KEMI (2016) Vegetated filter strips to end as a restriction of use for plant protection products in Sweden. https://www.kemi.se/archives/news-archive/news/2016-11-09-vegetated-filter-strips-to-end-as-a-restriction-of-use-for-plant-protection-products-in-sweden

n#:~:text=The%20Swedish%20Chemicals%20Agency%20has%20now%20decided%20that,will%20no%20longer%20be%20inclosed%20in%20the%20authorisations. Accessed 4 Jun 2024

Klein M, Klein J, Flade J, Großmann D, Türkowsky D, O'Connor I, Spycher S, Reichenberger S, Sittig S, Multsch S, Thomas K (2023) Risk mitigation measures for pesticide runoff: How effective are they? Pest Manag Sci 79:4897-4905

la Cecilia D, Dax A, Ehmann H, Koster M, Singer H, Stamm C (2021) Continuous high-frequency pesticide monitoring to observe the unexpected and the overlooked. Water Research X:13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wroa.2021.100125

Lefrancq M, Jadas-Hécart A, La Jeunesse I, Landry D, Payraudeau S (2017) High frequency monitoring of pesticides in runoff water to improve understanding of their transport and environmental impacts. Sci Total Environ 587-588:75-86

Leu C, Singer H, Stamm C, Müller SR, Schwarzenbach RP (2004) Simultaneous assessment of sources, processes, and factors influencing herbicide losses to surface waters in a small agricultural catchment. Environ Sci Technol 38:3827-3834

Leu C, Schneider MK, Stamm C (2010) Estimating catchment vulnerability to diffuse herbicide losses from hydrograph statistics. J Environ Qual 39:1441-1450

Liess M et al (2021) Pesticides are the dominant stressors for vulnerable insects in lowland streams. Water Res 201:117262

Lies M, Liebmann, L, Lück M, Vormeier P, Weisner O, Foit K, Knillmann S, Schäfer R, Schulze T, Krauss M, Brack W, Reemtsma T, Halbach K, Link M, Schreiner V, Schneeweise A, Möder M, Weitere M, Kaske O, von Tümpling W, Gunold R, Ulrich N, Paschke A, Schüürmann G, Schmitt Jansen M, Küster E, Borchardt D (2022) Umsetzung des Nationalen Aktionsplans zur nachhaltigen Anwendung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln (NAP) – Pilotstudie zur Ermittlung der Belastung von Kleingewässern in der Agrarlandschaft mit Pflanzenschutzmittel-Rückständen. UBA TEXTE, Umweltbundesamt. 07/2022. https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/umsetzung-des-nationalenaktionsplans-zur-1

Liess M, Böhme A, Gröning J, Liebmann L, Lück M, Reemtsma T, Römerscheid M, Schade U, Schwarz B, Vormeier P, Weisner O (2023) Belastung von kleinen Gewässern in der Agrarlandschaft mit Pflanzenschutzmittel-Rückständen – TV1 Datenanalyse zur Pilotstudie Kleingewässermonitoring 2018/2019, UBA-Texte 63/2023, FK 3720 67 401 1, p 244

Lindahl A, Reichenberger S, Pohlert T, Multsch S, Boström G, Gönçzi M, Stenemo F, Kreuger J, Markensten H, Jarvis N (2024) A web-based pesticide risk assessment tool for drinking water protection zones in Sweden. J Environ Manage 357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120700

Loos R, Marinov D, Sanseverino I, Napierska D, Lettieri T (2018) Review of the 1st Watch List under the Water Framework Directive and recommendations for the 2nd Watch List, EUR 29173 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. https://doi.org/10.2760/614367(online), JRC111198

Lorenz S, Rasmussen JJ, Süß A, Kalettka T, Golla B, Horney P, Stähler M, Hommel B, Schäfer RB (2017) Specifics and challenges of assessing exposure and effects of pesticides in small water bodies. Hydrobiologia 793:213-224

Mathon B, Ferreol M, Togola A, Lardy-Fontan S, Dabrin A, Allan IJ, Staub PF, Mazzella N, Miège C (2022) Polar organic chemical integrative samplers as an effective tool for chemical monitoring of surface waters-Results from one-year monitoring in France. Sci Total Environ:824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153549

Matisová E, Škrabáková S (1995) Carbon sorbents and their utilization for the preconcentration of organic pollutants in environmental samples. J Chromatogr A 707:145-179

Miljöstyrelsen (2022) Bekæmpelsesmiddelstatistik 2020 - Behandlingshyppighed og pesticidbelastning baseret på salg og forbrug, Ori-entering fra Miljöstyrelsen nr. 54, January 2022. https://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publikationer/2022/01/978-87-7038-369-1.pdf

Moschet C, Piazzoli A, Singer H, Hollender J (2013) Alleviating the reference standard dilemma using a systematic exact mass suspect screening approach with liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 85:10312-10320

Moschet C, Wittmer I, Simovic J, Junghans M, Piazzoli A, Singer H, Stamm C, Leu C, Hollender J (2014) How a complete pesticide screening changes the assessment of surface water quality. Environ Sci Technol 48:5423-5432

MST (2023) Bekæmpelsesmiddelstatistik. https://mst.dk/kemi/pesti cider/anvendelse-af-pesticider/forbrug-af-pesticider-statistik-og-indikatorer/landbrug-mv/. Accessed 4 Jun 2024

Munz N, Wittmer I, Leu C (2012) Schweizweite Auswertung von Pestizidmessungen in Fliessgewässern. Aqua Gas 11:32-41

Nanos T, Gutfreund C, Lindström B (2019) Resultat från miljöövervakningen av bekämpningsmedel (växtskyddsmedel). Årssammanställning 2019. Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, Institutionen för vatten och miljö. Rapport 2020:8. https://www.slu.se/globa lassets/ew/org/centrb/ckb/publikationer/mo-rapporter/arsrapport-2019-miljoovervakningen-bek_final.pdf

Naturvårdsverket (2015). Naturvårdsverkets föreskrifter om spridning och viss övrig hantering av växtskyddsmedel (NFS 2015:2). https://insynsverige.se/documentHandler.ashx?did=1797052

Nordic Council (2007) Establishing a Nordic pesticide monitoring network. TemaNord 514, ISBN 978-92-893-1462-6, p 105

OFB (2023) Office Français de la Biodiversité, NAIADES, Données sur la qualité des eaux de surface. https://naiades.eaufrance.fr/. Accessed 4 Jun 2024

Pinasseau L, Wiest L, Fildier A, Volatier L, Fones GR, Mills GA, Mermillod-Blondin F, Vulliet E (2019) Use of passive sampling and high resolution mass spectrometry using a suspect screening approach to characterise emerging pollutants in contaminated groundwater and runoff. Sci Total Environ 672:253-263

Pitarch E, Cervera MI, Portolés T, Ibáñez M, Barreda M, Renau-Prunónosa A, Morell I, López F, Albarrán F, Hernández F (2016) Comprehensive monitoring of organic micro-pollutants in surface and groundwater in the surrounding of a solid-waste treatment plant of Castellón, Spain. Sci Total Environ 548-549:211-220

Ridley L, Chantry T, Parrish G, Richmond A, Stroda E, Rainford J, MacArthur R, Garthwaite D (2021) Pesticide Usage Survey Report 305, Grassland & fodder crops in the United Kingdom, p 88

Rösch A, Beck B, Hollender J, Singer H (2019) Picogram per liter quantification of pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides in surface waters: a result of large enrichment with liquid-liquid extraction and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. Anal Bioanal Chem 411:3151-3164

Ruff M, Mueller MS, Loos M, Singer HP (2015) Quantitative target and systematic non-target analysis of polar organic micro-pollutants along the river Rhine using high-resolution mass-spectrometry – identification of unknown sources and compounds. Water Res 87:145-154

Sandin M, Piikki K, Jarvis N, Larsbo M, Bishop K, Kreuger J (2018) Spatial and temporal patterns of pesticide concentrations in streamflow, drainage and runoff in a small Swedish agricultural catchment. Sci Total Environ 610-611:623-634

Schönenberger UT, Beck B, Dax A, Vogler B, Stamm C (2022) Pesticide concentrations in agricultural storm drainage inlets of a small Swiss catchment. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29:43966-43983
Singer HP, Wössner AE, McArdell CS, Fenner K (2016) Rapid screen-
ing for exposure to “non-target” pharmaceuticals from wastewater
effluents by combining HRMS-based suspect screening and expo-
sure modeling. *Environ Sci Technol* 50:6698–6707

Slobodník J, van Baar BLM, Brinkman UAT (1995) Column liq-
uid chromatography-mass spectrometry: selected techniques in
environmental applications for polar pesticides and related com-
pounds. *J Chromatogr A* 703:81–121

SLU (2023) Swedish University of Agricultural Science: https://www.slu.se/en/departments/aquatic-sciences-assessment/environment/pesticide_monitoring/. Accessed 4 Sept 2023

Spycher S, Mangold S, Doppler T, Junghans M, Wittmer I, Stamm
C, Singer H (2018) Pesticide risks in small streams—how to get
as close as possible to the stress imposed on aquatic organisms.
*Environ Sci Technol* 52:4526–4535

Stenrød M, Almvik M, Eklo OM, Gimsing AL, Holten R, Künnis-
Beres K, Larsbo M, Putelis L, Siimes K, Turka I, Uusi-Kämppä J
(2016) Pesticide regulatory risk assessment, monitoring, and fate
studies in the northern zone: recommendations from a Nordic-
Baltic workshop. *Environ Sci Pollut Res* 23:15779–15788

Strahler AN (1952) Hypsometric (area-altitude) analysis of erosional topography. GSA Bull 63:1117–1142

Szöcs E, Brinke M, Karaoglan B, Schäfer RB (2017) Large scale risks from agricultural pesticides in small streams. *Environ Sci Technol* 51:7378–7385

Tadeo JL, Sanchez-Brunete C, García-Valcarcel AI, Martínez L,
Pérez RA (1996) Determination of cereal herbicide residues in

environmental samples by gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A
754:347–365

Tenney MW, Higgins TE (1972) Effects on surface waters. J Water
Pollut Control Fed 44:1204–1208

Toolbox Emissiebeperking (2023) Emissiereductieplan. http://www.toolboxwater.nl/. Accessed 4 Jun 2024

Vijver MG, Van'tZelfde M, Tamis WL, Musters KJ, De Snoo GR
(2008) Spatial and temporal analysis of pesticides concentra-
tions in surface water: pesticides atlas. J Environ Sci Health B
43:665–74

Vormeier P, Liebmann L, Weisner O, Liess M (2023) Width of veg-
etated buffer strips to protect aquatic life from pesticide effects.
Water Res 231:119627

Weisner O, Arle J, Liebmann L, Link M, Schäfer RB, Schneeweiss A,
Schreiner VC, Vormeier P, Liess M (2022) Three reasons why
the Water Framework Directive (WFD) fails to identify pesticide
risks. Water Res 208:117848

Wolfram J, Stehle S, Bub S, Petschick LL, Schulz R (2021) Water quality and ecological risks in European surface waters – monitoring improves while water quality decreases. *Environ Int* 152:106479

**Publisher's Note** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to
jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Singer HP, Wössner AE, McArdell CS, Fenner K (2016) Rapid screen-
ing for exposure to “non-target” pharmaceuticals from wastewater
effluents by combining HRMS-based suspect screening and expo-
sure modeling. *Environ Sci Technol* 50:6698–6707

Slobodník J, van Baar BLM, Brinkman UAT (1995) Column liq-
uid chromatography-mass spectrometry: selected techniques in
environmental applications for polar pesticides and related com-
pounds. J Chromatogr A 703:81–121

SLU (2023) Swedish University of Agricultural Science: https://www.slu.se/en/departments/aquatic-sciences-assessment/environment/pesticide_monitoring/. Accessed 4 Sept 2023

Spycher S, Mangold S, Doppler T, Junghans M, Wittmer I, Stamm
C, Singer H (2018) Pesticide risks in small streams—how to get
as close as possible to the stress imposed on aquatic organisms.
*Environ Sci Technol* 52:4526–4535

Stenrød M, Almvik M, Eklo OM, Gimsing AL, Holten R, Künnis-
Beres K, Larsbo M, Putelis L, Siimes K, Turka I, Uusi-Kämppä J
(2016) Pesticide regulatory risk assessment, monitoring, and fate
studies in the northern zone: recommendations from a Nordic-
Baltic workshop. *Environ Sci Pollut Res* 23:15779–15788

Strahler AN (1952) Hypsometric (area-altitude) analysis of erosional topography. GSA Bull 63:1117–1142

Szöcs E, Brinke M, Karaoglan B, Schäfer RB (2017) Large scale risks from agricultural pesticides in small streams. *Environ Sci Technol* 51:7378–7385

Tadeo JL, Sanchez-Brunete C, García-Valcarcel AI, Martínez L,
Pérez RA (1996) Determination of cereal herbicide residues in

environmental samples by gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A
754:347–365

Tenney MW, Higgins TE (1972) Effects on surface waters. J Water
Pollut Control Fed 44:1204–1208

Toolbox Emissiebeperking (2023) Emissiereductieplan. http://www.toolboxwater.nl/. Accessed 4 Jun 2024

Vijver MG, Van'tZelfde M, Tamis WL, Musters KJ, De Snoo GR (2008) Spatial and temporal analysis of pesticides concentrations in surface water: pesticides atlas. J Environ Sci Health B 43:665–74

Vormeier P, Liebmann L, Weisner O, Liess M (2023) Width of veg-
etated buffer strips to protect aquatic life from pesticide effects.
Water Res 231:119627

Weisner O, Arle J, Liebmann L, Link M, Schäfer RB, Schneeweiss A, Schreiner VC, Vormeier P, Liess M (2022) Three reasons why the Water Framework Directive (WFD) fails to identify pesticide risks. Water Res 208:117848

Wolfram J, Stehle S, Bub S, Petschick LL, Schulz R (2021) Water quality and ecological risks in European surface waters – monitoring improves while water quality decreases. *Environ Int* 152:106479

**Publisher's Note** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to
jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.