techniques may not be able to sense danger signal or perform negative or clonal selection due to non-availability of intelligent threat analytics and ill-defined system immunity. The verification algorithm is expected to detect, assess and mitigate the risks of intrusion attacks more efficiently as compared to traditional approaches since it has a broad vision and adopts a set of AI moves including multi-dimensional view of intelligent reasoning, private search for evidence by balancing breadth and depth optimally and exploring system immunity combinatorially. Another interesting strategy is the use of a rational threat analytics.

Possible functionalities, constraints like computational and communication complexities and systematic features influence the perception of security and trust of a distributed network. For example, the computational power, memory capacity and energy limitations enforce slightly different approaches to the problems of security and privacy in sensor networks. In an open environment, sensor nodes operate without any supervision; a malicious attacker can capture a node for reconfiguration or extract the private data stored in the node through cryptanalysis. An attacker may be able to deploy multiple physical nodes with same identity through cloning or node replication attack. An adversary may be able to deploy multiple identities of a node to affect the trust and reputation of the system through Sybil attack. The attacker may be able to build an additional communication channel to capture private communication through wormhole attack. A key can be compromised either by physical extraction from a captured node or by breach in SMC protocol. The denial of service attack renders a node by overloading it with unnecessary operations and communication and may be able to make the whole network inoperable. Coremelt attacks can target communication links blocking the exchange of useful information. Replay attacks allows an attacker to record messages at one instance and replay it later at different locations.

There are possibilities of blackhole, jellyfish, neighbor and rushing attacks. A blackhole attacking agent tries to intercept data packets of the multicast session and then drops some or all data packets it receives instead of forwarding the same to the next node of the routing path and results very low packet delivery ratio. A jellyfish attacker intrudes into the multicast forwarding group and delays data packets unnecessarily and results high end-to-end delay and degrades the performance of real-time application. A neighborhood attacking agent forwards a packet without recording its ID in the packet resulting a disrupted route where two nodes believe that they are neighbors though actually they are not. Rushing attack exploits duplicate suppression mechanisms by forwarding route discovery packets very fast. The proposed algorithm explores the concept of next generation Intrusion Detection System (IDS) based on bio-inspired artificial intelligence and immunological theories. The critical challenge of information security is to determine the difference between normal and malicious activities. Traditionally, a distributed system is protected by access control policy that blocks malicious events. Actually, it should be protected by artificial immune systems through automated and adaptive verification mechanisms based on negative selection i.e. self / non-self discrimination, clonal selection and danger signal detection. Different strategic moves are useful for different situations.
A distributed network consists of a set of entities, a broadcast communication cloud and a set of pipes connecting the entities to the communication cloud. The entities can be partitioned into two subsets: correct and faulty. Each correct entity presents one legitimate identity to other entities of the distributed system. Each faulty entity presents one legitimate identity and one or more counterfeit identities to the other entities. Each identity is an informational abstract representation of an entity that persists across multiple communication events. The entities communicate with each other through messages. A malicious agent may control multiple pseudonymous identities and can manipulate, disrupt or corrupt a distributed computing application that relies on redundancy. This is known as sybil attack. Sybil attacks may affect fair resource allocation, routing mechanisms, voting, aggregation and storage of distributed data by injecting false data or suppressing critical data. A large-scale distributed system is highly vulnerable to Sybil attack; it includes sensor and mobile ad hoc networks, p2p applications and SCADA network.

The basic objective of intrusion detection mechanism is to monitor the actions of the users on distributed network and detect the occurrence of any intrusion. Here the challenge is how to perform negative selection, clonal selection and danger signal detection. Auditing is primarily required to validate the security policies and to review the observed behaviors of distributed applications, users and database. User profiling monitors and analyzes the activities of the users. Data profiling analyzes the managed data. In case of anomaly detection, the data of repetitive and usual behavior of the users is collected and suitably represented as normal profiles. The profile and the activities of the current user is compared with the normal profile. If there is significant mismatch, it indicates an intrusion in the network. It is useful for unknown attack. Misuse detection is useful for known attack. SIVM follows a set of AI moves to detect the risk of intrusion:

(a) *multi-dimensional view of intelligent reasoning* {logical, analytical, case based, forward and backward chaining, probabilistic, predictive, perception based approximation reasoning} for system monitoring;

(b) define system immunity (i) combinatorially. i = f(aᵢ, bᵢ, cᵢ, dᵢ, eᵢ); aᵢ: collective intelligence, bᵢ: machine intelligence; cᵢ: security intelligence; dᵢ: collaborative intelligence; eᵢ: business intelligence;

(c) *assess system immunity* (Sᵢ) through a hybrid approach in terms of negative selection, danger signal detection, clonal selection and suppression;

(d) *verify collective intelligence* in terms of policy, scope, input, output, process, agents, location and system dynamics;

(e) *define collaborative intelligence* (revelation principle);

(f) *evaluate business intelligence in terms of payment function and incentive*;

(g) *monitor machine intelligence* in terms of safety, liveness, concurrency, reachability, deadlock freeness, scalability and accuracy. For an information system, it should check preconditions, post conditions, triggering events, main flow, sub flow, alternate flow, exception flow, computational intelligence, communication cost, traffic congestion, time and space complexity, resources, capacity utilization, load, initial and goal states, local and global states, state transition plans;

(h) *check security intelligence in terms of safety, authentication, authorization, correct identification, non-repudiation, integrity, audit and group, forward and*
backward privacy; rationality, fairness, correctness, resiliency, adaptation, transparency, accountability, trust, reliability, consistency, commitment).

* Recognise pattern of intrusion attack like sybil, cloning or node replication, wormhole and node capture;

* Sense possibilities and impact of secondary threats such as coremelt, blackhole, jellyfish, rushing, neighbor, replay and shilling attacks;

* Select single or multiple approaches from trusted explicit and implicit certification, robust authentication checking of e-passport, resource testing, auction and incentive based sybil detection game;

* Verify efficiency of cryptographic signcryption algorithms for private communication.

There are various approaches of sybil detection: trusted explicit and implicit certification, robust authentication protocol, resource testing, auction and incentive based sybil detection game. In case of trusted certification, a centralized authority assigns a unique identity to each entity. The centralized authority can verify computing, storage and bandwidth capability of the entities on periodic basis. A local identity (l) accepts the identity (i) of an entity (e) if e presents i successfully to l. An entity may validate the identity of another identity through a trusted agency or other entities or by itself directly. In the absence of a trusted authority, an entity may directly validate the identities of other entities or it may accept identities vouched by other accepted entities. The system must ensure that distinct identities refer to distinct entities. An entity can validate the identity of other entities directly through the verification of communication, storage and computation capabilities. In case of indirect identity validation, an entity may validate a set of identities which have been verified by a sufficient count of other identities that it has already accepted. But, a group of faulty entities can vouch for Sybil identities.

A wormhole attacker records packets at one point in adhoc wireless communication network, tunnels the packets possibly selectively to another point and retransmits them there into the network. The attacker may not compromise any hosts and even if all communication protocols provide authenticity and confidentiality correctly. Packet leashes may be used for detecting and defending against wormhole attacks. A leash is any information that is attached with a packet to restrict its maximum allowed transmission distance. A geographical leash ensures that the recipient of the packet is within a certain distance from the sending agent. A temporal leash ensures that the packet has an upper bound on its lifetime which restricts the maximum travel distance.

Sensor node attestation verification is an intelligent move to detect intrusion: check if a sensor node is tampered by an adversary; check the configuration and correct setting of each sensor node; detect whether malicious software is loaded into sensor nodes; verify the integrity of the code; perform secure code updates and ensure untampered execution of code. Each node should be attested with a valid digital test certificate. The verification algorithm must verify the identity and tampering status of each node. The basic objective of device attestation is that a malicious agent should not be able to configure or change correct setting of each node. A challenge response protocol is employed between a trusted external verifier and a sensor node.
Each sensor node should be provided with an ‘e-passport’ which should have unique identification features like biometric traits. It is an open issue of research: can a sensor node be equipped with traits like unique biometric features of a human being (e.g. voice, fingerprints, retina, vein patterns and facial dimensions)? An e-passport should have unique passport identification number, time stamp (or date of birth), erection testing and commissioning history, location, digital signature of issuing authority and neighborhood data. It is essential to check the authenticity of e-passport data of each sensor node periodically or for specific suspicious cases to detect intrusion. A single move may not be sufficient to detect intrusion.

<figure><img src="image_111.png" /><figcaption>Figure 10.18 : Technology life-cycle analysis of secure quantum computing</figcaption></figure>

The next issue is to analyze the strategy for secure multi-party quantum computing in terms of R&D policy, learning curve, SWOT analysis, technology life-cycle analysis and knowledge management strategy. An intelligent R&D policy should be defined in terms of shared vision, goal, strategic alliance, collaborative, collective and business intelligence. Top technological innovations are closely associated with various strategies of organization learning and knowledge management, more specifically creation, storage, transfer and intelligent application of knowledge. It is essential to analyze strength, weakness, opportunities, threats, technological trajectories, technology diffusion and dominant design of quantum computing and computers today. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from high density zone to low density zone of a solution. Can an emerging technology like quantum computing diffuse in the same way globally? What is the pressure acting on technology diffusion? Is the external pressure natural or artificial? It is rational to evaluate strength, weakness, opportunities and threats of qu&a quantum computing as compared to traditional procedure. Strength indicates positive aspects, benefits and advantages of a strategic option : quantum computing is expected to improve the speed of traditional computing. Weakness indicates negative aspects, limitations and disadvantages of that option. Is the cost of computation and communication high as compared to traditional computing method? Opportunities indicate the areas of growth of market and industries from the perspective of profit; it is possible to develop super computers based on quantum computing. Threats are the risks or challenges posed by an unfavorable trend causing deterioration of profit or revenue and losses : existing technology of computer manufacturing may face threats of substitutes in future. Another important issue is technology life-cycle analysis of secure multi-party quantum computing.. Existing comput manufacturing
technology is expected to be phased out with the evolution of secure multiparty quantum computing; which is presently at the emergence phase of S-curve.

The power of quantum computation is another critical issue. How powerful are quantum computers? What gives them their power? Nobody knows it precisely, Quantum computers are expected to be more powerful than classical computers. Based on computational complexity theory, a particular set of problems are expected to be solved efficiently on a quantum computer, where a bounded probability of error is allowed. Classical computers have difficulty simulating general quantum systems since the number of complex numbers needed to describe a quantum system generally grows exponentially with the size of the system rather than linearly,

<figure><img src="image_112.png" /><figcaption>Figure 10.19 : Technology life-cycle analysis of secure adaptive filter</figcaption></figure>

Let us explore the strategy of innovation on secure adaptive filter in terms of SWOT analysis and technology life-cycle analysis. Intelligent Top technological innovations are closely associated with various strategies of organization learning and knowledge management, more specifically creation, storage, transfer and intelligent application of knowledge. It is essential to analyze strength, weakness, opportunities, threats, technological trajectories, technology diffusion and dominant design of secure adaptive filter today. It is rational to evaluate strength, weakness, opportunities and threats of Cuckoo filter with Bloom filter. Strength indicates positive aspects, benefits and advantages of the filter: Weakness indicates negative aspects, limitations and disadvantages of that option. Is the cost of computation and communication of cuckoo filter high as compared to bloom filter? Opportunities indicate the areas of growth of market and industries from the perspective of profit; it is possible to develop secure adaptive filter for modern communication networking and database applications. Threats are the risks or challenges posed by an unfavorable trend causing deterioration of profit or revenue and losses : existing technology of adaptive filter may face threats of various types of malicious attacks in future.

Another important issue is technology life-cycle analysis of secure adaptive filter. No element in this universe exists eternally. Similarly, each technology emerges, grows to some level of maturity and then declines and eventually expires. It is essential to evaluate the status of each technological innovation through TLC analysis. Some technologies may have relatively long technology life-cycle; others never reach a
maturity stage. Emergence of new technologies follows a complex nonlinear process. It is hard to understand how the technology life-cycle interacts with other technologies, systems, cultures, enterprise activities and impacts on society. All technologies evolve from their parents at birth or emergence phase; they interact with each other to form complex technological ecologies. The parents add their technological DNA which interacts to form the new development. A new technological development must be nurtured; many technologies perish before they are embedded in their environments. Next phase is growth; if a technology survives its early phases, it adapts and forwards to its intended environment with the emergence of competitors. This is a question of struggle for existence and survival for the fittest. Next phase is a stable maturity state with a set of incremental changes. At some point, all technologies reach a point of unstable maturity i.e. a strategic inflection point. The final stage is decline and phase out or expire; all technologies eventually decline and are phased out or expire at a substantial cost. Existing technology of Bloom filter is expected to be phased out with the evolution of Cuckoo filter. The technology of secure adaptive filter is presently at the emergence phase of S-curve.

# 6. STAFF-RESOURCES

## Staff-resources Analytics

Emerging digital technologies demand efficient staff-resources which should be analyzed in terms of sources of innovation and roles of academic institutes, computer science and information technology engineers, government and collaborative networks and optimal utilization of critical resources. The innovation demands the commitment of creative experts in IT and computer science who can contribute significantly through their intellectual abilities, thinking style, knowledge, motivation and group dynamics. In this connection, collaborative networks are interesting options which should coordinate and integrate the needs and activities of R&D lab and academic institutions of state and central government. The creative talent should look at the hard problems in unconventional ways, generate new ideas and articulate shared vision in various domains such as requirements engineering, system design, coding, testing and performance optimization. The critical resources are intelligent hardware, software, security and networking solutions.

Innovation demands the commitment of creative people. Creativity is the underlying process for technological innovation which promotes new ideas through intellectual abilities, thinking style, knowledge, personality, motivation, commitment and interaction with environment. Individual inventors may contribute through their inventive and entrepreneurial traits, skills and knowledge in multiple domains and highly curious argumentative mindset. Some users or customers or clients or private nonprofit organizations may innovate new products or services based on their own needs. Many firms set up excellent R&D lab and also collaborative networks with customers, suppliers, academic institutes, competitors, government laboratories and nonprofit organizations. Many universities define sound research mission and vision
and contribute through publication of research papers. Government also plays an active role in R&D either directly or indirectly or through collaboration networks and start-ups (e.g. science parks and incubators). A complex technological innovation often needs collaborative intelligence to manage the gap between demand and supply of a specific set of capabilities, skills and resources. It is possible to control cost, speed and competencies of technological innovations through efficient sharing mechanisms. It is rational to share the cost and risks of new innovations through creation, storage, transfer and application of knowledge among the partners of the innovation ecosystem.

The expert panel are analyzing the need of staff-resources in terms of sources of innovation and roles of electrical and electronics engineering, information technology, SCADA, industrial control system, power grid, government and collaborative networks and optimal utilization of resources. The innovation demands the commitment of creative experts who can contribute significantly through their intellectual abilities, thinking style, knowledge, motivation and group dynamics. In this connection, collaborative networks are interesting options which should coordinate and integrate the needs and activities of R&D lab, academic institutions, power grids of state and central government, users and supply chain partners effectively. The creative talent should look at the hard problems in unconventional ways, generate new ideas and articulate shared vision.

Traditional scope and approaches of smart grid, ICS and SCADA operations focus on long-term planning and stability to mitigate various types of risks. But, complex operation management requires a mix of traditional and agile approaches to cope with uncertainties. The intension driven role develops collaboration. The event driven role integrates planning and review with learning. The other important roles of the system administrators are to prevent major disruptions and maintaining forward momentum continuously. They must acknowledge the emergence of a problem and then try to minimize the frequency and negative impact of unexpected events in a dynamic environment. They must be people oriented, information information oriented and action oriented.

Mr. Aziz is explaining the need of 5M (man, machine, material, method and money) for the innovation of secure multi-party quantum computing and secure adaptive filter. In this connection, human capital should be considered as a strategic asset and a sustainable resource of technological innovation. The innovation demands skills of human resources for the innovation of emerging technologies and strategic alignment. Man analyzes various aspects of human capital management of technological innovations such as talent acquisition and retention strategy, training, and performance evaluation. ‘Machine’ analyzes the basic aspects of quantum computers and secure adaptive filters; material analyzes the demand of essential components of quantum computers. Method explores various aspects of process innovation, intelligent mechanism and procedure for the innovation on secure quantum computing and filter. Finally, money highlights optimal fund allocation for the innovation on quantum computing and secure adaptive filter.
# 7. SKILL-STYLE-SUPPORT

## Skill-style-support Analytics

Prof. Pearson thinks that the workforce involved in digital innovations are expected to develop different types of skills in technical (Computer science, Information technology, MIS), research and development, knowledge management, system design and project management. It is essential to teach the aforesaid technologies in various programmes of computer science, BCA, MCA, Electrical and Electronics engineering, information and communication technology as part of graduation, post graduation and Doctoral programmes. The learning community should be involved in consulting, projects and research assignments. They need good resources such as books, journals, software and experimental set up. However, they should understand the motivation of the problems and various issues of technology management through deep analytics. The workforce can develop skills through effective knowledge management programmes and resources which support creation, storage, sharing and application of knowledge. The diffusion of technology requires the support of intelligent leadership style; the leaders must be able to tackle the complexity, pace and novelty of R&D projects through efficient project management, organization structure development, knowledge management and collaborative and cooperative work culture. The leaders are expected to be people, information and action oriented. The emerging digital technologies also demand efficient leadership style in terms of optimal resource allocation and utilization, collaboration, coordination and communication.

Next, let us focus on support. The emerging digital technologies should be operated by a pool of intelligent, educated, efficient, productive, committed and motivated HR workforce. Active involvement, knowledge sharing and optimal human talent utilization is essential for the diffusion of new technology. New skill should be developed in digital, information and communication technologies. The business model requires the support of a good human resource management system for talent acquisition, talent retention, skill development, training, career growth planning, incentive, reward, recognition and payment function. The workforce should develop different types of skills such as research and development, system design, project management, testing, commissioning and system maintenance. The system administrators must have leadership skill in terms of smart thinking, communication, coordination and change management. The workforce can develop skills through effective knowledge management programmes.

What should be the innovation model for emerging digital technology? Is it possible to adopt K-A-B-C-D-E-T-F model? Knowledge managers should arrange various types of events such as workshops, seminars and conferences so that the innovators can acquire the basic and fundamental concept. The activators should initiate the innovation process by identifying a set of good research problems through scope analysis. Random selection of research problem should be avoided by evaluating the strength, experience and skill of the innovators. The research problem should have potential business intelligence and social benefits. The browsers should search for information; investigate throughout the process and find relevant data or
information to start innovation. The creators should analyze the gap and think of to-be system; generate new ideas, concepts and possibilities and search for new solutions. The developers should transform the ideas of the creation phase into good solutions; turn the ideas into deliverables, products and services. They should collaborate with different research forums, industries and experts during this phase. The executors should implement and execute the roadmap of the innovation. The testers should do various types of experiments and laboratory works; verify system dynamics and monitor the performance of the deliverables. Advanced research laboratories are required for complicated testing and experiments. The facilitators should define project plan, corporate governance policy, marketing plan, production plan, investment plan and cost-benefit analysis. They should be able to identify the revenue and profit making stream and fair, rational business intelligence. The government should provide financial assistance to the innovators in patent registration.

The expert panel are discussing on skill-style-support for the innovation of solar computing, IIOT, SCADA and ICS; they are expected to develop different types of skills in technical (e.g. smart grid, solar computing), research and development, knowledge management, system design and project management. It is essential to teach smart grid technology in various programmes of Electrical and Electronics engineering and information and communication technology as part of graduation, post graduation and Doctoral programmes. The learning community should be involved in consulting, projects and research assignments. They need good resources such as books, journals, software and experimental set up. However, they should understand the motivation of the problems and various issues of technology management through deep analytics. The workforce can develop skills through effective knowledge management programmes and resources which support creation, storage, sharing and application of knowledge. The diffusion of technology requires the support of intelligent leadership style; the leaders must be able to tackle the complexity, pace and novelty of R&D projects through efficient project management, organization structure development, knowledge management and collaborative and cooperative work culture. The leaders are expected to be people, information and action oriented. Smart grid technology demands efficient leadership style in terms of optimal resource allocation and utilization, collaboration, coordination and communication.

It is essential to focus on cause-effects analysis of various unwanted occurrences which may affect individuals, system, organization, critical infrastructure, services, environment or the society. It may be possible that the design of old power grid had not considered the issues of information and cyber security and secure and robust protocols correctly due to specialized hardware and technical skill, proprietary code, protocol standards and operation in closed environment. But, today, the system may be connected to the internet directly or indirectly and controlled by human machine interface. There are other organizational factors such as lack of understanding of the cyber security at the levels of executives and chief information security officers, accountability, lack of proper training and ICT security standards and cultural difference between IT and power grid departments. The primary focus of the power grid department may be efficiency and safety of operation and process
control and less focus on IT and cyber security. Further, there are threats from the perspectives of system architecture, old technology, system design, operation, maintenance and inefficient protocols.

Next, let us focus on support. The system is expected to be resilient. The resiliency measures the ability to and the speed at which it can return to normal performance level following a disruption. Real-time security management involves high cost of computation and communication. The vulnerability of the power grid to a disruptive event should be viewed as a combination of likelihood of a disruption and its potential severity. The system administrator must do two critical tasks: assess risks and mitigate the assessed risks. To assess risks, the system administrator should explore basic security intelligence: what can go wrong in grid operation? what is the probability of the disruption? how severe it will be? what are the consequences if the disruption occurs?

The smart grid should be operated by a pool of intelligent, educated, efficient, productive, committed and motivated HR workforce. Active involvement, knowledge sharing and optimal human talent utilization is essential for the diffusion of the new technology related to smart grid. New skill should be developed in erection, testing, commissioning, operations, maintenance and trading of smart power grid. The business model requires the support of a good human resource management system for talent acquisition, talent retention, skill development, training, career growth planning, incentive, reward, recognition and payment function. The workforce should develop different types of skills such as research and development, system design, project management, erection, testing, commissioning and service maintenance. The system administrators must have leadership skill in terms of smart thinking, communication, coordination and change management. The workforce can develop skills through effective knowledge management programmes.

ICS / SCADA operation demands efficient leadership style in terms of optimal resource (5M : man, machine, materials, method, money) allocation and utilization, collaboration and coordination, communication, project management and predictive analytics for analytical and logical reasoning; a set of specific skill set in system administration, technology management, operations management, ERP, SCM, strategic and financial management. It is essential to consider various organizational and human factors such as user awareness of IT and cyber security and overall ICS / SCADA security, transparency in operation and maintenance policies and procedures, threats from disgruntled employees and hackers, weak password protection (e.g. password strength and expiration time), malware protection and external threats in ICS environment (e.g. unauthorized access of ICS / SCADA components).

It is essential to focus on cause-effects analysis of various unwanted occurrences which may affect individuals, system, organization, critical infrastructure, services, environment or the society. It may be possible that the design of old ICS / SCADA technology had not considered the issues of information and cyber security and secure and robust ICS protocols correctly due to specialized hardware and technical skill, proprietary code, protocol standards and operation in closed environment. But, today the system may be connected to the internet directly or
indirectly and controlled by HMI interface. There are other organizational factors such as lack of understanding of the cyber security at the levels of executives and chief information security officers, accountability, lack of proper training and ICT security standards and cultural difference between IT and ICS departments. The primary focus of ICS department may be efficiency and safety of operation and process control and less focus on IT and cyber security. Further, there are threats from the perspectives of system architecture, old technology, system design, operation and maintenance and inefficient protocols.

Next, let us focus on support. The system is expected to be *resilient*. Resiliency measures the ability to and the speed at which it can return to normal performance level following a disruption. Real-time security management involves high cost of computation and communication. The vulnerability of ICS to a disruptive event should be viewed as a combination of likelihood of a disruption and its potential severity. The system administrator must do two critical tasks: assess risks and mitigate the assessed risks. To assess risks, the system administrator should explore basic security intelligence: what can go wrong in ICS operation? what is the probability of the disruption? how severe it will be? what are the consequences if the disruption occurs? A system vulnerability map can be modeled through a set of expected risk metrics, probability of disruptive event and the magnitude of consequences. For example, the map may have four quadrants in a two dimensional space; the vertical axis represents the probability of disruptive event and the horizontal axis represents the magnitude of the consequences.

The system administrator faces a set of challenges to solve the problem of resiliency: what are the critical issues to be focused on? what can be done to reduce the probability of a disruption? what can be done to reduce the impact of a disruption? How to improve the resiliency of the system? The critical steps of risk assessment are to identify a set of feasible risk metrics; assess the probability of each risk metric; assess severity of each risk metric and plot each risk metric in system vulnerability map. The critical steps of risk mitigation are to prioritize risks; do causal analysis for each risk metric; develop specific strategies for each cell of vulnerability map and be adaptive and do real-time system monitoring.

SCADA is a good solution of resilient, smart and intelligent energy grid. An operationally secure power system is one with low probability of system black out or collapse. If the process of cascading failures continues, the system as a whole or its major parts may completely collapse. It is known as system blackout. This problem can be solved through security constrained power system optimization: system monitoring, contingency analysis and corrective action analysis. The contingency analysis is basically computerized simulation technique: it checks line flow limit violation and bus voltage limit violation by simulating each unit and line outage of the power system model. If it finds any violation, it gives alarm. The blackout problem is related to transient stability; it can be solved by fast short circuit clearing, powerful excitation systems and stability control techniques. Voltage stability is another reason of power system collapse. It is concerned with the ability of a power system to maintain acceptable voltages at all buses in the system under normal conditions and after being subjected to a disturbance. Inadequate reactive power support from generators and transmission lines leads to voltage instability or
voltage collapse. Voltage collapse leads to unacceptable voltage instability in a
specific zone. This risk can be mitigated by raising generator voltage, generator
transformer tap value, reactive compensation by using shunt capacitors, static VAR
system and synchronous condensers, OLTC adjustment and strategic load shedding.
*Disaster management plan* for a resilient SCADA system is concerned with
miscellaneous issues - a set of coordination mechanisms and intelligent priority
based resource allocation strategies, organizing disaster management task force
during disruption, assessing the expected vulnerabilities approximately, reducing
the likelihood of disruptions, collaborative planning for security, building in
redundancies i.e. alternative stand-by or back-up system, designing a resilient
system and rational investment in training and corporate culture. The SCADA
system administrator should develop a business continuity plan for resilience.
Collaboration is a strategic tool for developing comprehensive standards of security
and safety measures for SCADA system. This is an initiative among all the
stakeholders of SCADA system in order to improve the security standards through
jointly managed planning, process and shared information.

A special well-trained taskforce should be ready for disaster management during disruption of SCADA system. The first challenge is to detect the root cause of disruption quickly and recognize. The system administrator should isolate the abnormal process or system components from the normal one. Security and safety measures should be layered. Properly layered security measures woven together can reduce the probability of disruption of a complex system where a single security move may not be adequate to provide adequate security. During disruption, a SCADA system may be isolated from the power grid through a set of protection relays. In fact, a system requires preventive maintenance on periodic basis. The maintenance plan and shut down schedule should be published to the public in advance. In case of transient disaster, the public should be alerted in time to avoid the sudden uncertainties. In manufacturing domain, a steel / cement / automotive plant should be shut down for periodic maintenance or production capacity control adaptively; soft start is essential for intentional disruption of continuous production system.

The SCADA system administrator should identify all connections to SCADA
network; disconnect unnecessary connections; evaluate and strengthen the security
of any remaining connections to the SCADA network; avoid unnecessary services;
should not only rely on traditional security protocols; select appropriate vendors
and consultants and implement the optimal set of security features; establish strong
controls over any medium that is used as a backdoor into the SCADA network;
implement intruder detection system; perform technical audits of SCADA network
and the associated applications and should conduct physical surveys of all the
remote sites connected with SCADA network regularly. The system administrator
should identify and evaluate possible attack scenarios; define the role of security
and disaster management workforce clearly; document the IT architecture of the
security system of SCADA network; define a risk assessment and risk mitigation
strategy; determine the basic security requirement of SCADA system; establish
effective configuration management process; conduct self-assessments and establish
system back-up and disaster recovery plan. Security workforce plays an important
role to control various types of chaotic situation near SCADA system. Finally, the security reengineering team of SCADA system requires the commitment and support of the leaders and senior management for proper communication of the security policy (e.g. access control, information disclosure), user training and implementation of SCADA security system. Much of the current SCADA system is outdated, unreliable and insecure having high maintenance cost. New capabilities can enhance efficiency and reliability but also create various types of vulnerabilities. The reengineering of SCADA system should focus on distributed computational intelligence, broadband communication capabilities and robust security infrastructure.

Let us explore skill-style-support necessary for the innovation of secure multi-party quantum computing. The workforce involved in innovation of quantum computing are expected to develop different types of skills in Physics, Computer Science, research and development and knowledge management. The next issue is skill-style-support necessary for the innovation of secure adaptive filter. The workforce involved in innovation of secure adaptive filter are expected to develop different types of skills in Computer Science (e.g. Data Structure, Secure Multi-party Computation), communication technology, research and development and knowledge management. The diffusion of the new technological innovation depends on the skills and capabilities of new start ups and research laboratories globally. The system administrators must have leadership skills in smart thinking, communication, coordination and change management. The workforce should develop skills through effective knowledge management programmes. An effective knowledge management system should support creation, storage, sharing and application of knowledge in a transparent, collaborative and innovative way. The diffusion of secure multi-party quantum computing technology needs the support of great leadership style; The style is basically the quality of leadership; great leaders must have passion, motivation, commitment, support, coordination, integration and excellent communication skill. What should be the innovation model for effective diffusion of quantum computing technology? Is it possible to adopt K-A-B-C-D-E-T-F model?

## 8. CONCLUSION

It is an interesting option to extend this study from different perspectives: green information system, computation of MPPT based on AI, construction of quantitative models for self healing mechanism and real-time fault diagnostics. A solar computing system must ensure real-time secure monitoring and sense-and-respond modeling; the system should be able to tune itself automatically to an optimal state adaptively. It should be able to anticipate various types of threats automatically that could disturb the stability of the system. Another important task is to isolate the healthy part from the faulty one. A smart power grid is vulnerable to both natural disasters and intentional attacks, physical and cyber challenges and threats of deception. The size and complexity of the grid structure and related cost of erection, testing, commissioning and maintenance are the major constraints to protect the entire infrastructure physically. There are also threats of act of terrorism on the
disruption of smart grid and related adverse effects on national security, economy and the quality of life of the common people. Energy security demands fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of the existing power grids globally.

Intelligent business and technical analysis of IIOT, ICS and SCADA requires the availability of critical up-to-data, analytical models and tools for rational, fair and correct evaluation of technology innovation. This study can be extended in various ways. It is interesting to extend the scope of the aforesaid system in various emerging applications such as banking and financial services, defense and e-governance. ICS & SCADA networks are potentially vulnerable to intrusion and various types of malicious cyber attacks which may affect the safety of common people and the performance of critical infrastructure seriously and may cause huge financial loss. It is expected to be a resilient system. This work finds a set of interesting research agenda for future works: how to develop intelligent threat analytics and secure verification algorithms from the perspectives of method, target, identity and protocol to ensure confidentiality, authentication, integrity, availability, accountability and access control of ICS and SCADA infrastructure? how to quantify various parameters of security intelligence? Is it possible to develop automated verification and model checking algorithms for ICS and SCADA? We need a new broad outlook, imagination and dreams to solve a complex problem through a set of simple mechanisms.

The expert panel are highlighting some common SMC tools, it is an interesting option to explore how to construct these tools in the setting of Quantum Computing?

*Oblivious transfer:* Oblivious transfer (OT) is a bi-party protocol wherein a receiver learns some information regarding the input of the sender such that the sender does not know what the receiver has learnt. The notion of oblivious transfer has several versions. Rabin introduced the concept of oblivious transfer. In the original OT problem, the receiver learns the secret of the sender with probability ½. 1-out-of-2 oblivious transfer (OT¹₂) is a protocol by which a sender (S) transfers ignorantly to a receiver (R) one out of two secret messages (Even, Goldreich and Lempel, 1985). 1-out-of-n oblivious transfer is a protocol between two parties. Here, Alice holds n inputs in a particular sequence which is known only to Bob. At the end of the protocol, Bob learns only 1 out of n inputs and Alice will not know which input Bob has learnt (Naor and Pinkas, 1999). k-out-of-n oblivious transfer protocol is an extended version of 1-out-of-n oblivious transfer where 1≤k≤n-1. Distributed oblivious transfer protocol distributes the task of Alice between several servers and each server holds partial information about the secret (Naor and Pinkas, 2000). The receiver has to contact t (t≥1) or more servers to get the secret otherwise it cannot get any information about the secret. Security is ensured as long as a limited number of servers collude. Oblivious polynomial evaluation is a protocol involving two parties, Alice holding input a polynomial P and Bob with input x. At the end of the protocol, Bob learns P(x) but Alice learns nothing about x. Naor and Pinkas (1999) studied an oblivious evaluation of polynomial problem based on oblivious transfer protocol. Oblivious transfer is a fundamental primitive for cryptography and secure distributed computation and has many applications.
**Secure function evaluation:** Alice with an input x and Bob with an input y want to evaluate a function $z = f(x,y)$ based on their joint inputs in such a way that does not allow any party to gain more information than that is implied by its inputs and the function value. Alice and Bob can achieve this through a protocol known as secure function evaluation. In the field of secure function evaluation, $f$ is represented in various ways - garbled circuit construction), combinatorial circuit, algebraic, as a product of matrices over a large field; low degree polynomial and randomizing polynomials.

**Mixnet:** A mixnet consists of multiple independent mix-servers and it enables a group of senders to send their messages anonymously. Chaum (1988) introduced the concept of mixnet. Later, several researchers proposed mixnet protocols for the shuffling of encrypted messages. The concept of mixnet has been widely applied to design efficient electronic voting schemes. In this case, each voter sends his encrypted ballot to a mixnet. The Mixnet shuffles the posted ballots such that the voter-vote relationship is lost. After the mixing process, multiple tally servers jointly decrypt the encrypted ballot and count the votes. Mixnet can be classified into verifiable mixnet and optimistic mixnet on the basis of correctness proof. Each server of verifiable mixnet provides the proof that its shuffling is correct. On the other side, optimistic mixnet does not provide the verification of correct shuffling by each server. The correctness of the shuffling of the whole mixnet is verified after it generates the output.

**Private comparison:** Yao's millionaire problem is to find out who is richer between two parties such that no information about one party's value is revealed to the other party. Yao first proposed a protocol for this problem without using any untrusted third party. The cost of the protocol was exponential in both time and space. Later, scrambled circuits has been used to solve this problem at linear cost of computation and communication. Cachin (1999) suggested an efficient solution using an oblivious third party. Fishchlin (2001) used the Goldwasser-Micali (GM) encryption scheme to construct a two round non-interactive crypto-computing GT (greater than) protocol. Two inputs can be compared by verifying the most significant bit in which they are different. Similar bits do not affect the result and the effect of unequal low order bits is overshadowed by the high order bits. Based on this principle, Ioannidis and Grama (2003) proposed a private comparison protocol using oblivious transfer scheme. Schoenmaker and Tuyls (2004) used threshold homomorphic encryption scheme to solve private comparison problem. Blake and Kolesnikov (2004) used the concepts of Q-conditional oblivious transfer and the additive homomorphic Paillier cryptosystem to construct a two round private comparison protocol. The computation cost is $O(n\log N)$ where n is the length of the inputs and N is the size of the plaintext domain of Paillier scheme.

In this session, the panel have analyzed the complexity of emerging technology of secure multi-party quantum computing by reviewing various related works [1-15] - what are the fundamental concepts of quantum computation and quantum
information? what are the scopes of application of SMQC? How to develop these concepts? how to develop quantum errors correcting codes and fault tolerant quantum computation? how to develop cryptographic protocols, private and public key cryptosystems in the setting of SMQC? What is the future of SMQC? What can quantum computation and quantum information offer to science, technology and humanity? What are the benefits of SMQC upon omputer science, information theory and Physics? What are the key open problems of quantum computation and quantum information? SMQC is the basic building block to think physically about computation and it yields many new exciting capabilities for information processing and communication. Secure multi-party quantum computation offer hard challenges in terms of computation and communication complexity.

This session shows the application of cryptographically secure protocols for kernelized Support Vector Machines of secure adaptive filter. However, there are still many open problems in private SVM classification, learning and secure adaptive filters. An interesting question is how to compute and securely hide the convergence speed of the private SVM algorithms? Are there any iterative private linear classification methods that need no circuit evaluation. Another relevant issue is private computation of encrypted kernel matrices for structured data. A protocol preserves privacy if no agent learns anything more than its output; the only information that should be disclosed about other agent's inputs is what can be derived from the output itself. Secure multi-party computation preserves privacy of data in different ways; is it possible to apply SMC protocols for secure adaptive filter? What are the algorithms? Is the cost of computation and communication high in secure multi-party computation of an adaptive filter? Privacy is one of the primary concerns of secure adaptive filter; is it possible to address the issue utilizing the concept of cryptography and secure multiparty computation? The fundamental objectives of cryptography are to provide confidentiality, data integrity, authentication and non-repudiation. Cryptography ensures privacy and secrecy of information through encryption and decryption methods. The challenge is how to apply existing encryption and decryption algorithms in secure adaptive filter: is it possible to perform quantitative operations of secure adaptive filter on encrypted data? How? Is it possible to apply *digital signature* for secure adaptive filter? how to apply existing digital signature algorithms in secure adaptive filter : is it possible to perform quantitative operations of secure adaptive filter on digitally signed data? How? Is it possible to apply *signcryption* for secure adaptive filter? how to apply existing signcryption and unsigncryption algorithms for secure adaptive filter : is it possible to perform private search on signcrypted data? How?

The central message of this summit is that the success of technology innovation projects depends on several factors: strength, weakness, opportunities, threats, technology life-cycle, understanding the needs of consumers, competitive environment, blind spots and the ability to recognize and align the partners associated with the value chain and innovation ecosystem. Deep analytics is essential to coordinate, integrate and synchronize ‘7-S’ elements: scope, system, structure, staff-resources, skill-style-support, security and strategy. Even the most brilliant
innovation cannot succeed when its value creation depends on innovation of other technologies. This book evaluates a set of emerging technologies for humanity; most of these technology innovations are at emergence stage, some others are at growth stage. Hopefully, deep analytics should be able to accelerate the pace of these emerging technological innovations. Let us discuss the limitations and future scope of this summit. In fact, the aforesaid content is the summary of the discussions during various sessions of the summit and are focused on emerging technologies associated with electrical and electronics engineering, information and communication technologies and computer science. There are other various branches of science and technology such as Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Earth science, Geology, mechanical, chemical, petrochemicals, oil and gas, pharmacy, biotechnology, genetics, metallurgical, civil, structural, construction, production and power plant engineering. It is essential to have depth and breadth of knowledge to explore emerging technologies in those branches of engineering. Secondly, deep analytics demand the support of quality technical and business data and efficient quantitative tools and techniques to evaluate the potential of a technology, to perform technology life-cycle analysis, technology diffusion, adoption, infusion and innovation, dominant design, blind spots and spillover effects. It is also essential to evaluate these emerging technologies deeply from the perspective of numerical, statistical, quantitative and qualitative analysis based on up-to-date data. In fact, there is no end of this intelligent deep analysis. There is no end of the debate on the strength, weakness, threats and opportunities of emerging technologies and comparison with existing technologies. *Let us try to save the world.....*

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## Quiz

* Explore the scope of digital technologies for the future. Justify the same as technologies for humanity.

* Identify dominant design schema of various emerging digital technologies.

* What are the basic elements of the system architecture associated with various digital technologies?

* What do you mean by security of digital technologies? How can You verify the security intelligence? Design adaptive security algorithms and dynamic data protection mechanisms.

* What are the strategic moves of innovation, adoption and diffusion of digital technologies? What is the outcome of technology life-cycle analysis?

* How can you manage resources for digital technology innovation projects?
* What should be the talent management strategy? What are the skills, leadership style and support demanded by digital technology innovation?

* How can You manage digital technology innovation project efficiently? What should be the shared vision, common goals and communication protocols? How can you ensure a perfect fit among ‘7-S’ elements?

* Compare the strength, weakness, opportunities and threats of 4G,5G,6G and 7G mobile communication technologies.

* Discuss the strength and weakness of various models of cloud computing and also exercise SWOT analysis of cloud computing and cloud streaming technologies.

* Define solar computing. What is the scope of solar computing innovation?

* What is the dominant design of solar computing innovation?

* What are the basic elements of the system architecture associated with solar computing innovation? How to represent the structure correctly?

* What do you mean by technology security for solar computing? How to verify the security intelligence? What is the role of adaptive security and dynamic data protection in solar computing? Design an adaptive security architecture. Develop a self-healing mechanism.

* What are the strategic moves of technology innovation, adoption and diffusion of solar computing? What is the outcome of technology life-cycle analysis?

* How to manage resources in solar computing innovation project? What should be the talent management strategy?

* What are the skills, leadership style and support demanded by the technological innovation in solar computing?

* How to manage technology innovation project in solar computing efficiently?

* What should be the shared vision, common goals and communication protocols?

* How can you ensure a perfect fit among ‘7-S’ elements?

* Case study : Please study following case study and outline a smart grid to tackle disruption of energy and utility service and improve resiliency.

From: A chakraborty (achakraborty2020@ho mail.com)

To: smu.hfw.wb@cmail.com

Cc: connect@mygov.nic.im; PTDlimited@wb.gov.im; powersecy@wb.gov.im

Sun 4/24/2019 3:34 PM

Subject: Bioterrorism, Epidemic, Cyclone....

Respected Sir / Madam,

I would like to share real-life experience and observations during locked down West Bungul for your thoughts. I would also like to bring to your attention for necessary BPR initiatives, fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of power generation and distribution system in terms of scope, system, structure, security, strategy, staff-resources and skill-style-support.

High tariff rate: As-is tariff rate is high in our state as compared to power generation and distribution companies of other states of the country. The adoption
of solar microgrid as clean energy may reduce the cost of coal based thermal power in future. There are threats of global warming, extreme weather conditions and issues of environmental pollution. Standalone rooftop solar panel system is useful as source of back up energy supply during natural disaster. The public may not become violent, unrest or impatient due to disruption in supply of energy and utility (e.g. water, mobile) as inevitable consequences of natural disaster

The consumers are confused about the logic of computation of electric billing system. For example, the meter reading was not taken in March'2020 and April'2020 by your staff. The bill of March'2020 considered the units consumption of March'2019 but the same logic was not followed in April'2020. The consumers are facing problems to pay through offline channels. It is basically an issue of fairness, correctness, rationality, transparency and trust in financial accounting. (Ref. : bills of March'2020 and April'2020). Donation of power for religious festivals may not be a lame excuse; it may be a classic case of money laundering in India Today.

The power tariff is high but there are instances of disruption in power supply and QoS. For example, there was severe voltage regulation problems for one hour, frequent on and off of power supply and major cable fault between 7-00 and 19-30 on 17.5.2020 in my locality. There was also power cut on 18.5.2020 and 20.5.2020, 3 hours during cyclone. But, the critical issue is that power was not shut down even half an hour later the start of the cyclone. It took twelve hours on 17.5.2020 to rectify the power system fault. There might be severe negative impact on the performance of domestic electrical and electronic devices and also surge in meter reading due to such abnormal electrical conditions i.e. switching surges ON OFF ON OFF ON OFF.. As an Electrical Engineer, I am shocked and surprised at the responsible role and effectiveness of supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) control system of Power Distribution company. Is it a classic case of failure of control system? Power cut may happen due to various problems: system failure, natural disaster, demand-supply gap, power play and politics and also industrial unrest. Such type of power cut in summer may cause fever, cold, cough and respiratory problems and the epidemic and pandemic subsequently.

The staff of electric power distribution companies often dig roads for electrical repair and maintenance works but the roads are often not repaired in time resulting dens and path holes here and there on the busy road. Such type of casual work culture imposes threats of safety of common people and the drivers particular during rainy season and in the darkness of night.

The Civic Volunteers Force and the security staff are expected to be properly trained and educated on various issues : attitude, behavior, public relationship management, creating unnecessary panic riding bikes with horn at high speed, random lathi charge on innocent street sellers and common people in spite of giving proper explanation of emergency situation modestly.

Use of mask for long duration creates a suffocated congested unhealthy environment to each user due to inhaling of CO and CO2, the byproducts of own respiration. Corporate healthcare communication should look into this issue carefully, cautiously and practically. The cotton and textile industries should be promoted rationally, not causing healthcare ailments!
Sequential workflows and social distancing are creating long waiting time in the queue of the public in hot sunshine before banks, post offices, grocery shops and medicine shops. Such process flow may cause indirectly fever, cold, cough and respiratory problem of the public particularly senior citizen.

Door to door service of food and beverages may break the safety and privacy of common healthy public. It may be taken as the reference of the death of the film director Kiddu who used to take food through door-to-door delivery service. It may be recalled the murder of an honest journalist by the malicious adversaries in the film 'Sridev' through door-to-door service of poisonous milk.

Request for your attention and intervention to look into the aforesaid issues on urgent basis for exploring good solutions in future. I have shared my learning, observation and perception which needs correct validation.

Regards.

A Chakraborty

BEE(KU), Fellow (IIMW), Consumer no. :56200061009, Phone : 8840477441, West Bungal -722206, “

* Define ISI analytics. What is the scope of ISI analytics from the perspectives of IIoT? What are the differences between IoT and IIoT? What are the strength and weaknesses of IIoT?

* What is the dominant design of ISI analytics?

* What are the basic elements of the system architecture associated with ISI analytics? How to represent the structure correctly for SCADA and ICS?

* What do you mean by technology security for IIoT enabled SCADA and ICS? How to verify the security intelligence? What is the role of adaptive security and dynamic data protection in IIoT? Design an adaptive security architecture. Develop a DDP algorithm.

* What are the strategic moves of technology innovation, adoption and diffusion of ISI analytics? What is the outcome of technology life-cycle analysis?

* How to manage resources in SCADA / ICS innovation project? What should be the talent management strategy?

* What are the skills, leadership style and support demanded by the technological innovation of ISI analytics?

* How to manage technology innovation project in ISI analytics efficiently?

* What should be the shared vision, common goals and communication protocols?

* How can you ensure a perfect fit among '7-S' elements?

* Define secure multi-party quantum computing. What is the scope of SMQC?

* What is the dominant design of quantum computers?

* What are the basic elements of the system architecture associated with SMQC?

* How to represent the structure of SMQC in terms of quantum bits, gates and circuits?

* What do you mean by security of quantum computing? How to verify the security intelligence? What is the role of adaptive security and dynamic data protection in SMQC? Design an adaptive security architecture.

* What are the strategic moves of technology innovation, adoption and diffusion of SMQC? What is the outcome of technology life-cycle analysis?
* How to manage resources in SMQC technology innovation? What should be the talent management strategy? What are the skills, leadership style and support demanded by the technological innovation of SMQC?

* How can you ensure a perfect fit among '7-S' elements?

* Define a secure adaptive filter and state its features and functions. What is the scope of secure adaptive filter? What are the similarities and differences between Bloom and Adaptive Cuckoo filter? What are the strength and weaknesses of these filters?

* What is the dominant design of a secure adaptive filter? Analyze the complexity of this technology based on aforesaid algorithmic mechanism? Construct private support vector algorithm for packet classification by seure adaptive filter.

* What are the basic elements of the system architecture associated with secure adaptive filter? Compare various types of adaptive filters.

* What do you mean by security of adaptive filter technology? How to verify the security intelligence of adaptive filter? Discuss various issues of private classification by secure adaptive filter?

* What are the strategic moves of technology innovation, adoption and diffusion of secure adaptive filter? What is the outcome of technology life-cycle analysis?

* How to manage resources in innovation of secure adaptive filter? What should be the talent management strategy?

* What are the skills, leadership style and support demanded by the technological innovation of ISI analytics?

* How to manage technology innovation project of secure adaptive filters efficiently?

* What should be the shared vision, common goals and communication protocols?

* How can you ensure a perfect fit among '7-S' elements for the innovation, adoption and diffusion of adaptive filter technology?

<figure><img src="image_113.png" /></figure>

Sumit Chakraborty is one of the authors of this book. He had done his graduation in Electrical Engineering from Jadavpur University and attended Fellow programme at IIM Calcutta. His major area was Management Information Systems (MIS) and minor area was Strategic Management. He worked in power project management, power transmission and distribution and global supply chain management and ERP for a manufacturing plant and in business consulting such as process mapping and requirements management. He has also made modest efforts to carry out research in MIS, Information Security and business analytics. He has taught courses at various management institutes in India. Suryashis Chakraborty is the co-author. He has done his graduation in Business Administration. Kusumita Chakraborty, another author of this book did her graduation (Honours), post graduation and doctoral thesis on education from CU. The authors have interest in business analytics, data science and technology for humanity.