# Interrogatives in South-Central Tibeto-Burman

Gabriel H Gilbert

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Gabriel H Gilbert. Interrogatives in South-Central Tibeto-Burman. 55th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics (ICSTLL-55), Kyoto University, Sep 2022, Kyoto, Japan. hal-04547678

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<figure><img src="image_1.png" /></figure>
# Interrogatives in South-Central Tibeto-Burman

Gabriel H Gilbert

► To cite this version:

Gabriel H Gilbert. Interrogatives in South-Central Tibeto-Burman. 55th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics (ICSTLL-55), Kyoto University, Sep 2022, Kyoto, Japan. hal-04547678

HAL Id: hal-04547678

https://hal.science/hal-04547678v1

Submitted on 16 Apr 2024

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access
archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-
entific research documents, whether they are pub-
lished or not. The documents may come from
teaching and research institutions in France or
abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est
destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents
scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non,
émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de
recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires
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<figure><img src="image_1.png" /></figure>
# Interrogatives in South-Central Tibeto-Burman

Gabriel Gilbert (gabriel.h.gilbert.23@dartmouth.edu), Dartmouth College

## 1 | INTRODUCTION

### (1) South-Central Tibeto-Burman (aka Kuki Chin, hereafter SC)

<figure><img src="image_2.png" /></figure>

(Adapted from Peterson 2017:206)

### (2) Previous research

a. Linguistic Survey of India (Grierson & Konow 1904)

b. Proto-Kuki-Chin (PKC, VanBik 2009)

i. \*maa ≌ \*moo ‘Interrogative Particle’ (p. 118)

ii. \*koy ≌ \*khoy ≌ \*hoy ‘where’ (p. 202)

iii. \*tuu ‘Relativizer’ (who, which) (p. 102)

c. Button 2011

d. Proto-Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff 2003, Matisoff 2015)

### Presentation Goals:

* Briefly summarize interrogative clause structure configurations across SC

* Demonstrate the extant interrogative forms according to their respective subgroups within SC

* Present working reconstructions for recurring interrogative elements across SC, especially those not yet reconstructed
# Interrogatives in South-Central Tibeto-Burman

Gabriel Gilbert (gabriel.h.gilbert.23@dartmouth.edu), Dartmouth College

## 1 | INTRODUCTION

### (1) South-Central Tibeto-Burman (aka Kuki Chin, hereafter SC)

<figure><img src="image_2.png" /></figure>

(Adapted from Peterson 2017:206)

### (2) Previous research

a. Linguistic Survey of India (Grierson & Konow 1904)

b. Proto-Kuki-Chin (PKC, VanBik 2009)

i. \*maa ≌ \*moo ‘Interrogative Particle’ (p. 118)

ii. \*koy ≌ \*khoy ≌ \*hoy ‘where’ (p. 202)

iii. \*tuu ‘Relativizer’ (who, which) (p. 102)

c. Button 2011

d. Proto-Tibeto-Burman (Matisoff 2003, Matisoff 2015)

## Presentation Goals:

* Briefly summarize interrogative clause structure configurations across SC

* Demonstrate the extant interrogative forms according to their respective subgroups within SC

* Present working reconstructions for recurring interrogative elements across SC, especially those not yet reconstructed
## 2 | STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS

### 2.1 | UTTERANCE-FINAL INTERROGATIVE PARTICLE

(3) Lawngtlang Zophei (Lotven 2021:367)

naa tsùh máá
2s leave POL ANTERR
'Did you leave?'

(4) Daai Chin (So-Hartmann 2009:101)

Nah hmu=kti mä
S.AGR:2S see.B=NON-FUT OP
'Did you see him?'

### 2.2 | SENTENCE-INTERNAL INTERROGATIVE PARTICLE

(5) Hakha Lai (Peterson 2016:273)

faalaam=?a? ?ahaw=da? na-tha?y
Falam=LOC who=QUES 2SG.A/s-know
'Who do you know in Falam?'

(6) Chiru (Awan 2018:139-140)

náŋ-nà ì-mó nàŋ-mùk
2-ERG what-ɔ 2-see
'What do you see?'

### 2.3 | STEM ALTERNATION (TONAL CONTRAST)

(7) K'Cho (Bedell et al., to appear)

Pái noh ng'hai chang neh a ei.
Pai BY mango pick and 3s eat
'Pai picked the mango and ate it'
vs.

Pái noh ng'hai chang neh èi ci ang?
Pai BY mango pick and eat NF Q
'Did Pai pick the mango and eat it?'
## 2 | STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS

### 2.1 | UTTERANCE-FINAL INTERROGATIVE PARTICLE

#### (3) Lawngtlang Zophei (Lotven 2021:367)

naa tsùh máá
2s leave POL ANTERR
'Did you leave?'

#### (4) Daai Chin (So-Hartmann 2009:101)

Nah hmu=kti mä
S.AGR:2S see.B=NON-FUT OP
'Did you see him?'

### 2.2 | SENTENCE-INTERNAL INTERROGATIVE PARTICLE

#### (5) Hakha Lai (Peterson 2016:273)

faalaam=?a? ?ahaw=da? na-tha?y
Falam=LOC who=QUES 2SG.A/s-know
'Who do you know in Falam?'

#### (6) Chiru (Awan 2018:139-140)

náŋ-nà ì-mó nàŋ-mùk
2-ERG what-ɔ 2-see
'What do you see?'

### 2.3 | STEM ALTERNATION (TONAL CONTRAST)

#### (7) K'Cho (Bedell et al., to appear)

Pái noh ng'hai chang neh a ei.
Pai BY mango pick and 3s eat
'Pai picked the mango and ate it'
vs.

Pái noh ng'hai chang neh èi ci ang?
Pai BY mango pick and eat NF Q
'Did Pai pick the mango and eat it?'
# 3 | COMPARATIVE DATABASE

(See Addendum for full tables)

## 3.1 | WHO

### 3.1.1 NORTHWESTERN 'who'

<table><thead><tr><th>Chothe</th><th>Anal</th><th>Lamkang</th><th>Tarao</th><th>Moyon</th><th>Hma<br>r</th><th>Purum</th><th>Kom</th><th>Kharam</th><th>Chiru</th><th>S. Koireng</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>ətu</td><td>əku</td><td>ku/ko</td><td>tu</td><td>əco</td><td>tu</td><td>ətu</td><td>tu</td><td>tu</td><td>tù</td><td>kʰoy</td></tr></tbody></table>

#### 3.1.2.1 CENTRAL: Core Central 'who'

<table><thead><tr><th>Mizo</th><th>Hrangkhawl</th><th>Syriem</th><th>Pangkhua</th><th>Bongcher</th><th>Bawm</th><th>H. Lai</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>tu</td><td>tu</td><td>tû:m</td><td>ā-tū</td><td>atu</td><td>āo-sā</td><td>ʔahaw</td></tr></tbody></table>

#### 3.1.2.2 CENTRAL: Maraic 'who'

<table><thead><tr><th>N. Zophei</th><th>Senthang</th><th>Zotung</th><th>Mara</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>əhu</td><td>ʔəhù</td><td>hon</td><td>a-heo</td></tr></tbody></table>

#### 3.1.3.1 PERIPHERAL: Northeastern 'who'

<table><thead><tr><th>Thado</th><th>Tedim</th><th>Zou</th><th>Simte</th><th>Gangte</th><th>Vaiphei</th><th>Sizang</th><th>Paite</th><th>Tedim</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>kòi</td><td>kuà</td><td>kòi</td><td>kua</td><td>kuo</td><td>ku</td><td>akûa</td><td>kuà</td><td>kuà</td></tr><tr><td colspan="9">koy</td></tr></tbody></table>

#### 3.1.3.2 PERIPHERAL: Southeastern, Southwestern 'who'

<table><thead><tr><th colspan="4">Southeastern</th><th colspan="2">Southwestern</th></tr><tr><th>Hyow</th><th>Daai-Chin</th><th>K'Cho</th><th>Matu</th><th colspan="2">Khumi</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>ú</td><td>u</td><td>a-u</td><td>ʔaʔu</td><td colspan="2">ami1</td></tr></tbody></table>

### 3.1.4 | NOTES ON 'WHO'

#### WH-word > Relative Pronouns

* “[Q]uestion markers provide a not uncommon structural template to develop noninterrogative grammatical markers” (Kuteva et al 2019:357)

* Compare PKC *tuu ‘Relativizer’ (VanBik 2009:102) — rather, originally WH-word in PKC?

#### Multiple Roots?

* NE *kV(V)* vs. NW, CC *(V)tu* vs. SE *(a)(ʔ)u* vs. Mar. *(V)hV<sub>back</sub>*
# 3 | COMPARATIVE DATABASE

(See Addendum for full tables)

## 3.1 | WHO

### 3.1.1 NORTHWESTERN 'who'

<table><thead><tr><th>Chothe</th><th>Anal</th><th>Lamkang</th><th>Tarao</th><th>Moyon</th><th>Hma<br>r</th><th>Purum</th><th>Kom</th><th>Kharam</th><th>Chiru</th><th>S. Koireng</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>ətu</td><td>əku</td><td>ku/ko</td><td>tu</td><td>əco</td><td>tu</td><td>ətu</td><td>tu</td><td>tu</td><td>tù</td><td>kʰoy</td></tr></tbody></table>

#### 3.1.2.1 CENTRAL: Core Central 'who'

<table><thead><tr><th>Mizo</th><th>Hrangkhawl</th><th>Syriem</th><th>Pangkhua</th><th>Bongcher</th><th>Bawm</th><th>H. Lai</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>tu</td><td>tu</td><td>tû:m</td><td>ā-tū</td><td>atu</td><td>āo-sā</td><td>ʔahaw</td></tr></tbody></table>

#### 3.1.2.2 CENTRAL: Maraic 'who'

<table><thead><tr><th>N. Zophei</th><th>Senthang</th><th>Zotung</th><th>Mara</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>əhu</td><td>ʔəhù</td><td>hon</td><td>a-heo</td></tr></tbody></table>

#### 3.1.3.1 PERIPHERAL: Northeastern 'who'

<table><thead><tr><th>Thado</th><th>Tedim</th><th>Zou</th><th>Simte</th><th>Gangte</th><th>Vaiphei</th><th>Sizang</th><th>Paite</th><th>Tedim</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>kòi</td><td>kuà</td><td>kòi</td><td>kua</td><td>kuo</td><td>ku</td><td>akûa</td><td>kuà</td><td>kuà</td></tr><tr><td colspan="9">koy</td></tr></tbody></table>

#### 3.1.3.2 PERIPHERAL: Southeastern, Southwestern 'who'

<table><thead><tr><th colspan="4">Southeastern</th><th colspan="2">Southwestern</th></tr><tr><th>Hyow</th><th>Daai-Chin</th><th>K'Cho</th><th>Matu</th><th colspan="2">Khumi</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>ú</td><td>u</td><td>a-u</td><td>ʔaʔu</td><td colspan="2">ami1</td></tr></tbody></table>

### 3.1.4 | NOTES ON 'WHO'

#### WH-word > Relative Pronouns

* “[Q]uestion markers provide a not uncommon structural template to develop noninterrogative grammatical markers” (Kuteva et al 2019:357)

* Compare PKC *tuu ‘Relativizer’ (VanBik 2009:102) — rather, originally WH-word in PKC?

#### Multiple Roots?

* NE $kV(V)$ vs. NW, CC $(V)tu$ vs. SE $(a)(ʔ)u$ vs. Mar. $(V)hV_{back}$
* Initial consonant merits further research, especially in light of PKC *kʰ-/ *k-/ *h-roots (e.g. PKC ‘where’, VanBik 2009:202)

## 3.2 | WHAT

### 3.2.1 NORTHWESTERN ‘what’

<table><thead><tr><th>Chothe</th><th>Anal</th><th>Lamkang</th><th>Tarao</th><th>Moyon</th><th>Hma<br>r</th><th>Purum</th><th>Kom</th><th>Kharam</th><th>Chiru</th><th>S. Koireng</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>ì</td><td>da</td><td>tə-lu</td><td>yən</td><td>əncə</td><td>ieŋ</td><td>əŋ</td><td>həj</td><td>əŋ</td><td>ì</td><td>əŋ</td></tr></tbody></table>

#### 3.2.2.1 CENTRAL: Core Central ‘what’

<table><thead><tr><th>Mizo</th><th>Hrangkhawl</th><th>Syriem</th><th>Pangkhua</th><th>Bongcher</th><th>Bawm</th><th>H. Lai</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>eŋ</td><td>tim</td><td>êŋàm</td><td>ī</td><td>i</td><td>joi</td><td>zay</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" style="text-align: center;">zei</td></tr></tbody></table>

#### 3.2.2.2 CENTRAL: Maraic ‘what’

<table><thead><tr><th>N. Zophei</th><th>Senthang</th><th>Zotung</th><th>Mara</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>záì</td><td>zà-pú</td><td>po</td><td>kha(-pa)</td></tr></tbody></table>

#### 3.2.3.1 PERIPHERAL: Northeastern ‘what’

<table><thead><tr><th>Thado</th><th>Tedim</th><th>Zou</th><th>Simte</th><th>Gangte</th><th>Vaiphei</th><th>Sizang</th><th>Paite</th><th>Tedim</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>ī</td><td>bàŋ</td><td>bəŋ</td><td>bəŋ</td><td>bəŋ</td><td>baŋ</td><td>bâŋ</td><td>bèŋ</td><td>bàŋ</td></tr></tbody></table>

#### 3.2.3.2 PERIPHERAL: Southeastern, Southwestern ‘what’

<table><thead><tr><th colspan="4">Southeastern</th><th colspan="1">Southwestern</th></tr><tr><th>Hyow</th><th>Daai-Chin</th><th>K'Cho</th><th>Matu</th><th>Khumi</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>í</td><td>i</td><td>i</td><td>meʔááŋ</td><td>ati3</td></tr></tbody></table>

### 3.2.4 | NOTES ON ‘WHAT’

#### Considering a PKC *yay

* Highly prevalent distribution of $V_{high}$, $jV_{high}$, and $zV_{high}$

* $j > z$ is well known innovation in Central subgroup

* $yay > i$ not entirely out of question

* Attested by languages in almost every subgroup to some degree

* Remainder of languages maintain high/front vowels initially in their *what* words

#### Further Inquiries

* Coda nasal?

* e.g. Mizo *eŋ*, Tarao *yən*
* Initial consonant merits further research, especially in light of PKC *kʰ-/ *k-/*h-roots (e.g. PKC ‘where’, VanBik 2009:202)

## 3.2 | WHAT

### 3.2.1 NORTHWESTERN ‘what’

<table><thead><tr><th>Chothe</th><th>Anal</th><th>Lamkang</th><th>Tarao</th><th>Moyon</th><th>Hma<br>r</th><th>Purum</th><th>Kom</th><th>Kharam</th><th>Chiru</th><th>S. Koireng</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>ì</td><td>da</td><td>tə-lu</td><td>yən</td><td>əncə</td><td>ieŋ</td><td>əŋ</td><td>həj</td><td>əŋ</td><td>ì</td><td>əŋ</td></tr></tbody></table>

#### 3.2.2.1 CENTRAL: Core Central ‘what’

<table><thead><tr><th>Mizo</th><th>Hrangkhawl</th><th>Syriem</th><th>Pangkhua</th><th>Bongcher</th><th>Bawm</th><th>H. Lai</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>eŋ</td><td>tim</td><td>êŋàm</td><td>ī</td><td>i</td><td>joi</td><td>zay</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" style="text-align: center;">zei</td></tr></tbody></table>

#### 3.2.2.2 CENTRAL: Maraic ‘what’

<table><thead><tr><th>N. Zophei</th><th>Senthang</th><th>Zotung</th><th>Mara</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>záì</td><td>zà-pú</td><td>po</td><td>kha(-pa)</td></tr></tbody></table>

#### 3.2.3.1 PERIPHERAL: Northeastern ‘what’

<table><thead><tr><th>Thado</th><th>Tedim</th><th>Zou</th><th>Simte</th><th>Gangte</th><th>Vaiphei</th><th>Sizang</th><th>Paite</th><th>Tedim</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>ī</td><td>bàŋ</td><td>bəŋ</td><td>bəŋ</td><td>bəŋ</td><td>baŋ</td><td>bâŋ</td><td>bèŋ</td><td>bàŋ</td></tr></tbody></table>

#### 3.2.3.2 PERIPHERAL: Southeastern, Southwestern ‘what’

<table><thead><tr><th colspan="4">Southeastern</th><th>Southwestern</th></tr><tr><th>Hyow</th><th>Daai-Chin</th><th>K'Cho</th><th>Matu</th><th>Khumi</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>í</td><td>i</td><td>i</td><td>meʔááŋ</td><td>ati3</td></tr></tbody></table>

### 3.2.4 | NOTES ON ‘WHAT’

#### Considering a PKC *yay

* Highly prevalent distribution of $V_{high}$, $jV_{high}$, and $zV_{high}$

* $j > z$ is well known innovation in Central subgroup

* $yay > i$ not entirely out of question

* Attested by languages in almost every subgroup to some degree

* Remainder of languages maintain high/front vowels initially in their *what* words

#### Further Inquiries

* Coda nasal?

* e.g. Mizo *eŋ*, Tarao *yən*
* Origin of *bay*?

## 3.3 | WHERE

### 3.3.1 NORTHWESTERN ‘where’

<table><thead><tr><th>Chothe</th><th>Anal</th><th>Lamkang</th><th>Tarao</th><th>Moyon</th><th>Hmar</th><th>Purum</th><th>Kom</th><th>Kharam</th><th>Chiru</th><th>S. Koireng</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>hoy</td><td>əkʰo-ha</td><td>tu-wa</td><td>rəm-ma</td><td>utiŋ</td><td>kʰɔ-la:i</td><td>kʰon</td><td>kʰon</td><td>hun</td><td>ì-á</td><td>ho-na</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>una</td><td></td><td>kʰən</td><td></td><td></td><td>kʰòsé</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

### 3.3.2.1 CENTRAL: Core Central ‘where’

<table><thead><tr><th>Mizo</th><th>Hrangkhawl</th><th>Syriem</th><th>Pangkhua</th><th>Bongcher</th><th>Bawm</th><th>H. Lai</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>khòy</td><td>zan</td><td>kʰàtèŋă:</td><td>-</td><td>ajena</td><td>-</td><td>khoy</td></tr></tbody></table>

### 3.3.2.2 CENTRAL: Maraic ‘where’

<table><thead><tr><th>N. Zophei</th><th>Senthang</th><th>Zotung</th><th>Mara</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>zàì=làì</td><td>ʔə-ti</td><td>te</td><td>kha-tai</td></tr></tbody></table>

### 3.3.3.1 PERIPHERAL: Northeastern ‘where’

<table><thead><tr><th>Thado</th><th>Tedim</th><th>Zou</th><th>Simte</th><th>Gangte</th><th>Vaiphei</th><th>Sizang</th><th>Paite</th><th>Tedim</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>hòi=ā</td><td>kɔ́í-aʔ</td><td>kʰoyah</td><td>kʰoyah</td><td>kʰoya</td><td>kʰɔi</td><td>kɔi</td><td>kòy</td><td>kɔ́í-aʔ</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

### 3.3.3.2 PERIPHERAL: Southeastern, Southwestern ‘where’

<table><thead><tr><th colspan="4">Southeastern</th><th>Southwestern</th></tr><tr><th>Hyow</th><th>Daai-Chin</th><th>K'Cho</th><th>Matu</th><th>Khumi</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>mòă</td><td>ho=a</td><td>izah</td><td>mejáʔ</td><td>ma4</td></tr></tbody></table>

## 3.3.4 | NOTES ON ‘WHERE’

PKC *koy ≍ *khoy ≍ *hoy (VanBik 2009:118)

* Attested by several more languages in addition to those given by VanBik

* Else, formed by combining WH-word *what* and a locative marker, e.g.:
  (9) Chiru (Awan 2018)

ì-á
what-LOC

## 3.4 | WHEN, WHY, HOW

### Generalizations

* Formation of *when/why/how* (and *where* sometimes too) often involves multi-element constructions

* First element is typically WH-element + additional form(s)
· e.g. Tarao yən ‘what’ → yən-re-la ‘why’

▫ Most common first WH-element is ‘what’

▪ WH-element + additional particle constructions for *where/when/why/how* are
attested in all subgroups

▪ Elements after WH-element can be:

▫ Case-markers

(10) Daai-Chin (So-Hartmann 2009)

itüh=a

when=LOC

‘when?’

▫ Relational/locational nouns

· (11) Hyow (Zakaria 2017)

ì-bɔ́

what-way

‘how?’

▫ Other/Combination

· (12) N. Zophei

zàì-ròn=tàh

what-reason=FOC

▪ See Addendum at end of handout for all tables

3.5 | HOW MANY

3.5.1 NORTHWESTERN ‘how many’

<table><thead><tr><th>Chothe</th><th>Anal</th><th>Lamkang</th><th>Tarao</th><th>Moyon</th><th>Hmar</th><th>Purum</th><th>Kom</th><th>Kharam</th><th>Chiru</th><th>S. Koireng</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>-</td><td>ə́jə</td><td>ti-(ya)</td><td>-</td><td>ayek</td><td>ieŋ-za:m</td><td>əŋ-tuk</td><td>kʰoŋ-tuk-rhep</td><td>əŋ-je̊t</td><td>-</td><td>əŋ-je̊t</td></tr><tr><td colspan="11" style="text-align: right;">əŋ-tuk</td></tr></tbody></table>

3.5.2.1 CENTRAL: Core Central ‘how many’

<table><thead><tr><th>Mizo</th><th>Hrangkhawl</th><th>Syriem</th><th>Pangkhua</th><th>Bongcher</th><th>Bawm</th><th>H. Lai</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>-</td><td>zia</td><td>-</td><td>kā-jā-kā</td><td>aĵeka</td><td>zē-zā-sā</td><td>zay zat</td></tr></tbody></table>

3.5.2.2 CENTRAL: Maraic ‘how many’

<table><thead><tr><th>N. Zophei</th><th>Senthang</th><th>Zotung</th><th>Mara</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>hon je?</td><td>kha-zi</td></tr></tbody></table>

3.5.3.1 PERIPHERAL: Northeastern ‘how many’

<table><thead><tr><th>Thado</th><th>Tedim</th><th>Zou</th><th>Simte</th><th>Gangte</th><th>Vaiphei</th><th>Sizang</th><th>Paite</th><th>Tedim</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>ī-zát</td><td>baŋ-za?</td><td>bəŋ-za</td><td>-</td><td>bəŋ-ja</td><td>baŋ-zat</td><td>baŋ-za</td><td>bəŋ-já?</td><td>baŋ-za?</td></tr></tbody></table>
· e.g. Tarao yən ‘what’ → yən-re-la ‘why’

▫ Most common first WH-element is ‘what’

▪ WH-element + additional particle constructions for *where/when/why/how* are
attested in all subgroups

▪ Elements after WH-element can be:

▫ Case-markers

(10) Daai-Chin (So-Hartmann 2009)

itüh=a

when=LOC

‘when?’

▫ Relational/locational nouns

· (11) Hyow (Zakaria 2017)

ì-bɔ́

what-way

‘how?’

▫ Other/Combination

· (12) N. Zophei

zàì-ròn=tàh

what-reason=FOC

▪ See Addendum at end of handout for all tables

3.5 | HOW MANY

3.5.1 NORTHWESTERN ‘how many’

<table><thead><tr><th>Chothe</th><th>Anal</th><th>Lamkang</th><th>Tarao</th><th>Moyon</th><th>Hmar</th><th>Purum</th><th>Kom</th><th>Kharam</th><th>Chiru</th><th>S. Koireng</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>-</td><td>ə́jə</td><td>ti-(ya)</td><td>-</td><td>ayek</td><td>ieŋ-za:m</td><td>əŋ-tuk</td><td>kʰoŋ-tuk-rhep</td><td>əŋ-je̊t</td><td>-</td><td>əŋ-je̊t</td></tr><tr><td colspan="11" style="text-align: right;">əŋ-tuk</td></tr></tbody></table>

3.5.2.1 CENTRAL: Core Central ‘how many’

<table><thead><tr><th>Mizo</th><th>Hrangkhawl</th><th>Syriem</th><th>Pangkhua</th><th>Bongcher</th><th>Bawm</th><th>H. Lai</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>-</td><td>zia</td><td>-</td><td>kā-jā-kā</td><td>aĵeka</td><td>zē-zā-sā</td><td>zay zat</td></tr></tbody></table>

3.5.2.2 CENTRAL: Maraic ‘how many’

<table><thead><tr><th>N. Zophei</th><th>Senthang</th><th>Zotung</th><th>Mara</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>hon je?</td><td>kha-zi</td></tr></tbody></table>

3.5.3.1 PERIPHERAL: Northeastern ‘how many’

<table><thead><tr><th>Thado</th><th>Tedim</th><th>Zou</th><th>Simte</th><th>Gangte</th><th>Vaiphei</th><th>Sizang</th><th>Paite</th><th>Tedim</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>ī-zát</td><td>baŋ-za?</td><td>bəŋ-za</td><td>-</td><td>bəŋ-ja</td><td>baŋ-zat</td><td>baŋ-za</td><td>bəŋ-já?</td><td>baŋ-za?</td></tr></tbody></table>
### 3.5.3.2 PERIPHERAL: Southeastern, Southwestern 'how many'

<table><thead><tr><th colspan="4">Southeastern</th><th>Southwestern</th></tr><tr><th>Hyow</th><th>Daai-Chin</th><th>K'Cho</th><th>Matu</th><th>Khumi</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>íhyó?</td><td>ikän</td><td>ichü</td><td>mejə?</td><td>mayë3</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">ikhii</td></tr></tbody></table>

### 3.5.4 | NOTES ON 'HOW MANY'

**Considering PKC *jat**

* Possible roots

* PCC *zet 'very/exceedingly' (VanBik 2009:290)

* PTB *m-dzya-t 'very/too/too much' (Matisoff 2015:1108)

* Vowel quality?

* Initial consonant?

* Hyow (Zakaria 2017:587)

(13) *í-hyɔ́?
    what-much
    'how many?' / 'how much?'
### 3.5.3.2 PERIPHERAL: Southeastern, Southwestern 'how many'

<table><thead><tr><th colspan="4">Southeastern</th><th>Southwestern</th></tr><tr><th>Hyow</th><th>Daai-Chin</th><th>K'Cho</th><th>Matu</th><th>Khumi</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>íhyó?</td><td>ikän</td><td>ichü</td><td>mejə?</td><td>mayë3</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">ikhii</td></tr></tbody></table>

### 3.5.4 | NOTES ON 'HOW MANY'

**Considering PKC *jat**

* Possible roots

* PCC *zet 'very/exceedingly' (VanBik 2009:290)

* PTB *m-dzya-t 'very/too/too much' (Matisoff 2015:1108)

* Vowel quality?

* Initial consonant?

* Hyow (Zakaria 2017:587)

(13) *í-hyɔ́?
    what-much
    'how many?' / 'how much?'
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ADDENDUM

NORTHWESTERN

<table><thead><tr><th>WH-word</th><th>Chothe</th><th>Anal</th><th>Lamkang</th><th>Tarao</th><th>Moyon</th><th>Hmar</th><th>Purum</th><th>Kom</th><th>Kharam</th><th>Chiru</th><th>Koireng</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>who?</td><td>ətu</td><td>əku</td><td>ku/ko</td><td>tu</td><td>əco</td><td>tu</td><td>ətu</td><td>tu</td><td>tu</td><td>tù</td><td>kʰoy</td></tr><tr><td>what?</td><td>ì</td><td>da</td><td>tə-lu</td><td>yən</td><td>əncə</td><td>ieŋ</td><td>əŋ</td><td>həj</td><td>əŋ</td><td>ì</td><td>əŋ</td></tr><tr><td>where?</td><td>hoy</td><td>əkʰo-ha</td><td>tu-wa</td><td>rəm-ma</td><td>utiŋ una</td><td>kʰə-la:i</td><td>kʰən kʰon</td><td>kʰon</td><td>hun</td><td>ì-á kʰòsé</td><td>ho-na</td></tr><tr><td>when?</td><td>itikkə</td><td>da-tʰra</td><td>ti-den-thəŋŋ-i</td><td>yəŋnuŋ</td><td>utəre</td><td>ieŋ-tik-a:m</td><td>kʰo-oŋ-tik</td><td>həj-tik</td><td>əŋ-tik</td><td>ì-tik-á</td><td>əŋ-tik</td></tr><tr><td>why?</td><td>ərowa irowa</td><td>da-ki</td><td>ta-ki</td><td>yənrela</td><td>əncə-kʰena</td><td>ieŋ-leia ieŋ-da:na</td><td>əŋ-sik</td><td>-</td><td>əŋ-sik</td><td>ì-zá-rə</td><td>əŋ-ja-ra</td></tr><tr><td>how?</td><td>ijenə iyenə ətu</td><td>da-tuŋ</td><td>tə-he-plu</td><td>thoə</td><td>-</td><td>ieŋ-ti-ta</td><td>kʰə-oŋ</td><td>kʰəŋin həjsa</td><td>əŋ-tʰoa</td><td>-</td><td>əŋ-əŋtukka</td></tr><tr><td>how many?</td><td>-</td><td>əŋa</td><td>ti-(ya)</td><td>-</td><td>ayek</td><td>ieŋ-za:m</td><td>əŋ-tuk</td><td>kʰoŋ-tuk-rhep</td><td>əŋ-jet əŋ-tuk</td><td>-</td><td>əŋ-jət</td></tr><tr><td>CONT.Q</td><td>-me</td><td>-le</td><td>CV</td><td>-me</td><td>-mo</td><td>-am</td><td>-mi</td><td>-mo</td><td>-me</td><td>mó</td><td>mo</td></tr><tr><td>CONT.Q</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>-wa</td><td>-m</td><td>-mo</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>=mo</td></tr><tr><td>POL.Q</td><td>-Ca</td><td>-le</td><td>mō</td><td>-me</td><td>-e</td><td>-mə?</td><td>-mi</td><td>-mo</td><td>-be</td><td>mò</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>POL.Q</td><td>-mo</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>-wa -mo</td><td>-á(m)</td><td>-mo</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>ho-hi</td></tr></tbody></table>
ADDENDUM

NORTHWESTERN

<table><thead><tr><th>WH-word</th><th>Chothe</th><th>Anal</th><th>Lamkang</th><th>Tarao</th><th>Moyon</th><th>Hmar</th><th>Purum</th><th>Kom</th><th>Kharam</th><th>Chiru</th><th>Koireng</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>who?</td><td>ətu</td><td>əku</td><td>ku/ko</td><td>tu</td><td>əco</td><td>tu</td><td>ətu</td><td>tu</td><td>tu</td><td>tù</td><td>kʰoy</td></tr><tr><td>what?</td><td>ì</td><td>da</td><td>tə-lu</td><td>yən</td><td>əncə</td><td>ieŋ</td><td>əŋ</td><td>həj</td><td>əŋ</td><td>ì</td><td>əŋ</td></tr><tr><td>where?</td><td>hoy</td><td>əkʰo-ha</td><td>tu-wa</td><td>rəm-ma</td><td>utiŋ una</td><td>kʰə-la:i</td><td>kʰən kʰon</td><td>kʰon</td><td>hun</td><td>ì-á kʰòsé</td><td>ho-na</td></tr><tr><td>when?</td><td>itikkə</td><td>da-tʰra</td><td>ti-den-thəŋŋ-i</td><td>yəŋnuŋ</td><td>utəre</td><td>ieŋ-tik-a:m</td><td>kʰo-oŋ-tik</td><td>həj-tik</td><td>əŋ-tik</td><td>ì-tik-á</td><td>əŋ-tik</td></tr><tr><td>why?</td><td>ərowa irowa</td><td>da-ki</td><td>ta-ki</td><td>yənrela</td><td>əncə-kʰena</td><td>ieŋ-leia ieŋ-da:na</td><td>əŋ-sik</td><td>-</td><td>əŋ-sik</td><td>ì-zá-rə</td><td>əŋ-ja-ra</td></tr><tr><td>how?</td><td>ijenə iyenə ətu</td><td>da-tuŋ</td><td>tə-he-plu</td><td>thoə</td><td>-</td><td>ieŋ-ti-ta</td><td>kʰə-oŋ</td><td>kʰəŋin həjsa</td><td>əŋ-tʰoa</td><td>-</td><td>əŋ-əŋtukka</td></tr><tr><td>how many?</td><td>-</td><td>əŋa</td><td>ti-(ya)</td><td>-</td><td>ayek</td><td>ieŋ-za:m</td><td>əŋ-tuk</td><td>kʰoŋ-tuk-rhep</td><td>əŋ-jet əŋ-tuk</td><td>-</td><td>əŋ-jət</td></tr><tr><td>CONT.Q</td><td>-me</td><td>-le</td><td>CV</td><td>-me</td><td>-mo</td><td>-am</td><td>-mi</td><td>-mo</td><td>-me</td><td>mó</td><td>mo</td></tr><tr><td>CONT.Q</td><td>-me</td><td>-le</td><td>CV</td><td>-me</td><td>-wa</td><td>-m</td><td>-mo</td><td>-mo</td><td>-me</td><td>mó</td><td>=mo</td></tr><tr><td>POL.Q</td><td>-Ca</td><td>-le</td><td>mō</td><td>-me</td><td>-e</td><td>-mə?</td><td>-mi</td><td>-mo</td><td>-be</td><td>mò</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>POL.Q</td><td>-mo</td><td>-le</td><td>mō</td><td>-me</td><td>-wa -mo</td><td>-á(m)</td><td>-mo</td><td>-mo</td><td>-be</td><td>mò</td><td>ho-hi</td></tr></tbody></table>
CENTRAL

<table><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">WH-word</th><th colspan="6">Core Central</th><th colspan="4">Maraic</th></tr><tr><th>Mizo</th><th>Hrangkhawl</th><th>Syriem</th><th>Pangkhua</th><th>Bongcher</th><th>Bawm</th><th>Lai</th><th>N. Zophei</th><th>Senthang</th><th>Zotung</th><th>Mara</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>who?</td><td>tu</td><td>tu</td><td>tû:m</td><td>ā-tū</td><td>atu</td><td>āo-sā</td><td>?ahaw</td><td>əhu</td><td>?əhù</td><td>hon</td><td>a-heo</td></tr><tr><td>what?</td><td>eŋ</td><td>tim</td><td>êŋàm</td><td>ī</td><td>i</td><td>joi<br>zei</td><td>zay</td><td>záì</td><td>zà-pú</td><td>po</td><td>kha(-pa)</td></tr><tr><td>where?</td><td>khòy</td><td>zan</td><td>kʰàtèŋă:</td><td>-</td><td>aĵena</td><td>-</td><td>khoy</td><td>zàì=làì</td><td>?ə-ti</td><td>te</td><td>kha-tai</td></tr><tr><td>when?</td><td>eŋ tik=a?</td><td>za-tik</td><td>àntìkàm</td><td>-</td><td>atika</td><td>-</td><td>zay tik</td><td>zàì-nín=tàh</td><td>zù-tè?</td><td>te=lan</td><td>khai-na=ta</td></tr><tr><td>why?</td><td>eŋ-ti-zia</td><td>min</td><td>èŋŋăasìp</td><td>e-rang-ā</td><td>irang</td><td>zē-rūn-tla</td><td>zay ruaŋ=?a?</td><td>zàì-ròn=tàh</td><td>zà-kó</td><td>po-θe</td><td>kha-zia</td></tr><tr><td>how?</td><td>eŋ-tǐn</td><td>-</td><td>êntìnàm</td><td>-</td><td>iŋkan</td><td>-</td><td>zay tii=?in</td><td>zàì-ka=tah</td><td>zà-pú<br>tú¹.mɔ?</td><td>hun-tu?</td><td>khei=ta</td></tr><tr><td>how<br>many?</td><td>-</td><td>zia</td><td>-</td><td>kā-jā-kā</td><td>aĵeka</td><td>zē-zā-sā</td><td>zay zat</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>hon je?</td><td>kha-zi</td></tr><tr><td>CONT.Q</td><td>-mòò<br>-àà</td><td>ma</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-mo</td><td>-</td><td>=moo</td><td>maa</td><td>mɔ?</td><td>mə</td><td>-ma<br>-maw</td></tr><tr><td>CONT.Q</td><td>-ŋèè</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>ti</td><td>-</td><td>tī</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>?í</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>POL.Q</td><td>-ém</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-mo</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>màà</td><td>mo<u></td><td>-</td><td>-ma</td></tr></tbody></table>
CENTRAL

<table><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">WH-word</th><th colspan="6">Core Central</th><th colspan="4">Maraic</th></tr><tr><th>Mizo</th><th>Hrangkhawl</th><th>Syriem</th><th>Pangkhua</th><th>Bongcher</th><th>Bawm</th><th>Lai</th><th>N. Zophei</th><th>Senthang</th><th>Zotung</th><th>Mara</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>who?</td><td>tu</td><td>tu</td><td>tû:m</td><td>ā-tū</td><td>atu</td><td>āo-sā</td><td>?ahaw</td><td>əhu</td><td>?əhù</td><td>hon</td><td>a-heo</td></tr><tr><td>what?</td><td>eŋ</td><td>tim</td><td>êŋàm</td><td>ī</td><td>i</td><td>joi<br>zei</td><td>zay</td><td>záì</td><td>zà-pú</td><td>po</td><td>kha(-pa)</td></tr><tr><td>where?</td><td>khòy</td><td>zan</td><td>kʰàtèŋă:</td><td>-</td><td>aĵena</td><td>-</td><td>khoy</td><td>zàì=làì</td><td>?ə-ti</td><td>te</td><td>kha-tai</td></tr><tr><td>when?</td><td>eŋ tik=a?</td><td>za-tik</td><td>àntìkàm</td><td>-</td><td>atika</td><td>-</td><td>zay tik</td><td>zàì-nín=tàh</td><td>zù-tè?</td><td>te=lan</td><td>khai-na=ta</td></tr><tr><td>why?</td><td>eŋ-ti-zia</td><td>min</td><td>èŋŋăasìp</td><td>e-rang-ā</td><td>irang</td><td>zē-rūn-tla</td><td>zay ruaŋ=?a?</td><td>zàì-ròn=tàh</td><td>zà-kó</td><td>po-θe</td><td>kha-zia</td></tr><tr><td>how?</td><td>eŋ-tǐn</td><td>-</td><td>êntìnàm</td><td>-</td><td>iŋkan</td><td>-</td><td>zay tii=?in</td><td>zàì-ka=tah</td><td>zà-pú<br>tú¹.mɔ?</td><td>hun-tu?</td><td>khei=ta</td></tr><tr><td>how<br>many?</td><td>-</td><td>zia</td><td>-</td><td>kā-jā-kā</td><td>aĵeka</td><td>zē-zā-sā</td><td>zay zat</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>hon je?</td><td>kha-zi</td></tr><tr><td>CONT.Q</td><td>-mòò<br>-àà</td><td>ma</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-mo</td><td>-</td><td>=moo</td><td>maa</td><td>mɔ?</td><td>mə</td><td>-ma<br>-maw</td></tr><tr><td>CONT.Q</td><td>-ŋèè</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>ti</td><td>-</td><td>tī</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>?í</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>POL.Q</td><td>-ém</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-mo</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>màà</td><td>mo<u></td><td>-</td><td>-ma</td></tr></tbody></table>
PERIPHERAL

<table><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">WH-word</th><th colspan="9">Northeastern</th></tr><tr><th>Thado</th><th>Tedim</th><th>Zou</th><th>Simte</th><th>Gangte</th><th>Vaiphei</th><th>Sizang</th><th>Paite</th><th>Tedim</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>who?</td><td>kòi</td><td>kuà</td><td>koi</td><td>kua koy</td><td>kuo</td><td>ku</td><td>akûa</td><td>kuà</td><td>kuà</td></tr><tr><td>what?</td><td>ī</td><td>bàŋ</td><td>bəŋ</td><td>bəŋ</td><td>bəŋ</td><td>baŋ</td><td>bâŋ</td><td>bèŋ</td><td>bàŋ</td></tr><tr><td>where?</td><td>hòi=ā</td><td>kɔí-a?</td><td>kʰoyah hɔi-a</td><td>kʰoyah</td><td>kʰoya</td><td>kʰɔi</td><td>kɔi</td><td>kòy</td><td>kɔí-a?</td></tr><tr><td>when?</td><td>ī-tī-tɛ́ŋ-lə</td><td>cìkciáŋ</td><td>bəŋ-cih bəŋhun</td><td>bəŋcihin</td><td>bəŋ-tik</td><td>baŋ-tik</td><td>baŋ-hun-chiang</td><td>bəŋ-cík</td><td>cikciáŋ</td></tr><tr><td>why?</td><td>ī-din</td><td>bàŋháŋ</td><td>bəŋ-jia</td><td>bəŋjiahin</td><td>bəŋ-tek</td><td>baŋ-ati baŋ-zik</td><td>ba:ŋ-hâ:ŋ</td><td>bəŋ-jiak</td><td>bàŋháŋ</td></tr><tr><td>how?</td><td>ī-tī</td><td>-</td><td>bəŋ-ci</td><td>bəŋcih bəŋcidanin</td><td>bəŋ...</td><td>baŋ-tidan</td><td>baŋ-bâŋ</td><td>bəŋ-cì</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>how many?</td><td>ī-zát</td><td>baŋ-za?</td><td>bəŋ-za</td><td>-</td><td>bəŋ-ja</td><td>baŋ-zat</td><td>baŋ-za</td><td>bèŋ-já?</td><td>baŋ-za?</td></tr><tr><td>CONT.Q</td><td>=(h)àm</td><td>-mɔ</td><td>-e</td><td>-mo</td><td>-jo</td><td>-(e)m</td><td>zí:a(m)</td><td>(á-hi-)á(m)</td><td>-mɔ</td></tr><tr><td>CONT.Q</td><td>=ham =hím</td><td>-àm</td><td>-hiəy</td><td>-</td><td>-hi</td><td>-mɔ</td><td></td><td></td><td>-àm</td></tr><tr><td>POL.Q</td><td>=mó</td><td>kuāá</td><td>-mo</td><td>-mo</td><td>-mo</td><td>-(e)m</td><td>mɔ̃</td><td>mó</td><td>kuāá</td></tr></tbody></table>
PERIPHERAL

<table><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">WH-word</th><th colspan="9">Northeastern</th></tr><tr><th>Thado</th><th>Tedim</th><th>Zou</th><th>Simte</th><th>Gangte</th><th>Vaiphei</th><th>Sizang</th><th>Paite</th><th>Tedim</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>who?</td><td>kòi</td><td>kuà</td><td>koi</td><td>kua koy</td><td>kuo</td><td>ku</td><td>akûa</td><td>kuà</td><td>kuà</td></tr><tr><td>what?</td><td>ī</td><td>bàŋ</td><td>bəŋ</td><td>bəŋ</td><td>bəŋ</td><td>baŋ</td><td>bân</td><td>bèŋ</td><td>bàn</td></tr><tr><td>where?</td><td>hòi=ā</td><td>kɔí-a?</td><td>kʰoyah hɔi-a</td><td>kʰoyah</td><td>kʰoya</td><td>kʰɔi</td><td>kɔi</td><td>kòy</td><td>kɔí-a?</td></tr><tr><td>when?</td><td>ī-tī-tɛ́ŋ-lə</td><td>cìkciáŋ</td><td>bəŋ-cih bəŋhun</td><td>bəŋcihin</td><td>bəŋ-tik</td><td>baŋ-tik</td><td>baŋ-hun-chiang</td><td>bəŋ-cík</td><td>cikciáŋ</td></tr><tr><td>why?</td><td>ī-din</td><td>bàŋháŋ</td><td>bəŋ-jia</td><td>bəŋjiahin</td><td>bəŋ-tek</td><td>baŋ-ati baŋ-zik</td><td>ba:ŋ-hâ:ŋ</td><td>bəŋ-jiak</td><td>bàŋháŋ</td></tr><tr><td>how?</td><td>ī-tī</td><td>-</td><td>bəŋ-ci</td><td>bəŋcih bəŋcidanin</td><td>bəŋ...</td><td>baŋ-tidan</td><td>baŋ-bân</td><td>bəŋ-cì</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>how many?</td><td>ī-zát</td><td>baŋ-za?</td><td>bəŋ-za</td><td>-</td><td>bəŋ-ja</td><td>baŋ-zat</td><td>baŋ-za</td><td>bèŋ-já?</td><td>baŋ-za?</td></tr><tr><td>CONT.Q</td><td>=(h)àm</td><td>-mɔ</td><td>-e</td><td>-mo</td><td>-jo</td><td>-(e)m</td><td>zí:a(m)</td><td>(á-hi-)á(m)</td><td>-mɔ</td></tr><tr><td>CONT.Q</td><td>=ham =hím</td><td>-àm</td><td>-hiəy</td><td>-</td><td>-hi</td><td>-mɔ</td><td></td><td></td><td>-àm</td></tr><tr><td>POL.Q</td><td>=mó</td><td>kuāá</td><td>-mo</td><td>-mo</td><td>-mo</td><td>-(e)m</td><td>mɔ́</td><td>mó</td><td>kuāá</td></tr></tbody></table>
PERIPHERAL (cont.)

<table><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">WH-word</th><th colspan="4">Southeastern</th><th>Southwestern</th></tr><tr><th>Hyow</th><th>Daai-Chin</th><th>K'Cho</th><th>Matu</th><th>Khumi</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>who?</td><td>ú</td><td>u</td><td>a-u</td><td>?a?u</td><td>ami1</td></tr><tr><td>what?</td><td>í</td><td>i</td><td>i</td><td>me?ááŋ</td><td>ati3</td></tr><tr><td>where?</td><td>mòă</td><td>ho=a</td><td>izah</td><td>mejá?</td><td>ma4</td></tr><tr><td>when?</td><td>ìtiă</td><td>itüh</td><td>izahung</td><td>metuk</td><td>m(a)-kha4</td></tr><tr><td>why?</td><td>yá</td><td>ilü</td><td>ivai</td><td>túdɔŋ?a?</td><td>(ati3-)m'nay3(-ra4)</td></tr><tr><td>how?</td><td>ibó</td><td>ihokba</td><td>icha</td><td>metila</td><td>m'nay3 (m'nö3)</td></tr><tr><td>how many?</td><td>íhyɔ́?</td><td>ikän</td><td>ichü<br>ikhii</td><td>mejə?</td><td>mayë3</td></tr><tr><td>CONT.Q</td><td>=ǒm</td><td>ja:</td><td>mä<br>zang</td><td>?o</td><td>lew#</td></tr><tr><td>CONT.Q</td><td>-</td><td>ni</td><td>ma</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>POL.Q</td><td>=êy</td><td>-</td><td>mä<br>zang</td><td>-</td><td>a</td></tr></tbody></table>
PERIPHERAL (cont.)

<table><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">WH-word</th><th colspan="4">Southeastern</th><th>Southwestern</th></tr><tr><th>Hyow</th><th>Daai-Chin</th><th>K'Cho</th><th>Matu</th><th>Khumi</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>who?</td><td>ú</td><td>u</td><td>a-u</td><td>?a?u</td><td>ami1</td></tr><tr><td>what?</td><td>í</td><td>i</td><td>i</td><td>me?ááŋ</td><td>ati3</td></tr><tr><td>where?</td><td>mòă</td><td>ho=a</td><td>izah</td><td>mejá?</td><td>ma4</td></tr><tr><td>when?</td><td>ìtiă</td><td>itüh</td><td>izahung</td><td>metuk</td><td>m(a)-kha4</td></tr><tr><td>why?</td><td>yá</td><td>ilü</td><td>ivai</td><td>túdɔŋ?a?</td><td>(ati3-)m'nay3(-ra4)</td></tr><tr><td>how?</td><td>ibó</td><td>ihokba</td><td>icha</td><td>metila</td><td>m'nay3 (m'nö3)</td></tr><tr><td>how many?</td><td>íhyɔ́?</td><td>ikän</td><td>ichü<br>ikhii</td><td>mejə?</td><td>mayë3</td></tr><tr><td>CONT.Q</td><td>=ǒm</td><td>ja:</td><td>mä<br>zang</td><td>?o</td><td>lew#</td></tr><tr><td>CONT.Q</td><td>-</td><td>ni</td><td>ma</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>POL.Q</td><td>=êy</td><td>-</td><td>mä<br>zang</td><td>-</td><td>a</td></tr></tbody></table>