<figure><img src="image_108.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_109.png" /></figure>

Stewart, I. D. and Oke, T. R.: Local Climate Zones for Urban Temperature Studies, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 93, 1879–1900, doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00019.1, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00019.1, 2012.

Stockwell, W. R., Lawson, C. V., Saunders, E., and Goliff, W. S.: A new mechanism for regional atmospheric chemistry modelling, J. Geophys. Res., 102(D22), 847–879, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/97JD00849, 1997.

5 Stolaki, S., Haeffelin, M., Lac, C., Dupont, J.-C., Elias, T., and Masson, V.: Influence of aerosols on the life cycle of a radiation fog event. A numerical and observational study, Atmos. Res., 151, 146–161, doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.04.013, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.04.013, 2015.

Strada, S., Mari, C., Filippi, J.-B., and Bosseur, F.: Wildfire and the atmosphere: modelling the chemical and dynamic interactions at the regional scale, Atmos. Environ., 51, 234–249, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.01.023, 2012.

10 Suhre, K., Andreae, M., and Rosset, R.: Biogenic sulfur emissions and aerosols over the tropical South Atlantic: 2. One-dimensional simulation of sulfur chemistry in the marine boundary layer, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 100, 11323–11334, 1995.

15 Suhre, K., Mari, C., Bates, T. S., Johnson, J. E., Rosset, R., Wang, Q., Bandy, A. R., Blake, D. R., Businger, S., Eisele, F. L., Huebert, B. J., Kok, G. L., Mauldin, R. L., Prevot, A. S. H., Schillawski, R. D., Tanner, D. J., and Thornton, D. C.: Physico-chemical modeling of the First Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE 1) Lagrangian B - 1. A moving column approach, J. Geophys. Res., 103(D13), 16433–16455, http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1998/98JD00821.shtml, 1998.

Sun, Z.: Reply to comments by Greg M. McFarquhar on ‘Parametrization of effective sizes of cirrus-cloud particles and its verification against observations’. (October B, 1999, 125, 3037–3055), Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 127, 267–271, 2001.

Sun, Z. and Rikus, L.: Parametrization of effective sizes of cirrus-cloud particles and its verification against observations, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 125, 3037–3055, 1999.

20 Svensson, G., Holtslag, A., Kumar, V., Mauritsen, T., Steeneveld, G., Angevine, W., Bazile, E., Beljaars, A., de Bruijn, E., Cheng, A., Conangla, L., Cuxart, J., Ek, M., Falk, M., Freedman, F., Kitagawa, H., Larson, V., Lock, A., Mailhot, J., Masson, V., Park, S., Pleim, J., Söderberg, S., Weng, W., and Zampieri, M.: Evaluation of the Diurnal Cycle in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Over Land as Represented by a Variety of Single-Column Models: The Second GABLS Experiment, Bound.-Layer. Meteor., 140, 177–206, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10546-011-9611-7, 2011.

25 Söhne, N., Chaboureau, J.-P., and Guichard, F.: Verification of cloud cover forecast with satellite observation over West Africa, Mon. Weather Rev., 136, 4421–4434, http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008MWR2432.1, 2008.

Takahashi, T.: Riming electrification as a charge generation mechanism in thunderstorms, J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 1536–1548, 1978.

Tegen, I., Hollrig, P., Chin, M., Fung, I., Jacob, D., and Penner, J.: Contribution of different aerosol species to the global aerosol extinction optical thickness: Estimates from model results, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 102, 23895–23915, 1997.

30 Thouron, O., Brenguier, J.-L., and Burnet, F.: Supersaturation calculation in large eddy simulation models for prediction of the droplet number concentration, Geosci. Model Dev., 5, 761–772, http://www.geosci-model-dev.net/5/761/2012/, 2012.

Tolman, H. L. et al.: User manual and system documentation of WAVEWATCH III TM version 3.14, Technical note, MMAB Contribution, 276, 220, 2009.

35 Tost, H., Jöckel, P., Kerkweg, A., Pozzer, A., Sander, R., and Lelieveld, J.: Gloabl cloud and precipitation chemistry and wet deposition: tropospheric model simulations with ECHAM5/MESSy1, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 2733–2757, doi:10.5194/acp-7-2733-2007, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-2733-2007, 2007.

Tsenova, B., Barthe, C., Mitzeva, R., and Pinty, J.-P.: Impact of parameterization of ice particle charging based on rime accretion rate and effective water content on simulated with Méso-NH thunderstorm charge distributions, Atmos. Res., 128, 85–97, 2013.
<figure><img src="image_110.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_111.png" /></figure>

Tsenova, B., Barakova, D., and Mitzeva, R.: Numerical study on the effect of charge separation at low cloud temperature and effective water content on thunderstorm electrification, Atmos. Res., 184, 1–14, doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.09.011, 2017.

Tulet, P., Crassier, V., Solmon, F., Guedalia, D., and Rosset, R.: Description of the Mesoscale Nonhydrostatic Chemistry model and application to a transboundary pollution episode between northern France and southern England, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D1), 4021, doi:10.1029/2000JD000301, http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2003/2000JD000301.shtml, 2003.

Tulet, P., Crassier, V., Cousin, F., Suhre, K., and Rosset, R.: ORILAM, a three-moment lognormal aerosol scheme for mesoscale atmospheric model: Online coupling into the Meso-NH-C model and validation on the Escompte campaign, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D18 201, doi:10.1029/2004JD005716, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005716, 2005.

Tulet, P., Grini, A., Griffin, R. J., and Petitcol, S.: ORILAM-SOA: A computationally efficient model for predicting secondary organic aerosols in three-dimensional atmospheric models, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D23 208, doi:10.1029/2006JD007152, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007152, 2006.

Tulet, P., Crahan-Kakua, K., Leriche, M., Aouizerats, B., and Crumeyrolle, S.: Mixing of dust aerosols into a mesoscale convective system: Generation, filtering and possible feedbacks on ice anvils, Atmos. Res., 96, 302–314, doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2009.09.011, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2009.09.011, 2010.

Turchi, A., Masciadri, E., and Fini, L.: Forecasting surface-layer atmospheric parameters at the Large Binocular Telescope site, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 466, 1925–1943, doi:10.1093/mnras/stw2863, +http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw2863, 2017.

Turner, S., Brenguier, J.-L., and Lac, C.: A subgrid parameterization scheme for precipitation, Geosci. Model Dev., 5, 499–521, http://www.geosci-model-dev.net/5/499/2012/, 2012.

Valcke, S., Craig, T., and Coquart, L.: OASIS3-MCT User Guide, OASIS3-MCT-3.0, Tech. rep., Technical Report TR/CMGC/15/38, Cerfacs, France, 2015.

Varble, A., Fridlind, A. M., Zipser, E. J., Ackerman, A. S., Chaboureau, J.-P., Fan, J., Hill, A., McFarlane, S. A., Pinty, J.-P., and Shipway, B.: Evaluation of Cloud-Resolving Model Intercomparison Simulations Using TWP-ICE Observations: Precipitation and Cloud Structure, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D12 206, doi:10.1029/2010JD015180, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015180, 2011.

Varble, A., Zipser, E. J., Fridlind, A. M., Zhu, P., Ackerman, A. S., Chaboureau, J.-P., Collis, S., Fan, J., Hill, A., and Shipway, B.: Evaluation of cloud-resolving and limited area model intercomparison simulations using TWP-ICE observations. Part 1: Deep convective updraft properties, J. Geophys. Res., 119, 13,891–13,918, doi:10.1002/2013JD021371, http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1002/2013JD021371, 2014a.

Varble, A., Zipser, E. J., Fridlind, A. M., Zhu, P., Ackerman, A. S., Chaboureau, J.-P., Fan, J., Hill, A., Shipway, B., and Williams, C.: Evaluation of cloud-resolving and limited area model intercomparison simulations using TWP-ICE observations. Part 2: Precipitation microphysics, J. Geophys. Res., 119, 13,919–13,945, doi:10.1002/2013JD021372, http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1002/2013JD021372, 2014b.

Verrelle, A., Ricard, D., and Lac, C.: Sensitivity of high-resolution idealized simulations of thunderstorms to horizontal resolution and turbulence parameterization, Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 141, 433–448, doi:10.1002/qj.2363, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.2363, 2015.

Verrelle, A., Ricard, D., and Lac, C.: Evaluation and improvement of turbulence parametrization inside deep convective clouds, Monthly Weather Review, 2017.

Vincendon, B., Ducrocq, V., Dierer, S., Kotroni, V., Le Lay, M., Milelli, M., Quesney, A., Saulnier, G.-M., Rabuffetti, D., Bouilloud, L., Chancibault, K., Anquetin, S., Lagouvardos, K., and Steiner, P.: Flash flood forecasting within the PREVIEW project: value of high-resolution hydrometeorological coupled forecast, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 103, 115–125, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00703-008-0315-6, 2009.
<figure><img src="image_112.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_113.png" /></figure>

Vionnet, V., Martin, E., Masson, V., Guyomarc'h, G., Naaim-Bouvet, F., Prokop, A., Durand, Y., and Lac, C.: Simulation of wind-induced snow transport and sublimation in alpine terrain using a fully coupled snowpack/atmosphere model, The Cryosphere, 8, 395–415, doi:10.5194/tc-8-395-2014, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-395-2014, 2014.

Vionnet, V., Martin, E., Masson, V., Lac, C., Naaim-Bouvet, F., and Guyomarc'h, G.: High-resolution large eddy simulation of snow accumulation in alpine terrain, J. Geophys. Res., 122, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017JD026947, 2017.

Vié, B., Pinty, J.-P., Berthet, S., and Leriche, M.: LIMA (v1.0): a quasi two-moment microphysical scheme driven by a multimodal population of cloud condensation and ice freezing nuclei, Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 567–586, doi:10.5194/gmd-9-567-2016, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-567-2016, 2016.

Voldoire, A., Decharme, B., Pianezze, J., Lebeaupin Brossier, C., Sevault, F., Seyfried, L., Garnier, V., Bielli, S., Valcke, S., Alias, A., Accensi, M., Ardhuin, F., Bouin, M.-N., Ducrocq, V., Faroux, S., Giordani, H., Léger, F., Marsaleix, P., Raynaud, R., Redelsperger, J.-L., Richard, E., and Riette, S.: The seamless and multi-model coupling between atmosphere, land, hydrology, ocean, waves and sea-ice models based on SURFEX surface model using OASIS3-MCT, Geosci. Model Dev., p. in review, doi:10.5194/gmd-2017-91, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2017-91, 2017.

Vérèmes, H., Cammas, J.-P., Baray, J.-L., Keckhut, P., Barthe, C., Posny, F., Tulet, P., Dionisi, D., and Bielli, S.: Multiple subtropical stratospheric intrusions over Reunion Island: observational, Lagrangian and Eulerian numerical modeling approaches, J. Geophys. Res., 121, 14414–14432, doi:10.1002/2016JD025330, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025330, 2016.

Wapler, K. and Mayer, B.: A fast three-dimensional approximation for the calculation of surface irradiance in large-eddy simulation models, Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 47, 3061–3071, 2008.

Wesely, M.: Parameterization of surface resistances to gaseous dry deposition in regional-scale numerical models, Atmospheric Environment (1967), 23, 1293–1304, 1989.

Whitby, E. R., McMurry, P., Shankar, U., and Binkowski, F.: Modal aerosol dynamics modeling, Tech. rep., Computer Sciences Corp., Research Triangle Park, NC (USA), 1991.

Wicker, L. J. and Skamarock, W. C.: Time-splitting methods for elastic models using forward time schemes, Monthly Weather Review, 130, 2088–2097, 2002.

Wilemski, G.: Composition of the critical nucleus in multicomponent vapor nucleation, The Journal of chemical physics, 80, 1370–1372, 1984.

Woolnough, S. J., Blossey, P., Xu, K.-M., Bechtold, P., Chaboureau, J.-P., Hosomi, T., Iacobellis, S., Luo, Y., Petch, J. C., Wong, R. Y., and Xie, S.: Modelling convective processes during the suppressed phase of a Madden-Julian Oscillation: Comparing single-column models with cloud-resolving models, Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 136, 333–353, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.568, 2010.

Xie, S. C., Xu, K. M., Cederwall, R. T., Bechtold, P., Del Genio, A. D., Klein, S. A., Cripe, D. G., Ghan, S. J., Gregory, D., Iacobellis, S. F., Krueger, S. K., Lohmann, U., Petch, J. C., Randall, D. A., Rotstayn, L. D., Somerville, R. C. J., Sud, Y. C., Von Salzen, K., Walker, G. K., Wolf, A., Yio, J. J., Zhang, G. J., and Zhang, M. G.: Intercomparison and evaluation of cumulus parametrizations under summertime midlatitude continental conditions, Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 128, 1095–1135, http://dx.doi.org/10.1256/003590002320373229, 2002.

Xue, M., Droegemeier, K. K., and Wong, V.: The Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS)-A multi-scale nonhydrostatic atmospheric simulation and prediction model. Part I: Model dynamics and verification, Meteorology and atmospheric physics, 75, 161–193, 2000.

Xue, M., Droegemeier, K. K., Wong, V., Shapiro, A., Brewster, K., Carr, F., Weber, D., Liu, Y., and Wang, D.: The Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS)-A multi-scale nonhydrostatic atmospheric simulation and prediction tool. Part II: Model physics and applications, Meteorology and atmospheric physics, 76, 143–165, 2001.
<figure><img src="image_114.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_115.png" /></figure>

Yang, P., Bi, L., Baum, B. A., Liou, K.-N., Kattawar, G. W., Mishchenko, M. I., and Cole, B.: Spectrally consistent scattering, absorption, and polarization properties of atmospheric ice crystals at wavelengths from 0.2 to 100 µm, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 70, 330–347, 2013.

Zender, C. S., Bian, H., and Newman, D.: Mineral Dust Entrainment and Deposition (DEAD) model: Description and 1990s dust climatology, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 108, 2003.