Dutch authorities, it was able to survive underground until when Indonesia became independent around 1947. Because of the role it had played in the fight for independence and against the Japanese, duly authorized by President Sukarno its membership grew quickly to the point of reaching some 3 millions in 1964. In February 1957 there was a first coup attempt by the pro-US fraction of the military which failed. A second coup was staged in October 1965 which started (as later on in Chile) with the assassinations of all pro-Sukarno top generals. It was followed by a terrible repression which, according to most sources, claimed of the order of 500,000 deaths. As a result, the PKI was eradicated and President Sukarno was replaced by President Suharto.

Why were Sukarno and the PKI perceived as a major threat by the United States? Firstly, there is a preliminary question. Was the PKI close to the Soviet Union or to China? Despite the existence in Indonesia of a large minority of ethnic Chinese, the PKI had closer links with Moscow. Secondly, the case of Indonesia should not be considered in isolation. It was part of an expansion of Soviet influence not only in Asia but also in the Middle East with Baathist (i.e. socialist) coups in Iraq and Syria.

## Chile, 1970-1973

The case of Chile is fairly similar in the sense that a leftist government was toppled over through a military coup in September 1973. This case should also be seen in the broader context of the USSR-US confrontation. The Paris Peace Accords of 27 January 1973 had officially ended direct US involvement in the Vietnam War. They created a ceasefire between North Vietnam and South Vietnam and allowed 200,000 Communist troops to remain in the south. Thus, they were in fact an acknowledgment of US defeat as indeed confirmed by the fall of Saigon in April 1975. In a position of weakness the US would not tolerate any other challenge. Apart from the military coup in Chile, there were also similar ones in Pakistan and Thailand.

## Why was Cuba tolerated?

Finally, a word is required to explain the case of Cuba. Although Cuba is in the Caribbean Sea not in the Pacific, this is certainly also an area that the Americans wish to see as an American lake. Why, then, did they tolerate the leftist regime at their doorstep?

Firstly, one should observe that in fact they did *not* tolerate it in the sense that the failed Bay of Pigs landing of April 1961 and the 5-year rebellion (1959–1963) in the Escambray Mountains against the Castro government were clear attempts to remove it. However, the real turning point was the missile crisis of October 1962 for the agreement which settled the crisis implied that together with Soviet missiles in Cuba, US missiles in Turkey would also be removed and that no other invasion attempt
Dutch authorities, it was able to survive underground until when Indonesia became independent around 1947. Because of the role it had played in the fight for independence and against the Japanese, duly authorized by President Sukarno its membership grew quickly to the point of reaching some 3 millions in 1964. In February 1957 there was a first coup attempt by the pro-US fraction of the military which failed. A second coup was staged in October 1965 which started (as later on in Chile) with the assassinations of all pro-Sukarno top generals. It was followed by a terrible repression which, according to most sources, claimed of the order of 500,000 deaths. As a result, the PKI was eradicated and President Sukarno was replaced by President Suharto.

Why were Sukarno and the PKI perceived as a major threat by the United States? Firstly, there is a preliminary question. Was the PKI close to the Soviet Union or to China? Despite the existence in Indonesia of a large minority of ethnic Chinese, the PKI had closer links with Moscow. Secondly, the case of Indonesia should not be considered in isolation. It was part of an expansion of Soviet influence not only in Asia but also in the Middle East with Baathist (i.e. socialist) coups in Iraq and Syria.

## Chile, 1970-1973

The case of Chile is fairly similar in the sense that a leftist government was toppled over through a military coup in September 1973. This case should also be seen in the broader context of the USSR-US confrontation. The Paris Peace Accords of 27 January 1973 had officially ended direct US involvement in the Vietnam War. They created a ceasefire between North Vietnam and South Vietnam and allowed 200,000 Communist troops to remain in the south. Thus, they were in fact an acknowledgment of US defeat as indeed confirmed by the fall of Saigon in April 1975. In a position of weakness the US would not tolerate any other challenge. Apart from the military coup in Chile, there were also similar ones in Pakistan and Thailand.

## Why was Cuba tolerated?

Finally, a word is required to explain the case of Cuba. Although Cuba is in the Caribbean Sea not in the Pacific, this is certainly also an area that the Americans wish to see as an American lake. Why, then, did they tolerate the leftist regime at their doorstep?

Firstly, one should observe that in fact they did *not* tolerate it in the sense that the failed Bay of Pigs landing of April 1961 and the 5-year rebellion (1959–1963) in the Escambray Mountains against the Castro government were clear attempts to remove it. However, the real turning point was the missile crisis of October 1962 for the agreement which settled the crisis implied that together with Soviet missiles in Cuba, US missiles in Turkey would also be removed and that no other invasion attempt
would be made in Cuba.

**Acknowledgments** One of the authors (B.R.) would like to express his gratitude to the following colleagues who gave him the opportunity to make lectures or hold discussions in their respective departments in October-November 2018: Hideaki Aoyama (Kyoto University), Yuji Aruka (Chuo University), Xiaosong Chen (Beijing Normal University), Marco Cirelli (University of Paris-Sorbonne), Zengru Di (Beijing Normal University), Yoshi Fujiwara (Kobe-Riken), Marc Gingold (CEA), Beomjun Kim (Sungkyunkwan University), Ruiqi Li (Beijing University of Chemical Technology), Wei Pan (Peking University), An Zeng (Beijing Normal University).

These lectures and discussions served as a testing ground for the ideas and cases developed in the present paper.
would be made in Cuba.

**Acknowledgments** One of the authors (B.R.) would like to express his gratitude to the following colleagues who gave him the opportunity to make lectures or hold discussions in their respective departments in October-November 2018: Hideaki Aoyama (Kyoto University), Yuji Aruka (Chuo University), Xiaosong Chen (Beijing Normal University), Marco Cirelli (University of Paris-Sorbonne), Zengru Di (Beijing Normal University), Yoshi Fujiwara (Kobe-Riken), Marc Gingold (CEA), Beomjun Kim (Sungkyunkwan University), Ruiqi Li (Beijing University of Chemical Technology), Wei Pan (Peking University), An Zeng (Beijing Normal University).

These lectures and discussions served as a testing ground for the ideas and cases developed in the present paper.
# Chapter 8

## What should be done to advance the scientific analysis of recurrent historical events?

### What made physics and astrophysics so successful?

In our opinion two factors played a great role in the fantastic success of physics and astrophysics (i) The simplicity requirement (before studying the calcium atom we must understand the hydrogen atom) (ii) The fact that the development of physics and astrophysics was a collective and cumulative undertaking.

These two points are revealed by the following outline of the development of astro-physics.

### Development of astronomy and astrophysics

Physics and astronomy made great progress in Greece over several centuries basically from -300 to 300. Then, at least in Europe, for over one thousand years there was not only a stagnation but actually a regression. On the contrary, in the Middle-East and in China progress continued. The Song dynasty around 1050 was a golden age in this respect.

One of the oldest existent star maps was printed in China in 1092 AD. It is often said that the Mongol invasion which started some 40 years later was a disaster for China. Although this is certainly true in many respects, it does not seem to be true for the development of astronomy for we are told that the Mongol Emperor Khubilai Khan who reigned from 1260 to 1294 required the help of Iranian astronomers to build a new observatory in Beijing (that can still be visited) along with an institute for astronomical studies. About one century later, in 1368, Emperor Taizu of the Ming dynasty established a new national observatory in Nanjing.

In short it can safely be said that by 1400, Iran and China were much more advanced in this field than the European countries. Why, then, did the breakthrough occur in Europe and not in China or Iran? This is certainly a question for which many answers can be proposed. One important aspect was certainly the transition of astrology to astronomy. So far in our outline, for the sake of simplicity, we have used the word
## Chapter 8

# What should be done to advance the scientific analysis of recurrent historical events?

### What made physics and astrophysics so successful?

In our opinion two factors played a great role in the fantastic success of physics and astrophysics (i) The simplicity requirement (before studying the calcium atom we must understand the hydrogen atom) (ii) The fact that the development of physics and astrophysics was a collective and cumulative undertaking.

These two points are revealed by the following outline of the development of astronomy.

### Development of astronomy and astrophysics

Physics and astronomy made great progress in Greece over several centuries basically from -300 to 300. Then, at least in Europe, for over one thousand years there was not only a stagnation but actually a regression. On the contrary, in the Middle-East and in China progress continued. The Song dynasty around 1050 was a golden age in this respect.

One of the oldest existent star maps was printed in China in 1092 AD. It is often said that the Mongol invasion which started some 40 years later was a disaster for China. Although this is certainly true in many respects, it does not seem to be true for the development of astronomy for we are told that the Mongol Emperor Khubilai Khan who reigned from 1260 to 1294 required the help of Iranian astronomers to build a new observatory in Beijing (that can still be visited) along with an institute for astronomical studies. About one century later, in 1368, Emperor Taizu of the Ming dynasty established a new national observatory in Nanjing.

In short it can safely be said that by 1400, Iran and China were much more advanced in this field than the European countries. Why, then, did the breakthrough occur in Europe and not in China or Iran? This is certainly a question for which many answers can be proposed. One important aspect was certainly the transition of astrology to astronomy. So far in our outline, for the sake of simplicity, we have used the word
"astronomy", but in the Preface it was already mentioned that for many centuries the observations of the sky were rather made for the purpose of developing astrology.

Directly connected to the transition from astrology to astronomy one should also mention the will to start with the study of the simplest systems.

## The simplicity guideline

What made Galileo, Kepler and Newton successful is that they started with a simple question. The study of free fall by Galileo and of planetary orbits by Kepler and Newton were two forms of the two-body problem. In a general way the two-body problem refers to the movements of two masses which interact through gravitational forces, but for the fall of an object on Earth or for the orbits of Mars or Venus one of the bodies is much heavier than the other and can therefore be considered as being steady. That is why we called they are simple forms of the two-body problem. Actually, when one of the bodies is completely steady, the movement of the other is a one-body problem in a central gravitational field. In terms of complexity, this case comes immediately after the even simpler (albeit trivial) case of a uniform straight line movement.

The fact of following this simplicity guideline revealed the will, not only to describe, but also to *understand*.

This was clearly a crucial step, but this study included another step of cardinal importance, namely the idea that the forces between celestial bodies are not different from those we can see on Earth. Was this fundamental idea of an identity between terrestrial and celestial phenomena present in China at that time? It would be interesting to know.

## Collective aspect of future progress

The solution of the two-body problem opened the door to an understanding of the whole solar system: planets, asteroids, satellites, comets.

The next steps followed basically the same pattern in the sense that a physical law discovered on Earth was used to explore the stars. This can be illustrated by two examples.

* Combined with spectroscopy analysis (that is to say the decomposition of light into its color components) the Doppler effect for electromagnetic waves permitted to measure the velocity of stars with respect to the Earth.

* The knowledge of nuclear reactions permitted to understand how the stars produce their energy and the atoms of elements which are heavier than hydrogen and helium.

These examples show an important aspect of the natural sciences that we often forget
"astronomy", but in the Preface it was already mentioned that for many centuries the
observations of the sky were rather made for the purpose of developing astrology.

Directly connected to the transition from astrology to astronomy one should also
mention the will to start with the study of the simplest systems.

## The simplicity guideline

What made Galileo, Kepler and Newton successful is that they started with a simple question. The study of free fall by Galileo and of planetary orbits by Kepler and Newton were two forms of the two-body problem. In a general way the two-body problem refers to the movements of two masses which interact through gravitational forces, but for the fall of an object on Earth or for the orbits of Mars or Venus one of the bodies is much heavier than the other and can therefore be considered as being steady. That is why we called they are simple forms of the two-body problem. Actually, when one of the bodies is completely steady, the movement of the other is a one-body problem in a central gravitational field. In terms of complexity, this case comes immediately after the even simpler (albeit trivial) case of a uniform straight line movement.

The fact of following this simplicity guideline revealed the will, not only to describe, but also to *understand*.

This was clearly a crucial step, but this study included another step of cardinal importance, namely the idea that the forces between celestial bodies are not different from those we can see on Earth. Was this fundamental idea of an identity between terrestrial and celestial phenomena present in China at that time? It would be interesting to know.

## Collective aspect of future progress

The solution of the two-body problem opened the door to an understanding of the
whole solar system: planets, asteroids, satellites, comets.

The next steps followed basically the same pattern in the sense that a physical law discovered on Earth was used to explore the stars. This can be illustrated by two examples.

* Combined with spectroscopy analysis (that is to say the decomposition of light into its color components) the Doppler effect for electromagnetic waves permitted to measure the velocity of stars with respect to the Earth.

* The knowledge of nuclear reactions permitted to understand how the stars produce their energy and the atoms of elements which are heavier than hydrogen and helium.

These examples show an important aspect of the natural sciences that we often forget
because we are too used to it. This fundamental feature is the fact that the develop-
ment of astrophysics was a *collective and cumulative process*.

Make social science research into a cumulative process

So far in the social sciences the creation of new knowledge was mostly individual
and non-cumulative. As an illustration one can recall the fact already mentioned in
the Preface that the landmark achievements of sociologists such as Alfred Espinas
(1878), Emile Durkheim (1894), Vilfredo Pareto (1917) or Charles Tilly (1994) have
been largely forgotten.

This claim is easy to prove. At the same time our explanation will highlight what
needs to be done.

Consider Tilly’s study of 1994 that we have just mentioned. Entitled “Popular con-
tention in Great Britain, 1758–1834” it lists and describes hundreds of demonstra-
tions, incidents and outbreaks of violence that occurred in Britain over a period of 77
years. This will be quite an important tool for other researchers in the same way as
catalogues of stars are crucial tools for astrophysicists. However, there is clearly no
reason to restrict such a catalogue of incidents to Britain and to a specific time inter-
val. In our parallel with astrology this would mean a star catalogue that would cover
only a small part of the sky. Such a limitation would much reduce its usefulness.

In other words, Tilly’s study should be complemented by similar studies first about
Great Britain but for all remaining time intervals for which sources are available.
and then it should also be extended to other countries. The fact that this was not
done means that Tilly’s study has been an individual work which remained isolated
Actually, it is not completely true that there were no similar studies in other countries.
For instance the French historian Jean Nicolas has published a catalogue of rebellious
incidents in France from 1661 to 1789. Once again, however, this was an individual
work which remained isolated.

A successful example of a collective, integrated and cumulative database is IPUMS
(illustrated in Fig.8.1). Developed by the University of Minnesota, this database
offers extensive data for the United States but also for the censuses done in many
other countries including China.

Clearly if this kind of databases would be developed in China as cleverly and vigorously as was done for the development of mobile phone networks it would be a game changer in the social science research not only in China but worldwide.

Sadly, we must say that, to our best knowledge, the few attempts made in Europe in
this direction were not very successful. For instance in France there is the “Quetelet
network” but it is not user friendly and its scope is rather limited. This probably
because we are too used to it. This fundamental feature is the fact that the develop-
ment of astrophysics was a *collective and cumulative process*.

Make social science research into a cumulative process

So far in the social sciences the creation of new knowledge was mostly individual
and non-cumulative. As an illustration one can recall the fact already mentioned in
the Preface that the landmark achievements of sociologists such as Alfred Espinas
(1878), Emile Durkheim (1894), Vilfredo Pareto (1917) or Charles Tilly (1994) have
been largely forgotten.

This claim is easy to prove. At the same time our explanation will highlight what
needs to be done.

Consider Tilly’s study of 1994 that we have just mentioned. Entitled “Popular con-
tention in Great Britain, 1758–1834” it lists and describes hundreds of demonstra-
tions, incidents and outbreaks of violence that occurred in Britain over a period of 77
years. This will be quite an important tool for other researchers in the same way as
catalogues of stars are crucial tools for astrophysicists. However, there is clearly no
reason to restrict such a catalogue of incidents to Britain and to a specific time inter-
val. In our parallel with astrology this would mean a star catalogue that would cover
only a small part of the sky. Such a limitation would much reduce its usefulness.

In other words, Tilly’s study should be complemented by similar studies first about
Great Britain but for all remaining time intervals for which sources are available.
and then it should also be extended to other countries. The fact that this was not
done means that Tilly’s study has been an individual work which remained isolated
Actually, it is not completely true that there were no similar studies in other countries.
For instance the French historian Jean Nicolas has published a catalogue of rebellious
incidents in France from 1661 to 1789. Once again, however, this was an individual
work which remained isolated.

A successful example of a collective, integrated and cumulative database is IPUMS
(illustrated in Fig.8.1). Developed by the University of Minnesota, this database
offers extensive data for the United States but also for the censuses done in many
other countries including China.

Clearly if this kind of databases would be developed in China as cleverly and vigorously as was done for the development of mobile phone networks it would be a game changer in the social science research not only in China but worldwide.

Sadly, we must say that, to our best knowledge, the few attempts made in Europe in
this direction were not very successful. For instance in France there is the “Quetelet
network” but it is not user friendly and its scope is rather limited. This probably
<figure><img src="image_60.png" /><figcaption>**Fig. 8.1** IPUMS is a social science project built on the model of the natural sciences, namely it is collective and cumulative. The IPUMS acronym stands for “Integrated Public Use Microdata Series”. “Microdata” means that the data (e.g. census data) are given for *individual* persons. “Integrated” means that all series of a given kind (e.g. censuses from various countries) are presented in a uniform way so as to make them comparable. “Public” means that the database is freely open to every researcher who wants to use it. *Source: Adapted from the website of IPUMS.*</figcaption></figure>

reflects in a more general way the poor development of information science and
service-oriented programming in Europe.

Regarding more specifically the question of historical events, a proposal was made
in “Pattern and repertoire in history” (Roehner and Syme 2002) which consisted in a
“Very Large Chronicle” (VLC). It would list all events worldwide. It would consist
in a database comprising three layers. Layer 1: short and standardized description.
<figure><img src="image_62.png" /><figcaption>**Fig. 8.1** IPUMS is a social science project built on the model of the natural sciences, namely it is collective and cumulative. The IPUMS acronym stands for “Integrated Public Use Microdata Series”. “Microdata” means that the data (e.g. census data) are given for *individual* persons. “Integrated” means that all series of a given kind (e.g. censuses from various countries) are presented in a uniform way so as to make them comparable. “Public” means that the database is freely open to every researcher who wants to use it. *Source: Adapted from the website of IPUMS.*</figcaption></figure>

reflects in a more general way the poor development of information science and
service-oriented programming in Europe.

Regarding more specifically the question of historical events, a proposal was made
in “Pattern and repertoire in history” (Roehner and Syme 2002) which consisted in a
“Very Large Chronicle” (VLC). It would list all events worldwide. It would consist
in a database comprising three layers. Layer 1: short and standardized description.
Layer 2: Discussion of main secondary sources. Layer 3: Primary sources along with their English translation. Wikipedia provides a partial realization of the first and second layer. The most demanding task is of course the third layer but it is also the most essential.

So far we focused on databases because these are tools without which nothing can be done. Clearly however they are a necessary but not sufficient condition. The research itself needs to be done by teams rather than by individual researchers and it needs to start by focusing on “simple” questions. Although it is difficult to define in a general way what is “simple”, nevertheless one can give the two following guidelines.

* In a general way the more a system comprises interactions the more complex it is. For instance, a country with 5 home-land minorities is certainly more complex than a country with only one. This is particularly true if the minorities interact not only with the majority but also with each other, as is indeed most often the case.

* Some phenomena can be found not only in humans but also in animals. As an example, one can mention the mortality spike which occurs immediately after birth. It occurs in all species for which data are available: monkeys, farm animals, fish (Berrut et al. 2016). It is true that according to current classification this effect would be seen as belonging to biomography rather than sociology. Examples of more specifically social parallels in humans and animals can be found in Espinas (1878). The obvious advantage of studying an effect which exists in humans and animals is the fact that one can make experiments. In astrophysics an effect like the Doppler effect was first discovered on Earth and then in stars. Applying the same approach to social systems would imply two steps (i) First one identifies an effect in animals, (ii) then one explores it in humans. Needless to say, for such an approach team work is essential.
Layer 2: Discussion of main secondary sources. Layer 3: Primary sources along with their English translation. Wikipedia provides a partial realization of the first and second layer. The most demanding task is of course the third layer but it is also the most essential.

So far we focused on databases because these are tools without which nothing can be done. Clearly however they are a necessary but not sufficient condition. The research itself needs to be done by teams rather than by individual researchers and it needs to start by focusing on “simple” questions. Although it is difficult to define in a general way what is “simple”, nevertheless one can give the two following guidelines.

* In a general way the more a system comprises interactions the more complex it is. For instance, a country with 5 home-land minorities is certainly more complex than a country with only one. This is particularly true if the minorities interact not only with the majority but also with each other, as is indeed most often the case.

* Some phenomena can be found not only in humans but also in animals. As an example, one can mention the mortality spike which occurs immediately after birth. It occurs in all species for which data are available: monkeys, farm animals, fish (Berrut et al. 2016). It is true that according to current classification this effect would be seen as belonging to biodemography rather than sociology. Examples of more specifically social parallels in humans and animals can be found in Espinas (1878). The obvious advantage of studying an effect which exists in humans and animals is the fact that one can make experiments. In astrophysics an effect like the Doppler effect was first discovered on Earth and then in stars. Applying the same approach to social systems would imply two steps (i) First one identifies an effect in animals, (ii) then one explores it in humans. Needless to say, for such an approach team work is essential.
Acronyms

C-in-C: Commander in Chief

CNUCED: UN Conference on Trade and Development

DPJ: Democratic Party of Japan.

EU: European Union

FDI: Foreign Direct Investment

GDP: Gross Domestic Product

ICBM: InterContinental Ballistic Missile (a guided missile with a minimum range of 5,500 kilometres)

KMT: Kuomintang. Founded by Sun Yat-sen as a leftist organization, it became fiercely anti-Communist and anti-Soviet after 1926.

LDP: Liberal Democratic Party. The party which remained in power in Japan almost without interruption since 1946.

NYT: New York Times

PLA: People's Liberation Army. (this name replaced "Red Army" after 1945)

PRC: People's Republic of China.

RMB: Renminbi, the currency of China (literally the people's currency)

ROC: Republic of China (Taiwan)

THAAD: Terminal High Altitude Area Defense

UN: United Nations organization.

USA: United States of America

USD: US dollar

References

Asimov (I.) 1951: Foundation. Doubleday, Garden City (New York state).

Asimov (I.) 1952: Foundation and Empire. Doubleday, Garden City (New York state).

Asimov (I.) 1953: Second foundation. Gnome Press, New York.

Baaquie (B.E.), Roehner (B.M.), Wang (Q.-H.) 2016: The wage transition in developed countries and its implications for China. Physica A 470, 197-216.

Banister (J.) 1992: China's changing mortality. in "The population of modern China", Poston (D.L.) and Yaukey (D.) editors. Plenum Press, New York.

Baugh (R.F.), Archer (S.M.), Mitchell (R.B.), Rosenfeld (R.M.), Amin (R.), Burns (J.J.), Darrow (D.H.), Giordano (T.), Litman (R.S.), Li (K.K.), Mannix (M.E.),
# Acronyms

C-in-C: Commander in Chief

CNUCED: UN Conference on Trade and Development

DPJ: Democratic Party of Japan.

EU: European Union

FDI: Foreign Direct Investment

GDP: Gross Domestic Product

ICBM: InterContinental Ballistic Missile (a guided missile with a minimum range of 5,500 kilometres)

KMT: Kuomintang. Founded by Sun Yat-sen as a leftist organization, it became fiercely anti-Communist and anti-Soviet after 1926.

LDP: Liberal Democratic Party. The party which remained in power in Japan almost without interruption since 1946.

NYT: New York Times

PLA: People's Liberation Army. (this name replaced "Red Army" after 1945)

PRC: People's Republic of China.

RMB: Renminbi, the currency of China (literally the people's currency)

ROC: Republic of China (Taiwan)

THAAD: Terminal High Altitude Area Defense

UN: United Nations organization.

USA: United States of America

USD: US dollar

# References

Asimov (I.) 1951: Foundation. Doubleday, Garden City (New York state).

Asimov (I.) 1952: Foundation and Empire. Doubleday, Garden City (New York state).

Asimov (I.) 1953: Second foundation. Gnome Press, New York.

Baaquie (B.E.), Roehner (B.M.), Wang (Q.-H.) 2016: The wage transition in developed countries and its implications for China. Physica A 470, 197-216.

Banister (J.) 1992: China's changing mortality. in "The population of modern China", Poston (D.L.) and Yaukey (D.) editors. Plenum Press, New York.

Baugh (R.F.), Archer (S.M.), Mitchell (R.B.), Rosenfeld (R.M.), Amin (R.), Burns (J.J.), Darrow (D.H.), Giordano (T.), Litman (R.S.), Li (K.K.), Mannix (M.E.),
Schwartz (R.H.), Setzen (G.), Wald (E.R.), Wall (E.), Sandberg (G.), Patel (M.M.) 2011: Clinical practice guideline: tonsillectomy in children. Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 144, 1 Suppl., S1S30

Bernstein (R.), Munro (R.H.) 1998: The coming conflict with China. Vintage.
[As the book is mostly focused on the 4 or 5 years preceding its publication one gets an picture of US-PRC relations at that time. They appear to be fairly similar to what they are now. In other words, contrary to the book's main prediction, there was no visible deepening of tension in the past two decades.]

Berrut (S.), Pouillard (V.), Richmond (P.), Roehner (B.M.) 2016: Deciphering infant mortality. Physica A 463,400426.

Bloch (M.) 1924: Les rois thaumaturges: étude sur le caractère surnaturel attribué à la puissance royale, particulièrement en France et en Angleterre. [The thaumaturgist kings. Study of the supernatural character attributed to the kings, especially in France and England]. Librairie Istra, Strasbourg. Translated into English under the title "The royal touch" 1989. Dorset Press, New York.

Braudel (F.) 1967: Civilisation matérielle et capitalisme. XVe-XVIIIe siècle. A. Colin, Paris. Translated into English under the title: "Capitalism and material life, 1400-1800" (Harper and Row 1973).

Broadberry (S.N.), Harrison (M.) 2006: The economics of World War I: A comparative quantitative analysis. Journal of Economic History 66,2,514.

Carlson (S.) 1985: A double-blind test of astrology. Nature 318,419-425.

Chen (J.) 1995: China's involvement into the Vietnam War. The China Quarterly 142,356-387.

Chinn (M.), Frankel (J.) 2008: The euro may over the next 15 years surpass the dollar as leading international currency. International Finance 11,1,49-73.
[The prediction made by the authors about the euro was far off the mark. History rather suggests that the strength of a currency is in close connection with the strength of the government which backs it. A paper written 4 years earlier (Persaud 2004) gives a much more lucid view. However, the present article contains some interesting data about the competition between the pound sterling and the dollar back in the 20th century.]

Cooper (H.) 2017: White House pushes military might over humanitarian aid in Africa. New York Times 25 June 2017.

Crewdson (J.M.), Treaster (J.B.) 1977: How the CIA built and controlled its worldwide network for propaganda.
New York Times, 26 December 1977, p. 1 and 37.

[The mention of the CIA should not lead us to think that the CIA can do anything by itself. As an agency of the US government, all its actions must first
Schwartz (R.H.), Setzen (G.), Wald (E.R.), Wall (E.), Sandberg (G.), Patel (M.M.) 2011: Clinical practice guideline: tonsillectomy in children. Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 144, 1 Suppl., S1S30

Bernstein (R.), Munro (R.H.) 1998: The coming conflict with China. Vintage.
[As the book is mostly focused on the 4 or 5 years preceding its publication one gets an picture of US-PRC relations at that time. They appear to be fairly similar to what they are now. In other words, contrary to the book's main prediction, there was no visible deepening of tension in the past two decades.]

Berrut (S.), Pouillard (V.), Richmond (P.), Roehner (B.M.) 2016: Deciphering infant mortality. Physica A 463,400426.

Bloch (M.) 1924: Les rois thaumaturges: étude sur le caractère surnaturel attribué à la puissance royale, particulièrement en France et en Angleterre. [The thaumaturgist kings. Study of the supernatural character attributed to the kings, especially in France and England]. Librairie Istra, Strasbourg. Translated into English under the title "The royal touch" 1989. Dorset Press, New York.

Braudel (F.) 1967: Civilisation matérielle et capitalisme. XVe-XVIIIe siècle. A. Colin, Paris. Translated into English under the title: "Capitalism and material life, 1400-1800" (Harper and Row 1973).

Broadberry (S.N.), Harrison (M.) 2006: The economics of World War I: A comparative quantitative analysis. Journal of Economic History 66,2,514.

Carlson (S.) 1985: A double-blind test of astrology. Nature 318,419-425.

Chen (J.) 1995: China's involvement into the Vietnam War. The China Quarterly 142,356-387.

Chinn (M.), Frankel (J.) 2008: The euro may over the next 15 years surpass the dollar as leading international currency. International Finance 11,1,49-73.
[The prediction made by the authors about the euro was far off the mark. History rather suggests that the strength of a currency is in close connection with the strength of the government which backs it. A paper written 4 years earlier (Persaud 2004) gives a much more lucid view. However, the present article contains some interesting data about the competition between the pound sterling and the dollar back in the 20th century.]

Cooper (H.) 2017: White House pushes military might over humanitarian aid in Africa. New York Times 25 June 2017.

Crewdson (J.M.), Treaster (J.B.) 1977: How the CIA built and controlled its worldwide network for propaganda.
New York Times, 26 December 1977, p. 1 and 37.

[The mention of the CIA should not lead us to think that the CIA can do anything by itself. As an agency of the US government, all its actions must first
get the approval of the White House and State Department. To those inside the CIA, the propaganda network is known as the “Mighty Wurlitzer” (a Wurlitzer is an electric piano) because (in the words of the article) at the push of a button it will play in almost any language and anywhere in the world whatever tune the US government wants to hear.]

Di (Z.), Li (R.), Roehner (B.M.) 2017: USA-China: cooperation or confrontation. A case study in analytical history (in Chinese). This book is still unpublished but it can be read at the following address:
http://www.lpthe.jussieu.fr/~roehner/prch.php

Durkheim (E.) 1894: Les règles de la méthode sociologique. Paris, Payot.
English translation: Rules of sociological method. New York, Free Press, 1982.
Chinese translation: She hui xue fang fa de zhun ze Beijing, Shang wu yin shu guan, 1995.

Durkheim (E.) 1897: Le suicide. Paris: Alcan. English translation: Suicide, a study in sociology. Glencoe, Illinois, Free Press, 1951

Espinas (A.) 1878, 1935: Des sociétés animales [About animal societies]. Thesis, University of Paris.
[In 1879 the thesis was translated into German and in 1882 into Russian. It does not seem to have ever been translated into English. In 1935, it was re-edited by “Librairie Félix Alcan”, Paris.]

Ferguson (N.) 2010: Complexity and collapse. Empires on the edge of chaos. Foreign Affairs 89,2,18-32.

Firth (N.O.), Noren (J.H.) 1998: CIA's Analysis of the Soviet Economy. Chapter 2 of: "Soviet Defense Spending: A History of CIA Estimates, 1950-1990". Texas A&M University Press. [James Noren is a retired senior economic analyst at CIA.]

Goikhman (I.) 2014: Chen Jiongming. Becoming a warlord in republican China. In: Leutner (M.), Goikhman (I.) editor: State, society and governance in republican China.

Ho (P.-T.) 1959: Studies on the population of China, 1368-1953. Harvard University Press, Cambridge (Mass.).

Huang (R.) 1988: China, a macro history. M.E. Sharpe, Armonk (New York State).

Jan (G.P.) 1964: Mass education in the Chinese communes. Asian Survey 4,10,1102-1114.

Joffe (B.) 2017: Has China won the drone war? Forbes Asia 17 January 2017.

Lacombe (P.) 1894: De l'histoire considérée comme science. Librairie Hachette, Paris. [The Preface contains two sentences which show that the purpose of the
get the approval of the White House and State Department. To those inside the CIA, the propaganda network is known as the “Mighty Wurlitzer” (a Wurlitzer is an electric piano) because (in the words of the article) at the push of a button it will play in almost any language and anywhere in the world whatever tune the US government wants to hear.

Di (Z.), Li (R.), Roehner (B.M.) 2017: USA-China: cooperation or confrontation. A case study in analytical history (in Chinese). This book is still unpublished but it can be read at the following address:
http://www.lpthe.jussieu.fr/~roehner/prch.php

Durkheim (E.) 1894: Les règles de la méthode sociologique. Paris, Payot.
English translation: Rules of sociological method. New York, Free Press, 1982.
Chinese translation: She hui xue fang fa de zhun ze Beijing, Shang wu yin shu guan, 1995.

Durkheim (E.) 1897: Le suicide. Paris: Alcan. English translation: Suicide, a study in sociology. Glencoe, Illinois, Free Press, 1951

Espinas (A.) 1878, 1935: Des sociétés animales [About animal societies]. Thesis, University of Paris.
[In 1879 the thesis was translated into German and in 1882 into Russian. It does not seem to have ever been translated into English. In 1935, it was re-edited by "Librairie Félix Alcan", Paris.]

Ferguson (N.) 2010: Complexity and collapse. Empires on the edge of chaos. Foreign Affairs 89,2,18-32.

Firth (N.O.), Noren (J.H.) 1998: CIA's Analysis of the Soviet Economy. Chapter 2 of: "Soviet Defense Spending: A History of CIA Estimates, 1950-1990". Texas A&M University Press. [James Noren is a retired senior economic analyst at CIA.]

Goikhman (I.) 2014: Chen Jiongming. Becoming a warlord in republican China. In: Leutner (M.), Goikhman (I.) editor: State, society and governance in republican China.

Ho (P.-T.) 1959: Studies on the population of China, 1368-1953. Harvard University Press, Cambridge (Mass.).

Huang (R.) 1988: China, a macro history. M.E. Sharpe, Armonk (New York State).

Jan (G.P.) 1964: Mass education in the Chinese communes. Asian Survey 4,10,1102-1114.

Joffe (B.) 2017: Has China won the drone war? Forbes Asia 17 January 2017.

Lacombe (P.) 1894: De l'histoire considérée comme science. Librairie Hachette, Paris. [The Preface contains two sentences which show that the purpose of the
author was similar to ours.

"In our time making history into a science becomes more and more a necessity. That would enable us to use with profit the overwhelming amount of recorded facts which otherwise remain almost useless; once organized and linked to one another the weight of all these facts will become more bearable." (p. XI)

"Physics should always remain present to our mind". (p. IX)

However, if the purpose was the same the method used by the author was very different. Instead of following Durkheim's advice to study social phenomena like "things", he uses an anthropomorphic approach based on the psychology of the individual man. This leads nowhere because the human mind is a system of much greater complexity than our human societies.]

Lafargue (F.) 2005: China's presence in Africa. China Perspectives, 61, 1 October 2005.

Lee (W.H.), Zia (H.) 2003: Me vs. my country. Hachette Books.

Liesner (T.) 1989: One hundred years of economic statistics. Facts On File, New York.

Longworth (A.R.) 1933: Crowded hours. Reminiscenses of Alice Roosevelt Long-worth. C. Scribner's Sons, New York.

[This is an autobiography of Alice Roosevelt, the daughter of President Theodore Roosevelt. Chapters 5 and 6 are an account of her 1905 travels in the Pacific and Asia as part of a diplomatic delegation led by then-Secretary of War William Howard Taft. Excerpts are available on the following website: http://www.asia.si.edu/research/archives/alice]

Mackerras (C.) 1982: Modern China, a chronology from 1842 to the present [i.e. 1980]. Thames and Hudson, London.

Marx (K.) 1852: Der 18th Brumaire des Louis Napoleon. [in German]. Published in "Revolution" [a monthly magazine], New York. (135 p.). It was translated into English under the title "The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte". This book is available on the Internet in a version released by "Foreign Language Press", Beijing 1978.

(http://www.marx2mao.com/M&E/EBLB52.html)

[Through the choice of this title, Marx draws a parallel between the coup of Napoleon Bonaparte on 18th Brumaire in year 8 of the revolutionary calender (i.e. 9 November 1799) and the coup carried out by his nephew, Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, on 2 December 1851.]

Mervis (J.) 2018: More restrictive US policy on Chinese graduate student visas raises alarm. Science 11 June 2018.

Mitchell (B.R.) 1982: International historical statistics. Africa and Asia. Vol. 2.
author was similar to ours.

"In our time making history into a science becomes more and more a necessity. That would enable us to use with profit the overwhelming amount of recorded facts which otherwise remain almost useless; once organized and linked to one another the weight of all these facts will become more bearable." (p. XI)

"Physics should always remain present to our mind". (p. IX)

However, if the purpose was the same the method used by the author was very different. Instead of following Durkheim's advice to study social phenomena like "things", he uses an anthropomorphic approach based on the psychology of the individual man. This leads nowhere because the human mind is a system of much greater complexity than our human societies.]

Lafargue (F.) 2005: China's presence in Africa. China Perspectives, 61, 1 October 2005.

Lee (W.H.), Zia (H.) 2003: Me vs. my country. Hachette Books.

Liesner (T.) 1989: One hundred years of economic statistics. Facts On File, New York.

Longworth (A.R.) 1933: Crowded hours. Reminiscenses of Alice Roosevelt Long-worth. C. Scribner's Sons, New York.

[This is an autobiography of Alice Roosevelt, the daughter of President Theodore Roosevelt. Chapters 5 and 6 are an account of her 1905 travels in the Pacific and Asia as part of a diplomatic delegation led by then-Secretary of War William Howard Taft. Excerpts are available on the following website: http://www.asia.si.edu/research/archives/alice]

Mackerras (C.) 1982: Modern China, a chronology from 1842 to the present [i.e. 1980]. Thames and Hudson, London.

Marx (K.) 1852: Der 18th Brumaire des Louis Napoleon. [in German]. Published in "Revolution" [a monthly magazine], New York. (135 p.). It was translated into English under the title "The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte". This book is available on the Internet in a version released by "Foreign Language Press", Beijing 1978.

(http://www.marx2mao.com/M&E/EBLB52.html)

[Through the choice of this title, Marx draws a parallel between the coup of Napoleon Bonaparte on 18th Brumaire in year 8 of the revolutionary calender (i.e. 9 November 1799) and the coup carried out by his nephew, Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, on 2 December 1851.]

Mervis (J.) 2018: More restrictive US policy on Chinese graduate student visas raises alarm. Science 11 June 2018.

Mitchell (B.R.) 1982: International historical statistics. Africa and Asia. Vol. 2.
Macmillan.

Mozur (P.) 2016: China, not Silicon Valley, is cutting edge in mobile tech. New York Times 2 August 2016.

Nicolas (J.) 2004: La rébellion française. Mouvements populaires et conscience sociale (1661-1789). Seuil, Paris.

Okeowo (A.) 2017: The enduring American military mission in Africa. The New Yorker, Daily comment, 3 May 2017.

Owen (C.) 2017: RMB internationalization update. The evolution continues. Published by “RMB Global Advisors”.

Pareto (V.) 1917: Traité de sociologie générale. Lausanne: Payot. The French version is the translation of the Italian version published in 1916 under the title: "Trattato di sociologia generale". An English translation appeared in 1935 which was entitled: "The mind and society". New York, Harcourt, Brace and Co.

Persaud (A.) 2004: When currency empires fall. Seminar given at Gresham College on 7 October 2004.

[This talk provides a view which seems much more insightful than the one presented 4 years later by Chinn and Frankel (2008). The author states his conclusion as follows: "The most likely candidate to replace the dollar is not the euro, it is China's renminbi" but he warns that: "The principal risks to this forecast are whether China can maintain a degree of political stability. If the Chinese leadership fails the dollar's reign will last a little longer".]

Peterson (G.) 1994: The struggle for literacy in post-revolutionary rural Guangdong. China Quaterly 140,926-943.

Rader (M.) 1979: False witness. University of Washington Press. Seattle.

Richmond (P.), Roehner (B.M.) 2016a: Effect of marital status on death rates. Part 1: High accuracy exploration of the FarrBertillon effect. Physica A 450,748-767.

Richmond (P.), Roehner (B.M.) 2016a: Effect of marital status on death rates. Part 2: High accuracy exploration of the FarrBertillon effect. Physica A 450,748-767.

Robinson (B.) 2011: Twenty-two years later, we still believe the Tiananmen myth. Available at the following address (as of Nov. 2017): http://brianrobinson.ca/Tiananmen_myth

Roehner (B.) 2004: Cohésion sociale. Odile Jacob, Paris.

Roehner (B.M.) 1997a Spatial and historical determinants of separatism and integration. Swiss Journal of Sociology 23,25-59 (1997).

Roehner (B.M.) 1997b: Jesuits and the state. A comparative study of their expulsions. (1500-1990). Religion 27,165-182 (1997).
Macmillan.

Mozur (P.) 2016: China, not Silicon Valley, is cutting edge in mobile tech. New York Times 2 August 2016.

Nicolas (J.) 2004: La rébellion française. Mouvements populaires et conscience sociale (1661-1789). Seuil, Paris.

Okeowo (A.) 2017: The enduring American military mission in Africa. The New Yorker, Daily comment, 3 May 2017.

Owen (C.) 2017: RMB internationalization update. The evolution continues. Published by “RMB Global Advisors”.

Pareto (V.) 1917: Traité de sociologie générale. Lausanne: Payot. The French version is the translation of the Italian version published in 1916 under the title: "Trattato di sociologia generale". An English translation appeared in 1935 which was entitled: "The mind and society". New York, Harcourt, Brace and Co.

Persaud (A.) 2004: When currency empires fall. Seminar given at Gresham College on 7 October 2004.

[This talk provides a view which seems much more insightful than the one presented 4 years later by Chinn and Frankel (2008). The author states his conclusion as follows: "The most likely candidate to replace the dollar is not the euro, it is China's renminbi" but he warns that: "The principal risks to this forecast are whether China can maintain a degree of political stability. If the Chinese leadership fails the dollar's reign will last a little longer".]

Peterson (G.) 1994: The struggle for literacy in post-revolutionary rural Guangdong. China Quaterly 140,926-943.

Rader (M.) 1979: False witness. University of Washington Press. Seattle.

Richmond (P.), Roehner (B.M.) 2016a: Effect of marital status on death rates. Part 1: High accuracy exploration of the FarrBertillon effect. Physica A 450,748-767.

Richmond (P.), Roehner (B.M.) 2016a: Effect of marital status on death rates. Part 2: High accuracy exploration of the FarrBertillon effect. Physica A 450,748-767.

Robinson (B.) 2011: Twenty-two years later, we still believe the Tiananmen myth. Available at the following address (as of Nov. 2017): http://brianrobinson.ca/Tiananmen_myth

Roehner (B.) 2004: Cohésion sociale. Odile Jacob, Paris.

Roehner (B.M.) 1997a Spatial and historical determinants of separatism and integration. Swiss Journal of Sociology 23,25-59 (1997).

Roehner (B.M.) 1997b: Jesuits and the state. A comparative study of their expulsions. (1500-1990). Religion 27,165-182 (1997).
Roehner (B.M.) 2007: Driving forces in physical, biological, and socio-economic phenomena. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Roehner (B.M.) 2015: How did Europe become an American turf? Working Report, University Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris.

[Available in several university libraries (locations can be found on WorldCat) and at the following addresses:

http://www.lpthe.jussieu.fr/~roehner/ocn.pdf

https://web.archive.org/web/20160106081009/www.lpthe.jussieu.fr/~roehner/ocn.pdf]

Roehner (B.M.) 2016a: Relations between US forces and the population of Iceland. Working Report, University Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris.

[Available in several university libraries (locations can be found on WorldCat) and at the following addresses:

http://www.lpthe.jussieu.fr/~roehner/oci.pdf

https://web.archive.org/web/20160317015158/www.lpthe.jussieu.fr/~roehner/oci.pdf

All archive records from various national archives (US, Australia, New Zealand, etc.) that were used in this study are available at the archive department of University Pierre and Marie Curie (Paris-Sorbonne).]

Roehner (B.M.) 2016b: Relations between US forces and the population of South Korea. Working Report, University Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris.

[Available in several university libraries (locations can be found on WorldCat) and at the following addresses:

http://www.lpthe.jussieu.fr/~roehner/ock.pdf

https://web.archive.org/web/20161012020748/www.lpthe.jussieu.fr/~roehner/ock.pdf

All archive records from various national archives (US, Australia, New Zealand, etc.) that were used in this study are available at the archive department of University Pierre and Marie Curie (Paris-Sorbonne).]

Roehner (B.M.) 2016c: Relations between US forces and the population of China. Working Report, University Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris.

[Available in several university libraries (locations can be found on WorldCat) and at the following addresses:

http://www.lpthe.jussieu.fr/~roehner/occ.pdf

https://web.archive.org/web/20160624054656/http://www.lpthe.jussieu.fr/roehner/occ.pdf

All archive records from various national archives (US, Australia, New Zealand, etc.) that were used in this study are available at the archive department of University Pierre and Marie Curie (Paris-Sorbonne).]

Roehner (B.M.) 2016d: How China almost became an American backyard. Subtitle: China versus the United States in comparative perspective. Working Report,
Roehner (B.M.) 2007: Driving forces in physical, biological, and socio-economic phenomena. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Roehner (B.M.) 2015: How did Europe become an American turf? Working Report, University Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris.

[Available in several university libraries (locations can be found on WorldCat) and at the following addresses:

http://www.lpthe.jussieu.fr/~roehner/ocn.pdf

https://web.archive.org/web/20160106081009/www.lpthe.jussieu.fr/~roehner/ocn.pdf]

Roehner (B.M.) 2016a: Relations between US forces and the population of Iceland. Working Report, University Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris.

[Available in several university libraries (locations can be found on WorldCat) and at the following addresses:

http://www.lpthe.jussieu.fr/~roehner/oci.pdf

https://web.archive.org/web/20160317015158/www.lpthe.jussieu.fr/~roehner/oci.pdf

All archive records from various national archives (US, Australia, New Zealand, etc.) that were used in this study are available at the archive department of University Pierre and Marie Curie (Paris-Sorbonne).]

Roehner (B.M.) 2016b: Relations between US forces and the population of South Korea. Working Report, University Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris.

[Available in several university libraries (locations can be found on WorldCat) and at the following addresses:

http://www.lpthe.jussieu.fr/~roehner/ock.pdf

https://web.archive.org/web/20161012020748/www.lpthe.jussieu.fr/~roehner/ock.pdf

All archive records from various national archives (US, Australia, New Zealand, etc.) that were used in this study are available at the archive department of University Pierre and Marie Curie (Paris-Sorbonne).]

Roehner (B.M.) 2016c: Relations between US forces and the population of China. Working Report, University Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris.

[Available in several university libraries (locations can be found on WorldCat) and at the following addresses:

http://www.lpthe.jussieu.fr/~roehner/occ.pdf

https://web.archive.org/web/20160624054656/http://www.lpthe.jussieu.fr/roehner/occ.pdf

All archive records from various national archives (US, Australia, New Zealand, etc.) that were used in this study are available at the archive department of University Pierre and Marie Curie (Paris-Sorbonne).]

Roehner (B.M.) 2016d: How China almost became an American backyard. Subtitle: China versus the United States in comparative perspective. Working Report,
University Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris.

[Available in several university libraries (locations can be found on WorldCat) and at the following addresses:

http://www.lethe.jussieu.fr/~roehner/oce.pdf

https://web.archive.org/web/20160106091957/www.lethe.jussieu.fr/~roehner/oce.pdf ]

Roehner (B.M.) 2016e: Relations between US forces and the population of Japan. Working Report, University Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris.

[Available in several university libraries (locations can be found on WorldCat) and at the following addresses:

http://www.lethe.jussieu.fr/~roehner/ocj.pdf

https://web.archive.org/web/20170912093135/http://www.lethe.jussieu.fr/roehner/ocj.pdf

All archive records from various national archives (US, Australia, New Zealand, etc.) that were used in this study are available at the archive department of University Pierre and Marie Curie (Paris-Sorbonne). ]

Roehner (B.M.) 2017: How China almost became an American backyard. LPTHE Working Report, Paris.

Roehner (B.M.), Rahilly (L.) 2002: Separatism and integration. A study in analytical history. Rowman and Littlefield, Lanham (Maryland).

Roehner (B.M.), Syme (T.) 2002: Pattern and repertoire in history. Harvard University Press, Cambridge (Mass.).

[An updated version is available at:
http://www.lethe.jussieu.fr/~roehner/prh.pdf]

Rozoff (R.) 2010: Mongolia: The Pentagon's Trojan Horse. US-NATO partner wedged between China and Russia. Global Research, 1 April 2010.

[Available on Internet; the article provides a summary of US military bases and facilities worldwide.]

Schrecker (E.W.) 1986: No ivory tower. McCarthyism and the universities. Oxford University Press, New York.

Schwarz (B.) 2013: The real Cuban missile crisis. Everything you think you know about those 13 days is wrong. The Atlantic Jan-Feb 2013.

[available on Internet]

Szep (J.), Ahuja (A.) 2011: Special Report: Defiance in Thailand's "red shirt villages". World News, Reuters 7 June 2011.

Tempest (R.) 1997: How China beat India in race for success. Los Angeles Times 10 August 1997.

Tidhar (L.) 2003: Science fiction, globalization, and the People's Republic of China.

Foundation: The International Review of Science Fiction 83.

Tilly (C.) 1981: As sociology meets history. Russel Sage, New York.
University Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris.

[Available in several university libraries (locations can be found on WorldCat) and at the following addresses:

http://www.lpthe.jussieu.fr/~roehner/oce.pdf

https://web.archive.org/web/20160106091957/www.lpthe.jussieu.fr/~roehner/oce.pdf ]

Roehner (B.M.) 2016e: Relations between US forces and the population of Japan. Working Report, University Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris.

[Available in several university libraries (locations can be found on WorldCat) and at the following addresses:

http://www.lpthe.jussieu.fr/~roehner/ocj.pdf

https://web.archive.org/web/20170912093135/http://www.lpthe.jussieu.fr/roehner/ocj.pdf

All archive records from various national archives (US, Australia, New Zealand, etc.) that were used in this study are available at the archive department of University Pierre and Marie Curie (Paris-Sorbonne). ]

Roehner (B.M.) 2017: How China almost became an American backyard. LPTHE Working Report, Paris.

Roehner (B.M.), Rahilly (L.) 2002: Separatism and integration. A study in analytical history. Rowman and Littlefield, Lanham (Maryland).

Roehner (B.M.), Syme (T.) 2002: Pattern and repertoire in history. Harvard University Press, Cambridge (Mass.).

[An updated version is available at:
http://www.lpthe.jussieu.fr/~roehner/prh.pdf]

Rozoff (R.) 2010: Mongolia: The Pentagon's Trojan Horse. US-NATO partner wedged between China and Russia. Global Research, 1 April 2010.

[Available on Internet; the article provides a summary of US military bases and facilities worldwide.]

Schrecker (E.W.) 1986: No ivory tower. McCarthyism and the universities. Oxford University Press, New York.

Schwarz (B.) 2013: The real Cuban missile crisis. Everything you think you know about those 13 days is wrong. The Atlantic Jan-Feb 2013.

[available on Internet]

Szep (J.), Ahuja (A.) 2011: Special Report: Defiance in Thailand's "red shirt villages". World News, Reuters 7 June 2011.

Tempest (R.) 1997: How China beat India in race for success. Los Angeles Times 10 August 1997.

Tidhar (L.) 2003: Science fiction, globalization, and the People's Republic of China.

Foundation: The International Review of Science Fiction 83.

Tilly (C.) 1981: As sociology meets history. Russel Sage, New York.
Tilly (C.) 1995, 1998: Popular Contention in Great Britain, 17581834. Harvard University Press, Cambridge (Massachusetts).

Trefilov (V.) 2015: The Russian ruble's tumultuous history. RT (formerly "Russia Today"), 6 Jan, 2015.

Turse (N.) 2013: The startling size of US military operations in Africa. Subtitle: The Pentagon's Africa Command will tell you there is one military base on the entire continent. Don't believe them. Mother Jones, 6 September 2013.
Available on Internet at the following address:

http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2013/09/us-military-bases-africa/

US House of Representatives 1953: Committee on Un-American Activities, Communist methods of infiltration (education). Public hearing of February 25, 1953, Washington DC.

[This publication is part of a massive set of similar accounts which totals 5,837 pages (available on Internet)]

Whiting (A.S.) 1975: The Chinese calculus of deterrence. India and Vietnam. University of Michigan Press, Ann Harbor.

Zhang (H.) 2002: America perceived. The making of Chinese images of the United States 1945-1953. Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut.
Tilly (C.) 1995, 1998: Popular Contention in Great Britain, 17581834. Harvard University Press, Cambridge (Massachusetts).

Trefilov (V.) 2015: The Russian ruble's tumultuous history. RT (formerly "Russia Today"), 6 Jan, 2015.

Turse (N.) 2013: The startling size of US military operations in Africa. Subtitle: The Pentagon's Africa Command will tell you there is one military base on the entire continent. Don't believe them. Mother Jones, 6 September 2013.
Available on Internet at the following address:

http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2013/09/us-military-bases-africa/

US House of Representatives 1953: Committee on Un-American Activities, Communist methods of infiltration (education). Public hearing of February 25, 1953, Washington DC.

[This publication is part of a massive set of similar accounts which totals 5,837 pages (available on Internet)]

Whiting (A.S.) 1975: The Chinese calculus of deterrence. India and Vietnam. University of Michigan Press, Ann Harbor.

Zhang (H.) 2002: America perceived. The making of Chinese images of the United States 1945-1953. Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut.