# D 4.2-1 Use Case Prototypes

Ilhem Fajjari, Yannick Nzali Koagne, Joaquim Soares, Vania Marangozova

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Ilhem Fajjari, Yannick Nzali Koagne, Joaquim Soares, Vania Marangozova. D 4.2-1 Use Case Prototypes. Université Grenoble Alpes; Orange Innovation; Orange Direction EOLAS. 2025. hal-05288437

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Submitted on 29 Sep 2025

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ANR SCALER

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2023-2026

# D 4.2-1
## Use Case Prototypes

Chef de file pour le D 4.2-1 :

Co-rédacteurs :

Ilhem FAJJARI
Yannick NZALI KOAGNE,
Joaquim SOARES
Vania MARANGOZOVA

March 2025
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# Contents

<table><tr><td>1</td><td>Introduction</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>Webscale Benchmark: TeaStore</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>2.1</td><td>The Application</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>2.2</td><td>Application Deployment</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>5G Benchmark: Towards5GS</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>3.1</td><td>The Application</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>3.2</td><td>Application Deployment</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>Conclusion</td><td>6</td></tr></table>
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# 1 Introduction

This document reports on our initial experimentation on deploying and using two of the target microservice benchmarks, namely TeaStore [1] and towards5GS [2].

# 2 Webscale Benchmark: TeaStore

## 2.1 The Application

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>Figure 1: 5G CNF-Orchestrator global architecture</figcaption></figure>

TeaStore [1] is a micro-service-based reference application designed for benchmarking, modeling, and resource management research. It provides a set of services with distinct performance characteristics and configurable deployment options, making it an effective tool for evaluating performance modeling techniques, cloud resource management strategies, and energy efficiency optimizations. TeaStore supports instrumentation for detailed run-time analysis and is widely used in academic research for testing distributed system behaviors under different conditions.

As depicted in Figure 1, TeaStore consists of five core microservices and a registry service, which allows dynamic service discovery. The microservices communicate with each other using RESTful HTTP APIs which can be deployed independently. The **WebUI** Service serves as the front-end, handling user interactions and fetching data from other services. The **Image Provider** manages image storage and retrieval with caching for efficiency. The **Authentication** ensures secure user login and session management using encryption. The **Recommender** provides personalized product suggestions based on shopping behavior, leveraging machine learning techniques. The **Persistence** handles data storage and caching for optimized database queries. Finally, the **Registry** manages service discovery, enabling dynamic scaling and fault tolerance. All services communicate via RESTful APIs and support containerized deployment for flexibility and performance testing.

## 2.2 Application Deployment

TeaStore is deployed on the SCALER platform using two different approaches: without Istio and with Istio [3]. In the first approach, TeaStore is deployed as a set of Kubernetes microservices, leveraging MetalLB [4] for external load balancing and RabbitMQ [5] for inter-service communication. Service discovery is handled by Kubernetes DNS along with TeaStore's Registry Service,
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<figure><img src="image_6.png" /><figcaption>Figure 2: Screenshot of the Teastore's Deployment on the EOLAS' Scaler platform</figcaption></figure>
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<figure><img src="image_8.png" /><figcaption>Figure 3: Towards5GS</figcaption></figure>

allowing dynamic service registration and communication. The second approach integrates Istio, where service discovery is fully managed by Istio's control plane, enabling seamless inter-service communication through Envoy sidecars. Additionally, an Istio Gateway is deployed to manage external traffic, allowing requests to reach the TeaStore application through a controlled and secure entry point. The gateway, coupled with a VirtualService, routes traffic efficiently to the appropriate microservices. To evaluate the performance and scalability of both deployments, Locust was used for load testing.

Figure 2 shows a screenshot of the application running on the platform provided by EOLAS.

# 3 5G Benchmark: Towards5GS

## 3.1 The Application

Free5GC [6] is an open source project providing the source code of the 5G core network functions as defined by 3GPP Release 15. Initially, the 5G core was not deployable on Kubernetes. To address this limitation, we implemented, as depicted in Figure 3, Towards5GS [2], an open source Kubernetes-based implementation of a 5G Core Network and simulated Access Network and User Equipment.

As depicted in the figure, it includes the control plane and the user plane defined by 3GPP. The Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) is the gateway to the core that allows all control interactions with gNBs and UEs. The Session Management Function (SMF) controls the Packet Data Unit (PDU) sessions on one or more instances of the User Plane Function (UPF), providing end-to-end connectivity to the UEs. The Authentication Server Function (AUSF) is responsible for authenticating UEs requesting 5G network services. Specifically, it communicates with the Unified Data Management (UDM) to retrieve subscriber information, which is registered by the operator. The Policy Control Function (PCF) and the Network Slice Selection Function (NSSF) manage policies and network slicing respectively. The Network Repository Function (NRF) is the function responsible for the service discovery in the 5G control plane. Finally, the NRF and the UDM use the Unified Data Repository (UDR) to store their state in the backend database, which corresponds, in our implementation, to MongoDB.
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<figure><img src="image_10.png" /><figcaption>Figure 4: Screenshot of the Towards5GS's Deployment on EOLAS' Scaler Platform</figcaption></figure>
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## 3.2 Application Deployment

The towards5G is logically divided into two main categories: free5GC and UERANSIM. The free5GC portion focuses on deploying the fundamental 5G Core network functions—like AMF, SMF, UPF, and related services—by packaging each function into its own standalone Helm chart. These charts include standard Helm components (Chart.yaml, values.yaml, and templates) but also share common patterns for labeling, resource configuration, and initialization, promoting consistency across all 5G Core services. On the other hand, the UERANSIM section provides dedicated charts for the 5G User Equipment (UE) and RAN simulator, enabling realistic emulation of radio interfaces and validation of core network behavior. By splitting the repository into these two substructures, towards5G clearly delineates the core network responsibilities from the RAN/UE simulation environment, simplifying deployment, troubleshooting, and lifecycle management for each discrete set of functionalities.

A screenshot of the deployed application is shown in Figure 4.

# 4 Conclusion

This document serves as a cornerstone for future developments within the SCALER project. It gives insights about the framework that will guide the different SCALER partners through the implementation and optimization of 5G-core network and e-commerce applications.

## References

[1] Jóakim von Kistowski, Simon Eismann, Norbert Schmitt, André Bauer, Johannes Grohmann, and Samuel Kounev. "TeaStore: A Micro-Service Reference Application for Benchmarking, Modeling and Resource Management Research". In: *Proceedings of the 26th IEEE International Symposium on the Modelling, Analysis, and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems*. MASCOTS '18. Milwaukee, WI, USA, Sept. 2018.

[2] Towards5GS Github. https://github.com/Orange-OpenSource/towards5gs-helm.

[3] The Istio service mesh. https://istio.io/.

[4] MetalLB Load-balancer. https://metallb.io/.

[5] RabbitMQ. https://www.rabbitmq.com/.

[6] free5GC github Repository. https://github.com/free5gc. Last visited on September 13, 2024.