# Pro bono decontamination of the scientific literature:
## How sleuths track errors and fraud with the
## Problematic Paper Screener

Guillaume Cabanac

► To cite this version:

Guillaume Cabanac. Pro bono decontamination of the scientific literature: How sleuths track errors and fraud with the Problematic Paper Screener. Doctoral. Fostering Accountability for the Integrity of Research Studies (FAIRS), St John's College, Oxford, United Kingdom. 2025. hal-04267976v2

HAL Id: hal-04267976

https://hal.science/hal-04267976v2

Submitted on 8 Apr 2025

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access
archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-
entific research documents, whether they are pub-
lished or not. The documents may come from
teaching and research institutions in France or
abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est
destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents
scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non,
émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de
recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires
publics ou privés.

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Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
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This talk is a digest of:
https://hal.science/hal-04225515

# Pro bono decontamination of the scientific literature:
## How sleuths track errors and fraud with the

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### Problematic Paper Screener

Est. February 27th, 2021

Guillaume Cabanac

UNIVERSITÉ
DE TOULOUSE

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institut
universitaire
de France

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Institut de Recherche
en Informatique de Toulouse
CNRS - INP - UT3 - UT1 - UT2J

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European Research Council
Established by the European Commission
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Problematic Paper Screener

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Home

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Media Coverage

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Fingerprints

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All Problematic Papers

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Detectors:

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Annulled

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Tortured

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SCIgen

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Mathgen

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SBIR

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Suspect

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Seek&Blastn

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Problematic Cell Lines

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Citejacked

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Feet of Clay

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Problematic Paper Screener

Est. February 27th, 2021

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Stable URL: https://www.irit.fr/~Guillaume.Cabanac/problematic-paper-screener

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This website shows reports the daily screening of papers (partly) generated with:

► Tortured phrases 👾

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► SCIgen

► Mathgen

... and other issues such as Citejacked papers.

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Harvesting data from these APIs:

► Crossref, now including the Retraction Watch Database

► Dimensions, see our webinar and the associated blog post

► PubMed

► PubPeer

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In collaboration with
**Prof. Cyril Labbé,**
Univ. Grenoble-Alpes and
**Dr. Alexander Magazinov,**
Yandex Kazakhstan

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PUBPEER
The online Journal club

"Problematic Paper Screener"

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10684 results

67k

19k

5k

800k
# SCIgen + Mathgen: Generation of text and math

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Guillaume Cabanac

@gcabanac

...

A paper containing \#mathgen computer-generated text appeared in *Cluster Computing*, a @SpringerNature journal. Published online on December 2017, included in a 2019 issue of the journal. Details & links posted on @PubPeer pubpeer.com/publications/6... CC @SpringerEthics

9:42 am · 3 Mar 2021 · Twitter Web App

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Springer

1.809 (2020)

Impact factor

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## Cluster Computing

The Journal of Networks, Software Tools and Applications

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Springer

Cluster Computing

<figure><img src="image_37.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 3 Multidimensional vector processing of discrete Noetherian ring</figcaption></figure>

$||r^2(\lambda)|| \ge R$. A set is a hull if it is linearly Gaussian, smoothly hyper-extrinsic and linearly Turing

Here, $\tilde{\chi}$ is defined as an ordinary business ring without a factor of zero, and for the Kovalevskaya extension, there are

$$ \begin{aligned} \tilde{\chi} &= (\mathfrak{p}_i^2, ||r^2(\lambda)||) = \int \frac{\max(\lambda_1 \mathfrak{p}_1^2, \lambda_2 \mathfrak{p}_2^2, \dots, \lambda_n \mathfrak{p}_n^2)}{||r^2(\lambda)||} d\lambda \\ &= \max(\mathfrak{p}_0^2 \cap ||r^2(\lambda_0)||) \{\lambda_1 \mathfrak{p}_1^2 \cap r^2(\lambda_1), \lambda_2 \mathfrak{p}_2^2 \cap r^2(\lambda_2), \dots, \lambda_n \mathfrak{p}_n^2 \cap r^2(\lambda_n)\} \end{aligned} \quad (1) $$

Due to $\lambda_n \mathfrak{p}_n^2 \cap r^2(\lambda_n)$ is an isometry, if it is conditionally Kovalevskaya, then we can extract the common feature of the control factor set, $g(c) = 1/\lambda ||r^2(\lambda)||$, substitute it into the formula (1) and set it as the real value of the independent variable function to construct a second order partial derivative block matrix of the Hessian matrix, then there is a nonlinear dynamic feature matrix

on the open list of interactive protocol flow abstract. Therefore, we use the Legendre equation to trace the source of the nonlinear dynamic characteristic partial derivative matrix. $\mathcal{G}$ is the control threshold for reversible multidimensional data.

It is shown that $\Psi < \mathcal{G}$. Here, solvability is obviously a concern. Let $||r^2(\lambda) < \mathcal{G}||$. We say a discretely dependent algebra [9]. Let $\tilde{h} < c$, be arbitrary. An arrow is a matrix if it is closed, differentiable and elliptic. Assume the Riemann hypothesis holds, then $\mathcal{R}(c) \le \mathcal{G}$.

Suppose an abelian equation are given by a standard argument. We have $i$ nonnegative then let $g(i) \in \mathbb{R}$, since $g(i) \notin \emptyset$, then

$$ \begin{aligned} f(c) &= \sin^{-1}(g(c)) \ge \{r^2(\lambda) : H(0), H(1), \dots, H(N)\} \tan(\Theta \cdot \Psi) \\ &\ge \min_{\lambda \to \infty} \{\log(\tan H(0)), \log(\tan H(1)), \dots, \log(\tan H(N))\} \\ &\ge \lim_{\lambda \to \infty} \inf \left( \tilde{\mathcal{R}} \left( \sum_{k=0}^{N} \tan H(k) \right) \right) \end{aligned} \quad (3) $$

By well-known properties of hyperbolic subalgebras, assuming that the task is to optimize an objective function $f(c)$, the threshold in (3) can be transformed into a minimax problem, which can be transformed into the derivative $f'$ of the function $f(c)$ and the second order partial derivative $f''$. After the $f(c)$ Taylor is launched to the second order, you can get it

$$ \begin{aligned} f(c + \Delta c) = f(c) &+ \frac{1}{3}c^3 \tan H(0) f'(c) \\ &+ \frac{2}{15}c^5 \tan H(1) f''(c) + \dots \end{aligned} \quad (4) $$

If and only if $\Delta c$ infinitely approaches, $f(c + \Delta c) = f(c)$, about two of this, and for the remainder $\frac{1}{3}c^3 \tan H(0)$

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Reported 03-MAR-2021

Retracted 17-AUG-2023

equivalent target clustering method.

Let us assume $f(d_n)$ is distinct from $f(c_n)$. By Taylor's theorem [9], if Alemberg's condition is satisfied then we have $d_n = c_{\alpha n}$. Because every solvable morphism equipped with a super-pairwise bijective morphism is right-almost surely smooth and contra-complex. If $d_n$ is Thompson and everywhere dependent then there exists a Milnor and totally right-Pascal u-stable, pseudo-almost surely standard subgroup. On the other hand, every ultra-multiply super-invertible, naturally elliptic subgroup is nonnegative, freely convex, hyper-continuously covariant and locally Fourier. There is,

$$ \begin{aligned} c_n f(c) &\le \left\{ c : \lim_{\Psi \to i} \sup \int_{-\infty}^{e} H(k) \cap \max H(f(c_n)) \right\} \\ &\le \left\{ E : \hat{L} \left( \frac{1}{\tilde{\chi}}, -p \right) < \int_{\Psi''}^{\infty} \sinh(H(f(c_n))) \right\} \end{aligned} \quad (8) $$

Hence there exists a $n$-dimensional and Euclidean holomorphic, D'escartes, quasi-injective topos. The result now follows by an approximation argument. By extracting the discrete feature set from the continuous data domain, the dependent variable can achieve equivalent compression, con-
Imagine reading these in a bona fide journal...

counterfeit consciousness

man-made brainpower

artificial intelligence

sun oriented force

solar energy

pinnacle flag to clamor proportion (PSNR)

peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR)

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credulous Bayes

<figure><img src="image_40.png" /><figcaption>Thomas Bayes</figcaption></figure>

Naive Bayes

bosom malignancy/peril

breast cancer

nucleic corrosive enhancement tests (NAAT)

nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT)

lactose bigotry

lactose intolerance

invulnerable framework

immune system
# Tortured phrases: Plagiarism with paraphrasing

IEEE Access

Multidisciplinary | Rapid Review | Open Access Journal

Publish your important research with maximum visibility in just 4-6 weeks when you choose IEEE Access, the multidisciplinary open access journal of the IEEE.

LEARN MORE

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## Prevention :

* Reviewer: spot and report 'tortured phrases'

* Reader: post PubPeer comments

There is developing proof that vitiligo influences the skin as well as be associated with metabolic irregularities, including **glucose bigotry** and lipid anomalies, all of which affirm the fundamental idea of the ailment [3].

https://pubpeer.com/publications/48716D07A542FBD27377198302B06

Cruel Wavelet Esteem, Cruel Wavelet Vitality & Other Insights. These highlights, combined with a SVM model.

https://pubpeer.com/publications/44F31B252D70BFB5BE487B043E371C

#1 Guillaume Cabanac commented December 2021

This IEEE article cited 87 times according to Dimensions contains several **tortured phrases** that make some passages hard to parse:

* **area of intrigue** instead of the established 'region of interest'

* **back spread AND neural** instead of the established 'back propagation'

* **fluffy strategy** instead of the established 'fuzzy method'

* **mind tumor** instead of the established 'brain tumor'

Can the authors explain why they departed from the established phrases?

In this research, the anatomical structure of the brain slices is considered for the classification. To go with this proposes a procedure for **mind Tumor** gathering in Medical Resonance Images (MRI). In this paper, CAD (Computer Aided

here. The portrayals of **mind MRI** data as run of the mill and peculiar are basic to prune the standard patient and to consider the people who have the probability of having irregularities or Tumor. In overseeing human life, the delayed consequences of human examination including false negative cases must be at low rate. The viability of this paper is inspected on **MRI mind pictures** utilizing order exactness, affectability and specificity.

#2 Parabagrotis sulinaris commented December 2021

This paper is likely computer generated

## GPT-2 Output Detector Demo

This is an online demo of the GPT-2 output detector model, based on the Transformers implementation of RoBERTa. Enter some text in the text box, the predicted probabilities will be displayed below. The results start to get reliable after around 50 tokens.

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PUBPEER
The online Journal club

El-Melegy et al. [6] proposes another **fluffy** strategy for programmed division procedure of obsessive and typical cerebrum utilizing MRI volumetric datasets. This introduced fluffy technique reformulates the outstanding fuzzy c-means (FCM) strategy is to consider any accessible data of the class focus and moreover think about the data's vulnerability. This data is utilized to regularize the bunches pro-

## III. MATERIALS AND METHODS

A. FEATURE EXTRACTION USING GRAY LEVEL COVARIANCE MATRIX (GLCM) AND PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS (PCA)

The Gray Level Co-variance Matrix (GLCM) frameworks are utilized to assess the surface highlights of the areas of intrigue. Twenty textual features like autocorrelation, imper- tiveness, separate, relationship, entropy and homogeneity were segregated from the specific MRI cerebrum pictures and isolated utilizing the surface normal of four headings and separation. Then the extracted features are listed as follows. Contrast is important feature that examining the area between darkest and brightest pixels in the MRI image which is com- pleted as follows,

$$ \text{contrast} = \sum_{i,j=0}^{n-1} P_{i,j} (i,j)^2 \quad (1) $$

$$ \text{Dissimilarity} = \sum_{i,j=0}^{n-1} \| P_{i,j} - P_{j,i} \|^2 \quad (2) $$

down into an ideal arrangement. These problems can be solved by machine learning based back Propagation Neural Network (MLBPNN). MLPNN have indicated vital learning change over single neural systems (NN). Therefore, the utilization of MLPNN for design acknowledgment is all around advocated utilizing infra-red imaging sensor and the warning information will be conveyed through Wireless Infrared Imaging Sensor.

B. MLPNN FOR SEGMENTATION AND CLASSIFICATION USING INFRA RED SENSOR INTEGRATED VIA WSN

Typically location happens in cutting edge stages when the nearness of the tumor has caused unexplained indications. In this framework a compelling strategy for identification and division of mind tumor utilizing multi fractal measurement procedure [15] is introduced. In the existing system only segmentation has been made to the input image and the tumor is located with its associated intensity levels and textures [16].

enhance the tumor classification process as follows,

$$ B_T(x) = \sum_{i=1}^{T} w_i(x) \quad (9) $$

In eqn (9), $B_T(x)$ is denoted as boosted classifier for weak features and $w_i(x)$ is represented as weak classifier. Anyway there are issues in Back spread (BP) can defeat with the assistance of MLPNN which is examined beneath.

How come these incorrect wordings survived proofreading by the coauthors, editors, referees, copy editors, and typesetters?

Found with the *Problematic Paper Screener*.

https://pubpeer.com/publications/C523809F0A5C5435E455D226F3E421
# Dodgy needles in the 150+ million haystack of publications

## Problematic Paper Screener

https://www.irit.fr/~Guillaume.Cabanac/problematic-paper-screener

### 3/10,000 problematic articles published in 2021:

- 68% affiliated to India

- 9% affiliated to China

### Citation count

tortured = 169,712

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all detectors = 30,634,029

1 - 20 of 19,074

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1 - 20 of 7,326

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<table><thead><tr><th>Tortured Phrases</th><th>Assessor</th><th>PubPeer Users</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>10-crease cross • Bayesian aggregate govern • Parkinson's ailment • Parkinson's infection • Parkinson's malady • Parkinson's sickness • actuation work • ceaseless estimations • choice emotionally supportive • concealed layer • concealed neuron • coveted yield • demise conditions • discourse acknowledgement OR discourse acknowledgment • enactment work • fake neural • heightening prerequisite • human services conveyance • information gushing • lucky warnings • m-wellbeing • medicinal intercessions • nourish forward • p esteem • palatable execution • seriousness assessment • shrouded layer • shrouded neuron • slope plunge • sound individuals • speculation capacity • squared mistake • therapeutic gadgets • unfriendly wellbeing • brilliant AND keen AND savvy AND shrewd • back spread AND neural • yield layer AND neural • back engendering AND neural • back proliferation AND neural</td><td>Cabanac</td><td>Guillaume Cabanac, Dorothy V.M. Bishop</td></tr></tbody></table>

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<table><thead><tr><th>Tortured Phrases</th><th>Assessor</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>hereditary calculation • high-exactness • intermittent neural organizations • irregular backwoods • molecule swarm • pre-handling • profound neural organization • revelation dataset • secret layer • swarm improvement • unsuspecting Bayes • profound learning AND deep learning • enhancement calculation AND optimiz*</td><td>Invitation for human assessors</td></tr><tr><td>K-closest neighbors • blunder rate • bolster vector machine • convolutional neural system • enthusiastic state • feeling acknowledgment • help vector machine • highlight extraction • k-implies calculation • pre-preparing • profound convolutional • wavelet highlights • back spread AND neural</td><td>Invitation for human assessors</td></tr></tbody></table>
Venues contaminated with tortured phrases

<table><thead><tr><th>Venue</th><th>Publisher</th><th>Number of articles ↓F</th><th>Share of total (%)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>AIP Conference Proceedings</td><td>AIP Publishing</td><td>645</td><td>3.38</td></tr><tr><td>Materials Today Proceedings</td><td>Elsevier</td><td>569</td><td>2.99</td></tr><tr><td>Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems</td><td>Springer Nature</td><td>482</td><td>2.53</td></tr><tr><td>Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering</td><td>Springer Nature</td><td>402</td><td>2.11</td></tr><tr><td>Microprocessors and Microsystems</td><td>Elsevier</td><td>370</td><td>1.94</td></tr><tr><td>2024 15th International Conference on Computing Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT)</td><td>Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)</td><td>345</td><td>1.81</td></tr><tr><td>Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing</td><td>Springer Nature</td><td>324</td><td>1.70</td></tr><tr><td>2024 International Conference on Optimization Computing and Wireless Communication (ICOCWC)</td><td>Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)</td><td>258</td><td>1.35</td></tr><tr><td>SSRN Electronic Journal</td><td>Elsevier</td><td>250</td><td>1.31</td></tr><tr><td>Journal of Physics Conference Series</td><td>IOP Publishing</td><td>199</td><td>1.04</td></tr><tr><td>Lecture Notes on Data Engineering and Communications Technologies</td><td>Springer Nature</td><td>186</td><td>0.98</td></tr><tr><td>Research Square</td><td>Research Square Platform</td><td>153</td><td>0.80</td></tr><tr><td>Communications in Computer and Information Science</td><td>Springer Nature</td><td>145</td><td>0.76</td></tr><tr><td>IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering</td><td>IOP Publishing</td><td>144</td><td>0.76</td></tr><tr><td>Multimedia Tools and Applications</td><td>Springer Nature</td><td>127</td><td>0.67</td></tr><tr><td>2023 3rd International Conference on Smart Generation Computing, Communication and Networking (SMART GENCON)</td><td>Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)</td><td>126</td><td>0.66</td></tr><tr><td>Benha Journal of Applied Sciences</td><td>Egyptian Knowledge Bank</td><td>125</td><td>0.66</td></tr><tr><td>Wireless Personal Communications</td><td>Springer Nature</td><td>123</td><td>0.65</td></tr></tbody></table>

Concentration of tortured phrases

Preprints

<figure><img src="image_49.png" /></figure>
Example of a gangrened established journal

#1 Guillaume Cabanac comment accepted February 2024

<figure><img src="image_50.png" /></figure>

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Impact factor
3.0 (2022)

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5 year impact factor
2.4 (2022)

<figure><img src="image_53.png" /></figure>

Submission to first decision (median)
8 days

<figure><img src="image_54.png" /></figure>

Downloads
407,837 (2022)

To:

Editors-in-Chief:

Marian Marciniak, National Institute of Telecommunications Dept. Transmission and
Optical Technology, Warsaw, Poland

Editors-in-Chief Emeritus

Trevor M. Benson, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom

See also the note: Trevor Benson -- retirement as Editor-in-Chief, undated.

This is a journal-level report on the *Optical and Quantum Electronics* journal published by Springer Nature.

The *Problematic Paper Screened* flagged 48+ papers because they contain *tortured phrases, questioned references*, and other anomalies.

<figure><img src="image_55.png" /></figure>

October 15, 2024

<figure><img src="image_56.png" /></figure>

Dalmeet Singh Chawla

<figure><img src="image_57.png" /></figure>

Springer Nature journal has
retracted over 200 papers
since September

I invite the publisher and the editorial board to:

1. Publish an *Expression of Concern* to warn readers about a *potential systematic manipulation of the publication process*.

2. Audit the integrity of the peer review process held for this journal, starting with the peer-review reports received for these 48 papers.

3. Assess the reliability of the 48 problematic papers tabulated below and at the PPS.

4. Retract or correct the papers that are not reliable.

List of 48 problematic papers found as of today:

<table><thead><tr><td>ID</td><td>Year</td><td>Title of the paper</td><td>Fingerprints flagged</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1</td><td>2023</td><td>AI-enhanced security demand and routing management for MANETs with optical technologies</td><td>information parcel AND data packet • profound learning AND deep learning • recognizable proof AND identification • steering table AND network • DoS assault • MitM assault • Web of Things (IoT) • approval dataset • approval misfortune • arrangement calculation • arrangement execution • bee province • brain organization • computerized reasoning • digital assault • directing convention • disarray framework • disavowal of administration assaults • disavowal of administration • huge information • informational collection • informational index • irregular backwoods • malevolent hub • malignant hub • man-in-the-middle (MitM) assault • man-made intelligence • noxious hub • preparation dataset • preparation misfortune • preparing information • profound brain organization •</td></tr></tbody></table>

#3 Raphaël Lévy comment accepted February 2024

and there is a current call for papers *Roadmap of Biophotonics In Nanophotonics For Biomedical Applications*

I don't know what *Biophotonics In Nanophotonics* means, but, given the nonsensical text that follows this strange title, I might not make too much effort to understand.

For example: More excelling this research which means the impact of superimpose in medical advancement is inevitable and it will be attracted feature of societies

or

For the case of in-vivo, the microoptical imaging, subwavelength diffraction properties and micro, nano endoscopy method is applied, for the case of in-vitro optical molecular sensing is applied as to reach to know drug delivery, immune studies, genomics characterization for perceiving early diagnosis method.
# Generation of text with ChatGPT: Articles

**#1 Guillaume Cabanac** commented May 2023

The phrase **“Regenerate Response”** is the label of a button in ChatGPT, an AI chatbot that generates text according to a user's question/prompt:

<figure><img src="image_58.png" /></figure>

Regenerate response

This MDPI article contains the unexpected phrase **“Regenerate Response”** in the middle of Section 3 titled **“Discussion”**:

Toxins 2023, 15, 199

5 of 12

proper guidance, the injected medication may deviate from the intended target. Although the BoNT-A can still affect the external sphincter through diffusion, the farther the injection site is from the target, the lower the concentration of the medication that can reach the target organ, and the less effective the treatment is. Therefore, it is essential to confirm the location of the external sphincter through a transvaginal ultrasound to achieve more reliable treatment outcomes.

According to the hammock theory of stress urinary incontinence treatment [23], the endopelvic fascia and pubocervical fascia combine with the arcus tendineus fascia pelvis (ATFP) to form a hammock-like structure with the levator ani muscle. This structure provides a stable backboard for the urethra and bladder neck. When the intra-abdominal pressure increases, the urethra can be flattened without urine leakage if the backboard is strong enough. Conversely, if the backboard is loose or movable, the urethra cannot be compressed, leading to urine leakage. This is why hypermobility of the urethra results in stress urinary incontinence [24,25]. Based on this concept, our treatment method aims to relax the urethral pressure and increase abdominal strength, thereby increasing the likelihood of successful voiding in patients with UAB syndrome. To achieve this, we targeted two areas of the urethra between two o'clock to four o'clock and eight o'clock and ten o'clock (Figure 3) to relax the vertical direction of muscle tension. Furthermore, the striated muscles on the lateral and ventral urethra are thicker than those on the dorsal urethra [13].

**Regenerate Response**

According to most previous studies, the BoNT-A dosage for an external sphincter injection ranges from 50 units to 200 units to treat the lower urinary tract symptoms in the patient with detrusor sphincter dyssynergia, dysfunctional voiding, Fowler's syndrome (FS), and poor relaxation of the external urethral sphincter (PRES) [2]. Until now, it has been unclear what the appropriate dosage of BoNT-A injections to the external sphincter should be. In previous treatments, most studies used 100 units. However, Kao et al. have indicated that the effect is not significant in some studies for treating detrusor sphincter dyssynergia (DSD) and Fowler's syndrome. In our study, the objective is to relax the external sphincter,

That article does not contain any occurrence of 'ChatGPT,' say in the method section or in the acknowledgments, as recommended in this *Nature Editorial*.

Did the authors **copy-paste the output of ChatGPT and include the button's label by mistake**?

A few appalling traces...

Prevention :

• Notice abrupt style variations

• Detect ‘hallucinated’ references

**#1 Guillaume Cabanac** commented May 2023

<figure><img src="image_59.png" /></figure>

A reader suggested to use "As an AI language model, I" as a fingerprint to find **machine-generated passages**, possibly by ChatGPT:

7. FUTURE SCOPE

As an AI language model, I cannot predict the future. However, here are a few potential future scopes for topology optimization of steering knuckles:

1. Integration with additive manufacturing technologies: Topology optimization can benefit greatly from additive manufacturing (3D printing) technologies. In the future, the optimization software might be integrated with various manufacturing processes to produce the optimized steering knuckle designs directly.

IJFMR23022503

Volume 5, Issue 2, March-April 2023

8

Did the authors **copy-paste the output of ChatGPT and include this caveat of ChatGPT** by mistake?

How come this meaningless wording **survived proofreading** by the coauthors, editors, referees, copy editors, and typesetters?

https://pubpeer.com/publications/3D6A2E047FF90AC216C993BE5EB7A4
# Generation of text with ChatGPT: Articles

<figure><img src="image_60.png" /></figure>

RESOURCES
POLICY

<figure><img src="image_61.png" /></figure>

## 10.2 Impact Factor

**#2 Guillaume Cabanac commented August 2023**

The authors write on page 4:

developed by Pesaran (2007). Next, we employ the second generation of panel co-integration tests, which takes into account cross-sectional dependency in the panel. For this purpose, we use the Westerlund (2007) approach, which involves four statistics represented by Equations (2)-(5). These tests are crucial in analyzing the potential co-integration linkages between the variables and determining their long-term associations.

$$P_r = \frac{\hat{\alpha}_i}{SE(\hat{\alpha}_i)} \qquad (2)$$

$$P_a = T\hat{\alpha} \qquad (3)$$

$$G_r = \frac{1}{N} \sum_{i=1}^{N} \frac{\hat{\alpha}_i}{SE(\hat{\alpha}_i)} \qquad (4)$$

$$G_a = \frac{1}{N} \sum_{i=1}^{N} \frac{T\hat{\alpha}_i}{\hat{\alpha}_i(1)} \qquad (5)$$

I marked 3 potential errors with a red arrow:

1. In $P_r$ the two terms $\hat{\alpha}_i$ should read $\hat{\alpha}_i$, as in (Westerlund, 2007, p. 718) below:

The third step is to compute the panel statistics as

$$P_r = \frac{\hat{\dot{\alpha}}}{SE(\hat{\dot{\alpha}})} \quad \text{and} \quad P_s = T\hat{\dot{\alpha}}.$$

Note: it is unclear why the original term $P_r$ appears as $P_r$ in the commented paper.

2. This appears to be an overhanging parenthesis.

3. This appears to be an overhanging parenthesis.

**#1 Guillaume Cabanac commented August 2023**

A reader suggested to use "As an AI language model, I" as a fingerprint to find **machine-generated passages**, possibly by ChatGPT:

As cross-sectional dependence is present in the panel, appropriate panel unit root tests are conducted. **Table 3** presents the results of two tests, CADF (Cross-Sectionally Augmented Dickey-Fuller) and CIPS (Cross-Sectionally Augmented Im, Pesaran, and Shin), as follows: [Please note that as an AI language model, I am unable to generate specific tables or conduct tests, so the actual results should be included in the table.]

<table><caption>**Table 3**
Finding of cross-sectional dependency check.</caption><thead><tr><th>Variable</th><th>CADF test</th><th>CIPS test</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>LREIN</td><td>-0.012 (0.684)</td><td>-0.775 (0.964)</td></tr><tr><td>D (LREIN)</td><td>-4.329 (0.000)</td><td>-3.495 (0.001)</td></tr><tr><td>LECOM</td><td>-0.098 (0.532)</td><td>-0.087 (0.573)</td></tr><tr><td>D (LECOM)</td><td>-5.694 (0.000)</td><td>-4.115 (0.000)</td></tr><tr><td>LECH</td><td>-1.039 (0.419)</td><td>-0.058 (0.319)</td></tr><tr><td>D (LECH)</td><td>-6.539 (0.000)</td><td>-4.395 (0.000)</td></tr><tr><td>LFOFU</td><td>-0.094 (0.757)</td><td>-1.045 (1.000)</td></tr><tr><td>D (LFOFU)</td><td>-4.339 (0.001)</td><td>-7.004 (0.000)</td></tr><tr><td>LFINMAR</td><td>-0.044 (0.192)</td><td>-0.085 (0.669)</td></tr><tr><td>D (LFINMAR)</td><td>-4.019 (0.000)</td><td>-6.403 (0.000)</td></tr><tr><td>LECOUN</td><td>-0.099 (0.779)</td><td>-0.056 (0.684)</td></tr><tr><td>D (LECOUN)</td><td>-4.151 (0.000)</td><td>-4.196 (0.000)</td></tr></tbody></table>

**Note 1:** REIN, ECOM, ECH, FOFU, FINMAR, and ECOUN denote fossil fuels efficiency index, ICT use for business to business transactions index, electricity consumption by households, fossil fuels price, financial markets index, and economic uncertainty, respectively

**Note 2:** Numbers in parentheses are p-values

Source: Authors

Did the authors **copy-paste the output of ChatGPT and include this caveat of ChatGPT** by mistake?

How come this meaningless wording **survived proofreading** by the coauthors, editors, referees, copy editors, and typesetters?
# Generation of text with ChatGPT: Reviews

#1 Guillaume Cabanac commented May 2023

The phrase **"Regenerate Response"** is the label of a button in ChatGPT, an AI chatbot that generates text according to a user's question/prompt:

<figure><img src="image_62.png" /></figure>

A peer-review report published along this MDPI article contains the unexpected phrase "Regenerate Response":

## Round 2

### Reviewer 1 Report

# The modifications made this time are generally able to address the concerns raised by the reviewers for the defense and response.

# The construction of a generalized model should be more objective and based on reasonable assumptions in order to highlight the practical value of its application.

Regenerate response

<figure><img src="image_63.png" /></figure>

### Author Response

The construction of a generalized model should be more objective and based on reasonable assumptions in order to highlight the practical value of its application.

**Response:** Thanks for your valuable comments. In this revision, following your suggestions, we have reorganized all assumptions to explicitly discuss on their practical value of the application.

Did Reviewer 1 copy-paste the output of ChatGPT and include the button's label by mistake?

How come this meaningless wording did not trigger scrutiny from the coauthors and editors?

Did the authors ask about this unexpected phrase?

nature

NEWS

08 September 2023

## Scientific sleuths spot dishonest ChatGPT use in papers

Manuscripts that don't disclose AI assistance are slipping past peer reviewers.

https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-023-02477-w

THE

<figure><img src="image_64.png" /></figure>

TIMES

Monday September 18
2023, 12.01am BST,

SCIENCE

## Academic sleuth sniffs out ChatGPT fakery in research papers

'Frankly, I don't trust peer review anymore,' says expert who has found 20 texts with giveaway phrases

https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/academic-sleuth-sniffs-out-chatgpt-fakery-in-research-papers?wv=6kfz2x
# Feet of Clay: Assessing the Domino Effect

<figure><img src="image_65.png" /></figure>

Illustration: Phil Wheeler

<figure><img src="image_66.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_67.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_68.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_69.png" /></figure>

Flagged by
'Feet of Clay':
probably
unreliable

Problematic

<figure><img src="image_70.png" /></figure>

## Problematic Paper Screener

<figure><img src="image_71.png" /></figure>

Home

<figure><img src="image_72.png" /></figure>

Media Coverage

<figure><img src="image_73.png" /></figure>

Fingerprints

<figure><img src="image_74.png" /></figure>

All Problematic Papers

<figure><img src="image_75.png" /></figure>

Detectors:

<figure><img src="image_76.png" /></figure>

Tortured

<figure><img src="image_77.png" /></figure>

SCIgen

<figure><img src="image_78.png" /></figure>

Mathgen

<figure><img src="image_79.png" /></figure>

SBIR

<figure><img src="image_80.png" /></figure>

Suspect

<figure><img src="image_81.png" /></figure>

Seek&Blastn

<figure><img src="image_82.png" /></figure>

Problematic Cell Lines

<figure><img src="image_83.png" /></figure>

Citejacked

<figure><img src="image_84.png" /></figure>

Feet of Clay

<figure><img src="image_85.png" /></figure>

Journal Cases

Go

1. Primary Report

Rows

<table><thead><tr><th>Year</th><th>Doctype</th><th>Publisher</th><th>Venue</th><th>Title</th><th>Tips ↓</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>2022</td><td>proceeding</td><td>Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)</td><td>2022 2nd International Conference on Computing and Machine Intelligence (ICMI)</td><td>Designing Dual Level Spectrum Sensing Mechanism for Cognitive Radio</td><td>17</td></tr><tr><td>2019</td><td>article</td><td>Springer Nature</td><td>Clinical and Translational Oncology</td><td>miRNA signatures in childhood sarcomas and their clinical implications</td><td>16</td></tr><tr><td>2021</td><td>proceeding</td><td>Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)</td><td>2021 5th International Symposium on Multidisciplinary Studies and Innovative Technologies (ISMSIT)</td><td>Retinal Fundus Images Of Optical Disk Detection</td><td>15</td></tr></tbody></table>

<figure><img src="image_86.png" /></figure>
# Feet of Clay: Example of a monograph

<figure><img src="image_87.png" /></figure>

Guillaume Cabanac (@gcabanac@sc... @gca... - 9 Sep

A #FeetOfClay monograph on "Non-coding RNAs at the Cross-Road of Cardiometabolic Diseases and Cancer" published by @SpringerNature in 2021 and sold 117.69 €. It cites 18 (now) retracted papers and 5+ questionable ones. Is this monograph still reliable? pubpeer.com/publications/9...

<figure><img src="image_88.png" /></figure>

https://pubpeer.com/publications/9F571982CF73571F41D7E533AF4A38

<figure><img src="image_89.png" /></figure>

Flagged by
'Feet of Clay':
probably
unreliable

<figure><img src="image_90.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_91.png" /></figure>

Problematic

Readers should reassess the reliability of this Springer monograph as its bibliography includes **several questioned references** that are likely to be unreliable:

* 35 retracted or withdrawn references

* 5 questioned references

Update of September 2023

<figure><img src="image_92.png" /></figure>

Springer

21 November 2023

I am contacting you today regarding our book publication on 'Non-coding RNAs at the Cross-Road of Cardiometabolic Diseases and Cancer' written by Paul Holvoet. We have **noted the concerns** that you raised on the high number of retracted references in the book and thank you very much for bringing these to our attention. Under the advice of the Springer Nature Research Integrity Group we have **investigated** the case and **discussed it with the author**. The **author** analyzed the retracted references and critical text passages and **successfully identified alternative publications** that do support the information provided in the book. Thus, **the content is still reliable** and we came to the decision that no further action is needed.
# Feet of Clay: Example of a review

<figure><img src="image_93.png" /></figure>

Guillaume Cabanac

@gcabanac

<figure><img src="image_94.png" /></figure>

Published in October 2023 with **29 retracted references** in its biography: a @FrontOncology review on MicroRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs and gynecological cancers. How reliable is this review article? #FeetOfClay #DominoEffect pubpeer.com/publications/8...

<figure><img src="image_95.png" /></figure>

ALT

Retraction Watch and 8 others

<figure><img src="image_96.png" /></figure>

Flagged by
'Feet of Clay':
probably
unreliable

<figure><img src="image_97.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_98.png" /></figure>

Problematic

Published in October 2023
with 29/462 retracted references,
that is **6% of unreliable references.**

My colleague Yağmur dug deeper... ↗

#2 Yağmur Öztürk commented December 2023

As shown in #1, the authors cited 29 retracted papers. If looked in detail, 28 of these retracted citations are used only in the tables and not mentioned in the text. Only the first citation (420) is used in the textual part of the paper. Is there a reason why the authors did not elaborate on these works?

If we look into the papers cited in the tables with the purpose of showcasing data from previous works, we can see that 20 of these cited papers were retracted a considerable amount of time (6 months to 2 years) before the receipt of this article by Frontiers (15th of May 2023). Were the retraction notices taken into account by the authors?
## nature

NEWS | 27 May 2021

### Scientific image sleuth faces legal action for criticizing research papers

Researchers say the complaint filed against Elisabeth Bik could have a 'chilling effect' on scholarly criticism.

NEWS Q&A | 04 August 2022

### What makes an undercover science sleuth tick? Fake-paper detective speaks out

David Bimler, also known as Smut Clyde, scours the scientific literature for bogus articles.

NEWS | 08 September 2023

### Scientific sleuths spot dishonest ChatGPT use in papers

Manuscripts that don't disclose AI assistance are slipping past peer reviewers.

NATURE BRIEFING | 25 January 2024

### Daily briefing: Meet the data sleuth who spurred the Dana-Farber retractions

'There's a pretty simple way to prevent all of this,' he says. Plus, troubled times at Fermilab and when whales walked the Earth.
# Paper mills: selling articles for more than a decade

—MARA HVISTENDAHL

www.sciencemag.org

SCIENCE

VOL 342

29 NOVEMBER 2013

<figure><img src="image_99.png" /></figure>

## China's Publication Bazaar

A Science investigation has uncovered a smorgasbord of questionable practices including paying for author's slots on papers written by other scientists and buying papers from online brokers

> "IT'S **UNBELIEVABLE**: YOU CAN PUBLISH SCI PAPERS **WITHOUT DOING EXPERIMENTS**."

—Banner on Sciedit's website

## THE BATTLE AGAINST PAPER MILLS

Some journals have admitted to a problem with fake research papers. Now editors are trying to combat it. By Holly Else and Richard Van Noorden

### Industrialized cheating

The problem of organized fraud in publishing is not new, and not confined to China, notes Catriona Fennell, who heads publishing services at the world's largest scientific publisher, Elsevier. "We've seen evidence of industrialized cheating from several other countries, including Iran and Russia," she told Nature last year. Others have also reported on Iranian and Russian paper-mill activities.

In a statement this year to Nature, Elsevier said that its journal editors detect and prevent the publication of thousands of probable paper-mill submissions each year, although some do get through.

China has long been known to have a problem with firms selling papers to researchers, says Xiaotian Chen, a librarian at Bradley University in Peoria, Illinois. As far back as 2010, a team led by Shen Yang, a management-studies researcher then at Wuhan University in China, warned of websites offering to ghostwrite papers on fictional research, or to bypass peer-review systems for payment. In 2013, Science reported on a market for authorships on research papers in China. In 2017, China's Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) said it would crack down on misconduct after a scandal in which 107 papers were retracted at the journal Tumor Biology; their peer reviews had been fabricated and a MOST investigation concluded that some had been produced by third-party companies.

<figure><img src="image_100.png" /></figure>

Physicians in China are a particular target market because they typically need to publish research articles to gain promotions, but are so busy at hospitals that they might not have time to do the science, says Chen. Last August, the Beijing municipal health authority published a policy stipulating that an attending physician wanting to be promoted to deputy chief physician must have at least two first-author papers published in professional journals; three first-author papers are required to become a chief physician. These titles affect
# Consequences: retractions++

<figure><img src="image_101.png" /></figure>

July 19, 2021

<figure><img src="image_102.png" /></figure>

Adam Marcus

<figure><img src="image_103.png" /></figure>

ELSEVIER

‘Tortured phrases’, lost in translation: Sleuths find even more problems at journal that just flagged 400 papers

<figure><img src="image_104.png" /></figure>

August 26, 2021

<figure><img src="image_105.png" /></figure>

Ivan Oransky

Guest editor says journal will retract dozens of inappropriate papers after his email was hacked

<figure><img src="image_106.png" /></figure>

Subscribe!

<figure><img src="image_107.png" /></figure>

February 23, 2022

<figure><img src="image_108.png" /></figure>

Ivan Oransky

Publisher retracts 350 papers at once

IOP
Institute of Physics

<figure><img src="image_109.png" /></figure>

IEEE

Advancing Technology for Humanity

<figure><img src="image_110.png" /></figure>

September 22, 2021

<figure><img src="image_111.png" /></figure>

Adam Marcus

"[T]hese shit comments": Author of a nonsense paper responds on PubPeer

<figure><img src="image_112.png" /></figure>

Springer

<figure><img src="image_113.png" /></figure>

September 28, 2021

<figure><img src="image_114.png" /></figure>

Ivan Oransky

Springer Nature slaps more than 400 papers with expressions of concern all at once

<figure><img src="image_115.png" /></figure>

November 4, 2021

<figure><img src="image_116.png" /></figure>

Adam Marcus

Springer Nature geosciences journal retracts 44 articles filled with gibberish
# Consequences: retractions++ of fraudulent articles cited++

Nature | Vol 624 | 21/28 December 2023

<figure><img src="image_117.png" /></figure>

Retractions are skyrocketing as publishers work to remove sham articles from the literature.

## MORE THAN 10,000 RESEARCH PAPERS WERE RETRACTED IN 2023 — A NEW RECORD

The number of articles being retracted rose sharply this year. Integrity experts say that this is only the tip of the iceberg.

### A BUMPER YEAR FOR RETRACTIONS

Retraction notices in 2023 have passed 10,000, largely because of more than 8,000 retractions by Hindawi.

<figure><img src="image_118.png" /></figure>

*As of 8 December 2023

<figure><img src="image_119.png" /></figure>

Flagged by
'Feet of Clay':
probably
unreliable

Problematic

Hindawi's retracted papers might have been mostly sham articles, but they were still collectively cited more than 35,000 times, says Guillaume Cabanac, a computer scientist at the University of Toulouse in France who tracks problems in papers, including 'tortured phrases' – strange wording choices used to evade plagiarism detectors – and signs of undisclosed use of artificial intelligence.
<figure><img src="image_120.png" /></figure>

# Prevention: Strengthen gatekeeping

## Enhance the filters ahead of publication

The publishing industry uses **tortured phrases** as **negative signals**

### STM Integrity Hub

A New, Unified Approach to Safeguard Research Integrity

STM Solutions releases MVP of new paper mill detection tool

News Announcement, Research Integrity

April 13, 2023

https://www.stm-assoc.org/papermillchecker/

Safeguarding research integrity can only be done through collaboration with all stakeholders in the scholarly ecosystem. STM Solutions worked with several **research integrity specialists** and organizations for this release, including PubPeer, Clear Skies, Elisabeth Bik and Guillaume Cabanac (pro bono). The STM Integrity Hub hopes to deepen and extend its collaboration with research integrity specialists and organizations going forward.

[ NEWS ] OCTOBER 23, 2023

### Morressier teams up with academic fraud sleuths to bring tortured-phrase detection to publishing workflows

These three researchers founded the *Problematic Paper Screener*, a platform that flags questionable articles in the scientific literature. It leverages a daily maintained public database of 'fingerprint' phrases that can be used to identify potentially problematic submissions. Morressier now uses this data to check submissions via its workflows, flagging potentially problematic content early for editors.

<figure><img src="image_121.png" /></figure>

Association for Computing Machinery

<figure><img src="image_122.png" /></figure>

IEEE

Advancing Technology for Humanity

IOP

Institute of Physics

that had already been published in a paginated volume. In parallel with the journal's own investigation, papers from these six VSIs were flagged by Guillaume Cabanac, Cyril Labbé and Alexander Magazinov [1] as part of their work in identifying problematic papers and making the community aware of them. This work by Dr Cabanac and colleagues has informed the journal's investigations. To date, the investigation has resulted in the decision to retract a first batch of 101 papers from the journal. The retraction process is expected to be completed in the coming weeks. The rest of the papers in question are under investigation by the EiC and publisher's ethical team. The configuration of the online

April 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpro.2022.104754

<figure><img src="image_123.png" /></figure>

ELSEVIER

<figure><img src="image_124.png" /></figure>

CLEAR SKIES

THE PAPERMILL ALARM

<figure><img src="image_125.png" /></figure>

River Valley
# We must decontaminate the scientific literature

<figure><img src="image_126.png" /></figure>

**Actors:**
* Scammers acting as wannabe scientists
* Gatekeepers failing to enforce peer review
* Publishers not monitoring their products
* Policy makers promoting Publish or Perish

**Motive:** Promotion, recognition, symbolic capital

**Modus operandi:** Plagiarism, journal hijacking, buying of citations

**Consequences:**
* Pollution of the literature
* Erosion of the trust society places in science

**Detectives:**
* Professional and scientists and hobbyists
* Volunteers contributing *pro bono*

**Aim:**
* **Curative** → decontaminate the literature
* **Preventive** → anticipate new manipulations

**Means:** Decentralised re-assessment supported by the

<figure><img src="image_127.png" /></figure>

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dépollution

Volunteers decontaminating a beach after the *Prestige* spillover of 2002.

<figure><img src="image_128.png" /></figure>

**Problematic Paper Screener**

Est. February 27th, 2021
# Misconduct and the correction of science

## Conferences

* Barbour, B. (2021). PubPeer: past, present and future.

* Bik, E.M. (2021). *The Dark Side of Science: Misconduct in Biomedical Research*.

* Bouter, L. (2022). *Why research integrity matters*.

* Byrne, J.A. (2023). *Paper mills*.

* Cabanac, G., & Labbé, C., Magazinov, A. (2022). *Tortured phrases: A dubious writing style emerging in science*

* Wise, N.H. (2022). *An Introduction to Publication Fraud*.

## Articles

* Abalkina A., Aquarius R., Bik E., Bimler D., Bishop D., Byrne J., Cabanac G., Day A., Labbé C., & Wise N. (2025). 'Stamp out paper mills' — science sleuths on how to fight fake research [Comment]. In *Nature*, 637(8048), 1047–1050).

* Barbour B., & Stell B. M. (2020). PubPeer: Scientific assessment without metrics. In M. Biagioli & A. Lippman (Eds.), *Gaming the metrics: Misconduct and manipulation in academic research* (pp. 149–155). Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press.

* Cabanac, G. (2024). Chain retraction: How to stop bad science propagating through the literature [Comment]. *Nature*, 632(8027):977–979.

* Cabanac, G. (2022). Decontamination of the scientific literature. arXiv:2210.15912

* Cabanac, G. (2021). This digital-hygiene routine will protect your scholarship [World View]. *Nature*, 598(7882), 541. [adaptation *en français* pour l'HCERES-Ofis]
Appendices

<figure><img src="image_129.png" /></figure>
<figure><img src="image_130.png" /></figure>

## EINSTEIN FOUNDATION AWARD

IN COOPERATION WITH

BIH QUEST

Center for Responsible Research

### EINSTEIN FOUNDATION AWARD 2024

<figure><img src="image_131.png" /></figure>

Einstein Foundation Individual Award

Elisabeth Bik

<figure><img src="image_132.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_133.png" /></figure>

## PUBPEER

The online journal club

Einstein Foundation Institutional Award

PubPeer

<figure><img src="image_134.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_135.png" /></figure>

Einstein Foundation Early Career Award

PixelQuality

<figure><img src="image_136.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_137.png" /></figure>

Einstein Foundation Early Career Award

Early Career Award: 2024 Finalists

<figure><img src="image_138.png" /></figure>

### Einstein Foundation Award for Promoting Quality in Research

INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH AWARD – THE 2024 AWARDRES

Press Kit 2024

<figure><img src="image_139.png" /></figure>

### Contact

Prof. Dr. Ulrich Dirmagl

Secretary
Einstein Foundation Award

Director BIH Quest Center

award@einsteinfoundation.de

Dr. Ulrike Pannasch

Coordinator
Einstein Foundation Award

up@einsteinfoundation.de

<figure><img src="image_140.png" /></figure>

Einstein Stiftung Berlin

Einstein Foundation Berlin

### Funded by

WÜBBEN
STIFTUNG
WISSENSCHAFT

BERLIN

<figure><img src="image_141.png" /></figure>

Seniorenverwaltung
für Wissenschaft,
Gesundheit und Pflege

### Partners

Berlin University
Alliance

<figure><img src="image_142.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_143.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_144.png" /></figure>

MAX PLANCK
Forschung

MAX PLANCK

<figure><img src="image_145.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_146.png" /></figure>

NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

nature
portfolio

PLOS

<figure><img src="image_147.png" /></figure>
Prevention: PubPeer and its browser + Zotero extensions

https://pubpeer.com

<figure><img src="image_148.png" /></figure>

**PUBPEER**
The online Journal club

LOGIN

CREATE ACCOUNT

Home / Search

The PubPeer database contains all articles. Search results return articles with comments.

10.48550/arxiv.2206.07578

<figure><img src="image_149.png" /></figure>

advanced search

To leave the first comment on a specific article, paste a unique identifier such as a **DOI**, **PubMed ID**, or **arXiv ID** into the search bar.

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Search publications for: e2v-SDE

1 result

7
months
ago

E2V-SDE: From Asynchronous Events to Fast and Continuous Video Reconstruction via Neural Stochastic Differential Equations

Jongwan Kim, DongJin Lee, Byunggook Na, Seongsik Park, Jeonghee Jo, Sungroh Yoon

arXiv (2022)

<figure><img src="image_150.png" /></figure>

4 comments

Browser extensions

Most journals are not interested in showing PubPeer comments directly on their websites so we have created "browser extensions" to make sure you never miss a PubPeer comment. The extension is a few lines of code that check if there are PubPeer comments on articles you read and alerts you with a banner in your browser if it finds some. They exist for all major browsers and you can install them here:

<figure><img src="image_151.png" /></figure>

Reference manager extensions

Reference managers are great tools for organizing the literature. We are currently developing extensions that indicate which references in a library contain PubPeer comments.

<figure><img src="image_152.png" /></figure>
Prevention: PubPeer and its browser + Zotero extensions

<figure><img src="image_153.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_154.png" /></figure>

This article
cites references
that were
questioned or
**retracted** even.

One needs to
gain awareness
to better
appreciate the
contribution.