# The ESA MIPAS/Envisat level2-v8 dataset: 10 years of measurements retrieved with ORM v8.22

Bianca Maria Dinelli, Piera Raspollini, Marco Gai, Luca Sgheri, Marco Ridolfi, Simone Ceccherini, Flavio Barbara, Nicola Zoppetti, Elisa Castelli, Enzo Papandrea, et al.

► To cite this version:

Bianca Maria Dinelli, Piera Raspollini, Marco Gai, Luca Sgheri, Marco Ridolfi, et al. The ESA MIPAS/Envisat level2-v8 dataset: 10 years of measurements retrieved with ORM v8.22. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 2021, 14 (12), pp.7975-7998. 10.5194/amt-14-7975-2021. hal-04568663

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Submitted on 6 May 2024

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# The ESA MIPAS/Envisat level2-v8 dataset: 10 years of measurements retrieved with ORM v8.22

Bianca Maria Dinelli, Piera Raspollini, Marco Gai, Luca Sgheri, Marco Ridolfi, Simone Ceccherini, Flavio Barbara, Nicola Zoppetti, Elisa Castelli, Enzo Papandrea, et al.

► To cite this version:

Bianca Maria Dinelli, Piera Raspollini, Marco Gai, Luca Sgheri, Marco Ridolfi, et al. The ESA MIPAS/Envisat level2-v8 dataset: 10 years of measurements retrieved with ORM v8.22. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 2021, 14 (12), pp.7975-7998. 10.5194/amt-14-7975-2021. hal-04568663

HAL Id: hal-04568663

https://hal.science/hal-04568663v1

Submitted on 6 May 2024

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access
archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-
entific research documents, whether they are pub-
lished or not. The documents may come from
teaching and research institutions in France or
abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est
destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents
scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non,
émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de
recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires
publics ou privés.

<figure><img src="image_1.png" /></figure>

Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
<figure><img src="image_2.png" /></figure>

# The ESA MIPAS/Envisat level2-v8 dataset: 10 years of measurements retrieved with ORM v8.22

Bianca Maria Dinelli<fnref n="1" />,*, Piera Raspollini<fnref n="2" />,*, Marco Gai<fnref n="2" />,*, Luca Sgheri<fnref n="3" />, Marco Ridolfi<fnref n="4" />, Simone Ceccherini<fnref n="2" />, Flavio Barbara<fnref n="2" />, Nicola Zoppetti<fnref n="2" />, Elisa Castelli<fnref n="1" />, Enzo Papandrea<fnref n="1" />, Paolo Pettinari<fnref n="1" />,<fnref n="5" />, Angelika Dehn<fnref n="6" />, Anu Dudhia<fnref n="7" />, Michael Kiefer<fnref n="8" />, Alessandro Piro<fnref n="9" />, Jean-Marie Flaud<fnref n="10" />, Manuel López-Puertas<fnref n="11" />, David Moore<fnref n="12" />, John Remedios<fnref n="12" />, and Massimo Bianchini<fnref n="13" />

**Correspondence:** B. M. Dinelli (bm.dinelli@isac.cnr.it)

Received: 19 July 2021 – Discussion started: 16 September 2021

Revised: 29 October 2021 – Accepted: 12 November 2021 – Published: 22 December 2021

**Abstract.** The observations acquired during the full mission of the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) instrument, aboard the European Space Agency Environmental Satellite (Envisat), have been analysed with version 8.22 of the Optimised Retrieval Model (ORM), originally developed as the scientific prototype of the ESA level-2 processor for MIPAS observations. The results of the analyses have been included into the MIPAS level-2 version 8 (level2-v8) database containing atmospheric fields of pressure, temperature, and volume mixing ratio (VMR) of MIPAS main targets H₂O, O₃, HNO₃, CH₄, N₂O, and NO₂, along with the minor gases CFC-11, ClONO₂, N₂O₅, CFC-12, COF₂, CCl₄, CF₄, HCFC-22, C₂H₂, CH₃Cl, COCl₂, C₂H₆, OCS, and HDO. The database covers all the measurements acquired by MIPAS in the nominal measurement mode of the full resolution (FR) part of the mission (from July 2002 to March 2004) and all the observation modes of the optimised resolution (OR) part (from

<footnote n="1">¹CNR-ISAC – Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Gobetti, 101 – 40129 Bologna, Italy</footnote>

<footnote n="2">²CNR-IFAC – Istituto di Fisica Applicata “Nello Carrara” del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano, 10 – 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³CNR-IAC – Istituto per le Applicazioni del Calcolo Mauro Picone del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano, 10 – 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy</footnote>

<footnote n="4">⁴CNR-INO – Istituto Nazionale di Ottica del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano, 10 – 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy</footnote>

<footnote n="5">⁵Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Universita' di Bologna, Bologna, Italy</footnote>

<footnote n="6">⁶European Space Agency (ESA/ESRIN), Via Galileo Galilei, 00044 Frascati, Italy</footnote>

<footnote n="7">⁷Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK</footnote>

<footnote n="8">⁸Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe, Germany</footnote>

<footnote n="9">⁹SERCO Italia s.p.a., Via Sciadonna 24, 00044 Frascati, Italy</footnote>

<footnote n="10">¹⁰Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA), UMR CNRS 7583, Université de Paris et Université Paris Est Créteil, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), 61 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010 Créteil CEDEX, France</footnote>

<footnote n="11">¹¹Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA-CSIC), Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, 18008 Granada, Spain</footnote>

<footnote n="12">¹²University of Leicester, Physics and Astronomy, Leicester, UK</footnote>

<footnote n="13">¹³CNR-ISC – Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano, 10 – 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy</footnote>

<footnote>★These authors contributed equally to this work.</footnote>
<figure><img src="image_2.png" /></figure>

# The ESA MIPAS/Envisat level2-v8 dataset: 10 years of measurements retrieved with ORM v8.22

Bianca Maria Dinelli<fnref n="1" />,*, Piera Raspollini<fnref n="2" />,*, Marco Gai<fnref n="2" />,*, Luca Sgheri<fnref n="3" />, Marco Ridolfi<fnref n="4" />, Simone Ceccherini<fnref n="2" />, Flavio Barbara<fnref n="2" />, Nicola Zoppetti<fnref n="2" />, Elisa Castelli<fnref n="1" />, Enzo Papandrea<fnref n="1" />, Paolo Pettinari<fnref n="1" />,<fnref n="5" />, Angelika Dehn<fnref n="6" />, Anu Dudhia<fnref n="7" />, Michael Kiefer<fnref n="8" />, Alessandro Piro<fnref n="9" />, Jean-Marie Flaud<fnref n="10" />, Manuel López-Puertas<fnref n="11" />, David Moore<fnref n="12" />, John Remedios<fnref n="12" />, and Massimo Bianchini<fnref n="13" />

**Correspondence:** B. M. Dinelli (bm.dinelli@isac.cnr.it)

Received: 19 July 2021 – Discussion started: 16 September 2021

Revised: 29 October 2021 – Accepted: 12 November 2021 – Published: 22 December 2021

**Abstract.** The observations acquired during the full mission of the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) instrument, aboard the European Space Agency Environmental Satellite (Envisat), have been analysed with version 8.22 of the Optimised Retrieval Model (ORM), originally developed as the scientific prototype of the ESA level-2 processor for MIPAS observations. The results of the analyses have been included into the MIPAS level-2 version 8 (level2-v8) database containing atmospheric fields of pressure, temperature, and volume mixing ratio (VMR) of MIPAS main targets H₂O, O₃, HNO₃, CH₄, N₂O, and NO₂, along with the minor gases CFC-11, ClONO₂, N₂O₅, CFC-12, COF₂, CCl₄, CF₄, HCFC-22, C₂H₂, CH₃Cl, COCl₂, C₂H₆, OCS, and HDO. The database covers all the measurements acquired by MIPAS in the nominal measurement mode of the full resolution (FR) part of the mission (from July 2002 to March 2004) and all the observation modes of the optimised resolution (OR) part (from

<footnote n="1">¹CNR-ISAC – Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Gobetti, 101 – 40129 Bologna, Italy</footnote>

<footnote n="2">²CNR-IFAC – Istituto di Fisica Applicata “Nello Carrara” del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano, 10 – 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³CNR-IAC – Istituto per le Applicazioni del Calcolo Mauro Picone del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano, 10 – 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy</footnote>

<footnote n="4">⁴CNR-INO – Istituto Nazionale di Ottica del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano, 10 – 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy</footnote>

<footnote n="5">⁵Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Universita' di Bologna, Bologna, Italy</footnote>

<footnote n="6">⁶European Space Agency (ESA/ESRIN), Via Galileo Galilei, 00044 Frascati, Italy</footnote>

<footnote n="7">⁷Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK</footnote>

<footnote n="8">⁸Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe, Germany</footnote>

<footnote n="9">⁹SERCO Italia s.p.a., Via Sciadonna 24, 00044 Frascati, Italy</footnote>

<footnote n="10">¹⁰Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA), UMR CNRS 7583, Université de Paris et Université Paris Est Créteil, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), 61 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010 Créteil CEDEX, France</footnote>

<footnote n="11">¹¹Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA-CSIC), Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, 18008 Granada, Spain</footnote>

<footnote n="12">¹²University of Leicester, Physics and Astronomy, Leicester, UK</footnote>

<footnote n="13">¹³CNR-ISC – Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano, 10 – 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy</footnote>

<footnote>★These authors contributed equally to this work.</footnote>
January 2005 to April 2012). The number of species included in the MIPAS level2-v8 dataset makes it of particular importance for the studies of stratospheric chemistry. The database is considered by ESA the final release of the MIPAS level-2 products.

The ORM algorithm is operated at the vertical grid co-incident to the tangent altitudes of the observations or to a subset of them, spanning (in the nominal mode) the altitude range from 6 to 68 km in the FR phase and from 6 to 70 km in the OR period. In the latitude domain, FR profiles are spaced by about 4.7°, while the OR profiles are spaced by about 3.7°. For each retrieved species, the auxiliary data and the retrieval choices are described. Each product is characterised in terms of the retrieval error, spatial resolution, and “useful” vertical range in both phases of the MIPAS mission. These depend on the characteristics of the measurements (spectral and vertical resolution of the measurements), the retrieval choices (number of spectral points included in the analyses, number of altitudes included in the vertical retrieval grid), and the information content of the measurements for each trace species. For temperature, water vapour, ozone, and nitric acid, the number of degrees of freedom is significantly larger in the OR phase than in the FR one, mainly due to the finer vertical measurement grid. In the FR phase, some trace species are characterised by a smaller retrieval error with respect to the OR phase, mainly due to the larger number of spectral points used in the analyses, along with the reduced vertical resolution. The way of handling possible caveats (negative VMR, vertical grid representation) is discussed. The quality of the retrieved profiles is assessed through four criteria, two providing information on the successful convergence of the retrieval iterations, one on the capability of the retrieval to reproduce the measurements, and one on the presence of outliers. An easy way to identify and filter the problematic profiles with the information contained in the output files is provided. MIPAS level2-v8 data are available to the scientific community through the ESA portal (https://doi.org/10.5270/EN1-c8hgqx4).

# 1 Introduction

Satellites for Earth observation have produced and are producing an enormous volume of measurements, improving our knowledge of the Earth's system and climate. Although our picture of the Earth's atmosphere is getting more and more accurate over the years, there still is the need to study long-term variations of its state, especially in the stratosphere and in the upper troposphere-lower stratosphere (UTLS), and their influence on climate.

The global and multi-year coverage of satellite missions is producing a detailed picture of the atmosphere, through the measured distribution, variability, and long-term trends of its physical and chemical state. Among the numerous

observation techniques, infrared limb observations, that can be performed in absorption, exploiting the Sun or the Stars as infrared source (solar or stellar occultation technique), or in emission, exploiting the thermal emissions of the atmospheric molecules, have the peculiarity of allowing global coverage with high vertical resolution. During the last 30 years, several limb observation instruments have been launched in space. Examples of still-operational satellite limb instruments are the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment - Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) (Bernath et al., 2005), which uses the solar occultation technique in the infrared, and the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) (Waters et al., 2006), which measures the atmospheric emission in the submillimetre region.

In March 2002, the European Space Agency (ESA) launched the Environmental Satellite (Envisat), with three instruments on board capable of observing the Earth's atmosphere at the limb. Two of them (the SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CartographY - SCIAMACHY, Bovensmann et al., 1999, and the Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars - GO-MOS, Kyrölä et al., 2004) operated in the near-IR, visible, and UV spectral regions. The third one, the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) (Fischer et al., 2008), measured the infrared limb emission of the atmosphere in the 680–2410 cm⁻¹ spectral region. MIPAS scanned the atmospheric limb in the orbit plane, enabling a quite dense vertical and latitudinal coverage of the atmosphere (sampling steps smaller than 3 km in the vertical domain and smaller than 500 km in the horizontal domain), that has enabled us to investigate both the vertical and horizontal atmospheric variability over the whole duration of the Envisat mission (2002–2012).

The Optimised Retrieval Model (ORM) algorithm (Ridolfi et al., 2000) was developed to be the scientific prototype of the ESA level-2 code, used to routinely analyse the mid-infrared limb emission measurements acquired by the MIPAS instrument. Over the years, the code has been improved both to follow the evolution of the measurement strategies and to adopt new strategies suggested by the analysis of the quality of the retrieved products (Raspollini et al., 2006, 2013). Besides ESA data, there is a series of independent level-2 databases produced with MIPAS observations, at Oxford University (Dudhia and Piccolo, 2007), at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (von Clarmann et al., 2009a, 2003; Milz et al., 2005; Kiefer et al., 2021), and at ISAC-CNR Bologna (Dinelli et al., 2010), which include different targets and use different analysis strategies. Recently, a new version of ORM, ORM v8.22 (Raspollini et al., 2021), has been developed for processing the final release of MIPAS level-1b data and producing the final version of the ESA level-2 MIPAS products. For the first time, the scientific version of ORM has been used to routinely process MIPAS measurements and produce the MIPAS level-2 version 8 (level2-v8) database. Version 8 of MIPAS level-2
January 2005 to April 2012). The number of species included in the MIPAS level2-v8 dataset makes it of particular importance for the studies of stratospheric chemistry. The database is considered by ESA the final release of the MIPAS level-2 products.

The ORM algorithm is operated at the vertical grid co-incident to the tangent altitudes of the observations or to a subset of them, spanning (in the nominal mode) the altitude range from 6 to 68 km in the FR phase and from 6 to 70 km in the OR period. In the latitude domain, FR profiles are spaced by about 4.7°, while the OR profiles are spaced by about 3.7°. For each retrieved species, the auxiliary data and the retrieval choices are described. Each product is characterised in terms of the retrieval error, spatial resolution, and “useful” vertical range in both phases of the MIPAS mission. These depend on the characteristics of the measurements (spectral and vertical resolution of the measurements), the retrieval choices (number of spectral points included in the analyses, number of altitudes included in the vertical retrieval grid), and the information content of the measurements for each trace species. For temperature, water vapour, ozone, and nitric acid, the number of degrees of freedom is significantly larger in the OR phase than in the FR one, mainly due to the finer vertical measurement grid. In the FR phase, some trace species are characterised by a smaller retrieval error with respect to the OR phase, mainly due to the larger number of spectral points used in the analyses, along with the reduced vertical resolution. The way of handling possible caveats (negative VMR, vertical grid representation) is discussed. The quality of the retrieved profiles is assessed through four criteria, two providing information on the successful convergence of the retrieval iterations, one on the capability of the retrieval to reproduce the measurements, and one on the presence of outliers. An easy way to identify and filter the problematic profiles with the information contained in the output files is provided. MIPAS level2-v8 data are available to the scientific community through the ESA portal (https://doi.org/10.5270/EN1-c8hgqx4).

# 1 Introduction

Satellites for Earth observation have produced and are producing an enormous volume of measurements, improving our knowledge of the Earth's system and climate. Although our picture of the Earth's atmosphere is getting more and more accurate over the years, there still is the need to study long-term variations of its state, especially in the stratosphere and in the upper troposphere-lower stratosphere (UTLS), and their influence on climate.

The global and multi-year coverage of satellite missions is producing a detailed picture of the atmosphere, through the measured distribution, variability, and long-term trends of its physical and chemical state. Among the numerous

observation techniques, infrared limb observations, that can be performed in absorption, exploiting the Sun or the Stars as infrared source (solar or stellar occultation technique), or in emission, exploiting the thermal emissions of the atmospheric molecules, have the peculiarity of allowing global coverage with high vertical resolution. During the last 30 years, several limb observation instruments have been launched in space. Examples of still-operational satellite limb instruments are the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment - Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) (Bernath et al., 2005), which uses the solar occultation technique in the infrared, and the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) (Waters et al., 2006), which measures the atmospheric emission in the submillimetre region.

In March 2002, the European Space Agency (ESA) launched the Environmental Satellite (Envisat), with three instruments on board capable of observing the Earth's atmosphere at the limb. Two of them (the SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CartographY - SCIAMACHY, Bovensmann et al., 1999, and the Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars - GO-MOS, Kyrölä et al., 2004) operated in the near-IR, visible, and UV spectral regions. The third one, the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) (Fischer et al., 2008), measured the infrared limb emission of the atmosphere in the 680–2410 cm⁻¹ spectral region. MIPAS scanned the atmospheric limb in the orbit plane, enabling a quite dense vertical and latitudinal coverage of the atmosphere (sampling steps smaller than 3 km in the vertical domain and smaller than 500 km in the horizontal domain), that has enabled us to investigate both the vertical and horizontal atmospheric variability over the whole duration of the Envisat mission (2002–2012).

The Optimised Retrieval Model (ORM) algorithm (Ridolfi et al., 2000) was developed to be the scientific prototype of the ESA level-2 code, used to routinely analyse the mid-infrared limb emission measurements acquired by the MIPAS instrument. Over the years, the code has been improved both to follow the evolution of the measurement strategies and to adopt new strategies suggested by the analysis of the quality of the retrieved products (Raspollini et al., 2006, 2013). Besides ESA data, there is a series of independent level-2 databases produced with MIPAS observations, at Oxford University (Dudhia and Piccolo, 2007), at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (von Clarmann et al., 2009a, 2003; Milz et al., 2005; Kiefer et al., 2021), and at ISAC-CNR Bologna (Dinelli et al., 2010), which include different targets and use different analysis strategies. Recently, a new version of ORM, ORM v8.22 (Raspollini et al., 2021), has been developed for processing the final release of MIPAS level-1b data and producing the final version of the ESA level-2 MIPAS products. For the first time, the scientific version of ORM has been used to routinely process MIPAS measurements and produce the MIPAS level-2 version 8 (level2-v8) database. Version 8 of MIPAS level-2
database includes data covering the complete MIPAS mission for both the main targets (pressure, temperature, and volume mixing ratio (VMR) of H₂O, O₃, HNO₃, CH₄, N₂O, and NO₂), originally selected for the ESA near-real-time retrievals, and 15 additional minor species which, over the years, were found to be retrievable from individual limb scans. The MIPAS level2-v8 database, now available to the end users, covers the complete MIPAS mission including the measurements acquired in the original spectral resolution (0.035 cm⁻¹ from July 2002 to March 2004), and in its final configuration (from 2005 MIPAS spectral resolution has been set to about 0.0625 cm⁻¹) spanning a period of 10 years. The database (ESA, 2021) can be accessed from the ESA website https://earth.esa.int/eogateway/ (last access: 10 December 2021). In this paper, we will describe all the aspects of the database, from the auxiliary data to the retrieval choices adopted for each trace species. The products present in the MIPAS level2-v8 database will be characterised in terms of their retrieval error, spatial resolution, and “useful” vertical range. The strategy used to identify good-quality profiles will be also described along with an easy way to identify them.

## 2 The MIPAS instrument

MIPAS design was originally developed by the Karlsruhe Institute for Technology (Fischer and Oelhaf, 1996) and adopted by ESA as one of the core instruments of Envisat that was successfully launched on 1 March 2002 and was continuously operated until 8 April 2012, when connections to the satellite were suddenly lost. Envisat was on a near-circular Sun-synchronous orbit at 800 km altitude (98.55° inclination) and, with an orbit period of 100.6 min, it performed 14.3 orbits per day, with a 10:00 LT descending node and a repeating cycle of 35 d. MIPAS was a Fourier transform (FT) spectrometer recording the limb emission spectrum of the atmosphere in the mid-infrared (from 680 to 2410 cm⁻¹). The full spectral coverage of MIPAS was achieved through five spectral bands: band A (680–980 cm⁻¹), band AB (1010–1180 cm⁻¹), band B (1205–1510 cm⁻¹), band C (1560–1760 cm⁻¹), and band D (1810–2410 cm⁻¹). A more detailed description of the MIPAS experiment can be found in Fischer et al. (2008).

Most of MIPAS measurements were performed with the instrument line of sight (LOS) pointing backward along the orbit track, apart from few measurements used for monitoring aeroplane wakes and volcanic eruptions. For the measurements acquired over the polar regions, the instrument azimuth was tilted to compensate for the orbit inclination and enable their full coverage. Near the tangent point, MIPAS instantaneous field of view was about 3 km in altitude and 30 km across track. The first part of MIPAS measurements (which lasted until 26 March 2004) was performed with a spectral resolution of 0.035 cm⁻¹ full width half maximum,

unapodised. This part of the mission is called the full resolution (FR) phase. Most of FR MIPAS measurements were acquired in the nominal (NOM) observation mode, where each limb scan was made of 17 limb views (sweeps) with nominal tangent altitudes ranging from 6 to 68 km, with the average distance between the tangent points of successive limb scans of about 500 km, i.e. ~4.7° in latitude.

Due to technical problems with the interferometric slides, the FR mission was suspended in April 2004. MIPAS operations were resumed in January 2005, operating MIPAS at an optimised resolution (OR), reducing the spectral resolution to 41% of the maximum spectral resolution of the original configuration. Since the reduced spectral resolution implied a lower acquisition time for each limb view, all the MIPAS observation modes were optimised in order to exploit at the maximum the new instrumental feature. Therefore, in the OR nominal observation mode, each scan was made of 27 limb views with tangent altitudes ranging from 3 to 70 km with fixed altitude steps, and the average distance between the tangent points of successive limb scans of about 400 km (~3.7° latitude). While the vertical spacing between the tangent altitudes of the spectra of the individual limb scans was kept constant along the orbit, the whole scan pattern was shifted with latitude to follow the tropopause altitude. MIPAS was operated at 100% of its duty cycle in the FR mission. Because of the mentioned instrument anomaly, the operations were reduced significantly from 2005 to 2007. At the beginning of 2005, MIPAS was operated at only a 30% duty cycle, which was progressively increased until December 2007, when it was successfully recovered back to 100%. After 21 October 2010, the Envisat platform was moved to a lower altitude with drifting orbit, but the observation modes and duty cycle of MIPAS remained unchanged until the unexpected loss of contact with the satellite ended the MIPAS mission on 8 April 2012.

During its lifetime, MIPAS was operated in many observational modes. The most important and most frequent ones are the NOM modes, with different latitude-altitude patterns in the FR and OR parts of the mission. In the FR NOM observation mode, the nominal tangent altitudes were acquired from 6 to 42 km with 3 km steps, and at 47, 52, 60, and 68 km. In the OR NOM observation mode, the nominal tangent altitudes were 6.0, 7.5, 9.0, 10.5, 12.0, 13.5, 15.0, 16.5, 18.0, 19.5, 21.0, 23.0, 25.0, 27.0, 29.0, 31.0, 34.0, 37.0, 40.0, 43.0, 46.0, 50.0, 54.0, 58.0, 62.0, 66.0, and 70.0 km. During the FR mission, a small fraction of MIPAS observations were acquired using two different special observation modes (S1, dedicated to polar Chemistry on 16 February 2004, and S6, dedicated to measure the upper troposphere-lower stratosphere (UTLS) on 19 September 2003), designed to improve MIPAS coverage for special scientific objectives. These modes exploited different spectral resolutions, vertical scanning range, and sampling steps, and could use sideways views. During the OR mission, several different observation modes were routinely used (De Laurentis, 2005; Oel-
database includes data covering the complete MIPAS mission for both the main targets (pressure, temperature, and volume mixing ratio (VMR) of H₂O, O₃, HNO₃, CH₄, N₂O, and NO₂), originally selected for the ESA near-real-time retrievals, and 15 additional minor species which, over the years, were found to be retrievable from individual limb scans. The MIPAS level2-v8 database, now available to the end users, covers the complete MIPAS mission including the measurements acquired in the original spectral resolution (0.035 cm⁻¹ from July 2002 to March 2004), and in its final configuration (from 2005 MIPAS spectral resolution has been set to about 0.0625 cm⁻¹) spanning a period of 10 years. The database (ESA, 2021) can be accessed from the ESA website https://earth.esa.int/eogateway/ (last access: 10 December 2021). In this paper, we will describe all the aspects of the database, from the auxiliary data to the retrieval choices adopted for each trace species. The products present in the MIPAS level2-v8 database will be characterised in terms of their retrieval error, spatial resolution, and “useful” vertical range. The strategy used to identify good-quality profiles will be also described along with an easy way to identify them.

## 2 The MIPAS instrument

MIPAS design was originally developed by the Karlsruhe Institute for Technology (Fischer and Oelhaf, 1996) and adopted by ESA as one of the core instruments of Envisat that was successfully launched on 1 March 2002 and was continuously operated until 8 April 2012, when connections to the satellite were suddenly lost. Envisat was on a near-circular Sun-synchronous orbit at 800 km altitude (98.55° inclination) and, with an orbit period of 100.6 min, it performed 14.3 orbits per day, with a 10:00 LT descending node and a repeating cycle of 35 d. MIPAS was a Fourier transform (FT) spectrometer recording the limb emission spectrum of the atmosphere in the mid-infrared (from 680 to 2410 cm⁻¹). The full spectral coverage of MIPAS was achieved through five spectral bands: band A (680–980 cm⁻¹), band AB (1010–1180 cm⁻¹), band B (1205–1510 cm⁻¹), band C (1560–1760 cm⁻¹), and band D (1810–2410 cm⁻¹). A more detailed description of the MIPAS experiment can be found in Fischer et al. (2008).

Most of MIPAS measurements were performed with the instrument line of sight (LOS) pointing backward along the orbit track, apart from few measurements used for monitoring aeroplane wakes and volcanic eruptions. For the measurements acquired over the polar regions, the instrument azimuth was tilted to compensate for the orbit inclination and enable their full coverage. Near the tangent point, MIPAS instantaneous field of view was about 3 km in altitude and 30 km across track. The first part of MIPAS measurements (which lasted until 26 March 2004) was performed with a spectral resolution of 0.035 cm⁻¹ full width half maximum,

unapodised. This part of the mission is called the full resolution (FR) phase. Most of FR MIPAS measurements were acquired in the nominal (NOM) observation mode, where each limb scan was made of 17 limb views (sweeps) with nominal tangent altitudes ranging from 6 to 68 km, with the average distance between the tangent points of successive limb scans of about 500 km, i.e. ~4.7° in latitude.

Due to technical problems with the interferometric slides, the FR mission was suspended in April 2004. MIPAS operations were resumed in January 2005, operating MIPAS at an optimised resolution (OR), reducing the spectral resolution to 41% of the maximum spectral resolution of the original configuration. Since the reduced spectral resolution implied a lower acquisition time for each limb view, all the MIPAS observation modes were optimised in order to exploit at the maximum the new instrumental feature. Therefore, in the OR nominal observation mode, each scan was made of 27 limb views with tangent altitudes ranging from 3 to 70 km with fixed altitude steps, and the average distance between the tangent points of successive limb scans of about 400 km (~3.7° latitude). While the vertical spacing between the tangent altitudes of the spectra of the individual limb scans was kept constant along the orbit, the whole scan pattern was shifted with latitude to follow the tropopause altitude. MIPAS was operated at 100% of its duty cycle in the FR mission. Because of the mentioned instrument anomaly, the operations were reduced significantly from 2005 to 2007. At the beginning of 2005, MIPAS was operated at only a 30% duty cycle, which was progressively increased until December 2007, when it was successfully recovered back to 100%. After 21 October 2010, the Envisat platform was moved to a lower altitude with drifting orbit, but the observation modes and duty cycle of MIPAS remained unchanged until the unexpected loss of contact with the satellite ended the MIPAS mission on 8 April 2012.

During its lifetime, MIPAS was operated in many observational modes. The most important and most frequent ones are the NOM modes, with different latitude-altitude patterns in the FR and OR parts of the mission. In the FR NOM observation mode, the nominal tangent altitudes were acquired from 6 to 42 km with 3 km steps, and at 47, 52, 60, and 68 km. In the OR NOM observation mode, the nominal tangent altitudes were 6.0, 7.5, 9.0, 10.5, 12.0, 13.5, 15.0, 16.5, 18.0, 19.5, 21.0, 23.0, 25.0, 27.0, 29.0, 31.0, 34.0, 37.0, 40.0, 43.0, 46.0, 50.0, 54.0, 58.0, 62.0, 66.0, and 70.0 km. During the FR mission, a small fraction of MIPAS observations were acquired using two different special observation modes (S1, dedicated to polar Chemistry on 16 February 2004, and S6, dedicated to measure the upper troposphere-lower stratosphere (UTLS) on 19 September 2003), designed to improve MIPAS coverage for special scientific objectives. These modes exploited different spectral resolutions, vertical scanning range, and sampling steps, and could use sideways views. During the OR mission, several different observation modes were routinely used (De Laurentis, 2005; Oel-
<figure><img src="image_3.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 1.** Altitude of the lowermost tangent point as a function of latitude for the NOM observation mode of the FR mission (green) and for the NOM (blue) and UTLS-1 (red) observation modes of the OR part of the mission.</figcaption></figure>

haf, 2008; Dudhia, 2008). The most frequent duty cycle, repeated every 10 d, consisted of 4 consecutive days of NOM measurements, 1 d of observations in the upper atmosphere (UA) mode, where a wider altitude range at reduced vertical resolution was measured, 4 d of NOM mode, 1 d of middle atmosphere (MA) mode. Other used observation modes were the UTLS-1 and the NLC (noctilucent cloud) modes. All the observation modes different from the NOM ones are often referred to as “special modes”. Table 1 reports all the observation modes analysed to produce the level2-v8 database and their vertical range, while Fig. 1 reports the location of the lowest tangent altitudes as a function of latitude for both FR and OR NOM and the UTLS-1 modes.

## ESA MIPAS level-1b data

The first of the two main processing steps of the MIPAS measurements produced ESA level-1b data. Level-1b processing decoded the downlinked source packets of MIPAS interferograms transforming them into geolocated and calibrated atmospheric radiances (level-1b spectra). The calibrated spectra acquired during each orbit have been collected into one file, with the starting and ending scans acquired over the Equator. In this section, we report some of the main features of the level-1 data that may have some influence on the quality of the final level-2 data. Level-1b data for the FR and OR mission have been routinely released by ESA and updated in successive improved processing. The current MIPAS database of level-1b data has been produced with the version 8 of the ESA Instrument Processing Facility (IPF) (L1v8, Kleinert et al., 2018). L1v8 processing includes many major improvements with respect to the previous versions, namely

- better radiometric accuracy obtained with an improved time-dependent in-flight characterisation of the detector non-linearity;

- fewer discontinuities in the time series due to the use of the daily gain measurements (in previous processing, the gain function was updated only once per week);

- better accuracy in the reported LOS tangent altitudes – smaller residual pointing errors are found in L1v8 data with respect to previous versions (lower than 200 m at high altitudes and than 400 m at low altitudes).

The level-1b spectra are reported on a frequency grid of 0.025 cm⁻¹ for the FR mission and of 0.0625 cm⁻¹ for the OR mission. Further details on the version 8 of the level-1b processor can be found in Kleinert et al. (2018) and on the quality of L1v8 data in ESA (2019).

## 3 MIPAS level-2 processor

Up to the version 7 release, MIPAS level-2 data have been processed directly by ESA with the level-2 processor based on the ORM theoretical baseline and implemented by an industrial contractor. The level-2 data of MIPAS main targets, namely pressure at tangent altitudes, temperature, and the VMRs of H₂O, O₃, HNO₃, CH₄, N₂O, and NO₂, were continuously retrieved and distributed by ESA in near-real time from the nominal mode measurements for the FR phase (Raspollini et al., 2006). However, the number of molecules included in the many instances of reprocessing of MIPAS data has increased over the years. In the OR phase, the near-real-time processing was performed only starting from June 2010. The ORM retrieval strategy is the following: each target is retrieved on a set of small spectral regions called microwindows (MWs), selected in order to have the best retrieval accuracy of the final level-2 products (see Dudhia et al., 2002a, and Sect. 4.2.2 below). When analysing a single limb scan, ORM performs a sequential retrieval of all the targets, using the results of the previously retrieved targets in the following steps of the retrieval sequence; the order used in the sequence was designed to minimise the error propagation. MIPAS limb scans are individually analysed, retrieving the atmospheric quantities at the geolocation of the tangent points. As a consequence, the retrieved profiles are calculated on an irregular vertical grid, and the horizontal resolution is linked to the separation of subsequent scans (see von Clarmann et al., 2009b).

ESA level2-v8 data have been obtained, for the first time, by directly using the ORM code, version 8.22 (ORM v8.22, Raspollini et al., 2021). ORM v8.22 implements the global-fit (Carlotti, 1988) algorithm and performs the retrieval using the regularising Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) method (Levenberg, 1944; Marquardt, 1963). Both the error consistency (EC, Ceccherini, 2005) and the iterative variable strength (IVS, Ridolfi and Sgheri, 2009, 2011) a posteriori regularization methods are implemented and can be selected according to the retrieved target. ORM v8.22 implements many im-
<figure><img src="image_3.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 1.** Altitude of the lowermost tangent point as a function of latitude for the NOM observation mode of the FR mission (green) and for the NOM (blue) and UTLS-1 (red) observation modes of the OR part of the mission.</figcaption></figure>

haf, 2008; Dudhia, 2008). The most frequent duty cycle, repeated every 10 d, consisted of 4 consecutive days of NOM measurements, 1 d of observations in the upper atmosphere (UA) mode, where a wider altitude range at reduced vertical resolution was measured, 4 d of NOM mode, 1 d of middle atmosphere (MA) mode. Other used observation modes were the UTLS-1 and the NLC (noctilucent cloud) modes. All the observation modes different from the NOM ones are often referred to as “special modes”. Table 1 reports all the observation modes analysed to produce the level2-v8 database and their vertical range, while Fig. 1 reports the location of the lowest tangent altitudes as a function of latitude for both FR and OR NOM and the UTLS-1 modes.

## ESA MIPAS level-1b data

The first of the two main processing steps of the MIPAS measurements produced ESA level-1b data. Level-1b processing decoded the downlinked source packets of MIPAS interferograms transforming them into geolocated and calibrated atmospheric radiances (level-1b spectra). The calibrated spectra acquired during each orbit have been collected into one file, with the starting and ending scans acquired over the Equator. In this section, we report some of the main features of the level-1 data that may have some influence on the quality of the final level-2 data. Level-1b data for the FR and OR mission have been routinely released by ESA and updated in successive improved processing. The current MIPAS database of level-1b data has been produced with the version 8 of the ESA Instrument Processing Facility (IPF) (L1v8, Kleinert et al., 2018). L1v8 processing includes many major improvements with respect to the previous versions, namely

- better radiometric accuracy obtained with an improved time-dependent in-flight characterisation of the detector non-linearity;

- fewer discontinuities in the time series due to the use of the daily gain measurements (in previous processing, the gain function was updated only once per week);

- better accuracy in the reported LOS tangent altitudes – smaller residual pointing errors are found in L1v8 data with respect to previous versions (lower than 200 m at high altitudes and than 400 m at low altitudes).

The level-1b spectra are reported on a frequency grid of 0.025 cm⁻¹ for the FR mission and of 0.0625 cm⁻¹ for the OR mission. Further details on the version 8 of the level-1b processor can be found in Kleinert et al. (2018) and on the quality of L1v8 data in ESA (2019).

## 3 MIPAS level-2 processor

Up to the version 7 release, MIPAS level-2 data have been processed directly by ESA with the level-2 processor based on the ORM theoretical baseline and implemented by an industrial contractor. The level-2 data of MIPAS main targets, namely pressure at tangent altitudes, temperature, and the VMRs of H₂O, O₃, HNO₃, CH₄, N₂O, and NO₂, were continuously retrieved and distributed by ESA in near-real time from the nominal mode measurements for the FR phase (Raspollini et al., 2006). However, the number of molecules included in the many instances of reprocessing of MIPAS data has increased over the years. In the OR phase, the near-real-time processing was performed only starting from June 2010. The ORM retrieval strategy is the following: each target is retrieved on a set of small spectral regions called microwindows (MWs), selected in order to have the best retrieval accuracy of the final level-2 products (see Dudhia et al., 2002a, and Sect. 4.2.2 below). When analysing a single limb scan, ORM performs a sequential retrieval of all the targets, using the results of the previously retrieved targets in the following steps of the retrieval sequence; the order used in the sequence was designed to minimise the error propagation. MIPAS limb scans are individually analysed, retrieving the atmospheric quantities at the geolocation of the tangent points. As a consequence, the retrieved profiles are calculated on an irregular vertical grid, and the horizontal resolution is linked to the separation of subsequent scans (see von Clarmann et al., 2009b).

ESA level2-v8 data have been obtained, for the first time, by directly using the ORM code, version 8.22 (ORM v8.22, Raspollini et al., 2021). ORM v8.22 implements the global-fit (Carlotti, 1988) algorithm and performs the retrieval using the regularising Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) method (Levenberg, 1944; Marquardt, 1963). Both the error consistency (EC, Ceccherini, 2005) and the iterative variable strength (IVS, Ridolfi and Sgheri, 2009, 2011) a posteriori regularization methods are implemented and can be selected according to the retrieved target. ORM v8.22 implements many im-
<table><caption>**Table 1.** List of the MIPAS observation modes used for the level2-v8 database with their vertical coverage and number of available scans.</caption><thead><tr><th>Mode</th><th>Number of tangent altitudes</th><th>Altitude range of measurements</th><th>Number of available scans</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>FR NOM</td><td>17</td><td>6–68</td><td>510 420</td></tr><tr><td>OR NOM</td><td>27</td><td>6–70</td><td>1 889 082</td></tr><tr><td>OR UTLS-1</td><td>19</td><td>8.5–52</td><td>134 638</td></tr><tr><td>OR UTLS-1-old</td><td>18</td><td>8.5–49</td><td>10 568</td></tr><tr><td>OR UTLS-2</td><td>11</td><td>12–42</td><td>5719</td></tr><tr><td>OR AE</td><td>12</td><td>7–38</td><td>4055</td></tr><tr><td>OR NLC</td><td>25</td><td>39–102</td><td>43 541</td></tr><tr><td>OR UA</td><td>35</td><td>42–172</td><td>166 992</td></tr><tr><td>OR MA</td><td>29</td><td>18–102</td><td>205 784</td></tr><tr><td>RR17 (August–September 2004)</td><td>17</td><td>6–68</td><td>22 768</td></tr></tbody></table>

provements with respect to the previous versions. Here, we list the major ones:

- Accounting for the horizontal inhomogeneities: the horizontal variability of the atmosphere is modelled in the forward model (FM) internal to ORM v8.22 with user-supplied horizontal gradients for both temperature and trace gases.

- Altitude-dependent cloud screening: the cloud detection algorithm uses a cloud index (CI, Spang et al., 2004), defined as the ratio between the mean radiance in two spectral intervals with different sensitivity to the cloud radiative effects. Spectra with CI smaller than the predefined thresholds are not included in the analysis. In the previous versions, a single CI threshold, altitude and latitude independent, was used. ORM v8.22 uses altitude-dependent and latitude-dependent cloud filtering thresholds (Sembhi et al., 2012). This approach was proven to be more efficient in detecting high-altitude clouds.

- Optimal estimation: the optimal estimation (OE) or maximum a posteriori approach (Rodgers, 2000) has been implemented in ORM v8.22. This method is used in the retrieval of new species with a very weak signal in MIPAS spectra. The a priori information can be either equal to the initial guess profile or provided independently.

- Initial guess strategy: the choice of the initial guess profile and of the assumed profiles of the interfering species has changed in the latest version of ORM. As described in Raspollini et al. (2021), different databases are available for those profiles and for the computation of the gradients. The selection of the profiles among all the available ones is made according to a user-defined priority list.

For further details of the new features implemented in ORM v8.22, see Raspollini et al. (2021).

# 4 MIPAS level2-v8 products development strategy

In this section, we summarise the strategy adopted in the development of the MIPAS level2-v8 dataset, describing the retrieval setup and the auxiliary data used for the analyses of the whole MIPAS mission.

## 4.1 Retrieval strategy

All the data in the level2-v8 dataset have been obtained with ORM v8.22, configured as described in this section. As already reported in Sect. 3, ORM v8.22 performs a sequential retrieval of all targets at the tangent altitudes of the measured scan. The first step of the retrieval chain is the retrieval of the pressure at the tangent points jointly to the associated temperatures (*p*, *T* retrieval). Then, the VMRs of the minor gases are retrieved, starting from water vapour. The adopted sequence of the VMR retrieval is as follows: first, the main target species H₂O, O₃, HNO₃, CH₄, N₂O, and NO₂, then the additional species CFC-11, ClONO₂, N₂O₅, CFC-12, COF₂, CCl₄, HCN, CF₄, HCFC-22, C₂H₂, CH₃Cl, COCl₂, C₂H₆, OCS, and HDO are retrieved in the reported order. In the retrieval sequence, the initial VMR profiles, used for the *p*, *T* retrieval, are replaced by the ones already retrieved, with the exception of the ones of some species which have a very weak contribution in MIPAS spectra. Therefore, the retrieval sequence and the used spectral intervals were designed to minimise the impact of the systematic errors originated by the non-correct modelling of the interfering species. Each target is retrieved simultaneously with the transmission profiles of the atmospheric continuum (one for each MW) in the altitude range of 6–25 km for the *p*, *T* retrieval, and of 6–30 km for all the other targets, along with an altitude- and frequency-independent radiance offset for each analysed MW. All the retrievals are performed using the regularising LM technique (Levenberg, 1944; Marquardt, 1963; Doicu et al., 2010) to cope with forward model non-linearities. After convergence, an additional a posteriori regularisation is applied to avoid unphysical oscillations in the final profiles
<table><caption>**Table 1.** List of the MIPAS observation modes used for the level2-v8 database with their vertical coverage and number of available scans.</caption><thead><tr><th>Mode</th><th>Number of tangent altitudes</th><th>Altitude range of measurements</th><th>Number of available scans</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>FR NOM</td><td>17</td><td>6–68</td><td>510 420</td></tr><tr><td>OR NOM</td><td>27</td><td>6–70</td><td>1 889 082</td></tr><tr><td>OR UTLS-1</td><td>19</td><td>8.5–52</td><td>134 638</td></tr><tr><td>OR UTLS-1-old</td><td>18</td><td>8.5–49</td><td>10 568</td></tr><tr><td>OR UTLS-2</td><td>11</td><td>12–42</td><td>5719</td></tr><tr><td>OR AE</td><td>12</td><td>7–38</td><td>4055</td></tr><tr><td>OR NLC</td><td>25</td><td>39–102</td><td>43 541</td></tr><tr><td>OR UA</td><td>35</td><td>42–172</td><td>166 992</td></tr><tr><td>OR MA</td><td>29</td><td>18–102</td><td>205 784</td></tr><tr><td>RR17 (August–September 2004)</td><td>17</td><td>6–68</td><td>22 768</td></tr></tbody></table>

provements with respect to the previous versions. Here, we list the major ones:

- Accounting for the horizontal inhomogeneities: the horizontal variability of the atmosphere is modelled in the forward model (FM) internal to ORM v8.22 with user-supplied horizontal gradients for both temperature and trace gases.

- Altitude-dependent cloud screening: the cloud detection algorithm uses a cloud index (CI, Spang et al., 2004), defined as the ratio between the mean radiance in two spectral intervals with different sensitivity to the cloud radiative effects. Spectra with CI smaller than the predefined thresholds are not included in the analysis. In the previous versions, a single CI threshold, altitude and latitude independent, was used. ORM v8.22 uses altitude-dependent and latitude-dependent cloud filtering thresholds (Sembhi et al., 2012). This approach was proven to be more efficient in detecting high-altitude clouds.

- Optimal estimation: the optimal estimation (OE) or maximum a posteriori approach (Rodgers, 2000) has been implemented in ORM v8.22. This method is used in the retrieval of new species with a very weak signal in MIPAS spectra. The a priori information can be either equal to the initial guess profile or provided independently.

- Initial guess strategy: the choice of the initial guess profile and of the assumed profiles of the interfering species has changed in the latest version of ORM. As described in Raspollini et al. (2021), different databases are available for those profiles and for the computation of the gradients. The selection of the profiles among all the available ones is made according to a user-defined priority list.

For further details of the new features implemented in ORM v8.22, see Raspollini et al. (2021).

# 4 MIPAS level2-v8 products development strategy

In this section, we summarise the strategy adopted in the development of the MIPAS level2-v8 dataset, describing the retrieval setup and the auxiliary data used for the analyses of the whole MIPAS mission.

## 4.1 Retrieval strategy

All the data in the level2-v8 dataset have been obtained with ORM v8.22, configured as described in this section. As already reported in Sect. 3, ORM v8.22 performs a sequential retrieval of all targets at the tangent altitudes of the measured scan. The first step of the retrieval chain is the retrieval of the pressure at the tangent points jointly to the associated temperatures (*p*, *T* retrieval). Then, the VMRs of the minor gases are retrieved, starting from water vapour. The adopted sequence of the VMR retrieval is as follows: first, the main target species H₂O, O₃, HNO₃, CH₄, N₂O, and NO₂, then the additional species CFC-11, ClONO₂, N₂O₅, CFC-12, COF₂, CCl₄, HCN, CF₄, HCFC-22, C₂H₂, CH₃Cl, COCl₂, C₂H₆, OCS, and HDO are retrieved in the reported order. In the retrieval sequence, the initial VMR profiles, used for the *p*, *T* retrieval, are replaced by the ones already retrieved, with the exception of the ones of some species which have a very weak contribution in MIPAS spectra. Therefore, the retrieval sequence and the used spectral intervals were designed to minimise the impact of the systematic errors originated by the non-correct modelling of the interfering species. Each target is retrieved simultaneously with the transmission profiles of the atmospheric continuum (one for each MW) in the altitude range of 6–25 km for the *p*, *T* retrieval, and of 6–30 km for all the other targets, along with an altitude- and frequency-independent radiance offset for each analysed MW. All the retrievals are performed using the regularising LM technique (Levenberg, 1944; Marquardt, 1963; Doicu et al., 2010) to cope with forward model non-linearities. After convergence, an additional a posteriori regularisation is applied to avoid unphysical oscillations in the final profiles
(Ceccherini, 2005; Ridolfi and Sgheri, 2009, 2011). For the molecules HCN, CF₄, C₂H₂, C₂H₆, CH₃Cl, OCS, COCl₂, and HDO, all characterised by very weak signals in MIPAS spectra, the OE technique has been used. The OE cost function is still minimised with the LM technique, and in this case the LM damping parameter is set to zero at the last iteration (see Raspollini et al., 2021).

## 4.2 Auxiliary data

### 4.2.1 Initial guess and a priori data

The atmospheric state, used both as a starting point in the retrieval iterations and to represent the vertical distribution of the non-retrieved interfering species, is represented with vertical profiles of pressure, temperature, and VMR of all the gases included in the simulation of the measured spectra with the forward model internal to the retrieval code. In ORM V8.22, the atmospheric state includes also the horizontal gradients introduced to model the atmospheric horizontal (latitudinal) inhomogeneity. Obviously, part of the atmospheric state includes invariable profiles (background), which remain fixed during the retrieval iterations, and variable profiles, which are part of the retrieval vector and are modified during the retrieval process. The strategy for the choice of the initial and background atmospheric state has been revised in ORM v8.22, increasing its flexibility but retaining the underlying rationale that has been successfully applied in the previous versions. As reported in Raspollini et al. (2021), the initial atmospheric status can be built using different sources that can be chosen according to their availability and their priority. The standard choice for the development of MIPAS level2-v8 database is to use, in order of priority, the results from the already completed retrievals of the same scan, the results from retrievals of the previous scan, and the profiles extracted from the IG2 database, developed by Remedios et al. (2007) and recently updated as described in Raspollini et al. (2021). This replicates the behaviour of the previous versions of the level-2 code. For the gradients (used only for temperature, H₂O, and O₃), vertical profiles extracted from the ECMWF ERA-Interim reanalysis at the geolocation and time of each scan are used. Since the vertical range of the used profiles may not cover the full vertical range used by the forward model, to extend them the corresponding IG2 profile, scaled in order to maintain the continuity with the original one, is used. Gradients are extended with 0 values outside the covered vertical range that ranges from 0 km to about 65 km (0.1 hPa).

The OE method is only used for the retrieval of the species with a very weak signal in MIPAS spectra, listed in Table 2. For all these targets, except HDO, the a priori information is fixed for all the analysed scans (one vertical distribution per target, provided as a function of pressure, for all latitudes and seasons). For HDO, the used a priori information is the vertical distribution of H₂O retrieved from the same scan,

scaled by the natural HDO/H₂O isotopic ratio. This strategy has been adopted because the altitude of the hygropause can change significantly according to latitude and season, and a profile with a fixed shape, even if in pressure, was too far from reality to be a good a priori estimate.

The fixed a priori profiles have been obtained averaging the IG2 climatological profiles at fixed pressure levels. The use of a fixed a priori profile guarantees that the observed variability (estimated as a function of pressure) in the retrieved products represents the variability observed by MIPAS. In the OE inversion procedure, the full a priori covariance matrix (CM) is used. This matrix is internally built by ORM v8.22 using as diagonal elements the squares of the a priori errors, computed as a fixed percentage of the a priori values plus a constant term introduced to prevent strong constraints in the case of very small a priori data. The off-diagonal terms are then built introducing a correlation that decays exponentially with the vertical distance from the considered retrieval altitude, and its strength is tuned via a correlation length that is target dependent. Table 2 reports the values of the a priori errors and correlation lengths used for all the targets for which OE is used.

### 4.2.2 Microwindows and look-up tables

As already introduced in Sect. 3 and reported in Ridolfi et al. (2000), the MWs are the small regions of the spectrum selected for the retrieval of any particular species. For MIPAS, a maximum MW width of 3 cm⁻¹ is imposed, originally for reasons of computer memory. This corresponds to 121 spectral points at the original FR spectral sampling and 49 for OR. MWs are generally also used over limited tangent altitude ranges, so a MW can be considered a rectangle in the total measurement domain represented by the collection of spectra within a complete limb scan.

Intuitively, one might expect MWs to include all the prominent lines of the target molecule (CO₂ in the case of the *p*, *T* retrieval), together with a portion of the background from which the continuum level can be established and, prior to MIPAS, MWs were often selected subjectively with these aims. For MIPAS, however, an automated MW selection algorithm was developed (Dudhia et al., 2002a) which aimed not only to maximise the information on the target species but also to minimise the contributions of systematic errors such as interfering species and non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) effects. This is achieved by the selection algorithm creating “spectral masks” – the deliberate masking out of spectral points at a particular tangent altitude whose inclusion in the operational retrieval would introduce, in terms of overall information content, an increase in the systematic error larger than the obtained reductions in the noise error. The MW selection algorithm provides not only the MWs to be used in the retrieval but also the altitude range where they are applied. This information is included in a file, called the “occupation matrix”, and it is used by
(Ceccherini, 2005; Ridolfi and Sgheri, 2009, 2011). For the molecules HCN, CF₄, C₂H₂, C₂H₆, CH₃Cl, OCS, COCl₂, and HDO, all characterised by very weak signals in MIPAS spectra, the OE technique has been used. The OE cost function is still minimised with the LM technique, and in this case the LM damping parameter is set to zero at the last iteration (see Raspollini et al., 2021).

## 4.2 Auxiliary data

### 4.2.1 Initial guess and a priori data

The atmospheric state, used both as a starting point in the retrieval iterations and to represent the vertical distribution of the non-retrieved interfering species, is represented with vertical profiles of pressure, temperature, and VMR of all the gases included in the simulation of the measured spectra with the forward model internal to the retrieval code. In ORM V8.22, the atmospheric state includes also the horizontal gradients introduced to model the atmospheric horizontal (latitudinal) inhomogeneity. Obviously, part of the atmospheric state includes invariable profiles (background), which remain fixed during the retrieval iterations, and variable profiles, which are part of the retrieval vector and are modified during the retrieval process. The strategy for the choice of the initial and background atmospheric state has been revised in ORM v8.22, increasing its flexibility but retaining the underlying rationale that has been successfully applied in the previous versions. As reported in Raspollini et al. (2021), the initial atmospheric status can be built using different sources that can be chosen according to their availability and their priority. The standard choice for the development of MIPAS level2-v8 database is to use, in order of priority, the results from the already completed retrievals of the same scan, the results from retrievals of the previous scan, and the profiles extracted from the IG2 database, developed by Remedios et al. (2007) and recently updated as described in Raspollini et al. (2021). This replicates the behaviour of the previous versions of the level-2 code. For the gradients (used only for temperature, H₂O, and O₃), vertical profiles extracted from the ECMWF ERA-Interim reanalysis at the geolocation and time of each scan are used. Since the vertical range of the used profiles may not cover the full vertical range used by the forward model, to extend them the corresponding IG2 profile, scaled in order to maintain the continuity with the original one, is used. Gradients are extended with 0 values outside the covered vertical range that ranges from 0 km to about 65 km (0.1 hPa).

The OE method is only used for the retrieval of the species with a very weak signal in MIPAS spectra, listed in Table 2. For all these targets, except HDO, the a priori information is fixed for all the analysed scans (one vertical distribution per target, provided as a function of pressure, for all latitudes and seasons). For HDO, the used a priori information is the vertical distribution of H₂O retrieved from the same scan,

scaled by the natural HDO/H₂O isotopic ratio. This strategy has been adopted because the altitude of the hygropause can change significantly according to latitude and season, and a profile with a fixed shape, even if in pressure, was too far from reality to be a good a priori estimate.

The fixed a priori profiles have been obtained averaging the IG2 climatological profiles at fixed pressure levels. The use of a fixed a priori profile guarantees that the observed variability (estimated as a function of pressure) in the retrieved products represents the variability observed by MIPAS. In the OE inversion procedure, the full a priori covariance matrix (CM) is used. This matrix is internally built by ORM v8.22 using as diagonal elements the squares of the a priori errors, computed as a fixed percentage of the a priori values plus a constant term introduced to prevent strong constraints in the case of very small a priori data. The off-diagonal terms are then built introducing a correlation that decays exponentially with the vertical distance from the considered retrieval altitude, and its strength is tuned via a correlation length that is target dependent. Table 2 reports the values of the a priori errors and correlation lengths used for all the targets for which OE is used.

### 4.2.2 Microwindows and look-up tables

As already introduced in Sect. 3 and reported in Ridolfi et al. (2000), the MWs are the small regions of the spectrum selected for the retrieval of any particular species. For MIPAS, a maximum MW width of 3 cm⁻¹ is imposed, originally for reasons of computer memory. This corresponds to 121 spectral points at the original FR spectral sampling and 49 for OR. MWs are generally also used over limited tangent altitude ranges, so a MW can be considered a rectangle in the total measurement domain represented by the collection of spectra within a complete limb scan.

Intuitively, one might expect MWs to include all the prominent lines of the target molecule (CO₂ in the case of the *p*, *T* retrieval), together with a portion of the background from which the continuum level can be established and, prior to MIPAS, MWs were often selected subjectively with these aims. For MIPAS, however, an automated MW selection algorithm was developed (Dudhia et al., 2002a) which aimed not only to maximise the information on the target species but also to minimise the contributions of systematic errors such as interfering species and non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) effects. This is achieved by the selection algorithm creating “spectral masks” – the deliberate masking out of spectral points at a particular tangent altitude whose inclusion in the operational retrieval would introduce, in terms of overall information content, an increase in the systematic error larger than the obtained reductions in the noise error. The MW selection algorithm provides not only the MWs to be used in the retrieval but also the altitude range where they are applied. This information is included in a file, called the “occupation matrix”, and it is used by
<table><caption>**Table 2.** Size of the a priori errors and correlation lengths used in the retrievals.</caption><thead><tr><th>Target</th><th>Constant error [ppmv]</th><th>Percentage error %</th><th>Correlation length [km]</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>HCN</td><td>10<sup>-6</sup></td><td>90</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>CFC-14</td><td>0.0</td><td>70</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td>COCl<sub>2</sub></td><td>10<sup>-7</sup></td><td>95</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>CH<sub>3</sub>Cl</td><td>10<sup>-6</sup></td><td>95</td><td>4 (FR), 6 (OR)</td></tr><tr><td>C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub></td><td>5 × 10<sup>-8</sup></td><td>90</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub></td><td>10<sup>-7</sup></td><td>90</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>OCS</td><td>10<sup>-7</sup></td><td>80</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>HDO</td><td>0.001</td><td>100</td><td>10</td></tr></tbody></table>

the level-2 algorithm to extract the portion of the spectra to be analysed for each tangent altitude. The selection tool is also used to estimate the residual systematic errors that may affect the level-2 products obtained with the selected set of MWs (see Sect. 5.2.2). Tables S1 through S28 in the Supplement report the list, the frequency regions, and the altitude coverages of all the MWs used to develop MIPAS level2-v8 database, divided by species and observation mode for which they have been used.

The forward model within the ORM retrieval algorithm is based on radiative transfer calculations at 0.0005 cm⁻¹ frequency grid, set by the requirement to capture the Doppler cores of high-altitude spectral lines. This typically leads to around 7500 points required to model a single MW at a single tangent height (the instrumental line shape convolution requires modelling beyond the MW boundaries). A line-by-line calculation was considered too slow (at least at the start of the mission) so look-up tables of the absorption coefficient *k*, tabulated as a function of wavenumber, pressure and temperature, were used: one for each molecule with significant absorption features within each MW. Approximately 1000 *p*, *T* tabulation points are required to avoid large interpolation errors, so such tables containing about 10⁷ data points are unwieldy; so further compression was obtained using singular-value decomposition. Further details can be found in Dudhia et al. (2002b).

For the development of the MIPAS level2-v8 database, as described in Raspollini et al. (2021), the look-up tables have been computed using the dedicated spectroscopic database (MIPAS spectroscopic database version pf4.5), complemented by the high-resolution transmission molecular absorption database (HITRAN) 2016 (Gordon et al., 2017) tabulated cross sections for all the heavy molecules except CFC-11 (Harrison, 2018), CFC-113 (Le Bris et al., 2011), and SF₆ (Laurent Manceron, personal communication, 2018).

# 5 MIPAS level2-v8 product characterisations

The MIPAS level2-v8 database, along with the values of tangent pressures, temperatures, and VMR profiles of all the retrieved molecules, includes also some important products that can be used as diagnostic tools to characterise the quality of the reported results. Among them, the averaging kernels, the covariance matrices that map the random measurement noise onto the solution, and a few quality flags. All the products are stored in NetCDF files. The following subsections describe some of the characterisation quantities and the results of the quality control of MIPAS level2-v8 products, while the description of the format and the content of the output NetCDF files is given in Appendix A.

## 5.1 Averaging kernel matrix

The elements of the averaging kernel matrix (AKM) represent the sensitivity of the retrieved profile to the real atmospheric vertical distribution. The AKM enables to assess the amount of information provided by the observations accounting for the constraints used in the retrieval (i.e. the applied regularisation or the a priori information). The AKM for each retrieved profile is computed during the retrieval procedure. For the species retrieved using the regularising Levenberg-Marquardt method, the AKM is calculated taking into account all the steps performed during the retrieval iterations, as described in Ceccherini and Ridolfi (2010). When the a posteriori Tikhonov regularisation is applied, the AKM is updated accordingly (Ridolfi and Sgheri, 2011). For the species retrieved using OE, the AKM is evaluated with the standard procedure (Rodgers, 2000). In all cases, the AKM is computed on the vertical retrieval grid of the considered scan. Figure 2 reports an example of the averaging kernels (AKs) computed for scan 70 of orbit 36275: the left panel shows the AKs for ozone, a species retrieved with the Levenberg-Marquardt method, and the right panel shows the AKs for HCN, a species retrieved with OE. We see in the figure that while the peaks of the AKs for ozone are always close to 1 (due to the weak constraints imposed by the a posteriori regularisation), the peaks of the AKs for HCN are always below
<table><caption>**Table 2.** Size of the a priori errors and correlation lengths used in the retrievals.</caption><thead><tr><th>Target</th><th>Constant error [ppmv]</th><th>Percentage error %</th><th>Correlation length [km]</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>HCN</td><td>10<sup>-6</sup></td><td>90</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>CFC-14</td><td>0.0</td><td>70</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td>COCl<sub>2</sub></td><td>10<sup>-7</sup></td><td>95</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>CH<sub>3</sub>Cl</td><td>10<sup>-6</sup></td><td>95</td><td>4 (FR), 6 (OR)</td></tr><tr><td>C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub></td><td>5 &times; 10<sup>-8</sup></td><td>90</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub></td><td>10<sup>-7</sup></td><td>90</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>OCS</td><td>10<sup>-7</sup></td><td>80</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>HDO</td><td>0.001</td><td>100</td><td>10</td></tr></tbody></table>

the level-2 algorithm to extract the portion of the spectra to be analysed for each tangent altitude. The selection tool is also used to estimate the residual systematic errors that may affect the level-2 products obtained with the selected set of MWs (see Sect. 5.2.2). Tables S1 through S28 in the Supplement report the list, the frequency regions, and the altitude coverages of all the MWs used to develop MIPAS level2-v8 database, divided by species and observation mode for which they have been used.

The forward model within the ORM retrieval algorithm is based on radiative transfer calculations at 0.0005 cm⁻¹ frequency grid, set by the requirement to capture the Doppler cores of high-altitude spectral lines. This typically leads to around 7500 points required to model a single MW at a single tangent height (the instrumental line shape convolution requires modelling beyond the MW boundaries). A line-by-line calculation was considered too slow (at least at the start of the mission) so look-up tables of the absorption coefficient *k*, tabulated as a function of wavenumber, pressure and temperature, were used: one for each molecule with significant absorption features within each MW. Approximately 1000 *p*, *T* tabulation points are required to avoid large interpolation errors, so such tables containing about 10⁷ data points are unwieldy; so further compression was obtained using singular-value decomposition. Further details can be found in Dudhia et al. (2002b).

For the development of the MIPAS level2-v8 database, as described in Raspollini et al. (2021), the look-up tables have been computed using the dedicated spectroscopic database (MIPAS spectroscopic database version pf4.5), complemented by the high-resolution transmission molecular absorption database (HITRAN) 2016 (Gordon et al., 2017) tabulated cross sections for all the heavy molecules except CFC-11 (Harrison, 2018), CFC-113 (Le Bris et al., 2011), and SF₆ (Laurent Manceron, personal communication, 2018).

# 5 MIPAS level2-v8 product characterisations

The MIPAS level2-v8 database, along with the values of tangent pressures, temperatures, and VMR profiles of all the retrieved molecules, includes also some important products that can be used as diagnostic tools to characterise the quality of the reported results. Among them, the averaging kernels, the covariance matrices that map the random measurement noise onto the solution, and a few quality flags. All the products are stored in NetCDF files. The following subsections describe some of the characterisation quantities and the results of the quality control of MIPAS level2-v8 products, while the description of the format and the content of the output NetCDF files is given in Appendix A.

## 5.1 Averaging kernel matrix

The elements of the averaging kernel matrix (AKM) represent the sensitivity of the retrieved profile to the real atmospheric vertical distribution. The AKM enables to assess the amount of information provided by the observations accounting for the constraints used in the retrieval (i.e. the applied regularisation or the a priori information). The AKM for each retrieved profile is computed during the retrieval procedure. For the species retrieved using the regularising Levenberg-Marquardt method, the AKM is calculated taking into account all the steps performed during the retrieval iterations, as described in Ceccherini and Ridolfi (2010). When the a posteriori Tikhonov regularisation is applied, the AKM is updated accordingly (Ridolfi and Sgheri, 2011). For the species retrieved using OE, the AKM is evaluated with the standard procedure (Rodgers, 2000). In all cases, the AKM is computed on the vertical retrieval grid of the considered scan. Figure 2 reports an example of the averaging kernels (AKs) computed for scan 70 of orbit 36275: the left panel shows the AKs for ozone, a species retrieved with the Levenberg-Marquardt method, and the right panel shows the AKs for HCN, a species retrieved with OE. We see in the figure that while the peaks of the AKs for ozone are always close to 1 (due to the weak constraints imposed by the a posteriori regularisation), the peaks of the AKs for HCN are always below
0.8. We also see a larger width of the AKs of HCN, due to the off-diagonal terms used in the construction of the a priori CM that correlates nearby retrieved points.

The AKM of each retrieved profile is included in the database files, as described in Appendix A, and is used to compute the number of degrees of freedom (DOFs) of each profile and other quantifiers linked to the quality of the dataset products (see Sect. 5.3.2). Table 3 reports the average number of DOFs of all the species for the scans unaffected by clouds in both the FR and OR measurements in the nominal mode, along with the number of retrieved points for all the species included in the database. We see in Table 3 that the number of tangent points used in the retrieval is on average larger in the OR phase. This is due to the finer vertical measurement grid adopted in the OR phase of the MIPAS mission. We also see that the number of DOFs for temperature, water vapour, ozone, and nitric acid is significantly larger in the OR phase than in the FR one, while for other gases they remain unaltered or are slightly smaller. This can be explained by the combined effect of the finer vertical sampling in the OR phase obtained at the expense of a coarser spectral sampling (and resolution) that affects the retrieved species in a different way.

## 5.2 Accuracy and precision

Precision and accuracy of the retrieved profiles are represented by the random and the systematic components of their errors. What we call the noise retrieval error represents the mapping of the noise-equivalent spectral radiance of the measurements onto the retrieved parameters. This mapping is quantified by its covariance matrix (CM), computed during the retrieval procedure. Among the systematic errors, the forward model errors are caused by the approximations used in representing the radiative processes of the atmosphere and the instrumental effects in the retrieval process (Dudhia et al., 2002a). Some of the forward model errors are random, like the propagation of the noise errors affecting the retrieved temperature and pressure to the retrieved VMR profiles (*p*, *T* propagation error; see Raspollini and Ridolfi, 2000), and some are systematic, such as the spectroscopic errors. Others have values that may change with time or depend on the spatial scale of the profiles that are considered for the statistical analysis.

### 5.2.1 Random errors

The main contributions to the random error component are the noise error and the propagation of the random error of the retrieved pressure and temperature in the subsequent VMR retrievals (*p*, *T* propagation error). The noise error is estimated in the retrieval procedure by performing the square root of the diagonal elements of the CM computed at the end of the retrieval iterations. Similarly to the approach used for the AKM calculation (see Sect. 5.1), the computation

of the CM takes into account both the Levenberg-Marquardt iterations and the performed regularisation, or, for the weak species, the used a priori information. In the MIPAS level2-v8 database, the final CM is provided along with the squared root of its diagonal elements (the noise error; see Appendix A) for each scan.

The *p*, *T* propagation error in the VMR retrievals is computed a posteriori using the CM of the retrieved pressure and temperature profiles of the same scan and precomputed matrices obtained with test retrievals where temperatures and pressures at each level were perturbed (Raspollini and Ridolfi, 2000).

In the database, the *p*, *T* propagation error is provided for each retrieved profile; see Appendix A. The final random error for the VMR retrievals can be estimated by the square root of the sum of the squares of the single scan noise error and the single scan *p*, *T* propagation error (i.e. the square root of the sum of the diagonal elements of the retrieval CM and the *p*, *T* propagation error matrix).

In order to evaluate how the random errors change in different atmospheric conditions, the average of the single scan random errors has been computed for the five reference atmospheres, namely polar summer daytime, polar winter nighttime, midlatitudes (both daytime and nighttime), and equatorial atmospheres. Figure 3 for the FR case and Fig. 4 for the OR case show the average ozone VMR profiles (left plots) and their associated average random error profiles, in absolute (middle plots) and relative (right plots) scale, averaged for the nominal mode only of the FR and OR phases of the mission. It can be seen in the figures that the contribution coming from the *p*, *T* propagation error is generally smaller than the noise contribution, but it is not negligible, especially for the OR case.

### 5.2.2 Systematic errors

Systematic errors are broadly all known sources of error in the retrieval apart from the random errors. These can be grouped into the following categories:

- approximations: omissions in the physics of the radiative transfer model such as non-LTE effects, CO₂ line coupling, and use of look-up tables;

- atmospheric errors: uncertainties in the assumed profiles used to model the atmosphere;

- instrument errors: uncertainties in modelling the instrument, such as radiometric calibration or instrument line shape;

- spectroscopic errors: uncertainties in the spectroscopic data, i.e. line strengths and air-broadening coefficients.

The systematic errors due to the above mentioned sources are calculated offline by the MWs selection algorithm using linear error propagation. Each error source is expressed in
0.8. We also see a larger width of the AKs of HCN, due to the off-diagonal terms used in the construction of the a priori CM that correlates nearby retrieved points.

The AKM of each retrieved profile is included in the database files, as described in Appendix A, and is used to compute the number of degrees of freedom (DOFs) of each profile and other quantifiers linked to the quality of the dataset products (see Sect. 5.3.2). Table 3 reports the average number of DOFs of all the species for the scans unaffected by clouds in both the FR and OR measurements in the nominal mode, along with the number of retrieved points for all the species included in the database. We see in Table 3 that the number of tangent points used in the retrieval is on average larger in the OR phase. This is due to the finer vertical measurement grid adopted in the OR phase of the MIPAS mission. We also see that the number of DOFs for temperature, water vapour, ozone, and nitric acid is significantly larger in the OR phase than in the FR one, while for other gases they remain unaltered or are slightly smaller. This can be explained by the combined effect of the finer vertical sampling in the OR phase obtained at the expense of a coarser spectral sampling (and resolution) that affects the retrieved species in a different way.

## 5.2 Accuracy and precision

Precision and accuracy of the retrieved profiles are represented by the random and the systematic components of their errors. What we call the noise retrieval error represents the mapping of the noise-equivalent spectral radiance of the measurements onto the retrieved parameters. This mapping is quantified by its covariance matrix (CM), computed during the retrieval procedure. Among the systematic errors, the forward model errors are caused by the approximations used in representing the radiative processes of the atmosphere and the instrumental effects in the retrieval process (Dudhia et al., 2002a). Some of the forward model errors are random, like the propagation of the noise errors affecting the retrieved temperature and pressure to the retrieved VMR profiles (*p*, *T* propagation error; see Raspollini and Ridolfi, 2000), and some are systematic, such as the spectroscopic errors. Others have values that may change with time or depend on the spatial scale of the profiles that are considered for the statistical analysis.

### 5.2.1 Random errors

The main contributions to the random error component are the noise error and the propagation of the random error of the retrieved pressure and temperature in the subsequent VMR retrievals (*p*, *T* propagation error). The noise error is estimated in the retrieval procedure by performing the square root of the diagonal elements of the CM computed at the end of the retrieval iterations. Similarly to the approach used for the AKM calculation (see Sect. 5.1), the computation

of the CM takes into account both the Levenberg-Marquardt iterations and the performed regularisation, or, for the weak species, the used a priori information. In the MIPAS level2-v8 database, the final CM is provided along with the squared root of its diagonal elements (the noise error; see Appendix A) for each scan.

The *p*, *T* propagation error in the VMR retrievals is computed a posteriori using the CM of the retrieved pressure and temperature profiles of the same scan and precomputed matrices obtained with test retrievals where temperatures and pressures at each level were perturbed (Raspollini and Ridolfi, 2000).

In the database, the *p*, *T* propagation error is provided for each retrieved profile; see Appendix A. The final random error for the VMR retrievals can be estimated by the square root of the sum of the squares of the single scan noise error and the single scan *p*, *T* propagation error (i.e. the square root of the sum of the diagonal elements of the retrieval CM and the *p*, *T* propagation error matrix).

In order to evaluate how the random errors change in different atmospheric conditions, the average of the single scan random errors has been computed for the five reference atmospheres, namely polar summer daytime, polar winter nighttime, midlatitudes (both daytime and nighttime), and equatorial atmospheres. Figure 3 for the FR case and Fig. 4 for the OR case show the average ozone VMR profiles (left plots) and their associated average random error profiles, in absolute (middle plots) and relative (right plots) scale, averaged for the nominal mode only of the FR and OR phases of the mission. It can be seen in the figures that the contribution coming from the *p*, *T* propagation error is generally smaller than the noise contribution, but it is not negligible, especially for the OR case.

### 5.2.2 Systematic errors

Systematic errors are broadly all known sources of error in the retrieval apart from the random errors. These can be grouped into the following categories:

- approximations: omissions in the physics of the radiative transfer model such as non-LTE effects, CO₂ line coupling, and use of look-up tables;

- atmospheric errors: uncertainties in the assumed profiles used to model the atmosphere;

- instrument errors: uncertainties in modelling the instrument, such as radiometric calibration or instrument line shape;

- spectroscopic errors: uncertainties in the spectroscopic data, i.e. line strengths and air-broadening coefficients.

The systematic errors due to the above mentioned sources are calculated offline by the MWs selection algorithm using linear error propagation. Each error source is expressed in
<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 2.** Examples of Averaging Kernels for the OR NOM observation mode: panel (a) for a species retrieved using a posteriori regularization (Ozone) and panel (b) for a species retrieved with OE (HCN).</figcaption></figure>

<table><caption>**Table 3.** Average number of DOFs for the VMR profiles retrieved from scans not affected by clouds.</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Target</th><th colspan="2">FR NOM</th><th colspan="2">OR NOM</th></tr><tr><th>Tangent points</th><th>DOFs</th><th>Tangent points</th><th>DOFs</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Temperature</td><td>17</td><td>14.5</td><td>27</td><td>20.2</td></tr><tr><td>H<sub>2</sub>O</td><td>17</td><td>11.9</td><td>27</td><td>14.2</td></tr><tr><td>O<sub>3</sub></td><td>17</td><td>16.7</td><td>27</td><td>23.82</td></tr><tr><td>HNO<sub>3</sub></td><td>13</td><td>12.6</td><td>18</td><td>15.8</td></tr><tr><td>CH<sub>4</sub></td><td>17</td><td>12.6</td><td>20</td><td>13.6</td></tr><tr><td>N<sub>2</sub>O</td><td>17</td><td>13.0</td><td>19</td><td>12.0</td></tr><tr><td>NO<sub>2</sub></td><td>15</td><td>10.7</td><td>16</td><td>9.5</td></tr><tr><td>CFC-11</td><td>10</td><td>6.4</td><td>12</td><td>6.0</td></tr><tr><td>CFC-12</td><td>12</td><td>8.3</td><td>16</td><td>8.3</td></tr><tr><td>N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub></td><td>10</td><td>6.0</td><td>15</td><td>6.6</td></tr><tr><td>ClONO<sub>2</sub></td><td>10</td><td>6.1</td><td>15</td><td>6.4</td></tr><tr><td>CFC-14</td><td>14</td><td>11.7</td><td>11</td><td>9.5</td></tr><tr><td>HCN</td><td>16</td><td>8.3</td><td>13</td><td>6.4</td></tr><tr><td>COF<sub>2</sub></td><td>13</td><td>7.9</td><td>20</td><td>8.6</td></tr><tr><td>CCl<sub>4</sub></td><td>8</td><td>5.4</td><td>8</td><td>3.0</td></tr><tr><td>HCFC-22</td><td>11</td><td>6.5</td><td>13</td><td>7.1</td></tr><tr><td>C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub></td><td>11</td><td>3.4</td><td>12</td><td>3.3</td></tr><tr><td>CH<sub>3</sub>Cl</td><td>11</td><td>3.0</td><td>15</td><td>2.4</td></tr><tr><td>COCl<sub>2</sub></td><td>11</td><td>4.2</td><td>21</td><td>3.6</td></tr><tr><td>C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub></td><td>13</td><td>2.9</td><td>15</td><td>1.8</td></tr><tr><td>OCS</td><td>17</td><td>4.7</td><td>19</td><td>4.2</td></tr><tr><td>HDO</td><td>17</td><td>9.7</td><td>24</td><td>9.0</td></tr></tbody></table>

the measurement space as a 1σ perturbation on the nominal spectral values δy (for example, the expected change in the measured spectra if the profile of an interfering species is perturbed by its 1σ uncertainty). Then, using a model of the retrieval gain matrix G, the error is mapped into the retrieved profile space as

$$ \delta x = G \delta y, \qquad (1) $$

where δx is the estimated error on the profile due to this particular error source.

Since the pressure-temperature retrieval is fundamental to all other species, systematic errors propagated from the *p*, *T* retrieval are formally combined with the direct systematic errors of each species. The systematic error budget for MIPAS retrievals has been calculated offline for a set of five representative atmospheres, the same used to represent the *p*, *T* propagation errors (see Sect. 5.2.1), and it refers to the single scan profile. The systematic errors for the reference atmospheres are available at http://www.atm.ox.ac.uk/group/mipas/err/ (last access: 10 December 2021) and their value
<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 2.** Examples of Averaging Kernels for the OR NOM observation mode: panel (a) for a species retrieved using a posteriori regularization (Ozone) and panel (b) for a species retrieved with OE (HCN).</figcaption></figure>

<table><caption>**Table 3.** Average number of DOFs for the VMR profiles retrieved from scans not affected by clouds.</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Target</th><th colspan="2">FR NOM</th><th colspan="2">OR NOM</th></tr><tr><th>Tangent points</th><th>DOFs</th><th>Tangent points</th><th>DOFs</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Temperature</td><td>17</td><td>14.5</td><td>27</td><td>20.2</td></tr><tr><td>H<sub>2</sub>O</td><td>17</td><td>11.9</td><td>27</td><td>14.2</td></tr><tr><td>O<sub>3</sub></td><td>17</td><td>16.7</td><td>27</td><td>23.82</td></tr><tr><td>HNO<sub>3</sub></td><td>13</td><td>12.6</td><td>18</td><td>15.8</td></tr><tr><td>CH<sub>4</sub></td><td>17</td><td>12.6</td><td>20</td><td>13.6</td></tr><tr><td>N<sub>2</sub>O</td><td>17</td><td>13.0</td><td>19</td><td>12.0</td></tr><tr><td>NO<sub>2</sub></td><td>15</td><td>10.7</td><td>16</td><td>9.5</td></tr><tr><td>CFC-11</td><td>10</td><td>6.4</td><td>12</td><td>6.0</td></tr><tr><td>CFC-12</td><td>12</td><td>8.3</td><td>16</td><td>8.3</td></tr><tr><td>N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub></td><td>10</td><td>6.0</td><td>15</td><td>6.6</td></tr><tr><td>ClONO<sub>2</sub></td><td>10</td><td>6.1</td><td>15</td><td>6.4</td></tr><tr><td>CFC-14</td><td>14</td><td>11.7</td><td>11</td><td>9.5</td></tr><tr><td>HCN</td><td>16</td><td>8.3</td><td>13</td><td>6.4</td></tr><tr><td>COF<sub>2</sub></td><td>13</td><td>7.9</td><td>20</td><td>8.6</td></tr><tr><td>CCl<sub>4</sub></td><td>8</td><td>5.4</td><td>8</td><td>3.0</td></tr><tr><td>HCFC-22</td><td>11</td><td>6.5</td><td>13</td><td>7.1</td></tr><tr><td>C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub></td><td>11</td><td>3.4</td><td>12</td><td>3.3</td></tr><tr><td>CH<sub>3</sub>Cl</td><td>11</td><td>3.0</td><td>15</td><td>2.4</td></tr><tr><td>COCl<sub>2</sub></td><td>11</td><td>4.2</td><td>21</td><td>3.6</td></tr><tr><td>C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub></td><td>13</td><td>2.9</td><td>15</td><td>1.8</td></tr><tr><td>OCS</td><td>17</td><td>4.7</td><td>19</td><td>4.2</td></tr><tr><td>HDO</td><td>17</td><td>9.7</td><td>24</td><td>9.0</td></tr></tbody></table>

the measurement space as a 1σ perturbation on the nominal spectral values δy (for example, the expected change in the measured spectra if the profile of an interfering species is perturbed by its 1σ uncertainty). Then, using a model of the retrieval gain matrix G, the error is mapped into the retrieved profile space as

$$ \delta x = G \delta y, \qquad (1) $$

where δx is the estimated error on the profile due to this particular error source.

Since the pressure-temperature retrieval is fundamental to all other species, systematic errors propagated from the *p*, *T* retrieval are formally combined with the direct systematic errors of each species. The systematic error budget for MIPAS retrievals has been calculated offline for a set of five representative atmospheres, the same used to represent the *p*, *T* propagation errors (see Sect. 5.2.1), and it refers to the single scan profile. The systematic errors for the reference atmospheres are available at http://www.atm.ox.ac.uk/group/mipas/err/ (last access: 10 December 2021) and their value
<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 3.** Ozone VMR for several conditions (a), absolute (b), and relative (c) random error for the full resolution (FR) nominal mode averaged over 2003. The dotted lines represent the average noise error; the solid lines represent the total random error, coming from the quadratic summation of the noise error and the *p*, *T* propagation error.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_6.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 4.** Ozone VMR for several conditions (a), absolute (b), and relative (c) random error for the optimised resolution (OR) nominal mode averaged over 2010. The dotted lines represent the average noise error; the solid lines represent the total random error, coming from the quadratic summation of the noise error and the *p*, *T* propagation error.</figcaption></figure>

along with further details on their derivation and usage will be reported.

## 5.3 Filtering and quality flagging

The quality of the retrieved profiles is determined on the basis of four criteria, two providing information on the successful convergence of the retrieval iterations, one on the capability of the retrieval to reproduce the measurements, and one on the presence of outliers in the retrieval error. To provide an easy way to remove unreliable data, a final post-quality flag, summarising the outcome of the four quality criteria, is reported in the output files. The successful convergence of the retrieval iterations is obtained when the convergence criteria described in Raspollini et al. (2021) are met and the Marquardt parameter is sufficiently small not to trigger false

convergence. The capability of the retrieval to reproduce the measurements is verified when the final $\chi^2$ is smaller than a given threshold, determined a posteriori from the distribution of the $\chi^2$ obtained in the retrievals of each target (see Raspollini et al., 2021). The presence of outliers in the retrieval errors has been found to be correlated to outliers in the retrieved profiles. Hence, only the profiles with maximum error smaller than a given threshold, obtained again a posteriori examining the maximum error obtained in a representative number of orbits, can be considered reliable. The post-quality flag is an integer variable set to zero only when the four quality criteria are met. If one (or more) of the quality criteria is not met, the post-quality flag is set to 1 and the whole profile should be discarded. The MIPAS level2-v8 database contains all the retrieved profiles of temperature, regardless their quality indicators, but only the VMR pro-
<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 3.** Ozone VMR for several conditions (a), absolute (b), and relative (c) random error for the full resolution (FR) nominal mode averaged over 2003. The dotted lines represent the average noise error; the solid lines represent the total random error, coming from the quadratic summation of the noise error and the *p*, *T* propagation error.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_6.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 4.** Ozone VMR for several conditions (a), absolute (b), and relative (c) random error for the optimised resolution (OR) nominal mode averaged over 2010. The dotted lines represent the average noise error; the solid lines represent the total random error, coming from the quadratic summation of the noise error and the *p*, *T* propagation error.</figcaption></figure>

along with further details on their derivation and usage will be reported.

## 5.3 Filtering and quality flagging

The quality of the retrieved profiles is determined on the basis of four criteria, two providing information on the successful convergence of the retrieval iterations, one on the capability of the retrieval to reproduce the measurements, and one on the presence of outliers in the retrieval error. To provide an easy way to remove unreliable data, a final post-quality flag, summarising the outcome of the four quality criteria, is reported in the output files. The successful convergence of the retrieval iterations is obtained when the convergence criteria described in Raspollini et al. (2021) are met and the Marquardt parameter is sufficiently small not to trigger false

convergence. The capability of the retrieval to reproduce the measurements is verified when the final $\chi^2$ is smaller than a given threshold, determined a posteriori from the distribution of the $\chi^2$ obtained in the retrievals of each target (see Raspollini et al., 2021). The presence of outliers in the retrieval errors has been found to be correlated to outliers in the retrieved profiles. Hence, only the profiles with maximum error smaller than a given threshold, obtained again a posteriori examining the maximum error obtained in a representative number of orbits, can be considered reliable. The post-quality flag is an integer variable set to zero only when the four quality criteria are met. If one (or more) of the quality criteria is not met, the post-quality flag is set to 1 and the whole profile should be discarded. The MIPAS level2-v8 database contains all the retrieved profiles of temperature, regardless their quality indicators, but only the VMR pro-
<figure><img src="image_7.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 5.** Total number of available profiles in the level2-v8 database for each species.</figcaption></figure>

files of the trace species which have been measured in a scan where the post-quality flag of the temperature profile is zero. Therefore, the users should always check the value of the post-quality flag of each reported profile.

Figure 5 shows the total number of level-2 products (i.e. the number of profiles) available in the level2-v8 repository for each processed trace species. The maximum number of products present in the repository is for the temperature retrieval, i.e. 2993579 profiles. When a temperature profile retrieved from a scan is not considered of good quality no other retrievals are performed, and this explains why the number of products present for all the other species is lower than or equal to the number of accepted *T* profiles. About 2.94 million retrieved profiles are obtained for H₂O, O₃, CH₄, N₂O, and NO₂ retrieved from all the analysed observation modes. About 2.74 million are obtained for HNO₃, CFC-11, ClONO₂, N₂O₅, and CFC-12 retrieved from NOM, UTLS (including UTLS-1, UTLS-1-old, and UTLS-2), MA, and aircraft emission (AE) only; 2.54 million are obtained for COF₂, CCl₄, HCN, CF₄, HCFC-22, C₂H₂, CH₃Cl, COCl₂, C₂H₆, OCS, and HDO retrieved from NOM, UTLS, and AE observation modes only.

Figure 6 points out the effect of the quality filtering on the total level-2 products. For most molecules (H₂O, O₃, CH₄, N₂O, NO₂, HNO₃, CFC-11, ClONO₂, N₂O₅, CFC-12, COF₂, CCl₄, HCFC-22, CH₃Cl, and COCl₂), the fraction of good products ranges from 96% to 99% of the total number of profiles present in the output files; for other molecules, whose signal is very weak (HCN, CF₄, C₂H₂, C₂H₆, OCS, and HDO), the fraction of good profiles is smaller.

MIPAS level2-v8 users should be aware that negative values have not been removed from the database in order to avoid the introduction of biases when averaging the data. Moreover, the data have not been filtered against the number of degrees of freedom or strong deviations from climatological expectations to prevent the loss of information in the case of exceptional events in the atmosphere. Therefore, when handling the data, users should make use of the following recommendations.

### 5.3.1 Use of negative values

While negative VMRs are just retrieval artefacts, and therefore should be filtered out for the use of individual measurements, they make perfect sense for statistical applications, given the non-zero uncertainty of the measurements and the retrieval process. It is therefore important that negative values are not masked when performing averages. Masking out the negative values could introduce a positive bias when the data are averaged as part of scientific analyses, especially for small VMR values.

### 5.3.2 Useful vertical retrieval range

Each retrieved profile is properly and fully characterised on the full retrieval range provided in the output files by the corresponding CM and AKM. Altitude regions with poor information on the retrieved target can be identified by the low values of the diagonal elements of the AKM and/or the large values of the diagonal elements of the CM. Since the AKM and the CM are calculated considering the retrieval on the full vertical range, even if some of the retrieved values are discarded by the user, we recommend to use the full profile along with its full CM and AKM. Moreover, for the species where OE is used, when using the AKM the user should take into account the adopted a priori information (reported in the output files).

However, to evaluate the altitude range where on average the retrieved values are “useful”, considerations on the physical meanings of the measurements and on the degrees of freedom per unit height (DOF-height) distribution (Ceccherini et al., 2013) have been used. The DOF-height for each retrieved point is computed as the ratio between the relative diagonal element of the AKM and the average step between the altitude of the considered point and the altitudes of the two adjacent ones; its value is proportional to the information content of the observations at the corresponding tangent altitude. As an example, Fig. 7 reports two examples of vertical distributions of the DOF-height for the same species used in Fig. 2.

For the species retrieved using the OE technique, the useful vertical range is identified as the range where the DOF-height distribution assume values larger than a threshold of 0.05 km⁻¹, which corresponds, in an ideal condition of a triangular AK, to a vertical resolution of 20 km. This criterion is not sufficient to identify an useful range for the retrievals performed using the Levenberg-Marquardt technique alone, for which the profiles of some retrieved species, at either the high or low boundary of the retrieval range, may be characterised by very small VMRs and larger retrieval error in correspondence to DOF-height values larger than the threshold. In some of these cases, also negative values in the average profiles are found, indicating the presence of a systematic error. Therefore, the altitude ranges where the averaged profiles are negative are excluded from the useful range. Figure 8 re-
<figure><img src="image_7.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 5.** Total number of available profiles in the level2-v8 database for each species.</figcaption></figure>

files of the trace species which have been measured in a scan where the post-quality flag of the temperature profile is zero. Therefore, the users should always check the value of the post-quality flag of each reported profile.

Figure 5 shows the total number of level-2 products (i.e. the number of profiles) available in the level2-v8 repository for each processed trace species. The maximum number of products present in the repository is for the temperature retrieval, i.e. 2993579 profiles. When a temperature profile retrieved from a scan is not considered of good quality no other retrievals are performed, and this explains why the number of products present for all the other species is lower than or equal to the number of accepted *T* profiles. About 2.94 million retrieved profiles are obtained for H₂O, O₃, CH₄, N₂O, and NO₂ retrieved from all the analysed observation modes. About 2.74 million are obtained for HNO₃, CFC-11, ClONO₂, N₂O₅, and CFC-12 retrieved from NOM, UTLS (including UTLS-1, UTLS-1-old, and UTLS-2), MA, and aircraft emission (AE) only; 2.54 million are obtained for COF₂, CCl₄, HCN, CF₄, HCFC-22, C₂H₂, CH₃Cl, COCl₂, C₂H₆, OCS, and HDO retrieved from NOM, UTLS, and AE observation modes only.

Figure 6 points out the effect of the quality filtering on the total level-2 products. For most molecules (H₂O, O₃, CH₄, N₂O, NO₂, HNO₃, CFC-11, ClONO₂, N₂O₅, CFC-12, COF₂, CCl₄, HCFC-22, CH₃Cl, and COCl₂), the fraction of good products ranges from 96% to 99% of the total number of profiles present in the output files; for other molecules, whose signal is very weak (HCN, CF₄, C₂H₂, C₂H₆, OCS, and HDO), the fraction of good profiles is smaller.

MIPAS level2-v8 users should be aware that negative values have not been removed from the database in order to avoid the introduction of biases when averaging the data. Moreover, the data have not been filtered against the number of degrees of freedom or strong deviations from climatological expectations to prevent the loss of information in the case of exceptional events in the atmosphere. Therefore, when handling the data, users should make use of the following recommendations.

### 5.3.1 Use of negative values

While negative VMRs are just retrieval artefacts, and therefore should be filtered out for the use of individual measurements, they make perfect sense for statistical applications, given the non-zero uncertainty of the measurements and the retrieval process. It is therefore important that negative values are not masked when performing averages. Masking out the negative values could introduce a positive bias when the data are averaged as part of scientific analyses, especially for small VMR values.

### 5.3.2 Useful vertical retrieval range

Each retrieved profile is properly and fully characterised on the full retrieval range provided in the output files by the corresponding CM and AKM. Altitude regions with poor information on the retrieved target can be identified by the low values of the diagonal elements of the AKM and/or the large values of the diagonal elements of the CM. Since the AKM and the CM are calculated considering the retrieval on the full vertical range, even if some of the retrieved values are discarded by the user, we recommend to use the full profile along with its full CM and AKM. Moreover, for the species where OE is used, when using the AKM the user should take into account the adopted a priori information (reported in the output files).

However, to evaluate the altitude range where on average the retrieved values are “useful”, considerations on the physical meanings of the measurements and on the degrees of freedom per unit height (DOF-height) distribution (Ceccherini et al., 2013) have been used. The DOF-height for each retrieved point is computed as the ratio between the relative diagonal element of the AKM and the average step between the altitude of the considered point and the altitudes of the two adjacent ones; its value is proportional to the information content of the observations at the corresponding tangent altitude. As an example, Fig. 7 reports two examples of vertical distributions of the DOF-height for the same species used in Fig. 2.

For the species retrieved using the OE technique, the useful vertical range is identified as the range where the DOF-height distribution assume values larger than a threshold of 0.05 km⁻¹, which corresponds, in an ideal condition of a triangular AK, to a vertical resolution of 20 km. This criterion is not sufficient to identify an useful range for the retrievals performed using the Levenberg-Marquardt technique alone, for which the profiles of some retrieved species, at either the high or low boundary of the retrieval range, may be characterised by very small VMRs and larger retrieval error in correspondence to DOF-height values larger than the threshold. In some of these cases, also negative values in the average profiles are found, indicating the presence of a systematic error. Therefore, the altitude ranges where the averaged profiles are negative are excluded from the useful range. Figure 8 re-
<figure><img src="image_8.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 6.** Blue bars: percentage of “good” profiles with respect to the profiles of the trace species contained in the MIPAS level2-v8 database; orange bars: percentage of “good” profiles with respect to all the temperature profiles contained in the MIPAS level2-v8 database.</figcaption></figure>

ports, for each species, the nominal retrieval range for both FR (in blue) and OR (in red) parts of the MIPAS mission, with superimposed the useful retrieval range, indicated by the shaded area. Note that the reported range for the OR measurements, characterised by an altitude range variable with latitude, is relative to the middle latitudes. We stress again that the information on the useful range must be used independently from the AKM and CM, which should be used taking into account the full vertical range of each product. This means that in the comparison of MIPAS data with other independent measurements, the MIPAS AKMs should be used in their full range, while the comparison of the data should be evaluated only in the useful range.

## 5.4 Altitude grid representation

MIPAS measurements contain information on the pressures corresponding to the tangent altitudes of the scan. The level-1b files report for each limb view the so-called “engineering tangent altitudes”, the altitudes of each tangent point estimated from the information on the platform position and the instrument commanded pointing. In the level-2 processing, for every measured scan, the pressure and temperature corresponding to each tangent point are retrieved. Then, the altitude grid is rebuilt from the retrieved pressure and temperature profiles using the hydrostatic equilibrium equation and assuming the lowest engineering tangent altitude as correctly known. Any error in this anchor point will lead to an artificial shift of the entire altitude grid. For the level-2 data versions prior to v7, the error on the anchor point was considerable, and it was therefore recommended to use only pressure as the vertical coordinate for the retrieved profiles.

From version 7 onward, a large effort on the level-1 processor development has led to a more accurate estimate of the engineering tangent altitudes (Kleinert et al., 2018) by using a model to correct for both the seasonal cycle and the negative trend in the differences between engineering altitudes and correlative measurements. The level-2 processor

(starting from version 7), on the other hand, corrects the lowest engineering tangent altitude using information from co-located ECMWF altitude vs. pressure profiles, when available (Raspollini et al., 2013).

This considerably reduces the error on all the altitude range. Therefore, the data included in the MIPAS level2-v8 database can be represented as a function of pressure or altitude with the same accuracy. MIPAS level2-v8 altitude versus pressure profiles were compared to coincident in situ radiosondes measurements collected across the whole globe during the entire mission. The results of this validation are reported in the document ESA (2019). The median bias between MIPAS and the reference data is lower than 20 m at the lowermost altitudes (anchor points) and gradually increases to reach the largest value of 100 m at 10 hPa. A similar vertical dependence is also noted in the spread of the comparisons, with values of 40–50 m at the anchor point, gradually increasing to 100–150 m around 10 hPa. The latitudinal dependence of these quality indicators is generally negligible.

# 6 The MIPAS level2-v8 database

As reported in the previous sections, the MIPAS level2-v8 database has been obtained with the latest (and best) MIPAS level-1b data, and with the most updated version of the ORM code. Many shortcomings of the previous versions have been corrected and new species have been added. The current release includes the profiles at tangent pressures of the atmospheric temperature and of the VMRs of the following species: H₂O, O₃, HNO₃, CH₄, N₂O, NO₂, CFC-11, ClONO₂, N₂O₅, CFC-12, COF₂, CCl₄, HCN, CF₄, HCFC-22, HDO, C₂H₂, C₂H₆, CH₃Cl, OCS, and COCl₂.

The full database has a DOI number (10.5270/EN1-c8hgqx4) and can be downloaded (the whole set or part of it) from the https://earth.esa.int/eogateway/ (last access: 10 December 2021), after registration (see ESA, 2021). The website contains more detailed technical instructions for the users and will be updated in the event of new releases. In total, 35 060 orbits have been successfully analysed, with 440 not processed because of problems with the level-1b files. The statistics of the successfully retrieved vertical profiles in the case of temperature is reported in Fig. 9. In the maps, it can be seen that the number of measurements changes with pressure and with latitude band. This is due to the fact that the altitude (pressure) range over which the retrievals are performed changes from scan to scan due to cloud coverage.

To show the potentiality of the MIPAS level2-v8 data, we report here a few examples. Figure 10 shows the time series of the vertical distribution of temperature, obtained performing monthly means of the retrieved temperatures over 69 pressure bins in six latitude bands, namely polar north (covering the latitudes from 65 to 90° N), midlatitude north (covering latitudes from 30 to 65° N), equatorial north (covering latitudes from 0 to 30° N), equatorial south (covering
<figure><img src="image_8.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 6.** Blue bars: percentage of “good” profiles with respect to the profiles of the trace species contained in the MIPAS level2-v8 database; orange bars: percentage of “good” profiles with respect to all the temperature profiles contained in the MIPAS level2-v8 database.</figcaption></figure>

ports, for each species, the nominal retrieval range for both FR (in blue) and OR (in red) parts of the MIPAS mission, with superimposed the useful retrieval range, indicated by the shaded area. Note that the reported range for the OR measurements, characterised by an altitude range variable with latitude, is relative to the middle latitudes. We stress again that the information on the useful range must be used independently from the AKM and CM, which should be used taking into account the full vertical range of each product. This means that in the comparison of MIPAS data with other independent measurements, the MIPAS AKMs should be used in their full range, while the comparison of the data should be evaluated only in the useful range.

## 5.4 Altitude grid representation

MIPAS measurements contain information on the pressures corresponding to the tangent altitudes of the scan. The level-1b files report for each limb view the so-called “engineering tangent altitudes”, the altitudes of each tangent point estimated from the information on the platform position and the instrument commanded pointing. In the level-2 processing, for every measured scan, the pressure and temperature corresponding to each tangent point are retrieved. Then, the altitude grid is rebuilt from the retrieved pressure and temperature profiles using the hydrostatic equilibrium equation and assuming the lowest engineering tangent altitude as correctly known. Any error in this anchor point will lead to an artificial shift of the entire altitude grid. For the level-2 data versions prior to v7, the error on the anchor point was considerable, and it was therefore recommended to use only pressure as the vertical coordinate for the retrieved profiles.

From version 7 onward, a large effort on the level-1 processor development has led to a more accurate estimate of the engineering tangent altitudes (Kleinert et al., 2018) by using a model to correct for both the seasonal cycle and the negative trend in the differences between engineering altitudes and correlative measurements. The level-2 processor

(starting from version 7), on the other hand, corrects the lowest engineering tangent altitude using information from co-located ECMWF altitude vs. pressure profiles, when available (Raspollini et al., 2013).

This considerably reduces the error on all the altitude range. Therefore, the data included in the MIPAS level2-v8 database can be represented as a function of pressure or altitude with the same accuracy. MIPAS level2-v8 altitude versus pressure profiles were compared to coincident in situ radiosondes measurements collected across the whole globe during the entire mission. The results of this validation are reported in the document ESA (2019). The median bias between MIPAS and the reference data is lower than 20 m at the lowermost altitudes (anchor points) and gradually increases to reach the largest value of 100 m at 10 hPa. A similar vertical dependence is also noted in the spread of the comparisons, with values of 40–50 m at the anchor point, gradually increasing to 100–150 m around 10 hPa. The latitudinal dependence of these quality indicators is generally negligible.

# 6 The MIPAS level2-v8 database

As reported in the previous sections, the MIPAS level2-v8 database has been obtained with the latest (and best) MIPAS level-1b data, and with the most updated version of the ORM code. Many shortcomings of the previous versions have been corrected and new species have been added. The current release includes the profiles at tangent pressures of the atmospheric temperature and of the VMRs of the following species: H₂O, O₃, HNO₃, CH₄, N₂O, NO₂, CFC-11, ClONO₂, N₂O₅, CFC-12, COF₂, CCl₄, HCN, CF₄, HCFC-22, HDO, C₂H₂, C₂H₆, CH₃Cl, OCS, and COCl₂.

The full database has a DOI number (10.5270/EN1-c8hgqx4) and can be downloaded (the whole set or part of it) from the https://earth.esa.int/eogateway/ (last access: 10 December 2021), after registration (see ESA, 2021). The website contains more detailed technical instructions for the users and will be updated in the event of new releases. In total, 35 060 orbits have been successfully analysed, with 440 not processed because of problems with the level-1b files. The statistics of the successfully retrieved vertical profiles in the case of temperature is reported in Fig. 9. In the maps, it can be seen that the number of measurements changes with pressure and with latitude band. This is due to the fact that the altitude (pressure) range over which the retrievals are performed changes from scan to scan due to cloud coverage.

To show the potentiality of the MIPAS level2-v8 data, we report here a few examples. Figure 10 shows the time series of the vertical distribution of temperature, obtained performing monthly means of the retrieved temperatures over 69 pressure bins in six latitude bands, namely polar north (covering the latitudes from 65 to 90° N), midlatitude north (covering latitudes from 30 to 65° N), equatorial north (covering latitudes from 0 to 30° N), equatorial south (covering
<figure><img src="image_9.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 7.** Examples of average profiles of DOF-altitude for a species retrieved using a posteriori regularisation (ozone, a) and for a species retrieved with OE (HCN, b). The different colours correspond to the different latitude bands as reported in the figure legends.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_10.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 8.** Retrieval range (open boxes) and useful range (shaded area) for all the molecules included in the level2-v8 database. Red indicates the OR period and blue the FR period.</figcaption></figure>

latitudes from 0 to 30° S), midlatitude south (covering latitudes from 30 to 65° S), and polar south (covering latitudes from 65 to 90° S). No distinction among day and night measurements has been made. The colour scale is reported in the figure and is the same for all the panels on the same vertical, to easily compare the results. The white vertical bands show the periods where MIPAS measurements are not available due to the instrumental problems reported in Sect. 2. The panels on the left-hand side of Fig. 10 clearly show that the seasonal variability of the temperature is more enhanced in the south polar region than in the north, while comparable variability can be seen in both hemispheres for the equatorial and midlatitudinal bands. While the absolute values of

the temperature do not show remarkable differences between the FR and OR parts of the mission, the average random errors are consistently smaller in the FR period. This is mainly due to the larger number of spectral points (10 MWs used in FR, while only five MWs are used in OR) used to retrieve a smaller number of temperature points (at 17 tangent altitudes in FR instead of 27 in OR) and the different vertical resolution (higher in the OR phase) of the products in the two parts of the mission.

Similar plots are shown for the water vapour results. Figure 11 shows the time series of the vertical distribution of the monthly means of water vapour as a function of pressure and for the same latitude bands of Fig. 10. The right-hand
<figure><img src="image_9.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 7.** Examples of average profiles of DOF-altitude for a species retrieved using a posteriori regularisation (ozone, a) and for a species retrieved with OE (HCN, b). The different colours correspond to the different latitude bands as reported in the figure legends.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_10.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 8.** Retrieval range (open boxes) and useful range (shaded area) for all the molecules included in the level2-v8 database. Red indicates the OR period and blue the FR period.</figcaption></figure>

latitudes from 0 to 30° S), midlatitude south (covering latitudes from 30 to 65° S), and polar south (covering latitudes from 65 to 90° S). No distinction among day and night measurements has been made. The colour scale is reported in the figure and is the same for all the panels on the same vertical, to easily compare the results. The white vertical bands show the periods where MIPAS measurements are not available due to the instrumental problems reported in Sect. 2. The panels on the left-hand side of Fig. 10 clearly show that the seasonal variability of the temperature is more enhanced in the south polar region than in the north, while comparable variability can be seen in both hemispheres for the equatorial and midlatitudinal bands. While the absolute values of

the temperature do not show remarkable differences between the FR and OR parts of the mission, the average random errors are consistently smaller in the FR period. This is mainly due to the larger number of spectral points (10 MWs used in FR, while only five MWs are used in OR) used to retrieve a smaller number of temperature points (at 17 tangent altitudes in FR instead of 27 in OR) and the different vertical resolution (higher in the OR phase) of the products in the two parts of the mission.

Similar plots are shown for the water vapour results. Figure 11 shows the time series of the vertical distribution of the monthly means of water vapour as a function of pressure and for the same latitude bands of Fig. 10. The right-hand
<figure><img src="image_11.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 9.** Number of temperature data present in the MIPAS level2-v8 database for each month and pressure bin, reported in six latitude bands. From top to bottom (left to right): polar north (90–60° N), midlatitude north (60–30° N), equatorial north (30–0° N), equatorial south (0–30° S), midlatitude south (30–60° S), and polar south (60–90° S).</figcaption></figure>

panels clearly show that water vapour in the stratosphere is retrieved with average random errors always below 10%. As for the temperature, the FR part of the mission shows on average random errors lower than the OR part, despite the similar number of MWs used in the analysis (six for FR and five for OR). This is again due to the larger number of spectral points used in the analyses of the FR measurements and the different vertical resolution of the retrieved profiles in the two parts of the mission. The panels relative to the equatorial regions clearly show the tape recorder effect of the water vapour distribution.

A couple of examples of the atmospheric polar phenomena that MIPAS has enabled to reveal are the identification of the polar vortex split-up in Antarctica in 2002 (Simmons et al., 2003; Glatthor et al., 2005) and one of the few observations of the ozone depletion at the North Pole (Arnone et al., 2011). The two events are shown in Figs. 12 and 13.

Figure 14 shows the time series of ozone and $HNO_3$ in the southern polar region along with all the chlorinated species measured by MIPAS in the altitude region from 100 to 0.1 hPa. The seasonal cycle of those species, all involved in the ozone chemistry, is clearly visible. We see a clear indication of the seasonality in the formation of $ClONO_2$ at a pressure level of 2–3 hPa and its transport to lower altitudes, with a peak at 20–30 hPa, in coincidence with the start of the ozone depletion. All the other chlorinated species have a seasonal behaviour, with $CH_3Cl$ showing a 6-month cycle in the 20–30 hPa region.

Figure 15 shows the time series of the minor species, most of them retrieved for the first time in the frame of the ESA processing of MIPAS data, in the midlatitude northern region. The data have been plotted only in the “useful” vertical range reported in Fig. 8. For some molecules (i.e. HCN or $CH_3Cl$), a discontinuity in their vertical behaviour between
<figure><img src="image_11.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 9.** Number of temperature data present in the MIPAS level2-v8 database for each month and pressure bin, reported in six latitude bands. From top to bottom (left to right): polar north (90–60° N), midlatitude north (60–30° N), equatorial north (30–0° N), equatorial south (0–30° S), midlatitude south (30–60° S), and polar south (60–90° S).</figcaption></figure>

panels clearly show that water vapour in the stratosphere is retrieved with average random errors always below 10%. As for the temperature, the FR part of the mission shows on average random errors lower than the OR part, despite the similar number of MWs used in the analysis (six for FR and five for OR). This is again due to the larger number of spectral points used in the analyses of the FR measurements and the different vertical resolution of the retrieved profiles in the two parts of the mission. The panels relative to the equatorial regions clearly show the tape recorder effect of the water vapour distribution.

A couple of examples of the atmospheric polar phenomena that MIPAS has enabled to reveal are the identification of the polar vortex split-up in Antarctica in 2002 (Simmons et al., 2003; Glatthor et al., 2005) and one of the few observations of the ozone depletion at the North Pole (Arnone et al., 2011). The two events are shown in Figs. 12 and 13.

Figure 14 shows the time series of ozone and $HNO_3$ in the southern polar region along with all the chlorinated species measured by MIPAS in the altitude region from 100 to 0.1 hPa. The seasonal cycle of those species, all involved in the ozone chemistry, is clearly visible. We see a clear indication of the seasonality in the formation of $ClONO_2$ at a pressure level of 2–3 hPa and its transport to lower altitudes, with a peak at 20–30 hPa, in coincidence with the start of the ozone depletion. All the other chlorinated species have a seasonal behaviour, with $CH_3Cl$ showing a 6-month cycle in the 20–30 hPa region.

Figure 15 shows the time series of the minor species, most of them retrieved for the first time in the frame of the ESA processing of MIPAS data, in the midlatitude northern region. The data have been plotted only in the “useful” vertical range reported in Fig. 8. For some molecules (i.e. HCN or $CH_3Cl$), a discontinuity in their vertical behaviour between
<figure><img src="image_12.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 10.** Time series of the monthly means of the temperature (left panels) and their random errors (right panels) as a function of pressure for the same latitude bands of Fig. 9. From top to bottom: polar north, midlatitude north, equatorial north, equatorial south, midlatitude south, and polar south.</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_12.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 10.** Time series of the monthly means of the temperature (left panels) and their random errors (right panels) as a function of pressure for the same latitude bands of Fig. 9. From top to bottom: polar north, midlatitude north, equatorial north, equatorial south, midlatitude south, and polar south.</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_13.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 11.** Time series of the monthly means of the water vapour profiles (left panels) and their random errors (right panels) as a function of pressure for the same latitude bands of Fig. 9. From top to bottom: polar north, midlatitude north, equatorial north, equatorial south, midlatitude south, and polar south.</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_13.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 11.** Time series of the monthly means of the water vapour profiles (left panels) and their random errors (right panels) as a function of pressure for the same latitude bands of Fig. 9. From top to bottom: polar north, midlatitude north, equatorial north, equatorial south, midlatitude south, and polar south.</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_14.png" /></figure>

**Figure 12.** Distribution of the weekly means of ozone VMR at 50 hPa over the Southern polar region during the 2002 vortex split-up: (a) 9–15 September, (b) 16–22 September, (c) 23–29 September, and (d) 7–13 October 2002.

<figure><img src="image_15.png" /></figure>

**Figure 13.** Distribution of the average ozone VMR at 15 (a), 20 (b), and 30 hPa (c) over the northern polar region in the time period of 24 to 30 January during the winter 2011 ozone depletion. The white area shows a lack of measurements caused by the presence of polar stratospheric clouds.

the FR and OR parts of the mission can be noticed. This behaviour is observed in many trace species of the different versions of MIPAS dataset and it has to be taken into account when performing trend analyses, as shown in Valeri et al. (2017) for CCl₄. This is in part due to the different spectral MWs selected for the retrieval in the two phases, but mainly it is due to the different vertical sampling that makes the vertical resolution of the retrieved products different.

Figure 16 shows the time series of the latitudinal distribution at the pressure level close to the peak of the DOF-height curve for some weak species. The pressure level used for each species is reported in the title of each panel. For CFC-11 and CFC-12, a reduction of their VMR with time at all latitudes is clearly visible, while for HCFC-22 we clearly see an enhancement of its concentration with time, as already reported by Chirkov et al. (2016). No clear behaviour is visible for CFC-14, while we see a weak reduction with time for both COF₂ and CCl₄. HCN shows an asymmetric behaviour in the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere, possibly due to the occurrence of fires in Africa and in the Amazonian forest, that are both located in the Southern Hemisphere. A similar asymmetric behaviour is visible in the panels relative to the species C₂H₂ and C₂H₆ where it can clearly be seen that their concentrations are larger in the Northern Hemisphere. Finally, the seasonality of the concentrations of all these molecules is clearly visible in these maps.

## 7 Conclusions

The observations acquired during the full mission of the MIPAS instrument, aboard the ESA Envisat, have been analysed with version 8.22 of the retrieval code ORM, originally developed as the scientific prototype of the ESA level-2 processor for MIPAS observations, to obtain the MIPAS level2-v8 database containing atmospheric fields of pressure, temperature, and VMR of MIPAS main targets H₂O, O₃, HNO₃, CH₄, N₂O, and NO₂, along with the additional targets CFC-11, ClONO₂, N₂O₅, CFC-12, COF₂, CCl₄, CF₄, HCFC-22, C₂H₂, CH₃Cl, COCl₂, C₂H₆, OCS, and HDO. The database covers the measurements acquired by MIPAS in most measurement modes both in the FR part (from July 2002 to March 2004) and the OR part (from January 2005 to April 2012) of the mission. We have described the auxiliary data and the retrieval choices used in the development of the MIPAS level2-v8 database. Each product is characterised in terms of the retrieval error, spatial resolution, and “useful” vertical range in both phases of the MIPAS mission. We have shown that these depend on the characteristics of the measurements (spectral and vertical resolution of the measurements), the retrieval choices (number of spectral points included in the analyses, the number of altitudes included in the vertical retrieval grid), and the information content of the measurements for each trace species. For temperature, water vapour, ozone, and nitric acid, the number of degrees of freedom is significantly higher in the OR phase than in the FR one, mainly due to the finer vertical measurement grid. In the FR phase, some trace species are characterised by a smaller retrieval error with respect to the OR phase, mainly due to the larger number of spectral points used in the analyses, along with the reduced vertical resolution. We have discussed how possible caveats (negative VMR, vertical grid representation) can be handled. We have shown how the qual-
<figure><img src="image_14.png" /></figure>

**Figure 12.** Distribution of the weekly means of ozone VMR at 50 hPa over the Southern polar region during the 2002 vortex split-up: (a) 9–15 September, (b) 16–22 September, (c) 23–29 September, and (d) 7–13 October 2002.

<figure><img src="image_15.png" /></figure>

**Figure 13.** Distribution of the average ozone VMR at 15 (a), 20 (b), and 30 hPa (c) over the northern polar region in the time period of 24 to 30 January during the winter 2011 ozone depletion. The white area shows a lack of measurements caused by the presence of polar stratospheric clouds.

the FR and OR parts of the mission can be noticed. This behaviour is observed in many trace species of the different versions of MIPAS dataset and it has to be taken into account when performing trend analyses, as shown in Valeri et al. (2017) for CCl₄. This is in part due to the different spectral MWs selected for the retrieval in the two phases, but mainly it is due to the different vertical sampling that makes the vertical resolution of the retrieved products different.

Figure 16 shows the time series of the latitudinal distribution at the pressure level close to the peak of the DOF-height curve for some weak species. The pressure level used for each species is reported in the title of each panel. For CFC-11 and CFC-12, a reduction of their VMR with time at all latitudes is clearly visible, while for HCFC-22 we clearly see an enhancement of its concentration with time, as already reported by Chirkov et al. (2016). No clear behaviour is visible for CFC-14, while we see a weak reduction with time for both COF₂ and CCl₄. HCN shows an asymmetric behaviour in the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere, possibly due to the occurrence of fires in Africa and in the Amazonian forest, that are both located in the Southern Hemisphere. A similar asymmetric behaviour is visible in the panels relative to the species C₂H₂ and C₂H₆ where it can clearly be seen that their concentrations are larger in the Northern Hemisphere. Finally, the seasonality of the concentrations of all these molecules is clearly visible in these maps.

## 7 Conclusions

The observations acquired during the full mission of the MIPAS instrument, aboard the ESA Envisat, have been analysed with version 8.22 of the retrieval code ORM, originally developed as the scientific prototype of the ESA level-2 processor for MIPAS observations, to obtain the MIPAS level2-v8 database containing atmospheric fields of pressure, temperature, and VMR of MIPAS main targets H₂O, O₃, HNO₃, CH₄, N₂O, and NO₂, along with the additional targets CFC-11, ClONO₂, N₂O₅, CFC-12, COF₂, CCl₄, CF₄, HCFC-22, C₂H₂, CH₃Cl, COCl₂, C₂H₆, OCS, and HDO. The database covers the measurements acquired by MIPAS in most measurement modes both in the FR part (from July 2002 to March 2004) and the OR part (from January 2005 to April 2012) of the mission. We have described the auxiliary data and the retrieval choices used in the development of the MIPAS level2-v8 database. Each product is characterised in terms of the retrieval error, spatial resolution, and “useful” vertical range in both phases of the MIPAS mission. We have shown that these depend on the characteristics of the measurements (spectral and vertical resolution of the measurements), the retrieval choices (number of spectral points included in the analyses, the number of altitudes included in the vertical retrieval grid), and the information content of the measurements for each trace species. For temperature, water vapour, ozone, and nitric acid, the number of degrees of freedom is significantly higher in the OR phase than in the FR one, mainly due to the finer vertical measurement grid. In the FR phase, some trace species are characterised by a smaller retrieval error with respect to the OR phase, mainly due to the larger number of spectral points used in the analyses, along with the reduced vertical resolution. We have discussed how possible caveats (negative VMR, vertical grid representation) can be handled. We have shown how the qual-
<figure><img src="image_16.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 14.** Time series of ozone and $HNO_3$ in the southern polar region along with the chlorinated species retrieved from MIPAS. While the time and pressure ranges are the same in each map, the colour scale (reported below each of them) is species dependent.</figcaption></figure>

ity of the retrieved profiles is assessed through four criteria: two providing information on the successful convergence of the retrieval iterations, one on the capability of the retrieval to reproduce the measurements, and one on the presence of outliers. An easy way to identify and filter the problematic

profiles with the information contained in the output files has been provided.

The number of species included in the MIPAS level2-v8 dataset makes it of particular importance for the studies of stratospheric chemistry. The span of time covered by the database, and the fact that the database has been developed
<figure><img src="image_16.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 14.** Time series of ozone and $HNO_3$ in the southern polar region along with the chlorinated species retrieved from MIPAS. While the time and pressure ranges are the same in each map, the colour scale (reported below each of them) is species dependent.</figcaption></figure>

ity of the retrieved profiles is assessed through four criteria: two providing information on the successful convergence of the retrieval iterations, one on the capability of the retrieval to reproduce the measurements, and one on the presence of outliers. An easy way to identify and filter the problematic

profiles with the information contained in the output files has been provided.

The number of species included in the MIPAS level2-v8 dataset makes it of particular importance for the studies of stratospheric chemistry. The span of time covered by the database, and the fact that the database has been developed
<figure><img src="image_17.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 15.** Time series of MIPAS level2-v8 database “new” species in the northern midlatitude region. Each species is plotted over its “useful” vertical range. While the time and pressure ranges are the same in each map, the colour scale (reported below each of them) is species dependent.</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_17.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 15.** Time series of MIPAS level2-v8 database “new” species in the northern midlatitude region. Each species is plotted over its “useful” vertical range. While the time and pressure ranges are the same in each map, the colour scale (reported below each of them) is species dependent.</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_18.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 16.** Time series of MIPAS level2-v8 database new species at the pressure levels where the maximum of the DOF-height curve is located.</figcaption></figure>

using the last version of MIPAS level-1 data where the calibration errors due to time dependent detector non-linearities have been reduced, will ensure an improvement in the estimation of the trends for the stratospheric and upper tropospheric concentration of the included gases. An example of the studies that can be performed with the MIPAS level2-v8 database is reported in Pettinari et al. (2021), where the data of the new retrieved species COCl₂ have been used to study its trends in the UTLS. The data are reported at the vertical grid coincident with the tangent altitudes of the observations, spanning the altitude range from 6 to 68 km in the FR and from 3 to 70 km in the OR. In the latitudinal domain, FR pro-

files are spaced by about 4.7° latitude, while the OR profiles are spaced by about 3.7° latitude. MIPAS level2-v8 data are available to the scientific community through the ESA Earth Observation portal (ESA, 2021).

## Appendix A: MIPAS level2-v8 database file format

A big effort has been made to simplify the accessibility to the MIPAS level2-v8 data with respect to the previous versions. The level2-v8 database is distributed in NetCDF-4 format (Unidata, 2021), a format commonly used for the distribution of the products of many ESA and NASA missions,
<figure><img src="image_18.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 16.** Time series of MIPAS level2-v8 database new species at the pressure levels where the maximum of the DOF-height curve is located.</figcaption></figure>

using the last version of MIPAS level-1 data where the calibration errors due to time dependent detector non-linearities have been reduced, will ensure an improvement in the estimation of the trends for the stratospheric and upper tropospheric concentration of the included gases. An example of the studies that can be performed with the MIPAS level2-v8 database is reported in Pettinari et al. (2021), where the data of the new retrieved species COCl₂ have been used to study its trends in the UTLS. The data are reported at the vertical grid coincident with the tangent altitudes of the observations, spanning the altitude range from 6 to 68 km in the FR and from 3 to 70 km in the OR. In the latitudinal domain, FR pro-

files are spaced by about 4.7° latitude, while the OR profiles are spaced by about 3.7° latitude. MIPAS level2-v8 data are available to the scientific community through the ESA Earth Observation portal (ESA, 2021).

## Appendix A: MIPAS level2-v8 database file format

A big effort has been made to simplify the accessibility to the MIPAS level2-v8 data with respect to the previous versions. The level2-v8 database is distributed in NetCDF-4 format (Unidata, 2021), a format commonly used for the distribution of the products of many ESA and NASA missions,
and supported by a wide range of data-analysis packages and programming languages. With respect to previous versions of the level-2 output files, the content of the MIPAS level2-v8 files has been designed to simplify the use of the data, without unnecessary duplication of information, and new variables have been added to ease the characterisation of the data.

The information has been divided into two types of files: a standard one and an extended one. The names of both files are a string of common format and include the name of the species, the measurement start and stop time, the orbit number, and a two-digit number identifying the file version: *MIPAS\_filetype\_[species]\_[Start\_time]\_[Stop\_time]\_[orbit\#]\_[version].nc*.

The standard files, one for each orbit and retrieved species, contain the information commonly required by the data users. Its *filetype* label is “2PS”, and it is compliant with the Climate and Forecast convention (CF-1.6, Eaton et al., 2011) and with the Attribute Convention for Data Discovery (ACDD-1.3, ESIP, 2015). The file contains, for each orbit’s scan, its sequential number, as reported in the related level-1b file, which allows a one-to-one correspondence between level-1b and level-2 files, and a flag that identifies the observation mode used for the measurement of that scan. Along with the results obtained for the target species (temperature or VMR with their corresponding errors), the information given includes the time, the scan geolocation, the Sun illumination condition (day/night), the quality-control variables ($\chi^2$ and cost function), the final value of the Marquardt parameter, the convergence flag, the quality flags, the pressure and altitude grids, the cloud index (Raspollini et al., 2021) (reported only for the temperature files), the retrieved temperature and related errors (repeated in all the VMR files), the blocks of the full covariance matrix and vertical averaging kernel matrix relative to the profile of the target species only, the a priori information (only if the trace species has been retrieved with the OE approach), and the covariance matrix due to the propagation of the pressure and temperature retrieval error on the VMR trace species retrieval (*p*, *T* propagation error). In the standard files, the vertical grid over which all the retrieved data are reported is common to all the retrieved species of the considered limb scan and corresponds to the tangent pressure grid of the limb sequence used for the pressure and temperature retrieval. The profile values of each species at the altitude not included in the retrieval grid are reported with a dummy field (–88 888.8). The sizes of the vectors and matrices are the same for all the analysed observation modes and equal to the largest number of tangent altitudes included in a limb sequence (27). When the analysed observation mode implied the measurement over a lower number of altitudes, the otherwise empty fields are filled with a –99 999.9 number. This strategy enables the user to distinguish a missing altitude because of filtering criteria or retrieval choices from a missing altitude due to the considered observation mode.

Extended files, identified by the *filetype* label “2PE”, are also provided for each species and each orbit. They are “thought” for diagnostics and for advanced users, who need complete information about the retrieval process. This includes the full state vector (retrieved profiles, atmospheric continuum, and instrumental offset), along with the full CM and AKM, and additional information about the retrieval. In the case of pressure and temperature retrieval, both profiles are included in the state vector. Because of the variables included into the full state vector, the retrieved parameters in the extended file are reported with different units. As a consequence, the extended file cannot be compliant with the Climate and Forecast convention and with the Attribute Convention for Data Discovery. Further and detailed information can be found in the technical note describing the format and contents of the files (Barbara and Raspollini, 2020) that can be found on the same site where the MIPAS level2-v8 database is stored. The complete list of the variables included in the two types of files is reported in Table S32.

*Data availability.* The data are available at https://doi.org/10.5270/EN1-c8hgqx4 (European Space Agency, 2021).

*Supplement.* The supplement related to this article is available online at: https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7975-2021-supplement.

*Author contributions.* All co-authors contributed to the development of the database through the participation to MIPAS Quality Working Group. ADu and MLP worked mainly to the microwindows, look-up tables, and systematic error assessment. JMF and MR worked on the spectroscopic database. PR, MR, EC, BMD, LS, and SC worked on the algorithm development. ADe coordinated the whole MIPAS phase F project. AP, FB, and MG worked on the quality control of all the data. BMD wrote the paper with feedback and contributions from all other co-authors. MG, PP, and EP made all the figures of the paper.

*Competing interests.* The contact author has declared that neither they nor their co-authors have any competing interests.

*Disclaimer.* Publisher’s note: Copernicus Publications remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

*Special issue statement.* This article is part of the special issue “MIPAS ESA Level 2 version 8 products: algorithms, product features and validation”. It is not associated with a conference.
and supported by a wide range of data-analysis packages and programming languages. With respect to previous versions of the level-2 output files, the content of the MIPAS level2-v8 files has been designed to simplify the use of the data, without unnecessary duplication of information, and new variables have been added to ease the characterisation of the data.

The information has been divided into two types of files: a standard one and an extended one. The names of both files are a string of common format and include the name of the species, the measurement start and stop time, the orbit number, and a two-digit number identifying the file version: *MIPAS\_filetype\_species\_Start_time\_Stop_time\_orbit\_version*.nc.

The standard files, one for each orbit and retrieved species, contain the information commonly required by the data users. Its *filetype* label is “2PS”, and it is compliant with the Climate and Forecast convention (CF-1.6, Eaton et al., 2011) and with the Attribute Convention for Data Discovery (ACDD-1.3, ESIP, 2015). The file contains, for each orbit’s scan, its sequential number, as reported in the related level-1b file, which allows a one-to-one correspondence between level-1b and level-2 files, and a flag that identifies the observation mode used for the measurement of that scan. Along with the results obtained for the target species (temperature or VMR with their corresponding errors), the information given includes the time, the scan geolocation, the Sun illumination condition (day/night), the quality-control variables ($\chi^2$ and cost function), the final value of the Marquardt parameter, the convergence flag, the quality flags, the pressure and altitude grids, the cloud index (Raspollini et al., 2021) (reported only for the temperature files), the retrieved temperature and related errors (repeated in all the VMR files), the blocks of the full covariance matrix and vertical averaging kernel matrix relative to the profile of the target species only, the a priori information (only if the trace species has been retrieved with the OE approach), and the covariance matrix due to the propagation of the pressure and temperature retrieval error on the VMR trace species retrieval (*p*, *T* propagation error). In the standard files, the vertical grid over which all the retrieved data are reported is common to all the retrieved species of the considered limb scan and corresponds to the tangent pressure grid of the limb sequence used for the pressure and temperature retrieval. The profile values of each species at the altitude not included in the retrieval grid are reported with a dummy field (–88 888.8). The sizes of the vectors and matrices are the same for all the analysed observation modes and equal to the largest number of tangent altitudes included in a limb sequence (27). When the analysed observation mode implied the measurement over a lower number of altitudes, the otherwise empty fields are filled with a –99 999.9 number. This strategy enables the user to distinguish a missing altitude because of filtering criteria or retrieval choices from a missing altitude due to the considered observation mode.

Extended files, identified by the *filetype* label “2PE”, are also provided for each species and each orbit. They are “thought” for diagnostics and for advanced users, who need complete information about the retrieval process. This includes the full state vector (retrieved profiles, atmospheric continuum, and instrumental offset), along with the full CM and AKM, and additional information about the retrieval. In the case of pressure and temperature retrieval, both profiles are included in the state vector. Because of the variables included into the full state vector, the retrieved parameters in the extended file are reported with different units. As a consequence, the extended file cannot be compliant with the Climate and Forecast convention and with the Attribute Convention for Data Discovery. Further and detailed information can be found in the technical note describing the format and contents of the files (Barbara and Raspollini, 2020) that can be found on the same site where the MIPAS level2-v8 database is stored. The complete list of the variables included in the two types of files is reported in Table S32.

*Data availability.* The data are available at https://doi.org/10.5270/EN1-c8hgqx4 (European Space Agency, 2021).

*Supplement.* The supplement related to this article is available online at: https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7975-2021-supplement.

*Author contributions.* All co-authors contributed to the development of the database through the participation to MIPAS Quality Working Group. ADu and MLP worked mainly to the microwindows, look-up tables, and systematic error assessment. JMF and MR worked on the spectroscopic database. PR, MR, EC, BMD, LS, and SC worked on the algorithm development. ADe coordinated the whole MIPAS phase F project. AP, FB, and MG worked on the quality control of all the data. BMD wrote the paper with feedback and contributions from all other co-authors. MG, PP, and EP made all the figures of the paper.

*Competing interests.* The contact author has declared that neither they nor their co-authors have any competing interests.

*Disclaimer.* Publisher’s note: Copernicus Publications remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

*Special issue statement.* This article is part of the special issue “MIPAS ESA Level 2 version 8 products: algorithms, product features and validation”. It is not associated with a conference.
*Acknowledgements.* Manuel López-Puertas acknowledges financial support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU.

*Financial support.* This research has been supported by the ESA ESRIN contract no. 4000112093/14/I/LG MIPAS and CCN2 "Support to MIPAS Level 2 Product Validation Phase F" and the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU (grant no. PID2019-110689RB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033).

*Review statement.* This paper was edited by Martin Riese and reviewed by Joern Ungermann and Ellis Remsberg.

## References

Arnone, E., Castelli, E., Papandrea, E., Carlotti, M., and Dinelli, B. M.: Extreme ozone depletion in the 2010–2011 Arctic winter stratosphere as observed by MIPAS/ENVISAT using a 2-D tomographic approach, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 9149–9165, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-9149-2012, 2012.

Barbara, F. and Raspollini, P.: MIPAS L2 V8 Output Data Definition, IFAC_GA_2018_1_FB issue:2.0, ESA, available at: https://earth.esa.int/eogateway/documents/20142/37627/IODD+mipasNetCDF4.pdf/21dd1b7f-e581-1205-9d62-e098a1773f57 (last access: 10 December 2021), 2020.

Bernath, P. F., McElroy, C. T., Abrams, M. C., Boone, C. D., Butler, M., Camy-Peyret, C., Carleer, M., Clerbaux, C., Coheur, P.-F., Colin, R., DeCola, P., De Mazière, M., Drummond, J. R., Dufour, D., Evans, W. F. J., Fast, H., Fussen, D., Gilbert, K., Jennings, D. E., Llewellyn, E. J., Lowe, R. P., Mahieu, E., McConnell, J. C., McHugh, M., McLeod, S. D., Michaud, R., Midwinter, C., Nassar, R., Nichitiu, F., Nowlan, C., Rinsland, C. P., Rochon, Y. J., Rowlands, N., Semeniuk, K., Simon, P., Skeleton, R., Sloan, J. J., Soucy, M.-A., Strong, K., Tremblay, P., Turnbull, D., Walker, K. A., Walkty, I., Wardle, D. A., Wehrle, V., Zander, R., and Zou, J.: Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE): Mission overview, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L15501, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022386, 2005.

Bovensmann, H., Burrows, J. P., Buchwitz, M., Frerick, J., Noël, S., Rozanov, V. V., Chance, K. V., and Goede, A. P. H.: SCIAMACHY: Mission Objectives and Measurement Modes. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 127–150, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<0127:SMOAMM>2.0.CO;2, 1999.

Carlotti, M.: Global-fit approach to the analysis of limb-scanning atmospheric measurements, Appl. Optics, 27, 3250–3254, 1988.

Ceccherini, S.: Analytical determination of the regularization parameter in the retrieval of atmospheric vertical profiles, Opt. Lett., 30, 2554–2556, 2005.

Ceccherini, S. and Ridolfi, M.: Technical Note: Variance-covariance matrix and averaging kernels for the Levenberg-Marquardt solution of the retrieval of atmospheric vertical profiles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 3131–3139, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-3131-2010, 2010.

Ceccherini, S., Carli B., and Raspollini P.: Quality of MIPAS operational products, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 121, 45–55, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2013.01.021, 2013.

Chirkov, M., Stiller, G. P., Laeng, A., Kellmann, S., von Clarmann, T., Boone, C. D., Elkins, J. W., Engel, A., Glatthor, N., Grabowski, U., Harth, C. M., Kiefer, M., Kolonjari, F., Krummel, P. B., Linden, A., Lunder, C. R., Miller, B. R., Montzka, S. A., Mühle, J., O’Doherty, S., Orphal, J., Prinn, R. G., Toon, G., Vollmer, M. K., Walker, K. A., Weiss, R. F., Wiegele, A., and Young, D.: Global HCFC-22 measurements with MIPAS: retrieval, validation, global distribution and its evolution over 2005–2012, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 3345–3368, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3345-2016, 2016.

De Laurentis, M.: Planning of MIPAS new special modes January 2005 Campaign, ESA, Technical Note, ENVI-SPPA-EOPG-TN-05-0002, 2005.

Dinelli, B. M., Arnone, E., Brizzi, G., Carlotti, M., Castelli, E., Magnani, L., Papandrea, E., Prevedelli, M., and Ridolfi, M.: The MIPAS2D database of MIPAS/ENVISAT measurements retrieved with a multi-target 2-dimensional tomographic approach, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 355–374, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-355-2010, 2010.

Doicu, A., Trautmann, T., and Schreier, F.: Numerical regularization for atmospheric inverse problems, Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-05439-6, ISBN 978-3-642-05438-9, e-ISBN 978-3-642-05439-6, 2010.

Dudhia, A.: MIPAS-related Section of the web-site of the Oxford University, available at: http://eodg.atm.ox.ac.uk/MIPAS/ (last access: 10 December 2021), 2008.

Dudhia, A. and Piccolo, C.: MIPAS Observations of Stratospheric Trends, in: Proceedings of the ESA Envisat Symposium 2007, Montreux, Switzerland, 22–27 April 2007.

Dudhia, A., Jay, V. L., and Rodgers, C. D.: Microwindow selection for high-spectral-resolution sounders, Appl. Optics, 41, 3665–3673, 2002a.

Dudhia, A., Morris, P. E., and Wells, R. J.: Fast monochromatic radiative transfer calculations for limb sounding, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 74, 745–756, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4073(01)00285-0, 2002b.

Eaton, B., Gregory, J., Drach, B., Taylor, K., Hankin, S., Caron, J., Signell, R., Bentley, P., Rappa, G., Höck, H., Pamment, A., and Juckes, M.: NetCDF Climate and Forecast (CF) Metadata Conventions, Version 1.6, CF Conventions Home, available at: http://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/v1.6.0/cf-conventions.html (last access: 4 June 2020), 2011.

ESA (European Space Agency): Product Quality Readme File for MIPAS Level 1b IPF 8.03 products – issue 1.0, ESA-EOPG-EBA-TN-1 issue 1.0, available at: https://earth.esa.int/eogateway/documents/20142/37627/MIPAS-level-1b-IPF-803-readme (last access: 10 December 2021), 2019.

ESA (European Space Agency): Envisat MIPAS L2 – Temperature, pressure and atmospheric constituents profiles product, Version 8.22, ESA [data set], https://doi.org/10.5270/EN1-c8hgqx4, 2021.

ESIP (Earth Science Information Partners): Attribute Convention for Data Discovery 1-3, v1.3, available at: http://wiki.esipfed.org/index.php/Attribute_Convention_for_Data_Discovery_1-3 (last access: 15 December 2021), 2015.

European Space Agency: Envisat MIPAS L2 – Temperature, Pressure and Atmospheric Constituents Profiles Product, Ver-
*Acknowledgements.* Manuel López-Puertas acknowledges financial support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU.

*Financial support.* This research has been supported by the ESA ESRIN contract no. 4000112093/14/I/LG MIPAS and CCN2 "Support to MIPAS Level 2 Product Validation Phase F" and the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU (grant no. PID2019-110689RB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033).

*Review statement.* This paper was edited by Martin Riese and reviewed by Joern Ungermann and Ellis Remsberg.

## References

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Doicu, A., Trautmann, T., and Schreier, F.: Numerical regularization for atmospheric inverse problems, Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-05439-6, ISBN 978-3-642-05438-9, e-ISBN 978-3-642-05439-6, 2010.

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Dudhia, A., Jay, V. L., and Rodgers, C. D.: Microwindow selection for high-spectral-resolution sounders, Appl. Optics, 41, 3665–3673, 2002a.

Dudhia, A., Morris, P. E., and Wells, R. J.: Fast monochromatic radiative transfer calculations for limb sounding, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 74, 745–756, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4073(01)00285-0, 2002b.

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