<table><caption>Table A1. Continued.</caption><thead><tr><th>Start date</th><th>End date</th><th>Regions</th><th>No. of samples</th><th>Principal investigators</th><th>DOI (if available)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>2013-02-27</td><td>2013-03-10</td><td>North Pacific, tropical Pacific, Southern Ocean</td><td>1716</td><td>Nojiri, Y.</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_TFS_2013</td></tr><tr><td>2013-04-08</td><td>2013-04-20</td><td>North Pacific, tropical Pacific, Southern Ocean</td><td>1725</td><td>Nojiri, Y.</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_TFS_2013</td></tr><tr><td>2013-05-21</td><td>2013-06-02</td><td>North Pacific, tropical Pacific, Southern Ocean</td><td>1734</td><td>Nojiri, Y.</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_TFS_2013</td></tr><tr><td>2013-07-02</td><td>2013-07-14</td><td>North Pacific, tropical Pacific, Southern Ocean</td><td>1735</td><td>Nojiri, Y.</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_TFS_2013</td></tr><tr><td>2013-08-14</td><td>2013-08-25</td><td>North Pacific, tropical Pacific, Southern Ocean</td><td>1697</td><td>Nojiri, Y.</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_TFS_2013</td></tr><tr><td>2012-01-05</td><td>2012-02-11</td><td>Southern Ocean</td><td>37047</td><td>Tilbrook, B., C. Neill, and J. Akl</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_AA_2012</td></tr><tr><td>2012-01-07</td><td>2012-01-12</td><td>Southern Ocean</td><td>3783</td><td>Tilbrook, B., C. Neill, and J. Akl</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_AL_2012</td></tr><tr><td>2012-01-08</td><td>2012-03-10</td><td>Southern Ocean</td><td>61324</td><td>Hoppema, M., and S. van Heuven</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_AL_2012</td></tr><tr><td>2012-01-23</td><td>2012-01-30</td><td>Southern Ocean</td><td>4471</td><td>Tilbrook, B., C. Neill, and J. Akl</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_LM_Gould_Lines</td></tr><tr><td>2012-02-13</td><td>2012-03-10</td><td>Southern Ocean</td><td>5165</td><td>Takahashi, T., C. Sweeney, and S. C. Sutherland</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_AA_2012</td></tr><tr><td>2012-02-15</td><td>2012-03-14</td><td>Southern Ocean</td><td>22626</td><td>Tilbrook, B., C. Neill, and J. Akl</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_AL_2012</td></tr><tr><td>2012-02-18</td><td>2012-02-25</td><td>Southern Ocean</td><td>5270</td><td>Tilbrook, B., C. Neill, and J. Akl</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_AL_2012</td></tr><tr><td>2012-03-02</td><td>2012-03-06</td><td>Southern Ocean</td><td>3868</td><td>Tilbrook, B., C. Neill, and J. Akl</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_LM_Gould_Lines</td></tr><tr><td>2012-03-13</td><td>2012-04-17</td><td>Southern Ocean</td><td>13582</td><td>Takahashi, T., C. Sweeney, and S. C. Sutherland</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_LM_Gould_Lines</td></tr><tr><td>2012-03-17</td><td>2012-04-14</td><td>Southern Ocean</td><td>21211</td><td>Tilbrook, B., C. Neill, and J. Akl</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_AA_2012</td></tr><tr><td>2012-03-18</td><td>2012-04-02</td><td>Southern Ocean</td><td>3598</td><td>Takahashi, T., C. Sweeney, and S. C. Sutherland</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_LM_Gould_Lines</td></tr><tr><td>2012-03-18</td><td>2012-04-08</td><td>Southern Ocean</td><td>20946</td><td>Hoppema, M., and S. van Heuven</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_AL_2012</td></tr><tr><td>2012-04-09</td><td>2012-04-27</td><td>Southern Ocean</td><td>3497</td><td>Takahashi, T., C. Sweeney, and S. C. Sutherland</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_LM_Gould_Lines</td></tr><tr><td>2012-04-11</td><td>2012-04-15</td><td>Southern Ocean</td><td>1772</td><td>Tilbrook, B., C. Neill, and J. Akl</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_SS_2012</td></tr><tr><td>2012-04-16</td><td>2012-05-01</td><td>Southern Ocean</td><td>5357</td><td>Tilbrook, B., C. Neill, and J. Akl</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_AA_2012</td></tr><tr><td>2012-05-03</td><td>2012-05-30</td><td>Southern Ocean</td><td>4216</td><td>Takahashi, T., C. Sweeney, and S. C. Sutherland</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_LM_Gould_Lines</td></tr><tr><td>2012-06-07</td><td>2012-06-22</td><td>Southern Ocean</td><td>2688</td><td>Takahashi, T., C. Sweeney, and S. C. Sutherland</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_LM_Gould_Lines</td></tr><tr><td>2012-07-11</td><td>2012-07-24</td><td>Southern Ocean</td><td>10369</td><td>Tilbrook, B., C. Neill, and J. Akl</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_SS_2012</td></tr><tr><td>2012-07-14</td><td>2012-09-24</td><td>Southern Ocean</td><td>577</td><td>Sutton, A., J. Mathis, C. Sabine, S. Musielewicz, and S. Maenner</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.TSM_SOFS_142W_46S</td></tr><tr><td>2012-08-03</td><td>2012-08-15</td><td>Southern Ocean</td><td>3877</td><td>Takahashi, T., C. Sweeney, and S. C. Sutherland</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_NB_Palmer_Lines</td></tr><tr><td>2012-08-31</td><td>2012-09-05</td><td>Southern Ocean</td><td>1637</td><td>Takahashi, T., C. Sweeney, and S. C. Sutherland</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_NB_Palmer_Lines</td></tr><tr><td>2012-09-17</td><td>2012-11-15</td><td>Southern Ocean</td><td>59272</td><td>Tilbrook, B., C. Neill, and J. Akl</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_VOS_LM_Gould_Lines</td></tr><tr><td>2012-09-19</td><td>2012-10-03</td><td>Southern Ocean</td><td>2945</td><td>Takahashi, T., C. Sweeney, and S. C. Sutherland</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_LM_Gould_Lines</td></tr><tr><td>2012-10-11</td><td>2012-10-15</td><td>Southern Ocean</td><td>1581</td><td>Takahashi, T., C. Sweeney, and S. C. Sutherland</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_LM_Gould_Lines</td></tr><tr><td>2012-10-23</td><td>2012-10-28</td><td>Southern Ocean</td><td>3119</td><td>Tilbrook, B., C. Neill, and J. Akl</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_AL_2013</td></tr><tr><td>2012-11-05</td><td>2012-11-22</td><td>Southern Ocean</td><td>2986</td><td>Takahashi, T., C. Sweeney, and S. C. Sutherland</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_LM_Gould_Lines</td></tr><tr><td>2012-11-15</td><td>2013-01-02</td><td>Southern Ocean</td><td>367</td><td>Kitidis, V.</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_JCR_2013</td></tr><tr><td>2012-11-18</td><td>2012-11-22</td><td>Southern Ocean</td><td>3050</td><td>Tilbrook, B., C. Neill, and J. Akl</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_AL_2013</td></tr><tr><td>2012-11-18</td><td>2012-12-14</td><td>Southern Ocean</td><td>23322</td><td>Tilbrook, B., C. Neill, and J. Akl</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_AA_2012</td></tr><tr><td>2012-12-17</td><td>2013-01-07</td><td>Southern Ocean</td><td>22758</td><td>Tilbrook, B., C. Neill, and J. Akl</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_AA_2012</td></tr><tr><td>2012-12-31</td><td>2013-02-06</td><td>Southern Ocean</td><td>13005</td><td>Sweeney, C., T. Takahashi, T. Newberger, and D. Munro</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_LMG_NOAA_2013</td></tr><tr><td>2013-01-09</td><td>2013-01-11</td><td>Southern Ocean</td><td>27</td><td>Kitidis, V.</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_JCR_2013</td></tr><tr><td>2013-01-10</td><td>2013-01-15</td><td>Southern Ocean</td><td>3819</td><td>Tilbrook, B., C. Neill, and J. Akl</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_AL_2013</td></tr><tr><td>2013-01-13</td><td>2013-01-27</td><td>Southern Ocean</td><td>15015</td><td>Tilbrook, B., C. Neill, and J. Akl</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_AA_2013</td></tr><tr><td>2013-01-26</td><td>2013-01-31</td><td>Southern Ocean</td><td>3682</td><td>Tilbrook, B., C. Neill, and J. Akl</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_VOS_AL_2013</td></tr><tr><td>2013-02-13</td><td>2013-02-24</td><td>Southern Ocean</td><td>2370</td><td>Sweeney, C., T. Takahashi, T. Newberger, and D. Munro</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_LMG_NOAA_2013</td></tr><tr><td>2013-02-19</td><td>2013-02-25</td><td>Southern Ocean</td><td>3917</td><td>Tilbrook, B., C. Neill, and J. Akl</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_AL_2013</td></tr><tr><td>2013-02-26</td><td>2013-03-04</td><td>Southern Ocean</td><td>4104</td><td>Tilbrook, B., C. Neill, and J. Akl</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_AL_2013</td></tr><tr><td>2013-02-26</td><td>2013-03-13</td><td>Southern Ocean</td><td>83</td><td>Kitidis, V.</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_JCR_2013</td></tr><tr><td>2013-02-27</td><td>2013-03-14</td><td>Southern Ocean</td><td>16461</td><td>Tilbrook, B., C. Neill, and J. Akl</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_AA_2013</td></tr><tr><td>2013-03-11</td><td>2013-04-07</td><td>Southern Ocean</td><td>4797</td><td>Sweeney, C., T. Takahashi, T. Newberger, and D. Munro</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_LMG_NOAA_2013</td></tr><tr><td>2013-03-18</td><td>2013-04-27</td><td>Southern Ocean</td><td>798</td><td>Kitidis, V.</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_JCR_2013</td></tr><tr><td>2013-04-13</td><td>2013-05-05</td><td>Southern Ocean</td><td>4808</td><td>Sweeney, C., T. Takahashi, T. Newberger, and D. Munro</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_LMG_NOAA_2013</td></tr><tr><td>2013-05-12</td><td>2013-05-24</td><td>Southern Ocean</td><td>3670</td><td>Sweeney, C., T. Takahashi, T. Newberger, and D. Munro</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_LMG_NOAA_2013</td></tr><tr><td>2013-06-01</td><td>2013-07-05</td><td>Southern Ocean</td><td>4438</td><td>Sweeney, C., T. Takahashi, T. Newberger, and D. Munro</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_LMG_NOAA_2013</td></tr><tr><td>2013-09-14</td><td>2013-09-26</td><td>Southern Ocean</td><td>3974</td><td>Sweeney, C., T. Takahashi, T. Newberger, and D. Munro</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_LMG_NOAA_2013</td></tr><tr><td>2013-10-05</td><td>2013-10-22</td><td>Southern Ocean</td><td>2669</td><td>Sweeney, C., T. Takahashi, T. Newberger, and D. Munro</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_LMG_NOAA_2013</td></tr><tr><td>2013-10-28</td><td>2013-11-15</td><td>Southern Ocean</td><td>4428</td><td>Sweeney, C., T. Takahashi, T. Newberger, and D. Munro</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_LMG_NOAA_2013</td></tr><tr><td>2013-11-10</td><td>2013-12-15</td><td>Southern Ocean</td><td>35682</td><td>Hoppema, M., and S. van Heuven</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_LMG_NOAA_2013</td></tr><tr><td>2013-11-23</td><td>2013-12-19</td><td>Southern Ocean</td><td>8790</td><td>Sweeney, C., T. Takahashi, T. Newberger, and D. Munro</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_JCR_2013</td></tr><tr><td>2013-12-21</td><td>2014-03-21</td><td>Southern Ocean</td><td>71817</td><td>Hoppema, M., and S. van Heuven</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.CHEECA_80W_25N</td></tr><tr><td>2012-12-10</td><td>2014-02-24</td><td>Tropical Atlantic</td><td>3534</td><td>Sutton, A., J. Mathis, C. Sabine, S. Musielewicz, and S. Maenner</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_JCR_2013</td></tr><tr><td>2013-05-02</td><td>2013-06-16</td><td>Tropical Atlantic, Southern Ocean</td><td>2338</td><td>Kitidis, V.</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_RB_2013</td></tr><tr><td>2013-12-24</td><td>2014-02-04</td><td>Tropical Atlantic, Southern Ocean</td><td>21025</td><td>Wanninkhof, R., R. D. Castle, and J. Shannahoff</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_RB_2013</td></tr><tr><td>2012-04-18</td><td>2012-08-30</td><td>Tropical Pacific</td><td>1076</td><td>Sutton, A., J. Mathis, C. Sabine, S. Musielewicz, and S. Maenner</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.TSM_ALAWAL_158W_21N</td></tr><tr><td>2012-04-20</td><td>2012-04-29</td><td>Tropical Pacific</td><td>6347</td><td>Tilbrook, B., C. Neill, and J. Akl</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_SS_2012</td></tr><tr><td>2012-05-02</td><td>2012-05-09</td><td>Tropical Pacific</td><td>4746</td><td>Tilbrook, B., C. Neill, and J. Akl</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_SS_2012</td></tr><tr><td>2012-05-13</td><td>2012-06-04</td><td>Tropical Pacific</td><td>13723</td><td>Tilbrook, B., C. Neill, and J. Akl</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_SS_2012</td></tr><tr><td>2012-08-28</td><td>2012-09-02</td><td>Tropical Pacific</td><td>1710</td><td>Takahashi, T., C. Sweeney, and S. C. Sutherland</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_LM_Gould_Lines</td></tr><tr><td>2012-02-27</td><td>2012-03-11</td><td>Tropical Pacific, Southern Ocean</td><td>1442</td><td>Nojiri, Y.</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_TFS_2012</td></tr><tr><td>2012-04-11</td><td>2012-04-23</td><td>Tropical Pacific, Southern Ocean</td><td>1296</td><td>Nojiri, Y.</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_TFS_2012</td></tr><tr><td>2012-05-22</td><td>2012-06-03</td><td>Tropical Pacific, Southern Ocean</td><td>1365</td><td>Nojiri, Y.</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_TFS_2012</td></tr><tr><td>2012-06-08</td><td>2012-06-17</td><td>Tropical Pacific, Southern Ocean</td><td>6006</td><td>Tilbrook, B., C. Neill, and J. Akl</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_SS_2012</td></tr><tr><td>2012-07-03</td><td>2012-07-15</td><td>Tropical Pacific, Southern Ocean</td><td>1359</td><td>Nojiri, Y.</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_TFS_2012</td></tr><tr><td>2012-08-15</td><td>2012-08-27</td><td>Tropical Pacific, Southern Ocean</td><td>1352</td><td>Nojiri, Y.</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_TFS_2012</td></tr><tr><td>2012-09-25</td><td>2012-10-07</td><td>Tropical Pacific, Southern Ocean</td><td>1340</td><td>Nojiri, Y.</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_TFS_2012</td></tr><tr><td>2012-11-07</td><td>2012-11-19</td><td>Tropical Pacific, Southern Ocean</td><td>1295</td><td>Nojiri, Y.</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_TFS_2012</td></tr><tr><td>2012-12-18</td><td>2013-01-11</td><td>Tropical Pacific, Southern Ocean</td><td>1389</td><td>Nojiri, Y.</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_TFS_2012</td></tr><tr><td>2013-02-12</td><td>2013-02-25</td><td>Tropical Pacific, Southern Ocean</td><td>1414</td><td>Nojiri, Y.</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_TFS_2013</td></tr><tr><td>2013-03-25</td><td>2013-04-07</td><td>Tropical Pacific, Southern Ocean</td><td>1446</td><td>Nojiri, Y.</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_TFS_2013</td></tr><tr><td>2013-05-08</td><td>2013-05-20</td><td>Tropical Pacific, Southern Ocean</td><td>1359</td><td>Nojiri, Y.</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_TFS_2013</td></tr><tr><td>2013-06-18</td><td>2013-07-01</td><td>Tropical Pacific, Southern Ocean</td><td>1436</td><td>Nojiri, Y.</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_TFS_2013</td></tr><tr><td>2013-07-30</td><td>2013-08-12</td><td>Tropical Pacific, Southern Ocean</td><td>1370</td><td>Nojiri, Y.</td><td>doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.VOS_TFS_2013</td></tr></tbody></table>
**Acknowledgements.** We thank all people and institutions who provided the data used in this carbon budget; P. Cadule, C. Enright, J. Ghattas, and G. Hurtt for support to the model simulations; D. Bakker for support to the interactions with the ocean CO₂ data community; F. Joos and S. Khatiwala for providing historical data; and M. Heimann, G. McKinley, and anonymous reviewers for their comments and suggestions. We thank E. Dlugokencky, who provided the atmospheric and oceanographic CO₂ measurements used here, and all those involved in collecting and providing oceanographic data CO₂ measurements used here, in particular for the ocean data for years 2012–2013 that are not included in SOCAT v2: J. Akl, S. Alin, M. Becker, R. Bott, R. D. Castle, R. Feely, J. Hare, C. Hunt, B. Huss, T. Ichikawa, A. Körtzinger, G. Lebon, S. Maenner, J. Mathis, W. McGillis, R. Morrison, D. Munro, S. Musielewicz, A. Nakadate, C. Neill, T. Newberger, A. Omar, C. Sabine, J. Salisbury, J. Shannahoff, I. Skjelvan, K. Sullivan, S. C. Sutherland, A. Sutton, C. Sweeney, C. Taylor, S. van Heuven, D. Vandemark, and A. J. Watson. We thank the institutions and funding agencies responsible for the collection and quality control of the data included in SOCAT, and are grateful for the support from the International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP), the Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS), and the Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research (IMBER) programme, as well as UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) projects, including National Capability, Ocean Acidification, Greenhouse Gases, and Shelf Seas Biogeochemistry.

NERC provided funding to C. Le Quéré, R. Moriarty, and the GCP through their International Opportunities Fund specifically to support this publication (NE/103002X/1), and to U. Schuster through UKOARP (NE/H017046/1). G. P. Peters and R. M. Andrews were supported by the Norwegian Research Council (236296). T. A. Boden was supported by US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Biological and Environmental Research (BER) programmes under US Department of Energy contract DE-AC05-00OR22725. Y. Bozec was supported by Region Bretagne, CG29, and INSU (LEFE/MERMEX) for CARBORPHONE cruises. J. G. Canadell and M. R. Raupach were supported by the Australian Climate Change Science Programme. M. Hoppema received ICOS-D funding through the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) to the AWI (01 LK 1224l). J. I. House was supported by a Leverhulme Early Career Fellowship. A. K. Jain was supported by the US National Science Foundation (NSF AGS 12-43071) the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, and BER programmes (DOE DE-SC0006706) and the NASA LCLUC programme (NASA NNX14AD94G). E. Kato was supported by the Environment Research and Technology Development Fund (S-10) of the Ministry of Environment of Japan. C. Koven was supported by the Director, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research, of the US Department of Energy under contract no. DE-AC02-05CH11231 as part of their Regional and Global Climate Modeling Program. I. D. Lima was supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF AGS-1048827). N. Metzl was supported by Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers (INSU) and Institut Paul Emile Victor (IPEV) for OISO cruises. A. Olsen was supported by the Centre for Climate Dynamics at the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research. J. E. Salisbury was supported by grants from NOAA/NASA. T. Steinhoff was supported by ICOS-D (BMBF FK 01LK1101C). B. D. Stocker was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation and

FP7 funding through project EMBRACE (282672). A. J. Sutton was supported by NOAA. T. Takahashi was supported by grants from NOAA and the Comer Education and Science Foundation. B. Tilbrook was supported by the Australian Department of the Environment and the Integrated Marine Observing System. A. Wiltshire was supported by the Joint UK DECC/Defra Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme (GA01101). P. Ciais, W. Peters, C. Le Quéré, P. Regnier, and U. Schuster were supported by the EU FP7 through project GEOCarbon (283080). A. Arneth, P. Ciais, S. Sitch, and A. Wiltshire were supported by COMBINE (226520). V. Kitidis, M. Hoppema, N. Metzl, C. Le Quéré, U. Schuster, J. Schwiger, J. Segschneider, and T. Steinhoff were supported by the EU FP7 through project CARBOCHANGE (264879). A. Arnet, P. Friedlingstein, B. Poulter, and S. Sitch were supported by the EU FP7 through projects LUC4C (GA603542). P. Friedlingstein was also supported by EMBRACE (GA282672). F. Chevallier and G. R. van der Werf were supported by the EU FP7 through project MACC-II (283576). This is NOAA-PMEL contribution number 4216. Contributions from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography were supported by DOE grant DE-SC0005090, NSF grant ATM-1036399, and NOAA grant NA100AR4320156.

Edited by: D. Carlson

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