio Esposito, Manuela Cardi.................................................. 158

* PHYTOEXTRACTION POTENTIAL OF VETIVERIA ZIZANIOIDES FOR REMOVAL OF COPPER FROM CONTAMINATED SOIL IN PRESENCE OF VARIOUS ORGANIC AMENDMENTS

Sanjeev K. Singh, Asha A. Juwarkar, Jyotsna S. Meshram.................................................................................................. 159

* PHYTOREMEDIATION POTENTIAL OF NATIVE FLORA OF CONTAMINATED SOIL OF VALE DAS GATAS MINE IN PORTUGAL

Paulo J.C. Favas, João Pratas .................................................................................................................................................. 160

* PERFORMANCE OF ATRIPLEX HALIMUS L. IN ABSORPTION AND TRANSLOCATION OF Cr(III) AND Cr(VI), AND EVALUATION OF HIS TOLERANCE TO METALS

Belarbi Amaria, Lotmani Brahim.................................................................................................................................................. 161

* EFFICIENCY OF CADMIUM ACCUMULATION IN EUROPEAN AND HYBRID LARCH FOR USE IN PHYTOREMEDIATION

Bonet Amandine, Saladin Gaëlle, Gloaguen Vincent, Faugeron Céline.................................................................................. 162

* ACCUMULATION PATTERNS OF Cr(VI)/Cr(III) – QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF XRF MAPS

Joanna Augustynowicz, Zbigniew Gajewski, Paweł Wróbel, Anna Kolton.................................................................................. 163

* HEAVY METALS AND METALLOIDS ACCUMULATION BY NATIVE FLORA OF MINING AREAS IN PORTUGAL: PHYTOREMEDIATION POTENTIAL

Paulo J.C. Favas, João Pratas, Mayank Varun, Rohan D'Souza, Manoj S. Paul.................................................................................. 164

* HEAVY METAL ACCUMULATION BY WILD PLANTS IN INDUSTRIALLY DISTURBED HABITATS OF THE MIDDLE URALS

Elena Zhujkova, Tatiana Zhujkova, Ludmila Leshukova, Elvira Zinnatova, Irina Kiselyova .................................................. 165

* PHYTOREMEDIATION OF URANIUM TAILINGS: ROLE OF CHELATORS IN TRIGGERING URANIUM ACCUMULATION IN WHEAT

Bhagawatilal Jagetiya .................................................................................................................................................................................. 166

* IN IN VITRO CULTURE OF DITTRICHIA VISCOSA, MICROPROPAGATION AND ITS POTENTIAL USE IN PHYTOREMEDIATION

Carmine Guarino, Angela Cicatelli, Barbara Conte, Serena Parrella, Claudia Nittolo, Valentina Spada, Rosaria Sciarrillo, Stefano Castiglione .................................................................................................................................................. 167

* EVALUATION OF ARSENIC REMOVAL POTENTIAL OF FIVE AQUATIC PLANTS GROWN SINGLY OR IN COMBINATIONS

Sudhakar Srivastava, Suvarna Sounderajan, Ambuja Udas, Penna Suprasanna.................................................................................. 168

## PERSISTENT ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS

* PROPOSED METHODOLOGY FOR RESTORATION OF UNCONTROLLED LANDFILLS IN INSULAR COMMUNITIES

Valentina Phiniketou, Antonis Zorpas.................................................................................................................................................. 171

<figure><img src="image_15.png" /></figure>
* HYDROPONIC PHOTOBIOREACTORS FOR THE REMOVAL OF TOXIC ORGANIC POLLUTANTS
Elisha Tel-Or, Itzhak Bilkis, Yael Grunwald, Eran Benyamini 172

* FULL-SCALE REMEDIATION OF CONTAMINATED SLUDGE USING PLANTS - INVESTIGATIONS, RESULTS AND EXPERIENCES
André Gerth, Diana Claus, Helmut Dietze, William Grosser, Anja Hebner 173

* ENVIRONMENTAL FATE OF PPCPs AT A 2,000 Ha MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER LAND-APPLICATION SITE
Andrew McEachran, Damian Shea, Elizabeth Guthrie Nichols 174

* MORPHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF MAIZE (ZEA MAYS) EXPOSED TO FORMERLY MULTICONTAMINATED SOILS
Joan Dupuy, Stéphanie Ouvrard, Pierre Leglize, Thibault Sterckeman 175

* IN SITU PHYTORECLAMATION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE AFTER ITS AMENDMENT WITH SOIL AND GRAVEL
Nataliia Suchkova, Dimitrios Alifragkis, Iakovos Ganoulis, Efthymios Darakas, Thomas Sawidis, Ioannis Tsiripidis, Felix Stolberg 176

* PHYTOREMEDIATION OF PHARMACEUTICALS IN WASTE WATERS - FROM LABORATORY TO REAL SCALE
Tomas Vanek, Tereza Hudcova, Jiri Syrovatka, Petr Soudek, Marie Pribylova, Petr Marsik 178

* PHYTOREMEDIATION OF PCBs CONTAMINATED AGRICULTURAL SOIL BY LEGUMINOSAE-GRAMINEAE INTERCROPPING
Chen Tu, Ying Teng, Yongming Luo 179

* IMPACT OF EKKMI ADDITION TO SOIL ON WEATHERED p,p'-DDE ACCUMULATION IN XYLEM SAPS OF PLANTS
Mehmet Isleyen, Jason C. White, Kendra Ann Morrison 180

* USING PLANTS TO REMEDIATE TNT AND RDX POLLUTION
Elizabeth L. Rylott, Long Zhang, Gengyun Zhang, Quyen Nguyen, Timothy J. Cary, Antonio J. Palazzo, Stuart E. Strand, Neil C. Bruce 181

* ARABIDOPSIS GLUTATHIONE TRANSFERASES DETOXIFY TNT
Kyriakos Tzafestas, Vanda Gunning, Helen Sparrow, Emily J. Johnston, Andrew S. Brentnall, Jennifer R. Potts, Elizabeth L. Rylott, Neil C. Bruce 182

* CONTRIBUTION OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL INOCULATION IN THE PHYTOREMEDIATION OF PAH POLLUTED SOILS: MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PROTECTIVE EFFECT
Ingrid Lenoir, Joël Fontaine, Anissa Lounès-Hadj Sahraoui 183

* PCB REMOVAL IN LAGOON SEDIMENTS USING POPLAR AND WILLOW PHYTO PROCESSES
Louis A. Licht 184

* PHYTOREMEDIATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL WITH POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHs) BY SALICORNIA PERSICA
Mahleh Eghbalinejad, Nayer-Azam Khosh Kholgh Sima 185

* DO CROSSTALKS WITH PRIMARY AND SECONDARY METABOLISM LIMIT OR STIMULATE THE DETOXIFICATION OF XENOBIOTICS?
Jean-Paul Schwitzguébel 186

* EXOGENEOUS OXYSTEROLS INCREASE THE NET PHOTOSYNTHETIC RATE, O₂ PRODUCTION AND CO₂ BINDING
Marek Kamlar, Dana Hola, Sarka Salajkova, Marie Kocova, Dana Tarkowska, Pavel Drasar, Olga Rothova, Tomas Macek 187

* BEFORE THE BLAST: THE INTERACTION BETWEEN PLANTS AND EXPLOSIVES
Paul V. Manley, II, Julie C. Zinnert, Donald R. Young 188

* IN-SILICO STUDIES OF Cu-Zn SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE ENZYME FROM HELIANTHUS ANNUUS WITH POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS TO FIND OUT INSIGHT INTO ITS PHYTOREMEDIATION CAPABILITIES
Sudeep Roy, Garima Soni, Ashok Sharma, Ivo Provaznik 189

* ASSESSING THE USE OF SALIX ALAXENSIS FOR THE RHIZOREMEDIATION OF DIESEL-CONTAMINATED SOIL
Jessica Starsman, Silke Schiewer, Bill Schnable, Mary Beth Leigh 190

<figure><img src="image_16.png" /></figure>
* A CONSISTENTLY ENHANCED PHOTOSYNTHETIC CAPACITY IMPROVES BRASSINOLIDE-MEDIATED PHENANTHRENE STRESS TOLERANCE

Golam Jalal Ahammed, Jing Quan Yu.................................................................................................................. 191

* EXPLOSIVES CONTAMINATED SOIL AS A PHYSIOLOGICAL FILTER AGAINST PLANT SUCCESSION AND ESTABLISHMENT

Stephen M. Via, Julie C. Zinnert, Donald R. Young.................................................................................................................. 192

* APPLICATION OF PLANTS FOR BENZENE REMOVAL

Chairat Treesubsuntorn, Paitip Thiravetyan .................................................................................................................. 193

* COMPARISON OF STIMULATED PHYTOREMEDIATION OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS IN AN AGED AND A FRESHLY SPIKED SOIL

Imran Hussain, Bernhard Wimmer, Gerhard Soja, Angela Sessitsch, Thomas G. Reichenauer.................. 194

* RECLAMATION OF OIL SAND MINING SITES IN CANADA: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FOR PHYTOTECHNOLOGIES

Jim Germida, Natalie Blain, Eduardo Mitter, Sagar Chhabra, Renato De Freitas, Bobbi Helgason........ 195

* SUCCESSIONAL TRAJECTORIES OF STRUCTURAL AND CATABOLIC BACTERIAL COMMUNITIES IN OIL POLLUTED HYBRID POPULUS RHIZOSPHERES: A 2-YEAR FIELD STUDY

Shinjini Mukherjee, Timo Sipilä, Pertti Pulkkinen, Kim Yrjälä.................................................................................. 196

* CLEANSED PROJECT: SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF POLLUTED DREDGED RIVER SEDIMENTS

Serena Doni, Cristina Macci, Eleonora Peruzzi, Grazia Masciandaro .................................................................................. 197

* PHYTO-DEHYDRATION OF POLLUTED SEDIMENTS IN AN ARTIFICIAL POND

Dario Liberati, Paolo De Angelis, Paolo Sconocchia, Andrea Sconocchia.................................................................................. 198

* THE INFLUENCE OF ACTIVATED CARBON ON BIO/PHYTOREMEDIATION OF SOILS CONTAMINATED WITH CHLOROPHENOLS

Elena R. Strijakova, Galina K. Vasilyeva.................................................................................................................. 199

* BIODEGRADATION OF 2,4-DINITROTOLUENE BY SELECTED PLANT SPECIES

Radka Podlipná, Kateřina Moťková, Tomas Vanek .................................................................................................................. 200

* THE EFFECT OF STRESSFUL STIMULI (MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL) ON THE EXPRESSION OF SECONDARY METABOLITES IN POPLAR BUDS

Libor Mrnka, Tomáš Frantík, Václav Čmolík, Pavel Matějka, Miroslav Vosátka .................................................. 201

* CONTENT OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN MAIZE ON SOIL CONTAMINATED WITH HEATING OIL AFTER APPLICATION OF NEUTRALIZING SUBSTANCES

Miroslaw Wyszkowski, Veranika Sivitskaya.................................................................................................................. 202

* THE INDUCED PHYTOREMEDIATION OF ORGANOCHLORIDE PESTICIDES POLLUTED SOILS USING DERIVATIVE AND COMPOSITION OF OKSAN

A. Nurzhanova, S. Kalugin, R. Baizhumanova, Ch. Seisenbai, Y. Sailaukhanuly.................................................................................. 203

* IMPACT OF ORGANIC MATTER ADDITION TO SOIL ON WEATHERED p,p-DDE ACCUMULATION IN CUCURBITA PEPO CULTIVARS

Pinar Sevim .................................................................................................................................................................................. 204

* PHYTOREMEDIATION OF ORGANIC WASTE LEACHATE USING IPOMOEA AQUATICA IN TROPICAL COUNTRY

Ramlah Mohd Tajuddin .................................................................................................................................................................................. 205

* PRELIMINARY EVIDENCES FOR THE ACCUMULATION OF DIOXINS AND FURANS IN PLANT TISSUES ON A PHYTOREMEDIATION SITE CONTAMINATED WITH ACC AND PCP

Frederic E. Pitre, Hafssa Kadri, Aymeric Yanitch, Michel Labrecque.................................................................................. 206

## PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS

* TRANSGENERATIONAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SEED ENDOPHYTIC BACTERIA OF A PLANT GROWING ON MINE RESIDUES

Ariadna Sánchez-López, Jaco Vangronsveld, Nele Weyens, Ma. del Carmen A. González Chávez, Rogelio Carrillo González.................................................................................................................. 209

* AUTOCHTHONOUS BIOAUGMENTATION AS A STRATEGY TO ENHANCE Cu PHYTOREMEDIATION BY A SALT MARSH PLANT

Tânia Oliveira, Ana Paula Mucha, Izabela Reis, Paula Rodrigues, Carlos Rocha Gomes, C. Marisa R. Almeida .................................................................................................................. 210

<figure><img src="image_17.png" /></figure>
* EFFECT OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI SPECIE ON MAIZE GROWTH AND HEAVY METALS UPTAKE
Ahmed Elgharably, Nivien Allam, Galal Elgharably.................................................................................. 229

* MICROBE ASSISTED PHYTOREMEDIATION TECHNOLOGY FOR ENHANCED REMEDIATION OF OIL SLUDGE CONTAMINATED SOILS
Sneha V. Nanekar, Asha A. Juwarkar........................................................................................................ 230

* IMPROVEMENT OF GROWTH OF HELIANTHUS TUBEROSUS L. BY SOIL AND ROOT ENDOPHYTIC BACTERIA ON A Cd-Zn CONTAMINATED SOIL
Blanca Montalbán, Mª Carmen Lobo, Sarah Croes, Nele Weyens, Jaco Vangronsveld, Araceli Pérez-Sanz.................................................................................................................................................. 231

* POPLARS HOST DIFFERENT COMMUNITIES OF FUNGAL ENDOPHYTES IN HEAVY-METAL POLLUTED AND UNPOLLUTED SOILS
Christoph S. Schmidt, Libor Mrnka, Tomáš Frantík, Miroslav Vosátka .................................................................................. 232

* REDUCTION OF Cr(VI) To Cr(III) BY THE ENDOPHYTIC BACTERIA OF THE HALOPHYTE JUNCUS ACUTUS L.
Helen Dimitroula, Evdokia Syranidou, Eleni Manousaki, Nicolas Kalogerakis................................................................ 233

* IMPROVING PHYTOREMEDIATION OF CHLORENDIC ACID BY EXPLOITING PLANT-ASSOCIATED BACTERIA
Inge Jambon, Nele Weyens, Robert Carleer, Jaco Vangronsveld................................................................................ 234

* MODIFICATION OF MICROORGANISM COMMUNITY IN THE GRASS GROWING IN SOIL CONTAMINATED WITH PAHs
Juliusz Markowski, Marta Frymus, Stanisław W. Gawroński.................................................................................. 235

* RHIZODEGRADATION OF PHENANTHRENE BY A BACTERIAL STRAIN ISOLATED FROM AND REINOCULATED INTO THE RHIZOSPERE OF A HALOPHYTE SESUVIUM PORTULACASTRUM LINN.
Fang Yang, Yuanrong Luo, Lingfeng Huang.................................................................................................................. 236

* SELENIUM PHYTOTOXICITY IN CORN (ZEA MAYS L.): POTENTIAL ROLE OF MICROBES TO ALLEVIATE Se TOXICITY IN CEREAL CROP
Muhammad Yasin, Muhammad Faisal.................................................................................................................. 237

## ECOSYSTEM SERVICES & ECORESTORATION

* SOIL ECOSYSTEM SERVICES FOR THE EVALUATION OF A METAL PHYTOSTABILIZATION PROCESS ASSISTED WITH PGPBs
Aritz Burges, Garazi Benito, Fernando Blanco, Unai Artetxe, José Mª Becerril, Lur Epelde, Carlos Garbisu.................................................................................................................................................. 241

* ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF PLANT TRACE ELEMENT (HYPER)-ACCUMULATION –SELENIUM AS A CASE STUDY
Elizabeth A.H. Pilon-Smits, Ali F. El Mehdawi........................................................................................................ 242

* PHYTOAVAILABILITY AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSOCIATED WITH CADMIUM IN AN ORGANIC MATTER RICH SOIL
Michele Parisien, Allison Rutter, Barbara Zeeb........................................................................................................ 243

* NATURALLY SELENIFEROUS SOILS: POTENTIAL SOURCE OF SELENIUM FOR BIOFORTIFIED FOOD CROPS
Muhammad Yasin, Ali Farag El Mehdiwi, Muhammad Faisal, Courtney E. Jahn, Marie F.S. Turner, Elizabeth A. H. Pilon-Smits.................................................................................................................................................. 244

* PHYTOTECHNOLOGIES AND ECORESTORATION IN AGRICULTURAL MATRICES OF NEW ZEALAND
Nicholas Dickinson.................................................................................................................................................. 245

* DECREASE IN SOIL ORGANIC MATTER FROM PALAEO TO PRESENT DAY SOILS IN SOUTH AFRICA – A CHALLENGE FOR PHYTOREMEDIATION
Bea Hurter, Pieter W. van Deventer.................................................................................................................. 246

* PLANT ESTABLISHMENT, COMMUNITY STABILIZATION, AND ECOSYSTEM DEVELOPMENT ON OILS SANDS SOFT TAILINGS
Stephen Ebbs, Lilyan Glaeser, Melissa House, Dale Vitt.................................................................................. 247

<figure><img src="image_18.png" /></figure>
• REVEGETATION OF MUCK DUMPING SITES IN INDIAN HIMALAYAN REGION

RD Singh, Gopichand, SK Vats, RK Ogra, Arvind Gulati, Anil Sood, RR Pawar, Jaspreet Singh, Sharad Bhatnagar, Vikrant Jaryan, RL Meena, Ranjeet Singh, Om Parkash, Rakesh Goel, AK Singh, PS Ahuja... 248

PLANT-NANOPARTICLE INTERACTIONS

• INVESTIGATING POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLES ON PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Stephen Ebbs, Scott Bradfield, Pawan Kumar, Xingmao Ma.................................................................................. 251

• PHYTOTOXICITY OF MULTIWALL CARBON NANOTUBES AND IMPACT ON THE UPTAKE OF COEXISTENT PESTICIDES BY LETTUCE (LACTUCA SATIVA L.)

Helmi Hamdi, Roberto De La Torre-Roche, Joseph Hawthorne, Jason C. White.................................................................................. 252

• TOXICOGENOMICS OF CdS QDs INTERACTIONS WITH ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA

Luca Pagano, Marta Marmiroli, Davide Imperiale, Nelson Marmiroli.................................................................................. 253

• PLANT UPTAKE AND TRANSLOCATION OF RADIOACTIVELY LABELLED TiO₂ AND CeO₂ NANOPARTICLES

Stanislav Smrček, Ján Kozempel, Uwe Holzwarth, Elena Bellido Vera, Matteo Dalmiglio, Neil Gibson... 254

• INTERACTION BETWEEN METALLIC NPs AND SALT MARSH PLANTS: IMPLICATIONS FOR PHYTOREMEDIATION

Federico Andreotti, Cátia Caetano, Ana Paula Mucha, Paula Rodrigues, Carlos Rocha Gomes, C. Marisa R. Almeida.................................................................................................................................................................................. 255

• CO-EXPOSURE TO ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLES ALTERS THE TOXICITY AND ACCUMULATION OF PERSISTENT PESTICIDES IN AGRICULTURAL CROPS

Jason C. White, Roberto De la Torre-Roche, Joseph Hawthorne, Helmi Hamdi, Baoshan Xing, Lee A. Newman, Xingmao Ma.................................................................................................................................................. 256

• NANOPARTICLE EFFECT ON PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISMUS OF PLANTS

Tomas Vanek, Petr Soudek, Radka Podlipná, Martin Vagner, Přemysl Landa, Radomíra Vaňková............ 257

• TROPHIC TRANSFER POTENTIAL OF RARE EARTH ELEMENT (REE) OXIDE NANOPARTICLES THROUGH TERRESTRIAL FOOD CHAINS

Jason C. White, Roberto De la Torre-Roche, Joseph Hawthorne, Sanghamitra Majumdar, Jorge Gardea-Torresdey, Baoshan Xing, Lee A. Newman, Xingmao Ma.................................................................................. 258

• IMPACT OF CERIUM OXIDE NANOPARTICLES ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES OF BRASSICA RAPA IN THREE GENERATIONS

Xingmao Ma, Stephen D. Ebbs, Qiang Wang.................................................................................................................................................. 259

• GENE REGULATIONS AND ANTIOXIDANT ENZYME RESPONSES IN ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA TO NANOPARTICLE CERIUM AND INDIUM OXIDE EXPOSURE

Chuanxin Ma, Hong Liu, Baoshan Xing, Craig Musante, Jason C. White, Om Parkash Dhankher.................. 260

• EVIDENCES OF GENOTOXICITY AND PHYTOTOXICITY IN ZEA MAYS AND HORDEUM VULGARE EXPOSED TO CeO₂ AND TiO₂ NANOPARTICLES

Alessandro Mattiello, Filip Pošćić, Rita Musetti, Massimo Vischi, Luca Marchiol .................................................. 261

• BIOTISATION AND NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR PHYTOREMEDIATION

Turnau K., Ogar A., Wężowicz K., Plazuk E., Stojakowska A., Malarz J., Rozpadek P.................................................. 262

• DIRECT TOXIC EFFECTS OF SUPERPARAMAGNETIC IRON OXIDE NANOPARTICLES ONTO MICROALGAL CHLORELLA SP.

Derek Juinn Chieh Chan, Joanna Wan Yii Tai, Pey Yi Toh, Bee Wah Ng .................................................................................. 263

• RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY APPROACH FOR TRACE ELEMENTS AND NUTRIENTS ADSORPTION ONTO NANO-MAGHEMITE

Domingo Martínez-Fernández, Deniz Bingöl, Michael Komárek.................................................................................. 264

• PROTEOMICS OF ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA MUTANTS RESISTANT TO CdS QUANTUM DOTS (CdS QDs)

Davide Imperiale, Marta Marmiroli, Luca Pagano, Nelson Marmiroli.................................................................................. 265

• INVESTIGATION OF UPTAKE (ENDOCYTOSIS), AND TRANSLOCATION OF GOLD NANOPARTICLES IN PLANTS

Meaghan Kern, Guangshu Zhai, Katherine Walters, Jerald Schnoor.................................................................................. 266

<figure><img src="image_19.png" /></figure>
* UPTAKE AND ACCUMULATION OF ZnO AND CuO ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLES IN CARROT AND PARSNIP

Pawan Kumar, Xingmao Ma, Stephen Ebbs.................................................................................................................. 267

* IRON AND ZINC NANOPARTICLES IN MICROBIALLY ASSISTED BIOREMEDIATION OF Zn-Pb POST-FLOTATION WASTES

Rafał Ważny, Ewa Plażuk, Inna Zhebrak, Anna Ogar, Teresa Anielska, Szczepan Zapotoczny, Piotr Rozpqdek, Katarzyna Turnau.................................................................................................................. 268

* NANO - HEAVY METAL INTAKE, TRANSPORT, ACCUMULATION AND TOXICOLOGY OF FRAGARIA X ANANASSA

Zeynep Zaimoglu, Reyhan Erdogan, Hatice Gulen, Fuat Budak, Dilek Budak.................................................................................................................. 269

## HUMAN EXPOSURE & RISK

* ECOLOGICAL BENCHMARK VALUES FOR Cd IN BRAZILIAN SOILS: A PHYSIOLOGICAL AND ECOTOXICOLOGICAL APPROACH

Ingrid Fernanda Santana Alvarenga, Gabriel Caixeta Martins, Luiz Roberto Guimarães Guilherme ...... 273

* MOLECULAR AND BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND MODE OF ACTION OF SAP13 IN PROVIDING TOLERANCE TO MULTIPLE ABIOTIC STRESSES

Parul Tomar, Anirudha Dixit, Om Parkash Dhankher .................................................................................................................. 274

* TOXIC ARSENIC COMPOUNDS REMAIN IN NATIVE PLANT SPECIES FROM ARSENIC POLLUTED SOILS

Sara García-Salgado, M. Ángeles Quijano ................................................................................................................................. 275

* PHYTOREMEDIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT: A NEW APPROACH

Nelson Marmiroli, Elena Maestri, Valeria Giovannelli.................................................................................................................. 276

* EUROPEAN AND NATIONAL LEGISLATION WITH REGARDS TO THE DIFFERENT STEPS IN A PHYTOREMEDIATION APPROACH FOR METAL-CONTAMINATED LAND

Hoppenbrouwers Marianne, Witters Nele, Vangronsveld Jaco, Mench Michel, Bert Valerie, Gaucher Rodolphe, Vanheusden Bernard .................................................................................................................. 277

* DOUBLE WIN: PHYTOREMEDIATION SAFEGUARDS INCOME WHILE MINIMIZING HEALTH RISKS IN AN AGRICULTURAL REGION

Witters Nele, Van Passel Steven, Vanheusden Bernard, Ruttens Ann, Mendelsohn Robert O., Meers Erik, Tack Filip, Vangronsveld Jaco.................................................................................................................. 278

* THE EFFECT OF SILICON ON THE UPTAKE AND TRANSLOCATION OF ARSENIC IN TOMATO (SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM L.)

M. Marmiroli, V. Pigoni, M.L. Savo-Sardaro, N. Marmiroli .................................................................................................................. 279

## MOLECULAR ENGINEERING

* USE OF POPLAR FOR REHABILITATION OF METAL POLLUTED SOILS

Van Anh Le Thi, Mathieu Pottier, Annabelle Dejardin, Gilles Pilate, Sébastien Thomine................................. 283

* PREPARATION OF TRANSGENIC PLANTS STIMULATING BACTERIAL DEGRADATION OF PCBs

Veronika Kurzawova, Martina Chovancova, Jitka Viktorova, Tomas Macek, Martina Novakova............ 284

* PHENOTYPIC AND GENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF N₂-FIXING BACTERIA NODULATING LEGUMINOUS SPECIES ON SOILS FROM MINING AREAS

Wesley de Melo Rangel, Paulo Ademar Avelar Ferreira, Silvia Maria de Oliveira Longatti, Daiane Silva Bonaldi, Fatima Maria de Souza Moreira, Jaco Vangronsveld.................................................................................................................. 285

* PREPARATION OF TRANSGENIC PLANTS WITH IMPROVED RESISTANCE TO STRESS

Jitka Viktorova, Lucia Kazimirova, Petra Lovecka, Tomas Macek.................................................................................................................. 286

## BIOCHAR

* INVESTIGATIONS WITH BIOCHAR AND HALOPHYTES IN THE PHYTOREMEDIATION OF A HIGH SALINITY LANDFILL

Kaitlin McSorley, Barbara A. Zeeb, Allison Rutter.................................................................................................................. 289

<figure><img src="image_20.png" /></figure>
* BIOCHAR IMMOBILIZES RISK ELEMENTS AND IMPROVES WILLOWS BIOMASS PRODUCTION ON HEAVILY CONTAMINATED SOIL
  Kateřina Břendová, Jiřina Száková, Pavel Tlustoš.................................................................................. 290

* EFFECTIVENESS OF BIOCHAR FOR INCREASING SOIL QUALITY AND REDUCING METAL BIOAVAILABILITY OF THREE DIFFERENT SOILS
  Markus Puschenreiter, Wolfgang Friesl-Hanl, Gerald Dunst, Mario Wagner, Franz Zehetner, Jasmin Karer, Anna Wawra, Jakob Fessl, Christoph Hoefer, Gerhard Soja .................................................................................. 291

* NANOSCALE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ENGINEERED NANOMATERIALS AND BLACK CARBON (BIOCHAR) IN SOIL
  Jason C. White, Joseph Hawthorne, Roberto De la Torre-Roche, Alia D. Servin .................................................................................. 292

* OPPORTUNITIES AND DRIVERS FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOCHAR PRODUCTION BY VALORISING AGRI-FOOD SOLID PROCESSING RESIDUES AND WASTES
  D. Rovas, A. Zabaniotou.................................................................................................................................................. 293

* USE OF BIOCHAR AS A POST ANAEROBIC DIGESTION TREATMENT FOR AMMONIUM-NITROGEN REMOVAL FROM PIGGERY SLURRY
  Kizito Simon, Wu Shubiao, Lei Ming, Dong Renjie.................................................................................................. 294

* BIOCHAR INFLUENCE ON CeNPs LEACHING AND PLANT UPTAKE IN LEPIDIUM SATIVUM FROM PACKED-LYSIMETER EXPERIMENT
  Guido Fellet, Alessandro Mattiello, Rita Musetti, Luca Marchiol.................................................................................. 295

* A STUDY ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF BIO-CHAR WITH THE SLUDGE OF SEWAGE BY LOW TEMPERATURE HYDROTHERMAL CARBONIZATION
  Minah Oh, Woori Jo, Seungjin Oh, Seong-Kyu Park, Jai-Young Lee.................................................................................. 296

GREEN ROOFS / COVERS / SUSTAINABILITY

* ENERGY SAVING POTENTIAL BY THE APPLICATION OF GREEN ROOFS IN GREEK SCHOOL BUILDINGS
  G. Kotsiris, A. Androutsopoulos, E. Polychroni, P.A. Nektarios.................................................................................. 299

* THE ADAPTIVE APPROACH AS A MEANS TO INCREASE GREEN ROOFING THE MEDITERRANEAN BASIN
  Nektarios P.A., Ntoulas N., Kotsiris G., Nydrioti E., Varela D., Kapsali T., Kokkinou I., Reisi E., Amountzias I. .................................................................................................................................................. 300

* VEGETATIVE COVER AS A SUSTAINABLE METHOD FOR REHABILITATING VARIOUS MINE TAILINGS THROUGH PHYTOSTABILIZATION
  Jacobus M. Pretorius, Pieter W. van Deventer........................................................................................................ 301

* SEDUMS ROLE IN METAL RETENTION AND EMISSION BY GREEN ROOFS
  Julie Schwager, Amandine Ouros, Jean-Claude Begin, Véronique Ruban, Françoise Watteau, Jean-Louis Morel .................................................................................................................................................. 302

* LAYER SOIL FORMATION ON TAILING HEAPS AFTER SOIL COVERS AND TREES AFORESTATION
  Rogelio Carrillo González, Ma. del Carmen A. González Chávez .................................................................................. 304

* ADVANTAGES AND DISSADVANTAGES OF THE PRESENCE OF THE 1BL.1RS WHEAT-RYE TRANSLOCATION IN SUSTAINABLE WHEAT PRODUCTION
  Ioannis N. Xynias, Theano Lazaridou, Chryssanthi Pankou, Athanasios Mavromatis, Demetrios G. Roupakias .................................................................................................................................................. 305

* EFFECT OF THE 1BL.1RS WHEAT - RYE TRANSLOCATION ON THE ANDROGENIC RESPONSE IN BREAD WHEAT
  Theano Lazaridou, Chryssanthi Pankou, Ioannis N. Xynias, Demetrios G. Roupakias.................................................. 306

* EVALUATION OF PLANT SPECIES AND SOILLESS SUBSTRATES FOR MEDITERRANEAN SUSTAINABLE GREEN ROOF INSTALLATIONS
  Damiano Biagiotti, Germina Giagnacovo, Rita Di Bonito, Carlo Alberto Campiotti .................................................................................. 307

* ANAEROBIC DIGESTATE AS A SUITABLE PLANT GROWTH PROMOTER IN SUBACID SOILS
  Giacomo Lencioni, Nicola Cavirani, Davide Imperiale, Marta Marmiroli, Nelson Marmiroli .................................................. 308

<figure><img src="image_21.png" /></figure>
* TEMPORAL EVOLUTION OF SOIL QUALITY UNDER SHORT ROTATION COPPICE AS COMPARED TO FOREST, GRASSLAND AND ARABLE PLOTS

Marie Stauffer, Corinne Leyval, Jean-Jacques Brun, Jacques Berthelin 311

* ENERGY USE AND GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN ORGANIC AND CONVENTIONAL PEACH AND KIWI ORCHARDS

Marios Michos, George C. Menexes, Andreas P. Mamolos, Constantinos A. Tsatsarelis, Kiriaki L. Kalburtji 312

* PHYTOREMEDIATION WITH MISCANTHUS PRODUCED FOR BIOENERGY

Lawrence C. Davis, Larry E. Erickson, Ganga Hettiarachchi, Joni Mengarelli, Valentina Pidlisnyuk, Kraig Roozeboom, Tetyana Stefanovska, Natalya Tatarina 313

* GROWING LEMNA MINOR IN HUMAN AND SYNTHETIC URINE FOR BIOMASS PRODUCTION, NUTRIENTS AND ANTIMICROBIALS REMOVAL

Evangelia I. Iatrou, Aloupi Maria, Athanasios S. Stasinakis, Nikos S. Thomaidis 314

* ANAEROBIC CO-DIGESTION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE WITH GRAPE RESIDUES FROM WINE PRODUCING PROCESS

A.E. Maragkaki, M. Fountoulakis, K. Lasaridi, M. Kornaros, T. Manios 315

* HARVESTING OF MICROALGAE THROUGH MAGNETOPHORESIS: INHIBITORY EFFECT OF IONPS TOWARD BIOFUEL PRODUCTIVITY

Pey Yi Toh, Joanna Wan Yii Tai, Bee Wah Ng, Derek Juinn Chieh Chan 316

* ASSESSMENT OF JATROPHA CURCAS AS A POTENTIAL FEEDSTOCK FOR BIOFUEL PRODUCTION IN SOUTH MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES

Eleni G. Papazoglou 317

* PHYTOREMEDIATION POTENTIAL OF SELECTED ENERGETIC PLANTS (MISCANTHUS GIGANTEUS AND PHALARIS ARUNDINACEA) IN DEPENDENCE ON FERTILIZATION

Malgorzata Kacprzak, Karolina Rosikon, Anna Grobelak, January Bien 318

* USE OF TE CONTAMINATED SITES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF BIOMASS FOR BIOCHAR

Michael W.H. Evangelou, Anette Brem, Fabio Ugolini, Samuel Abiven, Rainer Schulin 319

* MICROALGAE FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT, CO2 MITIGATION AND BIOFUELS: DREAM OR SUSTAINABLE MAID FOR ALL WORK?

Jean-Paul Schwitzguébel, Stephen Mackay, Eduardo Gomes, Rolene Bauer, Christof Holliger 320

* TECHNICAL, ECONOMIC, ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY OF GASIFICATION-BASED BIOENERGY SYSTEMS FOR THE MEDITERRANEAN AGRO-INDUSTRIAL SECTOR

P. Manara, A. Zabaniotou 321

* SRWC POTENTIAL BIOENERGY MARKETS IN NORTH CAROLINA, USA

Elizabeth Guthrie Nichols, Dennis W. Hazel 322

* DEVELOPING A BIOMASS TO ENERGY UTILIZATION MANAGEMENT SPATIAL DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM - IT TOOL FOR THE ISLAND OF CRETE

M. Marneri, E. Dialynas, G. Daskalakis, V. Manios 323

* DEVELOPMENT OF A PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION SYSTEM OF WOODY BIOMASS FOR HEATING MUNICIPAL BUILDINGS - BIOMASS

A. Maragkaki, A. Papadaki, M. Fountoulakis, I. Petousi, N. Markakis, F. Galliou, G. Daskalakis, J. Sampathianakis, T. Manios 324

* COMPARATIVE STUDY OF H2-PRODUCTION UNDER SULFUR DEPLETION BY THE GREEN ALGAE C. REINHARDTII AND S. OBLIQUUS

Aikaterini Papazi, Aristidis Michoglou, Antigoni Nikolaki, Armida-Irine Gjindali, Dimitrios Stafanakis, Eleftherios Touloupakis, Georgia Zaxariou, Vassiliki Petroulea, Nikolaos Chaniotakis, Ioannis Sanakis, Vassileios Petrouleas, Georgios Tsiotis, Anastasios Melis, Kiriakos Kotzabasis, Dimitrios Ghanotakis 325

* PREDICTION OF FORAGE ENERGY POTENTIAL THROUGH THE REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN GROWING CONDITIONS AND ENERGY POLICY

Pavel Tlustos, Josef Hakl, Pavel Fuksa, Lukas Pacek 326

<figure><img src="image_22.png" /></figure>
## MONITORING

* PHYTOMONITORING OF AIRBORNE PCB CONTAMINATION FROM TWO LOCAL POINT SOURCES IN THE CANADIAN ARCTIC

Barbara A Zeeb, Carol Luttmer, Sarah Ficko, Ken Reimer, Allison Rutter.................................................. 329

* TERRESTRIAL PLANT BIOCONCENTRATION FACTORS FOR ORGANIC CHEMICALS: EXPERIMENTAL VALUES DATABASE AND SCREENING-LEVEL MODEL EVALUATION

Bill Doucette, Erik Dettenmaier, Chuba Shunthirasingham, Jon Arnot................................................................ 330

* PHYTOSCREENING FOR PERCHLORATE: RAPID ANALYSIS OF TREE SAP

Matt Limmer, Danielle West, Ruipu Mu, Honglan Shi, Joel Burken, Kim Whitlock.................................................. 331

* COMPARISON OF TREE CORING AND SOIL GAS SAMPLING FOR SCREENING OF CONTAMINATED SITES

Mette Algreen, Marcel Stalder, Charlotte E. Riis, Jan Petersen, Mariusz Kalisz, Janusz Krupanek, Stefan Trapp, Mette Broholm .................................................................................................................. 332

* PERSPECTIVES OF WOODY PLANT IMPLEMENTATION IN PHYTOREMEDIATION OF TOXIC ELEMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL CITIES

Svetlana Gorelova, Marina Frontasyeva, Sergey Lyapunov, Anatoliy Gorbunov, Olga Okina........................ 333

* THE REPETITIVE-NON CODING DNA OF BRYOPHYTES, A DIFFERENT, SIMPLE, FAST, AND INEXPENSIVE KIND OF "EARLY GENETIC INDICATOR"

Bassi Paola, Ferraro Marina, Basile Adriana.................................................................................................................. 334

* CHANGES IN THE LEVELS OF HSP70 IN RELATION TO HEAVY METALS EXPOSITION IN LEMNA MINOR

Lentini Marco, De Lillo Alessia, Castiglia Daniela, Esposito Sergio, Cardi Manuela........................................ 335

* AQUATIC MACROPHYTES AS POTENTIAL PHYTOREMEDIATORS AND BIOMONITORS OF POLLUTED WATER BODIES IN THE MIDDLE URAL

Maleva M.G., Chukina N.V., Borisova G.G. .................................................................................................................. 336

* LONG-TERM MONITORING OF CHLORINATED SOLVENTS IN TREES

Matt Limmer, Amanda Holmes, Joel Burken.................................................................................................................. 337

## HALOPHYTES

* PHYTOREMEDIATION OF HEAVY METALS FROM COASTAL WATERS AND THEIR MOLECULAR MECHANISMS

Abid Ali Ansari, Subrata Trivedi................................................................................................................................. 341

* PRODUCTION OF THE HALOPHYTE FORAGE ATRIPLEX AMNICOLA FROM HEAVY METALS CONTAMINATED SOILS

Mamdouh Alsayed Eissa.................................................................................................................................................. 342

* USE OF HALOPHYTES FOR PHYTOREMEDIATION OF ROAD RUNOFF CONTAMINATED BY DEICING SALTS

Rémi Suaire, Ivana Durickovic, Marie-Odile Simonnot .................................................................................................. 343

* MIXED HEAVY METAL TOLERANCE AND ACCUMULATION IN THE WETLAND HALOPHYTE JUNCUS ACUTUS L.

Evdokia Syranidou, Eleni Manousaki, Stavros Christofilopoulos, Nicolas Kalogerakis.................................. 344

* ALTERNANTHERA BETTZICKIANA A POTENTIAL PHYTOREMEDIATOR: GROWTH, METAL UPTAKE AND OXIDATIVE STRESS

Shafaqat Ali, Hafiz Muhammad Tauqeer, Mujahid Farid, Qasim Ali.................................................................................. 345

* PHYTOREMEDIATION OF A HYPERSALINE SOIL IN KUWAIT BY RHIZOSPHERIC AND PHYLLOSPHERIC MICROORGANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH ORGANS OF A HALOPHILIC WILD PLANT

Dina M. Al-Mailem, Mais Marafie, Mohamed Eliyas, Samir Radwan.................................................................................. 346

* CICHORIUM SPINOSUM AS A PHYTOREMEDIATION SPECIES

Mendoni Eleni, Salonikioti Anastasia, Petropoulos Spyridon, Antoniadis Vasilios, Efthimia Levizou........ 347

## EMERGING ISSUES

* SUSTAINABLE REUSE OF NITROGEN-LADEN PROCESS WATER IN POPLAR TREE VADOSE ZONES AT VARIOUS SCALES

Hayden Ausland, Lou Licht, Craig Just .................................................................................................................... 351

<figure><img src="image_23.png" /></figure>
* REMOVAL OF CHROMIUM (VI) FROM THE AQUEOUS SOLUTION USING PERSIMMON TANNIN GEL
Tomonobu Hatano, Takehiko Tsuruta .................................................................................................................. 352

* THE IMPORTANCE OF PLANTS WHEN USING IN SITU CARBON SORBENTS FOR THE REMEDIATION OF ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS
Mackenzie J. Denyes, Allison Rutter, Barbara A. Zeeb................................................................................................ 353

* ASSESSING THE AMENDING POTENTIAL OF LOW CARBON FOOTPRINT MATERIALS IN Zn MINING AREAS
Gabriel Caixeta Martins, Ingrid Fernanda Santana Alvarenga, Luiz Roberto Guimarães Guilherme ...... 354

* LED LIGHT QUALITIES AS AN ARTIFICIAL STIMULUS IMPROVE THE GROWTH OF TWO MEDITERRANEAN SPECIES CULTIVATED INTO A CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT
Sonia Smirnakou, Kalliopi Radoglou.................................................................................................................. 355

* PHYTOEXTRACTION AND ECOLOGICAL CATALYSIS: SYMBIOSIS FOR FUTURE
Pr. Claude Grison.................................................................................................................................................. 356

* SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS FROM THE IMPLEMENTED RENEWABLE ENERGY PARKS (SOLAR, AIR, BIOMASS) IN CYPRUS
Michalis Tsangas, Antonis A. Zorpas .................................................................................................................. 357

* DEVELOPING A PRACTICAL DECISION SUPPORT TOOL (DST) FOR THE APPLICATION OF PHYTOTECHNOLOGIES
Andrew Cundy, Kenechukwu Onwubuya, Paul Bardos, Markus Puschenreiter, Nele Witters, Jaco Vangronsveld, Michel Mench, Ingo Mueller................................................................................................ 358

* EFFECT OF ANTIOXIDANT RICH SPICES, CLOVE AND CARDAMOM EXTRACTS ON THE METABOLIC ENZYME ACTIVITY OF LABEO ROHITA
Oyas Ahmed Asimi, Norattam Puri Sahu, Asim Kumar Pal .................................................................................. 359

* PROCESSING OF PLANT BIOMASS HARVESTED AT TRACE ELEMENT-CONTAMINATED SITES MANAGED BY GENTLE (PHYTO) REMEDIATION OPTIONS
Valérie Bert, Serge Collet, Florence Delgratta, Jannis Dimitriou, Rolf Herzig, Jolien Olga Janssen, Jaco Vangronsveld, Silke Neu, Michel Mench, Anne Loppinet-Serani, Patrick Lemaître, Mathieu Chaillou, Carine Richer, Markus Puschenreiter................................................................................................ 360

* SEMI-CONTINUOUS TREATMENT OF PENTACHLOROFENOL BY BIOLOGICAL FENTON REACTION
Yoshihiko Inagaki, Shoichi Nagahashi, Ami Fujiwara, Andre Rodrigues dos Reis, Yutaka Sakakibara...... 361

* THE USE OF POLYPHENOLIC COMPOUNDS OBTAINED FROM OLIVE OIL MILL WASTE (OMWW) AS ECOLOGICAL PLANT PROTECTION AGENT AGAINST SEVERAL FUNGAL PATHOGENS ON TOMATO PLANTS. STUDIES IN VITRO AND IN VIVO
S.V. Leontopoulos, I. Giavasis, K. Petrotos, Ch., Makridis .................................................................................. 362

* BIOMANAGEMENT OF PESTICIDE CONTAMINATED SOILS: MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS FOR FEASIBILITY ASSESSMENT AND MONITORING
Nejla Hechmi, Nadhira Ben Aissa, Hassen Abdenacceur, Naceur Jedidi ................................................................ 363

* OPTIMIZATION OF CADMIUM (Cd²⁺) REMOVAL FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS BY NOVEL BIOSORBENT
Alaa El Din Mahmoud, Manal Fawzy, Ahmed Radwan................................................................................................ 364

* CONCENTRATIONS OF PERFLUOROOCTANOATE AND PERFLUOROOCTANE SULFONATE IN SEDIMENT OF WESTERN CAPE RIVERS, SOUTH AFRICA
John Baptist Nzukizi Mudumbi, Seteno Karabo Obed Ntwampe, Munyololo Muganza, Andrew Rand, Okechukwu Jonathan Okonkwo.................................................................................................................. 365

* TRANSPRATION TO THE PTERIS VITTATA L. ARSENIC ENRICHMENT BY SEVERAL DIFFERENT TEST METHODS
Han zhou Hao, Zheng yi Fu, Xue bin Zhong, Hua Wei................................................................................................ 366

* ESTIMATION OF BIOGENIC EMISSIONS OF VOLATILE COMPOUNDS FROM A MINE SOIL UNDER VARIOUS BIOREMEDIATION TECHNIQUES
Ignacio Guzmán Carrizosa, Aránzazu Peña, Mª Dolores Mingorance, Sabina Rossini Oliva, Antonio José Fernández Espinosa.................................................................................................................. 367

* VICIA-MICRONUCLEUS TEST AS A TOOL TO ASSESS SOIL GENOTOXICITY POTENTIAL
Adrien Dhyevre, Damien Blaudez, Michel Chalot, Serge Muller, Sylvie Cotelle................................................................ 368

<figure><img src="image_24.png" /></figure>
* WASTE WATER ECOMANAGEMENT THROUGH (ZERO ENERGY SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT) Z.E.S.T.P.

Uday Bhan Prajapati, Shyam Singh, Shiraz A Wajih.................................................................................. 390

* EVALUATING WASTEWATER EXPORT TO LOCAL STREAMS FROM A FORESTED-MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER LAND-APPLICATION FACILITY

Andrew Birch, Elizabeth Guthrie Nichols.................................................................................................................. 391

Author index .................................................................................................................................................. 395

<figure><img src="image_25.png" /></figure>
<figure><img src="image_26.png" /></figure>
<figure><img src="image_27.png" /></figure>

PLENARY PRESENTATIONS
<figure><img src="image_28.png" /></figure>
# GORDON AWARD PLENARY PRESENTATION

## FROM PHYTOREMEDIATION TO PHYTOMANAGEMENT

### Michel Mench

UMR BIOGECO INRA 1202, University of Bordeaux, allée Geoffroy St-Hilaire, CS 50023, FR-33615 Pessac and INRA, Cestas, FRANCE.

*Corresponding author email: mench@bordeaux.inra.fr*

## ABSTRACT

Studies on the behavior of trace elements in the plant-soil systems date back to the 60' at the INRA Bordeaux-Aquitaine Research Centre. Molecular mechanisms in the rhizosphere (notably the pivotal role of root exudates) were explored in the 80-90'. Since 1991, we have been investigating the potential of soil conditioners, native and naturalized colonizer species, annual crops, microorganisms, cultural practices, and post-harvest treatments to build up relevant phytoremediation options. The new paradigm of phytomanagement includes to build tools for assessing initial and residual risk assessments, to deeply investigate the molecular mechanisms driving plant tolerance to excess metal(loid)s (with emphasis here for Cu) for selecting relevant genotypes, to test the effectiveness of plant and endophyte assemblages, to long-term monitor the phytomanagement options implemented at various sites(for effectiveness and life cycle assessment). Milestones where for instance obtained for the use of zerovalent iron grit and Linz-donawitz slags, phytoremediation of Cu-contaminated soils, hydrothermal treatment of phytoremediation-borne biomass, and changes in the soluble proteome of *Agrostis capillaris* exposed to excess Cu. Both terrestrial options and constructed wetlands must be sometime implemented at several sites to address the pollutant linkages. The crop production on metal(loid)-contaminated soils under phytoremediation and its use for notably plant-borne feedstock in local conversion chains (trying to generate financial opportunities) as well as the restoration of ecosystem services are both exciting challenges, which are in particular explored within the EU FP7 Greenland project (http://www.greenland-project.eu/).

<figure><img src="image_29.png" /></figure>
# PLANT TRANSFORMATIONS OF HORMONE CHEMICALS

S. Bircher<fnref n="1" />, M. L. Card<fnref n="2" />, Y-P. Chin<fnref n="2" />, G.S. Zhai<fnref n="1" />, J. L. Schnoor<fnref n="1" />

Corresponding author email: Jerald-schnoor@uiowa.edu

## ABSTRACT

Hormones are used widely in the cattle industry to improve weight-gain and prevent disease. Manure from the animals is frequently applied on agricultural land as fertilizer, and hormonally active compounds can move with runoff into surface waters where they pose a risk to human and environmental health. However, riparian zone plants and associated bacteria in the root zone could uptake and biodegrade hormonally active compounds from agricultural fields. Hydroponic uptake, translocation, and transformation of three estrogens (17β-estradiol, 17α-ethinylestradiol, and zeranolZAL) and one androgen (trenbolone acetate, TBA) were assessed in this laboratory study by poplar trees (Populus deltoides x nigra, DN-34). Treatments included dead poplar controls (dead roots and bacteria only), living poplars excised to minimize evapotranspiration, and whole living poplars in hydroponic solution. Aqueous concentrations of target hormones decreased by more than 97% (from initial concentrations of 2 mg L-1) after 10 days of exposure to whole or excised poplars, and by less than 84% with exposure to dead poplars. Target hormones and major transformation products (estrone and estriol for estradiol, zearalanone for zeranolZAL, and trendione for trenbolone acetate) were detected in the tissues of all three poplar treatments, with concentrations peaking after 1 to 5 days and then decreasing in full and excised poplars. Concentrations increased slowly in the roots of dead poplars and degraded more slowly. Taken together, these data show that poplar trees may be effective in controlling the movement of hormonally active compounds from agricultural runoff to streams. This is the first report of plant transformation of TBA, a widely used hormone in the cattle industry.

<figure><img src="image_30.png" /></figure>

<footnote n="1">¹ W. M. Keck Phytotechnologies Laboratory, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 USA</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² Environmental Science Graduate Program, School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 USA</footnote>
# USING NATURAL FUNCTIONAL BIOTA SOLVES FARMLAND POLLUTION IN A SUSTAINABLE WAY

**Yongming Luo**<fnref n="1" />,<fnref n="2" />, **Longhua Wu**<fnref n="2" />, **Ying Teng**<fnref n="2" />, **Wuxing Liu**<fnref n="2" />, **Chen Tu**<fnref n="1" />, **Haibo Zhang**<fnref n="1" />, **Jing Song**<fnref n="2" />, **Pengjie Hu**<fnref n="2" />

Corresponding author email: ymluo@yic.ac.cn

## ABSTRACT

With the rapid development of industrialization, urbanization, and intensive agriculture in China, more and more agricultural soils have been contaminated with persistent toxic substances such as cadmium (Cd), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and this has threatened the security of agricultural production, the natural environment, and human health. Therefore, a better understanding of pollution characteristics has always been the scientific frontier in the field of soil environmental science. How to achieve the green, economic, and sustainable remediation of contaminated agricultural soils is still a topic of global concern. The key to solving the problem is to provide insight into the contamination processes and bioremediation mechanisms of pollutants in the soil. Since the last decade the research group has selected typical agricultural soils with low-to-moderate pollution levels representing different regions and has investigated contamination processes and bioremediation mechanisms. These studies have provided a theoretical and methodological framework for the green and sustainable remediation of contaminated agricultural soils worldwide.

The primary discoveries are as follows:

1. Identifying the sources and bonding mechanisms of heavy metals (HMs) and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in agricultural soils; Predicting the spatial distribution of HMs in edible crops based on bioavailability; Proposing a set of soil ecotoxicity and ecological risk assessment methods based on different scales from genes to communities.

2. Clarification of the accumulation and detoxification mechanisms of a newly found cadmium/zinc hyperaccumulator, *Sedum plumbizincicola*, indicating that *S. plumbizincicola* can rapidly absorb the soluble Cd and Zn from the rhizosphere soil and transfer them to the shoots; Certification of the solubilization and migration effects on adsorbed HMs by organic chelate; Elucidation of the principles for organic chelate-enhanced phytoremediation.

3. Isolating microbial strains with high biodegradation ability for high-molecular-weight PAHs; Revealing the mechanism of metabolic degradation of toxic B[a]P by a bacterial strain; Filling in the gap in knowledge of fungal laccase oxidation remediation of PAH contaminated soils; Elucidating synergistic remediation mechanisms under reductive dechlorination of PCBs and symbiotic nitrogen fixation by legume-rhizobium associations.

In conclusion, the research group has made some breakthroughs in basic scientific problems including source identification and bonding mechanisms, chemical speciation and bioavailability, hyperaccumulation and detoxification mechanisms, and microbe enhanced phytoremediation principles.

<figure><img src="image_31.png" /></figure>

<footnote n="1">¹ Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China</footnote>
<figure><img src="image_32.png" /></figure>
<figure><img src="image_33.png" /></figure>

FIELD PROJECTS
<figure><img src="image_34.png" /></figure>
# LARGE SCALE DEMONSTRATION OF TREE-BASED PHYTOSTABILIZATION ASSISTED BY SYMBIOTIC FUNGI OF METAL-CONTAMINATED SITES

Damien Blaudez<fnref n="1" />, Charlotte Berthelot<fnref n="1" />, Julie Foulon<fnref n="2" />, Mohamad Assad<fnref n="2" />, Olivier Girardclos<fnref n="2" />, Battle Karimi<fnref n="2" />, Corinne Leyval<fnref n="1" />, Valérie Bert<fnref n="3" />, Sébastien Roy<fnref n="4" />, Michel Chalot<fnref n="2" />

Corresponding author email: Damien.Blaudez@univ-lorraine.fr

## ABSTRACT

We developed an integrated bioremediation strategy that combines two poplar clones with rhizospheric microorganisms, exploiting the complex interactions evolved for the mutual benefit of both organisms, in which plant roots provide habitat, nutrients and exudates to microbial populations, whereas microbes facilitate mineral nutrition of plants. The rationale behind combining tree species and mycorrhizal fungi resides in the fact that poplar species selected are fast growing, producing large amount of harvestable biomass and capable of forming arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal symbiosis with fungi. Hosting different mycorrhizal types might be of functional importance for plant nutrition and has been shown to contribute to metal tolerance of host plants as fungi can reduce the metal uptake by the plant by sequestration, extracellular precipitation and biosorption to the cell walls. Indeed, a number of recent data support the hypothesis that mycorrhizal fungi play a filtering/sequestering role on plant roots enhancing root to shoot metal ratio and increasing survival rate in harsh conditions

Implementations of large scale field trials of poplars (SRC) inoculated with symbiotic microorganisms have been set up. Three sites of about 1 ha have been selected on the basis of (i) contaminants pollution level/history, (ii) hydrological/soil conditions, (iii) ongoing soil remediation research. The first site is a former agricultural area contaminated for nearly a century by metals due to the deposit of waste waters from the city of Paris. The second site is an industrial tailing pond contaminated by mercury and arsenic. The third site is a former agricultural soil that received large amounts of metal-enriched sediments. Poplars were planted and inoculated or not with a consortium of mycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhizal species were chosen from results of molecular analyses of the mycorrhizal diversity of poplar roots collected from several metal-polluted sites. Genomic analyses revealed a predominance of *Glomus* and *Hebeloma* species. Two year after planting, woody biomasses were estimated using dendrometric parameters. Mycorrhizal poplars produced significantly more biomass than non inoculated ones. Height, diameter, and basal area of inoculated trees varied among the three studied sites and were generally between 15 and 35% higher when compared to non inoculated trees.

From these experimental sites, we have also developed a strategy for isolating fungal strains of interest. We have therefore isolated a set of ectomycorrhizal and endomycorrhizal isolates, as well as fungal endophytes from poplar roots. The isolated strains were first characterized and tested in metal tolerance assays and the most tolerant strains were used in a second set of experiments for their capacity to improve plant growth under controlled conditions. Four fungal strains were able to stimulate growth of their host plants. The two most promising strains, belonging to the group of dark-septate endophytes, were find to be tolerant to a set of metals and significantly improve plant growth. We also succeeded in isolating and producing *in vitro* large scale inocula of several endomycorrhizal isolates.

The usefulness of symbiotic inocula for biomass production on metal-polluted sites, as well as their potential for improving the efficiency of phytotechnologies in the remediation process will be further discussed.

**Acknowledgements:** The financial support by ANR project Biofiltree contract No. ANR-10-INTB-1703-01-BIOFILTREE is greatly appreciated.

<figure><img src="image_35.png" /></figure>

<footnote n="1">¹ Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux, UMR 7360 CNRS-Université de Lorraine, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Bld des Aiguillettes, 54506 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, UMR 6249 CNRS-Université de Franche-Comté, Pôle Universitaire du Pays de Montbéliard, 4 place Tharradin, 25211 Montbéliard, France</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³ INERIS, Rue Jacques Taffanel, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France</footnote>

<footnote n="4">⁴ Agronutrition SAS, rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 31681 Labège, France</footnote>
# GENTLE SOIL REMEDIATION OF TRACE ELEMENT-CONTAMINATED SOILS –
SUCCESS STORIES FROM THE GREENLAND PROJECT

**Markus Puschenreiter**<fnref n="1" />, **Michel Mench**<fnref n="2" />, **Valerie Bert**<fnref n="3" />, **Jurate Kumpiene**<fnref n="4" />, **Petra Kidd**<fnref n="5" />, **Andrew Cundy**<fnref n="6" />

*Corresponding author email: markus.puschenreiter@boku.ac.at*

## ABSTRACT

Contamination of soils with trace elements (TE) is worldwide still one of the major environmental problems. Conventional technologies for soil remediation are usually very expensive and may negatively affect or destroy soil structure and functions. Phytoremediation technologies, however, include a set of gentle remediation options (GRO) which are approaches based on plants and associated microbes as well as soil amendments for remediating trace element-contaminated soils at low cost and without significant negative effects for the environment. The main technologies are phytoextraction, in situ immobilization and assisted phytostabilization. Although GRO comprise very innovative and efficient technologies, they are still not widely used as practical site solution due to several reasons of hindrance.

Although major progress has been achieved on the lab scale, success stories obtained in the field are still limited, in particular regarding the long-term efficiency. Also, the issue of valorization of the potentially contaminated plant biomass has insufficiently been addressed so far. Furthermore, additional development is needed regarding the adequate determination of end-points of GRO. Finally, the application of GRO as practical site solution may be hindered by legal frameworks and by insufficient knowledge of the decision makers. Long term and large-scale field experiments may provide data required for the overall assessment of GRO efficiency, effectiveness and sustainability. Therefore, the EU-FP7-project "Gentle remediation of trace element-contaminated land – GREENLAND; www.greenland-project.eu) with 17 partners from 11 countries has been launched on January 1 2011 to address these issues and to make GRO ready for use as practical site solution.

The project has the following main objectives:

* Sustainable management adapted to TE-contaminated sites and deployment of GRO at field scale, using 16 case studies on different sites across Europe

* Valorisation of plant biomass produced on TE contaminated sites where GRO are implemented

* Harmonization of methods to assess the bioavailability of TE and development of a tool set to monitor the sustainability of GRO

* Improving GRO through plant and microbe selection and modifications in soil TE bioavailability

* Appraisal of current GRO practice, and development of implementation guidance and decision support frameworks

An overview on the major outcomes and implications of the Greenland project will be presented.

**Acknowledgements:** The financial supporting of the FP-7 project GREENLAND, contract No. 266124, by the European Commission is greatly appreciated.

<figure><img src="image_36.png" /></figure>

<footnote n="1">¹ University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Tulln, Austria</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Bordeaux, France</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³ Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des Risques, Verneul en Halatte, France</footnote>

<footnote n="4">⁴ Luleå tekniska universitet, Luleå, Sweden</footnote>

<footnote n="5">⁵ Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Santiago de Compostela, Spain</footnote>

<footnote n="6">⁶ University of Brighton, Brighton, UK</footnote>
# FIELD DEMONSTRATIONS OF PHYTOREMEDIATION OPTIONS IN THE EU FP7 GREENLAND NETWORK OF TRACE ELEMENT-CONTAMINATED SITES

Michel Mench<fnref n="1" />, Rolf Herzig<fnref n="3" />, Jaco Vangronsveld<fnref n="4" />, Petra Kidd<fnref n="5" />, Wolfgang Friesl-Hanl<fnref n="6" />, Valérie Bert<fnref n="7" />, Felipe Macias<fnref n="8" />, Ingo Müller<fnref n="9" />, Jioannis Dimitriou<fnref n="10" />, Grzegorz Siebielec<fnref n="11" />, Giancarlo Renella<fnref n="12" />, Markus Puschenreiter<fnref n="13" />, Aliaksandr Kolbas<fnref n="1" />,<fnref n="2" />, Nadège Oustrière<fnref n="1" />, Celestino Quintera-Sabaris<fnref n="1" />, William Galland<fnref n="1" />, Chloé Laffontas<fnref n="1" />, Maria Galende<fnref n="1" />, Jolien Janssen<fnref n="4" />, Vanessa Álvarez-López<fnref n="5" />, Silke Neu<fnref n="9" />, Andy Cundy<fnref n="14" />

Corresponding author email: mench@bordeaux.inra.fr

## ABSTRACT

Performances of the most promising gentle remediation options (GRO) for trace element-contaminated soils (TECS), i.e. (aided) phytostabilisation, phytoextraction, and in situ stabilization/phytoexclusion, are assessed in a European network of 14 large field trials, within the EU FP7 GREENLAND project (http://www.greenland-project.eu/). The GRO efficiency is evaluated regarding various (a)biotic stresses, climatic conditions, pollutant linkages, (phyto)remediation strategies and sustainable land management. Investigated field sites cover a range of contamination scenarios (e.g. agricultural soils contaminated by dust fallout, sludged soils, mine tailings, landfills, dredged sediments, and post-industrial soils).

Harmonized datasets are built up on metal(loid) exposure, plant parameters and yields (notably for plant parts converted into feedstock), mineral and biochemical composition of plant parts, ecosystem services, financial return and costs. Soils are sampled to monitor changes in metal(loid) exposure (e.g. labile contaminant pools), transfer to environmental compartments and bioaccessibility, ecotoxicological risks, and soil (multi)functionality and biodiversity. Transfer and bioconcentration factors, shoot metal(loid) removal, contaminant fluxes, and tolerance indices are computed. Dose (exposure) – plant response relationships are modelled.

Data are summarized for various plant covers including poplar and willow short rotation coppices, annual crops of secondary metal accumulators (sunflower and tobacco), and metal-excluders (e.g. perennial grasses, barley and maize cultivars). The long-term efficiency and sustainability of GRO, progresses in remediation objectives (in compliance with national and best procedures), timescale management, maintenance, uncertainty and limitations (including spatial variation of contaminants, water requirements, global changes, etc.), potential flexibility and deployment at other sites are discussed as well as new deployed GRO and cultural practices (e.g. bioaugmentation).

**Acknowledgements:** The authors are grateful for financial support from the European Commission under the Seventh Framework Programme for Research (FP7-KBBE-266124, GREENLAND).

<figure><img src="image_37.png" /></figure>

<footnote n="1">¹UMR BIOGECO INRA 1202, University of Bordeaux 1, Talence and INRA, Cestas, France</footnote>

<footnote n="2">²Brest State University named after A.S. Pushkin, Brest, Belarus</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³Phytotech Foundation, Berne, Switzerland</footnote>

<footnote n="4">⁴Universiteit Hasselt, Diepenbeek, Belgium</footnote>

<footnote n="5">⁵Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiológicas de Galicia, CSIC, Santiago de Compostela, Spain</footnote>

<footnote n="6">⁶Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Tulln, Austria</footnote>

<footnote n="7">⁷INERIS, Verneuil en Halatte, France</footnote>

<footnote n="8">⁸Tratamientos Ecológicos del Noroeste, Touro, Spain</footnote>

<footnote n="9">⁹Saxon State Office for Environment, Agriculture and Geology, Freiberg, Germany</footnote>

<footnote n="10">¹⁰Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet, Uppsala, Sweden</footnote>

<footnote n="11">¹¹IUNG, Pulawy, Poland</footnote>

<footnote n="12">¹²Universita degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italy</footnote>

<footnote n="13">¹³BOKU, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria</footnote>

<footnote n="14">¹⁴School of Environment and Technology, University of Brighton, UK</footnote>
# PHYTOTOXICITY ARISING VIA SOIL POLLUTION FROM GOLD MINE WASTES IN SOUTH AFRICA – A SITUATION ANALYSIS

**Angelique Daniell**¹, Pieter W. van Deventer²

¹,²School of Geo- and Spatial Sciences / Soil Science, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa

Corresponding author email: angelique.daniell@gmail.com

## ABSTRACT

Phytotoxicity is the term generally used to describe the toxic effects that organic and inorganic compounds have on plant growth. In the case of mining activities, high levels of inorganic compounds (such as trace elements) and salinity commonly cause phytotoxic effects. Degraded landscapes adjacent to gold mine wastes typically suffer loss of efficiency as a result. Restoration of these areas has become a primary concern in the fields of environmental science and management in recent decades.

Assessments and detailed monitoring of pollution took place over a period of four years on farmland adjacent to the Mine Waste Solutions (MWS) No. 5 gold tailings disposal facility (TDF). Very little surface rehabilitation was conducted on the MWS-5 TDF prior to 1992 due to the lack of environmental legislation in South Africa at the time. The adjacent land north of the MWS-5 TDF has therefore been subjected to soil pollution and vegetation degradation from this TDF. During dry periods, significant amounts of sulphate salts accumulate on the soil surface of the farm, extending over a distance of at least 3.5 km from the TDF in a north-eastern direction.

In this study, Landscape Function Analysis (LFA) and Ecosystem/Extended Function Analysis (EFA) were combined with vegetation and soil analyses. The LFA/EFA monitoring procedure was developed by David Tongway for the Australian rangelands to assess the impact of pollution by phytotoxic trace elements on the phytostability of natural vegetation within a study area. The LFA was used in combination with the Descending-Point method to assess changes in vegetation in order to ascertain the effects of phytotoxic trace elements on the natural vegetation during the time period 2010 to 2014.

The primary objective of this study was to determine/identify LFA indicators in order to assess which of the twelve fixed points could be considered functional or dysfunctional. Additionally, the species composition and soil quality indicators of the different fixed points were determined to evaluate the effects of the pollution. Phytotoxic trace elements such as Fe, Mn, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Cd, Zn, As, Pb and U were extracted from the soil and plant tissue using the standard method described by the EPA 3050B by means of total acid digestion. Plant-availability of these trace elements in the soil solution was assessed via the ammonium nitrate extraction method. The concentrations of the extracted trace elements were quantatively determined by ICP-MS analysis.

Over the extent of the study area there were marked changes in species composition, richness and diversity, with *Cynodon Dactylon*, *Setaria sphacelata* var. *torta* and *Eragrostis chloromelas* being the dominant grass species. Several sites showed encroachment of *Seriphium plumosum* which has a negative effect on grazing qualities. The different phytotoxic trace elements that exceed the toxic threshold values or that pose a threat to the three dominant grass species are discussed in detail. The change in phytotoxic trace element concentrations over the four years of this study is profiled. Furthermore, explanations relating to the ongoing effects of the phytotoxic trace elements, as reflected in the LFA at the fixed-point sites, are provided.

**Keywords:** phytotoxicity, soil quality indicators, gold TDF, pollution, LFA/EFA

**Acknowledgements:** Financial support from the Technology and Human Resources for Industry Programme (THRIP) of the National Research Foundation (NRF) [South Africa] as well as from AngloGold Ashanti / Mine Waste Solutions is greatly appreciated.

<figure><img src="image_38.png" /></figure>
# PHYTOEXTRACTION OF LEAD CONTAMINATED SOILS WITH FAGOPYRUM ESCULENTUM: A FIELD AND LABORATORY SCALE STUDY

Armelle Braud, Dorine Bouquet, Pierre Gaudin, Alice Hazotte, Elodie Leclerc, Thierry Lebeau

IRSTV, Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique de Nantes UMR 6112, France

Corresponding author: Thierry.lebeau@univ-nantes.fr

## ABSTRACT

Soil contamination has been widely studied and the development of more sustainable and cheaper remediation techniques (bioremediation, phytoextraction) is increasingly gaining interest, especially for diffuse contamination of trace elements as in agricultural contaminated soils. Numerous studies have already tested Pb removal from soils using phytoextraction and several hyperaccumulators have been identified, such as buckwheat (*Fagopyrum esculentum* Moench) [1,3], whose interest relies on its hardiness and its low consumption of fertilizers. Despite the high amount of papers about Pb phytoextraction, very few studies have tested in the field the efficiency of the selected plants [4].

Our research project is part of a national program for monitoring urban garden soils (JASSUR) taking place in seven French cities. Concentrations of Pb exceeding the threshold value for human consumption have been found in vegetables, and resulted in the closure of several garden plots by the city council, [2]. A costly rehabilitation management (i.e 60 k€ for 2000 m²) was undertaken by bringing clean arable soil, not to mention the consumption of soil, a non-sustainable resource.

As an alternative, *in situ* phytoextraction with buckwheat, combined with a 5 mmol/kg citric acid application was tested to enhance the phytoextraction rate and hence to reduce the time needed for the soil rehabilitation (main limiting factor of this technique). A field experiment was conducted during 5 months on a contaminated garden parcel, with a Pb gradient from 97 to 314 mg/kg of soil. The parcel was divided in 32 squares: 8 without plant, 16 with *Fagopyrum esculentum* and 8 with *Fagopyrum esculentum* and citric acid. Several sampling times were performed during each stage of the plant growth and the mobile form of Pb (CaCl2 extracted), as well as Pb in the roots and shoots of the plant were analyzed.

The first results showed that Pb uptake by buckwheat was far below our expectations with a bioconcentration factor (BCF) of 0.008 while Tamura *et al*. showed a BCF of 0.63 with the same plant, in laboratory conditions. To explain these results, several tests have been started: (i) the characterization of Pb mobility and speciation in naturally-contaminated (situation of the garden plots here studied) vs. anthropogenic-contaminated soils (same Pb content but originated from an atmospheric contamination), (ii) a selection of different extractants at different concentrations to enhance the phytoextraction rate, (iii) a comparison of different species of buckwheat.

## References:

1. Chaudhry, T. M., Hayes, W. J., Khan, A. G., and Khoo, C. S., (1998) Phytoremediation - Focusing on accumulator plants that remediate meatl-contaminated soils. Australasian J. Ecotox. 4, 37-51.

2. Jean-Soro, L., Le Guern, C., Béchet, B., Lebeau, T., and Ringeward, M.-F., (2014) Study of trace metals anomalies in an urban garden in Nantes, France. Journal of Soil Science.

3. Tamura, H., Honda, M., Sato, T., and Kamachi, H., (2005) Pb hyperaccumulation and tolerance in common buckwheat (*Fagopyrum esculentum* Moench). Journal of Plant Research 118, 355-359.

4. Vangronsveld, J., Herzig, R., Weyens, N., Boulet, J., Adriaensen, K., Ruttens, A., Thewys, T., Vassilev, A., Meers, E., Nehnevajova, E., Lelie, D., and Mench, M., (2009) Phytoremediation of contaminated soils and groundwater: lessons from the field. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 16, 765-794.

**Acknowledgements:** This project was supported by the ANR JASSUR 2012 (ANR-12-VBDU-0011).

<figure><img src="image_39.png" /></figure>
# THE USE OF RECLAIMED WATER IN SILVICULTURE FOR WOOD PRODUCTION IN SMALL COMMUNITIES AND RURAL ZONES

**Isabel Martín**<fnref n="1" />, **Juan José Salas**<fnref n="1" />, **Angel de Miguel**<fnref n="2" />, **Irene de Bustamante**<fnref n="2" />, **Javier Lillo**<fnref n="2" />, **Juan Ramón Pidre**<fnref n="1" />

Corresponding author email: imartin@centa.es

## ABSTRACT

In recent years in the south of Spain has been a change in land use. This change is a result of various factors such as the low value of agricultural products on the market, the abandonment of rural areas and therefore farmland and a trend towards urbanization of small towns. In relation to the above, there has been an abandonment of agriculture on marginal lands and in contrast intensification of agriculture in those suitable land for it. In this context new forest areas such as forest plantations are created. These plantations can have different purposes such as intensive forestry for wood production, afforestation of marginal agricultural land for use as carbon sinks for achieving the Kyoto Protocol targets or, in other cases, as established Green Filters for wastewater treatment in small communities or rural areas.

At small-scale application, wastewater treatment requires simple techniques with low operating and maintenance costs. This approach increasingly promotes the use of so-called 'non-conventional' technologies, due mainly to the fact that they have many advantages when it comes to debugging the wastewater. Likewise, in the context of wastewater reuse, the use of low-cost water reclamation technologies is also necessary, provided it is done with sufficient safeguards for public health.

The study has been conducted in the Experimental Center of Carrión de los Céspedes, Seville, Spain; center on R&D&I for urban wastewater treatment and reuse (http://www.centa.es). The aim of the present work is to assess the suitability of a Green Filter of 2,000 m<fnref n="2" /> as a water reclamation system and the end wood production of two plantations of trees (*Populus euroamericana* and *Eucaliptus camaldulensis*), irrigated with treated urban wastewater by Lagooning system during a period of ten years (Figure1).

Fortnightly sampling of raw wastewater (preliminary treated by means a bar screen of 3 cm and sieve of 3 mm) was carried out, as well as monthly sampling from the final effluents of a maturation pond and six lysimeters (catching treated effluents at 30, 60 and 90 cm deep), subsequently replaced by three piezometers at 10 m deep.

The results of the study have been assessed based on physic-chemical effluents quality regarding BOD<sub>5</sub>, COD and TSS concentrations and microbiological concentration on *E. coli* and intestinal helminthes eggs. Some operational parameters as flow (m³/d) and hydraulic retention time- HRT- (d), as well as meteorological values (precipitation, temperature and evaporation) have been included, in order to complement the performance analysis of wastewater treatment technologies.

Regarding to the evolution of forest biomass and the wood production, five sampling have been done: 2005, 2006 and 2014. During each sampling period, were done measurements of the height and diameter of trees at a height of 1.30 m above the ground. For analysis of biomass, were selected and extracted 10 trees of each plot, which were extracted fractions of aerial and underground parts for the calculation of wet and dry weights, and humidity. Data reveal that most of the effluents met BOD<sub>5</sub>, COD and TSS removal of 80-95%. As for bacteriological characterization, in all cases the *E. coli* and total coliforms concentration found are below the ranges specified in Annex IA of Spanish regulation for wastewater reuse. Regarding the eggs of intestinal helminths, although in raw wastewater has been found the following species: *Toxocara sp.* of animal origin, *Trichuris sp.* and *Himenolepys sp.*, in analyzed effluents have not been detected the presence of them.

Regarding the evolution of biomass and wood production, final results after 10 years of monitoring will be presented at the congress, due to the final cutting down has been done two days before abstract's writing.

Results and the experience of several years of study, can allow ensure that from the environmental standpoint, Green Filters are systems involving reclamation of treated wastewater, reuse the same for obtaining biomass and recharge underlying aquifers and the improvement of the landscape (by incorporating forested areas). This can promote the socio-economic integration of the environment and improve the development degree of small and rural areas as other marginal agricultural lands.

**Acknowledgements:** The financial support by CGL2012-39520-C03-01 (Water reuse: beyond the Royal Decree 1620/2007).

<figure><img src="image_40.png" /><figcaption>Figure 1. Overview of the studied Green Filter, planted with *P. euroamericana* and *E. camaldulensis*.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_41.png" /></figure>

<footnote n="1">¹Foundation Centre of New Water Technologies (CENTA), Seville, Spain</footnote>

<footnote n="2">²IMdea Water Institute, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain</footnote>
# PHYTOREMEDIATION OF AN ORGANIC AND INORGANIC POLLUTED SOIL: REAL SCALE EXPERIENCE

**Cristina Macci, Serena Doni, Eleonora Peruzzi, Grazia Masciandaro**

Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) – Istituto per lo Studio degli Ecosistemi (ISE), Via Moruzzi 1 -56124 Pisa, Italy

Corresponding author email: cristina.macci@ise.cnr.it

## ABSTRACT

An increasingly industrialized global economy over the last century has led to dramatically elevated release of anthropogenic chemicals into the environment, in particular petroleum hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, pesticides, and metals. As a result, much recent research activity has focused on the application of phytoremediation technologies (the use of plants and their associated microorganisms) as an environmentally friendly and economically feasible means for decontamination of polluted soil. Phytoremediation is, in fact, cost-effective and less disruptive for the environment and, other than remove the contamination, it can improve the overall soil quality and texture through the incorporation of organic materials, nutrients and oxygen released by plants and microbial metabolic processes.

In the present investigation, a phytoremediation approach made up of native plants and natural growing vegetation has been proposed at real-scale to bioremediate and functionally recover a soil historically contaminated by metals, hydrocarbons and polychlorobiphenyls (PCB). The soil (about 0.5 ha), located in an industrial area of San Giuliano Terme Municipality (Pisa, Italy), was divided in four plots and planted with four different plant species: *Paulownia tomentosa*, *Cytisus scoparius*, *Populus nigra*, *Populus alba*.

Soil samples were periodically (every six months) collected from the experimental area at 0-30 and 30-60 cm depth. In the attempts to assess both efficiency and evolution of the remediation system towards a natural soil ecosystem, two classes of marker parameters were selected: those describing the nutrient status (total and soluble forms of C, N, P) and efficiency of the microbiological components (enzyme activities) and those describing the capability of the system to efficiently remove pollutants (hydrocarbon, heavy metals and polychlorobiphenyls).

After about three years of phytoremediation process, all plant species were successfully adapted to the substrate, showing a regular growth and reaching 60 cm depth with their root system.

In all the planted plots, a general improvement in the nutritional-chemical soil properties and in the biological activities (dehydrogenase, b-glucosidase and phosphatase) were observed over time, indicating the activation of microbial metabolism favored by plant root-microorganism interaction.

All the plant species used were effective in the reclamation of the polluted soil from both organic and inorganic contaminants, showing a reduction of about 20%, 50%, and 90% in heavy metals, total hydrocarbons and PCB content, respectively. Considering the different plants used in the study, the poplar is likely to have contributed more to organic removal, in fact, its ability to take up and detoxify several organic pollutants is well known. Conversely, the *Cytisus scoparius* was generally the less effective plant in soil decontamination.

Therefore, the selected phytoremediation technology can be effectively used to remediate and recover soil from agronomical and functional point of view.

**Acknowledgements:** The financial support by "Ditta Galli", San Giuliano Terme Municipality and Tuscany region.

<figure><img src="image_42.png" /></figure>
# PHYTOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AT MANY SCALES: HOW DO WE INTEGRATE LABORATORY AND FIELD STUDIES?

Dawn Reinhold, Niroj Aryal, James Coletta, Rebecaa Bender, Ronald Aguilar

Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA

Corresponding author email: reinhold@egr.msu.edu

## ABSTRACT

The scientific merits of laboratory and field studies are complementary: while laboratory studies permit control of variables to elucidate fundamental mechanisms, field studies are required to capture the variability and unknowns associated with real-world conditions. Consequently, the applicability of laboratory study results to real systems is often questioned. The aim of this presentation is to closely compare and contrast conclusions that can be drawn from laboratory and field studies. The objectives are to (1) examine the processes contributing to poplar plantation treatment of food processing wastewater treatment in small columns, large columns, and a field plot and (2) compare the effects of species on treatment of stormwater through bioretention in small columns and a field site.

*Case 1: Poplar treatment during land application of food processing wastewater.* Land application of large volumes of high-strength wastewaters can create saturated, moderately-reducing conditions that mobilize metals, including manganese, iron, and arsenic. Poplar trees have the potential to decrease reducing conditions during land application of wastewaters through many processes, including (1) decreasing saturation through evapotranspiration, (2) phytoaccumulation, (3) phytosequestration, and (4) phytostimulation. For three years, we have examined the potential of these processes to decrease leaching of metals during land application of wastewaters in small (6-inch diameter) columns, large (3-feet diameter) columns, and a 1-acre field site. Mass balances completed in both column studies indicate that decreases in leachate volume, due to evapotranspiration, was primarily responsible for decrease in mass of metals leached. Additionally, evapotranspiration decreased soil moisture content at all three scales. Uptake of metals, including manganese, iron, and arsenic, and nitrate was also observed at multiple scales. However, decreases in metal concentrations in leachate were not statistically significant in all three scales. Further analyses are underway to quantify relationships between the three experimental scales.

*Case 2: Bioretention of stormwater.* Most design manuals for bioretention require use of native plants; however, the studies justifying this requirements are limited. Column- and field- scale studies were conducted to directly compare the benefits of native versus ornamental species of four plant genera commonly used for bioretention, including two herbaceous perennials (*Rudbeckia* and *Pycnanthemum*), one grass (*Calamagrostis*), and one sedge (*Carex*). No statistical differences in performance were detected between native and ornamental species, even though differences in performance were quantified between genera. These conclusions were independent of whether evaluation was completed at laboratory- or field- scale. For example, the native species of *Rudbeckia* showed poor growth and nutrient uptake in columns and the field. Extensive data was collected on plant biomass, which is currently being analysed to develop relationships between biomass growth in columns and in the field.

In addition to closely examining these two case studies, the presentation will include a comprehensive analysis of current literature on approaches to relate results from column and field studies. Additionally, an evaluation of the advantages, disadvantages, and caveats of both approaches will be presented.

**Acknowledgements:** The financial support by Michigan Department of Agriculture Speciality Crop Initiative, MSU Project GREEN and MSU Infrastructure and Planning is greatly appreciated.

<figure><img src="image_43.png" /></figure>
# MULTIFACETED MONITORING OF A LARGE PHYTOREMEDIATION SYSTEM DEMONSTRATES LONG-TERM EFFECTIVENESS

**Lorraine M. LaFreniere<fnref n="1" />, Robert A. Sedivy<fnref n="1" />, Y. Eugene Yan<fnref n="1" />, Steve Gilmore<fnref n="2" />, Caroline Roe<fnref n="2" />**

Corresponding author email: [lafreniere@anl.gov](mailto:lafreniere@anl.gov)

## ABSTRACT

Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, carbon tetrachloride was in widespread use as a state-of-the-art fumigant for grain preservation in the midwestern United States. Entering the environment either because of spillage or methods of application, the fumigant migrated through the near-surface and unsaturated vadose zone soils into groundwater. To remove carbon tetrachloride from impacted groundwater and surface water, a large-scale, integrated, multi-species phytoremediation system including 2,000 trees and constructed wetlands was installed in 2005 at a former U.S. Department of Agriculture grain storage facility in Nebraska. This paper focuses on the development of a comprehensive monitoring system and an assessment of the remedial system's performance during the past nine years.

Specific monitoring elements were integrated into the system's design from project inception to achieve a multifaceted understanding of the remedial action's performance over time. The well-instrumented monitoring network includes an automated water level monitoring system, a weather station, runoff gauges, and a sap flow measurement system. Extensive seasonal sampling and analyses are conducted for carbon tetrachloride in groundwater and plant tissue, in conjunction with growth and biomass measurements. The monitoring system is designed to (1) determine water use by the plant system, as indicated by sap flow rates and groundwater and surface water responses; (2) estimate contaminant depletion via the uptake of carbon tetrachloride by plant tissues and other natural removal processes; (3) monitor plant growth and biomass development and their relation to carbon tetrachloride removal; (4) track changes in chemical parameters with time in groundwater and surface water; (5) measure ambient air concentrations of carbon tetrachloride in the phytoremediation area; and (6) quantify the overall mass reduction of carbon tetrachloride as contaminated water flows through the phytoremediation area and wetlands.

Comprehensive analyses of various data sets recovered from the monitoring network indicate that the phytoremediation system is having a measurable effect on the hydrologic regime and the fate of the contaminant plume. Fluctuations in groundwater levels and reduced surface water flow rates identified at multiple monitoring locations during the growing season appear linked to the diurnal effects of groundwater uptake by the trees. Analysis of the monitoring data further demonstrates a localized, targeted reduction in the maximum concentrations of carbon tetrachloride in groundwater in the phytoremediation area, in response to the seasonal plant growth cycle; the results indicate that the phytoremediation system is achieving significant carbon tetrachloride mass removal. The system's performance has been validated repeatedly in accord with the designated remediation targets and meets compliance requirements established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

**Acknowledgements:** Work supported by the U.S. Department of Agriculture under interagency agreement, through U.S. Department of Energy contract DE-AC02-06CH11357 to Argonne National Laboratory.

The submitted manuscript has been created by UChicago Argonne, LLC, Operator of Argonne National Laboratory ("Argonne"). Argonne, a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science laboratory, is operated under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. The U.S. Government retains for itself, and others acting on its behalf, a paid-up nonexclusive, irrevocable worldwide license in said article to reproduce, prepare derivative works, distribute copies to the public, and perform publicly and display publicly, by or on behalf of the Government.

<figure><img src="image_44.png" /></figure>

<footnote n="1">¹ Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, USA</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² Commodity Credit Corporation, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., USA</footnote>
# RECENT FINDINGS ON THE PHYTOREMEDIATION OF POLLUTED SOILS BY THE GENOREM MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH TEAM

**Michel Labrecque** for the GenoRem Research Team

Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, and Jardin botanique de Montréal, Montréal (Québec) Canada

*Corresponding author email: michel.labrecque@umontreal.ca*

## ABSTRACT

A multidisciplinary project (GenoRem) was undertaken to develop innovative phytoremediation procedures for polluted soils based on the use of various willow cultivars and their associated fungal and bacterial symbionts. Field and greenhouse experiments were set up to facilitate data integration and collaboration at all levels of this research project. Combinations of 'omics' tools and bioinformatic approaches are being used to study plant responses, fungal and bacterial community structures and functions, and soil-plant-microbe interactions in relation to soil contaminants. Two years after plantation establishment, the presence of willows was found to correlate with the degradation of PAHs and petroleum hydrocarbons in soil. The capacity of the tested willow cultivars to uptake trace elements (TE) was also estimated. TE were found in different willow tissues: Cd and Zn translocated to aboveground parts while As, Cu and Pb were preferentially sequestrated in roots. Some willow cultivars were found to be more tolerant to soil contaminants and showed little or no difference in their physiological and growth parameters whether grown in polluted or in control soils. Differential gene expression analyses showed a cross-tissue pollution effect, with significant differential expression of 3969 transcripts, thereby highlighting potential genes and pathways involved in phytoremediation. Metagenomics of the soil microbiome showed that the microbial communities are affected by the presence of contaminants but also by the presence of willows (rhizosphere). Moreover, we found that the abundance of some specific fungal classes in highly contaminated soils was directly related to willow phylogeny. These findings, combined with the isolation and characterization of indigenous selected candidate microbes that could potentially be used on extremely polluted sites (petroleum hydrocarbons), are very promising for the commercial development of this approach to phytoremediation as well as the social acceptability and normative requirements for its application.

*Acknowledgements:* This work was supported by the Genome Quebec and Genome Canada funded GenoRem Project. Thanks to Petromont for providing us with access to their site.

<figure><img src="image_45.png" /></figure>
# A MONITORING OF A LONG TERM FIELD STUDY OF SEWAGE SLUDGE APPLICATION ON SOIL CONTAMINATED WITH TRACE ELEMENTS

Agnieszka Placek, Anna Grobelak

Dept of Environmental Engineering and Biotechnology, Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland

Corresponding author email: agrobelak@is.pcz.czest.pl

## ABSTRACT

Sewage sludge, in particular from the food industry, is characterized by fertilizing properties, due to the high content of organic matter and nutrients. Furthermore, the application of sewage sludge causes an improvement of soil parameters as well as increase in cation exchange capacity, and thus stronger binding of cations in the soil environment, which involves the immobilization of nutrients and greater resistance to contamination.

In a field experiment sewage sludge has been used as an additive to the soil supporting the phytoremediation process of land contaminated with heavy metals (Cd, Zn and Pb) using trees species: Scots pine (Pinus silvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies) and oak (Quercus robur L.). The aim of the research was to determine how the application of sewage sludge into the soil surface improves the phytoremediation process after five years of the experiment.

In the field experiment located in the zone of influence zinc smelter (1854'E, 5030'N) in Poland's Silesia Region, soil parameters and trees biomass were determined during five years of the research. The investigated area is dominated mainly by podolic soil, characterized by low humidity and a low pH value. This type of soil poses a poorly formed soil profile, with high permeability and a very low content of humus. These soils are also poor in nutrients and are distinguished by a low sorption capacity and small capacity buffer. The contamination of study area is a result of the impact of particulate emissions from the zinc smelter and is characterized by high accumulation of heavy metals such as Cd, Pb and Zn. In a field experiment sewage sludge was used to support the phytoremediation process of contaminated soil. Sewage sludge used in the study was collected from the sewage treatment plant at the factory of mineral waters. Used sewage sludge was characterized by a low content of heavy metals and eggs of parasites and, for this reason, can be used with both the restoration of degraded land and agriculture, having a positive effect on the increase in of biomass and number of soil microorganisms. The field study was conducted in 2010. Over the five years (2010 – 2014) soil samples and samples of plant material were collected twice a year (spring and autumn).

On the plot fertilized with sewage sludge the proper growth of plants and large increase in biomass were noted. Sewage sludge used in this experiment is of considerable importance in the phytoremediation process of soils contaminated with heavy metals (Cd, Zn and Pb). Sewage sludge supplied to the soil environment some biogenic elements necessary for the growth and development of trees used in the study. During the phytoremediation process of degraded land with support of sewage sludge and with used trees species: Scots pine, Norway spruce, oak, the improvement of many soil properties has been noted. Application of sewage sludge from the food industry to soil contributed to the increase in humic acids and the sorption capacity of the soil, and improvement of the protective buffering functions of the soil. Moreover, the used amendment showed the beneficial fertilizing properties and entered mineral compounds stimulated the plants growth and development. Conducted studies have shown that the addition of sludge caused the sorption of metals in the soil, mainly the addition of sewage sludge to contaminated soil contributed to the sorption of heavy metals within organic matter. The application of sewage sludge to the soil creates conditions for plant cover restoration, which protects against sudden metals migrating into the soil profile as well as wind erosion, and this phenomena is confirmed by the absence of growth of roots on untreated soil. The monitoring of soil solution confirmed, that the content and mobility of biogenic elements and heavy metals in the soil and from soil to soil solution is dependent on the seasonal processes of humification and mineralization of organic matter. Conducted field experiment demonstrated that selected trees like Scots pine and Norway spruce, because of its excellent adaptability can be used in the remediation of soil and of soilless devastated areas, as pioneering plants.

**Acknowledgements:** The project was supported by Polish- Norwegian Research Programme Core 2012 (decision No DZP/POL-NOR/1885/2013).

<figure><img src="image_46.png" /></figure>
# DEPLOYMENT OF AIDED PHYTOSTABILISATION AT FIELD SCALE: SET UP AND MONITORING LESSONS

Valérie Bert<fnref n="1" />, Nicolas Manier<fnref n="2" />, Michel Mench<fnref n="3" />, Pierre Boucard<fnref n="4" />

Corresponding author email: valerie.bert@ineris.fr

## ABSTRACT

In the project GREENLAND (FP7, KBBE-2010-4, 266124) project, one work package aims at testing different phytomanagement options at large field scale to gain information on practical deployment and long term efficiency. Among the network of 13 large trace element (TE) contaminated sites, one located in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region (France), was implemented in September 2011 with aided phytostabilisation, i.e. the combination of plants and soil amendment to reduce the risks associated to the presence of soil TE. The site (1 ha) is part of a large sediment disposal site which was affected by intensive industrial activities. As local authorities are required to manage contaminated landfill sites, they developed a management strategy based on implementation of an environmental management system which aims to meet best practices and comply with environmental regulation in the field of human health and environment. In this context, the objective was to combine aided phytostabilisation with bioenergy production based on *Salix* cultivation to reduce the environmental risk posed by these sediments and allow the economic valorization of the contaminated sediments via the sale of the produced biomass. Another objective was to test aided phytostabilisation as a strategy to avoid the propagation of the Japanese knotweed, an invasive species that occurred at the sediment landfill site.

In a first step, *Deschampsia cespitosa*, a grass, and Thomas basic slag (TBS), a basic mineral amendment, already tested at field site on an experimental TE contaminated landfill site [1], were used to stabilise the TE of the top sediment. In a second step, a SRC composed of two *Salix* cultivars ('Inger' and Tordis') was deployed to produce biomass.

First results show the success of the plant cover that rapidly reached 100% and the success of the *Salix* plantation although phytoxicity signs appeared after few months. Several hypotheses were studied of which the grass competition for water and essential nutrients. As the sediment landfill site is highly contaminated with metals, mainly Zn and Cd, TBS is expected to decrease the metal shoot transfer towards the grass and the two planted *Salix* clones and to decrease the metal labile pool [1]. At this stage of the project monitoring the effects of TBS on soil metal mobility or the *Salix* leaf metal concentrations have not yet been measured. The grass showed very little Zn and Cd concentrations in aerial parts that confirm the choice of this plant as a candidate for phytostabilisation. Conversely, the two Salix cultivars showed very high Cd and Zn leaf concentrations that might not be compatible with a phytostabilisation strategy. The Cd and Zn concentrations in leaves and wood at harvest might direct the conversion process of the produced biomass (thermal treatment, metal recovery). A decrease in Japanese Knotweed was visible after one year of monitoring and corresponded to a reduction in coverage of 27% of the surface area showing that the Japanese Knotweed is less competitive and its growth decrease represents a beneficial effect of phytostabilization in terms of ecological services.

The whole chain of the aided phytostabilisation, i.e. from field preparation to the conversion process of the produced biomass, is addressed by this project. Results will be presented step by step taking into account practical experiences and scientific knowledge as well as regulation and economical aspects.

## Reference:

1. Bert V, et al. (2012). Environmental Pollution 169, 1-11.

Acknowledgements: This work was financially supported by European founds through GREENLAND (FP7, KBBE-2010-4, 26124).

<figure><img src="image_47.png" /></figure>

<footnote n="1">¹ INERIS, Technologies and Sustainable and Clean Processes, Parc Technologique Alata, BP2, 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² INERIS, Expertise and Assays in Ecotoxicology, Parc Technologique Alata, BP2, 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³ INRA, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, 69 route d'Arcachon, FR-33612, Cestas cedex, France; University of Bordeaux 1, Bât B2, Avenue des facultés, FR-33405, Talence, France</footnote>

<footnote n="4">⁴ INERIS, Economy and Decision for the Environment, Parc Technologique Alata, BP2, 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France</footnote>
# REMEDIATION OF UNSATURATED SOILS BY PHYTOREMEDIATION AT VENICE TECHNOLOGIES SPA, PORTO MARGHERA (VE)

Carmine Guarino<fnref n="1" />, Carlo Montella<fnref n="2" />, Barbara Conte<fnref n="1" />, Valentina Spada<fnref n="1" />, Rosaria Sciarrillo<fnref n="1" />

Corresponding author email: guarino@unisannio.it

## ABSTRACT

The remediation by phytoremediation has been applied to the unsaturated portion of the soil of the two areas, called SP3 and FS4 and having a total area of 720 sq, located inside Venice Technologies Research Centre in Porto Marghera (VE), Italy. The analyses carried out in the areas of study showed an increase in the amount of metals (SP3: Cd 74 mg/Kg, Hg 20,9 mg/Kg and Zn 1547 mg/Kg; FS4: Hg 31,8 mg/Kg) with respect to limit concentrations (CLA) indicated by the ex DM 471/99 all. 1 tab. 1 col. B (Cd 15, Hg 5 and Zn 1500 mg/Kg). The remediation has the goal of achieving the "objective values" as defined by the minutes of Conference Services (CS) 6-31-2006 therefore the concentrations of metals in unsaturated soils to reach are the following: Cd 50 mg/Kg, Hg 10,5 mg/Kg and Zn 1500 mg/Kg.

The National Research Council (CNR) in Pisa by studies in meso- and microcosm chose to use for phytoremediation project these two species: *Helianthus annuus* L. and *Brassica juncea* (L.) Czern. To increase the removal of metals have been used the chelating agents: ammonium thiosulphate for Hg and EDTA for Zn and Cd.

Before planting the plants it was necessary to prune woody plants already in the area and remove those found in the study area to reduce shadows. Finally, the soils were processed with motor cultivator and was built the irrigation system. The plants have been used by short rotation; the first crop cycle was done with the *H. annuus* while the second cycle with the *B. juncea*. During and after the process of phytoremediation have been made both chemical and physical analyses of the soil and analyzes on water to verify that pollutants did not pollute the aquifer. Also the biomass and the amount of metals in the soils was analyzed before and after treatment with the chelating; the metals were evaluated also at the end of the cycle.

The results showed that FS4 area already after the second crop cycle had reached the remediation of soil instead a part of the SP3 area still showed concentrations of Zn greater than the "target values"; for which it was made a further cycle with *H. annuus*. SP3 area reached the goal after the third crop cycle.

**Acknowledgements:** The work was supported by LANDE srl, Italy.

<figure><img src="image_48.png" /></figure>

<footnote n="1">¹ Department of Science and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² Syndial – Engineering and Environmental Technologies, San Donato Milanese (MI), Italy</footnote>
# LOCAL COMMUNITY PERCEPTIONS OF MINE SITE RESTORATION USING PHYTOREMEDIATION IN ABITIBI-TEMISCAMINGUE (QUEBEC)

Fifanou G. Vodouhe<fnref n="1" />,<fnref n="2" />, Damase P. Khasa<fnref n="1" />

Corresponding author email: Damase.Khasa@sbf.ulaval.ca

## ABSTRACT

Canada is foremost among the world's nations that are actively engaged in mining and has numerous ongoing projects focused on mineral exploration, mine development, and mining. In Quebec, one-third of mining projects are linked to gold, while the remainder is associated with polymetallic or diamond extraction. As shown in previous studies, ore extraction can drastically affect receiving ecosystems. Many restoration strategies have been developed throughout the world to reduce or counteract the long-term negative effects that the mining industry may impose on the environment. In the province of Quebec phytoremediation is one of the most eco-friendly restoration strategy emerged since the last two decades but studies on local people perception on this restoration strategy are scarce. Given the importance of local community acceptance in the success of mine site restoration strategies, there is a need to fill in this knowledge gap and provide all stakeholders with useful information.

This work assesses people's perceptions of and expectations for mine site restoration, particularly phytoremediation strategies, and analyses their preferences for species that were used in phytoremediation. Data were collected from mining stakeholders using a structured questionnaire administered through snowball sampling method. Participants were selected from different categories, and included industrial workers, mine employees, local communities, environmentalists, and government actors. They were asked to respond to 35 questions, of which 28 were closed-ended questions. We used Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) as implemented in the software XLSTAT to visualize relationship between participants' characteristics, their view on mine site restoration and phytoremediation.

Results on participants' characteristics show out that the research sample included more men (58% of respondents) than women (42%). Globally, 75% worked in a field that was related either directly or indirectly to the mining industry. Twenty-five percent worked directly for mining companies, while 29% of respondents had previously worked in the mining industry, generally in their early years. MCA results clearly show out that people perception on mine site restoration is influenced by mining activities effects on health and region attractiveness. Among restoration methods phytoremediation (65.21%) was rated positively with regard to its environment potential, aesthetic and consideration for future generation followed by fillings and excavating. Restoration strategy costs have no effect on people choice. Indeed, independently to the considered method, costs required to implement the technology have the lowest effect on participant's choice. According to them, mine sites need to be restored at any cost and mining managers being the biggest beneficiaries should have the obligation to restore them. Results also revealed that participants prefer use of shrubs as vegetation component of phytoremediation to reach their restoration objective. Their preference for shrubs is mainly supported by its quick growth when compared to trees. Participants' opposition to the use of trees to restore mine site could also be justified by their economic value. As Abitibi-Temiscamingue is a forested area, they are particularly worried about the potential to see the forest industry logging before site rehabilitation is completed.

With increasing importance of social acceptability in Quebec, local communities have the opportunity to convince the mining industry to use sustainable methods for site restoration. Therefore, their consideration for environmental sustainability and future generation will play a very important role in mining sustainability.

**Acknowledgements:** The financial support by Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada is greatly appreciated.

<figure><img src="image_49.png" /></figure>

<footnote n="1">¹Centre d'étude de la forêt, and Faculté de Foresterie, de Géographie et de Géomatique, Université Laval; 2405 rue de la Terrasse, Québec (Qc), G1V 0A6 Canada</footnote>

<footnote n="2">²Laboratoire d'Écologie Appliquée, ISBA, Champ de Foire, 03 BP 1974 Cotonou, Bénin</footnote>
# PHYTOREMEDIATION OF SEWAGE AND INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER USING HIGH RATE TRANSPRATION SYSTEM

Prashant R. Thawale, Sanjeev Kumar Singh, **Asha A. Juwarkar**

Ecosystem Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur-440020

*Corresponding author email: aa_juwarkar@neeri.res.in*

## ABSTRACT

Industrial wastewater generated in India is less compared to the sewage but the strength of pollutants is very high compared to the sewage. The ground and surface water contamination caused due to wastewater is increasing day by day. The operation and maintenance and capital cost for the conventional treatment is reaching sky high such that the developing countries are not able meet the expenses. Hence an imperative requirement of cost effective and eco-friendly technology is required for pollution abatement and also treatment and reuse of wastewater.

The objective of the study was to develop and demonstrate a phytoremediation technology - High Rate Transpiration System (HRTS), i.e. phytohydraulics - based on the principle of ability of plants to capture, transport and transpire wastewater (w/w) containing pollutant which in turn controls the hydrology of the environment. This technology is used for treatment and utilization of wastewater (colored) without causing soil and groundwater contamination. The laboratory studies were carried out at CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nagpur to optimize hydraulic loading and materials for filter bed media (saw dust, lime sludge and gypsum for industrial w/w and coconut husk, soil and gypsum in case of sewage). The filter media helps in removal of organics by aerobic fixed-film biological treatment (soluble BOD) and filtration of organic solids by vegetation and soil (particulate BOD). Removal of nitrogen by plant uptake, nitrification and denitrification processes and phosphorous by precipitation, adsorption onto soil particles and also uptake by the plants. The field studies were carried out for paper mill wastewater at Amlai, Madhya Pradesh & for domestic sewage at Puri Sea Beach, Orissa. The schematic representation of HRTS for treatment and disposal of wastewater is given in Fig 1. Length of ridge varies from 5-20m depending upon the type of soil and plant species.

The present study describes long-term operating experience of zero discharge of pulp and paper mill wastewater and sewage, which is characterized by high BOD/COD, TDS, nutrient and color (pulp and paper mill). The result of field trials showed that there was no appreciable build-up of salt in the furrows even at the wastewater (both) application rate of 250 m³ha⁻¹day⁻¹. The BOD, Nitrogen, Phosphorous removal was estimated at 80-94%, 25-32%, 20-28% respectively under laboratory conditions for sewage whereas in case of paper mill wastewater COD, BOD and color removal was found to be 95%, 99%, and 100% respectively.

The results show that under scientific design and standardized management, wastewater could be used in HRTS. The irrigation is safe and reliable with a certain pre-treatment process, which has no adverse impact on the soil and ground water. HRTS is a cost-effective and alternative to conventional treatment processes. The quality of groundwater was monitored within and outside the HRTS through well water sampling and it was found to be well within the permissible limits. The findings showed that HRTS is environmentally acceptable phytoremediation solution to manage the pollutant problem of wastewater and also minimize the impact on groundwater quality (Fig. 2).

<figure><img src="image_50.png" /><figcaption>Fig 1: Schematic of HRTS</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_51.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 2: 6-R Concept of Wastewater Management</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_52.png" /></figure>
# PHYTOREMEDIATION OF MANGANESE MINE SPOIL DUMP

Asha A. Juwarkar, Lal Singh, Prashant R. Thawale

Ecosystem Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur-440020

Corresponding author email: aa_juwarkar@neeri.res.in

## ABSTRACT

Landscapes created as a result of heaping and peeling of mine spoil in open cast mines are devoid of nutritive and supportive value to anchorage the plants due to destruction of original soil ecosystem,

horizonation, structure, texture, organic matter and microbial activity and it takes several decades to restore. This paper envisages the long term monitoring of phytoremediation studies over a time span of 25 years on a reclaimed manganese mine spoil site at Central India.

The objective of the study was to develop and demonstrate a phytoremediation technology for the restoration and rejuvenation of manganese mine spoil dumps. An ecofriendly technology was employed to restore an area of 6ha of barren mine spoil dump at central India. The site characteristics are such that it receives an annual precipitation of 1100mm and min temp. of 10°C and max temp. 47°C. The employed technology used the wastes generated from industries and few microbial isolates (Rhizobium, VAM spores & Azotobacter) to restore the mine spoil. Laboratory experiments were done for analyzing the survivability of plants in such conditions using the additive material (Press mud from sugar mill). The experiments suggested that the optimal pressmud concentration to be added as 100T/ha. Various plant species (Tectona grandis, Cassia siamea, Acacia nilotica, Dendrocalamus strictus, Azadirachta indica, Ficus religiosa,

Eugenia jamolana, Ailanthus exelsa, Gmelina arborea and Pongamia pinnat) were screened and planted on the mine spoil dump by pitting technique. Mine spoil consist of 40-60 % gravel and stone and higher concentration of available manganese (1.3-6.3%). The physico chemical and microbiological properties of mine spoil and restored mine spoil (Table 1). The long term field demonstration project supported with over 1,50,000 trees of economically and ecological values grown on a manganese mine spoil dump having natural succession of plants, reestablishment of grass canopy and ecological cycles proved that this technology is a most proven approach in reclamation of mine spoil dumps (Fig 1).

<table><thead><tr><th>Parameter</th><th>Mine spoil</th><th>After 25 Years</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Bulk density (Mg m<sup>-3</sup>)</td><td>1.4±0.05</td><td>1.13±0.1</td></tr><tr><td>Max. Water Holding Capacity (%)</td><td>29.8±2.8</td><td>53.2±5.2</td></tr><tr><td>Porosity (%)</td><td>32.1±5.2</td><td>65.82±7.3</td></tr><tr><td>pH</td><td>6.9±0.2</td><td>7.2±0.2</td></tr><tr><td>Available Nitrogen*</td><td>12±2.2</td><td>148±15.6</td></tr><tr><td>Available phosphorous*</td><td>9.2±0.3</td><td>34±2.5</td></tr><tr><td>Available potassium*</td><td>1.8±0.1</td><td>47±0.1</td></tr><tr><td>Organic carbon (gKg<sup>-1</sup>)</td><td>0.994±0.05</td><td>31±1.8</td></tr><tr><td>Available Mn concentration*</td><td>215±38.2</td><td>38.7±9.3</td></tr><tr><td>Fungi (CFU/g)</td><td>0.1X10<sup>1</sup></td><td>9X10<sup>4</sup></td></tr><tr><td>Bacteria (CFU/g)</td><td>0.6X10<sup>1</sup></td><td>5X10<sup>9</sup></td></tr><tr><td>Rhizobium (CFU/g)</td><td>0</td><td>5X10<sup>5</sup></td></tr><tr><td>Azobacter (CFU/g)</td><td>0</td><td>4.1X10<sup>5</sup></td></tr><tr><td>VAM/10 g</td><td>0</td><td>52</td></tr></tbody></table>

*mgkg<sup>-1</sup>

<figure><img src="image_53.png" /><figcaption>Fig 1: Ecosystem Development in Mine spoil dump</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_54.png" /></figure>
# STUDY OF LONGTIME SOIL FORMATION ON OVERGROWN QUARRY ON THE SOUTH OF KAZAKHSTAN

## Bakhytzhan Yelikbayev

Department Soil Science and Ecology, Kazakh National Agrarian University, Almaty, Kazakhstan

Corresponding author email: bakhytjan@gmail.com

## ABSTRACT

Soils formed on loesses along with floodplain soils are the cradle of agriculture. Origin of agriculture in Central Asia also occurred on soils formed on loesses. Despite these advantages, loesses are more exposed to erosion and are increasingly being destroyed by technogenic causes.

Overgrown loessial quarry of Shymkent Cement Plant which in accordance with natural zone distribution belongs to ephemerical short-grass semisavanna, has been chosen for research. On the territory of this quarry areas, which under the influence of natural vegetation were on the initial stages of young soils formations, were allocated (22,32,41 years).

The quarry had big cup-shaped form with low-sloped and steep slopes in some places. The depth of Shymkent quarry is 15-20 meters. The quarry has irregular bottom with knolls and deepings, formed during the period of the development of loesses.

20-45 years ago, for trial establishment, mine technical recultivation was conducted; it included leveling the bottom of quarry, cutting the irrigators and fertilization; agricultural recultivation.

In our opinion, replantozem has already formed in these loessial quarries, however, separation of fully developed soil profile which is distinctive for soft ground has not occurred yet.

Nowadays, Shymkent quarry is intensively used as natural pasture as it is located close to the settlement. In this connection, the recovery of grass stand is slow. A large area is occupied by weed-ephemerical (ruderaleherbae -ephemerae) sub-climax plant community. Besides, alhagae-ephemerae plant communities are widely widespread.

The increase in content of physical clay has been also observed in loesses of overgrown quarry of Shymkent cement plant. However, its values hardly reach ones of newly formed loesses in new quarry. The content of physical clay in the upper (0-10 cm) layer of loesses was decreasing as a result of their illimerization to sublayer by rainwater and melt-water. Different minerals show different capacity to transfer in the process of illimerization.

Humus condition of replantozem from overgrown quarry of Shymkent cement plant is also dependent on time factor (duration of soil formation). Freshly exposed loess of Shymkent cement plant contains 0,17% of humus. In the loess of Shymkent cement plant (22, 31 and 41 years) the content of humus increased by 0.94; 1.02 and 1.2% respectively. Fulvic acid, the share of which is gradually decreasing, dominate in humus group content.

Initially, loesses contained only decimal places of total humus (Figure 1). The content of nonhydrolyzed residue in humus of Shymkent loesses accounts to 18%. This is due to the relatively low content of organic matter on this depth, which is mainly represented by labile fulvic acids (72%) and microbial protein.

Thus, the analysis of humus condition of replantozem has shown that joint effect of natural, ecological (climate, biota, soil formations, landscape and time) and antropogenic factors of soil formations (recultivation) leads to marked accumulation of organic substance of humate type in it. Most actively the processes of humus accumulation runs in the upper part of humus horizont of replantozem that is

due to the character of inflow and mineralization of plant residues in it. The time (duration of soil formation), among all studied ecological factors, plays the main part in changing the quantitative and qualitative composition of humus in recultivated loesses.

<figure><img src="image_55.png" /></figure>

**Acknowledgements:** The financial support by Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan № of registration certificate 0109PK00355 and № of state registration certificate 0112PK00426 is greatly appreciated.

<figure><img src="image_56.png" /></figure>
# PHYTOREMEDIATION OF SULFENTRAZONE-CONTAMINATED SOILS USING GREEN MANURE UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS

Alessandra Ferreira Belo<fnref n="1" />, Luis Henrique Ortelan Tenis<fnref n="1" />, Bruno Passigatto Ortelan<fnref n="1" />, Fábio Ribeiro Pires<fnref n="1" />, Robson Bonomo<fnref n="1" />, Marcelo Antônio Oliveira<fnref n="1" />, Alberto Cargnelutti Filho<fnref n="2" />, Sergio Oliveira Procópio<fnref n="3" />

Corresponding author email: pires.fr@gmail.com

## ABSTRACT

In Brazil, the phytoremediation of herbicides has received increased attention in recent years because of the use of compounds with long residual activity in large agricultural fields, particularly those used in the cultivation of sugarcane and soybeans, and in pasture. This technique has had good results with the use of green manure. In addition to environmental considerations, phytoremediation has agricultural importance, as it enables the reuse of agricultural fields even in the presence of high levels of xenobiotics and favors the introduction of crop rotation. The decrease in the time required for the introduction of crops susceptible to sulfentrazone may represent an important economic advantage for rural entrepreneurs.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of two species of green manure: *Canavalia ensiformis* (jack bean) and *Crotalaria juncea* (sunn hemp) for the phytoremediation of sulfentrazone in a field, thereby enabling the validation of the results obtained under controlled conditions.

The field experiments were performed in the experimental farm of CEUNES/Federal University of Espírito Santo in São Mateus, the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. The soil of the experimental field was classified as Haplic Acrisol, with a slope of 2%.

Treatments consisted of a combination of *C. ensiformis* and *C. juncea*, control treatment (an uncultivated plot that was weeded manually), and four doses of sulfentrazone (0, 200, 400, and 800 g ha⁻<fnref n="1" />). The experimental design was of complete randomized blocks with split plots, in which the factor in the main plot was the plant species and the factor in the subplot was the herbicide dose, with four replicates.

Fifteen days after the application of sulfentrazone, as a simulation of soil contamination, the phytoremediation species *C. ensiformis* and *C. juncea* were sown. Plant spacing used was 0.50 m at a density of 20 *C. ensiformis* plants/m<fnref n="2" /> and 120 *C. juncea* plants/m<fnref n="2" />.

Seventy-five days after sowing (DAS), these plants were cut close to the ground. During this same period, the control treatment (uncultivated plot) was maintained. After a week, *Pennisetum glaucum* (pearl millet) was tilled on the cultural remains of the phytoremediation species and in the weeded control plot. *P. glaucum* is susceptible to sulfentrazone and can serve as an indicator of its presence in soil.

Thirty-four DAS of the indicator species, phytotoxicity was visually assessed, and fresh and dry weights of the aerial parts were evaluated. Eighty-four DAS (end of the cycle), the following parameters of *P. glaucum* were assessed: height, stem diameter, length between nodes, number of leaves and panicles, fresh and dry weight of panicles, and dry matter of the whole plant.

Apparently, the three types of management were effective in removing the residual effect of sulfentrazone, because all the variables measured for the millet remained constant with increasing doses of sulfentrazone. This may have been caused by herbicide leaching (data not shown), considering that the soil is sandy. However, the growth of the millet increased when cultivated in soil receiving *C. ensiformis* and *C. juncea* treatment compared with when cultivated in soil receiving the control treatment. In addition to the phytoremediation action, this result can also be attributed to the beneficial effects of cover crops.

<figure><img src="image_57.png" /></figure>

Therefore, prior cultivation of the phytoremediation species *C. ensiformis* and *C. juncea* promoted the remediation of sulfentrazone and enabled the growth of pearl millet grass under normal conditions. In addition, *C. ensiformis* was the most effective species for herbicide decontamination in the field.

**Acknowledgments:** This study was funded by the Edital Universal from the 2011 CNPq and by the Institutional PNPD Program from the 2011 CAPES.

<figure><img src="image_58.png" /></figure>

<footnote n="1">¹Department of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, São Mateus, Brazil</footnote>

<footnote n="2">²Division of Plant Experimentation, Department of Plant Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros, Aracaju, Brazil</footnote>
# A DECADE OF PHYTOREMEDIATION PROJECTIONS BY EUCALYPTUS TREES PREVENTING CONTAMINATED PLUME MIGRATION

Michael van Bavel<fnref n="1" />, Frank Thomas<fnref n="2" />, Stephanie Fiorenza, PhD<fnref n="3" />

Corresponding author email: fthomas@tweinc.com

## ABSTRACT

At a former tin Smelter Site in Texas City, Texas (USA), phytoremediation evaluation studies started in 2002 and continued. Primary contaminants at the Site are heavy metals (barium, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, and magnesium). In 2013, the same stand of trees was evaluated using identical methods, allowing a comparison of the ability of the matured eucalyptus trees to hydraulically control the migration of the impacted groundwater, and make more refined projections on actual transpiration measured by sap flow sensors. This data comparison presents a unique opportunity to generate a eucalyptus crop specific Kc (crop coefficient), which in turn provides a well-accepted factor to apply to weather-derived evapotranspiration potential index (ETo) based transpiration algorithms. The transpiration compared to rainfall provides hydraulic models with a water balance approach to contaminated plume remediation and migration prevention.

In the 2002 evaluation of a selected stand of three-year-old *Eucalyptus camaldulensis*, the analysis of transpiration and water consumption projection was based on measurements by Dynamax TDP sap flow sensors, the leaf area index, the weather based ETo and rainfall. By projection of maximum leaf coverage at maturity, and the stand density of a large tree population, the total water consumption was projected based on the Kc in 2002 as well as the annual ETo estimate for the area. Based on a 2000 trees per hectare density, the total water draw down was 400-800 mm per year (deficit), depending on rainfall. With a new set of sap flow readings for the 14 year old trees, we expected a reduced sap flow per basal area, a reduced sap velocity, but an overall increase in water flux consumption due to increased tree height, cross section and larger leaf area. We expected a reduced sap flow per basal area, a reduced sap velocity, but an overall increase in water flux consumption due to increased tree height, cross section and larger leaf area. We present the latest Kc factors for 2013, and the results of ETo projections, as well as the expected water deficit created by the mature stand at the projected density. The presentation summarizes the differences in transpiration rates, the Kc changes over time, the expected annual draw down in both dry and wet years. With the refined sap flow and Kc factors for modelling, we improve the long term projections of plume migration prevention off the site, and enable a refined projection of plume remediation by transpiration and plant - root activity.

<figure><img src="image_59.png" /></figure>

<footnote n="1">¹President, Dynamax Inc</footnote>

<footnote n="2">²Senior Project Manager, Tolunay-Wong Engineers</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³BP North America</footnote>
# PHYTOSCREENING OF TREES RECOLONISING A DISUSED POLLUTED INDUSTRIAL LANDFILL

Paolo Sconocchia<fnref n="1" />,<fnref n="2" />, Sara Piloni<fnref n="2" />, Eugenia Peirone<fnref n="1" />, Paolo De Angelis<fnref n="2" />

Corresponding author email: pda@unitus.it

## ABSTRACT

Old industrial sites have often a complex story due to the changes of technologies, of economic frame and environmental awareness, occurred during their life-time. In these cases, the old landfills record the changes in term of an elevated spatial heterogeneity of pollutants, difficult to assess and normally requiring an improved sampling strategy integrating different technological approaches. Among the different technologies, the phytoscreening approach could provide a low cost tool to analyse the spatial distribution of soil contaminants and to obtain preliminary information about the suitability of the phytoremediation approach for the reclamation of the site.

The aim of this work was to use the phytoscreening to identify the superficial contamination (0-2 m depth) in an old industrial landfill of an electrochemical factory in Papigno (Terni, Italy), not more active. For that purpose we sampled leaf and woody tissue of trees naturally recolonising the landfill area.

The surface of the landfill has an extension of about 3,5 hectares and has been preliminarily characterized using soil cores, sampled according to a reference grid 50 x 50 m wide. As supposed, the results of the soil cores analysis showed a typical hot-spot contamination pattern, with several independent spots of contamination spread over the entire area. The pollutants found were: Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), heavy hydrocarbons (C>12), lead (Pb) and chrome (Cr tot).

The population of trees growing on the landfill surface was preliminarily characterised in term of: species composition, trees abundance, tree dimensions and age (by tree coring analysis). The results showed that the recolonisation started about 20 years ago and continuing until present, starting from the pioneer species already surrounding the area. Furthermore, the growth rates of the different species were in line with the climate of the area, without any evidence of phyto-toxicity caused by the pollutants. On the other hand, significant reductions of radial growth occurred during hot and dry years.

The sampling strategy for the chemical analyses of the plant tissues was related to the specific objectives of: evaluate the dimension of the hot-spots, confirm the pattern of the pollutant distribution, evaluate the species specific plant-pollutant interaction. Furthermore, additional soil cores were collected around the sampled trees, to determine the true BCF.

The leaf tissues showed higher values of heavy hydrocarbons (C>12) compared to the woody ones, with an average concentration, on leaf tissues, of 254.5 mg/kg and 675.1 mg/kg in Robinia spp. and Populus spp. (the most abundant species), respectively. The lack of correlation between the C>12 concentration of the hot-spots and the surrounding plants, as well as between the distance of the trees from the hot-spots and their level of contamination, demonstrated the limited spatial (horizontal and vertical) diffusion of the contamination which remain confined probably in the places were the contaminated matrix was placed.

Around to the few hot-spots contaminated with heavy metals (Pb and Cr) the plants resulted lightly polluted, without any significant difference between leaf and woody tissues. Similarly, the PCB was detected in the plants growing close to the contaminated hot-spot.

In conclusion, using the phytoscreening in an old and abandoned industrial landfill resulted to be a valid support to identify the diffusion of contamination in the top-soil (important also for the risk analysis) and to validate phytoremediation projects. On the other hand the use of phytoscreening on natural recolonising trees, should be integrated with other direct analyses when the vertical profile of contamination is unknown.

<figure><img src="image_60.png" /></figure>

<footnote n="1">¹Regional Agency for Environmental Protection of Umbria (ARPA Umbria), Italy</footnote>

<footnote n="2">²Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Italy</footnote>
# SWINE WASTE PHYTOREMEDIATION USING DUCKWEED (LANDOLTIA PUNCTATA, LES & CRAWFORD) IN A FULL SCALE PLANT

### Rodrigo de Almeida Mohedano, Rejane. H. R. Costa, Paulo Belli Filho

Dept of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil

Corresponding author email: rodrigomohedano@gmail.com

## ABSTRACT

The fast growth of world pork production has caused major environmental impacts, especially in developing countries. The large amount of nitrogen and phosphorous compounds found in pig manure has caused ecological imbalances, with eutrophication of major river basins in the producing regions. Moreover, much of the pig production in developing countries occurs on small farms, and therefore causes diffuse pollution. Therefore, duckweeds have been successfully used for phytoextraction of nutrient and heavy metals (Zn and Cu) from swine waste, generating further a biomass with high protein content. The aquatic macrophyte *Landoltia punctata* is promising specie to be used in agro- wastes phytoremediation considering their high growth rate and nutrient requirements.

The present study evaluated the phytoextraction of nitrogen and phosphorus from swine waste using two full scale duckweed ponds (called DP1 and DP2) in a small pig farm. Duckweed ponds series received the effluent from a biodigester-storage pond, with a flow rate of 1 m³.day⁻¹ produced by 300 animals. Evan after anaerobic stabilization a high nutrient concentration was found in effluent reaching 832mgNTK.L⁻¹ and 92 mgPT.L⁻¹, considering average values. Ammonia was the predominant form of nitrogen compost representing 2/3 of total nitrogen, however, the suitable pH values (6,8 on average) reduce the NH₃ toxicity for duckweeds. During experimental period approximately 28.5 kg of phosphorus and 260 kg of nitrogen was recovered from the water (or 0.47gPT.m⁻².day⁻¹ and 4,4gNTK.m⁻².day⁻¹), however, direct phytoextraction plays a partial role mainly for nitrogen removed. Analysis of the biomass nitrogen content demonstrated a percentage of 6.6% ± 0.8 of total nitrogen (dw), in average. This nitrogen content found is related with the high protein content in duckweed biomass reaching 41,25%.

Therefore, knowing total biomass produced was possible to calculate that 28% of the nitrogen removal in DP1, that is 81 kg of TKN (or 1.2 g TKN.m⁻².day⁻¹) was due direct phytoextraction by duckweeds. Additionally, (72%) was removed by nitrification and denitrification processes. Strong denitrification can be justified by several factors including aerobic and anoxic zones (2.1 mg DO.L⁻¹ on the surface and 0.5 mg DO.L⁻¹ on the bottom) always being present, a large area for a biofilm to attach, optimal pH and temperature ranges, and availability of food (BOD) for heterotrophic microorganisms (denitrificants). Also, nitrate (NO₃) was detected sometimes, usually during the summer, reaching 32 mg/L. However, because nitrate can be used by both duckweeds and denitrificant bacteria, the nitrate concentration ranged widely. By contrast, in DP2 a different proportion was found; 96% of the total removed nitrogen was due to duckweed phytoextraction and only 4% was caused by denitrification. The applied nitrogen load was larger in DP1 than DP2, so it is possible that almost all of the nitrogen applied to DP2 was required for duckweed growth.

Unlike nitrogen, the main route for phosphorus removal was the phytoextraction process. The large difference in removal rate between N and P may be due to several factors such as nutritional requirements, initial concentrations of P and N and pH variations which interferes in nutrients solubility. However, the present data showed that nitrifications/denitrification processes were improved by duckweed mat and strongly affect the difference in removal rate between N and P, mainly in DP1.

Due to the high rate of nutrient removal, and also the high protein biomass production, duckweed ponds revealed, under the presented condition, a great potential for phytoremediation of swine waste. Nevertheless, this technology should be better exploited to improve the sustainability of small pig farms in order to minimize the impacts of this activity on the environment.

**Acknowledgements:** The authors would like to thank the team from the Laboratory of Effluents at the Federal University of Santa Catarina, the Petrobrás Environmental Program, FAPESC, CNPq and CAPES/PNPD.

<figure><img src="image_61.png" /></figure>
<figure><img src="image_62.png" /></figure>
<figure><img src="image_63.png" /></figure>

CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS
<figure><img src="image_64.png" /></figure>
# OLIVE OIL MILL WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS COMBINED WITH ADVANCED OXIDATION PROCESSES

## Eleftheria Loupasaki, Evan Diamadopoulos

Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, GR-73100 Chania, Greece

Corresponding author email: diamad@dssl.tuc.gr

## ABSTRACT

The disposal of the olive oil mill wastewater (OMW) is a main issue at the olive oil producing countries. OMW is characterized by very high organic load, dark color and ecotoxicity, while it is produced seasonally. The aim of this work was to examine the treatment of olive oil mill wastewater in a hybrid system, consisting of a vertical flow subsurface constructed wetland (CW) combined with advanced oxidation process (AOP). Three AOP's were studied, photocatalytic oxidation with titanium dioxide, photo-Fenton oxidation and electrochemical oxidation.

OMW were diluted with raw wastewater taken from the treatment plant of the Technical University of Crete campus. The constructed wetland pilot unit was a stainless steel square tank with an area of 0.64m² and depth 1.20m, consisting of two successive layers of certain granulometry. The surface layer was 30cm fine gravel (4-8 mm) and the drainage layer was 30cm coarse gravel (8-18 mm).

The CW was operated under intermittent flow (every 8 hours, three times daily), without aeration and at ambient temperature. Two different operating periods were carried out with variations in the organic loading rate. During Period I the organic loading rate (OLR) was 102 g COD/(m²d) and the COD concentration 1450 mg/L, while during Period II the OLR was 247 g COD/(m²d) and the COD concentration 3540 mg/L. Monitoring of the system took place by composite sampling every four days by mixing samples taken three times during sampling day. Chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total suspended solids (TSS), total nitrogen (TN), phosphorus and color (TCU) were monitored systematically throughout the operating periods.

Subsequently, the effluent of the CW was treated in parallel by three lab-scale AOP's units. In order to succeed homogenous and comparable results, all the experiments were held with the same day CW effluent. Photocatalytic oxidation experiments were carried out at TiO₂ concentrations of 0,5 g/L, 1 g/L and 1,5 g/L and H₂O₂ concentrations of 500 mg/L and 1000 mg/L for the 1,5 g/L TiO₂. Photo-Fenton oxidation experiments were carried out at Fe²⁺ concentrations of 5 mg/L and 20 mg/L and H₂O₂ concentrations of 100mg/L, 300 mg/L and 500mg/L. Electrochemical oxidation experiments were carried out at current of 10A and 18A and Na₂SO₄ concentration of 1% and 2% w/v.

During Period I the mean COD reduction at the CW pilot unit expressed as mass rate (mg/d) was 83%, while for Period II the equivalent reduction was 79%. The respective reduction in DOC was 59% and 67%, in TSS 89% and 85%, and in TN 76% and 61% respectively. The color removal was limited during the first period and zero at the second.

Photocatalytic oxidation experiments achieved 36% DOC reduction for Period I and 0% for Period II. The respective DOC reduction for photo-Fenton experiments was 64% and 23% for the two periods, while the equivalent removal rates for electrochemical oxidation were 58% and 27% respectively. The optimum COD reduction for electrochemical oxidation was 56% and 62% for the two periods, while the TCU reduction was 87% and 94% respectively.

Even though during the second period the organic load had been doubled as applied COD mass rate, the mean COD removal at the CW unit was stable or even increased in some cases. Photo-Fenton oxidation and electrochemical oxidation showed similar removal rates, while photocatalytic oxidation had clearly the lowest removal rates.

<figure><img src="image_65.png" /><figcaption>Figure 1: Performance of the CW as COD mass rate</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_66.png" /><figcaption>Figure 2: DOC removal rate of the AOP's units for the two periods</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_67.png" /></figure>
# REUSING CONSTRUCTED WETLAND EFFLUENTS FOR VEGETABLE CROP IRRIGATION

Salvatore Barbagallo<fnref n="1" />, Alessandro Castorina<fnref n="1" />, Ferdinando Branca<fnref n="2" />, Giuseppe L. Cirelli<fnref n="1" />, Simona Consoli<fnref n="1" />, Feliciana Licciardello<fnref n="1" />

Corresponding author email: giuseppe.cirelli@unict.it

## ABSTRACT

The study focus on wastewater reuse practice potential for irrigated agriculture. Tertiary treated effluents coming from a horizontal sub-surface flow constructed wetland system were reused for research purposes to irrigated vegetable crops. The effects of the combination of wastewater reuse with microirrigation techniques were faced during the trial. The water-soil-plant system was analysed in terms of microbial contamination and physical-chemical modification. The experiment was conducted in Eastern Sicily during 2013.

### METHODS:
The experimental site for wastewater reuse was equipped with a microirrigation system, consisting of surface and sub-surface laterals, supplying tertiary treated wastewater. Wastewater of the small community of S. Michele di Ganzaria (Eastern Sicily, Italy) were conveyed to a Constructed Wetland (CW) system working as tertiary treatment; the CW effluents, after a sand filter, were supplied to the experimental irrigation systems. Vegetable crops, planting in row, like lettuce, aubergines and zucchini were alternated during the trial, accordingly to their growth cycle; the contamination effects on the products, in terms of *E.coli*, was analysed at the light of both the Italian wastewater reuse legislation and WHO guidelines (2006). Crop production features were evaluated by comparing the vegetable crops irrigated by reclaimed water (RW) with the analogous irrigated by fresh water. The soil was analysed to detect any eventual microbial contamination, along the profile, and changes on soil hydraulic and physical properties due to the low quality water supplied. The irrigation system performance was evaluated in terms of emission uniformity (EU) and emitter flow reduction. Preliminary analyses were carried out on the microbial biofilm detection within the irrigation pipelines.

### RESULTS:
RW showed a mean *E.coli* contamination of 2.4·10⁴ CFU/100 ml, ranging between 10³ CFU/100 ml and 8.5·10⁴ CFU/100 ml, during August-October 2013. Results on *E.coli* can be analysed with regard to both the Italian wastewater reuse standards (M.D. 185/03), indicating a threshold for 80% of samples of 50 CFU/100 ml and the WHO guidelines (2006), evidencing a potential risk for rotavirus detection when the concentrations of *E.coli* is higher than 10³ CFU/100 ml. Analyses on soil sampled at different depths within the experimental field revealed a certain microbial contamination, with an average *E.coli* of 1·10¹ CFU/g. Soil retention and permeability at saturation were not significantly altered during the experiment. Among the different crops irrigated by RW, lettuce revealed the worst symptoms due to the low quality water supplied; in particular, microbial contamination measured in terms of *E. coli* reached a maximum of 8·10⁴ CFU/g only on one sample. The overall production of the vegetable crops showed some significant differences among the treatments (i.e. RW and fresh water supplying). The microirrigation system evidenced a certain reduction of emission uniformity (EU) during the trial; values of EU decreased significantly in both surface and sub-surface systems, up to about 70%. This reduction was most likely caused by a microbial film growth within the pipelines, as suggested by recent literature. The presence of the microbial biofilm was confirmed in our study.

### CONCLUSIONS:
WW reuse for irrigation should be practiced in the agricultural context of the Mediterranean basin. This due to both the ever more limited conventional water resources for irrigation uses and the need to reduce the environmental impact of WW discharge into natural water bodies. The analysis of the potential impact of WW reuse on soil and plant contamination and the technological features of the irrigation systems should be supported by numerous research activities. The study herein presented was focused on these objectives. The overall results of the study, even if required further research materials.

**Acknowledgements:** The research was carried out within Project PON SIBAR financed by Italian Ministry of University and Research.

<figure><img src="image_68.png" /></figure>

<footnote n="1">¹Dept of Agri-food and Environmental Systems Management, University of Catania, Italy</footnote>

<footnote n="2">²Dept of Agricultural Production Science, University of Catania, Italy</footnote>
# BIOREMEDIATION OF BENZENE-CONTAMINATED GROUNDWATER WITH PILOT-SCALE CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS

Eva M. Seeger, Henrike Beck, Jochen A Mueller, Peter Kuschk, Matthias Kaestner

Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Leipzig, Germany

Corresponding author email: jochen.mueller@ufz.de

## ABSTRACT

Remediation of groundwater contaminated with benzene was tested in different pilot-scale horizontal subsurface-flow constructed wetland (CW) types (gravel CWs with different filter composition and a hydroponic plant root mat) at a field site. The performance evaluation comprised of (i) the determination of removal efficiency based on season-dependent concentration decline, (ii) investigations of the seasonal chemical's fate based on a mass balance approach taking into account the main removal pathways volatilization, plant uptake and microbial degradation, (iii) detailed investigations on the microbial community involved in benzene transformations, and (iv) hydraulic characterization of the CWs.

Overall, contaminant decline was greatly affected by the wetland type, and was season-dependent. The hydroponic plant root mat and the planted gravel CW efficiently improved the water quality as indicated by the achieved concentration decline during summer of 99 ± 1 % and 81 ± 7 %. The filter composition did not enhance treatment efficiency. Mass balancing revealed that the main benzene sink during summer was microbial degradation, with minor removal via plant uptake and volatilization. Assessment of microbial *in situ* activities highlighted several key players involved in benzene transformations. The hydraulic characterizations of the CWs evinced that good hydraulic flow behavior with low dispersion is not the only decisive factor for high contaminant removal, but high actual water-root contact, root density and a sufficient residence time are also important.

To conclude, both CW types represent a promising approach for the remediation of benzene-contaminated groundwater during spring/summer time.

**Acknowledgements:** The financial support by FP-7 project MINOTAURUS contract No. 265946 is greatly appreciated.

<figure><img src="image_69.png" /></figure>
# USE OF CONSTRUCTED WETLAND PLANTED WITH HALOPHYTE FOR DOMESTIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT

**M. Fountoulakis<fnref n="1" />, G. Daskalakis<fnref n="1" />,<fnref n="4" />, N. Kalogerakis<fnref n="2" />, T. Manios<fnref n="1" />,<fnref n="3" />,<fnref n="4" />**

Corresponding author email: mfountoul@staff.teicrete.gr

## ABSTRACT

Constructed wetlands (CW) are low cost systems used worldwide to treat municipal wastewater. These systems are based on natural ecosystems and treatment processes involve complex interactions between soil, water, plants, microorganisms and prevailing flow patterns. There is growing interest into the potential of constructed wetlands planted with facultative or obligate halophytes for the remediation of domestic wastewaters. Since plant roots are the major source of oxygen in subsurface flow (SSF) wetlands, aside from atmospheric diffusion the role of higher plants is crucial in establishing a successful CW. The study took place at an experimental pilot plant located in Heraklion, Crete, South Greece (N 35°, 19”; E 25°, 10”). The plant was constructed in summer 2006. The experimental plant include among others a subsurface flow wetland vegetated with halophyte. The SSF wetland (with a total surface of 45.36 m<fnref n="2" />) was filled with two layers of different diameter gravel. The front and the effluent end of the bed contained coarse gravel (60-100mm) and included the drainage system. Over this layer the main gravel media (30mm) was positioned with a

depth of 0.45 m. The constructed wetland was planted with four species of halophytes, *Tamarix parviflora* (5 plants), *Limoniastrum monopetalum* (8 plants), *Junkus sp* (8 plants) and *Sarcocornia perennis* (15 plants). The system operates receiving partially treated wastewater (sedimentation) from the City of Heraklion, Greece sewage treatment plant. A timer-controlled pump distributed the wastewater onto the surface of the wetland as described in Picture 3. The overall hydraulic loading is 1.4 m<fnref n="3" />/d. Water samples were taken as grab samples from the influent and effluent of constructed wetland and analyzed for chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen, total phosphorus, nitrate, ammonium and boron using standard test kits (Hach-Lange GmbH) and DR 2800 spectrophotometer (Hach-Lange GmbH). In addition, pH was measured with a pH-meter (WTW, 3110) and electrical conductivity (EC) with a conductimeter (Hanna, 8333) in accordance with Standard Methods (APHA, 1995). Unfiltered 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅) was analysed using WTW OxiTop meters.

<figure><img src="image_70.png" /></figure>

Low removal efficiencies were observed for almost all examined parameters. COD mean concentration in the effluent was 101.3 mg/l while BOD value was 46.4 mg/l. Average removal between 10-25% was observed for nitrogen and phosphorus. On the other hand boron concentration (Figure 1) was decreased from 0.40 mg/l in the influent to 0.26 mg/l in the effluent.

**Acknowledgements:** This research has been financed by the European Union (Work Program 2012 "COOPERATION": project acronym: "Water4crops")

<figure><img src="image_71.png" /></figure>

<footnote n="1">¹Department of Agricultural Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Crete, Heraklion, Greece</footnote>

<footnote n="2">²Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Chania, Greece</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³Envihealth SA, 36 Amarisias Artemidos str, Athens, Greece</footnote>

<footnote n="4">⁴TM Solutions Ltd, 3 Tsakalof str, Heraklion, Greece</footnote>
# BIOREMEDIATION OF GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATED WITH ORGANIC MICRO-POLLUTANTS USING HORIZONTAL SUBSURFACE FLOW CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS

Alexandros I. Stefanakis<fnref n="1" />/<fnref n="2" />, Anja Sinke<fnref n="3" />, Martin Thullner<fnref n="1" />

Corresponding author email: stefanakis.alexandros@gmail.com

## ABSTRACT

Constructed Wetlands are considered an effective remediation technology for groundwater contaminated with organic micro-pollutants like benzene and MTBE. Aerobic biodegradation appears to be the dominant removal mechanism. However, their efficiency in the removal of phenolic compounds is still not well investigated and respective removal processes not fully understood. To this, possible interactions due to simultaneous presence with other contaminants have not been examined. This project aims at clarifying these knowledge gaps.

Three pilot-scale Horizontal Subsurface Flow CWs (HSFCWs) were used in the experimental facility in Leuna, Germany. Each bed is a steel basin (L:W:D = 5.9:1.1:1.2 m); two beds were plants with *Phragmites australis* and one was kept unplanted. All beds were fed with contaminated groundwater pumped from the local aquifer, containing benzene and MTBE (inflow 11 L/h, HRT 10 days). A solution of phenol (15 mg/L) and *m*-cresol (2 mg/L) was injected to the groundwater influent loaded to two of the beds (planted and the control). The experimental period covered the full growth season from April to October 2013. Samples were taken from influent and effluent points every two weeks, as also from three points along each wetland length (0.5, 1.9 and 4.1 m) and depth (0-5, 30, 80 cm) for spatial distribution observation. All samples were analyzed for concentrations determination of the various compounds (phenol, *m*-cresol, MTBE, benzene, etc). Microbial community patterns were observed using flow cytometry technique and DNA analyses.

Overall results showed that planted HSFCWs are capable of completely removing phenolic compounds (as figure shows). Removal in the unplanted bed was incomplete. Spatial analysis revealed a gradual removal of the compounds, while the major portion is removed at the first part of bed length. Higher concentrations are detected at the bottom of the beds, especially in the unplanted bed, indicating the absence of oxygen in deeper parts and the positive role of plants.

<figure><img src="image_72.png" /></figure>

A shift in microbial community patterns was detected during the first two months after the injections with phenols started. This implies a first response of the microbial community towards its adaptation to the compounds added. This initial stress was thereafter limited and the system recovered with time, obtaining similar characteristics with the planted bed without receiving the phenolic compounds. DNA analyses revealed that different communities are present in the CW beds compared to the groundwater inflow. MTBE and benzene removal rates were not affected by the addition of the two phenolic compounds in the influent groundwater and were adequately removed, while higher rates observed in the planted beds (53% for MTBE and 82% for benzene).

<figure><img src="image_73.png" /></figure>

Results from this study show that the tested HSFCWs are an appropriate technology for the removal of phenols and organic hydrocarbons from contaminated groundwater. Biodegradation appears to be the dominant removal mechanism and the presence of plants acts beneficially for the system performance. Vertical concentration profiles show that in deeper parts the lack of oxygen limits but does not stop the contaminant removal, especially in the unplanted bed. Oxygen input via the CW surface affects the aerobic removal rate but also anaerobic removal takes place.

**Acknowledgements:** The financial support by BP International is greatly appreciated. Further funding was provided by the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research in the scope of the SAFIRA II Research Programme: Revitalization of Contaminated Land and Groundwater at Megasites, project "Compartment Transfer."

<figure><img src="image_74.png" /></figure>

<footnote n="1">¹ Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² ECOSAFE Environmental Applications, Ippokratous 2, 10679 Athens, Greece</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³ BP International Limited, Sunbury on Thames, Middlesex, TW16 7BP, UK</footnote>
# NUTRIENT REMOVAL FROM EUTROPHIC WATERS USING FLOATING TREATMENT WETLANDS

Chris C. Tanner<fnref n="1" />, James P.S. Sukias<fnref n="1" />, Jason Park<fnref n="1" />, Tom R. Headley<fnref n="1" />,<fnref n="2" />

Corresponding author email: chris.tanner@niwa.co.nz

## ABSTRACT

Floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) are an innovative new constructed wetland format that expands the range of situations where wetland treatment can be applied for water quality enhancement. Floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) involve emergent wetland plants growing on tethered buoyant mats or rafts on the water surface. The plant roots grow through the floating mat and into the water below. Although the key nutrient removal processes operating are similar to those operating in surface-flow wetlands, FTWs have a number of unique attributes which can provide advantages over conventional systems in some situations. In particular, tolerance of deep and fluctuating water levels enables FTWs to be retrofitted into ponds, lakes, slow-flowing and tidally-influenced waters. The plants growing in FTWs assimilate nutrients directly from the water column, in contrast to bottom-rooted emergent macrophytes which take them predominantly from the bottom sediments. The roots also provide a large surface area for adsorption and biofilm attachment within the water column, encourage aggregation and settling of fine particulates and promote quiescent anoxic zones beneath the floating mats. Until recently there has been little reliable quantitative information available on their nutrient removal performance. This paper briefly introduces the key elements of this novel new ecotechnology and reports nutrient removal rates from recent trials in static and flowing waters. Areal TN removal rates of 500–800 mg/m<fnref n="2" />/d were recorded in static batch trials, whilst 160–240 mg/m<fnref n="2" />/d were recorded in flow-through field trials. Areal TP removal rates of 40–60 mg/m<fnref n="2" />/d were recorded in static batch trials and 2-5 mg/m<fnref n="2" />/d in flow-through field trials. Comparison is made with published results from other studies around the world to discern performance trends (see Figures below) and identify potential niches for this treatment wetland type.

<figure><img src="image_75.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_76.png" /></figure>

**Acknowledgements:** The financial support for this work from the Ministry of Research, Business and Employment through the AgResearch-led *Clean Water: Productive Land Programme*, Auckland Council and Bay of Plenty Regional Council is greatly appreciated.

<figure><img src="image_77.png" /></figure>

<footnote n="1">¹National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, PO Box 11-115, Hamilton, New Zealand</footnote>

<footnote n="2">²Wetland Competence Center, Bauer Nimr LLC, PO Box 1186, PC 114 Almina, Muscat, Oman</footnote>
# FLOATING WETLANDS FOR WATER TREATMENT IN A EUTROPHIZED URBAN LAKE LOCATED IN XALAPA CITY, MEXICO

Eugenia J. Olguín, Gloria Sánchez-Galván, Erik González-Portela, Víctor J. Hernández, José Luis Domínguez, Omar S. Castillo

Biotechnological Management of Resources Network, Institute of Ecology, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico

Corresponding author email: eugenia.olguin@inecol.mx

## ABSTRACT

Floating Wetlands (FW) represent a novel water treatment in which emergent plants grow forming a mat floating on the water surface. The extensive surface area of the roots is a key factor for the attached biofilm growth and the entrapment of small suspended particles. FWs have been proposed for the water treatment of lakes, lagoons, rivers and stormwaters due to their ability to tolerate wide fluctuations in water depth [1,2]. "Los Lagos" (three artificial lakes) of Xalapa City in Mexico represents a recreational place for the community; however, they are polluted due to non-punctual urban discharges, resulting in the presence of phytoplankton mats.

The objective of this work was to assess the use of floating wetlands for the water treatment in a eutrophized lake located in Xalapa City, México (sub-tropical weather). Two linear FWs of 17.5 (17.5m x 1m) (FW1) and 33 m² (33m x1m) (FW2) were built with a combination of *Pontederia sagittata* and *Cyperus papyrus* and using light plastic structures to enhance the buoyancy of the system. FW1 and FW2 were placed in the most eutrophized zone of Lake #1 in August (summer) and November (autumn) of 2013, respectively. Growth monitoring was carried out every 15 days and 30 days for FW1 and FW2, respectively, determining the stems height. Biomass was harvested after 90 days in FW1 and after 60 days in FW2 to determine productivity. Water analysis was carried out at different points around the lake and FWs determining the following parameters: BOD, COD, TKN, NH₄-N, NO₃-N, PO₄-P, SO₄, pH and TDS. The presence of phytoplankton was assessed though chlorophyll and microcystin contents.

The results showed that the values of BOD, COD, NH₄-N, NO₃-N, PO₄-P, Chl-A during January and May of 2013 were very high compared to the maximum values recommended by USEPA for the aquatic life protection indicating eutrophication. Microcystin level resulted in the range recommended by WHO for water human consumption.

After 3 months (November), the quality of water treated by FW1 improved mainly in terms of COD (71.72%) and NH₄-N (27.27%), while the maximum NO₃-N removal was found during winter (January) (61.42%). TDS was removed in an average of 39.75±5.27% during autumn (October and November) and winter (January). In the case of the water treated by FW2, the content of COD was reduced 52.22% during autumn while in winter it was reduced in a range from 5.29 to 24.76%. BOD, NO₃-N and NH₄-N contents in the water lake were below the maximum level recommended by USEPA before and after FW2 during November and December. *P. sagittata* and *C. papyrus* adapted well to the water lake; both grew along 90 and 60 days in FW1 and FW2, respectively (Fig. 1a and 1b). The productivity obtained for the mix of both plants was 4.14 and 2.33 Kgdw/m²-month for FW1 and FW2, respectively. A smaller growth was observed in *C. papyrus* in FW2, compared to that found in FW1 at day 60, most probably due to this plant was more sensitive to the cold climatic conditions prevailing in winter (December and January).

<figure><img src="image_78.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_79.png" /></figure>

It was concluded that the use of FWs using a combination of *P. sagittata* and *C. papyrus* is a novel and suitable system for the improvement of the water quality of a eutrophized urban lake. Work is in progress to evaluate the effect of the FW design on water quality.

## References:

1. Headley, T. R., Tanner, C.C., (2012) Constructed Wetlands With Floating Emergent Macrophytes: An Innovative Stormwater Treatment Technology. *Critical Reviews In Environmental Science And Technology* 42, 2261-2310

2. Zhao F, Xi S, Yang X, Yang W, Li J, Gu B, He Z. (2012) Purifying Eutrophic River Waters with Integrated Floating Island Systems in Zhejiang, China. *Ecological Engineering* 40, 53-60

Acknowledgements: The financial support by the local Government of the Xalapa City is greatly appreciated.

<figure><img src="image_80.png" /></figure>