# World Atlas of late Quaternary Foraminiferal Oxygen and Carbon Isotope Ratios

Stefan Mulitza, Torsten Bickert, Helen C. Bostock, Cristiano M. Chiessi, Barbara Donner, Aline Govin, Naomi Harada, Enqing Huang, Heather Johnstone, Henning Kuhnert, et al.

► To cite this version:

Stefan Mulitza, Torsten Bickert, Helen C. Bostock, Cristiano M. Chiessi, Barbara Donner, et al.  
World Atlas of late Quaternary Foraminiferal Oxygen and Carbon Isotope Ratios. Earth System  
Science Data, 2022, 14, pp.2553-2611. 10.5194/essd-14-2553-2022. insu-03721927

HAL Id: insu-03721927

https://insu.hal.science/insu-03721927

Submitted on 13 Jul 2022

**HAL** is a multi-disciplinary open access
archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-
entific research documents, whether they are pub-
lished or not. The documents may come from
teaching and research institutions in France or
abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est
destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents
scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non,
émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de
recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires
publics ou privés.

<figure><img src="image_1.png" /></figure>

Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
<figure><img src="image_2.png" /></figure>

# World Atlas of late Quaternary Foraminiferal Oxygen and Carbon Isotope Ratios

Stefan Mulitza¹, Torsten Bickert¹, Helen C. Bostock²,³, Cristiano M. Chiessi⁴, Barbara Donner¹,
Aline Govin⁵, Naomi Harada⁶, Enqing Huang⁷, Heather Johnstone¹, Henning Kuhnert¹,
Michael Langner¹, Frank Lamy⁸, Lester Lembke-Jene⁸, Lorraine Lisiecki⁹, Jean Lynch-Stieglitz¹⁰,
Lars Max¹, Mahyar Mohtadi¹, Gesine Mollenhauer⁸, Juan Muglia¹¹, Dirk Nürnberg¹², André Paul¹,
Carsten Rühlemann¹³, Janne Repschläger¹⁴, Rajeev Saraswat¹⁵, Andreas Schmittner¹⁶,
Elisabeth L. Sikes¹⁷, Robert F. Spielhagen¹², and Ralf Tiedemann⁸

¹MARUM – Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany

²School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

³National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Taihoro Nukurangi,
Wellington, New Zealand

⁴School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

⁵LSCE-IPSL, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (CEA-CNRS-UVSQ), Paris-Saclay
University, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

⁶Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 2-15, Natsushima,
Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 237-0061, Japan

⁷State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China

⁸Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany

⁹Department of Earth Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA

¹⁰School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA

¹¹Centro para el Estudio de los Sistemas Marinos, CONICET, 2915 Boulevard Brown,
U9120ACD, Puerto Madryn, Argentina

¹²GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Wischhofstr. 1–3, Geb. 4, 24148, Kiel, Germany

¹³Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, Stilleweg 2, 30655 Hanover, Germany

¹⁴Department of Climate Geochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry,
Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany

¹⁵Micropaleontology Laboratory, Geological Oceanography Division,
National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, India

¹⁶College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA

¹⁷Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA

**Correspondence:** Stefan Mulitza (smulitza@marum.de)

Received: 7 October 2021 – Discussion started: 25 November 2021

Revised: 13 April 2022 – Accepted: 26 April 2022 – Published: 8 June 2022

**Abstract.** We present a global atlas of downcore foraminiferal oxygen and carbon isotope ratios available at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.936747 (Mulitza et al., 2021a). The database contains 2106 published and previously unpublished stable isotope downcore records with 361 949 stable isotope values of various planktic and benthic species of Foraminifera from 1265 sediment cores. Age constraints are provided by 6153 uncalibrated radiocarbon ages from 598 (47 %) of the cores. Each stable isotope and radiocarbon series is provided in a separate netCDF file containing fundamental metadata as attributes. The data set can be managed and explored with the free software tool PaleoDataView. The atlas will provide important data for paleoceanographic analyses and compilations, site surveys, or for teaching marine stratigraphy. The database can be updated with new records as they are generated, providing a live ongoing resource into the future.
# 1 Introduction

Stable oxygen and carbon isotope ratios measured on foraminiferal shells are often regarded as the foundation of Marine Geology and Paleogeography. The importance of these proxies stems from their broad applicability in time and space, their established and efficient analytical methods and their great value for stratigraphy and paleoceanographic reconstructions (see review by Pearson, 2012). Since the pioneering work of (Urey, 1947), millions of foraminiferal isotope measurements have been performed representing time slices from the Middle Jurassic (e.g., Vetoshkina et al., 2014) into the Anthropocene (e.g., McGregor et al., 2007). Foraminiferal isotopes have substantially contributed to the reconstruction and understanding of the global climate evolution since the Early Cretaceous (Cramer et al., 2009) including the validation of the orbital theory of the ice ages (Hays et al., 1976), reconstructions of ice volume (Shackleton and Opdyke, 1973; Waelbroeck et al., 2002) and water mass structure, ocean circulation, and carbon cycling (Curry et al., 1988; Duplessy et al., 1988; Boyle and Keigwin, 1987).

Despite their importance for the understanding of the Earth system, foraminiferal isotope data have not been systematically catalogued globally or stored in a database in a consistent and standardized format. Foraminiferal isotope data are usually available in arbitrary data formats and scattered across different data repositories, which hinders an automated analysis. Harmonized data collections have the advantage that (i) information about data coverage can be immediately accessed and visualized, for example in the planning phase of research projects, (ii) data can be quickly compared for verification/quality control or to separate local signals from global signals, and (iii) that customized software can be used to visualize and analyze the data.

Here we present the first global atlas of foraminiferal stable isotope data (with uncalibrated radiocarbon ages where available). The data are stored in netCDF format (Rew and Davis, 1990) and can be directly analyzed and visualized with the free software tool PaleoDataView (PDV, Langner and Mulitza, 2019). In PDV, age information for a specific sediment core is linked to any downcore proxy series imported for that core within the same collection. This strategy ensures the long-term maintainability and consistency of the age models across different proxy records (e.g., stable isotope records of different species) in the same collection. The netCDF format also allows the data to be analyzed using programming languages such as MATLAB, R, Fortran, C++ and Python.

# 2 Data sources and harmonization

The database is provided as a collection of 2106 netCDF files with $\delta^{18}\text{O}$ and $\delta^{13}\text{C}$ data of species-specific foraminiferal

carbonate and 598 netCDF files with raw radiocarbon ages (see references in Table A1). A detailed description of the attributes and variables in the netCDF files is provided in Sects. S1 and S2 in the Supplement. About 79% of the files containing stable isotope records were derived from data downloaded either from PANGAEA (http://www.pangaea.de, last access: 19 May 2022) or NOAA's National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI, http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov, last access: 19 May 2022). The remaining 21% of the stable isotope files are based on data obtained directly from a stable isotope laboratory by one of the co-authors (8%) or have been digitized from tables provided in papers, or paper supplements (6%), or through personal communication (7%). Radiocarbon data are not as frequently archived in public databases as stable isotope data. Only 62% of the files containing radiocarbon data were obtained from NOAA or PANGAEA, whereas data in 32% of the files were copied from tables in papers or paper supplements; 5% of the files are based on data directly obtained from laboratories, while only 1% were obtained through personal communication. The data set also includes 105 previously unpublished species-specific stable isotope downcore records including both $\delta^{18}\text{O}$ and $\delta^{13}\text{C}$ values and 45 species-specific isotope downcore records for which either $\delta^{13}\text{C}$ or $\delta^{18}\text{O}$ was previously unpublished (Sect. S3 in the Supplement). A table containing all data sources is available from Zenodo (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6337519, Mulitza et al., 2021b).

To generate the netCDF files, metadata, isotope data, and radiocarbon ages (if available) were first assembled in species- and site-specific Excel files in the format required by PDV. The species names were preserved as used in the original publication. If more than one stable isotope record of the same species was available for the same core, we added a suffix (e.g., size class or version) to the species name. The Excel files were then edited for units (mainly conversion from “cm” to “m” and years to kiloyears) and metadata were added. Unavailable data fields were filled with “NaN”. Finally, the Excel files were converted to netCDF files using the PDV import tool. Stable isotope data and radiocarbon data were saved in separate files to allow the radiocarbon file to link to several proxy records from the same core via the core label. After import, the data were inspected and quality controlled in PDV. Every row of the downcore data fields is associated with a “use flag” indicating whether the values should be included in an analysis (use flag = 1) or not (use flag = 0). This flag can be used to exclude outliers (e.g., due to turbidites) or radiocarbon reversals in a later analysis of the data while maintaining the original data in the file. Isotope values without replicates were imported with a use flag set to “1”. For replicate stable isotope measurements the use flags were set to “0” and an average of the replicates (use flag = 1) was added to the series with a comment “Mean of
multiple measurements" in the same row. Raw radiocarbon
ages were generally imported with a use flag set to "0" since
the data are uncalibrated. Most of the data are archived with
original downcore depth of the samples. If a composite depth
scale was used (e.g., for International Ocean Discovery Pro-
gram (IODP) and its predecessors Deep Sea Drilling Pro-
gram (DSDP) and Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) cores), a
comment was added and care was taken that available ra-
diocarbon dates were imported on the same depth scale. The
data are stored as raw data, with all documented corrections
removed from the data. This includes a previously subtracted
reservoir age and corrections applied to the stable isotope
values (e.g., to account for species offsets). Variables to store
downcore radiocarbon reservoir and stable isotope correc-
tions that may be applied to the data at a later stage are al-
ready included in the netCDF files. These variables have been
imported with default values of 0.4 ka (±0.1) for all radiocar-
bon reservoir ages and a stable isotope correction of "0" for
all oxygen and carbon isotope ratios. Both reservoir ages and
stable isotope corrections can be edited within PDV.

3 Data distribution

3.1 Spatial and vertical coverage

Stable isotope records are available from all major ocean basins (Fig. 1) but tend to cluster along continental margins, where higher sedimentation rates, and thus higher temporal resolutions, can be found compared to mid-ocean ridges or deep abyssal basins. About 65% of the downcore records are from coring locations within 400 km of the coastline (Fig. 2). The deepest record in the atlas is from 5105 m water depth (EN066-29PG, eastern tropical Atlantic (Curry and Lohmann, 1983), the shallowest record from 50 m water depth (GeoB9503-5, Senegal mud belt, Mulitza, unpublished). However, the availability of records decreases in waters shallower than about 400 m (Fig. 3), where more dynamic sedimentation regimes exist, and below 3800 m due to carbonate dissolution which often prevents the production of reliable, continuous foraminiferal stable isotope records.

Records are available in all oceanic 5° latitude bands
with the highest number in tropical latitudes and decreas-
ing numbers towards high latitudes (Fig. 3). This pattern
is likely the result of the year-round accessibility of low
latitudes compared to high latitudes where, due to sea
ice cover or harsh weather conditions in the cold sea-
son, expeditions are often constrained to the warm sea-
son. The largest fraction (~47%) of the stable isotope
records was measured on material from the Atlantic, whereas
about 9% are from the Southern Ocean (Fig. 4). However,
with 21 cores per million square kilometers, the Mediter-
ranean has the highest density of cores followed by the
Arctic Ocean (7.8 cores (million km⁻²)) and the Atlantic
(7.5 cores (million km⁻²)). The Pacific and Indian oceans are
currently only covered by 2 and 2.1 cores (million km⁻²), re-

spectively, which is likely a result of relatively low accumu-
lation rates and poor carbonate preservation over large areas.
In addition, the retrieval of sediment cores in the remote and
deep central areas requires more ship time compared to the
Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea.

3.2 Species distribution

The majority (61 %) of all stable isotope values available
in this compilation were measured on planktic Foraminifera
(see individual percentages for carbon and oxygen isotopes
in Fig. 5). Among the planktic species, *Globigerinoides ruber* (37%) and *Neogloboquadrina pachyderma* (28%) are
the most commonly used species, followed by *Globigerina bulloides* (17%) and *Trilobatus sacculifer* (6%). These
species have a relatively broad geographical coverage and
are considered as mixed-layer species in their respective en-
vironment (Schiebel and Hemleben, 2017). Isotope measure-
ments on other planktic species (summarized under “other
planktics”) constitute about 12% of all values in the atlas
(Fig. 5); 75% of the included planktic oxygen isotope val-
ues and 88% of the included benthic oxygen isotope values
are reported together with the corresponding carbon isotope
value. Most of the benthic isotope values (70%) were ob-
tained from species of the genus *Cibicides/Cibicidoides*. Iso-
tope values from the in-faunal genus *Uvigerina* constitute
about 18% of all benthic isotope values in the atlas. The
grouping of the original species names into species/genus
names used in Figs. 5 and 6 is provided in Sect. S4 in the
Supplement.

3.3 Species-specific and latitudinal distribution of
oxygen and carbon isotope values

In the current version, the atlas contains a total of 201 593 δ¹⁸O values. The lowest δ¹⁸O value (−7.51‰) is observed in the species *G. ruber* white (Fig. 6) from the Gulf of Mexico core LOUIS1924 under the influence of Mississippi freshwater discharge (Aharon, 2003). The highest planktic δ¹⁸O value (6.31‰) can be observed in the tropical species *G. ruber* from core M31_2-78_PC6 (Red Sea, Geiselhart and Hemleben, 1998a). With latitude, planktic δ¹⁸O values follow the typical bell-shaped pattern as expected from a dominant influence of sea surface temperature (Fig. 7). Benthic δ¹⁸O values range from −2.85‰ from *Cibicides corpulentus* in core OC205-2-108GGC from the western tropical North Atlantic (Slowey and Curry, 1995) to 5.9‰ from *Uvigerina bifurcata* from South Atlantic site JR244-GC528(Roberts et al., 2016). Vertically, the δ¹⁸O of benthic foraminiferal species increases with water depth over the upper 800 m as expected from decreasing temperatures within the main thermocline (Fig. 8). Planktic δ¹⁸O values do not show clear visual trends with water depth (not shown). Planktic and benthic δ¹⁸O values converge towards polar regions as expected
<figure><img src="image_3.png" /></figure>

**Figure 1.** Spatial distribution of stable isotope records available in this atlas. The map has been generated with PaleoDataView (Langner and Mulitza, 2019).

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /></figure>

**Figure 2.** Number of isotope records available in this atlas versus distance to the coastline in 200 km bins. The global coastline was created with the free vector and raster map data from http://www.naturalearthdata.com (last access: 19 May 2022).

from the decreasing temperature stratification with increasing latitude (Fig. 7).

The data set contains 160 356 δ¹³C values. Planktic Foraminifera from tropical latitudes show the highest δ¹³C values (Fig. 7) of up to 3.53‰ in shells of the species *G. ruber* from the Red Sea core M31_2-78_PC6 (Geiselhart and Hemleben, 1998a). Planktic δ¹³C values get as low as -17.7‰ on *N. pachyderma* sinistral (Fig. 6) in core LV28-4-4 from the Sea of Okhotsk (Kaiser, 2001), which might be related to a potential contribution from authigenic carbonate minerals that form with the anaerobic oxidation of methane

(Cook et al., 2011). Benthic foraminiferal δ¹³C gets as low as -7.99‰ in *Elphidium batialis* from western North Pacific core KT90-9_21 (Oba and Murayama, 2004) and as high as 3.36‰ in the aragonitic shells of *Hoeglundina elegans* from western North Atlantic core OC205-2-149JPC (Slowey and Curry, 1995). Benthic species of the genus *Cibicides/Cibicidoides* show a clear trend toward decreasing δ¹³C values in the deep ocean (Fig. 8), as expected from the global distribution of δ¹³C in dissolved ΣCO₂ (Kroopnick, 1985).
<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>Figure 3. Distribution of stable isotope records with water depth in 200 m bins (a) and with latitude in 5° bins (b).</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_6.png" /><figcaption>Figure 4. Number of cores (a) and records (b) for major ocean basins. A record is a downcore series of paired oxygen and carbon isotope measurements on a foraminiferal species or species group stored in a single netCDF file. Several records can exist for a single core. The counts include records/cores for which either δ¹⁸O or δ¹³C is missing. Numbers in small font below ocean basin name indicate density of cores in cores/10⁶ km² (a) and percentage from the total number of records in the atlas (b) in each basin. Ocean basins follow the definitions in the World Ocean Atlas 2001 (Stephens et al., 2002). Pacific includes the Sea of Japan and the Indian Ocean includes the Bay of Bengal and the Red Sea.</figcaption></figure>

## 3.4 Distribution of radiocarbon ages

The data set contains 6153 individual radiocarbon ages with a maximum age of about 56 ka. About 47% of the cores are associated with at least one radiocarbon date. Most of the radiocarbon-dated cores are from the Atlantic (44%) followed by the Pacific (28%) and the Arctic Ocean (12%).

(Fig. 9). The temporal distribution of the radiocarbon ages (Fig. 10) shows that the last deglaciation has been preferentially dated, which is likely a consequence of the scientific attention focused on this time period and the limited stratigraphic extent of many coring techniques. The fraction of re-
<figure><img src="image_7.png" /></figure>

**Figure 5.** Fraction of oxygen (a) and carbon (b) isotope values measured on benthic (blue) and planktic (grey) species/species groups. Numbers below the species/genus names indicate absolute number of values and percentage from the total number of δ¹⁸O (a) or δ¹³C (b) values in the atlas. See Sect. S4 in the Supplement for the categorization of the individual species names from the original publications.

<figure><img src="image_8.png" /></figure>

**Figure 6.** Box-and-whisker plot of oxygen (left) and carbon (right) stable isotope values of planktic (orange) and benthic (blue) Foraminifera at the species or genus level. The vertical line shows the median, left and right margins of the box indicate the 25th and 75th percentiles. The whiskers (the horizontal dashed lines) indicate the maximum/minimum values, or in case of outliers (open circles), highest/lowest data point that is less than 1.5 times above/below the interquartile range. The plot has been created with R's boxplot() function (R Core Team, 2017).
<figure><img src="image_9.png" /></figure>

**Figure 7.** Distribution of δ¹⁸O values (a) and δ¹³C values (b) with latitude. Red/orange: planktic Foraminifera, blue: benthic Foraminifera. Extreme values outside the axis ranges are not shown.

<figure><img src="image_10.png" /></figure>

**Figure 8.** Distribution of benthic oxygen (δ¹⁸O, a) and carbon (δ¹³C, b) isotope values with water depth. Extreme values outside the axis ranges are not shown. Blue: *Cibicides/Cibicidoides*, orange: other benthic species.

versals is higher for the deglacial and glacial periods, where the higher sampling density increases the likelihood of reversals.

# 4 Possible applications

## 4.1 Marine geology and paleoceanography

Foraminiferal oxygen isotope ratios provide one of the most reliable tools for stratigraphy in marine sediments, particularly for time periods older than the range of the radiocarbon method, or if radiocarbon is not available or associated with large uncertainties due to unknown reservoir ages. Usually, oxygen-isotope stratigraphy is applied by using global (Imbrie et al., 1984; Prell et al., 1986; Lisiecki and Raymo, 2005) or basin-wide (Lisiecki and Stern, 2016) isotope reference curves. The collection presented here may provide the opportunity to find and align new records with the closest published isotope record measured on the same species, taking events into account that may only occur locally. Through its value for stratigraphy, our collection may also provide a foundation for the global mapping of seafloor sedimentation rates. The spatial quantitative mapping of sedimentation rates will allow the development of sediment budgets for the seafloor, including carbon burial.

Oxygen and carbon isotope ratios of Foraminifera are of great value for paleoclimatology by providing information on the history of seawater temperature and isotopic composition as well as circulation, productivity, and carbon sequestration. This isotope atlas will allow for new global compilations to be undertaken to understand these processes at a global scale. Although distorted by habitat effects and vital effects, there is hope that some of these effects can be represented and quantified in foraminiferal ecosystem/calci-fication models (e.g., Wolf-Gladrow et al., 1999; Schmidt and Mulitza, 2002; Fraile et al., 2008). Since the number of climate models containing the cycling of oxygen and carbon isotopes is constantly growing (Marchal and Curry, 2008; Kurahashi-Nakamura et al., 2017; Tierney et al., 2020; Muglia et al., 2018; Völpel et al., 2017), foraminiferal isotopes may provide the opportunity to validate climate model experiments directly. Given this prospect and the spatial coverage, foraminiferal isotope data should be rescued, assembled, and organized to secure the information for future applications as we continue to improve our understanding of the ecological and geochemical processes that determine isotope ratios in foraminiferal shells. Depending on the scientific problem, paleoceanographic compilations usually have specific criteria (e.g., temporal resolution or the availability of radiocarbon ages) for the selection of the records to be included (e.g., Jonkers et al., 2020). An atlas product that includes the majority of the available records enables quick selection of suitable data without an extensive literature review.
<figure><img src="image_11.png" /></figure>

**Figure 9.** Spatial distribution of stable isotope records with at least one radiocarbon age. The map has been generated with PaleoDataView (Langner and Mulitza, 2019).

<figure><img src="image_12.png" /></figure>

**Figure 10.** Distribution of radiocarbon ages in 1 kyr bins. Fraction of age reversals in black. Three negative radiocarbon ages are not included.

## 4.2 Expedition planning

The planning of marine coring campaigns requires prior knowledge of existing cores. Existing core locations are often resampled to get new sediment material or to extend the stratigraphic coverage with alternative coring gear that can penetrate deeper into the sediment. For example, many IODP and ODP cores are drilled at sites where short cores were previously retrieved. The knowledge of existing core locations and their stratigraphy allows identification of sampling gaps. Many aspects of marine expeditions are unpredictable, and schedules and coring plans regularly have to be adapted, often on a daily basis. The atlas we are presenting here provides

fast access to stratigraphic data and may aid the identification of suitable alternative coring locations on ocean expeditions. Both the freely available PDV software and the atlas do not require web access and are therefore suitable to be used with a standard laptop computer.

## 4.3 Education

Foraminiferal oxygen isotope ratios are still the most valuable stratigraphic tool in marine sediments. The atlas covers various sedimentation regimes and therefore provides numerous examples of how factors like local hydrography, species, or sedimentation rates influence the patterns of downcore isotope ratios. It therefore may be used as a resource to train students in regional isotope stratigraphy for studies in paleoceanography, paleoclimate, and marine geology. Lecturers may employ the atlas together with PaleoDataView or with custom software to show examples on how isotope stages may be identified in different geological settings and on how isotope differences between species may be explained by hydrography and foraminiferal ecology. Students may also actively explore the patterns of isotope stratigraphies from different parts of the global seafloor to actively learn how global factors such as ice volume and local factors such as sea surface temperature (SST) and freshwater input influence stable isotope records.

## 5 Data availability

All data included in the World Atlas of late Quaternary Foraminiferal Oxygen and Carbon Isotope Ratios can be downloaded at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.936747 (Mulitza et al., 2021a). For use with the soft-
ware `PaleoDataView`, the unzipped root directory ("WA_Foraminiferal_Isotopes_2022") of the collection with all its content can be copied into the `"Documents/PaleoDataView/"` folder (Windows) or the `/PaleoDataView/folder` under `"Applications"` (macOS). Select the root directory `"WA_Foraminiferal_Isotopes_2022"` under `"Data → Change Collection → Change Working Directory"` to explore the data. For use with custom software, netCDF files containing stable isotopes data are stored under `"WA_Foraminiferal_Isotopes_2022\Foraminiferal Isotopes\Data\"` and the radiocarbon data under `"WA_Foraminiferal_Isotopes_2022\Age\"`. Information on the installation of `PaleoDataView` is available from Langner and Mulitza (2019).

## 6 Future: building a dynamic world atlas of marine sediments

The amount of proxy data from marine sediments is growing fast, and the demand of data sets that can constrain past states of the Earth system is increasing. The complexity of the data makes it challenging to maintain and reduce the data sets into spatially and chronologically coherent and meaningful data sets. We propose to initiate an atlas series that provides raw data in a consistent data format as a first step from data archived in public databases (as published) towards more sophisticated data products describing past states of the ocean and the seafloor (Fig. 11). Eventually, these harmonized data sets can form a continuously growing and sustainable public "database layer" where proxy-specific raw data can be queried and directly loaded into software that provides the tools to generate homogenized data products that can reach out into other disciplines, i.e., climate modeling. We present a simple file-based data collection where each file contains only one proxy record rather than all available data of the core. Paleoclimatic data are often analyzed and assembled in proxy-specific collections, because proxy-specific transfer functions have to be applied in order to quantify environmental variables. Furthermore, comparisons of records from different sites are preferably done on the same proxy type to ensure comparability. A single file per proxy facilitates the composition of proxy-specific collections, avoiding the additional costs (i.e., in terms of data management and disk space) of other downcore parameters in the same file. This modularity also allows individual scientists to separate their unpublished/unvalidated data from published/validated data that are ready to be included into a proxy collection. On the other hand, it is desirable to consistently apply the same stratigraphy to all proxies from a single core. PDV will automatically apply a single age model to all proxy records with the same core label. This requires that the depth scales and the core label of the different proxies are identical, when the data are imported.

<figure><img src="image_13.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 11.** Potential workflow to form sustainable data products from raw databases.</figcaption></figure>

Stable isotopes and radiocarbon ages usually provide the stratigraphic basis for further investigations. When collections of other proxies are added to PDV, these collections can rely on the stratigraphic data provided here and any changes in the stratigraphy will be applied to all proxy data in the collection. The efficient visualization of the data in PDV allows the identification of erroneous data and helps to improve the atlas product over time. The Excel export and import functions of PDV also ensure access to the data for individuals without strong programming skills.

As new foraminiferal isotope measurements become frequently available, we plan to update the atlas in reasonable intervals. Also, more historical isotope data may become available and need to be rescued (i.e., Borreggine et al., 2017). We hope this atlas will be a useful resource for the paleoceanography and marine geology community and will continue to grow through the contribution of new data sets as they are developed. Please contact the first author if you are interested in contributing to future updates of the atlas.
Appendix A

<table><caption>Table A1. References for the included stable isotope and radiocarbon data.</caption><thead><tr><th>Core/site</th><th>References</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>12PC51</td><td>Sikes and Keigwin (1994)</td></tr><tr><td>3MO67</td><td>Znaidi-Rivault (2006a)</td></tr><tr><td>64PE-174P13</td><td>Scussolini and Peeters (2013)</td></tr><tr><td>75KS23</td><td>Znaidi-Rivault (2006b)</td></tr><tr><td>75KS5</td><td>Znaidi-Rivault (2006c)</td></tr><tr><td>75KS50</td><td>Znaidi-Rivault (2006d)</td></tr><tr><td>75KS76</td><td>Znaidi-Rivault (2006e)</td></tr><tr><td>75KS79</td><td>Znaidi-Rivault (2006f)</td></tr><tr><td>A179-15</td><td>Mix et al. (1986); CLIMAP Project Members (2004a)</td></tr><tr><td>A7</td><td>Sun et al. (2005)</td></tr><tr><td>AA_GC5</td><td>Rathburn et al. (1997)</td></tr><tr><td>AAS9_21</td><td>Govil and Naidu (2010)</td></tr><tr><td>AHF-11343</td><td>Mortyn et al. (1996)</td></tr><tr><td>AHF-16830</td><td>Mortyn et al. (1996)</td></tr><tr><td>AHF-16832</td><td>Mortyn et al. (1996)</td></tr><tr><td>AHF-28181</td><td>Mortyn et al. (1996)</td></tr><tr><td>AII-125JPC-76</td><td>Friddell (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>AII60-13APC</td><td>Curry and Lohmann (1982)</td></tr><tr><td>ALB226</td><td>Sarnthein et al. (1994)</td></tr><tr><td>AMK4-316GC</td><td>Barash et al. (2002); Spielhagen et al. (1999)</td></tr><tr><td>AOS94_B16</td><td>Poore et al. (1999)</td></tr><tr><td>AOS94_B17</td><td>Poore et al. (1999)</td></tr><tr><td>AOS94_B19</td><td>Poore et al. (1999)</td></tr><tr><td>AOS94_B8</td><td>Poore et al. (1999)</td></tr><tr><td>ASV13_1200</td><td>Duplessy et al. (2005)</td></tr><tr><td>AT_II-107_22</td><td>Keigwin and Boyle (1989)</td></tr><tr><td>BA84-02PC</td><td>Kallel et al. (1997)</td></tr><tr><td>BA84-08GC</td><td>Kallel et al. (1997)</td></tr><tr><td>BC42-11</td><td>Showers and Margolis (1985)</td></tr><tr><td>BC43-15</td><td>Showers and Margolis (1985)</td></tr><tr><td>BC44-12</td><td>Showers and Margolis (1985)</td></tr><tr><td>BC5-5</td><td>Showers and Margolis (1985)</td></tr><tr><td>BC79-8</td><td>Showers and Margolis (1985)</td></tr><tr><td>BCCF10-01</td><td>Dias et al. (2018)</td></tr><tr><td>BCCF10-01</td><td>Venancio et al. (2016)</td></tr><tr><td>BCCF10-04</td><td>Venancio et al. (2016)</td></tr><tr><td>BCCF10-09</td><td>Dias et al. (2018)</td></tr><tr><td>BCCF10-15</td><td>Dias et al. (2018)</td></tr><tr><td>BOFS14K</td><td>Bertram et al. (1995); Lowry and Machin (2016)</td></tr><tr><td>BOFS17K</td><td>Shimmield (2004a)</td></tr><tr><td>BOFS26_6K</td><td>Beveridge et al. (1995)</td></tr><tr><td>BOFS28_3K</td><td>Beveridge et al. (1995)</td></tr><tr><td>BOFS29_1K</td><td>Beveridge et al. (1995)</td></tr><tr><td>BOFS30_3K</td><td>Beveridge et al. (1995)</td></tr><tr><td>BOFS31_1K</td><td>Beveridge et al. (1995)</td></tr><tr><td>BOFS5K</td><td>Shimmield (2004b); Manighetti et al. (1995)</td></tr><tr><td>BS79-33</td><td>Cacho et al. (2001); Sbaffi et al. (2001)</td></tr><tr><td>BS88-6-10B</td><td>Horwege and Spielhagen, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>BS88-6-12</td><td>Horwege and Spielhagen, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>BS88-6-13</td><td>Horwege and Spielhagen, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>BS88-6-14</td><td>Horwege and Spielhagen, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>BS88-6-16</td><td>Horwege and Spielhagen, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>BS88-6-17B</td><td>Horwege and Spielhagen, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>BS88-6-18</td><td>Horwege and Spielhagen, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>BS88-6-21</td><td>Horwege and Spielhagen, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>BS88-6-23</td><td>Horwege and Spielhagen, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>BS88-6-3</td><td>Horwege and Spielhagen, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>BS88-6-4</td><td>Horwege and Spielhagen, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>BS88-6-6</td><td>Horwege and Spielhagen, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>BS88-6-7</td><td>Horwege and Spielhagen, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>BS88-6-8</td><td>Horwege and Spielhagen, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>BS-A</td><td>Ferreira et al. (2014)</td></tr><tr><td>BS-C</td><td>Costa et al. (2018)</td></tr><tr><td>BS-D</td><td>Ferreira et al. (2014)</td></tr><tr><td>BT4</td><td>Curry et al. (1988)</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table A1. Continued.</caption><thead><tr><th>Core/site</th><th>References</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>CEUTA10PC08</td><td>Ausín et al. (2015a)</td></tr><tr><td>CF10-01B</td><td>Lessa et al. (2016); de Oliveira Lessa et al. (2014)</td></tr><tr><td>CF10-09A</td><td>Lessa et al. (2016)</td></tr><tr><td>CH0182-36</td><td>Slowey and Curry (1987)</td></tr><tr><td>CH22KW31</td><td>Pastouret et al. (1978)</td></tr><tr><td>CH69-K09</td><td>Labeyrie et al. (1999)</td></tr><tr><td>CH71-07</td><td>Sarnthein et al. (1994)</td></tr><tr><td>CH72-02</td><td>Curry et al. (1988)</td></tr><tr><td>CH73-139C</td><td>Duplessy (1982); Labeyrie and Duplessy (1985); Bard et al. (1987)</td></tr><tr><td>CH74-227</td><td>Labeyrie (1996)</td></tr><tr><td>CH75-03</td><td>Curry et al. (1988)</td></tr><tr><td>CH75-04</td><td>Curry et al. (1988)</td></tr><tr><td>CH84-27</td><td>Labeyrie (1996)</td></tr><tr><td>CHAT_16k</td><td>Yu et al. (2007)</td></tr><tr><td>CHAT_1K</td><td>Weaver et al. (1998); McCave et al. (2008)</td></tr><tr><td>CHAT10K</td><td>McCave et al. (2008); Maxson et al. (2019)</td></tr><tr><td>CHAT3K</td><td>McCave et al. (2008)</td></tr><tr><td>CHN115-70PC</td><td>Curry and Lohmann (1982)</td></tr><tr><td>CHN115-88PC</td><td>Curry and Lohmann (1982)</td></tr><tr><td>CHN115-89PC</td><td>Curry and Lohmann (1982)</td></tr><tr><td>CHN115-90PC</td><td>Curry and Lohmann (1982)</td></tr><tr><td>CHN115-91PC</td><td>Curry and Lohmann (1982)</td></tr><tr><td>CHN115-92PC</td><td>Curry and Lohmann (1982)</td></tr><tr><td>CHN82-20</td><td>Keigwin and Lehman (1994)</td></tr><tr><td>CHN82-24</td><td>Curry et al. (1988)</td></tr><tr><td>CMU-14</td><td>Toledo et al. (2007)</td></tr><tr><td>CS70-5</td><td>Znaidi-Rivault (2006g)</td></tr><tr><td>CS72-37</td><td>Kallel et al. (1997)</td></tr><tr><td>D11957P</td><td>Lebreiro et al. (1997)</td></tr><tr><td>DSDP590</td><td>Nelson et al. (1994, 1993)</td></tr><tr><td>DSDP591</td><td>Nelson et al. (1994, 1993)</td></tr><tr><td>DSDP592</td><td>Nelson et al. (1994, 1993)</td></tr><tr><td>DSDP593</td><td>Elmore et al. (2015c)</td></tr><tr><td>DSDP594</td><td>Nelson et al. (1986)</td></tr><tr><td>E11-2</td><td>Mashiotta et al. (1999); Zheng et al. (2002)</td></tr><tr><td>E27-23</td><td>Ferry et al. (2015); Anderson et al. (2009)</td></tr><tr><td>E45-29</td><td>Howard and Prell (1992)</td></tr><tr><td>E49-17</td><td>Howard and Prell (1992)</td></tr><tr><td>E49-18</td><td>Howard and Prell (1992)</td></tr><tr><td>E49-21</td><td>Howard and Prell (1992)</td></tr><tr><td>E49-23</td><td>Howard and Prell (1992)</td></tr><tr><td>ELT25.011-CP</td><td>Waddell et al. (2009)</td></tr><tr><td>ELT48.022-PC</td><td>Rickaby and Elderfield (1999)</td></tr><tr><td>EN066-10PG</td><td>Curry and Lohmann (1983)</td></tr><tr><td>EN066-16PG</td><td>Curry and Lohmann (1983)</td></tr><tr><td>EN066-21PG</td><td>Curry and Lohmann (1983)</td></tr><tr><td>EN066-26PG</td><td>Curry and Lohmann (1983)</td></tr><tr><td>EN066-29PG</td><td>Curry and Lohmann (1983)</td></tr><tr><td>EN066-32PG</td><td>Curry and Lohmann (1983)</td></tr><tr><td>EN066-36PG</td><td>Curry and Lohmann (1983)</td></tr><tr><td>EN066-38PG</td><td>Curry and Lohmann (1983)</td></tr><tr><td>EN066-44PG</td><td>Curry and Lohmann (1983)</td></tr><tr><td>EN32-PC6</td><td>Flower et al. (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>EN540-GGC-2</td><td>Keigwin, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>ENAM9321</td><td>Rasmussen et al. (1996)</td></tr><tr><td>ERDC-093P</td><td>Shackleton et al. (1992)</td></tr><tr><td>ERDC-124P</td><td>Wu et al. (1990)</td></tr><tr><td>ESP-08</td><td>Toledo et al. (2007)</td></tr><tr><td>EW0408-26JC</td><td>Praetorius and Mix (2014); Praetorius et al. (2015, 2016)</td></tr><tr><td>EW0408-26TC</td><td>Praetorius et al. (2015, 2016)</td></tr><tr><td>EW0408-66JC</td><td>Praetorius and Mix (2014); Praetorius et al. (2016)</td></tr><tr><td>EW0408-85JC</td><td>Praetorius et al. (2015); Davies-Walczak et al. (2014)</td></tr><tr><td>EW0408-87JC</td><td>Praetorius et al. (2015); Davies-Walczak et al. (2014)</td></tr><tr><td>EW9209-1JPC</td><td>Curry et al. (1999)</td></tr><tr><td>EW9209-2JPC</td><td>Curry et al. (1999)</td></tr><tr><td>EW9209-3JPC</td><td>Curry et al. (1999)</td></tr><tr><td>EW9302-24GGC</td><td>Oppo et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>EW9302-25GGC</td><td>Oppo et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>EW9302-26GGC</td><td>Oppo et al. (2015)</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table A1. Continued.</caption><thead><tr><td>Core/site</td><td>References</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>EW9504-02</td><td>Stott et al. (2000)</td></tr><tr><td>EW9504-03</td><td>Stott et al. (2000)</td></tr><tr><td>EW9504-04</td><td>Stott et al. (2000)</td></tr><tr><td>EW9504-05</td><td>Stott et al. (2000)</td></tr><tr><td>EW9504-08</td><td>Stott et al. (2000)</td></tr><tr><td>EW9504-09</td><td>Stott et al. (2000)</td></tr><tr><td>F2-92-P3</td><td>van Geen et al. (1996); Zheng et al. (2000)</td></tr><tr><td>F8-90-G21</td><td>van Geen et al. (1996)</td></tr><tr><td>Fan_17</td><td>Parker et al. (2016)</td></tr><tr><td>FFC15</td><td>Keigwin and Lehman (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>FR01_97-09</td><td>Bostock et al. (2009)</td></tr><tr><td>FR01_97-10</td><td>Bostock et al. (2009); Bostock et al. (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>FR01_97-11</td><td>Bostock et al. (2009)</td></tr><tr><td>FR01_97-12</td><td>Bostock et al. (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>FR01_97-13</td><td>Bostock et al. (2009)</td></tr><tr><td>FR01_97-14</td><td>Bostock et al. (2009)</td></tr><tr><td>FR1_94-GC3</td><td>de Deckker et al. (2019)</td></tr><tr><td>FR4-92-PC16</td><td>Dunbar et al. (2000)</td></tr><tr><td>FR4-92-PC36</td><td>Dunbar et al. (2000)</td></tr><tr><td>FR4-92-PC42</td><td>Dunbar et al. (2000)</td></tr><tr><td>FR4-92-PC6</td><td>Dunbar et al. (2000)</td></tr><tr><td>FR5-90-PC27a</td><td>Bostock et al. (2006)</td></tr><tr><td>GC34</td><td>Moy et al. (2006)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB10038-4</td><td>Mohtadi et al. (2010a, b); Mohtadi, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB10053-7</td><td>Mohtadi et al. (2011); Mohtadi, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB10069-3</td><td>Gibbons et al. (2014); Mohtadi, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1007-4</td><td>Mulitza and Rühlemann (2000); Mulitza, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1008-3</td><td>Schneider (1991); Govin, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1016-3</td><td>Schneider et al. (1995); Govin, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1023-5</td><td>Schneider et al. (1995); Kim and Schneider (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1028-5</td><td>Wefer et al. (1996); Bickert and Mackensen (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1031-4</td><td>Wefer et al. (1996); Bickert and Mackensen (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1032-2</td><td>Bickert and Mackensen (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1032-3</td><td>Wefer et al. (1996); Bickert and Mackensen (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1034-1</td><td>Bickert and Mackensen (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1034-3</td><td>Bickert and Mackensen (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1035-3</td><td>Bickert and Mackensen (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1035-4</td><td>Bickert and Mackensen (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1041-1</td><td>Bickert and Mackensen (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1041-3</td><td>Wolff (1998); Bickert and Mackensen (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1101-4</td><td>Bickert and Mackensen (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1101-5</td><td>Bickert and Mackensen (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1105-3</td><td>Kemle-von Mücke (1994); Bickert and Mackensen (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1105-4</td><td>Meinecke (1992); Kemle-von Mücke (1994); Bickert and Mackensen (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1112-3</td><td>Bickert and Mackensen (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1112-4</td><td>Kemle-von Mücke (1994); Bickert and Mackensen (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1113-4</td><td>Sarnthein et al. (1994)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1113-7</td><td>Sarnthein et al. (1994)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1115-3</td><td>Bickert and Mackensen (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1115-4</td><td>Bickert and Mackensen (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1117-2</td><td>Bickert and Mackensen (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1117-3</td><td>Bickert and Mackensen (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1118-2</td><td>Bickert and Mackensen (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1118-3</td><td>Bickert and Mackensen (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1211-1</td><td>Bickert and Mackensen (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1211-3</td><td>Bickert and Mackensen (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1214-1</td><td>Bickert and Mackensen (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1214-2</td><td>Bickert and Mackensen (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1220-1</td><td>Wefer et al. (1996); Bickert and Mackensen (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB12605-3</td><td>Kuhnert et al. (2014); Kuhnert, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB12615-4</td><td>Romahn et al. (2014)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB12624-1</td><td>Liu et al. (2016); Bouimetarhan et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1306-1</td><td>Bickert and Mackensen (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1306-2</td><td>Bickert and Mackensen (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1309-2</td><td>Hale and Pflaumann (1999a)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1312-2</td><td>Hale and Pflaumann (1999a); Bickert and Mackensen (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB13601-4</td><td>Just et al. (2012)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB13731-1</td><td>Fink et al. (2013); Wang et al. (2019)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB13801-2</td><td>Bender et al. (2013)</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table A1. Continued.</caption><thead><tr><th>Core/site</th><th>References</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>GeoB13825-2</td><td>Bickert, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB13862-1</td><td>Voigt et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1408-3</td><td>Dürkoop et al. (1997a); Mulitza (2009a)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1413-4</td><td>Wefer et al. (1996)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1417-1</td><td>Meinecke (1992); Bickert and Mackensen (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1419-2</td><td>Bickert and Mackensen (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB15005-1</td><td>Martínez-Méndez et al. (2013)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1501-4</td><td>Dürkoop et al. (1997b); Bickert and Mackensen (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1503-1</td><td>Dürkoop et al. (1997c); Bickert and Mackensen (2004); Mulitza, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1505-2</td><td>Bickert and Mackensen (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1506-2</td><td>Wolff (1998)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1508-4</td><td>Dürkoop et al. (1997d); Bickert and Mackensen (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1515-1</td><td>Rühlemann et al. (1996); Vidal et al. (1999)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1520-1</td><td>Bickert and Mackensen (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1520-2</td><td>Bickert and Mackensen (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1523-1</td><td>Mulitza (1994); Bickert and Mackensen (2004); Mulitza (2009b)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1523-2</td><td>Rühlemann et al. (2001)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1523-2</td><td>Bickert and Mackensen (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB16202-2</td><td>Freymüller (2013); Vahlenkamp (2013); Huppertz (2014); Mulitza et al. (2017); Voigt et al. (2017); Venancio et al. (2018); Mulitza, unpublished; Mulitza and Mackensen, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB16206-1</td><td>Zhang et al. (2015); Voigt et al. (2017)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB16224-1</td><td>Krummrei (2015); Zhang et al. (2015); Voigt et al. (2017); Crivellari et al. (2018); Mulitza, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB16320-2</td><td>Matos et al. (2017)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1701-4</td><td>Dürkoop et al. (1997e); Mulitza, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1704-4</td><td>Mollenhauer (2002); Mollenhauer, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1706-2</td><td>Little et al. (1997)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1710-2</td><td>Bickert and Mackensen (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1710-3</td><td>Schmiedl and Mackensen (1997)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1711-4</td><td>Bickert and Mackensen (2004); Vidal et al. (1999); Little et al. (1997); Balmer et al. (2016)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1711-5</td><td>Bickert and Mackensen (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1712-4</td><td>Mollenhauer, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1720-2</td><td>Dickson et al. (2009)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1721-4</td><td>Bickert and Mackensen (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1721-2</td><td>Bickert and Mackensen (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1722-1</td><td>Bickert and Mackensen (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1722-3</td><td>Bickert and Mackensen (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1903-3</td><td>Dürkoop et al. (1997f); Bickert and Mackensen (2004); Niebler and Mulitza (2009)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB1905-3</td><td>Bickert and Mackensen (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB2004-2</td><td>Bickert and Mackensen (2004); Mulitza (2009c)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB2016-1</td><td>Niebler (2004g); Bickert and Mackensen (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB2019-1</td><td>Bickert and Mackensen (2004); Niebler (2004h); Mulitza, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB2021-5</td><td>Niebler (2004i); Mulitza, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB2104-3</td><td>Steinborn (2003); Hickey (2010); Mulitza, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB2105-1</td><td>Steinborn (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB2106-3</td><td>Steinborn (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB2107-3</td><td>Dürkoop (1998); Portilho-Ramos et al. (2018); Heil (2006); Rühlemann, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB2109-1</td><td>Hale and Pflaumann (1999b); Dürkoop et al. (2004a); Mulitza (2009d); Huang (2013)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB2110-4</td><td>Gingele et al. (1999)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB2116-4</td><td>Niebler (2004j); Mulitza (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB2117-1</td><td>Dürkoop et al. (1997g)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB2125-1</td><td>Dürkoop et al. (1997h)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB2126-3</td><td>Govin, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB2202-4</td><td>Dürkoop et al. (1997i)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB2204-1</td><td>Dürkoop (1998); Bickert and Mackensen (2004); Mulitza, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB2204-2</td><td>Dürkoop (1998); Bickert and Mackensen (2004); Mulitza, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB2215-10</td><td>Wolff (1998); Bickert and Mackensen (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB2819-1</td><td>Dürkoop et al. (1997j); Hale and Pflaumann (1999a); Bickert and Mackensen (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB3004-1</td><td>Schmiedl and Mackensen (2006)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB3005-1</td><td>Müller and Budziak (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB3104-1</td><td>Arz et al. (1998); Arz et al. (1999b)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB3117-1</td><td>Arz et al. (1999a)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB3129-1</td><td>Arz et al. (1999a)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB3176-1</td><td>Arz et al. (1999a)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB3202-1</td><td>Arz et al. (1999b); Behling et al. (2002)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB3229-2</td><td>Arz et al. (1999b)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB3302-1</td><td>Lamy (1998); Mohtadi et al. (2008)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB3304-5</td><td>Bernhardt et al. (2016, 2015)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB3313-1</td><td>Lamy et al. (2002)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB3327-5</td><td>Ho et al. (2012)</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table A1. Continued.</caption><thead><tr><td>Core/site</td><td>References</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>GeoB3359-3</td><td>Mohtadi et al. (2008)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB3369-1</td><td>Bernhardt et al. (2016, 2015)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB3375-1</td><td>Lamy et al. (1998, 2000)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB3603-2</td><td>Bickert and Mackensen (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB3606-1</td><td>Romero et al. (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB3722-2</td><td>Mollenhauer (2002); Niebler et al. (2003); Mollenhauer, unpublished; Niebler, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB3801-6</td><td>Bickert and Mackensen (2004); Mulitza (2009e)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB3808-6</td><td>Hale and Pflaumann (1999c) Bickert and Mackensen (2004); Dürkoop et al. (2004b)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB3813-3</td><td>Bickert and Mackensen (2004); Mulitza (2009f)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB3914-2</td><td>Govin, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB3935-2</td><td>Schlünz et al. (2000)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB3938-1</td><td>Schlünz et al. (2000); Govin et al. (2014a)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB4216-1</td><td>Freudenthal et al. (2002)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB4223-2</td><td>Freudenthal et al. (2002); Henderiks et al. (2002)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB4240-2</td><td>Freudenthal et al. (2002); Henderiks et al. (2002)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB4241-11</td><td>Freudenthal (2000); Henderiks et al. (2002)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB4403-2</td><td>Bickert and Mackensen (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB4411-2</td><td>Hörner (2012); Govin et al. (2014a)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB4420-2</td><td>Mulitza, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB4901-8</td><td>Adegbie (2001)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB4905-4</td><td>Adegbie et al. (2003); Weldeab et al. (2005); Zimmermann (2013)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB5115-2</td><td>Niebler (2004k); Bickert and Mackensen (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB5121-2</td><td>Niebler (2004l); Bickert and Mackensen (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB5844-2</td><td>Arz et al. (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB5901-2</td><td>Schirrmacher et al. (2020); Rühlemann, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB6201-5</td><td>Portilho-Ramos et al. (2018)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB6211-2</td><td>Steinborn (2003); Chiessi et al. (2008, 2009); Voigt et al. (2015); Chiessi, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB6212-1</td><td>Chiessi and Mulitza, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB6213-2</td><td>Mulitza and Chiessi, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB6308-3</td><td>Voigt et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB6340-2</td><td>Mulitza, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB6403-3</td><td>Donner, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB6405-6</td><td>Donner, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB6408-4</td><td>Donner, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB6412-2</td><td>Barbara Donner, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB6421-2</td><td>Barbara Donner, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB6425-2</td><td>Donner, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB6518-1</td><td>Schefuss et al. (2005)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB6719-1</td><td>Rüggeberg et al. (2005)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB6910-2</td><td>Steinborn (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB6914-2</td><td>Steinborn (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB7010-2</td><td>Kuhr (2011); Govin et al. (2014b, a)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB7112-5</td><td>Mohtadi and Hebbeln (2004); Mohtadi et al. (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB7165-1</td><td>Mohtadi et al. (2008)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB7920-2</td><td>Tjallingii et al. (2008)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB7926-2</td><td>Romero et al. (2008); Kim et al. (2012); McKay et al. (2014)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB8453-1</td><td>Rathmann and Mulitza, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB8507-3</td><td>Kohn et al. (2011)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB9064-1</td><td>El Frihmat et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB9069-1</td><td>El Frihmat et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB9311-1</td><td>Dupont and Kuhlmann (2017)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB9501-5</td><td>Mulitza et al. (2010); Kuhnert and Mulitza, unpublished data</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB9503-5</td><td>Mulitza, unpublished; Bouimetarhan et al. (2009)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB9506-1</td><td>Mulitza, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB9508-5</td><td>Mulitza et al. (2008); Johnstone, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB9510-1</td><td>Völpel et al. (2019); Lynch-Stieglitz, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB9512-5</td><td>Völpel et al. (2019); Lynch-Stieglitz, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB9513-3</td><td>Völpel et al. (2019); Mulitza, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB9516-5</td><td>Itambi et al. (2009); Mulitza, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB9526-5</td><td>Zarrieß, 2010; Zarrieß and Mackensen (2010); Zarrieß et al. (2011)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB9528-3</td><td>Castañeda et al. (2009); Gemmeke (2010)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB9532-2</td><td>Huang and Mulitza, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB9533-2</td><td>Huang and Mulitza, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB9534-5</td><td>Huang and Mulitza, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB9535-4</td><td>Collins et al. (2011); Huang and Mulitza, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>GeoB9624-1</td><td>Henrich et al. (2010); Bickert, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>GEOFARKF13</td><td>Richter (1998)</td></tr><tr><td>GeoTu_SL10</td><td>Ehrmann et al. (2016)</td></tr><tr><td>GGC-49</td><td>Leech et al. (2013)</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table A1. Continued.</caption><thead><tr><td>Core/site</td><td>References</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>GIK11944-1</td><td>Winn et al. (1991)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK11944-2</td><td>Zahn-Knoll (1986)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK12392-1</td><td>Zahn et al. (1986)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK13289-2</td><td>Sarnthein et al. (1994)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK13291-1</td><td>Hommers et al. (2019)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK13519-1</td><td>Sarnthein et al. (1984)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK15612-2</td><td>Sarnthein et al. (1994); Kiefer (1998)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK15637-1</td><td>Kiefer (1998); Sarnthein et al. (1994); Zahn-Knoll and Sarnthein (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK15666-6</td><td>Weinelt and Sarnthein (2003a); Zahn et al. (1987)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK15669-1</td><td>Sarnthein et al. (1994); Zahn et al. (1987)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK15670-5</td><td>Weinelt and Sarnthein (2003b); Weinelt (1993); Zahn et al. (1987)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK16004-1</td><td>Sarnthein et al. (1994); Zahn et al. (1987)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK16160-3</td><td>Wang et al. (2013a, b)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK16396-1</td><td>Sarnthein et al. (1994)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK16459-1</td><td>Sarnthein (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK16771-2</td><td>Sarnthein et al. (1994)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK16773-1</td><td>Sarnthein et al. (1994)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK16776-1</td><td>Hüls (1991)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK16856-2</td><td>Sarnthein et al. (1994); Schulz (1995)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK16867-2</td><td>Sarnthein (1997a)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK16867-3</td><td>Sarnthein (1997a)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK17045-2</td><td>Sarnthein et al. (1994)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK17045-3</td><td>Sarnthein et al. (1994)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK17048-3</td><td>Sarnthein (1997b)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK17048-4</td><td>Sarnthein (1997b)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK17049-6</td><td>Jung (1996)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK17050-1</td><td>Jung and Sarnthein (2003a)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK17051-3</td><td>Jung and Sarnthein (2003a, b)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK17054-1</td><td>Sarnthein et al. (1988)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK17055-1</td><td>Winn and Sarnthein (1991); Winn et al. (1991)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK17055-2</td><td>Winn and Sarnthein (1991); Winn et al. (1991)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK17286-1</td><td>Lauterbach et al. (2020)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK17304-1</td><td>Winn (2013e)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK17304-2</td><td>Winn (2013f)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK17747-1</td><td>Winn (2013g)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK17747-2</td><td>Winn (2013h)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK17748-2</td><td>Mohtadi and Hebbeln (2004); Mohtadi et al. (2008)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK17790-3</td><td>Winn (2013b)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK17795-2</td><td>Winn (2013c)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK17812-1</td><td>Winn (2013d)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK17940-2</td><td>Wang et al. (1999a, b)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK17954-2</td><td>Wang et al. (1999a)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK17961-2</td><td>Wang et al. (1999a)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK17964-2</td><td>Wang et al. (1999a)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK18471-1</td><td>Lo Giudice Cappelli et al. (2016)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK18517-2</td><td>Hendrizan et al. (2017b, a)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK18519-2</td><td>Schröder et al. (2018)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK18522-3</td><td>Schröder et al. (2018)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK18526-3</td><td>Schröder et al. (2018)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK18540-3</td><td>Schröder et al. (2018)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK23071-3</td><td>Voelker (1999)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK23074-1</td><td>Voelker (1999)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK23258-2</td><td>Weinelt (1993); Sarnthein et al. (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK23258-3</td><td>Sarnthein et al. (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK23259-2</td><td>Weinelt (1993)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK23323-1</td><td>Bauch et al. (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK23415-9</td><td>Jung (1996)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK23416-4</td><td>Jung and Sarnthein (2003c)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK23417-1</td><td>Jung and Sarnthein (2003d)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK23419-8</td><td>Jung (1996)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK23519-4</td><td>Millo et al. (2006)</td></tr><tr><td>GIK23519-5</td><td>Millo et al. (2006)</td></tr><tr><td>GL-1090</td><td>Santos et al. (2017a, b, 2020)</td></tr><tr><td>GL-1248</td><td>Venancio et al. (2018)</td></tr><tr><td>GL-74</td><td>Portilho-Ramos et al. (2014)</td></tr><tr><td>GL-75</td><td>Portilho-Ramos et al. (2014)</td></tr><tr><td>GL-852</td><td>Toledo et al. (2016)</td></tr><tr><td>GL-854</td><td>Camillo et al. (2020); de Almeida et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>GS07-150_11_1MC-C</td><td>Santos et al. (2013)</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table A1. Continued.</caption><thead><tr><td>Core/site</td><td>References</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>GS07-150_17_2MC-A</td><td>Santos et al. (2013)</td></tr><tr><td>GS07-150 MC-B</td><td>Santos et al. (2014)</td></tr><tr><td>H214</td><td>Sikes et al. (2016); Samson et al. (2005)</td></tr><tr><td>HER_GC_T1</td><td>Ausín et al. (2015b)</td></tr><tr><td>HER-GC-ALB2</td><td>Català et al. (2019)</td></tr><tr><td>HLY02-02-51</td><td>Cook et al. (2011); Caissie et al. (2010)</td></tr><tr><td>HLY02-02-57</td><td>Cook et al. (2011)</td></tr><tr><td>HLY03-05GC</td><td>Jennings et al. (2011)</td></tr><tr><td>HLY1302-JPC-15</td><td>Keigwin et al. (2018)</td></tr><tr><td>HLY1302-JPC-2</td><td>Keigwin et al. (2018)</td></tr><tr><td>HLY1302-JPC-6</td><td>Keigwin et al. (2018)</td></tr><tr><td>HLY1302-JPC-9</td><td>Keigwin et al. (2018)</td></tr><tr><td>HM79-4_6</td><td>Karpuz and Jansen (1992)</td></tr><tr><td>HU2001043-008</td><td>Hoffman (2016)</td></tr><tr><td>HU2001043-008TWC</td><td>Hoffman (2016)</td></tr><tr><td>HU2006040-006</td><td>Hoffman (2016)</td></tr><tr><td>HU72-021-3</td><td>Keigwin and Jones (1995)</td></tr><tr><td>HU72-021-7</td><td>Keigwin and Jones (1995)</td></tr><tr><td>HU73-011-1</td><td>Keigwin and Jones (1995)</td></tr><tr><td>HU73-031-7</td><td>Keigwin and Jones (1995)</td></tr><tr><td>HU75-41</td><td>Labeyrie and Duplessy (1985)</td></tr><tr><td>HU75-42</td><td>Labeyrie and Duplessy (1985)</td></tr><tr><td>HU76-029-033</td><td>Hillaire-Marcel et al. (1989)</td></tr><tr><td>HU77-148</td><td>Andrews et al. (1991)</td></tr><tr><td>HU77-149</td><td>Andrews et al. (1991)</td></tr><tr><td>HU77-150</td><td>Andrews et al. (1991)</td></tr><tr><td>HU77-151</td><td>Andrews et al. (1991)</td></tr><tr><td>HU77-154</td><td>Andrews et al. (1991)</td></tr><tr><td>HU77-156</td><td>Andrews et al. (1991)</td></tr><tr><td>HU84-008</td><td>Andrews et al. (1991)</td></tr><tr><td>HU85-027-016P</td><td>Hillaire-Marcel et al. (1989)</td></tr><tr><td>HU85-027-016TWC</td><td>Hillaire-Marcel et al. (1989)</td></tr><tr><td>HU87-033-009</td><td>Andrews and Tedesco (1992)</td></tr><tr><td>HU-90-013-011BC</td><td>Hillaire-Marcel et al. (1994)</td></tr><tr><td>HU-90-013-013P</td><td>Hillaire-Marcel et al. (1994)</td></tr><tr><td>HU-90-013-017BC</td><td>Hillaire-Marcel et al. (1994)</td></tr><tr><td>HU-91-045-052P</td><td>Hillaire-Marcel, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>HU91-045-094</td><td>Hillaire-Marcel et al. (1994)</td></tr><tr><td>HUD91_039-012P</td><td>Knudsen et al. (2008); Blake et al. (1996)</td></tr><tr><td>HYIV2015-B9</td><td>Li et al. (2018)</td></tr><tr><td>IN68-5</td><td>Jorissen et al. (1993)</td></tr><tr><td>INMD-097BX</td><td>Berger et al. (1985)</td></tr><tr><td>INMD-101BX</td><td>Berger et al. (1985)</td></tr><tr><td>INMD-104BX</td><td>Berger et al. (1985)</td></tr><tr><td>INMD-109BX</td><td>Berger et al. (1985)</td></tr><tr><td>INMD-110BX</td><td>Berger et al. (1985)</td></tr><tr><td>INMD-111BX</td><td>Berger et al. (1985)</td></tr><tr><td>INMD-113BX</td><td>Berger et al. (1985)</td></tr><tr><td>INMD-115BX</td><td>Berger et al. (1985); Berger and Vincent (1986)</td></tr><tr><td>IOW226660-5</td><td>Mollenhauer et al. (2003); Mollenhauer, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>IOW226920-3</td><td>Mollenhauer et al. (2003); Mollenhauer, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>J-11</td><td>Gorbarenko and Southon (2000)</td></tr><tr><td>JM11-FI-19PC</td><td>Hoff et al. (2016)</td></tr><tr><td>JM96-1225_1-GC</td><td>Hagen and Hald (2002)</td></tr><tr><td>JM96-1225_2-GC</td><td>Hagen and Hald (2002)</td></tr><tr><td>JR104-GC352</td><td>Hillenbrand et al. (2010)</td></tr><tr><td>JR104-GC357</td><td>Hillenbrand et al. (2010)</td></tr><tr><td>JR104-GC368</td><td>Hillenbrand et al. (2010)</td></tr><tr><td>JR104-GC370</td><td>Hillenbrand et al. (2010)</td></tr><tr><td>JR104-GC372</td><td>Hillenbrand et al. (2010)</td></tr><tr><td>JR179-TC493</td><td>Lu et al. (2016)</td></tr><tr><td>JR244-GC528</td><td>Roberts et al. (2016)</td></tr><tr><td>JR298-PC726</td><td>Channell et al. (2019)</td></tr><tr><td>JR298-PC728</td><td>Channell et al. (2019)</td></tr><tr><td>JR298-PC736</td><td>Channell et al. (2019)</td></tr><tr><td>KC82-21</td><td>Znaidi-Rivault (1982); Caralp (1988); Vergnaud-Grazzini and Pierre (1991)</td></tr><tr><td>KC82-26</td><td>Znaidi-Rivault (1982); Caralp (1988); Vergnaud-Grazzini and Pierre (1991)</td></tr><tr><td>KET82-21</td><td>Colin et al. (2021)</td></tr><tr><td>KF-12</td><td>Costa et al. (2016a)</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table A1. Continued.</caption><thead><tr><td>Core/site</td><td>References</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>KF14</td><td>Leonhardt et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>KF16</td><td>Repschläger et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>KH94-3_LM-8</td><td>Oba and Murayama (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>KN07304-0003PG</td><td>Curry et al. (1988)</td></tr><tr><td>KN166-14-11JPC</td><td>Elmore et al. (2015a, b)</td></tr><tr><td>KN166-14-3GGC</td><td>Elmore et al. (2015b)</td></tr><tr><td>KN166-14-JPC-13</td><td>Hodell et al. (2010)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR110-43PC</td><td>Curry and Crowley (1987)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR110-50</td><td>Curry et al. (1988)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR110-55</td><td>Sarnthein et al. (1988)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR110-58</td><td>Curry et al. (1988)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR110-66</td><td>Curry et al. (1988)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR110-71</td><td>Curry et al. (1988)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR110-75</td><td>Curry et al. (1988)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR110-82</td><td>Curry et al. (1988)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR110-91</td><td>Curry et al. (1988)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR140-01JPC</td><td>Keigwin (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR140-02JPC</td><td>Keigwin (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR140-02PG</td><td>Keigwin (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR140-12JPC</td><td>Keigwin (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR140-21GGC</td><td>Keigwin (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR140-22JPC</td><td>Keigwin (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR140-22PG</td><td>Keigwin (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR140-28GGC</td><td>Keigwin (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR140-29GGC</td><td>Keigwin (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR140-2JPC-37</td><td>Hagen and Keigwin (2002)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR140-30GGC</td><td>Keigwin (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR140-31GGC</td><td>Keigwin (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR140-39GGC</td><td>Keigwin (2004); Keigwin and Schlegel (2002)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR140-40GGC</td><td>Keigwin (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR140-43GGC</td><td>Keigwin (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR140-50GGC</td><td>Keigwin (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR140-51GGC</td><td>Keigwin (2004); Carlson et al. (2008); Rasmussen and Thomsen (2012)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR140-56GGC</td><td>Keigwin (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR140-63JPC</td><td>Keigwin (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR140-64GGC</td><td>Keigwin (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR140-66GGC</td><td>Keigwin (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR140-67JPC</td><td>Keigwin (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR159-5-120GGC</td><td>Hoffman and Lund (2012)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR159-5-125GGC</td><td>Lund et al. (2015); Hoffman and Lund (2012)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR159-5-14GGC</td><td>Lund et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR159-5-17JPC</td><td>Lund et al. (2015); Tessin and Lund (2013)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR159-5-20JPC</td><td>Lund et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR159-5-22GGC</td><td>Lund et al. (2015); Hoffman and Lund (2012)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR159-5-30GGC</td><td>Lund et al. (2015); Tessin and Lund (2013)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR159-5-33GGC</td><td>Lund et al. (2015); Tessin and Lund (2013)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR159-5-36GGC</td><td>Lund et al. (2015); Carlson et al. (2008); Sortor and Lund (2011); Came et al. (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR159-5-42JPC</td><td>Lund et al. (2015); Hoffman and Lund (2012)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR159-5-54GGC</td><td>Hoffman and Lund (2012)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR159-5-63GGC</td><td>Lund et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR159-5-78GGC</td><td>Lund et al. (2015); Tessin and Lund (2013)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR159-5-90GGC</td><td>Lund et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR166-2-105JPC</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (2009)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR166-2-106JPC</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (2009)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR166-2-113JPC</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (2009)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR166-2-119JPC</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (2009)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR166-2-127JPC</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (2011)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR166-2-132JPC</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (2011)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR166-2-135JPC</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (2009)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR166-2-1GGC</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (2009)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR166-2-26JPC</td><td>Schmidt and Lynch-Stieglitz (2011); Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (2011)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR166-2-29JPC</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (2011)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR166-2-2JPC</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (2009)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR166-2-31JPC</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (2011)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR166-2-48JPC</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (2009)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR166-2-51JPC</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (2009)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR166-2-59JPC</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (2009)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR166-2-73GGC</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (2011)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR166-2-8GGC</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (2009)</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table A1. Continued.</caption><thead><tr><th>Core/site</th><th>References</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>KNR191-CDH19</td><td>Henry et al. (2016)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR195-5-CDH23</td><td>Kalansky et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR195-5-MC42C</td><td>Rustic et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR197-10-17GGC</td><td>Keigwin and Swift (2017)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR197-3-23GGC</td><td>Oppo et al. (2018)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR197-3-36GGC</td><td>Oppo et al. (2018)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR197-3-45GGC</td><td>Oppo et al. (2018)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR197-3-46CDH</td><td>Oppo et al. (2018)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR197-3-47CDH</td><td>Oppo et al. (2018)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR197-3-53GGC</td><td>Oppo et al. (2018)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR197-3-60GGC</td><td>Oppo et al. (2018)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR197-3-9GGC</td><td>Oppo et al. (2018).</td></tr><tr><td>KNR198-GGC-4</td><td>Keigwin, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>KNR207-2_GGC3</td><td>Middleton et al. (2018)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR207-2_GGC6</td><td>Middleton et al. (2018)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR31-GPC5</td><td>Keigwin et al. (1991); Keigwin and Jones (1994, 1995)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR73_4PC</td><td>Keigwin and Lehman (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>KNR73_6PG</td><td>Keigwin and Lehman (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>KS82-30</td><td>Vergnaud-Grazzini and Pierre (1991); Caralp (1988)</td></tr><tr><td>KS82-31</td><td>Vergnaud-Grazzini and Pierre (1991); Caralp (2006a)</td></tr><tr><td>KS82-32</td><td>Thunell (2006a); Caralp (2006b)</td></tr><tr><td>KT90-9_21</td><td>Oba and Murayama (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>KT90-9_5</td><td>Oba and Murayama (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>LaPAS-KF02</td><td>Pivel et al. (2013)</td></tr><tr><td>LO09_21-2</td><td>Lackschewitz et al. (1998)</td></tr><tr><td>LO09_23-2</td><td>Lackschewitz et al. (1998)</td></tr><tr><td>LOUIS1610</td><td>Aharon (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>LOUIS1639</td><td>Aharon (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>LOUIS1640</td><td>Aharon (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>LOUIS1900</td><td>Aharon (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>LOUIS1924</td><td>Aharon (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>LOUIS1938</td><td>Aharon (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>LOUIS2023</td><td>Aharon (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>LV27-10-1</td><td>Kaiser (2001)</td></tr><tr><td>LV27-10-5</td><td>Kaiser (2001)</td></tr><tr><td>LV27-12-2</td><td>Kaiser (2001)</td></tr><tr><td>LV27-12-3</td><td>Kaiser (2001)</td></tr><tr><td>LV27-15-1</td><td>Kaiser (2001)</td></tr><tr><td>LV27-4-2</td><td>Kaiser (2001)</td></tr><tr><td>LV27-4-3</td><td>Kaiser (2001)</td></tr><tr><td>LV27-5-5</td><td>Kaiser (2001)</td></tr><tr><td>LV27-7-2</td><td>Kaiser (2001)</td></tr><tr><td>LV27-7-3</td><td>Kaiser (2001)</td></tr><tr><td>LV27-8-3</td><td>Kaiser (2001)</td></tr><tr><td>LV27-9-4</td><td>Kaiser (2001)</td></tr><tr><td>LV28-2-3</td><td>Kaiser (2001)</td></tr><tr><td>LV28-40-4</td><td>Kaiser (2001)</td></tr><tr><td>LV28-41-3</td><td>Kaiser (2001)</td></tr><tr><td>LV28-41-4</td><td>Kaiser (2001)</td></tr><tr><td>LV28-42-3</td><td>Kaiser (2001)</td></tr><tr><td>LV28-42-4</td><td>Kaiser (2001)</td></tr><tr><td>LV28-4-3</td><td>Kaiser (2001)</td></tr><tr><td>LV28-4-4</td><td>Kaiser (2001); Lembke-Jene et al. (2017)</td></tr><tr><td>LV28-44-2</td><td>Kaiser (2001)</td></tr><tr><td>LV28-44-3</td><td>Kaiser (2001)</td></tr><tr><td>M1_105KK</td><td>Sirocko (1989)</td></tr><tr><td>M1_114KK</td><td>Sirocko (1989)</td></tr><tr><td>M1_143KK</td><td>Sirocko (1989)</td></tr><tr><td>M1_162KK</td><td>Sirocko (1989)</td></tr><tr><td>M1_169SK</td><td>Sirocko (1989)</td></tr><tr><td>M1_181SK</td><td>Sirocko (1989)</td></tr><tr><td>M1_182SK</td><td>Sirocko (1989)</td></tr><tr><td>M1_223SK</td><td>Sirocko (1989)</td></tr><tr><td>M1_232SK</td><td>Sirocko (1989)</td></tr><tr><td>M125_469-3</td><td>Campos et al. (2020)</td></tr><tr><td>M125-34-2</td><td>Bahr et al. (2020)</td></tr><tr><td>M125-50-3</td><td>Campos et al. (2020)</td></tr><tr><td>M125-55-7</td><td>Hou et al. (2020)</td></tr><tr><td>M174_K111</td><td>Rohling et al. (2008)</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table A1. Continued.</caption><thead><tr><td>Core/site</td><td>References</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>M25_4-KL11</td><td>Allen et al. (1999); Emeis et al. (2000)</td></tr><tr><td>M31_2-78_PC6</td><td>Geiselhart and Hemleben (1998a)</td></tr><tr><td>M31_2-84_PC6</td><td>Geiselhart and Hemleben (1998b)</td></tr><tr><td>M31_3_KL35</td><td>Müller and Budziak (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>M31_3_SLAVEAST</td><td>Ivanova et al. (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>M33_1_SLAVEAST</td><td>Ivanova et al. (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>M35003-4</td><td>Hüls (2000); Rühlemann et al. (1999); Mulitza et al. (1999); Hüls and Zahn (2000); Vink et al. (2001); Mulitza and Rühlemann, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>M35027-1</td><td>Stüber (1999)</td></tr><tr><td>M39008-3</td><td>Cacho et al. (2001); Löwemark et al. (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>M40_4_SLAVE67</td><td>Weldeab et al. (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>M40_4_SLAVE71</td><td>Weldeab et al. (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>M40_4_SLAVE87</td><td>Weldeab et al. (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>M44_3_KL83</td><td>Weldeab et al. (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>M5_3a-420_2</td><td>Sirocko (1989)</td></tr><tr><td>M5_3a-422_2</td><td>Sirocko (1989)</td></tr><tr><td>M74_4_1096-1</td><td>Paul et al. (2012)</td></tr><tr><td>M74_4_1143-1</td><td>Betzler et al. (2013)</td></tr><tr><td>M77_2_052-2</td><td>Glock et al. (2018); Erdem et al. (2016)</td></tr><tr><td>M77_2_059-1</td><td>Nürnberg et al. (2015); Mollier-Vogel et al. (2013)</td></tr><tr><td>M78_1_235-1</td><td>Reißig et al. (2019); Hoffmann et al. (2014); Poggemann et al. (2018)</td></tr><tr><td>MC-29D</td><td>Keigwin et al. (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>MD00-2361</td><td>Stuut et al. (2019); Spooner et al. (2011)</td></tr><tr><td>MD01-2378</td><td>Holbourn et al. (2005); Dürkop et al. (2008)</td></tr><tr><td>MD01-2392</td><td>Li et al. (2010)</td></tr><tr><td>MD01-2416</td><td>Gebhardt et al. (2008); Sarnthein et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>MD01-2421</td><td>Oba and Murayama (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>MD01-2446</td><td>Marino et al. (2014)</td></tr><tr><td>MD01-2461</td><td>Peck et al. (2008, 2007)</td></tr><tr><td>MD02-2488</td><td>Govin et al. (2009)</td></tr><tr><td>MD02-2489</td><td>Gebhardt et al. (2008)</td></tr><tr><td>MD02-2496</td><td>Taylor et al. (2014); Cosma et al. (2008)</td></tr><tr><td>MD02-2503</td><td>Hill et al. (2006); Grelaud et al. (2009); Sarnthein et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>MD02-2555</td><td>Williams et al. (2010); LoDico et al. (2006)</td></tr><tr><td>MD02-2575</td><td>Ziegler et al. (2008); Nürnberg et al. (2008)</td></tr><tr><td>MD02-2588</td><td>Diz et al. (2007); Ziegler et al. (2008)</td></tr><tr><td>MD02-2594</td><td>Martínez-Méndez et al. (2010); Dyez et al. (2014)</td></tr><tr><td>MD03-2607</td><td>Lopes dos Santos et al. (2013)</td></tr><tr><td>MD03-2611G</td><td>Gingele et al. (2007); Moros et al. (2009); de Deckker et al. (2012)</td></tr><tr><td>MD03-2698</td><td>Lebreiro et al. (2009)</td></tr><tr><td>MD03-2699</td><td>Voelker et al. (2010); Rodrigues et al. (2010)</td></tr><tr><td>MD03-2707</td><td>Weldeab et al. (2016); Weldeab et al. (2007)</td></tr><tr><td>MD03-MUC3</td><td>Moros and de Deckker (2020)</td></tr><tr><td>MD05-2896</td><td>Wang et al. (2016); Huang and Tian (2012); Tian et al. (2010); Wan and Jian (2014)</td></tr><tr><td>MD05-2897</td><td>Wang et al. (2016); Huang and Tian (2012)</td></tr><tr><td>MD05-2901</td><td>Li et al. (2009)</td></tr><tr><td>MD05-2904</td><td>Ge et al. (2010); Huang et al. (2015); Wan and Jian (2014)</td></tr><tr><td>MD05-2925</td><td>Lo et al. (2017)</td></tr><tr><td>MD06-2986</td><td>Ronge et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>MD06-2990</td><td>Ronge et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>MD06-3018</td><td>Russon et al. (2009, 2011)</td></tr><tr><td>MD06-3067</td><td>Bolliet et al. (2011)</td></tr><tr><td>MD06-3075</td><td>Fraser et al. (2014)</td></tr><tr><td>MD07-3076</td><td>Vázquez Riveiros et al. (2010); Skinner et al. (2010); Waelbroeck et al. (2011); Gottschalk et al. (2015, 2016)</td></tr><tr><td>MD07-3128</td><td>Canupán et al. (2011)</td></tr><tr><td>MD08-3180</td><td>Repschläger et al. (2015); Schwab et al. (2012)</td></tr><tr><td>MD09-3259</td><td>Govin, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>MD10-3340</td><td>Dang et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>MD13-3455G</td><td>Fentimen et al. (2020)</td></tr><tr><td>MD73-025</td><td>Duplessy (1982); Labeyrie and Duplessy (1985); Labracherie et al. (1989)</td></tr><tr><td>MD76-123</td><td>Sirocko (1989)</td></tr><tr><td>MD76-125</td><td>Curry et al. (1988); Sirocko (1989)</td></tr><tr><td>MD76-127</td><td>Sirocko (1989)</td></tr><tr><td>MD76-128</td><td>Sirocko (1989)</td></tr><tr><td>MD76-131</td><td>Duplessy (1982); Sarnthein et al. (1988); Singh et al. (2011)</td></tr><tr><td>MD76-132</td><td>Sirocko (1989)</td></tr><tr><td>MD76-135</td><td>Sarnthein et al. (1988)</td></tr><tr><td>MD76-135</td><td>Sirocko (1989)</td></tr><tr><td>MD77-191</td><td>Sirocko (1989)</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table A1. Continued.</caption><thead><tr><td>Core/site</td><td>References</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>MD77-194</td><td>Sarnthein et al. (1988); Sirocko (1989)</td></tr><tr><td>MD77-200</td><td>Sarnthein et al. (1988)</td></tr><tr><td>MD77-202</td><td>Sarnthein et al. (1988); Sirocko (1989)</td></tr><tr><td>MD77-203</td><td>Sarnthein et al. (1988)</td></tr><tr><td>MD79-254</td><td>Curry et al. (1988)</td></tr><tr><td>MD79-257</td><td>Duplessy et al. (1991); Levi et al. (2007)</td></tr><tr><td>MD80-304</td><td>Labeyrie and Duplessy (1985)</td></tr><tr><td>MD81-BC15</td><td>Thunell (2006b)</td></tr><tr><td>MD81-LC03</td><td>Jenkins and Williams (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>MD81-LC07</td><td>Jenkins and Williams (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>MD84-527</td><td>Pichon et al. (1992); Labracherie et al. (1989)</td></tr><tr><td>MD84-551</td><td>Labracherie et al. (1989)</td></tr><tr><td>MD84-629</td><td>Znaidi-Rivault (2006h)</td></tr><tr><td>MD84-641</td><td>Fontugne and Calvert (1992); Melki et al. (2010)</td></tr><tr><td>MD88-769</td><td>Rosenthal et al. (1997)</td></tr><tr><td>MD88-770</td><td>Labeyrie et al. (1996)</td></tr><tr><td>MD88-784</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (2016)</td></tr><tr><td>MD90-912</td><td>Colin et al. (2021)</td></tr><tr><td>MD90-963</td><td>Bassinot et al. (1994)</td></tr><tr><td>MD95-2002</td><td>Eynaud et al. (2012); Auffret et al. (2002); Zaragosi et al. (2006)</td></tr><tr><td>MD95-2011</td><td>Dreger (1999), Hevrey, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>MD95-2012</td><td>Dreger (1999)</td></tr><tr><td>MD95-2037</td><td>Labeyrie et al. (2005); Gherardi et al. (2009)</td></tr><tr><td>MD95-2039</td><td>Schönfeld et al. (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>MD95-2040</td><td>Voelker and de Abreu (2011); de Abreu et al. (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>MD95-2042</td><td>Shackleton et al. (2000); Hoogakker et al. (2015); Shackleton et al. (2004); Bard et al. (2004c, b, a)</td></tr><tr><td>MD95-2043</td><td>Cacho et al. (2006)</td></tr><tr><td>MD96-2048</td><td>Caley et al. (2018)</td></tr><tr><td>MD96-2080</td><td>Rau et al. (2002)</td></tr><tr><td>MD96-2084</td><td>Rau (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>MD96-2085</td><td>Chen et al. (2002)</td></tr><tr><td>MD96-2098</td><td>Pichevin et al. (2005); Daniau et al. (2013)</td></tr><tr><td>MD97-2106</td><td>Moy et al. (2006)</td></tr><tr><td>MD97-2114</td><td>Cobianchi et al. (2012)</td></tr><tr><td>MD97-2121</td><td>Carter and Manighetti (2006)</td></tr><tr><td>MD97-2138</td><td>de Garidel-Thoron et al. (2007)</td></tr><tr><td>MD97-2142</td><td>Chen et al. (2003); Ren et al. (2017)</td></tr><tr><td>MD97-2151</td><td>Wei et al. (2006); Lee et al. (1999)</td></tr><tr><td>MD98-2170</td><td>Stott et al. (2007)</td></tr><tr><td>MD98-2176</td><td>Stott et al. (2007)</td></tr><tr><td>MD98-2181</td><td>Stott et al. (2007, 2002); Stott (2007); Khider et al. (2014)</td></tr><tr><td>MD99-2227</td><td>Evans et al. (2007)</td></tr><tr><td>MD99-2227P</td><td>Evans et al. (2007)</td></tr><tr><td>MD99-2236</td><td>Jennings et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>MD99-2254</td><td>de Vernal and Hillaire-Marcel (2006)</td></tr><tr><td>MD99-2263</td><td>Andrews et al. (2009)</td></tr><tr><td>MD99-2339</td><td>Voelker et al. (2006)</td></tr><tr><td>MD99-2343</td><td>Frigola et al. (2008)</td></tr><tr><td>ME0005-24JC</td><td>Kienast et al. (2013, 2007); Kusch et al. (2010); Dubois et al. (2011)</td></tr><tr><td>ME0005A-43JC</td><td>Benway et al. (2006)</td></tr><tr><td>MG237</td><td>Giresse et al. (1982); Sarnthein et al. (1994)</td></tr><tr><td>ML1208-06BB</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>ML1208-10GC</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>ML1208-11GC</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>ML1208-12GC</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>ML1208-13BB</td><td>Monteagudo et al. (2021); Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (2015); Costa and McManus (2017)</td></tr><tr><td>ML1208-15GC</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>ML1208-17PC</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>ML1208-17TC</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>ML1208-18GC</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (2015); Monteagudo et al. (2021); Lynch-Stieglitz, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>ML1208-19GC</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>ML1208-20BB</td><td>Monteagudo et al. (2021); Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (2015); Costa and McManus (2017)</td></tr><tr><td>ML1208-27BB</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (2015); Monteagudo et al. (2021); Lynch-Stieglitz, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>ML1208-28BB</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (2015); Costa et al. (2016b); Costa and McManus (2017); Monteagudo et al. (2021); Lynch-Stieglitz, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>ML1208-30BB</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>ML1208-31BB</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (2015); Jacobel et al. (2016); Monteagudo et al. (2021); Lynch-Stieglitz, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>ML1208-32BB</td><td>Monteagudo et al. (2021); Costa and McManus (2017)</td></tr><tr><td>ML1208-34BB</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (2015)</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table A1. Continued.</caption><thead><tr><th>Core/site</th><th>References</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>ML1208-35BB</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>ML1208-36BB</td><td>Costa et al. (2016b); Costa and McManus (2017); Monteagudo et al. (2021); Lynch-Stieglitz, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>ML1208-37BB</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (2015); Jacobel et al. (2016); Monteagudo et al. (2021)</td></tr><tr><td>MR00-K03-PC-01</td><td>Harada et al. (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>MR00-K03-PC-04</td><td>Harada et al. (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>MS21PC</td><td>Hennekam et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>MSM05_5_723-2</td><td>Werner et al. (2016)</td></tr><tr><td>MV0502-4JC</td><td>Waddell et al. (2009)</td></tr><tr><td>MW9109-15GGC</td><td>Patrick and Thunell (1997); Yu et al. (2010)</td></tr><tr><td>MW9109-36BC</td><td>Broecker et al. (2001); Lynch-Stieglitz, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>MW9109-44GGC</td><td>Broecker et al. (2001); Lynch-Stieglitz, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>MW9109-48GGC</td><td>Yu et al. (2010); Lynch-Stieglitz, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>MW9109-51BC</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>MW9109-55GGC</td><td>Fehrenbacher and Martin (2011); Lynch-Stieglitz, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>NA87-22</td><td>Vidal et al. (1997); Waelbroeck et al. (2001, 2006)</td></tr><tr><td>NBP9802_3GC1</td><td>Chase et al. (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>NBP9802_4GC1</td><td>Chase et al. (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>NBP9802_5GC1</td><td>Chase et al. (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>NEAP-04K</td><td>Rickaby and Elderfield (2005); Hall et al. (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>OC205-103GGC</td><td>Curry et al. (1999)</td></tr><tr><td>OC205-2-100GGC</td><td>Slowey and Curry (1995); Came et al. (2008)</td></tr><tr><td>OC205-2-103GGC</td><td>Slowey and Curry (1995); Curry et al. (1999); Came et al. (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>OC205-2-106GGC</td><td>Slowey and Curry (1995)</td></tr><tr><td>OC205-2-108GGC</td><td>Slowey and Curry (1995)</td></tr><tr><td>OC205-2-117JPC</td><td>Slowey and Curry (1995)</td></tr><tr><td>OC205-2-149JPC</td><td>Slowey and Curry (1995)</td></tr><tr><td>OC205-2-33GGC</td><td>Slowey and Curry (1995)</td></tr><tr><td>OC205-2-7JPC</td><td>Slowey and Curry (1995)</td></tr><tr><td>OC205-2-97JPC</td><td>Slowey and Curry (1995)</td></tr><tr><td>OCE326-26GGC</td><td>Keigwin et al. (2005)</td></tr><tr><td>OCE326-MC25B</td><td>Keigwin et al. (2005)</td></tr><tr><td>OCE326-14GGC</td><td>Keigwin et al. (2005)</td></tr><tr><td>OCE400-MC44</td><td>Keigwin et al. (2005)</td></tr><tr><td>OD-041-04</td><td>Nørgaard-Pedersen et al. (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>OD96_30_3_1</td><td>Nørgaard-Pedersen (2000a)</td></tr><tr><td>ODP1063</td><td>Channell et al. (2012)</td></tr><tr><td>ODP1078C</td><td>Rühlemann et al. (2004); Kim et al. (2003); Mulitza, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>ODP1079</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (2006)</td></tr><tr><td>ODP1084</td><td>Mollenhauer, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>ODP1084B</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (2006)</td></tr><tr><td>ODP1119</td><td>Carter et al. (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>ODP1120</td><td>Duncan et al. (2016)</td></tr><tr><td>ODP1123</td><td>Elderfield et al. (2012)</td></tr><tr><td>ODP1125</td><td>Peterson et al. (2020)</td></tr><tr><td>ODP1127</td><td>Andres (2002)</td></tr><tr><td>ODP1168</td><td>Nürnberg et al. (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>ODP1170</td><td>Nürnberg et al. (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>ODP1172A</td><td>Nürnberg et al. (2004); Nürnberg and Groeneveld (2006)</td></tr><tr><td>ODP658C</td><td>Knaack and Sarnthein (2005); Knaack (1997); deMenocal et al. (2000)</td></tr><tr><td>ODP769</td><td>Linsley (1996)</td></tr><tr><td>ODP817A</td><td>Haddad et al. (1993)</td></tr><tr><td>ODP818B</td><td>Haddad et al. (1993)</td></tr><tr><td>ODP819A</td><td>Alexander et al. (1993)</td></tr><tr><td>ODP820A</td><td>Peerdeman et al. (1993)</td></tr><tr><td>ODP980</td><td>Oppo et al. (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>ODP984</td><td>Praetorius et al. (2008)</td></tr><tr><td>OK92_2182</td><td>Kaiser (2001)</td></tr><tr><td>OK92_2185</td><td>Kaiser (2001)</td></tr><tr><td>Orgon4-KS8</td><td>Sirocko (1989); Sirocko et al. (2000)</td></tr><tr><td>P1-003MC</td><td>Sejrup et al. (2010)</td></tr><tr><td>P69</td><td>Weaver et al. (1998); Nelson et al. (2000)</td></tr><tr><td>P71</td><td>Duncan et al. (2016)</td></tr><tr><td>PAR87A-01</td><td>Zahn et al. (1991)</td></tr><tr><td>PAR87A-02</td><td>Zahn et al. (1991)</td></tr><tr><td>PAR87A-10</td><td>Zahn et al. (1991)</td></tr><tr><td>PASSAP_PS009PC</td><td>Hennekam et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>PC17</td><td>Lee et al. (2001)</td></tr><tr><td>PC20</td><td>Lee et al. (2001)</td></tr><tr><td>PC75-1</td><td>Shao et al. (2019)</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table A1. Continued.</caption><thead><tr><td>Core/site</td><td>References</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>PC75-2</td><td>Shao et al. (2019)</td></tr><tr><td>PC83-1</td><td>Shao et al. (2019)</td></tr><tr><td>PLDS-7G</td><td>Keigwin and Lehman (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>POS200_10_6-2</td><td>Abrantes et al. (2018, 2001, 1998); Baas et al. (1997); Mienert et al. (1998)</td></tr><tr><td>POS457-905-2</td><td>Mirzaloo et al. (2019)</td></tr><tr><td>POS457-909-2</td><td>Mirzaloo et al. (2019)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1006-1</td><td>Grobe and Mackensen (1992)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1021-1</td><td>Grobe (1986a)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1023-1</td><td>Grobe (1986b)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1224-1</td><td>Grobe (1986b)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1243-1</td><td>Bauch (2001)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1290-4</td><td>Hebbeln (1992); Elverhøi et al. (1995)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1294-4</td><td>Hebbeln (1992); Elverhøi et al. (1995)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1295-4</td><td>Jones and Keigwin (1988)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1308-3</td><td>Spielhagen, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>PS1367-2</td><td>Grobe and Mackensen (1992)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1368-3</td><td>Grobe (1996a)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1369-2</td><td>Grobe (1996b)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1370-2</td><td>Grobe (1996c)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1375-3</td><td>Grobe (1996d)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1378-3</td><td>Grobe (1996e)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1379-3</td><td>Grobe (1996f)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1380-3</td><td>Grobe and Mackensen (1992)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1381-3</td><td>Grobe (1996g)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1385-3</td><td>Grobe and Mackensen (1992)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1387-3</td><td>Grobe (1996h)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1388-3</td><td>Mackensen et al. (1989)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1389-3</td><td>Grobe and Mackensen (1992)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1390-3</td><td>Grobe and Mackensen (1992)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1392-1</td><td>Grobe (1996i)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1394-4</td><td>Grobe and Mackensen (1992)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1420-1</td><td>Melles (1991)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1420-2</td><td>Melles (1991)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1431-1</td><td>Grobe and Mackensen (1992)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1436-1</td><td>Ott and Gersonde (1997a)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1451-1</td><td>Cordes and Fütterer (1997a)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1458-1</td><td>Winn (2014d)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1458-2</td><td>Winn (2014e)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1461-1</td><td>Grobe (1996j)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1467-1</td><td>Cordes and Fütterer (1997b)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1479-2</td><td>Grobe and Mackensen (1992)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1481-3</td><td>Grobe et al. (1990)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1494-2</td><td>Melles (1991)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1494-3</td><td>Melles (1991)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1498-1</td><td>Melles (1991)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1498-2</td><td>Melles (1991)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1506-1</td><td>Mackensen et al. (1994)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1519-12</td><td>Horwege and Spielhagen, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>PS1524-1</td><td>Köhler (1991)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1527-10</td><td>Köhler (1991)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1535-5</td><td>Spielhagen et al. (2004); Nørgaard-Pedersen et al. (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1535-8</td><td>Spielhagen et al. (2004); Nowaczyk et al. (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1563-2</td><td>Grobe (2002a)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1564-2</td><td>Grobe (2002b)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1565-2</td><td>Hillenbrand (1995)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1576-2</td><td>Brehme (1992)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1577-1</td><td>Brehme (1992)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1588-1</td><td>Grobe (1996k)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1591-1</td><td>Grobe et al. (1990)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1599-3</td><td>Weber (1992); Weber et al. (1994)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1606-3</td><td>Melles (1991)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1607-1</td><td>Melles (1991)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1607-3</td><td>Melles (1991)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1609-3</td><td>Melles (1991)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1611-3</td><td>Melles (1991)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1612-1</td><td>Melles (1991)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1612-2</td><td>Melles (1991)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1613-2</td><td>Melles (1991)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1613-4</td><td>Melles (1991)</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table A1. Continued.</caption><thead><tr><td>Core/site</td><td>References</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>PS1640-1</td><td>Grobe and Mackensen (1992)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1648-1</td><td>Grobe and Mackensen (1992)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1649-2</td><td>Ott and Gersonde (1997b)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1650-1</td><td>Ott and Gersonde (1997c)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1650-2</td><td>Ott and Gersonde (1997d)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1651-1</td><td>Ott and Gersonde (1997e)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1651-2</td><td>Ott and Gersonde (1997f)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1652-1</td><td>Ott and Gersonde (1997g)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1652-2</td><td>Ott and Gersonde (1997h)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1653-1</td><td>Ott and Gersonde (1997i)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1653-2</td><td>Ott and Gersonde (1997j)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1654-1</td><td>Ott and Gersonde (1997k)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1654-2</td><td>Ott and Gersonde (1997l); Bianchi and Gersonde (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1704-4</td><td>Horwege and Spielhagen, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>PS1706-1</td><td>Horwege and Spielhagen, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>PS1707-1</td><td>Horwege and Spielhagen, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>PS1708-1</td><td>Horwege and Spielhagen, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>PS1730-2</td><td>Nam (1997); Stein et al. (1996)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1754-1</td><td>Niebler (1995)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1768-8</td><td>Mulitza et al. (1999); Gersonde et al. (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1769-1</td><td>Niebler (1995)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1789-1</td><td>Weber (1992); Weber et al. (1994)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1790-1</td><td>Weber (1992); Weber et al. (1994)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1805-6</td><td>Grobe (1996l)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1811-8</td><td>Grobe (1996m)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1812-1</td><td>Grobe (1996n)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1812-6</td><td>Grobe (1996o)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1813-6</td><td>Grobe (1996p)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1816-1</td><td>Grobe (1996q)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1878-3</td><td>Nowaczyk et al. (2003); Telesiński et al. (2014a, b)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1894-7</td><td>Nørgaard-Pedersen et al. (2003); Telesiński et al. (2014a, b)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1906-1</td><td>Magnus (2000); Nørgaard-Pedersen et al. (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1906-2</td><td>Nees (1993); Nørgaard-Pedersen et al. (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1910-1</td><td>Telesiński et al. (2014a)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1920-1</td><td>Stein et al. (1996)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1927-2</td><td>Nam (1997); Stein et al. (1996)</td></tr><tr><td>PS1951-1</td><td>Stein et al. (1996)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2037-3</td><td>Bonn (1995)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2038-2</td><td>Bonn et al. (1998)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2039-1</td><td>Bonn (1995)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2040-2</td><td>Bonn (1995)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2045-3</td><td>Bonn (1995)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2046-1</td><td>Bonn (1995)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2047-3</td><td>Bonn (1995)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2049-4</td><td>Bonn (1995)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2050-1</td><td>Bonn (1995)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2055-2</td><td>Bonn (1995)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2056-1</td><td>Bonn (1995)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2076-3</td><td>Niebler (1995)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2082-1</td><td>Mackensen et al. (1994)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2085-2</td><td>Niebler (1995)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2102-2</td><td>Niebler (1995); Gersonde et al. (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2121-4</td><td>Müller (1995)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2138-1</td><td>Knies and Stein (1998a); Knies et al. (1998); Wollenburg et al. (2001); Nowaczyk et al. (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2166-2</td><td>Nørgaard-Pedersen et al. (1998)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2170-4</td><td>Stein et al. (1994)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2177-1</td><td>Nørgaard-Pedersen et al. (2003, 1998)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2185-3</td><td>Spielhagen et al. (2004); Nørgaard-Pedersen et al. (1998)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2195-4</td><td>Nørgaard-Pedersen et al. (1998)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2200-2</td><td>Nørgaard-Pedersen et al. (1998)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2206-4</td><td>Stein et al. (1994)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2208-1</td><td>Stein et al. (1994); Stein and Schneider (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2212-3</td><td>Wollenburg et al. (2001)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2250-5</td><td>Niebler (1995)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2423-4</td><td>Notholt (1998)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2424-1</td><td>Notholt (1998)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2446-4</td><td>Knies and Stein (1998b); Stein and Fahl (2000)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2458-4</td><td>Spielhagen et al. (2005); Spielhagen, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>PS2487-6</td><td>Flores et al. (1999)</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table A1. Continued.</caption><thead><tr><td>Core/site</td><td>References</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>PS2495-3</td><td>Mackensen et al. (2001); Gersonde et al. (2003); Niebler (2004a, b, c)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2498-1</td><td>Mackensen et al. (2001); Gersonde et al. (2003); Niebler (2004d, e, f)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2499-5</td><td>Mackensen et al. (2001); Gersonde et al. (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2539-2</td><td>Hillenbrand et al. (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2540-1</td><td>Hillenbrand et al. (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2541-2</td><td>Hillenbrand et al. (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2543-3</td><td>Hillenbrand et al. (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2547-2</td><td>Hillenbrand et al. (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2547-3</td><td>Hillenbrand et al. (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2548-2</td><td>Hillenbrand et al. (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2550-2</td><td>Hillenbrand et al. (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2551-1</td><td>Hillenbrand et al. (2002)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2556-1</td><td>Hillenbrand et al. (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2556-2</td><td>Braun (1997)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2561-2</td><td>Krueger et al. (2008)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2644-2</td><td>Voelker (1999)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2644-5</td><td>Voelker (1999)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2646-5</td><td>Voelker (1999)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2647-2</td><td>Voelker (1999)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2709-1</td><td>Flores et al. (2000)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2819-2</td><td>Vernaleken (1999)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2820-1</td><td>Vernaleken (1999)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2837-5</td><td>Nørgaard-Pedersen et al. (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2876-1</td><td>Nørgaard-Pedersen et al. (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2876-2</td><td>Nørgaard-Pedersen et al. (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2887-1</td><td>Nørgaard-Pedersen and Spielhagen (2000); Nørgaard-Pedersen et al. (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>PS2887-2</td><td>Nørgaard-Pedersen (2000b); Nørgaard-Pedersen et al. (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>PS51_038-3</td><td>Nørgaard-Pedersen (2006)</td></tr><tr><td>PS51_038-4</td><td>Spielhagen et al. (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>PS66_309-1</td><td>Winkelmann et al. (2008)</td></tr><tr><td>PS69_251-1</td><td>Hillenbrand et al. (2017); Smith et al. (2014)</td></tr><tr><td>PS69_912-3</td><td>Ronge (2019b, a)</td></tr><tr><td>PS69_912-4</td><td>Ronge (2019b, a)</td></tr><tr><td>PS72_396-3</td><td>Geibert et al. (2021)</td></tr><tr><td>PS75_056-1</td><td>Ullermann et al. (2016)</td></tr><tr><td>PS75_072-4</td><td>Benz et al. (2016); Tiedemann and Lembke-Jene, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>PS75_073-2</td><td>Benz et al. (2016); Tiedemann and Lembke-Jene, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>PS75_085-1</td><td>Benz et al. (2016); Tiedemann and Lembke-Jene, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>PS75_160-1</td><td>Hillenbrand et al. (2017)</td></tr><tr><td>PS75_167-1</td><td>Hillenbrand et al. (2017)</td></tr><tr><td>PS75_059-2</td><td>Ullermann et al. (2016); Ronge et al. (2016)</td></tr><tr><td>Q208</td><td>Winn (2013a)</td></tr><tr><td>Q585</td><td>Weaver et al. (1998)</td></tr><tr><td>Q859</td><td>Winn and Fenner (2013a)</td></tr><tr><td>Q861</td><td>Winn and Fenner (2013b)</td></tr><tr><td>R657</td><td>Weaver et al. (1998)</td></tr><tr><td>RAMA44P</td><td>Keigwin (1987)</td></tr><tr><td>RAPID-10-1P</td><td>Thornalley et al. (2011, 2010)</td></tr><tr><td>RAPID-12-1K</td><td>Thornalley et al. (2010, 2009)</td></tr><tr><td>RAPID-15-4P</td><td>Thornalley et al. (2010)</td></tr><tr><td>RAPID-17-5P</td><td>Thornalley et al. (2010)</td></tr><tr><td>RC09-150</td><td>Bé and Duplessy (1976)</td></tr><tr><td>RC09-166</td><td>Tierney et al. (2017)</td></tr><tr><td>RC10-131</td><td>Anderson et al. (1989)</td></tr><tr><td>RC10-289</td><td>Matsumoto and Lynch-Stieglitz (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>RC11-120</td><td>Curry et al. (1988)</td></tr><tr><td>RC11-238</td><td>Koutavas and Lynch-Stieglitz (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>RC11-83</td><td>Charles et al. (1996); Charles and Fairbanks (1992); Piotrowski et al. (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>RC11-86</td><td>Shackleton (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>RC12-109</td><td>Anderson et al. (1989)</td></tr><tr><td>RC12-113</td><td>Anderson et al. (1989)</td></tr><tr><td>RC12-279</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (2006)</td></tr><tr><td>RC12-294</td><td>CLIMAP Project Members (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>RC12-339</td><td>Naqvi et al. (1994)</td></tr><tr><td>RC12-344</td><td>Duplessy (1982); Naqvi et al. (1994); Rashid et al. (2007)</td></tr><tr><td>RC13-110</td><td>Lyle et al. (2002)</td></tr><tr><td>RC13-115</td><td>Lyle et al. (2002)</td></tr><tr><td>RC13-140</td><td>Koutavas and Lynch-Stieglitz (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>RC13-228</td><td>Curry et al. (1988)</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table A1. Continued.</caption><thead><tr><td>Core/site</td><td>References</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>RC13-229</td><td>Oppo and Fairbanks (1987)</td></tr><tr><td>RC13-254</td><td>Charles et al. (1991)</td></tr><tr><td>RC13-259</td><td>Shemesh et al. (1995)</td></tr><tr><td>RC13-269</td><td>Shemesh et al. (1995)</td></tr><tr><td>RC14-31</td><td>Broecker et al. (2000)</td></tr><tr><td>RC14-33</td><td>Broecker et al. (2000)</td></tr><tr><td>RC15-93</td><td>Charles et al. (1991)</td></tr><tr><td>RC16-119</td><td>Oppo and Horowitz (2000)</td></tr><tr><td>RC16-59</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>RC16-84</td><td>Oppo and Horowitz (2000)</td></tr><tr><td>RC16-86</td><td>Oppo and Horowitz (2000)</td></tr><tr><td>RC17-176</td><td>Leech et al. (2013)</td></tr><tr><td>RC17-69</td><td>CLIMAP Project Members (1981)</td></tr><tr><td>RC8-102</td><td>Koutavas and Lynch-Stieglitz (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>RC9-150</td><td>Wells et al. (1994)</td></tr><tr><td>RC9-203</td><td>Oppo and Fairbanks (1987)</td></tr><tr><td>RECORD23</td><td>Colin et al. (2021)</td></tr><tr><td>RNDB-11PC</td><td>Keigwin and Lehman (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>RNDB-13PC</td><td>Keigwin and Lehman (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>RR0503_125JPC</td><td>Schiraldi et al. (2014); Sikes et al. (2016)</td></tr><tr><td>RR0503_41JPC</td><td>Sikes et al. (2016)</td></tr><tr><td>RR0503-79JPC</td><td>Sikes et al. (2016)</td></tr><tr><td>RR0503_83JPC</td><td>Sikes et al. (2016)</td></tr><tr><td>RR0503_83TC</td><td>Sikes et al. (2016)</td></tr><tr><td>RR0503-87JPC</td><td>Sikes et al. (2016)</td></tr><tr><td>RR0503_87TC</td><td>Sikes et al. (2016)</td></tr><tr><td>RR0503-64JPC</td><td>Schiraldi et al. (2014); Sikes et al. (2016)</td></tr><tr><td>RR0503-79JPC</td><td>Schiraldi et al. (2014)</td></tr><tr><td>RR0503-87JPC</td><td>Schiraldi et al. (2014)</td></tr><tr><td>RS105_GC23</td><td>Troedson and Davies (2001)</td></tr><tr><td>RS105GC25</td><td>Troedson and Davies (2001); Bostock et al. (2006)</td></tr><tr><td>RS112GC10</td><td>Troedson and Davies (2001)</td></tr><tr><td>RS112GC9</td><td>Troedson and Davies (2001); Bostock et al. (2006)</td></tr><tr><td>RS147-GC07</td><td>Sikes et al. (2016, 2009)</td></tr><tr><td>RS67-GC13</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (1994)</td></tr><tr><td>RS67-GC16</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (1994)</td></tr><tr><td>RS67-GC27</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (1994)</td></tr><tr><td>RS67-GC3</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (1994)</td></tr><tr><td>RS67-GC52</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (1994)</td></tr><tr><td>RS78-GC18</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (1994)</td></tr><tr><td>S794</td><td>Weaver et al. (1998)</td></tr><tr><td>SAN-76</td><td>Toledo et al. (2007)</td></tr><tr><td>SAT-048A</td><td>Frozza et al. (2020)</td></tr><tr><td>SBB2012DB</td><td>Osborne et al. (2020)</td></tr><tr><td>SCS90-36</td><td>Huang et al. (1997)</td></tr><tr><td>SHAK06-5K</td><td>Ausín et al. (2019)</td></tr><tr><td>SK129-CR05</td><td>Guptha et al. (2005)</td></tr><tr><td>SK157-15</td><td>Raza et al. (2014)</td></tr><tr><td>SK157-16</td><td>Raza et al. (2014)</td></tr><tr><td>SK157-20</td><td>Naik and Naidu (2016)</td></tr><tr><td>SK157-GC04</td><td>Saraswat et al. (2005)</td></tr><tr><td>SK200-GC17</td><td>Naik et al. (2014)</td></tr><tr><td>SK218_1</td><td>Govil and Divakar Naidu (2011); Govil, Naidu, and Mulitza, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>SK237-GC04</td><td>Saraswat et al. (2013)</td></tr><tr><td>SK237-GC09</td><td>Saraswat et al. (2019)</td></tr><tr><td>SL-1</td><td>Guptha et al. (2005)</td></tr><tr><td>SL-4</td><td>Guptha et al. (2005)</td></tr><tr><td>SN6</td><td>Tiwari et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>SO12_98</td><td>Winn (2012)</td></tr><tr><td>SO126_39KL</td><td>Weldeab et al. (2019)</td></tr><tr><td>SO130_261KL</td><td>von Rad et al. (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>SO135_03GKG</td><td>Winn (2014a)</td></tr><tr><td>SO135_04SL</td><td>Winn (2014b)</td></tr><tr><td>SO135_05GKG</td><td>Winn (2014c)</td></tr><tr><td>SO135_21GKG</td><td>Winn (2014f)</td></tr><tr><td>SO135_40KL</td><td>Winn (2014f)</td></tr><tr><td>SO136_003GC</td><td>Ronge et al. (2015); Barrows et al. (2007)</td></tr><tr><td>SO136-111</td><td>Crosta et al. (2004); Sturm (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>SO161_5_50SL</td><td>Blumberg et al. (2008)</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table A1. Continued.</caption><thead><tr><td>Core/site</td><td>References</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>SO164-03-4</td><td>Reißig et al. (2019)</td></tr><tr><td>SO178-13-6</td><td>Max et al. (2014); Lembke-Jene et al. (2017)</td></tr><tr><td>SO189-119KL</td><td>Mohtadi et al. (2014); Mohtadi, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>SO189-144KL</td><td>Mohtadi et al. (2014); Mohtadi, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>SO189-39KL</td><td>Mohtadi et al. (2014); Mohtadi, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>SO201-2-12KL</td><td>Riethdorf et al. (2013)</td></tr><tr><td>SO201-2-85</td><td>Riethdorf et al. (2013); Max et al. (2014)</td></tr><tr><td>SO202_1_27-6</td><td>Maier et al. (2015, 2018)</td></tr><tr><td>SO213_2_60-1</td><td>Molina-Kescher et al. (2016)</td></tr><tr><td>SO213_2_82-1</td><td>Ronge et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>SO213_2_84-1</td><td>Ronge et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>SO213-59-2</td><td>Tapia et al. (2015); Molina-Kescher et al. (2016); Nürnberg, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>SO225-08-3</td><td>Raddatz et al. (2017); Nürnberg, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>SO225-53-3</td><td>Raddatz et al. (2017); Nürnberg, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>SO236_52-4</td><td>Bunzel et al. (2017)</td></tr><tr><td>SO26_127KA</td><td>Winn et al. (1991)</td></tr><tr><td>SO26_131KA</td><td>Winn et al. (1991)</td></tr><tr><td>SO26_141KA</td><td>Sarnthein and Winn (2013b)</td></tr><tr><td>SO26_189KA</td><td>Sarnthein and Winn (1991)</td></tr><tr><td>SO26_222KA</td><td>Sarnthein and Winn (2013a)</td></tr><tr><td>SO26_58KA</td><td>Winn et al. (1991)</td></tr><tr><td>SO26_90KA</td><td>Winn et al. (1991)</td></tr><tr><td>SO28-05KL</td><td>Sirocko (1989)</td></tr><tr><td>SO28-11KL</td><td>Sirocko (1989)</td></tr><tr><td>SO28-18KL</td><td>Sirocko (1989)</td></tr><tr><td>SO35_2_101KL</td><td>Winn et al. (1990)</td></tr><tr><td>SO35_2_102KL</td><td>Winn et al. (1990)</td></tr><tr><td>SO35_3_182KL</td><td>Winn et al. (1990)</td></tr><tr><td>SO35_3_211KL</td><td>Winn et al. (1990)</td></tr><tr><td>SO35_3_272KL</td><td>Winn (2013i)</td></tr><tr><td>SO36_2_17SL</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (1994)</td></tr><tr><td>SO36-SL17</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (1994)</td></tr><tr><td>SO36-SL7</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (1994)</td></tr><tr><td>SO42-15KL</td><td>Sirocko (1989)</td></tr><tr><td>SO42-26KL</td><td>Sirocko (1989)</td></tr><tr><td>SO42-51KL</td><td>Sirocko (1989)</td></tr><tr><td>SO42-57KL</td><td>Sirocko (1989)</td></tr><tr><td>SO42-64KL</td><td>Sirocko (1989)</td></tr><tr><td>SO42-70KL</td><td>Sirocko (1989)</td></tr><tr><td>SO42-71KL</td><td>Sirocko (1989)</td></tr><tr><td>SO42-74KL</td><td>Sirocko et al. (2000)</td></tr><tr><td>SO42-82KL</td><td>Sirocko (1989)</td></tr><tr><td>SO42-87KL</td><td>Sirocko (1989)</td></tr><tr><td>SO75_3_26KL</td><td>Zahn et al. (1997)</td></tr><tr><td>SO82_2-2</td><td>Lackschewitz et al. (1998)</td></tr><tr><td>SO82_4-2</td><td>Lackschewitz et al. (1998); Moros et al. (1997)</td></tr><tr><td>SO82_5-2</td><td>Jung (1996); Lackschewitz et al. (1998); van Kreveld et al. (2000)</td></tr><tr><td>SO82_7-2</td><td>Lackschewitz et al. (1998)</td></tr><tr><td>SO90_137KA</td><td>von Rad et al. (1999)</td></tr><tr><td>SO93_1_22KL</td><td>Weber (1997)</td></tr><tr><td>Station-8s-MC</td><td>Harada et al. (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>Station-8s-PC</td><td>Harada et al. (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>SU81-07</td><td>Kallel et al. (1997)</td></tr><tr><td>SU81-18</td><td>Bard et al. (1987); Sarnthein et al. (1994); Duplessy (1996); Bard et al. (2000); Waelbroeck et al. (2001, 2019); Missiaen et al. (2019)</td></tr><tr><td>SU81-32</td><td>Sarnthein et al. (1994)</td></tr><tr><td>SU81-44</td><td>Sarnthein et al. (1994)</td></tr><tr><td>SU81-50</td><td>Sarnthein et al. (1994)</td></tr><tr><td>SU90-08</td><td>Missiaen et al. (2020); Grousset et al. (1993); Elliot et al. (1998)</td></tr><tr><td>SU90-09</td><td>Grousset et al. (2001)</td></tr><tr><td>SU90-11</td><td>Labeyrie et al. (1995)</td></tr><tr><td>SU90-24</td><td>Elliot et al. (2002)</td></tr><tr><td>SU90-102</td><td>Schulz (1995)</td></tr><tr><td>SU90-103</td><td>Schulz (1995)</td></tr><tr><td>SU90-106</td><td>Schulz (1995)</td></tr><tr><td>SU90-107</td><td>Schulz (1995)</td></tr><tr><td>SU90-108</td><td>Schulz (1995)</td></tr><tr><td>SU92-21</td><td>Sarnthein et al. (1994)</td></tr><tr><td>T86-15P</td><td>Sarnthein et al. (1994)</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table A1. Continued.</caption><thead><tr><td>Core/site</td><td>References</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>T86-15S</td><td>Sarnthein et al. (1994)</td></tr><tr><td>T87_2_20G</td><td>Thunell et al. (1977)</td></tr><tr><td>TAN0803-09</td><td>Maxson et al. (2019); Bostock et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>TAN0803-27</td><td>Maxson et al. (2019)</td></tr><tr><td>TAN1106-11</td><td>Maxson et al. (2019)</td></tr><tr><td>TAN1106-15</td><td>Maxson et al. (2019)</td></tr><tr><td>TAN1106-28</td><td>Bostock et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>TAN1106-34</td><td>Maxson et al. (2019); Bostock et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>TAN1106-43</td><td>Maxson et al. (2019); Bostock et al. (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>TAN1106-7</td><td>Maxson et al. (2019)</td></tr><tr><td>TGS-931</td><td>Schröder et al. (2018)</td></tr><tr><td>TR163-19</td><td>Spero et al. (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>TR163-25T</td><td>Hoogakker et al. (2018)</td></tr><tr><td>TR163-31</td><td>Patrick and Thunell (1997); Curry et al. (1988)</td></tr><tr><td>TTN057-13-PC4</td><td>Kanfoush et al. (2002, 2000); Shemesh et al. (2002)</td></tr><tr><td>TTN057-6-PC4</td><td>Hodell et al. (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>TTR13-AT-455G</td><td>Seidenkrantz et al. (2021)</td></tr><tr><td>TTR13-AT-479G</td><td>Seidenkrantz et al. (2021)</td></tr><tr><td>U306</td><td>Winn (2016)</td></tr><tr><td>U938</td><td>Weaver et al. (1998)</td></tr><tr><td>Ulleung_C11</td><td>Kim et al. (2000)</td></tr><tr><td>Ulleung_C21</td><td>Kim et al. (2000)</td></tr><tr><td>UM94PC31</td><td>Corselli et al. (2002)</td></tr><tr><td>V10-49</td><td>Kallel et al. (1997)</td></tr><tr><td>V10-51</td><td>Kallel et al. (1997)</td></tr><tr><td>V12-70</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (2006)</td></tr><tr><td>V16-51</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (2006)</td></tr><tr><td>V17-178</td><td>Keigwin and Jones (1995)</td></tr><tr><td>V19-236</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (2006)</td></tr><tr><td>V19-258</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (2006)</td></tr><tr><td>V19-259</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (2006)</td></tr><tr><td>V19-27</td><td>Koutavas and Lynch-Stieglitz (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>V19-28</td><td>Koutavas and Lynch-Stieglitz (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>V19-30</td><td>Curry et al. (1988)</td></tr><tr><td>V20-234</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>V21-146</td><td>Hovan et al. (1991)</td></tr><tr><td>V21-29</td><td>Koutavas and Lynch-Stieglitz (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>V21-30</td><td>Koutavas and Lynch-Stieglitz (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>V21-40</td><td>Koutavas and Lynch-Stieglitz (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>V22-108</td><td>Charles et al. (1991)</td></tr><tr><td>V22-174</td><td>Shackleton (1977)</td></tr><tr><td>V22-196</td><td>Sarnthein et al. (1994)</td></tr><tr><td>V22-197</td><td>Curry et al. (1988)</td></tr><tr><td>V22-222</td><td>Mix et al. (1986)</td></tr><tr><td>V23-100</td><td>Sarnthein et al. (1994)</td></tr><tr><td>V23-81</td><td>Jansen and Veum (1990); Elliot et al. (1998)</td></tr><tr><td>V24-109</td><td>Shackleton et al. (1992)</td></tr><tr><td>V24-157</td><td>Anderson et al. (1989)</td></tr><tr><td>V24-161</td><td>Anderson et al. (1989)</td></tr><tr><td>V24-166</td><td>Anderson et al. (1989)</td></tr><tr><td>V24-170</td><td>Anderson et al. (1989)</td></tr><tr><td>V24-184</td><td>Anderson et al. (1989)</td></tr><tr><td>V24-253</td><td>Oppo and Horowitz (2000)</td></tr><tr><td>V25-21</td><td>Curry and Crowley (1987)</td></tr><tr><td>V25-59</td><td>Curry et al. (1988)</td></tr><tr><td>V26-175</td><td>Matsumoto and Lynch-Stieglitz (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>V26-176</td><td>Sarnthein et al. (1988); Matsumoto and Lynch-Stieglitz (2003); CLIMAP Project Members (2004b)</td></tr><tr><td>V26-177</td><td>Matsumoto and Lynch-Stieglitz (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>V27-180</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>V28-122</td><td>Oppo and Fairbanks (1987); W. S. Broecker et al. (1988); W. Broecker et al. (1988); Schmidt et al. (2004)</td></tr><tr><td>V28-127</td><td>Oppo and Fairbanks (1990)</td></tr><tr><td>V28-14</td><td>Curry et al. (1988)</td></tr><tr><td>V28-304</td><td>Curry et al. (1988)</td></tr><tr><td>V28-73</td><td>Oppo and Lehman (1993)</td></tr><tr><td>V29-135</td><td>Sarnthein et al. (1994)</td></tr><tr><td>V29-140</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (2006)</td></tr><tr><td>V29-193</td><td>Oppo and Lehman (1993)</td></tr><tr><td>V29-198</td><td>Oppo and Lehman (1993)</td></tr><tr><td>V29-202</td><td>Oppo and Lehman (1993)</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table A1. Continued.</caption><thead><tr><td>Core/site</td><td>References</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>V29-204</td><td>Curry et al. (1999)</td></tr><tr><td>V29-9</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz, unpublished</td></tr><tr><td>V30-40</td><td>Oppo and Fairbanks (1987)</td></tr><tr><td>V30-49</td><td>Curry et al. (1988)</td></tr><tr><td>V30-5</td><td>Matsumoto and Lynch-Stieglitz (2003)</td></tr><tr><td>V32-8</td><td>Mix et al. (1986)</td></tr><tr><td>V34-90</td><td>Gorbarenko et al. (2002)</td></tr><tr><td>V34-98</td><td>Gorbarenko et al. (2002)</td></tr><tr><td>V35-5</td><td>Oppo and Fairbanks (1987)</td></tr><tr><td>Vi-37GC</td><td>Keigwin (1998)</td></tr><tr><td>VM12-107</td><td>Schmidt et al. (2012)</td></tr><tr><td>VM18-222</td><td>Lynch-Stieglitz et al. (1994)</td></tr><tr><td>VM19-110</td><td>Leech et al. (2013)</td></tr><tr><td>VM24-110</td><td>Leech et al. (2013)</td></tr><tr><td>VM24-150</td><td>Leech et al. (2013)</td></tr><tr><td>VM28-213</td><td>Leech et al. (2013)</td></tr><tr><td>VM28-227</td><td>Leech et al. (2013)</td></tr><tr><td>VM28-229</td><td>Leech et al. (2013)</td></tr><tr><td>VM28-230</td><td>Leech et al. (2013)</td></tr><tr><td>VM28-233</td><td>Leech et al. (2013)</td></tr><tr><td>VM28-234</td><td>Leech et al. (2013)</td></tr><tr><td>VM28-235</td><td>Leech et al. (2013)</td></tr><tr><td>VM28-235TW</td><td>Leech et al. (2013)</td></tr><tr><td>VM28-236</td><td>Leech et al. (2013)</td></tr><tr><td>VM28-246</td><td>Leech et al. (2013)</td></tr><tr><td>VM34-2</td><td>Leech et al. (2013)</td></tr><tr><td>VNTR01_10PC</td><td>Keigwin and Lehman (2015)</td></tr><tr><td>W8402A-14</td><td>Jasper et al. (1994)</td></tr><tr><td>W8709A-1</td><td>Lyle et al. (1992)</td></tr><tr><td>W8709A-13</td><td>Lyle et al. (1992); Lund and Mix (1998)</td></tr><tr><td>W8709A-8</td><td>Lyle et al. (1992); Ortiz et al. (1997)</td></tr><tr><td>W8709A-8TC</td><td>Lyle et al. (1992); Ortiz et al. (1997)</td></tr><tr><td>WIND-28K</td><td>Kiefer et al. (2006); Johnstone et al. (2014)</td></tr><tr><td>Y71-06-12</td><td>Shackleton (1977)</td></tr><tr><td>Y71-09-101</td><td>Lyle et al. (2002)</td></tr><tr><td>Z2108</td><td>Nelson et al. (1994)</td></tr><tr><td>Z2112</td><td>Sikes et al. (2016)</td></tr></tbody></table>
**Supplement.** The supplement related to this article is available online at: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2553-2022-supplement.

**Author contributions.** SM conceptualized the atlas and wrote the paper with input from all co-authors. All authors assisted in the compilation of the data, and/or provided unpublished data and contributed to the paper.

**Competing interests.** The contact author has declared that neither they nor their co-authors have any competing interests.

**Disclaimer.** Publisher's note: Copernicus Publications remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

**Acknowledgements.** Constructive comments by Ralf Schiebel, Stefano Bernasconi, and an anonymous reviewer substantially improved the manuscript. Data synthesis was supported by the Ocean Circulation and Carbon Cycling (OC3) working group of the Past Global Changes (PAGES) project and by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) as a Research for Sustainability initiative (FONA) through the PalMod project (FKZ: 01LP1509B). Andreas Schmittner acknowledges support from the US National Science Foundation (grant no. 1924215).

**Financial support.** This research has been supported by the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (grant no. 01LP1509B) and the National Science Foundation (grant no. 1924215).

**Review statement.** This paper was edited by Kirsten Elger and reviewed by Stefano Bernasconi, Ralf Schiebel, and one anonymous referee.

## References

Abrantes, F., Baas, J., Haflidason, H., Rasmussen, T., Klitgaard, D., Loncaric, N., and Gaspar, L.: Sediment fluxes along the northeastern European Margin: inferring hydrological changes between 20 and 8 kyr, Mar. Geol., 152, 7–23, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(98)00062-0, 1998.

Abrantes, F. F., Gaspar, L., Helmers, E., Loncaric, N., and Monteiro, J.: Geochemical properties, stable isotopes and foraminifera abundances in sediment cores from the Portuguese Margin taken during the POSEIDON cruise PO200/10 in 1993. European North Atlantic Margin (ENAM): Sediment Pathways, Processes and Fluxes, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.895024, 2018.

Abrantes, F. F., Loncaric, N., Moreno, J., Mil-Homens, M., and Pflaumann, U.: Paleooceanographic conditions along the Portuguese Margin during the last 30 ka: A multiple proxy study, Comunicacoes do Instituto Geologico e Mineiro, 161–184, 2001.

Adegbie, A. T.: Reconstruction of paleoenvironmental conditions in Equatorial Atlantic and the Gulf of Guinea Basins for the last 245,000 years, Berichte aus dem Fachbereich Geowissenschaften der Universität Bremen, 178, Universität Bremen, Bremen, 113 pp., 2001.

Adegbie, A. T., Schneider, R. R., Röhl, U., and Wefer, G.: Glacial millennial-scale fluctuations in central African precipitation recorded in terrigenous sediment supply and freshwater signals offshore Cameroon, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 197, 323–333, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00474-7, 2003.

Aharon, P.: Meltwater flooding events in the Gulf of Mexico revisited: Implications for rapid climate changes during the last deglaciation, Paleooceanography, 18, 1079, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002PA000840, 2003.

Alexander, I. T., Kroon, D., and Thompson, R.: Late Quaternary Paleoenvironmental Change on the Northeast Australian Margin as Evidenced in Oxygen Isotope Stratigraphy, Mineral Magnetism, and Sedimentology, in: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, 133 Scientific Results, edited by: McKenzie, J. A., Davies, P. J., and Palmer-Julson, A., Ocean Drilling Program, https://doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.133.224.1993, 1993.

Allen, J. R. M., Brandt, U., Brauer, A., Hubberten, H.-W., Huntley, B., Keller, J., Kraml, M., Mackensen, A., Mingram, J., Nendank, J. F. W., Nowaczyk, N. R., Oberhänsli, H., Watts, W. A., Wulf, S., and Zolitschka, B.: Rapid environmental changes in southern Europe during the last glacial period, Nature, 400, 740–743, https://doi.org/10.1038/23432, 1999.

Anderson, D. M., Prell, W. L., and Barratt, N. J.: Estimates of sea surface temperature in the Coral Sea at the Last Glacial Maximum, Paleooceanography, 4, 615–627, https://doi.org/10.1029/PA004i006p00615, 1989.

Anderson, R. F., Ali, S., Bradtmiller, L. I., Nielsen, S. H. H., Fleisher, M. Q., Anderson, B. E., and Burckle, L. H.: Wind-driven upwelling in the Southern Ocean and the deglacial rise in atmospheric CO₂, Science, 323, 1443–1448, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1167441, 2009.

Andres, M. S.: Late quaternary paleooceanography of the Great Australian Bight: A geochemical and sedimentological study of cool-water carbonates, ODP Leg 182, Site 1127, PhD thesis, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, 189 pp., 2002.

Andrews, J. T. and Tedesco, K.: Detrital carbonate-rich sediments, northwestern Labrador Sea: Implications for ice-sheet dynamics and iceberg rafting (Heinrich) events in the North Atlantic, Geology, 20, 1087, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<1087:DCRSNL>2.3.CO;2, 1992.

Andrews, J. T., Erlenkeuser, H., Evans, L. W., Briggs, W. M., and Jull, A. J. T.: Meltwater and Deglaciation, SE Baffin Shelf (NE Margin Laurentide Ice Sheet) Between 13.5 and 7 ka: From O and C Stable Isotopic Data, Paleooceanography, 6, 621–637, https://doi.org/10.1029/91PA01914, 1991.

Andrews, J. T., Belt, S. T., Olafsdottir, S., Massé, G., and Vare, L. L.: Sea ice and marine climate variability for NW Iceland/Denmark Strait over the last 2000 cal. yr BP, Holocene, 19, 775–784, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683609105302, 2009.

Arz, H. W., Pätzold, J., and Wefer, G.: Correlated Millennial-Scale Changes in Surface Hydrography and Terrigenous Sediment Yield Inferred from Last-Glacial Marine Deposits off Northeastern Brazil, Quaternary Res., 50, 157–166, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1998.1992, 1998.
Arz, H. W., Pätzold, J., and Wefer, G.: Climatic changes during the last deglaciation recorded in sediment cores from the northeastern Brazilian Continental Margin, Geo-Mar. Lett., 19, 209–218, https://doi.org/10.1007/s003670050111, 1999a.

Arz, H. W., Pätzold, J., and Wefer, G.: The deglacial history of the western tropical Atlantic as inferred from high resolution stable isotope records off northeastern Brazil, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 167, 105–117, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00025-4, 1999b.

Arz, H. W., Pätzold, J., Müller, P. J., and Moammar, M. O.: Influence of Northern Hemisphere climate and global sea level rise on the restricted Red Sea marine environment during termination I, Paleoceanography, 18, 1053, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002PA000864, 2003.

Auffret, G., Zaragosi, S., Dennielou, B., Cortijo, E., van Rooij, D., Grousset, F., Pujol, C., Eynaud, F., and Siegert, M.: Terrogenous fluxes at the Celtic margin during the last glacial cycle, Mar. Geol., 188, 79–108, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(02)00276-1, 2002.

Ausín, B., Flores, J.-A., Sierro, F.-J., Bárcena, M.-A., Hernández-Almeida, I., Francés, G., Gutiérrez-Arnillas, E., Martrat, B., Grimalt, J. O., and Cacho, I.: Coccolithophore productivity and surface water dynamics in the Alboran Sea during the last 25 kyr, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 418, 126–140, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.11.011, 2015a.

Ausín, B., Flores, J. A., Sierro, F. J., Cacho, I., Hernández-Almeida, I., Martrat, B., and Grimalt, J. O.: Atmospheric patterns driving Holocene productivity in the Alboran Sea (Western Mediterranean): A multiproxy approach, Holocene, 25, 583–595, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683614565952, 2015b.

Ausín, B., Haghipour, N., Wacker, L., Voelker, A. H. L., Hodell, D., Magill, C., Looser, N., Bernasconi, S. M., and Eglinton, T. I.: Radiocarbon Age Offsets Between Two Surface Dwelling Planktonic Foraminifera Species During Abrupt Climate Events in the SW Iberian Margin, Paleooceanography and Paleoclimatology, 34, 63–78, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018PA003490, 2019.

Baas, J. H., Mienert, J., Abrantes, F., and Prins, M. A.: Late Quaternary sedimentation on the Portuguese continental margin: climate-related processes and products, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 130, 1–23, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(96)00135-6, 1997.

Bahr, A., Doubrawa, M., Titschack, J., Austermann, G., Koutsodendris, A., Nürnberg, D., Albuquerque, A. L., Friedrich, O., and Raddatz, J.: Monsoonal forcing of cold-water coral growth off southeastern Brazil during the past 160 kyr, Biogeosciences, 17, 5883–5908, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5883-2020, 2020.

Balmer, S., Sarnthein, M., Mudelsee, M., and Grootes, P. M.: Re-fined modeling and ¹⁴C plateau tuning reveal consistent patterns of glacial and deglacial ¹⁴C reservoir ages of surface waters in low-latitude Atlantic, Paleooceanography, 31, 1030–1040, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016PA002953, 2016.

Barash, M. S., Yushina, I. G., and Spielhagen, R. F.: Reconstructions of the Quaternary paleohydrological variability by planktonic foraminifera (North Atlantic, Reykjanes Ridge), Oceanology, 42, 744–756, 2002.

Bard, E., Arnold, M., Maurice, P., Duprat, J., Moyes, J., and Duplessy, J.-C.: Retreat velocity of the North Atlantic polar front during the last deglaciation determined by

¹⁴C accelerator mass spectrometry, Nature, 328, 791–794, https://doi.org/10.1038/328791a0, 1987.

Bard, E., Rostek, F., Turon, J.-L., and Gendreau, S.: Hydrological impact of heinrich events in the subtropical northeast atlantic, Science, 289, 1321–1324, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.289.5483.1321, 2000.

Bard, E., Ménot-Combes, G., and Rostek, F.: Present Status of Radiocarbon Calibration and Comparison Records Based on Polynesian Corals and Iberian Margin Sediments, Radiocarbon, 46, 1189–1202, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200033087, 2004a.

Bard, E., Rostek, F., and Ménot-Combes, G.: Radiocarbon calibration beyond 20,000 ¹⁴C yr B. P. by means of planktonic foraminifera of the Iberian Margin, Quaternary Res., 61, 204–214, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2003.11.006, 2004b.

Bard, E., Rostek, F., and Ménot-Combes, G.: Paleoclimate. A better radiocarbon clock, Science, 303, 178–179, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1091964, 2004c.

Barrows, T. T., Juggins, S., de Deckker, P., Calvo, E., and Pelejero, C.: Long-term sea surface temperature and climate change in the Australian–New Zealand region, Paleooceanography, 22, 149, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006PA001328, 2007.

Bassinot, F. C., Beaufort, L., Vincent, E., Labeyrie, L. D., Rostek, F., Müller, P. J., Quidelleur, X., and Lancelot, Y.: Coarse fraction fluctuations in pelagic carbonate sediments from the tropical Indian Ocean: A 1500-kyr record of carbonate dissolution, Pale-oceanography, 9, 579–600, https://doi.org/10.1029/94PA00860, 1994.

Bauch, D., Darling, K., Simstich, J., Bauch, H. A., Erlenkeuser, H., and Kroon, D.: Palaeoceanographic implications of genetic variation in living North Atlantic *Neogloboquadrina pachyderma*, Nature, 424, 299–302, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01778, 2003.

Bauch, H.: A multiproxy reconstruction of the evolution of deep and surface waters in the subarctic Nordic seas over the last 30,000 yr, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 20, 659–678, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(00)00098-6, 2001.

Bé, A. W. and Duplessy, J. C.: Subtropical convergence fluctuations and quaternary climates in the middle latitudes of the Indian ocean, Science, 194, 419–422, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.194.4263.419, 1976.

Behling, H., Arz, H. W., Pätzold, J., and Wefer, G.: Late Quaternary vegetational and climate dynamics in south-eastern Brazil, inferences from marine cores GeoB 3229-2 and GeoB 3202-1, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 179, 227–243, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(01)00435-7, 2002.

Bender, V. B., Hanebuth, T. J. J., and Chiessi, C. M.: Holocene shifts of the Subtropical Shelf Front off southeastern South America controlled by high and low latitude atmospheric forcings, Pale-oceanography, 28, 481–490, https://doi.org/10.1002/palo.20044, 2013.

Benway, H. M., Mix, A. C., Haley, B. A., and Klinkhammer, G. P.: Eastern Pacific Warm Pool paleosalinity and climate variability: 0–30 kyr, Paleooceanography, 21, 32, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005PA001208, 2006.

Benz, V., Esper, O., Gersonde, R., Lamy, F., and Tiedemann, R.: Last Glacial Maximum sea surface temperature and sea-ice extent in the Pacific sector of the
Southern Ocean, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 146, 216–237, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.06.006, 2016.

Berger, W. H. and Vincent, E.: Sporadic shutdown of North Atlantic deep water production during the Glacial–Holocene transition?, Nature, 324, 53–55, https://doi.org/10.1038/324053a0, 1986.

Berger, W. H., Killingley, J. S., Metzler, C. V., and Vincent, E.: Two-Step Deglaciation: <sup>14</sup>C-Dated High-Resolution <sup>18</sup>O Records from the Tropical Atlantic Ocean, Quaternary Res., 23, 258–271, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(85)90032-8, 1985.

Bernhardt, A., Melnick, D., Hebbeln, D., Lückge, A., and Strecker, M. R.: Turbidite paleoseismology along the active continental margin of Chile – Feasible or not?, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 120, 71–92, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.04.001, 2015.

Bernhardt, A., Hebbeln, D., Regenberg, M., Lückge, A., and Strecker, M. R.: Shelfal sediment transport by an undercurrent forces turbidity-current activity during high sea level along the Chile continental margin, Geology, 44, 295–298, https://doi.org/10.1130/G37594.1, 2016.

Bertram, C. J., Elderfield, H., Shackleton, N. J., and MacDonald, J. A.: Cadmium/calcium and carbon isotope reconstructions of the glacial northeast Atlantic Ocean, Paleooceanography, 10, 563–578, https://doi.org/10.1029/94PA03058, 1995.

Betzler, C., Lüdmann, T., Hübscher, C., and FÜRSTENAU, J.: Current and sea-level signals in periplatform ooze (Neogene, Maldives, Indian Ocean), Sediment. Geol., 290, 126–137, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2013.03.011, 2013.

Beveridge, N. A. S., Elderfield, H., and Shackleton, N. J.: Deep thermohaline circulation in the low-latitude Atlantic during the Last Glacial, Paleooceanography, 10, 643–660, https://doi.org/10.1029/94PA03353, 1995.

Bianchi, C. and Gersonde, R.: Climate evolution at the last deglaciation: the role of the Southern Ocean, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 228, 407–424, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2004.10.003, 2004.

Bickert, T. and Mackensen, A.: Last Glacial to Holocene Changes in South Atlantic Deep Water Circulation, in: The South Atlantic in the Late Quaternary: Reconstruction of Material Budgets and Current Systems, edited by: Wefer, G., Mulitza, S., and Ratmeyer, V., Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 671–693, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18917-3_29, 2004.

Blake Jr., W., Jackson, R. H., and Currie, C. G.: <sup>14</sup>C data of sediment core HU91/039-012TC and HU91/039-012P from the northernmost Baffin Bay, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.785493, 1996.

Blumberg, S., Lamy, F., Arz, H. W., Echtler, H. P., Wiedicke, M., Haug, G. H., and Oncken, O.: Turbiditic trench deposits at the South-Chilean active margin: A Pleistocene–Holocene record of climate and tectonics, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 268, 526–539, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.02.007, 2008.

Bolliet, T., Holbourn, A., Kuhnt, W., Laj, C., Kissel, C., Beaufort, L., Kienast, M., Andersen, N., and Garbe-Schönberg, D.: Min-danao Dome variability over the last 160 kyr: Episodic glacial cooling of the West Pacific Warm Pool, Paleooceanography, 26, 1050, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010PA001966, 2011.

Bonn, W. J.: Biogenopal und biogenes Barium als Indikatoren für spätquartäre Produktivitätsänderungen am antarktischen Kontinentalhang, atlantischer Sektor, Berichte zur Polarforschung, 180, Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung, 186 pp., 1995.

Bonn, W. J., Gingele, F. X., Grobe, H., Mackensen, A., and Füt-terer, D. K.: Palaeoproductivity at the Antarctic continental margin: opal and barium records for the last 400 ka, Palaeo-geogr. Palaeocl., 139, 195–211, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(97)00144-2, 1998.

Borreggine, M., Myhre, S. E., Mislan, K. A. S., Deutsch, C., and Davis, C. V.: A database of paleoceanographic sediment cores from the North Pacific, 1951–2016, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 9, 739–749, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-739-2017, 2017.

Bostock, H. C., Opdyke, B. N., Gagan, M. K., and Fifield, L. K.: Carbon isotope evidence for changes in Antarctic Intermediate Water circulation and ocean ventilation in the southwest Pacific during the last deglaciation, Paleooceanography, 19, PA4013, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004PA001047, 2004.

Bostock, H. C., Opdyke, B. N., Gagan, M. K., Kiss, A. E., and Fifield, L. K.: Glacial/interglacial changes in the East Australian current, Clim. Dynam., 26, 645–659, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-005-0103-7, 2006.

Bostock, H. C., Opdyke, B. N., Gagan, M. K., and Fifield, L. K.: Late Quaternary siliciclastic/carbonate sedimentation model for the Capricorn Channel, southern Great Barrier Reef province, Australia, Mar. Geol., 257, 107–123, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2008.11.003, 2009.

Bostock, H. C., Hayward, B. W., Neil, H. L., Sabaa, A. T., and Scott, G. H.: Changes in the position of the Subtropical Front south of New Zealand since the last glacial period, Paleooceanography, 30, 824–844, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014PA002652, 2015.

Bouimetarhan, I., Dupont, L., Schefuß, E., Mollenhauer, G., Mulitza, S., and Zonneveld, K.: Palynological evidence for climatic and oceanic variability off NW Africa during the late Holocene, Quaternary Res., 72, 188–197, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2009.05.003, 2009.

Bouimetarhan, I., Dupont, L., Kuhlmann, H., Pätzold, J., Prange, M., Schefuß, E., and Zonneveld, K.: Northern Hemisphere control of deglacial vegetation changes in the Rufiji uplands (Tanzania), Clim. Past, 11, 751–764, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-751-2015, 2015.

Boyle, E. A. and Keigwin, L.: North Atlantic thermohaline circulation during the past 20,000 years linked to high-latitude surface temperature, Nature, 330, 35–40, https://doi.org/10.1038/330035a0, 1987.

Braun, B.: Rekonstruktion glaziomariner Sedimentationsprozesse am Kontinentalrand des westlichen Bellingshausenmeeres, Diploma Thesis, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven & Geologisches Institut, Julius-Maximilians Universität, Würzburg, 83 pp., 1997.

Brehme, I.: Sedimentfazies und Bodenwasserstrom am Kontinentalhang des nordwestlichen Weddellmeeres (Sediment facies and bottomwater current on the continental slope in the northwestern Weddell Sea), Berichte zur Polarforschung, 110, Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung, 127 pp., 1992.

Broecker, W., Klas, M., Ragano-Beavan, N., Mathieu, G., Mix, A., Andree, M., Oeschger, H., Wölfli, W., Suter, M., Bonani, G., Hofmann, H. J., Nessi, M., and Morenzoni, E.: Accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon measurements on marine carbonate samples from deep sea cores and sediment traps, Radiocarbon, 30, 261–295, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200044234, 1988.
Broecker, W. S., Andree, M., Bonani, G., Wolfli, W., Klas, M., Mix, A., and Oeschger, H.: Comparison between radiocarbon ages obtained on coexisting planktonic foraminifera, Paleooceanography, 3, 647–657, https://doi.org/10.1029/PA003i006p00647, 1988.

Broecker, W. S., Clark, E., Lynch-Stieglitz, J., Beck, W., Stott, L. D., Hajdas, I., and Bonani, G.: Late glacial diatom accumulation at 9° S in the Indian Ocean, Paleooceanography, 15, 348–352, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999PA000439, 2000.

Broecker, W. S., Lynch-Stieglitz, J., Clark, E., Hajdas, I., and Bonani, G.: What caused the atmosphere’s CO₂ content to rise during the last 8000 years?, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 2, 2001GC000177, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GC000177, 2001.

Bunzel, D., Schmiedl, G., Lindhorst, S., Mackensen, A., Reolid, J., Romahn, S., and Betzler, C.: A multi-proxy analysis of Late Quaternary ocean and climate variability for the Maldives, Inner Sea, Clim. Past, 13, 1791–1813, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1791-2017, 2017.

Cacho, I., Grimalt, J. O., Canals, M., Sbaffi, L., Shackleton, N. J., Schönfeld, J., and Zahn, R.: Variability of the western Mediterranean Sea surface temperature during the last 25,000 years and its connection with the Northern Hemisphere climatic changes, Paleooceanography, 16, 40–52, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000PA000502, 2001.

Cacho, I., Shackleton, N., Elderfield, H., Sierro, F. J., and Grimalt, J. O.: Glacial rapid variability in deep-water temperature and δ¹⁸O from the Western Mediterranean Sea, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 25, 3294–3311, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.10.004, 2006.

Caissie, B. E., Brigham-Grette, J., Lawrence, K. T., Herbert, T. D., and Cook, M. S.: Last Glacial Maximum to Holocene sea surface conditions at Umnak Plateau, Bering Sea, as inferred from diatom, alkenone, and stable isotope records, Paleooceanography, 25, 15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008PA001671, 2010.

Caley, T., Extier, T., Collins, J. A., Schefuß, E., Dupont, L., Malaizé, B., Rossignol, L., Souron, A., McClymont, E. L., Jimenez-Espejo, F. J., García-Comas, C., Eynaud, F., Martinez, P., Roche, D. M., Jorry, S. J., Charlier, K., Wary, M., Gourves, P.-Y., Billy, I., and Giraudeau, J.: A two-million-year-long hydroclimatic context for hominin evolution in southeastern Africa, Nature, 560, 76–79, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0309-6, 2018.

Came, R. E., Oppo, D. W., and Curry, W. B.: Atlantic Ocean circulation during the Younger Dryas: Insights from a new Cd/Ca record from the western subtropical South Atlantic, Paleooceanography, 18, 1086, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003PA000888, 2003.

Came, R. E., Oppo, D. W., Curry, W. B., and Lynch-Stieglitz, J.: Deglacial variability in the surface return flow of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, Paleooceanography, 23, PA1217, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007PA001450, 2008.

Camillo, E., Quadros, J. P., Santarosa, A. C. A., Costa, K. B., and Toledo, F. A. L.: An abrupt cooling event recorded around 73 kyr in western South Atlantic, Quatern. Int., 542, 80–87, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2020.03.005, 2020.

Campos, M. C., Chiessi, C. M., Venancio, I. M., Pinho, T. M. L., Crivellari, S., Kuhnert, H., Schmiedl, G., Díaz, R. A., Albuquerque, A. L. S., Portilho-Ramos, R. C., Bahr, A., and Mulitza, S.: Constraining Millennial-Scale Changes in Northern Component Water Ventilation in the Western Tropical South Atlantic, Paleooceanography and Paleoclimatology, 35, e2020PA003876, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020PA003876, 2020.

Caniupán, M., Lamy, F., Lange, C. B., Kaiser, J., Arz, H., Kilian, R., Baeza Urrea, O., Aracena, C., Hebbeln, D., Kissel, C., Laj, C., Mollenhauer, G., and Tiedemann, R.: Millennial-scale sea surface temperature and Patagonian Ice Sheet changes off southern-most Chile (53° S) over the past ~60 kyr, Paleooceanography, 26, PA3221, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010PA002049, 2011.

Caralp, M.: Age determination of sediment core KS82-31, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.407598, 2006a.

Caralp, M.: Age determination of sediment core KS82-32, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.407599, 2006b.

Caralp, M.-H.: Late glacial to recent deep-sea benthic foraminifera from the northeastern Atlantic (Cadiz Gulf) and western Mediterranean (Alboran Sea): Paleooceanographic results, Mar. Micropaleontol., 13, 265–289, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8398(88)90006-0, 1988.

Carlson, A. E., Oppo, D. W., Came, R. E., LeGrande, A. N., Keigwin, L. D., and Curry, W. B.: Subtropical Atlantic salinity variability and Atlantic meridional circulation during the last deglaciation, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 36, 991, https://doi.org/10.1130/g25080a.1, 2008.

Carter, L. and Manighetti, B.: Glacial/interglacial control of terrigenous and biogenic fluxes in the deep ocean off a high input, collisional margin: A 139 kyr-record from New Zealand, Mar. Geol., 226, 307–322, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2005.11.004, 2006.

Carter, R. M., Gammon, P. R., and Millwood, L.: Glacial-interglacial (MIS 1–10) migrations of the Subtropical Front across ODP Site 1119, Canterbury Bight, Southwest Pacific Ocean, Mar. Geol., 205, 29–58, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(04)00017-9, 2004.

Castañeda, I. S., Mulitza, S., Schefuss, E., Lopes dos Santos, R. A., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., and Schouten, S.: Wet phases in the Sahara/Sahel region and human migration patterns in North Africa, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 106, 20159–20163, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0905771106, 2009.

Català, A., Cacho, I., Frigola, J., Pena, L. D., and Lirer, F.: Holocene hydrography evolution in the Alboran Sea: a multi-record and multi-proxy comparison, Clim. Past, 15, 927–942, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-927-2019, 2019.

Channell, J. E. T., Hodell, D. A., and Curtis, J. H.: ODP Site 1063 (Bermuda Rise) revisited: Oxygen isotopes, excursions and paleointensity in the Brunhes Chron, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 13, Q02001, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GC003897, 2012.

Channell, J. E. T., Xuan, C., Hodell, D. A., Crowhurst, S. J., and Larter, R. D.: Relative paleointensity (RPI) and age control in Quaternary sediment drifts off the Antarctic Peninsula, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 211, 17–33, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.03.006, 2019.

Charles, C. D. and Fairbanks, R. G.: Evidence from Southern Ocean sediments for the effect of North Atlantic deep-water flux on climate, Nature, 355, 416–419, https://doi.org/10.1038/355416a0, 1992.

Charles, C. D., Froelich, P. N., Zibello, M. A., Mortlock, R. A., and Morley, J. J.: Biogenic opal in Southern Ocean sediments over the last 450,000 years: Implications for surface water chemistry and circulation, Paleooceanography, 6, 697–728, https://doi.org/10.1029/91PA02477, 1991.
Charles, C. D., Lynch-Stieglitz, J., Ninnemann, U. S., and Fairbanks, R. G.: Climate connections between the hemisphere revealed by deep sea sediment core/ice core correlations, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 142, 19–27, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(96)00083-0, 1996.

Chase, Z., Anderson, R. F., Fleisher, M. Q., and Kubik, P. W.: Accumulation of biogenic and lithogenic material in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean during the past 40,000 years, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 50, 799–832, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00595-7, 2003.

Chen, M.-T., Chang, Y.-P., Chang, C.-C., Wang, L.-W., Wang, C.-H., and Yu, E.-F.: Late Quaternary sea-surface temperature variations in the southeast Atlantic: a planktic foraminifer faunal record of the past 600 000 yr (IMAGES II MD962085), Mar. Geol., 180, 163–181, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00212-2, 2002.

Chen, M.-T., Shiau, L.-J., Yu, P.-S., Chiu, T.-C., Chen, Y.-G., and Wei, K.-Y.: 500 000-Year records of carbonate, organic carbon, and foraminiferal sea-surface temperature from the southeastern South China Sea (near Palawan Island), Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 197, 113–131, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00389-4, 2003.

Chiessi, C. M., Mulitza, S., Paul, A., Pätzold, J., Groeneveld, J., and Wefer, G.: South Atlantic interocean exchange as the trigger for the Bølling warm event, Geology, 36, 919–922, https://doi.org/10.1130/G24979A.1, 2008.

Chiessi, C. M., Mulitza, S., Pätzold, J., Wefer, G., and Marengo, J. A.: Possible impact of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation on the South American summer monsoon, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, 105, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL039914, 2009.

CLIMAP Project Members: Seasonal reconstructions of the earth's surface at the last glacial maximum, Geological Society of America, Map and Chart Series, 36, 1–18, 1981.

CLIMAP Project Members: Stable isotope analysis on sediment core RC12-294, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.106548, 2003.

CLIMAP Project Members: Radiocarbon ages determinations on sediment core A179-015, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.186339, 2004a.

CLIMAP Project Members: Radiocarbon ages determinations on sediment core V26-176, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.186283, 2004b.

Cobianchi, M., Luciani, V., Lupi, C., Mancin, N., Lirer, F., Pelosi, N., Trattenero, I., Bordiga, M., Hall, I. R., and Sprovieri, M.: Pleistocene biogeochemical record in the south-west Pacific Ocean (images site MD97-2114, Chatham Rise), J. Quaternary Sci., 27, 519–530, https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.2542, 2012.

Colin, C., Duhamel, M., Siani, G., Dubois-DAuphin, Q., Ducassou, E., Liu, Z., Wu, J., Revel, M., Dapoigny, A., Douville, E., Taviani, M., and Montagna, P.: Changes in the intermediate Water Masses of the Mediterranean Sea During the Last Climatic Cycle—New Constraints From Neodymium Isotopes in Foraminifera, Paleceanography and Paleoclimatology, 36, 1, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020PA004153, 2021.

Collins, J. A., Schefuß, E., Heslop, D., Mulitza, S., Prange, M., Zabel, M., Tjallingii, R., Dokken, T. M., Huang, E., Mackensen, A., Schulz, M., Tian, J., Zarriess, M., and Wefer, G.: Interhemispheric symmetry of the tropical African

rainbelt over the past 23,000 years, Nat. Geosci., 4, 42–45, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1039, 2011.

Cook, M. S., Keigwin, L. D., Birgel, D., and Hinrichs, K.-U.: Repeated pulses of vertical methane flux recorded in glacial sediments from the southeast Bering Sea, Paleceanography, 26, PA2210, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010PA001993, 2011.

Cordes, D. and Fütterer, D. K.: Sedimentology of core PS1451-1, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.51958, 1997a.

Cordes, D. and Fütterer, D. K.: Sedimentology of core PS1467-1, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.51961, 1997b.

Corselli, C., Principato, M. S., Maffioli, P., and Crudeli, D.: Changes in planktonic assemblages during sapropel S5 deposition: Evidence from Urania Basin area, eastern Mediterranean, Paleceanography, 17, 1–1-1-30, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000PA000536, 2002.

Cosma, T. N., Hendy, I. L., and Chang, A. S.: Chronological constraints on Cordilleran Ice Sheet glaciomarine sedimentation from core MD02-2496 off Vancouver Island (western Canada), Quaternary Sci. Rev., 27, 941–955, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.01.013, 2008.

Costa, K. and McManus, J.: Efficacy of $^{230}$Th normalization in sediments from the Juan de Fuca Ridge, northeast Pacific Ocean, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 197, 215–225, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2016.10.034, 2017.

Costa, K. B., Cabarcos, E., Santarosa, A. C. A., Battaglin, B. B. F., and Toledo, F. A. L.: A multiproxy approach to the climate and marine productivity variations along MIS 5 in SE Brazil: A comparison between major components of calcareous nanofossil assemblages and geochemical records, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 449, 275–288, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.02.032, 2016a.

Costa, K. M., McManus, J. F., Anderson, R. F., Ren, H., Sigman, D. M., Winckler, G., Fleisher, M. Q., Marcantonio, F., and Ravelo, A. C.: No iron fertilization in the equatorial Pacific Ocean during the last ice age, Nature, 529, 519–522, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16453, 2016b.

Costa, K. B., Camillo Jr, E., Santarosa, A. C. A., Iwai, F. S., de Quadros, J. P., Leipnitz, I. I., and de Lima Toledo, F. A.: Menardiiform planktonic foraminifera stratigraphy from Middle Pleistocene to Holocene in the Western South Atlantic, Rev. Bras. Paleontolog., 21, 225–237, https://doi.org/10.4072/rbp.2018.3.03, 2018.

Cramer, B. S., Toggweiler, J. R., Wright, J. D., Katz, M. E., and Miller, K. G.: Ocean overturning since the Late Cretaceous: Inferences from a new benthic foraminiferal isotope compilation, Paleceanography, 24, 1095, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008PA001683, 2009.

Crivellari, S., Chiessi, C. M., Kuhnert, H., Häggi, C., da Costa Portilho-Ramos, R., Zeng, J.-Y., Zhang, Y., Schefuß, E., Molenhauer, G., Hefter, J., Alexandre, F., Sampaio, G., and Mulitza, S.: Increased Amazon freshwater discharge during late Heinrich Stadial 1, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 181, 144–155, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.12.005, 2018.

Crosta, X., Sturm, A., Armand, L., and Pichon, J.-J.: Late Quaternary sea ice history in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean as recorded by diatom assemblages, Mar. Micropaleontol., 50, 209–223, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8398(03)00072-0, 2004.
Curry, W. B. and Crowley, T. J.: The d13C of equatorial Atlantic surface waters: Implications for Ice Age pCO₂ levels, Palaeoceanography, 2, 489–517, https://doi.org/10.1029/PA002i005p00489, 1987.

Curry, W. B. and Lohmann, G. P.: Carbon Isotopic Changes in Ben-
thic Foraminifera from the Western South Atlantic: Reconstruc-
tion of Glacial Abyssal Circulation Patterns, Quaternary Res., 18,
218–235, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(82)90071-0, 1982.

Curry, W. B. and Lohmann, G. P.: Reduced advection into Atlantic Ocean deep eastern basins during last glaciation maximum, Nature, 306, 577–580, https://doi.org/10.1038/306577a0, 1983.

Curry, W. B., Duplessy, J. C., Labeyrie, L. D., and Shackleton, N. J.: Changes in the distribution of δ¹³C of deep water CO₂ between the Last Glaciation and the Holocene, Palaeoceanography, 3, 317–341, https://doi.org/10.1029/PA003i003p00317, 1988.

Curry, W. B., Marchitto, T. M., McManus, J. F., Oppo, D. W., and Laarkamp, K. L.: Millennial-scale changes in ventilation of the thermocline, intermediate, and deep waters of the glacial North Atlantic, in: Mechanisms of Global Climate Change at Millennial Time Scales, edited by: Clark, U., Webb, S., and Keigwin, D., American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, 59–76, https://doi.org/10.1029/GM112, 1999.

Dang, H., Jian, Z., Kissel, C., and Bassinot, F.: Preces-
sional changes in the western equatorial Pacific Hydrocli-
mate: A 240 kyr marine record from the Halmahera Sea,
East Indonesia, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 16, 148–164,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GC005550, 2015.

Daniau, A.-L., Sánchez Goñi, M. F., Martinez, P., Urrego,
D. H., Bout-Roumazeilles, V., Desprat, S., and Marlon, J.
R.: Orbital-scale climate forcing of grassland burning in
southern Africa, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 110, 5069–5073,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1214292110, 2013.

Davies-Walczak, M., Mix, A. C., Stoner, J. S., Southon, J. R.,
Ceseby, M., and Xuan, C.: Late Glacial to Holocene radiocar-
bon constraints on North Pacific Intermediate Water ventilation
and deglacial atmospheric CO₂ sources, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett.,
397, 57–66, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.04.004, 2014.

de Abreu, L., Shackleton, N. J., Schönfeld, J., Hall, M., and Chapman, M.: Millennial-scale oceanic climate variability off the Western Iberian margin during the last two glacial periods, Mar. Geol., 196, 1–20, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(03)00046-X, 2003.

de Almeida, F. K., de Mello, R. M., Costa, K. B., and Toledo, F. A. L.: The response of deep-water benthic foraminiferal assemblages to changes in paleoproductivity during the Pleistocene (last 769.2 kyr), western South Atlantic Ocean, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 440, 201–212, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.09.005, 2015.

de Deckker, P., Moros, M., Perner, K., and Jansen, E.: In-
fluence of the tropics and southern westerlies on glacial
interhemispheric asymmetry, Nat. Geosci., 5, 266–269,
https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1431, 2012.

de Deckker, P., Barrows, T. T., Stuut, J.-B. W., van der Kaars, S., Ayress, M. A., Rogers, J., and Chaproniere, G.: Land–sea correlations in the Australian region: 460 ka of changes recorded in a deep-sea core offshore Tasmania. Part 2: the marine compared with the terrestrial record, Aust. J. Earth Sci., 66, 17–36, https://doi.org/10.1080/08120099.2018.1495101, 2019.

de Oliveira Lessa, D. V., Ramos, R. P., Barbosa, C. F., da Silva, A. R., Belem, A., Turcq, B., and Albuquerque, A. L.: Planktonic foraminifera in the sediment of a western boundary upwelling system off Cabo Frio, Brazil, Mar. Micropaleontol., 106, 55–68, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2013.12.003, 2014.

de Vernal, A. and Hillaire-Marcel, C.: Provincialism in trends and high frequency changes in the northwest North Atlantic during the Holocene, Global Planet. Change, 54, 263–290, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.06.023, 2006.

de Menocal, P., Ortiz, J., Guilderson, T., Adkins, J., Sarnthein, M., Baker, L., and Yarusinsky, M.: Abrupt onset and termination of the African Humid Period, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 19, 347–361, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00081-5, 2000.

Dias, B. B., Barbosa, C. F., Faria, G. R., Seoane, J. C. S., and Albuquerque, A. L. S.: The effects of multidecadal-scale phytodetritus disturbances on the benthic foraminiferal community of a Western Boundary Upwelling System, Brazil, Mar. Micropaleontol., 139, 102–112, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2017.12.003, 2018.

Dickson, A. J., Beer, C. J., Dempsey, C., Maslin, M. A., Bendle, J. A., McClymont, E. L., and Pancost, R. D.: Oceanic forcing of the Marine Isotope Stage 11 interglacial, Nat. Geosci., 2, 428–433, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo527, 2009.

Diz, P., Hall, I. R., Zahn, R., and Molyneux, E. G.: Palaeo-
ceanography of the southern Agulhas Plateau during the last
150 ka: Inferences from benthic foraminiferal assemblages and
multispecies epifaunal carbon isotopes, Palaeoceanography, 22,
PA4218, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007PA001511, 2007.

Dreger, D. L.: Decadal-to-centennial-scale sediment records of ice advance on the Barents shelf and meltwater discharge into the northeastern Norwegian Sea over the last 40 kyr, PhD thesis, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany, 79 pp., 1999.

Dubois, N., Kienast, M., Kienast, S., Normandeau, C., Calvert, S. E., Herbert, T. D., and Mix, A.: Millennial-scale variations in hydrography and biogeochemistry in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific over the last 100 kyr, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 30, 210–223, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.10.012, 2011.

Dunbar, G. B., Dickens, G. R., and Carter, R. M.: Sediment flux across the Great Barrier Reef Shelf to the Queensland Trough over the last 300 ky, Sediment. Geol., 133, 49–92, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(00)00027-0, 2000.

Duncan, B., Carter, L., Dunbar, G., Bostock, H., Neil, H., Scott, G., Hayward, B. W., and Sabaa, A.: Interglacial/glacial changes in coccolith-rich deposition in the SW Pacific Ocean: An analogue for a warmer world?, Global Planet. Change, 144, 252–262, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.08.001, 2016.

Duplessy, J.-C.: North Atlantic deep water circulation during the last climate cycle, Bulletin de l'Institut de Geologie du Bassin d'Aquitaine, 31, 379–391, 1982.

Duplessy, J.-C.: Quaternary paleoceanography: unpublished stable isotope # records, IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Palaeoclimatology Data Contribution Series #1996-035, NOAA/NGDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 1996.

Duplessy, J. C., Shackleton, N. J., Fairbanks, R. G., Labeyrie, L., Oppo, D., and Kallel, N.: Deepwater source variations during the last climatic cycle and their impact on the global deepwater circulation, Palaeoceanography, 3, 343–360, https://doi.org/10.1029/PA003i003p00343, 1988.
Duplessy, J. C., Bard, E., Arnold, M., Shackleton, N. J., Duprat, J., and Labeyrie, L.: How fast did the ocean—atmosphere system run during the last deglaciation?, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 103, 27–40, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(91)90147-A, 1991.

Duplessy, J. C., Cortijo, E., Ivanova, E., Khusid, T., Labeyrie, L., Levitan, M., Murdmaa, I., and Paterne, M.: Paleooceanography of the Barents Sea during the Holocene, Paleooceanography, 20, PA4004, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004PA001116, 2005.

Dupont, L. M. and Kuhlmann, H.: Glacial-interglacial vegetation change in the Zambezi catchment, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 155, 127–135, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.11.019, 2017.

Dürkoop, A.: Der Brasil-Strom im Spätquartär: Rekonstruktion der oberflächennahen Hydrographie während der letzten 400 000 Jahre, Berichte aus dem Fachbereich Geowissenschaften der Universität Bremen, 119, Universität Bremen, Bremen, 121 pp., 1998.

Dürkoop, A., Hale, W., Mulitza, S., Pätzold, J., and Wefer, G.: Stabile isotope data of sediment core GeoB1408-3, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.223480, 1997a.

Dürkoop, A., Hale, W., Mulitza, S., Pätzold, J., and Wefer, G.: Stabile isotope data of sediment core GeoB1501-4, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.223481, 1997b.

Dürkoop, A., Hale, W., Mulitza, S., Pätzold, J., and Wefer, G.: Stabile isotope data of sediment core GeoB1503-1, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.223482, 1997c.

Dürkoop, A., Hale, W., Mulitza, S., Pätzold, J., and Wefer, G.: Stabile isotope data of sediment core GeoB1508-4, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.223483, 1997d.

Dürkoop, A., Hale, W., Mulitza, S., Pätzold, J., and Wefer, G.: Stabile isotope data of sediment core GeoB1701-4, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.223484, 1997e.

Dürkoop, A., Hale, W., Mulitza, S., Pätzold, J., and Wefer, G.: Stabile isotope data of sediment core GeoB1903-3, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.223485, 1997f.

Dürkoop, A., Hale, W., Mulitza, S., Pätzold, J., and Wefer, G.: Stabile isotope data of sediment core GeoB2117-1, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.223487, 1997g.

Dürkoop, A., Hale, W., Mulitza, S., Pätzold, J., and Wefer, G.: Stabile isotope data of sediment core GeoB2125-1, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.223488, 1997h.

Dürkoop, A., Hale, W., Mulitza, S., Pätzold, J., and Wefer, G.: Stabile isotope data of sediment core GeoB2202-4, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.223489, 1997i.

Dürkoop, A., Hale, W., Mulitza, S., Pätzold, J., and Wefer, G.: Stabile isotope data of sediment core GeoB2819-1, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.223491, 1997j.

Dürkoop, A., Hale, W., Mulitza, S., Pätzold, J., and Wefer, G.: Stabile isotope data of sediment core GeoB2109-1, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.223486, 2004a.

Dürkoop, A., Hale, W., Mulitza, S., Pätzold, J., and Wefer, G.: Stabile isotope data of sediment core GeoB3808-6, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.223492, 2004b.

Dürkop, A., Holbourn, A., Kuhnt, W., Zuraida, R., Andersen, N., and Grootes, P. M.: Centennial-scale climate variability in the Timor Sea during Marine Isotope Stage 3, Mar. Micropaleontol., 66, 208–221, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2007.10.002, 2008.

Dyez, K. A., Zahn, R., and Hall, I. R.: Multicentennial Agulhas leakage variability and links to North Atlantic climate dur-

ing the past 80,000 years, Paleooceanography, 29, 1238–1248, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014PA002698, 2014.

Ehrmann, W., Schmiedl, G., Seidel, M., Krüger, S., and Schulz, H.: A distal 140 kyr sediment record of Nile discharge and East African monsoon variability, Clim. Past, 12, 713–727, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-713-2016, 2016.

El Frihmat, Y., Hebbeln, D., Jaaidi, E. B., and Mhammdi, N.: Reconstruction of productivity signal and deep-water conditions in Moroccan Atlantic margin (~35° N) from the last glacial to the Holocene, SpringerPlus, 4, 69, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-015-0853-6, 2015.

Elderfield, H., Ferretti, P., Greaves, M., Crowhurst, S., McCave, I. N., Hodell, D., and Piotrowski, A. M.: Evolution of ocean temperature and ice volume through the mid-Pleistocene climate transition, Science, 337, 704–709, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1221294, 2012.

Elliot, M., Labeyrie, L., Bond, G., Cortijo, E., Turon, J.-L., Tisnerat, N., and Duplessy, J.-C.: Millennial-scale iceberg discharges in the Irminguer Basin during the Last Glacial Period: Relationship with the Heinrich events and environmental settings, Paleooceanography, 13, 433–446, https://doi.org/10.1029/98PA01792, 1998.

Elliot, M., Labeyrie, L., and Duplessy, J.-C.: Changes in North Atlantic deep-water formation associated with the Dansgaard–Oeschger temperature oscillations (60–10 ka), Quaternary Sci. Rev., 21, 1153–1165, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00137-8, 2002.

Elmore, A. C., Wright, J. D., and Southon, J.: Continued meltwater influence on North Atlantic Deep Water instabilities during the early Holocene, Mar. Geol., 360, 17–24, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2014.11.015, 2015a.

Elmore, A. C., Wright, J. D., and Chalk, T. B.: Precession-driven changes in Iceland–Scotland Overflow Water penetration and bottom water circulation on Gardar Drift since ~200 ka, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 440, 551–563, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.09.042, 2015b.

Elmore, A. C., McClymont, E. L., Elderfield, H., Kender, S., Cook, M. R., Leng, M. J., Greaves, M., and Misra, S.: Antarcitic Intermediate Water properties since 400 ka recorded in infaunal (Uvigerina peregrina) and epifaunal (Planulina wuellerstorfi) benthic foraminifera, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 428, 193–203, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.07.013, 2015c.

Elverhøi, A., Andersen, E. S., Dokken, T., Hebbeln, D., Spielhagen, R., Svendsen, J. I., Sørflaten, M., Rørnes, A., Hald, M., and Forsberg, C. F.: The Growth and Decay of the Late Weichselian Ice Sheet in Western Svalbard and Adjacent Areas Based on Provenance Studies of Marine Sediments, Quaternary Res., 44, 303–316, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1995.1076, 1995.

Emeis, K.-C., Struck, U., Schulz, H.-M., Rosenberg, R., Bernasconi, S., Erlenkeuser, H., Sakamoto, T., and Martinez-Ruiz, F.: Temperature and salinity variations of Mediterranean Sea surface waters over the last 16,000 years from records of planktonic stable oxygen isotopes and alkenone unsaturation ratios, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 158, 259–280, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00053-5, 2000.

Erdem, Z., Schönfeld, J., Glock, N., Dengler, M., Mosch, T., Sommer, S., Elger, J., and Eisenhauer, A.: Peruvian sediments as recorders of an evolving hiatus for the
last 22 thousand years, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 137, 1–14,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.01.029, 2016.

Evans, H. F., Channell, J. E. T., Stoner, J. S., Hillaire-Marcel, C., Wright, J. D., Neitzke, L. C., and Mountain, G. S.: Paleointensity-assisted chronostratigraphy of detrital layers on the Eirik Drift (North Atlantic) since marine isotope stage 11, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 8, Q11007, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GC001720, 2007.

Eynaud, F., Malaizé, B., Zaragosi, S., de Vernal, A., Scourse, J., Pujol, C., Cortijo, E., Grousset, F. E., Penaud, A., Toucanne, S., Turon, J.-L., and Auffret, G.: New constraints on European glacial freshwater releases to the North Atlantic Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, 79, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL052100, 2012.

Fehrenbacher, J. and Martin, P.: Western equatorial Pacific deep water carbonate chemistry during the Last Glacial Maximum and deglaciation: Using planktic foraminiferal Mg/Ca to reconstruct sea surface temperature and seafloor dissolution, Paleooceanography, 26, PA2225, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010PA002035, 2011.

Fentimen, R., Feenstra, E., Rüggeberg, A., Vennemann, T., Hadjdas, I., Adatte, T., van Rooij, D., and Foubert, A.: Cold-Water Coral Mound Archive Provides Unique Insights Into Intermediate Water Mass Dynamics in the Alboran Sea During the Last Deglaciation, Front. Mar. Sci., 7, 243, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00354, 2020.

Ferreira, F., Frontalini, F., Leão, C. J., and Leipnitz, I. I.: Changes in the water column structure and paleoproductivity in the western South Atlantic Ocean since the middle Pleistocene: Evidence from benthic and planktonic foraminifera, Quatern. Int., 352, 111–123, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.07.061, 2014.

Ferry, A. J., Crosta, X., Quilty, P. G., Fink, D., Howard, W., and Armand, L. K.: First records of winter sea ice concentration in the southwest Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean, Paleooceanography, 30, 1525–1539, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014PA002764, 2015.

Fink, H. G., Wienberg, C., de Pol-Holz, R., Wintersteller, P., and Hebbeln, D.: Cold-water coral growth in the Alboran Sea related to high productivity during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene, Mar. Geol., 339, 71–82, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2013.04.009, 2013.

Flores, J.-A., Gersonde, R., and Sierro, F. J.: Pleistocene fluctuations in the Agulhas Current Retroflection based on the calcareous plankton record, Mar. Micropaleontol., 37, 1–22, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8398(99)00012-2, 1999.

Flores, J.-A., Gersonde, R., Sierro, F. J., and Niebler, H.-S.: Southern Ocean Pleistocene calcareous nannofossil events: calibration with isotope and geomagnetic stratigraphies, Mar. Micropaleontol., 40, 377–402, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8398(00)00047-5, 2000.

Flower, B. P., Hastings, D. W., Hill, H. W., and Quinn, T. M.: Phasing of deglacial warming and Laurentide Ice Sheet meltwater in the Gulf of Mexico, Paleooceanography, 32, 597, https://doi.org/10.1130/G20604.1, 2004.

Fontugne, M. R. and Calvert, S. E.: Late Pleistocene Variability of the Carbon Isotopic Composition of Organic Matter in the Eastern Mediterranean: Monitor of Changes in Carbon Sources and Atmospheric CO₂ Concentrations, Paleooceanography, 7, 1–20, https://doi.org/10.1029/91PA02674, 1992.

Fraile, I., Schulz, M., Mulitza, S., and Kucera, M.: Predicting the global distribution of planktonic foraminifera using

a dynamic ecosystem model, Biogeosciences, 5, 891–911, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-891-2008, 2008.

Fraser, N., Kuhnt, W., Holbourn, A., Bolliet, T., Andersen, N., Blanz, T., and Beaufort, L.: Precipitation variability within the West Pacific Warm Pool over the past 120 ka: Evidence from the Davao Gulf, southern Philippines, Paleooceanography, 29, 1094–1110, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013PA002599, 2014.

Freudenthal, T.: Reconstruction of productivity gradients in the Canary Island region off Morocco by means of sinking particles and sediments, Berichte aus dem Fachbereich Geowissenschaften der Universität Bremen, 147 pp., 2000.

Freudenthal, T., Meggers, H., Henderiks, J., Kuhlmann, H., Moreno, A., and Wefer, G.: Upwelling intensity and filament activity off Morocco during the last 250,000 years, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 49, 3655–3674, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00101-7, 2002.

Freymüller, J.: Eine hochauflösende planktische Isotopenaufzeichnung des 'Heinrich Event 1' im tropischen Südamerika, Bacheslorarbeit, Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, Universität Bremen, Bremen, 40 pp., 2013.

Friddell, J. E.: Increased northeast Pacific climatic variability during the warm middle Holocene, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 483, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL016834, 2003.

Frigola, J., Moreno, A., Cacho, I., Canals, M., Sierro, F. J., Flores, J. A., and Grimalt, J. O.: Evidence of abrupt changes in Western Mediterranean Deep Water circulation during the last 50 kyr: A high-resolution marine record from the Balearic Sea, Quatern. Int., 181, 88–104, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2007.06.016, 2008.

Frozza, C. F., Pivel, M. A. G., Suárez-Ibarra, J. Y., Ritter, M. N., and Coimbra, J. C.: Bioerosion on Late Quaternary Planktonic Foraminifera Related to Paleoproductivity in the Western South Atlantic, Paleooceanography and Paleoclimatology, 35, 32, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020PA003865, 2020.

de Garidel-Thoron, T., Rosenthal, Y., Beaufort, L., Bard, E., Sonzogni, C., and Mix, A. C.: A multiproxy assessment of the western equatorial Pacific hydrography during the last 30 kyr, Paleooceanography, 22, PA3204, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006PA001269, 2007.

Ge, H., Li, Q., and Cheng, X.: Late Quaternary high resolution monsoon records in planktonic stable isotopes from northern South China Sea, Earth Sci. J. China Uni. Geosci., 515–525, 2010 (in Chinese).

Gebhardt, H., Sarnthein, M., Grootes, P. M., Kiefer, T., Kuehn, H., Schmieder, F., and Röhl, U.: Paleonutrient and productivity records from the subarctic North Pacific for Pleistocene glacial terminations I to V, Paleooceanography, 23, PA1202, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007PA001513, 2008.

Geibert, W., Matthiessen, J., Stimac, I., Wollenburg, J., and Stein, R.: Glacial episodes of a freshwater Arctic Ocean covered by a thick ice shelf, Nature, 590, 97–102, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03186-y, 2021.

Geiselhart, S. and Hemleben, C.: Stable isotopes of sediment core M31/2_KL17, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.54426, 1998a.

Geiselhart, S. and Hemleben, C.: Stable isotopes from sediment core M31/2_KL23, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.54427, 1998b.
Grobe, H.: Sedimentology of core PS1811-8, PANGAEA [data set],
https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.51732, 1996m.

Grobe, H.: Sedimentology of core PS1812-1, PANGAEA [data set],
https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.51733, 1996n.

Grobe, H.: Sedimentology of core PS1812-6, PANGAEA [data set],
https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.51734, 1996o.

Grobe, H.: Sedimentology of core PS1813-6, PANGAEA [data set],
https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.51735, 1996p.

Grobe, H.: Sedimentology of core PS1816-1, PANGAEA [data set],
https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.51736, 1996q.

Grobe, H.: Sedimentology and stable isotope ratios of core PS1563-2, PANGAEA [data set],
https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.80819, 2002a.

Grobe, H.: Sedimentology and stable isotope ratios of core PS1564-2, PANGAEA [data set],
https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.81001, 2002b.

Grobe, H., Fütterer, D. K., and Spieß, V.: Oligocene to Quaternary Sedimentation Processes on the Antarctic Continental Margin, ODP Leg 113, Site 693, in: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, 113 Scientific Reports, edited by: Barker, P. E. and Kennett, J. P., Ocean Drilling Program, https://doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.113.193.1990, 1990.

Grobe, H. and Mackensen, A.: Late Quaternary climatic cycles as recorded in sediments from the Antarctic continental margin, in: The Antarctic Paleoenvironment: A Perspective on Global Change: Part One, edited by: Kennett, J. P. and Warkne, D. A., American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, 349–376, https://doi.org/10.1029/AR056p0349, 1992.

Grousset, F. E., Labeyrie, L., Sinko, J. A., Cremer, M., Bond, G., Duprat, J., Cortijo, E., and Huon, S.: Patterns of Ice-Rafted Detritus in the Glacial North Atlantic (40–55° N), Paleoceanography, 8, 175–192, https://doi.org/10.1029/92PA02923, 1993.

Grousset, F. E., Cortijo, E., Huon, S., Hervé, L., Richter, T., Burdloff, D., Duprat, J., and Weber, O.: Zooming in on Heinrich layers, Paleoceanography, 16, 240–259, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000PA000559, 2001.

Guptha, M. V. S., Naidu, P. D., Haake, B. G., and Schiebel, R.: Carbonate and carbon fluctuations in the Eastern Arabian Sea over 140 ka: Implications on productivity changes?, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 52, 1981–1993, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2005.05.003, 2005.

Haddad, G. A., Droxler, A. W., Kroon, D., and Müller, D. W.: Quaternary CaCO₃ Input and Preservation within Antarc-
tic Intermediate Water Mineralogic and Isotopic Results from
Holes 818B and 817A, Townsville Trough (Northeast Aus-
tralian Margin), in: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Pro-
gram, 133 Scientific Results, edited by: McKenzie, J. A.,
Davies, P. J., and Palmer-Julson, A., Ocean Drilling Program,
https://doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.133.229.1993, 1993.

Hagen, S. and Hald, M.: Variation in surface and deep water circulation in the Denmark Strait, North Atlantic, during marine isotope stages 3 and 2, Paleooceanography, 17, 13-1-13-16, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001PA000632, 2002.

Hagen, S. and Keigwin, L. D.: Sea-surface temperature variability and deep water reorganisation in the subtropical North Atlantic during Isotope Stage 2-4, Mar. Geol., 189, 145-162, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(02)00327-4, 2002.

Hale, W. and Pflaumann, U.: Sea-surface Temperature Estimations using a Modern Analog Technique with Foraminiferal Assem-

blages from Western Atlantic Quaternary Sediments, in: Use of Proxies in Paleooceanography: Examples from the South Atlantic, edited by: Fischer, G. and Wefer, G., Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 69–90, 1999a.

Hale, W. and Pflaumann, U.: Stable isotopes on *Globigerinoides ruber* in sediment core GeoB2109-1, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.140002, 1999b.

Hale, W. and Pflaumann, U.: Stable isotopes on *Globigerinoides ruber* in sediment core GeoB3808-6, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.140005, 1999c.

Hall, I. R., Bianchi, G. G., and Evans, J. R.: Centennial to millennial scale Holocene climate-deep water linkage in the North Atlantic, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 23, 1529–1536, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.04.004, 2004.

Harada, N., Ahagon, N., Uchida, M., and Murayama, M.: North-
ward and southward migrations of frontal zones during the past
40 kyr in the Kuroshio-Oyashio transition area, Geochem. Geo-
phy. Geosy., 5, Q09004, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GC000740,
2004.

Hays, J. D., Imbrie, J., and Shackleton, N. J.: Variations in the Earth's Orbit: Pacemaker of the Ice Ages, Science, 194, 1121-1132, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.194.4270.1121, 1976.

Hebbeln, D.: Weichselian glacial history of the Svalbard area: cor-
relating the marine and terrestrial records, Boreas, 21, 295–302,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.1992.tb00035.x, 1992.

Heil, G.: Abrupt climate shifts in the western tropical to subtropical Atlantic region during the last glacial, PhD thesis, Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, Universität Bremen, Bremen, Germany, 121 pp., 2006.

Henderiks, J., Freudenthal, T., Meggers, H., Nave, S., Abrantes, F., Bollmann, J., and Thierstein, H. R.: Glacial-interglacial variability of particle accumulation in the Canary Basin: a time-slice approach, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 49, 3675–3705, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00102-9, 2002.

Hendrizan, M., Kuhnt, W., and Holbourn, A.: High resolu-
tion reconstruction of hydrological changes over the last
14 kyr from sediment core GIK18517-2, PANGAEA [data set],
https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.880971, 2017a.

Hendrizan, M., Kuhnt, W., and Holbourn, A.: Variability of Indonesian Throughflow and Borneo Runoff During the Last 14 kyr, Paleooceanography, 32, 1054–1069, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016PA003030, 2017b.

Hennekam, R., Donders, T. H., Zwiep, K., and de Lange, G. J.: Integral view of Holocene precipitation and vegetation changes in the Nile catchment area as inferred from its delta sediments, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 130, 189–199, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.05.031, 2015.

Henrich, R., Cherubini, Y., and Meggers, H.: Climate and sea level induced turbidite activity in a canyon system offshore the hyperarid Western Sahara (Mauritania): The Timiris Canyon, Mar. Geol., 275, 178–198, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2010.05.011, 2010.

Henry, L. G., McManus, J. F., Curry, W. B., Roberts, N. L., Pi-
otrowski, A. M., and Keigwin, L. D.: North Atlantic ocean cir-
culation and abrupt climate change during the last glaciation,
Science, 353, 470–474, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf5529,
2016.
Hickey, B. J.: Reconstructing past flow rates of southern compo-
nent water masses using sedimentary $^{231}$Pa/$^{230}$Th, PhD thesis,
University of Oxford, 232 pp., 2010.

Hill, T. M., Kennett, J. P., Pak, D. K., Behl, R. J., Robert, C., and Beaufort, L.: Pre-Bølling warming in Santa Barbara Basin, California: surface and intermediate water records of early deglacial warmth, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 25, 2835–2845, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.03.012, 2006.

Hillaire-Marcel, C., de Vernal, A., Aksu, A. E., and Macko, S.: High-Resolution Isotopic and Micropaleontological Studies of Upper Pleistocene Sediments at ODP Site 645, Baffin Bay, in: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, 105 Scientific Results, edited by: Srivastava, S. P., Arthur, M. A., and Clement, B., Ocean Drilling Program, https://doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.105.138.1989, 1989.

Hillaire-Marcel, C., de Vernal, A., Bilodeau, G., and Wu, G.: Isotope stratigraphy, sedimentation rates, deep circulation, and carbonate events in the Labrador Sea during the last ~200 ka, Can. J. Earth Sci., 31, 63–89, https://doi.org/10.1139/e94-007, 1994.

Hillenbrand, C.-D.: Sedimentological and stable isotope analysis of sediment core PS1565-2, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.50003, 1995.

Hillenbrand, C.-D., Fütterer, D., Grobe, H., and Frederichs, T.: No evidence for a Pleistocene collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet from continental margin sediments recovered in the Amundsen Sea, Geo-Mar. Lett., 22, 51–59, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00367-002-0097-7, 2002.

Hillenbrand, C.-D., Grobe, H., Diekmann, B., Kuhn, G., and Fütterer, D. K.: Distribution of clay minerals and proxies for productivity in surface sediments of the Bellinghausen and Amundsen seas (West Antarctica) – Relation to modern environmental conditions, Mar. Geol., 193, 253–271, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(02)00659-X, 2003.

Hillenbrand, C.-D., Larter, R. D., Dowdeswell, J. A., Ehrmann, W., Ó Cofaigh, C., Benetti, S., Graham, A. G. C., and Grobe, H.: The sedimentary legacy of a palaeo-ice stream on the shelf of the southern Bellingshausen Sea: Clues to West Antarctic glacial history during the Late Quaternary, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 29, 2741–2763, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.06.028, 2010.

Hillenbrand, C.-D., Smith, J. A., Hodell, D. A., Greaves, M., Poole, C. R., Kender, S., Williams, M., Andersen, T. J., Jer-nas, P. E., Elderfield, H., Klages, J. P., Roberts, S. J., Gohl, K., Larter, R. D., and Kuhn, G.: West Antarctic Ice Sheet retreat driven by Holocene warm water incursions, Nature, 547, 43–48, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22995, 2017.

Ho, S. L., Mollenhauer, G., Lamy, F., Martínez-Garcia, A., Mohtadi, M., Gersonde, R., Hebbeln, D., Nunez-Ricardo, S., Rosell-Melé, A., and Tiedemann, R.: Sea surface temperature variability in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean over the past 700 kyr, Pale-oceanography, 27, 380, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012PA002317, 2012.

Hodell, D. A., Charles, C. D., Curtis, J. H., Mortyn, P. G., Ninnemann, U. S., and Venz, K. A.: Data report: Oxygen isotope stratigraphy of ODP Leg 177 Sites 1088, 1089, 1090, 1093, and 1094, in: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, 177 Scientific Results, edited by: Gersonde, R., Hodell, D. A., and Blum, P., Ocean Drilling Program, https://doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.177.120.2003, 2003.

Hodell, D. A., Evans, H. F., Channell, J. E. T., and Curtis, J. H.: Phase relationships of North Atlantic ice-rafted debris and surface-deep climate proxies during the last glacial period, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 29, 3875–3886, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.09.006, 2010.

Hoff, U., Rasmussen, T. L., Stein, R., Ezat, M. M., and Fahl, K.: Sea ice and millennial-scale climate variability in the Nordic seas 90 kyr ago to present, Nat. Commun., 7, 12247, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12247, 2016.

Hoffman, J. L. and Lund, D. C.: Refining the stable isotope budget for Antarctic Bottom Water: New foraminiferal data from the abyssal southwest Atlantic, Paleooceanography, 27, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011PA002216, 2012.

Hoffman, J. S.: Ocean Temperature Variability during the Late Pleistocene, PhD thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 287 pp., 2016.

Hoffmann, J., Bahr, A., Voigt, S., Schönfeld, J., Nürnberg, D., and Rethemeyer, J.: Disentangling abrupt deglacial hydrological changes in northern South America: Insolation versus oceanic forcing, Geology, 42, 579–582, https://doi.org/10.1130/G35562.1, 2014.

Holbourn, A., Kuhnt, W., Kawamura, H., Jian, Z., Grootes, P., Erlenkeuser, H., and Xu, J.: Orbitally paced paleoproductivity variations in the Timor Sea and Indonesian Throughflow variability during the last 460 kyr, Paleooceanography, 20, PA3002, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004PA001094, 2005.

Hommers, H., Voelker, A. H. L., and Sarnthein, M.: Stable isotope data of *Globigerinoides ruber* white (315–400 µm) for deep-sea core GIK13291-1 off Cape Blanc, NW Africa, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.903669, 2019.

Hoogakker, B. A. A., Elderfield, H., Schmiedl, G., McCave, I. N., and Rickaby, R. E. M.: Glacial-interglacial changes in bottom-water oxygen content on the Portuguese margin, Nat. Geosci., 8, 40–43, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2317, 2015.

Hoogakker, B. A. A., Lu, Z., Umling, N., Jones, L., Zhou, X., Rickaby, R. E. M., Thunell, R., Cartapanis, O., and Galbraith, E.: Glacial expansion of oxygen-depleted seawater in the eastern tropical Pacific, Nature, 562, 410–413, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0589-x, 2018.

Hörner, T.: Relation between Amazonian precipitation, insolation and ocean circulation during the last 250 kyr, Master Thesis, Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, Universität Bremen, Bremen, 84 pp., 2012.

Hou, A., Bahr, A., Raddatz, J., Voigt, S., Greule, M., Albuquerque, A. L., Chiessi, C. M., and Friedrich, O.: Insolation and Green-house Gas Forcing of the South American Monsoon System Across Three Glacial-Interglacial Cycles, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, 259, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL087948, 2020.

Hovan, S. A., Rea, D. K., and Pisias, N. G.: Late Pleistocene Continental Climate and Oceanic Variability Recorded in Northwest Pacific Sediments, Paleooceanography, 6, 349–370, https://doi.org/10.1029/91PA00559, 1991.

Howard, W. R. and Prell, W. L.: Late Quaternary Surface Circulation of the Southern Indian Ocean and its Relationship to Orbital Variations, Paleooceanography, 7, 79–117, https://doi.org/10.1029/91PA02994, 1992.

Huang, C.-Y., Wu, S.-F., Zhao, M., Chen, M.-T., Wang, C.-H., Tu, X., and Yuan, P. B.: Surface ocean and monsoon climate variability in the South China Sea since the last glaciation,
Mar. Micropaleontol., 32, 71–94, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8398(97)00014-5, 1997.

Huang, E.: Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation during the Last Glacial and Deglacial: Inferences from the Atlantic Tropi-cal Thermocline Temperature and Seawater Radiocarbon Activ-ity, PhD thesis, Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, Universität Bre-men, Bremen, 121 pp., 2013.

Huang, E. and Tian, J.: Sea-level rises at Heinrich stadials of early Marine Isotope Stage 3: Evidence of terrigenous n-alkane input in the southern South China Sea, Global Planet. Change, 94–95, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.06.003, 2012.

Huang, E., Tian, J., Qiao, P., Wan, S., Xie, X., and Yang, W.: Early interglacial carbonate-dilution events in the South China Sea: Implications for strengthened typhoon activities over subtropical East Asia, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 125, 61–77, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.08.007, 2015.

Hüls, C. M.: Millennial-scale SST variability as inferred from planktonic foraminiferal census counts in the western subtropi-cal Atlantic, GEOMAR-Report, 95, GEOMAR, Kiel, 118 pp., 2000.

Hüls, M.: Meeresoberflächentemperaturen im Atlantik vor Liberia in den letzten 400.00 Jahren (Meteor Kern 16776), Diploma The-sis, Geologisch-Paläontologisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany, 77 pp., 1991.

Hüls, M. and Zahn, R.: Millennial-scale sea surface temperature variability in the western tropical North Atlantic from plank-tonic foraminiferal census counts, Paleoceanography, 15, 659–678, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999PA000462, 2000.

Huppertz, N.: Variability of surface water stratification offshore Brazil over the past 25 ka, Master Thesis, Fachbereich Geowis-schaften, Universität Bremen, Bremen, 35 pp., 2014.

Imbrie, J., Hays, J. D., Martinson, D. G., McIntyre, A., Mix, A. C., Morley, J. J., Pisias, N. G., Prell, W. L., and Shackleton, N. J.: The orbital theory of Pleistocene climate: Support from a revised chronology of the marine $\delta^{18}$O record, in: Milankovitch and Cli-mate (Part 1), edited by: Berger, A. L., Imbrie, J., Hays, J. D., Kukla, G., and Saltzman, B., 269–305, Hingham, Mass. (Reidel), ISBN 978-90-277-1778-8, 1984.

Itambi, A. C., von Dobeneck, T., Mulitza, S., Bickert, T., and Hes-lop, D.: Millennial-scale northwest African droughts related to Heinrich events and Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles: Evidence in marine sediments from offshore Senegal, Paleoceanography, 24, PA1205, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007PA001570, 2009.

Ivanova, E., Schiebel, R., Singh, A. D., Schmiedl, G., Niebler, H.-S., and Hemleben, C.: Primary production in the Arabian Sea during the last 135 000 years, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 197, 61–82, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00386-9, 2003.

Jacobel, A. W., McManus, J. F., Anderson, R. F., and Winckler, G.: Large deglacial shifts of the Pacific In-tertropical Convergence Zone, Nat. Commun., 7, 10449, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10449, 2016.

Jansen, E. and Veum, T.: Evidence for two-step deglaciation and its impact on North Atlantic deep-water circulation, Nature, 343, 612–616, https://doi.org/10.1038/343612a0, 1990.

Jasper, J. P., Hayes, J. M., Mix, A. C., and Prahl, F. G.: Photosynthetic fractionation of 13C and concentrations of dissolved CO$_2$ in the central equatorial Pacific dur-ing the last 255,000 years, Paleoceanography, 9, 781–798, https://doi.org/10.1029/94PA02116, 1994.

Jenkins, J. A. and Williams, D. F.: Stable isotope analysis on plank-tic foraminifera in sediment core MD81-LC03, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.186153, 2004.

Jennings, A., Sheldon, C., Cronin, T., Francus, P., Stoner, J., and Andrews, J.: The Holocene History of Nares Strait: Transition from Glacial Bay to Arctic-Atlantic Throughflow, Oceanogra-phy, 24, 26–41, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2011.52, 2011.

Jennings, A., Andrews, J., Pearce, C., Wilson, L., and Ól-fasdóttir, S.: Detrital carbonate peaks on the Labrador shelf, a 13–7 ka template for freshwater forcing from the Hudson Strait outlet of the Laurentide Ice Sheet into the subpolar gyre, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 107, 62–80, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.10.022, 2015.

Johnstone, H. J. H., Kiefer, T., Elderfield, H., and Schulz, M.: Cal-cite saturation, foraminiferal test mass, and Mg/Ca-based tem-peratures dissolution corrected using XDX-A 150 ka record from the western Indian Ocean, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 15, 781–797, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GC004994, 2014.

Jones, G. A. and Keigwin, L. D.: Evidence from Fram Strait (78°N) for early deglaciation, Nature, 336, 56–59, https://doi.org/10.1038/336056a0, 1988.

Jonkers, L., Cartapanis, O., Langner, M., McKay, N., Mulitza, S., Strack, A., and Kucera, M.: Integrating palaeoclimate time series with rich metadata for uncertainty modelling: strat-egy and documentation of the PalMod 130k marine palaeo-climate data synthesis, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 1053–1081, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1053-2020, 2020.

Jorissen, F. J., Asioli, A., Borsetti, A. M., Capotondi, L., Visser, J. P. de, Hilgen, F. J., Rohling, E. J., van der Borg, K., Vergnaud Grazzini, C., and Zachariasse, W. J.: Late Quaternary central Mediterranean biochronology, Mar. Micropaleontol., 21, 169–189, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8398(93)90014-O, 1993.

Jung, S. J. A.: Wassermassenaustausch zwischen NE-Atlantik und Nordmeer während der letzten 300.000/80.000 Jahre im Ab-bild stabiler 0- und C-isotope, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 1996.

Jung, S. J. A. and Sarnthein, M.: Stable isotope data of sediment cores GIK17050-1, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.112909, 2003a.

Jung, S. J. A. and Sarnthein, M.: Stable isotope data of sediment cores GIK17051-3, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.112910, 2003b.

Jung, S. J. A. and Sarnthein, M.: Stable isotope data of sediment cores GIK23416-4, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.112913, 2003c.

Jung, S. J. A. and Sarnthein, M.: Stable isotope data of sediment cores GIK23417-1, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.112914, 2003d.

Just, J., Dekkers, M. J., von Dobeneck, T., van Hoesel, A., and Bick-ert, T.: Signatures and significance of aeolian, fluvial, bacterial and diagenetic magnetic mineral fractions in Late Quaternary marine sediments off Gambia, NW Africa, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 13, 191, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GC004146, 2012.

Kaiser, A.: Ozeanographie, Produktivität und Meereisverbreitung im Ochotskischen Meer während der letzten ca. 350 ka, PhD the-sis, Kiel, Germany, 114 pp., 2001.

Kalansky, J., Rosenthal, Y., Herbert, T., Bova, S., and Altabet, M.: Southern Ocean contributions to the Eastern Equatorial Pacific
heat content during the Holocene, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 424, 158–167, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.05.013, 2015.

Kallel, N., Paterne, M., Duplessy, J. C., Vergnaud-Grazzini, C., Pujol, C., Labeyrie, L., Arnold, M., Fontugne, M., and Pierre, C.: Enhanced rainfall in the Mediterranean region during the last sapropel event, Oceanol. Acta, 20, 697–712, 1997.

Kanfoush, S. L., Hodell, D. A., Charles, C. D., Guilderson, T. P., Mortyn, P. G., and Ninnemann, U. S.: Millennial-scale instability of the antarctic ice sheet during the last glaciation, Science, 288, 1815–1818, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.288.5472.1815, 2000.

Kanfoush, S. L., Hodell, D. A., Charles, C. D., Janecek, T. R., and Rack, F. R.: Comparison of ice-rafted debris and physical properties in ODP Site 1094 (South Atlantic) with the Vostok ice core over the last four climatic cycles, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 182, 329–349, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(01)00502-8, 2002.

Karpuz, N. K. and Jansen, E.: A high-resolution diatom record of the last deglaciation from the SE Norwegian Sea: Documentation of rapid climatic changes, Paleooceanography, 7, 499–520, https://doi.org/10.1029/92PA01651, 1992.

Keigwin, L. D.: North Pacific deep water formation during the latest glaciation, Nature, 330, 362–364, https://doi.org/10.1038/330362a0, 1987.

Keigwin, L. D.: Glacial-age hydrography of the far north-west Pacific Ocean, Paleooceanography, 13, 323–339, https://doi.org/10.1029/98PA00874, 1998.

Keigwin, L. D.: Radiocarbon and stable isotope constraints on Last Glacial Maximum and Younger Dryas ventilation in the western North Atlantic, Paleooceanography, 19, PA4012, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004PA001029, 2004.

Keigwin, L. D. and Boyle, E. A.: Late quaternary paleochemistry of high-latitude surface waters, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 73, 85–106, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(89)90047-3, 1989.

Keigwin, L. D. and Jones, G. A.: Western North Atlantic evidence for millennial-scale changes in ocean circulation and climate, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 12397, https://doi.org/10.1029/94JC00525, 1994.

Keigwin, L. D. and Jones, G. A.: The marine record of deglaciation from the continental margin off Nova Scotia, Paleooceanography, 10, 973–985, https://doi.org/10.1029/95PA02643, 1995.

Keigwin, L. D. and Lehman, S. J.: Deep circulation change linked to HEINRICH Event 1 and Younger Dryas in a mid-depth North Atlantic Core, Paleooceanography, 9, 185–194, https://doi.org/10.1029/94PA00032, 1994.

Keigwin, L. D. and Lehman, S. J.: Radiocarbon evidence for a possible abyssal front near 3.1 km in the glacial equatorial Pacific Ocean, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 425, 93–104, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.05.025, 2015.

Keigwin, L. D. and Schlegel, M. A.: Ocean ventilation and sedimentation since the glacial maximum at 3 km in the western North Atlantic, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 3, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GC000283, 2002.

Keigwin, L. D. and Swift, S. A.: Carbon isotope evidence for a northern source of deep water in the glacial western North Atlantic, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 114, 2831–2835, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1614693114, 2017.

Keigwin, L. D., Jones, G. A., Lehman, S. J., and Boyle, E. A.: Deglacial meltwater discharge, North Atlantic Deep Circula-

tion, and abrupt climate change, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 16811, https://doi.org/10.1029/91JC01624, 1991.

Keigwin, L. D., Sachs, J. P., and Rosenthal, Y.: A 1600-year history of the Labrador Current off Nova Scotia, Clim. Dynam., 21, 53–62, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-003-0316-6, 2003.

Keigwin, L. D., Sachs, J. P., Rosenthal, Y., and Boyle, E. A.: The 8200 year B. P. event in the slope water system, western subpolar North Atlantic, Paleooceanography, 20, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004PA001074, 2005.

Keigwin, L. D., Klotsko, S., Zhao, N., Reilly, B., Giosan, L., and Driscoll, N. W.: Deglacial floods in the Beaufort Sea preceded Younger Dryas cooling, Nat. Geosci., 11, 599–604, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0169-6, 2018.

Kemle-von Mücke, S.: Oberflächenwasserstruktur und -zirkulation des Südostatlantiks im Spätquartär, Berichte aus dem Fachbereich Geowissenschaften der Universität Bremen, 55, Bremen, 151 pp., 1994.

Khider, D., Jackson, C. S., and Stott, L. D.: Assessing millennial-scale variability during the Holocene: A perspective from the western tropical Pacific, Paleooceanography, 29, 143–159, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013PA002534, 2014.

Kiefer, T.: Produktivität und Temperaturen im subtropischen Nordatlantik: Zykliche und abrupte Veränderungen im späten Quartär, Berichte, 90, Geologisch-Paläontolog. Inst. und Museum Christian-Albrechts-Univ, Kiel, 127 pp., 1998.

Kiefer, T., McCave, I. N., and Elderfield, H.: Antarctic control on tropical Indian Ocean sea surface temperature and hydrography, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, 1050, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027097, 2006.

Kienast, S. S., Kienast, M., Mix, A. C., Calvert, S. E., and François, R.: Thorium-230 normalized particle flux and sediment focusing in the Panama Basin region during the last 30,000 years, Paleooceanography, 22, 406, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006PA001357, 2007.

Kienast, S. S., Friedrich, T., Dubois, N., Hill, P. S., Timmermann, A., Mix, A. C., and Kienast, M.: Near collapse of the meridional SST gradient in the eastern equatorial Pacific during Heinrich Stadial 1, Paleooceanography, 28, 663–674, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013PA002499, 2013.

Kim, J.-H. and Schneider, R. R.: Low-latitude control of interhemispheric sea-surface temperature contrast in the tropical Atlantic over the past 21 k years: the possible role of SE trade winds, Clim. Dynam., 21, 337–347, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-003-0341-5, 2003.

Kim, J.-H., Schneider, R. R., Mulitza, S., and Müller, P. J.: Reconstruction of SE trade-wind intensity based on sea-surface temperature gradients in the Southeast Atlantic over the last 25 kyr, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 297, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017557, 2003.

Kim, J.-H., Romero, O. E., Lohmann, G., Donner, B., Laepple, T., Haam, E., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.: Pronounced subsurface cooling of North Atlantic waters off Northwest Africa during Dansgaard-Oeschger interstadials, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 339–340, 95–102, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.05.018, 2012.

Kim, J.-M., Kennett, J. P., Park, B.-K., Kim, D. C., Kim, G. Y., and Roark, E. B.: Paleooceanographic change during the last deglaciation, east Sea of Korea, Paleooceanography, 15, 254–266, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999PA000393, 2000.