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# Impact of addition of alcohols on TRF flame chemistry

Doha Kdouh, Laurent Gasnot, Luc-Sy Tran, Sylvie Gosselin, Nathalie Lamoureux, Xavier Mercier, Alessandro Faccinetto

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## To cite this version:

Doha Kdouh, Laurent Gasnot, Luc-Sy Tran, Sylvie Gosselin, Nathalie Lamoureux, et al. Impact of addition of alcohols on TRF flame chemistry. Journées François Lacas des Doctorants en Combustion, Groupement Français de Combustion, Mar 2023, Poitiers, France. hal-04478308

HAL Id: hal-04478308

https://hal.science/hal-04478308v1

Submitted on 17 Sep 2025

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Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Doha KDOUH

PhD 2021-2024

# Impact of addition of alcohols on TRF flame chemistry

Supervised by : Prof. Laurent GASNOT
Dr. Luc-Sy TRAN

"Support from Sylvie Gosselin for analytical techniques, Nathalie Lamoureux for temperature measurements"

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## Journée Francois Lacas des doctorants en combustion 2023

Laboratoire PhysicoChimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère UMR 8522

9th March 2023
Context and Objectives

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Fossil fuels accounts for 80%
of energy consumption!!

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Global Warming

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Human health
problems
Context and Objectives

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# Context and Objectives

❖ In a set of laminar premixed flame experiments:

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1. Characterize the oxidation of the TRF reference fuel.

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2. Characterize the combustion chemistry of selected oxygenated compounds.

* Toluene Reference Fuel (TRF) which consists of:

1. iso-octane (42.3%)

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mixed with: ethanol

2. n-heptane (44.7%)

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or with iso-butanol

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3. Toluene (13%)

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Experimental Method: liquid fuel system and flame burner

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# Experimental Method: Kind of Techniques for gas and particle phases analysis

## Microprobe sampling

* Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS)

* Jet cooled Laser Induced Fluorescence (JCLIF)

* Gas Chromatography (GC)

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# Experimental Method: Kind of Techniques for gas and particle phases analysis

8 flames have been studied using two techniques:

❖ TRF Flames:

1. F1 : φ 1.72 GC analysis.

2. F2 : φ 1.82 GC analysis / Temperature measurements.

❖ TRF with Ethanol:

1. F3 : φ 1.72 GC analysis.

2. F4 : φ 1.82 GC analysis / Temperature measurements.

3. F5 : φ 1.92 Temperature measurements.

4. F6 : φ 2.02 Temperature measurements.

❖ TRF with Iso-butanol:

1. F7 : φ 1.72 GC analysis.

2. F8 : φ 1.82 GC analysis / Temperature measurements.

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# Selected Results: GC chromatography

3 flames will be presented below using GC analysis technique:

<figure><img src="image_25.png" /><figcaption>F2 TRF
Φ=1.82</figcaption></figure>

<table><tr><td>O<sub>2</sub> (nL/min)</td><td>2.313</td></tr><tr><td>CH<sub>4</sub> (nL/min)</td><td>0.678</td></tr><tr><td>N<sub>2</sub> (nL/min)</td><td>6.6</td></tr><tr><td>TRF mixture (g/h)</td><td>72.8</td></tr></table>

<figure><img src="image_26.png" /><figcaption>F8 TRF + Iso-Butanol
Φ=1.82</figcaption></figure>

<table><tr><td>O<sub>2</sub> (nL/min)</td><td>2.269</td></tr><tr><td>CH<sub>4</sub> (nL/min)</td><td>0.710</td></tr><tr><td>N<sub>2</sub> (nL/min)</td><td>6.6</td></tr><tr><td>TRF mixture (g/h)</td><td>60.1</td></tr><tr><td>Iso-butanol (g/h)</td><td>11.6</td></tr></table>

<figure><img src="image_27.png" /><figcaption>F4 TRF + Ethanol
Φ=1.82</figcaption></figure>

<table><tr><td>O<sub>2</sub> (nL/min)</td><td>2.243</td></tr><tr><td>CH<sub>4</sub> (nL/min)</td><td>0.728</td></tr><tr><td>N<sub>2</sub> (nL/min)</td><td>6.6</td></tr><tr><td>TRF mixture (g/h)</td><td>62.6</td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol (g/h)</td><td>7</td></tr></table>
# Selected Results: GC chromatography

~ 50 peaks have been detected in each GC.

Varian

* Used for detection of O₂, N₂, CO, hydrocarbon species from C₁ (methane) to C₇ (toluene).

Perkin

* Used for detection of CO₂ and special focus for small oxygenated C₁-C₈ species (alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones).

<table><thead><tr><th colspan="2">Some species detected by GC Varian and Perkin</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>C₀ species</td><td>O₂, H₂, N₂</td></tr><tr><td>C₁ species</td><td>CO, CO₂, CH₄</td></tr><tr><td>C₂ species</td><td>C₂H₆ (Ethane), C₂H₄ (Ethylene), C₂H₂ (Acetylene)</td></tr><tr><td>C₃ species</td><td>C₃H₈ (Propane), C₃H₆ (Propene), aC₃H₄ (Allene), pC₃H₄ (Propyne)</td></tr><tr><td>C₄ species</td><td>iC₄H₈ (iso-Butene), 1C₄H₈ (1-Butene), 1,3C₄H₆ (1,3-Butadiene), BC₄H₆ (1-Butyne), i-C₄H₁₀ (iso-Butane)₁₀, C₄H₄ (Vinylacetylene)</td></tr><tr><td>C₅ species</td><td>n-C₅H₁₂ (n-Pentane), 1C₅H₁₀ (1-Pentene), cis, trans-2-Pentene...</td></tr><tr><td>C₆ species</td><td>C₆H₆ (Benzene)</td></tr><tr><td>C₇ species</td><td>C₇H₈ (Toluene), C₇H₁₆ (n-heptane)</td></tr><tr><td>Oxygenated species</td><td>CH₂O (Formaldehyde), CH₃OH (Methanol), CH₃CHO (Acetaldehyde), C₃H₆O, C₂H₃CHO (Acrolein), C₂H₅CHO (Propanal), CH₃COCH₃ (Acetone)...</td></tr></tbody></table>
Selected Results: Reactants, Products, Intermediates and Temperature (F2 flame)

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Profiles for the consumption of reactants and production of products with the temperature at different heights for F2 flame.
Selected Results: GC chromatography (species detected)-HCs

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F2 : TRF φ1.82

F4 : TRFE φ1.82

F8 : TRFB φ1.82

C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>18</sub>: 
Iso-Octane

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C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub>: 
Benzene

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1,3-C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>6</sub>: 
1,3-Butadiene

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iC<sub>4</sub>H<sub>8</sub>: 
Iso-Butene

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Selected Results: GC chromatography (species detected)-
oxygenated HCs

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<figure><img src="image_43.png" /><figcaption>CH₃CHO:
Acetaldehyde</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_44.png" /><figcaption>C₂H₃CHO:
Acrolein</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_45.png" /><figcaption>C₂H₅CHO:
Propanal</figcaption></figure>

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Selected Results: Temperature (F2, F4 and F8 flames)

5 flames will be presented below using LIF-NO thermometry technique:

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F2 : TRF φ1.82

F4 : TRFE φ1.82

F5 : TRFE φ1.92

F6 : TRFE φ2.02

F8 : TRFB φ1.82

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Agreement of temperature at each height for different flames.
Conclusion, Perspectives

More amount of oxygenated
hydrocarbon species
especially with Iso-Butanol
addition

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Addition of biofuel
(Ethanol and Iso-
Butanol)

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Less amount of
hydrocarbon species

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Soot and PAH measurements will be investigated soon.
Thank you for your attention !