action in a larger perspective that will benefit the whole
ecosystem.

Share or distribute funding

Mitigation translocations are usually well funded (Doyle
unpub. data; Germano et al. 2015). However, the funding
allocation is often uneven, distributed towards the planning
and physical relocation phases. Funding may then cease
when the development is completed or be insufficient to
continue with the maintenance and monitoring required to
ensure project success (Doyle unpub. data). As part of mini-
mum standards (Table 2) funding or resources, such as staff,
must be adequate for ongoing maintenance, monitoring, and
supplementary actions. To achieve this, we advocate several
options.

First, the pooling of funding and planning between small
projects to build a coherent transplanting program (Fig. 4).
In this scenario, the repartition and distribution of financial
resources could be managed through a trust, independent
third party, internally by member agreement (independently
audited) or government regulators. In the final scenario,
pooled funding can act as a bond associated with the com-
pletion criteria.

Alternatively, funding may be allocated in advance to
contractors who undertake the contractual responsibility
of population maintenance. The contractors or site manag-
ers would then be responsible for delivering translocation
completion criteria. Funding could also be allocated for
species-relevant research where more knowledge is needed
to plan the translocation or demonstrate minimum comple-
tion criteria.

Finally, where translocation outcomes are deemed uncer-
tain due to species long generation times or event-specific
reproductive cues (such as a fire at long, 20+ year intervals),
proponents should fund the management of wild populations
at protected sites as a buffer against the net loss of species
and as part of cumulative impact avoidance. We also pro-
pose a small levy on all translocation projects to fund the
maintenance of a registry or database, which will facilitate
data sharing.

Further considerations

In situ biodiversity management must remain the principle
of conservation, with the risks and uncertainties increasing
over time due to climate change. Thus, the use of mitiga-
tion translocation is cited as a last resort in instances where
avoidance (BBOP 2012) cannot be achieved (DPE 2019;
DSEWPC 2013). Approval authorities must always assess if
avoidance has been considered appropriately before mitiga-
tion is considered. Despite mitigation translocation having

many limitations in realising no net loss targets, we have
proposed solutions to improve the efficiency of the process
through this paper. Nevertheless, some challenges remain
ahead to further increase our capabilities to moderate biodi-
versity loss due to direct anthropic impact.

One key challenge to be overcome is international col-
laboration to adopt a biogeographical perspective in plant
conservation, because managing species loss within national
borders is no longer sufficient (Brodie et al. 2021). Govern-
ing bodies must homogenise standards to progress towards
shared conservation. Data sharing and collaboration between
species conservation and translocation projects could mini-
mise cumulative impacts, facilitate habitat connectivity
and promote robust population structure in target species.
However, important barriers must be removed, particularly
when legislation differs across countries. Recent interna-
tional projects such as the European Life project Seed Force
set the path towards global action plans for conserving flora.
Applying consistent translocation standards, outlined in this
paper, represents the first step towards genuine mitigation of
impacts and conservation gains.

The success and completion criteria for vegetation com-
munity translocations will vary from the benchmarks pro-
posed above and are not dealt with explicitly in this paper.
However, success criteria should be based on restoration
targets such as those outlined by the Society for Ecologi-
cal Restoration, where many countries have region-specific
National Standards (SERA 2021). Where vegetation com-
munity salvage has occurred, measures of success and
completion are often based on the complexity of floristic
diversity against a baseline or benchmark community (e.g.
Dufourq and Shapcott 2019). Future discussions about suc-
cess and completion criteria for vegetation community miti-
gation are required.

As part of choosing a future where biodiversity continues
to be maintained, we need to critique legislation that does
not meet these goals and propose valid options for improv-
ing conservation outcomes alongside sustainable develop-
ment (ICSU/ISSC 2015). The idea of compensating for a
biodiversity loss is laudable, but the long-term commitments
required to assess translocation success currently weaken the
process. Consequently, a paradigm shift is needed regarding
implementing the mitigation procedure. This shift requires
moving from process-driven mitigation to an obligation for
consistent standards and transparent, accurately evaluated
results. Hence, the mitigation process would end when the
no net loss is scientifically proven.

**Supplementary Information** The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-023-01310-8.

**Acknowledgements** This paper emerged from discussions at the first IPTC Plant Translocation Symposium in Rome in June 2022. The authors would like to thank several colleagues for their pertinent
action in a larger perspective that will benefit the whole
ecosystem.

Share or distribute funding

Mitigation translocations are usually well funded (Doyle
unpub. data; Germano et al. 2015). However, the funding
allocation is often uneven, distributed towards the planning
and physical relocation phases. Funding may then cease
when the development is completed or be insufficient to
continue with the maintenance and monitoring required to
ensure project success (Doyle unpub. data). As part of mini-
mum standards (Table 2) funding or resources, such as staff,
must be adequate for ongoing maintenance, monitoring, and
supplementary actions. To achieve this, we advocate several
options.

First, the pooling of funding and planning between small
projects to build a coherent transplanting program (Fig. 4).
In this scenario, the repartition and distribution of financial
resources could be managed through a trust, independent
third party, internally by member agreement (independently
audited) or government regulators. In the final scenario,
pooled funding can act as a bond associated with the com-
pletion criteria.

Alternatively, funding may be allocated in advance to
contractors who undertake the contractual responsibility
of population maintenance. The contractors or site manag-
ers would then be responsible for delivering translocation
completion criteria. Funding could also be allocated for
species-relevant research where more knowledge is needed
to plan the translocation or demonstrate minimum comple-
tion criteria.

Finally, where translocation outcomes are deemed uncer-
tain due to species long generation times or event-specific
reproductive cues (such as a fire at long, 20+ year intervals),
proponents should fund the management of wild populations
at protected sites as a buffer against the net loss of species
and as part of cumulative impact avoidance. We also pro-
pose a small levy on all translocation projects to fund the
maintenance of a registry or database, which will facilitate
data sharing.

**Further considerations**

In situ biodiversity management must remain the principle
of conservation, with the risks and uncertainties increasing
over time due to climate change. Thus, the use of mitiga-
tion translocation is cited as a last resort in instances where
avoidance (BBOP 2012) cannot be achieved (DPE 2019;
DSEWPC 2013). Approval authorities must always assess if
avoidance has been considered appropriately before mitiga-
tion is considered. Despite mitigation translocation having

many limitations in realising no net loss targets, we have
proposed solutions to improve the efficiency of the process
through this paper. Nevertheless, some challenges remain
ahead to further increase our capabilities to moderate biodi-
versity loss due to direct anthropic impact.

One key challenge to be overcome is international col-
laboration to adopt a biogeographical perspective in plant
conservation, because managing species loss within national
borders is no longer sufficient (Brodie et al. 2021). Govern-
ing bodies must homogenise standards to progress towards
shared conservation. Data sharing and collaboration between
species conservation and translocation projects could mini-
mise cumulative impacts, facilitate habitat connectivity
and promote robust population structure in target species.
However, important barriers must be removed, particularly
when legislation differs across countries. Recent interna-
tional projects such as the European Life project Seed Force
set the path towards global action plans for conserving flora.
Applying consistent translocation standards, outlined in this
paper, represents the first step towards genuine mitigation of
impacts and conservation gains.

The success and completion criteria for vegetation com-
munity translocations will vary from the benchmarks pro-
posed above and are not dealt with explicitly in this paper.
However, success criteria should be based on restoration
targets such as those outlined by the Society for Ecologi-
cal Restoration, where many countries have region-specific
National Standards (SERA 2021). Where vegetation com-
munity salvage has occurred, measures of success and
completion are often based on the complexity of floristic
diversity against a baseline or benchmark community (e.g.
Dufourq and Shapcott 2019). Future discussions about suc-
cess and completion criteria for vegetation community miti-
gation are required.

As part of choosing a future where biodiversity continues
to be maintained, we need to critique legislation that does
not meet these goals and propose valid options for improv-
ing conservation outcomes alongside sustainable develop-
ment (ICSU/ISSC 2015). The idea of compensating for a
biodiversity loss is laudable, but the long-term commitments
required to assess translocation success currently weaken the
process. Consequently, a paradigm shift is needed regarding
implementing the mitigation procedure. This shift requires
moving from process-driven mitigation to an obligation for
consistent standards and transparent, accurately evaluated
results. Hence, the mitigation process would end when the
no net loss is scientifically proven.

**Supplementary Information** The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-023-01310-8.

**Acknowledgements** This paper emerged from discussions at the first IPTC Plant Translocation Symposium in Rome in June 2022. The authors would like to thank several colleagues for their pertinent

<figure><img src="image_15.png" /></figure>
remarks and advice about country-specific legislation, especially Frédéric Andrieux (France), Belinda Pellow (Australia), Terhy Ryttäri (Finland), Minna Pekkonen (Finland), Asta Klimienė (Latvia), Uldis Kondratovičs (Lithuania), and Gerald Taggart (UK). Special thanks to Joyce Machinski for her initial help in launching the project and formalising notes at the conference. Authors CD, DR, MO, WL, and AM acknowledge the Traditional Custodians of the land on which their research is undertaken and pay their respects to elders past, present, and emerging. This is contribution # 1563 from the Institute of Environment at Florida International University.

**Author contributions** CD and GP structured manuscript and wrote preliminary content. CD prepared Figs. 2 and 3, MJ prepared Fig. 1 and GP prepared Figs. 1 and 4. MS, TA, HL, MJ, JEEC, DR and PLAE contributed case study and country-specific legislative content (Supplementary material). TJW and WL reviewed Issues (Table S1). Abstract translations were undertaken by AE, AM, WL, JE, HL, BC, BS and MJ. All authors reviewed manuscript twice and provided additional, country-relevant examples.

**Funding** Open Access funding enabled and organized by CAUL and its Member Institutions. Author AM declares funding and support from the Hunt Family Foundation was received during the preparation of this manuscript.

## Declarations

**Competing interests** The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.

**Open Access** This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

## References

Albrecht MA, Guerrant EO Jr, Maschinski J, Kennedy K (2011) A long term view of rare plant reintroduction. A response to Godefroid et al. 2011: how successful are plant reintroductions? Biol Conserv 144:2557–2558

Albrecht MA, Osazuwa-Peters OL, Maschinski J, Bell TJ, Bowles ML, Brumback WE et al (2019) Effects of life history and reproduction on recruitment time lags in reintroductions of rare plants. Conserv Biol 33(3):601–611. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13255

Allen WH (1994) Reintroduction of endangered plants. Bioscience 44(2):65–68. https://doi.org/10.2307/1312203

Antonelli A, Smith R, Fry C, Simmonds MS, Kersey PJ, Pritchard H, et al (2020) State of the world’s plants and fungi. Royal Botanic Gardens (Kew), Sfumato Foundation

Armstrong DP, Seddon PJ, Moehrenschlager A (2019) Reintroduction. In: Fath BD (ed) Encyclopedia of ecology, vol 1, 2nd edn. Elsevier, Oxford, pp 458–466

BBOP (2012) Business and biodiversity offsets programme (BBOP) guidance notes to the standard on biodiversity offsets. BBOP, Washington, DC

Bell SAJ (2020) Translocation of threatened terrestrial orchids into non-mined and post-mined lands in the Hunter Valley of New South Wales. Australia Restoration Ecology 28(6):1396–1407. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13224

Berg KS (1996) Rare plant mitigation: a policy perspective. In: Falk DA, Millar CI, Olwell M (eds) Restoring diversity: strategies for reintroduction of endangered plants. Island Press, Washington, DC, pp 279–292

Bradley HS, Tomlinson S, Craig MD, Cross AT, Bateman PW (2021) Mitigation translocation as a management tool. Conserv Biol 36(1):e13667. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13667

Bradshaw CJ, Ehrlich PR, Beattie A, Ceballos G, Crist E, Diamond J et al (2021) Underestimating the challenges of avoiding a ghastly future. Front Conserv Sci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcosc.2020.615419

Bragg JG, Yap JYS, Wilson T, Lee E, Rossetto M (2021) Conserving the genetic diversity of condemned populations: optimising collections and translocation. Evol Appl 14(5):1225–1238. https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.13192

Breed MF, Ottewell K, Gardner M, Marklund MH, Dormontt E, Lowe A (2015) Mating patterns and pollinator mobility are critical traits in forest fragmentation genetics. Heredity 115(2):108–114

Brichieri-Colombi TA, Moehrenschlager A (2016) Alignment of threat, effort, and perceived success in North American conservation translocations. Conserv Biol 30(6):1159–1172. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12743

Brigham CA, Thomson DM (2003) Approaches to modelling population viability in plants: an overview. In: Brigham CA, Schwartz MW (eds) Population viability in plants: conservation, management, and modelling of rare plants. Springer, Berlin, pp 145–171

Brodie JF, Lieberman S, Moehrenschlager A, Redford KH, Rodriguez JP, Schwartz M, Seddon PJ, Watson JEM (2021) Global policy for assisted colonisation of species. Science 372(6541):456–458. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abg0532

Bull JW, Gordon A, Watson JEM, Maron M (2016) Seeking convergence on the key concepts in ‘no net loss’ policy. J Appl Ecol 53(6):1686–1693. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12726

California Native Plant Society (1991) Policy on Mitigation Guidelines regarding impacts to rare, threatened and endangered plants. California Native Plant Society Rare Plant Scientific Advisory Committee (February 1991, revised April 1998). https://www.cnps.org/conservation/endangered-species/mitigation-impacts-policy Accessed 3 July 2022

Cerema (2018) Théma evaluation environnementale. Guide d'aide à la définition des mesures ERC, Paris, France: Conseil Général du Développement Durable, MTE

CH2M (2017) Special-status plant salvage and relocation plan west of devers upgrade project riverside and San Bernardino Counties, California. Prepared for Southern California Edison by CH2M. https://ia.cpuc.ca.gov/environment/info/aspen/westo/fdevers/plans/special_status_plant+salvage_relocation_plan.pdf. Accessed 10 July 2022

Charlesworth D (2006) Evolution of plant breeding systems. Curr Biol 16(17):R726–R735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2006.07.068

Coates F, Lunt ID, Tremblay RL (2006) Effects of disturbance on population dynamics of the threatened orchid *Prasophyllum correcsum* DL Jones and implications for grassland management in south-eastern Australia. Biol Cons 129(1):59–69

Cochrane JA, Crawford AD, Monks LT (2007) The significance of ex situ seed conservation to reintroduction of threatened plants. Aust J Bot 55(3):356–361. https://doi.org/10.1071/BT06173

Commander LE, Coates DJ, Broadhurst L, Offord CA, Makinson RO, Matthes M (2018) Guidelines for the Translocation of Threatened
remarks and advice about country-specific legislation, especially Frédéric Andrieux (France), Belinda Pellow (Australia), Terhy Ryttäri (Finland), Minna Pekkonen (Finland), Asta Klimienė (Latvia), Uldis Kondratovičs (Lithuania), and Gerald Taggart (UK). Special thanks to Joyce Machinski for her initial help in launching the project and formalising notes at the conference. Authors CD, DR, MO, WL, and AM acknowledge the Traditional Custodians of the land on which their research is undertaken and pay their respects to elders past, present, and emerging. This is contribution # 1563 from the Institute of Environment at Florida International University.

**Author contributions** CD and GP structured manuscript and wrote preliminary content. CD prepared Figs. 2 and 3, MJ prepared Fig. 1 and GP prepared Figs. 1 and 4. MS, TA, HL, MJ, JEEC, DR and PLAE contributed case study and country-specific legislative content (Supplementary material). TJW and WL reviewed Issues (Table S1). Abstract translations were undertaken by AE, AM, WL, JE, HL, BC, BS and MJ. All authors reviewed manuscript twice and provided additional, country-relevant examples.

**Funding** Open Access funding enabled and organized by CAUL and its Member Institutions. Author AM declares funding and support from the Hunt Family Foundation was received during the preparation of this manuscript.

## Declarations

**Competing interests** The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.

**Open Access** This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

## References

Albrecht MA, Guerrant EO Jr, Maschinski J, Kennedy K (2011) A long term view of rare plant reintroduction. A response to Godefroid et al. 2011: how successful are plant reintroductions? Biol Conserv 144:2557–2558

Albrecht MA, Osazuwa-Peters OL, Maschinski J, Bell TJ, Bowles ML, Brumback WE et al (2019) Effects of life history and reproduction on recruitment time lags in reintroductions of rare plants. Conserv Biol 33(3):601–611. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13255

Allen WH (1994) Reintroduction of endangered plants. Bioscience 44(2):65–68. https://doi.org/10.2307/1312203

Antonelli A, Smith R, Fry C, Simmonds MS, Kersey PJ, Pritchard H, et al (2020) State of the world’s plants and fungi. Royal Botanic Gardens (Kew), Sfumato Foundation

Armstrong DP, Seddon PJ, Moehrenschlager A (2019) Reintroduction. In: Fath BD (ed) Encyclopedia of ecology, vol 1, 2nd edn. Elsevier, Oxford, pp 458–466

BBOP (2012) Business and biodiversity offsets programme (BBOP) guidance notes to the standard on biodiversity offsets. BBOP, Washington, DC

Bell SAJ (2020) Translocation of threatened terrestrial orchids into non-mined and post-mined lands in the Hunter Valley of New South Wales. Australia Restoration Ecology 28(6):1396–1407. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13224

Berg KS (1996) Rare plant mitigation: a policy perspective. In: Falk DA, Millar CI, Olwell M (eds) Restoring diversity: strategies for reintroduction of endangered plants. Island Press, Washington, DC, pp 279–292

Bradley HS, Tomlinson S, Craig MD, Cross AT, Bateman PW (2021) Mitigation translocation as a management tool. Conserv Biol 36(1):e13667. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13667

Bradshaw CJ, Ehrlich PR, Beattie A, Ceballos G, Crist E, Diamond J et al (2021) Underestimating the challenges of avoiding a ghastly future. Front Conserv Sci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcosc.2020.615419

Bragg JG, Yap JYS, Wilson T, Lee E, Rossetto M (2021) Conserving the genetic diversity of condemned populations: optimising collections and translocation. Evol Appl 14(5):1225–1238. https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.13192

Breed MF, Ottewell K, Gardner M, Marklund MH, Dormontt E, Lowe A (2015) Mating patterns and pollinator mobility are critical traits in forest fragmentation genetics. Heredity 115(2):108–114

Brichieri-Colombi TA, Moehrenschlager A (2016) Alignment of threat, effort, and perceived success in North American conservation translocations. Conserv Biol 30(6):1159–1172. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12743

Brigham CA, Thomson DM (2003) Approaches to modelling population viability in plants: an overview. In: Brigham CA, Schwartz MW (eds) Population viability in plants: conservation, management, and modelling of rare plants. Springer, Berlin, pp 145–171

Brodie JF, Lieberman S, Moehrenschlager A, Redford KH, Rodriguez JP, Schwartz M, Seddon PJ, Watson JEM (2021) Global policy for assisted colonisation of species. Science 372(6541):456–458. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abg0532

Bull JW, Gordon A, Watson JEM, Maron M (2016) Seeking convergence on the key concepts in ‘no net loss’ policy. J Appl Ecol 53(6):1686–1693. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12726

California Native Plant Society (1991) Policy on Mitigation Guidelines regarding impacts to rare, threatened and endangered plants. California Native Plant Society Rare Plant Scientific Advisory Committee (February 1991, revised April 1998). https://www.cnps.org/conservation/endangered-species/mitigation-impacts-policy Accessed 3 July 2022

Cerema (2018) Théma evaluation environnementale. Guide d'aide à la définition des mesures ERC, Paris, France: Conseil Général du Développement Durable, MTE

CH2M (2017) Special-status plant salvage and relocation plan west of devers upgrade project riverside and San Bernardino Counties, California. Prepared for Southern California Edison by CH2M. https://ia.cpuc.ca.gov/environment/info/aspen/westo/fdevers/plans/special_status_plant+salvage_relocation_plan.pdf. Accessed 10 July 2022

Charlesworth D (2006) Evolution of plant breeding systems. Curr Biol 16(17):R726–R735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2006.07.068

Coates F, Lunt ID, Tremblay RL (2006) Effects of disturbance on population dynamics of the threatened orchid *Prasophyllum correcsum* DL Jones and implications for grassland management in south-eastern Australia. Biol Cons 129(1):59–69

Cochrane JA, Crawford AD, Monks LT (2007) The significance of ex situ seed conservation to reintroduction of threatened plants. Aust J Bot 55(3):356–361. https://doi.org/10.1071/BT06173

Commander LE, Coates DJ, Broadhurst L, Offord CA, Makinson RO, Matthes M (2018) Guidelines for the Translocation of Threatened
remarks and advice about country-specific legislation, especially Frédéric Andrieux (France), Belinda Pellow (Australia), Terhy Ryttäri (Finland), Minna Pekkonen (Finland), Asta Klimienė (Latvia), Uldis Kondratovičs (Lithuania), and Gerald Taggart (UK). Special thanks to Joyce Machinski for her initial help in launching the project and formalising notes at the conference. Authors CD, DR, MO, WL, and AM acknowledge the Traditional Custodians of the land on which their research is undertaken and pay their respects to elders past, present, and emerging. This is contribution # 1563 from the Institute of Environment at Florida International University.

**Author contributions** CD and GP structured manuscript and wrote preliminary content. CD prepared Figs. 2 and 3, MJ prepared Fig. 1 and GP prepared Figs. 1 and 4. MS, TA, HL, MJ, JEEC, DR and PLAE contributed case study and country-specific legislative content (Supplementary material). TJW and WL reviewed Issues (Table S1). Abstract translations were undertaken by AE, AM, WL, JE, HL, BC, BS and MJ. All authors reviewed manuscript twice and provided additional, country-relevant examples.

**Funding** Open Access funding enabled and organized by CAUL and its Member Institutions. Author AM declares funding and support from the Hunt Family Foundation was received during the preparation of this manuscript.

## Declarations

**Competing interests** The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.

**Open Access** This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

## References

Albrecht MA, Guerrant EO Jr, Maschinski J, Kennedy K (2011) A long term view of rare plant reintroduction. A response to Godefroid et al. 2011: how successful are plant reintroductions? Biol Conserv 144:2557–2558

Albrecht MA, Osazuwa-Peters OL, Maschinski J, Bell TJ, Bowles ML, Brumback WE et al (2019) Effects of life history and reproduction on recruitment time lags in reintroductions of rare plants. Conserv Biol 33(3):601–611. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13255

Allen WH (1994) Reintroduction of endangered plants. Bioscience 44(2):65–68. https://doi.org/10.2307/1312203

Antonelli A, Smith R, Fry C, Simmonds MS, Kersey PJ, Pritchard H, et al (2020) State of the world’s plants and fungi. Royal Botanic Gardens (Kew), Sfumato Foundation

Armstrong DP, Seddon PJ, Moehrenschlager A (2019) Reintroduction. In: Fath BD (ed) Encyclopedia of ecology, vol 1, 2nd edn. Elsevier, Oxford, pp 458–466

BBOP (2012) Business and biodiversity offsets programme (BBOP) guidance notes to the standard on biodiversity offsets. BBOP, Washington, DC

Bell SAJ (2020) Translocation of threatened terrestrial orchids into non-mined and post-mined lands in the Hunter Valley of New South Wales. Australia Restoration Ecology 28(6):1396–1407. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13224

Berg KS (1996) Rare plant mitigation: a policy perspective. In: Falk DA, Millar CI, Olwell M (eds) Restoring diversity: strategies for reintroduction of endangered plants. Island Press, Washington, DC, pp 279–292

Bradley HS, Tomlinson S, Craig MD, Cross AT, Bateman PW (2021) Mitigation translocation as a management tool. Conserv Biol 36(1):e13667. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13667

Bradshaw CJ, Ehrlich PR, Beattie A, Ceballos G, Crist E, Diamond J et al (2021) Underestimating the challenges of avoiding a ghastly future. Front Conserv Sci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcosc.2020.615419

Bragg JG, Yap JYS, Wilson T, Lee E, Rossetto M (2021) Conserving the genetic diversity of condemned populations: optimising collections and translocation. Evol Appl 14(5):1225–1238. https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.13192

Breed MF, Ottewell K, Gardner M, Marklund MH, Dormontt E, Lowe A (2015) Mating patterns and pollinator mobility are critical traits in forest fragmentation genetics. Heredity 115(2):108–114

Brichieri-Colombi TA, Moehrenschlager A (2016) Alignment of threat, effort, and perceived success in North American conservation translocations. Conserv Biol 30(6):1159–1172. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12743

Brigham CA, Thomson DM (2003) Approaches to modelling population viability in plants: an overview. In: Brigham CA, Schwartz MW (eds) Population viability in plants: conservation, management, and modelling of rare plants. Springer, Berlin, pp 145–171

Brodie JF, Lieberman S, Moehrenschlager A, Redford KH, Rodriguez JP, Schwartz M, Seddon PJ, Watson JEM (2021) Global policy for assisted colonisation of species. Science 372(6541):456–458. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abg0532

Bull JW, Gordon A, Watson JEM, Maron M (2016) Seeking convergence on the key concepts in ‘no net loss’ policy. J Appl Ecol 53(6):1686–1693. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12726

California Native Plant Society (1991) Policy on Mitigation Guidelines regarding impacts to rare, threatened and endangered plants. California Native Plant Society Rare Plant Scientific Advisory Committee (February 1991, revised April 1998). https://www.cnps.org/conservation/endangered-species/mitigation-impacts-policy Accessed 3 July 2022

Cerema (2018) Théma evaluation environnementale. Guide d'aide à la définition des mesures ERC, Paris, France: Conseil Général du Développement Durable, MTE

CH2M (2017) Special-status plant salvage and relocation plan west of devers upgrade project riverside and San Bernardino Counties, California. Prepared for Southern California Edison by CH2M. https://ia.cpuc.ca.gov/environment/info/aspen/westo/fdevers/plans/special_status_plant+salvage_relocation_plan.pdf. Accessed 10 July 2022

Charlesworth D (2006) Evolution of plant breeding systems. Curr Biol 16(17):R726–R735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2006.07.068

Coates F, Lunt ID, Tremblay RL (2006) Effects of disturbance on population dynamics of the threatened orchid *Prasophyllum correcsum* DL Jones and implications for grassland management in south-eastern Australia. Biol Cons 129(1):59–69

Cochrane JA, Crawford AD, Monks LT (2007) The significance of ex situ seed conservation to reintroduction of threatened plants. Aust J Bot 55(3):356–361. https://doi.org/10.1071/BT06173

Commander LE, Coates DJ, Broadhurst L, Offord CA, Makinson RO, Matthes M (2018) Guidelines for the Translocation of Threatened
Plants, 3rd edn. Australian Network for Plant Conservation Inc, Canberra

Corlett RT (2016) Plant diversity in a changing world: status, trends, and conservation needs. Plant Diversity 38(1):10–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pld.2016.01.001

CPC (2018) CPC best plant conservation practices to support species survival in the wild. The Center for Plant Conservation.

Dalrymple SE, Banks E, Stewart GB, Pullin AS (2012) A meta-analysis of threatened plant reintroductions from across the globe. In: Maschinski J, Haskins KE, Raven PH (eds) Plant reintroduction in a changing climate. The science and practice of ecological restoration. Island Press, Washington, DC, pp 31–50

Doyle CA, Pellow BJ, Bell SAJ, Reynolds DM, Silcock JL, Commander LE, Ooi MKJ (2022) Threatened plant translocation for mitigation: improving data accessibility using existing legislative frameworks. An Australian case study [policy and practice reviews]. Front Conserv Sci 20:22. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcosc.2021.789448

DPE (2019) Translocation operational policy. NSW Department of Planning and Environment NSW Government, Australia

Draper MD, Marques I, Iriondo JM (2015) Acquiring baseline information for successful plant translocations when there is no time to lose: the case of the neglected Critically Endangered *Narcissus cavanillesii* (Amaryllidaceae). Plant Ecol 217:193–206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-015-0524-2

Drayton B, Primack RB (2012) Success rates for reintroductions of eight perennial plant species after 15 years. Restor Ecol 20(3):299–303. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2011.00860.x

Dufourq P, Shapcott A (2019) The importance of fire in the success of a 15 hectare subtropical heathland translocation. Aust J Bot 67(7):531–545

DSEWPC (2013) EPBC act policy statement—translocation of listed threatened species—assessment under chapter 4 of the EPBC Act. Australian government Accessed 15 July 2022 http://www environment.gov.au/epbc/publications/epbc-act-policy-state ment-translocation-listed-threatened-species-assessment-under-chapter

Evans M, Maseyk F, Davitt G, Maron M (2021) Typical offsets for threatened species. Threatened Species Recovery Hub, National Environmental Science Program. https://www.nesphthereads species.edu.au/media/50pmkic2/5-1-typical-offsets-for-threa tened-species_v2.pdf. Accessed 20 July 2022

Erftemeijer PLA, Agastian T, Yamamoto H, Cambridge ML, Hoekstra R, Toms G, Ito S (2020) Mangrove planting on dredged material: three decades of nature-based coastal defence along a causeway in the Arabian Gulf. Mar Freshw Res 71(9):1062–1072. https://doi.org/10.1071/MF19289

Erftemeijer PLA, Price BA, Ito S, Yamamoto H, Agastian T, Cambridge ML (2021) Salvaging and replanting 300 mangrove trees and saplings in the arid Arabian Gulf. Mar Freshw Res 72(11):1577–1587. https://doi.org/10.1071/MF20381

Fahselt D (2007) Is transplanting an effective means of preserving vegetation? Can J Bot 85(10):1007–1017. https://doi.org/10.1139/b07-087

Falk DA, Millar CI, Olwell M (1996) Restoring diversity: strategies for reintroduction of endangered plants. Island Press, Washington, DC

Ferretto G, Glasby T, Housefield G, Poore A, Statton J, Sinclair EA et al (2019) Threatened plant translocation case study: *Posidonia australis* (Strapweed), Posidoniaceae. Austr Plant Conserv 28(1):24–26

Fischer J, Lindenmayer DB (2000) An assessment of the published results of animal relocations. Biol Cons 96(1):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00048-3

Frankham R (2005) Genetics and extinction. Biol Conserv 126(2):131–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2005.05.002

Gardner AS, Howarth B (2009) Urbanisation in the United Arab Emirates: the challenges for ecological mitigation in a rapidly developing country. BioRisk 3:27–38

Garrard GE, Bekessy SA, McCarthy MA, Wintle BA (2015) Incorporating detectability of threatened species into environmental impact assessment. Conserv Biol 29(1):216–225. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12351

Germano JM, Field KJ, Griffiths RA, Clulow S, Foster J, Harding G, Swaisgood RR (2015) Mitigation-driven translocations: are we moving wildlife in the right direction? Front Ecol Environ 13(2):100–105. https://doi.org/10.1890/140137

Ghazoul J (2005) Pollen and seed dispersal among dispersed plants. Biol Rev 80(3):413–443. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1464793105006731

GHD (2021) North-East Link Project Salvage and Translocation Plan Revision 4 Prepared by GHD Pty Ltd for the North-East Link Project. https://bigbuild.vic.gov.au/_data/assets/pdf_file/0004/527098/Matted-Flax-lily-Salvage-and-Translocation-Plan-November-2021.pdf. Accessed 3 July 2022

GIBOP (2019) Global Inventory on Biodiversity Offset Policies (GIBOP). International Union for Conservation of Nature. The Biodiversity Consultancy, Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology. Accessed 5 July 2022 https://portals.iucn.org/offsetpolicy

Godefroid S, Le Pajolec S, Van Rossum F (2016) Pre-translocation considerations in rare plant reintroductions: implications for designing protocols. Plant Ecol 217(2):169–182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-015-0526-0

Godefroid S, Piazza C, Rossi G, Buord S, Stevens A-D, Aguraiuja R et al (2011) How successful are plant species reintroductions? Biol Cons 144(2):672–682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.10.003

Godefroid S, Vanderborght T (2011) Plant reintroductions: the need for a global database. Biodivers Conserv 20(14):3683–3688

Guerrant EO (2012) Characterising two decades of rare plant reintroductions. In: Maschinski J, Haskins KE, Raven PH (eds) Plant reintroduction in a changing climate. Island Press, Washington, DC, The Science and Practice of Ecological Restoration, pp 9–29

Guerrant EO Jr, Kaye TN (2007) Reintroduction of rare and endangered plants: common factors, questions, and approaches. Austr J Botany 55(3):362–370. https://doi.org/10.1071/BT06033

Guerrant EO, Fiedler PL (2004) Accounting for sample decline during ex situ storage and reintroduction. In: Guerrant EO, Havens K, Maunder M (eds) Ex situ plant conservation: supporting species survival in the wild. Island Press, Washington, DC, pp 365–385

Hall LA (1987) Transplantation of sensitive plants as mitigation for environmental impacts. In: Elias TS (ed) Conservation and management of rare and endangered plants. Californian Native Plant Society, Sacramento, pp 413–420

Harrop SR (1999) Conservation regulation: a backward step for biodiversity? Biodivers Conserv 8(5):679–707

Henderson D (2011) Prairie plant species at risk: activity set-back distance guidelines. Canadian Wildlife Service Prairie and Northern Region

Heinken T, Weber E (2013) Consequences of habitat fragmentation for plant species: do we know enough? Perspect Plant Ecol Evol Syst 15(4):205–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2013.05.003

Hennessy SM, Wisinski CL, Ronan NA, Gregory CJ, Swaisgood RR, Nordstrom LA (2021) Release strategies and ecological factors influence mitigation translocation outcomes for burrowing owls: a comparative evaluation. Anim Conserv 25:614–626. https://doi.org/10.1111/acv.12767
Plants, 3rd edn. Australian Network for Plant Conservation Inc, Canberra

Corlett RT (2016) Plant diversity in a changing world: status, trends, and conservation needs. Plant Diversity 38(1):10–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pld.2016.01.001

CPC (2018) CPC best plant conservation practices to support species survival in the wild. The Center for Plant Conservation.

Dalrymple SE, Banks E, Stewart GB, Pullin AS (2012) A meta-analysis of threatened plant reintroductions from across the globe. In: Maschinski J, Haskins KE, Raven PH (eds) Plant reintroduction in a changing climate. The science and practice of ecological restoration. Island Press, Washington, DC, pp 31–50

Doyle CA, Pellow BJ, Bell SAJ, Reynolds DM, Silcock JL, Commander LE, Ooi MKJ (2022) Threatened plant translocation for mitigation: improving data accessibility using existing legislative frameworks. An Australian case study [policy and practice reviews]. Front Conserv Sci 20:22. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcosc.2021.789448

DPE (2019) Translocation operational policy. NSW Department of Planning and Environment NSW Government, Australia

Draper MD, Marques I, Iriondo JM (2015) Acquiring baseline information for successful plant translocations when there is no time to lose: the case of the neglected Critically Endangered *Narcissus cavanillesii* (Amaryllidaceae). Plant Ecol 217:193–206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-015-0524-2

Drayton B, Primack RB (2012) Success rates for reintroductions of eight perennial plant species after 15 years. Restor Ecol 20(3):299–303. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2011.00860.x

Dufourq P, Shapcott A (2019) The importance of fire in the success of a 15 hectare subtropical heathland translocation. Aust J Bot 67(7):531–545

DSEWPC (2013) EPBC act policy statement—translocation of listed threatened species—assessment under chapter 4 of the EPBC Act. Australian government Accessed 15 July 2022 http://www environment.gov.au/epbc/publications/epbc-act-policy-state ment-translocation-listed-threatened-species-assessment-under-chapter

Evans M, Maseyk F, Davitt G, Maron M (2021) Typical offsets for threatened species. Threatened Species Recovery Hub, National Environmental Science Program. https://www.nesphthereads species.edu.au/media/50pmkic2/5-1-typical-offsets-for-threa tened-species_v2.pdf. Accessed 20 July 2022

Erftemeijer PLA, Agastian T, Yamamoto H, Cambridge ML, Hoekstra R, Toms G, Ito S (2020) Mangrove planting on dredged material: three decades of nature-based coastal defence along a causeway in the Arabian Gulf. Mar Freshw Res 71(9):1062–1072. https://doi.org/10.1071/MF19289

Erftemeijer PLA, Price BA, Ito S, Yamamoto H, Agastian T, Cambridge ML (2021) Salvaging and replanting 300 mangrove trees and saplings in the arid Arabian Gulf. Mar Freshw Res 72(11):1577–1587. https://doi.org/10.1071/MF20381

Fahselt D (2007) Is transplanting an effective means of preserving vegetation? Can J Bot 85(10):1007–1017. https://doi.org/10.1139/b07-087

Falk DA, Millar CI, Olwell M (1996) Restoring diversity: strategies for reintroduction of endangered plants. Island Press, Washington, DC

Ferretto G, Glasby T, Housefield G, Poore A, Statton J, Sinclair EA et al (2019) Threatened plant translocation case study: *Posidonia australis* (Strapweed), Posidoniaceae. Austr Plant Conserv 28(1):24–26

Fischer J, Lindenmayer DB (2000) An assessment of the published results of animal relocations. Biol Cons 96(1):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00048-3

Frankham R (2005) Genetics and extinction. Biol Conserv 126(2):131–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2005.05.002

Gardner AS, Howarth B (2009) Urbanisation in the United Arab Emirates: the challenges for ecological mitigation in a rapidly developing country. BioRisk 3:27–38

Garrard GE, Bekessy SA, McCarthy MA, Wintle BA (2015) Incorporating detectability of threatened species into environmental impact assessment. Conserv Biol 29(1):216–225. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12351

Germano JM, Field KJ, Griffiths RA, Clulow S, Foster J, Harding G, Swaisgood RR (2015) Mitigation-driven translocations: are we moving wildlife in the right direction? Front Ecol Environ 13(2):100–105. https://doi.org/10.1890/140137

Ghazoul J (2005) Pollen and seed dispersal among dispersed plants. Biol Rev 80(3):413–443. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1464793105006731

GHD (2021) North-East Link Project Salvage and Translocation Plan Revision 4 Prepared by GHD Pty Ltd for the North-East Link Project. https://bigbuild.vic.gov.au/_data/assets/pdf_file/0004/527098/Matted-Flax-lily-Salvage-and-Translocation-Plan-November-2021.pdf. Accessed 3 July 2022

GIBOP (2019) Global Inventory on Biodiversity Offset Policies (GIBOP). International Union for Conservation of Nature. The Biodiversity Consultancy, Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology. Accessed 5 July 2022 https://portals.iucn.org/offsetpolicy

Godefroid S, Le Pajolec S, Van Rossum F (2016) Pre-translocation considerations in rare plant reintroductions: implications for designing protocols. Plant Ecol 217(2):169–182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-015-0526-0

Godefroid S, Piazza C, Rossi G, Buord S, Stevens A-D, Aguraiuja R et al (2011) How successful are plant species reintroductions? Biol Cons 144(2):672–682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.10.003

Godefroid S, Vanderborght T (2011) Plant reintroductions: the need for a global database. Biodivers Conserv 20(14):3683–3688

Guerrant EO (2012) Characterising two decades of rare plant reintroductions. In: Maschinski J, Haskins KE, Raven PH (eds) Plant reintroduction in a changing climate. Island Press, Washington, DC, The Science and Practice of Ecological Restoration, pp 9–29

Guerrant EO Jr, Kaye TN (2007) Reintroduction of rare and endangered plants: common factors, questions, and approaches. Austr J Botany 55(3):362–370. https://doi.org/10.1071/BT06033

Guerrant EO, Fiedler PL (2004) Accounting for sample decline during ex situ storage and reintroduction. In: Guerrant EO, Havens K, Maunder M (eds) Ex situ plant conservation: supporting species survival in the wild. Island Press, Washington, DC, pp 365–385

Hall LA (1987) Transplantation of sensitive plants as mitigation for environmental impacts. In: Elias TS (ed) Conservation and management of rare and endangered plants. Californian Native Plant Society, Sacramento, pp 413–420

Harrop SR (1999) Conservation regulation: a backward step for biodiversity? Biodivers Conserv 8(5):679–707

Henderson D (2011) Prairie plant species at risk: activity set-back distance guidelines. Canadian Wildlife Service Prairie and Northern Region

Heinken T, Weber E (2013) Consequences of habitat fragmentation for plant species: do we know enough? Perspect Plant Ecol Evol Syst 15(4):205–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2013.05.003

Hennessy SM, Wisinski CL, Ronan NA, Gregory CJ, Swaisgood RR, Nordstrom LA (2021) Release strategies and ecological factors influence mitigation translocation outcomes for burrowing owls: a comparative evaluation. Anim Conserv 25:614–626. https://doi.org/10.1111/acv.12767
Plants, 3rd edn. Australian Network for Plant Conservation Inc, Canberra

Corlett RT (2016) Plant diversity in a changing world: status, trends, and conservation needs. Plant Diversity 38(1):10–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pld.2016.01.001

CPC (2018) CPC best plant conservation practices to support species survival in the wild. The Center for Plant Conservation.

Dalrymple SE, Banks E, Stewart GB, Pullin AS (2012) A meta-analysis of threatened plant reintroductions from across the globe. In: Maschinski J, Haskins KE, Raven PH (eds) Plant reintroduction in a changing climate. The science and practice of ecological restoration. Island Press, Washington, DC, pp 31–50

Doyle CA, Pellow BJ, Bell SAJ, Reynolds DM, Silcock JL, Commander LE, Ooi MKJ (2022) Threatened plant translocation for mitigation: improving data accessibility using existing legislative frameworks. An Australian case study [policy and practice reviews]. Front Conserv Sci 20:22. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcosc.2021.789448

DPE (2019) Translocation operational policy. NSW Department of Planning and Environment NSW Government, Australia

Draper MD, Marques I, Iriondo JM (2015) Acquiring baseline information for successful plant translocations when there is no time to lose: the case of the neglected Critically Endangered *Narcissus cavanillesii* (Amaryllidaceae). Plant Ecol 217:193–206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-015-0524-2

Drayton B, Primack RB (2012) Success rates for reintroductions of eight perennial plant species after 15 years. Restor Ecol 20(3):299–303. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2011.00860.x

Dufourq P, Shapcott A (2019) The importance of fire in the success of a 15 hectare subtropical heathland translocation. Aust J Bot 67(7):531–545

DSEWPC (2013) EPBC act policy statement—translocation of listed threatened species—assessment under chapter 4 of the EPBC Act. Australian government Accessed 15 July 2022 http://www environment.gov.au/epbc/publications/epbc-act-policy-state ment-translocation-listed-threatened-species-assessment-under-chapter

Evans M, Maseyk F, Davitt G, Maron M (2021) Typical offsets for threatened species. Threatened Species Recovery Hub, National Environmental Science Program. https://www.nesphthreatened species.edu.au/media/50pmkic2/5-1-typical-offsets-for-threa tened-species_v2.pdf. Accessed 20 July 2022

Erftemeijer PLA, Agastian T, Yamamoto H, Cambridge ML, Hoekstra R, Toms G, Ito S (2020) Mangrove planting on dredged material: three decades of nature-based coastal defence along a causeway in the Arabian Gulf. Mar Freshw Res 71(9):1062–1072. https://doi.org/10.1071/MF19289

Erftemeijer PLA, Price BA, Ito S, Yamamoto H, Agastian T, Cambridge ML (2021) Salvaging and replanting 300 mangrove trees and saplings in the arid Arabian Gulf. Mar Freshw Res 72(11):1577–1587. https://doi.org/10.1071/MF20381

Fahselt D (2007) Is transplanting an effective means of preserving vegetation? Can J Bot 85(10):1007–1017. https://doi.org/10.1139/b07-087

Falk DA, Millar CI, Olwell M (1996) Restoring diversity: strategies for reintroduction of endangered plants. Island Press, Washington, DC

Ferretto G, Glasby T, Housefield G, Poore A, Statton J, Sinclair EA et al (2019) Threatened plant translocation case study: *Posidonia australis* (Strapweed), Posidoniaceae. Austr Plant Conserv 28(1):24–26

Fischer J, Lindenmayer DB (2000) An assessment of the published results of animal relocations. Biol Cons 96(1):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00048-3

Frankham R (2005) Genetics and extinction. Biol Conserv 126(2):131–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2005.05.002

Gardner AS, Howarth B (2009) Urbanisation in the United Arab Emirates: the challenges for ecological mitigation in a rapidly developing country. BioRisk 3:27–38

Garrard GE, Bekessy SA, McCarthy MA, Wintle BA (2015) Incorporating detectability of threatened species into environmental impact assessment. Conserv Biol 29(1):216–225. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12351

Germano JM, Field KJ, Griffiths RA, Clulow S, Foster J, Harding G, Swaisgood RR (2015) Mitigation-driven translocations: are we moving wildlife in the right direction? Front Ecol Environ 13(2):100–105. https://doi.org/10.1890/140137

Ghazoul J (2005) Pollen and seed dispersal among dispersed plants. Biol Rev 80(3):413–443. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1464793105006731

GHD (2021) North-East Link Project Salvage and Translocation Plan Revision 4 Prepared by GHD Pty Ltd for the North-East Link Project. https://bigbuild.vic.gov.au/_data/assets/pdf_file/0004/527098/Matted-Flax-lily-Salvage-and-Translocation-Plan-November-2021.pdf. Accessed 3 July 2022

GIBOP (2019) Global Inventory on Biodiversity Offset Policies (GIBOP). International Union for Conservation of Nature. The Biodiversity Consultancy, Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology. Accessed 5 July 2022 https://portals.iucn.org/offsetpolicy

Godefroid S, Le Pajolec S, Van Rossum F (2016) Pre-translocation considerations in rare plant reintroductions: implications for designing protocols. Plant Ecol 217(2):169–182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-015-0526-0

Godefroid S, Piazza C, Rossi G, Buord S, Stevens A-D, Aguraiuja R et al (2011) How successful are plant species reintroductions? Biol Cons 144(2):672–682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.10.003

Godefroid S, Vanderborght T (2011) Plant reintroductions: the need for a global database. Biodivers Conserv 20(14):3683–3688

Guerrant EO (2012) Characterising two decades of rare plant reintroductions. In: Maschinski J, Haskins KE, Raven PH (eds) Plant reintroduction in a changing climate. Island Press, Washington, DC, The Science and Practice of Ecological Restoration, pp 9–29

Guerrant EO Jr, Kaye TN (2007) Reintroduction of rare and endangered plants: common factors, questions, and approaches. Austr J Botany 55(3):362–370. https://doi.org/10.1071/BT06033

Guerrant EO, Fiedler PL (2004) Accounting for sample decline during ex situ storage and reintroduction. In: Guerrant EO, Havens K, Maunder M (eds) Ex situ plant conservation: supporting species survival in the wild. Island Press, Washington, DC, pp 365–385

Hall LA (1987) Transplantation of sensitive plants as mitigation for environmental impacts. In: Elias TS (ed) Conservation and management of rare and endangered plants. Californian Native Plant Society, Sacramento, pp 413–420

Harrop SR (1999) Conservation regulation: a backward step for biodiversity? Biodivers Conserv 8(5):679–707

Henderson D (2011) Prairie plant species at risk: activity set-back distance guidelines. Canadian Wildlife Service Prairie and Northern Region

Heinken T, Weber E (2013) Consequences of habitat fragmentation for plant species: do we know enough? Perspect Plant Ecol Evol Syst 15(4):205–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2013.05.003

Hennessy SM, Wisinski CL, Ronan NA, Gregory CJ, Swaisgood RR, Nordstrom LA (2021) Release strategies and ecological factors influence mitigation translocation outcomes for burrowing owls: a comparative evaluation. Anim Conserv 25:614–626. https://doi.org/10.1111/acv.12767
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Muller S (2002) Diversity of management practices required to ensure conservation of rare and locally threatened plant species in grasslands: a case study at a regional scale (Lorraine, France). Biodivers Conserv 11:1173–1184. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:10160 49605021

Ottewell KM, Bickerton DC, Byrne M, Lowe AJ (2016) Bridging the gap: a genetic assessment framework for population-level threatened plant conservation prioritisation and decision-making. Divers Distrib 22:174–188. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12387

Paoli L, Guttová A, Sorbo S, Lackovičová A, Ravera S, Landi S et al (2020) Does air pollution influence the success of species translocation Trace elements, ultrastructure and photosynthetic performances in transplants of a threatened forest macrolichen. Ecol Indic 117:106666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106666

Pavlík BM (1996) Defining and measuring success. In: Millar CI, Falk DL, Olwell M (eds) Restoring diversity. Strategies for Reintroduction of endangered plants. Island Press, Washington, DC, pp 127–155

Pavlíscak L, Fehmi J (2021) *Agave palmeri* restoration: salvage and transplantation of population structure. Arid Land Res Manag 35(2):177–188. https://doi.org/10.1080/15324982.2020.1821829

Pearce TR, Antonelli A, Brearley FQ, Couch C, Campostrini Forzza R, Gonçalves SC et al (2020) International collaboration between collections-based institutes for halting biodiversity loss and unlocking the useful properties of plants and fungi. Plants People, Planet 2(5):515–534. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp3.10149

Pimm SL, Joppa LN (2015) How Many plant species are there, where are they, and at what rate are they going extinct? Ann Miss Bot Gard 100(3):170–176
Heywood VH (2019) Conserving plants within and beyond protected areas: still problematic and future uncertain. Plant Diversity 41(2):36–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pld.2018.10.001

National Species Reintroduction Forum (2014) Best practice guidelines for conservation translocations in Scotland Version 1.1. Scottish Natural Heritage.

ICSU/ISSC (2015) Review of the sustainable development goals: the science perspective. International Council for Science (ICSU), Paris

IPBES (2019) Global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. (3947851138).

IUCN (2013) Guidelines for reintroductions and other conservation translocations. Gland Switz Camb UK IUCNSSC Re-Introd Spec Group.

Jamieson IG, Allendorf FW (2012) How does the 50/500 rule apply to MVPs? Trends Ecol Evol 27(10):578–584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2012.07.001

Julien M, Colas B, Muller S, Schatz B (2022a) Quality assessment of mitigation translocation protocols for protected plants in France. J Environ Manag 302:114064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvm an.2021.114064

Julien M, Colas B, Muller S, Schatz B (2022b) Dataset of costs of the mitigation hierarchy and plant translocations in France. Data Brief 40:107722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2021.107722

Kaye TN (2008) Vital steps toward success of endangered plant reintroductions. Nat Plants J 9(3):313–322

Klein L, Arts K (2022) Public participation in decision-making on conservation translocations: the importance and limitations of a legislative framework. Restor Ecol 30(1):e13505. https://doi. org/10.1111/rec.13505

Kujala H, Maron M, Kennedy CM, Evans MC, Bull JW, Wintle BA et al (2022) Credible biodiversity offsetting needs public national registers to confirm no net loss. One Earth 5(6):650–662. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2022.05.011

Lacy RC (2000) Considering threats to the viability of small populations using individual-based models. Ecol Bull 48:39–51

Lesage JC, Press D, Holl KD (2020) Lessons from the reintroduction of listed plant species in California. Biodivers Conserv 29:3703– 3716. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-020-02045-y

Lin D, Hanscom L, Murthy A, Galli A, Evans M, Neill E et al (2018) Ecological footprint accounting for countries: updates and results of the national footprint accounts, 2012–2018. Resources 7(3):58. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources7030058

Liu H, Feng C-L, Chen B-S, Wang Z-S, Xie X-Q, Deng Z-H et al (2012) Overcoming extreme weather challenges: successful but variable assisted colonisation of wild orchids in southwestern China. Biol Cons 150(1):68–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon. 2012.02.018

Liu H, Ren H, Liu Q, Wen X, Maunder M, Gao J (2015) Translocation of threatened plants as a conservation measure in China. Conserv Biol 29(6):1537–1551. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12585

Lunt ID, Byrne M, Hellmann JJ, Mitchell NJ, Garnett ST, Hayward MW et al (2013) Using assisted colonisation to conserve biodiversity and restore ecosystem function under climate change. Biol Conserv 157:172–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon. 2012.08.034

Maron M, Brownlie S, Bull JW, Evans MC, von Hase A, Quétier F et al (2018) The many meanings of no net loss in environmental policy. Nat Sustain 1(1):19–27. https://doi.org/10.1038/ s41893-017-0007-7

Maron M, Hobbs RJ, Moilanen A, Matthews JW, Christie K, Gardner TA et al (2012) Faustian bargains? Restoration realities in the context of biodiversity offset policies. Biol Conserv 155:141– 148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2012.06.003

Maron M, Ives CD, Kujala H, Bull JW, Maseyk FJF, Bekessy S et al (2016) Taming a wicked problem: resolving controversies in biodiversity offsetting. Bioscience 66(6):489–498. https://doi.org/ 10.1093/biosci/biw038

Martyn Yenson A, Offord C, Meagher P, Auld T, Bush D, Coates D, et al (2021) Plant germplasm conservation in Australia: strategies and guidelines for developing, managing and utilising ex situ collections. Australian Network for Plant Conservation, Canberra

Maschinski J, Falk DA, Wright SJ, Possley J, Roncal J, Wendelberger KS (2012) Optimal locations for plant reintroductions in a changing world. In: Maschinski J, Haskins KE, Raven PH (eds) Plant reintroduction in a changing climate: promises and perils. Island Press, Washington, DC, pp 109–129

Maunder M (1992) Plant reintroduction: an overview. Biodivers Conserv 1(1):51–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00700250

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) Ecosystems and human well-being: biodiversity synthesis. World resources institute, Washington, DC

Menges ES (2008) Restoration demography and genetics of plants: when is a translocation successful? Austr J Botany. 56(3):187196. https://doi.org/10.1071/BT07173

Menges ES (2000) Population viability analyses in plants: challenges and opportunities. Trends Ecol Evol 15(2):51–56

Monks L, Coates D (2002) The translocation of two critically endangered Acacia species. Conserv Sci West Austr 4(3):54–61

Monks L, Coates D, Bell T, Bowles ML (2012) Determining success criteria for reintroductions of threatened long-lived plants. In: Maschinski J, Haskins KE, Raven PH (eds) Plant reintroduction in a changing climate. The science and practice of ecological restoration. Island Press, Washington, DC, pp 189–208

Monks L, Coates D, Dillon R (2018) *Acacia cochlocarpa* subsp. *cochlocarpa* (spiral fruited wattle), fabaceae. Austr Plant Conserv 26(4):3–5

Morgan RK (2012) Environmental impact assessment: the state of the art. Impact Assess Project Appraisal 30(1):5–14. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/14615517.2012.661557

Muller S (2002) Diversity of management practices required to ensure conservation of rare and locally threatened plant species in grasslands: a case study at a regional scale (Lorraine, France). Biodivers Conserv 11:1173–1184. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:10160 49605021

Ottewell KM, Bickerton DC, Byrne M, Lowe AJ (2016) Bridging the gap: a genetic assessment framework for population-level threatened plant conservation prioritisation and decision-making. Divers Distrib 22:174–188. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12387

Paoli L, Guttová A, Sorbo S, Lackovičová A, Ravera S, Landi S et al (2020) Does air pollution influence the success of species translocation Trace elements, ultrastructure and photosynthetic performances in transplants of a threatened forest macrolichen. Ecol Indic 117:106666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106666

Pavlík BM (1996) Defining and measuring success. In: Millar CI, Falk DL, Olwell M (eds) Restoring diversity. Strategies for Reintroduction of endangered plants. Island Press, Washington, DC, pp 127–155

Pavlíscak L, Fehmi J (2021) *Agave palmeri* restoration: salvage and transplantation of population structure. Arid Land Res Manag 35(2):177–188. https://doi.org/10.1080/15324982.2020.1821829

Pearce TR, Antonelli A, Brearley FQ, Couch C, Campostrini Forzza R, Gonçalves SC et al (2020) International collaboration between collections-based institutes for halting biodiversity loss and unlocking the useful properties of plants and fungi. Plants People, Planet 2(5):515–534. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp3.10149

Pimm SL, Joppa LN (2015) How Many plant species are there, where are they, and at what rate are they going extinct? Ann Miss Bot Gard 100(3):170–176
Heywood VH (2019) Conserving plants within and beyond protected areas: still problematic and future uncertain. Plant Diversity 41(2):36–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pld.2018.10.001

National Species Reintroduction Forum (2014) Best practice guidelines for conservation translocations in Scotland Version 1.1. Scottish Natural Heritage.

ICSU/ISSC (2015) Review of the sustainable development goals: the science perspective. International Council for Science (ICSU), Paris

IPBES (2019) Global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. (3947851138).

IUCN (2013) Guidelines for reintroductions and other conservation translocations. Gland Switz Camb UK IUCNSSC Re-Introd Spec Group.

Jamieson IG, Allendorf FW (2012) How does the 50/500 rule apply to MVPs? Trends Ecol Evol 27(10):578–584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2012.07.001

Julien M, Colas B, Muller S, Schatz B (2022a) Quality assessment of mitigation translocation protocols for protected plants in France. J Environ Manag 302:114064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvm an.2021.114064

Julien M, Colas B, Muller S, Schatz B (2022b) Dataset of costs of the mitigation hierarchy and plant translocations in France. Data Brief 40:107722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2021.107722

Kaye TN (2008) Vital steps toward success of endangered plant reintroductions. Nat Plants J 9(3):313–322

Klein L, Arts K (2022) Public participation in decision-making on conservation translocations: the importance and limitations of a legislative framework. Restor Ecol 30(1):e13505. https://doi. org/10.1111/rec.13505

Kujala H, Maron M, Kennedy CM, Evans MC, Bull JW, Wintle BA et al (2022) Credible biodiversity offsetting needs public national registers to confirm no net loss. One Earth 5(6):650–662. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2022.05.011

Lacy RC (2000) Considering threats to the viability of small populations using individual-based models. Ecol Bull 48:39–51

Lesage JC, Press D, Holl KD (2020) Lessons from the reintroduction of listed plant species in California. Biodivers Conserv 29:3703– 3716. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-020-02045-y

Lin D, Hanscom L, Murthy A, Galli A, Evans M, Neill E et al (2018) Ecological footprint accounting for countries: updates and results of the national footprint accounts, 2012–2018. Resources 7(3):58. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources7030058

Liu H, Feng C-L, Chen B-S, Wang Z-S, Xie X-Q, Deng Z-H et al (2012) Overcoming extreme weather challenges: successful but variable assisted colonisation of wild orchids in southwestern China. Biol Cons 150(1):68–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon. 2012.02.018

Liu H, Ren H, Liu Q, Wen X, Maunder M, Gao J (2015) Translocation of threatened plants as a conservation measure in China. Conserv Biol 29(6):1537–1551. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12585

Lunt ID, Byrne M, Hellmann JJ, Mitchell NJ, Garnett ST, Hayward MW et al (2013) Using assisted colonisation to conserve biodiversity and restore ecosystem function under climate change. Biol Conserv 157:172–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon. 2012.08.034

Maron M, Brownlie S, Bull JW, Evans MC, von Hase A, Quétier F et al (2018) The many meanings of no net loss in environmental policy. Nat Sustain 1(1):19–27. https://doi.org/10.1038/ s41893-017-0007-7

Maron M, Hobbs RJ, Moilanen A, Matthews JW, Christie K, Gardner TA et al (2012) Faustian bargains? Restoration realities in the context of biodiversity offset policies. Biol Conserv 155:141– 148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2012.06.003

Maron M, Ives CD, Kujala H, Bull JW, Maseyk FJF, Bekessy S et al (2016) Taming a wicked problem: resolving controversies in biodiversity offsetting. Bioscience 66(6):489–498. https://doi.org/ 10.1093/biosci/biw038

Martyn Yenson A, Offord C, Meagher P, Auld T, Bush D, Coates D, et al (2021) Plant germplasm conservation in Australia: strategies and guidelines for developing, managing and utilising ex situ collections. Australian Network for Plant Conservation, Canberra

Maschinski J, Falk DA, Wright SJ, Possley J, Roncal J, Wendelberger KS (2012) Optimal locations for plant reintroductions in a changing world. In: Maschinski J, Haskins KE, Raven PH (eds) Plant reintroduction in a changing climate: promises and perils. Island Press, Washington, DC, pp 109–129

Maunder M (1992) Plant reintroduction: an overview. Biodivers Conserv 1(1):51–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00700250

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) Ecosystems and human well-being: biodiversity synthesis. World resources institute, Washington, DC

Menges ES (2008) Restoration demography and genetics of plants: when is a translocation successful? Austr J Botany. 56(3):187196. https://doi.org/10.1071/BT07173

Menges ES (2000) Population viability analyses in plants: challenges and opportunities. Trends Ecol Evol 15(2):51–56

Monks L, Coates D (2002) The translocation of two critically endangered Acacia species. Conserv Sci West Austr 4(3):54–61

Monks L, Coates D, Bell T, Bowles ML (2012) Determining success criteria for reintroductions of threatened long-lived plants. In: Maschinski J, Haskins KE, Raven PH (eds) Plant reintroduction in a changing climate. The science and practice of ecological restoration. Island Press, Washington, DC, pp 189–208

Monks L, Coates D, Dillon R (2018) *Acacia cochlocarpa* subsp. *cochlocarpa* (spiral fruited wattle), fabaceae. Austr Plant Conserv 26(4):3–5

Morgan RK (2012) Environmental impact assessment: the state of the art. Impact Assess Project Appraisal 30(1):5–14. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/14615517.2012.661557

Muller S (2002) Diversity of management practices required to ensure conservation of rare and locally threatened plant species in grasslands: a case study at a regional scale (Lorraine, France). Biodivers Conserv 11:1173–1184. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:10160 49605021

Ottewell KM, Bickerton DC, Byrne M, Lowe AJ (2016) Bridging the gap: a genetic assessment framework for population-level threatened plant conservation prioritisation and decision-making. Divers Distrib 22:174–188. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12387

Paoli L, Guttová A, Sorbo S, Lackovičová A, Ravera S, Landi S et al (2020) Does air pollution influence the success of species translocation Trace elements, ultrastructure and photosynthetic performances in transplants of a threatened forest macrolichen. Ecol Indic 117:106666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106666

Pavlík BM (1996) Defining and measuring success. In: Millar CI, Falk DL, Olwell M (eds) Restoring diversity. Strategies for Reintroduction of endangered plants. Island Press, Washington, DC, pp 127–155

Pavlíscak L, Fehmi J (2021) *Agave palmeri* restoration: salvage and transplantation of population structure. Arid Land Res Manag 35(2):177–188. https://doi.org/10.1080/15324982.2020.1821829

Pearce TR, Antonelli A, Brearley FQ, Couch C, Campostrini Forzza R, Gonçalves SC et al (2020) International collaboration between collections-based institutes for halting biodiversity loss and unlocking the useful properties of plants and fungi. Plants People, Planet 2(5):515–534. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp3.10149

Pimm SL, Joppa LN (2015) How Many plant species are there, where are they, and at what rate are they going extinct? Ann Miss Bot Gard 100(3):170–176
PsRT (2013) *Pimelea spinescens* Translocation Protocol. *Pimelea spinescens* Recovery Team, Melbourne.

Reiter N, Whitfield J, Pollard G, Bedggood W, Argall M, Dixon K et al (2016) Orchid reintroductions: an evaluation of success and ecological considerations using key comparative studies from Australia. Plant Ecol 217(1):81–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-015-0561-x

Ren H, Ma G, Zhang Q, Guo Q, Wang J, Wang Z (2010) Moss is a key nurse plant for reintroduction of the endangered herb *Primulina tabacum* Hance. Plant Ecol 209(2):313–320

Robert A, Colas B, Guigon I, Kerbiriou C, Mihoub J-B, Saint-Jalme M, Sarrazin F (2015) Defining reintroduction success using IUCN criteria for threatened species: a demographic assessment. Anim Conserv 18(5):397–406. https://doi.org/10.1111/acv.12188

Ruprecht E, Enyedi MZ, Eckstein RL, Donath TW (2010) Restorative removal of plant litter and vegetation 40 years after abandonment enhances re-emergence of steppe grassland vegetation. Biol Conserv 143(2):449–456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.11.012

Salzman J, Bennett G, Carroll N, Goldstein A, Jenkins M (2018) The global status and trends of Payments for Ecosystem Services. Nat Sustain 1(3):136–144. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0033-0

Seddon PJ (2010) From reintroduction to assisted colonisation: moving along the conservation translocation spectrum. Restor Ecol 18(6):796–802. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2010.00724.x

SERA (2021) National standards for the practice of ecological restoration in Australia Standards Reference Group. Soc Ecol Restor Austr Edn 2:2

Shapcott A, Lamont RW, O'Connor KM, James H, Conroy GC (2015) Population genetics of *Phyllothesa sporadica* (Rutaceae) to advise an offset translocation program. Conserv Genet 16(3):687–702. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-014-0693-x

Shapcott A, Olsen M, Lamont RW (2009) The importance of genetic considerations for planning translocations of the rare coastal heath species *Boronia rivularis* (Rutaceae) in Queensland. Ecol Restor 27(1):47–57. https://doi.org/10.3368/er.27.1.47

Silcock JL, Simmons CL, Monks L, Dillon R, Reiter N, Jusaitis M et al (2019) Threatened plant translocation in Australia: a review. Biol Conserv 236:211–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.05.002

Smith AL, Barrett RL, Milner RNC (2018) Annual mowing maintains plant diversity in threatened temperate grasslands. Appl Veg Sci 21:207–218. https://doi.org/10.1111/avsc.12365

Sullivan BK, Nowak EM, Kwiatkowski MA (2015) Problems with mitigation translocation of herpetofauna. Conserv Biol 29(1):12–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12336

Swan KD, Lloyd NA, Moehrenschlager A (2018) Projecting further increases in conservation translocations: a Canadian case study. Biol Conserv 228:175–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.10.026

Tomlinson S, Tudor EP, Turner SR, Cross S, Riviera F, Stevens J et al (2022) Leveraging the value of conservation physiology for ecological restoration. Restor Ecol 30:e13616. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13616

Turner SR, Lewandrowski W, Elliott CP, Merino-Martín L, Miller BP, Stevens JC, Erickson TE, Merritt DJ (2017) Seed ecology informs restoration approaches for threatened species in water-limited environments: a case study on the short-range Banded Ironstone endemic *Ricinocarpos brevis* (Euphorbiaceae). Aust J Bot 65:661–677

Van Rossum F, Hardy OJ (2022) Guidelines for genetic monitoring of translocated plant populations. Conserv Biol 36(1):e13670. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13670

Vitt P, Havens K, Kramer AT, Sollenberger D, Yates E (2010) Assisted migration of plants: changes in latitudes, changes in attitudes. Biol Conserv 143(1):18–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.08.015

Weeks AR, Sgro CM, Young AG, Frankham R, Mitchell NJ, Miller KA et al (2011) Assessing the benefits and risks of translocations in changing environments: a genetic perspective. Evol Appl 4(6):709–725. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-4571.2011.00192.x

Zandonadi DB, Duarte HM, Santos MP, dos Santos Prado LA, Martins RL, Calderon EN et al (2021) Ecophysiology of two endemic Amazon quillworts. Aquat Bot. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2020.103350

Zimmer HC, Auld TD, Cuneo P, Offord CA, Commander LE (2019) Conservation translocation—an increasingly viable option for managing threatened plant species. Aust J Bot 67(7):501–509. https://doi.org/10.1071/BT19083

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## Authors and Affiliations

Chantelle A. T. Doyle<fnref n="1" /> Ⓓ · Thomas Abeli<fnref n="2" /> Ⓓ · Matthew A. Albrecht<fnref n="3" /> Ⓓ · Joe Bellis<fnref n="4" /> Ⓓ · Bruno Colas<fnref n="5" /> Ⓓ ·

Sarah E. Dalrymple<fnref n="4" /> Ⓓ · Andreas Ensslin¹⁴ Ⓓ · Jaime Espejo<fnref n="6" /> Ⓓ · Paul L. A. Erftemeijer¹⁰ Ⓓ · Margaux Julien<fnref n="7" /> Ⓓ ·

Wolfgang Lewandrowski⁹ Ⓓ · Hong Liu<fnref n="8" /> Ⓓ · Axel Moehrenschlager¹⁵ Ⓓ · Mark K. J. Ooi<fnref n="1" /> Ⓓ · Deborah M. Reynolds¹³ Ⓓ ·

Bertrand Schatz¹⁶ Ⓓ · Mari Sild¹¹ Ⓓ · Timothy J. Wills¹² Ⓓ · Guillaume Papuga¹⁷ Ⓓ

<figure><img src="image_18.png" /></figure>

<footnote n="1">¹ Centre for Ecosystem Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³ Center for Conservation and Sustainable Development, Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Blvd., St. Louis, MO, USA</footnote>

<footnote n="4">⁴ School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK</footnote>

<footnote n="5">⁵ Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, Orsay, France</footnote>

<footnote n="6">⁶ Laboratorio Productos Naturales y Botánica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile</footnote>

<footnote n="7">⁷ Ecotonia, Eguilles, France</footnote>

<footnote n="8">⁸ Department of Earth and Environment and Institute of Environment, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, USA</footnote>
PsRT (2013) *Pimelea spinescens* Translocation Protocol. *Pimelea spinescens* Recovery Team, Melbourne.

Reiter N, Whitfield J, Pollard G, Bedggood W, Argall M, Dixon K et al (2016) Orchid reintroductions: an evaluation of success and ecological considerations using key comparative studies from Australia. Plant Ecol 217(1):81–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-015-0561-x

Ren H, Ma G, Zhang Q, Guo Q, Wang J, Wang Z (2010) Moss is a key nurse plant for reintroduction of the endangered herb *Primulina tabacum* Hance. Plant Ecol 209(2):313–320

Robert A, Colas B, Guigon I, Kerbiriou C, Mihoub J-B, Saint-Jalme M, Sarrazin F (2015) Defining reintroduction success using IUCN criteria for threatened species: a demographic assessment. Anim Conserv 18(5):397–406. https://doi.org/10.1111/acv.12188

Ruprecht E, Enyedi MZ, Eckstein RL, Donath TW (2010) Restorative removal of plant litter and vegetation 40 years after abandonment enhances re-emergence of steppe grassland vegetation. Biol Conserv 143(2):449–456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.11.012

Salzman J, Bennett G, Carroll N, Goldstein A, Jenkins M (2018) The global status and trends of Payments for Ecosystem Services. Nat Sustain 1(3):136–144. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0033-0

Seddon PJ (2010) From reintroduction to assisted colonisation: moving along the conservation translocation spectrum. Restor Ecol 18(6):796–802. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2010.00724.x

SERA (2021) National standards for the practice of ecological restoration in Australia Standards Reference Group. Soc Ecol Restor Austr Edn 2:2

Shapcott A, Lamont RW, O'Connor KM, James H, Conroy GC (2015) Population genetics of *Philotheca sporadica* (Rutaceae) to advise an offset translocation program. Conserv Genet 16(3):687–702. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-014-0693-x

Shapcott A, Olsen M, Lamont RW (2009) The importance of genetic considerations for planning translocations of the rare coastal heath species *Boronia rivularis* (Rutaceae) in Queensland. Ecol Restor 27(1):47–57. https://doi.org/10.3368/er.27.1.47

Silcock JL, Simmons CL, Monks L, Dillon R, Reiter N, Jusaitis M et al (2019) Threatened plant translocation in Australia: a review. Biol Conserv 236:211–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.05.002

Smith AL, Barrett RL, Milner RNC (2018) Annual mowing maintains plant diversity in threatened temperate grasslands. Appl Veg Sci 21:207–218. https://doi.org/10.1111/avsc.12365

Sullivan BK, Nowak EM, Kwiatkowski MA (2015) Problems with mitigation translocation of herpetofauna. Conserv Biol 29(1):12–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12336

Swan KD, Lloyd NA, Moehrenschlager A (2018) Projecting further increases in conservation translocations: a Canadian case study. Biol Conserv 228:175–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.10.026

Tomlinson S, Tudor EP, Turner SR, Cross S, Riviera F, Stevens J et al (2022) Leveraging the value of conservation physiology for ecological restoration. Restor Ecol 30:e13616. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13616

Turner SR, Lewandrowski W, Elliott CP, Merino-Martín L, Miller BP, Stevens JC, Erickson TE, Merritt DJ (2017) Seed ecology informs restoration approaches for threatened species in water-limited environments: a case study on the short-range Banded Ironstone endemic *Ricinocarpos brevis* (Euphorbiaceae). Aust J Bot 65:661–677

Van Rossum F, Hardy OJ (2022) Guidelines for genetic monitoring of translocated plant populations. Conserv Biol 36(1):e13670. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13670

Vitt P, Havens K, Kramer AT, Sollenberger D, Yates E (2010) Assisted migration of plants: changes in latitudes, changes in attitudes. Biol Conserv 143(1):18–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.08.015

Weeks AR, Sgro CM, Young AG, Frankham R, Mitchell NJ, Miller KA et al (2011) Assessing the benefits and risks of translocations in changing environments: a genetic perspective. Evol Appl 4(6):709–725. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-4571.2011.00192.x

Zandonadi DB, Duarte HM, Santos MP, dos Santos Prado LA, Martins RL, Calderon EN et al (2021) Ecophysiology of two endemic Amazon quillworts. Aquat Bot. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2020.103350

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**Publisher's Note** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

## Authors and Affiliations

Chantelle A. T. Doyle<fnref n="1" /> • Thomas Abeli<fnref n="2" /> • Matthew A. Albrecht<fnref n="3" /> • Joe Bellis<fnref n="4" /> • Bruno Colas<fnref n="5" />

Sarah E. Dalrymple<fnref n="4" /> • Andreas Ensslin¹⁴ • Jaime Espejo<fnref n="6" /> • Paul L. A. Erftemeijer¹⁰ • Margaux Julien<fnref n="7" />

Wolfgang Lewandrowski⁹ • Hong Liu<fnref n="8" /> • Axel Moehrenschlager¹⁵ • Mark K. J. Ooi<fnref n="1" /> • Deborah M. Reynolds¹³

Bertrand Schatz¹⁶ • Mari Sild¹¹ • Timothy J. Wills¹² • Guillaume Papuga¹⁷

<footnote n="1">¹ Centre for Ecosystem Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³ Center for Conservation and Sustainable Development, Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Blvd., St. Louis, MO, USA</footnote>

<footnote n="4">⁴ School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK</footnote>

<footnote n="5">⁵ Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, Orsay, France</footnote>

<footnote n="6">⁶ Laboratorio Productos Naturales y Botánica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile</footnote>

<footnote n="7">⁷ Ecotonia, Eguilles, France</footnote>

<footnote n="8">⁸ Department of Earth and Environment and Institute of Environment, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, USA</footnote>
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Weeks AR, Sgro CM, Young AG, Frankham R, Mitchell NJ, Miller KA et al (2011) Assessing the benefits and risks of translocations in changing environments: a genetic perspective. Evol Appl 4(6):709–725. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-4571.2011.00192.x

Zandonadi DB, Duarte HM, Santos MP, dos Santos Prado LA, Martins RL, Calderon EN et al (2021) Ecophysiology of two endemic Amazon quillworts. Aquat Bot. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2020.103350

Zimmer HC, Auld TD, Cuneo P, Offord CA, Commander LE (2019) Conservation translocation—an increasingly viable option for managing threatened plant species. Aust J Bot 67(7):501–509. https://doi.org/10.1071/BT19083

**Publisher's Note** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

## Authors and Affiliations

Chantelle A. T. Doyle<fnref n="1" /> Ⓓ • Thomas Abeli<fnref n="2" /> Ⓓ • Matthew A. Albrecht<fnref n="3" /> Ⓓ • Joe Bellis<fnref n="4" /> Ⓓ • Bruno Colas<fnref n="5" /> Ⓓ

Sarah E. Dalrymple<fnref n="4" /> Ⓓ • Andreas Ensslin¹⁴ Ⓓ • Jaime Espejo<fnref n="6" /> Ⓓ • Paul L. A. Erftemeijer¹⁰ Ⓓ • Margaux Julien<fnref n="7" /> Ⓓ

Wolfgang Lewandrowski⁹ Ⓓ • Hong Liu<fnref n="8" /> Ⓓ • Axel Moehrenschlager¹⁵ Ⓓ • Mark K. J. Ooi<fnref n="1" /> Ⓓ • Deborah M. Reynolds¹³ Ⓓ

Bertrand Schatz¹⁶ Ⓓ • Mari Sild¹¹ Ⓓ • Timothy J. Wills¹² Ⓓ • Guillaume Papuga¹⁷ Ⓓ

<figure><img src="image_16.png" /></figure>

<footnote n="1">¹ Centre for Ecosystem Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³ Center for Conservation and Sustainable Development, Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Blvd., St. Louis, MO, USA</footnote>

<footnote n="4">⁴ School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK</footnote>

<footnote n="5">⁵ Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, Orsay, France</footnote>

<footnote n="6">⁶ Laboratorio Productos Naturales y Botánica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile</footnote>

<footnote n="7">⁷ Ecotonia, Eguilles, France</footnote>

<footnote n="8">⁸ Department of Earth and Environment and Institute of Environment, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, USA</footnote>
⁹ Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity
Conservation and Attractions, Kings Park, WA, Australia

10 School of Biological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia

11 Tallinn Botanic Garden, Tallinn, Estonia

12 The Ecology Office, VIC, Warranwood, Australia

13 Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

14 Conservatory and Botanic Garden of the City of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

15 IUCN Species Survival Commission Conservation Translocation Specialist Group, Calgary, AB, Canada

16 CEFE, CNRS, University of Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France

17 AMAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France
⁹ Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity
Conservation and Attractions, Kings Park, WA, Australia

10 School of Biological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia

11 Tallinn Botanic Garden, Tallinn, Estonia

12 The Ecology Office, VIC, Warranwood, Australia

13 Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

14 Conservatory and Botanic Garden of the City of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

15 IUCN Species Survival Commission Conservation Translocation Specialist Group, Calgary, AB, Canada

16 CEFE, CNRS, University of Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France

17 AMAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France
⁹ Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity
Conservation and Attractions, Kings Park, WA, Australia

¹⁰ School of Biological Science, University of Western
Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia

¹¹ Tallinn Botanic Garden, Tallinn, Estonia

¹² The Ecology Office, VIC, Warranwood, Australia

¹³ Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

¹⁴ Conservatory and Botanic Garden of the City of Geneva,
Geneva, Switzerland

¹⁵ IUCN Species Survival Commission Conservation
Translocation Specialist Group, Calgary, AB, Canada

¹⁶ CEFE, CNRS, University of Montpellier, EPHE, IRD,
Montpellier, France

¹⁷ AMAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD,
Montpellier, France