[21] Bijma P, van Arendonk JAM. Maximizing genetic gain for the sire line of a crossbreeding scheme utilizing both purebred and crossbred information. Anim Sci 1998;66:529-42. https://doi.org/10.1017/S135772980000970X.

[22] Garland T, Downs CJ, Ives AR. Trade-Offs (and Constraints) in Organismal Biology. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 2022;95:82-112. https://doi.org/10.1086/717897.

[23] Douhard F, Douhard M, Gilbert H, Monget P, Gaillard J-M, Lemaître J-F. How much energetic trade-offs limit selection? Insights from livestock and related laboratory model species. Evolutionary Applications 2021;14:2726-49. https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.13320.

[24] Rauw WM, Kanis E, Noordhuizen-Stassen EN, Grommers FJ. Undesirable side effects of selection for high production efficiency in farm animals: a review. Livest Prod Sci 1998;56:15-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(98)00147-X.

[25] Fisher RA. The genetical theory of natural selection. Oxford: The Clarendon Press; 1930.

[26] Friggens NC, van der Waaij EH. Modelling of resource allocation patterns. Resource Allocation Theory Applied to Farm Animal Production 2008:302-20. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781845933944.0302.

[27] Puillet L, Réale D, Friggens NC. Disentangling the relative roles of resource acquisition and allocation on animal feed efficiency: insights from a dairy cow model. Genetics Selection Evolution 2016;48:72. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12711-016-0251-8.

[28] Friggens NC, Blanc F, Berry DP, Puillet L. Review: Deciphering animal robustness. A synthesis to facilitate its use in livestock breeding and management. Animal 2017;11:2237-51. https://doi.org/10.1017/S175173111700088X.

[29] Douhard F, Tichit M, Amer PR, Friggens NC. Synergy between selection for production and longevity and the use of extended lactation: Insights from a resource allocation model in a dairy goat herd. Journal of Animal Science 2014;92:5251-66. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2014-7852.

[30] Roff DA, Fairbairn DJ. The evolution of trade-offs: where are we? Journal of Evolutionary Biology 2007;20:433-47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01255.x.

[31] King EG, Roff DA, Fairbairn DJ. Trade-off acquisition and allocation in Gryllus firmus: a test of the Y model. J Evol Biol 2011;24:256-64. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02160.x.

[32] van Noordwijk AJ, de Jong G. Acquisition and Allocation of Resources: Their Influence on Variation in Life History Tactics. The American Naturalist 1986;128:137-42. https://doi.org/10.1086/284547.

[33] Metcalf CJE. Invisible Trade-offs: Van Noordwijk and de Jong and Life-History Evolution. The American Naturalist 2016;187:iii-v. https://doi.org/10.1086/685487.

[34] Cuyabano BCD, Motta MR, Vandenplas J, Garcia NL, Shokor F, Croiseau P, et al. Trajectories of genetic correlations in populations under selection: from theory to a case-study 2025:2025.03.13.643026. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.03.13.643026.

[35] Misztal I, Tsuruta S, Lourenco DAL, Aguilar I, Legarra A, Vitezica Z. Manual for BLUPF90 family of programs 2014.

[36] Roche JR, Friggens NC, Kay JK, Fisher MW, Stafford KJ, Berry DP. Invited review: Body condition score and its association with dairy cow productivity, health, and welfare. Journal of Dairy Science 2009;92:5769-801. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2431.

[37] Cutullic E, Delaby L, Gallard Y, Disenhaus C. Towards a better understanding of the respective effects of milk yield and body condition dynamics on reproduction in Holstein dairy cows. Animal 2012;6:476-87. https://doi.org/10.1017/S175173111100173X.

[38] Sauvant D, Schmidely P, Daudin JJ, St-Pierre NR. Meta-analyses of experimental data in animal nutrition*. Animal 2008;2:1203-14. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731108002280.

[39] Bordas A, Tixier-Boichard M, Merat P. Direct and correlated responses to divergent selection for residual food intake in Rhode Island red laying hens. British Poultry Science 1992;33:741-54. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071669208417515.

[40] El-Kazzi M, Bordas A, Gandemer G, Minvielle F. Divergent selection for residual food intake in Rhode Island Red egg-laying lines: Gross carcase composition, carcase adiposity and lipid contents of tissues. British Poultry Science 1995;36:719-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071669508417816.

[41] Henderson CR. Best linear unbiased estimation and prediction under a selection model. Biometrics 1975;31:423-47.

[42] Gilmour AR, Thompson R, Cullis BR. Average Information REML: An Efficient Algorithm for Variance Parameter Estimation in Linear Mixed Models. Biometrics 1995;51:1440-50. https://doi.org/10.2307/2533274.

[43] Le Roy P, Elsen JM. Simple test statistics for major gene detection: a numerical comparison. Theoret Appl Genetics 1992;83:635-44. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00226909.

[44] Fain PR. Characteristics of simple sibship variance tests for the detection of major loci and application to height, weight and spatial performance. Annals of Human Genetics 1978;42:109-20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1809.1978.tb00935.x.

[45] Bartlett MS. Some Examples of Statistical Methods of Research in Agriculture and Applied Biology. Supplement to the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 1937;4:137-83. https://doi.org/10.2307/2983644.

[46] Elston RC. Segregation analysis. In: Mielke JH, Crawford MH, editors. Current developments in anthropological genetics, vol. 1. Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York, United States of America: n.d., p. 327-54.
[47] Misztal I, Legarra A, Aguilar I. Using recursion to compute the inverse of the genomic relationship matrix. Journal of Dairy Science 2014;97:3943-52. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7752.

[48] Jiang L, Zheng Z, Qi T, Kemper KE, Wray NR, Visscher PM, et al. A resource-efficient tool for mixed model association analysis of large-scale data. Nat Genet 2019;51:1749-55. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-019-0530-8.

[49] Scheiner SM, Lyman RF. The genetics of phenotypic plasticity. II. Response to selection. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 1991;4:23-50. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1420-9101.1991.4010023.x.

[50] Peterson RA, Cavanaugh JE. Ordered quantile normalization: a semiparametric transformation built for the cross-validation era. Journal of Applied Statistics 2020;47:2312-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/02664763.2019.1630372.

[51] Inrae DipSO Direction Pour La Science Ouverte. Bonnes pratiques de publication 2024:8 p. https://doi.org/10.17180/j8c7-rw98.

[52] Guettier E, Urvoix S, Servant P, Mika A, Berger Q, Mignon-Grasteau S. Mise au point d'un automate de consommation alimentaire pour volailles nommé BIRD-e: Bird Individual Ration Dispenser-electronic. Cahier des Techniques de l'INRA 2020;99:1.

[53] Collet JM, Bonnefous C, Germain K, Ravon L, Calandreau L, Guesdon V, et al. High-throughput phenotyping to characterise range use behaviour in broiler chickens. Animal 2024;18:101099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2024.101099.

[54] Sadoul B, Evouna Mengues P, Friggens NC, Prunet P, Colson V. A new method for measuring group behaviours of fish shoals from recorded videos taken in near aquaculture conditions. Aquaculture 2014;430:179-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.04.008.

[55] Sadoul B, Martin O, Prunet P, Friggens NC. On the Use of a Simple Physical System Analogy to Study Robustness Features in Animal Sciences. PLOS ONE 2015;10:e0137333. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0137333.

[56] Mulder HA. Is GxE a burden or a blessing? Opportunities for genomic selection and big data. J Anim Breed Genet 2017;134:435-6. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbg.12303.

[57] Rauw WM, Gomez-Raya L. Genotype by environment interaction and breeding for robustness in livestock. Front Genet 2015;6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2015.00310.

[58] Quiédeville S, Grovermann C, Leiber F, Cozzi G, Lora I, Eory V, et al. Influence of climate stress on technical efficiency and economic downside risk exposure of EU dairy farms. The Journal of Agricultural Science 2022;160:289-301. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859622000375.

[59] Faux A-M, Gorjanc G, Gaynor RC, Battagin M, Edwards SM, Wilson DL, et al. AlphaSim: Software for Breeding Program Simulation. Plant Genome 2016;9. https://doi.org/10.3835/plantgenome2016.02.0013.

[60] Pook T, Schlather M, Simianer H. MoBPS - Modular Breeding Program Simulator. G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics 2020;10:1915-8. https://doi.org/10.1534/g3.120.401193.

[61] Gilbert H, Le Roy P, Milan D, Bidanel J-P. Linked and pleiotropic QTLs influencing carcass composition traits detected on porcine chromosome 7. Genetics Research 2007;89:65-72. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016672307008701.