<table><tr><td></td><td><strong>Regione Piemonte (LIFE Wolfalps Project)</strong><ul><li><strong>Shelter</strong> has been used in a sheep pasture</li><li><strong>Acoustic devices</strong> have been used in 20 cattle pastures and in 2 sheep pastures</li><li><strong>Fladries</strong> have been used in 20 cattle pastures and in 2 sheep pastures</li></ul><strong>Regione Lombardia (LIFE Wolfalps Project)</strong><ul><li><strong>Acoustic devices and fladry</strong> have been used in testing sheep pastures.</li></ul><strong>Provincia Autonoma di Trento</strong> - Forest and Wildlife Service acquires or rents the housing modules, finances the helicopter flights and supports the shepherds with their personnel.</td></tr><tr><td>SURVEILLANCE</td><td><strong>Aspects different by Regions</strong><br>Details by Regions/Province when given:<ul><li><strong>Regione Autonoma Valle d'Aosta</strong><br>Approximately 50 officials from regional units.</li><li><strong>Regione Piemonte (LIFE Wolfalps Project)</strong><br>In the testing period, project staff regularly had contact with breeders using the devices (by phone or field visits) and the Alpine shelter.</li><li><strong>Provincia Autonoma di Trento</strong><br>The Wildlife Service officers visit the farmers, checking if everything is ok. After the summer, housing modules are helitransported back and checked.</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>EFFECTIVENESS</td><td><strong>Aspects different by Regions</strong><br>Details by Regions/Province when given:<ul><li><strong>Regione Piemonte (LIFE Wolfalps Project)</strong></li></ul></td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td>All livestock protected with both devices remained undamaged despite the regular presence of wolf, which indicates the efficiency of these deterrents for limited periods.<br/><br/><strong>Provincia Autonoma di Trento</strong><br/>Housing modules, allowing the shepherds to stay full time with the flock even if a permanent shelter is absent, may greatly improve the effectiveness of carnivore damage prevention, and the well-being of shepherds as well.</td></tr></table>

## CHALLENGES

### Aspects different by Regions

Details by Regions/Province when given:

* **Regione Piemonte (LIFE Wolfalps Project)**

Both the **devices** can be used for emergency situations, for example when a calf is born far from the shelter area and there is not alternative way to protect it or when it is necessary to disturb recurrent wolf visits in areas of livestock presence.

The Alpine shelter permits breeders to constantly be present with livestock at the pasture, permitting to use other the damage prevention tools.

* **Provincia Autonoma di Trento**

* The housing modules must be properly secured on the ground, to avoid to be swept away by wind storms, and must be certified and properly secured against lightning bolts.

* Other than housing modules, almost always PAT has to provide temporary, free loans of electric nettings, to protect the sheep at night;

* Sometimes, PAT had to provide acoustic deterrents to the shepherds

## PROBLEMS

### A. Total Regions: not provided.

### B. Aspects different by Regions
<table><tr><td></td><td>Details by Regions/Province when given:<ul><li><strong>Regione Piemonte (LIFE Wolfalps Project)</strong></li><li><strong>Acoustic devices</strong> - sometimes zootechnical dogs (LGDs or herding dogs) can be frightened by sound emission, due to this problem a shepherd suggested to record his own voice to which dogs were used. Livestock never showed any kind of reaction to the sounds.</li><li><strong>Fladry</strong> - a constant check is necessary, at least once a week, to avoid their roll up around the wire. In case some flags are frayed and they must be replaced. A free movement of the flags is the basis of an effective deterrent action.</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>COSTS</td><td><p><strong>A. Total Regions: not provided.</strong></p><p><strong>B. Aspects different by Regions</strong></p><p>Details by Regions/Province when given:</p><ul><li><strong>Regione Piemonte (LIFE Wolfalps Project)</strong></li><li><strong>Alpine shelter</strong>: 25.000 €</li><li><strong>Acoustic device</strong> (IDS ALARM) equipped with wireless system and 20 pre-sounds recorded in MP3 format, loaded on SD card, complete with rechargeable battery and 5 W photovoltaic solar panel costs about € 390.00 (VAT excluded).</li><li><strong>Fladry</strong> - the cost of flags mounted on wire is about 76,50 €/100 m.</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>CONTACT INSTITUTION AND PERSON</td><td><p><strong>A. Total Regions: not provided.</strong></p><p><strong>B. Aspects different by Regions</strong></p><p>Details by Regions/Province when given:</p><ul><li><strong>Regione Autonoma Valle d'Aosta - Assessorato Ambiente, Risorse naturali e Corpo forestale</strong></li></ul><p>Christian Chioso (c.chioso@regione.vda.it)</p><p>Fabrizio Truc (f.truc@regione.vda.it)</p></td></tr></table>
<figure><img src="image_30.png" /></figure>

Provincia Autonoma di Trento, Servizio Foreste e Fauna,
Settore Grandi carnivori

Claudio Groff (claudio.groff@provincia.tn.it)

Matteo Zeni (matteo.zeni@provincia.tn.it)

MORE
INFORMATION
AND INFO-
MATERIALS

A. Total Regions: not provided.

B. Aspects different by Regions

Details by Regions/Province when given:

<figure><img src="image_31.png" /></figure>

Regione Piemonte (LIFE Wolfalps Project)

o Implementation of specific preventive measures for
cattle in the western Italian Alps -
http://www.lifewolfalps.eu/wp-
content/uploads/2014/05/Report-C3.pdf

IMPLEMENTED
MEASURES

A. Total Regions: not provided.

B. Aspects different by Regions

Details by Regions/Province when given:

<figure><img src="image_32.png" /></figure>

Regione Piemonte (LIFE Wolfalps Project)

▪ Water points

TARGETED TYPE
OF PROPERTY

A. Total Regions: not provided.

B. Aspects different by Regions

Details by Regions/Province when given:

<figure><img src="image_33.png" /></figure>

Regione Piemonte (LIFE Wolfalps Project)

▪ Cattle

TECHNICAL
DETAILS

A. Total Regions: not provided.

B. Aspects different by Regions

Details by Regions/Province when given:

<figure><img src="image_34.png" /></figure>

Regione Piemonte (LIFE Wolfalps Project)

One of the problems connected to the pasture season, declared
by many shepherds is the lack of water-points. The presence
and correct location of an adequate number of water-points in
<table><tr><td></td><td>relation to the number of animals on the pasture has a double positive effect: 1. it reduces the risk of depredation because it avoids long movements of cattle and above all avoids that mothers get too far away from newborn calves with the consequent isolation of some subjects; 2. it allows cattle to distribute uniformly during watering in fences, avoiding excessive trampling and accumulation of dejections in restricted areas with consequent soil damage.<br/>Depending on the cases it should be needed to implement high storage basin connected via pipes to as many watering systems as needed (tanks of 200 l.) and the use of water pumping systems powered by photovoltaic panels.</td></tr></table>

FINANCIAL SOURCES

A. Total Regions: not provided.

B. Aspects different by Regions

Details by Regions/Province when given:

➤ **Regione Piemonte (LIFE Wolfalps Project)**

IMPLEMENTATION

A. Total Regions: not provided.

B. Aspects different by Regions

Details by Regions/Province when given:

➤ **Regione Piemonte (LIFE Wolfalps Project)**

Six water-point systems has been implemented in 5 different areas of cattle pasture.

SURVEILLANCE

A. Total Regions: not provided.

B. Aspects different by Regions

Details by Regions/Province when given:

➤ **Regione Piemonte (LIFE Wolfalps Project)**

In the testing period, project staff regularly had contact with breeders (by phone or field visits).

EFFECTIVENESS

A. Total Regions: not provided.
<table><tr><td></td><td><b>B. Aspects different by Regions</b><br>Details by Regions/Province when given:<br>➤ <b>Regione Piemonte (LIFE Wolfalps Project)</b><br>The implementation of water-points has permitted to maintain cattle for longer periods in the fences avoiding an excessive distribution of animals in the pasture area, above all during foggy days, and so decreasing the risk of depredation.</td></tr><tr><td>CHALLENGES</td><td><b>A. Total Regions: not provided.</b><br><b>B. Aspects different by Regions</b><br>Details by Regions/Province when given:<br>➤ <b>Regione Piemonte (LIFE Wolfalps Project)</b><ul><li>Animals can stay at the pasture also in case of long period of drought</li><li>The soil is not spoiled by animals' trampling and dejections</li><li>Not excessive movement of the animals for reaching points of natural water presence is required</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>PROBLEMS</td><td><b>A. Total Regions: not provided.</b><br><b>B. Aspects different by Regions</b><br>Details by Regions/Province when given:<br>➤ <b>Regione Piemonte (LIFE Wolfalps Project)</b><br>They need a continuous maintenance.</td></tr><tr><td>COSTS</td><td><b>A. Total Regions: not provided.</b><br><b>B. Aspects different by Regions</b><br>Details by Regions/Province when given:<br>➤ <b>Regione Piemonte (LIFE Wolfalps Project)</b><br>It depends on the type of intervention.</td></tr><tr><td>CONTACT<br>INSTITUTION AND<br>PERSON</td><td><b>Total Regions: not provided.</b></td></tr></table>
MORE
INFORMATION
AND INFO-
MATERIALS

A. Total Regions: not provided.

B. Aspects different by Regions

Details by Regions/Province when given:

<figure><img src="image_35.png" /></figure>

Regione Piemonte (LIFE Wolfalps Project)

Implementation of specific preventive measures for cattle in
the western Italian Alps - http://www.lifewolfalps.eu/wp-
content/uploads/2014/05/Report-C3.pdf

References

Bangs E., Shivik J. (2001). Managing wolf conflict with livestock in the Northwestern United States. Carnivore Damage Prevention News 3: pp. 5.

Berce, T., Zahariaš, K., Sedmak, A., Bragalanti, N. 2018. Livestock guarding dogs. The LIFE DINALP BEAR project handbook.

Musiani M., Visalberghi E. (2001). Effectiveness of fladry on wolves in captivity. Wildlife Society Bulletin 29 (1): 91-98.

Okarma H. (1993). Status and management of the wolf in Poland. Biological Conservation 66:153–158.

Shivik J.A. (2004). Non-lethal alternatives for predation management. Sheep and Goat Research Journal 19: 64–71.

Shivik J.A., Treves A., Callahan P. (2003). Non-lethal techniques for managing predation: primary and secondary repellents. Conservation Biology 17: 1531–1537.
3.5 LIECHTENSTEIN

Prepared by:

Cathérine Frick, and Olivier Nägele (Chapter Damages)

Cathérine Frick (Chapter Damage prevention)
### 3.5.1 Damages caused by large Carnivores in Liechtenstein

<table><tr><td>REPORTING COUNTRY / WHICH REGIONS DOES THE REPORT INCLUDE?</td><td>Liechtenstein<br/>State territory</td></tr><tr><td>REPORT PREPARED BY</td><td>Cathérine Frick, and Olivier Nägele</td></tr><tr><td>INTRODUCTION / COMMENT OF THE SITUATION</td><td>In the last years there have only been 2 proofs of wolf presence in Liechtenstein (2018 and 2020). Both cases proved to be transient wolves crossing Liechtenstein state territory.<br/><br/>Wolf presence in the greater area, especially in the neighbouring Swiss Canton of Grisons, has been increasing in the last years. Several packs and migrating individuals have been proven.<br/><br/>In the near future, more transient wolves are expected. Pack forming in close proximity of Liechtenstein or the subterritory of a pack on state territory is conceivable.<br/><br/>As a result, wolf presence can be expected anytime in Liechtenstein.<br/><br/>So far there have not been any damages to livestock by wolves. Livestock protection measures are currently not harmonized, even though several livestock owners do already practice different measures e.g. the usage of electric fences.<br/><br/>In summer 2020, free grazing on Alpine pastures is still practiced.<br/><br/>Since there are not (yet) any losses of livestock, the situation can only be assessed partially and the lack of losses is connected to a low occurrence of wolves.</td></tr></table>
### 3.5.2 Damage prevention measures in Liechtenstein

#### ELECTRICITY

<table><thead><tr><th colspan="2">TECHNICAL OVERVIEW OF THE IMPLEMENTED MEASURES</th></tr><tr><th>COUNTRY</th><th>Liechtenstein</th></tr><tr><th>REPORTING PERIOD</th><th>2018 – 2019</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th scope="row">IMPLEMENTED MEASURES</th><td><strong>ELECTRIC FENCES</strong><br>Two types:<ul><li>Electric nettings (minimal height: 0.9-1.20 m)</li><li>Multi-wire electric fences (minimal height: 0.9-1.20 m); lowest wire on 15 cm, highest wire on 1.20 m), lower wires should be close to each other</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">TARGETED TYPE OF PROPERTY</th><td><strong>PRIORITY 1:</strong><ul><li>sheep, goats</li></ul><strong>PRIORITY 2:</strong><ul><li>cattle, alpacas, llamas, other livestock</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">HERD / PROPERTY SIZE</th><td><ul><li>all sizes of herds</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">TECHNICAL DETAILS OF IMPLEMENTED MEASURE(S)</th><td><strong>Electric nettings</strong><ul><li>Mobile or permanent fences</li><li>Height: 0.90-1.20 m (minimum)</li><li>Minimum voltage 3000-4000 V</li></ul><strong>Multi-wire electric fences</strong><ul><li>Mobile fences</li><li>Height: 0.90-1.20 m (minimum)</li><li>Lowest wire on 15 cm, highest wire on 1.20 m</li><li>Lower wires should be close to each other</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td>Optional, depending on the livestock management: Usage of night pens.</td></tr><tr><td>IMPLEMENTATION</td><td>Damage prevention measures in Liechtenstein are currently voluntary for livestock owners.<br/>Since autumn 2018 Liechtenstein has an official performance agreement with the Anlaufstelle Herdenschutz in the Swiss Canton of St. Gallen.<br/>Because of the small size of Liechtenstein (162 km²) it is not possible to operate a separate center for livestock prevention.<br/>More information on the Anlaufstelle Herdenschutz: https://www.sq.ch/umwelt-natur/landwirtschaft/Izsg/Beratung/tierhaltung/Herdenschutz.html</td></tr><tr><td>CHALLENGES</td><td>In Liechtenstein there is not yet a stationary wolf or wolfpack. Lynx have been present in Liechtenstein since 2004 with the first documented reproduction in 2015. So far, there have not been any incidents with carnivores that included injured, missing or dead livestock.<br/>Brown bears are still absent from Liechtenstein.<br/>Since the pressure on livestock owners currently is low, implemented measures vary from livestock owner to livestock owner. Certain livestock owners do already implement sufficient measures.</td></tr><tr><td>CHALLENGES AND BASIC REQUIREMENTS</td><td><ul><li>Incorrect use (e.g. no electricity, damaged fence, topography)</li><li>Underestimation of the importance of grounding system</li><li>Grounding and setting up of fences in the mountain and alpine area</li></ul></td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td><ul><li>Shape of the fences area (no narrow fences, no sharp angles, enough space for the herd)</li><li>In some cases, a double fenced night pen might be necessary</li><li>Risk of entanglement if animals are not used to electricity and fences/nettings or in case of panic situation (connected with previous indents).</li><li>Incorrect use of fences can endanger wildlife (colouring of nets, barricade tapes as additional visual signal)</li></ul></td></tr></table>

CONTACT INSTITUTION AND PERSON

Amt für Umwelt, Fürstentum Liechtenstein

Cathérine Frick (catherine.frick@llv.li)

Olivier Nägele (olivier.naegele@llv.li)

Anlaufstelle Herdenschutz

Sven Baumgartner (sven.baumgartner@sg.ch)

MORE INFORMATION AND INFO-MATERIALS

Liechtenstein has mainly adapted Swiss management plans and measures concerning the management of large carnivores and livestock protection.

»Vollzugshilfe Herdenschutz«

Vollzugshilfe Herdenschutz: BAFU (Hrsg.) 2019: Vollzugshilfe Herdenschutz. Vollzugshilfe zur Organisation und Förderung des Herdenschutzes sowie zur Zucht, Ausbildung und zum Einsatz von offiziellen Herdenschutzhunden. Bundesamt für Umwelt, Bern. Umwelt-Vollzug Nr. 1902: 100 S.

https://www.bafu.admin.ch/bafu/en/home/topics/biodiversity/publications-studies/publications/vollzugshilfe/herdenschutz.html

Website and contact of the "Anlaufstelle Herdenschutz" in the Swiss Canton of St. Gallen with several fact sheets:

https://www.sg.ch/umwelt-natur/landwirtschaft/Izsg/Beratung/tierhaltung/Herdenschutz.html
# SUBSIDIES OR OTHER MEANS TO MITIGATE OR PREVENT LARGE CARNIVORE DAMAGES

## SUBSIDIES AND PAYMENTS FOR EQUIPMENT

The »Verordnung über die Verhütung und Vergütung von Schäden« durch spezifisch geschützte Tierarten (Ordinance on the prevention and compensation of damages by specifically protected animal species) is the most important source for subsidies and payments for equipment.

Electric fences for beehives will be subsidized by the Office of Environment with 100% of the cost. However the maximal contribution per beehive is 700.- CHF (approximately 650.- EUR).

Electric fences for livestock protection, night pens and/or to fence out hiking trails will be subsidized with 0.70 CHF (approx. 0.65 EUR) per running meter.

Source: https://www.gesetze.li/konso/pdf/2018182000?version=1

Direct subsidies for livestock are listed in the »Verordnung über die Förderung der Alpwirtschaft « (Ordinance on the support of alpine farming):

The basic amount of subsidies for 1 »Stoss« of sheep, goats, llamas or alpaca depends on the livestock protection measures taken.

1 »Stoss« is defined as the following in Liechtenstein: 1 Stoss = 1 Grossvieheinheit (GVE) which is a key to compare livestock on the basis of their weight

For each alp in Liechtenstein the amount of GVE in summer is defined individually.

Source: https://www.gesetze.li/konso/pdf/2009264000?version=12

1 Stoss of sheep, goats, llamas or alpaca are subsidized with:

- 210.- CHF (approx. 195 EUR) if a shepherd is present

- 210.- CHF (approx. 195 EUR) if rotational grazing system is practiced with livestock protection measures (e.g. electrical fence)

- 140 CHF (approx. 130 EUR) if rotational grazing system is practiced without livestock protection measures (e.g. no electrical fence sufficient for livestock protection)

- 70.- CHF (approx. 65 EUR) for the rest (e.g. free grazing)

The subsidies for cattle are not listed in this summary.
Source: https://www.gesetze.li/konso/pdf/2010168000?version=5

How the »Stoss« is calculated for different kinds of animals is defined in the Verordnung über landwirtschaftliche Begriffe und die Anerkennung von Landwirtschaftsbetrieben (Ordinance on agricultural terms and the approval of farms), appendix 3.

For example:

- Dairy cow: 1 GVE

- Dairy sheep: 0.25 GVE

- Other sheep over the age of 1: 0.17 GVE

- Dairy goat: 0.20 GVE

- Other goats over the age of 1: 0.17 GVE

Source: https://www.gesetze.li/konso/pdf/2009264000?version=12

## SUBSIDIES AND PAYMENTS FOR EXTRA WORKLOAD

Currently there are no subsidies or payments for extra workload in Liechtenstein.

## SURVEILLANCE OF THE IMPLEMENTED MEASURES

<table><tr><td>WHO IS IN CHARGE OF SURVEILLANCE?</td><td><ul><li>Office of Environment</li><li>Anlaufstelle Herdenschutz</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>HOW MANY PEOPLE ARE INVOLVED?</td><td>1-2 officials from the Office of Environment in Liechtenstein and 1-2 members of the Anlaufstelle Herdenschutz</td></tr><tr><td>WHAT IS THE PROTOCOL / PROCEDURE OF EACH CONTROL?</td><td><ul><li>direct feedback from the livestock owners (phone calls and/or meetings)</li><li>announced or unannounced inspections</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>WHICH FEATURES ARE MONITORED OR INSPECTED?</td><td>List of monitored features:<ul><li>animal genus of livestock, breeds, quantity of animals</li><li>electricity: voltage (solar panels?), grounding</li><li>maintenance of the fence (vegetation, passages, topography etc.)</li><li>setup of nettings and poles (proper installation)</li></ul></td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td><ul><li>size, shape and length of the enclosure</li><li>composition of the fence (height, number of single nettings)</li><li>other protective measures used in combination with the fencing</li><li>description and photos of irregularities</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>HOW MUCH TIME DOES ONE CONTROL TAKE?</td><td>Between 1-2 hours to ½ day (Alpine pastures)</td></tr><tr><td>WHAT ARE THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE CONTROL IN CASE OF IMPROPER USE?</td><td>Feedback to live stock owner if any improper use is detected.<br>Improvement of the measures together in the field.<br>Protocol.<br>If repeated cases of improper use lead to damages compensation is cancelled.</td></tr></table>

## EFFECTIVENESS OF THE IMPLEMENTED MEASURES

### HOW IS THE EFFECTIVENESS MEASURED?

Average yearly damages will be compared to the amount of large carnivores in the region and the implemented measures. Damages need to be assessed and measures improved, if there are damages.

### WHAT ARE THE RESULTS?

There have not been any damages yet in Liechtenstein.
LIVESTOCK GUARDING DOGS

<table><tr><td>COUNTRY</td><td>Liechtenstein</td></tr><tr><td>REPORTING PERIOD</td><td>2020</td></tr><tr><td>IMPLEMENTED MEASURES</td><td>Livestock guarding dogs (LGDs)</td></tr><tr><td>TARGETED TYPE OF PROPERTY</td><td><ul><li>Sheep and goats</li><li>If suitable for other livestock like cattle will depend on the outcome of the personal counselling.</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>TECHNICAL DETAILS</td><td><strong>Breeds included:</strong><ul><li>Pyrenean Mountain Dog</li><li>Maremmano-Abruzzese Sheepdog</li><li>Other breeds: Accepted if Einsatzbereitschaftsüberprüfung EBÜ (examination of readiness for duty) is positive</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>SOURCES OF LGDs (working lines, genetic lines, etc.)</td><td>Source of the Dogs: Verein Herdenschutzhunde Schweiz (Swiss Association for Livestock Guarding Dogs): https://www.cpt-ch.ch/<br>Breeders, owners and distributors of Pyrenean Mountain Dogs and Maremmano-Abruzzese Sheepdog in and for Switzerland and Liechtenstein.<br>It is possible for a potential dog owner to acquire a GSD from another source than the Verein Herdenschutzhunde Schweiz. Such a dog needs to do the "Einsatzbereitschaftsüberprüfung" in order to qualify for subsidies.</td></tr><tr><td>IMPLEMENTATION</td><td>There are no official LGDs in Liechtenstein yet. The implementation will require a lot of public relations work to sensitise the public about the work and requirements of LGDs. Part of the public relation work will be a collaboration with the responsible organisations for tourism in Liechtenstein (e.g. visitor management).</td></tr><tr><td>EDUCATION PROCESS</td><td>The focus in the execution process is divided in 4 areas: dog owner, livestock (e.g. bonding with the herd), dog pack and environment (e.g. behaviour with other people and other animals).<br>Ausbildungskonzept des Vereins Herdenschutzhunde Schweiz (Educational concept by the Swiss Association for LGDs):</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td><a href="https://www.cpt-ch.ch/wp-content/uploads/Ausbildungskonzept_HSH-CH_20180302.pdf">https://www.cpt-ch.ch/wp-content/uploads/Ausbildungskonzept_HSH-CH_20180302.pdf</a></td></tr><tr><td>SUPERVISION OF EDUCATION PHASE</td><td><ul><li>Official breeders</li><li>Verein Herdenschutzhunde Schweiz (Swiss Association for LGDs)</li></ul>Official GSD breeders need to be part of the Swiss Association. To become an official breeder, obligatory education trainings as well as an exam have to be passed.<br>Ausbildungs- und Prüfungsreglement für Züchter von Herdenschutzhunden des Vereins Herdenschutzhunde Schweiz (Education and examination regulations for breeders of LGD oft he Swiss Association for LGDs):<br><a href="https://www.cpt-ch.ch/wp-content/uploads/Ausbildungs-und-Pr%C3%BCfungsreglement-Z%C3%BCchter_HSH-CH.pdf">https://www.cpt-ch.ch/wp-content/uploads/Ausbildungs-und-Pr%C3%BCfungsreglement-Z%C3%BCchter_HSH-CH.pdf</a></td></tr><tr><td>CERTIFICATION OF LGDs</td><td>Verein Herdenschutzhunde Schweiz (Swiss Association for Livestock Guarding Dogs)<br><a href="https://www.cpt-ch.ch/">https://www.cpt-ch.ch/</a></td></tr><tr><td>PROTOCOL OF CERTIFICATION</td><td>Verein Herdenschutzhunde Schweiz (Swiss Association for Livestock Guarding Dogs)<br><a href="https://www.cpt-ch.ch/">https://www.cpt-ch.ch/</a></td></tr><tr><td>LEGISLATIVE RESPONSIBILITY OF DOGS' ACTIONS</td><td>The owner is fully responsible for the dog's action, regardless of the location (farm, pastures, summer grazing).<br>Owning a dog in Liechtenstein is subjected to the following laws:<br>Gesetz über das Halten von Hunden (Law on the keeping of dogs):<br><a href="https://www.gesetze.li/konso/pdf/1992056000?version=8">https://www.gesetze.li/konso/pdf/1992056000?version=8</a><br>Verordnung über das Halten von Hunden (Ordinance on the keeping of dogs):<br><a href="https://www.gesetze.li/konso/pdf/2006284000?version=4">https://www.gesetze.li/konso/pdf/2006284000?version=4</a><br>Tierschutzverordnung (Ordinance on animal protection):<br><a href="https://www.gesetze.li/konso/pdf/2010425000?version=8">https://www.gesetze.li/konso/pdf/2010425000?version=8</a><br>In this ordinance LGDs are explicitly listed.</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>ANIMAL WELFARE OBLIGATIONS</td><td>See above.<br/>In general, the laws obligate owners to take care of their dogs, for example to provide food, water and shelter, and with LGDs especially to assure that no people, pets or wildlife are endangered by the keeping of a LGD.</td></tr><tr><td>CHALLENGES</td><td>See above.</td></tr><tr><td>CONTACT INSTITUTION AND PERSON</td><td><b>Amt für Umwelt, Fürstentum Liechtenstein</b><br/>Cathérine Frick (catherine.frick@llv.li)<br/>Olivier Nägele (olivier.naegele@llv.li)<br/><br/><b>Anlaufstelle Herdenschutz</b><br/>Sven Baumgartner (sven.baumgartner@sg.ch)</td></tr></table>

## SUBSIDIES OR OTHER MEANS TO MITIGATE OR PREVENT LARGE CARNIVORE DAMAGES

### SUBSIDIES AND PAYMENTS FOR EQUIPMENT

The »Verordnung über die Verhütung und Vergütung von Schäden« durch spezifisch geschützte Tierarten (Ordinance on the prevention and compensation of damages by specifically protected animal species) is the most important source for subsidies and payments for equipment.

https://www.gesetze.li/konso/pdf/2018182000?version=1

The amount of subsidies are equal to the subsidies in Switzerland. They are listed in the Swiss »Vollzugshilfe Herdenschutz«.

#### Subsidies:

Keeping of an official LSG: 100.- CHF (approx. 93.- EUR) per month

Medical fees/vet:
- 80% of the costs in case of an accident or disease
- 100% of fees for spaying or neutering if necessary
- 100% of the costs on elbow dysplasia (ED) and hip dysplasia (HD) testing

Presence on alpine pastures during summer grazing:
- 2000.- CHF (approx. 1859.- EUR) for every summering period with constant sheep
shepherding <u>or</u> dairy goats
- 500.- CHF (approx. 465.- EUR) for every summering period with sheep without a shepherd but year-round pastures <u>or</u> rotational grazing system <u>or</u> non-dairy goats
- 500.- CHF (approx. 465.- EUR) for every summering period with cattle without a shepherd but year-round pastures <u>or</u> rotational grazing system <u>or</u> non-dairy goats
There are also subsidies for breeding, importing and/or the training of official LGDs.

»Vollzugshilfe Herdenschutz«

Vollzugshilfe Herdenschutz: BAFU (Hrsg.) 2019: Vollzugshilfe Herdenschutz. Vollzugshilfe zur Organisation und Förderung des Herdenschutzes sowie zur Zucht, Ausbildung und zum Einsatz von offiziellen Herdenschutzhunden. Bundesamt für Umwelt, Bern. Umwelt-Vollzug Nr. 1902: 100 S.

https://www.bafu.admin.ch/bafu/en/home/topics/biodiversity/publications-studies/publications/vollzugshilfe-herdenschutz.html (available in german, french and italian)

## SUBSIDIES AND PAYMENTS FOR EXTRA WORKLOAD

Currently there are no subsidies or payments for extra workload in Liechtenstein.

## SURVEILLANCE OF THE IMPLEMENTED MEASURES

<table><tr><td>WHO IS IN CHARGE OF SURVEILLANCE?</td><td>Amt für Umwelt Liechtenstein (Office of Environment Liechtenstein)<br/>Anlaufstelle Herdenschutz in the Swiss Canton of St. Gallen (livestock prevention measures team) in collaboration with the Verein Herdenschutzhunde Schweiz (Swiss Association for Livestock Guarding Dogs)<br/>Amt für Lebensmittelkontrolle und Veterinärwesen Liechtenstein (Veterinary Office): Keeping of dogs.</td></tr><tr><td>HOW MANY PEOPLE ARE INVOLVED?</td><td>At least 2, depending on the case.</td></tr><tr><td>WHAT IS THE PROTOCOL / PROCEDURE OF EACH CONTROL?</td><td>The protocol and procedures are personalised for each case/LGD owner.</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>WHICH FEATURES ARE MONITORED OR INSPECTED?</td><td>General dog's integration in the herd and its behaviour as guarding dog; interaction with hikers, other dog owners etcetera.</td></tr><tr><td>HOW MUCH TIME DOES ONE CONTROL TAKE?</td><td>Personalised for each case/LGD owner.</td></tr><tr><td>WHAT ARE THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE CONTROL IN CASE OF IMPROPER USE?</td><td>Feedback to GSD owner if any improper behaviour is detected. Improvement of the keeping together in the field or on the farm. Protocol.</td></tr></table>

## EFFECTIVENESS OF THE IMPLEMENTED MEASURES

### HOW IS THE EFFECTIVENESS MEASURED?

Average yearly damages will be compared to the amount of large carnivores in the region and the implemented measures. Damages need to be assessed and measures improved, if there are damages.

### WHAT ARE THE RESULTS?

There have not been any damages yet in Liechtenstein.
SHEPHERDS

<table><tr><td>COUNTRY</td><td>Liechtenstein</td></tr><tr><td>REPORTING PERIOD</td><td>2019</td></tr><tr><td>IMPLEMENTED MEASURES</td><td>Guarding animals using shepherds</td></tr><tr><td>TARGETED TYPE OF PROPERTY</td><td>Sheep (cattle; see below)</td></tr><tr><td>ROLE OF SHEPHERDS (JOB LIST)</td><td>Sheep shepherds are responsible for:<ul><li>Controlled grazing: Sustainable use of land (vegetation, respecting protected areas), Compliance with the Sömmerungsverordnung (Ordinance on summer grazing: https://www.gesetze.li/konso/pdf/2020149000?version=1)</li><li>Controlling of animal health: physical condition, disease control (e.g. footrot)</li><li>Working with dogs (voluntarily): herding dogs (e.g. Border Collie), other working dogs or LGD</li><li>Implementing livestock guarding measures, for example setting up night pens, working with electric fences or LGD in areas with the presence of large carnivores.</li></ul>Cattle shepherds have basically the same assignments, even though damages by large carnivores are a lot less likely to happen and livestock guarding measures therefore play an subordinate role.</td></tr><tr><td>ARE THEY WORKING WITH LIVESTOCK GUARDING DOGS?</td><td>No, so far their work is not automatically connected with livestock guarding dogs.</td></tr><tr><td>IF YES, WHO IS THE</td><td></td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>OWNER OF DOGS?</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HOW MANY ANIMALS DO THEY TAKE CARE OF?</td><td>The amount of animals is not regulated but depends on the approved number animals for a certain alp.</td></tr><tr><td>DO THEY REPORT THEIR WORK?</td><td>No.</td></tr><tr><td>ORIGIN OF SHEPHERDS</td><td>Liechtenstein, Switzerland, Austria</td></tr><tr><td>ARE THE SHEPHERDS ORGANIZED IN ORGANIZATION?</td><td>No.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">The salary is paid by the tenants of the pastures. However, there are guidelines for wages, depending on education and experience:</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">SALARY (per month, season, etc. - define)</td><td><strong>Function</strong></td><td><strong>Category 1 (minimum wage)</strong></td><td><strong>Category 2 (minimum wage)</strong></td><td><strong>Category 3 (minimum wage)</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Shepherd for dairy cows</td><td>155.- CHF (approx. 144.- EUR)</td><td>170.- CHF (approx. 158.- EUR)</td><td>225.- CHF (approx. 209.- EUR)</td></tr><tr><td>Shepherd for suckler cows</td><td>155.- CHF (approx. 144.- EUR)</td><td>170.- CHF (approx. 158.- EUR)</td><td>225.- CHF (approx. 209.- EUR)</td></tr><tr><td>Shepherd for young cattle or small livestock</td><td>145.- CHF (approx. 135.- EUR)</td><td>160.- CHF (approx. 149.- EUR)</td><td>195.- CHF (approx. 181.- EUR)</td></tr></table>
Category 1: Newcomers without agricultural (or similar) education

Category 2: Newcomers with agricultural (or similar) education

Category 3: Alpine herdsman with experience of 4 summers and more

Source: https://www.zalp.ch/index3.php?content=richtlohn

ARE THE COSTS COFINANCE D?

WHICH COSTS?

- salary,

- insurance,

- food,

- other?

Direct subsidies for livestock are listed in the »Verordnung über die Förderung der Alpwirtschaft « (Ordinance on the support of alpine farming):

The basic amount of subsidies for 1 »Stoss« of sheep, goats, llamas or alpaca depends on the livestock protection measures taken. 1 »Stoss« is defined as the following in Liechtenstein: 1 Stoss = 1 Grossvieheinheit (GVE) which is a key to compare livestock on the basis of their weight

For each alp in Liechtenstein the amount of GVE in summer is defined.

Source: https://www.gesetze.li/konso/pdf/2009264000?version=12

1 Stoss of sheep, goats, llamas or alpaca are subsidized with:

- 210.- CHF (approx. 195 EUR) if a shepherd is present

- 210.- CHF (approx. 195 EUR) if rotational grazing system is practiced with livestock protection measures (e.g. electrical fence)

- 140 CHF (approx. 130 EUR) if rotational grazing system is practiced without livestock protection measures (e.g. no electrical fence sufficient for livestock protection)

- 70.- CHF (approx. 65 EUR) for the rest (e.g. free grazing)

The subsidies for cattle are not listed in this summary.

Source: https://www.gesetze.li/konso/pdf/2010168000?version=5
<table><tr><td>IMPLEMENTATION</td><td>In Liechtenstein there are currently no sheep shepherds. Since the eradication of large carnivores shepherding of sheep has not been a necessity.<br/>There are, however, cattle stockmen that are employed by tenants of an alp. During the summer grazing on alpine pastures they take care of the cattle.</td></tr><tr><td>INSURANCE</td><td>Not implemented.</td></tr><tr><td>FOOD</td><td>Not implemented.</td></tr><tr><td>SHELTER</td><td>Not implemented.</td></tr><tr><td>ARE THERE ANY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SHEEP AND CATTLE SHEPHERDS?</td><td>There are currently no sheep shepherds in Liechtenstein. Sheep play a subordinate role in animal husbandry in Liechtenstein. Cattle is the most important livestock so cattle shepherds have always been present during the time of summer grazing on the alpine pastures.<br/>The Sömmerungsverordnung (Ordinance on summer grazing) defines who can work as a „shepherd“ (see: https://www.gesetze.li/konso/pdf/2020149000?version=1).</td></tr><tr><td>HOW DO THE SHEPHERDS LEARN ABOUT THEIR WORK?</td><td>For sheep shepherds there are specific training courses in Switzerland. For more information see: http://www.protectiondestroupeaux.ch/menu/hirten/ausbildung/<br/>For cattle shepherds there are various courses (cattle shepherd, working with LGDs) for example at the Swiss »Plantahof« in the Swiss Canton of Grisons (see: https://www.gr.ch/DE/institutionen/verwaltung/dvs/lbbz/ausweiterbildung/Kurse/Seiten/Kurse.aspx)</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td>There is also always the possibility go get an individual consulting by the »Landwirtschaftliches Zentrum St. Gallen« in the Swiss Canton of St. Gallen (See: https://www.sg.ch/umwelt-natur/landwirtschaft/Izsg/Beratung/Alpbetrieb.html).<br/>The »Landwirtschaftliches Zentrum St. Gallen« offers training days with different relevant and present topics each year. Part of the apprenticeship for farmers is the optional course »Alpwirtschaft« (Alpine farming).<br/>Individual consulting is also available by the Amt für Umwelt (Office of Environment).</td></tr><tr><td>RESPONSABILITIES OF SHEPHERDS</td><td>See "role of shepherds" (above).</td></tr><tr><td>IS THERE ANY PROMOTION OF ROLE / JOB OF SHEPHERDS?</td><td>No.</td></tr><tr><td>WHAT ARE THE SHEPHERDS DOING OUT OF WORKING SEASON?</td><td>Cattle shepherds are regional farmers (Liechtenstein or Switzerland) or seasonal workers.</td></tr><tr><td>CHALLENGES</td><td>With the expected growing presence of large carnivores in Liechtenstein and the surrounding area sheep owners who might decide to move their animals to the alpine pastures for summer grazing will be faced to decide between 1) taking the risk of damages, 2) quit summer grazing, 3) using electrical fencing during night and/or day time or 4) increase flock sizes to make cost-</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td>effective shepherding, in combination with working dogs like LGD, possible.</td></tr><tr><td>CONTACT INSTITUTION AND PERSON</td><td>Amt für Umwelt<br>Abteilung Landwirtschaft<br>Alpwirtschaft<br>Daniel Kranz (Daniel.kranz@llv.li)<br><br>Amt für Umwelt<br>Abteilung Wald und Landschaft<br>Berggebietssanierung<br>Olav Beck (olav.beck@llv.li)<br>Daniel Oertig (daniel.oertig@llv.li)<br><br>Cathérine Frick (catherine.frick@llv.li) → sheep shepherding as damage prevention measure<br><br><strong>Anlaufstelle Herdenschutz</strong><br>Sven Baumgartner (sven.baumgartner@sg.ch) → sheep shepherding as damage prevention measure</td></tr></table>

## SUBSIDIES OR OTHER MEANS TO MITIGATE OR PREVENT LARGE CARNIVORE DAMAGES

### SUBSIDIES AND PAYMENTS FOR EQUIPMENT

The »Verordnung über die Verhütung und Vergütung von Schäden durch spezifisch geschützte Tierarten« (Ordinance on the prevention and compensation of damages by specifically protected animal species) is the most important source for subsidies and payments for equipment.

https://www.gesetze.li/konso/pdf/2018182000?version=1

Direct subsidies for livestock are listed in the »Verordnung über die Sömmerung von landwirtschaftlichen Nutztieren im Jahr 2020« (Ordinance on summer grazing for livestock):

https://www.gesetze.li/konso/pdf/2020149000?version=1

### SUBSIDIES AND PAYMENTS FOR EXTRA WORKLOAD
Currently there are no subsidies or payments for extra workload.

## SURVEILLANCE OF THE IMPLEMENTED MEASURES

<table><tr><td>WHO IS IN CHARGE OF SURVEILLANCE?</td><td><ul><li>Office of Environment</li><li>Anlaufstelle Herdenschutz</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>HOW MANY PEOPLE ARE INVOLVED?</td><td>At least 2 (Office of Environment, Anlaufstelle Herdenschutz)</td></tr><tr><td>WHAT IS THE PROTOCOL / PROCEDURE OF EACH CONTROL?</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>WHICH FEATURES ARE MONITORED OR INSPECTED?</td><td>It is planned to monitor and inspect all measures that are officially subsidized or advised.</td></tr><tr><td>HOW MUCH TIME DOES ONE CONTROL TAKE?</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>WHAT ARE THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE CONTROL IN CASE OF IMPROPER USE?</td><td>The Amt für Umwelt (Office of Environment) does support a constructive approach. If a measure is implemented improperly or in manners that are not effective, the responsible person will be given feedback and advice.<br>As last consequences it is possible to cease subsidies. If wolf presence is permanent and evident in Liechtenstein and livestock owners are not willing to implement measures it is possible that damages are not compensated.</td></tr></table>

## EFFECTIVENESS OF THE IMPLEMENTED MEASURES

### HOW IS THE EFFECTIVENESS MEASURED?

Average yearly damages will be compared to the amount of large carnivores in the region and the implemented measures. Damages need to be assessed and measures improved, if there are damages.

### WHAT ARE THE RESULTS?

There have not been any damages yet in Liechtenstein.
OTHER DAMAGE PREVENTION MEASURES AND TECHNQUES

<table><thead><tr><th>COUNTRY</th><th>Liechtenstein</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>REPORTING PERIOD</td><td>2018 – 2019 (testing period)</td></tr><tr><td>IMPLEMENTED MEASURES</td><td><strong>FREE CONSULTING FOR DAMAGE PREVENTION MEASURES</strong><br>Livestock owners in Liechtenstein are able to get damage prevention consulting free of charge. The consulting is customized and includes:<ul><li>Animal genus of livestock, breeds, quantity of animals</li><li>General organization of the keeping of animals</li><li>Distinction of the keeping of animals during the different seasons</li><li>Practical tips for the grounding of the fences</li><li>Emergency action plan in case of an incident with a carnivore</li><li>Information about funding of different measures</li></ul><p>Sometimes operational adjustments in the keeping of animals can help with damage prevention (e.g. choice of breeds, seasonal differences) measures. In Liechtenstein livestock owners have the possibility to get free consulting for damage prevention measures.</p><p>Next to the adjustment the consulting gives a possibility for measures that are maybe not yet tested or generally accepted.</p><p>In Summer of 2020 there is no proof of residential wolves in the region.</p></td></tr><tr><td>TARGETED TYPE OF PROPERTY</td><td><ul><li>Livestock</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>TECHNICAL DETAILS</td><td>Measures base on individual consulting</td></tr><tr><td>FINANCIAL SOURCES</td><td>Verordnung über die Verhütung und Vergütung von Schäden durch spezifisch geschützte Tierarten (Ordinance on the prevention and compensation of damages by specifically</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td>protected animal species). (https://www.gesetze.li/konso/pdf/2018182000?version=1)<br>B. Sonstige Verhütungsmassnahmen<br>Art. 7<br>Grundsatz<br>1) Sind förderungsberechtigte Verhütungsmassnahmen nicht ausreichend, geeignet oder umsetzbar, so kann das Amt für Umwelt weitere Verhütungsmassnahmen im Einzelfall mit bis zu 20 000 Franken fördern.<br>2) Das Amt für Umwelt berücksichtigt bei der Ausrichtung von Beiträgen die Voraussetzungen nach Art. 4.</td></tr><tr><td>IMPLEMENTATION</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>SURVEILLANCE</td><td>In the testing period, responsible regularly visit the livestock owners.</td></tr><tr><td>EFFECTIVENESS</td><td>TBD</td></tr><tr><td>CHALLENGES</td><td>Finding effective measures or adjustments.</td></tr><tr><td>CONTACT INSTITUTION AND PERSON</td><td><b>Amt für Umwelt, Fürstentum Liechtenstein</b><br>Cathérine Frick (catherine.frick@llv.li)<br>Olivier Nägele (olivier.naegele@llv.li)<br><br><b>Anlaufstelle Herdenschutz</b><br>Sven Baumgartner (sven.baumgartner@sg.ch)</td></tr></table>
3.6 SLOVENIA

Prepared by:

Gregor Simčič, Tomaž Berce, Rok Černe and Jernej Javornik (Chapter Damages)

Tomaž Berce, Rok Černe and Jernej Javornik (Chapter Damage prevention)
### 3.6.1 Damages caused by large Carnivores in Slovenia

<table><tr><td>REPORTING COUNTRY /</td><td>Slovenia</td></tr><tr><td>WHICH REGIONS DOES THE REPORT INCLUDE?</td><td>Whole country</td></tr><tr><td>REPORT PREPARED BY</td><td>Gregor Simčič, Tomaž Berce, Rok Černe, and Jernej Javornik</td></tr></table>

#### INTRODUCTION / COMMENT OF THE SITUATION

In the last decade wolf population in Slovenia has been increasing and spatially expanding. The most significant change in spatial distribution of the wolf population happened in 2019 when we recorded first wolf packs in Alpine and Pre-alpine region since the beginning of systematic wolf monitoring in 2010. A key challenge in the coming years will be to find solutions for coexistence - to dispel myths about the dangers of the wolves and to directly help farmers who are directly materially affected by the presence of the wolves. A big problem for the future is also wolf-domestic dog crossbreeding. Although this phenomenon is not as serious as in some other countries, the issue must be taken seriously.

Brown bear population in Slovenia is also increasing. The majority of bears are found in the southern part of the county (Dinaric mountains) where the highest bear densities are recorded. Bear monitoring is structured around genetic census that is carried out every 7 years. Estimates for years without genetic census are based on predictive modeling and age-at-harvest statistical methods.

From 2010 to 2019 the compensation payed for brown bear and wolf attacks on livestock amounted to 2.38M €. Although there has been a significant decrease in wolf attack on livestock from 2010 (575) to 2016 (93), in the last few years Slovenia is experiencing an increase of wolf damages (377 in 2019). This increase can be attributed to the wolf territory expansion to Alpine and Pre-alpine parts of the country. Damages on livestock caused by brown bear fluctuate between years. On average there are 145 attacks yearly. In addition to livestock, brown bears also cause damages on other human property, such as beehives, orchards, grass and corn silage etc. In the last few years there has also been an increase in damages that brown bear and wolf cause on larger grazing animals (mostly cattle), which represents a problem since most of our damage prevention technologies have been tested and developed for smaller animals (sheep, goats).
LARGE CARNIVORES POPULATION TRENDS IN SLOVENIA IN THE PERIOD OF
2010-2019

<table><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">YEAR</th><th colspan="2">WOLVES</th><th>BROWN BEARS</th></tr><tr><th>Population estimates</th><th>Confirmed packs (for wolves)</th><th>Population estimates</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>2010</td><td>39 (34–42)</td><td></td><td>619 (564 – 655)<sup>2</sup></td></tr><tr><td>2011</td><td>40 (38–43)</td><td></td><td>631 (574 - 670)<sup>2</sup></td></tr><tr><td>2012</td><td>46 (45–55)</td><td>11<sup>1</sup></td><td>689 (631 - 734)<sup>2</sup></td></tr><tr><td>2013</td><td></td><td></td><td>697 (637 - 748)<sup>2</sup></td></tr><tr><td>2014</td><td></td><td></td><td>760 (701 - 818)<sup>2</sup></td></tr><tr><td>2015</td><td>52 (42–64)</td><td>11</td><td>711 (657 - 767)<sup>3</sup></td></tr><tr><td>2016</td><td>59 (52–69)</td><td>14</td><td>788 (728 - 862)<sup>2</sup></td></tr><tr><td>2017</td><td>75 (72–78)</td><td>14</td><td>883 (807 - 990)<sup>2</sup></td></tr><tr><td>2018</td><td>95 (86–110)</td><td>14</td><td>975 (876 - 1128)<sup>2</sup></td></tr><tr><td>2019<sup>4</sup></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

References:

Jerina K., and Polaina E. 2018. Reconstruction of brown bear population dynamics in Slovenia and Croatia for the period 1998-2018. LIFEDinaAlp Bear project report. University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical faculty, Department of forestry. Ljubljana, Slovenia: 46 pp.

<footnote n="1">1 – Estimates form telemetry data (LIFE SloWolf project)</footnote>

<footnote n="2">2 – Estimates based on predictive and age-at-harvest modelling. See Jerina et al. 2018 for methods details</footnote>

<footnote n="3">3 – Genetic census based estimates</footnote>

<footnote n="4">4 – No data for year 2019 available yet.</footnote>
DAMAGES CAUSED BY WOLVES IN SLOVENIA IN THE PERIOD 2010-2019

<table><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">YEAR</th><th colspan="3">SHEEP</th><th colspan="3">CATTLE</th><th colspan="3">OTHER</th></tr><tr><th>Damage cases</th><th>Animals affected<sup>1</sup></th><th>Damages (€)<sup>1</sup></th><th>Damage cases</th><th>Animals affected</th><th>Damages (€)<sup>1</sup></th><th>Damage cases</th><th>Animals affected</th><th>Damages (€)<sup>1</sup></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>2010</td><td>546</td><td>2.085</td><td>327.380</td><td>20</td><td>25</td><td>14.610</td><td>10</td><td>13</td><td>6.580</td></tr><tr><td>2011</td><td>440</td><td>1.707</td><td>252.950</td><td>13</td><td>15</td><td>8.840</td><td>14</td><td>24</td><td>9.420</td></tr><tr><td>2012</td><td>336</td><td>1.150</td><td>174.220</td><td>15</td><td>16</td><td>10.230</td><td>8</td><td>12</td><td>7.900</td></tr><tr><td>2013</td><td>139</td><td>492</td><td>77.670</td><td>15</td><td>17</td><td>9.020</td><td>7</td><td>7</td><td>3.250</td></tr><tr><td>2014</td><td>171</td><td>669</td><td>107.270</td><td>33</td><td>39</td><td>22.430</td><td>10</td><td>11</td><td>6.010</td></tr><tr><td>2015</td><td>93</td><td>393</td><td>64.910</td><td>21</td><td>26</td><td>17.520</td><td>16</td><td>21</td><td>9.860</td></tr><tr><td>2016</td><td>69</td><td>295</td><td>48.060</td><td>12</td><td>14</td><td>7.130</td><td>12</td><td>19</td><td>9.900</td></tr><tr><td>2017</td><td>145</td><td>721</td><td>115.490</td><td>29</td><td>34</td><td>26.440</td><td>16</td><td>24</td><td>13.390</td></tr><tr><td>2018</td><td>150</td><td>665</td><td>92.280</td><td>34</td><td>43</td><td>19.620</td><td>18</td><td>21</td><td>13.260</td></tr><tr><td>2019</td><td>280</td><td>1.244</td><td>181.870</td><td>48</td><td>60</td><td>27.940</td><td>46</td><td>77</td><td>38.440</td></tr></tbody><tfoot><tr><td>TOTAL</td><td>2.369</td><td>9.421</td><td>1.442.100</td><td>240</td><td>289</td><td>163.760</td><td>157</td><td>229</td><td>117.990</td></tr></tfoot></table>

<footnote n="1">1 – rounded to 10 €</footnote>
DAMAGES CAUSED BY BEARS IN SLOVENIA IN THE PERIOD 2010-2019

<table><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">YEAR</th><th colspan="3">SHEEP</th><th colspan="3">CATTLE</th><th colspan="3">OTHERGRAZINGANIMALS</th><th colspan="2">OTHER<sup>2</sup></th></tr><tr><th>Damage cases</th><th>Animals affected</th><th>Damages (€)<sup>1</sup></th><th>Damage cases</th><th>Animals affected</th><th>Damages (€)<sup>1</sup></th><th>Damage cases</th><th>Animals affected</th><th>Damages (€)<sup>1</sup></th><th>Damage cases</th><th>Damages (€)<sup>1</sup></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>2010</td><td>188</td><td>707</td><td>117.760</td><td>11</td><td>15</td><td>10.530</td><td>7</td><td>9</td><td>6.370</td><td>371</td><td>10.4530</td></tr><tr><td>2011</td><td>129</td><td>361</td><td>55.930</td><td>23</td><td>27</td><td>18.180</td><td>3</td><td>3</td><td>650</td><td>149</td><td>34.780</td></tr><tr><td>2012</td><td>207</td><td>728</td><td>112.920</td><td>22</td><td>26</td><td>16.680</td><td>20</td><td>100</td><td>9.900</td><td>397</td><td>98.100</td></tr><tr><td>2013</td><td>158</td><td>420</td><td>66.670</td><td>20</td><td>25</td><td>16.470</td><td>15</td><td>24</td><td>12.230</td><td>202</td><td>62.580</td></tr><tr><td>2014</td><td>144</td><td>382</td><td>68.840</td><td>26</td><td>27</td><td>19.410</td><td>27</td><td>33</td><td>41.120</td><td>315</td><td>118.190</td></tr><tr><td>2015</td><td>102</td><td>270</td><td>40.710</td><td>27</td><td>32</td><td>27.980</td><td>11</td><td>72</td><td>7.600</td><td>245</td><td>81.240</td></tr><tr><td>2016</td><td>94</td><td>256</td><td>38.950</td><td>9</td><td>153</td><td>6.960</td><td>11</td><td>44</td><td>5.420</td><td>237</td><td>106.280</td></tr><tr><td>2017</td><td>122</td><td>350</td><td>57.520</td><td>25</td><td>29</td><td>19.900</td><td>8</td><td>46</td><td>5.410</td><td>312</td><td>126.360</td></tr><tr><td>2018</td><td>45</td><td>140</td><td>22.020</td><td>13</td><td>18</td><td>12.390</td><td>7</td><td>6</td><td>3.490</td><td>106</td><td>33.520</td></tr><tr><td>2019</td><td>56</td><td>107</td><td>16.910</td><td>33</td><td>45</td><td>31.660</td><td>14</td><td>17</td><td>10.630</td><td>303</td><td>100.810</td></tr></tbody><tfoot><tr><td>TOTAL</td><td>1.245</td><td>3.721</td><td>598.240</td><td>209</td><td>397</td><td>180.140</td><td>123</td><td>354</td><td>102.810</td><td>2.637</td><td>866.390</td></tr></tfoot></table>

<footnote n="1">1 – Rounded to 10 €</footnote>

<footnote n="2">2 – Category “Other” include damages on: beehives, grass silage, fruit trees, corn.</footnote>
### 3.6.2 Damage prevention measures in Slovenia

#### ELECTRICITY

<table><thead><tr><th colspan="2">TECHNICAL OVERVIEW OF THE IMPLEMENTED MEASURES</th></tr><tr><th>COUNTRY</th><th>SLOVENIA</th></tr><tr><th>REPORTING PERIOD</th><th>2011 – 2019</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>IMPLEMENTED MEASURES</td><td><strong>HIGH ELECTRIC FENCES (height >150 cm)</strong><br>Two types:<ul><li>High electric nettings (height 160 cm)</li><li>Multi-wire electric fences</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>TARGETED TYPE OF PROPERTY</td><td><strong>High electric nettings:</strong><ul><li>sheep, goats, cattle, mobile beehives, orchards, silage bales, corn fields</li></ul><strong>Multi-wire electric fences:</strong><ul><li>stationary beehives</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>HERD / PROPERTY SIZE</td><td><strong>High electric nettings:</strong><ul><li>Sheep: 20-250 animals</li><li>Cattle: up to 30 animals</li><li>Other type of property: variable</li></ul><strong>Multi-wire electric fences:</strong> 1-2 beehives</td></tr><tr><td>TECHNICAL DETAILS OF IMPLEMENTED MEASURES</td><td><strong>Electric nettings</strong><ul><li>Mobile fences</li><li>Height: 160 cm</li><li>Circumference of enclosures: 300 – 500 m</li><li>Minimum voltage 5000 V</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td><strong>Multi-wire electric fences</strong><ul><li>Fixed fences</li><li>Height: 150 cm</li><li>Structure: 6 lines of metallic wire (all hot)</li><li>Minimum voltage 5000 V</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>IMPLEMENTATION</td><td><strong>REGULARLY IN USE FROM 2011:</strong><ul><li><strong>LIFE Slowolf</strong> (distribution in 2011-2012)<ul><li>10 sets of el. nettings (sheep)</li></ul></li><li><strong>LIFE DINALP BEAR</strong> (distribution in 2015-2019)<ul><li>18 sets of el. nettings (sheep)</li><li>21 sets of el. nettings (mobile beehives)</li><li>16 sets of multiwire el. fences (stationary beehives)</li><li>2 sets of electric mats (stationary beehives)</li><li>5 intervention sets</li></ul></li><li><strong>Interreg Carnivora Dinarica</strong> (distribution in 2019)<ul><li>2 sets of el. nettings (sheep)</li><li>3 sets of el. nettings (mobile beehives)</li></ul></li><li><strong>National scheme (ARSO)</strong> (distribution from 2015)<ul><li>26 sets of el. nettings (sheep)</li><li>26 sets of el. nettings (mobile beehives, stationary beehives)</li><li>4 sets of el. nettings (crops, orchards, silage bales)</li></ul></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>CHALLENGES</td><td>With the establishment of new wolf packs in the Alpine region, questions arise regarding the suitability of electric nettings in the Alps. There are many farms with small herds that graze on remote pastures on difficult terrains (steep slopes and high terrain ruggedness) and with occasional surveillance of the owners. With the presence of predators, the need to enclose the</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td>animals in the night enclosures at night and release them during the day seems to be unfeasible for many of them.<br/>Another challenge is to test the feasibility of high electric nettings for protection of calves – the most vulnerable group of cattle.</td></tr></table>

## CHALLENGES AND BASIC REQUIREMENTS

* Minimum size of 300 m to enable the herd to move within the enclosure.

* Limited maximum length of the enclosure (max. 500 m).

* Underestimation of the importance of grounding system.

* Incorrect use (e.g. no electricity).

* Shape of the fences area – has to be without sharp angles to enable the herd to circle within the enclosure.

* Risk of entanglement if animals are not used to electricity and fences/nettings or in case of panic situation (connected with previous indent).

## CONTACT INSTITUTION AND PERSON

### Slovenia Forest Service

Rok Černe (rok.cerne@zgs.si),

Tomaž Berce (tomaz.berce@zgs.si)

## MORE INFORMATION AND INFO-MATERIALS

* **Handbook:**
  Berce, T., Černe, R. 2016. Animal husbandry and coexistence with carnivores - Protecting livestock against large carnivores. Slovenia Forest Service. Financed by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food. (in Slovene). [Available here](#).

* **Website:**
  "Safe grazing" – [www.varna-pasa.si](http://www.varna-pasa.si) (available in English and Slovene).
## SUBSIDIES OR OTHER MEANS TO MITIGATE OR PREVENT LARGE CARNIVORE DAMAGES

### SUBSIDIES AND PAYMENTS FOR EQUIPMENT

* **National co-financing scheme:** Slovenian Environment Agency co-finances 80% of the purchase of equipment to farmers who have already experienced damage on their property.

* **Projects:** LIFE Slowolf (2010-2013), LIFE DINALP BEAR (2014-2019), and Interreg Carnivora Dinarica (2018-2021)

### SUBSIDIES AND PAYMENTS FOR EXTRA WORKLOAD

Farmers can apply for payments from EAFRD (European agricultural fund for rural development - payment for agri-environment-climate commitments). **Within the EAFRD scheme 2014-2020, the area-based flat rate payment for mobile electric fences and electric nets is 119,90 € / ha.**

Subsidies cover the workload which is needed to setup, move and maintain the enclosure.

## SURVEILLANCE OF THE IMPLEMENTED MEASURES

<table><tr><td>WHO IS IN CHARGE OF SURVEILLANCE?</td><td>Damages officials from Slovenia Forest Service (hereafter SFS).</td></tr><tr><td>HOW MANY PEOPLE ARE INVOLVED?</td><td>Approximately 50 officials from SFS regional units.</td></tr><tr><td>WHAT IS THE PROTOCOL / PROCEDURE OF EACH CONTROL?</td><td>Regular field controls and collaboration with farmers are crucial for ensuring the correct use the equipment.<br>SFS damage officials perform regular controls of the use of the equipment in the field. They make announced and unannounced visits at the protected properties at least once per year, usually between May and October.<br>Unannounced field controls are performed twice (in case of livestock animals) or once (in case of beehives) per year.<br>Damages officials control the general situation around the protected area, check the enclosure, measure the foreseen</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td>features and fill in a control form, which is sent to the Slovenian Environment Agency and SFS central unit.<br/>The purpose of such controls is to check, whether the equipment is correctly installed in the field and to stay in touch with farmers. This is a kind of collaboration between farmers and officials, as they share useful feedback information and improve the general knowledge about the use of these preventive measures.</td></tr></table>

WHICH FEATURES ARE MONITORED OR INSPECTED?

List of monitored features:

* type of protected property

* number of elements (animals, beehives, etc.)

* presence of electricity

* voltage (near the source and in the middle of the perimeter)

* grounding (number of rods used and installation)

* maintenance of the fence route (vegetation, etc.)

* setup of nettings, poles (proper installation)

* presence of passages under nettings

* assess the level of damages on the nettings (wear and tear)

* description of damages

* length of the enclosure

* composition of the fence (height, number of single nettings)

* description of fence micro-location (type of terrain, slope)

* presence of animals in the fence

* presence of livestock guarding dogs

* use of solar panel

* other protective measures used

* description and photos of irregularities

HOW MUCH TIME DOES ONE CONTROL TAKE?

Approximately 30-60 min.
WHAT ARE THE
CONSEQUENCES
OF THE
CONTROL IN
CASE OF
IMPROPER USE?

If improper use is detected, the first step is to contact the
owner, inform him/her about the situation and give advice on
how to improve the use of fences to assure its effectiveness.
In such cases, the field controls are made more frequently.
More controls are also made if damages occur on the protected
property.

If the irregularities occur again, the owner is formally warned
about the situation. If this is not enough, the signed contract
dictates the refund of the financed part of the equipment.

EFFECTIVENESS OF THE IMPLEMENTED MEASURES

HOW IS THE EFFECTIVENESS MEASURED?

We compare the 3 years average of the damages that owners had before the implementation of protective measures with 3 years average after the implementation.

WHAT ARE THE RESULTS?

The overall effect of the use of high electric fence in Slovenia is positive:

* 95 % **reduction of damages** when using only high electric fences,

* 75 % **reduction** when owners use also other less-reliable measures (e.g. grazing in lower fences during the day) or if they have other unprotected property of the same type (more beehive units, out of which, only some of them are protected with high el. fences)

* 93 % **of owners have not experienced any damage** after the implementation of high electric fences (8 out of 119)

* **Beekeepers have not experienced any damage** after the implementation of high electric fences

See Additional info presented in the table below.
IMPLEMENTATION OF HIGH ELECTRIC FENCES

<table><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">YEAR OF IMPLEMENTATION</th><th rowspan="2">Type of protected property</th><th rowspan="2">Number of users</th><th>BEFORE IMPLEMENTATION</th><th colspan="2">AFTER IMPLEMENTATION</th><th rowspan="2">SOURCE</th></tr><tr><th>Yearly average of damages - 3 years before implementation</th><th>Yearly average of damages - ALL TYPES OF MEASURES</th><th>Yearly average of damages - ONLY HIGH ELECTRIC FENCES</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>2011</td><td>Sheep</td><td>5</td><td>79.314</td><td>17.312</td><td>0</td><td>SloWolf</td></tr><tr><td>2012</td><td>Sheep</td><td>5</td><td>17.868</td><td>3.984</td><td>0</td><td>SloWolf</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">2015</td><td>Sheep</td><td>12</td><td>27.680</td><td>15.673</td><td>6.206</td><td>LIFE DINALP BEAR, ARSO</td></tr><tr><td>Beehive</td><td>11</td><td>2.507</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>LIFE DINALP BEAR</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">2016</td><td>Sheep</td><td>9</td><td>3.488</td><td>724</td><td>555</td><td>LIFE DINALP BEAR, ARSO</td></tr><tr><td>Beehive</td><td>13</td><td>11.823</td><td>1.178</td><td>240</td><td>LIFE DINALP BEAR</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">2017</td><td>Sheep</td><td>12</td><td>3.279</td><td>307</td><td>307</td><td>LIFE DINALP BEAR, ARSO</td></tr><tr><td>Beehive</td><td>17</td><td>5.045</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>LIFE DINALP BEAR, ARSO</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">2018</td><td>Sheep</td><td>11</td><td>3.427</td><td>833</td><td>0</td><td>ARSO</td></tr><tr><td>Beehive</td><td>17</td><td>2.116</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>LIFE DINALP BEAR, ARSO</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Orchard, corn field</td><td>4</td><td>300</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>ARSO</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">2019</td><td>Sheep</td><td>8</td><td>1.353</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td rowspan="3">ARSO, CARNIVORA DINARICA</td></tr><tr><td>Beehive</td><td>9</td><td>2.514</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Orchard, corn field</td><td>3</td><td>12</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr></tbody><tfoot><tr><td colspan="2">TOTAL</td><td>136</td><td>160.725</td><td>40.011</td><td>7.309</td><td></td></tr></tfoot></table>

Table: The overall effect of the use of high electric fence in Slovenia.

Additional information (photographs, technical details, charts, links to websites, etc.):

* Ad: Photographs:

<figure><img src="image_36.png" /><figcaption>High electric nettings protecting goats.</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_37.png" /><figcaption>High electric nettings protecting a mobile beehive.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_38.png" /><figcaption>Multi-wire electric fence protecting a stationary beehive.</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_39.png" /><figcaption>The intervention kit applied for protection of young cattle on Pokojišče, Slovenia.</figcaption></figure>
LIVESTOCK GUARDING DOGS

<table><tr><td>COUNTRY</td><td>SLOVENIA</td></tr><tr><td>REPORTING PERIOD</td><td>2011 - 2019 (June)</td></tr><tr><td>IMPLEMENTED MEASURES</td><td>Livestock guarding dogs (hereafter LGDs)</td></tr><tr><td>TARGETED TYPE OF PROPERTY</td><td>• Sheep</td></tr><tr><td>TECHNICAL DETAILS</td><td><b>Breeds included:</b><ul><li>Karst Shepherd</li><li>Tornjak</li><li>Caucasian shepherd</li><li>Sharplaninac</li></ul>Pups born in working lines (dogs' parents active livestock guarding dogs) were distributed to new owners at age of approximately 8-10 weeks and were immediately integrated in the new environment under regular surveillance of farmers.</td></tr><tr><td>SOURCES OF LGDs (working lines, genetic lines, etc.)</td><td><ul><li>LIFE Slowolf: Single pups were purchased within Slowolf project and donated to farmers (distribution 2011-2012).</li><li>LIFE DINALP BEAR: Working lines were established in project through a collaboration with experienced LGD breeders with working lines and from these lines 20 pups were co-financed to farmers between 2017 and 2019.</li></ul>No special mechanism of maintaining pure genetic or working lines.</td></tr><tr><td>IMPLEMENTATION</td><td><ul><li>LIFE Slowolf<ul><li>10 pups (two breeds: Karst Shepherd, Tornjak) distributed to sheep breeders</li></ul></li><li>LIFE DINALP BEAR</li></ul></td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td>o 20 pups distributed to sheep breeders</td></tr><tr><td>EDUCATION PROCESS</td><td>Experienced LGD breeders make the first step in knowing some animals from the herd in the first two months after a pup is born. Pups of 8 week can join new owners, where they slowly get to know the herd. At first, the pups meet calmer animals from the herd. The pup is regularly in touch with animals and owners provide them a safe place (e.g. box) where the pup can easily stand back from other animals. The pup has to be checked regularly and step-by-step it can join the rest of the herd. When the pasturing season begins, the pup stays with the herd all the time. The owner has to follow the integration and correct any unwanted behaviour. In general, after two years the dog becomes reliable.</td></tr><tr><td>SUPERVISION OF EDUCATION PHASE</td><td>When the dogs are co-financed from projects, every LGD breeder, from whom the dogs are coming from, offers support to new owners and advises them by phone, e-mail and during field visits.</td></tr><tr><td>CERTIFICATION OF LGDs</td><td>No existing certification of livestock guarding dogs in Slovenia.</td></tr><tr><td>PROTOCOL OF CERTIFICATION</td><td>/</td></tr><tr><td>LEGISLATIVE RESPONSIBILITY OF DOGS' ACTIONS</td><td>No special status of livestock guarding dogs. The owner is fully responsible for all dog's actions, regardless the location (pasture and outside).<br>In case of an attack, the procedure is the same for all types of dogs.</td></tr><tr><td>ANIMAL WELFARE OBLIGATIONS</td><td>In general, the law obligates owners to take care of dogs – to provide food, water and shelter, regardless the type of dog.</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>CHALLENGES</td><td><strong>Legislation:</strong><br/>The status of LGD in the Slovenian legislation is unclear and not yet defined. Some farmers complain regarding the responsibility and legal consequences in case of an attack on people who enter the pasturing area, guarded by LGDs.<br/><br/><strong>National financing scheme:</strong><br/>As the LGDs proved to be an effective solution for protection of pasturing animals, they could be co-financed by the state, similarly to high electric fences (see above).</td></tr><tr><td>CONTACT INSTITUTION AND PERSON</td><td>Slovenia Forest Service<br/>Tomaž Berce (tomaz.berce@zgs.si)</td></tr></table>

## SUBSIDIES OR OTHER MEANS TO MITIGATE OR PREVENT LARGE CARNIVORE DAMAGES

### SUBSIDIES AND PAYMENTS FOR EQUIPMENT

* Project LIFE Slowolf: pups donated (100% financed from the project)

* Project LIFE DINALP BEAR: pups co-financed (400 € from the project; new owner pays 200 €)

**Cost of each dog: 600 € (for 8 weeks old pup)**

### SUBSIDIES AND PAYMENTS FOR EXTRA WORKLOAD

Farmers can apply for payments from EAFRD (European agricultural fund for rural development - payment for agri-environment-climate commitments). **Within the EAFRD scheme 2014-2020, the area-based flat rate payment for working with livestock guarding dogs is 112,60 € / ha.**

Subsidies cover the workload which is needed to work with livestock guarding dogs.
## SURVEILLANCE OF THE IMPLEMENTED MEASURES

<table><tr><td>WHO IS IN CHARGE OF SURVEILLANCE?</td><td>In LIFE DINALP BEAR project, LGD breeders (who distributed the pups) acted as advisor for new owners in the field. LGD breeders are experienced farmers, who know how to raise the dogs properly and how to integrate them in the herd. For new owners it is very important to have an advisor who can help them in case of troubles or everyday challenges.<br/>In the project, also two cynology experts were hired to advise new owner on how to raise the dogs, how to monitor them in the new environment, etc.</td></tr><tr><td>HOW MANY PEOPLE ARE INVOLVED?</td><td>Approximately five LGD breeders and two cynology expert.</td></tr><tr><td>WHAT IS THE PROTOCOL / PROCEDURE OF EACH CONTROL?</td><td>No particular protocol. The supervisors control, if the dog's integration proceeds as it should and advise owners in the field and by telephone.</td></tr><tr><td>WHICH FEATURES ARE MONITORED OR INSPECTED?</td><td>General dog's integration in the herd and its behaviour as guarding dog.</td></tr><tr><td>HOW MUCH TIME DOES ONE CONTROL TAKE?</td><td>Approximately 1 hour.</td></tr><tr><td>WHAT ARE THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE CONTROL IN CASE OF IMPROPER USE?</td><td>Supervisors advise the owner on how to educate dogs and avoid unwanted behaviours.</td></tr></table>
EFFECTIVENESS OF THE IMPLEMENTED MEASURES

HOW IS THE EFFECTIVENESS MEASURED?

We monitor the situation at each farm regarding the occurrence of damages.

WHAT ARE THE RESULTS?

Preliminary results show that none of the new owners of LGDs has experienced damages to their pasturing animals.

Additional information (photographs, technical details, charts, links to websites, etc.)

* ad. Technical details

<figure><img src="image_40.png" /><figcaption>Tornjak.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_41.png" /><figcaption>Karst shepherd.</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_42.png" /><figcaption>Sharplaninac.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_43.png" /><figcaption>Caucasian shepherd.</figcaption></figure>

## References

Berce, T., Zahariaš, K., Sedmak, A., Bragalanti, N. 2018. Livestock guarding dogs. The LIFE DINALP BEAR project handbook.
SHEPHERDS

<table><tr><td>COUNTRY</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>REPORTING PERIOD</td><td>2014-2019</td></tr><tr><td>IMPLEMENTED MEASURES</td><td>Guarding animals using shepherds</td></tr><tr><td>TARGETED TYPE OF PROPERTY</td><td>Sheep</td></tr><tr><td>ROLE OF SHEPHERDS (JOB LIST)</td><td><ul><li>Shepherd stays with the herd all the time during the day.</li><li>The herd has to be enclosed in a safe enclosure during the night (night pen or barn).</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>ARE THEY WORKING WITH LIVESTOCK GUARDING DOGS?<br/>IF YES, WHO IS THE OWNER OF DOGS?</td><td>No, usually their work is not connected with livestock guarding dogs.</td></tr><tr><td>HOW MANY ANIMALS DO THEY TAKE CARE OF?</td><td>No data.</td></tr><tr><td>DO THEY REPORT THEIR WORK?</td><td>No.</td></tr><tr><td>ORIGIN OF SHEPHERDS</td><td>Slovenia. Usually owners of the flock.</td></tr><tr><td>ARE THE SHEPHERDS ORGANIZED IN ORGANIZATION?</td><td>No.</td></tr><tr><td>SALARY (per month, season, etc. - define)</td><td>Usually owners of the flock take care of the animals as shepherds.</td></tr><tr><td>ARE THE COSTS COFINANCED?<br/>WHICH COSTS?<br/>■ salary,</td><td>Subsidies for workload are included in EARDF payments (see below).</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>• insurance,<br/>• food,<br/>• other?</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IMPLEMENTATION</td><td>In Slovenia there are no typical shepherds. The EARDF funds enable owners to apply for subsidies for using shepherds, but usually the owners play the role of shepherds by taking care of the animals during the day. Their main task is to enclose the animals in a safe enclosure during the night. Only 5 farmers decided to apply for EARDF subsidies for shepherds. All of them are located in the Dinaric part of Slovenia and not in the Alps. In the Alps, the typical role of shepherds was abandoned. One of the reasons for that could be also the local extinction of large carnivores in this part of Slovenia.</td></tr><tr><td>INSURANCE</td><td>No special insurance are applied.</td></tr><tr><td>FOOD</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>SHELTER</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>ARE THERE ANY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SHEEP AND CATTLE SHEPHERDS?</td><td>Only sheep shepherds are present.</td></tr><tr><td>HOW DO THE SHEPHERDS LEARN ABOUT THEIR WORK?</td><td>No training.</td></tr><tr><td>RESPONSABILITIES OF SHEPHERDS</td><td>Their main task is to enclose the animals in a safe enclosure during the night.</td></tr><tr><td>IS THERE ANY PROMOTION OF ROLE / JOB OF SHEPHERDS?</td><td>No.</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>WHAT ARE THE SHEPHERDS DOING OUT OF WORKING SEASON?</td><td>Farmers, as described above.</td></tr><tr><td>CHALLENGES</td><td>Promotion of typical shepherds in the alpine area as the role was abandoned during the last century because the absence of large carnivores.</td></tr><tr><td>CONTACT INSTITUTION AND PERSON</td><td>Slovenia Forest Service:<br/>Tomaž Berce,<br/>(tomaz.berce@zgs.si)</td></tr></table>

## SUBSIDIES OR OTHER MEANS TO MITIGATE OR PREVENT LARGE CARNIVORE DAMAGES

### SUBSIDIES AND PAYMENTS FOR EQUIPMENT

Only EARDF subsidies (see below).

### SUBSIDIES AND PAYMENTS FOR EXTRA WORKLOAD

Farmers can apply for payments from EAFRD (European agricultural fund for rural development - payment for agri-environment-climate commitments). Within the EAFRD scheme 2014-2020, the area-based flat rate payment for guarding animals using shepherds is 107,60 € / ha.

Subsidies cover the work of a shepherd.

## SURVEILLANCE OF THE IMPLEMENTED MEASURES

<table><tr><td>WHO IS IN CHARGE OF SURVEILLANCE?</td><td>The surveillance is only applied for controlling the subsidy obligations. Agency for Agricultural Markets and Rural Development is in charge for controls.</td></tr><tr><td>HOW MANY PEOPLE ARE INVOLVED?</td><td>/</td></tr><tr><td>WHAT IS THE PROTOCOL / PROCEDURE OF EACH CONTROL?</td><td>/</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>WHICH FEATURES ARE MONITORED OR INSPECTED?</td><td>Presence of shepherd with the animals.</td></tr><tr><td>HOW MUCH TIME DOES ONE CONTROL TAKE?</td><td>/</td></tr><tr><td>WHAT ARE THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE CONTROL IN CASE OF IMPROPER USE?</td><td>/</td></tr></table>

<table><thead><tr><th colspan="2">EFFECTIVENESS OF THE IMPLEMENTED MEASURES</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>HOW IS THE EFFECTIVENESS MEASURED?</td><td>Not measured.</td></tr><tr><td>WHAT ARE THE RESULTS?</td><td>No results.</td></tr></tbody></table>
OTHER DAMAGE PREVENTION MEASURES AND TECHNQUES

<table><tr><td>COUNTRY</td><td>SLOVENIA</td></tr><tr><td>REPORTING PERIOD</td><td>2018 – 2019 (testing period)</td></tr><tr><td>IMPLEMENTED MEASURES</td><td>ELECTRIC MATS</td></tr><tr><td>TARGETED TYPE OF PROPERTY</td><td>• Stationary beehives</td></tr><tr><td>TECHNICAL DETAILS</td><td>The electric mat is basically a dense electric netting placed on a rubber mat on the ground. The mesh-wired net works as a conductor for electricity, and is placed on a rubber board, which insulates the conductor from the ground. The electric mat has to be placed around the property or in front of exposed sections. The animal which steps on the mat receives a painful electric shock that scares the animal away.</td></tr><tr><td>FINANCIAL SOURCES</td><td>➤ Project LIFE DINALP BEAR</td></tr><tr><td>IMPLEMENTATION</td><td>Two electric mats were tested from Autumn 2018 around three stationary beehives. At the end of the project, the electric mats were delivered to two interested beekeepers for further use.</td></tr><tr><td>SURVEILLANCE</td><td>In the testing period, project staff regularly visited the locations of use. After the project, SFS staff is in charge to control the correct use of the equipment.</td></tr><tr><td>EFFECTIVENESS</td><td>All protected beehive units remained undamaged despite the regular presence of bears, which indicates the efficiency of this type of deterrent.</td></tr><tr><td>CHALLENGES</td><td>The electric mat can be used for protection of stationary beehives, where the front exposed part is protected, and the rest of the beehive (in most cases) is made of solid materials, that cannot be damaged by bears.</td></tr><tr><td>CONTACT INSTITUTION AND PERSON</td><td>Slovenia Forest Service<br>Tomaž Berce (tomaz.berce@zgs.si)</td></tr></table>
Additional information (photographs, technical details, charts, links to websites, etc.)

* ad. Photographs:

<figure><img src="image_44.png" /><figcaption>Photo 1: The electric mat installed around a mobile beehive unit.</figcaption></figure>
3.7 SWITZERLAND

Prepared by:

Daniela Hilfiker, and Daniel Mettler; data provided by © KORA (Chapter Damages)

Daniela Hilfiker, Riccarda Lüthi, François Meyer, and Daniel Mettler (Chapter
Damage prevention)
### 3.7.1 Damages caused by large carnivores in Switzerland

<table><tr><td>REPORTING COUNTRY / WHICH REGIONS DOES THE REPORT INCLUDE?</td><td>Switzerland<br/>Whole country (wolf population mostly in the alpine or Jura region, some in the lowlands; bear mostly in the southeast of Switzerland, only one bear reached Central Switzerland)</td></tr><tr><td>REPORT PREPARED BY</td><td>Daniela Hilfiker, Daniel Mettler</td></tr></table>

#### INTRODUCTION / COMMENT OF THE SITUATION

The first wolf migrated in 1995 from Italy to Switzerland. For several years, there where different individuals (first only males, later on also females) migrating from the Italian-french alpine population to the alpine region in Switzerland. The first pack was confirmed in 2012 in the eastern alps of Switzerland. Until 2019, this pack reproduced each year. Seven years later, 2019, eight packs were confirmed in Switzerland. Seven packs have established in the alpine region of Switzerland and one pack was confirmed in the Jura region. Wolf depredation on livestock in Switzerland affect mostly sheep (about 94 % of the compensated livestock during the last ten years). Occasionally also goats get attacked (about 5.6 % of the compensated livestock since 2010). So far, cattle only got attacked as an exception (about 0.4 % of the compensated livestock since 2010). The upcoming challenge will be to protect cattle properly if these attacks start to increase. The evaluation of efficiency of protection measures is a challenge too.

Several Lynx have been reintroduced in the 1970s in Switzerland from the Carpathian population. In 2018, the Swiss lynx population was estimated on about 250 individuals. This population is split into the Jura- (about 75 individuals) and the alpine population (about 176 individuals). 2016- 2019 lynx in Switzerland predated between 40 and 80 farm animals each year – mostly sheep or goats.

Since 2010 there are every year 1-3 bears crossing the southeast of Switzerland. Only one bear reached Central Switzerland. So far, only male individuals have been confirmed, originating from the Trentino population in Italy. Bears in Switzerland cause occasional damage on beehives, and in a few cases, attacks occurred also on livestock.
LARGE CARNIVORES POPULATION TRENDS IN SWITZERLAND IN THE PERIOD 2010-2019

<table><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">YEAR</th><th colspan="2">WOLVES</th><th>BROWN BEARS</th></tr><tr><th>Population estimates</th><th>Confirmed packs</th><th>Population estimates</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>2010</td><td>9</td><td>0</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>2011</td><td>10</td><td>0</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>2012</td><td>13</td><td>1</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>2013</td><td>21</td><td>1</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>2014</td><td>25</td><td>1</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>2015</td><td>34</td><td>2</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>2016</td><td>34</td><td>3</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>2017</td><td>41</td><td>4</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>2018</td><td>52</td><td>4</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>2019</td><td>77</td><td>8</td><td>2</td></tr></tbody></table>
DAMAGES CAUSED BY WOLF IN SWITZERLAND IN THE PERIOD OF 2010-2019

<table><thead><tr><th>YEAR</th><th>SHEEP</th><th>CATTLE</th><th>OTHER</th></tr><tr><td></td><td>Animals affected</td><td>Animals affected</td><td>Animals affected</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>2010</td><td>86</td><td>7</td><td>3 goats</td></tr><tr><td>2011</td><td>281</td><td>0</td><td>14 goats</td></tr><tr><td>2012</td><td>102</td><td>0</td><td>14 goats</td></tr><tr><td>2013</td><td>307</td><td>1</td><td>18 (17 goats and1 red deer kept as livestock)</td></tr><tr><td>2014</td><td>215</td><td>0</td><td>9 goats</td></tr><tr><td>2015</td><td>332</td><td>1</td><td>29 goats</td></tr><tr><td>2016</td><td>420</td><td>2</td><td>23 goats</td></tr><tr><td>2017</td><td>280</td><td>0</td><td>8 goats</td></tr><tr><td>2018</td><td>506</td><td>1</td><td>19 goats</td></tr><tr><td>2019</td><td>380</td><td>1</td><td>39 goats</td></tr><tr><td>TOTAL</td><td>2909</td><td>13</td><td>176</td></tr></tbody></table>
## 3.7.2 Damage prevention measures in Switzerland

### ELECTRICITY

<table><thead><tr><th colspan="2">TECHNICAL OVERVIEW OF THE IMPLEMENTED MEASURES</th></tr><tr><th>COUNTRY</th><th>SWITZERLAND</th></tr><tr><th>REPORTING PERIOD</th><th>2014 - 2019</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>IMPLEMENTED MEASURES</td><td><strong>ELECTRIC FENCES</strong><br>Three types:<ul><li>electrified nets 90 cm (counted as official protection measure); 105 cm (compensated by the livestock protection budget of the federal office for the environment (FOEN))</li><li>mobile multi-wire electric fences: 4 wires, height 90 cm (counted as official protection measure); 5 wires, height 105 cm (compensated by FOEN)</li><li>fixed multi-wire fences: 5-6 wires, height 120-150 cm to protect beehives from bears (compensated by FOEN)</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>TARGETED TYPE OF PROPERTY</td><td><strong>Electric nettings:</strong><ul><li>Sheep, goats</li></ul><strong>Multi-wire electric fences:</strong><ul><li>Sheep, goats, stationary beehives</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>HERD / PROPERTY SIZE</td><td>10-1000 sheep, 1-20 ha</td></tr><tr><td>TECHNICAL DETAILS OF IMPLEMENTED MEASURE(S)</td><td><strong>Electric nettings for sheep and goat</strong><ul><li>Mobile fences</li><li>Height: 90 cm (counted as official protection measure) 105 cm (compensated by FOEN)</li><li>Minimum voltage 3000 V</li><li>Net must be well tensioned</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td><strong>Multi-wire electric fences for sheep and goat</strong><ul><li>Mobile fences</li><li>Height and structure: 4 wires and height of 90 cm (counted as official protection measure); 5 wires and height of 105 cm (compensated by FOEN)</li><li>Minimum voltage of 3000 V on each wire</li><li>The lowest wire not higher than 20 cm from the ground</li><li>Wires must be well tensioned</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><strong>Multi-wire electric fences for beehives</strong><ul><li>Fixed fences</li><li>Height: 120-150 cm</li><li>Structure: 5-6 wires or strands</li><li>Minimum voltage 5000 V</li><li>The lowest wire not higher than 20 cm from the ground</li><li>Wires/ strands must be well tensioned</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><strong>Night pens on alpine summer meadows</strong><ul><li>105 cm electric nettings for sheep and goat</li><li>90 cm electric nettings with LGD's</li><li>5 wires or strands with max. 10 cm from above the soil</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>IMPLEMENTATION</td><td>Farmer buys fence material by himself and gets compensated by the livestock protection budget of the FOEN afterwards.</td></tr><tr><td>CHALLENGES</td><td><ul><li>Fences often used on spring and autumn pastures, on alpine pastures it is often too steep or too rocky to build up a proper fence for protection aims in a reasonable time.</li><li>90 cm electrified nets are counted as official livestock protection measure if well tensioned and without vulnerable points (lowest point of net higher than 20 cm from ground, little river crossing the net, etc.). However, these nets are often used in sheep farming, to keep sheep together (also if there is no large carnivore presence).</li></ul></td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td>Therefore, it is difficult to measure the effectiveness of these nets.<ul><li>If there is a damage even if sheep have been protected by a fence, it is difficult to check afterwards, if at the moment of the attack, there was enough electricity, enough tension on the fence and if all sheep have been inside the fence. If the fence is laying on the ground after an attack, it is difficult to check if the wolf crossed the fence before the attack or if the sheep were scared by the wolf walking around the pasture ending up damaging the fence by themselves and therefore the wolf was successful in sheep depredation.</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>CHALLENGES AND BASIC REQUIREMENTS</td><td><ul><li>Insufficient grounding system.</li><li>Incorrect use (e.g. no electricity, weak points).</li><li>Risk of entanglement if animals are not used to electricity and fences/nettings or in case of panic situation. --> Visibility of fence is crucial: in Switzerland nets and wires are often orange, which is perceived by humans as a warning colour. However, most mammals are not able to distinguish between orange and green. The use of wires with contrast colours (for ex. blue/white; yellow/black) or the use of barrier tape (blue/white or red/white) is recommended.</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>CONTACT INSTITUTION AND PERSON</td><td><a href="">Swiss Center for livestock protection, AGRIDEA</a><br><a href="">Team AGRIDEA</a><br>Andreas Schiess (Andreas.Schiess@agridea.ch)</td></tr><tr><td>MORE INFORMATION AND INFO-MATERIALS</td><td><strong>Fact sheets:</strong><ul><li>Andreas Schiess, Daniel Mettler, 2016. Wolf protection fences on small livestock pastures (in German, French and Italian). <a href="">Available here.</a></li><li>Daniela Hilfiker, Daniel Mettler, 2018. Protection of apiaries from brown bears (in German, French and Italian). <a href="">Available here.</a></li></ul></td></tr></table>
### Educational videos:

* Using fences to prevent livestock damages by wolf, 2019. (in English, German, French and Italian) [Available here.](#)

### Website

* [http://www.herdenschutzschweiz.ch/](http://www.herdenschutzschweiz.ch/) (available in German, French, a part in Italian and English)

## SUBSIDIES OR OTHER MEANS TO MITIGATE OR PREVENT LARGE CARNIVORE DAMAGES

### SUBSIDIES AND PAYMENTS FOR EQUIPMENT

* **Electrified nets and multi wire fences for pastures day & night:** 0.70 CHF (about 0.66 Euro) for each meter of fence

* **Night pen:** 80 % of the material

* **Fences for Beehives:** once fix contribution of 700 CHF (about 657 Euro) per beehive (every 7 year)

* Funded by the federal office for the environment (FOEN)

### SUBSIDIES AND PAYMENTS FOR EXTRA WORKLOAD

* **Electrified nets and multi wire fences for pastures day & night:** 0.30 CHF (about 0.28 Euro) for each meter of fence

* **Night pen:** no payment for extra workload

* **Fences for Beehives:** no payment for extra workload

* Civil Service people are engaged to help the shepherd additional workload

* Funded by the federal office for the environment (FOEN)
## SURVEILLANCE OF THE IMPLEMENTED MEASURES

<table><tr><td>WHO IS IN CHARGE OF SURVEILLANCE?</td><td><ul><li>Swiss Center for livestock protection, AGRIDEA, mandated by the FOEN</li><li>Local responsible experts (expert for protection of the flock, local game keeper)</li><li>Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN)</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>HOW MANY PEOPLE ARE INVOLVED?</td><td>2-3 experts from the region (Quality control), AGRIDEA (Efficiency Analysis) and the Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN)</td></tr><tr><td>WHAT IS THE PROTOCOL / PROCEDURE OF EACH CONTROL?</td><td>Federal Forms applied over all the Cantons, approved by the FOEN</td></tr><tr><td>WHICH FEATURES ARE MONITORED OR INSPECTED?</td><td>Fence quality (Size, electrical power, type) and grazing type</td></tr><tr><td>HOW MUCH TIME DOES ONE CONTROL TAKE?</td><td>3-5 farmers a day in the same region get controlled, Control and Consulting is still linked together</td></tr><tr><td>WHAT ARE THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE CONTROL IN CASE OF IMPROPER USE?</td><td>Reduction or refuse of payment, no permission to shoot the wolf</td></tr></table>

## EFFECTIVENESS OF THE IMPLEMENTED MEASURES

### HOW IS THE EFFECTIVENESS MEASURED?

Not measured on a regular base.

* Master thesis: Klara Hansen, 2018, Effectiveness of Fences as Livestock Protection

(available [here](#) in English)
* Evaluation of beehive fencing: Daniel Mettler, 2012, HOW TO PREVENT DAMAGES FROM BEARS ON BEEHIVES, CDP news, Nr.12 (available [here](link here) in English)

* Randomized quality control by AGRIDEA

**Additional information (photographs, technical details, charts, links to websites, etc.)**

Ad: technical details:

<figure><img src="image_45.png" /><figcaption>Electrified fence with multi-wires to protect sheep from wolves. Photo credit: AGRIDEA, Switzerland</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_46.png" /><figcaption>Electric net protecting a herd of sheep. A blue and white barrier tape is used to improve the visibility of the fence. Photo credit: AGRIDEA, Switzerland</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_47.png" /><figcaption>Photo 3: Multi-wire electric fence protecting a stationary beehive. Photo credit: AGRIDEA, Switzerland</figcaption></figure>
## LIVESTOCK GUARDING DOGS

<table><tr><td>COUNTRY</td><td>Switzerland</td></tr><tr><td>REPORTING PERIOD</td><td>2003 – 2019</td></tr><tr><td>IMPLEMENTED MEASURES</td><td>Livestock guardian dogs (LGDs)</td></tr><tr><td>TARGETED TYPE OF PROPERTY</td><td><ul><li>Sheep, goats, (cattle occasionally)</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>TECHNICAL DETAILS</td><td><p><strong>Breeds included:</strong></p><ul><li>Maremmano Abruzzese (MA)</li><li>Montagne des Pyrénées (MP)</li></ul><p>Only LGDs bred or imported by the breeding association HSH-CH get distributed. Educated trainers and experienced LGD owners are allowed to train pups by themselves. Other farmers get LGDs only after the exam with about 1.5 years.</p></td></tr><tr><td>SOURCES OF LGDs (working lines, genetic lines, etc.)</td><td><p>In the 1990s, individual sheep farmers began to import livestock guardian dogs from Italy (MA) and France (MP) and bred them. Since 2003, AGRIDEA has been coordinating the use of livestock guardian dogs in Switzerland, financed by the FOEN. 2011 additionally the association HSH-CH was founded, of which the majority of LGD owners are members. This association is since then responsible for the targeted breeding of the livestock guardian dogs. It is also responsible for the training of breeders and trainers for LGDs. The association also coordinates the regular import of dogs from breeding lines to gain new genetics. AGRIDEA coordinates the exam, which the dogs have to pass before they are fully trained and can get distributed. Only dogs bred within the association and that passed the exam get distributed and financed. The FOEN finances the targeted breeding, training and the work around the use of the guard dogs.</p></td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>IMPLEMENTATION</td><td>Figure: Number of official LGDs on Swiss alps. (c) AGRIDEA, Switzerland</td></tr><tr><td>EDUCATION PROCESS</td><td>Pups are born within the flock (only of official LGD breeders). At the age of 12 weeks pups can join new owners (official trainers or experienced LGD owners) where they get integrated into the new herd and get to know other adult LGDs (at least two pups get placed together, pups are only placed on farms where there are already other adult LGDs). The integration is possible from autumn to spring – there are no integrations of pups on alpine pastures during summer. The pups are always in touch with livestock but owners provide them a safe place (e.g. box) where they can easily stand back from livestock. Besides a good integration into the new flock the trainers invest a lot of time to socialize the pups also with humans. During imprinting phase, the pups should meet different persons, children, new objects, they should learn to walk on a leash, to be in a car, they should come if you call them, etc. After about 1.5 years, if the dog passes the exam, it can work as an official LGD.</td></tr><tr><td>SUPERVISION OF EDUCATION PHASE</td><td>Education of pups is only done by official trainers that passed several exams organised by the association HSH-CH. Additionally, it is allowed for experienced LGD keepers to raise pups themselves. There are 7 consultants (LGD breeders and keepers by themselves, mandated by Swiss Center for livestock protection, AGRIDEA) who</td></tr></table>

<figure><img src="image_48.png" /></figure>
<table><tr><td></td><td>can be contacted anytime if there is questions or challenges during education phase.<br/>Exam after 1.5 year of education.</td></tr><tr><td>CERTIFICATION OF LGDs</td><td>Exam for certification when dog reaches about 1.5 years. Can be repeated once if not passed the first time.</td></tr><tr><td>PROTOCOL OF CERTIFICATION</td><td>Exam consists of two parts – one part within the flock and the other without the flock:<br/><strong>LGD within the flock</strong><ul><li>Farmer has to lead LGD (walking on leash, calling the dog off its flock, sending the dog back to its flock where the dog has to stay with the flock)</li><li>Spatial distance of the LGD to livestock is measured for 24 hours with GPS collars to check if the LGD stays with its flock</li><li>Evaluation of reactivity towards strangers: A possible defensive behaviour towards a person, the dog doesn't know, is tested, this must be adapted to the purpose. The LGD may not be dangerous to this person at any time.</li><li>Evaluation of the reactivity towards foreign dogs: A possible defensive behaviour towards the companion dog is tested, this must be appropriate to the purpose. In any case, a suspicious focus of the LGD on the companion dog and not on the human is expected.</li></ul><strong>LGD outside the flock</strong><ul><li>Farmer has to walk with the dog on leash without any livestock</li><li>Balance and serenity of LGD towards extraordinary environmental stimuli.</li><li>LGD's tolerance towards strangers and companion dogs.</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>LEGISLATIVE RESPONSIBILITY OF DOGS' ACTIONS</td><td>In the Swiss Federal Ordinance on Hunting and Protection of Wild Mammals and Birds (Jagdverordnung, JSV; as of 1 march 2018), the use of LGDs is described as one of various means of preventing</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td>damage caused by large carnivores. The implementation of the measures is regulated by the Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN)<br/>Very important are art. 10quater of the JSV which defines LGDs in Switzerland and art. 77 of the Swiss Federal Ordinance on Animal Welfare (TSchV, as of 27 November 2018) which differs LGDs from companion dogs when it comes to the analysis of biting incidents.<br/>More information about the legislation are available <u>here</u> in German and French.<br/>Chapter 7.4.1 of the Implementation aid for livestock protection (<u>available in German, French and Italian here</u>) defines the requirements and the responsibilities of keeping an official LGD.</td></tr><tr><td>ANIMAL WELFARE OBLIGATIONS</td><td>Chapter 7.5.1 of the Implementation aid for livestock protection (<u>available in German, French and Italian here</u>) defines the legal obligations of keeping an official LGD.</td></tr><tr><td>CHALLENGES</td><td><strong>Cohabitation of hiker/ biker with LGDs in touristic regions:</strong><ul><li>Information boards, tourist guidance boards, Flyers, Comics that inform Tourists in the field (organised by Swiss Center for livestock protection, AGRIDEA). <u>Flyer, Comic in German, French, Italian and English available here</u>.</li><li>Courses/ Excursions for interested person about the appropriate behaviour towards LGDs (organised by Swiss Center for livestock protection, AGRIDEA and the NGO <u>pronatura Switzerland</u>)</li><li>Video about the appropriate behaviour towards LGDs – <u>available here</u>. (realised by Swiss Center for livestock protection, AGRIDEA)</li><li>Online map with all Swiss alpine pastures on which official LGDs (financed by FOEN) are working on. If people are planning their tour online at home they can already include the presence of LGD in their planning. <u>Map available here and here</u>. (realised by Swiss Center for livestock protection, AGRIDEA)</li></ul></td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td><ul><li>Report about conflict management with LGDs for every farm written by Advisory centre for accident prevention in agriculture (BUL) to avoid incidents with LGDs in advance.</li><li>Guide for the conflict management with LGDs with checklists to be completed by the LGD keeper for its farm and alp. <u>Available here in German, French and Italian.</u></li><li>Detailed report about every biting incident that happen with LGDs for monitoring reasons.</li></ul></td></tr></table>

CONTACT INSTITUTION AND PERSON

Swiss Center for livestock protection, AGRIDEA

Team AGRIDEA

Felix Hahn (felix.hahn@agridea.ch)

## SUBSIDIES OR OTHER MEANS TO MITIGATE OR PREVENT LARGE CARNIVORE DAMAGES

### SUBSIDIES AND PAYMENTS FOR EQUIPMENT

**Future LGD owner buys LGD:**

- Pup (only possible for official trainers or experienced LGD keeper): 285 Euros/ pup

- LGD that passed the exam: 1140 Euros/ LGD

**Afterwards payment of livestock protection budget of the FOEN:**

- Subsidy for each LGD keeper: 95 euros per month per LGD (covers food, basic veterinary expenses)

- If there is a bigger medical issue, 80 % of veterinary costs are paid.

### SUBSIDIES AND PAYMENTS FOR EXTRA WORKLOAD

**On alpine pastures for each summer:**

- With shepherd: 1900 euros per summer per alp (funded by FOEN)
* Without shepherd: 475 euros per summer per alp (funded by FOEN)

* About 75 euro per 10 sheep and per summer if livestock protection measures are used in addition to a shepherd or the rotational grazing system (fences used for herding the sheep not as livestock protection) (funded by FOAG)

For official breeders and trainers (trained by association HSH-CH):

* Contribution for breeding dogs: 66 euros per female breeding dog and month; 33 euros per male breeding dog and month.

* Contribution for litter: 7120 euros per litter if 4 or more pubs; 3560 euros per litter if less than 4 pubs

* Contribution for training: 190 euros per month and per dog (for 12 months)

* Contribution for exam: if LGD passes exam: 475 euros per dog that passes the exam

## SURVEILLANCE OF THE IMPLEMENTED MEASURES

<table><tr><td>WHO IS IN CHARGE OF SURVEILLANCE?</td><td><ul><li>FOEN (Federal Office for the Environment)</li><li>Swiss Center for livestock protection, AGRIDEA</li><li>Cantonal Offices</li><li>"Surveillance" by educational trainings:<br>LGD owner has to complete a theoretical course (1 day) before he gets LGDs, afterwards he has to complete a practical course (1 day) within one year with each LGD he received. Courses organised by Swiss Center for livestock protection, AGRIDEA.</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>HOW MANY PEOPLE ARE INVOLVED?</td><td>3 person in the office + 7 consultants in the field</td></tr><tr><td>WHAT IS THE PROTOCOL / PROCEDURE OF EACH CONTROL?</td><td>No particular protocol.</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>WHICH FEATURES ARE MONITORED OR INSPECTED?</td><td><ul><li>Each LGD and each LGD owner is registered in an LGD-specific database (GRIDS, Zooeasy) as well as registered in AMICUS as official LGD or LGD owner (the official database for all dogs in Switzerland).</li><li>Each incident is reported (biting incident, straying, noise complaints, and damage despite of LGDs etc.)</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>HOW MUCH TIME DOES ONE CONTROL TAKE?</td><td>For the control of the dog legislation (TschG), the Cantons are responsible. For the quality control of the dogs the FOEN is responsible and supported by AGRIDEA and BUL (Advisory centre for accident prevention in agriculture)<br>All the LGD's are tested and a prevention security report is realized before the LGD's start to work in a flock.</td></tr><tr><td>WHAT ARE THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE CONTROL IN CASE OF IMPROPER USE?</td><td><ul><li>written warning</li><li>reduction of financial contribution by FOEN</li><li>loss of the guaranteed financial contribution and prohibition of keeping official LGDs</li></ul></td></tr></table>

## EFFECTIVENESS OF THE IMPLEMENTED MEASURES

### HOW IS THE EFFECTIVENESS MEASURED?

As long as there is no damage when LGDs are working in wolf/bear/lynx regions, LGDs are counted as an effective measure on this fam. If there is a damage despite of LGDs all details are reported to gain more information about what went wrong to improve in future.
<figure><img src="image_49.png" /><figcaption>Figure: Predation of livestock in flocks with (blue) or without LGD (orange). Numbers of killed livestock by lynx, wolves, and golden jackals of the years 2015 – 2019 are shown. (c) AGRIDEA, Switzerland</figcaption></figure>
Additional information (photographs, technical details, charts, links to websites, etc.)

Ad: Photographs:

<figure><img src="image_50.png" /><figcaption>Montagne des Pyrénées originally from France. Photo credit: AGRIDEA, Switzerland</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_51.png" /><figcaption>Maremmano abruzzese originally from Italy. Photo credit: AGRIDEA, Switzerland</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_52.png" /></figure>

Visitor guidance board that informs hikers and bikers about livestock guardian dogs, about the right behaviour towards them and where it is expected to meet them in the particular region. (c) AGRIDEA, Switzerland

<figure><img src="image_53.png" /></figure>

Information board about the right behaviour towards livestock guardian dogs. Photo credit: AGRIDEA, Switzerland
SHEPHERDS

<table><thead><tr><th>COUNTRY</th><th></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>REPORTING PERIOD</td><td>2003-2019</td></tr><tr><td>IMPLEMENTED MEASURES</td><td>Shepherds are a part of the summer grazing system. The alp owners are supported to afford the shepherd by the Federal Office of Agriculture (FOAG). The main objective of this support is to maintain the grazing tradition of transhumance, the biodiversity of the alpine regions and to facilitate to protection of the flocks.</td></tr><tr><td>TARGETED TYPE OF PROPERTY</td><td>Sheep, goats, (cattle, cows: other type of shepherding – see “Differences between sheep and cattle herding”)</td></tr><tr><td>ROLE OF SHEPHERDS (JOB LIST)</td><td>Usually different sheep owners bring their flocks together and one shepherd (sometimes sheep owner himself, often not) takes care of all of them as one flock.<br>Two types of shepherding:<ul><li>Sheep stay during winter at their owners place in the lowlands. In summer time several sheep owners bring their sheep together on an alpine pasture where a shepherd takes care of them during summer.</li><li>Shepherd herds sheep all year long during winter in the lowlands and during summer in the alpine pastures (transhumance) (in Switzerland only about 30 flocks).</li></ul>Basic role of a shepherd:<ul><li>Shepherds stay with the herd all the time during the day</li><li>They keep sheep or goats in the areas where they should graze</li><li>They move with sheep/goats in order to find the best grass and use the alpine pastures in a sustainable way</li><li>They are responsible for the health of their flock (responsible for medical treatment if necessary and</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td>possible or responsible to call for help (sheep owner or veterinary if necessary),<ul><li>They bring sheep together during night,</li><li>They set up different types of fences if needed,</li><li>They take care of LGDs,</li><li>If milk sheep or goats, they are sometimes also responsible for milking</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>ARE THEY WORKING WITH LIVESTOCK GUARDING DOGS?<br/>IF YES, WHO IS THE OWNER OF DOGS?</td><td>Since LGDs are a part of the flock, for which the shepherd is responsible, shepherds are also responsible for LGDs and work with them during summer time. Usually one of the sheep owners is also the owner of the LGDs. So he brings his sheep and his LGDs in the beginning of summertime on the alpine pasture where the shepherd takes care for them until autumn. The owner of the LGD is responsible that there is enough food for the LGDs – the shepherd will feed them appropriately.</td></tr><tr><td>HOW MANY ANIMALS DO THEY TAKE CARE OF?</td><td>350-1800 sheep</td></tr><tr><td>DO THEY REPORT THEIR WORK?</td><td>Yes, they must report a "pasture journal" where they write down when the sheep/goats graze on which part/ sector of the alpine pasture.<br/>Additionally they report in the "journal of treatments" all medical interventions on individual sheep or groups.</td></tr><tr><td>ORIGIN OF SHEPHERDS</td><td>Switzerland, Germany, Austria, sometimes Italy and France.</td></tr><tr><td>ARE THE SHEPHERDS ORGANIZED IN ORGANIZATION?</td><td>No. Only the sheep-breeders and professional sheep-farmers are organized in specific organizations.</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>SALARY (per month, season, etc. - define)</td><td>120 - 175 Euro/day (= 3600-4350 Euro/month). The amount of the salary depends on the flock size and the experience of the shepherd.</td></tr><tr><td>ARE THE COSTS COFINANCED?<br/>WHICH COSTS?<br/>■ salary,<br/>■ insurance,<br/>■ food,<br/>■ other?</td><td>Shepherds get a fix salary from the responsible for the alp. The responsible for the alp gets additional subsidies for the whole summer period if there is a shepherd working on the alp (paid by the federal Office for Agriculture (FOAG)) and also if there are LGDs working on the alpine pastures (paid by the FOEN).<br/>Insurance is normally paid by the responsible of the alp and food by the shepherd.</td></tr><tr><td>IMPLEMENTATION</td><td>During the shepherd training courses since 2009, more than 200 shepherds followed the courses.<br/>Actually 250-300 shepherd are working during the summer season on summer alpine pastures, 30 shepherd are working during the winter in the low lands in a transhumant system.<br/>The subsidised grazing system is controlled by the Cantons and the FOAG.<br/>The <a href="#">report about the Swiss shepherd culture</a> was published 2016.</td></tr><tr><td>INSURANCE</td><td>Accident insurance usually paid by employer (responsible of the alp)</td></tr><tr><td>FOOD</td><td>Usually paid by shepherd.</td></tr><tr><td>SHELTER</td><td>Organised by the responsible of the alp.<br/>Project of shepherd shelters, 2016 conducted by Büro Alpe on behalf of AGRIDEA, Pro Natura, WWF Switzerland and the association of Swiss sheep breeders: <a href="#">more Information</a> (in German and French)</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>ARE THERE ANY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SHEEP AND CATTLE SHEPHERDS?</td><td>Yes, there are differences:<ul><li>Sheep- shepherds most often are employed one for one flock, so they usually work alone; whereas cattle guardians more often work in a team of 2-4 persons, especially if the animals are milking cows.</li><li>For a sheep-shepherd one or two good and well trained sheep-dogs are indispensable for the flock management- especially if the flock needs to be fenced in every night in case of the presence of predators. Cattle guardians do work more often with fences to manage their flock, herding-dogs are sometimes used but don't need to satisfy very high demands.</li><li>Sheep-shepherds usually work on higher situated, steeper and more dangerous alpine areas than cattle guardians.</li><li>Salaries for sheep-shepherds are usually lower than those for cattle guardians.</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>HOW DO THE SHEPHERDS LEARN ABOUT THEIR WORK?</td><td>One possibility is the Swiss shepherd training, implemented in 2009.<br>(Includes 10 days of theoretical courses, at least three weeks of internship at a sheep farm during winter and at least 12 weeks of internship on an alp working with sheep or goats during summer). <a href="#">More information here</a><br>Especially the older generation of shepherds- quite a few coming from the neighbouring countries Italy, France and Germany- did learn the profession in a traditional way, passing the knowledge down from the father/ uncle to the son/ nephew etc. within the family.</td></tr><tr><td>RESPONSABILITIES OF SHEPHERDS</td><td>They are responsible to keep sheep or goats in the areas where they should graze, they move with the flock to find the</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td>best grass and are responsible to use the pastures in a sustainable way, for example to spare "sensitive surfaces" from grazing, they are responsible to set up fences for management reasons, they are responsible for the health of their flock (responsible for medical treatment if necessary and possible or responsible to call for help (sheep owner or veterinary, they are responsible to implement livestock protection measures on a daily basis like: bringing sheep together during night (if necessary into a night enclosure), setting up electric fences, and taking care of livestock guardian dogs if present.</td></tr><tr><td>IS THERE ANY PROMOTION OF ROLE / JOB OF SHEPHERDS?</td><td><ul><li>AGRIDEA organises an annual meeting or a field trip for all interested shepherds in Switzerland.</li><li>To have more well trained shepherds in Switzerland, AGRIDEA organises together with three agricultural schools the Swiss shepherd training. <a href="#">More information here</a></li><li>AGRIDEA started 2017 a newsletters with shepherd relevant information's that is send twice a year to all interested shepherds (in German and French). <a href="#">Newsletter here available</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>WHAT ARE THE SHEPHERDS DOING OUT OF WORKING SEASON?</td><td>Diverse- often working on farms, working as craftsmen, in ski resorts etc.</td></tr><tr><td>CHALLENGES</td><td><ul><li>To recruit enough shepherds with the necessary skills and knowledge and a middle- to long-term commitment for the life as a shepherd.</li><li>To support a certain flexibility in sheepfarmers/ alp-responsibles to accept also new ways of flock-</li></ul></td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td>management, or new ways of employment like "job-sharing" models etc.<br/>- To improve the public view on the importance of the shepherds work in a bigger context (biodiversity, tradition, sustainable grazing, extensive production of meat and milk) and thus increasing the value of the shepherds work.<br/>- To find unbureaucratic ways to support shepherds in case of extra workload. Usually the shepherd has already a fulltime job being out with the flock all day - so it is often difficult to meet more expectations related to the implementation of livestock-protection measures.</td></tr></table>

CONTACT INSTITUTION AND PERSON

Swiss Centre for livestock protection, AGRIDEA

Team AGRIDEA

Riccarda Lüthi (Riccarda.Luethi@agridea.ch)

## SUBSIDIES OR OTHER MEANS TO MITIGATE OR PREVENT LARGE CARNIVORE DAMAGES

### SUBSIDIES AND PAYMENTS FOR EQUIPMENT

LGD's and electrical fences are systematically subsidised, based on the National legislation. Other measures could be supported by the Cantons or the Confederation if they are accepted as efficient and if they are the only alternative to LGD's and fences.

### SUBSIDIES AND PAYMENTS FOR EXTRA WORKLOAD

A contribution of 30 cents/per meter of fence is integrated for the additional workload of fencing. Otherwise people from the Civil Service can be demanded for additional workload during the grazing season. (Coordination by AGRIDEA, funded by FOEN)

## SURVEILLANCE OF THE IMPLEMENTED MEASURES

WHO IS IN CHARGE OF SURVEILLANCE?

- FOEN (Federal Office of Environnement)

- FOA (Federal Office of Agriculture)

- Cantonal Offices

- Swiss Center for livestock protection, AGRIDEA

- BUL (Advisory centre for accident prevention in agriculture)
<table><tr><td>WHAT IS THE PROTOCOL / PROCEDURE OF EACH CONTROL?</td><td>Implementation Aid for livestock protection (Available here)</td></tr><tr><td>WHICH FEATURES ARE MONITORED OR INSPECTED?</td><td><ul><li>LGDs by FOEN/AGRIDEA/BUL</li><li>Fences by AGRIDEA /FOEN</li><li>Shepherd by FOA</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td>WHAT ARE THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE CONTROL IN CASE OF IMPROPER USE?</td><td>Reduction of subsidies</td></tr></table>

## EFFECTIVENESS OF THE IMPLEMENTED MEASURES

### HOW IS THE EFFECTIVENESS MEASURED?

Introduction of the statistics of grazing system by FOAG: Agrarbericht.ch (available in German, French and Italian)

### Additional information (photographs, technical details, charts, links to websites, etc.)

Ad: Photographs:

<figure><img src="image_54.png" /><figcaption>Shepherd guarding the flock in the canton of Tessin. Photo credit: AGRIDEA; Switzerland</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_55.png" /></figure>

Shepherd ensuring the daily contact to the LGDs in the canton of Wallis. Photo credit: AGRIDEA; Switerland
OTHER DAMAGE PREVENTION MEASURES AND TECHNQUES

<table><thead><tr><th>COUNTRY</th><th>SWITZERLAND</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>REPORTING PERIOD</td><td>2004 – 2019 (testing period)</td></tr><tr><td>Other MEASURES</td><td>For all this measures, there are neither systematic subsidies nor systematic evaluation.</td></tr><tr><td>Accoustic deterrent</td><td>Alarm Guards: punctual use at hot spots of wolves<br><a href="#">More information</a></td></tr><tr><td>Visual deterrent</td><td>Foxlights: frequent use for periodical risk of lynx areas<br><a href="#">More information</a></td></tr><tr><td>Lamas</td><td>Use for small pastures (not alpine pastures), normally in combination with a fence,<br><a href="#">More information</a></td></tr><tr><td>Structural measures on farms</td><td>The fusion or the reorganisation of pastures and farms could be an important first step for implementing further measures. The change management is coached by the agricultural consulting agencies.<br><a href="#">More information</a></td></tr><tr><td>Prevention measures for cattle</td><td>The main focus to prevent damages of wolves with cattle is the management of the calving season related to the risk periods of grazing.<br><a href="#">More information</a></td></tr><tr><td>CHALLENGES of other Measures</td><td>All types of this measures should be applied with care and only in period of risk. The risk should be relatively low (no wolfpacks). The risk that the predators can get used to it are relatively high.</td></tr><tr><td>CONTACT INSTITUTION AND PERSON</td><td>Swiss Center for livestock protection, AGRIDEA<br><a href="#">Team AGRIDEA (website)</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
# 4 TECHNICAL GUIDELINES FOR ESTABLISHING A RELIABLE PROTECTION OF LIVESTOCK

Best practices tested and proved within intensive effort of many experts throughout Europe prove that a variety of solutions can be used to prevent the occurrence of damages caused by large carnivores.

Throughout different countries, technical solutions were tested and adjusted to fit specific landscape features and other environmental factors in the Alpine region. Within the present document, WISO and project LIFE WOLFALPS EU members have grouped these solutions into three main methods of protecting grazing animals:

(1) the use of electricity to surround a pasture to prevent large carnivores from reaching grazing animals;

(2) the use of livestock guarding dogs – dogs that are brought up within the herd of grazing animals to create a bond between the dogs and the animals they are protecting;

(3) the presence of sheperds guarding the herd during the day and closing the animals into a night pen to protect them from predators.

Within each method, a range of approaches has been developed to be implemented on different terrains and considering the needs of protected grazing animals. As there are no uniform solutions, every case has to be adapted to suit specific circumstances. Nevertheless, each method has a set of obligatory steps and procedures that need to be considered.

## ELECTRIC FENCING

- Can be used as a night enclosure or permanent protection on the pasture.

- A constant presence of electricity is key to transmit electric shocks when predator touches the wires. The voltage of minimum 3000 - 5000 V ensures the transmission of the electric shock to the animal.

- Regular checking and maintenance of the proper installation (including regular removal of the vegetation under the fence) is necessary to maintain the barrier in an optimal state to transmit the shock.
* Regardless the height of the fence, the lowest electrified wire has to be maximum 20 cm above the solid ground along the circumference, to prevent animals from digging under the barrier.

* The grounding system has to be functional in all types of soil (including dry and rocky terrain) and therefore checked and maintained regularly.

* The shape of the fenced area has to be preferably oval or round to avoid sharp angles enabling the herd to circle within the perimeter of the fence and stay at distance from a visitor on the other side of the fence.

* The circumference of the fence must be large enough to allow the animals to move freely during panic reactions and must enable the flow of appropriate electric current.

* It is recommended to increase the visibility of the fence (e.g. by placing dangling pieces of tape on the upper wire at least every 5 m, preferably in blue and white colour) to prevent the entanglement of wild animals into the fence.

* All the temporal fences (nettings) have to be removed after the removal of the herd from the pasture to prevent large carnivores from getting to know the barrier without electricity.

* The effectiveness of the measure has to be monitored in order to improve it in case weak points are detected.

## LIVESTOCK GUARDING DOGS

* If livestock guarding dogs (LGDs) are the only damage prevention measure implemented, at least three dogs must stay with the herd all the time to protect them in case of attack of a pack of wolves or by a larger bear.

* The number of LGDs has to be adjusted in relation to the size of the flock of grazing animals.

* In general, LGDs can be used both for protecting small (sheep) and large (e.g. cattle) livestock.

* Pure-bred guarding dogs ensure traceability of dogs' good features.

* A strict education with constant corrections of the unwanted behaviour of the young dog is key for obtaining a reliable mature LGD.
## SHEPHERDS

* The most important shepherd's task is to protect the animals during the night by enclosing them into a night pen.

* Especially in remote Alpine areas, the presence of a shepherd is very important also during the day to prevent attacks.

* In regions, where many small herds are roaming freely, the option of pooling herds from different farmers together should be considered.

* Educational measures and the professionalization of the pastoral profession is highly recommended in order to achieve enhanced (social and financial) appreciation and to reach a higher level of attractiveness.