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95. Fidan, H.; Stankov, S.; Petkova, N.; Petkova, Z.; Iliev, A.; Stoyanova, M.; Ivanova, T.; Zhelyazkov, N.; Ibrahim, S.; Stoyanova, A. Evaluation of chemical composition, antioxidant potential and functional properties of carob (*Ceratonia siliqua* L.) seeds. *J. Food Sci. Technol.* **2020**, *57*, 2404–2413. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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105. El Hajaji, H.; Farah, A.; Ennabili, A.; Bousta, D.; Greche, H.; El Bali, B.; Lachkar, M. Etude comparative de la composition minérale des constituants de trois catégories de *Ceratonia siliqua* L. (Comparative study of the mineral composition of the constituents of three varieties of *Ceratonia siliqua* L.). *J. Mater. Env. Sci.* **2013**, *4*, 165–170.

106. Oziyci, H.R.; Tetik, N.; Turhan, I.; Yatmaz, E.; Ucgun, K.; Akgul, H.; Gubbuk, H.; Karhan, M. Mineral composition of pods and seeds of wild and grafted carob (*Ceratonia siliqua* L.) fruits. *Sci. Hortic.* **2014**, *167*, 149–152. [CrossRef]

107. El Bouzdoudi, B.; Saïdi, R.; Khalid, E.; El Mzibri, M.; Nejjar, A.; El Kbiach, M.; Lamarti, A. Mineral composition of mature carob (*Ceratonia siliqua* L.) Pod: A Study. *Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. Eng.* **2017**, *7*, 91–103. [CrossRef]

108. Dallali, S.; Aloui, F.; Selmi, H.; Sebei, H. Comparison of the chemical composition and the antioxidant activity of the leaves of Carob tree (*Ceratonia siliqua* L.) collected in three sites of Djebel Zaghouan (Tunisia). *J. New Sci. Agric. Biotechnol. CIRS* **2018**, *21*, 3429–3438.

109. De Falco, B.; Grauso, L.; Fiore, A.; Bonanomi, G.; Lanzotti, V. Metabolomics and chemometrics of seven aromatic plants: Carob, eucalyptus, laurel, mint, myrtle, rosemary and strawberry tree. *Phytochem. Anal.* **2022**, *33*, 696–709. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

110. Farag, M.A.; El-Kersh, D.M.; Ehrlich, A.; Choucry, M.A.; El-Seedi, H.; Frolov, A.; Wessjohann, L.A. Variation in *Ceratonia siliqua* pod metabolome in context of its different geographical origin, ripening stage and roasting process. *Food Chem.* **2019**, *283*, 675–687.
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111. Samia, O.; Nesrine, M.; Feten, Z.K.; Riadh, K. Tunisian *Ceratonia siliqua*: Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant Activity, Preparation and Characterization of Carob Emulsion System. *Eur. J. Nutr. Food Saf.* **2022**, *14*, 41–52. [CrossRef]

112. Spizzirri, U.G.; Abduvakhidov, A.; Caputo, P.; Crupi, P.; Muraglia, M.; Oliviero Rossi, C.; Clodoveo, M.L.; Aiello, F.; Restuccia, D. Kefir enriched with carob (*Ceratonia siliqua* L.) leaves extract as a new ingredient during a gluten-free bread-making process. *Fermentation* **2022**, *8*, 305. [CrossRef]

113. Alqudah, A.; Qnais, E.Y.; Wedyan, M.A.; Oqal, M.; Alqudah, M.; AbuDalo, R.; Nabil, A.-H. *Ceratonia siliqua* leaves ethanol extracts exert anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects. *Heliyon* **2022**, *8*, e10400. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

114. Abidar, S.; Yildiz, O.; Degirmenci, A.; Amakran, A.; El Maadoudi, M.; Nhiri, M. Glucose-mediated protein glycation: Contribution of methanolic extract of *Ceratonia siliqua* L. in protection and in vitro potential inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. *J. Food Biochem.* **2019**, *43*, e13009. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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133. Yahiaoui, K.; Bouchenak, O.; Boumaza, S.; Toubal, S.; Blizak, D.; Nouani, A.; Arab, K. Characterization and assessment of the antimicrobial function of total polyphenol extracts from pulps, leaves and seeds of two *Ceratonia siliqua* L. varieties. *Alger. J. Envir. Sci. Tech.* **2021**, *7*, 3429–3438.

134. Ben Ayache, S.; Behija Saafi, E.; Emhemmed, F.; Flamini, G.; Achour, L.; Muller, C.D. Biological activities of aqueous extracts from carob plant (*Ceratonia siliqua* L.) by antioxidant, analgesic and proapoptotic properties evaluation. *Molecules* **2020**, *25*, 3120. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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136. Ouahioune, L.A.; Wrona, M.; Becerril, R.; Salafranca, J.; Nerín, C.; Djenane, D. *Ceratonia siliqua* L. kibbles, seeds and leaves as a source of volatile bioactive compounds for antioxidant food biopackaging applications. *Food Packag. Shelf Life* **2022**, *31*, 100764. [CrossRef]

137. El Hajaji, H.; Lachkar, N.; Alaoui, K.; Cherrah, Y.; Farah, A.; Ennabili, A.; El Bali, B.; Lachkar, M. Antioxidant properties and total phenolic content of three varieties of carob tree leaves from Morocco. *Rec. Nat. Prod.* **2010**, *4*, 193.
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127. Martić, N.; Zahorec, J.; Stilinović, N.; Andrejić-Višnjić, B.; Pavlić, B.; Kladar, N.; Šoronja-Simović, D.; Šereš, Z.; Vujčić, M.; Horvat, O. Hepatoprotective effect of carob pulp flour (*Ceratonia siliqua* L.) extract obtained by optimized microwave-assisted extraction. *Pharmaceutics* **2022**, *14*, 657. [CrossRef]

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130. Amrani, A.; Bouakline, H.; Elkabous, M.; Brahmi, M.; Karzazi, Y.; El Bachiri, A.; Tahani, A. *Ceratonia siliqua* L seeds extract: Experimental analysis and simulation study. *Mater. Today Proc.* **2023**, *72*, 3705–3711. [CrossRef]

131. Atta, A.H.; Atta, S.A.; Khattab, M.; Abd El-Aziz, T.H.; Mouneir, S.M.; Ibrahim, M.; Nasr, S.M.; Ramadan, S. *Ceratonia siliqua* pods (Carob) methanol extract alleviates doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic pathways. *Env. Sci. Pollut. Res.* **2023**, *30*, 83421–83438. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

132. Ayache, S.B.; Reis, F.S.; Dias, M.I.; Pereira, C.; Glamočlija, J.; Soković, M.; Saafi, E.B.; Ferreira, I.C.; Barros, L.; Achour, L. Chemical characterization of carob seeds (*Ceratonia siliqua* L.) and use of different extraction techniques to promote its bioactivity. *Food Chem.* **2021**, *351*, 129263. [CrossRef]

133. Yahiaoui, K.; Bouchenak, O.; Boumaza, S.; Toubal, S.; Blizak, D.; Nouani, A.; Arab, K. Characterization and assessment of the antimicrobial function of total polyphenol extracts from pulps, leaves and seeds of two *Ceratonia siliqua* L. varieties. *Alger. J. Envir. Sci. Tech.* **2021**, *7*, 3429–3438.

134. Ben Ayache, S.; Behija Saafi, E.; Emhemmed, F.; Flamini, G.; Achour, L.; Muller, C.D. Biological activities of aqueous extracts from carob plant (*Ceratonia siliqua* L.) by antioxidant, analgesic and proapoptotic properties evaluation. *Molecules* **2020**, *25*, 3120. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

135. Lakkab, I.; El Hajaji, H.; Lachkar, N.; Lefter, R.; Ciobica, A.; El Bali, B.; Lachkar, M. *Ceratonia siliqua* L. seed peels: Phytochemical profile, antioxidant activity, and effect on mood disorders. *J. Funct. Foods* **2019**, *54*, 457–465. [CrossRef]

136. Ouahioune, L.A.; Wrona, M.; Becerril, R.; Salafranca, J.; Nerín, C.; Djenane, D. *Ceratonia siliqua* L. kibbles, seeds and leaves as a source of volatile bioactive compounds for antioxidant food biopackaging applications. *Food Packag. Shelf Life* **2022**, *31*, 100764. [CrossRef]

137. El Hajaji, H.; Lachkar, N.; Alaoui, K.; Cherrah, Y.; Farah, A.; Ennabili, A.; El Bali, B.; Lachkar, M. Antioxidant properties and total phenolic content of three varieties of carob tree leaves from Morocco. *Rec. Nat. Prod.* **2010**, *4*, 193.
138. Saci, F.; Louaileche, H.; Gali, L.; Bensouici, C. Changes in anticholinesterase, antioxidant activities and related bioactive compounds of carob pulp (Ceratonia siliqua L.) during ripening stages. *J. Food Meas. Charact.* **2020**, *14*, 937-945. Available online: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11694-019-00344-9 (accessed on 14 April 2023). [CrossRef]

139. Rtibi; Selmi, S.; Grami, D.; Saidani, K.; Sebai, H.; Amri, M.; Eto, B.; Marzouki, L. *Ceratonia siliqua* L. (immature carob bean) inhibits intestinal glucose absorption, improves glucose tolerance and protects against alloxan-induced diabetes in rat. *J. Sci. Food Agric.* **2017**, *97*, 2664-2670. [CrossRef]

140. Carbas, B.; Salinas, M.V.; Serrano, C.; Passarinho, J.A.; Puppo, M.C.; Ricardo, C.; Brites, C. Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of commercial flours from *Ceratonia siliqua* and *Prosopis* spp. *J. Food Meas. Charact.* **2019**, *13*, 305-311. [CrossRef]

141. Stavrou, I.J.; Christou, A.; Kapnissi-Christodoulou, C.P. Polyphenols in carobs: A review on their composition, antioxidant capacity and cytotoxic effects, and health impact. *Food Chem.* **2018**, *269*, 355-374. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

142. Rtibi, K.; Jabri, M.-A.; Selmi, S.; Sebai, H.; Marie, J.-C.; Amri, M.; Marzouki, L.; El-Benna, J. Preventive effect of carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) in dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis in rat. *RSC Adv.* **2016**, *6*, 19992-20000. Available online: https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2016/ra/c5ra21388f/unauth (accessed on 3 May 2023). [CrossRef]

143. Serairi-Beji, R.; Mekki-Zouiten, L.; Tekaya-Manoubi, L.; Loueslati, M.; Guemira, F.; Mansour, A.B. Could carob pulp be incorporated in oral rehydration solution for the treatment of acute diarrhoea? *Med. Trop.* **2000**, *60*, 125-128. Available online: https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20003009680 (accessed on 3 May 2023).

144. Ikram, A.; Waseem, K.; Wajeeha Zafar, K.u.; Ali, A.; Afzal, M.F.; Aziz, A.; Faiz ul Rasool, I.; Al-Farga, A.; Aqlan, F.; Koraqi, H. Nutritional, biochemical, and clinical applications of carob: A review. *Food Sci. Nutr.* **2023**, *11*, 3641-3654. [CrossRef]

145. Hsouna, A.B.; Trigui, M.; Mansour, R.B.; Jarraya, R.M.; Damak, M.; Jaoua, S. Chemical composition, cytotoxicity effect and antimicrobial activity of *Ceratonia siliqua* essential oil with preservative effects against Listeria inoculated in minced beef meat. *Int. J. Food Microbiol.* **2011**, *148*, 66-72. [CrossRef]

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147. Chao, E.C.; Henry, R.R. SGLT2 inhibition—A novel strategy for diabetes treatment. *Nat. Rev. Drug. Discov.* **2010**, *9*, 551-559. [CrossRef]

148. Rtibi, K.; Selmi, S.; Grami, D.; Sebai, H.; Marzouki, L. In vitro α-amylase/α-glucosidase inhibitory activities and in vivo improving glucose tolerance and hypoglycemic effect of *Ceratonia siliqua* leaves aqueous extract. *EC Nutr.* **2018**, *13*, 171-179.

149. Qasem, M.A.; Noordin, M.I.; Arya, A.; Alsalahi, A.; Jayash, S.N. Evaluation of the glycemic effect of *Ceratonia siliqua* pods (Carob) on a streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced diabetic rat model. *PeerJ.* **2018**, *6*, e4788. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

150. Custódio, L.; Patarra, J.; Alberício, F.; Neng, N.R.; Nogueira, J.M.F.; Romano, A. In vitro antioxidant and inhibitory activity of water decoctions of carob tree (*Ceratonia siliqua* L.) on cholinesterases, α-amylase and α-glucosidase. *Nat. Prod. Res.* **2015**, *29*, 2155-2159. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

151. Azab, A. D-Pinitol—Active Natural Product from Carob with Notable Insulin Regulation. *Nutrients* **2022**, *14*, 1453. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

152. Lasa, A.; Silván, J.M.; Martínez Villaluenga, C.; Dueñas, M.; Martín Diana, A.B.; Rico, D.; Fernández-Quintela, A.; Aguirre, L. In vitro anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory effects of *Ceratonia siliqua* L. extracts. In Proceedings of the 11th World Congress on Polyphenol Applications, Viena, Austria, 20-21 June 2017; Available online: http://hdl.handle.net/10261/172239 (accessed on 30 May 2023).

153. Aguirre, L.; Martín Diana, A.B.; Martínez Villaluenga, C.; Milton-Laskibar, I.; Luis, D.A.d.; Lasa, A.; Portillo, M.; Rico, D. In vitro and in vivo anti-obesity effects of carob and wakame combination. In Proceedings of the 25th European Congress on Obesity, Viena, Austria, 23-26 May 2018; Available online: http://hdl.handle.net/10261/171804 (accessed on 30 May 2023).

154. Rico, D.; Martín-Diana, A.B.; Martínez-Villaluenga, C.; Aguirre, L.; Silván, J.M.; Dueñas, M.; De Luis, D.; Lasa, A. In vitro approach for evaluation of carob by-products as source bioactive ingredients with potential to attenuate metabolic syndrome (MetS). *Heliyon* **2019**, *5*, e01175. [CrossRef]

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157. Agrawal, A.; Mohan, M.; Kasture, S.; Foddis, C.; Frau, M.A.; Loi, M.C.; Maxia, A. Antidepressant activity of *Ceratonia siliqua* L. fruit extract, a source of polyphenols. *Nat. Prod. Res.* **2011**, *25*, 450-456. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

158. Avallone, R.; Cosenza, F.; Farina, F.; Baraldi, C.; Baraldi, M. Extraction and purification from *Ceratonia siliqua* of compounds acting on central and peripheral benzodiazepine receptors. *Fitoterapia* **2002**, *73*, 390-396. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

159. Hamid, I.; Janbaz, K.H.; Iqbal, R.; Akhtar, M.F.; Saleem, A.; Ali, S.; Sharif, A.; Akhtar, B.; Javaid, Z.; Sohail, K. Therapeutic potential of *Ceratonia siliqua* extract for the management of asthma and hypertension. *Cell. Mol. Biol.* **2021**, *67*, 6-15. [CrossRef]
138. Saci, F.; Louaileche, H.; Gali, L.; Bensouici, C. Changes in anticholinesterase, antioxidant activities and related bioactive compounds of carob pulp (Ceratonia siliqua L.) during ripening stages. *J. Food Meas. Charact.* **2020**, *14*, 937-945. Available online: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11694-019-00344-9 (accessed on 14 April 2023). [CrossRef]

139. Rtibi; Selmi, S.; Grami, D.; Saidani, K.; Sebai, H.; Amri, M.; Eto, B.; Marzouki, L. *Ceratonia siliqua* L. (immature carob bean) inhibits intestinal glucose absorption, improves glucose tolerance and protects against alloxan-induced diabetes in rat. *J. Sci. Food Agric.* **2017**, *97*, 2664-2670. [CrossRef]

140. Carbas, B.; Salinas, M.V.; Serrano, C.; Passarinho, J.A.; Puppo, M.C.; Ricardo, C.; Brites, C. Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of commercial flours from *Ceratonia siliqua* and *Prosopis* spp. *J. Food Meas. Charact.* **2019**, *13*, 305-311. [CrossRef]

141. Stavrou, I.J.; Christou, A.; Kapnissi-Christodoulou, C.P. Polyphenols in carobs: A review on their composition, antioxidant capacity and cytotoxic effects, and health impact. *Food Chem.* **2018**, *269*, 355-374. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

142. Rtibi, K.; Jabri, M.-A.; Selmi, S.; Sebai, H.; Marie, J.-C.; Amri, M.; Marzouki, L.; El-Benna, J. Preventive effect of carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) in dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis in rat. *RSC Adv.* **2016**, *6*, 19992-20000. Available online: https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2016/ra/c5ra21388f/unauth (accessed on 3 May 2023). [CrossRef]

143. Serairi-Beji, R.; Mekki-Zouiten, L.; Tekaya-Manoubi, L.; Loueslati, M.; Guemira, F.; Mansour, A.B. Could carob pulp be incorporated in oral rehydration solution for the treatment of acute diarrhoea? *Med. Trop.* **2000**, *60*, 125-128. Available online: https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20003009680 (accessed on 3 May 2023).

144. Ikram, A.; Waseem, K.; Wajeeha Zafar, K.u.; Ali, A.; Afzal, M.F.; Aziz, A.; Faiz ul Rasool, I.; Al-Farga, A.; Aqlan, F.; Koraqi, H. Nutritional, biochemical, and clinical applications of carob: A review. *Food Sci. Nutr.* **2023**, *11*, 3641-3654. [CrossRef]

145. Hsouna, A.B.; Trigui, M.; Mansour, R.B.; Jarraya, R.M.; Damak, M.; Jaoua, S. Chemical composition, cytotoxicity effect and antimicrobial activity of *Ceratonia siliqua* essential oil with preservative effects against Listeria inoculated in minced beef meat. *Int. J. Food Microbiol.* **2011**, *148*, 66-72. [CrossRef]

146. Bakhtaoui, F.-Z.; Lakmichi, H.; Chait, A.; Gadhi, C.A. In vivo Gastro-protective effects of five Moroccan medicinal plants against gastric ulcer. *Am. J. Phytomedicine Clin. Ther.* **2014**, *2*, 1262-1276.

147. Chao, E.C.; Henry, R.R. SGLT2 inhibition—A novel strategy for diabetes treatment. *Nat. Rev. Drug. Discov.* **2010**, *9*, 551-559. [CrossRef]

148. Rtibi, K.; Selmi, S.; Grami, D.; Sebai, H.; Marzouki, L. In vitro α-amylase/α-glucosidase inhibitory activities and in vivo improving glucose tolerance and hypoglycemic effect of *Ceratonia siliqua* leaves aqueous extract. *EC Nutr.* **2018**, *13*, 171-179.

149. Qasem, M.A.; Noordin, M.I.; Arya, A.; Alsalahi, A.; Jayash, S.N. Evaluation of the glycemic effect of *Ceratonia siliqua* pods (Carob) on a streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced diabetic rat model. *PeerJ.* **2018**, *6*, e4788. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

150. Custódio, L.; Patarra, J.; Alberício, F.; Neng, N.R.; Nogueira, J.M.F.; Romano, A. In vitro antioxidant and inhibitory activity of water decoctions of carob tree (*Ceratonia siliqua* L.) on cholinesterases, α-amylase and α-glucosidase. *Nat. Prod. Res.* **2015**, *29*, 2155-2159. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

151. Azab, A. D-Pinitol—Active Natural Product from Carob with Notable Insulin Regulation. *Nutrients* **2022**, *14*, 1453. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

152. Lasa, A.; Silván, J.M.; Martínez Villaluenga, C.; Dueñas, M.; Martín Diana, A.B.; Rico, D.; Fernández-Quintela, A.; Aguirre, L. In vitro anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory effects of *Ceratonia siliqua* L. extracts. In Proceedings of the 11th World Congress on Polyphenol Applications, Viena, Austria, 20-21 June 2017; Available online: http://hdl.handle.net/10261/172239 (accessed on 30 May 2023).

153. Aguirre, L.; Martín Diana, A.B.; Martínez Villaluenga, C.; Milton-Laskibar, I.; Luis, D.A.d.; Lasa, A.; Portillo, M.; Rico, D. In vitro and in vivo anti-obesity effects of carob and wakame combination. In Proceedings of the 25th European Congress on Obesity, Viena, Austria, 23-26 May 2018; Available online: http://hdl.handle.net/10261/171804 (accessed on 30 May 2023).

154. Rico, D.; Martín-Diana, A.B.; Martínez-Villaluenga, C.; Aguirre, L.; Silván, J.M.; Dueñas, M.; De Luis, D.; Lasa, A. In vitro approach for evaluation of carob by-products as source bioactive ingredients with potential to attenuate metabolic syndrome (MetS). *Heliyon* **2019**, *5*, e01175. [CrossRef]

155. Aboura, I.; Nani, A.; Belarbi, M.; Murtaza, B.; Fluckiger, A.; Dumont, A.; Benammar, C.; Tounsi, M.S.; Ghiringhelli, F.; Rialland, M. Protective effects of polyphenol-rich infusions from carob (*Ceratonia siliqua*) leaves and cladodes of *Opuntia ficus-indica* against inflammation associated with diet-induced obesity and DSS-induced colitis in Swiss mice. *Biomed. Pharmacother.* **2017**, *96*, 1022-1035. [CrossRef]

156. Custódio, L.; Escapa, A.L.; Fernandes, E.; Fajardo, A.; Aligué, R.; Alberício, F.; Neng, N.R.; Nogueira, J.M.F.; Romano, A. In vitro cytotoxic effects and apoptosis induction by a methanol leaf extract of carob tree (*Ceratonia siliqua* L.). *J. Med. Plant. Res.* **2011**, *5*, 1987-1996.

157. Agrawal, A.; Mohan, M.; Kasture, S.; Foddis, C.; Frau, M.A.; Loi, M.C.; Maxia, A. Antidepressant activity of *Ceratonia siliqua* L. fruit extract, a source of polyphenols. *Nat. Prod. Res.* **2011**, *25*, 450-456. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

158. Avallone, R.; Cosenza, F.; Farina, F.; Baraldi, C.; Baraldi, M. Extraction and purification from *Ceratonia siliqua* of compounds acting on central and peripheral benzodiazepine receptors. *Fitoterapia* **2002**, *73*, 390-396. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

159. Hamid, I.; Janbaz, K.H.; Iqbal, R.; Akhtar, M.F.; Saleem, A.; Ali, S.; Sharif, A.; Akhtar, B.; Javaid, Z.; Sohail, K. Therapeutic potential of *Ceratonia siliqua* extract for the management of asthma and hypertension. *Cell. Mol. Biol.* **2021**, *67*, 6-15. [CrossRef]
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**Disclaimer/Publisher's Note:** The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.
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**Disclaimer/Publisher's Note:** The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.