thin sediment; Morphoclass III: shallow pools with thick sediment and variable surface area to volume ratio; Morphoclass IV: shallow pools with thin sediment and a very high surface area to volume ratio. The species with the highest indicator values (Elatine gussonei, Ranunculus saniculifolius, Lythrum hyssopifolia, and Zannichellia melitensis) generally have very high specificity for the SFR habitat and were associated with different morphoclasses. As such, management plans for these habitats should take these variations into account so as to assess the effectiveness of restoration programmes against a realistic benchmark for each morphoclass.

### S.259.3 Pyrenean mountain wetlands: assessment of main threats and restoration actions to improve their conservation status

Aaron Pérez-Haase¹, Eulàlia Pladevall-Izard¹, Josep M. Ninot¹, José M. Blanco-Moreno¹, Víctor Lecegui-Carnero¹, Nil Escolà-Lamora¹, Empar Carrillo¹

1 University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.

Pyrenean mountain wetlands are unique ecosystems that face several threats (overgrazing, dam regulation, drainage, tree encroachment, etc.), which keep them away from a favourable conservation status. To help tackling the main management challenges, since 2014 we have assessed (and monitored) the condition and primary threats of Pyrenean wetlands through extensive field sampling. Our findings revealed overgrazing as the predominant disturbance, affecting 24% of these wetlands. Dry spells and water table drawdown were also of primary importance and affected habitats differently. Dam regulation and pine encroachment had intermediate importance, whereas other threats were less relevant. Consequently, we initiated pilot restoration experiments involving plant transplantations or removals to address these challenges. To mitigate overgrazing, we set up 14 exclusion fences -both permanent and temporary-, where, through passive restoration, we observed a significant recovery of plant cover, particularly on pugged soils. Plant community composition showed a slow trend from pioneer to late-successional wetland

specialists. Fostering this natural process, we undertook active restoration on four wetlands by the transplantation of selected specialist species (Carex nigra, Valeriana dioica, etc.). To counteract the effects hydroelectric regulation, we performed the initiation of two wetland habitats on the shores of a decommissioned reservoir by transplanting sedges (Carex rostrata) and peat mosses (four species, including vulnerable Sphagnum magellanicum). Although restoration was successful for both habitats, dry spells affected severely sphagnum hummocks, whereas wet sphagnum carpets endured unaltered. As for encroachment, we set up a pine clearcutting action, which will expectedly lead to a rise of the water table by a reduction of tree transpiration, and to the removal of negative shadowing on wetland-specialists. The knowledge gained from the successes -and failures- of our pilot restoration experiments can be used to guide management decisions for improving the conservation status of mountain wetlands.

### S.259.4 The wetland of the "Climate-friendly Parks" - a project in the city of Reggio Emilia (Italy)

Giulia Santunione¹, Elisabetta Sgarbi¹, Daniela Mordacci²

1 Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy. 2 Municipalità of Reggio Emilia, Italy.

Within the framework of the European project "Life CityAdaP3," the municipality of Reggio Emilia, in Italy, is implementing a project known as "Climate-friendly Parks." This initiative aims to mitigate the urban heat island effects and enhance the overall environmental quality. Among the foreseen interventions, particularly interest is focused on "Marco Biagi Park". This represents a first experimentation of the adaptive park model application. The model is based on the introduction in an urban green area of four main landscape environmental devices, including the micro-forests (as described by "Miyawaki method"), rural hedges, trees in row and multispecies meadows. Moreover, the project has foreseen the realization of an artificial pond with a lateral runoff, which exploits the possibility of deriving water - in the summer - from the nearby irrigation channel (managed by the local "Consorzio di Bonifica"). The landscape environmental devices and the wetland area share
common objectives, including the mitigation action on the microclimate, biodiversity conservation, improvement of air quality and the usability for social activities. Particularly attention has been focused on the plant species selection for the wetland, which involves non-rooting and rooting hydrophytes (for example *Lemna minor*, *Callitriche palustris*, *Mentha aquatica*, *Nymphaea alba*, *Nuphar lutea*, *Nasturtium officinale*); proceeding towards the banks we introduced *Iris pseudacorus*, *Lytrum salicaria*, *Carex sp.pl.* and *Thypha latifolia*. Many common meadow species have been sown to facilitate the colonization of soil near the wetland and some woody trees, *Alnus glutinosa* and *Salix alba*, to consolidate the banks. Only native species have been chosen in order to increase plant biodiversity. The realization of this experimental wetland is furthermore aimed to observe how the different species are able to cope with water level fluctuations and in general with the environmental conditions of the site of introduction.

## S.259.5 The use of floating beds with native halophytes in restoration of coastal saltmarshes in the Mediterranean area

Dario Salemi¹, Andrea Santulli², Concetta M. Messina³, Angelo Troia¹

1 Department STEBICEF, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. 2 Consorzio Universitario di Trapani, Trapani, Italy. 3 Department DISTEM, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.

Saltmarshes support a variety of important ecosystem functions. Unfortunately, they have been drastically reduced in the last centuries, especially in the Mediterranean area: most of them were “reclaimed” or otherwise transformed, and the remaining ones are still threatened. Our project’s aim is to investigate the possibility to use floating beds with native halophytes to remove nutrients from eutrophicated waters in artificial saline basins or degraded saltmarshes and at the same time to contribute to the restoration and renaturalization of the sites, offering habitats to several organisms. The use of floating islands with these aims has already been tested, but usually in freshwater basins. Here we present our preliminary results regarding the cultivation of annual and perennial halophytes on floating beds in effluent basins of a marine fish hatchery, in western Sicily (Italy). The following

species were tested: *Arthrocnemum meridionale* (Ramírez et al.) Fuente et al. (Am), *Salicornia alpini* Lag. (Sa), *Salicornia emerici* Duval-Jouve (Se), *Sal-sola soda* L. (Ss). Cuttings of the perennial species (Am, Sa) and plantlets of the annual ones (Ss, Se), collected from nearby wild habitats, have been used. Best results, in terms of growth, were obtained with the perennial and the annual *Salicornia*. *Arthrocnemum* and *Salsola* grew slower respect to wild plants nearby. Our preliminary results confirm the possibility to cultivate the Mediterranean native species *Salicornia alpini* and *Salicornia emerici* on floating beds on marine waters. The next step is the application of these results to saltmarsh restoration projects, including the removal of nutrients and metals from degraded ponds, the improvement of halophytic vegetation cover and the consequent improvement of the whole ecosystem.

## S.259.6 Facing the ecological complexity of Mediterranean temporary ponds for tailor-made restoration, conservation and management action

V.C. Cuccaro¹, D. La Montagna¹, V.E. Cambria¹, G. Fanelli¹

1 Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.

Mediterranean temporary ponds (3170*) are peculiar habitat types particularly rich in plant species but regularly reported in Europe with an “unfavourable” conservation status. They are usually heterogeneous, shallow, and small water bodies which dry entirely in summer. Alternation of the flooding period strongly influences the floristic composition, mainly belonging to the plant community *Isoeto-Nanojuncetea* (=Isoeto durieui-Juncetea bufonii). Besides climate alteration, inappropriate water and landscape management, pollution and trampling, habitat misinterpretation represents another threatening issue for the habitat, often underestimated. An interdisciplinary study has investigated two clusters of Mediterranean temporary ponds embedded in the Natura 2000 sites of Bosco di Palo Laziale and Bosco di Fogliano (Lazio Region, Italy). Field data collection on plant communities, geo-chemical soil properties, micro-topographic characteristics and climate
proxies was implemented to identify the habitat's
ecological patterns, processes and interdepen-
dencies. Clustering analysis and data post-pro-
cessing allowed to discriminate vegetation types
and sub-types of surveyed coenoses as well as to
determine the most significant ecological predic-

tors of the habitat. This study has proved to be val-
id in addressing plant assemblage complexity. Its
cost-effective and easy-to-use approaches can
be successfully applied elsewhere to facilitate the
restoration, conservation and management of this
and similar ecosystems.

# S.260 PERSPECTIVES ON PLANT BIOME TURNOVER IN AN ERA OF MASSIVE DATA AND NEW METHODOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS

## S.260.1 The lability factor: biome shifts may predict diversification dynamics in flowering plants more than the biomes themselves

James Boyko¹,², Thais Vasconcelos¹

1 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA. 2 Michigan Institute of Data Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.

The remarkable diversity of angiosperm species have prompted a search for universal drivers that modulate rates of speciation and extinction across this clade. To date, most attempts to define differences in diversification have correlated diversification rates with the presence or absence of a discrete trait. However, an often overlooked explanation is that the evolutionary lability, here defined as the rates of trait change, is a better predictor of the diversification dynamics than the observed traits themselves. This hypothesis, first proposed half a century ago in the context of biome shifts, is based on the idea that the capacity to adapt to environmental changes is the key element defining angiosperm diversification dynamics. Thus, rather than relying on single phenotypic descriptors, we test whether the propensity of change between biomes is significantly correlated with lineage speciation and extinction rates. We test this hypothesis using a phylogenetic dataset of 51 angiosperm clades including 10,636 species in closed-canopy, 4,818 in open-canopy and 3,921 widespread across both biomes. We find that trait lability is frequently associated with higher rates of both speciation and extinction. Additionally, we find that transition rates tend to be faster from open to

closed-canopy biomes, contrary to prevailing ideas
in the field that lineages occurring in open-canopy
biomes tend to emerge from closed-canopy ones.
We propose that looking at lability rather than sin-
gle traits, in angiosperms and other organisms,
may provide a more comprehensive and dynam-
ic understanding of biodiversity patterns. This shift
in focus from static traits to dynamic evolutionary
processes offers new insights into how biodiversity is
generated and maintained.

## S.261.2 Assessing the power of artificial intelligence approaches for birth-death model classification

Pablo Gutiérrez de la Peña¹, Guillermo Iglesias Hernández², Isabel Sanmartín¹, Andrea Sánchez Meseguer¹

1 Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Madrid, Spain. 2 Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.

Birth-death (BD) models applied to dated phylogenies, are a useful tool to study past diversification dynamics in the absence of complete fossil record. Parameters in these stochastic models are typically inferred using likelihood-based methods such as Maximum Likelihood or Bayesian Inference. However, these methods require the formulation of a new likelihood algorithm each time a new model is proposed, and some of the most complex models are also computationally intractable, or mathematically non-identifiable, with two models generating identical probability distributions. The last years have witnessed a revolution, with artificial intelligence (AI) methods applied to phylogenetic inference, species delimitation, or phylodynamics. However, the
<figure><img src="image_596.png" /></figure>

power of these approaches in birth-death modeling
is almost unexplored. Here, we tackle a classification
problem, the power of AI algorithms to discriminate
among six different diversification scenarios: constant
birth-death (BD), high extinction (HE), mass extinction
(ME), stasis and radiate (SR), diversity dependent (DD),
and waxing and waning (WW). We simulated 10,000
trees under each diversification scenario and encod-
ed the phylogenies using two different representation
techniques: a set of summary statistics and the com-
pact bijective ladderized vector encoding. These sim-
ulations were used to train and validate two different
AI methods: convolutional neural networks (CNN) and
random forests (RF), and the trained AI algorithm was
used to predict the most probable model of diversifi-
cation for selected empirical phylogenies. Finally, we
compared the performance of AI methods with pre-
vious likelihood-based approaches. The cross-valida-
tion approach showed that the percentage of correct
assignment for the simulated scenarios was high for
the two DL algorithms, except for BD and SR models.
The most accurate strategy was the combination of RF
algorithms with summary statistics as the tree repre-
sentation. We hypothesize the hierarchical structure of
phylogenetic trees it is more difficult to capture using
CNN designed for image-based encoding.

S.260.3 Asymmetric biome
lability across lineages
underlies the evolution
of miombo woodland
savannas in Africa during
the early Miocene

Dario I. Ojeda¹, Anaïs-Pasiphae Gorel², Gilles Dauby³, Aaron D. Pan⁴, Thomas Marcussen⁵, Samuel Vanden Abeele⁶, Arthur Boom⁷, Sandra Cervantes⁸, Félix Forest⁹, Olivier J. Hardy⁷, Manuel de la Estrella¹⁰

1 Department of Forest Biodiversity, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Norway. 2 Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. 2 Forest is Life, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, Gembloux, Belgium. 3 MAP, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier University, France. 4 Museum of Texas Tech University, Texas Tech University, USA. 5 Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Norway. 6 Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, UK. 7 Evolutionary Biology and Ecology,

Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium. 8 Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Finland. 9 Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK. 10 Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Spain.

Previous research has highlighted the frequency of
niche conservatism during the radiation of plant lin-
eages at regional and global scales. These studies in-
dicate that niche conservatism played a major role in
the current distribution of biodiversity. A recent analysis
in tropical Africa also found high prevalence of niche
conservatism at the genus level in biomes (forest and
savanna), indicating that niche lability (as evidenced
by the presence of a genus in two biomes) is uncommon and unevenly distributed among forest tree spe-
cies in Africa. Current limitations to infer the fine-scale
distribution of this trait among lineages of tropical trees
is the low resolution of current phylogenetic trees and
a limited sampling at the species level of the analyzed
taxa. Here we explored the distribution of niche lability
within an endemic African lineage of tropical trees that
contains 16 genera (including three genera that are key
components of miombo savannas): the Berlinia clade.
Our results indicate an asymmetric distribution of the
capacity to shift and diversify into these biomes in Af-
rica. Only five genera shifted between forest and sa-
vanna during the evolutionary history of the group, and
only the first transitions in the early-middle Miocene in
Julbernardia, Brachystegia, and Isoberlinia led to an in-
crease in the number of species. This asymmetry is also
evident from the distribution of species-rich lineages
that exploited both biomes identified in this study (for-
est and savanna), as well as from the presence of five
paleoendemic (mostly monotypic) genera that have
persisted solely in the forest biome since the Eocene.

S. 260.4 Reconstructing
paleo-environments and
paleo-diversity using
Bayesian deep learning

Daniele Silvestro¹,²,³

1 Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Swit-
zerland. 2 Department of Biological and Environ-
mental Sciences, University of Gothenburg and Go-
thenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Sweden. 3 Swiss
Institute of Bioinformatics, Fribourg, Switzerland.

Throughout the long evolutionary history of life,
species of all kingdoms have diversified through
countless environmental changes and extinction
events. Since most species that lived on Earth have
<figure><img src="image_597.png" /></figure>

gone extinct, it is difficult to infer how the evolution of biodiversity and ecosystems unfolded over millions of years. Here I present a suite of new methods to infer the spatial and temporal evolutionary dynamics across major clades in the tree of life. Analyzing the fossil record through supervised and unsupervised neural networks we infer species richness dynamics in deep time, and test hypotheses on past speciation and extinction, while correcting for the gaps and biases that characterize the preservation and sampling processes. With the integration of geological and paleontological data through Bayesian deep learning models we generate reconstructions of paleovegetation and paleotemperatures through time and space providing a more accurate environmental context around macroevolutionary hypotheses. Our results show that coupling deep learning models with evolutionary models can improve our understanding of biodiversity and its evolution across time scales.

## S.260.5 The use of phylogenetic tree shape and habitat reconstructions to reveal regional environment history and flora assembly

G. Anthony Verboom¹

1 Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.

Phylogenetic trees are routinely used to examine the evolution of single biological lineages. Where phylogenetic data are available for multiple lineages, however, congruent macroevolutionary pattern can additionally be used to gain insights into regional environment history and flora assembly. In this talk I show how reconstructions of habitat variables across multiple phylogenies reveal the timing of key environmental transitions, while the shapes of phylogenetic trees, and their correlation with habitat variables, can offer insights into past environmental stability. A comparison of such patterns across 14 plant lineages native to the South African Cape reveals that mountain fynbos heathlands are older and have evolved under conditions of greater environmental stability than the semi-arid renosterveld and succulent karoo shrublands that dominate the low elevation zone of the Cape.

## S.260.6 Unraveling the evolutionary history of tropical rainforest plant diversity using an all evidence approach

Oscar Wrisberg¹, Melanie Tietje¹, Hélène Morlon², Wolf L. Eiserhardt¹,³

1 Aarhus University: Aarhus, Denmark. 2 École Normale Supériore: Paris, France. 3 Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK.

The latitudinal diversity gradient is one of the most pervasive patterns in biogeography and the astonishing diversity of tropical rainforests contributes disproportionately to this pattern. Macroevolutionary processes such as speciation, extinction and migration are the key mechanisms underlying the current diversity of tropical rainforests. Yet, evaluating the relative importance of each of these processes on this diversity faces challenges such as under sampling of species, difficulties in defining biome borders and the sheer scale of data needed to elucidate patterns at a global scale. We aim to solve these problems and determine the relative importance of these processes on the diversity of tropical rainforest seed plants. We estimate the biome associations of seed plants using occurrence data and the World Checklist of Vascular Plants. We then use these biome associations to investigate the effect of speciation, extinction, migration and age on the diversity of tropical rainforest seed plants. This is done by utilizing the current largest phylogeny of seed plants along with a recently developed state dependent model of speciation and extinction which can account for paleoenvironmental variations. This enables us to see how these macroevolutionary processes have varied in space and time and allows us to determine if the diversity of tropical rainforests is best explained by higher speciation rates, lower extinction rates or increased immigration. Additionally, we investigate if the number of tropical rainforest lineages has increased more steadily compared to elsewhere. Our investigation utilizes the ever-increasing amounts of data from herbaria, online biodiversity databases and DNA sequence repositories to reveal the intricate interplay of macroevolutionary processes on present day tropical rainforest biodiversity.
<figure><img src="image_598.png" /></figure>

# S.261 ACROSS LAND AND WATER: UNDERSTANDING PLANT GENE FLOW AT A LANDSCAPE SCALE. SESSION 2

## S.261.1 Dispersal distance and modes of spread in a range of maritime sedge species

Jennifer Clayton-Brown¹, Paul Ashton¹

¹ Biosciences, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK.

Salt Marsh plants are specialists in a highly stressful, spatially restricted, though predictable environment. Dispersal, through pollen, seed or vegetative fragments will need to be efficient and possibly specialised to reach suitable habitats. Carex section Phacocystis (Cyperaceae) incorporates a group of wind pollinated long lived clonal species with an Amphi-Atlantic distribution which inhabit salt marshes. They thus present a suitable suite of species to investigate maritime dispersal methods. On the Norwegian coast three of the section; C. paleacea, C. salina and C. subspathacea occupy different niches on the salt marsh characterised by different distance from the low tide. C. subspathacea occupies the lowest position on the saltmarsh and is infrequently free of saltwater immersion while C. paleacea is only submerged at very high tides. C. salina is intermediate between the two. These species thus provide an opportunity to assess transport distances at small and medium scale along the Norwegian coast while the differing extent of offers an additional, potentially influencing, factor. The discovery of a C. salina population in Scotland in 2004, a species previously unknown in the UK, with other Scottish populations subsequently discovered, reveals that longer distance dispersal across the North Sea is also occurring. The recent spread of the species into the UK highlights the dynamic nature of the salt marshes, especially under climate change. Using genetic data obtained from microsatellite variation, patterns of dispersal and connectivity are assessed in this group. The effects of latitude and position in the salt marsh are considered alongside the possible source and pattern of long-distance dispersal. Spread via sexual or vegetative route is also assessed.

## S.261.2 Is the population genetics of the invasive species Cotula coronopifolia in Europe more consistent with human vectors, migratory wa

R. Sánchez¹, MA. Ortiz², F. Hortas³, L. Tomasson⁴, E. Serrão⁵, K. Tremetsberger⁶, C. van Leeuwen⁷, A. Lovas-Kiss⁸, C. Reynolds⁹, J. Rowntree¹⁰, A. Green¹.

¹ Department of Conservation Biology and Global Change, Doñana Biological Station (CSIC), Spain. ² Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of Sevilla, Spain. ³ Department of Biology, University of Cádiz, Spain. ⁴ Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden. ⁵ Center for Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal. ⁶ Institute of Botany, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria. ⁷ Netherlands Institute of Ecology (KNAW), Wageningen, Netherlands. ⁸ Wetland Ecology Research Group, Centre for Ecological Research, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, Debrecen, Hungary. ⁹ School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. ¹⁰ School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK.

There is increasing evidence that migratory waterbirds act as important long-distance vectors of plants lacking a fleshy fruit. Seeds of many plants have been extracted from faeces and shown to have high germinability. However, there are almost no genetic studies addressing the influence of waterbird endozoochory on gene flow. Waterbirds can provide a means of spread across landscapes for alien species that were originally moved between continents by other means. We selected the buttonweed Cotula coronopifolia, native to South Africa, as our alien model species. This species was originally introduced to Europe more than two centuries ago, and has an extensive range. Faecal analysis confirmed endozoochory of this plant by migratory shorebirds such
<figure><img src="image_599.png" /></figure>

as Limosa limosa. Cotula coronopifolia is mainly distributed in coastal areas and is currently expanding along the Baltic coast. It is also spreading to inland wetlands with waterbirds, especially in Sweden and the UK. We are therefore studying the population structure and gene flow of 32 different populations of Cotula coronopifolia sampled in 6 European countries (UK, Germany, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and Portugal), plus 5 populations in the native South Africa. We are using SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polimorfism) obtained from 282 individuals of Cotula coronopifolia by GBS (Genotyping by Sequencing). Questions we address include: 1) Are patterns across Europe consistent with the position of waterbird flyways? 2) Are patterns within a given landscape more consistent with dispersal by waterbirds, hydrochory, or human vectors? (i.e., are genetic distances more related to connectivity by birds, by water, or by human activities?). 3) within populations, are genetic distances determined by physical distances between plants? 4) are populations in the introduced range less diverse that those in the native range? Or has high propagule pressure (e.g. from multiple introductions via ballast from ships coming from South Africa) created the opposite effect?

## S.261.3 Genetic diversity and clonal structure in wild populations of Vanilla pompona (Orchidaceae) in Costa Rica

María Alejandra Serna Sánchez¹,²*, Eric J Fuchs²,³, Adam P Karremans¹

1 Lankester Botanical Garden, University of Costa Rica, P.O. Box 302-7050, Cartago, Costa Rica. 2 Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica. 3 Laboratorio Binacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, UNAM-UCR, México-Costa Rica *maria.serna@ucr.ac.cr.

In Costa Rica, around a dozen species of wild Vanilla, including commercially significant ones such as *Vanilla planifolia* Andrews, *V. odorata* C. Presl, and *V. pompona* Schiede, are present, yet information regarding their population genetics is limited. It is suggested that genetic diversity in *Vanilla* populations may be low due to their potential formation by a few individuals with clonal reproduction. Nevertheless, wild populations may

harbor genetic variants important for genetic crop improvement or conservation efforts. Despite *Vanilla pompona* is listed as endangered by the IUCN, the lack of studies on genetic diversity and population structure hinders its management and conservation. As other *Vanilla* species, *V. pompona* depends on pollinators for sexual reproduction, and the interactions among the plant, its pollinators, and dispersers shape the genetic diversity of this *Vanilla* species. To assess the genetic diversity and structure of wild *V. pompona* populations, 117 individuals from 8 populations along the Pacific region of Costa Rica were sampled. Microsatellites (SSRs) previously proposed in the literature for different *Vanilla* species were used; of the 28 SSRs tested, 18 proved transferable, and 12 were polymorphic. High genetic diversity was observed in wild *V. pompona* populations (HT = 0.588) with moderate genetic structure (FST = 0.194), and populations in the central and northern Pacific showed the least genetic distance. As suggested earlier, greater genetic diversity was evident among populations rather than within, mainly due to their high degree of clonal propagation. The high genetic diversity could be explained by their presence in extensively preserved forests, favoring large effective population sizes over extended periods, thereby mitigating the reducing effects of genetic drift. This study is essential to guide *ex situ* and *in vitro* preservation strategies by providing a clear description of genetic diversity in wild *Vanilla* populations.

## S.261.4 Population genomics of the unisexual moss Pseudoscleropodium purum: from reproductive to genetic patterns

M. Teresa Boquete¹, Jesús R. Aboal¹, Bodil Cronholm², Per G.P. Ericson², J. Ángel Fernández¹, Lars Hedenäs³, Martin Irestedt², Johan Nylander², Irene Bisang³

1 CRETUS, Ecology Unit, Department of Functional Biology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. 2 Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden. 3 Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden.
Reproductive mode, sexual vs. asexual, determines the capacity of plants to disperse, shaping both their geographic distribution patterns and their population genetic makeup. All bryophytes have a high capacity to reproduce asexually which contributes to population maintenance, expansion at relatively short spatial scales, and retains extant genetic variation. The capacity to reproduce sexually, however, strongly depends on the sexual system. Sexual reproduction is common in bisexual species, but far less so in unisexual species. Thus, unisexual bryophytes are expected to show limited long-distance dispersal capacities and lower population genetic variation than bisexual species. Still, many unisexual bryophytes show remarkably wide distribution ranges. To date, we know little about the processes underlying such wide distribution ranges and the levels of population genetic variation and genetic structure at these spatial scales in unisexual bryophytes. Here, we study population genomics and its relation to reproductive patterns in the cosmopolitan, unisexual moss *Pseudoscleropodium purum* to contribute to filling this knowledge gap. We performed whole genome sequencing on 500 individual plants from 37 mainland and island populations across its native distribution range in Europe. With this unprecedented dataset (currently being generated), we characterize the species' large-scale spatial genetic structure and levels of genetic variation. Also, we reconstruct its biogeographic history to infer the relative contribution of sexual and asexual reproduction to colonization processes in this species. Provided that *P. purum* predominantly reproduces asexually through fragmentation and clonal growth, we hypothesize that its populations will exhibit low levels of genetic variation and that genetic differentiation will increase with increasing geographic distance between populations, following an isolation-by-distance model. We further predict that the biogeographic history of *P. purum* will conform to a stepping-stone colonization model where the geographic range expansion was dominated by numerous short-distance dispersion events.

## S.261.5 Ecogeography of wild tomatoes (Solanum Sect. Lycopersicon) and closely related species, strategies for conservation and uses

Gabriela Ramírez-Ojeda¹, Iris E. Peralta²,³, Juan E. Rodríguez-Pérez⁴, Jaime Sahagún-Castellanos⁴, Eduardo

Rodríguez-Guzmán⁵, Tulio C. Medina-Hinostroza⁶, Jorge R. Rijalba-Vela⁷, Leopoldo P. Vásquez-Núñez⁷, José L. Chávez-Servia⁸

¹Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Jalisco, Mexico. ²Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina. ³Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Mendoza, Argentina. ⁴Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Estado de México, Mexico. ⁵Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Mexico. ⁶Ministerio del Ambiente del Perú, Lima, Perú. ⁷Universidad Nacional Pedro Ruiz Gallo, Lam bayeque, Perú. ⁸Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Oaxaca, Mexico.

Ecogeographic analysis allows identifying species adaptive ranges and most relevant variables explaining their patterns of distribution. Additionally, it is possible to predict environmental conditions, using ecological descriptors derived from the geographical location of collected germplasm and variables obtained through Geographical Information Systems (GIS). Wild tomato species are distributed in Colombia, Ecuador, the Galapagos Islands, Peru, Bolivia and Chile, in various ecosystems from sea level to approximately 3995 m. In Central America *S. lycopersicum* L. is expanded and naturalized in different regions. A predictive classification of tomatoes and closely related groups were considered as a framework for ecogeographic characterization. The objectives were to determine ecological descriptors and edaphoclimatic diversity along the distribution range of 12 species of wild tomatoes (Solanum sect. Lycopersicon) and four wild species of phylogenetically related groups (Solanum sect. Juglandifolia and sect. Lycopersicoides), using 4228 wild tomato accessions in South America, and 1296 accessions of *S. lycopersicum* in México. An environmental information system was created with 34 edaphoclimatic variables with 1 km² resolution. Multivariate techniques (Principal Component Analysis, PCA; Cluster Analysis, CA) and GIS tools, established most relevant variables for accession distribution, as well as the groups formed according to their environmental similarity. Three Principal Components (PCs) of PCA explained more than 75% of total variation for all species. The most relevant related to seasonal variables of temperature and precipitation. CA revealed five statistically significant clusters for Mexican species and six for wild South American species. Potential distribution analysis with Maxent model (10 replicates by cross-validation) de-
<figure><img src="image_600.png" /></figure>

IBC
2024

XX International
Botanical
Congress
Madrid Spain

termed areas with higher probability of tomato species occurrence. This approach reveals phylogenetic patterns of adaptation, allowing promissory strategies to test predictive models involving identification of abiotic and biotic resistances in populations, associating functional traits and species diversification towards the conservation and uses of valuable genetic resources.

### S.260.6 Down River? Gene flow within and between UK riparian systems

Paul A Ashton¹

¹ Dept of Biology, Edge Hill University, Lancashire, England, UK.

The UK is a densely populated, industrialised and intensively farmed country. Areas of high plant biodiversity are largely restricted to nature reserves. A UK government report in 2010 called for more reserves, which were larger and linked. Interconnected sites will allow movement of advantageous genes between populations permitting adapta-

tion to new selective pressures brought about by climate change. The aspiration of connectedness has informed UK conservation practice within the NGO sector. However, beyond a few bird species, there is little understanding of how much gene flow occurs in the UK landscape. This study fills some of this knowledge gap by assessing the extent of gene flow between plant populations growing on river margins. Such riparian systems have long been viewed as significant corridors for plant and animal movement. Taking three different species (Carex aquatilis, Carex tomentosa and Geranium pratense) across various different geographically separate river systems the work identifies patterns of variation within and between such systems. Within a river system an assessment of the strength of Ritland's Unidirectional Flow Hypothesis can be made, while between river systems that share a common source gene flow either side of the watershed can be assessed. Finally, populations growing on completely separated river systems can be utilised to understand gene flow at the national scale. Taken together these results provide a picture of gene flow within riparian systems which will inform conservation understanding and action.

## S.262 DYSPLOIDY, DIPLOIDISATION AND DIVERSIFICATION: IMPACT OF POST-POLYPLOID GENOME RESTRUCTURING ON SPECIES AND TRAIT DIVERSITY. SESSION 2

### S.262.1 Descending dysploidy and repeat expansion drive the evolution of Crocus series Verni

Nomar Espinosa Waminal¹, Frank R. Blattner¹, Dörte Harpke¹

¹ Leibniz Insitute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research.

Spring crocuses, which comprise ten diploid and two polyploid species, as well as a polyploid complex, show diverse chromosome numbers (2n = 2x = 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 28; 2n = 4x = 16, 18, 20, 22). Phylogenomic data

revealed a high rate of dysploid karyotype changes among the diploid taxa, reducing the chromosome number from 2n = 28 to 2n = 8 while increasing genome size within a few million years. To infer the role of repeat expansion and chromosomal rearrangements in descending dysploidy, we characterized the types and abundances of repetitive genomic elements from each taxon and performed a comparative karyotype analysis in a phylogenomic context. FISH analysis of six repeat families and chromosome painting suggest a concerted action of descending dysploidy and a burst of repetitive DNA elements as drivers to the reduction of chromosome number while increasing genome size in more recently evolved taxa. This work provides insights into dysploidy in ser. Verni and an opportunity to develop approaches to study other dysploid-rich clades in plants.
<figure><img src="image_601.png" /></figure>

### S.262.2 Genome evolution in the neopolyploid heterosporous fern Salvinia molesta

Yanã Campos Rizzieri¹, Fay-Wei Li², Stacy Holt³, James Beck⁴, Brittany Sutherland⁵, Nicholas Kooyers³, Erin M. Sigel⁶

1 Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA. 2 Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York, USA. 3 University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, USA. 4 Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas, USA. 5 George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA. 6 University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA.

Among the ferns, a group rife with exceptionally large genome sizes and high chromosome numbers, the heterosporous water ferns are distinct for their small genomes. It has been posited that hetersporous ferns, as well as heterosporous lycophytes and seed plants, have more "dynamic" genome evolution following whole genome duplication than homoploid lineages, often leading to rapid downsizing and diploidization. As a first attempt to assess genome evolution in neopolyploid heterosporous ferns, we present a draft haplotype-resolved genome assembly for the natural allopentaploid *Salvinia molesta* (1C=2.28Gb). By comparing genic content, synteny, and repetitive element composition to the previously published *Salvinia cu-cullata* (1C=0.25Gb) and *Azolla filiculoides* genomes (1C=0.75Gb), we assess genomic and subgenomic changes in this recently formed polyploid fern. Additionally, we discuss our findings relative to comparable studies of other heterosporous polyploid seed plants and lycophytes, as well as homosporous ferns, providing phylogenetic context for understanding post-WGD genomic changes.

### S.262.3 Genomics of Engelhardia, a characteristic taxon of Southeast Asia

Min Li¹,³, Jin-Jin Wu², Pei-Han Huang¹,², Xiao-Hui Ma², Hong-Hu Meng¹,³, Sheng-Dan Wu², Jie Li¹,³

1 Plant Phylogenetics and Conservation Group, Center for Integrative Conservation & Yunnan Key Laboratory for Conservation of Tropical Rainforests and Asian Elephants, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China. 2 State Key Laboratory of Herbage

Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China. 3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.

Engelhardia is a characteristic flora of subtropical and tropical forests in South-eastern Asia, which is of great ecological and economic values. Due to its large latitude span of geographical distribution, insufficient research materials, and different names used for the same species in different regions, the species definition of Engelhardia is complicated. The classification and phylogeny of Engelhardia has always fascinated ecologists and biologists in recent decades, but there are still debatable. Even with the combined analysis of morphological and molecular data, the phylogeny and interspecific relationships of the genus were not clarified. Here, we are based on extensive resource investigation and sampling, integrating phylogenetic genomics and comparative genomics analysis methods, reconstructing the phylogenetic relationship of Engelhardia through chromosome-level genomes for the first time, and comprehensively explored the genome evolution, genetic diversity and genome structural changes of Engelhardia. Our study used genomics to advance our understanding of the evolution of characteristic taxa in biodiversity hotspots and solve the complex species delimitation. It also provides an insight of a comprehensive understanding of the causes of biodiversity in tropical and subtropical regions, the protection of the uniqueness of these regions, and the promotion of the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of global plant resources.

### S.262.4 An optimized CRISPR system in Tragopogon (Asteraceae) facilitates functional studies of genome evolution following polyploidy

Shengchen Shan¹, Bing Yang²,³, Douglas E. Soltis¹,⁴,⁵

1 Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA. 2 Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. 3 Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, USA. 4 Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA. 5 Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.

Dynamic genomic changes following polyploidy (i.e., whole-genome duplication; WGD) may contribute to
<figure><img src="image_602.png" /></figure>

the success of polyploids. At the gene level in allopolyploids, changes include retention of both parental gene copies, function/expression divergence between the two parental copies, and loss/silencing of one parental copy. However, the rules governing these processes remain unclear, limited largely by the absence of study in organisms that best exemplify the earliest stages of WGD. Diploid and polyploid *Tragopogon* (Asteraceae) represent an excellent natural system to study the immediate consequences following polyploidy. Allotetraploid *T. miscellus* and *T. mirus* are 90-100 years old. Functional studies of genes with different retention patterns in young *Tragopogon* polyploids can be used to elucidate the genetic factors underlying the success of WGD. To accomplish this, we report here on our development and optimization of tissue culture, *Agrobacterium*-mediated transformation, and a genome editing system in *Tragopogon*. Using CRISPR/Cas9, we successfully knocked out *PDS* (encoding phytoene desaturase in carotenoid synthesis) and also *DFR* (encoding dihydroflavonol 4-reductase in anthocyanin production) in diploid and polyploid *Tragopogon*. The experiments produced mutants with the expected phenotypes, i.e., albino plants and plants without anthocyanins, respectively. In addition, the CRISPR-mediated genome editing system exhibited high efficiency: in the tetraploid mutants, modifications of all four alleles of the target gene were identified in the T₀ generation. With this exceptional toolkit in place, we have proposed functional studies of 12 *Tragopogon* genes controlling pivotal traits and having specific retention patterns following polyploidy. By following CRISPR-mediated changes in gene retention following WGD, we examine genes and complex phenotypes associated with meiosis, flower/inflorescence development, and stress response. This established genome editing platform permits functional studies in the evolutionary model system *Tragopogon*, contributing to a better understanding of the genetic consequences following WGD and the success of polyploids.

## S.262.5 A Reference Quality Genome Assembly and Investigation of Whole Genome Duplication in the Mimosoid Legume Leucaena trichandra

C. Donovan Bailey¹, Susan R. Strickler², Erik J. M. Koenen³, Jens J. Ringelberg⁴, Kitti Banga¹, Mike Lopez¹, Ogo Iloba¹, Gillian L.

Reynolds⁵, Madhugiri Nageswara-Rao⁶, Joshua T. Trujillo⁷, Shannon C.K. Straub⁸, Kevin A. Weitemier⁹, Richard Cronn¹⁰, Colin E. Hughes³, Aaron Liston⁹

1 New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, USA. 2 Chicago Botanic Garden, Chicago, USA. 3 University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. 4 University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland. 5 Montana State University, Bozeman, USA. 6 USDA Agricultural Research Service, Subtropical Horticulture Research Station, Miami, USA. 7 Purdue University, Lafayette, USA. 8 Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Genova, USA. 9 Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA. 10 US Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, USA.

Previous phylogenetic and evolutionary work on the mimosoid legume genus *Leucaena* has inferred a complex history that included an ancient whole genome duplication (WGD) prior to the diversification of 19 diploidized divergently related species. Inter subclade hybridization events among a subset of these 19 species resulted in the formation of five independent allotetraploid species, some of which are important multipurpose trees in tropical agroforestry systems. Here we use whole genome sequencing from long- and short-read data to assemble a reference genome for the putatively diploidized species *L. trichandra*, the putative parent of four of the five *Leucaena* allotetraploids. The genome is used 1) in comparative genomic analyses to investigate the relative quality of the genome and the associated annotations, 2) to clarify WGD relevant events and the diploid, tetraploid, and/or octoploid nature of *Leucaena* species, and 3) to investigate the role of methylation and chromatin structure on gene expression following an ancient WGD. The comparative genomic analyses show that the chromosome-scale assembly captures contiguous gene space well and that the annotation file is comprehensive. Despite the modest genome sizes observed in *Leucaena*, our results conflict with the prior conclusion of extensive genetic diploidization following a stem lineage WGD. This lack of diploidization suggests that *Leucaena* comprises 19 tetraploid species and five allooctoploid species as well as several other putatively hybrid lineages. The inferred combination of ancestral subgenomes contributing to the stem lineage WGD is also apparently complex, with three potentially distinct subgenomes representing the observed genomic diversity. Lastly, we discuss the impact of cytosine methylation and chromatin structure on the fate of duplicated genes and their expression following the ancient WGD.
# S.263 BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS

## S.263.1 Highly Hazardous Pesticides: The impact of their use in the fynbos biome

D. Muir¹

1 Department of Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment, South Africa.

Highly hazardous pesticides (HHP's) are used widely in South Africa, including the fynbos biome. There has been a global move through the Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM) programme of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and other organizations to ban, phase out and/or restrict the use of HHP's. The Global Harmonization System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) identifies the hazards and exposure risks of a number of pesticides and classifies them, into 10 hazard criteria (HC), where the first criterion deals with Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEA's), criterion 2 deals with acute toxicity to mammals and birds and the next 4 are chronic health exposure criteria, hazard groups 7 and 8 deal with environmental exposure criteria and the criteria 9 is dioxins and 10 heavy metals. The identification and classification of HHP's are done using the 8 criteria developed by the Joint Meeting on Pesticide Management (JMPM) of the Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization (FAO/WHO). The hazard criteria (HC) that will be concentrated on are HC 7 and HC 8 which deal with environmental toxicity and their impacts on fauna, flora, and ecosystem services. HHP's currently being used in the fynbos biome will be discussed together with their impacts on the ecosystem functioning in the fynbos biome. This is just one example of how pesticides negatively impact on biodiversity and ecosystems and have the ability to alter ecosystems. Pesticides, biodiversity and climate are intrinsically linked. Lastly, recommendations will be discussed on phase-out options for these pesticides, and alternatives to these HHP's will be given using the Hierarch of Control (HOC) and Precautionary Principles, and mitigation measures on how to ensure compliance to the Paris Agreement targets with regards to temperatures and HHP's.

## S.263.2 Soil salinity rather than nutrients decreased alien plant abundance in dune system in early succession stages: experimental evidence

Giacomo Trotta¹,², Marco Vuerich², Elisa Pellegrini², Francesco Boscutti²

1 University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy. 2 University of Udine, Udine, Italy.

Biological invasion is now widely acknowledged as a significant threat to biodiversity, particularly within coastal dune ecosystems. While numerous studies have established connections between the invasion of dune habitats and human disturbances, less attention has been given for the understanding the influence of soil properties and plant traits on the process of plant invasion. We performed a manipulative experiment in a dune system of the Northern Adriatic Sea. We removed the spontaneous vegetation through soil tillage in the back dune system, triggering a new ecological succession to analyse alien invasion at the initial stages of plant colonization due to the present seed bank. We further altered soil properties in 8 experimental blocks by adding salt, nitrogen and organic substances (i.e., peat) and testing their effects and interactions in a full factorial design (i.e., 64 plots). We measured plant species and community traits in the experimental plots and in 8 reference plots (i.e., surrounding untouched plant community). The results showed that all the treatments decreased the species richness of alien plants, in particular where soil salt content was enhanced. Moreover, salt increased the evenness of the plant community. Interestingly, soil with increased salt content controlled the alien cover while favouring native cover, likely by reducing the initial propagule pressure and, hence, affecting the future successional stages. This study provides new information on conservation and management efforts in this ecologically sensitive habitat, giving new insight into the dynamics of biological invasion and the impacts on native ecosystems.
<figure><img src="image_603.png" /></figure>

### S.263.3 A citizen science approach for the early detection and public awareness on invasive plant species: experiences from LIFE medCLIFFS

Sònia Garcia¹, Arnau Bosch¹, Francesc Caralt², Carlos Gómez-Bellver¹, Neus Ibáñez¹, Jordi López-Pujol¹, Roser Melero¹, Neus Nualart¹

1 Institut Botànic de Barcelona, CSIC-CMCNB, 08038 Barcelona, Spain. 2 Flora Catalana, Albinyana, Les Peces, Spain.

LIFE medCLIFFS, spanning from October 2021 to September 2026, is an EU-funded LIFE Nature project focused on the management of invasive alien plant species along the Costa Brava in Catalonia, specifically targeting the Cap de Creus Natural Park. The primary goal is to improve the conservation status of the habitat of community interest HCI 1240, characterized by cliffs along the Mediterranean coast with endemic Limonium spp., currently in an unfavorable conservation status. LIFE medCLIFFS integrates prevention, rapid detection, risk assessment, and eradication strategies. Citizen science plays a pivotal role in early detection and prevention through public awareness. Citizen science in LIFE medCLIFFS involves two networks that leverage Naturalist. The Observers' Network gathers observations of 180 invasive or potentially invasive plant species, with 109 registered members having recorded 4345 observations until November 2023. Simultaneously, the Volunteers' Network focuses on 33 highly invasive species, with 92 trained volunteers until present, each adopting 1-kilometer transects in the study area, and providing detailed data on reproductive status and other population metrics. The project has already accumulated a substantial body of data, featuring Opuntia ficus-indica as the Observers' Network most observed species and Pittosporum tobira heading the Volunteers' Network. The initiative already offers valuable data for the further management of invasive alien plants in the targeted habitat. The detailed observations provided will feed a database to produce risk maps which will allow us to predict the risk of invasion by a given species and area. The network is also useful for the detection of new occurrences of invasives not recorded until present in the study area. Beyond the contribution to

invasive species management, citizen involvement raises awareness about invasive plants through a more environmentally conscious society. It contributes to botanical knowledge, fostering a community that is sensitive to the importance of conservation and environmental management.

### S.263.4 Assessing the impact of invasive annual plants on soil microbial communities in riparian habitats of Kruger National Park

Ana Novoa¹, María L. Castillo¹, Llewellyn C. Foxcroft²,³, Luís González⁴, Desika Moodley¹, Jan Čuda¹, Martin Hejda¹, Johannes J. Le Roux³,⁵, Khensani V. Nkuna²,³, Klara Pyšková¹,⁶, Petr Pyšek¹,⁶

1 Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Department of Invasion Ecology, Průhonice, Czech Republic. 2 Scientific Services, South African National Parks, Private Bag X402, Skukuza, South Africa. 3 Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa. 4 Plant Ecophysiology Group: Invasive plants, Department of Plant Biology and Soil Sciences, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain. 5 School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia. 6 Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.

The number and magnitude of alien plant invasions in protected areas are increasing globally. In Kruger National Park (KNP), one of the world's oldest and most widely known protected areas, 146 alien plant taxa have already become naturalized or invasive. Among these, three annual plants native to the Americas – i.e., Xanthium strumarium L., Datura innoxia Mill., and Parthenium hysterophorus L. – form extensive dominant stands along rivers. However, their environmental impact in KNP has not yet been determined, specifically their effects on soil physicochemical attributes and microbial communities. To explore the potential impacts of these three species, we identified seven populations of each species throughout the park, and in each site, we selected a pair of invaded and uninvaded plots. Within each plot (14 plots per species, n = 42 plots), we collected five subsamples from the top 10 cm of soil and pooled them into a single replicate. Subsequently,
we used these composite soil samples to analyze soil pH, humidity, nutrients (P, NO₂⁻, NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺, and organic matter), enzymatic activities (glucosidase, urease, and phosphatase), and bacterial and fungal diversity. The findings of this research offer new insights into the impacts of annual alien plants on soil characteristics and bacterial and fungal communities in riparian habitats, thereby contributing to the strategic planning of invasive species management within an iconic protected area.

### S.263.5 Baccharis halimifolia in Southern Brittany coast (France): Adaptation to salt stress and invasion dynamics

Marie Peignard¹, Sébastien Gallet¹, Xavier Dauvergne¹

1 Laboratoire Géoarchitecture, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, France.

Invasive alien species (ISA) are a serious threat to biodiversity. For several decades a plant species has been invading French Brittany coastline: *Baccharis halimifolia*. It is presently classified by the European Commission as a "Shrub, ISA of concern for the European Union". Native to North America where it grows on intertidal marshes, this species belongs to the Asteraceae family. Currently, this species has been introduced on 4 continents: Europe, Oceania, Australia and New Zealand, mainly for its ornamental value and its function as a windbreak and soil stabilizer. It is gradually invading the French coastline, where it is becoming established in a variety of coastal environments such as salt marsh, rushes, reedbeds, roadsides and wasteland. This plant is susceptible to generate ecological and landscape impacts. This species occurs preferentially in environments with low to moderate salinity. We are interested in ecological physiological responses of this species to salt stress. The ecological characteristics of several populations were studied. Plant communities were characterized, and biological traits were measured for each population in order to fully describe them. The abiotic characteristics of the soil were also reported, such as salinity and water content. In addition, Sodium and potassium leaf concentrations and osmorality were measured and the osmolytes (e.g. glycine betaine and oses) were characterized by 1H NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) and quantified

by UPLC (Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography). Finally, the same ecophysiological parameters were studied on plants grown under controlled conditions with a salt stress gradient. In addition, seed germination ability was studied as against the gradient of salinity. This work has enabled us to understand the adaptation of *Baccharis halimifolia* to salt stress. A better understanding of these adaptive mechanisms will enable us to propose new control strategies against *Baccharis halimifolia* and anticipate its dynamic of invasion.

### S.263.6 Tracking the origin and dispersal of the sycamore maple *Acer pseudoplatanus*, an invasive species involved in the atypical equine myopathy

Hubert Kozdra¹, Lamine Bensaddek², Solene Roque², Thomas Kichey², Quentin Mettray³, Stéphane Dreano⁴, Anna Gazda¹, Annie Guiller²

1 University of Agriculture, Krakow, Poland. 2 EDYSAN UMR CNRS UPJV 7058, Amiens, France. 3 Les entreprises du paysage, Paris, France. 4 IGDR UMR CNRS UR1 6290, France.

Combined with climate change and anthropogenic activities, biological invasions have rapidly become one of the world's most costly ecological problems, significantly altering ecosystems, disrupting agriculture and spreading diseases. Understanding the circumstances of invasions under changing environmental conditions and unraveling the ecological and evolutionary mechanisms underlying invasive success are major challenges for improving our ability to predict and therefore mitigate biological invasions. *Acer pseudoplatanus* is a tree species native to central and southern Europe, introduced in various parts of the world for either ornamental or timber production benefits. Its high reproductive potential and remarkable capacity for dispersal, recruitment and establishment enable it to become a redoubtable invader. Thanks to its high seed production, which can be propagated over long distances, and its rapid growth, the sycamore maple is a threat to natural forests, particularly rare for species. The study
focused on the ecophysiological, genetic and bio-
chemical variation in native (Poland, Germany,
Switzerland), naturalized (north eastern France)
and invasive (north western France, Ireland, United
States, New Zealand) ranges of *A. pseudoplatanus*.
Aims were to infer the demogenetic history and to
reconstruct the routes of invasion of the species,
as well as to reveal traits facilitating its invasion in

response to new habitat pressures. In particular,
the comparison of the profiles of the hypoglycine
A metabolite involved in the etiology of atypical
equine myopathy disease, of which no clinic is
documented in its native range, allowed to shed
light on the relationship between invasiveness and
allelopathy which is the basis of the New Weapons
Hypothesis (NWH).

# S.264 METHODS IN INTEGRATIVE TAXONOMY: BRIDGING THE PHYLOGENY TO CLASSIFICATION GAP. SESSION 2

## S.264.1 Towards reconciliation of genetic and biogeographic patterns with morphologic variation in the genus Osmunda (royal ferns)

Marcus Lehnert¹,²,³, Tilo Monjau⁴, Christoph Rosche³,⁴

1 Herbarium (HAL), Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany. 2 Nees-Institut für Biodiversität der Pflanzen, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität, Bonn, Germany. 3 German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. 4 Plant Ecology, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.

We present an overview of the morphology, bioge-
ography and ecology of the fern genus *Osmunda*
(i.e., without previously included taxa of *Claytosum-
da*, *Osmundastrum*, and *Plenasium*), with a focus
on the American *O. spectabilis* Willd. and Old World
*O. regalis* L. While genetic data supports the sepa-
ration of these taxa, commonly used morphologic
characters to distinguish between *O. regalis* and
*O. spectabilis* (maximum frond size; pinnae sessile
vs. stalked; pinnules opposite vs. alternate; general
pinnule proportions) are not infallible. We recorded
morphometric differences among and between *O.
regalis* and *O. spectabilis* and correlated these with
spatio-environmental gradients. Our work provides
an updated taxonomic overview with full synonymy
and diagnostic key of *Osmunda*. We preliminarily
recognize six informal subtaxa in *O. regalis* ("regal-
lis", "abyssinica", "huegeliana", "longifolia", "trans-

vaalensis", "obtusifolia") and three in *O. spectabilis* ("spectabilis", "palustris", "piresii") which separate in a morphological traits-based PCA. The morpho-taxa appeared geographically structured and their distribution showed significant correlations with elevation, mean annual precipitation, mean annual temperature and temperature seasonality. The taxonomic rank and validity of the proposed subtaxa have to be tested through a large-scale sampling, e.g. with comparative cp/nr genomic and cytogenetic analyses. Such future analyses may help to ascertain whether the observed morphologic peculiarities are conditioned solely by abiotic factors (which would allow addressing them as forms) or are manifested in the genome.

## S.264.2 PhyloBarcode: a novel platform for species identification with DNA sequences

Ping Wu¹,²

1 Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China. 2 Institution of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.

DNA barcoding, which identifies species using sequences from universal genetic markers, has become a routine method over the past two decades. As for botany, standard DNA barcodes such as *rbcl*, *matK*, *ITS*, and *trnL-F* have been established, along with some lineage-specific barcodes. Traditional identification methods primarily depend on calculating the genetic distance between the target sequence and those in a database to determine
<figure><img src="image_604.png" /></figure>

the best match. This approach often overlooks the evolutionary relationships between sequences, such as lineage-specific sequence mutation events and ignores the differential treatment of mutations in conserved versus highly variable regions. Moreover, when the genetic distance between the target sequence and multiple sequences in the database is similar, it can lead to incorrect species identification. Phylogenetic trees can make more comprehensive use of multi-sequence alignment data to construct evolutionary relationships and are theoretically applicable for more accurate species identification. However, building phylogenetic trees requires substantial computational resources, and there is a current lack of automated analysis tools, limiting its use to manual identification for a small number of species. This study has developed PhyloBarcode, a software that automates species identification by constructing and analyzing phylogenetic trees. By preprocessing common barcode sequences, building trees, and optimizing algorithms, this method not only surpasses the accuracy and utility of results compared to traditional methods using genetic distances but also does not significantly lag in running speed. For lineage-specific barcodes, we provide a quick and convenient process for importing data, building reference phylogenetic trees, and matching target sequences. To facilitate ease of use, we also offer an online platform for direct identification, thereby avoiding any technical burden. This research is poised to further enhance the accuracy of plant species identification, bringing convenience to related research and applications.

### S.264.3 PlantTreeDB: a new online platform for submit, query and view of plant phylogenetic trees

Ping Wu¹,², Hui Wu²

1 Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China. 2 Institution of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.

Phylogenetic trees serve as a fundamental tool for understanding plant classification and identification, providing a clear depiction of evolutionary relationships between species. The construction of precise phylogenetic trees is not only computationally intensive but also demands the dedicated effort of researchers. Despite these challenges, there is still a significant hurdle in making these resources accessible

for easy retrieval, communication, and display to the public. Our research synthesized data from existing phylogenetic tree databases, academic literature, and research datasets, employing advanced methods such as Python programming and LLM models for data cleaning and integration. We meticulously identified taxonomic groups and specific species associated with each tree, culminating in a compilation of 385,143 phylogenetic trees from 10,011 phylogenetic research papers. Each entry includes detailed information and access links to the original papers, metadata of phylogenetic trees, and storage in various formats such as Newick, Nexus, and PhyloXML. Building upon this foundation, we developed the PlantTreeDB website. This platform delivers a multi-keyword, rapid, and user-friendly phylogenetic tree search service, including fuzzy searches for taxonomic groups, and supports a variety of visualization and editing methods. PlantTreeDB allows for bulk data download and submission, with specialized optimization for plant group data retrieval and submission to ensure accuracy. PlantTreeDB is set to significantly foster the sharing and exchange of plant phylogenetic data, thereby providing a substantial impetus to the advancement of research in plant evolution and systematics.

### S.264.4 Systematic study of the genus Saldinia A. Rich (Rubiaceae)

Lantotiana Randriamanana¹, Bernard Riera², Timothée Le Pechon³,⁴, Sylvain Razafimandimbison⁴, Florian Jabbour¹

1 Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France. 2 Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, mécanismes adaptifs et Evolution UMR 7179 MECADEV-CNRS, Paris, France. 3 Meise Botanic Garden, Meise, Belgium. 4 Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles, Service Général de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique, Brussels, Belgium. 5 Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, Stockholm, Sweden.

Madagascar is known for its exceptional wealth of biodiversity, particularly flora. The Rubiaceae family is one of the largest flowering plant families in Madagascar, encompassing approximately 650 described species distributed across 95 genera. Notably, 98% of these species and 30% of the genera are endemic to Madagascar, highlighting the island's significance
<figure><img src="image_605.png" /></figure>

as a hotspot for Rubiaceae endemism. Despite the numerous ongoing research projects on this family, the Malagasy Rubiaceae remain understudied and its Flora treatment for Madagascar has not been completed. A case in point is *Saldinia* (tribe Lasianteae, subfamily Rubioideae), which is a poorly known genus mostly endemic to Madagascar, with 22 shrub species. The main objective of this study is to reconstruct the first phylogeny of the genus as a precursor to its taxonomic revision. A comprehensive morphological dataset was compiled based on more than a thousand specimens from P, TAN, and BR herbaria, including all *Saldinia* types and 125 newly collected specimens from Madagascar during spring 2023. Total DNA was extracted from silica-dried leaves and herbarium material. Four markers (nrITS and nrETS, and *matk*, *trnT-F*) from nuclear and plastid genome were sequenced. We perform the maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses using outgroup taxa from the subfamily Rubioideae. The results of our analyses will be presented and discussed. This study significantly contributes to Madagascar's biodiversity knowledge and advances research on *Saldinia* and Rubiaceae. Challenges in sample collection highlight the need for further exploration in unexplored regions, especially the Comoro Islands and specific Madagascar areas.

### S.264.5 Unbuttoning the button daisies: Recircumscription and classification of the cosmopolitan genus Cotula L. (Asteraceae).

Aarifah Jakoet¹,², J. Stephen Boatwright², Ladislav Mucina³, Anthony R. Magee¹,⁴

1 South African National Biodiversity Institute, Cape Town, South Africa. 2 University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa. 3 Murdoch University, Perth, Australia. 4 University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa.

The genus *Cotula* L. (button daisies) historically comprises of ca. 50 species, distributed mostly in southern Africa with some species extending to or endemic to tropical Africa, Eurasia, the Americas, and Australia. The genus is closely related to the South American genus *Soliva* Ruiz & Pav. and the largely Australasian genus *Leptinella* Cass. The latter two genera have been revised and are morphologically well-defined, whereas

*Cotula* has never been revised in its entirety and currently has no synapomorphies to define the genus. Previous phylogenetic analyses of the genus *Leptinella* included a limited sampling of *Cotula*, and recovered both genera as non-monophyletic. We here present expanded phylogenetic analyses including ±80% of the currently recognized *Cotula* species, using both nuclear (ITS) and plastid DNA regions (psbA-trnH and trnC-petN). Our analyses support the non-monophyly of *Cotula*, with *Cotula mexicana* (a South American endemic) embedded within *Soliva*, *C. alpina* (an Australian endemic) embedded within *Leptinella*, and *Cotula sensu stricto* a paraphyletic assemblage of four main clades. Together with morphological data, we here propose an expanded circumscription of *Cotula* to include *Leptinella* and *Soliva* (viz. *Cotula sensu lato*), comprising over 100 taxa with a nearly cosmopolitan distribution. Due to the size and complexity of this expanded concept, we also propose a new infrageneric classification based on both phylogenetic and morphological evidence. *Cotula sensu lato* is divided into two subgenera, *Cotula* subgenus *Soliva* (Ruiz. & Pav.) Jakoet & Magee and subgenus *Cotula*, and 21 sections. Extensive herbarium and field studies on *Cotula sensu lato* resulted in 136 taxa being recognized including four new species and seven species needing new combinations. A broad overview of the expanded phylogeny and the diversity of morphological characteristics, particularly fruit characters, within *Cotula sensu lato* is presented.

### S.264.6 Morphological phylogeny of Commelinales (Commelinids, Monocots) and its congruence with molecular data

Marco O. O. Pellegrini¹, Charles N. Horn², Stephen D. Hopper³, Matti A. Niissalo⁴, Rafael F. de Almeida¹

1 Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK. 2 Newberry College, Department of Sciences and Mathematics, USA. 3 University of Western Australia, Centre of Excellence in Natural Resource Management and School of Biological Sciences, Australia. 4 Singapore Botanic Gardens, Molecular Biology & Micropropagation, Research & Conservation Branch, Singapore.

Commelinales is a small and well-supported monocot order, sister to Zingiberales, and currently includes Commelinaceae, Haemodoraceae, Han-
<figure><img src="image_606.png" /></figure>

guanaceae, Philydraceae, and Pontederiaceae (arranged in ca. 65 genera and ca. 1,080 species). The order is Pantropical in distribution, reaching temperate areas in some parts of the world, mainly due to the wide distribution of Commelinaceae, Haemodoraceae, and Pontederiaceae. Australasia represents the diversity centres of Haemodoraceae, Hanguanaceae and Philydraceae, and Pontederiaceae has the Neotropics as its diversity centre, especially Brazil. Finally, Commelinaceae possesses two Neotropical (Mexico and Brazil) and two Paleotropical (tropical Africa and Southeast Asia) diversity centres. Despite being strongly recovered as monophyletic by molecular studies, Commelinales lacks any morphological support and circumscription. The order is probably the least studied monocot order from an evolutionary and taxonomic point of view, having suffered the most striking changes in its circumscription between different classification systems (with Commelinaceae being its only con-

sistent member). Based on our combined efforts and extensive herbarium, field, botanical illustration, and morphological studies, we compiled an extensive 570-character morphological matrix, sampling almost a third of the species in the order. Despite the known elevated degree of morphological homoplasy in the order, the topology and relationships we recovered are remarkably congruent with the molecular phylogenetic hypotheses available to date, showing the overlooked potential of large-sized and well-curated morphological datasets. The small degree of incongruence is limited to a few intergeneric and interspecific relationships. Our dataset and analyses recover at least one synapomorphy for each of the recognised genera and families of Commelinales, aside from supporting a revisited infrafamilial classification for all families. Finally, we recover for the first time four morphological synapomorphies for Commelinales, plus a putative fifth, depending on how character states are coded for it.

## S.265 FLORAS AND DIVERSITY OF EASTERN ASIA. SESSION 2

### S.265.1 Taxonomic and phylogenetic studies on Costaceae from China

Juan Chen¹,², Sijin Zeng¹,², Linya Zeng¹, Nianhe Xia¹,²

1 State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China. 2 South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, China.

Costaceae comprises seven genera and 143 species, widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. One genus with five species was recorded in Flora of China. Since then, there has been no comprehensive taxonomic revision on Costaceae from China. Therefore, based on extensive historical literature and herbarium studies, the relationships and classification of Costaceae from China were studied by means of field survey, morphology, and molecular phylogeny. The main results are as follows: The important characters for identification of species from China include bracts (texture and shape), bracteoles (texture and shape), buds (quantity, shape, and size), stamens (anther

position and appendage shape), stigmas (shape) and its dorsal appendage (shape and color), etc. Our research supported that most of *Costus* species from China should be transferred to *Hellenia* Retz. Currently, five species of *Hellenia* recognized from China. *Hellenia deliniana* (≡ *Costus chinensis*) were recovered. Two new combinations (*Hellenia viridis* ≡ *Costus viridis*, *Hellenia oblonga* ≡ *Costus oblongus*) were proposed. Plastid phylogenomic analyses of Costaceae revealed that *Hellenia* is strongly supported as paraphyletic. Two major clades are recovered, namely the *Hellenia* s.s. subclade and the *Parahellenia* subclade. Phylogenetic analyses based on an enlarged taxon sampling of the Asian clade using a two chloroplast markers dataset (*trnK* intron and *trnL-F* spacer) confirmed the paraphyly of *Hellenia*. Meanwhile, morphological analyses suggested that members of the *Parahellenia* subclade differ from the remaining *Hellenia* species in many characters including inflorescences, bracts, stigma, axillary buds, floral tubes, and labellum. According to the present molecular and morphological evidence, the latter subclade is recognized as a new genus, *Parahellenia*. Two new species are described, four new combinations are made, and identification keys are also provided.
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## S.265.2 Construction of China National Botanic Garden System and Plant Diversity Protection

Ran He¹

1 China National Botanic Garden (North Garden), Beijing, China.

China is one of the countries with the richest plant diversity in the world, with more than 38,000 species of higher plants. In-situ protection and ex-situ protection are two forms of wild plant protection. The natural reserve system with national parks as the main body is the main form of in-situ protection, and the national botanical garden system is the main form of ex-situ protection. Both are indispensable, organic complementation. At present, China has established the China National Botanic Garden in Beijing and South China National Botanic Garden in Guangzhou. In the next step, we comprehensively consider factors such as China's climate zones and typical vegetation zoning characteristics, biodiversity hotspots, the stability and sustainable development of plant ex-situ conservation, and select more than 10 national botanical garden candidate gardens to be included in the spatial layout to build a The "1+N" national botanical garden system with the China National Botanic Garden as the core and regional botanical gardens as the support, and will gradually realize the full coverage of ex-situ protection for more than 85% of China's wild native plants and all key protected wild plant species, providing China plan for the protection of plant diversity. The China National Botanic Garden was officially established in December 2021. It focuses on ex-situ plant protection and has functions such as scientific research, popular science education, gardening, culture and leisure. In the future, the National Botanic Garden will collect more than 30,000 species of living plants through the construction of a specialized garden collection system, greenhouse clusters and germplasm resource banks, covering 80% of the families and 50% of the plant species in China, accounting for 10% of the world's plant species, to undertake the responsibility for ex-situ conservation of regional plants and fulfill the mission of global species protection.

## S.265.3 Plant Taxonomy and Botanical Gardens in China and the world

Jinshuang Ma¹

1 China National Botanic Garden (North Garden), Beijing, China.

China is one of the richest countries in plant biodiversity in the world, not only from taxonomic view but also from horticultural point as well. However, its plant resources are still not very clear today, even Chinese flora has been studied more than 250 years. Especially in the past seventy years, Chinese taxonomists worked very hard and finally finished the first completed flora in Chinese, *Flora Reipublicase Popularis Sinicae* (FRPS, 1959-2004), with 31,180 vascular species in 300 families and 3,434 genera, documented first time in the Chinese History of botany. And among them, 233 genera (6.8%) and 16,864 (54%) are endemic. More recently, new English version of *Flora of China* (FOC, 1994-2013), cooperated with Missouri Botanical Garden, in 25 volumes in text plus additional 25 volumes in Illustration, with total 312 families 3,328 genera and 31,362 species recorded, and it all resources has been online (flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/) as well as in Chinese in China (iplant.cn). Besides above, Chinese taxonomists also finished more than seventy local floras in or above Chinese province level in the past more than half of century. So far, each province in China has its own flora, plus few major natural areas, such as Chinese Desert, Chinese Loess Plateau, and famous Tsinling mountain in central China. In this report, both current situation and future prospect of plant taxonomy and botanical gardens are fully reviewed. Particularly for the huge challenge in conservation biology of plant resources is in front of Chinese gardens, including survey, protection, conservation and utilization. And it has a long way to go for Chinese taxonomists to understand their plant resources well, to fully protect its various plant resources better, and to use them smartly and continuingly purpose. Especially, from conservation view, Chinese taxonomists should more hard work, particularly within botanical gardens both home and abroad.
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## S.265.4 How to understand biogeographic patterns in Southeast Asia from diversity of Engelhardia (Juglandaceae)?

Hong-Hu Meng¹,²

1 Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China. 2 Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar.

Southeast Asia is recognized as global biodiversity hotspots with conservation priority. Since the mid-19th Century, Southeast Asia has been widely considered as one of the most important cradles and frontiers of biogeography. This connection stems from the groundbreaking field works of Alfred Ressel Wallace, who spent 8 years to extensively explore the regions and proposed the geographic distribution patterns of fauna in Malesia. However, many distribution patterns were from fauna or animal diversity. Thus, more plant taxa are necessary to explore the biogeographic patterns in Southeast Asia. Here, some superficial ideas and recommendations are presented to address the unresolved challenges of the field of biogeography in Southeast Asia from *Engelhardia*. The related information includes species delimitation, taxonomic revision, biogeographic patterns in the regions. The comprehensive taxonomic revision of *Engelhardia* will provide insights into Southeast Asia. As well, the results urge caution when using the concepts of subspecies and varieties in order to prevent confusion, particularly with respect to species delimitation for tropical and subtropical species. Also, biogeographic patterns of *Engelhardia* have told that the tropical elements were transformed from the tropical elements; Miocene cooling and the onset of the EASM facilitated the transformation of *Engelhardia* from the tropical Indochina Peninsula to subtropical China. The lineages around Hainan Island, China mainland and Indochina Peninsula showed that Engelhardia dispersed from Chiang-nan to Hainan Island via land bridge, so that drift of Hainan Island did not occur, which was impossible to affect the evolutionary trajectory of plants. In all, I hope the works from *Engelhardia* will serve as a link between past and future, intends to be the gain of propaganda, and facilitates the flourishing development of biogeography in Southeast Asia.

## S.265.5 From α- to β-diversity: Understanding the historical, present, and future diversity patterns of Fagaceae in Southwestern China

Bikram Pandey¹,², Fengying Zhang³, Basu Dev Poudel⁴, Rong Li², Mohammed A. Dakhil⁵,⁶, Tashi Norbu⁷, Yawen Gan⁷, Ziyan Liao¹, Lin Zhang¹

1 CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bio-resource Utilization and Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China. 2 CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China. 3 Sichuan Provincial Institute of Forestry and Grassland Inventory and Planning, Chengdu, Sichuan, China. 4 Environmental Services Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal. 5 School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China. 6 Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt. 7 Institute of Agriculture Research, Tibet Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, Tibet, China.

Macroecological research aims to understand factors influencing species composition and diversity. Understanding the distribution patterns of species is essential for prioritizing areas for conservation. This study investigates the alpha (α) and beta (β) diversity facets of Fagaceae across past (historical), present, and future timelines in Southwestern China. We used over 11,000 geographical observations to predict the spatial patterns of the α- and β-diversity of 120 species. We modeled the α-diversity via stacking prediction using an individual species distribution model at 50 km × 50 km grid cells. We used pairwise Sørensen dissimilarity to quantify total β-diversity and its components -turnover (βSIM) and nestedness (βNES). We integrated climate variables along with topographic and edaphic predictors to understand the species diversity. Finally, simultaneous autoregression (SAR) model was used to evaluate the effects of predictor variables on the α- and β-diversity patterns. Our results indicate a temporal decline in the α-diversity from 120 during the past to 49 in the future. However, species occurrence area has expanded, fostering an increase in the β-diversity, and
<figure><img src="image_609.png" /></figure>

it may potentially continue to increase in the future. At present, the southern region exhibits the highest α-diversity, while high β-diversity occurs in the central region. The findings underscore that the species β<sub>SIM</sub> is a driving factor of differing species composition during the past and present periods, while β<sub>NES</sub>

will be a dominant factor in the future. During the past, climatic and topographic factors significantly influenced the α-diversity, and similar factors continue to impact the β-diversity and its components. In the future, climatic variables will play a significant role in determining the diversity patterns.

## S.266 EVOLUTION OF PLANT SEXUAL REPRODUCTION. SESSION 2

### S.266.1 Whole genome duplication enables rapid evolution of male, but not female, function in bisexual flowers

Joseph H. Williams¹

1 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA.

Whole genome duplication (WGD) has well-known phenotypic effects at the cell and organismal level, with potential functional consequences for pollen -the haploid, single-celled male gamete-phyte phase of angiosperms. A review of species with diploid (2x) and autotetraploid (4x) cytotypes, showed 2x pollen from artificial and crop neo-autotetraploids was double the volume of 1x pollen from diploid progenitors (N = 65, 34 species, respectively). In contrast, 2x pollen of wild autotetraploid cytotypes was only 54% larger (significantly smaller-than-doubled volume; N = 54). These results suggest WGD doubles pollen volume, whereas post-WGD evolution is biased to pollen size reduction. To understand why, I asked if WGD disrupts sexual allocation patterns that reflect evolved size-number trade-offs in *Galax urceolata*, a species with natural diploid (2n = 2x = 12) and cryptic autotetraploid (2n = 4x = 24) populations. I measured floral organ sizes and numbers in four 2x and four 4x populations (20 plants/population), verified using flow cytometry. 2x and 4x plants had the same number of flowers and floral parts, including ovules, whereas 4x floral organs were 20-24% longer, reflecting conserved progenitor-like floral allometries. Autotetraploid anthers were 2.12 times the volume of diploid anthers, enough to accommodate doubled volume of 1x pollen numbers. Surprisingly, autotetraploid anthers pro-

duced 76% more viable pollen of 33% larger size than diploid anthers. Total per-plant sexual allocation to anther and ovule volume in 4x plants increased by 76% and 68%, respectively, but 4x plants produced 83% more male, but only 6% more female, gametes. In sum, WGD seems not to alter sexual allocation at the organ level, but instead WGD-enlarged microsporangia have enabled the rapid evolution of smaller and more neo-2x pollen, whereas WGD-enlargement of megasporangia are limited to one egg/ovule. WGD generates greater opportunity for sexual selection on male than on female gamete numbers.

### S.266.2 Variation in sexual dimorphism for multiple traits among populations sampled at a continental scale for a dioecious annual plant

Shengman Lyu¹, John R. Pannell¹

1 Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.

Plants originating from different populations and environments often exhibit distinct trait values for life history, morphology, and physiology as a result of local adaptation. Similarly, in plants with separate sexes, males and females often have distinct phenotypes that optimise their respective sexual functions (sexual dimorphism). This phenotypic variation can be summarised in terms of a trait correlation matrix, which can limit responses to selection. There has been substantial research on trait correlation matrices within populations and their implications for constraints on adaptation, but there is still limited work on how these matrices differ among envi-
<figure><img src="image_610.png" /></figure>

ronments and between the sexes. We sowed seeds of the European ruderal plant *Mercurialis annua* L. (Euphorbiaceae) sampled from 21 populations from seven regions across Europe and the Middle East, spanning a wide range of environmental conditions, and measured a suite of life history and morphological traits associated with fitness and sexual reproduction in a large common garden. We present the results of our analyses that point to substantial variation in trait correlations among populations, regions and sexes. We discuss the results in relation to environmental variation among source sites and in terms of constraints that limit evolutionary responses to selection and phenotypic divergence between the sexes. Our study provides valuable insights into the multidimensional nature of plant adaptation across spatial scales seldom studied for wild populations, especially for species with separate sexes.

## S.266.3 Stable co-existence of females, males and hermaphrodites through interactions between maternally and biparentally inherited genes

Mai Thu Nguyen¹, John R. Pannell¹

1 Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.

The co-existence of females, males and hermaphrodites (trioecy) is rare in both plants and animals, and the few cases that do exist are poorly understood. Here, we provided a new model explaining the stable coexistence of these three sexual phenotypes. In contrast with previous models, which investigate the invasion of a hermaphroditic population by cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), our model considers the invasion of CMS into a population in which males and hermaphrodites already coexist (androdioecy). We compared the invasion and fixation of CMS in androdioecious versus hermaphroditic populations and show that the existence of males prior to CMS invasion facilitates the maintenance of trioecy even in the absence of pollen limitation – though pollen limitation does also promote the maintenance of trioecy under certain conditions. We discuss these results with reference to the case of trioecy in the annual plant *Mercurialis annua* and consider trioecy as a possible evolutionary path from hermaphroditism and dioecy.

## S.266.4 Towards characterization of the genetic self-incompatibility system in Beta vulgaris

Gil Yardeni¹, Thomas Holzweber¹, Juliane C. Dohm¹, Heinz Himmelbauer¹

1 Institute of Computational Biology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.

The majority of flowering plant individuals are co-sexual with hermaphroditic flowers, possessing the ability to self-fertilize. Self-fertilization is however an infrequent mode of reproduction and nearly half of all flowering plants strictly avoid self-fertilization through an array of physiological, temporal and genetic mechanisms. Genetic self-incompatibility (SI) systems guarantee the rejection of pollen identified as 'self' based on protein-protein interaction. The response is controlled by an S-locus that contains two linked protein-coding regions, one uniquely expressed in pollen or anther and the other in the pistil. While pivotal in plant reproduction, SI-systems have been characterized in only a handful of species, owing to their limited homology, high sequence diversity and intricate architecture. The *Beta vulgaris* complex (family Amaranthaceae) includes three subspecies and several cultivars, among them commercially important crops of temperate climates such as the sugar beet. Species in the genus *Beta* exhibit complex genetic self-incompatibility that has been lost in varietal populations, and remains little understood from a physiological and genetic perspective. We present an *in silico* investigation into the genetic basis of SI in *B. vulgaris* using high-quality genomic resources. We targeted candidates for an RNAse-based SI system, which has the broadest taxonomic distribution among angiosperms and closely related taxa. Specifically, a highly contiguous long-read assembly and other data were utilized to identify SI candidate genes. We harness the unique features of the S-locus to identify candidates based on phylogenomic relationships, structural features, high heterozygosity and tissue-specific expression. We proceed to explore the highly dynamic evolution of gene structure in the putative S-loci in different beet taxa. The results will provide first hints to an RNAse-based SI system operating in *B. vulgaris* and provide a foundation for further studies on molecular mechanisms of SI.
<figure><img src="image_611.png" /></figure>

### S.266.5 A hemizygous supergene controls homomorphic and heteromorphic self-incompatibility systems in the olive family (Oleaceae)

P. Raimondeau¹,², S. Ksouda¹, W. Marande³, A-L. Fuchs¹, H. Gryta¹, A. Puyoou¹, J. Dupin¹, P-O. Cheptou⁴, S. Vautrin³, S. Valière³, S. Manzi¹, D. Baali-Cherif⁵, J. Chave¹, P-A. Christin⁶, G. Besnard¹

1 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, IRD, UMR 5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique), Toulouse, France. 2 Yale Institute of Biospheric Studies, New Haven, CT, USA. 3 INRAE/CNRGV, US 1426, GeT-PlaGe, Genotoul, Castanet-Tolosan, France. 4 Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul Valéry, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France. 5 Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Zones Arides, USTHB/ENSA, Alger, Algeria. 6 Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.

Self-incompatibility (SI) evolved independently multiple times and prevent self-fertilization in hermaphrodite angiosperms. Several groups of Oleaceae such as jasmines exhibit distylous flowers, with two compatibility groups each associated to a specific floral morph. Other Oleaceae species, in the olive tribe, harbor two compatibility groups without associated morphological variation. The genetic basis of both homomorphic and dimorphic SI systems of Oleaceae are unknown. By comparing genomic sequences of three olive subspecies (Olea europaea) belonging to the two compatibility groups, we first locate the genetic determinism for self-incompatibility within a 700-kb hemizygous region present only in one of the two types. We then demonstrate that a homologous hemizygous region is also involved in controlling distyly in jasmine. Phylogenetic analyses support a common origin of both systems following a segmental genomic duplication in their ancestor. We postulate that self-incompatibility and distyly imply two genes in the hemizygous region that are involved in gibberellin and brassinosteroid regulation, underpinning the diversity of incompatibility systems in the group.

### S.266.6 Using geometric morphometrics for the study of stylar polymorphisms: Insights into the evolution and function of mating phenotypes

Violeta I. Simón-Porcar¹,², Inés Gómez-Ramos¹, Marcial Escudero¹, Steven D. Johnson², Juan Arroyo¹

1 Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain. 2 School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.

Linum was among the first examples of heterostyly reported by Darwin, and extensive research has been carried out since then in this study system. The yellow-flowered Linum clade (Sections Linopsis and Syllinum), mainly distributed in the Mediterranean Basin (MB) and the Cape Floristic Region (CFR) in South Africa, includes a great variation of mating phenotypes, including typical heterostyly, three-dimensional heterostyly and various types of monomorphic conditions. There is limited, mostly qualitative data about the pollination biology of the genus, but it has been suggested that pollinators may be the drivers of convergent evolution of stylar polymorphisms in the MB and CFR. In this talk, I illustrate the use of geometric morphometrics to link the study of form and function across mating phenotypes in the yellow flaxes' lineage. We use geometric morphometrics to investigate the variation of mating phenotypes in South African and Mediterranean yellow Linum species and their pollinators. Using phylogenetic analyses, we reconstruct the ancestral character and the evolution of the mating phenotypes and the convergent evolution of stylar polymorphisms in MTEs in relation with the pollination niche of species. We test the hypothesis that pollinators, through their morphological fit, are the evolutionary drivers of (i) the great variation of mating phenotypes in South African and Mediterranean yellow flaxes; and (ii) the convergent appearance of heterostyly in both separate regions.

**Acknowledgments:** This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 897890 FLAXMaTE. This work was also funded by MICINN-FEDER grant PID2021-122715NB-I00 DiversiChrom.
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## S.267 PHYLOGENETICS AND PHYLOGENOMICS.
SESSION 2

### S.267.1 Addressing phylogenetic incongruences in Cantharellales (Fungi, Basidiomycota) through a 526 protein-coding-gene capture kit

Rodrigo Márquez-Sanz¹, Lisa Pokorny²,
María Prieto¹, Ana Millanes¹, Isabel
Salcedo³, Sergio Pérez Gorjón⁴, Ibai
Olariaga¹

1 Rey Juan Carlos University, Móstoles, Spain. 2 Real Jardín Botánico (CSIC), Madrid, Spain. 3 University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain. 4 University of the Basque Country, Apdo 644, Bilbao, Spain.

The order *Cantharellales* contains economically important species because of their edibility (*Cantharellus*, Hydnum), being orchid-mycorrhizal (*Tulasnella*) or plant pathogens (*Rhizoctonia*). However, within this group nuclear ribosomal regions produce phylogenetic conflicts due to an accelerated rate of evolution and cause long-branch attraction problems, making them useless to infer phylogenetic relationships between family clades. This is why, despite 4 monophyletic lineages *Hydnaceae*, *Cejpomycetaceae*, *Tulasnellaceae*, *Botryobasidiaceae* are consistently retrieved in phylogenetic studies, their relationships remain unclear and are strongly dependent upon the genetic marker and taxon sampling employed. In this scenario, we designed a kit to capture 526 orthologous single-copy protein-coding genes in *Cantharellales* filtered from 10 representative genomes. Filtered genes were sequenced across a set of more than a hundred samples of *Cantharellales*, representative of its diversity and including many genetic types. The analysis of the dataset containing DNA sequences of 526 genes resulted in a fully supported backbone for the *Cantharellales*, with relationships among the *Ceppomycetaceae*, *Tulasnellaceae*, *Botryobasidiaceae* and *Hydna-

ceae resolved. Novel phylogenetic relationships are revealed within the *Hydnaceae*. Our results show that an updated classification at generic level needs to be proposed urgently within the *Cantharellales*. We infer from our test that *Cantharellales*-kit constitutes an excellent approach to construct a multiple-marker, fully supported phylogeny of *Cantharellales*. Our test suggests furthermore that the kit will function well in sister groups of Cantharellales, such as in *Dacrymycetales* and *Sebacinales*.

### S.267.2 Reconstruction of Orchid Phylogeny

Yajun Wang<sup>1,2,3</sup>, Dongliang Lin<sup>1,2,3</sup>, Hanchen Wang<sup>1,2,3</sup>, Zhiping Wang<sup>1,2,3</sup>, Chongbo Ma<sup>1,2,3</sup>, Shiyu Qin<sup>4</sup>, Bingyi Shao<sup>1,2,3</sup>, Chao Ye<sup>1,2,3</sup>, Jianwu Li<sup>5</sup>, Miaomiao Wang<sup>3</sup>, Xuelian Guo<sup>1,3</sup>, Xiaohua Jin<sup>1,3</sup>

1 State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. 2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. 3 China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, China. 4 School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China. 5 Center for Integrative Conservation, Xi-shuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan, China.

Orchidaceae is among the largest families of angiosperm distributed all over the world except Antarctica. There are more than 30,000 species in 748 genera and five subfamilies (Apostasioideae, Vanilloideae, Cypripedioideae, Orchidoideae, and Epidendroideae), interrelationships within family are not well resolved. Recent technical advances in molecular biology have provided unprecedented opportunities in resolving complex phylogenies, such as that of Orchidaceae, in a repeatable way. In order to further our understanding of the evolutionary history of orchids, we sampled a total of 163 species in this study, covering all five subfamilies and 20 of 22 tribes, and combined transcriptomic and genomic data of orchids to reconstruct a comprehensive, robust, and reliable phylogenetic framework of orchids.
<figure><img src="image_613.png" /></figure>

**S.267.3 Phylogenomic analysis of Santalaceae s.l. gives insight into the evolution of a unique respiratory pathway in mistletoes**

Gitte Petersen¹, Benjamin Anderson²,
Brendan Lepschi³, Daniel Nickrent⁴,
Jennifer Tate⁵, Amir Sultan⁶

1 Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden. 2 Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Western Australia, Perth, Australia. 3 Australian National Herbarium, Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, Canberra, Australia. 4 Cornell University, Ithaca, USA. 5 Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. 6 National Herbarium of Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan.

Parasitic plants in the family Viscaceae (mistletoes) have been shown to have highly unusual mitochondrial genes compared to other flowering plants. Genes encoding respiratory complex I are even lost. In order to investigate where in the evolutionary history of this group these bizarre changes have occurred, a solid hypothesis of their evolutionary relationships is needed. In order to reconstruct a phylogeny, we have sampled all Australian representatives of both Viscaceae and the closely related family Amphorogynaceae (both included in Santalaceae s.l.) as part of the GAP initiative. Since the families are not restricted to Australia, numerous species from other regions of the world were also sampled. Taxon sampling additionally included other representatives of the order Santalales for a total of approximately 200 samples. Using target capture sequencing with the Angiosperms353 bait set, we obtained data from over 300 nuclear loci, which were used for phylogenetic reconstruction based on both concatenation and coalescence methods. The phylogenetic trees derived from the two methods are largely congruent and confirm a sister group relationships of Viscaceae and Amphorogynaceae. Generic relationships within the families are also largely consistent with previous hypotheses, but the denser taxon sampling allows for more detailed hypotheses about species relationships within genera. The phylogeny will be used to trace the evolution of mitochondrial genes, and preliminary data suggest a deeper origin than ancestral Viscaceae for the onset of evolutionary drastic changes. It is even possible that gene loss has occurred multiple times during the evolution of mistletoes.

**S.267.4 Phylogeny of Virola (Myristicaceae) and species delimitation for the Floras of Brazil and the Guianas**

S. Mota de Oliveira¹,², C.C. Hoff², M. Ventayol¹

1 Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. 2 Institute of Biology, Leiden University, The Netherlands.

The Neotropical Myristicaceae includes six genera. Virola (Myristicaceae) is the genus with the highest number of species and the broadest geographical range, occurring from Central America to South Brazil, with a peak of diversity in Amazonia. Species delimitation in Virola is mostly based on the number and the spacing of the secondary veins, the indument, inflorescence branching, length of anthers and filament column, and on fruit shape and size. Currently, around 70 species names are accepted, with a few disagreements on synonymies in the literature. During an ongoing treatment of the genus for Flora do Brasil and the Flora of the Guianas, morphological data had limited power to address the disputed synonymies and the status of the monotypic genus Bicuiba, reduced to synonymy in the Brazilian literature but still accepted elsewhere. As an attempt to add new evidence for species delimitation and to understand the evolutionary relationships among species, we generated different sets of molecular data. Plastome and ITS regions were sequenced in 86 herbarium samples of 35 species. We also carried out targeted sequencing of nuclear genes (Angiosperm 353 probe set) in part of these samples and new ones, in total 79 herbarium specimens of 36 species. Plastome and ITS data were in general not informative or incongruent. The sampling of multiple specimens per species and analysis of the different datasets have offered additional support for decisions on synonymies. The resulting phylogeny based on the targeted sequencing of nuclear genes indicated that Virola can be divided in three well supported clades; one of which formed by sub-canopy to canopy species including the widespread V. sebifera and V. calophylla, agrees with previous findings. The study of independent molecular datasets integrated to morphology is a strategy for supporting taxonomic decisions and better understanding the evolution of the genus.
## S.267.5 A phylogenetic framework for the model genus Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae)

Seraina E. Rodewald*¹, David-Paul Klein², Ronen Shtein³, Gideon F. Smith⁴, Rokiman Letsara⁵, Gudrun Kadereit¹

1 Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany. 2 Humboldt University zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany. 3 Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. 4 Department of Botany, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa. 5 Parc Botanique et Zoologique de Tsimbazaza & École supérieur Polytechnique d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar. *seraina.rodewald@lmu.de.

Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) is a diverse genus native to Madagascar and Africa, and to a lesser extent, the Arabian Peninsula and tropical southeast Asia. The genus is known as a model system for CAM photosynthesis and vegetative reproduction as well as for its horticultural value, invasive potential and use in traditional medicine. Surprisingly, however, Kalanchoe lacks a reliable phylogenetic framework. To address this issue, we inferred a phylogeny based on ddRAD-seq data representing 70% of the taxa recognised in the genus. We recovered four major clades, broadly corresponding to the current subgeneric classification, with exceptions. The recently reinstated subgenus Calophygia resolves as sister to the rest of the genus, and the predominantly mainland-African subgenus Kalanchoe forms a strongly supported monophyletic clade. However, the relationship among the remaining two clades containing species from subgenera Bryophyllum, Kitchingia and Pubescentes, receives less support. A Malagasy origin of the genus is confirmed, from where the African continent was colonised only once, with two subsequent dispersals each to the Arabian Peninsula and tropical southeast Asia. The production of bulbils on the leaf margin was found to be an apomorphy within the subgenus Bryophyllum while propagules on the inflorescence can occasionally be found in all four major clades.

## S.267.6 The sexual system of the dioecious species Laurus azorica

Catarina Branco¹,²,³, Rúben Rego¹,²,⁴, Gabriel Marais¹,²,³, Raquel Linheiro¹,²,³, Raquel Tavares¹,²,³, Sylvain Santoni⁵, Hugo Tessarotto⁵, Jos Käfer⁶, Alessio Iannucci⁷,⁸, Claudio Ciofi⁷, Maria A. Diroma⁷, Chiara Natali⁷,⁹, Marco Morselli¹⁰, Guilherme Roxo¹,²,⁴, Roberto Resendes¹, Manuela Sim-Sim¹¹,¹²,¹³, Helena Trindade¹¹,¹³, Sara Vicente¹¹,¹⁴, João P. Marques¹,², Vitor Sousa¹¹,¹⁵, José Melo-Ferreira¹,²,³, Ann Mc Cartney¹⁶, Alice Mouton⁷,¹⁷, Giulio Formenti¹⁸, Mónica Moura¹,²,³

1 Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Vila do Conde, Portugal. 2 BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, Vila do Conde, Portugal. 3 Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal. 4 UNESCO Chair - Land Within Sea: Biodiversity & Sustainability in Atlantic Islands. 5 Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. 6 Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France. 7 University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy. 8 National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy. 9 Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa, Japan. 10 University of Parma, Parma, Italy. 11 Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal. 12 Museu Nacional de História Natural e da Ciência, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal. 13 Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal. 14 Escola Superior de Saúde Ribeiro Sanches, Instituto Politécnico da Lusofonia, Lisboa, Portugal. 15 Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal. 16 Genomics Institute, University of California, Santa Cruz, USA. 17 University of Liege, Liege, Belgium. 18 The Rockefeller University, New York City, USA.

The Laurus genus exhibits a current distribution encompassing the southern Black Sea region, the Mediterranean Basin, Morocco, and the Macaronesian islands (i.e., the Azores, Madeira, and Canaries archipelagos). Despite numerous attempts, previous studies faced challenges in elucidating the taxonomy, ploidy, and phylogenetic relationships within this genus. Concerning the taxonomy, two species are traditionally recognized: *L. nobilis* and *L. azorica*. This study delves into *L. azorica*, a dioecious tree endemic to the Azores archipelago that falls within the European Reference Genome Atlas (ERGA) initiative to ensure high-quality reference genomes of the European bio-
<figure><img src="image_614.png" /></figure>

diversity. Despite the well-established dioecy of this
species, its sex-determination system remains elusive.
Here, we aim (i) to obtain a chromosome-level as-
sembly and (ii) to identify its sex determination system.
Firstly, long-read sequencing data from Pacific Biosci-
ences (PacBio) were acquired to ensure a robust ge-
nomic dataset. Additionally, chromatin conformation
capture data (Hi-C) were incorporated to facilitate
the construction of a chromosome-level assembly.
Then, Illumina short reads for 32 individuals were ob-
tained, ensuring an even representation of phenotypic
males and females. SD<sub>POP</sub> (Käfer et al. 2021) analysis will
be applied to infer the genes' sex-linkage by model-

ling populations' allele and genotypic frequencies. This framework allows statistical testing of alternative sex-determination systems (i.e., presence or absence of sex chromosomes, distinguishing between XY and ZW systems). Our preliminary results suggest that *L. azorica* is tetraploid (n=18), consistent with prior studies on this genus. Ongoing research is expected to yield additional insights into the sex-determination system and contribute valuable information to broader studies on dioecy and sex-determination mechanisms in plant species. Moreover, this study serves as a cornerstone for further exploration into the evolutionary dynamics within the *Laurus* genus.

# S.268 CONSERVATION STATUS OF MAGNOLIA IN SOUTH AMERICA

## S.268.1 Conservation status of Magnolia in South America: the case of Colombia

Marcela Serna¹, Álvaro Cogollo²,³

1 Tecnológico de Antioquia-Institución Universitaria, Medellín, Colombia. 2 Jardín Botánico Joaquín Antonio Uribe, Medellín, Colombia. 3 Corporación Salvamontes, Medellín, Colombia.

Magnoliaceae is a family of trees and shrubs with approximately 350 species mainly distributed in Asia and America. Having a well-known taxonomy with 33 species distributed along the whole territory, many of them endangered, Magnoliaceae was chosen as a pilot group in Colombia to implement the National Strategy for Plant Conservation in 2001. Since then, several people and organizations have performed significant efforts to look for trees and populations, increase public awareness, and identify ecological requirements for their growth and establishment. After nearly 20 years of continuous work, several new species have been discovered and formally described positioning Colombia as the country with the most Magnolia species (40) in South America. Magnolia species are characterized by a restricted geographical distribution with very small populations, even reduced to isolated trees highly affected by habitat fragmentation and overharvesting. Consequently, most species are currently considered a priority for conservation. Besides, 90% of the species

are endemic to Colombia, highlighting the urgent need to keep working on public awareness and effective conservation programs in which conservation in situ by means of the constitution of reserves is a priority This presentation will show the conservation status of Colombian magnolias, the successful results achieved so far, and the conservation priorities and challenges that still need to be faced.

## S.268.2 Conservation status of Magnolia in South America: Brazil

Patrick C. Cantuária¹, Maryele F. Cantuária², Lucilene S. Melo³

1 Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnológicas do Estado do Amapá, Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambiente do Amapá e Universidade do Estado do Amapá, Macapá, Brazil. 2 Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Amapá, Santana, Brazil. 3 Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Amapá, Laranjal do Jari, Brazil.

Within the family Magnoliaceae Juss., the genus Magnolia L. has the largest number of species, including more than 300 species worldwide, whose number is increasing due to the recent discovery of new species, mainly in the Neotropical region. The group is mainly represented by trees that are usually represented by a few records in herbariums. Determining the conservation status of Magnolia species is a challenge, since of the 75 species in South America, 59 are threatened according to IUCN threat category.
<figure><img src="image_615.png" /></figure>

gories. However, as the species have been assessed for several years, there is a need to know the current conservation status, update this assessment, and provide information for those species with deficient data. The objective of this lecture is to discuss these strategies to update the conservation status of Magnolia species in South America, especially in Brazil, so that we can contribute to the effective conservation of this interesting group of plants characterized by vulnerable populations, especially in the face of climate change scenarios. There are many species of Magnolia in America that are threatened with extinction and are included in the IUCN Red Lists. However, numerous species lack information and need studies to compensate for their threatened status. The consolidation of this information in the different countries of South America provides important decisions in the field of public policies that can help in the maintenance of Magnolia species. The importance of the Global Conservation Consortium for Magnolia is highlighted, engaged in the dissemination and construction of effective collaborative work in the conservation of these plants. For Brazil, only the following species are considered: Magnolia amazonica (Ducke) Govaerts, Magnolia grandiflora L., Magnolia ovata (A.St.-Hil.) Spreng.

## S.268.3 Conservation status of Magnolia in South America: Ecuador

Álvaro J. Pérez¹, Edison Rea¹,², Kevin S. Burgess³, Daniela Cevallos⁴, José León⁵, J. Antonio Vázquez-García⁶

1 Herbario QCA, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador. 2 Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA. 3 Department of Biology, Columbus State University, University System of Georgia, Columbus, USA. 4 Universidad de las Américas, Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad, Medio Ambiente y Salud, Quito, Ecuador. 5 Fundación de Conservación Jocotoco, Quito, Ecuador. 6 Instituto de Botánica (Herbario IBUG), Universidad de Guadalajara, México.

Magnolia diversity in Ecuador is high, actually 24 species are recorded, and 17 are endemic. The conservation status of these species is worrying, mainly because the number of adult-reproductive individuals is low, and their threats are latent. Currently, 80% of the species are severely threatened; six are assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) and 11 are Endangered (EN). There is an urgent need to start

with in-situ and ex-situ conservation plans. Some actions have been created; for example, Jocotoco Foundation is monitoring fruits to obtain seeds for propagation in nurseries for *M. buenaventurensis*, *M. canandeana*, and *M. dixonii*. Around 1,500 seedlings are growing and being used in restoration programs in their habitats.

## S.268.4 An integrative study of species distribution modelling and conservation genetics: Magnolia in Hispaniola

Tim Claerhout¹,², Diederik Strubbe³,
Ramón Castillo Torres⁴, Marie-Stéphanie
Samain³,⁵, Lars. W. Chatrou³, Emily Veltjen³

1 Hortus botanicus - Universiteit Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands. 2 Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands. 3 Ghent University, Gent, Belgium. 4 Fundación Progressio, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. 5 Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Pátzcuaro, Mexico.

On the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean, five endemic species of Magnolia occur, all of which are threatened with extinction. Little is known about their distribution and genetic health, hampering targeted conservation actions. The objective of this study was to assess the potential distribution and the genetic health of the Magnolias of Hispaniola, and to formulate concrete guidelines for effective conservation management. Using species distribution modeling (SDM), we predicted habitat suitability for the Magnolias of Hispaniola. Using 17 SSR markers, we genotyped 417 individuals of the three endangered Magnolia species from the Dominican Republic, to test for genetic structure and degree of inbreeding. The SDM and genetic data confirm the recognition of the four studied Magnolia as species. The studied individuals of the three Dominican Magnolias are structured into five populations which show ample genetic diversity and little inbreeding overall. For conservation management, we propose, on the one hand, to focus on exploration using the SDM results. On the other hand, we propose to focus on protection and reinforcement using the genetic and occurrence data. Our study exemplifies how integrating different research techniques, as well as working closely with conservation practitioners, may lead to a better understanding regarding the requirements for an effective conservation plan.
<figure><img src="image_616.png" /></figure>

**S.268.5 Unveiling the genetic
patterns of Magnolia
calimaensis: Insights
into local endemism and
conservation**

Bocanegra-González K.T¹,², Aranguren Y.³,⁴, Fernández-Méndez F.⁵

¹ The University of Edinburgh, UK. 2 Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, UK. 3 Research Group on Biodiversity and Dynamics of Tropical Ecosystems, University of Tolima, Colombia. 4 University of Tolima, Colombia. 5 University Simón Bolívar, México.

An endemic species occurs naturally, exclusive-
ly, and is highly adapted to a specific geographic
area. If this area is very small, the species is termed
as local endemic and generally consists of small or
a single population. The genus *Magnolia* is an in-
teresting study model of local endemism since out
of the 39 species recorded for Colombia, 80% are
endemic and restricted to less than 100 km². The
species of the genus are also hermaphroditic, and
both entomophily and self-pollination are report-
ed as their main reproductive syndromes. Here we
study *Magnolia calimaensis* (Lozano) Goavaerts, an
endemic tree species of the Bajo Calima region on
the Pacific coast of Colombia, which is critically en-
dangered with fewer than 100 individuals in the wild.
To understand the origin of local endemism in *M. calimaensis*, 38 individuals were sampled from Bajo
Calima and Bahía Málaga localities. Microsatellite
marker analysis revealed low genetic diversity and
high inbreeding coefficients for both populations
(He: 0.24 / F: 0.53 for Bajo Calima, and He: 0.29 / F:
0.29 for Bahía Málaga). Significant genetic differen-
tiation between locations suggests dissimilar pop-
ulation conditions. Results imply that the species'
gregarious distribution and local endemism may
be linked to reproductive biology, like geitonogamy,
rather than landscape composition. Urgent genet-
ic restoration strategies are needed to preserve M.
calimaensis populations, highlighting the impor-
tance of further reproductive biology studies.
<figure><img src="image_617.png" /></figure>

Author index by first name

A

<table><tr><td>A. Adde</td><td>256</td></tr><tr><td>A Antonelli</td><td>588</td></tr><tr><td>Aarifah Jakoet</td><td>809</td></tr><tr><td>Aaron D. Pan</td><td>796</td></tr><tr><td>Aaron Liston</td><td>209, 499, 803</td></tr><tr><td>Aaron M. Duffy</td><td>777</td></tr><tr><td>Aaron Pérez-Haase</td><td>304, 392, 793</td></tr><tr><td>Aaron S. David</td><td>327</td></tr><tr><td>Aaryan Bhatia</td><td>406</td></tr><tr><td>Abdoun Fatiha</td><td>482</td></tr><tr><td>Abdullah El-nagish</td><td>90</td></tr><tr><td>Abdulwakeel A. Ajao</td><td>275</td></tr><tr><td>Abelardo Aparicio</td><td>156</td></tr><tr><td>Abel Gizaw</td><td>471, 552, 724</td></tr><tr><td>Abel Monteagudo-Mendoza</td><td>263</td></tr><tr><td>Abel Muller</td><td>121</td></tr><tr><td>Abel Torre</td><td>362</td></tr><tr><td>A. Bernardi</td><td>587</td></tr><tr><td>Abiola G. Femi-Adepoju</td><td>768</td></tr><tr><td>Abiola O. Ilori</td><td>107</td></tr><tr><td>A. Boutet</td><td>606</td></tr><tr><td>Abraham Araña-Padilla</td><td>274</td></tr><tr><td>Abraham Dabengwa</td><td>602</td></tr><tr><td>Abrianna J. Soule</td><td>687</td></tr><tr><td>Abubakar Bello</td><td>132, 171</td></tr><tr><td>Abu B. Siddique</td><td>456</td></tr><tr><td>Abugalieva S.</td><td>487</td></tr><tr><td>A. Calchera</td><td>281</td></tr><tr><td>Acedo, C.</td><td>296</td></tr><tr><td>A. Cosiaux</td><td>336</td></tr><tr><td>Adam B. Roddy</td><td>564, 609</td></tr><tr><td>Adam Cross</td><td>407</td></tr><tr><td>Adam Healey</td><td>741</td></tr><tr><td>Adam Kantor</td><td>358</td></tr><tr><td>Adam Karremans</td><td>111, 581</td></tr><tr><td>Adam Lovas-Kiss</td><td>38-39</td></tr><tr><td>Adam P. Karremans</td><td>799</td></tr><tr><td>Adam P. Karremans</td><td>111</td></tr><tr><td>Adela González-Megías</td><td>240, 418</td></tr><tr><td>Adela Horvat</td><td>359</td></tr><tr><td>Adelaide Clemente</td><td>32</td></tr><tr><td>Adelaide Theraroz</td><td>450</td></tr><tr><td>Adela Montserrat Gutiérrez-Bustillo</td><td>153</td></tr><tr><td>Adeyinka O. Adepoju</td><td>768</td></tr><tr><td>Adiel J. Andino-Acevedo</td><td>315</td></tr><tr><td>Adina Breiman</td><td>605</td></tr><tr><td>Adolfo Andrade-Cetto</td><td>260</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>Adolfo Calvo Redondo</td><td>527</td></tr><tr><td>Adolfo Jara-Muñoz</td><td>93</td></tr><tr><td>Adrià Descals</td><td>238</td></tr><tr><td>Adriana Arnal</td><td>279</td></tr><tr><td>Adriana Benítez-Villaseñor</td><td>590</td></tr><tr><td>Adriana Pinheiro-Martinelli</td><td>210</td></tr><tr><td>Adriane Esquivel-Muelbert</td><td>51, 206, 652</td></tr><tr><td>Adrián Escudero</td><td>319, 329, 365</td></tr><tr><td>Adrian Hill</td><td>353</td></tr><tr><td>Adrián Lázaro-Lobo</td><td>253</td></tr><tr><td>Adriano Stinca</td><td>212</td></tr><tr><td>Adrian Paul</td><td>52</td></tr><tr><td>Adriel M. Sierra</td><td>543</td></tr><tr><td>Adriel Sierra</td><td>778</td></tr><tr><td>Adrien Favre</td><td>377</td></tr><tr><td>Aelys M. Humphreys</td><td>602-603</td></tr><tr><td>A. Escobar-Gutiérrez</td><td>606</td></tr><tr><td>A. Gallego</td><td>722</td></tr><tr><td>Agathe Hurel</td><td>450</td></tr><tr><td>Agnes C. Rola</td><td>262</td></tr><tr><td>Agnes S. Dellinger</td><td>24, 46, 56-57, 702</td></tr><tr><td>Agnieszka Grinn-Gofron</td><td>103</td></tr><tr><td>Agostina B. Sassone</td><td>92</td></tr><tr><td>A. Green</td><td>798</td></tr><tr><td>Águeda M. González-Rodríguez</td><td>214, 363</td></tr><tr><td>Águedo Marrero</td><td>80</td></tr><tr><td>Aguilar-Contreras A.</td><td>492</td></tr><tr><td>Aguinako I.</td><td>250</td></tr><tr><td>A. Guisan</td><td>256</td></tr><tr><td>Agustí Agut</td><td>330</td></tr><tr><td>Agustina Malizia</td><td>200</td></tr><tr><td>Agustín Amata</td><td>308</td></tr><tr><td>Agustín Naranjo-Cigala</td><td>274, 426</td></tr><tr><td>Agut A.</td><td>250</td></tr><tr><td>Ai Lin</td><td>121</td></tr><tr><td>Ainhoa Riera-Begue</td><td>526</td></tr><tr><td>Aino Kotilainen</td><td>704</td></tr><tr><td>Ai-Qun Hu</td><td>580, 632, 782</td></tr><tr><td>Airy Gras</td><td>124, 259, 530, 600</td></tr><tr><td>Aissi Abdeldjalil</td><td>66</td></tr><tr><td>Aitor Gastón</td><td>254</td></tr><tr><td>Ajaree Thonglim</td><td>138</td></tr><tr><td>A. Jesús Muñoz-Pajares</td><td>360, 532</td></tr><tr><td>AJ Harris</td><td>410</td></tr><tr><td>Ajith Ashokan</td><td>270, 710</td></tr><tr><td>A.J. Muñoz-Pajares</td><td>606</td></tr><tr><td>A. Jonathan Shaw</td><td>777</td></tr></table>
<figure><img src="image_618.png" /></figure>

<table><tr><td>AJ Plumptre</td><td>588</td></tr><tr><td>Akanksha S. Jeswani</td><td>647</td></tr><tr><td>Akari Shibata</td><td>61</td></tr><tr><td>Akitoshi Iwamoto</td><td>351</td></tr><tr><td>A.K. Pradeep</td><td>38</td></tr><tr><td>Akuamoa-Boateng Michael</td><td>172</td></tr><tr><td>Alaina Dawkin</td><td>504</td></tr><tr><td>Alain Vanderpoorten</td><td>287, 577, 630</td></tr><tr><td>Alain Vanderporten</td><td>576</td></tr><tr><td>Alan Baker</td><td>52</td></tr><tr><td>Alan Crivellaro</td><td>196-197</td></tr><tr><td>Alan Elliott</td><td>344</td></tr><tr><td>Alan Franck</td><td>474</td></tr><tr><td>Alan J. Paton</td><td>332</td></tr><tr><td>Alan Paton</td><td>171</td></tr><tr><td>Alan R. Lemmon</td><td>512</td></tr><tr><td>Alan RT Spencer</td><td>231</td></tr><tr><td>Alan S. Weakley</td><td>400-401</td></tr><tr><td>Alan S. Whittemore</td><td>658</td></tr><tr><td>Alan W. Meerow</td><td>478</td></tr><tr><td>Alastair Culham</td><td>125, 229</td></tr><tr><td>Alba Cuena</td><td>212, 625-626</td></tr><tr><td>Alba Cuena Lombraña</td><td>625-626</td></tr><tr><td>Alba Garet</td><td>601</td></tr><tr><td>Alba Gutiérrez-Girón</td><td>589, 654</td></tr><tr><td>Alba Liliana Mañay Chimborazo</td><td>286</td></tr><tr><td>Albano Beja-Pereira</td><td>585</td></tr><tr><td>Albano Figueiredo</td><td>445</td></tr><tr><td>Alba Rodríguez Parra</td><td>643, 769</td></tr><tr><td>Alba Sotomayor-Alge</td><td>624</td></tr><tr><td>Alberto Betancourt Posada</td><td>528</td></tr><tr><td>Alberto Férez-Gómez</td><td>706</td></tr><tr><td>Alberto Pallavicini</td><td>103</td></tr><tr><td>Alberto Pizarro</td><td>181, 539</td></tr><tr><td>Alberto Rodríguez Fernández</td><td>104</td></tr><tr><td>Alberto Vilagrosa</td><td>769</td></tr><tr><td>Albert Vilà-Cabrera</td><td>302, 304, 363, 652</td></tr><tr><td>Aleena Xavier</td><td>270, 646</td></tr><tr><td>Alejandra de Castro</td><td>459</td></tr><tr><td>Alejandra G. Herrezuelo</td><td>274</td></tr><tr><td>Alejandra Vasco</td><td>198, 285, 661</td></tr><tr><td>Alejandra Zarzo-Arias</td><td>254</td></tr><tr><td>Alejandro Berlinches de Gea</td><td>283</td></tr><tr><td>Alejandro Curbelo</td><td>272</td></tr><tr><td>Alejandro Gomez</td><td>682</td></tr><tr><td>Alejandro Núñez Cabajal</td><td>221</td></tr><tr><td>Alejandro Palmarola</td><td>612</td></tr><tr><td>Alejandro Quintanar</td><td>171, 507, 709</td></tr><tr><td>Alejandro Serna</td><td>441</td></tr><tr><td>Alejandro Terrones</td><td>447, 785</td></tr><tr><td>Alejandro Trillo</td><td>533</td></tr><tr><td>Alejandro Zuluaga-Trochez</td><td>170</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>Aleksandra Biedrzycka</td><td>585</td></tr><tr><td>Aleksandra Liszka</td><td>349</td></tr><tr><td>Aleksandra Ruzic</td><td>341</td></tr><tr><td>Aleksandr Bobrovskikh</td><td>243</td></tr><tr><td>Ales Kovarik</td><td>189</td></tr><tr><td>Aleš Kovařík</td><td>191</td></tr><tr><td>Alessandra Bryan</td><td>28</td></tr><tr><td>Alessandra Menezes</td><td>87</td></tr><tr><td>Alessandra S. Schnadelbach</td><td>617</td></tr><tr><td>Alessandro Alboresi</td><td>140, 607</td></tr><tr><td>Alessandro Petraglia</td><td>319, 589, 653</td></tr><tr><td>Alessandro Rapini</td><td>27</td></tr><tr><td>Alessandro Saba</td><td>540</td></tr><tr><td>Alessio Iannucci</td><td>818</td></tr><tr><td>Alessio Mo</td><td>785</td></tr><tr><td>Alessio Papini</td><td>697</td></tr><tr><td>Aletta Bonn</td><td>171</td></tr><tr><td>Alexander Belyayev</td><td>718</td></tr><tr><td>Alexander Damián-Parizaca</td><td>581, 714</td></tr><tr><td>Alexander G. Linan</td><td>709</td></tr><tr><td>Alexander Goesmann</td><td>754</td></tr><tr><td>Alexander J. Hetherington</td><td>204, 231</td></tr><tr><td>Alexander Kocyan</td><td>291</td></tr><tr><td>Alexander Linan</td><td>332</td></tr><tr><td>Alexander M. C. Bowles</td><td>186</td></tr><tr><td>Alexander M. Greene</td><td>152</td></tr><tr><td>Alexander N. Schmidt-Lebuhn</td><td>59, 100, 699</td></tr><tr><td>Alexander N. Sennikov</td><td>558</td></tr><tr><td>Alexander R. Schmidt</td><td>399, 657</td></tr><tr><td>Alexander Rudov</td><td>261, 365, 681</td></tr><tr><td>Alexander Schmidt</td><td>778</td></tr><tr><td>Alexander Schmidt-Lebuhn</td><td>59, 80, 266</td></tr><tr><td>Alexander V. Pavlenko</td><td>365</td></tr><tr><td>Alexander Vrijdaghs</td><td>759</td></tr><tr><td>Alexander Zizka</td><td>32, 388, 460, 573</td></tr><tr><td>Alexandra Crum</td><td>315</td></tr><tr><td>Alexandra M. Penha</td><td>103</td></tr><tr><td>Alexandra N. Muellner-Riehl</td><td>41, 132, 162, 171, 567</td></tr><tr><td>Alexandra Seglias</td><td>390</td></tr><tr><td>Alexandre Antonelli</td><td>16, 27, 94, 352, 404, 435, 579</td></tr><tr><td>Alexandre K. Monro</td><td>94, 201</td></tr><tr><td>Alexandre Monro</td><td>700</td></tr><tr><td>Alexandre R. Zuntini</td><td>35, 240, 252, 667, 679, 774</td></tr><tr><td>Alexandre Zuntini</td><td>27, 462</td></tr><tr><td>Alexandros Bousios</td><td>88</td></tr><tr><td>Alexandros Galanidis</td><td>625</td></tr><tr><td>Alex Asase</td><td>95-97, 316</td></tr><tr><td>Alex Bousios</td><td>300</td></tr><tr><td>Alex Bowmer</td><td>296</td></tr><tr><td>Alex Byrne</td><td>133</td></tr><tr><td>Alex C. McAlvay</td><td>153, 528</td></tr><tr><td>Alex D. Twyford</td><td>88, 300, 416, 494, 708</td></tr></table>
<figure><img src="image_619.png" /></figure>

<table><tr><td>Alexei A. Oskolski</td><td>510</td></tr><tr><td>Alexei Oskolski</td><td>195</td></tr><tr><td>Alexey P. Seregin</td><td>124, 683, 751</td></tr><tr><td>Alex Harkess</td><td>527, 557</td></tr><tr><td>Alexia Bennert</td><td>140</td></tr><tr><td>Alexis Herminio Plasencia-Vázquez</td><td>387</td></tr><tr><td>Alexis Joly</td><td>255, 461</td></tr><tr><td>Alexis Licht</td><td>244</td></tr><tr><td>Alex Papadopulos</td><td>353, 474</td></tr><tr><td>Alex Pigot</td><td>696</td></tr><tr><td>Alex Skeels</td><td>548</td></tr><tr><td>Alex Twyford</td><td>251, 659, 790</td></tr><tr><td>Alex Verry</td><td>84</td></tr><tr><td>Alex White</td><td>411</td></tr><tr><td>Alex Widmer</td><td>158</td></tr><tr><td>Alex Zizka</td><td>136</td></tr><tr><td>Alfonso Alonso</td><td>222</td></tr><tr><td>Alfonso Louro</td><td>330</td></tr><tr><td>Alfonso Perez-Martin</td><td>769</td></tr><tr><td>Alfonso Susanna</td><td>552, 556, 584, 723</td></tr><tr><td>Alfons Schäfer-Verwimp</td><td>778</td></tr><tr><td>Alfredo Di Filippo</td><td>87</td></tr><tr><td>Alfredo Dorantes</td><td>200</td></tr><tr><td>Alfredo F. Fuentes</td><td>200, 621</td></tr><tr><td>Alfredo Fuentes</td><td>74</td></tr><tr><td>Alfredo García-Fernández</td><td>448</td></tr><tr><td>Alfredo García-González</td><td>387</td></tr><tr><td>Alfredo J. Reyes-Betancort</td><td>426</td></tr><tr><td>Alfredo Maccioni</td><td>584</td></tr><tr><td>A-L. Fuchs</td><td>815</td></tr><tr><td>Alger Jorritsma</td><td>221</td></tr><tr><td>Aliasghar A. Maassoumi</td><td>211</td></tr><tr><td>Alice Fuggirai</td><td>785</td></tr><tr><td>Alice Krumpolcová</td><td>191</td></tr><tr><td>Alice Ledent</td><td>287</td></tr><tr><td>Alice L.M. Fairnie</td><td>598</td></tr><tr><td>Alice M. Almeida</td><td>337</td></tr><tr><td>Alice Mouton</td><td>818</td></tr><tr><td>Alice Nunes</td><td>766</td></tr><tr><td>Alice Rotini</td><td>372</td></tr><tr><td>Alicia Grealy</td><td>582</td></tr><tr><td>Alicia Montesinos-Navarro</td><td>680</td></tr><tr><td>Alicia Perera-Castro</td><td>214</td></tr><tr><td>Alicia Perez</td><td>681</td></tr><tr><td>Alicia Talavera</td><td>193, 306, 409, 411, 519</td></tr><tr><td>Alicia Valdés</td><td>576</td></tr><tr><td>Alicia V. Perera-Castro</td><td>362, 769</td></tr><tr><td>Ali Dönmez</td><td>446</td></tr><tr><td>Alina Freire-Fierro</td><td>286</td></tr><tr><td>Alina Höwener</td><td>37, 475</td></tr><tr><td>Alina Persson</td><td>67</td></tr><tr><td>Alina Wood</td><td>155</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>Aline Finger</td><td>183</td></tr><tr><td>Aline Martins</td><td>469</td></tr><tr><td>Aline Mattos</td><td>637</td></tr><tr><td>Alireza S. Salami</td><td>124</td></tr><tr><td>Alisdair G. Fernie</td><td>309</td></tr><tr><td>Alisdair R. Fernie</td><td>309</td></tr><tr><td>Alí Segovia-Rivas</td><td>226</td></tr><tr><td>Alisha Töpfer</td><td>556</td></tr><tr><td>Ali Sonboli</td><td>261</td></tr><tr><td>Alison Colwell</td><td>97</td></tr><tr><td>Alison Evans</td><td>774</td></tr><tr><td>Alison Moore</td><td>226</td></tr><tr><td>Alison Paulo Bernardi</td><td>222</td></tr><tr><td>Alisson Dennis González-Cortes</td><td>340</td></tr><tr><td>Alistair Jump</td><td>363</td></tr><tr><td>Alivereti Naikatini</td><td>770</td></tr><tr><td>Alix K</td><td>437</td></tr><tr><td>Alix Lozinguez</td><td>614</td></tr><tr><td>Allan Ellis</td><td>468</td></tr><tr><td>Allan G. Ellis</td><td>119, 419, 648, 650</td></tr><tr><td>Allen Coombes</td><td>205</td></tr><tr><td>Allen. V</td><td>127</td></tr><tr><td>Allie Igwe</td><td>727</td></tr><tr><td>Allinne Clémentine</td><td>205</td></tr><tr><td>Allison Hayes</td><td>504</td></tr><tr><td>Allison Miller</td><td>102, 307</td></tr><tr><td>Allotey Albert Nii Moe</td><td>172</td></tr><tr><td>Alma Rosa Villalobos Arámbula</td><td>184</td></tr><tr><td>Almerekova S.</td><td>487</td></tr><tr><td>Almudena Lázaro</td><td>530</td></tr><tr><td>Alonso Verde</td><td>259</td></tr><tr><td>A. Lovas-Kiss</td><td>798</td></tr><tr><td>Alred Kik</td><td>204</td></tr><tr><td>Aluoneswi C. Mashau</td><td>466</td></tr><tr><td>Aluoneswi C. Mashau</td><td>602</td></tr><tr><td>Álvaro Cogollo</td><td>441, 819</td></tr><tr><td>Álvaro Duque</td><td>339</td></tr><tr><td>Álvaro Fernández-Llamazares</td><td>601</td></tr><tr><td>Álvaro J. Pérez</td><td>820</td></tr><tr><td>Álvaro Pérez</td><td>581</td></tr><tr><td>Alycia Riboulet-Posset</td><td>244</td></tr><tr><td>Alyssa Carrell</td><td>741</td></tr><tr><td>Alžběta Böhmová</td><td>269</td></tr><tr><td>Amanda Carmichael</td><td>184, 328</td></tr><tr><td>Amanda L. Grusz</td><td>719</td></tr><tr><td>Amanda M. Salvi</td><td>686</td></tr><tr><td>Amanda Taylor</td><td>688</td></tr><tr><td>Amanda V. da Silva</td><td>62</td></tr><tr><td>Ambika I.</td><td>604</td></tr><tr><td>Amelia Corzo Remigio</td><td>53</td></tr><tr><td>Amelia Fuller</td><td>356</td></tr><tr><td>Amélia Vaz</td><td>227</td></tr></table>
<figure><img src="image_620.png" /></figure>

<table><tr><td>A. Meseguer</td><td>720</td></tr><tr><td>Amila Radoncic</td><td>760</td></tr><tr><td>Amina Daoud-Bouattour</td><td>212</td></tr><tr><td>Aminael Sánchez-Rodríguez</td><td>507</td></tr><tr><td>Amir Sultan</td><td>817</td></tr><tr><td>Amit Kumar</td><td>609</td></tr><tr><td>A. Moteetee</td><td>385</td></tr><tr><td>Amparo Lázaro</td><td>213</td></tr><tr><td>A Muthama Muasya</td><td>466</td></tr><tr><td>A. Muthama Muasya</td><td>95, 171</td></tr><tr><td>Amy Byrne</td><td>297-298</td></tr><tr><td>Amy L. Angert</td><td>303</td></tr><tr><td>Amy L. Parachnowitsch</td><td>758</td></tr><tr><td>Ana Afonso</td><td>445</td></tr><tr><td>Ana Aramburu</td><td>629</td></tr><tr><td>Anabela Martins</td><td>117</td></tr><tr><td>Ana B. Marín-Arroyo</td><td>496, 673</td></tr><tr><td>Ana Brescia-Zapata</td><td>369</td></tr><tr><td>Ana Carolina Galindo da Costa</td><td>466</td></tr><tr><td>Ana Claudia Araujo</td><td>542</td></tr><tr><td>Ana Cruz-Silva</td><td>639</td></tr><tr><td>Ana Delaunay Caperta</td><td>717</td></tr><tr><td>Ana Gabriela Martínez-Becerril</td><td>285</td></tr><tr><td>Ana García-Muñoz</td><td>360, 532</td></tr><tr><td>Ana H. Ladio</td><td>151</td></tr><tr><td>Anai Pereira</td><td>137</td></tr><tr><td>Ana Isabel D. Correia</td><td>523</td></tr><tr><td>Ana Isabel García-Ambrosy</td><td>316</td></tr><tr><td>Anaïs Boura</td><td>244</td></tr><tr><td>Anais Gibert</td><td>749</td></tr><tr><td>Anaïs Gibert</td><td>633</td></tr><tr><td>Anaïs-Pasiphae Gorel</td><td>796</td></tr><tr><td>Ana Juan</td><td>447, 785</td></tr><tr><td>Ana L. Hernández-Damián</td><td>595</td></tr><tr><td>Ana López-Ballesteros</td><td>769</td></tr><tr><td>Ana Losada-Lima</td><td>117</td></tr><tr><td>Ana María Prieto</td><td>441</td></tr><tr><td>Ana M. Bedoya</td><td>550, 660</td></tr><tr><td>Ana Millanes</td><td>816</td></tr><tr><td>Ana Morales Alonso</td><td>43, 131, 376, 378, 730, 781</td></tr><tr><td>Ana Novoa</td><td>627, 805</td></tr><tr><td>Ana Otero</td><td>313</td></tr><tr><td>Ana Paula de Souza Caetano</td><td>717</td></tr><tr><td>Ana Paula Fortuna Pérez</td><td>75, 176, 208, 210</td></tr><tr><td>Ana Pintado</td><td>629</td></tr><tr><td>Ana P. Moraes</td><td>88</td></tr><tr><td>Ana P. Portela</td><td>374, 576</td></tr><tr><td>Ana R. Costa</td><td>103</td></tr><tr><td>Ana R.G. Simões</td><td>173</td></tr><tr><td>Ana Rita G. Simões</td><td>98, 614, 649</td></tr><tr><td>Ana Rita Matos</td><td>639</td></tr><tr><td>Ana Rita Simoes</td><td>171</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>Anass Terrab</td><td>133, 369, 643, 769</td></tr><tr><td>Anass Terrab Benjelloun</td><td>769</td></tr><tr><td>Anastasia A. Krinitsina</td><td>146</td></tr><tr><td>Anastasia Christopoulou</td><td>625</td></tr><tr><td>Anastasia Stefanaki</td><td>347</td></tr><tr><td>Anastazija Dimitrova</td><td>244, 349</td></tr><tr><td>Ana Terlević</td><td>158</td></tr><tr><td>Anat Hendelman</td><td>780</td></tr><tr><td>Ana Valdés-Florido</td><td>293, 377</td></tr><tr><td>Anay Serrano Rodríguez</td><td>387</td></tr><tr><td>Anders J. Lindstrom</td><td>476</td></tr><tr><td>Anders, S. Barfod</td><td>415</td></tr><tr><td>Anders Sirén</td><td>222</td></tr><tr><td>Andrea Andreucci</td><td>540</td></tr><tr><td>Andrea Arrones</td><td>780</td></tr><tr><td>Andrea Caggegi</td><td>87</td></tr><tr><td>Andrea Case</td><td>704</td></tr><tr><td>Andrea Cerdeira-Pérez</td><td>771</td></tr><tr><td>Andrea Coppi</td><td>157</td></tr><tr><td>Andrea E. Berardi</td><td>536</td></tr><tr><td>Andrea L. Case</td><td>707</td></tr><tr><td>Andrea López-Martínez</td><td>480</td></tr><tr><td>Andrea L. Simbaqueba</td><td>726</td></tr><tr><td>Andrea M. López-Martínez</td><td>7, 23, 590</td></tr><tr><td>Andrea Möller</td><td>786</td></tr><tr><td>Andrea Mondoni</td><td>589, 655</td></tr><tr><td>Andrea Pedrosa-Harand</td><td>466</td></tr><tr><td>Andrea Ramírez-Ramírez</td><td>382</td></tr><tr><td>Andrea Sánchez Meseguer</td><td>795</td></tr><tr><td>Andrea Santulli</td><td>794</td></tr><tr><td>Andreas Ensslin</td><td>32, 185, 342</td></tr><tr><td>Andreas Fleischmann</td><td>407</td></tr><tr><td>Andreas Franzke</td><td>240</td></tr><tr><td>Andreas Hilpold</td><td>406</td></tr><tr><td>Andreas Houben</td><td>466</td></tr><tr><td>Andreas Jürgens</td><td>417</td></tr><tr><td>Andrea S. Meseguer</td><td>464</td></tr><tr><td>Andreas von Heßberg</td><td>536</td></tr><tr><td>Andreas Zikos</td><td>625</td></tr><tr><td>Andreas Zwick</td><td>266</td></tr><tr><td>Andrea T. Kramer</td><td>135</td></tr><tr><td>Andre Chanderbali</td><td>75, 710</td></tr><tr><td>André C. Lima</td><td>511</td></tr><tr><td>Andre Eppinghaus</td><td>457</td></tr><tr><td>Andreia Figueiredo</td><td>639</td></tr><tr><td>André Marques</td><td>295, 406, 466</td></tr><tr><td>Andre Messina</td><td>98</td></tr><tr><td>Andrés Barona</td><td>581</td></tr><tr><td>André S. B. Gil</td><td>129</td></tr><tr><td>Andrés Elgorriaga</td><td>656</td></tr><tr><td>Andrés Ferreira-Rodriguez</td><td>532</td></tr><tr><td>Andres Kohv</td><td>601</td></tr></table>
<figure><img src="image_621.png" /></figure>

<table><tbody><tr><td>Andrés Moreira-Muñoz</td><td>735</td></tr><tr><td>Andrés Orejuela</td><td>309, 767</td></tr><tr><td>Andrés Romero-Bravo</td><td>469, 704</td></tr><tr><td>Andressa Cabral</td><td>29-30, 612</td></tr><tr><td>Andrés Torres-Miranda</td><td>771</td></tr><tr><td>Andrés Valencia</td><td>569</td></tr><tr><td>André Thibaut</td><td>652</td></tr><tr><td>Andreu Cera</td><td>365, 669</td></tr><tr><td>André Vanzela</td><td>466</td></tr><tr><td>Andrew A. Crowl</td><td>78</td></tr><tr><td>Andrew B. Leslie</td><td>591</td></tr><tr><td>Andrew Busby</td><td>504</td></tr><tr><td>Andrew C. Eagar</td><td>707</td></tr><tr><td>Andrew C Rozefelds</td><td>715</td></tr><tr><td>Andrew D. Crawford</td><td>99</td></tr><tr><td>Andrew Henderson</td><td>353</td></tr><tr><td>Andrew H Knoll</td><td>231</td></tr><tr><td>Andrew H. Thornhill</td><td>83, 195, 667</td></tr><tr><td>Andrew Hudson</td><td>251</td></tr><tr><td>Andrew J. Green</td><td>38-39</td></tr><tr><td>Andrew J. Helmstetter</td><td>695</td></tr><tr><td>Andrew Leitch</td><td>189, 300</td></tr><tr><td>Andrew L. Hipp</td><td>218, 377, 407, 585, 658, 685, 687, 738, 781</td></tr><tr><td>Andrew M. Walker</td><td>520-521</td></tr><tr><td>Andrew Owens</td><td>480</td></tr><tr><td>Andrew Plackett</td><td>203</td></tr><tr><td>Andrew R. Hipp</td><td>791</td></tr><tr><td>Andrew R. Leitch</td><td>89, 565</td></tr><tr><td>Andrew Thornhill</td><td>80, 665-666</td></tr><tr><td>Andrew Townsend Peterson</td><td>96</td></tr><tr><td>Andrew Wyatt</td><td>332</td></tr><tr><td>Andriaharimalala T.</td><td>86</td></tr><tr><td>Andros Solakis Tena</td><td>129</td></tr><tr><td>Andrzej Talarczyk</td><td>652</td></tr><tr><td>Ane Múgica</td><td>672</td></tr><tr><td>Ángela Aguado-Lara</td><td>116, 462, 635</td></tr><tr><td>Angela Balzano</td><td>244</td></tr><tr><td>Ángela Cano</td><td>298, 352</td></tr><tr><td>Angela Stanisci</td><td>589, 653</td></tr><tr><td>Ángel Bañares-Baudet</td><td>475</td></tr><tr><td>Ángel Barón-Sola</td><td>769</td></tr><tr><td>Angel Benítez</td><td>286</td></tr><tr><td>Ángel Cascón</td><td>153</td></tr><tr><td>Angélica Cibrián-Jaramillo</td><td>478</td></tr><tr><td>Angélica Gallego-Narbón</td><td>30, 131</td></tr><tr><td>Angélica Quintanar Castillo</td><td>510</td></tr><tr><td>Angelino Carta</td><td>24-25, 115, 342, 785</td></tr><tr><td>Ángel Lareo Fernández</td><td>576</td></tr><tr><td>Angelo Armijos-Carrion</td><td>365</td></tr><tr><td>Angelo Troia</td><td>279</td></tr><tr><td>Angelo Troia</td><td>212, 794</td></tr></tbody></table>

<table><tbody><tr><td>Ángel Palomares</td><td>331</td></tr><tr><td>Angie D. González</td><td>258, 382</td></tr><tr><td>Angie L. Gámez</td><td>769</td></tr><tr><td>Ang Li</td><td>380</td></tr><tr><td>Angus Burns</td><td>368</td></tr><tr><td>Angus Macdonald</td><td>145</td></tr><tr><td>Ani Bajrami</td><td>386</td></tr><tr><td>Anibal Prina</td><td>365</td></tr><tr><td>Anifat O. Bello</td><td>171</td></tr><tr><td>Aniket Sengupta</td><td>202</td></tr><tr><td>Anita Cisternas-Fuentes</td><td>63</td></tr><tr><td>Anita Roth-Nebelsick</td><td>563</td></tr><tr><td>Anja Leyman</td><td>652</td></tr><tr><td>Anke Jentsch</td><td>536, 586</td></tr><tr><td>Ankica Milovanović</td><td>423</td></tr><tr><td>An-Ming Lu</td><td>195</td></tr><tr><td>Anna Ancy Antony Attullil</td><td>143</td></tr><tr><td>Anna Asatryan</td><td>681</td></tr><tr><td>Anna Corli</td><td>166</td></tr><tr><td>Anna E-Vojtko</td><td>25</td></tr><tr><td>Anna Gazda</td><td>806</td></tr><tr><td>Annah N. Moteetee</td><td>275</td></tr><tr><td>Anna Kazarina</td><td>503</td></tr><tr><td>Anna Kontopanou</td><td>215</td></tr><tr><td>Annalena Cogoni</td><td>423</td></tr><tr><td>Anna-Lena Köster</td><td>697</td></tr><tr><td>Annamaria Alabiso</td><td>372</td></tr><tr><td>Anna Mežaka</td><td>543</td></tr><tr><td>Anna M. Mannino</td><td>627</td></tr><tr><td>Anna Neubauer</td><td>651, 740</td></tr><tr><td>Anna Nowak</td><td>349</td></tr><tr><td>Anna Pasinato</td><td>140</td></tr><tr><td>Anna Pastare-Skutele</td><td>543</td></tr><tr><td>Anna Růžičková</td><td>577</td></tr><tr><td>Anna Traveset</td><td>29</td></tr><tr><td>Anna Volpi</td><td>784</td></tr><tr><td>Anna V. Stepanova</td><td>197</td></tr><tr><td>Anne Bruneau</td><td>208, 515-517</td></tr><tr><td>Anne Brysting</td><td>325</td></tr><tr><td>Anne-Laure Decombeix</td><td>230</td></tr><tr><td>Anneleen Kool</td><td>21</td></tr><tr><td>Anne Lewerentz</td><td>255</td></tr><tr><td>Anne L. Frances</td><td>306</td></tr><tr><td>Anne Muola</td><td>746</td></tr><tr><td>Annery Serrano Rodríguez</td><td>387</td></tr><tr><td>Annette Becker</td><td>178, 258, 754</td></tr><tr><td>Annie Deslauriers</td><td>440</td></tr><tr><td>Annie Guiller</td><td>806</td></tr><tr><td>Annie Lindsay</td><td>374, 540</td></tr><tr><td>Anniina Mattila</td><td>704</td></tr><tr><td>Annika Engroff</td><td>739</td></tr><tr><td>Annika Smeenk</td><td>315</td></tr></tbody></table>
<figure><img src="image_622.png" /></figure>

<table><tr><td>Ann Mc Cartney</td><td>227, 818</td></tr><tr><td>Anri Chomentowska</td><td>472</td></tr><tr><td>Anselmo Nogueira</td><td>62, 624</td></tr><tr><td>Anten, Niels</td><td>449</td></tr><tr><td>Anthony G. García</td><td>755</td></tr><tr><td>Anthony G. Mills</td><td>687</td></tr><tr><td>Anthony G. Rebelo</td><td>735</td></tr><tr><td>Anthony R. Magee</td><td>510, 809</td></tr><tr><td>Anthony Snead</td><td>383</td></tr><tr><td>Antie Ahrends</td><td>265</td></tr><tr><td>Antje Ahrends</td><td>183</td></tr><tr><td>Antoine Adde</td><td>254</td></tr><tr><td>Antoine Affouard</td><td>461</td></tr><tr><td>Antoine Billey</td><td>272</td></tr><tr><td>Antoine Derouaux</td><td>131</td></tr><tr><td>Antoine Gazaix</td><td>212</td></tr><tr><td>Antoine Guisan</td><td>254</td></tr><tr><td>Antoine Kremer</td><td>174</td></tr><tr><td>Antoine Perrier</td><td>302</td></tr><tr><td>Antoine Plumerault</td><td>754</td></tr><tr><td>Anton A. Reznicek</td><td>43, 131, 378</td></tr><tr><td>Antonella Cristofori</td><td>103, 318</td></tr><tr><td>Antonella Gori</td><td>180</td></tr><tr><td>Antonia Martin</td><td>114</td></tr><tr><td>Antonia Salces-Castellano</td><td>76</td></tr><tr><td>Antoni Buira</td><td>666</td></tr><tr><td>Antoni J. Far</td><td>180, 566</td></tr><tr><td>Antoni Josep Far</td><td>769</td></tr><tr><td>Antonio Díaz Pérez</td><td>272</td></tr><tr><td>Antonio Gazol</td><td>439</td></tr><tr><td>Antonio Giacò</td><td>157</td></tr><tr><td>Antonio Hernández</td><td>391, 769</td></tr><tr><td>Antonio J. Mendoza Fernández</td><td>682</td></tr><tr><td>Antonio Mendoza-Fernández</td><td>365</td></tr><tr><td>Antonio Montagnoli</td><td>244</td></tr><tr><td>Antonio Picornell</td><td>104, 154</td></tr><tr><td>Antonio Rodríguez</td><td>331</td></tr><tr><td>Anton Stepanenko</td><td>189</td></tr><tr><td>Antony van der Ent</td><td>52-55, 121</td></tr><tr><td>Anupama Sekhar</td><td>643</td></tr><tr><td>Anushka Wickramasuriya</td><td>73</td></tr><tr><td>Anyla Saraci</td><td>386</td></tr><tr><td>Anže Žerdoner Čalasan</td><td>671, 764</td></tr><tr><td>Apolinar Figueroa Casas</td><td>651</td></tr><tr><td>A. Puyoou</td><td>815</td></tr><tr><td>Aquino, Sinara</td><td>449</td></tr><tr><td>Aranguren Y.</td><td>821</td></tr><tr><td>Ara N. Miguel Peñaloza</td><td>68</td></tr><tr><td>Araz Vartoumian</td><td>432</td></tr><tr><td>Archange Boupoya</td><td>265</td></tr><tr><td>Arezoo Dastpak</td><td>564</td></tr><tr><td>Arfaa Sabbah</td><td>260</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>Ariadna Amorós</td><td>673</td></tr><tr><td>Ariadna Casadevall</td><td>601</td></tr><tr><td>Ariel Bergamini</td><td>456</td></tr><tr><td>Ari Jumpponen</td><td>503</td></tr><tr><td>Ari Satia Nugraha</td><td>389</td></tr><tr><td>Arjan Engelen</td><td>119</td></tr><tr><td>Arka Pal</td><td>102</td></tr><tr><td>Armand Cavé-Radet</td><td>742</td></tr><tr><td>Armel Salmon</td><td>742</td></tr><tr><td>Arnau Bosch</td><td>805</td></tr><tr><td>Arnau Bosch-Guiu</td><td>674</td></tr><tr><td>Arnaud Albert</td><td>534</td></tr><tr><td>Arnau Guiu-Bosch</td><td>533</td></tr><tr><td>Arne Mertens</td><td>415</td></tr><tr><td>Arne Strid</td><td>131, 215</td></tr><tr><td>Arnoldo Santos-Guerra</td><td>424</td></tr><tr><td>Arrieta M.</td><td>250</td></tr><tr><td>Arshad Mehmood Abbasi</td><td>260</td></tr><tr><td>Artemis Anest</td><td>116</td></tr><tr><td>Artemis Anést</td><td>174</td></tr><tr><td>Arthan W.</td><td>506</td></tr><tr><td>Arthur Boom</td><td>796</td></tr><tr><td>Artur Campos Dalia Maia</td><td>170</td></tr><tr><td>Arturo Sánchez-González</td><td>551</td></tr><tr><td>Artur Pinski</td><td>190</td></tr><tr><td>Åsa Krüger</td><td>234, 767</td></tr><tr><td>Ash Kerber</td><td>702</td></tr><tr><td>Ashlee Kerber</td><td>46</td></tr><tr><td>Ashley Crook</td><td>557</td></tr><tr><td>Ashley Field</td><td>563</td></tr><tr><td>Ashley Hamersma</td><td>149, 738</td></tr><tr><td>Ashley N. Egan</td><td>208</td></tr><tr><td>Ashlynn Smith</td><td>328</td></tr><tr><td>Ashok K. Patel</td><td>258</td></tr><tr><td>Ashwell R. Ndhlala</td><td>323</td></tr><tr><td>Ashwini V. Mohan</td><td>295</td></tr><tr><td>Asiain M.</td><td>250</td></tr><tr><td>Aslı Doğru-Koca</td><td>110</td></tr><tr><td>Astrid de Mestier</td><td>731</td></tr><tr><td>Asunción Cano</td><td>131, 220, 377, 552, 730</td></tr><tr><td>Asunción de los Ríos</td><td>363</td></tr><tr><td>AS Uwase</td><td>588</td></tr><tr><td>Atchara Teerawatananon</td><td>616</td></tr><tr><td>A. Townsend Peterson</td><td>97, 316</td></tr><tr><td>Atsushi Ebihara</td><td>662, 690</td></tr><tr><td>Attila Mesterházy</td><td>131</td></tr><tr><td>Aude Herrera-Belaroussi</td><td>571</td></tr><tr><td>Audrey Léopold</td><td>728</td></tr><tr><td>Aura Urrea Trujillo</td><td>762</td></tr><tr><td>Aureliano Bombarely</td><td>308</td></tr><tr><td>Aurélien Caillon</td><td>534</td></tr><tr><td>Aurelien Tellier</td><td>449</td></tr></table>
<figure><img src="image_623.png" /></figure>

<table><tr><td>Aurora Bartolome</td><td>681</td></tr><tr><td>Avery Russell</td><td>62</td></tr><tr><td>Avigdor Suárez-Pérez</td><td>272</td></tr><tr><td>Axel D. Poulsen</td><td>269</td></tr><tr><td>Axel Himmelbach</td><td>357</td></tr><tr><td>Ayress Grinage</td><td>353</td></tr><tr><td>Ayumu Tanaka</td><td>417</td></tr><tr><td>A. Zarzo-Arias</td><td>256</td></tr></table>

B

<table><tr><td>Babette Muyshondt</td><td>103</td></tr><tr><td>Babita Chaudhary</td><td>237</td></tr><tr><td>Babu Ram Paudel</td><td>598</td></tr><tr><td>Badis Bensid</td><td>684</td></tr><tr><td>Báez Selene</td><td>390</td></tr><tr><td>Bailey Russel</td><td>737</td></tr><tr><td>Baker W.J.</td><td>506</td></tr><tr><td>Baldaszti, L.</td><td>458</td></tr><tr><td>Bangze Li</td><td>131</td></tr><tr><td>Baoming Qiao</td><td>441</td></tr><tr><td>Barbara A. Ambrose</td><td>179, 202-203</td></tr><tr><td>Barbara A. Whitlock</td><td>553</td></tr><tr><td>Barbara Baesso Moura</td><td>486</td></tr><tr><td>Barbara Baldan</td><td>140, 256, 607, 623, 706</td></tr><tr><td>Bárbara F. Dantas</td><td>33</td></tr><tr><td>Barbara G. Briggs</td><td>467</td></tr><tr><td>Barbara Gravendeel</td><td>133, 221</td></tr><tr><td>Barbara Keller</td><td>596</td></tr><tr><td>Barbara L. Rye</td><td>99</td></tr><tr><td>Bárbara Martínez Escrich</td><td>490</td></tr><tr><td>Barbara M. Neto-Bradley</td><td>139</td></tr><tr><td>Barbara Rye</td><td>60, 149</td></tr><tr><td>Bárbara S.S. Leal</td><td>135</td></tr><tr><td>Barbara Turner</td><td>279</td></tr><tr><td>Barbara Vinceti</td><td>263</td></tr><tr><td>Barbora Rolečková</td><td>585</td></tr><tr><td>Barbora Tomešová</td><td>718</td></tr><tr><td>Barke, Birthe Hilkka</td><td>773</td></tr><tr><td>Barnaby E. Walker</td><td>352</td></tr><tr><td>Barrett M.D.</td><td>506</td></tr><tr><td>Barrett R.L.</td><td>506</td></tr><tr><td>Bastien Boussau</td><td>177</td></tr><tr><td>Basu Dev Poudel</td><td>812</td></tr><tr><td>Batkhuu Nyam-Osor</td><td>244</td></tr><tr><td>Batlai Oyuntsetseg</td><td>752</td></tr><tr><td>Baumel Alex</td><td>551</td></tr><tr><td>Ba Vuong Truong</td><td>291</td></tr><tr><td>B. Clot</td><td>106</td></tr><tr><td>B. Crouzy</td><td>106</td></tr><tr><td>Béatrice Gervais-Bergeron</td><td>52</td></tr><tr><td>Beatriz Fernández-Marín</td><td>214, 362, 391, 769</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>Beatriz Lara</td><td>103-104</td></tr><tr><td>Beatriz Nieto Ariza</td><td>621</td></tr><tr><td>Befkadu Mewded</td><td>322</td></tr><tr><td>Begoña Quirós-de-la-Peña</td><td>718, 725</td></tr><tr><td>Bekhruz Khabibullaev</td><td>365</td></tr><tr><td>Belén Albertos</td><td>341, 421</td></tr><tr><td>Belén Estébanez</td><td>676</td></tr><tr><td>Belinda Gallardo</td><td>533</td></tr><tr><td>Bellandi, A.</td><td>351</td></tr><tr><td>Belma Kalamujić Stroil</td><td>585</td></tr><tr><td>Beltrán-Rodríguez L.A.</td><td>492</td></tr><tr><td>Benedikt G. Kuhnhäuser</td><td>352, 416</td></tr><tr><td>Benedikt Kuhnhäuser</td><td>352</td></tr><tr><td>Bengt Oxelman</td><td>650</td></tr><tr><td>Benítez-Benítez, C.</td><td>296</td></tr><tr><td>Benjamin Anderson</td><td>817</td></tr><tr><td>Benjamin Bomfleur</td><td>396</td></tr><tr><td>Benjamin Carter</td><td>356, 420</td></tr><tr><td>Benjamin Darko Williams</td><td>95</td></tr><tr><td>Benjamin Deneu</td><td>461</td></tr><tr><td>Benjamin Lazarus</td><td>46</td></tr><tr><td>Benjamin M. Anderson</td><td>99</td></tr><tr><td>Benjamin M. Torke</td><td>176</td></tr><tr><td>Benjamin S. Lazarus</td><td>702</td></tr><tr><td>Bennetzen J.</td><td>506</td></tr><tr><td>Benno Dünser</td><td>600, 786</td></tr><tr><td>Ben Nyberg</td><td>330</td></tr><tr><td>Benoit F.P. Loeuille</td><td>557</td></tr><tr><td>Benoit Loeuille</td><td>173, 557-558, 649</td></tr><tr><td>Ben Somers</td><td>321</td></tr><tr><td>Bente Klitgård</td><td>171, 208, 210, 277, 619</td></tr><tr><td>Bentje Bossert</td><td>169</td></tr><tr><td>Berit Gehrke</td><td>77</td></tr><tr><td>Bernard Goffinet</td><td>44, 218, 476</td></tr><tr><td>Bernardo Duarte</td><td>639</td></tr><tr><td>Bernard Riera</td><td>808</td></tr><tr><td>Bernd Weisshaar</td><td>437</td></tr><tr><td>Bernhard W. Dickoré</td><td>377</td></tr><tr><td>Berta Casals</td><td>331</td></tr><tr><td>Bertrand Black</td><td>663</td></tr><tr><td>Bertrand Schatz</td><td>633, 749</td></tr><tr><td>Beryl B. Simpson</td><td>47</td></tr><tr><td>Besnard G.</td><td>506</td></tr><tr><td>Besnik Rexhepi</td><td>386</td></tr><tr><td>Beth A. Kaplin</td><td>97</td></tr><tr><td>Bethany R.M. Williams</td><td>523</td></tr><tr><td>Beth Shapiro</td><td>711</td></tr><tr><td>Bette A. Loiselle</td><td>128</td></tr><tr><td>Bettine Jansen van Vuuren</td><td>116</td></tr><tr><td>Betty Millán</td><td>694</td></tr><tr><td>Beverley Glover</td><td>170</td></tr><tr><td>Beverley J. Glover</td><td>419, 480</td></tr></table>
<figure><img src="image_624.png" /></figure>

<table><tr><td>Bhumi N. Tripathi</td><td>237</td></tr><tr><td>Bianconi M.E.</td><td>506</td></tr><tr><td>Bikram Pandey</td><td>812</td></tr><tr><td>Bilal Ahmad</td><td>520</td></tr><tr><td>Bin-Bin Liu</td><td>677</td></tr><tr><td>Bing Liu</td><td>195, 764</td></tr><tr><td>Bing Yang</td><td>802</td></tr><tr><td>Bingyi Shao</td><td>712, 763, 816</td></tr><tr><td>Bin-Jie Ge</td><td>677</td></tr><tr><td>Birch J.L.</td><td>506</td></tr><tr><td>Birgit Kersten</td><td>454</td></tr><tr><td>Birthe H. Barke</td><td>177</td></tr><tr><td>Bishal Gurung</td><td>317</td></tr><tr><td>Bishnu Adhikari</td><td>378, 504</td></tr><tr><td>Björn Usadel</td><td>90</td></tr><tr><td>Björn Widén</td><td>156</td></tr><tr><td>B Kaplin</td><td>588</td></tr><tr><td>Blaine Fitzgerald</td><td>780</td></tr><tr><td>Blake D. Fauskee</td><td>662</td></tr><tr><td>Blanca Gallego-Tévar</td><td>101</td></tr><tr><td>Blanka Aguero</td><td>777</td></tr><tr><td>B Loeuille</td><td>588</td></tr><tr><td>Boas Pucker</td><td>437</td></tr><tr><td>Bocanegra-González K.T</td><td>821</td></tr><tr><td>Bodil Cronholm</td><td>799</td></tr><tr><td>Bodil Jørgensen</td><td>669</td></tr><tr><td>Bodil K. Ehlers</td><td>310</td></tr><tr><td>Bohumil Mandák</td><td>671</td></tr><tr><td>Boka Li</td><td>756</td></tr><tr><td>Bo Li</td><td>742</td></tr><tr><td>Bo Liu</td><td>207</td></tr><tr><td>Bollo-Manent M.</td><td>492</td></tr><tr><td>Bombarely A.</td><td>781</td></tr><tr><td>Bonaventure Sonké</td><td>184, 695</td></tr><tr><td>Bong M. Salazar</td><td>638</td></tr><tr><td>Boniface K. Ngarega</td><td>128</td></tr><tr><td>Bonnie L. Isaac</td><td>97</td></tr><tr><td>Bora Lee</td><td>378</td></tr><tr><td>Boris Delahaie</td><td>419</td></tr><tr><td>Boris Radak</td><td>423</td></tr><tr><td>Borja Jiménez-Alfaro</td><td>115, 253, 266-267, 497</td></tr><tr><td>Boštjan Surina</td><td>248</td></tr><tr><td>Botovao Auguste Ramiandrisoa</td><td>233</td></tr><tr><td>BouchaibKhadari</td><td>551</td></tr><tr><td>Bourgeois Y.</td><td>437</td></tr><tr><td>Bo Xu</td><td>257</td></tr><tr><td>Bozena Kolano</td><td>190</td></tr><tr><td>Božo Frajman</td><td>227, 406, 464</td></tr><tr><td>B. Petitpierre</td><td>256</td></tr><tr><td>Bradican, John P.</td><td>773</td></tr><tr><td>Bradley Myer</td><td>414</td></tr><tr><td>Brad Olson</td><td>503</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>Brad Scott</td><td>346</td></tr><tr><td>Brais Hermosilla</td><td>330</td></tr><tr><td>Brandon S. Gaut</td><td>520-521</td></tr><tr><td>Branko Dolinar</td><td>124</td></tr><tr><td>Brannan Cliver</td><td>557</td></tr><tr><td>Brayan Bustamante</td><td>497</td></tr><tr><td>Brechtje van Helden</td><td>138</td></tr><tr><td>Brenda J. Grewell</td><td>101</td></tr><tr><td>Brendan J. Lepschi</td><td>276</td></tr><tr><td>Brendan Lepschi</td><td>817</td></tr><tr><td>Brent D. Mishler</td><td>97, 195, 380, 420, 645, 665-667</td></tr><tr><td>Brett Melbourne</td><td>182</td></tr><tr><td>Brian C. Husband</td><td>445</td></tr><tr><td>Brian C. O'Meara</td><td>583</td></tr><tr><td>Brian D. Schrire</td><td>95</td></tr><tr><td>Brian du Preez</td><td>95, 277</td></tr><tr><td>Brian E. Sedio</td><td>451-452</td></tr><tr><td>Brian J. Sanderson</td><td>453</td></tr><tr><td>Brian Schrire</td><td>27</td></tr><tr><td>Brielle Canares</td><td>647</td></tr><tr><td>Brigette Williams</td><td>327</td></tr><tr><td>Briggithe Melchor-Castro</td><td>381</td></tr><tr><td>Brígida Fernández de Simón</td><td>180</td></tr><tr><td>Brigitta Erschbamer</td><td>589, 653</td></tr><tr><td>Brigitte Meyer-Berthaud</td><td>230</td></tr><tr><td>Brittany Sutherland</td><td>802</td></tr><tr><td>Brock Mashburn</td><td>403</td></tr><tr><td>Bruce A. Ford</td><td>378</td></tr><tr><td>Bruce Anderson</td><td>468, 598</td></tr><tr><td>Bruce A. Sorrie</td><td>78</td></tr><tr><td>Bruce Maslin</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>Bruce Murphy</td><td>171</td></tr><tr><td>Brummitt, N.A.</td><td>458</td></tr><tr><td>Bruno Bastos</td><td>58</td></tr><tr><td>Bruno Contreras-Moreira</td><td>300</td></tr><tr><td>Bruno Fady</td><td>281</td></tr><tr><td>Bruno Fogliani</td><td>54</td></tr><tr><td>Bruno Fonseca</td><td>639</td></tr><tr><td>Bruno Nevado</td><td>517</td></tr><tr><td>Bryan Drew</td><td>252</td></tr><tr><td>Bryan Lessard</td><td>266</td></tr><tr><td>Bryan N. MacNeill</td><td>504</td></tr><tr><td>Bryan T. Drew</td><td>333</td></tr><tr><td>Bryan T. Piatkowski</td><td>777</td></tr><tr><td>Bryce Richardson</td><td>135</td></tr><tr><td>Buntarou Kusumoto</td><td>147</td></tr><tr><td>Buot Jr., I.E.</td><td>544</td></tr><tr><td>Bye-Boettler R.A.</td><td>492</td></tr></table>
<figure><img src="image_625.png" /></figure>

C

<table><tr><td>Cai Li</td><td>430</td></tr><tr><td>Cairong Zhong</td><td>431</td></tr><tr><td>Caitlin McCann</td><td>504</td></tr><tr><td>Caitlyn Hughes</td><td>750</td></tr><tr><td>Caizapanta Guamán Leslie Mercedes</td><td>286</td></tr><tr><td>Calderisi, G.</td><td>559</td></tr><tr><td>Calmé S.</td><td>492</td></tr><tr><td>Calum Sweeney</td><td>414</td></tr><tr><td>Calvo J.</td><td>250</td></tr><tr><td>Camila Alcántara</td><td>510</td></tr><tr><td>Camila Nardy</td><td>457, 560</td></tr><tr><td>Camila Nardy Delgado</td><td>560</td></tr><tr><td>Camila Pizano</td><td>705</td></tr><tr><td>Camille Christe</td><td>81, 185</td></tr><tr><td>Camille Puginier</td><td>188</td></tr><tr><td>Camille Roux</td><td>633</td></tr><tr><td>Camilo Ferrón</td><td>312, 360, 692</td></tr><tr><td>Camilo Palacios-Hurtado</td><td>339</td></tr><tr><td>Campbell O. Webb</td><td>452</td></tr><tr><td>Campos-Domínguez L.</td><td>781</td></tr><tr><td>Cañadas, E.M.</td><td>559</td></tr><tr><td>Candela Blanco-Moreno</td><td>721</td></tr><tr><td>Cano, A.</td><td>296</td></tr><tr><td>Carey Kelting</td><td>414</td></tr><tr><td>Carina Hoorn</td><td>354, 646</td></tr><tr><td>Carla Faria</td><td>113</td></tr><tr><td>Carla J. Harper</td><td>230</td></tr><tr><td>Carla Lambertini</td><td>280, 773</td></tr><tr><td>Carla Maldonado</td><td>472, 621</td></tr><tr><td>Carla P. Bruniera</td><td>42</td></tr><tr><td>Carla Vázquez-González</td><td>311</td></tr><tr><td>Carles Cardona</td><td>180, 769</td></tr><tr><td>Carles Vilà</td><td>585</td></tr><tr><td>Carl J. Rothfels</td><td>432-433</td></tr><tr><td>Carlos A. Amasifuen Guerra</td><td>263</td></tr><tr><td>Carlos Aedo</td><td>507</td></tr><tr><td>Carlos A. Méndez</td><td>442</td></tr><tr><td>Carlos A. Méndez P.</td><td>442</td></tr><tr><td>Carlos A. Ordóñez-Parra</td><td>113</td></tr><tr><td>Carlos Caraballo</td><td>272</td></tr><tr><td>Carlos Cerrejón</td><td>455</td></tr><tr><td>Carlos D.M. Ferreira</td><td>404</td></tr><tr><td>Carlos Eced</td><td>341</td></tr><tr><td>Carlos Eduardo Batista</td><td>135</td></tr><tr><td>Carlos Ferreira</td><td>457, 560</td></tr><tr><td>Carlos García-Verdugo</td><td>116, 272</td></tr><tr><td>Carlos Gómez-Bellver</td><td>533, 627, 684, 805</td></tr><tr><td>Carlos Jaramillo</td><td>521, 647</td></tr><tr><td>Carlos Lara-Romero</td><td>448</td></tr><tr><td>Carlos Magdalena</td><td>94</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>Carlos M. Herrera</td><td>101, 223</td></tr><tr><td>Carlo Sorce</td><td>540</td></tr><tr><td>Carlos P. Carmona</td><td>50</td></tr><tr><td>Carlos Rodrigues-Vaz</td><td>36, 139, 614-615</td></tr><tr><td>Carlos Vicient</td><td>436</td></tr><tr><td>Carlos Vila-Viçosa</td><td>576, 585</td></tr><tr><td>Carl Wagner</td><td>28</td></tr><tr><td>Carme Blanco-Gavaldà</td><td>552, 723</td></tr><tr><td>Carmelo M. Musarella</td><td>365</td></tr><tr><td>Carmen Acedo</td><td>43, 730</td></tr><tr><td>Carmen Benítez Benítez</td><td>131, 133, 293, 375, 377-378, 459, 730, 781</td></tr><tr><td>Carmen Díaz-Sala</td><td>181</td></tr><tr><td>Carmen Galán</td><td>104</td></tr><tr><td>Carmen Puglisi</td><td>171</td></tr><tr><td>Carmen Regina Marcati</td><td>196</td></tr><tr><td>Carmen R. Marcati</td><td>198, 510-511</td></tr><tr><td>Carmen Ulloa Ulloa</td><td>57, 65, 199</td></tr><tr><td>Carmen Urea, M.</td><td>561</td></tr><tr><td>Carol Baskauf</td><td>374, 540</td></tr><tr><td>Carole Saliba</td><td>85</td></tr><tr><td>Carolina Bambagüe Caicedo</td><td>651</td></tr><tr><td>Carolina Castellanos</td><td>206</td></tr><tr><td>Carolina Ferreira</td><td>42</td></tr><tr><td>Carolina Granados Mendoza</td><td>466</td></tr><tr><td>Carolina M. Siniscalchi</td><td>210-211, 557, 648</td></tr><tr><td>Carolina Rodríguez-Pelayo</td><td>762</td></tr><tr><td>Carolina S. Carvalho</td><td>135</td></tr><tr><td>Carolina Siniscalchi</td><td>557</td></tr><tr><td>Carolina Torres</td><td>693</td></tr><tr><td>Carolina Tovar</td><td>393</td></tr><tr><td>Caroline E.R. Lehmann</td><td>380, 602</td></tr><tr><td>Caroline Greiser</td><td>576</td></tr><tr><td>Caroline Iacuaniello</td><td>327</td></tr><tr><td>Caroline Maake</td><td>316</td></tr><tr><td>Caroline Oliveira Andrino</td><td>466</td></tr><tr><td>Caroline Robertson</td><td>350, 597</td></tr><tr><td>Caroline Scotti-Saintagne</td><td>281</td></tr><tr><td>Caroline Souza</td><td>624</td></tr><tr><td>Caroline Weckerle</td><td>261</td></tr><tr><td>Carrie M. Tribble</td><td>407, 432</td></tr><tr><td>Carsten A. Skjøth</td><td>103</td></tr><tr><td>Carsten Meyer</td><td>171</td></tr><tr><td>Casey M. Ryan</td><td>708</td></tr><tr><td>Casper J. van der Kooi</td><td>468</td></tr><tr><td>Casper van der Kooi</td><td>691</td></tr><tr><td>Casper van Leeuwen</td><td>38-39</td></tr><tr><td>Cassandra D. V. Bradshaw</td><td>130</td></tr><tr><td>Cássia Bitencourt</td><td>27</td></tr><tr><td>Cassiano A.D. Welker</td><td>617</td></tr><tr><td>Cassiano A. D. Welker</td><td>505, 603</td></tr><tr><td>Catalán P.</td><td>506</td></tr></table>
<figure><img src="image_626.png" /></figure>

<table><tr><td>Catalina Flores-Galván</td><td>689</td></tr><tr><td>Catarina Branco</td><td>818</td></tr><tr><td>Catarina Rydin</td><td>500-501</td></tr><tr><td>Catherine A. Kidner</td><td>687</td></tr><tr><td>Catherine A. Walsh</td><td>538</td></tr><tr><td>Catherine Damerval</td><td>754</td></tr><tr><td>Catherine Finlayson</td><td>338</td></tr><tr><td>Catherine Kidner</td><td>278, 522, 594, 708</td></tr><tr><td>Catherine McGinnie</td><td>208</td></tr><tr><td>Cathy Offord</td><td>341</td></tr><tr><td>Cátia F. Freitas</td><td>274</td></tr><tr><td>CB Langa</td><td>588</td></tr><tr><td>CB Schmitt</td><td>588</td></tr><tr><td>C Carbutt</td><td>588</td></tr><tr><td>C Chapano</td><td>588</td></tr><tr><td>C.C. Hoff</td><td>817</td></tr><tr><td>C. Dana Nelson</td><td>218</td></tr><tr><td>C David</td><td>588</td></tr><tr><td>C. Dobeš</td><td>164</td></tr><tr><td>C. Donovan Bailey</td><td>240, 803</td></tr><tr><td>Cécile Ané</td><td>686</td></tr><tr><td>Cecilia Ballón Falcón</td><td>263</td></tr><tr><td>Cecilia Blundo</td><td>200, 206</td></tr><tr><td>Cecilia Brunetti</td><td>180</td></tr><tr><td>Cecilia Zumajo-Cardona</td><td>203</td></tr><tr><td>Cecílio Caldeira</td><td>135</td></tr><tr><td>Cecily Eltringham</td><td>155</td></tr><tr><td>Cédric Del Rio</td><td>402</td></tr><tr><td>Cédrique Solofondranohatra</td><td>233, 602</td></tr><tr><td>Celestine Belloeil</td><td>53</td></tr><tr><td>Celestino Quintela-Sabarís</td><td>52, 337, 571</td></tr><tr><td>Celia Antunes</td><td>103</td></tr><tr><td>Celia C. Aceae</td><td>546, 700</td></tr><tr><td>Celia M. Rodríguez-Domínguez</td><td>769</td></tr><tr><td>Celia Vaca-Benito</td><td>360</td></tr><tr><td>Celina Ben Saadi</td><td>263, 339, 620</td></tr><tr><td>Celine I. García-Rodríguez</td><td>214</td></tr><tr><td>Cen Guo</td><td>487, 615, 764</td></tr><tr><td>César A. González-Martínez</td><td>590</td></tr><tr><td>César Arvelos</td><td>702</td></tr><tr><td>César D. Salazar</td><td>94</td></tr><tr><td>César Leblanc</td><td>255, 461</td></tr><tr><td>Cesar M. Flores Ortiz</td><td>561</td></tr><tr><td>Chaaya Atri</td><td>368</td></tr><tr><td>Chang-Tse Lu</td><td>514</td></tr><tr><td>Chantelle A.T. Doyle</td><td>279</td></tr><tr><td>Chaochao Li</td><td>520</td></tr><tr><td>Chaonan Fu</td><td>548</td></tr><tr><td>Chao-Nan Fu</td><td>790</td></tr><tr><td>Chao Xu</td><td>677, 763</td></tr><tr><td>Chao Ye</td><td>816</td></tr><tr><td>Charalambos S. Christodoulou</td><td>212</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>Charan Leeratiwong</td><td>332</td></tr><tr><td>Charilaos Yiotis</td><td>770</td></tr><tr><td>Charles C. Davies</td><td>382</td></tr><tr><td>Charles C. Davis</td><td>97</td></tr><tr><td>Charles H. Stirton</td><td>95</td></tr><tr><td>Charles J. Grady</td><td>583</td></tr><tr><td>Charles Mulenga</td><td>122</td></tr><tr><td>Charles N. Horn</td><td>809</td></tr><tr><td>Charles Pouchon</td><td>81, 163</td></tr><tr><td>Charles R. Warren</td><td>486</td></tr><tr><td>Charlie Scutt</td><td>177</td></tr><tr><td>Charlotte Jones</td><td>51</td></tr><tr><td>Charlotte Lindqvist</td><td>79</td></tr><tr><td>Charlotte Mills</td><td>279</td></tr><tr><td>Charlotte Møller</td><td>704</td></tr><tr><td>Charlotte Seal</td><td>485</td></tr><tr><td>Charlotte Watteyn</td><td>111</td></tr><tr><td>Charushila M. Dalavi</td><td>386</td></tr><tr><td>Chatterjee Abhinav</td><td>489</td></tr><tr><td>Chawisa leekuakul</td><td>491</td></tr><tr><td>Chazz Jordan</td><td>328</td></tr><tr><td>Chelsea D. Specht</td><td>383, 432</td></tr><tr><td>Chelsea R. Smith</td><td>26, 97</td></tr><tr><td>Cheng Du</td><td>753</td></tr><tr><td>Cheng Jin</td><td>484</td></tr><tr><td>Cheng-Tao Lin</td><td>588</td></tr><tr><td>Cheng-Wei Chen</td><td>690</td></tr><tr><td>Cheng Zhao</td><td>765</td></tr><tr><td>Chen Ren</td><td>677</td></tr><tr><td>Chen X</td><td>437</td></tr><tr><td>Chiara Conte</td><td>372</td></tr><tr><td>Chiara Natali</td><td>818</td></tr><tr><td>Chi-Chuan Chen</td><td>222, 709</td></tr><tr><td>Chih-Chieh Yu</td><td>471</td></tr><tr><td>Chi Song</td><td>476</td></tr><tr><td>Chongbo Ma</td><td>712, 816</td></tr><tr><td>Chong Dong</td><td>483</td></tr><tr><td>Chonghuai Liu</td><td>520-521</td></tr><tr><td>Chris Blackwood</td><td>704</td></tr><tr><td>Chris Jackson</td><td>35, 59, 80</td></tr><tr><td>Christa Horn</td><td>327</td></tr><tr><td>Christelle Fraisse</td><td>633</td></tr><tr><td>Chris Thorogood</td><td>544</td></tr><tr><td>Christian A. Wehenkel</td><td>530</td></tr><tr><td>Christian Braeuchler</td><td>228</td></tr><tr><td>Christian Brochmann</td><td>325, 471, 552, 724</td></tr><tr><td>Christian da Silva</td><td>603</td></tr><tr><td>Christiane Kiefer</td><td>239-240</td></tr><tr><td>Christian Kappel</td><td>357, 597</td></tr><tr><td>Christian Kindler</td><td>623</td></tr><tr><td>Christian Körner</td><td>653</td></tr><tr><td>Christian lexer</td><td>574</td></tr></table>
<figure><img src="image_627.png" /></figure>

<table><tr><td>Christian Newsely</td><td>653</td></tr><tr><td>Christiano P. Coelho</td><td>597</td></tr><tr><td>Christian Parisod</td><td>324, 436</td></tr><tr><td>Christian Porsche</td><td>161</td></tr><tr><td>Christian Siadjeu</td><td>761</td></tr><tr><td>Christian Wirth</td><td>171</td></tr><tr><td>Christian Zidorn</td><td>227</td></tr><tr><td>Christina Hvilsom</td><td>585</td></tr><tr><td>Christina Richards</td><td>50</td></tr><tr><td>Christina Walters</td><td>114</td></tr><tr><td>Christine Davis</td><td>778</td></tr><tr><td>Christine D. Bacon</td><td>353-354</td></tr><tr><td>Christine Edwards</td><td>74, 332</td></tr><tr><td>Christine E. Edwards</td><td>327, 403</td></tr><tr><td>Christine Fürst</td><td>171</td></tr><tr><td>Christine Nolan</td><td>257</td></tr><tr><td>Christine Strullu-Derrien</td><td>231</td></tr><tr><td>Christine Tollon</td><td>551</td></tr><tr><td>Christini Fournaraki</td><td>212, 214</td></tr><tr><td>Christin P.-A.</td><td>506</td></tr><tr><td>Christophe Botella</td><td>461</td></tr><tr><td>Christophe Plomion</td><td>450</td></tr><tr><td>Christopher Baraloto</td><td>263</td></tr><tr><td>Christopher B. Blackwood</td><td>707</td></tr><tr><td>Christopher Dick</td><td>75, 710</td></tr><tr><td>Christopher D. Muir</td><td>175</td></tr><tr><td>Christopher D. Tyrrell</td><td>505</td></tr><tr><td>Christopher E. Buddenhagen</td><td>466</td></tr><tr><td>Christopher J. Williamson</td><td>186</td></tr><tr><td>Christopher Whitewoods</td><td>481</td></tr><tr><td>Christophe Thébaud</td><td>424</td></tr><tr><td>Christoph Hahn</td><td>314</td></tr><tr><td>Christoph Nehrke</td><td>162</td></tr><tr><td>Christoph Oberprieler</td><td>157, 358, 556, 584</td></tr><tr><td>Christoph Rosche</td><td>807</td></tr><tr><td>Chuangchao Zhou</td><td>430</td></tr><tr><td>Chuan Zhang</td><td>520</td></tr><tr><td>Chu-Chia Kuo</td><td>588</td></tr><tr><td>Chung-I Wu</td><td>431, 531</td></tr><tr><td>Chung K-F.</td><td>781</td></tr><tr><td>Chun-Kuei Liao</td><td>377</td></tr><tr><td>Chun-Lei Xiang</td><td>252</td></tr><tr><td>Chunlei Yang</td><td>441</td></tr><tr><td>Chun Su</td><td>511</td></tr><tr><td>Chun-Xia Zeng</td><td>487-488</td></tr><tr><td>Chun-Yan Jing</td><td>448</td></tr><tr><td>Cibele Cássia-Silva</td><td>354</td></tr><tr><td>Cindy C. P. Cosset</td><td>338</td></tr><tr><td>Cindy Q. Tang</td><td>609, 674</td></tr><tr><td>Cirera-Sancho, Alberto</td><td>331</td></tr><tr><td>C.J. Tsai</td><td>524</td></tr><tr><td>Claire Fortunel</td><td>206, 263</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>Claire Micheneau</td><td>631</td></tr><tr><td>Clara E. Pogner</td><td>103</td></tr><tr><td>Clara Espinosa del Alba</td><td>267, 785</td></tr><tr><td>Clara Groot Crego</td><td>574</td></tr><tr><td>Clara I. Bermúdez Santana</td><td>309</td></tr><tr><td>Clara Ines Ortiz-Ramirez</td><td>308</td></tr><tr><td>Clara Morales-Rozo</td><td>726</td></tr><tr><td>Clara Priemer</td><td>574</td></tr><tr><td>Clare Drinkell</td><td>226</td></tr><tr><td>Clare Muller</td><td>669</td></tr><tr><td>Clarissa Fontes</td><td>685</td></tr><tr><td>Clarisse Palma-Silva</td><td>381</td></tr><tr><td>Clark L.G.</td><td>506</td></tr><tr><td>Claudenice H. Dalastra</td><td>500</td></tr><tr><td>Claudia Baider</td><td>424</td></tr><tr><td>Claudia Büchel</td><td>281</td></tr><tr><td>Claudia Giuliani</td><td>261</td></tr><tr><td>Claudia Martin</td><td>300</td></tr><tr><td>Claudia Moreno Portillo</td><td>643, 769</td></tr><tr><td>Claudia Paetzold</td><td>177</td></tr><tr><td>Claudio A. Bracho-Estévanez</td><td>335</td></tr><tr><td>Claudio Ciofi</td><td>818</td></tr><tr><td>Claudio Inostroza-Blancheteau</td><td>629</td></tr><tr><td>Claudio Varotto</td><td>406, 540</td></tr><tr><td>Clemens Roessner</td><td>258</td></tr><tr><td>Clement Bellot</td><td>780</td></tr><tr><td>Clesnan Mendes-Rodrigues</td><td>717</td></tr><tr><td>Cliff Morden</td><td>424</td></tr><tr><td>C. Malegori</td><td>361</td></tr><tr><td>C. Matt Guilliams</td><td>142, 472</td></tr><tr><td>C.M. Siniscalchi</td><td>722</td></tr><tr><td>Coca de la Iglesia, M.</td><td>409</td></tr><tr><td>Cody C. Howard</td><td>117</td></tr><tr><td>Cogoni, D.</td><td>559</td></tr><tr><td>Coiffard</td><td>398</td></tr><tr><td>Colin Beale</td><td>665</td></tr><tr><td>Colin Clubbe</td><td>414</td></tr><tr><td>Colin E. Hughes</td><td>275, 413, 517, 803</td></tr><tr><td>Colin Hughes</td><td>208, 645</td></tr><tr><td>Colin Kelleher</td><td>289</td></tr><tr><td>Colin P. Osborne</td><td>638</td></tr><tr><td>Colin T. Kelleher</td><td>288</td></tr><tr><td>Colin Turnbull</td><td>694</td></tr><tr><td>Colleen Downs</td><td>698</td></tr><tr><td>Columbus J.T.</td><td>506</td></tr><tr><td>Conal Aitken</td><td>27</td></tr><tr><td>Concepción De Linares</td><td>104</td></tr><tr><td>Concetta M. Messina</td><td>794</td></tr><tr><td>Conchita Alonso</td><td>101, 223</td></tr><tr><td>Confais J.</td><td>437</td></tr><tr><td>Connor Watson</td><td>84</td></tr><tr><td>Conny B.A. Lange</td><td>415</td></tr></table>
<figure><img src="image_628.png" /></figure>

<table><tr><td>Consolación Barciela</td><td>131</td></tr><tr><td>Consolata Nanjala</td><td>580, 631</td></tr><tr><td>Consolata Siniscalco</td><td>570</td></tr><tr><td>Constantin I. Fomichev</td><td>291-292, 467</td></tr><tr><td>Constantin Kopper</td><td>56</td></tr><tr><td>Consuelo de Moraes</td><td>642</td></tr><tr><td>Cooper Murphy</td><td>704</td></tr><tr><td>Copetta Andrea</td><td>570</td></tr><tr><td>Cornelia Krause</td><td>563</td></tr><tr><td>Cornelia Simon-Nutbrown</td><td>416</td></tr><tr><td>Cornelius Nichodemus</td><td>141</td></tr><tr><td>Cornille, A.</td><td>437</td></tr><tr><td>Costas A. Thanos</td><td>214</td></tr><tr><td>Costas Kadis</td><td>212</td></tr><tr><td>Couderc Marie</td><td>205</td></tr><tr><td>Couturier-Stéphane R.A.</td><td>492</td></tr><tr><td>C. Pramod</td><td>38, 604</td></tr><tr><td>Craig A. Schenck</td><td>323</td></tr><tr><td>Craig I. Dent</td><td>368</td></tr><tr><td>Craig Primmer</td><td>585</td></tr><tr><td>Crayn D.M.</td><td>506</td></tr><tr><td>C. Reynolds</td><td>798</td></tr><tr><td>Crickette Sanz</td><td>265</td></tr><tr><td>Crispin Ilunga-Mulala</td><td>184</td></tr><tr><td>Cristiana Vieira</td><td>374, 576</td></tr><tr><td>Cristiano Vernesi</td><td>585</td></tr><tr><td>Cristians-Niizawa S.</td><td>492</td></tr><tr><td>Cristina Armas</td><td>240, 418</td></tr><tr><td>Cristina Branquinho</td><td>766</td></tr><tr><td>Cristina Ferrándiz</td><td>308</td></tr><tr><td>Cristina García</td><td>585</td></tr><tr><td>Cristina Gasperini</td><td>322</td></tr><tr><td>Cristina González-Montelongo</td><td>80</td></tr><tr><td>Cristina López-Gallego</td><td>206</td></tr><tr><td>Cristina Máguas</td><td>766</td></tr><tr><td>Cristina Poyatos</td><td>312, 692</td></tr><tr><td>Cristina R. Marinho</td><td>396</td></tr><tr><td>Cristina Ronquillo</td><td>254</td></tr><tr><td>Cristina Roquet</td><td>552, 723</td></tr><tr><td>Cristopher Fernández-Blas</td><td>439</td></tr><tr><td>C. Romoleroux</td><td>595</td></tr><tr><td>Csaba Tölgyesi</td><td>672</td></tr><tr><td>C Tovar</td><td>588</td></tr><tr><td>C. Tovar</td><td>587</td></tr><tr><td>Cuervo-Robayo A.P.</td><td>492</td></tr><tr><td>Cui Xiao</td><td>207</td></tr><tr><td>C. Ulloa</td><td>595</td></tr><tr><td>Cure L.</td><td>781</td></tr><tr><td>C. Valeriano</td><td>439</td></tr><tr><td>C. van Leeuwen</td><td>798</td></tr><tr><td>Cyllène Chatellier</td><td>551</td></tr><tr><td>Cynthia F. P. da Luz</td><td>210</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>Cynthia Hong-Wa</td><td>225</td></tr><tr><td>Cynthia Skema</td><td>225</td></tr><tr><td>Cynthia Sothers</td><td>284</td></tr><tr><td>Cynthia T. Fowler</td><td>150</td></tr><tr><td>Cyrille Violle</td><td>100</td></tr><tr><td>Cyril Libourel</td><td>188</td></tr><tr><td>Cyril Stevens</td><td>121</td></tr></table>

D

<table><tr><td>D.A. Espinel-Ortiz</td><td>595</td></tr><tr><td>Daiane Vahl</td><td>87</td></tr><tr><td>Daigard Ricardo Ortega-Rodríguez</td><td>122</td></tr><tr><td>Dai-Kun Ma</td><td>677</td></tr><tr><td>Dale L. Forrister</td><td>687</td></tr><tr><td>Dale Pelletier</td><td>741</td></tr><tr><td>Dalila Pasquini</td><td>180</td></tr><tr><td>Dalila Trupiano</td><td>349</td></tr><tr><td>Dan Crowley</td><td>297-298</td></tr><tr><td>Dang Toan Vu</td><td>415</td></tr><tr><td>Daniela Aros-Mualin</td><td>688, 769</td></tr><tr><td>Daniela Cevallos</td><td>820</td></tr><tr><td>Daniela Ciccarelli</td><td>336</td></tr><tr><td>Daniela Gigante</td><td>423</td></tr><tr><td>Daniela Holtgräwe</td><td>437</td></tr><tr><td>Daniela Mordacci</td><td>793</td></tr><tr><td>Daniela Scaccabarozzi</td><td>111</td></tr><tr><td>Daniel A. Zhigila</td><td>171, 466</td></tr><tr><td>Daniel Ballesteros</td><td>114, 341, 343</td></tr><tr><td>Daniel Cabrera Santos</td><td>561</td></tr><tr><td>Daniel C. Thomas</td><td>93, 460</td></tr><tr><td>Daniele Buono</td><td>209</td></tr><tr><td>Daniele Silvestro</td><td>354, 460, 594, 796</td></tr><tr><td>Daniel Gómez</td><td>672</td></tr><tr><td>Daniel Guillot Ortiz</td><td>124</td></tr><tr><td>Daniel Jiménez-García</td><td>96, 316</td></tr><tr><td>Daniel J. Murphy</td><td>59-60, 80</td></tr><tr><td>Daniel Lopez Estrada</td><td>260</td></tr><tr><td>Daniel Maurenza</td><td>457</td></tr><tr><td>Daniel Montesinos</td><td>747</td></tr><tr><td>Daniel Murphy</td><td>208</td></tr><tr><td>Daniel N. Anstett</td><td>303</td></tr><tr><td>Daniel Nickrent</td><td>817</td></tr><tr><td>Daniel Pareja-Bonilla</td><td>439</td></tr><tr><td>Daniel Potter</td><td>97</td></tr><tr><td>Daniel Reyes</td><td>272</td></tr><tr><td>Daniel Sánchez-Mata</td><td>654</td></tr><tr><td>Daniel S. Jones</td><td>557</td></tr><tr><td>Daniel Spalink</td><td>131-132, 466, 687, 730</td></tr><tr><td>Daniel Villarroel</td><td>619</td></tr><tr><td>Daniel Vitales</td><td>124, 189, 444</td></tr><tr><td>Danillo Oliveira Alvarenga</td><td>740</td></tr></table>
<figure><img src="image_629.png" /></figure>

<table><tr><td>Dan Pei</td><td>520</td></tr><tr><td>Dan-Xiao Peng</td><td>194-195, 380</td></tr><tr><td>Darcy Galiano Cabrera</td><td>263</td></tr><tr><td>Darin S. Penneys</td><td>55, 731</td></tr><tr><td>Dario Atienza-Barthelemy</td><td>20</td></tr><tr><td>Dario C. Paiva</td><td>609</td></tr><tr><td>Dario G. Melgar-Gómez</td><td>94</td></tr><tr><td>Dario I. Ojeda</td><td>517, 796</td></tr><tr><td>Dario La Montagna</td><td>133</td></tr><tr><td>Dario Salemi</td><td>794</td></tr><tr><td>Darius Phiri</td><td>122</td></tr><tr><td>Darren Crayn</td><td>208, 580</td></tr><tr><td>Darren M. Crayn</td><td>59, 80, 631</td></tr><tr><td>Darwin Tree of Life Consortium</td><td>88, 300</td></tr><tr><td>Dave Lamacraft</td><td>455</td></tr><tr><td>David A. Coomes</td><td>139</td></tr><tr><td>David Alonso</td><td>780</td></tr><tr><td>David Alors</td><td>629</td></tr><tr><td>David A. Simpson</td><td>130</td></tr><tr><td>David Bloom</td><td>370</td></tr><tr><td>David Bruy</td><td>89</td></tr><tr><td>David Criado-Ruiz</td><td>649</td></tr><tr><td>David Draper</td><td>523</td></tr><tr><td>Davide Gerna</td><td>114</td></tr><tr><td>Davide Mosanghini</td><td>653</td></tr><tr><td>David Goyder</td><td>27, 171</td></tr><tr><td>David Gutiérrez-Larruscain</td><td>175</td></tr><tr><td>David Hamon</td><td>131</td></tr><tr><td>David Harris</td><td>171, 709</td></tr><tr><td>David Hawksworth</td><td>231</td></tr><tr><td>David Horák</td><td>228</td></tr><tr><td>David Horcajada</td><td>676</td></tr><tr><td>David Iggulden</td><td>66</td></tr><tr><td>David J. Harris</td><td>265, 708</td></tr><tr><td>David J. Mabberley</td><td>736</td></tr><tr><td>David J. Middleton</td><td>79</td></tr><tr><td>David J. Weston</td><td>741</td></tr><tr><td>David Kunkel</td><td>28</td></tr><tr><td>David L. Field</td><td>102</td></tr><tr><td>David Lorence</td><td>424</td></tr><tr><td>David Medel</td><td>769</td></tr><tr><td>David Morgan</td><td>265</td></tr><tr><td>David O'Connor</td><td>103</td></tr><tr><td>David-Paul Klein</td><td>818</td></tr><tr><td>David P. Edwards</td><td>338</td></tr><tr><td>David Pizarro</td><td>312</td></tr><tr><td>David P. Padilla</td><td>274</td></tr><tr><td>David Rabehevitra</td><td>233</td></tr><tr><td>David Salazar</td><td>684</td></tr><tr><td>David Sánchez Pescador</td><td>319, 635</td></tr><tr><td>Davidse G.</td><td>506</td></tr><tr><td>David S. Gernandt</td><td>765</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>David Soba</td><td>769</td></tr><tr><td>David S. Pescador</td><td>629</td></tr><tr><td>David Šubrt</td><td>524</td></tr><tr><td>David Sunderlin</td><td>354</td></tr><tr><td>David W. Armitage</td><td>321, 413</td></tr><tr><td>Davy Ulrich Ikabanga</td><td>265</td></tr><tr><td>Dawson M. White</td><td>94</td></tr><tr><td>Dawson White</td><td>141</td></tr><tr><td>Dayana Salas-Leyva</td><td>478</td></tr><tr><td>D. Baali-Cherif</td><td>815</td></tr><tr><td>D. Blaine Marchant</td><td>178</td></tr><tr><td>D.B. Montesinos-Tubée</td><td>610</td></tr><tr><td>D. Christine Cargill</td><td>422</td></tr><tr><td>Deanna Holt-Schmitt</td><td>542</td></tr><tr><td>Debjyoti Bhattacharyya</td><td>389</td></tr><tr><td>Débora Franco</td><td>156</td></tr><tr><td>Débora Zuanny</td><td>732</td></tr><tr><td>Deden Girmansyah</td><td>93</td></tr><tr><td>Deepthi Yakandawala</td><td>73</td></tr><tr><td>Defossez E.</td><td>492</td></tr><tr><td>Deise Pereira Gonçalves</td><td>75, 710</td></tr><tr><td>Delia Fernández-González</td><td>104</td></tr><tr><td>Delphine Giraud</td><td>742</td></tr><tr><td>Delphine Tardiff</td><td>593</td></tr><tr><td>Dena L. Grossenbacher</td><td>419</td></tr><tr><td>Denilson Fernandes Peralta</td><td>457</td></tr><tr><td>Denis Bastianelli</td><td>139-140</td></tr><tr><td>Denis Vile</td><td>100</td></tr><tr><td>Dennis Brueckner</td><td>53-54, 121</td></tr><tr><td>Dennis W. Stevenson</td><td>203</td></tr><tr><td>De Nova-Vázquez J.A.</td><td>492</td></tr><tr><td>Deren A.R. Eaton</td><td>150, 169</td></tr><tr><td>Deren Eaton</td><td>469</td></tr><tr><td>Derick B. Poindexter</td><td>401</td></tr><tr><td>Desalegn Chala</td><td>724</td></tr><tr><td>Deshika Muthuthanthirige</td><td>114</td></tr><tr><td>Desika Moodley</td><td>805</td></tr><tr><td>Desmond Bradley</td><td>102</td></tr><tr><td>D.E. Soltis</td><td>722</td></tr><tr><td>D. Estevan García</td><td>309</td></tr><tr><td>Detlef Weigel</td><td>369</td></tr><tr><td>Dexiang Li</td><td>476</td></tr><tr><td>Deyi Wang</td><td>712</td></tr><tr><td>De-Yuan Hong</td><td>392</td></tr><tr><td>Dezhu Li</td><td>33, 548</td></tr><tr><td>De-Zhu Li</td><td>217, 465, 487-488, 505, 516, 615-616, 618, 764, 790</td></tr><tr><td>Diana C. Acosta-Rojas</td><td>109</td></tr><tr><td>Diana Calderón</td><td>507</td></tr><tr><td>Diana Fernández-Fernández</td><td>57</td></tr><tr><td>Diana Itzel Martínez-Lona</td><td>185</td></tr><tr><td>Diana L. A. Vasquez</td><td>471</td></tr></table>
<figure><img src="image_630.png" /></figure>

<table><tbody><tr><td>Diana María Cruz Tejada</td><td>25, 785</td></tr><tr><td>Diana Medellín-Zabala</td><td>75</td></tr><tr><td>Diana M. Percy</td><td>453</td></tr><tr><td>Diana Salles Sampaio</td><td>717</td></tr><tr><td>Dianella G. Howarth</td><td>760</td></tr><tr><td>Dianella Howarth</td><td>202, 761</td></tr><tr><td>Dian Yu</td><td>481</td></tr><tr><td>Diazgranados, Mauricio</td><td>267</td></tr><tr><td>Diederik Strubbe</td><td>820</td></tr><tr><td>Diego Bogarin</td><td>579</td></tr><tr><td>Diego Bogarín</td><td>111, 632</td></tr><tr><td>Diego E. Dávila</td><td>223</td></tr><tr><td>Diego F. Morales-Briones</td><td>36, 209</td></tr><tr><td>Diego G. Gutiérrez</td><td>522</td></tr><tr><td>Diego Gutiérrez del Pozo</td><td>286</td></tr><tr><td>Diego Herrero</td><td>376</td></tr><tr><td>Diego Morales-Briones</td><td>764</td></tr><tr><td>Diego Nieto-Lugilde</td><td>777</td></tr><tr><td>Diego S. Podadera</td><td>440</td></tr><tr><td>Dietmar Quandt</td><td>662, 778</td></tr><tr><td>Dieu-Merci Assumani</td><td>184</td></tr><tr><td>Diksha Ghambir</td><td>453</td></tr><tr><td>Dina in 't Zandt</td><td>571</td></tr><tr><td>Dina Miarinjanahary</td><td>233</td></tr><tr><td>Dinesh Thakur</td><td>571</td></tr><tr><td>Diosdado Nguema</td><td>265</td></tr><tr><td>Dipankar Borah</td><td>93</td></tr><tr><td>Dirk C. Albach</td><td>67, 79, 162, 250</td></tr><tr><td>Dirk U. Bellstedt</td><td>77</td></tr><tr><td>Dita Rahmadani</td><td>389</td></tr><tr><td>Diver Mayo</td><td>441</td></tr><tr><td>D. La Montagna</td><td>794</td></tr><tr><td>Dmitriy A. Bochkov</td><td>683</td></tr><tr><td>Dmitry A. German</td><td>240</td></tr><tr><td>Dmitry D. Sokoloff</td><td>146, 291, 467</td></tr><tr><td>Dmitry F. Lyskov</td><td>291</td></tr><tr><td>D. Muir</td><td>175, 804</td></tr><tr><td>Dnyanesh Chinte</td><td>109</td></tr><tr><td>Domingos Cardoso</td><td>176, 199, 208, 278, 515-516, 732</td></tr><tr><td>Dominic Wood</td><td>224</td></tr><tr><td>Dominik Metschina</td><td>73, 670, 744</td></tr><tr><td>Dominique Roujou</td><td>156</td></tr><tr><td>Dominique Strasberg</td><td>424</td></tr><tr><td>Donadío, S.</td><td>296</td></tr><tr><td>Donat Agosti</td><td>246</td></tr><tr><td>Donatella Magri</td><td>496, 673</td></tr><tr><td>Donatella Serio</td><td>627</td></tr><tr><td>Donat Magyar</td><td>103</td></tr><tr><td>Donato Chiatante</td><td>244</td></tr><tr><td>Dongliang Lin</td><td>712, 763, 816</td></tr><tr><td>Dongli Cui</td><td>271, 604</td></tr></tbody></table>

<table><tbody><tr><td>Don Hankins</td><td>711</td></tr><tr><td>Donna Dehn</td><td>328</td></tr><tr><td>Dora Scarpin</td><td>182, 554</td></tr><tr><td>Dorota Borowska-Wykręt</td><td>349</td></tr><tr><td>Dorota Kwiatkowska</td><td>349</td></tr><tr><td>Dörte Harpke</td><td>90, 801</td></tr><tr><td>Doudou Kong</td><td>754</td></tr><tr><td>Douglas A. Campbell</td><td>186</td></tr><tr><td>Douglas D. Souza</td><td>624</td></tr><tr><td>Douglas E. Soltis</td><td>211, 476, 583, 678, 745, 802</td></tr><tr><td>Douglas Soltis</td><td>75, 710</td></tr><tr><td>Downie M.</td><td>781</td></tr><tr><td>D. Rabern Simmons</td><td>97</td></tr><tr><td>Dragana Šnjegota</td><td>585</td></tr><tr><td>Dragana Vukov</td><td>423</td></tr><tr><td>Draper, D.</td><td>582</td></tr><tr><td>Draženko Nenadić</td><td>496</td></tr><tr><td>Dr. David Tank</td><td>737</td></tr><tr><td>Drew A. Larson</td><td>218</td></tr><tr><td>Drisya V.V.</td><td>38</td></tr><tr><td>D. Scherrer</td><td>256</td></tr><tr><td>D.T Ndinteh</td><td>385</td></tr><tr><td>Duarte A. Dias Lorenzo</td><td>105</td></tr><tr><td>Dubiel Alfonso Gonzalez</td><td>53</td></tr><tr><td>Duilio Iamonico</td><td>553</td></tr><tr><td>Dukchul Park</td><td>84</td></tr><tr><td>Duncan D. Smith</td><td>686</td></tr><tr><td>Duncan Halley</td><td>183</td></tr><tr><td>Daniel Barrios</td><td>474</td></tr><tr><td>Dunning L.</td><td>506</td></tr><tr><td>Dušan Mihailović</td><td>496</td></tr><tr><td>Dustin Wolkis</td><td>155, 783</td></tr><tr><td>Duvall M.R.</td><td>506</td></tr><tr><td>D. Worall</td><td>650</td></tr><tr><td>Dylan R. Moxley</td><td>303</td></tr></tbody></table>

E

<table><tbody><tr><td>Ebenezer B. Rodrigues</td><td>597</td></tr><tr><td>Ebru Ozdeniz</td><td>365</td></tr><tr><td>Eckhard von Raab-Straube</td><td>71</td></tr><tr><td>Ed Biffin</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>Eddy Mendoza-Galindo</td><td>185</td></tr><tr><td>Edeline Gagnon</td><td>45, 220, 380-381, 449, 517, 780</td></tr><tr><td>Eder Chilquillo</td><td>472</td></tr><tr><td>Edgardo M. Ortiz</td><td>37, 472, 475, 679</td></tr><tr><td>Edgar L.Y. Wong</td><td>502</td></tr><tr><td>Edison Rea</td><td>820</td></tr><tr><td>Eduard López-Guillén</td><td>684</td></tr><tr><td>Eduardo Amorim</td><td>560</td></tr><tr><td>Eduardo Fernandez</td><td>457, 560</td></tr></tbody></table>
<figure><img src="image_631.png" /></figure>

<table><tbody><tr><td>Eduardo Fernández Pascual</td><td>25, 115, 267, 497, 785</td></tr><tr><td>Eduardo Narbona</td><td>240, 356, 418, 532, 535, 642, 692</td></tr><tr><td>Eduardo Rodríguez-Guzmán</td><td>800</td></tr><tr><td>Eduardo Ruiz-Sánchez</td><td>551</td></tr><tr><td>Eduardo Ruiz Sánchez</td><td>43</td></tr><tr><td>Eduardo T. Amorim</td><td>457</td></tr><tr><td>Eduardo Torres-Flores</td><td>590</td></tr><tr><td>Edurne Baroja-Fernández</td><td>706</td></tr><tr><td>Edward Gilbert</td><td>97</td></tr><tr><td>Edward L. Stanley</td><td>553</td></tr><tr><td>Efisio Mattana</td><td>25, 342, 485, 561</td></tr><tr><td>Efraín Cruz Marín</td><td>528</td></tr><tr><td>Eftychios Frangedakis</td><td>201</td></tr><tr><td>E.G.H. Oliver</td><td>77</td></tr><tr><td>E.G. Wesely</td><td>491</td></tr><tr><td>Ehoarn Bidault</td><td>265</td></tr><tr><td>Eike Luedeling</td><td>154</td></tr><tr><td>Eike Mayland-Quellhorst</td><td>162</td></tr><tr><td>Eilish McMaster</td><td>34</td></tr><tr><td>Eimear Nic Lughadha</td><td>27, 87, 352, 565-566</td></tr><tr><td>Eita Shimokawa</td><td>525</td></tr><tr><td>Ekaterina L. Kotina</td><td>197</td></tr><tr><td>E.K. López-Estrada</td><td>720</td></tr><tr><td>Eladio Fernandez</td><td>353</td></tr><tr><td>Elaine Françoso</td><td>216, 649</td></tr><tr><td>Eldis R. Bécquer</td><td>612, 731</td></tr><tr><td>Elena Barni</td><td>589, 653</td></tr><tr><td>Elena Bužan</td><td>585</td></tr><tr><td>Elena Carrió González</td><td>635</td></tr><tr><td>Elena Castillo-Lorenzo</td><td>326, 561</td></tr><tr><td>Elena Conti</td><td>596</td></tr><tr><td>Elena Corredoira</td><td>342</td></tr><tr><td>Elena Gottardini</td><td>318</td></tr><tr><td>Elena Granda</td><td>439</td></tr><tr><td>Elena Marra</td><td>486</td></tr><tr><td>Elena M. Kramer</td><td>97, 382, 755</td></tr><tr><td>Elena Paoletti</td><td>486</td></tr><tr><td>Elena Ruiz</td><td>421</td></tr><tr><td>Elena Torres</td><td>448</td></tr><tr><td>Eleni Christoforou</td><td>372</td></tr><tr><td>Eleni Syngelaki</td><td>177</td></tr><tr><td>Eleonora Manzo</td><td>697</td></tr><tr><td>Eliana Álvarez-Valdez</td><td>170</td></tr><tr><td>Eliana Noguera-Savelli</td><td>200</td></tr><tr><td>Eli Graber</td><td>704</td></tr><tr><td>Eli Hartung</td><td>503</td></tr><tr><td>Elinor Breman</td><td>326</td></tr><tr><td>Elisabete Dias</td><td>227</td></tr><tr><td>Elisabetta Offer</td><td>256</td></tr><tr><td>Elisabetta Sgarbi</td><td>793</td></tr></tbody></table>

<table><tbody><tr><td>Elisa Bona</td><td>570</td></tr><tr><td>Elisa Carrari</td><td>322</td></tr><tr><td>Elisa Gamalero</td><td>570</td></tr><tr><td>Elisa Pellegrini</td><td>804</td></tr><tr><td>Elisa Peresbarbosa Rojas</td><td>561</td></tr><tr><td>Elisa Petrussa</td><td>182, 554</td></tr><tr><td>Elisa Román</td><td>396</td></tr><tr><td>Elisa Rondoni</td><td>133</td></tr><tr><td>Elisa Toini</td><td>21</td></tr><tr><td>Eliška Záveská</td><td>269, 718, 724-725</td></tr><tr><td>Elissa S. Sorojsrisom</td><td>179</td></tr><tr><td>Elizabeth A. Kellogg</td><td>17, 505</td></tr><tr><td>Elizabeth A. Zimmer</td><td>306</td></tr><tr><td>Elizabeth Bell</td><td>561</td></tr><tr><td>Elizabeth G. Clark</td><td>592</td></tr><tr><td>Elizabeth M. Joyce</td><td>42, 148</td></tr><tr><td>Elizabeth Zimmer</td><td>193, 519</td></tr><tr><td>Elke Zippel</td><td>32</td></tr><tr><td>Ellana Boada</td><td>569</td></tr><tr><td>Ellen Heimpel</td><td>265</td></tr><tr><td>Ellie Graves</td><td>226</td></tr><tr><td>Elliot Gardner</td><td>714-715</td></tr><tr><td>Elliot M. Gardner</td><td>714</td></tr><tr><td>Elodie Baby</td><td>140</td></tr><tr><td>Eloisa Lasso</td><td>320</td></tr><tr><td>Eloísa Pajuelo</td><td>639</td></tr><tr><td>Elsa Góngora</td><td>759</td></tr><tr><td>Else Demeulenaere</td><td>152, 568</td></tr><tr><td>Else Marie Friis</td><td>656</td></tr><tr><td>Else Ø. Andersen</td><td>415</td></tr><tr><td>E Lulekal</td><td>588</td></tr><tr><td>Elvira Hörandl</td><td>70, 177, 452, 718</td></tr><tr><td>Elvis Valderrama Sandoval</td><td>263</td></tr><tr><td>Elycia J. Wallis</td><td>372</td></tr><tr><td>Elycia Wallis</td><td>370</td></tr><tr><td>Elza Guimarães</td><td>395</td></tr><tr><td>Elżbieta Cieślak</td><td>608</td></tr><tr><td>Emanuel A. Cataño</td><td>779</td></tr><tr><td>Emanuel Scherdien</td><td>87</td></tr><tr><td>Emerson R. Pansarin</td><td>395</td></tr><tr><td>Emil Cienciala</td><td>652</td></tr><tr><td>Emiliano Mora Carrera</td><td>596</td></tr><tr><td>Emily A. Humphreys</td><td>225</td></tr><tr><td>Emily B. Bruns</td><td>560</td></tr><tr><td>Emily Beckman Bruns</td><td>205</td></tr><tr><td>Emily B. Sessa</td><td>34, 117, 128</td></tr><tr><td>Emily Coffey</td><td>184, 297-298</td></tr><tr><td>Emily E. E. D. Coffey</td><td>328</td></tr><tr><td>Emily Haley</td><td>251</td></tr><tr><td>Emily Moriarty Lemmon</td><td>512</td></tr><tr><td>Emily Sessa</td><td>778</td></tr><tr><td>Emily Veltjen</td><td>613, 820</td></tr></tbody></table>