# Improvement of physical and mechanical properties of sugarcane bagasse particle board by bagasse treatment with tannin/furfural complex

Peyman Ahmadi, Davood Efhamisi, Marie-France Thévenon, Hamid Zarea

Hosseinabadi, Reza Oladi, Jean Gérard

► To cite this version:

Peyman Ahmadi, Davood Efhamisi, Marie-France Thévenon, Hamid Zarea Hosseinabadi, Reza Oladi, et al.. Improvement of physical and mechanical properties of sugarcane bagasse particle board by bagasse treatment with tannin/furfural complex. Journées du GDR 3544 Sciences du bois, Nov 2022, Nice, France. GDR 3544 sciences du bois, pp.46-50, 2022. hal-05180026

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Submitted on 23 Jul 2025

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11èmes Journées Scientifiques
du GDR3544 Sciences du bois

Nice 16-18 Novembre 2022

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Cultures Environnements
Préhistoire-Antiquité-Moyen Âge

UNIVERSITÉ
CÔTE D'AZUR

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GDR

Groupement
de recherche

Sciences du bois
Table des matières

<table><tr><td>Éditorial</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>Comités</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>Soutiens et sponsors</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>Programme des Journées</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Groupes de travail</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>Visites</td><td>13</td></tr><tr><td>Hommage à Daniel Guitard</td><td>14</td></tr><tr><td>Présentations orales invitées</td><td>15</td></tr><tr><td>Posters / présentations flash</td><td>32</td></tr><tr><td>Liste des participants</td><td>347</td></tr><tr><td>Accès</td><td>351</td></tr></table>
# Posters et présentations flashs

## Session A

## Mercredi 16/11

<table><tr><td>A01</td><td>Ali ABDOULKADRI ABDOULLAYE</td><td>Agap, Montpellier</td><td>Histochimie des poches libériennes accumulatrices de gomme arabique chez l'Acacia senegal (L) Willd.</td></tr><tr><td>A03</td><td>Kyle AGUILAR</td><td>Lermab, Nancy</td><td>Production de mycocomposite à partir des déchets de l'industrie bois</td></tr><tr><td>A04</td><td>Peyman AHMADI</td><td>Biowooeb, Montpellier</td><td>Improvement of physical and mechanical properties of bagasse particle board by bagasse treatment with tannin/furfural complex</td></tr><tr><td>A05</td><td>Alaa AL FAYE</td><td>UM-msb, Montpellier</td><td>Caractérisation par analyse vibratoire des propriétés viscoélastiques d'échantillons de bois dans leur diversité naturelle</td></tr><tr><td>A06</td><td>Martian ASSEKO ELLA</td><td>Pascal, Clermont-Fd</td><td>Modélisation rhéologique du comportement mécanosorptif et viscoélastique</td></tr><tr><td>A07</td><td>Benjamin AUDIARD</td><td>Cepam, Nice</td><td>Le signal isotopique (Î'13C) des charbons de bois préhistorique comme proxy paléoenvironnementale diachronique et spatial ? : Référentiel actuel et résultats archéologiques dans le Sud-Est de la France.</td></tr><tr><td>A08</td><td>Elham AZADEH</td><td>Lermab, Epinal</td><td>Furfurylation du bois de hêtre en présence de tanins ou/ou d'acide fulvique</td></tr><tr><td>A09</td><td>Eric BADEL</td><td>PIAF, Clermont-Fd</td><td>Chérie, on a agrandi la structure du bois en 3D: un projet collaboratif de science ouverte</td></tr><tr><td>A10</td><td>Sandrine BARDET</td><td>LMGC, Montpellier</td><td>Master Sciences du Bois À l'Université de Montpellier : bilan après 1 an</td></tr><tr><td>A11</td><td>Ingrid BERTIN</td><td>Cepam, Nice</td><td>Revealing nature and function of prehistoric plant-based artefacts: preservatives removal and biomolecular archaeology</td></tr><tr><td>A12</td><td>Juliette BOIVIN</td><td>Labomap, Cluny</td><td>Détermination de la transmittance de la lumière dans des essences locales (hêtre, peuplier, chêne, douglas)</td></tr><tr><td>A13</td><td>Arthur BONTEMPS</td><td>Pascal, Clermont-Fd</td><td>Analyse des essais de fluage sur des poutres entaillées de sapin pectiné (Abies alba) à l'état vert en éliminant les effets de rupture</td></tr><tr><td>A14</td><td>Romain BORDAGE</td><td>3SR COMHET, Grenoble</td><td>Vers un bois plus fort et plus propre que les composites structuraux actuels</td></tr><tr><td>A15</td><td>Thomas BOURSAT</td><td>LMGC, Montpellier</td><td>Mécano-biologie du cambium : influence des interactions mécaniques entre bois et écorce sur la formation du bois</td></tr><tr><td>A16</td><td>Joseph BRIHIEZ</td><td>MNHM, Paris</td><td>Des charpentiers dans les forêts. Les perspectives du travail manuel avec du bois vert en charpente.</td></tr><tr><td>A17</td><td>Romain CHEVALIER</td><td>Gascogne Bois, Bordeaux</td><td>Numerical multi-scale homogenization of hygro-mechanical properties of pinus pinaster (ait.) Lamellae constituting glued laminated timber</td></tr><tr><td>A18</td><td>Yi Hien Chin</td><td>Pascal, Clermont-Fd</td><td>Reduction of wood thermal conductivity by delignification</td></tr><tr><td>A19</td><td>Julien COLMARS</td><td>INSA, Lyon</td><td>Patrimoine bois et problèmes de mécanique des structures : deux cas d'étude en restauration de mobilier bois.</td></tr><tr><td>A20</td><td>Daniele DA COSTA</td><td>LIMBHA, Nantes</td><td>Expérimentation test d'un outil numérique d'aide à l'apprentissage de l'identification des essences de bois</td></tr></table>
# Improvement of physical and mechanical properties of sugarcane bagasse particle board by bagasse treatment with tannin/furfural complex

AHMADI Peyman<sup>1,2,3</sup>, EFHAMISISI Davood<sup>1</sup>, THEVENON Marie-France<sup>3</sup>, ZAREA HOSSEINABADI Hamid<sup>1</sup>, OLADI Reza<sup>1</sup>, GERARD Jean<sup>2,3</sup>

<sup>1</sup>Department of Wood and Paper Science and Technology, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Iran

<sup>2</sup>CIRAD, UR BioWooEB, TA B-114/16, 73 Rue Jean-François Breton, F-34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France

<sup>3</sup>BioWooEB, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
ahmadi.p@ut.ac.ir

**Keywords:** bio-composites; tannin; furfural; resin; bagasse waste; physico-mechanical properties

## Context and objectives

Wood is an anisotropic material composed of polymers such as cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin as primary cell wall components (Sandberg et al 2021). As a result, it is susceptible to moisture-induced dimensional changes, which severely limits its use in a variety of applications (Bergman 2021). Wood-based composites are popular alternatives to solid wood, as they present less disadvantages than raw wood. The increasing trend toward the use of wood and wood-based products has led to an expansion in capacity and diversity of uses (Ali et al 2019). In Iran, difficulties in the supply of raw materials for particleboard production have prompted manufacturers to consider the introduction of a suitable alternative, especially since the implementation of the "Forest breathing plan" that banned wood exploitation (Gilanipoor et al 2021). Meanwhile, agricultural wastes (such as sugarcane bagasse) provide a renewable and environmentally friendly solution to meet this massive demand. Bagasse is a fibrous material that is produced in millions of tons each year in some countries, including Iran. Most of this lignocellulosic waste is either burned as fuel or sent to landfills (Han and Wu 2004). Using bagasse as a raw material for making particleboard is an efficient way to reuse this material and compensate the shortage of wood in the panel industry. However, its use is often limited due to its high moisture absorption capacity (Agustina et al 2019). Therefore, panels made of bagasse particles need to be treated to improve their physico-mechanical properties: using a pre-treatment, during the manufacturing, or with a post-treatment (Reinprecht 2016). The appropriate treatment method depends on the application of the use and the risks involved in service. Various methods have been used to improve the properties of boards, such as acetylation (Jonoobi et al 2010), heat treatment (Carvalho et al 2015), and resin impregnation (Yang et al 2007). The purpose of this research was to impregnate bagasse particles with a suitable tannin-furfural resin (TFu) to improve the bending, internal bonding strength, and physical properties of manufactured particleboards. In addition, tannin-based adhesives were used as environmentally friendly binders to manufacture the panels.

## Material and methods

### Pre-treatment of tannin and furfural

Quebracho tannin (Persianchimi Company) was dissolved in a 10% w/w NaOH (Neutron Pharmaceutical Chemistry Company) solution to obtain a 20% w/w tannin solution. The tannin
solution was heated to 80°C for 30 minutes before adding 8% NaSO (Neutron Pharmaceutical Chemistry Company) (w/w based on the dry tannin weight). The solution was stirred at 80°C for 30 minutes. The pretreatment for furfural (Behran Oil Company) was done by adding 5% v/v H₂SO₄ (Neutron Pharmaceutical Chemistry Company) (at 20% v/v) to the furfural and stirring for 20 minutes at 21°C (Yi et al 2016).

### Resin synthesis

The previously obtained tannin aqueous solutions (20% w/w) were prepared under vigorous stirring to add furfural. Subsequently, 50% of furfural (based on tannin dry weight) was added to the solution. The resin pH was adjusted to 4.5 with NaOH (33% w/w) according to Ahmadi et al (2022).

### Bagasse treatment

Anhydrous sugarcane bagasse were treated using an impregnation method with various tannin/furfural resin (TFu) concentrations. Impregnation was done with 5, 10, and 15% w/w formulations of tannin/furfural resin. After the impregnation, the curing operation of the resin was carried out by heating at 120° C. Resin uptakes were calculated with the oven-dried weight of the bagasse before and after impregnation.

### Particleboard manufacturing

Tannin-Formaldehyde (TF), Tannin-Formaldehyde modified by Furfural (TFFu), Tannin Hexamine (TH) (all synthesized in the laboratory, according to Tondi (2017), and Melamine-urea-formal (MUF) (Samad Manufacturing and Industrial Company) were used to bond the treated bagasse. After the curing of resin and drying of bagasse, particleboards were prepared with the dimensions of 400×400×10 mm and a target density of 0.650 g/cm³. Each adhesive type was added at 12% (based on the dry weight bagasse) in a rotary blending machine. The bagasse mixtures were hot-pressed at 160°C for MUF and 190°C for tannin-based adhesive (TF, TFFu, TH) with 40 kg/cm² pressure for an 8–12-minutes press closing time (depending on the adhesive). Three boards were produced from each treatment.

### Physical and mechanical properties

Bulk density, Water Absorption (WA), and Thickness Swelling (TS) after 2 and 24 h of soaking in water (WA2h and WA24h; TS2h and TS24h, respectively) were determined according to EN 317 (1993). The Modulus of Rupture (MOR) and Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) were investigated according to EN 310 (1993). The Internal Bonding (IB) strength was investigated under dry and wet conditions according to EN 319 (1993). Data analysis was performed by the two-way ANOVA method in SPSS software. The effect of adhesive and resin concentration were investigated.

### Results and discussion

The TFu resin uptake increased linearly with treatment concentration (Fig. 1).

Tab. 2 shows the physical and mechanical properties of TFu-impregnated particleboard. The results showed that the impregnation of bagasse with TFu resin prevents water absorption by the boards during the water-immersion procedure. This was possibly caused by the obstruction of vacant cell wall gaps. The particleboard treated showed less thickness swelling than the untreated board. Irrespective of the type of adhesive used, TS decreased significantly, as a result of the loading of resin (p = 0.000). The boards saturated by TFu15% swelled the least. Unreachable resin solids in cell walls may improve particleboard water and moisture resistance
(Yang et al, 2007). MUF as an exterior adhesive also performed well in terms of dimensional stability of bagasse particleboard when compared to samples bonded with tannin-based adhesives. The panels bonded with TF adhesive swelled by almost 24% after 24 hours in the water, while the MUF+TFu (15%) panels swelled by less than 8%. The findings also demonstrate that the MOR and MOE values of particleboards TFu-resin-impregnated were higher than those of MUF control particleboards and that the MOE and MOR increased with increasing resin loading. This can be explained by the increase in bagasse density as a result of saturation with the resin. Furthermore, the amount varies between adhesives. With increasing resin concentration for treatment up to a concentration of 5%, the IB strength has increased. However, a higher increase in the concentration of resin reduces internal resistance to adhesion. This is due to the reduction in the quantity of bagasse particles in the boards at constant board density, which in turn reduces the compaction of the boards (Kajita and Imamura 1991).

<figure><img src="image_6.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 1: Resin uptake (RU) content in treatments with different concentrations of TFu (N=3 replicates for each experiment)</figcaption></figure>

The effect of adhesive type, the concentration of resin to impregnation, and the interaction between the type of adhesive and the concentration of resin on different physical and mechanical properties of TFu -impregnated particleboard are summarized in Tab. 3.

<table><caption>Tab. 2: Results of physical and mechanical tests on the different manufactured boards</caption><thead><tr><th colspan="2">Description of treatments</th><th colspan="6">Results</th></tr><tr><th rowspan="2">Adhesive Type</th><th rowspan="2">TF resin concentration (%)</th><th rowspan="2">Bulk density (g/cm3)</th><th colspan="2">WA (%)</th><th colspan="2">TS (%)</th><th rowspan="2">MOR (MPa)</th><th rowspan="2">MOE (MPa)</th><th colspan="2">IB (MPa)</th></tr><tr><th>2 h</th><th>24 h</th><th>2 h</th><th>24 h</th><th>DRY</th><th>WET</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="4">TF</td><td>-</td><td>0.650</td><td>14.43</td><td>61.62</td><td>9.05</td><td>23.96</td><td>9.53</td><td>1023.4</td><td>0.25</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Tfu (5%)</td><td>0.668</td><td>12.76</td><td>52.10</td><td>8.30</td><td>20.32</td><td>10.43</td><td>1143.8</td><td>0.27</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Tfu (10%)</td><td>0.695</td><td>12.00</td><td>43.09</td><td>7.03</td><td>19.23</td><td>11.23</td><td>2645.8</td><td>0.23</td><td>0.05</td></tr><tr><td>Tfu (15%)</td><td>0.764</td><td>10.90</td><td>34.12</td><td>7.14</td><td>12.84</td><td>15.73</td><td>3234.5</td><td>0.21</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">TFFu</td><td>-</td><td>0.598</td><td>15.02</td><td>58.10</td><td>8.00</td><td>19.98</td><td>10.09</td><td>1425.9</td><td>0.25</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Tfu (5%)</td><td>0.737</td><td>14.40</td><td>39.26</td><td>7.01</td><td>16.64</td><td>13.98</td><td>1245.6</td><td>0.24</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>TFu (10%)</td><td>0.754</td><td>13.01</td><td>32.36</td><td>6.34</td><td>15.28</td><td>15.73</td><td>3223.5</td><td>0.24</td><td>0.05</td></tr><tr><td>TFu (15%)</td><td>0.781</td><td>11.40</td><td>28.16</td><td>6.01</td><td>10.08</td><td>16.12</td><td>3975.8</td><td>0.23</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">TH</td><td>-</td><td>0.665</td><td>14.47</td><td>47.04</td><td>7.08</td><td>18.01</td><td>14.32</td><td>2013.5</td><td>0.27</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>TFu (5%)</td><td>0.702</td><td>13.04</td><td>31.23</td><td>6.15</td><td>14.11</td><td>15.98</td><td>3953.4</td><td>0.26</td><td>0.05</td></tr><tr><td>TFu (10%)</td><td>0.736</td><td>9.90</td><td>29.40</td><td>6.00</td><td>13.83</td><td>17.59</td><td>3684.6</td><td>0.27</td><td>0.06</td></tr><tr><td>TFu (15%)</td><td>0.798</td><td>9.37</td><td>27.94</td><td>5.98</td><td>9.09</td><td>18.78</td><td>4046.8</td><td>0.23</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">MUF</td><td>Control</td><td>0.656</td><td>14.40</td><td>43.74</td><td>6.90</td><td>15.96</td><td>14.03</td><td>2567.9</td><td>0.30</td><td>0.07</td></tr><tr><td>TFu (5%)</td><td>0.718</td><td>13.87</td><td>35.51</td><td>5.15</td><td>13.40</td><td>20.34</td><td>4829.6</td><td>0.32</td><td>0.04</td></tr><tr><td>TFu (10%)</td><td>0.720</td><td>10.01</td><td>35.05</td><td>5.00</td><td>9.90</td><td>21.65</td><td>5013.4</td><td>0.27</td><td>0.08</td></tr><tr><td>TFu (15%)</td><td>0.783</td><td>8.04</td><td>22.89</td><td>4.00</td><td>8.00</td><td>30.54</td><td>5322.4</td><td>0.27</td><td>0.09</td></tr></tbody></table>

N= 6 replicates for each experiment
<table><caption>Tab. 3. Effect of adhesive type concentration on different physical and mechanical properties of TFu-impregnated particleboard</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Properties</th><th rowspan="2">density<br>(g/cm<sup>3</sup>)</th><th rowspan="2">WA<br>(%)</th><th rowspan="2">TS<br>(%)</th><th colspan="2">Bonding properties</th><th colspan="2">IB (MPa)</th></tr><tr><th>MOR (MPa)</th><th>MOE (MPa)</th><th>DRY</th><th>WET</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Adhesive type</td><td>NS</td><td>*</td><td>*</td><td>*</td><td>*</td><td>*</td><td>*</td></tr><tr><td>Concentration</td><td>NS</td><td>NS</td><td>*</td><td>*</td><td>*</td><td>*</td><td>*</td></tr><tr><td>Adhesive type * concentration</td><td>NS</td><td>NS</td><td>NS</td><td>*</td><td>*</td><td>NS</td><td>*</td></tr></tbody></table>

*: Significant difference at the corresponding confidence level is 95%, (p < 0.05)

NS: No significant difference (p > 0.05)

## Conclusion and perspectives

A review of the studies indicates that the impregnation of bagasse particles significantly improves water absorption and dimensional stability values. The TS and WA of particleboard decreased as the TF resin content in the bagasse particles increased. The mechanical properties of boards (MOE and MOR) improved as resin loading in bagasse particles increased. Increased resin loading in bagasse particles up to 5% increases IB strength, but higher values of 10 and 15% result in a significant decrease. This work shows that treating bagasse with tannin-furfural resin to produce particleboard improves their physical and mechanical characteristics.

## Acknowledgments

This project was supported by The International Center for Scientific Studies & Collaboration (CISSC, Tehran, Iran) and Campus France (Paris, France) through a Gundishapur project (N°1584/N°45227SG).

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