perceived after the Second World War. The Charter of the United Nations of June 26, 1945 mentions them in its article 71: "The Economic and Social Council may take all necessary measures to consult non-governmental organizations which deal with questions falling within its competence". For multinational corporations, they intervene to implement the economic development, notably under the influence of neoliberal political and economic thoughts, which promotes the Capitalism as a model of economic development, opposed to socialism or communism, and the globalization of the economy, finance and trade, to increase the production and investment through technologic innovation.

The different areas in which NGOs intervene embrace humanitarian activities to respond to the needs of populations devastated by disasters. Thus, the expression NGO seems to be considered synonymous with an organization with a humanitarian aim, possibly extended to the objective of development, or even protection of human rights. Humanitarian actions cover health and food aid which is provided in emergency situations, natural disasters (earthquake, starvation, epidemic or pandemic) or technological origin (explosion of a nuclear power plant or a chemical factory), armed conflicts, to people in great distress in terms of survival. Generally, the presence of NGOs is noted in less developed countries which are often prey to violence linked to armed conflicts, confronted with the problems of underdevelopment and exposed to natural disasters and epidemics. The different interventions take place in the field of education, technical assistance, supplies of certain goods (water pumps, tractors, electricity generators, solar panels, etc.), food, medicines and others. We must also take into account the defense of human rights, for which many NGOs aim to help people unjustly imprisoned, especially in countries that are ruled under dictatorial regimes, in order to promote fair trials.

Nowadays, there are more than 30,000 NGOs, intervening in different areas linked to human existence, societies, and different groups, then social movements and organizations. There is a wide variety of them and their action is also very diverse. NGOs also take into
account sports, religious, scientific, military, educational, politics, syndical actions, etc. In this case, we cannot forget the important role of the International Red Cross, World Food Program, Greenpeace international, the Club of Madrid and Rome, Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, etc. We must also admit that certain NGOs form coalitions on certain subjects with some success, such as the campaign for debt relief for poor countries, for the advent of the International Criminal Court for banning the anti-persona mines.

For Multilateral corporations, they include Multinational Firms and Banks. They appeared more quickly with the application of the Washington Consensus implemented by Williamson, in which certain international and multilateral organizations, such as the IMF, the World Bank and the OECD countries, joined the GATT (General Agreement on tariffs and trade), to respond to trade policies and financial liberalization. In this new policy, trade liberalization interacted with stabilization and financial reform in many countries, which had duty to open their borders, tore down their barriers to the movement of money as well as goods, to attract foreign investments from factories, business and finance.

Sometimes major multinational capitalist companies and financial market investors have gained such weight that they generally challenge international organizations and states in making decisions of general interest of humanity. These multilateral corporations have formed networks, whose role consists of establishing an international scale a set of flows of goods to facilitate production and promote commercial exchanges. Flows of services are taken into account to the extent that their share is growing rapidly in international trade, particularly transport and business services. In addition, the development of international trade has resulted in an increasing openness and an interdependence of national economies thanks to the exchange of manufactured products.
account sports, religious, scientific, military, educational, politics, syndical actions, etc. In this case, we cannot forget the important role of the International Red Cross, World Food Program, Greenpeace international, the Club of Madrid and Rome, Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, etc. We must also admit that certain NGOs form coalitions on certain subjects with some success, such as the campaign for debt relief for poor countries, for the advent of the International Criminal Court for banning the anti-persona mines.

For Multilateral corporations, they include Multinational Firms and Banks. They appeared more quickly with the application of the Washington Consensus implemented by Williamson, in which certain international and multilateral organizations, such as the IMF, the World Bank and the OECD countries, joined the GATT (General Agreement on tariffs and trade), to respond to trade policies and financial liberalization. In this new policy, trade liberalization interacted with stabilization and financial reform in many countries, which had duty to open their borders, tore down their barriers to the movement of money as well as goods, to attract foreign investments from factories, business and finance.

Sometimes major multinational capitalist companies and financial market investors have gained such weight that they generally challenge international organizations and states in making decisions of general interest of humanity. These multilateral corporations have formed networks, whose role consists of establishing an international scale a set of flows of goods to facilitate production and promote commercial exchanges. Flows of services are taken into account to the extent that their share is growing rapidly in international trade, particularly transport and business services. In addition, the development of international trade has resulted in an increasing openness and an interdependence of national economies thanks to the exchange of manufactured products.
Mark Casson gives a more nuanced definition and considers that a multinational bank is a bank that owns and controls banking activities in several countries<fnref n="84" />. For Multinational Banks (MBN), they invest in financial activities in foreign territory, and they are a form of multinational firms. These Banks have their mission in the development of financial markets, to be able to facilitate economic development by the means of trade and investment. Thanks to these banks, financial liberalization through innovation has offered new position and risk management opportunities. They have developed mainly with the aim of encouraging direct investment abroad. As financial institutions, they play an agency role, setting up information, and therefore, tend to increase their interventions in these markets by issuing securities or subscribing to assets.

Their multiplication at the beginning of recent decades can be explained firstly by the strong growth in trade: banks supported their clients abroad, thus contributing to the creation of a global banking network. They also seek to penetrate new markets and try to diversify their portfolios to reduce financial risks. Thus, either NGOs or Multinational Firms and Multinational Banks serve to reinforce global governance policy alongside the states and international organization for the benefits of the world, to appease conflicts and disputes, to improve economic and financial system by the means of investment and production, to promote human rights and equality, and to defend lives and goods. However, there is no overall evidence that the goals of these actors generally respond to the development policy of the world put in place for the benefits of humanity. From speech to deeds, the analysis of a recent case of successful international cooperation including global actors at different levels to resolve the spread of the pandemic of Covid-19, which had a global issue can allow us to justify the impacts of cooperation of different actors on global politics.

<footnote n="84">⁸⁴ “Mark CASSON” cited in the “Journal of Science and Management”, 2007</footnote>
Mark Casson gives a more nuanced definition and considers that a multinational bank is a bank that owns and controls banking activities in several countries<fnref n="84" />. For Multinational Banks (MBN), they invest in financial activities in foreign territory, and they are a form of multinational firms. These Banks have their mission in the development of financial markets, to be able to facilitate economic development by the means of trade and investment. Thanks to these banks, financial liberalization through innovation has offered new position and risk management opportunities. They have developed mainly with the aim of encouraging direct investment abroad. As financial institutions, they play an agency role, setting up information, and therefore, tend to increase their interventions in these markets by issuing securities or subscribing to assets.

Their multiplication at the beginning of recent decades can be explained firstly by the strong growth in trade: banks supported their clients abroad, thus contributing to the creation of a global banking network. They also seek to penetrate new markets and try to diversify their portfolios to reduce financial risks. Thus, either NGOs or Multinational Firms and Multinational Banks serve to reinforce global governance policy alongside the states and international organization for the benefits of the world, to appease conflicts and disputes, to improve economic and financial system by the means of investment and production, to promote human rights and equality, and to defend lives and goods. However, there is no overall evidence that the goals of these actors generally respond to the development policy of the world put in place for the benefits of humanity. From speech to deeds, the analysis of a recent case of successful international cooperation including global actors at different levels to resolve the spread of the pandemic of Covid-19, which had a global issue can allow us to justify the impacts of cooperation of different actors on global politics.

<footnote n="84">⁸⁴ “Mark CASSON” cited in the “Journal of Science and Management”, 2007</footnote>
## 6- The analysis of a recent case of successful international cooperation in resolving a global issue.

The year 2019 almost was coming to an end whereas a global health crisis emerged, and shook the world, threatened human existence, destroyed human life, and paralyzed diverse activities that bound national and international relations. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused major restrictions on everything that linked commercial relations, foreign and national investments, production mechanisms, paralyzed the global tourism industry, as well as many activities that generate human contacts. Restrictive measures were established by all states of the world to counteract such a pandemic which had killed millions of human lives. All institutions, churches, synagogues, mosques, businesses, schools, markets, enterprises, industries, etc. are closed to counter the propagation of the pandemic. Peoples around the world became afraid because they saw how widely the pandemic was spreading and how contagious it was to kill.

This is why, Covid-19 became a major concern of global politics, which involved different actors, governments and states, International organizations and NGOs, which had taken different measures at different levels to protect the lives of their respective populations. These restrictions were used in a world increasingly exposed to shocks, and to threats of complete disappearance of the world's population. The challenge therefore was to guarantee that there was a balance between allowing governments under strong political pressure to use exemptions and ensuring that these exemptions were not abused and did not provoke crumbling of the multilateral trading system. Criteria were defined under which emergency measures deemed necessary were targeted, proportionate, transparent and temporary, creating therefore barriers to trade or disrupting global supply chains, consistent with World Trade Organization and World Health Organization norms.
## 6- The analysis of a recent case of successful international cooperation in resolving a global issue.

The year 2019 almost was coming to an end whereas a global health crisis emerged, and shook the world, threatened human existence, destroyed human life, and paralyzed diverse activities that bound national and international relations. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused major restrictions on everything that linked commercial relations, foreign and national investments, production mechanisms, paralyzed the global tourism industry, as well as many activities that generate human contacts. Restrictive measures were established by all states of the world to counteract such a pandemic which had killed millions of human lives. All institutions, churches, synagogues, mosques, businesses, schools, markets, enterprises, industries, etc. are closed to counter the propagation of the pandemic. Peoples around the world became afraid because they saw how widely the pandemic was spreading and how contagious it was to kill.

This is why, Covid-19 became a major concern of global politics, which involved different actors, governments and states, International organizations and NGOs, which had taken different measures at different levels to protect the lives of their respective populations. These restrictions were used in a world increasingly exposed to shocks, and to threats of complete disappearance of the world's population. The challenge therefore was to guarantee that there was a balance between allowing governments under strong political pressure to use exemptions and ensuring that these exemptions were not abused and did not provoke crumbling of the multilateral trading system. Criteria were defined under which emergency measures deemed necessary were targeted, proportionate, transparent and temporary, creating therefore barriers to trade or disrupting global supply chains, consistent with World Trade Organization and World Health Organization norms.
However, despite some drastic administrative measures, this global health crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has given rise to other forms of international cooperation. For example, to respond to the needs of the world population, to save more people infected by Covid-19, a Trade and Health Initiative, proposed by a group of World Trade Organization Members in November 2020, was an example of new joint intergovernmental action<fnref n="85" />. First of all, a commercial cooperation between countries affected by the health crisis was effective. Such an initiative planned, firstly, the creation of a special investment fund as it is reported<fnref n="86" />. This cooperation then envisaged a binding commitment on the part of the participating countries not to impose restrictions on the export of essential goods intended for other participating countries.

The initiative also suggests the adoption of an information monitoring system to improve transparency and coordinate trade measures, which could be established on the model of the information system which would include information on all obstacles to trade, of whatever type (tariff and/or non-tariff). And then, these measures were intended to stimulate great countries to produce more vaccines and make them available to the poorest countries, where the pandemic could cause more damage to humans.

A critical part of the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic has been the development and deployment of safe and effective vaccines as quickly as possible. There is no doubt that vaccines are an essential product, and governments have been involved in different ways and at different stages of their development and deployment. The speed with which COVID-19 vaccines were developed was unprecedented, and thanks to private and public sector participation and international cooperation, a rapid and effective response was given to counter the disastrous effects produced by the virus. Several vaccines have been developed or are still

<footnote n="85">⁸⁵ See “The Report on the world Trade”, 2021: “The role of the international Cooperation in the enforcement of economic resilience”</footnote>

<footnote n="86">⁸⁶ Ibid.</footnote>
However, despite some drastic administrative measures, this global health crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has given rise to other forms of international cooperation. For example, to respond to the needs of the world population, to save more people infected by Covid-19, a Trade and Health Initiative, proposed by a group of World Trade Organization Members in November 2020, was an example of new joint intergovernmental action<fnref n="85" />. First of all, a commercial cooperation between countries affected by the health crisis was effective. Such an initiative planned, firstly, the creation of a special investment fund as it is reported<fnref n="86" />. This cooperation then envisaged a binding commitment on the part of the participating countries not to impose restrictions on the export of essential goods intended for other participating countries.

The initiative also suggests the adoption of an information monitoring system to improve transparency and coordinate trade measures, which could be established on the model of the information system which would include information on all obstacles to trade, of whatever type (tariff and/or non-tariff). And then, these measures were intended to stimulate great countries to produce more vaccines and make them available to the poorest countries, where the pandemic could cause more damage to humans.

A critical part of the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic has been the development and deployment of safe and effective vaccines as quickly as possible. There is no doubt that vaccines are an essential product, and governments have been involved in different ways and at different stages of their development and deployment. The speed with which COVID-19 vaccines were developed was unprecedented, and thanks to private and public sector participation and international cooperation, a rapid and effective response was given to counter the disastrous effects produced by the virus. Several vaccines have been developed or are still

<footnote n="85">⁸⁵ See “The Report on the world Trade”, 2021: “The role of the international Cooperation in the enforcement of economic resilience”</footnote>

<footnote n="86">⁸⁶ Ibid.</footnote>
under development by private pharmaceutical companies. These companies have benefited
from intellectual property rights protection and, in some cases, public financial support.

Certainly, the production and deployment of vaccines has been very difficult and more
problematic. The main challenge has been unequal access to vaccines, caused by both supply-
side and demand-side factors. Production was geographically concentrated in countries that
have technological means to ensure a very complex production process. Vaccine producing
countries were both the main sources and destinations for exports of essential inputs for vaccine
manufacturing, which translated into bargaining power for economies that did not have
companies producing either the final vaccine, or ingredients for vaccines. In addition, some
countries with production capacities have restricted their exports. On the demand side, the main
problem is the huge global demand and limited resources of low- and middle-income countries.
With production concentrated in a few countries and demand coming from all countries, trade
was expected to play a key role in ensuring global access to vaccines. In the absence of global
coordination, however, countries risked competing in bidding wars and driving up the prices
of vaccines and related raw materials.

It was in the face of all these challenges that good coordination between public and private
actors has propelled towards cooperation helping to revive production and guarantee universal
access to vaccines. To meet the enormous global demand for COVID-19 vaccines, it was
necessary for vaccine-producing countries to sharply increase production in the short term
using the capacities of existing facilities. Certainly, the access to vaccines remained very
unequal and other difficulties persisted in the efforts to vaccinate the population in many
underdeveloped and even developed countries. Technology sharing, knowledge transfers
through cross-border partnerships have facilitated the expansion of production in multiple
contexts. To ensure the global distribution of vaccines, it is also important to maintain a
transparent and efficient multilateral trading system. Ensuring that vaccines and their
under development by private pharmaceutical companies. These companies have benefited
from intellectual property rights protection and, in some cases, public financial support.

Certainly, the production and deployment of vaccines has been very difficult and more
problematic. The main challenge has been unequal access to vaccines, caused by both supply-
side and demand-side factors. Production was geographically concentrated in countries that
have technological means to ensure a very complex production process. Vaccine producing
countries were both the main sources and destinations for exports of essential inputs for vaccine
manufacturing, which translated into bargaining power for economies that did not have
companies producing either the final vaccine, or ingredients for vaccines. In addition, some
countries with production capacities have restricted their exports. On the demand side, the main
problem is the huge global demand and limited resources of low- and middle-income countries.
With production concentrated in a few countries and demand coming from all countries, trade
was expected to play a key role in ensuring global access to vaccines. In the absence of global
coordination, however, countries risked competing in bidding wars and driving up the prices
of vaccines and related raw materials.

It was in the face of all these challenges that good coordination between public and private
actors has propelled towards cooperation helping to revive production and guarantee universal
access to vaccines. To meet the enormous global demand for COVID-19 vaccines, it was
necessary for vaccine-producing countries to sharply increase production in the short term
using the capacities of existing facilities. Certainly, the access to vaccines remained very
unequal and other difficulties persisted in the efforts to vaccinate the population in many
underdeveloped and even developed countries. Technology sharing, knowledge transfers
through cross-border partnerships have facilitated the expansion of production in multiple
contexts. To ensure the global distribution of vaccines, it is also important to maintain a
transparent and efficient multilateral trading system. Ensuring that vaccines and their
ingredients get to where they are needed involves keeping borders open, to provide the vaccine on a non-profit basis, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.

The production of vaccines was part of the global commons for effective responses to the pandemic, thanks to the supply of vaccines taking into account the risk of multiplication and widening of the pandemic. In addition to reducing customs duties on equipment and ingredients necessary for vaccine production, countries had also adopted international standards of cooperation and carried out mutual recognition of products in order to facilitate the importation of equipment or ingredients necessary to produce vaccines. Certainly, multilateral and regional legal frameworks have been created, a number of countries, as well as multilateral and regional organizations have advocated for greater cooperation aimed at ensuring equitable and affordable access to medical care. This has resulted in increased cooperation between various states and governmental institutions, international and regional agencies, non-governmental organizations and corporations that have been established to facilitate equitable access to health care.

To prevent such a new pandemic that could be occur in the future, it is around the states, governments, international organizations, corporations, non-governmental organizations, pharmaceutical agencies that cooperation must be maintained to avoid that such a tragedy continue to threatening human existence. Accordingly, it is reported during this sanitarian crisis, some multilateral organizations with global resonance, such as WTO, WHO, IMF, World Bank, have adopted certain decisions to combat the spread of Covid-19 and other related pandemics.

To render operational their decisions, we can note that, “In June 2021, the leaders of these multilateral organizations held the first meeting with the Agency's Working Group on COVID-19 Vaccines, Treatments and Diagnostics in Developing Countries. In their joint statement, the leaders of these organizations described the Task Force as a 'crisis unit' responsible for
ingredients get to where they are needed involves keeping borders open, to provide the vaccine on a non-profit basis, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.

The production of vaccines was part of the global commons for effective responses to the pandemic, thanks to the supply of vaccines taking into account the risk of multiplication and widening of the pandemic. In addition to reducing customs duties on equipment and ingredients necessary for vaccine production, countries had also adopted international standards of cooperation and carried out mutual recognition of products in order to facilitate the importation of equipment or ingredients necessary to produce vaccines. Certainly, multilateral and regional legal frameworks have been created, a number of countries, as well as multilateral and regional organizations have advocated for greater cooperation aimed at ensuring equitable and affordable access to medical care. This has resulted in increased cooperation between various states and governmental institutions, international and regional agencies, non-governmental organizations and corporations that have been established to facilitate equitable access to health care.

To prevent such a new pandemic that could be occur in the future, it is around the states, governments, international organizations, corporations, non-governmental organizations, pharmaceutical agencies that cooperation must be maintained to avoid that such a tragedy continue to threatening human existence. Accordingly, it is reported during this sanitarian crisis, some multilateral organizations with global resonance, such as WTO, WHO, IMF, World Bank, have adopted certain decisions to combat the spread of Covid-19 and other related pandemics.

To render operational their decisions, we can note that, “In June 2021, the leaders of these multilateral organizations held the first meeting with the Agency's Working Group on COVID-19 Vaccines, Treatments and Diagnostics in Developing Countries. In their joint statement, the leaders of these organizations described the Task Force as a 'crisis unit' responsible for
contributing to the monitoring, coordination and acceleration of the delivery of health tools to
fight COVID-19 in developing countries”<fnref n="87" />. These precautionary measures aimed to mobilize
relevant stakeholders and national leaders to address the main obstacles encountered, in
accordance with the priorities defined by the members of those organizations, which explained
how previous investments can help defeat the pandemic while boosting production capacity,
supplies, trade flows and equitable distribution of diagnostic products, oxygen, treatments,
medical supplies and vaccines. The set of these measures serve to reduce the spread of the
pandemic and guarantee the confidence of the world population who have lived under the threat
of Covid-19.

CONCLUSION

Nowadays, International Cooperation becomes the keystone to bind the relationships
between States, International Organizations, NOGs, Multinational or Transnational
Corporations to regulate the International Relations. Thus, International Cooperation becomes,
since last decades, a new field of study to implement the international policy through the new
development agendas, understood as the new goals of all actors to accelerate the global
governance. It is therefore a fact that conflicts and wars are the biggest problems that the world
continues to face in different eras of its history. This is why cooperation is the new name of
development and stability which opposes to discord, rivalry, concurrence and competition. The
world needs stability, and human societies require justice and peace for their development and
progress, while conflicts and wars, disasters, global warming, environmental crisis, epidemics
and pandemics, terrorism and human trafficking remain the scourges that continue to ravage
them. In fact, cooperation among different actors that involve in global politics is the means by
which new strategies can be redefined and new answers can be given.

<footnote n="87">⁸⁷ See, “The Report on the world Trade”, 2021</footnote>
contributing to the monitoring, coordination and acceleration of the delivery of health tools to
fight COVID-19 in developing countries”<fnref n="87" />. These precautionary measures aimed to mobilize
relevant stakeholders and national leaders to address the main obstacles encountered, in
accordance with the priorities defined by the members of those organizations, which explained
how previous investments can help defeat the pandemic while boosting production capacity,
supplies, trade flows and equitable distribution of diagnostic products, oxygen, treatments,
medical supplies and vaccines. The set of these measures serve to reduce the spread of the
pandemic and guarantee the confidence of the world population who have lived under the threat
of Covid-19.

CONCLUSION

Nowadays, International Cooperation becomes the keystone to bind the relationships
between States, International Organizations, NOGs, Multinational or Transnational
Corporations to regulate the International Relations. Thus, International Cooperation becomes,
since last decades, a new field of study to implement the international policy through the new
development agendas, understood as the new goals of all actors to accelerate the global
governance. It is therefore a fact that conflicts and wars are the biggest problems that the world
continues to face in different eras of its history. This is why cooperation is the new name of
development and stability which opposes to discord, rivalry, concurrence and competition. The
world needs stability, and human societies require justice and peace for their development and
progress, while conflicts and wars, disasters, global warming, environmental crisis, epidemics
and pandemics, terrorism and human trafficking remain the scourges that continue to ravage
them. In fact, cooperation among different actors that involve in global politics is the means by
which new strategies can be redefined and new answers can be given.

<footnote n="87">⁸⁷ See, “The Report on the world Trade”, 2021</footnote>
The world, for its safety and development requires global collective action in trade, finance, production, investment, health, environment, military, etc. This is to respond to the new goals of development that cooperation between states and other actors must embrace all aspects of human life. And cooperation must be developed at domestic, regional and international levels. It is through summits, conferences, resolutions, conventions, treaties, agendas that the multilateralism finds its place and defines its goals. Even though, the world is facing heterogeneity in increasing disparities between peoples, nations, human beings; such disparities increase rivalries and conflicts and wars, however, cooperation remains the only alternative to take into account human needs and respond to their aspiration.

No peace is possible in this world because of threats and deterrence among nations. Defensive alliances which have always been created cannot guarantee security, peace and stability. The UN, despite its involvement in the diplomacy of peace and security through the Security Council, and the development agenda through its specialized agencies, cannot sometimes resist to the veto power of the five permanent members of the Security Council, and the influence of the superpowers inside the UN that always self-compete. Thus, the UN as well as the regional organizations cannot respond to the preventive diplomacy of peace and security, in order to promote cooperation between states for the progress of the world. All countries, with their irrespective income-level, armed forces, GDP, resources, power, population and territory, also have different level of interest to defend in the international arena. To better implement international cooperation all states, despite their divergence, must share common interests in the defense of common values. All international organizations, including NGOs, Corporations must share the same interest in solving the global challenges of the world through international cooperation strategy.

Common problems require global responses, and this must be the objectives of all countries, for all countries – rich and poor – are sometimes facing the same issues. For instance,
The world, for its safety and development requires global collective action in trade, finance, production, investment, health, environment, military, etc. This is to respond to the new goals of development that cooperation between states and other actors must embrace all aspects of human life. And cooperation must be developed at domestic, regional and international levels. It is through summits, conferences, resolutions, conventions, treaties, agendas that the multilateralism finds its place and defines its goals. Even though, the world is facing heterogeneity in increasing disparities between peoples, nations, human beings; such disparities increase rivalries and conflicts and wars, however, cooperation remains the only alternative to take into account human needs and respond to their aspiration.

No peace is possible in this world because of threats and deterrence among nations. Defensive alliances which have always been created cannot guarantee security, peace and stability. The UN, despite its involvement in the diplomacy of peace and security through the Security Council, and the development agenda through its specialized agencies, cannot sometimes resist to the veto power of the five permanent members of the Security Council, and the influence of the superpowers inside the UN that always self-compete. Thus, the UN as well as the regional organizations cannot respond to the preventive diplomacy of peace and security, in order to promote cooperation between states for the progress of the world. All countries, with their irrespective income-level, armed forces, GDP, resources, power, population and territory, also have different level of interest to defend in the international arena. To better implement international cooperation all states, despite their divergence, must share common interests in the defense of common values. All international organizations, including NGOs, Corporations must share the same interest in solving the global challenges of the world through international cooperation strategy.

Common problems require global responses, and this must be the objectives of all countries, for all countries – rich and poor – are sometimes facing the same issues. For instance,
inequality, pandemics, poverty, global warming, etc. are the challenges with which the world
is dealing with, and solutions to these issues do not have a specific cross-border repercussion.
Thus, collective problems are things that affect every country, and which require collective
action. In other ways, what threatens human existence are climate change, migration, terrorism,
human trafficking, food insecurity, conflicts and wars, pandemic and natural disasters, which
require common and pacific solutions.

Despite international cooperation becomes a field of study and multilateral organizations,
private and public sectors are stressed alongside of states to build the multilateralism and the
diplomacy of cooperation, we can always wonder how international cooperation works, and if
it fails or succeeds? It is an evidence to emphasize that both, by the fact that international
cooperation, at certain levels, succeeds, and in many other aspects, fails. Even though realists
reject cooperation, but liberals believe in human capacity to collaborate despite the anarchic
dimension of the world, the bad intentions of different actors and the characteristic of human
nature which is bad. Capitalism and Western democratic movements, even the promotion of
human rights and the respect of fundamental freedoms promoted by democratic regimes, do
not allow us to maintain the evidence that these values are guaranteed, even in Western
societies. In different levels and for diverse reasons, such values and prerogatives are not
systematically guaranteed. That means, human sufferings, inequality and social injustice are
not only found in authoritarian and less developed countries. Thus, everywhere and anytime,
human societies throughout the world are still continuing to face such tribulations or tragedies.

Whatever the economic theory, the political regime, the fundamental and global decision
of different actors, as well as the impacts of the organizations and the economic development
level, our world continues to face issues; this is why, the diplomacy of cooperation can remain
unique alternative to promote the global development and to guarantee stability, peace, security
and social justice. The global development agenda needs to link up different actors, public and
inequality, pandemics, poverty, global warming, etc. are the challenges with which the world
is dealing with, and solutions to these issues do not have a specific cross-border repercussion.
Thus, collective problems are things that affect every country, and which require collective
action. In other ways, what threatens human existence are climate change, migration, terrorism,
human trafficking, food insecurity, conflicts and wars, pandemic and natural disasters, which
require common and pacific solutions.

Despite international cooperation becomes a field of study and multilateral organizations,
private and public sectors are stressed alongside of states to build the multilateralism and the
diplomacy of cooperation, we can always wonder how international cooperation works, and if
it fails or succeeds? It is an evidence to emphasize that both, by the fact that international
cooperation, at certain levels, succeeds, and in many other aspects, fails. Even though realists
reject cooperation, but liberals believe in human capacity to collaborate despite the anarchic
dimension of the world, the bad intentions of different actors and the characteristic of human
nature which is bad. Capitalism and Western democratic movements, even the promotion of
human rights and the respect of fundamental freedoms promoted by democratic regimes, do
not allow us to maintain the evidence that these values are guaranteed, even in Western
societies. In different levels and for diverse reasons, such values and prerogatives are not
systematically guaranteed. That means, human sufferings, inequality and social injustice are
not only found in authoritarian and less developed countries. Thus, everywhere and anytime,
human societies throughout the world are still continuing to face such tribulations or tragedies.

Whatever the economic theory, the political regime, the fundamental and global decision
of different actors, as well as the impacts of the organizations and the economic development
level, our world continues to face issues; this is why, the diplomacy of cooperation can remain
unique alternative to promote the global development and to guarantee stability, peace, security
and social justice. The global development agenda needs to link up different actors, public and
private, national, regional and international in order to meet the expectations for implementing
international cooperation. Much initiatives must be mobilized through collective action to
achieve the global governance, to respond to the needs of this generation without
compromising the future generation. Nowadays, the dynamic of international cooperation, as
a field to implement international relation policy, is placed beyond the power of nation-states
and the superpowers, and does not only occur as a traditional diplomacy between sovereign
nation-states, but must be also include multi-actors, multi-mechanisms and multi-level
processes where all actors involve to implement the global governance.

ACRONYMS

AEC: African Economic Community

APEC: Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation

ASEAN: Association of Southeast Asian Nations

AU: African Union

ARF: ASEAN Regional Forum

BRICS: Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa

CFA franc: Franc of the Financial Community of Africa

CSCE: Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe

EAEC: European Atomic Energy Community

EC: European Community

ECHR: European Court of Human Rights

ECOWAS: Economic Community of West Africa States

ECSC: European Coal and Steel Community

EDC: European Defense Community

EU: European Union
private, national, regional and international in order to meet the expectations for implementing
international cooperation. Much initiatives must be mobilized through collective action to
achieve the global governance, to respond to the needs of this generation without
compromising the future generation. Nowadays, the dynamic of international cooperation, as
a field to implement international relation policy, is placed beyond the power of nation-states
and the superpowers, and does not only occur as a traditional diplomacy between sovereign
nation-states, but must be also include multi-actors, multi-mechanisms and multi-level
processes where all actors involve to implement the global governance.

ACRONYMS

AEC: African Economic Community

APEC: Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation

ASEAN: Association of Southeast Asian Nations

AU: African Union

ARF: ASEAN Regional Forum

BRICS: Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa

CFA franc: Franc of the Financial Community of Africa

CSCE: Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe

EAEC: European Atomic Energy Community

EC: European Community

ECHR: European Court of Human Rights

ECOWAS: Economic Community of West Africa States

ECSC: European Coal and Steel Community

EDC: European Defense Community

EU: European Union
FPCS: Foreign Policy and Common Security

FTAA: Free Trade Area of the Americas

GATT: General Agreement on Tariff and Trade

GDP: Gross Domestic Product

IGO: Intergovernmental organizations

ILO: International Labor Organization

IMF: International Monetary Fund

MERCOSUR: Southern Common Market

MNB: Multinational Banks

NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement

NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization

NGO: Non-governmental organization

OAS: Organization of American States

OAU: Organization of African Unity

OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

SCO: Shanghai Cooperation Organization

SDG: Sustainable Development Goals

SEATO: South-East Asian Treaty Organization

UN: United Nations

UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Science and Cultural Organization

WAEMU: West African Economic and Monetary Union

WHO: World Health Organization

WTO: World Trade Organization

REFERENCES :
FPCS: Foreign Policy and Common Security

FTAA: Free Trade Area of the Americas

GATT: General Agreement on Tariff and Trade

GDP: Gross Domestic Product

IGO: Intergovernmental organizations

ILO: International Labor Organization

IMF: International Monetary Fund

MERCOSUR: Southern Common Market

MNB: Multinational Banks

NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement

NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization

NGO: Non-governmental organization

OAS: Organization of American States

OAU: Organization of African Unity

OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

SCO: Shanghai Cooperation Organization

SDG: Sustainable Development Goals

SEATO: South-East Asian Treaty Organization

UN: United Nations

UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Science and Cultural Organization

WAEMU: West African Economic and Monetary Union

WHO: World Health Organization

WTO: World Trade Organization

REFERENCES :
1. Baylis John, Smith Steve, Owens Patricia, *Globalization: An introduction to the international relations*, New York, Oxford University Press, Edition⁴, 2008,

2. Benedict Kennett, in *International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences*, 2001.

3. Casson Mark, "Journal of Science and Management", 2007

4. “Dai Xinyuan”, Duncan Snidal, and Michael Sampson”, *International Cooperation Theory and International Institutions*, 20 November 2017.

5. “Etten Therese”, “How convincing is democratic peace thesis”? “Master in International and Diplomatic studies in Prague, Avril 26, 2014.

6. “Human Rights Council”: “Advisory Committee”: “Strengthening international cooperation in the field of human rights”, Session 6th, 17-21 January 2011.

7. Milner Helen, *International theories of cooperation among nations: Strengths and weaknesses*, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, Avril 1992, Vol. 44. No. 3.

8. Paulo Sebastian, *International Cooperation and Development Sebastian: A Conceptual Overview*, Bonn 2014.

9. Rochester J. Martin, Rochester, *Fundamental principles of International relations*, Philadelphia, Westview Press, 2010.

10. The French Embassy in Peru on the “Joint Declaration of international organizations on the occasion of the Paris Peace Forum”, “Paris Peace Forum”, on November 11, 2018.

11. “The Report on the world Trade”, 2021: “The role of the international Cooperation in the enforcement of economic resilience”.

12. “United Nations”, “International Day of Multilateralism and Diplomacy for Peace”, Title: “The virtues of multilateralism and diplomacy”, April 24, 2021.
1. Baylis John, Smith Steve, Owens Patricia, *Globalization: An introduction to the international relations*, New York, Oxford University Press, Edition⁴, 2008,

2. Benedict Kennett, in *International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences*, 2001.

3. Casson Mark, "Journal of Science and Management", 2007

4. “Dai Xinyuan”, Duncan Snidal, and Michael Sampson”, *International Cooperation Theory and International Institutions*, 20 November 2017.

5. “Etten Therese”, “How convincing is democratic peace thesis”? “Master in International and Diplomatic studies in Prague, Avril 26, 2014.

6. “Human Rights Council”: “Advisory Committee”: “Strengthening international cooperation in the field of human rights”, Session 6th, 17-21 January 2011.

7. Milner Helen, *International theories of cooperation among nations: Strengths and weaknesses*, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, Avril 1992, Vol. 44. No. 3.

8. Paulo Sebastian, *International Cooperation and Development Sebastian: A Conceptual Overview*, Bonn 2014.

9. Rochester J. Martin, Rochester, *Fundamental principles of International relations*, Philadelphia, Westview Press, 2010.

10. The French Embassy in Peru on the “Joint Declaration of international organizations on the occasion of the Paris Peace Forum”, “Paris Peace Forum”, on November 11, 2018.

11. “The Report on the world Trade”, 2021: “The role of the international Cooperation in the enforcement of economic resilience”.

12. “United Nations”, “International Day of Multilateralism and Diplomacy for Peace”, Title: “The virtues of multilateralism and diplomacy”, April 24, 2021.