Miscellanea

Maciej Klimiuk

Heidelberg University

klimiuk.maciej@gmail.com | ORCID 0000-0003-4936-350X

Language Questionnaire for Gozo, Malta

**Abstract** The questionnaire presented here was designed to collect linguistic data in Gozitan dialects, which are classified as rural dialects of the Maltese language. It consists of three parts: lexical, phonological and morphological. Since a particular feature of the Gozitan dialects are pausal forms involving diphthongisation of etymologically long vowels (*ī and *ū), attention is directed towards contextual as well as pausal data acquisition. In the morphological part, the issues concerning verbs are mainly expanded, while in the phonological part, those concerning the realisation of vowels. With minor modifications, the questionnaire can also be used to conduct field research on dialects of the island of Malta.

**Keywords** dialectology, field research, Gozo, Gozitan dialects, Malta, Maltese, Maltese dialectology, Semitic dialectology

One of the preliminary tasks for dialectological fieldwork is the preparation of a questionnaire according to its purpose. Subsequently, its implementation allows to verify first of all the expected methods of interviewing, data collection and in general the very validity of their design. Usually, the first field research is only a prelude to further improving and revising of the first version of the linguistic questionnaire.
Publication of language questionnaires for Arabic dialect research is not a common practice. Caubet (2000–2001) published a general questionnaire for the research on North African Arabic dialects, based primarily on earlier studies by researchers such as Jean Cantineau, David Cohen, Marcel Cohen, Georges S. Colin, Philippe Marçais and William Marçais. Caubet’s questionnaire is a collection of the most important features of North African dialects and a peculiar set of questions which should become a starting point for the design of an individual questionnaire. This one, however, should not omit any of the questions posed by Caubet.

The three questionnaires published in *Arabic Dialectology: Methodology and Field Research* (Arnold and Klimiuk 2019) take a markedly different approach from Caubet’s questionnaire. Behnstedt (2019b) implemented the first questionnaire during his research in Syria collecting data for a language atlas. His second questionnaire also has an analogical purpose (Behnstedt 2019a). In the latter case, it was used to prepare a language atlas of northern Morocco, the work on which Behnstedt describes more extensively along with selected maps elsewhere (Behnstedt 2022). The third published questionnaire prepared by Behnstedt and Woidich (2019) is probably the best known to dialectologists of Arabic language. It served to collect lexis that was then used to some extent in their four-volume atlas *Wortatlas der arabischen Dialekte* (Behnstedt and Woidich 2011; 2012; 2014; 2021). Unfortunately, Behnstedt’s other questionnaires known to exist, such as those for the study of Yemeni or Egyptian Arabic dialects, have not been found years later.

In 2018, I prepared the first version of the questionnaire presented here as a preliminary step in the ongoing research on Gozitan dialects conducted with Maria Lipnicka. It was my assumption that the questionnaire would be used during field research in each Gozitan locality in order to collect linguistic data, which would then form the basis for the preparation of a language atlas of Gozo and grammatical descriptions of selected dialects.

For the first version of the questionnaire, in addition to a number of phonological, morphological and lexical issues, I also added all the lexemes from the work *A Survey of Contemporary Dialectal Maltese. Volume I: Gozo*, part ‘Summary of Transcriptions of Words in Questionnaire’ (Aquilina and Isserlin 1980: 69–99). As we have already found out in the course of our research, the University of Malta also has an original questionnaire, entitled ‘Malta-Leeds Dialect Survey: Phonological Questionnaire’. Essentially it is identical to what is shown in Aquilina and Isserlin’s survey and consists of 115 lexemes. The differences are only
due to a different way of translating certain words, which it seemed methodologically appropriate to re-check.<fnref n="1" />

Subsequently, I implemented the questionnaire with Lipnicka during our first field research in Gozo (2019) within the framework of the project 'GozoDia: Gemeinschaftsorientierte dialektologische Studien zur Sprachdynamik der Insel Gozo (Malta)' ['GozoDia: Community-oriented dialectological studies on the linguistic dynamics of the island of Gozo (Malta)']. The questionnaire, however, turned out to be too extensive. Hence, we decided to use it in its entirety by first questioning speakers in three Gozitan localities, Għarb, Sannat and Ir-Rabat (Wara San Franġisk)

<footnote n="1">¹ I give here all 115 words from Aquilina and Isserlin's 'Phonological Questionnaire' as they are given in their study (1980: 69-99). However, where additional information appears next to a word in square brackets, this is the original notation from the printed version of the questionnaire used by them (?) during their fieldwork on Gozo in the 1970s. Their questionnaire includes the following lexemes: 1 *fin* 'delicate, fine' ['refined'], 2 *gibs* 'chalk', 3 *sibt* 'I found' (*Sibt* 'Saturday') [*Sibt* 'Saturday'], 4 *gib* 'bring!', 5 *xena* 'scene', 6 *dehra* 'scene, appearance' ['appearance'], 7 *xegħel* 'he lighted, he put on light' ['he lighted'], 8 *elf* 'thousand', 9 *serp* 'snake', 10 *ċar* 'clear', 11 *ċagħaq* 'pebbles', 12 *xahar* 'month', 13 *xagħar* 'hair', 14 *ċatt* 'shallow, plain, flat' ['flat'], 15 *ċass* 'staring fixedly' ['fixed stars'], 16 *kok* 'cook', 17 *soru* 'nun', 18 *xogħol* 'work', 19 *gozz* 'heap' ['pile'], 20 *hoss* 'sound', 21 *sur* 'bastion', 22 *kul* 'eat!', 23 *kull* 'every', 24 *dawl* 'light', 25 *Għawdex* 'Gozo', 26 *għawm* 'swimming', 27 *raw* 'they saw', 28 *rgħaw* 'they grazed', 29 *sew* 'good, well' ['good'], 30 *sewwa* 'good, well' ['good'], 31 *liwja* 'bent' ['a curve'], 32 *kiwja* 'a burn', 33 *ħajt* 'wall', 34 *ħajt* 'a thread' ['thread'], 35 *għajta* 'a shout', 36 *rgħajt* 'I grazed', 37 *rajt* 'I saw', 38 *bejt* 'roof', 39 *xejn* 'nothing', 40 *bghid* 'distant, far' ['sending'], 41 *wied* 'valley', 42 *siegħa* 'hour', 43 *triq* 'street', 44 *Qammieħ* 'place-name in Malta', 45 *dqiq* 'flour', 46 *bdil* 'change', 47 *bħajra* 'melon crop' ['melon crops'], 48 *blat* 'rock' ['rocks'], 49 *brija* 'dandruff', 50 *bżar* 'pepper', 51 *ċfuf* 'bows' ['ribbons'], 52 *dhul* 'entry', 53 *fdat* 'trusted', 54 *fhula* 'stallions', 55 *fniek* 'rabbits', 56 *ġdid* 'new', 57 *gdiedem* 'chins' ['snouts'], 58 *gżira* 'island', 59 *ħbit* 'attack, striking' ['beating'], 60 *ħkik* 'scratching, grated cheese' ['grating'], 61 *ħquq* 'rights', 62 *ħtija* 'guilt', 63 *kbir* 'big' ['great'], 64 (i)lbies 'clothes' [lbies 'dress'], 65 (i)lħit 'chin' [lħit], 66 (i)lsien 'tongue' [lħit], 67 *Mdina* 'the old capital of Malta', 68 (i)mħuh 'minds' [mħuh 'brains'], 69 (i)mkebba 'spinning-wheel' [*mkebba* 'a reel'], 70 (i)mqiegħed 'placed' [*mqiegħed*], 71 (i)mqietgħa 'work-piece' [*mqietgħa* 'piece work*'], 72 (i)nbiet 'sprouts' [*nbiet*], 73 (i)ngib 'I bring' [*ngib*], 74 (i)nkejja 'spite' [*nkejja*], 75 (i)nkwiet 'trouble' [*nkwiet* 'worry*'], 76 (i)ntiena 'stink' [*ntiena* 'stench*'], 77 *qbiela* 'land rent' ['rent*'], 78 *qliegħ* 'profit', 79 *qsaset* 'round cheese-cakes', 80 *qżieqeż* 'pigs', 81 (i)rdum 'ruins' [*rdum* 'precipice*'], 82 (i)rkoppa 'knee' [*rkoppa*], 83 *skiet* 'silence', 84 *smin* 'fat' ['stout*'], 85 *żmerald* 'emerald', 86 *sriep* 'snakes', 87 *tbatija* 'sufferance' ['suffering*'], 88 *tkellem* 'he spoke', 89 *tlieta* 'three', 90 *tnejn* 'two', 91 *xbiek* 'nets' ['net*'], 92 *xmiel* 'North', 93 *xmara* 'river', 94 *żbib* 'raisins', 95 *żgieg* 'glass, pane' ['glass*'], 96 *żmarr* 'rough' ['rude*'], 97 *bjut* 'roofs', 98 *djar* 'houses', 99 *għwienaħ* 'wings', 100 *gwerra* 'war', 101 *ħjut* 'threads', 102 (i)ljun 'lion' [*ljun*], 103 (i)lwien 'colours' [*lwien*], 104 *mwerreċ* 'squint' ['squint-eyed*'], 105 *pjan* 'plan', 106 *qwiel* 'proverbs' ['sayings*'], 107 *sajf* 'summer', 108 *sejf* 'sword', 109 *tewm* 'garlic', 110 *denb* 'tail', 111 *tarf* 'end', 112 *dell* 'shadow', 113 *diqa* 'sorrow' ['anguish*'], 114 *ħanaq* 'he throttled, he choked' ['he throttled*'], 115 *għamel* 'he made'.</footnote>
<figure><img src="image_1.png" /></figure>

which presumably represent different dialect groups of the island, and
only partially in several other localities. The data thus collected in three
different dialects were then juxtaposed in order to correct and improve
the first version of the questionnaire, as well as to discard some lexemes
taken from Aquilina and Isserlin's questionnaire. The latter turned out to
be mostly unknown to our speakers in their dialects or do occur, accord-
ing to them, only in standard Maltese.<fnref n="2" /> This resulted in a second revised
version of the questionnaire in 2019, which, after few small corrections,
is presented in full length below.

However, it is worth emphasising that the data gathering by means of
such an extensive questionnaire enabled us, above all, to highlight some
of the most interesting features of the Gozitan dialects as well as to draw
major differences between them. Following this, I have prepared another
short questionnaire with the sole purpose of data collection for the lan-
guage atlas of Gozo.

***

The questionnaire presented here consists of three parts: lexicographic, phonological and morphological. Naturally, some elements in the questionnaire are intertwined, and some may even be repeated. Thus, lexemes collected in the lexical part may later be used to work on phonological or morphological issues. This is the case, for example, with *tafxīm* (išmām), which is not covered in the phonology section because forms in which the shift *ā to o/u* occurs appear in many other parts of the questionnaire.

Since the main characteristic of Gozitan dialects is diphthongisation
in pausa (Borg 1977; Klimiuk and Farrugia 2022; Klimiuk and Lipnicka
2022; Lipnicka 2017; 2022a; 2022b), the way speakers are interviewed
is therefore particularly relevant. It was therefore crucial to prepare ad-
equately for each recording session in order to register as many forms as

<footnote n="2">² Rejected words include: 5 *xena* ‘scene’, 6 *dehra* ‘scene, appearance’ ['appearance'], 16 *kok* ‘cook’, 17 *soru* ‘nun’, 28 *rgħaw* ‘they grazed’, 31 *liwja* ‘bent’ ['a curve'], 32 *kiwja* ‘a burn’, 36 *rgħajt* ‘I grazed’, 44 *Qammieħ* ‘place-name in Malta’, 46 *bdil* ‘change’, 49 *brija* ‘dandruff’, 51 *ċfuf* ‘bows’ ['ribbons'], 52 *dhul* ‘entry’, 59 *ħbit* ‘attack, striking’ ['beating'], 60 *hkik* ‘scratching, grated cheese’ ['grating'], 61 *ħquq* ‘rights’, 62 *ħtija* ‘guilt’, 67 *Mdi-na* ‘the old capital of Malta’, 70 (i)mqiegħed ‘placed’ [*mqiegħed*], 71 (i)mqietgħa ‘work-piece’ [*mqietgħa* ‘piece work’], 72 (i)nbiet ‘sprouts’ [*nbiet*], 74 (i)nkejja ‘spite’ [*nkejja*], 75 (i)nkwiet ‘trouble’ [*nkwiet* ‘worry’], 76 (i)ntiena ‘stink’ [*ntiena* ‘stench’], 77 *qbiela* ‘land rent’ ['rent'], 78 *qliegħ* ‘profit’, 81 (i)rdum ‘ruins’ [*rdum* ‘precipice’], 83 *skiet* ‘silence’, 85 *żmerald* ‘emerald’, 87 *tbatija* ‘sufferance’ ['suffering'], 102 (i)ljun ‘lion’ [*ljun*], 104 *mwerreċ* ‘squint’ ['squint-eyed'], 105 *pjan* ‘plan’, 106 *qwiel* ‘proverbs’ ['sayings'], 113 *diqa* ‘sorrow’ ['anguish』.</footnote>
<figure><img src="image_2.png" /></figure>

possible in both context and *pausa* (Klimiuk and Lipnicka 2019). However, this was not always achieved and frequently some words were recorded only in pausal forms.

The following abbreviations appear in the questionnaire:

<table><tr><td>+</td><td>as well as</td></tr><tr><td>#</td><td>pausal form</td></tr><tr><td>&gt;</td><td>turns into</td></tr><tr><td>→</td><td>see</td></tr><tr><td>!</td><td>imperative</td></tr><tr><td>AI</td><td>Aquilina and Isserlin's 'Phonological Questionnaire'</td></tr><tr><td>coll.</td><td>collective noun</td></tr><tr><td>dl.</td><td>dual</td></tr><tr><td>f.</td><td>feminine singular</td></tr><tr><td>imp.</td><td>imperative</td></tr><tr><td>imper.</td><td>imperfect</td></tr><tr><td>m.</td><td>masculine singular</td></tr><tr><td>pl.</td><td>plural</td></tr><tr><td>per.</td><td>perfect</td></tr><tr><td>sg.</td><td>singular</td></tr><tr><td>sin.</td><td>singulative noun</td></tr></table>

If the abbreviation 'AI' appears next to a word followed by a number, it indicates a word that is found in Aquilina and Isserlin's 'Malta-Leeds Dialect Survey: Phonological Questionnaire'.

If '+' appears next to a word, ask also about the plural (+ pl.), feminine (+ f.) or dual (+ dl.). If there is an abbreviation 'coll.' or/and 'sin.' next to a word, give a collective or/and singulative form of a noun. In general, each verb should be checked for the 3rd person masculine singular in the perfect and/or imperfect. If forms for other persons have to be given as well, they are listed after '+', with an indication if it is the perfect and/or imperfect. Some verbs require the complete conjugation to be checked, hence tables appear next to them. The same applies to some nouns with pronominal suffixes, genitive exponent or personal pronouns.

Additional comments and remarks are in regular brackets. The questionnaire is available in English and standard Maltese, but it is recommended to avoid interviewing speakers in standard Maltese (Klimiuk and Lipnicka 2019).
## References

Aquilina, Joseph, and B.S.J. Isserlin. 1981. *A Survey of Contemporary Dialectal Maltese. Volume I: Gozo*. Leeds: B.S.J. Isserlin.

Arnold, Werner, and Maciej Klimiuk, eds. 2019. *Arabic Dialectology: Methodology and Field Research*. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.

Behnstedt, Peter. 2019a. 'Questionnaire for Morocco'. In *Arabic Dialectology: Methodology and Field Research*, edited by Werner Arnold and Maciej Klimiuk, 263–289. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.

Behnstedt, Peter. 2019b. 'Questionnaire for Syria'. In *Arabic Dialectology: Methodology and Field Research*, edited by Werner Arnold and Maciej Klimiuk, 241–261. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.

Behnstedt, Peter. 2022. 'Projekt eines Dialektatlas von Nordmarokko'. In *Semitic Dialects and Dialectology. Fieldwork—Community—Change*, edited by Maciej Klimiuk, 147–181. Heidelberg: Heidelberg University Publishing. https://doi.org/10.17885/heiup.859.c13959.

Behnstedt, Peter, and Manfred Woidich. 2011. *Wortatlas der arabischen Dialekte. Band I: Mensch, Natur, Fauna und Flora*. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1: The Near and Middle East 100/1. Leiden and Boston: Brill.

Behnstedt, Peter, and Manfred Woidich. 2012. *Wortatlas der arabischen Dialekte. Band II: Materielle Kultur*. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1: The Near and Middle East 100/2. Leiden and Boston: Brill.

Behnstedt, Peter, and Manfred Woidich. 2014. *Wortatlas der arabischen Dialekte. Band III: Verben, Adjektive, Zeit und Zahlen*. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1: The Near and Middle East 100/3. Leiden and Boston: Brill.

Behnstedt, Peter, and Manfred Woidich. 2019. 'Questionnaire for the *Wortatlas der Arabischen Dialekte*'. In *Arabic Dialectology: Methodology and Field Research*, edited by Werner Arnold and Maciej Klimiuk, 291–301. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.

Behnstedt, Peter, and Manfred Woidich. 2021. *Wortatlas der arabischen Dialekte. Band IV: Funktionswörter, Adverbien, Phraseologisches: eine Auswahl*. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1: The Near and Middle East 100/4. Leiden and Boston: Brill.

Borg, Alexander. 1977. 'Reflexes of Pausal Forms in Maltese Rural Dialects?' *Israel Oriental Studies* 7: 211–225.

Caubet, Dominique. 2000–2001. 'Questionnaire de dialectologie du Maghreb (d'après les travaux de W. Marçais, M. Cohen, G.S. Colin, J. Cantineau, D. Cohen, Ph. Marçais, etc.)'. *Estudios de dialectología norteafricana y andalusí* 5: 73–92.

Klimiuk, Maciej, and Ruben Farrugia. 2022. 'A Text in the Maltese Dialect of Sannat (Gozo) with Grammatical Remarks'. In *Semitic Dialects and Dialectology: Fieldwork—Community—Change*, edited by Maciej Klimiuk, 381–396. Heidelberg: Heidelberg University Publishing. https://doi.org/10.17885/heiup.859.c13975.

Klimiuk, Maciej, and Maria Lipnicka. 2019. 'Dialectology in Practice: Notes from Fieldwork in Gozo'. In *Arabic Dialectology: Methodology and Field Research*, edited by Werner Arnold and Maciej Klimiuk, 23–32. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.

Klimiuk, Maciej, and Maria Lipnicka. 2022 (Forthcoming). 'Gozitan Dialect of Xewkija: Three Recorded Dialogues and Some Preliminary Remarks'. *The Israel Oriental Studies Annual* 22.

Lipnicka, Maria. 2017. 'Pausalformen in den maltesischen Dialekten der Insel Gozo'. Master's thesis, Heidelberg: Universität Heidelberg.
Lipnicka, Maria. 2022a. ‘Pausal Diphthongisation in Gozitan Dialects Compared to Zaħlé, Lebanon’. In *Semitic Dialects and Dialectology: Fieldwork—Community—Change*, edited by Maciej Klimiuk, 229–241. Heidelberg: Heidelberg University Publishing. https://doi.org/10.17885/heiup.859.c13963.

Lipnicka, Maria. 2022b. ‘The Dialect of Għarb, Gozo/Malta’. PhD Thesis, Heidelberg: Heidelberg University.

## Acknowledgements

The publication of the questionnaire has been supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) under the programme ‘Kleine Fächer – Große Potenziale’ through the project ‘GozoDia: Gemeinschaftsorientierte dialektologische Studien zur Sprachdynamik der Insel Gozo (Malta)’, grant no. 01UL1834X (2018–2021).
<figure><img src="image_3.png" /></figure>

# Questionnaire

## 1 Lexicon

### 1.1 People and family

people, nies (ask 'people say', 'people came', 'stupid people')

father, missier (ask 'my father')

mother (+ pl.), omm pl. ommijiet

brother (+ pl.), ħu pl. aħwa

sister (+ pl.), oħt pl. aħwa (ask 'my sister')

woman (+ pl.), mara pl. nisa

wife (+ pl.), mara pl. nisa (ask 'my wife')

husband (+ pl.), e.g. żewġ pl. żwieġ, raġel pl. rġiel, raġel tiegħi, etc.

grandmother, nanna

grandfather, nannu

maternal uncle, ziju

aunt, zija

partner, companion (+ f., pl.), e.g. sieħeb, ħabib, għarus, etc.

### 1.2 Body parts

chin (+ pl.), geddum pl. gdiedem AI 57, lħit AI 65

beard (+ pl.), leħja pl. leħjiet

brain, mind (+ pl.), moħħ pl. mħuħ AI 68

mouth, ħalq

nose, mnieħer (ask 'my nose', 'your [sg.] nose', 'his nose', 'her nose')

throat (+ pl.), gerżuma pl. grieżem

tooth (+ pl.), sinna pl. snien

tongue, lsien AI 66

face (+ pl.), wiċċ pl. uċuh

head (+ pl.), ras pl. rjus (ask 'my head', 'your [sg.] head', 'his head', 'her head', 'our heads', 'your [pl.] heads', 'their heads')

forehead (+ pl.), e.g. ġbin pl. ġbien/iġbna, moħħ pl. mħuħ

eyebrow (+ pl.), e.g. suf ta' għajnejja, xagħar ta' għajnejja, ħaġeb, etc. (the word ħaġeb is probably unknown)

neck, għonq

arm, driegħ

elbow, minkeb

knee (+ pl.), rkoppa pl. rkoppiet AI 82 (is pl. used as pseudodual?)
leg (+ dl., pl.), e.g. sieq, riġel

foot (+ dl., pl.), e.g. sieq, riġel

sole of the foot, qiegħ

heel of the foot, għarqub

anklebone, għaksa

bones (coll., sin.), għadam sin. għadma

bump on the head, gundalla (is g or k in an onset?)

finger (+ pl.), seba'/saba'/suba' pl. swaba

fingernail (+ pl.), difer pl. dwiefer

## 1.3 Plants, fruits, vegetables

fruits (coll., sin.), frott sin. frotta

peaches (coll., sin.), ħawħ sin. ħawħa (is ħ realised as [x] or [ħ]？)

apricots (coll., sin.), berquq sin. berquqa

melon crop, melon field, bħajra AI 47

melons (coll., sin.), bettieħ sin. bettieħa

watermelons (coll., sin.), dulliegħ sin. dulliegħa

oranges (coll., sin.), larinġ sin. larinġa

lemons (coll., sin.), lumi sin. lumija

pears (coll., sin.), lanġas sin. lanġasa

apples (coll., sin.), tuffieħ sin. tuffieħa

grapes (coll., sin.), għeneb sin. għenba

dates (coll., sin.), tamal sin. tamla (tamal or tamar?)

carrots (coll., sin., pl.), e.g. zunnarija, sfunnarija, karrotta pl. karrotti, etc.

onions (coll., sin.), basal sin. basla

(fresh) tomatoes (coll., sin.), tadam sin. tadama

(dried) tomatoes (coll., sin.), tadam imqadded sin. tadama mqadda

olives (coll., sin.), żebbuġ sin. żebbuġa

pumpkins, marrows, courgettes (coll., sin.), qara' sin. qargħa, e.g. qargħa ħamra, qarabagħli, etc.

lentils (coll., sin.), għads sin. għadsa

pepper, bżar AI 50

trees (coll., sin.), siġar sin. siġra

raisins, żbib AI 94

walnuts (coll., sin.), ġewż sin. ġewża

almonds (coll., sin.), lewż sin. lewża

parsley, tursin

mint, menta, nagħniegħ sin. nagħniegħa
## 1.4 Animals

cock (+ pl.), serduq pl. sriedaq (is q realised as k /k/ also in dialects where k is not present?)

chicken (+ pl.), tiġieġa pl. tiġieġ, tiġieġiet

hen (+ pl.), tiġieġa pl. tiġieġ, tiġieġiet

chick (+ pl.), fellus pl. flieles

goose pl. geese (coll., sin.), wiżż sin. wiżża pl. wiżeż

duck (+ pl.), papra pl. papri

pigeons, doves (coll., sin.), ħamiem sin. ħamiema

rabbit (+ pl.), fenek pl. fniek AI 55

pig (+ pl.), qażquż pl. qżieqeż AI 80

sheep (coll., sin.), nagħaġ sin. nagħġa

goats (coll., sin.), mogħoż sin. mogħża

cows (coll., sin.), baqar sin. baqra; cow's horn, qarn pl. qrun; cow's udder, bżieżel; cow's tail, denb → tail; cow's mouth, ħalq → mouth

bull, ox (+ pl.), barri pl. barrin

calf (+ f.), għoġol f. għoġla

kid (+ f.), gidi f. gidja

foal, felu

mule, bagħal

ram, muntun, bodbod

lamb (+ f.), ħaruf f. ħarufa

donkey (+ f., pl.), ħmar f. ħmara pl. ħmir

stallion (+ pl.), faħal pl. fħula/fħul/fħal AI 54 (the word faħal is probably unknown)

horse (+ pl.), żiemel pl. żwiemel

dog (+ f., pl.), kelb f. kelba pl. klieb

rat (+ pl.), far pl. firien, ġurdien pl. ġrieden

turtle, fekruna

fishes (coll., sin.), ħut sin. ħuta

bees (coll., sin.), naħal sin. naħla

snake (+ pl.), serp pl. sriep AI 9, 86

lizards (coll., sin.), gremxul sin. gremxula

frog, żrinġ

## 1.5 Days and months

week (+ pl.), ġimgħa pl. ġimgħat

Monday, it-Tnejn

Tuesday, it-Tlieta

Wednesday, l-Erbgħa
Thursday, *il-Ħamis*

Friday, *il-Ġimgħa*

Saturday, *is-Sibt*

Sunday, *il-Ħadd*

January, *Jannar*

February, *Frar*

March, *Marzu*

April, *April*

May, *Mejju*

June, *Ġunju*

July, *Lulju*

August, *Awissu*

September, *Settembru*

October, *Ottubru*

November, *Novembru*

December, *Diċembru*

## 1.6 Cardinal directions

(cardinal directions are probably not used on a daily basis; possible interchangeability of names or use of other names, such as winds)

North, e.g. *tramuntana*, *xmiel* AI 92 (the word *xmiel* is probably unknown)

South, e.g. *nofsinhar*

East, e.g. *lvant*

West, e.g. *punent*

## 1.7 Place names

Gozo, *Għawdex* AI 25

Gozitan (+ f., pl.), *Għawdxi f. Għawdxija* pl. *Għawdxin*

Malta, *Malta*

Maltese (+ f., pl.), *Malti f. Maltija* pl. *Maltin*

Qala, *Il-Qala*

Għarb, *L-Għarb*

Nadur, *In-Nadur*

Xewkija, *Ix-Xewkija*

Rabat/Victoria, *Ir-Rabat/Victoria*

Fontana, *Il-Fontana*

Għajnsielem, *Għajnsielem*

Għasri, *L-Għasri*

Kerċem, *Ta' Kerċem*

Munxar, *Il-Munxar*
San Lawrenz, San Lawrenz
Sannat, Ta' Sannat
Xagħra, Ix-Xagħra
Żebbuġ, Iż-Żebbuġ

## 1.8 Agriculture and garden tools

rake (+ pl.), e.g. rixkatur, rixketta, rixkettun, barraxa, rixkla, fekrun, ger-riefa, rejk, etc.
pitchfork, fork, e.g. midra, ferkun, etc.
broom, xkupa
sickle, reaping hook, minġel
shovel, pala
hoe, mgħażqa
(wooden) plough, moħriet
axe, mannara
field/land boundary, e.g. ħajt, qasma, etc.
basket, e.g. basket, qoffa, ġewlaq, etc.
ear (of corn) (coll., sin.), sbul sin. sbula

## 1.9 Varia

tail, denb AI 110
chalk, ġibs AI 2
pebbles (coll., sin.), ċagħaq sin. ċagħka AI 11
heap, gozz AI 19
sound, ħoss AI 20
bastion, sur AI 21
light, dawl AI 24
swimming, għawm AI 26
wall (+ pl.), ħajt pl. ħitan AI 33
thread (+ pl.), ħajt pl. ħjut AI 34, 101
valley, wied AI 41
hour (+ pl.), siegħa pl. sagħat/sigħat AI 42
flour, dqiq AI 45
rock, blat AI 48
clothes, ħwejjeġ, lbies AI 64
spinning-wheel, mkebba AI 69 (the word is probably unknown)
round cheesecakes (+ sg.), qassata pl. qsaset AI 79
net (+ pl.), xibka pl. xbiek AI 91
river, xmara AI 93
glass, pain, żġieg AI 95
wing (+ pl.), ġewnaħ pl. ġwienaħ AI 99

war, gwerra AI 100

colour (+ pl.), lewn pl. lwien AI 103, kulur pl. kuluri

shadow, dell AI 112

salt, melħ

shoemaker, żarbun

key, ċavetta

butter, butir

breakfast, kolazzjon (the word is probably not used)

lunch (midday), l-ikla ta' nofsinhar (the word is probably not used)

dinner (evening), pranzu (the word is probably not used)

morning, filgħodu

midday, nofsinhar

evening, filgħaxija

afternoon, wara nofsinhar

in the afternoon, wara nofsinhar

rain, rainfall, xita; to fall (rain), e.g. għamlet, kienet, niżlet, etc.

carpet, tapit

village (+ pl.), raħal pl. rħula

enough!, finished!, daqshekk!

watch out!, be careful!, oqgħod attent!, attent!

wind, riħ

spring, well, fountain, bir

bread, ħobż; one bread, ħobża; piece of bread, biċċa ħobż

marble, rħam

cross, salib

milk, ħalib

car (+ pl.), karozza pl. karozzi

bunch (+ pl.), għanqud pl. għenieqed

window (+ pl.), tieqa pl. twieqi

cup, glass (+ pl.), tazza pl. tazzi

honey, għasel

country (+ pl.), pajjiż pl. pajjiżi

island (+ pl.), gżira pl. gżejjer AI 58

place, square (+ pl.), e.g. post pl. postijiet, mkien pl. mkinijiet, misraħ pl.

msieraħ

handle (+ pl.), e.g. maqbad pl. mqabad, pun pl. punijiet

mirror (+ pl.), mera pl. mirja

lamp, oil lamp (+ pl.), e.g. lampa pl. lampi, musbieħ pl. msiebaħ

scales (+ pl.), miżien pl. mwiżen

health, saħħa

money, flus
shoe (+ pl.), żarbun pl. żraben

spike, thorn (coll., sin.), xewk sin. xewka

kettle, kitla

spoon (+ pl.), mgħarfa pl. mgħaref

boat, ship, e.g. dgħajsa, vapur

guest (+ f., pl.), mistieden f. mistiedna pl. mistednin

room (+ pl.), kamra pl. kmamar

silver, fidda

sand (coll., sin.), ramel sin. ramla

sea (+ pl.), baħar pl. ibħra

blossom, blossoming, żahar

work, xogħol AI 18

scent (+ pl.), riħa pl. rwejjaħ

## 1.10 Verbs

to pick up, rafa' - jirfa', rikkeb - jrikkeb

to put (down), to put s.th., poġġa - jpoġġi

to become, e.g. sar - jsir, laħaq - jilħaq

to come closer, qorob - joqrob

to ask, saqsa - jsaqsi

to hurt, waġġa' - jweġġa'

to bake bread, ħema - jaħmi

## 1.11 Adjectives

new (+ f., pl.), ġdid f. ġdida pl. ġodda AI 56

big (+ f., pl.), kbir f. kbira pl. kbar AI 63

small (+ f., pl.), żgħir f. żgħira pl. żgħar

corpulent, fat (+ f., pl.), smin f. smina pl. smien

light (+ f., pl.), ħafif f. ħafifa pl. ħfief

beautiful (+ f., pl.), sabieħ f. sabieħa pl. sbieħ

bad, wrong (+ f., pl.), ħażin f. ħażina pl. ħżiena

tight (+ f., pl.), dejjaq f. dejqa pl. dojoq

old (+ f., pl.), qadim f. qadima pl. qodma

short (+ f., pl.), qasir f. qasira pl. qosra

long (+ f., pl.), twil f. twila pl. twal

clear (+ f., pl.), ċar f. ċara pl. ċari AI 10

delicate, fine, of a good quality (+ f., pl.), fin f. fina pl. fini AI 1

flat, shallow, plain, ċatt AI 14

staring fixedly, ċass AI 15

good, well, sew, sewwa AI 29, 30
good, fine, tasty (+ f., pl.), tajjeb f. tajba pl. tajbin (ask 'this food is good', 'this rabbit is tasty')

trusted (+ f., pl.), fdat f. fdata pl. fdati AI 53

angry, irrabjat (is there f. and pl.?, ask 'she is angry', 'we were angry')

hot (+ f., pl.), sħun f. sħuna pl. sħan

thirsty, bil-għatx (ask 'I am thirsty')

hungry, bil-ġuħ (ask 'I am hungry')

rough, żmarr AI 96

happy (+ f., pl.), ferħan f. ferħana pl. ferħanin

poor (+ f., pl.), fqir f. fqira pl. fqar

rich (+ f., pl.), għani f. għanja pl. għonja, sinjur f. sinjura pl. sinjuri

high (+ f., pl.), għoli f. għolja pl. għoljin

expensive (+ f., pl.), għali f. għalja pl. għaljin

sweet (+ f., pl.), ħelu f. ħelwa pl. ħelwin

clean (+ f., pl.), nadif f. nadifa pl. ndaf/nodfa

## 2 Phonology

### 2.1 Vowels

#### 2.1.1 Imāla *ā → ī (ie), etymologically long/short vowels i ~ ī (ie)

*ā ~ ie

we saw, rajna

we saw you, rajniek

we found, sibna

we did not see, ma rajniex

we did not find, ma sibniex

ī ~ ie

he did not find me, ma sabnix

sell!, bigħ!

corpulent, fat (m.sg.), smin AI 84

bring!, ġib! AI 4

years, snin

he did not find us, ma sabniex

he sold, biegħ

corpulent, fat (pl.), smien

he brought, ġieb/ġab

tooth, snien

i ~ ie

dress, libsa

descent, way down, niżla

doors, bibien

dressed, worn (f.), liebsa

descending (f.), nieżla

door, bieb
### 2.1.2 Minimal pairs

a : i/ie

he visited, zar

sleepiness, ngħas

small, żgħir

people, nies

a : e

gathering, collecting, damm

blood, demm

ie : u

he kissed, bies

kiss!, bus!

### 2.1.3 Etymologically short vowel i

I found, sibt AI 3

Saturday, is-Sibt

### 2.1.4 Shortening of etymologically long vowels

staying (+ pl.), qiegħad pl. qegħdin

time (+ pl.), żmien pl. żminijiet

thief (+ pl.), ħalliel pl. ħallelin

### 2.1.5 Realisation of vowels in *CaCC, *CiCC, *CuCC

meat, laħam

lifetime, għomor (ask 'his life')

hair, xagħar

work, xogħol

back, dahar

boy, tifel

food, ikel

span, xiber

fingernail, difer

lap, hoġor

voice, leħen

man, raġel

cheese, ġobon

name, isem

daughter, bint (ask 'my daughter')

wheat, qamħ

leather, ġild
<figure><img src="image_4.png" /></figure>

### 2.1.6 Realisation of vowels in *CaCaC

city (+ pl.), belt pl. bliet
fooder, għalf
joy, ferħ
tail, denb
loss, telf
end, tarf AI 111
sickness, mard

### 2.1.7 Realisation of vowels in *CVCCV̄C (+ pl.)

killer (+ pl.), qattiel pl. qattiela/qattilin
writer (+ pl.), Kittieb pl. Kittieba
worker, employee (+ pl.), ħaddiem pl. ħaddiema
vendor, salesman (+ pl.), bejjiegħ pl. bejjiegħa
tailor (+ f. pl.), ħajjat f. ħajjata pl. ħajjatin (pl. may be identical to f.)
thief (+ f., pl.), ħalliel f. ħalliela pl. ħallelin/ħalliela

### 2.1.8 Realisation of vowels in *CVCVC → Lexicon

### 2.2 Diphthongs → Lexicon

aj : ej
summer (+ pl.), sajf pl. sjuf AI 107 sword (+ pl.), sejf pl. sjuf AI 108
eggs (coll., sin., dl.), bajd sin. bajda dl. badtejn roof, bejt

aj
I saw, rajt AI 37
thread, ħajt
wall, ħajt

ej
roof, bejt
oil, żejt

aw
swimming, għawm
light, dawl
fasting, sawm

ew
garlic, tewm AI 109
colour, lewn
death, mewt
ay > i
old man, xiħ (ask 'he is an old man') how?, kif?

aw > u
on, over, fuq
womb, ġuf
day, jum → two days

## 2.3 Consonants

### 2.3.1 Realisation of r [r ~ ʃ]

-r- (inlaut)
Australia, *Awstralja*
America, *Amerika*
Germany, *Germanja*

-r (coda) → month, hair, back, etc.

-r- (onset) → to see, etc.

### 2.3.2 Realisation of q → Lexicon

cat (+ f., pl.), *qattus* f. *qattusa* pl. *qtates*

### 2.3.3 Realisation of h

month (+ pl.), *xahar* pl. *xhur* AI 12
hair (coll., sin.), *xagħar* sin.
*xagħra* AI 13

back (+ pl.), *dahar* pl. *dhur/dhura/idhra*
gold, *dahab*
so, *hekk*
there, there is, *hemm*

### 2.3.4 Realisation of għ

tool, *għodda*
envy, *għira*
root, *għerq*
wooden, *għuda*
bottom (of a vessel), *qiegħ*
taste, *togħma*
shout, *għajta* AI 35

### 2.3.5 Long consonants → Form II, Form V

eat! (sg.), *kul!* AI 22
every, *kull* AI 23
he speaks, *jitkellem*
they speak, *jitkellmu*
good, tasty (m.), *tajjeb*
his lips, *xuftejh* → Dual

good, tasty (f.), *tajba*

## 2.4 Stress

(stress on a prefix vowel or on a vowel adjacent to għ)

he sends, *jibgħat*

they send *jibagħtu*

he plays, *jilgħab*

they play, *jilagħbu*

## 2.5 Assimilation

book (+ pl.), *ktieb* pl. *kotba* [kodba]

wine, *nbid* [mbit] (ask ‘this wine is good’, ‘we drank wine’)

→ to write, *kiteb* – *jikteb* [pt, db, gd]; to go out, to exit, *ħareġ* – *joħroġ* [čt];

to cry, *beka* – *jibki* [pk]; to dance, *żifen* – *jiżfen* [sf]; bread, one bread [ps]

## 2.6 Homonyms

cheek – Sunday – someone, *ħadd*

clouds – partners, *sħab*

feeling, sense – lettuce, *ħass*

sound, *ħoss*

wall – thread, *ħajt*

husband – two, pair, *żewġ*

fire, *nar*

day, daylight, *nhar*

heart, *qalb*

dog, *kelb*

# 3 Morphology

## 3.1 Pronouns

### 3.1.1 Personal pronouns

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3 m.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3 f.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

(ask ‘me and you [sg.]’, ‘you [sg.] and me’, ‘him and me’, ‘him and her’, ‘her and him’, ‘us and them’, ‘you [pl.] and us’, ‘them and me’, etc.)
### 3.1.2 Negation of personal pronouns

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

3 m.sg. *muwiex*, *mhux*

3 f.sg. *mhijiex*, *mhix*

(ask 'I am not good', 'you [sg.] are not old', etc.)

### 3.1.3 Pronominal suffixes

brother pl. brothers, *hu* pl. *aħwa* + pronominal suffixes

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

mother, *omm* + pronominal suffixes

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
## brain, moħħ + pronominal suffixes

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

## to have, with s.o., għand- + pronominal suffixes

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

## not to have, m'għand- + pronominal suffixes

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

## for s.o., għal- + pronominal suffixes

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
## lifetime, għomor + pronominal suffixes

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

## house, dar + pronominal suffixes

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

## meat, flesh, laħam + pronominal suffixes

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

## with s.o., ma'- + pronominal suffixes

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
behind s.o., wara- + pronominal suffixes

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

my soul (+ 2 sg., 3 m.sg., 3 f.sg., 1 pl.), ruħi, etc.

my clothes (+ 2 sg., 3 m.sg., 3 f.sg., 1 pl.), ħwejġi, etc.

my island, gżira tiegħi or gżiritna

my life, ħajti

my name, ismi

my partner, sieħbi

my country, e.g. pajjiż tiegħi, pajjiżi, arti, art twelidi

my son, e.g. ibni, tifel tiegħi

### 3.1.4 Demonstratives

Proximal

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Short forms: da-, di-, daw- (ask ‘this man’, ‘this woman’, ‘these people’, ‘these men’)

Distal

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

### 3.1.5 Demonstrative adverbs

here, hawn

now, issa (ask ‘I am coming right now’)

there, hemm

so, hekk
<figure><img src="image_5.png" /></figure>

### 3.1.6 Interrogative pronouns and adverbs

who?, min?, min hu?, min hi?, etc.
(ask 'who is this?', 'who are you
[sg.]?', 'who is he/she?', 'who are
they?')

who ... from?, minn min?

who ... for?, għal min?

who ... with?, ma' min?

what?, xi?, x'inhu?, x'inhi?, x'in-hum?, etc. (ask 'what are you [sg.] doing?', what did he say?', 'what do you [sg.] want?', what is this (m., f.)?', 'what are these?')

where?, fejn? (ask 'where is it?')

where ... to?, fejn? (ask 'where are you [sg.] going?')

where ... from?, minn fejn?

which?, liema?

how much?, how many?, kemm?

(ask 'how much time?')

why?, għaliex?

when?, meta?, xħin?

how?, kif? (ask 'how is this man?', 'how is this woman?', 'how are these people?')

### 3.1.7 Indefinites

someone, somebody, anybody, xi
ħadd (ask 'somebody told me')

some, xi (ask 'some people', 'some
say it was no accident')

any, xi, xi wieħed f. xi waħda (ask
'any book')

one, wieħed f. waħda ferħana pl.

uħud ferħanin (ask 'a happy one')

something, xi ħaġa (ask 'something
big')

nobody, nothing → Negation

### 3.1.8 Relative pronoun

which, li (ask 'the man who has a house', 'the people who killed the rabbit')

### 3.1.9 Reflexive pronoun

self, nnifs-

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
## 3.2 Nouns, adjectives and adverbs

### 3.2.1 Gender

(use with adjectives, e.g. 'big', 'small', 'long', 'wet', 'hot', 'beautiful', 'sharp', or pronominal suffixes)

moon, qamar

sun, xemx

belly, żaqq

heart (+ pl.), qalb pl. qlub

shop (+ pl.), ħanut pl. ħwienet

earth, art

rain, xita

death, mewt

street, road (+ pl.), triq pl. toroq AI 43

fire, nar

water, ilma

door (+ pl.), bieb pl. bibien

house (+ pl.), dar pl. djar AI 98

knife (+ pl.), sikkina pl. skieken

wool, suf

oil, żejt

roof (+ pl.), bejt pl. bjut AI 38, 97

leg, riġel

car, karozza

cup, glass, tazza

### 3.2.2 Dual

two months, xahrejn

two years, sentejn

two hours, sagħtejn

two days, jumejn

two women, żewġ nisa

two meters, żewġ metri

two children, żewġt itfal

two carpenters, żewġ mastrudaxxi

two kilos, żewġ kilos

two sisters, żewġt aħwa

two litres, żewġ litri

two houses, żewġt idjar

lip, two lips, xoffa dl. xofftejn (ask 'my two lips', 'your [sg.] two lips', 'his two lips', 'her two lips')

eye, two eyes, għajn dl. għajnejn (ask 'my two eyes', 'your [sg.] two eyes', 'his two eyes', 'her two eyes')
leg, two legs, sieq dl. saqajn (ask 'my two legs', 'your [sg.] two legs', 'his two legs', 'her two legs')
hand, two hands, id dl. idejn (ask 'my two hands', 'your [sg.] two hands', 'his two hands', 'her two hands')
ear, two ears, widna dl. widnejn (ask 'my two ears', 'your [sg.] two ears', 'his two ears', 'her two ears')
cheek, two cheeks, ħadd dl. ħaddejn

### 3.2.3 Plural → Lexicon

-a

teacher (+ f., pl.), għalliem f. għalliema pl. għalliema
### 3.2.4 Article

<table><tr><td>l-CC-<br/>the book, <i>il-ktieb</i></td><td>the children, <i>it-tfal</i></td></tr><tr><td>the roofs, <i>il-bjut</i>, <i>is-soqfa</i></td><td>the marriage, <i>iż-żwieġ</i></td></tr><tr><td>the cities, <i>il-bliet</i></td><td>the years, <i>is-snin</i></td></tr><tr><td>the street, <i>it-triq</i></td><td></td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>l-VC-<br/>the son, <i>l-iben</i></td></tr><tr><td>the mother, <i>l-omm</i></td></tr><tr><td>the brothers, <i>l-aħwa</i></td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>l-qV-<br/>the moon, <i>il-qamar</i></td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>l-għV-<br/>the bird, <i>l-għasfur</i></td></tr><tr><td>the birds, <i>l-għasafar</i></td></tr><tr><td>the eye, <i>l-għajn</i></td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>s-s-, t-t-<br/>the year, <i>is-sena</i></td></tr><tr><td>the garlic, <i>it-tewm</i></td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>l-imC-, l-ilC-, l-irC-, l-inC-<br/>the water, <i>l-ilma</i></td><td>the men, <i>l-irġiel</i></td></tr><tr><td>the tongue, <i>l-ilsien</i></td><td>the scents, <i>l-irwejjaħ</i></td></tr><tr><td>the pillow, <i>l-imħadda</i></td><td>the Christians, <i>l-insara</i></td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>l-ġV-<br/>the cheese, <i>il-ġobon</i></td></tr><tr><td>the camel, <i>il-ġemel</i></td></tr></table>

### 3.2.5 Colours

<table><tr><td>red (+ f., pl.), <i>aħmar</i> f. <i>ħamra</i> pl.</td><td>white (+ f., pl.), <i>abjad</i> f. <i>bajda</i> pl.</td></tr><tr><td><i>ħomor</i></td><td><i>bojod</i></td></tr><tr><td>yellow (+ f., pl.), <i>isfar</i> f. <i>safra</i> pl.</td><td>green (+ f., pl.), <i>aħdar</i> f. <i>ħadra</i> pl.</td></tr><tr><td><i>sofor</i></td><td><i>ħodor</i></td></tr><tr><td>black (+ f., pl.), <i>iswed</i> f. <i>sewda</i> pl.</td><td>blue (+ f., pl.), <i>blu</i>, <i>blun</i> f. <i>bluna</i> pl.</td></tr><tr><td><i>suwed</i></td><td><i>bluni</i> (ask ‘blue eyes’)</td></tr></table>
a little, *ftit* (ask ‘a little water’,
‘a few people’, ‘a few girls’)
by force, *bil-forza*

yes, *iva* (ask ‘are you Gozitan? yes,
I am’)

no, *le* (ask ‘are you Gozitan? no,
I am not’)

## 3.3 Numerals

### 3.3.1 Cardinal numerals

1 wieħed f. waħda

2 tnejn AI 90

<table><tr><td>3 tlieta AI 89</td><td>7 sebgħa</td></tr><tr><td>4 erba</td><td>8 tmienja</td></tr><tr><td>5 ħamsa</td><td>9 disgħa</td></tr><tr><td>6 sitta</td><td>10 għaxra</td></tr></table>

1–10 days, ġurnata dl. jumejn pl. ijiem

<table><tr><td>1</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>10</td></tr></table>

1–10 cats, *qattus* pl. *qtates*

<table><tr><td>1</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>2 żewġ</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>10</td></tr></table>
<figure><img src="image_6.png" /></figure>

1–10 houses, dar pl. idjar

<table><tr><td>1</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>2 żewġ</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>10</td></tr></table>

11–19

<table><tr><td>11 ħdax</td><td>16 sittax</td></tr><tr><td>12 tnax</td><td>17 sbatax</td></tr><tr><td>13 tlettax</td><td>18 tmintax</td></tr><tr><td>14 erbatax</td><td>19 dsatax</td></tr><tr><td>15 ħmistax</td><td></td></tr></table>

11–19 days, ġurnata

<table><tr><td>11 ħdax-il</td><td>16</td></tr><tr><td>12</td><td>17</td></tr><tr><td>13</td><td>18</td></tr><tr><td>14</td><td>19</td></tr><tr><td>15</td><td></td></tr></table>

11–19 cats, qattus

<table><tr><td>11 ħdax-il</td><td>16</td></tr><tr><td>12</td><td>17</td></tr><tr><td>13</td><td>18</td></tr><tr><td>14</td><td>19</td></tr><tr><td>15</td><td></td></tr></table>
20-90

<table><tr><td>20 għoxrin</td><td>60 sittin</td></tr><tr><td>30 tletin</td><td>70 sebgħin</td></tr><tr><td>40 erbgħin</td><td>80 tmenin</td></tr><tr><td>50 ħamsin</td><td>90 disgħin</td></tr></table>

21-29

<table><tr><td>21 wieħed u għoxrin</td><td>26 sitta u għoxrin</td></tr><tr><td>22 tnejn u għoxrin</td><td>27 sebgħa u għoxrin</td></tr><tr><td>23 tlieta u għoxrin</td><td>28 tmienja u għoxrin</td></tr><tr><td>24 erbgħa u għoxrin</td><td>29 disgħa u għoxrin</td></tr><tr><td>25 ħamsa u għoxrin</td><td></td></tr></table>

100-1000

<table><tr><td>100 mija</td><td>600 sitt mija</td></tr><tr><td>200 mitejn</td><td>700 seba' mija</td></tr><tr><td>300 tliet mija</td><td>800 tminn mija</td></tr><tr><td>400 erba' mija</td><td>900 disa' mija</td></tr><tr><td>500 ħames mija</td><td>1,000 elf AI 8</td></tr></table>

100 days, mitt jum/ġurnata

1,000 days, elf jum/ġurnata

5 days, ħamest ijiem

2 euros, żewġ ewro

24 days, erbgħa u għoxrin jum/ġurnata

12 cows, tnax-il baqra

5 weeks, ħames ġimgħat

5 months, ħames xhur

13 kgs, tlettax-il kilo

3 times, tliet darbiet
<figure><img src="image_7.png" /></figure>

### 3.3.2 Ordinal numerals

<table><thead><tr><th>m.</th><th>f.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1st</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2nd</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3rd</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>4th</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>5th</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>6th</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>7th</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>8th</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>9th</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10th</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>11th</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>15th</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>19th</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

1st year, l-ewwel sena

2nd year, it-tieni sena

6th year, is-sitt sena

8th year, it-tmien sena

10th year, l-għaxar sena

15th year, il-ħmistax-il sena

1st day, l-ewwel ġurnata

2nd day, it-tieni jum

6th day, is-sitt jum

8th day, it-tmien jum

### 3.4 Genitive exponent/Possession

ta' + pronominal suffixes (ask 'my book', 'your [sg.] book', 'my book is new', 'your [sg.] book is new', etc.)

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3 m.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3 f.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<figure><img src="image_8.png" /></figure>

the book of my mother, *il-ktieb ta' ommi*
the house of his father, *id-dar ta' missieru*

the house of the friend, *id-dar tal-ħabib*

a house of a friend, *dar ta' ħabib*
the cat of the girl, *il-qattus tat-tifla*
a cat of a girl, *qattus ta' tifla*

Pawl's cat, *qattus ta' Pawl*

### 3.5 Conjunctions

and, *u* (ask ‘bread and milk’, ‘car and bus’, ‘glasses and spoons’, ‘glass and spoon’)

or, *jew* (ask ‘bread or milk’, ‘car or bus’, ‘cars or buses’, ‘me or you’, ‘glasses or pots’, ‘glass or pot’)

either ... or, *jew* ... *jew* (ask ‘either today or tomorrow’)

but, *imma* (ask ‘I have money but you are poor’, ‘not today but tomorrow’)

because, *għax* (ask ‘she did not come because she was sick’)

until, *sa* (ask ‘until today’)

when, *meta*, *xħin* (ask ‘when he left’)

### 3.6 Negation

nothing, *xejn* AI 39 (ask ‘I know nothing’)

no one, nobody, *ħadd ma* (ask ‘nobody has come’, ‘nobody told me that’)

she was, *kienet*

she was not, *ma kinitx*

not to know → ‘to know’

not to have → Pronominal suffixes and ‘to have’

I am not, you are not, etc. → Negation of personal pronouns

### 3.7 Verbs

#### 3.7.1 Regular verbs

##### 3.7.1.1 Form I

###### 3.7.1.1.1 CaCaC

(use sentences to get the verb forms in context, e.g. ‘I wrote a letter’, ‘I am writing to my mother’, ‘I killed a rabbit’, ‘I am killing a hen’, ‘I closed a door’, ‘I am closing a window’, ‘I opened a bottle’, ‘I am opening a shop’, ‘I drank coffee’, ‘I am drinking milk’, ‘I understood the question’, ‘I understand your words’, etc.)

to sleep (+ 3 f.sg. per./imper.), *raqad* – *jorqod*

to flee, to escape (+ 3 f.sg. per./imper.), *ħarab* – *jaħrab*
to send (+ 3 f.sg. per./imper.), bagħat – jibgħat

to bind (+ 3 f.sg. per./imper.), rabat – jorbot

to throttle, to choke (+ 3 f.sg. per./imper.), ħanaq – joħnoq AI 114

to catch (+ 3 f.sg. per./imper.), qabad – jaqbad

to laugh, daħak – jidħak

Perfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Imperfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Imperative

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>!</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

to close, għalaq – jagħlaq

Perfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
Imperfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Imperative

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>!</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

to comb, *maxat* – *jomxot*

Perfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Imperfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Imperative

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>!</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
to stay, to remain, *qagħad – joqgħod*

Perfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Imperfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Imperative

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>!</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

to enter, *daħal – jidħol*

Perfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
Imperfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Imperative

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>!</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

3.7.1.1.2 CaCeC

to agree (+ 3 f.sg. per./imper.), qabel - jaqbel

to do, to make (+ 3 f.sg. per./imper.), għamel - jagħmel 'AI 115

to work, ħadem - jaħdem

Perfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Imperfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
Imperative

<table><tr><td></td><td>sg.</td><td>sg.#</td><td>pl.</td><td>pl.#</td></tr><tr><td>!</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>

to go out, to exit, ħareġ – joħroġ

Perfect

<table><tr><td></td><td>sg.</td><td>sg.#</td><td>pl.</td><td>pl.#</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3 m.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3 f.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>

Imperfect

<table><tr><td></td><td>sg.</td><td>sg.#</td><td>pl.</td><td>pl.#</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3 m.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3 f.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>

Imperative

<table><tr><td></td><td>sg.</td><td>sg.#</td><td>pl.</td><td>pl.#</td></tr><tr><td>!</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>

to kill, qatel – joqtol

Perfect

<table><tr><td></td><td>sg.</td><td>sg.#</td><td>pl.</td><td>pl.#</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3 m.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3 f.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>
Imperfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Imperative

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>!</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

3.7.1.1.3 CeCaC

to approach, to get close (+ 3 f.sg. per./imper.), resaq – jersaq

to be happy (+ 3 f.sg. per./imper.), ferah – jifrah

to skin, to bruise (+ 3 f.sg. per./imper.), sela h – jislo h

to blow (+ 3 f.sg. per./imper.), nefah – jonfoh

to leave (+ 3 f.sg. per./imper.), telaq – jitlaq

to open, feta h – jefta h

Perfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<figure><img src="image_9.png" /></figure>

Imperfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Imperative

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>!</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

to steal, seraq – jisraq

Perfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Imperfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Imperative

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>!</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
### 3.7.1.1.4 CeCeC

to understand, *fehem* – *jifhem*

Perfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Imperfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Imperative

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>!</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

to become free, to escape, *heles* – *jeħles*

Perfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
Imperfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Imperative

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>!</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

to sink, għereq – jegħreq

Perfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Imperfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
Imperative

<table><tr><td></td><td>sg.</td><td>sg.#</td><td>pl.</td><td>pl.#</td></tr><tr><td>!</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>

to kindle, to light, to put on light, xegħel – jixgħel AI 7
Perfect

<table><tr><td></td><td>sg.</td><td>sg.#</td><td>pl.</td><td>pl.#</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3 m.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3 f.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>

Imperfect

<table><tr><td></td><td>sg.</td><td>sg.#</td><td>pl.</td><td>pl.#</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3 m.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3 f.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>

Imperative

<table><tr><td></td><td>sg.</td><td>sg.#</td><td>pl.</td><td>pl.#</td></tr><tr><td>!</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>
<figure><img src="image_10.png" /></figure>

### 3.7.1.1.5 CiCeC

to lose (+ 3 f.sg. per./imper.), tilef – jitlef

to descend, to go down (+ 3 f.sg. per./imper.), niżel – jinżel

to wear (+ 3 f.sg. per./imper.), libes – jilbes

to keep silent (+ 3 f.sg. per./imper.), siket – jiskot

to write, kiteb – jikteb

Perfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Imperfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Imperative

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>!</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<figure><img src="image_11.png" /></figure>

to dance, żifen – jiżfen

Perfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Imperfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Imperative

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>!</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

### 3.7.1.1.6 CoCoC

to drink, xorob – jixrob

Perfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<figure><img src="image_12.png" /></figure>

Imperfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Imperative

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>!</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

to cough, sogħol – jisgħol

Perfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Imperfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
Imperative

<table><tr><td></td><td>sg.</td><td>sg.#</td><td>pl.</td><td>pl.#</td></tr><tr><td>!</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>

to dream, *holom* – *jołłom*

Perfect

<table><tr><td></td><td>sg.</td><td>sg.#</td><td>pl.</td><td>pl.#</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3 m.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3 f.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>

Imperfect

<table><tr><td></td><td>sg.</td><td>sg.#</td><td>pl.</td><td>pl.#</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3 m.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3 f.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>

Imperative

<table><tr><td></td><td>sg.</td><td>sg.#</td><td>pl.</td><td>pl.#</td></tr><tr><td>!</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>

3.7.1.2 Active participle

sleeping (+ f., pl.), *riedź f. rieŕda pl. reqdin*

entering (+ f., pl.), *dieħel f. dieħla pl. deħlin*

going out (+ f., pl.), *hiereġ f. hierġa pl. herġin*

going down (+ f., pl.), *nieżel f. nieżla pl. neżlin* (cf. *niżel* ‘he went down’)

wearing (+ f., pl.), *liebes f. liebsa pl. lebsin* (cf. *libes* ‘he wore’)
cold (+ f., pl.), kiesaħ f. kiesħa pl. kesħin

free (+ f., pl.), ħieles f. ħielsa pl. ħelsin

wise (+ f., pl.), għaref f. għarfa pl. għorrief

### 3.7.1.3 Passive participle

ma- (ja-)

burnt (+ f., pl.), maħruq f. maħruqa pl. maħruqin

known (+ f., pl.), magħruf f. magħrufa pl. magħrufin

washed (+ f., pl.), maħsul f. maħsula pl. maħsulin

bound (+ f., pl.), marbut f. marbuta pl. marbutin

mi- (ji-)

written (+ f., pl.), miktub f. miktuba pl. miktubin

sent (+ f., pl.), mibgħut f. mibgħuta pl. mibgħutin

broken (+ f., pl.), miksur f. miksura pl. miksurin

understood (+ f., pl.), mifhum f. mifhuma pl. mifhumin

stolen (+ f., pl.), misruq f. misruqa pl. misruqin

ma-/mi- (jo-)

drunk (+ f., pl.), mixrub f. mixruba pl. mixrubin

killed (+ f., pl.), maqtul f. maqtula pl. maqtulin

me-/mi- (je-)

sunk (+ f., pl.), megħruq f. megħruqa pl. megħruqin

opened (+ f., pl.), miftuħ f. miftuħa pl. miftuħin

freed (+ f., pl.), meħlus f. meħlusa pl. meħlusin

### 3.7.1.4 Negation of regular verbs

not to drink, ma xorobx – ma jixrobx

Perfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3 m.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3 f.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
Imperfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Imperative

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>!</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

not to write, ma kitibx – ma jiktibx

Perfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Imperfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
Imperative

<table><tr><td></td><td>sg.</td><td>sg.#</td><td>pl.</td><td>pl.#</td></tr><tr><td>!</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>

not to open, ma fetaħx – ma jeftaħx

Perfect

<table><tr><td></td><td>sg.</td><td>sg.#</td><td>pl.</td><td>pl.#</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3 m.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3 f.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>

Imperfect

<table><tr><td></td><td>sg.</td><td>sg.#</td><td>pl.</td><td>pl.#</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3 m.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3 f.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>

Imperative

<table><tr><td></td><td>sg.</td><td>sg.#</td><td>pl.</td><td>pl.#</td></tr><tr><td>!</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>

he was not silent, ma sikitx [-č]

he did not go out, ma ħariġx [-č]

he did not get dressed, ma libisx [-š]
### 3.7.1.5 Assimilation and helping vowel

we agreed, qbilna

we did, we made, għamilna

we band, irbatna

we came down, inżilna

### 3.7.2 Irregular verbs

#### 3.7.2.1 Hamzated verbs

to take, ħa – jieħu

Perfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Imperfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Imperative

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>!</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

he took me, ħadni

he took her, ħadha

he takes me, jeħudni

he takes her, jeħudha

take me!, ħudni

take her!, ħudha

he did not take, ma ħiex

she did not take, ma ħaditx
<figure><img src="image_13.png" /></figure>

we did not take, ma ħadniex
he does not take, ma jieħux

she does not take, ma tieħux
we do not take, ma nieħdux

## Passive participle

taken (+ f., pl.), meħud f. meħuda pl. meħudin

## to eat, kiel/jiekol

### Perfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

## Imperfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

## Imperative

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>!</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

## Passive participle

eaten (+ f., pl.), mikul f. mikula pl. mikulin
### 3.7.2.2 Weak verbs

to hurt (+ 1 sg., 3 f.sg., 3 pl. per./imper.), waġa' - juġa'

to stand up, to stop (+ 1 sg., 3 f.sg., 3 pl. per./imper.), waqaf - jieqaf

to fall (+ 1 sg., 3 f.sg., 3 pl. per./imper.), waqa' - jaqa'

to arrive (+ 1 sg., 3 f.sg., 3 pl. per./imper.), wasal - jasal

to may contain, to have enough place (+ 1 sg., 3 f.sg., 3 pl. per./imper.), wasa' - jasa'

to get stuck (+ 1 sg., 3 f.sg., 3 pl. per./imper.), weħel - jeħel

to have a child (+ 1 sg., 3 f.sg., 3 pl. per./imper.), wiled - jiled

to inherit (+ 1 sg., 3 f.sg., 3 pl. per./imper.), wiret - jiret

to weigh (+ 1 sg., 3 f.sg., 3 pl. per./imper.), wiżen - jiżen

Active participle

hard (+ f., pl.), iebes f. iebsa pl. ibsin

### 3.7.2.3 Hollow verbs

(use sentences to get the verb forms in context, e.g. 'I flew to my brother', 'I am flying on a plane', 'I found my old friend', 'I am still finding new friends', 'I kissed my son', 'I am kissing his picture', 'I helped the priest', 'I am helping at the church', etc.)

to sell (+ 3 f.sg. per./imper.), biegħ - ibiegħ

to want (+ 3 f.sg. per./imper.), ried - irid

to add (+ 3 f.sg. per./imper.), żied - iżid

to live (+ 3 f.sg. per./imper.), għex - jgħix

to continue, to take a long time in doing s.th. (+ 3 f.sg. per./imper.), dam - idum

to get up (+ 3 f.sg. per./imper.), qam - iqum

to swim (+ 3 f.sg. per./imper.), għam - jgħum

to visit (+ 3 f.sg. per./imper.), żar - iżur

to be (+ 3 f.sg. per./imper.), kien - ikun

to die (+ 3 f.sg. per./imper.), miet - imut

to taste a dish (+ 3 f.sg. per./imper.), daq/dieq - iduq
to find, sab – isib
Perfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Imperfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Imperative

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>!</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

to fly, tar – itir
Perfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
Imperfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Imperative

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>!</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

to bring, ĝab/ģieb – iġib

Perfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Imperfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
Imperative

<table><tr><td></td><td>sg.</td><td>sg.#</td><td>pl.</td><td>pl.#</td></tr><tr><td>!</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>

to help, għen – jgħin

Perfect

<table><tr><td></td><td>sg.</td><td>sg.#</td><td>pl.</td><td>pl.#</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3 m.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3 f.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>

Imperfect

<table><tr><td></td><td>sg.</td><td>sg.#</td><td>pl.</td><td>pl.#</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3 m.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3 f.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>

Imperative

<table><tr><td></td><td>sg.</td><td>sg.#</td><td>pl.</td><td>pl.#</td></tr><tr><td>!</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>
to fast, sam – isum

Perfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Imperfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Imperative

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>!</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

to kiss, bies – ibus

Perfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
## Imperfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

## Imperative

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>!</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

### Active participle

dead (+ f., pl.), mejjet f. mejta pl. mejtin

fasting (+ f., pl.), sajjem f. sajma pl. sajmin

excessive (+ f., pl.), żejjed f. żejda pl. żejda/żejdin

going (+ f., pl.), sejjer f. sejra pl. sejrin → 'to go'

### Passive participle

found (+ f., pl.), misjub f. misjuba pl. misjubin

brought (+ f., pl.), miġjub f. miġjuba pl. miġjubin

sold (+ f., pl.), mibjugħ f. mibjugħa pl. mibjugħin

### Negation

I did not bring, ma ġibtx

I did not bring him, ma ġibtux

I do not bring, ma nġibx

I do not bring him, ma nġibux

we did not bring, ma ġibniex

we did not bring him, ma ġibnihx

you (pl.) did not bring him, ma ġibtuhx

they did not bring, ma ġabux

they did not bring him, ma ġabuhx

they did not bring her, ma ġabuhiex

she did not kiss him, ma bisitux

we did not help him, ma għinnihx

they did not help me, ma għenunix
### 3.7.2.4 Weak verbs

(use example sentences to get the verb forms in context, e.g. 'I forgot my keys', 'I am forgetting my glasses', 'I cried a lot', I am crying', etc.)

to build (+ 3 f.sg. per./imper.), bena - jibni

to walk (+ 3 f.sg. per./imper.), mexa - jimxi

to rent (+ 3 f.sg. per./imper.), kera - jikri

to run (+ 3 f.sg. per./imper.), ġera - jiġri

to start, to begin (+ 3 f.sg. per./imper.), beda - jibda

to be worth s.th., to cost s.th. (+ 3 f.sg. per./imper.), sewa - jiswa

to hide; to keep secret (+ 3 f.sg. per./imper.), ħeba - jaħbi

to climb up, to be expensive (+ 3 f.sg. per./imper.), għola - jogħla

to be sweet (+ 3 f.sg. per./imper.), ħola - joħla

qara - jiqra → to see

to cry, beka - jibki

#### Perfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

#### Imperfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

#### Imperative

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>!</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
to forget, nesa – jinsa

Perfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Imperfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Imperative

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>!</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

to throw, rema – jarmi

Perfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
Imperfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Imperative

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>!</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

to be blind, għama – jagħma

Perfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Imperfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
Imperative

<table><tr><td></td><td>sg.</td><td>sg.#</td><td>pl.</td><td>pl.#</td></tr><tr><td>!</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>

Active participle

walking (+ f., pl.), miexi f. miexja pl. mixjin)

running (water), ġieri

Passive participle

built (+ f., pl.), mibni f. mibnija pl. mibnijin

forgot (+ f., pl.), minsi f. minsija pl. minsijin

thrown away (+ f., pl.), mormi f. mormija pl. mormijin

Negation

he did not cry, ma bekiex

he did not forget, ma nesiex

he did not forget me, ma nesinix

he did not forget him, ma nesihx

he did not forget her, ma nesihiex

we did not forget, ma nsejniex

we did not forget him, ma nsejnihx

I do not forget him, ma ninsihx

I do not forget her, ma ninsihiex

you (pl.) did not forget me, ma nsejtunix

you (pl.) did not forget him, ma nsejtuhx

you (pl.) did not forget her, ma nsejtuhiex

they did not forget, ma nsewx

he does not forget, ma jinsiex

he does not forget me, ma jinsinix

he does not forget him, ma jinsihx

he does not forget her, ma jinsihiex

3.7.2.5 Doubled verbs

to hold s.o., to stop s.o. (+ 3 f.sg. per./imper.), żamm – iżomm

to feel (+ 3 f.sg. per./imper.), ħass – iħoss

to carry, to bear (+ 3 f.sg. per./imper.), ġarr – iġorr

to finish, to accomplish (+ 3 f.sg. per./imper.), temm – itemm

to dip, to wet (+ 3 f.sg. per./imper.), bell – ibill
to love, *habb* – *iħobb*

Perfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Imperfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Imperative

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>!</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

to touch, *mess* – *imess*

Perfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
Imperfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Imperative

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>!</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Passive participle

loved (+ f., pl.), maħbub f. maħbuba pl. maħbubin

solved (+ f., pl.), maħlul f. maħlula pl. maħlulin

felt (+ f., pl.), maħsus f. maħsusa pl. maħsusin

held, stopped (+ f., pl.), miżmum f. miżmuma pl. miżmumin

accomplished (+ f., pl.), mitmum f. mitmuma pl. mitmumin

3.7.2.6 'Pharyngeal' verbs

can, to be able to (+ 3 f.sg. per./imper.), sata' - jista'

to remain (+ 3 f.sg. per./imper.), baqa' - jibqa'

to meet (+ 3 f.sg. per./imper.), laqa' - jilqa'

to climb, to go uphill (+ 3 f.sg. per./imper.), tala' - jitla'

to come back (+ 3 f.sg. per./imper.), raġa' - jerġa'

to hear, sema' - jisma'

Perfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
Imperfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Imperative

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>!</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

to swallow, *bela'/bala' – jibla'

Perfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Imperfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<figure><img src="image_14.png" /></figure>

Imperative

<table><tr><td></td><td>sg.</td><td>sg.#</td><td>pl.</td><td>pl.#</td></tr><tr><td>!</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>

to lift, *refa’/rafa’ – jerfa’*

Perfect

<table><tr><td></td><td>sg.</td><td>sg.#</td><td>pl.</td><td>pl.#</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3 m.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3 f.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>

Imperfect

<table><tr><td></td><td>sg.</td><td>sg.#</td><td>pl.</td><td>pl.#</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3 m.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3 f.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>

Imperative

<table><tr><td></td><td>sg.</td><td>sg.#</td><td>pl.</td><td>pl.#</td></tr><tr><td>!</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>
### 3.7.2.7 'to come'

to come, ġie - jiġi

Perfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Imperfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Imperative

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>!</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Active participle

coming (+ f., pl.), ġej f. ġejja pl. ġejjin
<figure><img src="image_15.png" /></figure>

### 3.7.2.8 'to see' and 'to read'

to see, ra – jara

Perfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Imperfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Imperative

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>!</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

to read, qara – jaqra

Perfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<figure><img src="image_16.png" /></figure>

Imperfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Imperative

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>!</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

3.7.2.9 'to give'

to give, ta – jagħti

Perfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Imperfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<figure><img src="image_17.png" /></figure>

Imperative

<table><tr><td></td><td>sg.</td><td>sg.#</td><td>pl.</td><td>pl.#</td></tr><tr><td>!</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>

Passive participle

given (+ f., pl.), mogħti f. mogħtija pl. mogħtijin

3.7.2.10 ‘to say’

to say, qal, għed – jgħid

Perfect

<table><tr><td></td><td>sg.</td><td>sg.#</td><td>pl.</td><td>pl.#</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3 m.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3 f.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>

Imperfect

<table><tr><td></td><td>sg.</td><td>sg.#</td><td>pl.</td><td>pl.#</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3 m.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3 f.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>

Imperative

<table><tr><td></td><td>sg.</td><td>sg.#</td><td>pl.</td><td>pl.#</td></tr><tr><td>!</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>
### 3.7.2.11 'to go'

to go, mar – imur

Perfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Imperfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Imperative

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>!</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Active participle

going (+ f., pl.), *sejjer f. sejra* pl. *sejrin*
<figure><img src="image_18.png" /></figure>

### 3.7.2.12 'to know'

to know, kien jaf - jaf + negation

#### Perfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

#### + negation

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

#### Imperfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
+ negation

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

### 3.7.3 Form II

* to pay (+ 3 f.sg., 3 pl. per./imper.), *hallas* – *iħallas*

* to teach (+ 3 f.sg., 3 pl. per./imper.), *għallem* – *jgħallem*

* to make s.o. happy (+ 3 f.sg., 3 pl. per./imper.), *ferrraħ* – *iferraħ*

* to form, to shape (+ 3 f.sg., 3 pl. per./imper.), *sawwar* – *jsawwar*

* to raise, to wake (+ 3 f.sg., 3 pl. per./imper.), *qajjem* – *jqajjem*

* to light, to set on fire (+ 3 f.sg., 3 pl. per./imper.), *qabbad* – *jqabbad*

* to look for s.th., to search (+ 3 f.sg., 3 pl. per./imper.), *fittex* – *ifittex*

* to remind (+ 3 f.sg., 3 pl. per./imper.), *fakkar* – *jfakkar*

* to poison (+ 3 f.sg., 3 pl. per./imper.), *semmem* – *jsemmem*

**Participle**

* taught (+ f., pl.), *mgħallem* f. *mgħallma* pl. *mgħallmin*

* paid (+ f., pl.), *mħallas* f. *mħallsa* pl. *mħallsin*

* searched (+ f., pl.), *mfittex* f. *mfittxa* pl. *mfittxin*

**Verbal noun**

* teaching, *tagħlim*

* paying, *taħlis* (the word is probably not used)

* searching, *tiftix*, *tfittix*

### 3.7.4 Form III

* to promise (+ 3 f.sg., 2 pl. per./imper.), *wiegħed* – *iwiegħed*

* to watch, to observe (+ 3 f.sg., 2 pl. per./imper.), *ħares* – *iħares*
to travel, *siefer* – *isiefer*

Perfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Imperfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Imperative

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>!</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

to answer, *wieġeb* – *iwieġeb*

Perfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
Imperfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Imperative

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>!</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

### 3.7.5 Form V and VI

* to be shortened, *tqassar* – *jitqassar*

* to be searched, *tfittex* – *jitfittex*

* to speak, *tkellem* – *jitkellem* AI 88

* to be explained, *tfiehem* – *jitfiehem* (the word is probably not used)

* to be placed, *tqiegħed* – *jitqiegħed* (the word is probably not used)

### 3.7.6 Form VII and VIII

* be forgotten, *intesa/intnesa* (nesa)

* to be bent, *iltewa/intlewa* (lewa)

* to be touched, *imtess/intmess* (mess)

* to be bound, *irtabat/intrabat* (rabat)

* to be stolen, *inseraq/insteraq* (seraq)

* to be fed, *ngħalef/intgħalef* (għalef)

* to be built, *inbena* (bena)

* to be beaten, *indarab* (darab)

* to be opened, *infetaħ* (fetaħ)

* to be brought, *ingab/ingieb* (ġab/ġieb)

* to be milked, *inħaleb* (ħaleb)

* to be rented, *inkera* (kera)

* to be added, *żdied* (żied)

* to be shown, *inwera/intwera* (wera)

* to be inherited, *intiret* (wiret)

* to be weighed, *intiżen* (wiżen)

### 3.7.7 IX Form

* to turn yellow, to yellow (+ 1 sg. per.), *sfar* – *jisfar*

* to turn red, to redden (+ 1 sg. per.), *ħmar* – *jihmar*

* to turn beautiful (+ 1 sg. per.), *sbieh* – *jisbieh*
### 3.7.8 X Form

to wonder, to be surprised, *stagħġeb* – *jistagħġeb*

to invite, *stieden* – *jistieden*

to have a rest, *straħ* – *jistriħ*

to wait, *stenna* – *jistenna*

### 3.7.9 Direct object

they understood me ..., *fehmu* + pronominal suffixes

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

she understood me ..., *fehmet* + pronominal suffixes

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

she saw me ..., *rat* + pronominal suffixes

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
he saw me ..., *ra* + pronominal suffixes

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

I wrote it, you wrote it ..., *ktibtu/ktibtha* + 3 m.sg., 3 f.sg. pronominal suffix

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

I wrote it to him, you wrote it to him ..., *ktibthulu* + 3 m.sg. pronominal suffix

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

you wrote them, *ktibthom*

I swallowed her, *blajtha*

I swallowed them, *blajthom*

I understand her, *nifhimha*

I understand him, *nifhmu*

I understand them, *nifhimhom*

she forgot him, *nsietu*

I forgot her, *nsejtha*

she killed him, *qatlitu*

she killed them, *qatlithom*
### 3.7.10 Direct object with lil

I saw Liza, rajt lil Liza

we saw her brother, rajna lil ħuha

we visited your mother, żorna lil ommok

I will visit his mother, se nżur lil ommu

you gave it to your mother, tajtha lil ommok

### 3.7.11 Indirect object

he told me ..., qal + pronominal suffixes

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

he tells me ..., jgħid + pronominal suffixes

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

she found me ..., sabet + pronominal suffixes

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
he hit me ..., *laqat* + pronominal suffixes

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

I brought him to you (sg.), *ġibtu lilek* (*ġibtulek*)

I told you (sg.) this, *għidtlek*

I brought her to you (sg.), *ġibtha lilek* (*ġibthielek*)

**3.7.12 Verb modifier in the present continuous**

*qed/qiegħed f. qiegħda* pl. *qegħdin* (ask ‘I am going to the shop’, ‘he is eating a rabbit’, etc.)

**3.7.13 Verb modifier in the future**

*se/sa/ser* (ask ‘I will go’, ‘he will sleep’, ‘she will cook’, etc.)

*ħa*

*rrid* (ask ‘I want to go’, ‘I want to sleep’, etc.)

**3.7.14 ‘there is’, ‘there is no’**

there is a house, *hemm dar*

there is no church, *m’hemmx knisja*

**3.7.15 ‘to have’**

he had, *kellu* + negation

Perfect

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tr><td>2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3 m.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3 f.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>

+ negation

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

he will have, *ikollu* + negation

Future

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

+ negation

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>sg.</th><th>sg.#</th><th>pl.</th><th>pl.#</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 m.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3 f.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<figure><img src="image_19.png" /></figure>

Copyright © 2021. Maciej Klimiuk. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.