# Links between tatamis-research and research-tatamis :
The contribution of research to tatamis and the
contribution of tatamis to research

Michel Calmet

► To cite this version:

Michel Calmet. Links between tatamis-research and research-tatamis : The contribution of research to tatamis and the contribution of tatamis to research. 7TH SCIENTIFIC AND PROFESSIONAL CONFERENCE : "APPLICABLE RESEARCH IN JUDO ", European Judo Union - Croatian Judo Federation - University of Zagreb Faculty of Kinesiology, Jun 2024, POREČ, Croatia. pp.164. hal-04757736

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Links between tatamis - research and research – tatamis

The contribution of research to tatamis and the contribution of tatamis to research

Michel CALMET

Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisas em Lutas, Artes Marciais e Modalidades Esportivas de Combate, da
Universidade de São Paulo. USP - Universidade de São Paulo

Lecturer at the University of Aix-Marseille

Thank you to the team who organize this 7th scientific and professional conference.

ABSTRACT

Examples from the tatami and from research illustrate the advantages and limitations of the links
between tatami and research. The aim in this 7th Conference, is to show, within 5 examples, that there
are convergences that can benefit both fields.

The analysis of two articles (sports magazine vs. scientific magazine) on judoka attack systems shows
the convergence of profiles proposed and the interest of the scientific approach.

The results of the analysis of judoka's efficiency in the standing-to-ground-work transition (scientific book chapter) offer a useful reading grid in competition and/or training.

The use of scientifically established physiological data underlines the contribution made by research,
explaining, for example : (1) the dangers of training to resist strangulation; (2) how to organize uchi-
komi and nage-komi differently.

Analysis of the use of video enables us to differentiate between video assistance and video analysis and
presents tools for training or decision support.

These examples illustrate the need for scientific reflection (method, approach, repeatability, refutability)
to ensure that the results obtained are scientifically valid, and the possibilities of linking this research
with the tatami and vice versa.

Keys-word: links research-trainers, behaviors analysis, decision support system, judo.
Introduction

My communication in 2014 was entitled : "Beyond the white reflecting image that is the judogi:
research, works and thoughts on balance, education, and creativity in judo".

My works always concern these themes.

The aim in this 7th Conference, is to show, within five examples, that there are convergences that can benefit both fields.

These five examples concern the attack system, the tachi-waza => ne-waza transition, resistance to shime-waza, uchi-komi and nage-komi and video analysis.

With the exception of shime-waza resistance, all these examples are based on tatami use and/or scientific publications. There are (many) other examples that demonstrate these convergences. I'm thinking in particular of the work of Emerson Franchini and Stanislaw Sterkowicz concerning judo tests and physiological knowledges. You'll be familiar with Emidio Centracchio's work on video analysis, and we'll have a lot of work to do with the data he puts online on his site.
## Example 1: the judoka attack system

The concept of *tokui-waza* has long been questioned in terms of the attack system. In 1975, Baudot, Pelletier and Urvoy wrote:

> "Many judokas base their judo on their *tokui-waza*. In combat, they attempt it in distinct phases that change continuously, whereas they should combine several techniques (*renzaku-waza*) in relation to a main one, according to the opportunities. When the judoka can execute an attack with several complementary techniques, move from right to left, from front to back or vice versa, from hip techniques to leg techniques [author adds: with the same *kumi-kata*], continue the combat in *ne-waza*, it is a sign that he has assimilated the principles of judo".

The reading of judo magazines leads us to maintain an important link with research work. Our comments will be based on two articles, one published in a specialist judo journal and the other in a peer-reviewed journal.

<table><caption>Tab. 1: comparison of the two papers (research question, sources, methodology, conclusions)</caption><thead><tr><th>Analysis plan</th><th colspan="2">Roux (2019)<br>(standing and ground attack system)</th><th>Calmet-Pierantozzi (2021)<br>(standing attack system)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Research question</td><td colspan="2">The system of attacks is an individual construction that allows the judoka to acquire a complete panoply of techniques enabling him to take the initiative against his opponent, whatever his attitude.</td><td>An attack system is composed of a *kumi-kata*, which allows the opponent to be thrown in different directions using different judo throw techniques.</td></tr><tr><td>Sources</td><td colspan="2">Unspecified, based on personal expertise</td><td>Internet sites, published papers (cf. references)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="6">Methodology</td><td>Samples, subjects</td><td>Unspecified, based on personal expertise</td><td>28 high-level judokas, various categories, 9 countries, from 2011 to 2017</td></tr><tr><td>Combats analyzed</td><td>Unspecified</td><td>At least 4 combats from the same competition for each judoka.</td></tr><tr><td>Verification</td><td>Unspecified</td><td>Data verification</td></tr><tr><td>Analyses</td><td>Unspecified</td><td>Statistical analysis of data</td></tr><tr><td>Criteria used</td><td colspan="2">Data based on personal expertise:<br>*Kumi-kata*, throw technique(s), special, preparation and pre-action diagram(s), combination(s) of techniques</td><td>Data collected from 122 combats, 973 attacks:<br>*Kumi-kata*, time, throw technique(s), direction of attack, score obtained, number of supports</td></tr><tr><td>Conclusions / Results : Virtual judoka presented</td><td colspan="2">Has an effective special and several complementary techniques enabling him to cover all attack directions.<br>Has several *kumi-kata* and can adapt to most *kumi-kata* situations.<br>Depending on his favorite techniques, masters the different principles of preparing direct and indirect attacks (action-reaction; feints; chaining; redoubling attacks).<br>Vary the pace of attacks and adapt to the situation.</td><td>6 different *kumi-kata* with the possibility to throw with a *kumi-kata*:<br>- corresponding to the direction of attack (60%)<br>- opposed to the direction of attack (30%)<br>- mixed *kumi-kata* (lapels or sleeves) (10%)<br>these *kumi-kata* allows to combat against any opponent using any *kumi-kata*.<br>Throws: 6 different directions of attack<br>- 80% are direct attacks<br>- 20% are linked attacks<br>Supports: Throws used in the system of attacks require 1 or 2 supports (50% vs 50%)<br>Physiology: This judoka can combat for 20 min (i.e., around 4 or 5 combats, with rest between combats), and can do 3 attacks per minute.</td></tr></tbody></table>

Advantage of the coach's publication: you get his expertise immediately (even if you have to wait for him to develop it), but it is a lone source, so you have to consult other coaches to see if there are any common points (but it is already a form of research).

Advantages of scientific publication: you can justify your methodology and have your work reviewed by other experts, confirm, or refute by other experts. Disadvantages: collecting data and analyzing it to confirm a hypothesis can be time-consuming.

What is characteristic about these two publications is the convergence of their content.
Scientific analysis can provide more:

-The attack system is independent of rule changes and independent of the judoka's gender: women and men organize themselves in the same way during combats.

-Modelling the results allows us to understand them in another way.

This graph (Fig. 1) models the activity of beginners, experienced judoka, and experts in placing and using their kumi-kata.

<figure><img src="image_2.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 1: placing and using the kumi-kata according to level [Calmet, Miarka, Franchini, 2010].</figcaption></figure>

This graph (Fig. 2) models the activity of a judoka during a combat at the World Championships. The stairs are made up of steps representing a sector of rotation. There are 8 sectors for analyzing rotations (like the eight directions of the kuzuchi rose).

A white ascending staircase models rotations without kumi-kata, a black ascending staircase models rotations with kumi-kata.

<figure><img src="image_3.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 2: modelling rotations without or with kumi-kata [Calmet, 2010]</figcaption></figure>

This graph (Fig. 3) models a judoka's attack system during a World Championship, showing his efficiency (the directions in which he scores points), his technical skills (the directions in which he attacks) and his physical condition (number of attacks per 20s).

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 3: modelling efficiency, technical skills, and physical condition [Calmet, Pierantozzi, 2013].</figcaption></figure>

The system of attack is an important aspect of individualized training, introduced from the blue belt onwards in the French judo progression.

These two types of production show the importance of the evolution of scientific ideas [Kuhn, 1962], changes take a long time. And the scientific analysis can bring new information that can always be repeated, verified and refuted [Popper, 1959].
## Example 2: Contribution to the analysis of the transition from *tachi-waza* to *ne-waza*

Concerning this second example, our comments will be based on Roux's diploma obtained in 1990 from the "Institut National du Sport, de l'Expertise et de la Performance", revised and published in a book chapter in 2010. The observation grid (Tab. 3) has been validated after a pre-study of 150 standing connections during the 1985 World Championships. The author then analyzed the behavior of 29 judokas from 8 different countries during high-level competitions (1982 Kano Cup, 1984 Olympic Games, 1985 World Championships, 1987 Japanese Championships, 1987 European Championships, 1987 World Championships, 1988 Olympic Games). The database (Tab. 2) includes 211 sequences of transition from *tachi-waza* to *ne-waza* (standing attacks resulting in ippon were not included).

### Data collections :

<table><thead><tr><th colspan="3">211 transitions<br>tachi-waza => ne-waza</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td> Throws </td><td> 38 </td><td> 18,0% </td></tr><tr><td> Dodges </td><td> 60 </td><td> 28,4% </td></tr><tr><td> Blocking </td><td> 107 </td><td> 50,7% </td></tr><tr><td> Counters </td><td> 6 </td><td> 2,8% </td></tr></tbody></table>

<table><caption>Tab. 2 : Number of transitions *tachi-waza* => *ne-waza* and power balance for *Tori* on landing
One can read this table : on 211 transitions, 60 were after dodges (28,4%); on 211 transitions, 150 were FAVorable for *Tori*, 64 transitions were NonEXPloited by *Tori*.</caption><thead><tr><th colspan="6">Power balance (FAVorable - DeFAvorable - Balanced)<br>EXPloited - NonEXPloited for <i>Tori</i> on landing</th></tr><tr><th></th><th>Nb.</th><th>Rate.</th><th>EXP</th><th colspan="2">NEX</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>FAV</td><td>150</td><td>71,1%</td><td>86</td><td>57,3%</td><td>64</td><td>42,7%</td></tr><tr><td>DFA</td><td>48</td><td>22,7%</td><td>0</td><td>0,0%</td><td>48</td><td>100%</td></tr><tr><td>Bal.</td><td>13</td><td>6,2%</td><td>0</td><td>0,0%</td><td>13</td><td>100%</td></tr></tbody></table>

### Observation grid :

<table><caption>Tab. 3 : Typology of arrival on the ground</caption><thead><tr><th>Family</th><th>Uke's position</th><th colspan="3">Tori's position</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="4">UKE<br>"Face the sky"</td><td rowspan="4">Flat back (supine)</td><td colspan="3">Kneeling on the side</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">Riding on <i>Uke</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">Kneeling close to the head</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">One leg grasped</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">UKE<br>"Face down"</td><td>On all fours</td><td colspan="3">Kneeling on the side</td></tr><tr><td>2 knees on the ground</td><td colspan="3">Riding on <i>Uke</i></td></tr><tr><td>Lying face downward</td><td colspan="3">Kneeling close to the head</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">TORI<br>"Standing"</td><td>On all fours</td><td colspan="3">Standing on the side or in front</td></tr><tr><td>2 knees on the ground</td><td colspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td>Lying face downward</td><td colspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">"Balanced"</td><td>Seated</td><td colspan="3">Standing between the legs</td></tr><tr><td>Flat back (supine)</td><td colspan="3">Kneeling between the legs</td></tr></tbody></table>

This observation grid allows specific *kakari-geiko* to train transition : *Tori* attacks without score = *ippon*, Uke facilitate the throw and the arrival on the ground:

1) *Tori* attacks *o-uchi-gari*, Uke falls on the ass then arrives "Flat back", *Tori* has one leg grasped, then *ne-waza*

2) *Tori* attacks *tai-otoshi*, Uke dodges and arrives "on all fours", *Tori* rides on Uke

This example shows the contribution (the transition 😊) of scientific research to tatamis. Criteria and methodology are clear, and the collection of data can be repeated, checked and refuted.
The observation grid is immediately useful for trainers or athletes.

The following examples will show the complement: the contribution of tatamis to research.
### Example 3: shime-waza resistance

Let's go back and look at some recommendations or instructions given a few years ago:

Resisting strangulation means showing willpower and determination. We used to train to improve our determination, let ourselves be strangled, and then resist and give up only at the last moment, just before fainting.

Some judokas began to experience dizziness, fainting and blackouts when wearing a tie that was a little too tight. Doctors diagnosed a weakening of the carotid sinus trigger threshold [Lu, Lu & Pasquier, 2018]. This led to a drop-in heart rate.

Nowadays, children have played the "scarf game" to feel dizzy, and this has unfortunately led to tragic accidents [Courteau, 2010] and one can found on internet examples concerning punishment and strangulation [Langé, 2020; Merle & Giquel, 2023] or personal training "Judo pushes me to my limits, to my limits. You learn to have a strong mind, to resist strangulation" [Damien, 2022].

Scientific papers give as conclusions, that :

"Concussion, with the resulting impairment of cognitive functioning, requires immediate cessation of sporting activity, as there is a high risk of injury and further concussion, with a risk of prolonging the duration of post-concussion syndrome. Recovery time varies. In our view, a management approach similar to that used in rugby is appropriate, with consultation of a specialist neurologist who will assess the severity of the concussion after 48 hours, then see the judoka again after resuming exercise in stages under the supervision of the sports physician" [Frey, Chermann, 2016].

"In the event of a suspected concussion, during training or competition, the coach, referee, doctor or competition referent must, from January 2024, report it to the federation on a dedicated IT space. This notification will lead to a computer tagging of the judoka's license, preventing him or her from training or competing without prior medical advice. We need to focus on a particular situation specific to our sport: loss of consciousness due to strangulation (loss of consciousness due to Shime-Waza). At present, any loss of consciousness due to strangulation requires immediate cessation of competition, regardless of age, and systematic reassessment after 48 hours" [Menard, Winkler, Frey 2024].

The recommendation from the field (without scientific references, based solely on what the trainers said) was therefore counterproductive.
## Example 4: improving speed in *uchi-komi*

Judo requires speed, precision, strength...

Fournier [1997] explains that "... weight training is not an essential part of training, which must take place on the mat". These principles are beginning to be challenged. For example, for the past year and a half, a trainer appointed to INSEP has been in charge of weight training and physical preparation in general". The same was true for speed and explosiveness qualities.

Teacher says, we are going to improve speed, so you have to repeat the *uchi-komi* 10 times very quickly. The *uchi-komi* disposition is with two lines: white judoka and blue judoka.

White starts the exercise, 10 times for approximatively 10s. While Blue starts the exercise, 10 times for approximatively 10s, White is not really in rest. Then White changes place and repeat the same sequence. In fact, the effort is composed by intensive effort during 10s, no passive rest during 10s. After 2 times, it is sure that anaerobic-alactic pathway has been exceeded.

Knowledge in physiology enables *uchi-komi* and *nage-komi* (speed and plyometric) to be organized differently. The rule is quite simple : intensive short effort (< 7s to 10s) => long active or passive rest (>=1min to 5 min).

Judo teachers manage could this *nage-komi* in another organization.

In groups of 7: 5 Uke in line, 1 *Tori*, 1 at rest. *Tori* does nage-komi with the 5 uke (approx. 5s), then he takes the place to rest. The first Uke becomes *Tori*, the one in rest becomes the 5th Uke. *Tori* has about 5s of passive rest, then 25s of active rest as Uke. When all 7 have fulfilled their role as *Tori*, the 6 judokas perform *uchi-komi* in a soft way, moving manner, 7th does alone (*tendoku-renshu*), while 30s. In this example, we have intensive effort (approx. 5s) then rest (approx. 60s)... and all judoka are active... an important visual indicator for judo teacher.

Another example with images, thanks to Emerson for providing me with these kinds of ideas.

<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 4 : Jumps and plyometric "nage-komi-about", the first part, the "Yellow" one.</figcaption></figure>

Yellow (1st *Tori*) does intensive effort: 2 jumps, 3 *uchi-komi*, 1 throw => 10s; followed by a rest of 3 x 10s (the 3 other *Tori*) and when all 4 have fulfilled their role as *Tori*, the 4 judokas perform *uchi-komi* in a soft way, moving manner, while 30s. In this example, we have intensive effort (approx. 10s) then rest (approx. 60s) ... and all judoka are active... an important visual indicator for judo teacher.

The recommendation from the field with scientific references and imagination can give us interesting solutions. Especially for clubs.
## Example 5: video assistance and video analysis

A recent combat has led the International Judo Federation (IJF) to change the result. At the world championships in Doha on 05/13/2023, the final opposed Riner (France) and Tasoev (a Russian fighting under a neutral banner). From a winner at the end of the combat, the IJF decided to award the title to both combatants several days later.

Video assistance is a system available in real time during the combat to enable the central referee to confirm or modify the decision to be taken on a specific point on the tatami. Video analysis is carried out cold, after the bouts, and consists of replaying one or more combats (in their completeness), sequence by sequence, to rigorously record one or more criteria. The examples of the attack system and the tachi-waza => ne-waza transition are perfect examples.

In this final, the action "discussed" was a Tasoev's counter. The referee and video assistance applied the rules as they had already been applied on this date 13/05/2023: no score for this type of action.

The IJF ended up invalidating this result, thus confining itself to a late "video assistance" and not a real video analysis, as IJF did not go back over the complete course of the combat.

<table><caption>Tab. 4: Time, score and penalties (Assigned / virtual) during this combat</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Combat</th><th rowspan="2">Advantage / Penalty</th><th colspan="2">Penalty chronology</th><th rowspan="2">Assigned / virtual</th></tr><tr><th>Riner</th><th>Tasoev</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>RT: 02:41</td><td>Shido Tasoev (excessive passivity: 46s without attack)</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>Virtual</td></tr><tr><td>RT: 02:27</td><td>Shido Riner (excessive passivity: 38s without attack)</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>Virtual</td></tr><tr><td>RT: 01:53</td><td>Shido Tasoev (excessive passivity: 47s without attack)</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>Virtual</td></tr><tr><td>RT: 01:05</td><td>Shido Tasoev (grasp belt without attack: 09s)</td><td>1</td><td>3</td><td>Virtuelle</td></tr><tr><td>RT: 00:57</td><td>Shido Riner (excessive passivity: 38s without attack)</td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td>Virtuelle</td></tr><tr><td>RT: 00:32</td><td>Shido Tasoev (excessive passivity: 39s without attack)</td><td>2</td><td>4</td><td>Virtuelle</td></tr><tr><td>GS: 00:08</td><td>Shido Riner (excessive passivity: 41s without attack)</td><td>3</td><td>4</td><td>Virtuelle</td></tr><tr><td>GS: 00:16</td><td>Shido Tasoev (Bear hug)</td><td>3</td><td>5</td><td>Assigned</td></tr><tr><td>GS: 00:30</td><td>Shido Tasoev (excessive passivity: 62s without attack)</td><td>3</td><td>6</td><td>Assigned</td></tr><tr><td>GS: 00:54</td><td>Shido Riner (excessive passivity: 46s without attack)</td><td>4</td><td>6</td><td>Virtual</td></tr><tr><td>GS: 02:20</td><td>Shido Tasoev (defensive kneeling posture)</td><td>4</td><td>7</td><td>Virtual</td></tr><tr><td>GS: 02:35</td><td>Shido Tasoev (excessive passivity: 46s without attack)</td><td>4</td><td>8</td><td>Virtual</td></tr><tr><td>GS: 03:07</td><td>Gaeshi-waza Tasoev (counterattack)</td><td colspan="2">Sore made</td><td>Virtual</td></tr><tr><td>GS: 03:28</td><td>Shido Riner (excessive passivity: 22s without attack)</td><td>5</td><td>9</td><td>Assigned</td></tr><tr><td>GS: 03:38</td><td>Waza-ari Riner (ma-sutemi-waza)</td><td colspan="2">Sore made</td><td>Assigned</td></tr></tbody></table>

**In bold**, the sequences that can be penalized according to a strict reading of the rules.

[Calmet, M., Pierantozzi, E., Franchini, E., Charlot, E. 2023; Calmet, M., Pierantozzi, E., Franchini, E. 2023]

This video analysis of the entire combat shows that Tasoev should probably have received a third penalty even before the "discussed" action.

In any case, video analysis allows us to take the time to rigorously review the actions. Video analysis can also be used to train referees, judoka and coaches, enabling them to look back on their work after the competition, by highlighting specific events.

For example, about periods without attack, if we consider only attacks and *mate* - *hajime*, we have:

* A combat duration of 33s followed by an attack: 04:00 to 03:27

* A combat duration of 24s followed by *mate*: 03:27 to 03:03

* A pause of 18s

* 20s combat time then two attacks: 03:01 to 02:41

* 27s of combat then *mate*: 02:40 to 02:13

* A pause of 30s

* 17s duration of combat, then one attack: 02:12 to 01:53

* 06s duration of combat then *mate*: 01:53 to 01:47
All these sequences seem correct, but the *mate - hajime* periods can mask combat durations of over 45s without attack (Fig. 5, green rectangles).

<figure><img src="image_6.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 5: non-attack periods longer than 45s, interspersed with pauses (*mate - hajime*)</figcaption></figure>

Video analysis can be used to highlight particular moments in the combat (attack system, *tachi-waza* => *ne-waza* transition, rotational shifts in combat), as well as to model combat strategies. The data collected is then analyzed statistically if required.

## Conclusions

These examples, which are by no means exhaustive, show that it is possible to construct teaching or training situations and model them in order to better understand them or better train judoka (coaches, athletes, leaders).

We have highlighted a few points in particular:

* The activity of beginners, experienced judoka, and experts in placing and using their kumi-kata

* That women and men fought with attack systems that did not differ significantly.

* That Olympics and Paralympics also had comparable attack systems.

Our scientific work can cover both practical and innovative issues. Our work also aims to study throws and their classification and learning situations.

The focus of this congress is very much on line with the objectives of the IJF and UEJ scientific commissions: to conduct research in various fields related to judo, to collaborate with other researchers and experts, and to disseminate research results through publications, presentations and other appropriate means.
## References

### Exemple 1

Popper, K. (1959). La logique de la découverte scientifique, Paris, Payot, ed. 1973.

Kuhn, T. (1962). La Structure des révolutions scientifiques, Paris, Flammarion, ed. 1983.

Baudot, G., Urvoy, G., et Pelletier, G. (1975). *Judo supérieur, enchaînements, T3*. Chilly Mazarin: Arphos.

Fédération Française de judo. (1983). *Le judo des 15-17 ans*. Paris: FFJ.

Fédération Française de judo. (1985). *Le judo des 13-15 ans*. Paris: FFJ.

Fédération Française de judo. (1989). *Méthode Française d'enseignement*. Paris: FFJ.

Calmet, M. et Ahmaidi, S. (2004). Survey of the advantages obtained by judoka in competition according to their level of practice, *Perceptual and Motor Skills*. 99, 284-290.

Calmet, M., Trezel, N. et Ahmaidi, S. (2006). Survey of the system of attacks of regional - interregional level's judoka, *Perceptual and motor skills*, 103, 835-840

Calmet, M., Miarka, B., Franchini, E. (2010). Modeling of grasps in judo competition contests, *International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sports*, 10, 229-240.

Calmet, M. (2010). Analyse des combats lors des compétitions de haut-niveau, in Thierry Paillard, "Optimisation de la performance sportive en judo", de Boeck, Bruxelles, 263-288.

Calmet, M., Franchini, E. (2013). Le système d'attaque de Teddy Riner, L'Esprit du judo 46, 19

Calmet, M., Franchini, E. (2013). Le système d'attaque de Tiago Camillo, L'Esprit du judo 47, 41

Calmet, M., Pierantozzi, E. (2014). Nage waza system of attacks of high-level judokas, poster, European Championship Judo, Montpellier.

Calmet, M., Pierantozzi, E. (2015). Le Test Judo SJFT, L'Esprit du judo 53, 36-37

Calmet, M., Pierantozzi, E., Dutertre, E., Franchini, E. (2015). Le système d'attaque de Ilias Iliadis, L'Esprit du judo 55, 48-49

Roux, P. (2019). *Le système d'attaque : description et analyse... avant dépassement*, *Esprit du judo*, 78, 24-25.

Calmet, M., Pierantozzi, E. (2021). Gender and Perspectives on Training and Techniques: Analyses of the System of Attacks in Standing up Position, The Arts and Sciences of Judo, 1, 1, 6-13

### Exemple 2

Roux, P. (1990). Contribution à l'analyse de la transition : combat debout-combat au sol. Paris, INSEP.

Calmet, M. (2010). Analyse des combats lors des compétitions de haut-niveau, In "Optimisation de la performance en judo", Chap. 7.5, Sous la direction de Thierry PAILLARD, de Boeck – 2010 – 259-301.

### Example 3

Courteau, R. (2010). Le «jeu du foulard», Question écrite n°12720 - 13e législature, Publiée dans le JO Sénat du 05/08/2010 - page 2040, https://www.senat.fr/questions/base/2010/qSEQ100312720.html

Lu, Ho, Pasquier, M., Lu, He. (2018) Massage du sinus carotidien, Annales Françaises de Médecine d'Urgence, DOI:10.3166/afmu-2018-0094

Damien. (2022). A la rencontre de Damien, champion de judo, https://davricourt.com/a-la-rencontre-de-damien-davricourien-et-champion-de-judo/

Frey, A., Chermann, JF. (2016). Commotion cérébrale et étranglement dans le judo de haut niveau : 75 judokas, *Journal de Traumatologie du Sport*, DOI: 10.1016/j.jts.2015.12.003

Menard, S., Winkler, L., Frey, A., (2024). Concussion management in Judo/Jujitsu/Ne Waza: Recommendations from the French Judo Federation's medical commission, *Journal de Traumatologie du Sport*, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jts.2024.04.003.

Merle, A., Gicquel, T. (2023). Violences sur les mineurs dans le sport : ils sont judokas, athlète ou parent de victime et sortent du silence, franceinfo: sport, https://www.francetvinfo.fr/sports/temoignages-violences-sur-les-mineurs-dans-le-sport-ils-sont-judokas-athlete-ou-parent-de-victime-et-sortent-du-silence_5815964.html
Langé, I. (2020). Violences physiques dans le judo : "Je me suis fait massacer", RTL, https://www.rtl.fr/sport/autres-sports/violences-physiques-dans-le-judo-je-me-suis-vraiment-fait-massacer-temoigne-maxine-7800922247

### Example 4

Fournier, F. (1997). Entraînement de la force. Spécificité et planification. Actes du Ier stage international de formation continue pour entraîneurs de sportifs de haut niveau. Témoignage de François Fournier - Cahiers de l'INSEP, Année 1997 / 21 / pp. 157-159

### Example 5

Calmet, M., Pierantozzi, E., Franchini, E., Charlot, E. (2023). Arbitrage, l'analyse vidéo en question, Esprit du judo, 106, 18-19.

Calmet, M., Pierantozzi, E., Franchini, E. (2023). Chat -GPT peux-tu dire qui n'a pas perdu la finale 2023 des +100kg Riner-Tasoev à Doha? 16ème JORRESCAM, 28-30 juin, Bordeaux.