# Using FLAG methods and ANFIS for analyzing power losses and increasing the efficiency of Solar power generation system for home energy consumption

Nima Saeedi, Aminullah Mehdikhani Nahrkhalji, Saeed Shokri Aligar, Mohammad Esmaeili Irani, Mohsen Khalili

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Nima Saeedi, Aminullah Mehdikhani Nahrkhalji, Saeed Shokri Aligar, Mohammad Esmaeili Irani, Mohsen Khalili. Using FLAG methods and ANFIS for analyzing power losses and increasing the efficiency of Solar power generation system for home energy consumption. 2023. hal-04219017

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# Using FLAC methods and ANFIS for analyzing power losses and increasing the efficiency of Solar power generation system for home energy consumption

Nima Saeedi¹, Aminullah mehdikhani nahrkhalji², Saeed shokri aligar ³, Mohammad esmaeili Irani⁴
Mohsen.khalili⁵.

1-M.Sc. in Power Electrical Engineering from Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Iran, Karaj.
Nima68s23@yahoo.com

2-PhD student of Power Electrical Engineering Esfahan University, Iran, Esfahan.
Amin.mahdikhani@yahoo.com

3-M.Sc. in Control Electrical Engineering from Islamic Azad University, Doroud Branch, Iran, Doroud.
Saeedshokri72@yahoo.com

4-B.Sc. in Power Electrical Engineering from Amin Institute of Higher Education, Iran, Fuladshahr, Isfahan.
m.o.esmaeali1359@gmail.com

5-Department of Business Development and Technology, Aarhus University, Herning 7400, Denmark
mohsen.khalili66@yahoo.com

## Abstract

Limited fossil fuel resources and the possibility of depletion of fossil energy reserves, global warming, environmental pollution, price instability, as well as the growing need of industrial and urban centers for energy, have prompted the international community to consider appropriate alternatives. Nuclear energy, solar, geothermal, wind and ocean waves are such. The relatively high cost of renewable energy conversion has been a deterrent to the development of grid-connected systems, limiting the use of these energies to situations where the use of the national grid was not possible, such as remote areas. During the past years, many researches and studies have been done on the connection of renewable energy conversion systems to the grid and many advances have been made in this field. Solar energy, along with other types of renewable and clean energy, has been widely studied as the main source of renewable energy. Therefore, at first, the structure of the photovoltaic cell was briefly discussed, and then, by examining the types of models for simulating a solar cell, we came to a simplified exponential model. Then the effect of different factors on the characteristics of the solar cell and the results of the waveform obtained in the characteristic curves were given. In the continuation of the work, considering that in order to produce higher voltages and currents, we have to connect a series and parallel combination of these cells, so the formulas and relationships used for the combinations of this cell were given. Finally, according to the purpose of the dissertation, we studied the methods of increasing the efficiency of the solar system by increasing the efficiency of the system elements. Also in the last chapter, the methods of ANFIS and FLC are compared and the response speed of these two methods will be presented in the final chapter.

## Introduction
Limited fossil fuel resources and the possibility of depletion of fossil energy reserves, global warming, environmental pollution, price instability, as well as the growing need of industrial and urban centers for energy, have prompted the international community to consider appropriate alternatives. Nuclear, solar, geothermal, wind and ocean waves are such. The relatively high cost of converting renewable energy has been a deterrent to the development of grid-connected systems, limiting the use of these energies to situations where it was not possible to use the national grid, such as remote areas. During the past years, many researches and studies have been done on the connection of renewable energy conversion systems to the grid and many advances have been made in this field. Solar energy, along with other types of renewable and clean energy, has been widely studied as the main source of renewable energy. Solar energy provides, in part and in whole, a significant portion of the electrical energy required by electrical networks.

The relatively high cost of converting solar energy into electrical energy has been the biggest concern of researchers in using this type of energy and is the biggest negative feature. In contrast, the high availability and reliability of photovoltaic systems is a positive feature.

In the past, the price of a solar cell has been the main determinant of the total price of a photovoltaic system. High manufacturing costs, non-advanced manufacturing technology and low efficiency of manufactured products have been the factors hindering the use of this energy. Over time and with the development of manufacturing technology, we are witnessing lower prices and increased productivity in solar systems. The rate of growth of solar energy use is lower than other types of renewable energy. Investments in solar technology and the mass production of photovoltaic cells have reduced the cost of producing one kilowatt of energy from solar arrays. This price reduction is an important factor in increasing the popularity of solar energy. Grid-connected photovoltaic inverters are developing day by day in industrial and laboratory fields. According to forecasts, by 2050, this energy will have the largest share in the energy market.

In 1988, ASEC built the first single-transplant cell with a 17% efficiency. In the same year, the institute made two solar cells from GaAs on a layer of Ga. This method continued by changing the substrate to GaAs with other impurities in the following years and increased the efficiency of the solar cell by 22%. In the following years, the efficiency increased to 38% using three-layer connection. The highest officially recorded number for solar cell efficiency belongs to spectrolab, which in 2006 achieved an efficiency of 40.7% in the laboratory. It is worth mentioning that this American company, together with another American company EMCORE, has produced 95% of three-layer solar cells with an efficiency of 38%. One of the most important historical developments for solar cells in the late 1990s was the construction of PVPs integrated with building facades (BIPVs), which made cells integrated with building materials such as windows, ceilings or roof tiles for gables. This eliminates the cost of building facades. These cells, which were supported by the government in Japan and Europe, especially in Germany, Spain and the Netherlands, are used in connection with the national electricity grid.

In our country, since about 1991, efforts and planning to identify the potential of new energies, especially solar energy and their use as much as possible has begun.

Regular grid-independent photovoltaic systems have the advantages of a simple configuration system and control circuit. The output voltage of the solar array varies with changes in solar radiation and ambient temperature.
Therefore, in order to connect to the mains, the output voltage of the PV array must be constant and converted to AC voltage, which can be done by the inverter. Converter and inverter To ensure safe and efficient operation, track the maximum power of the solar cell array and power control that is injected from the inverter into the mains.

In this section, we will first review the manufacturing technology and different models used for the solar cell, then introduce the various arrangements of multi-level inverters in grid-connected photovoltaic systems. It is reviewed, evaluated and compared.

In this article, after giving a general overview of the work in the second part, the basics of the proposed method are discussed. Then in the third part the proposed method will be examined, in the fourth part the simulations will be presented and finally in the final part the summary will be presented.

## Basics of the proposed method

In this part of the studies, in order to evaluate the efficiency and types of losses, we examined the converter used in the system. Finally, we came to the proposed converter for simulation. Then we studied the MPPT method and how to use it in the solar system and the algorithm for tracking the maximum power, and finally we came to the fuzzy and neural-fuzzy model and by examining the various steps in this method in simulating these methods We used neural and neural-fuzzy.

## Introduction of photovoltaic system and converter

In the discussion of photovoltaic systems in this study, the components are photovoltaic array, mppt controller, converter and battery In this section, we will examine them. Figures (3-1) and (3-2) show the static and dynamic models of the solar cell, respectively. According to Equations (3-1) and (3-2), it can be seen that the current-voltage characteristic of the solar array depends on the intensity of radiation and temperature. The use of information obtained from meteorological stations is considered to be 6.7 Kw / m^2. [18]

<figure><img src="image_2.png" /><figcaption>The static equivalent circuit of a solar cell</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_3.png" /><figcaption>Solar cell dynamic equivalent circuit</figcaption></figure>

$$I = I_L - I_D = I_L - I_0 \left[ \exp\left(\frac{U + RI_s}{\alpha}\right) - 1 \right] \quad (1)$$

$$I_0 = I_{0,REF} \left[ \frac{T_{C,REF} + 273}{T_C + 273} \right]^3 \exp \left[ \frac{e_{gap}N_s}{q\alpha_{ref}} \left[ 1 - \frac{T_{C,REF} + 273}{T_C + 273} \right] \right] \quad (2)$$

## Simulation in variable radiation and temperature

In this section, the transient response of the converter output voltage determines the results of the perturbation and the change in the amount of light emitted to the cell surface. In the initial conditions and the beginning of the simulation interval, the amount of solar radiation is equal to 21000 W / m, and in the 5th second it reaches the value of 2800 W / m, and in the 25th second it returns to its initial value.

In the initial conditions, the temperature of the solar cell is equal to 50 degrees, which decreases to 25 degrees in the 10th second, and will remain constant at the same value until the end of the simulation. But the amount of radiation from 25 seconds onwards reaches the desired amount in the previous section. Therefore, from 25 seconds onwards, we can say that the simulation rate will be the same as before. Therefore, the total output power will not be equal to 121 watts, and will be slightly less than the stated amount, and this is due to the increase in temperature, which will reduce the output current of the cell, but this change causes the work cycle to be converted to Change how we can be at the maximum point of the output power, shown in Figure (24).

From the 10th to the 15th second, the amount of sunlight, as shown in Figure (22), is constant at 800 W / m2, but the temperature similar to Figure (23) will decrease from 50 °C to 25 °C. These changes in temperature reduce the output power of the converter by 88 watts. In fact, a change in the temperature of the P-V cell causes an inverse change in the amount of output current.
<figure><img src="image_4.png" /></figure>

The amount of variable sunlight in terms of W/m² over time

<figure><img src="image_5.png" /></figure>

The amount of temperature varies at the cell surface in degrees Celsius over time

The simulation results of the temperature and radiation inputs similar to Figures (4-22) and (4-23) will be as follows.
<figure><img src="image_6.png" /><figcaption>MPPT output power curve, in FLC method</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_7.png" /><figcaption>Periodic curve of maximum power tracker in FLC method</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_8.png" /><figcaption>MPPT output power curve, in ANFIS method</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_9.png" /></figure>

Periodic curve of maximum power tracker in ANFIS method

From 20 seconds onwards, the temperature will be fixed at 25 degrees Celsius, but the amount of sunlight will increase from 2800 W / m to 21000 W / m. In this case, the output power will reach 98 watts and will reach a higher value, which is due to the increase in the output current of the converter.

The change in the amount of work of the converter is very small and depends more on the change of environmental parameters. This change in the value of D affects the value of the output voltage to 20.5. Because the value of D changes very little, the amount of voltage will also change very little.

The efficiency based on voltage changes in FLC method is as follows.

<figure><img src="image_10.png" /><figcaption>Solar system efficiency in FLC method</figcaption></figure>

The efficiency based on voltage changes in ANFIS method is as follows.
<figure><img src="image_11.png" /><figcaption>Solar system efficiency in ANFIS method</figcaption></figure>

**Conclusion**

In this section, we tried to increase the efficiency by simulating a proposed converter by increasing the output efficiency and reducing the losses on the switch while turning it on and off. Because the maximum amount of losses in the converter switch is when it is turned on and off, which is the maximum voltage or current of the switch. In the following, we examined the fuzzy methods in the maximum power tracker and the power output waveform in the converter and the output of the solar cell along with the temporal changes of the voltage and the work period of the converter were obtained in terms of time and the relationship. Between voltage and output current of the cell and temperature and radiation changes were expressed in the previous section, and finally through the maximum power tracker in the previous circuit, it was tried to increase the converter efficiency by following the maximum power point in each radiation and temperature. Also, according to the calculation of power in the discussion of the proposed converter used, and its simulation results, we were able to conclude that the converter efficiency can be increased up to about 98%, and as a result, this amount compared to the values obtained in previous converters It has been 90%. Therefore, in this simulation, a major increase in efficiency has been made in the proposed converter

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