# Measurement of the refractive index modulation induced by Quantum Confined Stark Effect for active metasurfaces realisation.

Tanneguy Blandin, Pierre Gadras, Alexandre Arnoult, Mathieu Arribat, Olivier Gauthier-Lafaye, Jean-Yves Duboz

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## To cite this version:

Tanneguy Blandin, Pierre Gadras, Alexandre Arnoult, Mathieu Arribat, Olivier Gauthier-Lafaye, et al. Measurement of the refractive index modulation induced by Quantum Confined Stark Effect for active metasurfaces realisation. Nanop 2025, Oct 2025, Paris Sorbonne Université, France. 2025. hal-05333669

HAL Id: hal-05333669

https://laas.hal.science/hal-05333669v1

Submitted on 27 Oct 2025

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# Measurement of the refractive index modulation induced by Quantum Confined Stark Effect for active metasurfaces realisation.

Tanneguy Blandin, Pierre Gadras, Alexandre Arnoult, Mathieu Arribat, Olivier Gauthier-Lafaye, Jean-Yves Duboz

tanneguy.blandin@laas.fr

## Physical effect : QCSE

$$ \Delta V \rightarrow \Delta n, \Delta \kappa $$

## Uses

$$ \Delta n \rightarrow $$

$$ \begin{aligned} \Delta R & \text{(massive stack)} \\ \Delta \lambda_R & \text{(GMRF, CRIGF[2])} \\ \Delta \phi & \text{(GT [4], MS [1])} \end{aligned} $$

We demonstrate a measurement technique to quantify optical index modulation induced by QCSE on experimental sample with Reflectometry

## Technological processes and stack characterization

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>Sample after technological process</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>Epitaxy stack measured and processed structure</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_6.png" /><figcaption>Ellipsometry measurements and structure simulation</figcaption></figure>

## Electro-reflectivity measurement and simulation

<figure><img src="image_7.png" /><figcaption>Optical setup</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_8.png" /><figcaption>Reflectivity measurements and model</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_9.png" /><figcaption>Reflectivity variations measured with voltage and simulated for a QW index modulation</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_10.png" /><figcaption>Optical index modulation computed and simulated</figcaption></figure>

## Bibliography :

[1] Wu, P. C. et al. Nat. Com., 2019 – 10.1038/s41467-019-11598-8

[2] Monmayrant, A. et al. Opt. Exp. 2022 – 10.1364/OE.457149

[3] Papatryfonos, K. et al. AIP Advances, 2021 – 10.1063/5.0039631

[4] Elsawy, M. et al. LPOR, 2023 – 10.1002/lpor.202200880

## Conclusion

- We demonstrated a QCSE induced optical index modulation directly on our structure of interest. This measurement is compatible with technological process and can be added as a standard test on wafers to validates physical effects.

- This electro-optical effect being demonstrated our plan is now to include it in CRIGF for tunable filters and Metasurfaces for phase modulation.

<figure><img src="image_11.png" /><figcaption>SEM images of etched similar structures used for nano-resonnators or CRIGF</figcaption></figure>

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RENATECH
Le réseau français de nanofabrication

anr®
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(ANR-22-CE24-0005)

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