# Phylogenetic diversity of Amazonian tree communities

Eurídice N. Honorio Coronado, Kyle G. Dexter, R. Toby Pennington, Jérôme
Chave, Simon L. Lewis, Miguel N. Alexiades, Esteban Alvarez, Atila Alves de
Oliveira, Iêda L. Amaral, Alejandro Araujo-Murakami, et al.

► To cite this version:

Eurídice N. Honorio Coronado, Kyle G. Dexter, R. Toby Pennington, Jérôme Chave, Simon L. Lewis, et al.. Phylogenetic diversity of Amazonian tree communities. Diversity and Distributions, 2015, 21 (11), pp.1295 - 1307. 10.1111/ddi.12357. hal-01557462

HAL Id: hal-01557462

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# Phylogenetic diversity of Amazonian tree communities

Eurídice N. Honorio Coronado¹,²*, Kyle G. Dexter³,⁴, R. Toby Pennington⁴, Jérôme Chave⁵, Simon L. Lewis¹,⁶, Miguel N. Alexiades⁷, Esteban Alvarez⁸, Atila Alves de Oliveira⁹, Iêda L. Amaral⁹, Alejandro Araujo-Murakami¹⁰, Eric J. M. M. Arets¹¹, Gerardo A. Aymard¹², Christopher Baraloto¹³,¹⁴, Damien Bonal¹⁵, Roel Brienen¹, Carlos Cerón¹⁶, Fernando Cornejo Valverde¹⁷, Anthony Di Fiore¹⁸, William Farfan-Rios¹⁹, Ted R. Feldpausch²⁰, Niro Higuchi²¹, Isau Huamantupa-Chuquimaco²², Susan G. Laurance²³, William F. Laurance²³, Gabriela López-Gonzalez¹, Beatriz S. Marimon²⁴, Ben Hur Marimon-Junior²⁴, Abel Monteagudo Mendoza²⁵, David Neill²⁶, Walter Palacios Cuenca²⁷, Maria Cristina Peñuela Mora²⁸, Nigel C. A. Pitman²⁹,³⁰, Adriana Prieto³¹, Carlos A. Quesada²¹, Hirma Ramirez Angulo³², Agustín Rudas³¹, Ademir R. Ruschel³³, Norma Salinas Revilla²²,³⁴, Rafael P. Salomão³⁵, Ana Segalin de Andrade³⁶, Miles R. Silman¹⁹, Wilson Spironello⁹, Hans ter Steege³⁷,³⁸, John Terborgh²⁹, Marisol Toledo³⁹, Luis Valenzuela Gamarra²⁵, Ima C. G. Vieira³⁵, Emilio Vilanova Torre³², Vincent Vos⁴⁰ and Oliver L. Phillips¹

¹School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK, ²Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonia Peruana, Apartado Postal 784, Iquitos, Peru, ³School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JN, UK, ⁴Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, UK, ⁵Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, CNRS & Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, 31062, France, ⁶Department of Geography, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK, ⁷School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Marlowe Building, Canterbury, CT1 3EH, UK, ⁸Jardín Botánico de Medellín, Calle 73N 51D, 14, Medellín, Colombia, ⁹Projeto TEAM, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, C.P. 478, Manaus, Brazil, ¹⁰Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado & Universidad Autonoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Casilla 2489, Av. Irala 565, Santa Cruz, Bolivia, ¹¹Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands, ¹²UNELLEZ-Guanare, Programa del Agro y el Mar, Herbario Universitario (PORT), Mesa de Cavacas, Estado Portuguesa, 3350,

## ABSTRACT

**Aim** To examine variation in the phylogenetic diversity (PD) of tree communities across geographical and environmental gradients in Amazonia.

**Location** Two hundred and eighty-three c. 1 ha forest inventory plots from across Amazonia.

**Methods** We evaluated PD as the total phylogenetic branch length across species in each plot (PDss), the mean pairwise phylogenetic distance between species (MPD), the mean nearest taxon distance (MNTD) and their equivalents standardized for species richness (ses.PDss, ses.MPD, ses.MNTD). We compared PD of tree communities growing (1) on substrates of varying geological age; and (2) in environments with varying ecophysiological barriers to growth and survival.

**Results** PDss is strongly positively correlated with species richness (SR), whereas MNTD has a negative correlation. Communities on geologically young- and intermediate-aged substrates (western and central Amazonia respectively) have the highest SR, and therefore the highest PDss and the lowest MNTD. We find that the youngest and oldest substrates (the latter on the Brazilian and Guiana Shields) have the highest ses.PDss and ses.MNTD. MPD and ses.MPD are strongly correlated with how evenly taxa are distributed among the three principal angiosperm clades and are both highest in western Amazonia. Meanwhile, seasonally dry tropical forest (SDTF) and forests on white sands have low PD, as evaluated by any metric.

**Main conclusions** High ses.PDss and ses.MNTD reflect greater lineage diversity in communities. We suggest that high ses.PDss and ses.MNTD in western
Venezuela, ¹³Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane, 97387, Kourou Cedex, French Guiana, ¹⁴International Center for Tropical Botany, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA, ¹⁵Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR EEF INRA-Université de Lorraine, 54280, Champenoux, France, ¹⁶Herbario Alfredo Paredes, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Casilla 17-01-2177, Quito, Ecuador, ¹⁷Andes to Amazon Biodiversity Program, Madre de Dios, Peru, ¹⁸Department of Anthropology, University of Texas, 2201 Speedway Stop C3200, Austin, TX, 78712, USA, ¹⁹Biology Department and Center for Energy, Environment and Sustainability, Wake Forest University, 1834 Wake Forest Rd., Winston-Salem, 27109, NC, USA, ²⁰Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK, ²¹Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, C.P. 478, Manaus, AM 69011-970, Brazil, ²²Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Av. de la Cultura 733, Cusco, Peru, ²³Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, 4870, Qld, Australia, ²⁴Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Caixa Postal 08, CEP 78.690-000, Nova Xavantina, Brazil, ²⁵Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Prolongación Bolognesi E-6, Oxapampa, Peru, ²⁶Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Puyo, Pastaza, Ecuador, ²⁷Universidad Técnica del Norte & Herbario Nacional del Ecuador, Casilla 17-21-1787, Av. Río Coca E6-115, Quito, Ecuador, ²⁸Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Km 7 Via Muyuna, Tena, Napo, Ecuador, ²⁹Center for Tropical Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA, ³⁰Science and Education, The Field Museum, Chicago, IL, 60605-2496, USA, ³¹Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 30 N° 45-03, Edificio 425, C.P. 111321, Bogotá, Colombia, ³²Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Ambientales, Universidad de Los

Amazonia results from its favourable, easy-to-colonize environment, whereas high values in the Brazilian and Guianan Shields may be due to accumulation of lineages over a longer period of time. White-sand forests and SDTF are dominated by close relatives from fewer lineages, perhaps reflecting ecophysiological barriers that are difficult to surmount evolutionarily. Because MPD and ses.MPD do not reflect lineage diversity *per se*, we suggest that PDss, ses.PDss and ses.MNTD may be the most useful diversity metrics for setting large-scale conservation priorities.

Keywords

Amazon basin, Eudicots, Magnoliids, Monocots, phylogenetic diversity, species richness.

Andes, Conjunto Forestal, C.P. 5101, Mérida, Venezuela, ³³Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Parque Estação Biológica - PqEB s/n, Brasilíia, Brazil, ³⁴School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QK, UK, ³⁵Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Av. Magalhães Barata, 376 - São Braz, CEP 66040-170, Belem, Brazil, ³⁶PDBFF, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, C.P. 478, Manaus, Brazil, ³⁷Naturalis Biodiversity Center, PO Box, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands, ³⁸Ecology & Biodiversity Group, Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 14, Utrecht, 3584 CS, The Netherlands, ³⁹Instituto Boliviano de Investigaciónon Forestal, C.P. 6201 & Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno, Av. Irala 565, Santa Cruz, Bolivia, ⁴⁰Universidad Autónoma del Beni, Av. Ejército Nacional, Riberalta, Riberalta, Bolivia

*Correspondence: Eurídice N. Honorio Coronado, Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonia Peruana, Apartado Postal 784, Iquitos, Peru.
E-mail: eurihc@yahoo.com
INTRODUCTION

A central task of biology is to quantify biodiversity and how
it varies geographically (Myers et al., 2000). Elucidating and
understanding the patterns of diversity is particularly impor-
tant within the tropics, because of their high species richness
and the pressing need to develop and apply effective conser-
vation strategies in the face of massive habitat alteration.
While the species diversity of specific areas can be measured
using different indices (e.g. species richness, Fisher's alpha),
these ecological metrics may fail to account for the evolu-
tionary, or lineage, diversity of communities. As a result,
some authors have advocated developing and implementing
metrics, such as phylogenetic diversity, which quantify the
lineage diversity of communities (Vane-Wright et al., 1991;
Faith, 1992).

Phylogenetic diversity (PD) is generally estimated as the
total branch length of a phylogeny representing the species in
a community (PDss; Faith, 1992). Alternative metrics to rep-
resent the evolutionary diversity in communities are available,
such as the mean phylogenetic distance between all species
and the mean phylogenetic distance between each species and
its closest relative (MPD and MNTD respectively; Webb
et al., 2002; Helmus et al., 2007; Cadotte et al., 2010). All
these metrics are often correlated with species richness (SR;
the total number of species in a community), and thus SR
can sometimes be used as a proxy for PD (Polasky et al.,
2001; Rodrigues & Gaston, 2002). However, some areas con-
tain significantly greater or less PD than expected given their
SR (Sechrest et al., 2002; Forest et al., 2007), and null model
approaches have been developed to estimate PD while con-
trolling for variation in SR (Kembel et al., 2010). These stan-
dardized metrics may add complementary information about
the evolutionary history and conservation significance of sites
(Winter et al., 2013). The availability of these recently devel-
oped PD metrics, in conjunction with the advent of standard-
ized floristic sampling across Amazonia (Malhi et al., 2002;
Phillips & Miller, 2002) and a robust angiosperm phylogeny
(Bremer et al., 2009), now make it possible to examine how
PD varies at large spatial scales across the world's most spe-
cies-rich forest (Gentry, 1988; ter Steege et al., 2013; see also
Chave et al., 2007).

Previous research has shown tree species diversity in 1 ha
plots across the Amazon to be highest in its western and cen-
tral regions and lowest in the east, on the Guianan and Bra-
zilian shields (ter Steege et al., 2003). Because PD is
correlated with SR, we would expect that PD is greatest in
the western and central Amazon, but this has yet to be thor-
oughly tested (although see Chave et al., 2007). In addition,
numerous factors may drive spatial variation in PD and
whether communities show greater or less PD than expected
given their SR. For example based on variation in substrate
age, one might hypothesize that tree communities on the
Guiana and Brazilian Shields, which overlay substrates of
ancient Pre-Cambrian origin (Quesada et al., 2011), might

have higher PD than expected given their relatively low SR.
This high PD would reflect accumulated lineage diversity
over tens of millions of years, with many deep phylogenetic
branches separating species from these older diversification
events (Swenson, 2009). In contrast, tree communities of
western Amazonia overlying Pliocene and Pleistocene sedi-
ments from the Andes (Hoorn et al., 2010; Quesada et al.,
2011) might be expected to show lower PD than expected
given their high SR because of the dominance of recent evo-
lutionary radiations of certain clades within which phylo-
genetic branches are short (Richardson et al., 2001; Erkens
et al., 2007).

Soil fertility and precipitation seasonality also vary across
Amazonia. Overall, the relatively young soils of western
Amazonia are fertile in comparison with the highly weath-
ered soils of central and eastern Amazonia and the Guianan
and Brazilian Shields, whereas the poorest soils are found
beneath white-sand forests that occur sporadically in small to
large patches throughout the northern part of the basin
(Quesada et al., 2011). In addition, the dry season varies
from being essentially absent in the north-west to lasting 5–
6 months in the south-east and some northern areas (Somb-
roek, 2001), where moist forests give way to savannas and
seasonally dry tropical forest (SDTF). Some of these environ-
mental conditions may represent ecophysiological barriers
that few lineages have been able to overcome (Anacker &
Harrison, 2012; Miller et al., 2013). Thus, an additional
hypothesis to the one above, based on substrate age, is that
tree communities in areas of the Amazon with greater eco-
physiological barriers to growth (i.e. potentially more stress-
ful environments) will show the lowest phylogenetic diversity
(Qian et al., 2013).

We used a network of 283 forest inventory plots (RAIN-
FOR; Malhi et al., 2002) to quantify the PD of tree
communities and examine its spatial and environmental vari-
ation across Amazonia. We rarefied all plots to the same
number of individuals, and then calculated (1) the total phy-
logenetic branch length of all species occurring in each plot,
PD sensu stricto (PDss; Faith, 1992), (2) the mean pairwise
phylogenetic distance between species (MPD; Webb, 2000;
Webb et al., 2002), and (3) the mean nearest taxon distance
(MNTD; Webb, 2000). We also calculated standardized ver-
sions of these metrics that account for variation in SR. We
then tested the hypothesis, based on substrate age, that tree
communities in the Guiana and Brazilian Shields will show
the greatest PD, whereas those in the western Amazon will
show lower PD. And while our sample size outside of typical
terra firme and floodplain moist forest is limited, we con-
ducted a preliminary test of the hypothesis that tree commu-
nities in potentially more stressful environments, namely
white sands, savannas, and SDTFs, will show the lowest PD.
By examining the phylogenetic diversity of tree communities
throughout Amazonia, we aim to provide insights into its
biogeographical history and to inform the setting of conser-
vation priorities.
# METHODS

## Tree community plot data

In this study, we used a total of 283 inventory plots of the RAINFOR forest plot network curated at Forest-Plots.net (see Table S1 in Supporting Information). Plots are generally one hectare in size (mean ± SD = 1.1 ± 0.6 ha) and with all trees ≥ 10 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) sampled. We restricted analyses to old-growth forest plots and excluded plots with limited species identifications. Each plot was treated as a community and classified into three main biomes (Fig. 1): tropical moist forest, TMF (n = 265 plots), seasonally dry tropical forest, SDTF (n = 13), and savanna, S (n = 5). Fourteen plots were from the northern Andes (Colombia and Venezuela), outside the Amazon basin, but were included because of their close phytogeographical connection to Amazonia. SDTF plots are located from Bolivia to Venezuela, whereas savanna plots are only from Brazil and are separated by a maximum of 250 km.

The 265 tropical moist forest plots were further classified by the maximum age of the underlying geological formation. The Guiana and Brazilian Shields represent the oldest geological formations in Amazonia (TMF.o: > 500 Ma), followed by formations of central and eastern Amazonia (TMF.i: 20–100 Ma) located between the Shields, whereas areas near to the Andes (western Amazonia and northern Andes) are dominated by younger sediments (TMF.y: < 20 Ma; Quesada et al., 2011) deposited mainly during the Pliocene and the

Pleistocene (Hoorn et al., 2010) (Fig. 1). All TMF plots were also classified by forest type: montane forest, flooded forest, terra firme forest, and white-sand forest. Terra firme and flooded forests were sampled for each substrate age category, whereas montane forests were only sampled in western Amazonia on young substrates and white-sand forests were not sampled on substrates of intermediate age (see Table S1).

In total, the initial dataset included 183,908 individual trees sampled in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Surinam and Venezuela. To ensure a standardized nomenclature across plots based on the APG-III classification (Bremer et al., 2009), the Taxonomic Name Resolution Service version 3.0 was used (http://tnrs.plantcol-laborative.org; accessed on 01/03/2013). Tree ferns and gymnosperms only occur in significant numbers in montane plots, and they are exceedingly rare in lowland forest, which is the focus of this study. These very rare species represent 0.018% of all individual trees in our lowland plots and are essentially stochastically sampled in any given 1 ha plot (tree ferns and gymnosperms were found in a total of nine and two lowland plots respectively). Given this stochasticity and the strong effect of tree ferns and gymnosperms on phylogenetic diversity metrics (they are subtended by very long phylogenetic branches; Faith et al., 2004; Kembel & Hubbell, 2006; Chave et al., 2007), we excluded them from phylogenetic diversity calculations. We also excluded all individuals not identified to a named species (13.6% of individuals). To determine if unidentified individuals could be biasing results, we assessed the correlation between the PD metrics and the proportion of unidentified individuals in each plot.

<figure><img src="image_3.png" /></figure>

**Figure 1** Location of 283 permanent RAINFOR plots classified by geological formation and biome in South America. Circle size represents species richness per plot (9 to 99 species for 249 rarefied individuals). Geographical regions used in the text are indicated in bold.
The final dataset contained a total of 157,340 individuals, belonging to 3868 species, 732 genera and 126 families of angiosperms.

## Phylogenetic trees

A phylogenetic tree of the whole species pool (see Fig. S1) was generated using Phylomatic in PHYLOCOM version 4.2 (Webb *et al.*, 2008). This tool provides a phylogenetic hypothesis for the relationships among taxa by matching the list of species with up-to-date family and genus names, and tip labels of a provided megatree (Webb & Donoghue, 2005). In this case, the topology of R20120829.new provided at http://phylodiversity.net/phylomatic/ was used. An ultrametric phylogeny including branch length in millions of years (Ma) was obtained using bladj in PHYLOCOM. This command fixes the root node (angiosperms, 179 Ma) and other nodes to specified ages based on Wikström *et al.* (2001). Inconsistencies in syntax between internal node labels of the phylogeny and the ages file were modified manually to ensure a better performance of the node calibration using bladj (Gastauer & Meira-Neto, 2013). To determine if PD metrics are affected by phylogenetic resolution, we compared our results generated using the PHYLOCOM phylogeny with those using a phylogeny of Amazonian tree genera generated from DNA sequences of *rbcL* and *matK* plastid genes (K. G. Dexter & J. Chave, unpublished data). Full details of the temporally-calibrated, ultrametric phylogeny construction can be found in the Supporting information.

## Phylogenetic diversity metrics

We used the PHYLOCOM phylogeny, which includes all genera in our dataset, to calculate six metrics that evaluate the evolutionary history present in communities: (1) the total phylogenetic branch length of all species occurring in a given community, i.e. phylogenetic diversity *sensu stricto* (PDss; Faith, 1992); (2) mean pairwise phylogenetic distance between species in terms of branch length (MPD; Webb, 2000; Webb *et al.*, 2002); (3) mean nearest taxon distance (MNTD; Webb, 2000; Webb *et al.*, 2002) and (4, 5 & 6) their equivalents, standardized for species richness (ses.PDss, ses.MPD, and ses.MNTD). For each community, these standardizations were accomplished by randomly drawing the same number of species from the phylogeny as present in the community, repeating this 1000 times, calculating PDss, MPD and MNTD for each randomization, taking the difference between the observed value of PDss, MPD, and MNTD and the mean of the random values, and dividing these differences by the standard deviation across the randomizations. These derived metrics therefore represent standardized effect sizes (ses) and are designated as such ses.MPD and ses.MNTD are equivalent to the inverse of the NRI and NTI indices of Webb (2000). We consider the total phylogenetic branch length

(PDss) in communities (Faith, 1992; Forest *et al.*, 2007) and its deviation from expectation given species richness (ses.PDss) to be the most straightforward measures of evolutionary diversity in communities with respect to conservation prioritization. Lastly, we included the MPD, MNTD, ses.MPD, and ses.MNTD metrics of PD because of their history of use in the literature (e.g. Forest *et al.*, 2007; Gonzalez *et al.*, 2010; Fine & Kembel, 2011); MPD measures phylogenetic structure at deep nodes and MNTD at shallow nodes (Webb, 2000).

## Data assessment and analysis

To minimize the effects of variation in sampling effort (i.e. plot size) and tree density, we used a rarefaction procedure that standardized all plots to 249 individuals, which was the lowest observed number of individual trees (≥ 10 cm DBH) among all plots. Values for PDss, MPD, MNTD, ses.PDss, ses.MPD, ses.MNTD and SR (the total number of species) for each rarefied community were calculated using the package *picante* (Kembel *et al.*, 2010) in the R *STATISTICAL SOFTWARE* version 2.15.1. PD metrics can also be sensitive to the most basal clades in a phylogeny (Swenson, 2009), so we classified taxa into one of the three major angiosperm clades (Magnoliids including Chloranthales, Monocots, and Eudicots), and the percentage of species in each clade was calculated. The mean across 100 rarefactions of the PD metrics, SR, and the proportion of major clades were used in subsequent analyses.

The values of PDss, MPD, MNTD, ses.PDss, ses.MPD and ses.MNTD were compared among communities growing on substrates of different geologic ages and forest types using *F*-tests and Tukey tests. We additionally compared all communities in potentially more stressful environments (whiteland forests, savannas and SDTF) vs. all in potentially less stressful environments (terra firme and montane forests) using a *t* test. Flooded forests were excluded from the analysis of stressful habitats because intensity and length of flooding is known to vary among plots, but we lack precise information on this. We also assessed the correlation of PD metrics with SR, the proportions of species in major clades, and the latitude and longitude of plots.

We assessed if there was any bias to the phylogenetic diversity metrics with respect to unidentified individuals by examining the correlation between percentage of unidentified individuals in plots and the various PD metrics. We also re-analysed a subset of the data (n = 117 plots each with >500 trees), rarefying the plots to 500 individuals per sampling unit, in order to test the effect of sample size in the rarefaction procedure on estimating phylogenetic diversity. Finally, we re-analysed a subset of the data (n = 257 plots), including plots that have more than 80% of species and individuals sampled in the sequenced-based genus-level phylogeny, in order to test the effect of phylogenetic resolution on estimating phylogenetic diversity. The random resolution of species-level relationships within genera in the
genus-level phylogeny was repeated for each set of rarefied communities.

## RESULTS

### Species richness and major angiosperm clades

Terra firme moist forests of intermediate and young geological formations have the highest species richness (SR), with an average of 88 and 72 species respectively (for 249 rarefied individuals; Table 1). Flooded moist forest communities in western and central Amazonia had greater SR than flooded and terra firme forests on the Guiana and Brazilian Shields, whereas the lowest SR was found in white-sand forests of the Guiana Shield and Andean montane forests (Table 1). SDTF and savannas show intermediate values of SR, resembling values of forest types on old geological formations.

On average, 85.8% of species per plot belong to Eudicots, 11.1% to Magnoliids and 3.1% to Monocots. Early diverging clades such as Magnoliids and Monocots tend to have a higher percentage of species on young geological formations than on intermediate and old formations, whereas Eudicots show the opposite pattern (Table 1). SDTF shows the lowest percentage of Magnoliid and Monocot species, and the greatest of Eudicots, but the abundance of these clades in savannas is more similar to the values typical of the moist forest plots.

### Phylogenetic diversity metrics

Species richness strongly correlates with PDss ($r = 0.98, P < 0.001$; Fig. 2a) and MNTD ($r = -0.89, P < 0.001$; Fig. 2c), following a power relationship (PDss = $230.6*SR^{0.7}$, $r^2 = 0.96$; MNTD = $361.3*SR^{-0.4}$, $r^2 = 0.79$, both $P < 0.001$), which was a better fit than a linear relationship for both metrics (PDss = $1160.0 + 37.1*SR$, $r^2 = 0.92$; MNTD = $121.0-0.6*SR$, $r^2 = 0.71$, both $P < 0.001$). A much weaker correlation was observed between species richness and MPD ($r = 0.38, P < 0.001$; see Fig. S2). In contrast, the percentage of species in Magnoliids + Monocots (i.e. $1-Eudicots$) correlates strongly with MPD ($r = 0.88, P < 0.001$; Fig. 2b), which is driven mostly by variation in the relative abundance of Magnoliids ($r = 0.88, P < 0.001$) rather than Monocots ($r = 0.27, P < 0.001$). These correlations reflect the fact that communities with more Magnoliids and Monocots have a more even distribution of species across the three major angiosperm clades (see Fig. S3); a perfectly even split (1/3 in each clade) would give the highest value for MPD. The correlations of the percentages of species in major clades with PDss ($r_{1-Eudicots} = 0.52, r_{Magnoliids} = 0.48, r_{Monocots} = 0.26$, all $P < 0.001$) and MNTD ($r_{1-Eudicots} = 0.39, r_{Magnoliids} = 0.40, r_{Monocots} = 0.10$, all $P < 0.001$) were weaker (see Fig. S2). Both MPD and MNTD were strongly correlated with their standardized equivalents (MPD and ses.MPD: $r = 0.94$,

<table><caption>**Table 1** Community composition and diversity across forest types, showing proportional representation of major clades and mean values of species richness (SR) and phylogenetic diversity. Phylogenetic diversity *sensu stricto* (PDss), mean pairwise phylogenetic distance between species (MPD) and mean nearest taxon distance (MNTD) are given in millions of years (Ma), whereas ses.PDss, ses.MPD and ses.MNTD are standardized metrics without units</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Biome (max. geological age)</th><th rowspan="2">Forest type</th><th rowspan="2">No. of plots</th><th rowspan="2">Sample area (ha)</th><th rowspan="2">ID to spp (%)*</th><th colspan="3">Species (mean, %)</th><th colspan="7">Mean diversity values</th></tr><tr><th>Magnoliids</th><th>Monocots</th><th>Eudicots</th><th>SR</th><th>PDss (Ma)</th><th>MPD (Ma)</th><th>MNTD (Ma)</th><th>ses. PDss</th><th>ses. MPD</th><th>ses. MNTD</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="4">Tropical moist forest (&lt; 20 Ma)</td><td>Flooded</td><td>12</td><td>17</td><td>86</td><td>16</td><td>6</td><td>78</td><td>72</td><td>3963</td><td>260</td><td>74</td><td>-1.24</td><td>0.48</td><td>-0.99</td></tr><tr><td>Montane</td><td>16</td><td>16</td><td>80</td><td>12</td><td>1</td><td>87</td><td>29</td><td>2180</td><td>255</td><td>105</td><td>-0.41</td><td>0.03</td><td>-0.47</td></tr><tr><td>Terra firme</td><td>86</td><td>95</td><td>85</td><td>14</td><td>5</td><td>81</td><td>78</td><td>4148</td><td>256</td><td>74</td><td>-1.42</td><td>0.15</td><td>-1.10</td></tr><tr><td>White sand</td><td>4</td><td>4</td><td>83</td><td>10</td><td>5</td><td>85</td><td>42</td><td>2839</td><td>254</td><td>106</td><td>0.06</td><td>-0.12</td><td>-0.07</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Tropical moist forest (20-100 Ma)</td><td>Flooded</td><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>73</td><td>9</td><td>0</td><td>90</td><td>72</td><td>3478</td><td>242</td><td>62</td><td>-3.44</td><td>-1.59</td><td>-2.69</td></tr><tr><td>Terra firme</td><td>39</td><td>54</td><td>85</td><td>12</td><td>1</td><td>87</td><td>88</td><td>4200</td><td>248</td><td>64</td><td>-2.86</td><td>-0.90</td><td>-2.11</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">Tropical moist forest (&gt; 500 Ma)</td><td>Flooded</td><td>17</td><td>16</td><td>89</td><td>5</td><td>2</td><td>93</td><td>34</td><td>2368</td><td>238</td><td>111</td><td>-0.59</td><td>-1.22</td><td>-0.23</td></tr><tr><td>Terra firme</td><td>85</td><td>94</td><td>87</td><td>10</td><td>3</td><td>87</td><td>56</td><td>3310</td><td>247</td><td>85</td><td>-1.07</td><td>-0.91</td><td>-0.79</td></tr><tr><td>White sand</td><td>4</td><td>4</td><td>87</td><td>7</td><td>0</td><td>93</td><td>22</td><td>1608</td><td>233</td><td>97</td><td>-1.90</td><td>-1.41</td><td>-1.53</td></tr><tr><td>Savanna</td><td>Savanna</td><td>5</td><td>4</td><td>100</td><td>5</td><td>2</td><td>93</td><td>47</td><td>3105</td><td>239</td><td>88</td><td>-0.28</td><td>-1.56</td><td>-0.63</td></tr><tr><td>SDTF</td><td>Dry forest</td><td>13</td><td>14</td><td>96</td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td>95</td><td>34</td><td>2195</td><td>224</td><td>89</td><td>-2.12</td><td>-2.42</td><td>-1.30</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td></td><td>283</td><td>320</td><td>86</td><td>11</td><td>3</td><td>86</td><td>63</td><td>3510</td><td>249</td><td>81</td><td>-1.41</td><td>-0.57</td><td>-1.06</td></tr></tbody></table>

<footnote>*The mean proportion of individuals identified to species.</footnote>
<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 2** Relationship between (a) phylogenetic diversity sensu stricto and species richness, between (b) mean pairwise phylogenetic distance between species and the proportion of species of Magnoliids and Monocots (= 1–Eudicots), and between (c) mean nearest taxon distance and species richness. Tropical moist forest biome is classified based on maximum age of geological formations (young: < 20 Ma; intermediate: 20–100 Ma, old: > 500 Ma; Quesada *et al.*, 2011).</figcaption></figure>

$P < 0.001$; MNTD and ses.MNTD: $r = 0.71, P < 0.01$; see Fig. S2), and show similar results with respect to the plot groupings we considered (e.g. substrate age, forest type). We therefore present results for only ses.MPD and ses.MNTD below. Interestingly, ses.PDss and ses.MNTD are strongly positively correlated with each other ($r = 0.95, P < 0.001$; see Fig. S2), whereas neither shows a strong relationship with ses.MPD (ses.PDss and ses.MPD: $r = 0.23, P < 0.001$; ses.MNTD and ses.MPD: $r = 0.09, P = 0.14$; see Fig. S2).

## Geographical and environmental patterns

All of the PD metrics show non-random spatial distributions across Amazonia (Fig. 3a–d). While PDss shows weak relationships with both latitude and longitude ($r_{Latitude} = 0.14, P < 0.05$; $r_{Longitude} = -0.16, P < 0.05$) and ses.PDss and ses.MNTD show weak latitudinal gradients (ses.PDss: $r_{Latitude} = -0.18, P < 0.01$; ses.MNTD: $r_{Latitude} = -0.17, P < 0.01$), ses.MPD shows a strong longitudinal gradient decreasing from west to east ($r_{Longitude} = -0.52, P < 0.001$). PDss was greatest in communities on young and intermediate-aged geological formations (Fig. 3e), whereas ses.PDss and ses.MNTD were greatest in communities on young and old geological formations (Fig. 3f,h). ses.MPD was greatest in young geological formations (Fig. 3g). These spatial patterns are conserved across the different forest types within the moist forest biome (e.g. terra firme, floodplain) (see Table 1).

Among the moist forest communities, montane and white-sand forests have the lowest PDss values and high values for ses.PDss, ses.MPD and ses.MNTD, at least in western Amazonia. In contrast to this, flooded and terra firme forests in central Amazonia have high PDss and the lowest values for ses.PDss, ses.MPD and ses.MNTD (Table 1). For all metrics, PD values of savannas were similar to moist forest communities, whereas SDTF consistently showed lower PD (Fig. 3e–h). Overall, PDss and ses.MPD were significantly

lower in potentially more stressful habitats, i.e. savanna, SDTF and white-sand forest (mean ± 95% confidence interval: 2379 ± 305 Ma and -1.75 ± 0.40 respectively), than potentially less stressful habitats (3702 ± 118 Ma and -0.44 ± 0.14; $t_{PDss} = 8.28, d.f. = 34, P < 0.001$ and $t_{ses.MPD} = 6.27, d.f. = 32, P < 0.001$), whereas ses.PDss and ses.MNTD were not significantly different between the two (ses.PDss: -1.39 ± 0.50 vs. -1.47 ± 0.17, $t_{ses.PDss} = -0.28, d.f. = 31, P = 0.78$; and ses.MNTD: -1.02 ± 0.35 vs. -1.11 ± 0.13, $t_{ses.MNTD} = -0.51, d.f. = 33, P = 0.61$).

PDss ($r^2 = 0.002, P = 0.20$), ses.MPD ($r^2 = 0.004, P = 0.15$), and ses.MNTD ($r^2 = 0.007, P = 0.08$) showed no relationship with the percentage of unidentified individuals excluded per plot, whereas ses.PDss ($r^2 = 0.013, P < 0.05$) shows a very weak relationship (see Fig. S4). In addition, for plots with sufficient sample size to assess, we found a strong 1 : 1 relationship between phylogenetic diversity metrics (PDss, ses.PDss, ses.MPD, and ses.MNTD) calculated with rarefactions of 500 vs. 249 individuals (see Fig. S5). We also found that the patterns of PD metrics across Amazonia were qualitatively identical when using the sequenced-based genus-level phylogeny vs. the PHYLOCOM phylogeny (see Figs S6 & S7).

## DISCUSSION

Our study has revealed a highly non-random spatial and environmental distribution of phylogenetic diversity (PD) across tree communities of Amazonia, by whichever metric it is evaluated, with some areas and environments holding significantly more, or less, phylogenetic diversity than others (Fig. 3). Phylogenetic diversity sensu stricto (PDss) and the mean nearest taxon distance (MNTD) in the Amazon correlate strongly with species richness (SR; Fig. 2a,c) following positive and negative trends, respectively. Therefore, diverse communities on young- and intermediate-aged substrates
<figure><img src="image_5.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_6.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_7.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_8.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_9.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_10.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_11.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_12.png" /></figure>
**Figure 3** Variation in phylogenetic diversity, as evaluated by several metrics, across Amazonia. The results for phylogenetic diversity sensu *stricto* (PDss), its equivalent standardized for variation in species richness (ses.PDss), and the standardized measures of mean pairwise phylogenetic distance between species (ses.MPD) and mean nearest taxon distance (ses.MNTD) are shown in different rows. (a–d) The maps show the spatial distribution of values for each metric, with the size of circles corresponding to their values. If there were multiple plots in a given one-degree grid, the mean value is shown. (e–h) The tropical moist forest biome is classified based on maximum age of geological formations (TMF.y: < 20 Ma; TMF.i: 20–100 Ma, TMF.o: > 500 Ma), whereas savanna and seasonally dry tropical forest are indicated as S and SDTF respectively. Letters in boxplots indicate significant difference among mean values (Tukey's HSD; *P* < 0.05).

(western and central Amazonia respectively) have the highest PDss and the lowest MNTD values. Once variation in SR is controlled for, we found that the youngest and oldest substrates (the latter on the Brazilian and Guiana Shields) have the highest ses.PDss and ses.MNTD. The lowest values of ses.PDss and ses.MNTD were found in potentially more stressful environments, in particular white-sand forest and SDTF.

We also found that the mean pairwise phylogenetic distance between species (MPD) and its standardized equivalent, ses.MPD, depend primarily on how evenly taxa are distributed among the three major angiosperm clades (Magnoliids, Monocots and Eudicots), which is shown by the strong positive correlation between their values and the proportion of taxa in plots that are Magnoliids and Monocots (the two rarer clades; Fig. 2b). Thus, communities in western Amazonia, that have many Magnoliids and Monocots present, have the greatest MPD and ses.MPD values. While it is important to have a measure of how evenly distributed taxa are across the major clades of a phylogeny, MPD and ses.MPD do not seem to reflect lineage diversity *per se*. Moreover, ses.PDss and ses.MNTD were strongly positively correlated, giving similar patterns across geological substrates environments. We therefore focus below primarily on patterns with respect to PDss and ses.PDss.

**Has the greatest phylogenetic diversity been accumulated in communities overlaying old geological formations?**

Communities on old geological substrates in the Brazilian and Guianan Shields showed lower PDss than communities on young or intermediate aged geological substrates (Fig. 3e), which is unsurprising given their lower species richness. The communities on old geological substrates did show a higher median ses.PDss (Fig. 3f), but the distribution of ses.PDss values overlapped broadly with those for communities on the youngest substrate. The same pattern was found for ses.MNTD. Thus, our prediction that PD would be positively correlated with substrate age was falsified. However, we suggest that different processes may explain the high ses.PDss values observed in different communities across Amazonia. The high ses.PDss and ses.MNTD found in the Guiana and Brazilian Shields may very well be explained by their long-term geological history and the accumulation of lineages over many millions of years.

To understand the rejection of the hypothesis that geologically older substrates show the greatest PD, we need to consider why tree communities of western Amazonia show such high ses.PDss and ses.MNTD. That communities of western Amazonia show high PDss is unsurprising, as PDss is strongly correlated with SR, and SR is substantially higher in the western Amazon (ter Steege *et al.*, 2003). However, much of this species diversity is due to recently radiated species-rich genera (Gentry, 1982) such as *Inga* (Richardson *et al.*, 2001) and *Guatteria* (Erkens *et al.*, 2007), and short phylogenetic branches such as those within these genera do not greatly increase PD (Swenson, 2009). Moreover, low MNTD would be explained by the presence of short phylogenetic branches separating the nearest taxa in these diverse communities. However, another exceptional aspect of western Amazonian tree communities is that they are occupied by lineages from the entirety of the angiosperm phylogeny, which leads these communities to have high ses.PDss, and apparently also high ses.MNTD. One explanation might be related to the potentially high phylogenetic diversity found in the adjacent Andes, which provides a proximate resource to 'invade' western Amazonia (see also Chave *et al.*, 2007). Another explanation might be related to the particular environmental and ecological conditions (relatively fertile and aseasonal environments) in the west, which may be easier to invade by multiple lineages with diverse evolutionary backgrounds. Moreover, the ability of diverse lineages to establish in the western and southern Amazon may also be related to the high rates of disturbance and turnover in the region (Quesada *et al.*, 2012; Marimon *et al.*, 2013; Baker *et al.*, 2014). Thus, in the same way that more fertile, dynamic, and disturbed tropical forests have more open nutrient-cycles on ecological time-scales (Vitousek & Sanford, 1986), they also appear to be more open to repeated establishment of plant lineages on evolutionary time-scales.

**Do environments with more potential ecophysiological barriers to growth show the lowest PD in their tree communities?**

We expected that environments with potentially more stressful ecological conditions, namely marked seasonality of precipitation and/or low soil fertility, would have the lowest phylogenetic diversity, because these may represent ecophysiological barriers that are difficult for many lineages to surmount evolutionarily (Anacker & Harrison, 2012; Miller *et al.*, 2013; Qian *et al.*, 2013). Both savannas and SDTF
have a pronounced dry season, but they show contrasting patterns of PD. While PD metrics of savannas were similar to those of nearby communities in tropical moist forest, SDTF generally has low PD (Fig. 3e–h). Savannas and tropical moist forest communities may share similar lineages across the angiosperm phylogeny, a pattern which supports previous studies that suggested that Brazilian savannas are formed by the numerous independent colonizations of lineages from nearby biomes around 4–10 Ma (Simon et al., 2009; Simon & Pennington, 2012). Conversely, the low PD values shown for SDTF communities suggest that fewer clades have succeeded in colonizing SDTF, and that consequently, SDTF is occupied by closer relatives. However, our conclusions must be taken as preliminary given the low sample size and limited geographical extent of our savanna and SDTF plots.

Previous studies have indicated strong habitat specialization in white-sand communities as indicated by the high number of individuals that represent white-sand specialist species (Fine et al., 2010), and by the distinct ecophysiology and defences against herbivores that these species have evolved in order to live on such poor soils (Fine et al., 2004). Therefore, we also expected that white-sand forests would have a high frequency of closely related species and low phylogenetic diversity. But while our results showed that both white-sand communities of the Guiana Shield and the western Amazon have low PDss, only those communities in the Guyana Shield have low ses.PDss values compared to neighbouring terra firme or flooded forest. We found higher values of ses.PDss in the small patches of white-sand forests of western Amazonia than in the Guiana Shield, suggesting a greater influence of the regional pool (i.e. species present in the surrounding phylogenetically diverse terra firme forest entering white-sand patches) than in the larger, more contiguous white-sand patches of the Guiana Shield.

## Conservation priorities

Conservation planning based upon species richness (SR) gives the same value to communities with equal SR regardless of the total phylogenetic diversity of the species that they contain (e.g. Forest et al., 2007). But if we are to preserve the full spectrum of lineage diversity and the evolutionary processes that led to the exceptional biodiversity of Amazonian communities, regional conservation planning must incorporate phylogenetic information.

In this study, we showed that while PDss is strongly correlated with SR (see also Forest et al., 2007; Cadotte et al., 2012), communities can vary greatly in their deviation from expected PD given SR, as measured by ses.PDss. While communities in the central and western Amazon have the greatest tree species richness in the basin (ter Steege et al., 2003), the central Amazon shows much lower phylogenetic diversity than expected given its species richness (ses.PDss)

compared to the western Amazon (Fig. 3e), thus suggesting that the western Amazon basin may hold a higher value for conservation of lineage diversity.

In addition, we found that the mean pairwise phylogenetic distance between species (MPD) is not strongly correlated with species richness, which could suggest that it is a better metric of phylogenetic diversity than PDss. However, we found that MPD and its standardized equivalent (ses.MPD) are strongly dependent on how evenly divided the species in a tree community are among the three major angiosperm clades (Magnoliids, Monocots and Eudicots; Fig. 2b). While this division is certainly interesting from an ecological and evolutionary perspective, we suggest that MPD and ses.MPD may not be the most useful metrics of phylogenetic diversity for conservation prioritization. Meanwhile, MNTD shows a strong inverse relationship with SR, and ses.MNTD essentially conveys the same information as ses.PDss (i.e. they are strongly positively correlated). Thus, we suggest that, PDss and ses.PDss may provide the most straightforward, interpretable means to evaluate lineage diversity in communities. While PDss is strongly correlated with SR and could perhaps be inferred from it, a phylogeny is clearly necessary to calculate ses.PDss and determine whether communities show more or less lineage diversity than expected given their species richness. An urgent priority for conservation should be to develop bigger community phylogenies that include all lineages, greater numbers of species within lineages, and greater phylogenetic resolution. Such phylogenies would allow evolutionary information to be properly incorporated into conservation decisions.

## ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This work was supported by a FINCyT PhD studentship to the lead author, and the School of Geography of the University of Leeds, and the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. The Natural Environment Research Council (grants ‘Niche evolution of South American trees’ NE/I028122/1, ‘AMAZONICA’ NE/F005806/1, ‘TROBIT’ NE/D005590/1), The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (283080 ‘GEO-CARBON’, 282664 ‘AMAZALERT’, ERC grant ‘Tropical Forests in the Changing Earth System’), CNPq/PELD (558069/2009-6), EMBRAPA, INPA, MPEG, TEAM, and ABERG supported fieldwork, data collection and management. Our special thanks to L. Arroyo, T.R. Baker, J. Comisky, E. Eler, J. Engel, L. Ferreira, K. Garcia, T. Killeen, J. Lloyd, Y. Malhi, I. Mendoza, P. Pétronelli, F. Ramirez, D. Sabatier, F. Santos, N. Silva, M. Silveira, R. Thomas, A. Torres, D. Villarroel, R. Vasquez, O. Wang who participated in data collection in many sites. We also thank the South American institutions involved in RAINFOR for their support of field teams and their activities. KGD was supported by a NSF Fellowship (OISE-1103573).
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## SUPPORTING INFORMATION

Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article:

**Table S1** Floristic tree inventories compiled from RAINFOR forest plot network.

**Table S2** Fossil-based calibrations used in sequenced-based genus-level phylogeny.

**Figure S1** Phylogenetic tree for the whole species pool for 283 floristic inventories compiled from RAINFOR dataset.

**Figure S2** Relationships and correlation values among phylogenetic diversity metrics, species richness and the proportion of species of Magnoliids and Monocots.

**Figure S3** Distributions of species across the three major angiosperm clades for tree communities with increasing values of MPD.

**Figure S4** Relationships between phylogenetic diversity metrics and the percentage of unidentified individuals excluded for each plot.

**Figure S5** Sensitivity analysis of phylogenetic diversity metrics for the tropical moist forest biome calculated using different number of individuals per plot.

**Figure S6** Variation in phylogenetic diversity metrics across Amazonia, calculated using phylogenies resolved to genus and family level.

**Figure S7** Sensitivity analysis of phylogenetic diversity metrics calculated using genus- and family-level phylogenies.
BIOSKETCH

**Eurídice N. Honorio Coronado** is a researcher at the Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonia Peruana, and her research focuses on tropical ecology. She is interested in understanding the ecological and historical processes determining tree species distribution and diversity in Amazonia. Most authors formed part of RAINFOR, an international network to understand changes in vegetation and biomass in Amazonia.

Author contributions: E.N.H.C., K.G.D., R.T.P. and O.L.P. conceived the idea; all authors apart from R.T.P. and G.L.-G. contributed data; G.L.-G. wrote the query for compiling the dataset; E.N.H.C. performed statistical analyses; E.N.H.C., K.G.D., R.T.P. and O.L.P. wrote the manuscript; and all authors read, edited and approved the final manuscript.

Editor: Matthew C. Fitzpatrick
SUPPORTING INFORMATION

Honorio Coronado *et al.* Phylogenetic diversity of Amazonian tree communities

<table><caption>Table S1. Floristic tree inventories (n = 283 plots) compiled from RAINFOR forest plot network (Lopez-Gonzalez *et al.*, 2009; 2011). Total number of angiosperm individuals, and proportion of individuals identified to species are provided. Regions: Brazilian Shield (BSh), central Amazonia (CA), eastern Amazonia (EA), Guiana Shield (GSh), Northern Andes (NSA), north-western Amazonia (NWA), and south-western Amazonia (SWA). Forest type: montane forest (at 1650 - 3000 m a.s.l.), flooded forest (affected by the flooding of rivers or with a high water table), lowland terra firme forest (in the interfluvial plain on clay or brown-sand soils), and white-sand forest (on white-sand soils).</caption><thead><tr><th>Biome</th><th>Region</th><th>Forest type</th><th>Country</th><th>Plot code</th><th>Lat</th><th>Long</th><th>Area (ha)</th><th>Nº Ind.</th><th>ID (%)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Flooded</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>HCC-11</td><td>-13.91</td><td>-60.82</td><td>1.0</td><td>582</td><td>67.4</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Flooded</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>HCC-12</td><td>-13.91</td><td>-60.82</td><td>1.0</td><td>725</td><td>66.9</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Flooded</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>LGB-01</td><td>-14.80</td><td>-60.39</td><td>1.0</td><td>656</td><td>76.4</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Flooded</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>LSL-01</td><td>-14.40</td><td>-61.14</td><td>1.0</td><td>501</td><td>82.6</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Flooded</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>LSL-02</td><td>-14.40</td><td>-61.14</td><td>1.0</td><td>631</td><td>81.3</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Flooded</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>NCR-01</td><td>-14.64</td><td>-61.16</td><td>1.0</td><td>566</td><td>75.1</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Flooded</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>NCR-02</td><td>-14.71</td><td>-61.15</td><td>1.0</td><td>590</td><td>75.3</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Flooded</td><td>Brazil</td><td>NXV-06</td><td>-14.72</td><td>-52.36</td><td>1.4</td><td>719</td><td>97.8</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Flooded</td><td>Brazil</td><td>PEA-01</td><td>-12.15</td><td>-50.83</td><td>0.4</td><td>330</td><td>100.0</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Flooded</td><td>Brazil</td><td>PEA-02</td><td>-12.32</td><td>-50.74</td><td>0.4</td><td>461</td><td>100.0</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Flooded</td><td>Brazil</td><td>PEA-03</td><td>-12.38</td><td>-50.89</td><td>1.0</td><td>1579</td><td>99.9</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Flooded</td><td>Brazil</td><td>PEA-04</td><td>-12.42</td><td>-50.71</td><td>1.0</td><td>1278</td><td>100.0</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Flooded</td><td>Brazil</td><td>PEA-05</td><td>-11.90</td><td>-50.75</td><td>1.0</td><td>966</td><td>99.8</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Flooded</td><td>Brazil</td><td>PEA-06</td><td>-11.92</td><td>-50.71</td><td>1.0</td><td>922</td><td>99.6</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Flooded</td><td>Brazil</td><td>PEA-07</td><td>-12.48</td><td>-50.90</td><td>1.0</td><td>472</td><td>100.0</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Flooded</td><td>Brazil</td><td>PEA-08</td><td>-12.54</td><td>-50.74</td><td>1.0</td><td>426</td><td>100.0</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>BBC-01</td><td>-14.30</td><td>-60.53</td><td>1.0</td><td>532</td><td>81.0</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>BBC-02</td><td>-14.30</td><td>-60.53</td><td>1.0</td><td>543</td><td>81.0</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>CHO-01</td><td>-14.39</td><td>-61.15</td><td>1.0</td><td>729</td><td>86.0</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>CHO-02</td><td>-14.34</td><td>-61.16</td><td>1.0</td><td>544</td><td>74.6</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>HCC-21</td><td>-14.53</td><td>-60.74</td><td>1.0</td><td>529</td><td>90.9</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>HCC-22</td><td>-14.53</td><td>-60.73</td><td>1.0</td><td>613</td><td>85.6</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>HCC-23</td><td>-14.56</td><td>-60.75</td><td>1.0</td><td>712</td><td>86.5</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>HCC-24</td><td>-14.57</td><td>-60.75</td><td>1.0</td><td>616</td><td>83.3</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>KEN-01</td><td>-16.02</td><td>-62.73</td><td>1.0</td><td>450</td><td>99.8</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>LCA-13</td><td>-15.68</td><td>-62.78</td><td>1.0</td><td>423</td><td>82.7</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>LCA-16</td><td>-15.68</td><td>-62.78</td><td>1.0</td><td>385</td><td>74.5</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>LCA-29</td><td>-15.68</td><td>-62.77</td><td>1.0</td><td>394</td><td>84.5</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>LCA-30</td><td>-15.68</td><td>-62.77</td><td>1.0</td><td>417</td><td>85.9</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>LFB-01</td><td>-14.58</td><td>-60.83</td><td>1.0</td><td>564</td><td>89.7</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>LFB-02</td><td>-14.58</td><td>-60.83</td><td>1.0</td><td>536</td><td>92.0</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>MVE-01</td><td>-15.01</td><td>-61.13</td><td>1.0</td><td>567</td><td>89.9</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>SRQ-01</td><td>-14.40</td><td>-62.30</td><td>1.0</td><td>291</td><td>97.9</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>ALF-01</td><td>-9.60</td><td>-55.94</td><td>1.0</td><td>514</td><td>93.0</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>ALF-02</td><td>-9.58</td><td>-55.92</td><td>1.0</td><td>537</td><td>96.3</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th>Biome</th><th>Region</th><th>Forest type</th><th>Country</th><th>Plot code</th><th>Lat</th><th>Long</th><th>Area (ha)</th><th>Nº Ind.</th><th>ID (%)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>AMD-01</td><td>-1.83</td><td>-46.75</td><td>1.0</td><td>536</td><td>92.5</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>AMD-02</td><td>-1.83</td><td>-46.75</td><td>1.0</td><td>453</td><td>94.3</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>ARA-01</td><td>-4.82</td><td>-52.52</td><td>1.0</td><td>439</td><td>80.4</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>ASR-01</td><td>-4.76</td><td>-52.60</td><td>1.0</td><td>455</td><td>88.6</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>CAR-01</td><td>-5.58</td><td>-49.72</td><td>1.0</td><td>482</td><td>84.6</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>CPP-01</td><td>-1.84</td><td>-47.10</td><td>1.0</td><td>477</td><td>93.9</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>CPP-02</td><td>-1.84</td><td>-47.10</td><td>1.0</td><td>465</td><td>97.4</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>CRG-01</td><td>-5.90</td><td>-50.13</td><td>1.0</td><td>438</td><td>91.3</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>FLO-01</td><td>-12.81</td><td>-51.85</td><td>1.0</td><td>604</td><td>97.7</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>FLO-02</td><td>-12.76</td><td>-51.88</td><td>1.0</td><td>484</td><td>96.1</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>LFA-01</td><td>-5.85</td><td>-50.48</td><td>1.0</td><td>460</td><td>95.4</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>MCP-01</td><td>-5.88</td><td>-50.47</td><td>1.0</td><td>536</td><td>86.2</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>MRB-01</td><td>-5.73</td><td>-49.05</td><td>2.0</td><td>1035</td><td>97.2</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>MRB-02</td><td>-5.72</td><td>-49.03</td><td>2.0</td><td>1084</td><td>96.6</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>MRB-03</td><td>-5.70</td><td>-490.00</td><td>2.0</td><td>997</td><td>94.4</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>NXV-02</td><td>-14.70</td><td>-52.35</td><td>1.0</td><td>564</td><td>99.8</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>NXV-04</td><td>-14.70</td><td>-52.35</td><td>0.5</td><td>372</td><td>89.2</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>NXV-09</td><td>-14.69</td><td>-52.35</td><td>0.5</td><td>359</td><td>98.3</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>ODE-01</td><td>-3.48</td><td>-51.67</td><td>3.0</td><td>1413</td><td>70.8</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>RBR-01</td><td>-11.00</td><td>-61.95</td><td>1.0</td><td>560</td><td>85.2</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>RIA-01</td><td>-2.90</td><td>-46.15</td><td>4.0</td><td>1937</td><td>93.3</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>SAA-01</td><td>-9.79</td><td>-50.43</td><td>1.0</td><td>509</td><td>90.6</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>SMT-02</td><td>-12.82</td><td>-51.77</td><td>1.0</td><td>444</td><td>100.0</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>SNP-01</td><td>-6.04</td><td>-50.15</td><td>1.0</td><td>382</td><td>87.4</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>TAN-02</td><td>-13.09</td><td>-52.38</td><td>1.0</td><td>476</td><td>90.3</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>TAN-03</td><td>-12.82</td><td>-52.36</td><td>1.0</td><td>589</td><td>87.4</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>TAN-04</td><td>-12.92</td><td>-52.37</td><td>1.0</td><td>578</td><td>95.7</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>BSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>VCR-04</td><td>-14.83</td><td>-52.17</td><td>1.0</td><td>459</td><td>96.5</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>CA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>BDF-01</td><td>-2.34</td><td>-60.10</td><td>2.0</td><td>1330</td><td>91.5</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>CA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>BDF-03</td><td>-2.42</td><td>-59.85</td><td>1.0</td><td>592</td><td>83.3</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>CA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>BDF-04</td><td>-2.43</td><td>-59.85</td><td>1.0</td><td>590</td><td>90.5</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>CA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>BDF-05</td><td>-2.43</td><td>-59.85</td><td>1.0</td><td>652</td><td>91.7</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>CA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>BDF-06</td><td>-2.41</td><td>-59.86</td><td>3.0</td><td>1896</td><td>90.5</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>CA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>BDF-07</td><td>-2.40</td><td>-59.90</td><td>1.0</td><td>638</td><td>87.3</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>CA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>BDF-08</td><td>-2.40</td><td>-59.90</td><td>1.0</td><td>592</td><td>86.0</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>CA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>BDF-09</td><td>-2.40</td><td>-59.85</td><td>1.0</td><td>575</td><td>86.3</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>CA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>BDF-10</td><td>-2.39</td><td>-59.86</td><td>2.0</td><td>1241</td><td>84.9</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>CA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>BDF-11</td><td>-2.38</td><td>-59.85</td><td>3.0</td><td>1826</td><td>89.9</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>CA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>BDF-12</td><td>-2.39</td><td>-59.85</td><td>2.0</td><td>1211</td><td>88.9</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>CA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>BDF-13</td><td>-2.40</td><td>-59.91</td><td>9.0</td><td>5192</td><td>84.1</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>CA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>BDF-14</td><td>-2.36</td><td>-59.97</td><td>1.0</td><td>685</td><td>90.7</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>CA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>BNT-01</td><td>-2.64</td><td>-60.16</td><td>1.0</td><td>567</td><td>69.1</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>CA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>BNT-04</td><td>-2.63</td><td>-60.15</td><td>1.0</td><td>612</td><td>70.1</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>CA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>BNT-05</td><td>-2.63</td><td>-60.17</td><td>1.0</td><td>560</td><td>67.3</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>CA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>BNT-07</td><td>-2.63</td><td>-60.17</td><td>1.0</td><td>643</td><td>65.6</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>CA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>TEM-01</td><td>-2.97</td><td>-59.90</td><td>1.0</td><td>576</td><td>93.1</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>CA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>TEM-02</td><td>-2.93</td><td>-59.95</td><td>1.0</td><td>599</td><td>92.8</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>CA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>TEM-03</td><td>-2.41</td><td>-59.90</td><td>1.0</td><td>674</td><td>88.4</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>CA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>TEM-04</td><td>-2.43</td><td>-59.79</td><td>1.0</td><td>581</td><td>90.2</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>CA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>TEM-05</td><td>-2.62</td><td>-60.21</td><td>1.0</td><td>612</td><td>94.9</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>CA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>TEM-06</td><td>-2.60</td><td>-60.11</td><td>1.0</td><td>693</td><td>91.2</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>EA</td><td>Flooded</td><td>Brazil</td><td>TEC-01</td><td>-1.71</td><td>-51.46</td><td>1.0</td><td>501</td><td>70.1</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>EA</td><td>Flooded</td><td>Brazil</td><td>TEC-06</td><td>-1.73</td><td>-51.43</td><td>1.0</td><td>456</td><td>75.2</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>EA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>CAX-01</td><td>-1.74</td><td>-51.46</td><td>1.0</td><td>515</td><td>86.6</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>EA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>CAX-02</td><td>-1.74</td><td>-51.46</td><td>1.0</td><td>523</td><td>74.4</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th>Biome</th><th>Region</th><th>Forest type</th><th>Country</th><th>Plot code</th><th>Lat</th><th>Long</th><th>Area (ha)</th><th>Nº Ind.</th><th>ID (%)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>EA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>GMT-01</td><td>-1.11</td><td>-47.80</td><td>1.0</td><td>505</td><td>89.5</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>EA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>JBU-01</td><td>-1.14</td><td>-47.70</td><td>1.0</td><td>456</td><td>91.2</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>EA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>JRI-01</td><td>-0.89</td><td>-52.19</td><td>1.0</td><td>599</td><td>77.0</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>EA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>PPB-01</td><td>-1.18</td><td>-47.32</td><td>1.0</td><td>415</td><td>94.9</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>EA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>PPB-02</td><td>-1.18</td><td>-47.32</td><td>1.0</td><td>497</td><td>89.5</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>EA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>PPB-03</td><td>-1.18</td><td>-47.32</td><td>1.0</td><td>440</td><td>97.3</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>EA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>PTB-01</td><td>-1.17</td><td>-56.41</td><td>1.0</td><td>438</td><td>95.7</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>EA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>PTB-02</td><td>-1.48</td><td>-56.39</td><td>1.0</td><td>502</td><td>97.4</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>EA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>SRT-01</td><td>-1.46</td><td>-47.92</td><td>1.0</td><td>503</td><td>93.6</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>EA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>TAP-01</td><td>-3.31</td><td>-54.94</td><td>1.0</td><td>561</td><td>77.2</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>EA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>TAP-02</td><td>-3.31</td><td>-54.95</td><td>1.0</td><td>479</td><td>81.0</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>EA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>TAP-03</td><td>-3.31</td><td>-54.94</td><td>1.0</td><td>525</td><td>77.0</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>EA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>TEC-04</td><td>-1.75</td><td>-51.52</td><td>1.0</td><td>474</td><td>76.4</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>EA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>TEC-05</td><td>-1.78</td><td>-51.59</td><td>1.0</td><td>510</td><td>67.3</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>GSh</td><td>Flooded</td><td>Fr. Guiana</td><td>PAR-21</td><td>5.28</td><td>-52.92</td><td>1.0</td><td>590</td><td>87.6</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>GSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Fr. Guiana</td><td>NOU-02</td><td>4.09</td><td>-52.67</td><td>1.0</td><td>512</td><td>90.8</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>GSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Fr. Guiana</td><td>NOU-11</td><td>4.08</td><td>-52.68</td><td>1.0</td><td>524</td><td>94.1</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>GSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Fr. Guiana</td><td>NOU-12</td><td>4.08</td><td>-52.68</td><td>1.0</td><td>475</td><td>81.7</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>GSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Fr. Guiana</td><td>NOU-15</td><td>4.08</td><td>-52.68</td><td>1.0</td><td>482</td><td>83.8</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>GSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Fr. Guiana</td><td>NOU-17</td><td>4.08</td><td>-52.68</td><td>1.0</td><td>572</td><td>81.3</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>GSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Fr. Guiana</td><td>NOU-18</td><td>4.08</td><td>-52.68</td><td>1.0</td><td>567</td><td>81.8</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>GSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Fr. Guiana</td><td>PAR-20</td><td>5.28</td><td>-52.92</td><td>1.5</td><td>927</td><td>88.3</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>GSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Fr. Guiana</td><td>PAR-22</td><td>5.28</td><td>-52.92</td><td>1.5</td><td>968</td><td>82.2</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>GSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Fr. Guiana</td><td>PAR-23</td><td>5.28</td><td>-52.92</td><td>2.0</td><td>499</td><td>86.4</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>GSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Guyana</td><td>FMH-01</td><td>5.17</td><td>-58.69</td><td>1.0</td><td>455</td><td>95.8</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>GSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Guyana</td><td>FMH-02</td><td>5.17</td><td>-58.69</td><td>1.0</td><td>353</td><td>92.4</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>GSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Guyana</td><td>IWO-03</td><td>4.53</td><td>-58.78</td><td>1.0</td><td>563</td><td>75.0</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>GSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Guyana</td><td>IWO-11</td><td>4.62</td><td>-58.72</td><td>1.0</td><td>445</td><td>78.4</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>GSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Guyana</td><td>IWO-12</td><td>4.73</td><td>-58.72</td><td>1.0</td><td>450</td><td>77.1</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>GSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Guyana</td><td>IWO-22</td><td>4.62</td><td>-58.72</td><td>1.0</td><td>443</td><td>84.0</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>GSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Guyana</td><td>PIB-05</td><td>5.02</td><td>-58.62</td><td>1.0</td><td>470</td><td>86.8</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>GSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Guyana</td><td>PIB-06</td><td>5.01</td><td>-58.62</td><td>1.0</td><td>494</td><td>93.5</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>GSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Guyana</td><td>PIB-12</td><td>5.03</td><td>-58.60</td><td>1.0</td><td>407</td><td>84.5</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>GSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Suriname</td><td>BBS-04</td><td>4.97</td><td>-55.18</td><td>1.0</td><td>465</td><td>77.2</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>GSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Suriname</td><td>BBS-05</td><td>4.99</td><td>-55.20</td><td>1.0</td><td>515</td><td>82.7</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>GSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Suriname</td><td>BBS-07</td><td>4.92</td><td>-55.13</td><td>1.0</td><td>458</td><td>80.3</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>GSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Suriname</td><td>BBS-08</td><td>4.93</td><td>-55.14</td><td>1.0</td><td>555</td><td>75.7</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>GSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Suriname</td><td>LMS-04</td><td>4.25</td><td>-54.73</td><td>1.0</td><td>524</td><td>67.0</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>GSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Suriname</td><td>LMS-05</td><td>4.25</td><td>-54.73</td><td>1.0</td><td>981</td><td>76.8</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>GSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Suriname</td><td>LMS-06</td><td>4.26</td><td>-54.78</td><td>1.0</td><td>477</td><td>68.3</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>GSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Suriname</td><td>LMS-07</td><td>4.27</td><td>-54.78</td><td>1.0</td><td>476</td><td>74.2</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>GSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Suriname</td><td>LMS-08</td><td>4.27</td><td>-54.75</td><td>1.0</td><td>489</td><td>72.8</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>GSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Suriname</td><td>NMS-01</td><td>4.78</td><td>-54.62</td><td>1.0</td><td>475</td><td>69.1</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>GSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Suriname</td><td>NMS-03</td><td>4.82</td><td>-54.60</td><td>1.0</td><td>497</td><td>76.3</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>GSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Suriname</td><td>NMS-04</td><td>4.93</td><td>-54.52</td><td>1.0</td><td>739</td><td>78.3</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>GSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Suriname</td><td>NMS-05</td><td>4.93</td><td>-54.52</td><td>1.0</td><td>810</td><td>80.2</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>GSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Suriname</td><td>NMS-06</td><td>4.83</td><td>-54.61</td><td>1.0</td><td>607</td><td>68.7</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>GSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Venezuela</td><td>ELD-01</td><td>6.10</td><td>-61.39</td><td>1.0</td><td>576</td><td>94.6</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>GSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Venezuela</td><td>PTA-01</td><td>5.11</td><td>-67.74</td><td>1.0</td><td>500</td><td>89.6</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>GSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Venezuela</td><td>PTA-02</td><td>5.84</td><td>-67.45</td><td>1.0</td><td>436</td><td>95.4</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>GSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Venezuela</td><td>PTA-03</td><td>5.11</td><td>-67.74</td><td>1.0</td><td>593</td><td>94.4</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>GSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Venezuela</td><td>PTA-04</td><td>5.84</td><td>-67.49</td><td>1.0</td><td>407</td><td>87.0</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>GSh</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Venezuela</td><td>SCR-05</td><td>1.93</td><td>-67.04</td><td>1.0</td><td>681</td><td>93.1</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>GSh</td><td>White sand</td><td>Guyana</td><td>FMH-03</td><td>5.18</td><td>-58.70</td><td>1.0</td><td>635</td><td>91.0</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>GSh</td><td>White sand</td><td>Guyana</td><td>IWO-09</td><td>4.61</td><td>-58.73</td><td>1.0</td><td>675</td><td>70.2</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th>Biome</th><th>Region</th><th>Forest type</th><th>Country</th><th>Plot code</th><th>Lat</th><th>Long</th><th>Area (ha)</th><th>Nº Ind.</th><th>ID (%)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>GSh</td><td>White sand</td><td>Guyana</td><td>IWO-21</td><td>4.63</td><td>-58.74</td><td>1.0</td><td>563</td><td>90.2</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>GSh</td><td>White sand</td><td>Venezuela</td><td>SCR-04</td><td>1.93</td><td>-67.04</td><td>1.0</td><td>829</td><td>95.8</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NSA</td><td>Flooded</td><td>Colombia</td><td>AMA-02</td><td>5.58</td><td>-77.50</td><td>1.0</td><td>453</td><td>81.9</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NSA</td><td>Montane</td><td>Colombia</td><td>BET-01</td><td>6.92</td><td>-73.30</td><td>1.0</td><td>936</td><td>91.0</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NSA</td><td>Montane</td><td>Colombia</td><td>BET-02</td><td>6.92</td><td>-73.30</td><td>1.0</td><td>889</td><td>84.0</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NSA</td><td>Montane</td><td>Colombia</td><td>DIV-01</td><td>7.05</td><td>-73.02</td><td>1.0</td><td>824</td><td>76.9</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NSA</td><td>Montane</td><td>Colombia</td><td>MTV-01</td><td>6.28</td><td>-75.51</td><td>1.0</td><td>1050</td><td>92.8</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NSA</td><td>Montane</td><td>Colombia</td><td>SSE-01</td><td>6.10</td><td>-75.51</td><td>1.0</td><td>891</td><td>69.0</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NSA</td><td>Montane</td><td>Venezuela</td><td>SEU-03</td><td>8.64</td><td>-71.41</td><td>1.0</td><td>676</td><td>89.5</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NSA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Colombia</td><td>ECE-01</td><td>10.68</td><td>-75.27</td><td>1.0</td><td>352</td><td>95.2</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NSA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Colombia</td><td>KAL-01</td><td>11.24</td><td>-74.14</td><td>1.0</td><td>363</td><td>78.5</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NSA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Colombia</td><td>PTN-01</td><td>6.12</td><td>-74.67</td><td>1.0</td><td>540</td><td>66.1</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NSA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Colombia</td><td>SRF-01</td><td>6.27</td><td>-75.09</td><td>0.9</td><td>632</td><td>72.3</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NWA</td><td>Flooded</td><td>Colombia</td><td>ZAR-02</td><td>-4.00</td><td>-69.90</td><td>1.0</td><td>624</td><td>73.2</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NWA</td><td>Flooded</td><td>Ecuador</td><td>JAS-05</td><td>-1.06</td><td>-77.62</td><td>1.0</td><td>557</td><td>86.2</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NWA</td><td>Flooded</td><td>Ecuador</td><td>TIP-03</td><td>-0.64</td><td>-76.15</td><td>1.0</td><td>444</td><td>67.6</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NWA</td><td>Flooded</td><td>Peru</td><td>JEN-13</td><td>-4.92</td><td>-73.54</td><td>1.0</td><td>643</td><td>70.3</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NWA</td><td>Flooded</td><td>Peru</td><td>SUC-03</td><td>-3.25</td><td>-72.92</td><td>1.0</td><td>599</td><td>98.7</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NWA</td><td>Montane</td><td>Peru</td><td>PNY-01</td><td>-10.38</td><td>-75.47</td><td>1.0</td><td>580</td><td>87.4</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NWA</td><td>Montane</td><td>Peru</td><td>PNY-02</td><td>-10.30</td><td>-75.61</td><td>1.0</td><td>653</td><td>68.8</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>JAM-01</td><td>-4.67</td><td>-66.17</td><td>4.0</td><td>3118</td><td>82.4</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Colombia</td><td>AGP-01</td><td>-3.72</td><td>-70.31</td><td>1.0</td><td>625</td><td>93.8</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Colombia</td><td>AGP-02</td><td>-3.72</td><td>-70.30</td><td>1.0</td><td>584</td><td>90.1</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Colombia</td><td>LOR-01</td><td>-3.06</td><td>-69.99</td><td>1.0</td><td>604</td><td>88.2</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Colombia</td><td>LOR-02</td><td>-3.06</td><td>-69.99</td><td>1.0</td><td>578</td><td>87.2</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Colombia</td><td>ZAR-03</td><td>-3.99</td><td>-69.90</td><td>1.0</td><td>692</td><td>67.1</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Colombia</td><td>ZAR-04</td><td>-3.99</td><td>-69.91</td><td>1.0</td><td>652</td><td>68.3</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Ecuador</td><td>BOG-01</td><td>-0.70</td><td>-76.48</td><td>1.0</td><td>544</td><td>80.1</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Ecuador</td><td>BOG-02</td><td>-0.70</td><td>-76.47</td><td>1.0</td><td>614</td><td>78.5</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Ecuador</td><td>JAS-02</td><td>-1.07</td><td>-77.62</td><td>1.0</td><td>724</td><td>89.4</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Ecuador</td><td>JAS-03</td><td>-1.08</td><td>-77.61</td><td>1.0</td><td>648</td><td>91.0</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Ecuador</td><td>JAS-04</td><td>-1.07</td><td>-77.61</td><td>1.0</td><td>794</td><td>69.8</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Ecuador</td><td>JUY-01</td><td>-2.13</td><td>-76.20</td><td>1.0</td><td>620</td><td>65.5</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Ecuador</td><td>PAY-01</td><td>-0.45</td><td>-77.03</td><td>1.0</td><td>653</td><td>67.8</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Ecuador</td><td>SHI-01</td><td>-1.02</td><td>-76.98</td><td>1.0</td><td>628</td><td>94.1</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Ecuador</td><td>SUM-01</td><td>-0.60</td><td>-77.63</td><td>0.8</td><td>572</td><td>77.6</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Ecuador</td><td>TIP-01</td><td>-0.66</td><td>-76.40</td><td>1.0</td><td>566</td><td>78.4</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Ecuador</td><td>TIP-02</td><td>-0.63</td><td>-76.14</td><td>1.0</td><td>502</td><td>82.9</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Peru</td><td>ALP-01</td><td>-3.95</td><td>-73.43</td><td>1.0</td><td>612</td><td>92.3</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Peru</td><td>ALP-02</td><td>-3.95</td><td>-73.44</td><td>1.0</td><td>593</td><td>92.6</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Peru</td><td>CDM-01</td><td>-10.33</td><td>-75.30</td><td>1.0</td><td>520</td><td>72.5</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Peru</td><td>IND-01</td><td>-3.52</td><td>-72.85</td><td>1.0</td><td>488</td><td>71.1</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Peru</td><td>JEN-11</td><td>-4.88</td><td>-73.63</td><td>1.0</td><td>600</td><td>85.3</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Peru</td><td>MSH-01</td><td>-3.78</td><td>-73.50</td><td>1.0</td><td>813</td><td>92.4</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Peru</td><td>PNY-03</td><td>-10.31</td><td>-75.29</td><td>1.0</td><td>797</td><td>75.9</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Peru</td><td>PNY-04</td><td>-10.34</td><td>-75.25</td><td>1.0</td><td>542</td><td>83.0</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Peru</td><td>PNY-05</td><td>-10.35</td><td>-75.25</td><td>1.0</td><td>573</td><td>88.7</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Peru</td><td>PNY-06</td><td>-10.36</td><td>-75.25</td><td>1.0</td><td>481</td><td>82.3</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Peru</td><td>PNY-07</td><td>-10.35</td><td>-75.26</td><td>1.0</td><td>536</td><td>84.0</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Peru</td><td>RCS-01</td><td>-9.47</td><td>-74.77</td><td>1.0</td><td>639</td><td>66.4</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Peru</td><td>RCS-05</td><td>-9.62</td><td>-74.93</td><td>1.0</td><td>595</td><td>89.1</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Peru</td><td>SUC-01</td><td>-3.25</td><td>-72.91</td><td>1.0</td><td>594</td><td>92.9</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Peru</td><td>SUC-02</td><td>-3.25</td><td>-72.90</td><td>1.0</td><td>591</td><td>94.9</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Peru</td><td>SUC-04</td><td>-3.25</td><td>-72.89</td><td>1.0</td><td>614</td><td>93.2</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Peru</td><td>SUC-05</td><td>-3.26</td><td>-72.89</td><td>1.0</td><td>561</td><td>90.6</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th>Biome</th><th>Region</th><th>Forest type</th><th>Country</th><th>Plot code</th><th>Lat</th><th>Long</th><th>Area (ha)</th><th>Nº Ind.</th><th>ID (%)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Peru</td><td>YAN-01</td><td>-3.43</td><td>-72.84</td><td>1.0</td><td>567</td><td>95.8</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Peru</td><td>YAN-02</td><td>-3.43</td><td>-72.84</td><td>1.0</td><td>599</td><td>94.0</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NWA</td><td>White sand</td><td>Colombia</td><td>ZAR-01</td><td>-4.01</td><td>-69.91</td><td>1.0</td><td>872</td><td>73.6</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NWA</td><td>White sand</td><td>Peru</td><td>ALP-30</td><td>-3.95</td><td>-73.43</td><td>1.0</td><td>504</td><td>93.5</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NWA</td><td>White sand</td><td>Peru</td><td>ALP-40</td><td>-3.94</td><td>-73.44</td><td>1.0</td><td>1209</td><td>73.6</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>NWA</td><td>White sand</td><td>Peru</td><td>JEN-12</td><td>-4.90</td><td>-73.63</td><td>1.0</td><td>744</td><td>91.3</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Flooded</td><td>Peru</td><td>AGJ-01</td><td>-11.89</td><td>-71.36</td><td>2.0</td><td>1314</td><td>93.6</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Flooded</td><td>Peru</td><td>LAS-02</td><td>-12.57</td><td>-70.09</td><td>1.0</td><td>596</td><td>86.9</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Flooded</td><td>Peru</td><td>MNU-01</td><td>-11.89</td><td>-71.41</td><td>2.3</td><td>1305</td><td>93.7</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Flooded</td><td>Peru</td><td>MNU-05</td><td>-11.88</td><td>-71.41</td><td>2.0</td><td>1252</td><td>93.2</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Flooded</td><td>Peru</td><td>MNU-06</td><td>-11.89</td><td>-71.40</td><td>2.3</td><td>1155</td><td>95.1</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Flooded</td><td>Peru</td><td>TAM-03</td><td>-12.84</td><td>-69.28</td><td>1.0</td><td>650</td><td>95.4</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Montane</td><td>Peru</td><td>ESP-01</td><td>-13.18</td><td>-71.59</td><td>1.0</td><td>709</td><td>82.1</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Montane</td><td>Peru</td><td>TRU-01</td><td>-13.11</td><td>-71.61</td><td>1.0</td><td>647</td><td>79.1</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Montane</td><td>Peru</td><td>TRU-02</td><td>-13.11</td><td>-71.60</td><td>1.0</td><td>743</td><td>77.4</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Montane</td><td>Peru</td><td>TRU-03</td><td>-13.11</td><td>-71.60</td><td>1.0</td><td>561</td><td>75.4</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Montane</td><td>Peru</td><td>TRU-04</td><td>-13.11</td><td>-71.59</td><td>1.0</td><td>888</td><td>70.8</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Montane</td><td>Peru</td><td>TRU-05</td><td>-13.09</td><td>-71.57</td><td>1.0</td><td>1001</td><td>82.1</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Montane</td><td>Peru</td><td>TRU-06</td><td>-13.08</td><td>-71.57</td><td>1.0</td><td>862</td><td>73.4</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Montane</td><td>Peru</td><td>WAY-01</td><td>-13.19</td><td>-71.59</td><td>1.0</td><td>1100</td><td>88.1</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>BEE-01</td><td>-16.53</td><td>-64.58</td><td>1.0</td><td>574</td><td>87.1</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>BEE-05</td><td>-16.53</td><td>-64.58</td><td>1.0</td><td>544</td><td>94.7</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>MBT-01</td><td>-10.07</td><td>-65.89</td><td>1.0</td><td>451</td><td>82.5</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>MBT-02</td><td>-10.05</td><td>-65.89</td><td>1.0</td><td>403</td><td>73.0</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>MBT-04</td><td>-10.31</td><td>-65.55</td><td>1.0</td><td>493</td><td>69.6</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>MBT-05</td><td>-10.03</td><td>-65.63</td><td>1.0</td><td>456</td><td>74.3</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>MBT-07</td><td>-9.91</td><td>-65.74</td><td>1.0</td><td>485</td><td>75.3</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>MBT-08</td><td>-9.94</td><td>-65.75</td><td>1.0</td><td>442</td><td>74.4</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>MTG-01</td><td>-19.27</td><td>-63.83</td><td>1.0</td><td>535</td><td>82.6</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>RET-05</td><td>-10.97</td><td>-65.72</td><td>1.0</td><td>597</td><td>83.9</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>RET-06</td><td>-10.97</td><td>-65.72</td><td>1.0</td><td>524</td><td>87.0</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>RET-08</td><td>-10.97</td><td>-65.72</td><td>1.0</td><td>526</td><td>89.2</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>RET-09</td><td>-10.97</td><td>-65.72</td><td>1.0</td><td>474</td><td>90.5</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>DOI-01</td><td>-10.57</td><td>-68.32</td><td>1.0</td><td>479</td><td>77.7</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>FEC-01</td><td>-10.07</td><td>-67.62</td><td>1.0</td><td>521</td><td>70.2</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>POR-01</td><td>-10.82</td><td>-68.77</td><td>1.0</td><td>558</td><td>79.9</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Brazil</td><td>POR-02</td><td>-10.80</td><td>-68.77</td><td>1.0</td><td>535</td><td>75.9</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Peru</td><td>ALM-01</td><td>-11.80</td><td>-71.47</td><td>2.0</td><td>1226</td><td>89.5</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Peru</td><td>BAR-01</td><td>-11.90</td><td>-71.42</td><td>1.0</td><td>473</td><td>92.8</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Peru</td><td>CAG-01</td><td>-12.18</td><td>-69.05</td><td>1.1</td><td>663</td><td>92.8</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Peru</td><td>CAL-01</td><td>-12.80</td><td>-71.78</td><td>1.0</td><td>630</td><td>72.4</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Peru</td><td>CAL-02</td><td>-12.81</td><td>-71.78</td><td>1.0</td><td>848</td><td>71.1</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Peru</td><td>CBP-01</td><td>-12.39</td><td>-69.31</td><td>0.9</td><td>537</td><td>97.0</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Peru</td><td>CJC-04</td><td>-12.66</td><td>-69.08</td><td>0.7</td><td>562</td><td>93.4</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Peru</td><td>CLT-01</td><td>-12.82</td><td>-69.35</td><td>0.9</td><td>581</td><td>94.3</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Peru</td><td>CUZ-01</td><td>-12.54</td><td>-69.06</td><td>1.0</td><td>516</td><td>98.6</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Peru</td><td>CUZ-02</td><td>-12.54</td><td>-69.06</td><td>1.0</td><td>553</td><td>98.2</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Peru</td><td>CUZ-03</td><td>-12.53</td><td>-69.05</td><td>1.0</td><td>497</td><td>97.0</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Peru</td><td>CUZ-04</td><td>-12.54</td><td>-69.05</td><td>1.0</td><td>558</td><td>94.1</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Peru</td><td>INF-01</td><td>-12.73</td><td>-69.70</td><td>1.3</td><td>810</td><td>82.3</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Peru</td><td>MNU-03</td><td>-11.90</td><td>-71.40</td><td>2.0</td><td>1281</td><td>93.6</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Peru</td><td>MNU-04</td><td>-11.90</td><td>-71.40</td><td>2.0</td><td>1196</td><td>92.9</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Peru</td><td>MNU-08</td><td>-12.00</td><td>-71.24</td><td>2.0</td><td>1153</td><td>96.2</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Peru</td><td>MNU-09</td><td>-12.04</td><td>-71.21</td><td>2.0</td><td>971</td><td>97.4</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Peru</td><td>PAK-01</td><td>-11.94</td><td>-71.28</td><td>1.0</td><td>575</td><td>89.6</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th>Biome</th><th>Region</th><th>Forest type</th><th>Country</th><th>Plot code</th><th>Lat</th><th>Long</th><th>Area (ha)</th><th>Nº Ind.</th><th>ID (%)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Peru</td><td>RPA-01</td><td>-12.39</td><td>-69.36</td><td>1.0</td><td>494</td><td>76.9</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Peru</td><td>RPI-01</td><td>-12.36</td><td>-69.23</td><td>1.0</td><td>552</td><td>86.4</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Peru</td><td>RTH-01</td><td>-11.37</td><td>-69.66</td><td>1.0</td><td>525</td><td>93.1</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Peru</td><td>TAM-01</td><td>-12.84</td><td>-69.29</td><td>1.0</td><td>566</td><td>95.6</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Peru</td><td>TAM-02</td><td>-12.83</td><td>-69.29</td><td>1.0</td><td>600</td><td>93.0</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Peru</td><td>TAM-05</td><td>-12.83</td><td>-69.27</td><td>1.0</td><td>532</td><td>93.6</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Peru</td><td>TAM-06</td><td>-12.84</td><td>-69.30</td><td>1.0</td><td>544</td><td>93.6</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Peru</td><td>TAM-07</td><td>-12.83</td><td>-69.26</td><td>1.0</td><td>549</td><td>89.3</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Peru</td><td>TAM-08</td><td>-12.83</td><td>-69.27</td><td>1.0</td><td>532</td><td>93.0</td></tr><tr><td>Tr. moist forest</td><td>SWA</td><td>Terra firme</td><td>Peru</td><td>TMP-01</td><td>-13.13</td><td>-69.57</td><td>2.3</td><td>1306</td><td>81.5</td></tr><tr><td>Savanna</td><td>BSh</td><td>Savanna</td><td>Brazil</td><td>LET-01</td><td>-14.71</td><td>-52.35</td><td>1.0</td><td>375</td><td>100.0</td></tr><tr><td>Savanna</td><td>BSh</td><td>Savanna</td><td>Brazil</td><td>NXV-01</td><td>-14.71</td><td>-52.35</td><td>1.0</td><td>341</td><td>99.7</td></tr><tr><td>Savanna</td><td>BSh</td><td>Savanna</td><td>Brazil</td><td>NXV-03</td><td>-14.71</td><td>-52.35</td><td>0.5</td><td>320</td><td>99.7</td></tr><tr><td>Savanna</td><td>BSh</td><td>Savanna</td><td>Brazil</td><td>NXV-05</td><td>-14.71</td><td>-52.35</td><td>0.5</td><td>439</td><td>99.3</td></tr><tr><td>Savanna</td><td>BSh</td><td>Savanna</td><td>Brazil</td><td>SMT-01</td><td>-12.82</td><td>-51.77</td><td>1.0</td><td>380</td><td>99.5</td></tr><tr><td>SDTF</td><td>BSh</td><td>Dry forest</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>ACU-01</td><td>-15.25</td><td>-61.25</td><td>1.0</td><td>479</td><td>95.4</td></tr><tr><td>SDTF</td><td>BSh</td><td>Dry forest</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>ACU-02</td><td>-15.25</td><td>-61.24</td><td>1.0</td><td>406</td><td>90.6</td></tr><tr><td>SDTF</td><td>BSh</td><td>Dry forest</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>ALV-01</td><td>-16.12</td><td>-61.89</td><td>1.0</td><td>479</td><td>98.5</td></tr><tr><td>SDTF</td><td>BSh</td><td>Dry forest</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>ALV-02</td><td>-16.08</td><td>-61.89</td><td>1.0</td><td>423</td><td>98.3</td></tr><tr><td>SDTF</td><td>BSh</td><td>Dry forest</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>CRP-01</td><td>-14.54</td><td>-61.50</td><td>1.0</td><td>456</td><td>95.8</td></tr><tr><td>SDTF</td><td>BSh</td><td>Dry forest</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>CRP-02</td><td>-14.54</td><td>-61.50</td><td>1.0</td><td>464</td><td>92.7</td></tr><tr><td>SDTF</td><td>BSh</td><td>Dry forest</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>KEN-02</td><td>-16.02</td><td>-62.73</td><td>1.0</td><td>396</td><td>98.7</td></tr><tr><td>SDTF</td><td>BSh</td><td>Dry forest</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>OTT-01</td><td>-16.39</td><td>-61.21</td><td>1.0</td><td>422</td><td>95.7</td></tr><tr><td>SDTF</td><td>BSh</td><td>Dry forest</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>OTT-03</td><td>-16.42</td><td>-61.19</td><td>1.0</td><td>252</td><td>98.8</td></tr><tr><td>SDTF</td><td>SWA</td><td>Dry forest</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>TUC-01</td><td>-18.52</td><td>-60.81</td><td>1.0</td><td>758</td><td>98.5</td></tr><tr><td>SDTF</td><td>NSA</td><td>Dry forest</td><td>Venezuela</td><td>BAC-01</td><td>7.46</td><td>-71.01</td><td>1.5</td><td>432</td><td>95.1</td></tr><tr><td>SDTF</td><td>NSA</td><td>Dry forest</td><td>Venezuela</td><td>CAI-01</td><td>8.70</td><td>-70.07</td><td>1.5</td><td>424</td><td>94.1</td></tr><tr><td>SDTF</td><td>NSA</td><td>Dry forest</td><td>Venezuela</td><td>CLA-03</td><td>10.01</td><td>-65.32</td><td>0.5</td><td>302</td><td>98.3</td></tr></tbody></table>
## DNA sequence-based genus-level phylogeny construction

In order to determine if PD metrics are affected by phylogenetic resolution, we compared our results generated using the PHYLOCOM phylogeny with those using a phylogeny of Amazonian tree genera generated from DNA sequences of *rbcL* and *matK* plastid genes (Dexter & Chavez, unpublished data). These regions were chosen as they are alignable across all angiosperms, and many sequences were already available for many genera because they represent the two markers selected for DNA barcoding in plants (Hollingsworth *et al.*, 2009). The details of DNA extraction, PCR, and DNA sequencing protocols can be found in Gonzalez *et al.* (2009). We generated new *rbcL* sequence data for 276 genera and *matK* data for 122 genera. This was supplemented with *rbcL* data for 340 genera and *matK* data for 327 genera from GenBank. All genera (n=616) were represented with an *rbcL* sequence. We included sequences of *Amborella trichopoda* (Amborellaceae) and *Nymphaea alba* (Nymphaeaceae) as outgroups.

We estimated an initial tree using maximum likelihood analysis with separate partitions for *rbcL* and *matK* in RAxML v7.0.3 (Stamatakis, 2014), on the CIPRES web server (www.phylo.org). This initial tree was used as a starting point for simultaneous topology and divergence time estimation in the software package BEAST v1.54 (Drummond & Rambaut, 2007). We implemented a relaxed log-normal molecular clock and a Yule pure-birth model of speciation. We conducted one initial run of 10⁶ generations without any constraints on node ages to generate an ultrametric starting tree for subsequent analyses with fossil-based constraints. In total, we constrained 24 internal nodes using log-normal prior distributions with a median value equal to the fossil age estimate, a standard deviation equal to 5% of the age estimate, and a hard age minimum equal to 80% of the age estimate (see Table S2 for
nodes and full prior distribution parameters). This prior distribution represents uncertainty in
both fossil age estimates and in their correspondence to the true appearance of lineages that is
proportional to the age of the fossil. The constraints selected were taken from (Magallon &
Castillo, 2009; Smith et al., 2010). We placed no constraint on the root age of the tree. We
conducted several initial runs of 10⁶ generations to optimize operator settings before
conducting two final runs of 10⁸ generations. We assessed the two final runs for convergence
and then combined their posterior distribution of trees after a burn-in of 10⁷ generations for
each run. In the combined distribution, most parameter values including the prior, likelihood,
posterior, and node age estimates had effective sample sizes greater than 200. We generated
the 'best' tree by calculating the majority-rule consensus tree of all compatible clades and
assigned branch-lengths and divergence times to the tree that correspond to the mean values
across the posterior distribution of trees (using TreeAnnotator v1.5.4; Drummond &
Rambaut, 2007).

We converted the genus-level phylogeny into a species-level phylogeny by generating a
random phylogeny via a birth-death process (b = 1.0, d = 0.9) with n tips for each genus
where n corresponds to the number of species in our dataset for a given genus. Species were
assigned to the tips in their respective genera randomly. The final phylogeny includes 3,467
species (89.6 % of species in the whole tree community dataset), 487 genera (66.5 % of total
number of genera), and 103 families (81.7 % of total number of families).
<table><caption>Table S2. Fossil-based calibrations for prior ages of clades in the simultaneous analysis of topology and divergence times (BEAST v1.54; Drummond & Rambaut, 2007).</caption><thead><tr><th>Clade</th><th>Crown/Stem</th><th>Offset</th><th>Mean</th><th>Standard deviation</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Apocynaceae</td><td>Stem</td><td>29.8</td><td>7.7</td><td>0.27</td></tr><tr><td>Brassicaceae</td><td>Stem</td><td>71.4</td><td>22.7</td><td>0.65</td></tr><tr><td>Caryophyllales</td><td>Crown</td><td>66.8</td><td>20.2</td><td>0.62</td></tr><tr><td>Core Eudicots</td><td>Stem</td><td>100</td><td>45.7</td><td>1.1</td></tr><tr><td>Cunoniaceae</td><td>Stem</td><td>66.8</td><td>20.2</td><td>0.62</td></tr><tr><td>Ericales</td><td>Crown</td><td>73</td><td>22.6</td><td>0.66</td></tr><tr><td>Fabales</td><td>Crown</td><td>48</td><td>13.5</td><td>0.48</td></tr><tr><td>Fagales</td><td>Stem</td><td>76.8</td><td>24.2</td><td>0.68</td></tr><tr><td>Lamiales</td><td>Crown</td><td>35.4</td><td>9.5</td><td>0.35</td></tr><tr><td>Laurales</td><td>Crown</td><td>84.6</td><td>27.5</td><td>0.72</td></tr><tr><td>Magnoliales</td><td>Stem</td><td>89.6</td><td>29.7</td><td>0.75</td></tr><tr><td>Malpighiales</td><td>Crown</td><td>71.2</td><td>22</td><td>0.65</td></tr><tr><td>Malvales</td><td>Crown</td><td>55.8</td><td>16.1</td><td>0.54</td></tr><tr><td>Myrtales</td><td>Crown</td><td>70.4</td><td>21.6</td><td>0.64</td></tr><tr><td>Santalales</td><td>Crown</td><td>41.6</td><td>11.3</td><td>0.41</td></tr><tr><td>Sapindales</td><td>Crown</td><td>52</td><td>14.8</td><td>0.51</td></tr><tr><td>Solanales</td><td>Crown</td><td>35.4</td><td>9.5</td><td>0.35</td></tr><tr><td>Ulmaceae</td><td>Crown</td><td>27.2</td><td>7</td><td>0.23</td></tr><tr><td>Anacardiaceae</td><td>Stem</td><td>52.8</td><td>15.1</td><td>0.52</td></tr><tr><td>Annonaceae</td><td>Stem</td><td>56</td><td>16.2</td><td>0.54</td></tr><tr><td>Arecaceae</td><td>Crown</td><td>52</td><td>14.8</td><td>0.51</td></tr><tr><td><i>Chrysobalanus</i></td><td>Stem</td><td>26.4</td><td>6.8</td><td>0.22</td></tr><tr><td>Combretaceae</td><td>Stem</td><td>59.2</td><td>17.4</td><td>0.57</td></tr><tr><td>Moraceae</td><td>Stem</td><td>59.2</td><td>17.4</td><td>0.57</td></tr><tr><td>Sapotaceae</td><td>Stem</td><td>52.8</td><td>15.1</td><td>0.52</td></tr></tbody></table>
<figure><img src="image_13.png" /></figure>

Figure S1. Phylogenetic tree for the whole species pool for 283 floristic inventories compiled from RAINFOR dataset and produced in PHYLOCOM. This phylogeny reflects the most current understanding of the phylogenetic relationship among families for angiosperms (Bremer *et al.*, 2009), but the resolution among genera or species is poor, i.e. lower taxa are represented as polytomies in the phylogeny, for example, with identical node age for congeneric species.
<figure><img src="image_14.png" /><figcaption>Figure S2. Relationships (upper triangle) and correlation values (lower triangle) among six phylogenetic diversity metrics (phylogenetic diversity *sensu stricto*: PDss, mean pairwise phylogenetic distance between species: MPD, mean nearest taxon distance: MNTD, and their equivalents, standardised for species richness: ses.PDss, ses.MPD, and ses.MNTD), species richness (SR), and the proportion of species of Magnoliids and Monocots (= 1 - Eudicots).</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_15.png" /></figure>

Figure S3. Distributions of species across the three major angiosperm clades for tree communities with increasing values of mean pairwise phylogenetic distance between species (MPD): (a) 200-226 Ma, (b) 227-253 Ma, and (c) 254-280 Ma. Note that MPD increases when clades are more evenly distributed in the community.
<figure><img src="image_16.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_17.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_18.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_19.png" /></figure>

Figure S4. Relationships between phylogenetic diversity metrics and the percentage of unidentified individuals excluded for each plot. Linear regression fits are provided for (a) PDss (F = 1.63, r² = 0.002, p = 0.20), (b) ses.PDss (F = 4.61, r² = 0.013, p < 0.05), (c) ses.MPD (F = 2.09, r² = 0.004, p = 0.15), and (d) ses.MNTD (F = 3.05, r² = 0.007, p = 0.08).
<figure><img src="image_20.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_21.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_22.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_23.png" /></figure>

Figure S5. (a-d) Sensitivity analysis of phylogenetic diversity metrics for the tropical moist forest biome calculated using different number of individuals per plot. Values calculated using rarefaction procedure to 249 and 500 individuals per plot are compared. The regression fit (solid line) and the 1:1 (thin line) lines are similar, indicating that general patterns are conserved irrespective of the number of individuals used per plot in the analysis.
<figure><img src="image_24.png" /><figcaption>Figure S6. Variation in four phylogenetic diversity metrics across Amazonia calculated using the sequence-based genus-level phylogeny. Plots with more than 80% of species and individuals sampled in the genus-level phylogeny were used in the analysis: TRF.y = 111 plots, TRF.i = 41 plots, TRF.o = 95 plots, S = 1 plot, and SDTF = 9 plots.</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_25.png" /><figcaption>Figure S7. Sensitivity analysis of six phylogenetic diversity metrics calculated using the family-level phylogeny produced in PHYLOCOM (phylogeny 1) and the sequence-based genus-level phylogeny (phylogeny 2). The 1:1 lines are given in each graph (n = 257 plots).</figcaption></figure>
**Supplementary references**

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