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Hu, T., Singer, B. C., and Logue, J. M.: Compilation of Published PM<sub>2.5</sub> Emission Rates for Cooking, Candles and Incense for Use in Modeling of Exposures in Residences, Tech. report, United States. Dept. of Energy. Office of Science, Washington, D.C., 29 pp., https://doi.org/10.2172/1172959, 2012.

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Huang, G., Brook, R., Crippa, M., Janssens-Maenhout, G., Schieberle, C., Dore, C., Guizzardi, D., Muntean, M., Schaaf, E., and Friedrich, R.: Speciation of anthropogenic emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds: a global gridded data set for 1970–2012, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 7683–7701, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-7683-2017, 2017.

Huang, M., Gao, Z., Miao, S., and Chen, F.: Sensitivity of urban boundary layer simulation to urban canopy models and PBL schemes in Beijing, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 131, 1235–1248, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-018-0634-1, 2019.

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Im, U., Bianconi, R., Solazzo, E., Kioutsioukis, I., Badia, A., Balzarini, A., Baró, R., Bellasio, R., Brunner, D., Chemel, C., Curci, G., Flemming, J., Forkel, R., Giordano, L., Jiménez-Guerrero, P., Hirtl, M., Hodzic, A., Honzak, L., Jorba, O., Knote, C., Kuenen, J. J. P., Makar, P. A., Manders-Groot, A., Neal, L., Pérez, J. L., Pirovano, G., Pouliot, G., San Jose, R., Savage, N., Schroder, W., Sokhi, R. S., Syrakov, D., Torian, A., Tuccella, P., Werhahn, J., Wolke, R., Yahya, K., Zabkar, R., Zhang, Y., Zhang, J., Hogrefe, C., and Galmarini, S.: Evaluation of operational online-coupled regional air quality models over Europe and North America in the context of AQMEII phase 2, Part I: Ozone, Atmos. Environ., 115, 404–420, 2015b.

Im, U., Brandt, J., Geels, C., Hansen, K. M., Christensen, J. H., Andersen, M. S., Solazzo, E., Kioutsioukis, I., Alyuz, U., Balzarini, A., Baro, R., Bellasio, R., Bianconi, R., Bieser, J., Colette, A., Curci, G., Farrow, A., Flemming, J., Fraser, A., Jimenez-Guerrero, P., Kitwiroon, N., Liang, C.-K., Nopmongkol, U., Pirovano, G., Pozzoli, L., Prank, M., Rose, R., Sokhi, R., Tuccella, P., Unal, A., Vivanco, M. G., West, J., Yarwood, G., Hogrefe, C., and Galmarini, S.: Assessment and economic valuation of air pollution impacts on human health over Europe and the United States as calculated by a multi-model ensemble in the framework of AQMEII, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 5967–5989, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-5967-2018, 2018.

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Hu, J., Li, X., Huang, L., Ying, Q., Zhang, Q., Zhao, B., Wang, S., and Zhang, H.: Ensemble prediction of air quality using the WR-F/CMAQ model system for health effect studies in China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 13103–13118, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-13103-2017, 2017.

Hu, T., Singer, B. C., and Logue, J. M.: Compilation of Published PM<sub>2.5</sub> Emission Rates for Cooking, Candles and Incense for Use in Modeling of Exposures in Residences, Tech. report, United States. Dept. of Energy. Office of Science, Washington, D.C., 29 pp., https://doi.org/10.2172/1172959, 2012.

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Huang, G., Brook, R., Crippa, M., Janssens-Maenhout, G., Schieberle, C., Dore, C., Guizzardi, D., Muntean, M., Schaaf, E., and Friedrich, R.: Speciation of anthropogenic emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds: a global gridded data set for 1970–2012, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 7683–7701, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-7683-2017, 2017.

Huang, M., Gao, Z., Miao, S., and Chen, F.: Sensitivity of urban boundary layer simulation to urban canopy models and PBL schemes in Beijing, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 131, 1235–1248, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-018-0634-1, 2019.

Huszár, P., Belda, M., Karlický, J., Pišoft, P., and Halenka, T.: The regional impact of urban emissions on climate over central Europe: present and future emission perspectives, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 12993–13013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12993-2016, 2016.

Huszár, P., Belda, M., Karlický, J., Bardachova, T., Halenka, T., and Pišoft, P.: Impact of urban canopy meteorological forcing on aerosol concentrations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 14059–14078, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-14059-2018, 2018.

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Im, U., Bianconi, R., Solazzo, E., Kioutsioukis, I., Badia, A., Balzarini, A., Baró, R., Bellasio, R., Brunner, D., Chemel, C., Curci, G., Flemming, J., Forkel, R., Giordano, L., Jiménez-Guerrero, P., Hirtl, M., Hodzic, A., Honzak, L., Jorba, O., Knote, C., Kuenen, J. J. P., Makar, P. A., Manders-Groot, A., Neal, L., Pérez, J. L., Pirovano, G., Pouliot, G., San Jose, R., Savage, N., Schroder, W., Sokhi, R. S., Syrakov, D., Torian, A., Tuccella, P., Werhahn, J., Wolke, R., Yahya, K., Zabkar, R., Zhang, Y., Zhang, J., Hogrefe, C., and Galmarini, S.: Evaluation of operational online-coupled regional air quality models over Europe and North America in the context of AQMEII phase 2, Part I: Ozone, Atmos. Environ., 115, 404–420, 2015b.

Im, U., Brandt, J., Geels, C., Hansen, K. M., Christensen, J. H., Andersen, M. S., Solazzo, E., Kioutsioukis, I., Alyuz, U., Balzarini, A., Baro, R., Bellasio, R., Bianconi, R., Bieser, J., Colette, A., Curci, G., Farrow, A., Flemming, J., Fraser, A., Jimenez-Guerrero, P., Kitwiroon, N., Liang, C.-K., Nopmongkol, U., Pirovano, G., Pozzoli, L., Prank, M., Rose, R., Sokhi, R., Tuccella, P., Unal, A., Vivanco, M. G., West, J., Yarwood, G., Hogrefe, C., and Galmarini, S.: Assessment and economic valuation of air pollution impacts on human health over Europe and the United States as calculated by a multi-model ensemble in the framework of AQMEII, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 5967–5989, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-5967-2018, 2018.

Im, U., Christensen, J. H., Nielsen, O.-K., Sand, M., Makkonen, R., Geels, C., Anderson, C., Kukkonen, J., Lopez-Aparicio, S., and Brandt, J.: Contributions of Nordic anthropogenic emissions on air pollution and premature mortality over the Nordic region and the Arctic, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 12975–12992, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-12975-2019, 2019.

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Jalkanen, J.-P., Johansson, L., Kukkonen, J., Brink, A., Kalli, J., and Stipa, T.: Extension of an assessment model of ship traffic exhaust emissions for particulate matter and carbon monoxide, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 2641–2659, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-2641-2012, 2012.

Jalkanen, J.-P., Johansson, L., and Kukkonen, J.: A comprehensive inventory of ship traffic exhaust emissions in the European sea areas in 2011, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 71–84, 2016.

Jeanjean, A. P. R., Buccolieri, R., Eddy, J., Monks, P. S., and Leigh, R. J.: Air quality affected by trees in real street canyons: The case of Marylebone neighbourhood in central London, Urban For. Urban Gree., 22, 41–53, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2017.01.009, 2017.

Jensen, S. S., Ketzel, M., Becker, T., Christensen, J., Brandt, J., Ple-
jdrup, M., Winther, M., Nielsen, O. K., Hertel, O., and Eller-
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Jesus, A. L. d., Rahman, M. M., Mazaheri, M., Thompson,
H., Knibbs, L. D., Jeong, C., Evans, G., Nei, W., Ding, A.,
Qiao, L., Li, L., Portin, H., Niemi, J. V., Timonen, H., Lu-
oma, K., Petäjä, T., Kulmala, M., Kowalski, M., Peters, A.,
Cyrys, J., Ferrero, L., Manigrasso, M., Avino, P., Buonano,
G., Reche, C., Querol, X., Beddows, D., Harrison, R. M.,
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ticles and PM<sub>2.5</sub> in the air of cities around the world: Are

they representative of each other?, Environ. Int., 129, 118–135,
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Johansson, L., Jalkanen, J.-P., Kalli, J., and Kukkonen, J.: The evo-
lution of shipping emissions and the costs of regulation changes
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Johansson, L., Epitropou, V., Karatzas, K., Karppinen, A., Wan-
ner, L., Vrochidis, S., Bassoukos, A., Kukkonen, J., and Kompat-
siaris, I.: Fusion of meteorological and air quality data extracted
from the web for personalized environmental information ser-
vices, Environmental Modelling & Software 64, 143-155, 2015.

Johansson, L., Jalkanen, J.-P., and Kukkonen, J.: Global assessment of shipping emissions in 2015 on a high spatial and temporal resolution., Atmos. Environ., 167, 403–415, 2017.

Jones, L., Vieno, M., Fitch, A., Carnell, E., Steadman, C., Cryle, P., Holland, M., Nemitz, E., Morton, D., Hall, J., Mills, G., Dickie, I., and Reis, S.: Urban natural capital accounts: developing a novel approach to quantify air pollution removal by vegetation, Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy, 8, 413–428, https://doi.org/10.1080/21606544.2019.1597772, 2019.

Jonson, J. E., Jalkanen, J. P., Johansson, L., Gauss, M., and De-
nier van der Gon, H. A. C.: Model calculations of the effects of
present and future emissions of air pollutants from shipping in
the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 783–
798, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-783-2015, 2015.

Just, A. C., Arfer, K. B., Rush, J., Dorman, M., Shtein, A., Lyapustin, A., and Kloog, I.: Advancing methodologies for applying machine learning and evaluating spatiotemporal models of fine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) using satellite data over large regions, Atmos. Environ., 239, 117649, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117649, 2020.

Kalisa, E., Archer, S., Nagato, E., Bizuru, E., Lee, K., Tang, N., Pointing, S., Hayakawa, K., and Lacap-Bugler, D.: Chemical and Biological Components of Urban Aerosols in Africa: Current Status and Knowledge Gaps, Int. J. Env. Res. Pub. He., 16, 941, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16060941, 2019.

Karagulian, F., Barbiere, M., Kotsev, A., Spinelle, L., Ger-
boles, M., Lagler, F., Redon, N., Crunaire, S., and
Borowiak, A.: Review of the Performance of Low-Cost
Sensors for Air Quality Monitoring, Atmosphere, 10, 506,
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Karakitsios, S., Busker, R., Tjärnhage, T., Armand, P., Dybwad, M., Nielsen, M. F., Burman, J., Burke, J., Brinek, J., Bartzis, J., Maggos, T., Theocharidou, M., Gattinesi, P., Giannopoulos, G., and Sarigiannis, D.: Challenges on detection, identification and monitoring of indoor airborne chemical-biological agents, Safety Sci., 129, 104789, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2020.104789, 2020.

Karl, M., Jonson, J. E., Uppstu, A., Aulinger, A., Prank, M., Sofiev, M., Jalkanen, J.-P., Johansson, L., Quante, M., and Matthias, V.: Effects of ship emissions on air quality in the Baltic Sea region simulated with three different chemistry transport models, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 7019–7053, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-7019-2019, 2019a.

Karl, M., Walker, S.-E., Solberg, S., and Ramacher, M. O. P.: The Eulerian urban dispersion model EPISODE – Part 2: Extensions to the source dispersion and photochemistry for EPISODE–CityChem v1.2 and its application to
the city of Hamburg, Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 3357–3399, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-3357-2019, 2019b.

Karl, M., Bieser, J., Geyer, B., Matthias, V., Jalkanen, J.-P., Johanson, L., and Fridell, E.: Impact of a nitrogen emission control area (NECA) on the future air quality and nitrogen deposition to seawater in the Baltic Sea region, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 1721–1752, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1721-2019, 2019c

Karl, M., Pirjola, L., Karppinen, A., Jalkanen, J.-P., Ramacher, M. O. P., and Kukkonen, J.: Modeling of the Concentrations of Ultrafine Particles in the Plumes of Ships in the Vicinity of Major Harbors, Int. J. Env. Res. Pub. He., 17, 777, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030777, 2020.

Karttunen, S., Kurppa, M., Auvinen, M., Hellsten, A., and Järvi, L.: Large-eddy simulation of the optimal street-tree layout for pedestrian-level aerosol particle concentrations – A case study from a city-boulevard, Atmos. Environ. X, 6, 100073, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeaoa.2020.100073, 2020.

Katsouyanni, K., Samet, J. M., Anderson, H. R., Atkinson, R., Le Tertre, A., Medina, S., Samoli, E., Touloumi, G., Burnett, R. T., Krewski, D., Ramsay, T., Dominici, F., Peng, R. D., Schwartz, J., and Zanobetti, A.: Air pollution and health: a European and North American approach (APHENA), Research report (Health Effects Institute), 5–90, 2009.

Keiser, D. and Muller, A.: Air and Water: Integrated Assessment Models for Multiple Media, Annu. Rev. Resour. Econ., 9, 165–184, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-100516-053501, 2017.

Kermenidou, M., Hondrogiorgis, C., Karakitsios, S., and Sarigianakis, D.: Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in aerosols and study of their effect in human health: a comparison between the warm and the cold season of the year, in: Proceedings of 12th International Conference on Air Quality, Science and Application, edited by: Moussiopoulos, N., Sokhi, R. S., Tsegas, G., Fragkou, E., Chourdakis, E., and Pipilis, I., Hatfield, UK, p. 19, https://doi.org/10.18745/pb.22217, 2020.

Ketzel, M., Frohn, L. M., Christensen, J. H., Brandt, J., Massling, A., Andersen, C., Im, U., Jensen, S. S., Khan, J., Nielsen, O.-K., Plejdrup, M. S., Manders, A., van der Gon, H. D., Kumar, P., and Raaschou-Nielsen, O.: Modelling ultrafine particle number concentrations at address resolution in Denmark from 1979 to 2018 – Part 2: Local and street scale modelling and evaluation, Atmos. Environ., 264, 118633, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118633, 2021.

Khan, A., Plana-Ripoll, O., Antonsen, S., Brandt, J., Geels, C., Landecker, H., Sullivan, P. F., Pedersen, C. B., and Rzhetsky, A.: Environmental pollution is associated with increased risk of psychiatric disorders in the US and Denmark, PLOS Biol., 17, e3000353, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000353, 2019a.

Khan, J., Kakosimos, K., Raaschou-Nielsen, O., Brandt, J., Jensen, S. S., Ellermann, T., and Ketzel, M.: Development and performance evaluation of new AirGIS – A GIS based air pollution and human exposure modelling system, Atmos. Environ., 198, 102–121, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.10.036, 2019b.

Khan, B., Banzhaf, S., Chan, E. C., Forkel, R., Kanani-Sühring, F., Ketelsen, K., Kurppa, M., Maronga, B., Mauder, M., Raasch, S., Russo, E., Schaap, M., and Sühring, M.: Development of an atmospheric chemistry model coupled to the PALM model system 6.0: implementation and first applications, Geosci.

Model Dev., 14, 1171–1193, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1171-2021, 2021.

Kim, J., Jeong, U., Ahn, M.-H., Kim, J. H., Park, R. J., Lee, H., Song, C. H., Choi, Y.-S., Lee, K.-H., Yoo, J.-M., Jeong, M.-J., Park, S. K., Lee, K.-M., Song, C.-K., Kim, S.-W., Kim, Y. J., Kim, S.-W., Kim, M., Go, S., Liu, X., Chance, K., Chan Miller, C., Al-Saadi, J., Vehikelmann, B., Bhartia, P. K., Torres, O., Abad, G. G., Haffner, D. P., Ko, D. H., Lee, S. H., Woo, J.-H., Chong, H., Park, S. S., Nicks, D., Choi, W. J., Moon, K.-J., Cho, A., Yoon, J., Kim, S.-k., Hong, H., Lee, K., Lee, H., Lee, S., Choi, M., Veefkind, P., Levelt, P. F., Edwards, D. P., Kang, M., Eo, M., Bak, J., Baek, K., Kwon, H.-A., Yang, J., Park, J., Han, K. M., Kim, B.-R., Shin, H.-W., Choi, H., Lee, E., Chong, J., Cha, Y., Koo, J.-H., Irie, H., Hayashida, S., Kasai, Y., Kanaya, Y., Liu, C., Lin, J., Crawford, J. H., Carmichael, G. R., Newchurch, M. J., Lefer, B. L., Herman, J. R., Swap, R. J., Lau, A. K. H., Kurosu, T. P., Jaross, G., Ahlers, B., Dobber, M., McElroy, C. T., and Choi, Y.: New Era of Air Quality Monitoring from Space: Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer (GEMS), B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 101, E1–E22, https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-18-0013.1, 2020.

Kim, Y., Wu, Y., Seigneur, C., and Roustan, Y.: Multi-scale modeling of urban air pollution: development and application of a Street-in-Grid model (v1.0) by coupling MUNICH (v1.0) and Polair3D (v1.8.1), Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 611–629, 2018.

Kioutsioukis, I., Im, U., Solazzo, E., Bianconi, R., Badia, A., Balzarini, A., Baró, R., Bellasio, R., Brunner, D., Chemel, C., Curci, G., van der Gon, H. D., Flemming, J., Forkel, R., Giordano, L., Jiménez-Guerrero, P., Hirtl, M., Jorba, O., Manders-Groot, A., Neal, L., Pérez, J. L., Pirovano, G., San Jose, R., Savage, N., Schroder, W., Sokhi, R. S., Syrakov, D., Tuccella, P., Werhahn, J., Wolke, R., Hogrefe, C., and Galmarini, S.: Insights into the deterministic skill of air quality ensembles from the analysis of AQMEII data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 15629–15652, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-15629-2016, 2016.

Klein, T., Kukkonen, J., Dahl, A., Bossioli, E., Baklanov, A., Vik, A. F., Agnew, P., Karatzas, K. D., and Sofiev, M.: Interactions of physical, chemical, and biological weather calling for an integrated approach to assessment, forecasting, and communication of air quality, Ambio, 41, 851–864, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-012-0288-z, 2012.

Klimont, Z.: Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollution Interactions and Synergies (GAINS), IIASA, https://iiasa.ac.at/models-and-data/greenhouse-gas-and-air-pollution-interactions-and-synergies (last access 25 February 2022), 2021.

Kong, X., Forkel, R., Sokhi, R. S., Suppan, P., Baklanov, A., Gauss, M., Brunner, D., Baro, R., Balzarini, A., Chemel, C., Curci, G., Jimenez-Guerrero, P., Hirtl, M., Honzak, L., Im, U., Perez, J. L., Pirovano, G., San Jose, R., Schlünzen, K. H., Tsegas, G., Tuccella, P., Werhahn, J., Zabkar, R., and Galmarini, S.: Analysis of meteorology-chemistry interactions during air pollution episodes using online coupled models within AQMEII phase-2, Atmos. Environ., 115, 527–540, 2015.

Korkmaz, P., Cunha Montenegro, R., Schmid, D., Blesl, M., and Fahl, U.: On the Way to a Sustainable European Energy System: Setting Up an Integrated Assessment Toolbox with TIMES PanEU as the Key Component, Energies, 13, 707, https://doi.org/10.3390/en13030707, 2020.
the city of Hamburg, Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 3357–3399, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-3357-2019, 2019b.

Karl, M., Bieser, J., Geyer, B., Matthias, V., Jalkanen, J.-P., Johanson, L., and Fridell, E.: Impact of a nitrogen emission control area (NECA) on the future air quality and nitrogen deposition to seawater in the Baltic Sea region, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 1721–1752, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1721-2019, 2019c

Karl, M., Pirjola, L., Karppinen, A., Jalkanen, J.-P., Ramacher, M. O. P., and Kukkonen, J.: Modeling of the Concentrations of Ultrafine Particles in the Plumes of Ships in the Vicinity of Major Harbors, Int. J. Env. Res. Pub. He., 17, 777, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030777, 2020.

Karttunen, S., Kurppa, M., Auvinen, M., Hellsten, A., and Järvi, L.: Large-eddy simulation of the optimal street-tree layout for pedestrian-level aerosol particle concentrations – A case study from a city-boulevard, Atmos. Environ. X, 6, 100073, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeaoa.2020.100073, 2020.

Katsouyanni, K., Samet, J. M., Anderson, H. R., Atkinson, R., Le Tertre, A., Medina, S., Samoli, E., Touloumi, G., Burnett, R. T., Krewski, D., Ramsay, T., Dominici, F., Peng, R. D., Schwartz, J., and Zanobetti, A.: Air pollution and health: a European and North American approach (APHENA), Research report (Health Effects Institute), 5–90, 2009.

Keiser, D. and Muller, A.: Air and Water: Integrated Assessment Models for Multiple Media, Annu. Rev. Resour. Econ., 9, 165–184, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-100516-053501, 2017.

Kermenidou, M., Hondrogiorgis, C., Karakitsios, S., and Sarigianakis, D.: Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in aerosols and study of their effect in human health: a comparison between the warm and the cold season of the year, in: Proceedings of 12th International Conference on Air Quality, Science and Application, edited by: Moussiopoulos, N., Sokhi, R. S., Tsegas, G., Fragkou, E., Chourdakis, E., and Pipilis, I., Hatfield, UK, p. 19, https://doi.org/10.18745/pb.22217, 2020.

Ketzel, M., Frohn, L. M., Christensen, J. H., Brandt, J., Massling, A., Andersen, C., Im, U., Jensen, S. S., Khan, J., Nielsen, O.-K., Plejdrup, M. S., Manders, A., van der Gon, H. D., Kumar, P., and Raaschou-Nielsen, O.: Modelling ultrafine particle number concentrations at address resolution in Denmark from 1979 to 2018 – Part 2: Local and street scale modelling and evaluation, Atmos. Environ., 264, 118633, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118633, 2021.

Khan, A., Plana-Ripoll, O., Antonsen, S., Brandt, J., Geels, C., Landecker, H., Sullivan, P. F., Pedersen, C. B., and Rzhetsky, A.: Environmental pollution is associated with increased risk of psychiatric disorders in the US and Denmark, PLOS Biol., 17, e3000353, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000353, 2019a.

Khan, J., Kakosimos, K., Raaschou-Nielsen, O., Brandt, J., Jensen, S. S., Ellermann, T., and Ketzel, M.: Development and performance evaluation of new AirGIS – A GIS based air pollution and human exposure modelling system, Atmos. Environ., 198, 102–121, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.10.036, 2019b.

Khan, B., Banzhaf, S., Chan, E. C., Forkel, R., Kanani-Sühring, F., Ketelsen, K., Kurppa, M., Maronga, B., Mauder, M., Raasch, S., Russo, E., Schaap, M., and Sühring, M.: Development of an atmospheric chemistry model coupled to the PALM model system 6.0: implementation and first applications, Geosci.

Model Dev., 14, 1171–1193, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1171-2021, 2021.

Kim, J., Jeong, U., Ahn, M.-H., Kim, J. H., Park, R. J., Lee, H., Song, C. H., Choi, Y.-S., Lee, K.-H., Yoo, J.-M., Jeong, M.-J., Park, S. K., Lee, K.-M., Song, C.-K., Kim, S.-W., Kim, Y. J., Kim, S.-W., Kim, M., Go, S., Liu, X., Chance, K., Chan Miller, C., Al-Saadi, J., Vehikelmann, B., Bhartia, P. K., Torres, O., Abad, G. G., Haffner, D. P., Ko, D. H., Lee, S. H., Woo, J.-H., Chong, H., Park, S. S., Nicks, D., Choi, W. J., Moon, K.-J., Cho, A., Yoon, J., Kim, S.-k., Hong, H., Lee, K., Lee, H., Lee, S., Choi, M., Veefkind, P., Levelt, P. F., Edwards, D. P., Kang, M., Eo, M., Bak, J., Baek, K., Kwon, H.-A., Yang, J., Park, J., Han, K. M., Kim, B.-R., Shin, H.-W., Choi, H., Lee, E., Chong, J., Cha, Y., Koo, J.-H., Irie, H., Hayashida, S., Kasai, Y., Kanaya, Y., Liu, C., Lin, J., Crawford, J. H., Carmichael, G. R., Newchurch, M. J., Lefer, B. L., Herman, J. R., Swap, R. J., Lau, A. K. H., Kurosu, T. P., Jaross, G., Ahlers, B., Dobber, M., McElroy, C. T., and Choi, Y.: New Era of Air Quality Monitoring from Space: Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer (GEMS), B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 101, E1–E22, https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-18-0013.1, 2020.

Kim, Y., Wu, Y., Seigneur, C., and Roustan, Y.: Multi-scale modeling of urban air pollution: development and application of a Street-in-Grid model (v1.0) by coupling MUNICH (v1.0) and Polair3D (v1.8.1), Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 611–629, 2018.

Kioutsioukis, I., Im, U., Solazzo, E., Bianconi, R., Badia, A., Balzarini, A., Baró, R., Bellasio, R., Brunner, D., Chemel, C., Curci, G., van der Gon, H. D., Flemming, J., Forkel, R., Giordano, L., Jiménez-Guerrero, P., Hirtl, M., Jorba, O., Manders-Groot, A., Neal, L., Pérez, J. L., Pirovano, G., San Jose, R., Savage, N., Schroder, W., Sokhi, R. S., Syrakov, D., Tuccella, P., Werhahn, J., Wolke, R., Hogrefe, C., and Galmarini, S.: Insights into the deterministic skill of air quality ensembles from the analysis of AQMEII data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 15629–15652, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-15629-2016, 2016.

Klein, T., Kukkonen, J., Dahl, A., Bossioli, E., Baklanov, A., Vik, A. F., Agnew, P., Karatzas, K. D., and Sofiev, M.: Interactions of physical, chemical, and biological weather calling for an integrated approach to assessment, forecasting, and communication of air quality, Ambio, 41, 851–864, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-012-0288-z, 2012.

Klimont, Z.: Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollution Interactions and Synergies (GAINS), IIASA, https://iiasa.ac.at/models-and-data/greenhouse-gas-and-air-pollution-interactions-and-synergies (last access 25 February 2022), 2021.

Kong, X., Forkel, R., Sokhi, R. S., Suppan, P., Baklanov, A., Gauss, M., Brunner, D., Baro, R., Balzarini, A., Chemel, C., Curci, G., Jimenez-Guerrero, P., Hirtl, M., Honzak, L., Im, U., Perez, J. L., Pirovano, G., San Jose, R., Schlünzen, K. H., Tsegas, G., Tuccella, P., Werhahn, J., Zabkar, R., and Galmarini, S.: Analysis of meteorology-chemistry interactions during air pollution episodes using online coupled models within AQMEII phase-2, Atmos. Environ., 115, 527–540, 2015.

Korkmaz, P., Cunha Montenegro, R., Schmid, D., Blesl, M., and Fahl, U.: On the Way to a Sustainable European Energy System: Setting Up an Integrated Assessment Toolbox with TIMES PanEU as the Key Component, Energies, 13, 707, https://doi.org/10.3390/en13030707, 2020.
Kousa, A., Kukkonen, J., Karppinen, A., Aarnio, P., and Koskentalo, T.: A model for evaluating the population exposure to ambient air pollution in an urban area, Atmos. Environ., 36, 2109–2119, https://doi.org/10.1016/s1352-2310(02)00228-5, 2002.

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Li, N.: Long-term exposure of European population subgroups to PM<sub>2.5</sub> and NO<sub>2</sub>, dissertation, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, https://doi.org/10.18419/opus-11104, 2020.

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