# Contribution to the knowledge of Parichoronyssus bakeri Morales-Malacara and Guerrero, 2007 (Mesostigmata: Macronyssidae): new locality and host-association records with additional molecular data

Victor de Souza Mello-Oliveira, Fernando de Castro Jacinavicius, Mariane

Guerro-De-Souza, Leormando Fortunato Dornelas Júnior, Ana Carolina

Castro-Santiago, Ana Cláudia Calchi, Elizabete Captivo Lourenço, Ashley P

G Dowling, Katia Maria Famadas, Marcos Rogério André, et al.

► To cite this version:

Victor de Souza Mello-Oliveira, Fernando de Castro Jacinavicius, Mariane Guerro-De-Souza, Leor-mando Fortunato Dornelas Júnior, Ana Carolina Castro-Santiago, et al. Contribution to the knowledge of Parichoronyssus bakeri Morales-Malacara and Guerrero, 2007 (Mesostigmata: Macronyssidae): new locality and host-association records with additional molecular data. Acarologia, 2023, 64 (1), pp.56-62. 10.24349/r5x8-stb5. hal-04416607

HAL Id: hal-04416607

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# Contribution to the knowledge of *Parichoronyssus bakeri* Morales-Malacara and Guerrero, 2007
(Mesostigmata: Macronyssidae): new locality and host-association records with additional molecular data

Victor de Souza Mello-Oliveira<sup>ID a</sup>, Fernando de Castro Jacinavicius<sup>ID b</sup>, Mariane Guerro-de-Souza<sup>ID a</sup>, Leormando Fortunato Dornelas Júnior<sup>ID c,d</sup>, Ana Carolina Castro-Santiago<sup>ID e</sup>, Ana Cláudia Calchi<sup>ID a</sup>, Elizabete Captivo Lourenço<sup>ID f</sup>, Ashley P. G. Dowling<sup>ID g</sup>, Katia Maria Famadas<sup>ID h</sup>, Marcos Rogério André<sup>ID a</sup>, Luis Marcelo Aranha Camargo<sup>ID c,d,i,j</sup>, Darci Moraes Barros-Battesti<sup>ID a</sup>, Ricardo Bassini-Silva<sup>ID a,b</sup>

Received 08 July 2023
Accepted 04 December 2023
Published 14 December 2023

Corresponding author
Ricardo Bassini-Silva ID:
ricardo.bassini@gmail.com

Academic editor
Faraji, Farid

https://doi.org/10.24349/r5x8-stb5

ISSN 0044-586X (print)
ISSN 2107-7207 (electronic)

<figure><img src="image_5.png" /></figure>

Mello-Oliveira V. D. S. et al.

Licensed under
Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0

OPEN ACCESS

## Original research

### ABSTRACT

The mite genus *Parichoronyssus* Radovsky (Mesostigmata: Macronyssidae) comprises twelve known species found parasitizing bats in the New World. This study aimed to identify morphologically and molecularly macronyssid mites collected from bats and kept as backlog in the tissue bank (-80C) at the Acarological Collection of the Butantan Institute (IBSP). After the examination, the material was listed and identified as *Parichoronyssus bakeri* Morales-Malacara and Guerrero. Here, we were able to provide diagnostic microscopic images for the females of this species, as well as molecular information (18S rRNA and 16S rRNA) that were deposited in Genbank for reference. New locality records were also provided for *P. bakeri* in Rio de Janeiro and Rondônia States, Brazil.

**Keywords** mites; bats; 16S rRNA; 18S rRNA; Brazil

<footnote><sup>a</sup> Vector-Borne Bioagents Laboratory (VBBL), Departamento de Patologia, Reprodução e Saúde Única, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias-UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.</footnote>

<footnote><sup>b</sup> Laboratório de Coleções Zoológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.</footnote>

<footnote><sup>c</sup> Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ/ILMD), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.</footnote>

<footnote><sup>d</sup> Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas V, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.</footnote>

<footnote><sup>e</sup> Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, FMVZ-USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.</footnote>

<footnote><sup>f</sup> Laboratório de Ecologia de Mamíferos, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.</footnote>

<footnote><sup>g</sup> Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.</footnote>

<footnote><sup>h</sup> Laboratório de Artrópodes Parasitos, Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.</footnote>

<footnote><sup>i</sup> Instituto Nacional de Ciência de Tecnologia de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental (INCT-EPIAMO), Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil.</footnote>

<footnote><sup>j</sup>Centro de Medicina Tropical de Rondônia (CEPEM) da Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de Rondônia, Monte Negro, Rondônia, Brazil.</footnote>
## Introduction

The family Macronyssidae Oudemans, 1936 stands out among mites of medical-veterinary importance since some species can cause dermatitis and even more severe injuries in animals and humans, as well as can carry pathogens, playing a role as putative vectors in the epidemiological cycles of illnesses (Reeves 2007; Hornok et al. 2012; Bassini-Silva et al. 2019; 2022a). Despite that, this family still needs studied since little is known about species diversity, host-parasite associations, biology, and associated microbiome.

Macronyssidae is distributed worldwide and includes 35 genera and over 200 species (Radovsky 2010; Orlova et al. 2017; Bassini-Silva et al. 2021; 2022b). Most species parasitize vertebrates, with approximately 75% of the described species having bats as their primary hosts (Radovsky 2010). In Brazil, 15 genera and 29 species of Macronyssidae have been recorded (Bassini-Silva et al. 2021; 2022b), with about half the diversity recorded parasitizing bats (Bassini-Silva et al. 2021; 2022b).

The genus *Parichoronyssus* Radovsky, 1966 currently includes 12 species described in New World bats (Morales-Malacara and Guerrero 2020). Four of the 12 species are known to occur on phyllostomid bats in Brazil: *Parichoronyssus bakeri* Morales-Malacara and Guerrero, 2007; *Parichoronyssus crassipes* Radovsky, 1967; *Parichoronyssus euthysternum* Radovsky, 1967; and *Parichoronyssus sclerus* Radovsky, 1966 (Whitaker and Mumford 1977; Azevedo et al. 2002; Almeida et al. 2011; Moras et al. 2013).

So far, the distribution of these four species is restricted to the southeastern region of Brazil, with *P. bakeri*, *P. crassipes*, and *P. sclerus* only recorded in the state of Minas Gerais (Whitaker and Mumford 1977; Azevedo et al. 2002; Moras et al. 2013) and *P. euthysternum* in the state of Rio de Janeiro (Almeida et al. 2011). Host records in Brazil are also few, with *P. bakeri*, *P. crassipes*, and *P. euthysternum* collected on the little yellow-shouldered bat, *Sturnira lilium* (É. Geoffroy, 1810) (Azevedo et al. 2002; Almeida et al. 2011; Moras et al. 2013), *P. sclerus* on the tailed tailless bat, *Anoura caudifer* (É. Geoffroy, 1818) (Whitaker and Mumford 1977), and *P. bakeri* on the Seba's short-tailed bat, *Carollia perspicillata* (Linnaeus, 1758) (Moras et al. 2013).

This study aimed to identify morphologically and molecularly previously unidentified macronyssid specimens stored in the tissue bank (-80C) at the Acarological Collection of the Butantan Institute (IBSP). Both morphological and molecular data were used to support identification.

## Material and methods

The specimens examined in the present study were stored in ethyl alcohol (100%) at (-80C) in the tissue bank at the Acarological Collection of the Instituto Butantan (IBSP). In order to identify these mites, while some specimens were used for DNA extraction, others were slide-mounted in Hoyer's medium, following the protocols by Walter and Krantz (2009). The morphological identification until the genus level followed Radovsky (2010), while the key previously described by Morales-Malacara and Guerrero (2020, 2023) was used for species identification. The original description was consulted to support the identification of the material (Morales-Malacara and Guerrero 2007).

Slide-mounted specimens were examined using a Leica DFC 500 digital camera and a phase-contrast Leica DM4000B optical microscope. Extended focal range images were composed using Leica Application Suite version 2.5.0. The images were prepared with Adobe Photoshop v.13.0 software.

Each mite pulled for DNA analysis was individually placed into a 1.5 µL Eppendorf® microtube. DNA extraction was performed following the manufacturer's QIAGEN DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit protocols. After DNA extraction, the remaining cuticles were slide-mounted as vouchers and identified following the protocols described above.
Three molecular markers (18S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and COI) were targeted for molecu-
lar characterization. The following primer pairs were used to target each gene fragment:
18S rRNA using the primers Mite18S-1F (5'-ATATTGGAGGGCAAGTCTGG-3') and
Mite18S-1R (5'-TGGCATCGTTTATGGTTAG-3') (Otto and Wilson 2001); 16S rRNA
using the primers 16S+1 (5'-CTGCTCAATGATTTTTTAAATTGCTGTGG-3') and 16S-
1 (5'-CCGGTCTGAACTCAGATCAAGT-3') (Mangold et al. 1998); and COI using
the primers LCO1490 (5'-GGTCAACAAATCATAAAGATATTGG-3') and HCO2198 (5'-
TAAACTTCAGGGTGACCAAAAAAATCA-3') (Folmer et al. 1994). PCR reagents concentra-
tion and thermal cycler conditions followed the abovementioned works. Negative (ultrapure
water type I) and positive controls (pool of *Tyrophagus* sp.) were used for each reaction. All
positive products were purified with ExoSap-IT (GE Healthcare® Pittsburgh, PA).

Sanger sequencing was performed at the “Centro de Pesquisa sobre Genoma Humano e Células Tronco do Instituto de Biociências”, University of São Paulo, São Paulo State. The obtained sequences were assembled using Sequencing Analysis 5.3.1 software and submitted to BLAST analysis (Altschul *et al.* 1990) to infer similarities with other mite sequences available in GenBank. Different haplotypes were visually discriminated after an alignment using the CLUSTAL W algorithm (Thompson *et al.* 1994) implemented in Geneious R11 (Kearse *et al.* 2012).

**Results**

A total of 85 macronyssid specimens collected from the greater spear-nosed bat, *Phyllostomus hastatus* (Pallas, 1767) (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) were examined and identified as *Parichoronyssus bakeri* (Figure 1). Sixty-five of the total number of specimens were used in the molecular analysis, and only three 18S rRNA and six 16S rRNA sequences were obtained from the females of the mites. The obtained sequences were deposited in Genbank as reference sequences for the genus and species. COI was not successfully amplified from any specimen.

The females of *P. bakeri* (Figure 1) can be separated from other *Parichoronyssus* by having the dorsal shield with 13 pairs of setae; trichopores present in the place of setae *j4* to *j6*, and *z5*; seta *r2* absent; more than 24 pairs of setae on the integument of the ventral opisthosoma; entire anal shield without a line interrupting the perianal zone in the anterior region; coaxal field I with a spine-like projection with rounded tip in the posterior region (Figure 1E).

Only diagnostic characteristics of the females are being highlighted here since we have yet
to obtain sequences of males and nymphal stages (deutonymph and protonymph) to confirm
the species. According to the literature, these other stages were morphologically identified, but
it is worth noting that different species of *Parichoronyssus* can parasitize the same host.

The three partial 18S rRNA sequences were obtained from two different lots (IBSP 18475 and 18513) from Rio de Janeiro State and were identical among them, constituting a single haplotype (GenBank access number OR242724). Compared with the sequences available in Genbank, this sequence showed 96.15% identity (query cover: 99%; e-value: 0.0) with *Chiroptonyssus haematophagus* (GenBank access number: FJ911855). While the six partial 16S rRNA sequences were obtained from three different lots (IBSP 18475, 18513, and 18514), also from the same state. Five sequences were identical between them, constituting a single haplotype, and the other sequence with a difference when compared to the haplotype (GenBank access number OR242725 and OR242726). The two haplotypes of 16S rRNA partial sequences showed 89.44% and 88.89% identity (query cover: 98% and 99%; e-value: 6e-14 and 4e-137, respectively) with *Chiasmanyssus cavernicola* (GenBank access number: MW522530).

**Material examined.** BRAZIL — 14♀ and 8♂ (IBSP 18370); Monte Negro Municipality, Rondônia State (63°14'2"W, 10°17'42"S); 20 May 2021; ex. *Phyllostomus hastatus* (Pallas, 1767) (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae); Dornelas L. F. Jr. coll. 8♀ and 4♂ (IBSP 18376); same data. 14♀, 2♂ and 7PN (IBSP 18475); Mário Takume Farm, Tinguá Neighborhood, Nova Iguaçu Municipality, Rio de Janeiro State; 17 Nov. 2011; same host; Lourenço E.C. *et al*. coll.
<figure><img src="image_6.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 1** Light microscopy images of the female *Parichoronyssus bakeri*. A – General view of the ventral idiosoma; B – General view of the dorsal idiosome; C – Close up of sternal shield; D – Close up of genital and anal shields; E – Gnathosoma and coxa of the Leg I, with the black arrow pointing out the spine-like projection; F – Close up of the dorsal shield. Scales: A and B 50µm, C-F 20µm.</figcaption></figure>
5♀ and 12PN (IBSP 18514); same locality and host; 14 Apr. 2012. 11♀ (IBSP 18513); same
locality and host; 17 Nov. 2011.

Discussion

Four species of *Parichoronyssus* have been recorded from Brazil: *P. bakeri*, *P. crassipes*, *P. euthysternum*, and *P. sclerus*. Based on known host records in the Neotropics (Azevedo *et al.* 2002; Morales-Malacara and Guerrero 2020), the previous reports from Brazil for some of these species might need to be revised. This might have happened due to possible contamination during collection and handling, accidental transmission of mites to the wrong hosts, or even misidentification. For example, the records of *P. bakeri* from *C. perspicillata* and *S. lilium* in Minas Gerais State (Moras *et al.* 2013) are problematic because elsewhere, this species has only been associated with the genus *Phyllostomus*. Additionally, *P. crassipes* from *Sturnira lilium* (Azevedo *et al.* 2002) is also questionable since *P. crassipes* is a mite species that primarily parasitizes *Carollia* spp. Specimens from those studies should be reexamined to validate species identification and document the natural distribution of these species in the Brazilian territory.

Regarding the molecular analysis, the only *Parichoronyssus* sequence available in Genbank is for a fragment of the 28S rRNA (Dowling and O'Connor 2010) without species identification. The present study contributed to future molecular identification of *Parichoronyssus* spp. by providing sequences for two molecular markers, namely 18S rRNA and 16S rRNA, aiming at improving the genetic representation of *P. bakeri* in Genbank. Also, we provide diagnostic images and additional information about *P. bakeri* females, as well as new locality records for this species in Rio de Janeiro and Rondônia States, all associated with *Ph. hastatus*.

Acknowledgments

To Gabrielle Ribeiro de Andrade, Maria Cristina Ferreira do Rosário from the Laboratório de Coleções Zoológicas, Instituto Butantan, for technical contribution; To Valeria Castilho Onofrio for giving access to Acarological Collection of the Instituto Butantan. To Juan Bibiano Morales-Malacara for kindly sending the micrographs of the type series of *P. bakeri*. This work was supported by the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico under the Grant CNPq no. 402575/2021-0 (FCJ), the Productivity Grant to MRA (CNPq Process #303701/2021-8), and DMB-B (CNPq Process #303802/2021-9), as well as the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo under Grant FAPESP no. 2023/06748-9 (MG-S), 2023/06878-0 (VSM-O), 2022/08620-7 (VSM-O), 2019/19853-0 (FCJ), 2021/06758-9 (ACC-S), 2020/07826-5 (ACC), 2017/01416-7 (RB-S), 2018/24667-8 (RB-S), and 2020/11755-6 (RB-S); and also, was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001.

ORCID

Victor de Souza Mello-Oliveira https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9454-787X

Fernando de Castro Jacinavicius https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5503-3120

Mariane Guerro-de-Souza https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4044-3260

Leormando Fortunato Dornelas Júnior https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7762-213X

Ana Carolina Castro-Santiago https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2660-0958

Ana Cláudia Calchi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4096-5937

Elizabete Captivo Lourenço https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6136-708X

Ashley P. G. Dowling https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1890-1689

Katia Maria Famadas https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0157-962X
Marcos Rogério André https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1713-5222

Luis Marcelo Aranha Camargo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9486-6195

Darci Moraes Barros-Battesti https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8541-2252

Ricardo Bassini-Silva https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9568-4120

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