Offerle, B., Grimmond, C. S. B., and Oke, T. R.: Parame-
terization of Net All-Wave Radiation for Urban Areas, J.
Appl. Meteor., 42, 1157–1173, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-
0450(2003)042<1157:PONARF>2.0.CO;2, 2003.

Offerle, B., Jonsson, P., Eliasson, I., and Grimmond, C. S. B.: Urban
Modification of the Surface Energy Balance in the West African
Sahel: Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, J. Climate, 18, 3983–3995,
2005.

Oke, T. R.: The urban energy balance, Prog. Phys. Geog., 12, 471–508, https://doi.org/10.1177/030913338801200401, 1988.

Oke, T. R., Mills, G., Christen, A., and Voogt, J. A.: Urban Climates, 1st edn., Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-107-42953-6, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139016476, 2017.

Pastorello, G., Trotta, C., Canfora, E., Chu, H., Christianson,
D., Cheah, Y.-W., Poindexter, C., Chen, J., Elbashandy, A.,
Humphrey, M., Isaac, P., Polidori, D., Reichstein, M., Ribeca,
A., van Ingen, C., Vuichard, N., Zhang, L., Amiro, B., Ammann,
C., Arain, M. A., Ardö, J., Arkebauer, T., Arndt, S. K., Arriga,
N., Aubinet, M., Aurela, M., Baldocchi, D., Barr, A., Beames-
derfer, E., Marchesini, L. B., Bergeron, O., Beringer, J., Bern-
hofer, C., Berveiller, D., Billesbach, D., Black, T. A., Blanken,
P. D., Bohrer, G., Boike, J., Bolstad, P. V., Bonal, D., Bonne-
fond, J.-M., Bowling, D. R., Bracho, R., Brodeur, J., Brümmer,
C., Buchmann, N., Burban, B., Burns, S. P., Buysse, P., Cale,
P., Cavagna, M., Cellier, P., Chen, S., Chini, I., Christensen, T.
R., Cleverly, J., Collalti, A., Consalvo, C., Cook, B. D., Cook,
D., Coursolle, C., Cremonese, E., Curtis, P. S., D'Andrea, E.,
da Rocha, H., Dai, X., Davis, K. J., Cinti, B. D., Grandcourt,
A. de, Ligne, A. D., De Oliveira, R. C., Delpierre, N., Desai,
A. R., Di Bella, C. M., Tommasi, P. di, Dolman, H., Domingo,
F., Dong, G., Dore, S., Duce, P., Dufrêne, E., Dunn, A., Dušek,
J., Eamus, D., Eichelmann, U., ElKhidir, H. A. M., Eugster, W.,
Ewenz, C. M., Ewers, B., Famulari, D., Fares, S., Feigenwinter,
I., Feitz, A., Fensholt, R., Filippa, G., Fischer, M., Frank, J., Gal-
vagno, M., et al.: The FLUXNET2015 dataset and the ONEFlux
processing pipeline for eddy covariance data, Sci. Data, 7, 225,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-0534-3, 2020.

Pawlak, W., Fortuniak, K., and Siedlecki, M.: Carbon dioxide flux
in the centre of Łódź, Poland – analysis of a 2-year eddy co-
variance measurement data set, Int. J. Climatol., 31, 232–243,
https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.2247, 2011.

Peters, E. B., Hiller, R. V., and McFadden, J. P.: Seasonal
contributions of vegetation types to suburban evapo-
transpiration, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 116, G01003,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JG001463, 2011.

Porson, A., Clark, P. A., Harman, I. N., Best, M. J., and Belcher, S. E.: Implementation of a new urban energy budget scheme in the MetUM. Part I: Description and idealized simulations, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 136, 1514–1529, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.668, 2010.

Rew, R., Davis, G., Emmerson, S., Cormack, C., Caron,
J., Pincus, R., Hartnett, E., Heimbigner, D., Appel,
L., and Fisher, W.: Unidata NetCDF, UCAR [code],
https://doi.org/10.5065/D6H70CW6, 1989.

Roth, M., Jansson, C., and Velasco, E.: Multi-year energy bal-
ance and carbon dioxide fluxes over a residential neighbour-
hood in a tropical city, Int. J. Climatol., 37, 2679–2698,
https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4873, 2017.

Schmid, H. P., Cleugh, H. A., Grimmond, C. S. B., and Oke, T. R.: Spatial variability of energy fluxes in sub-urban terrain, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 54, 249–276, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00183956, 1991.

Schmid, H. P., Grimmond, C. S. B., Cropley, F., Offerle, B., and Su, H.-B.: Measurements of CO₂ and energy fluxes over a mixed hardwood forest in the mid-western United States, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 103, 357–374, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00140-4, 2000.

Shi, Y., Zhang, Y., and Li, R.: Local-Scale Urban Energy Bal-
ance Observation under Various Sky Conditions in a Humid
Subtropical Region, J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 58, 1573–1591,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-18-0273.1, 2019.

Stagakis, S., Chrysoulakis, N., Spyridakis, N., Feigenwinter, C., and Vogt, R.: Eddy Covariance measurements and source partitioning of CO₂ emissions in an urban environment: Application for Heraklion, Greece, Atmos. Environ., 201, 278–292, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.01.009, 2019.

Steeneveld, G.-J., Horst, S. van der, and Heusinkveld, B.: Observing the surface radiation and energy balance, carbon dioxide and methane fluxes over the city centre of Amsterdam, EGU General Assembly 2020, Online, 4–8 May 2020, EGU2020-1547, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-1547, 2020.

Tang, Y., Sun, T., Luo, Z., Omidvar, H., Theeuwes, N., Xie, X., Xiong, J., Yao, R., and Grimmond, S.: Urban meteorological forcing data for building energy simulations, Build. Environ., 204, 108088, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108088, 2021.

Ukkola, A. M., Haughton, N., De Kauwe, M. G., Abramowitz, G., and Pitman, A. J.: FluxnetLSM R package (v1.0): a community tool for processing FLUXNET data for use in land surface modelling, Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 3379–3390, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3379-2017, 2017.

Ukkola, A. M., Abramowitz, G., and De Kauwe, M. G.: A flux tower dataset tailored for land model evaluation, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 449–461, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-449-2022, 2022.

United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Popu-
lation Division (UN): World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018
Revision (ST/ESA/SER.A/420), United Nations, New York,
ISBN 978-92-1-148319-2, 2019.

Valentini, R.: EUROFLUX: An Integrated Network for Studying the Long-Term Responses of Biospheric Exchanges of Carbon, Water, and Energy of European Forests, in: Fluxes of Carbon, Water and Energy of European Forests, edited by: Valentini, R., volume 163, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1–8, ISBN 978-3-662-05171-9, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05171-9_1, 2003.

Varquez, A. C. G., Kiyomoto, S., Khanh, D. N., and Kanda, M.: Global 1-km present and future hourly anthropogenic heat flux, Scientific Data, 8, 64, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-021-00850-w, 2021.

Velasco, E. and Roth, M.: Cities as Net Sources of CO₂: Review of Atmospheric CO₂ Exchange in Urban Environments Measured by Eddy Covariance Technique, Geography Compass, 4, 1238–1259, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-8198.2010.00384.x, 2010.

Velasco, E., Pressley, S., Grivicke, R., Allwine, E., Molina, L. T., and Lamb, B.: Energy balance in urban Mexico City: observation and parameterization during the MILAGRO/MCMA-
Offerle, B., Grimmond, C. S. B., and Oke, T. R.: Parame-
terization of Net All-Wave Radiation for Urban Areas, J.
Appl. Meteor., 42, 1157–1173, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-
0450(2003)042<1157:PONARF>2.0.CO;2, 2003.

Offerle, B., Jonsson, P., Eliasson, I., and Grimmond, C. S. B.: Urban
Modification of the Surface Energy Balance in the West African
Sahel: Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, J. Climate, 18, 3983–3995,
2005.

Oke, T. R.: The urban energy balance, Prog. Phys. Geog., 12, 471–508, https://doi.org/10.1177/030913338801200401, 1988.

Oke, T. R., Mills, G., Christen, A., and Voogt, J. A.: Urban Climates, 1st edn., Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-107-42953-6, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139016476, 2017.

Pastorello, G., Trotta, C., Canfora, E., Chu, H., Christianson,
D., Cheah, Y.-W., Poindexter, C., Chen, J., Elbashandy, A.,
Humphrey, M., Isaac, P., Polidori, D., Reichstein, M., Ribeca,
A., van Ingen, C., Vuichard, N., Zhang, L., Amiro, B., Ammann,
C., Arain, M. A., Ardö, J., Arkebauer, T., Arndt, S. K., Arriga,
N., Aubinet, M., Aurela, M., Baldocchi, D., Barr, A., Beames-
derfer, E., Marchesini, L. B., Bergeron, O., Beringer, J., Bern-
hofer, C., Berveiller, D., Billesbach, D., Black, T. A., Blanken,
P. D., Bohrer, G., Boike, J., Bolstad, P. V., Bonal, D., Bonne-
fond, J.-M., Bowling, D. R., Bracho, R., Brodeur, J., Brümmer,
C., Buchmann, N., Burban, B., Burns, S. P., Buysse, P., Cale,
P., Cavagna, M., Cellier, P., Chen, S., Chini, I., Christensen, T.
R., Cleverly, J., Collalti, A., Consalvo, C., Cook, B. D., Cook,
D., Coursolle, C., Cremonese, E., Curtis, P. S., D'Andrea, E.,
da Rocha, H., Dai, X., Davis, K. J., Cinti, B. D., Grandcourt,
A. de, Ligne, A. D., De Oliveira, R. C., Delpierre, N., Desai,
A. R., Di Bella, C. M., Tommasi, P. di, Dolman, H., Domingo,
F., Dong, G., Dore, S., Duce, P., Dufrêne, E., Dunn, A., Dušek,
J., Eamus, D., Eichelmann, U., ElKhidir, H. A. M., Eugster, W.,
Ewenz, C. M., Ewers, B., Famulari, D., Fares, S., Feigenwinter,
I., Feitz, A., Fensholt, R., Filippa, G., Fischer, M., Frank, J., Gal-
vagno, M., et al.: The FLUXNET2015 dataset and the ONEFlux
processing pipeline for eddy covariance data, Sci. Data, 7, 225,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-0534-3, 2020.

Pawlak, W., Fortuniak, K., and Siedlecki, M.: Carbon dioxide flux
in the centre of Łódź, Poland – analysis of a 2-year eddy co-
variance measurement data set, Int. J. Climatol., 31, 232–243,
https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.2247, 2011.

Peters, E. B., Hiller, R. V., and McFadden, J. P.: Seasonal
contributions of vegetation types to suburban evapo-
transpiration, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 116, G01003,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JG001463, 2011.

Porson, A., Clark, P. A., Harman, I. N., Best, M. J., and Belcher, S. E.: Implementation of a new urban energy budget scheme in the MetUM. Part I: Description and idealized simulations, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 136, 1514–1529, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.668, 2010.

Rew, R., Davis, G., Emmerson, S., Cormack, C., Caron,
J., Pincus, R., Hartnett, E., Heimbigner, D., Appel,
L., and Fisher, W.: Unidata NetCDF, UCAR [code],
https://doi.org/10.5065/D6H70CW6, 1989.

Roth, M., Jansson, C., and Velasco, E.: Multi-year energy bal-
ance and carbon dioxide fluxes over a residential neighbour-
hood in a tropical city, Int. J. Climatol., 37, 2679–2698,
https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4873, 2017.

Schmid, H. P., Cleugh, H. A., Grimmond, C. S. B., and Oke, T. R.: Spatial variability of energy fluxes in sub-urban terrain, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 54, 249–276, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00183956, 1991.

Schmid, H. P., Grimmond, C. S. B., Cropley, F., Offerle, B., and Su, H.-B.: Measurements of CO₂ and energy fluxes over a mixed hardwood forest in the mid-western United States, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 103, 357–374, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00140-4, 2000.

Shi, Y., Zhang, Y., and Li, R.: Local-Scale Urban Energy Bal-
ance Observation under Various Sky Conditions in a Humid
Subtropical Region, J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 58, 1573–1591,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-18-0273.1, 2019.

Stagakis, S., Chrysoulakis, N., Spyridakis, N., Feigenwinter, C., and Vogt, R.: Eddy Covariance measurements and source partitioning of CO₂ emissions in an urban environment: Application for Heraklion, Greece, Atmos. Environ., 201, 278–292, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.01.009, 2019.

Steeneveld, G.-J., Horst, S. van der, and Heusinkveld, B.: Observing the surface radiation and energy balance, carbon dioxide and methane fluxes over the city centre of Amsterdam, EGU General Assembly 2020, Online, 4–8 May 2020, EGU2020-1547, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-1547, 2020.

Tang, Y., Sun, T., Luo, Z., Omidvar, H., Theeuwes, N., Xie, X., Xiong, J., Yao, R., and Grimmond, S.: Urban meteorological forcing data for building energy simulations, Build. Environ., 204, 108088, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108088, 2021.

Ukkola, A. M., Haughton, N., De Kauwe, M. G., Abramowitz, G., and Pitman, A. J.: FluxnetLSM R package (v1.0): a community tool for processing FLUXNET data for use in land surface modelling, Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 3379–3390, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3379-2017, 2017.

Ukkola, A. M., Abramowitz, G., and De Kauwe, M. G.: A flux tower dataset tailored for land model evaluation, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 449–461, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-449-2022, 2022.

United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Popu-
lation Division (UN): World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018
Revision (ST/ESA/SER.A/420), United Nations, New York,
ISBN 978-92-1-148319-2, 2019.

Valentini, R.: EUROFLUX: An Integrated Network for Studying the Long-Term Responses of Biospheric Exchanges of Carbon, Water, and Energy of European Forests, in: Fluxes of Carbon, Water and Energy of European Forests, edited by: Valentini, R., volume 163, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1–8, ISBN 978-3-662-05171-9, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05171-9_1, 2003.

Varquez, A. C. G., Kiyomoto, S., Khanh, D. N., and Kanda, M.: Global 1-km present and future hourly anthropogenic heat flux, Scientific Data, 8, 64, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-021-00850-w, 2021.

Velasco, E. and Roth, M.: Cities as Net Sources of CO₂: Review of Atmospheric CO₂ Exchange in Urban Environments Measured by Eddy Covariance Technique, Geography Compass, 4, 1238–1259, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-8198.2010.00384.x, 2010.

Velasco, E., Pressley, S., Grivicke, R., Allwine, E., Molina, L. T., and Lamb, B.: Energy balance in urban Mexico City: observation and parameterization during the MILAGRO/MCMA-
2006 field campaign, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 103, 501–517, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-010-0314-7, 2011.

Velasco, E., Perrusquia, R., Jiménez, E., Hernández, F., Camacho, P., Rodríguez, S., Retama, A., and Molina, L. T.: Sources and sinks of carbon dioxide in a neighborhood of Mexico City, Atmos. Environ., 97, 226–238, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.08.018, 2014.

Vickers, D. and Mahrt, L.: Quality Control and Flux Sampling Problems for Tower and Aircraft Data, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 14, 512–526, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1997)014<0512:QCAFP>2.0.CO;2, 1997.

Vitale, D., Fratini, G., Bilancia, M., Nicolini, G., Sabbatini, S., and Papale, D.: A robust data cleaning procedure for eddy covariance flux measurements, Biogeosciences, 17, 1367–1391, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1367-2020, 2020.

Vuichard, N. and Papale, D.: Filling the gaps in meteorological continuous data measured at FLUXNET sites with ERA-Interim reanalysis, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 7, 157–171, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-7-157-2015, 2015.

Ward, H. C., Evans, J. G., and Grimmond, C. S. B.: Multi-season eddy covariance observations of energy, water and carbon fluxes over a suburban area in Swindon, UK, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 4645–4666, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-4645-2013, 2013.

Weedon, G. P., Gomes, S., Viterbo, P., Shuttleworth, W. J., Blyth, E., Österle, H., Adam, J. C., Bellouin, N., Boucher, O., and Best, M.: Creation of the WATCH Forcing Data and Its Use to Assess Global and Regional Reference Crop Evaporation over Land during the Twentieth Century, J. Hydrometeorol., 12, 823–848, https://doi.org/10.1175/2011JHM1369.1, 2011.

World Meteorological Organization: Guide to meteorological instruments and methods of observation, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, ISBN 978-92-63-10008-5, 2008.

Yamamoto, S., Saigusa, N., Gamo, M., Fujinuma, Y., Inoue, G., and Hirano, T.: Findings through the AsiaFlux network and a view toward the future, J. Geogr. Sci., 15, 142–148, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02872679, 2005.
2006 field campaign, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 103, 501–517, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-010-0314-7, 2011.

Velasco, E., Perrusquia, R., Jiménez, E., Hernández, F., Camacho, P., Rodríguez, S., Retama, A., and Molina, L. T.: Sources and sinks of carbon dioxide in a neighborhood of Mexico City, Atmos. Environ., 97, 226–238, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.08.018, 2014.

Vickers, D. and Mahrt, L.: Quality Control and Flux Sampling Problems for Tower and Aircraft Data, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 14, 512–526, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1997)014<0512:QCAFP>2.0.CO;2, 1997.

Vitale, D., Fratini, G., Bilancia, M., Nicolini, G., Sabbatini, S., and Papale, D.: A robust data cleaning procedure for eddy covariance flux measurements, Biogeosciences, 17, 1367–1391, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1367-2020, 2020.

Vuichard, N. and Papale, D.: Filling the gaps in meteorological continuous data measured at FLUXNET sites with ERA-Interim reanalysis, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 7, 157–171, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-7-157-2015, 2015.

Ward, H. C., Evans, J. G., and Grimmond, C. S. B.: Multi-season eddy covariance observations of energy, water and carbon fluxes over a suburban area in Swindon, UK, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 4645–4666, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-4645-2013, 2013.

Weedon, G. P., Gomes, S., Viterbo, P., Shuttleworth, W. J., Blyth, E., Österle, H., Adam, J. C., Bellouin, N., Boucher, O., and Best, M.: Creation of the WATCH Forcing Data and Its Use to Assess Global and Regional Reference Crop Evaporation over Land during the Twentieth Century, J. Hydrometeorol., 12, 823–848, https://doi.org/10.1175/2011JHM1369.1, 2011.

World Meteorological Organization: Guide to meteorological instruments and methods of observation, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, ISBN 978-92-63-10008-5, 2008.

Yamamoto, S., Saigusa, N., Gamo, M., Fujinuma, Y., Inoue, G., and Hirano, T.: Findings through the AsiaFlux network and a view toward the future, J. Geogr. Sci., 15, 142–148, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02872679, 2005.