systematic review. J Affect Disord 2012;137:35-45.

108. McAllister-Williams RH, Arango C, Blier P et al. The identification, assessment and management of difficult-to-treat depression: an international consensus statement. J Affect Disord 2020;267:264-82.

109. Azar AR, Chopra MP, Cho LY et al. Remission in major depression: results from a geriatric primary care population. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2011;26:48-55.

110. Cooper C, Katona C, Lyketsos K et al. A systematic review of treatments for refractory depression in older people. Am J Psychiatry 2011;168:681-8.

111. Cuijpers P, Karyotaki E, Eckshtain D et al. Psychotherapy for depression across different age groups: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 2020;77:694-702.

112. Dominiak M, Antosik-Wójcińska AZ, Wojnar M et al. Electroconvulsive therapy and age: effectiveness, safety and tolerability in the treatment of major depression among patients under and over 65 years of age. Pharmaceuticals 2021;14:582.

113. Kaster TS, Daskalakis ZJ, Noda Y et al. Efficacy, tolerability, and cognitive effects of deep transcranial magnetic stimulation for late-life depression: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018;43:2231-8.

114. Lähteenvuo M, Taipale H, Tanskanen A et al. Courses of treatment and risk factors for treatment-resistant depression in Finnish primary and special healthcare: a nationwide cohort study. J Affect Disord 2022;308:236-42.

115. Cepeda MS, Kern DM, Nicholson S. Treatment resistant depression in women with peripartum depression. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2019;19:323.

116. Kuehner C. Why is depression more common among women than among men? Lancet Psychiatry 2017;4:146-58.

117. Trivedi MH, Rush AJ, Wisniewski SR et al. Evaluation of outcomes with citalopram for depression using measurement-based care in STAR*D: implications for clinical practice. Am J Psychiatry 2006;163:28-40.

118. Ishak WW, Bonifay W, Collison K et al. The recovery index: a novel approach to measuring recovery and predicting remission in major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2017;208:369-74.

119. Teicher MH, Gordon JB, Nemeroff CB. Recognizing the importance of childhood maltreatment as a critical factor in psychiatric diagnoses, treatment, research, prevention, and education. Mol Psychiatry 2022;27:1331-8.

120. Wang T, Li L, Yue Y et al. The interaction of P11 methylation and early-life stress impacts the antidepressant response in patients with major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2022;312:128-35.

121. Yang JZ, Kang CY, Yuan J et al. Effect of adverse childhood experiences on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function and antidepressant efficacy in untreated first episode patients with major depressive disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021;134:105432.

122. Menke A, Nitschke F, Hellmuth A et al. Stress impacts response to antidepressants via HPA axis and immune system activation. Brain Behav Immun 2021;93:132-40.

123. Williams LM, Debattista C, Duchemin AM et al. Childhood trauma predicts antidepressant response in adults with major depression: data from

the randomized international study to predict optimized treatment for depression. Transl Psychiatry 2016;6:e799.

124. Kaplan MJ, Klinetob NA. Childhood emotional trauma and chronic posttraumatic stress disorder in adult outpatients with treatment-resistant depression. J Nerv Ment Dis 2000;188:596-601.

125. McAllister-Williams RH. When depression is difficult to treat. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2022;56:89-91.

126. Christensen MC, Florea I, Loft H et al. Efficacy of vortioxetine in patients with major depressive disorder reporting childhood or recent trauma. J Affect Disord 2020;263:258-66.

127. O'Brien B, Liffijft M, Wells A et al. The impact of childhood maltreatment on intravenous ketamine outcomes for adult patients with treatment-resistant depression. Pharmaceuticals 2019;12:133.

128. Yrondi A, Vaiva G, Walter M et al. Childhood trauma increases suicidal behaviour in a treatment-resistant depression population: a FACE-DR report. J Psychiatr Res 2021;135:20-7.

129. Scott J, Eccleston D, Boys R. Can we predict the persistence of depression? Br J Psychiatry 1992;161:633-7.

130. McIntyre RS, Berk M, Brietzke E et al. Bipolar disorders. Lancet 2020;396:1841-56.

131. McIntyre RS, Ng-Mak D, Chuang CC et al. Major depressive disorder with subthreshold hypomanic (mixed) features: a real-world assessment of treatment patterns and economic burden. J Affect Disord 2017;210:332-7.

132. Cao B, Zhu J, Zuckerman H et al. Pharmacological interventions targeting anhedonia in patients with major depressive disorder: a systematic review. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019;92:109-17.

133. Goodwin GM, Price J, De Bodinat C et al. Emotional blunting with antidepressant treatments: a survey among depressed patients. J Affect Disord 2017;221:31-5.

134. Millan MJ, Agid Y, Brüne M et al. Cognitive dysfunction in psychiatric disorders: characteristics, causes and the quest for improved therapy. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2012;11:141-68.

135. Rosenblat JD, Kakar R, McIntyre RS. The cognitive effects of antidepressants in major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015;19:pyv082.

136. Ang YS, Bruder GE, Keilp JG et al. Exploration of baseline and early changes in neurocognitive characteristics as predictors of treatment response to bupropion, sertraline, and placebo in the EMBARC clinical trial. Psychol Med 2022;52:2441-9.

137. Kessler RC, Sampson NA, Berglund P et al. Anxious and non-anxious major depressive disorder in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2015;24:210-26.

138. Robinson OJ, Vytal K, Cornwell BR et al. The impact of anxiety upon cognition: perspectives from human threat of shock studies. Front Hum Neurosci 2013;7:203.

139. Trombello JM, Pizzagalli DA, Weissman MM et al. Characterizing anxiety subtypes and the relationship to behavioral phenotyping in major depression: results from the EMBARC study. J Psychiatr Res 2018;102:207-15.

140. Yoo I, Woo JM, Lee SH et al. Influence of anxiety symptoms on improvement of neurocognitive

functions in patients with major depressive disorder: a 12-week, multicenter, randomized trial of tianeptine versus escitalopram, the CAMPION study. J Affect Disord 2015;185:24-30.

141. Fava M, Rush AJ, Alpert JE et al. Difference in treatment outcome in outpatients with anxious versus nonanxious depression: a STAR*D report. Am J Psychiatry 2008;165:342-51.

142. Kautzky A, Dold M, Bartova L et al. Clinical factors predicting treatment resistant depression: affirmative results from the European multicenter study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2019;139:78-88.

143. McIntyre RS, Schaffer A, Beaulieu S. The Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) task force recommendations for the management of patients with mood disorders and comorbid conditions. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2012;24:2-3.

144. Cao B, Xu J, Li R et al. Interventions targeting comorbid depression and overweight/obesity: a systematic review. J Affect Disord 2022;314:222-32.

145. Grigolon RB, Trevizol AP, Gerchman F et al. Is obesity a determinant of success with pharmacological treatment for depression? A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression. J Affect Disord 2021;287:54-68.

146. Rashidian H, Subramaniapillai M, Park C et al. Changes in insulin resistance following antidepressant treatment mediate response in major depressive disorder. J Psychopharmacol 2023;37:313-7.

147. Toups MSP, Myers AK, Wisniewski SR et al. Relationship between obesity and depression: characteristics and treatment outcomes with antidepressant medication. Psychosom Med 2013;75:863-72.

148. Woo YS, Seo HJ, McIntyre RS et al. Obesity and its potential effects on antidepressant treatment outcomes in patients with depressive disorders: a literature review. Int J Mol Sci 2016;17:80.

149. Vogelzangs N, Beekman ATF, van Reedt Dortland AKB et al. Inflammatory and metabolic dysregulation and the 2-year course of depressive disorders in antidepressant users. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014;39:1624-34.

150. Fanelli G, Serretti A. Depression, antidepressants, and insulin resistance: which link? Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2022;60:4-6.

151. Beran M, Muzambi R, Geraets A et al. The bidirectional longitudinal association between depressive symptoms and HbA1c: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabet Med 2022;39:e14671.

152. Pan A, Keum N. Okereke OI et al. Bidirectional association between depression and metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Diabetes Care 2012;35:1171-80.

153. Nierenberg AA, Amsterdam JD. Treatment-resistant depression: definition and treatment approaches. J Clin Psychiatry 1990;51(Suppl.):39-47.

154. Rush AJ, Thase ME. Improving depression outcome by patient-centered medical management. Am J Psychiatry 2018;175:1187-98.

155. Mitchell AJ, Vaze A, Rao S. Clinical diagnosis of depression in primary care: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2009;374:609-19.

156. McIntyre RS, Calabrese JR. Bipolar depression: the clinical characteristics and unmet needs of a complex disorder. Curr Med Res Opin 2019;35:1993-2005.
systematic review. J Affect Disord 2012;137:35-45.

108. McAllister-Williams RH, Arango C, Blier P et al. The identification, assessment and management of difficult-to-treat depression: an international consensus statement. J Affect Disord 2020;267:264-82.

109. Azar AR, Chopra MP, Cho LY et al. Remission in major depression: results from a geriatric primary care population. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2011;26:48-55.

110. Cooper C, Katona C, Lyketsos K et al. A systematic review of treatments for refractory depression in older people. Am J Psychiatry 2011;168:681-8.

111. Cuijpers P, Karyotaki E, Eckshtain D et al. Psychotherapy for depression across different age groups: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 2020;77:694-702.

112. Dominiak M, Antosik-Wójcińska AZ, Wojnar M et al. Electroconvulsive therapy and age: effectiveness, safety and tolerability in the treatment of major depression among patients under and over 65 years of age. Pharmaceuticals 2021;14:582.

113. Kaster TS, Daskalakis ZJ, Noda Y et al. Efficacy, tolerability, and cognitive effects of deep transcranial magnetic stimulation for late-life depression: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018;43:2231-8.

114. Lähteenvuo M, Taipale H, Tanskanen A et al. Courses of treatment and risk factors for treatment-resistant depression in Finnish primary and special healthcare: a nationwide cohort study. J Affect Disord 2022;308:236-42.

115. Cepeda MS, Kern DM, Nicholson S. Treatment resistant depression in women with peripartum depression. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2019;19:323.

116. Kuehner C. Why is depression more common among women than among men? Lancet Psychiatry 2017;4:146-58.

117. Trivedi MH, Rush AJ, Wisniewski SR et al. Evaluation of outcomes with citalopram for depression using measurement-based care in STAR*D: implications for clinical practice. Am J Psychiatry 2006;163:28-40.

118. Ishak WW, Bonifay W, Collison K et al. The recovery index: a novel approach to measuring recovery and predicting remission in major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2017;208:369-74.

119. Teicher MH, Gordon JB, Nemeroff CB. Recognizing the importance of childhood maltreatment as a critical factor in psychiatric diagnoses, treatment, research, prevention, and education. Mol Psychiatry 2022;27:1331-8.

120. Wang T, Li L, Yue Y et al. The interaction of P11 methylation and early-life stress impacts the antidepressant response in patients with major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2022;312:128-35.

121. Yang JZ, Kang CY, Yuan J et al. Effect of adverse childhood experiences on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function and antidepressant efficacy in untreated first episode patients with major depressive disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021;134:105432.

122. Menke A, Nitschke F, Hellmuth A et al. Stress impacts response to antidepressants via HPA axis and immune system activation. Brain Behav Immun 2021;93:132-40.

123. Williams LM, Debattista C, Duchemin AM et al. Childhood trauma predicts antidepressant response in adults with major depression: data from

the randomized international study to predict optimized treatment for depression. Transl Psychiatry 2016;6:e799.

124. Kaplan MJ, Klinetob NA. Childhood emotional trauma and chronic posttraumatic stress disorder in adult outpatients with treatment-resistant depression. J Nerv Ment Dis 2000;188:596-601.

125. McAllister-Williams RH. When depression is difficult to treat. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2022;56:89-91.

126. Christensen MC, Florea I, Loft H et al. Efficacy of vortioxetine in patients with major depressive disorder reporting childhood or recent trauma. J Affect Disord 2020;263:258-66.

127. O'Brien B, Liffijft M, Wells A et al. The impact of childhood maltreatment on intravenous ketamine outcomes for adult patients with treatment-resistant depression. Pharmaceuticals 2019;12:133.

128. Yrondi A, Vaiva G, Walter M et al. Childhood trauma increases suicidal behaviour in a treatment-resistant depression population: a FACE-DR report. J Psychiatr Res 2021;135:20-7.

129. Scott J, Eccleston D, Boys R. Can we predict the persistence of depression? Br J Psychiatry 1992;161:633-7.

130. McIntyre RS, Berk M, Brietzke E et al. Bipolar disorders. Lancet 2020;396:1841-56.

131. McIntyre RS, Ng-Mak D, Chuang CC et al. Major depressive disorder with subthreshold hypomanic (mixed) features: a real-world assessment of treatment patterns and economic burden. J Affect Disord 2017;210:332-7.

132. Cao B, Zhu J, Zuckerman H et al. Pharmacological interventions targeting anhedonia in patients with major depressive disorder: a systematic review. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019;92:109-17.

133. Goodwin GM, Price J, De Bodinat C et al. Emotional blunting with antidepressant treatments: a survey among depressed patients. J Affect Disord 2017;221:31-5.

134. Millan MJ, Agid Y, Brüne M et al. Cognitive dysfunction in psychiatric disorders: characteristics, causes and the quest for improved therapy. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2012;11:141-68.

135. Rosenblat JD, Kakar R, McIntyre RS. The cognitive effects of antidepressants in major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015;19:pyv082.

136. Ang YS, Bruder GE, Keilp JG et al. Exploration of baseline and early changes in neurocognitive characteristics as predictors of treatment response to bupropion, sertraline, and placebo in the EMBARC clinical trial. Psychol Med 2022;52:2441-9.

137. Kessler RC, Sampson NA, Berglund P et al. Anxious and non-anxious major depressive disorder in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2015;24:210-26.

138. Robinson OJ, Vytal K, Cornwell BR et al. The impact of anxiety upon cognition: perspectives from human threat of shock studies. Front Hum Neurosci 2013;7:203.

139. Trombello JM, Pizzagalli DA, Weissman MM et al. Characterizing anxiety subtypes and the relationship to behavioral phenotyping in major depression: results from the EMBARC study. J Psychiatr Res 2018;102:207-15.

140. Yoo I, Woo JM, Lee SH et al. Influence of anxiety symptoms on improvement of neurocognitive

functions in patients with major depressive disorder: a 12-week, multicenter, randomized trial of tianeptine versus escitalopram, the CAMPION study. J Affect Disord 2015;185:24-30.

141. Fava M, Rush AJ, Alpert JE et al. Difference in treatment outcome in outpatients with anxious versus nonanxious depression: a STAR*D report. Am J Psychiatry 2008;165:342-51.

142. Kautzky A, Dold M, Bartova L et al. Clinical factors predicting treatment resistant depression: affirmative results from the European multicenter study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2019;139:78-88.

143. McIntyre RS, Schaffer A, Beaulieu S. The Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) task force recommendations for the management of patients with mood disorders and comorbid conditions. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2012;24:2-3.

144. Cao B, Xu J, Li R et al. Interventions targeting comorbid depression and overweight/obesity: a systematic review. J Affect Disord 2022;314:222-32.

145. Grigolon RB, Trevizol AP, Gerchman F et al. Is obesity a determinant of success with pharmacological treatment for depression? A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression. J Affect Disord 2021;287:54-68.

146. Rashidian H, Subramaniapillai M, Park C et al. Changes in insulin resistance following antidepressant treatment mediate response in major depressive disorder. J Psychopharmacol 2023;37:313-7.

147. Toups MSP, Myers AK, Wisniewski SR et al. Relationship between obesity and depression: characteristics and treatment outcomes with antidepressant medication. Psychosom Med 2013;75:863-72.

148. Woo YS, Seo HJ, McIntyre RS et al. Obesity and its potential effects on antidepressant treatment outcomes in patients with depressive disorders: a literature review. Int J Mol Sci 2016;17:80.

149. Vogelzangs N, Beekman ATF, van Reedt Dortland AKB et al. Inflammatory and metabolic dysregulation and the 2-year course of depressive disorders in antidepressant users. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014;39:1624-34.

150. Fanelli G, Serretti A. Depression, antidepressants, and insulin resistance: which link? Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2022;60:4-6.

151. Beran M, Muzambi R, Geraets A et al. The bidirectional longitudinal association between depressive symptoms and HbA1c: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabet Med 2022;39:e14671.

152. Pan A, Keum N. Okereke OI et al. Bidirectional association between depression and metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Diabetes Care 2012;35:1171-80.

153. Nierenberg AA, Amsterdam JD. Treatment-resistant depression: definition and treatment approaches. J Clin Psychiatry 1990;51(Suppl.):39-47.

154. Rush AJ, Thase ME. Improving depression outcome by patient-centered medical management. Am J Psychiatry 2018;175:1187-98.

155. Mitchell AJ, Vaze A, Rao S. Clinical diagnosis of depression in primary care: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2009;374:609-19.

156. McIntyre RS, Calabrese JR. Bipolar depression: the clinical characteristics and unmet needs of a complex disorder. Curr Med Res Opin 2019;35:1993-2005.
157. Li CT, Bai YM, Huang YL et al. Association between antidepressant resistance in unipolar depression and subsequent bipolar disorder: cohort study. Br J Psychiatry 2012;200:45-51.

158. Elefante C, Brancati GE, Petrucci A et al. Risk of conversion to bipolar disorder in patients with late-onset major depression. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2022;37:234-41.

159. Goldberg JF, Nierenberg AA, Iosifescu DV. Wresling with antidepressant use in bipolar disorder: the ongoing debate. J Clin Psychiatry 2021;82:19ac13181.

160. McIntyre RS, Patel MD, Masand PS et al. The Rapid Mood Screener (RMS): a novel and pragmatic screener for bipolar I disorder. Curr Med Res Opin 2021;37:135-44.

161. Cerimele JM, Russo J, Bauer AM et al. The Patient Mania Questionnaire (PMQ-9): a brief scale for assessing and monitoring manic symptoms. J Gen Intern Med 2022;37:1680-7.

162. Villagonzalo KA, Dodd S, Ng F et al. The utility of the Mood Disorder Questionnaire as a screening tool in a methadone maintenance treatment program. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2010;14:150-3.

163. Meyer TD, Hammelstein P, Nilsson L-G et al. The Hypomania Checklist (HCL-32): its factorial structure and association to indices of impairment in German and Swedish nonclinical samples. Compr Psychiatry 2007;48:79-87.

164. Sackeim HA. The definition and meaning of treatment-resistant depression. J Clin Psychiatry 2001;62(Suppl. 16):10-7.

165. Sackeim HA, Aaronson ST, Bunker MT et al. The assessment of resistance to antidepressant treatment: rationale for the Antidepressant Treatment History Form: Short Form (ATHF-SF). J Psychiatr Res 2019;113:125-36.

166. Chandler GM, Iosifescu DV, Pollack MH et al. Validation of the Massachusetts General Hospital Antidepressant Treatment History Questionnaire (ATRQ). CNS Neurosci Ther 2010;16:322-5.

167. Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Wisniewski SR et al. Acute and longer-term outcomes in depressed outpatients requiring one or several treatment steps: a STAR*D report. Am J Psychiatry 2006;163:1905-17.

168. Szegedi A, Jansen WT, van Willigenburg APP et al. Early improvement in the first 2 weeks as a predictor of treatment outcome in patients with major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis including 6562 patients. J Clin Psychiatry 2009;70:344-53.

169. Pedrosa-Naudín MA, Gutiérrez-Abejón E, Herrera-Gómez F et al. Non-adherence to antidepressant treatment and related factors in a region of Spain: a population-based registry study. Pharmaceutics 2022;14:2696.

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179. Brignone M, Diamand F, Painchault C et al. Efficacy and tolerability of switching therapy to vortioxetine versus other antidepressants in patients with major depressive disorder. Curr Med Res Opin 2016;32:351-66.

180. Bschor T, Kern H, Henssler J et al. Switching the antidepressant after nonresponse in adults with major depression: a systematic literature search and meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry 2018;79:16r10749.

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182. Fagiolini A, Florea I, Loft H et al. Effectiveness of vortioxetine on emotional blunting in patients with major depressive disorder with inadequate response to SSRI/SNRI treatment. J Affect Disord 2021;283:472-9.

183. Grover D, Tom M, Maguire G et al. Polypharmacy - purpose, benefits and limitations. Curr Med Chem 2022;29:5606-14.

184. Mojtabai R, Olfson M. National trends in psychotropic medication polypharmacy in office-based psychiatry. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2010;67:26-36.

185. Dold M, Kautzky A, Bartova L et al. Pharmacological treatment strategies in unipolar depression in European tertiary psychiatric treatment centers - A pharmacoepidemiological cross-sectional multicenter study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2016;26:1960-71.

186. Taylor RW, Marwood L, Oprea E et al. Pharmacological augmentation in unipolar depression: a guide to the guidelines. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2020;23:587-625.

187. Strawbridge R, Carter B, Marwood L et al. Augmentation therapies for treatment-resistant depression: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 2019;214:42-51.

188. Scott F, Hampsey E, Gnanapragasam S et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of augmentation and combination treatments for early-stage treatment-resistant depression. J Psychopharmacol 2023;37:268-78.

189. Henssler J, Alexander D, Schwarzer G et al. Combining antidepressants vs antidepressant mono-therapy for treatment of patients with acute depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 2022;79:300-12.

190. Zhou Y, Wang C, Lan X, et al. The effectiveness of repeated intravenous ketamine on subjective and objective psychosocial function in patients with treatment-resistant depression and suicidal ideation. J Affect Disord 2022;304:78-84.

191. McIntyre RS, Carvalho IP, Lui LMW et al. The effect of intravenous, intranasal, and oral ketamine in mood disorders: a meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2020;276:576-84.

192. Fava M, Freeman MP, Flynn M et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trial of intravenous ketamine as adjunctive therapy in treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Mol Psychiatry 2020;25:1592-603.

193. McIntyre RS, Rodrigues NB, Lee Y et al. The effectiveness of repeated intravenous ketamine on depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation and functional disability in adults with major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder: results from the Canadian Rapid Treatment Center of Excellence. J Affect Disord 2020;274:903-10.

194. Daly EJ, Singh JB, Fedgchin M et al. Efficacy and safety of intranasal esketamine adjunctive to oral antidepressant therapy in treatment-resistant depression: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry 2018;75:139-48.

195. Wajs E, Aluisio L, Holder R et al. Esketamine nasal spray plus oral antidepressant in patients with treatment-resistant depression: assessment of long-term safety in a phase 3, open-label study (SUSTAIN-2). J Clin Psychiatry 2020;81:19m12891.

196. Zheng W, Yang XH, Gu LM et al. Antianhedonic effects of serial intravenous subanaesthetic ketamine in anxious versus nonanxious depression. J Affect Disord 2022;313:72-6.

197. Nogo D, Jasrai AK, Kim H et al. The effect of ketamine on anhedonia: improvements in dimensions of anticipatory, consummatory, and motivation-related reward deficits. Psychopharmacology 2022;239:2011-39.

198. Zheng W, Gu LM, Zhou YL et al. Association of VEGF with antianhedonic effects of repeated-dose intravenous ketamine in treatment-refractory depression. Front Psychiatry 2021;12:780975.

199. Wilkowska A, Wiglusz MS, Galuszko-Wegielnik M et al. Antianhedonic effect of repeated ketamine infusions in patients with treatment resistant depression. Front Psychiatry 2021;12:704330.

200. Dold M, Bartova L, Kasper S. Treatment response of add-on esketamine nasal spray in resistant major depression in relation to add-on second-generation antipsychotic treatment. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2020;23:440-5.

201. Vázquez GH, Bahji A, Undurraga J et al. Efficacy and tolerability of combination treatments for major depression: antidepressants plus second-generation antipsychotics vs. esketamine vs. lithium. J Psychopharmacol 2021;35:890-900.

202. Wilkinson ST, Rhee TG, Joormann J et al. Cognitive behavioral therapy to sustain the antidepressant effects of ketamine in treatment-resistant de-
157. Li CT, Bai YM, Huang YL et al. Association between antidepressant resistance in unipolar depression and subsequent bipolar disorder: cohort study. Br J Psychiatry 2012;200:45-51.

158. Elefante C, Brancati GE, Petrucci A et al. Risk of conversion to bipolar disorder in patients with late-onset major depression. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2022;37:234-41.

159. Goldberg JF, Nierenberg AA, Iosifescu DV. Wresling with antidepressant use in bipolar disorder: the ongoing debate. J Clin Psychiatry 2021;82:19ac13181.

160. McIntyre RS, Patel MD, Masand PS et al. The Rapid Mood Screener (RMS): a novel and pragmatic screener for bipolar I disorder. Curr Med Res Opin 2021;37:135-44.

161. Cerimele JM, Russo J, Bauer AM et al. The Patient Mania Questionnaire (PMQ-9): a brief scale for assessing and monitoring manic symptoms. J Gen Intern Med 2022;37:1680-7.

162. Villagonzalo KA, Dodd S, Ng F et al. The utility of the Mood Disorder Questionnaire as a screening tool in a methadone maintenance treatment program. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2010;14:150-3.

163. Meyer TD, Hammelstein P, Nilsson L-G et al. The Hypomania Checklist (HCL-32): its factorial structure and association to indices of impairment in German and Swedish nonclinical samples. Compr Psychiatry 2007;48:79-87.

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204. Rodrigues NB, Siegel A, Lipsitz O et al. Effectiveness of intravenous ketamine in mood disorder patients with a history of neurostimulation. CNS Spectr 2022;27:315-21.

205. McIntyre RS, Rosenblat JD, Nemeroff CB et al. Synthesizing the evidence for ketamine and esketamine in treatment-resistant depression: an international expert opinion on the available evidence and implementation. Am J Psychiatry 2021;178:383-99.

206. Schatzberg AF. A word to the wise about intranasal esketamine. Am J Psychiatry 2019;176:422-4.

207. Corya SA, Sanger TM, Van Campen LE et al. Olanzapine/fluoxetine combination for treatment-resistant depression: a controlled study of SSRI and nortriptyline resistance. J Clin Psychiatry 2005; 66:1289-97.

208. Corya SA, Williamson D, Sanger TM et al. A randomized, double-blind comparison of olanzapine/fluoxetine combination, olanzapine, fluoxetine, and venlafaxine in treatment-resistant depression. Depress Anxiety 2006;23:364-72.

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210. Berman RM, Marcus RN, Swanink R et al. The efficacy and safety of aripiprazole as adjunctive therapy in major depressive disorder: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry 2007;68:843-53.

211. Mahmoud RA, Pandina GJ, Turkoz I et al. Risperidone for treatment-refractory major depressive disorder: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2007;147:593-602.

212. McIntyre A, Gendron A, McIntyre A. Quetiapine adjunct to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or venlafaxine in patients with major depression, comorbid anxiety, and residual depressive symptoms: a randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study. Depress Anxiety 2007;24:487-94.

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215. Bauer M, Pretorius HW, Constant EL et al. Extended-release quetiapine as adjunct to an antidepressant in patients with major depressive disorder: results of a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. J Clin Psychiatry 2009;70:540-9.

216. Berman RM, Fava M, Thase ME et al. Aripiprazole augmentation in major depressive disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study in pa-

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217. Keitner GI, Garlow SJ, Ryan CE et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of risperidone augmentation for patients with difficult-to-treat bipolar, non-psychotic major depression. J Psychiatry Res 2009;43:205-14.

218. El-Khalili N, Joyce M, Atkinson S et al. Extended-release quetiapine fumarate (quetiapine XR) as adjunctive therapy in major depressive disorder (MDD) in patients with an inadequate response to ongoing antidepressant treatment: a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2010;13:917-32.

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220. Thase ME, Youakim JM, Skuban A et al. Adjunctive brexiprazole 1 and 3 mg for patients with major depressive disorder following inadequate response to antidepressants: a phase 3, randomized, double-blind study. J Clin Psychiatry 2015; 76:1232-40.

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222. Durgam S, Earley W, Guo H et al. Efficacy and safety of adjunctive cariprazine in inadequate responders to antidepressants: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in adult patients with major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2016;77:371-8.

223. Earley WR, Guo H, Németh G et al. Cariprazine augmentation to antidepressant therapy in major depressive disorder: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Psychopharmacol Bull 2018;48:62-80.

224. Fava M, Durgam S, Earley W et al. Efficacy of adjunctive low-dose cariprazine in major depressive disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2018;33:312-21.

225. Cha DS, McIntyre RS. Treatment-emergent adverse events associated with atypical antipsychotics. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2012;13:1587-98.

226. Mohamed S, Johnson GR, Chen P et al. Effect of antidepressant switching vs augmentation on remission among patients with major depressive disorder unresponsive to antidepressant treatment: the VAST-D randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2017;318:132-45.

227. Li H, Cui L, Li J et al. Comparative efficacy and acceptability of neuromodulation procedures in the treatment of treatment-resistant depression: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Affect Disord 2021;287:115-24.

228. Spurny-Dworak B, Godbersen GM, Reed MB et al. The impact of theta-burst stimulation on cortical GABA and glutamate in treatment-resistant depression: a surface-based MRSI analysis approach. Front Mol Neurosci 2022;15:913274.

229. Holtzheimer PE, Husain MM, Lisanby SH et al. Subcallosal cingulate deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: a multisite, randomised, sham-controlled trial. Lancet Psychiatry 2017;4:839-49.

230. Bulteau S, Laurin A, Pere M et al. Intermittent theta burst stimulation (ITBS) versus 10 Hz high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to alleviate treatment-resistant unipolar depression: a randomized controlled trial (THETA-DEP). Brain Stimul 2022;15:870-80.

231. Chen L, Thomas EHX, Kaewpijit P et al. Accelerated theta burst stimulation for the treatment of depression: a randomised controlled trial. Brain Stimul 2021;14:1095-105.

232. Daskalakis ZJ, McClintock SM, Hadas I et al. Confirmatory Efficacy and Safety Trial of Magnetic Seizure Therapy for Depression (CREST-MST): protocol for identification of novel biomarkers via neurophysiology. Trials 2021;22:906.

233. Adu MK, Shalaby R, Chue P et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of resistant depression: a scoping review. Behav Sci 2022;12:195.

234. Kumar A, Bunker MT, Aaronson ST et al. Durability of symptomatic responses obtained with adjunctive vagus nerve stimulation in treatment-resistant depression. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2019;15:457-68.

235. Sackeim HA, Dibué M, Bunker MT et al. The long and winding road of vagus nerve stimulation: challenges in developing an intervention for difficult-to-treat mood disorders. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2020;16:3081-93.

236. Kraus C, Quach D, Sholtes DM et al. Setting up a successful vagus nerve stimulation service for patients with difficult-to-treat depression. Neuromodulation 2022;25:316-26.

237. Zandi PP, Morreale M, Reti IM et al. National Network of Depression Centers' recommendations on harmonizing clinical documentation of electroconvulsive therapy. J ECT 2022;38:159-64.

238. Sackeim HA, Prudic J, Nobler MS et al. Effects of pulse width and electrode placement on the efficacy and cognitive effects of electroconvulsive therapy. Brain Stimul 2008;1:71-83.

239. Grammer GG, Kuhle AR, Clark CC et al. Severity of depression predicts remission rates using transcranial magnetic stimulation. Front Psychiatry 2015;6:114.

240. Fitzgerald PB, Hoy KE, Anderson RJ et al. A study of the pattern of response to rTMS treatment in depression. Depress Anxiety 2016;33:746-53.

241. Kar SK. Predictors of response to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in depression: a review of recent updates. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci 2019;17:25-33.

242. Lisanby SH, Husain MM, Rosenquist PB et al. Daily left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the acute treatment of major depression: clinical predictors of outcome in a multisite, randomized controlled clinical trial. Neuropsychopharmacology 2009;34:522-34.

243. Levkovitz Y, Isserles M, Padberg F et al. Efficacy and safety of deep transcranial magnetic stimulation for major depression: a prospective multicenter randomized controlled trial. World Psychiatry 2015;14:64-73.

244. Zemplényi A, Józwiak-Hagymásy J, Kovács S et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation may be a cost-effective alternative to antidepressant therapy after two treatment failures in patients with major depressive disorder. BMC Psychiatry 2022;22:437.

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257. Zhou C, Zhang H, Qin Y et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of deep brain stimulation in treatment-resistant depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018;82:224-32.

258. Ramasubramanian V, Mathumathi S, Rajendhiran G et al. A comparative study of the effect of electroconvulsive therapy and transcranial direct current stimulation in the treatment of persons suffering from treatment-resistant depression. Ind Psychiatry J 2022;31:68-73.

259. Rhee TG, Shim SR, Forester BP et al. Efficacy and safety of ketamine vs electroconvulsive therapy among patients with major depressive episode: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 2022;79:1162-72.

260. McHugh RK, Whitton SW, Peckham AD et al. Patient preference for psychological vs pharmacologic treatment of psychiatric disorders: a meta-analytic review. J Clin Psychiatry 2013;74: 595-602.

261. Furukawa TA, Shinohara K, Sahker E et al. Initial

treatment choices to achieve sustained response
in major depression: a systematic review and
network meta-analysis. World Psychiatry 2021;
20:387-96.

262. Boschloo L, Bekhuis E, Weitz ES et al. The symptom-specific efficacy of antidepressant medication vs. cognitive behavioral therapy in the treatment of depression: results from an individual patient data meta-analysis. World Psychiatry 2019; 18:183-91.

263. Nemeroff CB, Heim CM, Thase ME et al. Differential responses to psychotherapy versus pharmacotherapy in patients with chronic forms of major depression and childhood trauma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003;100:14293-6.

264. Yrondi A, Aouizerate B, Bennabi D et al. Childhood maltreatment and clinical severity of treatment-resistant depression in a French cohort of outpatients (FACE-DR): one-year follow-up. Depression Anxiety 2020;37:365-74.

265. Ijaz S, Davies P, Williams CJ et al. Psychological therapies for treatment-resistant depression in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018;5: CD010558.

266. Bartova L, Fugger G, Dold M et al. Combining psychopharmacotherapy and psychotherapy is not associated with better treatment outcome in major depressive disorder – evidence from the European Group for the Study of Resistant Depression. J Psychiatr Res 2021;141:167-75.

267. Markowitz JC, Wright JH, Peeters F et al. The neglected role of psychotherapy for treatment-resistant depression. Am J Psychiatry 2022;179:90-3.

268. Eisendrath SJ, Gillung E, Delucchi KL et al. A randomized controlled trial of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for treatment-resistant depression. Psychother Psychosom 2016;85:99-110.

269. Fonagy P, Rost F, Carlyle JA et al. Pragmatic randomized controlled trial of long-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy for treatment-resistant depression: the Tavistock Adult Depression Study (TADS). World Psychiatry 2015;14:312-21.

270. Hauksson P, Ingibergsdóttir S, Gunnarsdóttir T et al. Effectiveness of cognitive behaviour therapy for treatment-resistant depression with psychiatric comorbidity: comparison of individual versus group CBT in an interdisciplinary rehabilitation setting. Nord J Psychiatry 2017;71:465-72.

271. McPherson S, Cairns P, Carlyle J et al. The effectiveness of psychological treatments for treatment-resistant depression: a systematic review. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2005;111:331-40.

272. van Bronswijk S, Moopen N, Beijers L et al. Effectiveness of psychotherapy for treatment-resistant depression: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. Psychol Med 2019;49:366-79.

273. Reiff CM, Richman EE, Nemeroff CB et al. Psychodelics and psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. Am J Psychiatry 2020;177:391-410.

274. Goodwin GM, Aaronson ST, Alvarez O et al. Single-dose psilocybin for a treatment-resistant episode of major depression. N Engl J Med 2022; 387:1637-48.

275. Siegel AN, Meshkat S, Benitah K et al. Registered clinical studies investigating psychedelic drugs for psychiatric disorders. J Psychiatr Res 2021;139:71-81.

276. Baune BT, Sampson E, Louise J et al. No evidence for clinical efficacy of adjunctive celecoxib with vortioxetine in the treatment of depression: a 6-week double-blind placebo controlled randomized trial. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2021;53:

34-46.

277. Crossley NA, Bauer M. Acceleration and augmentation of antidepressants with lithium for depressive disorders: two meta-analyses of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. J Clin Psychiatry 2007;68:935-40.

278. Zazula R, Husain MI, Mohebbi M et al. Minocycline as adjunctive treatment for major depressive disorder: pooled data from two randomized controlled trials. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2021; 55:784-98.

279. Walker AJ, Kim Y, Borissiouk I et al. Statins: neurobiological underpinnings and mechanisms in mood disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021;128: 693-708.

280. Nettis MA, Lombardo G, Hastings C et al. Augmentation therapy with minocycline in treatment-resistant depression patients with low-grade peripheral inflammation: results from a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021;46:939-48.

281. Liu Y, Zhou X, Zhu D et al. Is pindolol augmentation effective in depressed patients resistant to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Psychopharmacol 2015;30:132-42.

282. Lee HH, Blumberger DM, Lenze EJ et al. Low-dose augmentation with buprenorphine for treatment-resistant depression: a multisite randomized controlled trial with multimodal assessment of target engagement. Biol Psychiatry Glob Open Sci 2022;2:127-35.

283. Leavy MB, Boussios C, Phillips RL Jr et al. Outcome measure harmonization and data infrastructure for patient-centered outcomes research in depression: final report. Rockville: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2022.

284. Zimmerman M, Balling C, Chelminski I et al. Applying the inclusion/exclusion criteria in placebo-controlled studies to a clinical sample: a comparison of medications. J Affect Disord 2020; 260:483-8.

285. McIntyre RS, Ismail Z, Watling CP et al. Patient-reported outcome measures for life engagement in mental health: a systematic review. J Patient Rep Outcomes 2022;6:62.

286. Costa T, Menzat B, Engelthaler T et al. The burden associated with, and management of, difficult-to-treat depression in patients under specialist psychiatric care in the United Kingdom. J Psychopharmacol 2022;36:545-56.

287. Leichsenring F, Steinert C, Rabung S et al. The efficacy of psychotherapies and pharmacotherapies for mental disorders in adults: an umbrella review and meta-analytic evaluation of recent meta-analyses. World Psychiatry 2022; 21:133-45.

288. McKeown L, Taylor RW, Day E et al. Patient perspectives of lithium and quetiapine augmentation treatment in treatment-resistant depression: a qualitative assessment. J Psychopharmacol 2022;36:557-65.

289. Smith-Apeldoorn SY, Veraart JK, Spijker J et al. Maintenance ketamine treatment for depression: a systematic review of efficacy, safety, and tolerability. Lancet Psychiatry 2022;9:907-21.

290. Raguett RM, Tamura JK, McIntyre RS. Keeping up with the clinical advances: depression. CNS Spectr 2019;24(Suppl. 1):25-37.

291. Torous J, Bucci S, Bell IH et al. The growing field of digital psychiatry: current evidence and the future of apps, social media, chatbots, and virtual reality. World Psychiatry 2021;20:318-35.

292. Chekroud AM, Bondar J, Delgadillo J et al. The
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pore. Neuromodulation 2018;21:376-82.

246. Health Quality Ontario. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ont Health Technol Assess Ser 2016;16:1-66.

247. Hsu JH, Downar J, Vila-Rodriguez F et al. Impact of prior treatment on remission with intermittent theta burst versus high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in treatment resistant depression. Brain Stimul 2019;12:1553-5.

248. Blumberger DM, Vila-Rodriguez F, Thorpe KE et al. Effectiveness of theta burst versus high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with depression (THREE-D): a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet 2018; 391:1683-92.

249. Cole EJ, Phillips AL, Bentzley BS et al. Stanford Neuromodulation Therapy (SNT): a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry 2022; 179:132-41.

250. Daskalakis ZJ, Tamminga C, Throop A et al. Confirmatory Efficacy and Safety Trial of Magnetic Seizure Therapy for Depression (CREST-MST): study protocol for a randomized non-inferiority trial of magnetic seizure therapy versus electroconvulsive therapy. Trials 2021;22:786.

251. Tang VM, Blumberger DM, Throop A et al. Continuation magnetic seizure therapy for treatment-resistant unipolar or bipolar depression. J Clin Psychiatry 2021;82:20m13677.

252. Jiang J, Zhang C, Li C et al. Magnetic seizure therapy for treatment-resistant depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;6:CD013528.

253. Hitti FL, Cristancho MA, Yang Al et al. Deep brain stimulation of the ventral capsule/ventral striatum for treatment-resistant depression: a decade of clinical follow-up. J Clin Psychiatry 2021; 82:21m13973.

254. Holtzheimer PE, Kelley ME, Gross RE et al. Subcallosal cingulate deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant unipolar and bipolar depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2012;69:150-8.

255. Dougherty DD, Rezai AR, Carpenter LL et al. A randomized sham-controlled trial of deep brain stimulation of the ventral capsule/ventral striatum for chronic treatment-resistant depression. Biol Psychiatry 2015;78:240-8.

256. Kisely S, Li A, Warren N et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of deep brain stimulation for depression. Depress Anxiety 2018;35:468-80.

257. Zhou C, Zhang H, Qin Y et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of deep brain stimulation in treatment-resistant depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018;82:224-32.

258. Ramasubramanian V, Mathumathi S, Rajendhiran G et al. A comparative study of the effect of electroconvulsive therapy and transcranial direct current stimulation in the treatment of persons suffering from treatment-resistant depression. Ind Psychiatry J 2022;31:68-73.

259. Rhee TG, Shim SR, Forester BP et al. Efficacy and safety of ketamine vs electroconvulsive therapy among patients with major depressive episode: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 2022;79:1162-72.

260. McHugh RK, Whitton SW, Peckham AD et al. Patient preference for psychological vs pharmacologic treatment of psychiatric disorders: a meta-analytic review. J Clin Psychiatry 2013;74: 595-602.

261. Furukawa TA, Shinohara K, Sahker E et al. Initial

treatment choices to achieve sustained response
in major depression: a systematic review and
network meta-analysis. World Psychiatry 2021;
20:387-96.

262. Boschloo L, Bekhuis E, Weitz ES et al. The symptom-specific efficacy of antidepressant medication vs. cognitive behavioral therapy in the treatment of depression: results from an individual patient data meta-analysis. World Psychiatry 2019; 18:183-91.

263. Nemeroff CB, Heim CM, Thase ME et al. Differential responses to psychotherapy versus pharmacotherapy in patients with chronic forms of major depression and childhood trauma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003;100:14293-6.

264. Yrondi A, Aouizerate B, Bennabi D et al. Childhood maltreatment and clinical severity of treatment-resistant depression in a French cohort of outpatients (FACE-DR): one-year follow-up. Depression Anxiety 2020;37:365-74.

265. Ijaz S, Davies P, Williams CJ et al. Psychological therapies for treatment-resistant depression in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018;5: CD010558.

266. Bartova L, Fugger G, Dold M et al. Combining psychopharmacotherapy and psychotherapy is not associated with better treatment outcome in major depressive disorder – evidence from the European Group for the Study of Resistant Depression. J Psychiatr Res 2021;141:167-75.

267. Markowitz JC, Wright JH, Peeters F et al. The neglected role of psychotherapy for treatment-resistant depression. Am J Psychiatry 2022;179:90-3.

268. Eisendrath SJ, Gillung E, Delucchi KL et al. A randomized controlled trial of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for treatment-resistant depression. Psychother Psychosom 2016;85:99-110.

269. Fonagy P, Rost F, Carlyle JA et al. Pragmatic randomized controlled trial of long-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy for treatment-resistant depression: the Tavistock Adult Depression Study (TADS). World Psychiatry 2015;14:312-21.

270. Hauksson P, Ingibergsdóttir S, Gunnarsdóttir T et al. Effectiveness of cognitive behaviour therapy for treatment-resistant depression with psychiatric comorbidity: comparison of individual versus group CBT in an interdisciplinary rehabilitation setting. Nord J Psychiatry 2017;71:465-72.

271. McPherson S, Cairns P, Carlyle J et al. The effectiveness of psychological treatments for treatment-resistant depression: a systematic review. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2005;111:331-40.

272. van Bronswijk S, Moopen N, Beijers L et al. Effectiveness of psychotherapy for treatment-resistant depression: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. Psychol Med 2019;49:366-79.

273. Reiff CM, Richman EE, Nemeroff CB et al. Psychodelics and psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. Am J Psychiatry 2020;177:391-410.

274. Goodwin GM, Aaronson ST, Alvarez O et al. Single-dose psilocybin for a treatment-resistant episode of major depression. N Engl J Med 2022; 387:1637-48.

275. Siegel AN, Meshkat S, Benitah K et al. Registered clinical studies investigating psychedelic drugs for psychiatric disorders. J Psychiatr Res 2021;139:71-81.

276. Baune BT, Sampson E, Louise J et al. No evidence for clinical efficacy of adjunctive celecoxib with vortioxetine in the treatment of depression: a 6-week double-blind placebo controlled randomized trial. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2021;53:

34-46.

277. Crossley NA, Bauer M. Acceleration and augmentation of antidepressants with lithium for depressive disorders: two meta-analyses of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. J Clin Psychiatry 2007;68:935-40.

278. Zazula R, Husain MI, Mohebbi M et al. Minocycline as adjunctive treatment for major depressive disorder: pooled data from two randomized controlled trials. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2021; 55:784-98.

279. Walker AJ, Kim Y, Borissiouk I et al. Statins: neurobiological underpinnings and mechanisms in mood disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021;128: 693-708.

280. Nettis MA, Lombardo G, Hastings C et al. Augmentation therapy with minocycline in treatment-resistant depression patients with low-grade peripheral inflammation: results from a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021;46:939-48.

281. Liu Y, Zhou X, Zhu D et al. Is pindolol augmentation effective in depressed patients resistant to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Psychopharmacol 2015;30:132-42.

282. Lee HH, Blumberger DM, Lenze EJ et al. Low-dose augmentation with buprenorphine for treatment-resistant depression: a multisite randomized controlled trial with multimodal assessment of target engagement. Biol Psychiatry Glob Open Sci 2022;2:127-35.

283. Leavy MB, Boussios C, Phillips RL Jr et al. Outcome measure harmonization and data infrastructure for patient-centered outcomes research in depression: final report. Rockville: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2022.

284. Zimmerman M, Balling C, Chelminski I et al. Applying the inclusion/exclusion criteria in placebo-controlled studies to a clinical sample: a comparison of medications. J Affect Disord 2020; 260:483-8.

285. McIntyre RS, Ismail Z, Watling CP et al. Patient-reported outcome measures for life engagement in mental health: a systematic review. J Patient Rep Outcomes 2022;6:62.

286. Costa T, Menzat B, Engelthaler T et al. The burden associated with, and management of, difficult-to-treat depression in patients under specialist psychiatric care in the United Kingdom. J Psychopharmacol 2022;36:545-56.

287. Leichsenring F, Steinert C, Rabung S et al. The efficacy of psychotherapies and pharmacotherapies for mental disorders in adults: an umbrella review and meta-analytic evaluation of recent meta-analyses. World Psychiatry 2022; 21:133-45.

288. McKeown L, Taylor RW, Day E et al. Patient perspectives of lithium and quetiapine augmentation treatment in treatment-resistant depression: a qualitative assessment. J Psychopharmacol 2022;36:557-65.

289. Smith-Apeldoorn SY, Veraart JK, Spijker J et al. Maintenance ketamine treatment for depression: a systematic review of efficacy, safety, and tolerability. Lancet Psychiatry 2022;9:907-21.

290. Raguett RM, Tamura JK, McIntyre RS. Keeping up with the clinical advances: depression. CNS Spectr 2019;24(Suppl. 1):25-37.

291. Torous J, Bucci S, Bell IH et al. The growing field of digital psychiatry: current evidence and the future of apps, social media, chatbots, and virtual reality. World Psychiatry 2021;20:318-35.

292. Chekroud AM, Bondar J, Delgadillo J et al. The
promise of machine learning in predicting treat-
ment outcomes in psychiatry. World Psychiatry
2021;20:154-70.

293. Lee Y, Ragguett RM, Mansur RB et al. Applications of machine learning algorithms to predict

therapeutic outcomes in depression: a meta-
analysis and systematic review. J Affect Disord
2018; 241:519-32.

294. Venkatesan A, Forster B, Rao P et al. Improvements in depression outcomes following a digital

tal cognitive behavioral therapy intervention in
a polychronic population: retrospective study.
JMIR Form Res 2022;6:e38005.

DOI:10.1002/wps.21120
promise of machine learning in predicting treat-
ment outcomes in psychiatry. World Psychiatry
2021;20:154-70.

293. Lee Y, Ragguett RM, Mansur RB et al. Applications of machine learning algorithms to predict

therapeutic outcomes in depression: a meta-
analysis and systematic review. J Affect Disord
2018; 241:519-32.

294. Venkatesan A, Forster B, Rao P et al. Improvements in depression outcomes following a digital

tal cognitive behavioral therapy intervention in
a polychronic population: retrospective study.
JMIR Form Res 2022;6:e38005.

DOI:10.1002/wps.21120