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Miller, R. M., Pickford, M., & Senut, B. (2010). The geology, palaeontology and evolution of the Etosha Pan, Namibia: Implications for terminal Kalahari deposition. *South African Journal of Geology*, **113**(3), 307–334. https://doi.org/10.2113/gssaj.113.3.307

Modisi, M. P. (2000). Fault system of the southeastern boundary of the Okavango Rift, Botswana. *Journal of African Earth Sciences*, **30**(3), 569–578. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(00)00039-7

Mokatse, T., Vainer, S., Irving, J., Schmidt, C., Kgosidintsi, B., Shemang, E., & Verrecchia, E. P. (2022). Geometry of sedimentary deposits and evolution of the landforms in the Chobe Enclave, Northern Botswana. *Geomorphology*, **415**, 108406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2022.108406

Moore, A., Blenkinsop, T., & Cotterill, F. (2009). Southern African topography and erosion history: Plumes or plate tectonics? *Terra Nova*, **21**(4), 310–315. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.2009.00887.x

Moore, A. E. (1999). A reappraisal of epeirogenic flexure axes in Southern Africa. *South African Journal of Geology*, **102**(4), 363–376.

Moore, A. E. (2013). Anatomy of a distal kimberlite indicator mineral (KIM) anomaly in the Central Kalahari, Botswana. *South African Journal of Geology*, **116**(1), 67–78. https://doi.org/10.2113/gssaj.116.1.67

Moore, A. E., Cotterill, F. P. D., & Eckardt, F. D. (2012). The evolution and ages of Makgadikgadi palaeo-lakes: Consistent evidence from Kalahari drainage evolution south-central Africa. *South African Journal of Geology*, **115**(3), 385–413. https://doi.org/10.2113/gssaj.115.3.385

Moore, A. E., & Larkin, P. A. (2001). Drainage evolution in south-central Africa since the breakup of Gondwana. *South African Journal of Geology*, **104**(1), 47–68. https://doi.org/10.2113/104.1.47

Morley, C. K. (2010). Stress re-orientation along zones of weak fabrics in rifts: An explanation for pure extension in ‘oblique’ rift segments? *Earth and Planetary Science Letters*, **297**(3), 667–673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.07.022

Mulabisana, T., Meghraoui, M., Midzi, V., Saleh, M., Ntibinyane, O., Kwadiba, T., et al. (2021). Seismotectonic analysis of the 2017 Moiyabana earthquake (MW 6.5; Botswana), insights from field investigations, aftershock and InSAR studies. *Journal of African Earth Sciences*, **182**, 104297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2021.104297

Muller, M. R., Jones, A. G., Evans, R. L., Grütter, H. S., Hatton, C., Garcia, X., et al. (2009). Lithospheric structure, evolution and diamond prospectivity of the Rehoboth Terrane and western Kaapvaal Craton, southern Africa: Constraints from broadband magnetotellurics. *Lithos*, **112**, 93–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2009.06.023

Nthaba, B., Simon, R. E., & Ogubazghi, G. M. (2018). Seismicity study of Botswana from 1966 to 2012. *International Journal of Geosciences*, **9**(12), 707–718. https://doi.org/10.4236/ijg.2018.912043

Nyblade, A. A., & Robinson, S. W. (1994). The African Superswell. *Geophysical Research Letters*, **21**(9), 765–768. https://doi.org/10.1029/94GL00631

Oesterlen, P. M., & Blenkinsop, T. G. (1994). Extension directions and strain near the failed triple junction of the Zambezi and Luangwa Rift zones, southern Africa. *Journal of African Earth Sciences*, **18**(2), 175–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(94)90029-9

O'Leary, D. W., Friedman, J. D., & Pohn, H. A. (1976). Lineament, linear, lineation: Some proposed new standards for old terms. *GSA Bulletin*, **87**(10), 1463–1469. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1976)87<1463:LLLSPN>2.0.CO;2

Orpen, J. L., Swain, C. J., Nugent, C., & Zhou, P. P. (1989). Wrench-fault and half-graben tectonics in the development of the Palaeozoic Zambezi Karoo Basins in Zimbabwe—The “Lower Zambezi” and “Mid-Zambezi” basins respectively—And regional implications. *Journal of African Earth Sciences*, **8**(2), 215–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(89)80026-0

Otvos, E. G. (2000). Beach ridges—Definitions and significance. *Geomorphology*, **32**(1), 83–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(99)00075-6

Pastier, A. M., Dauteuil, O., Murray-Hudson, M., Moreau, F., Walpersdorf, A., & Makati, K. (2017). Is the Okavango Delta the terminus of the East African Rift System? Towards a new geodynamic model: Geodetic study and geophysical review. *Tectonophysics*, **712**, 469–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2017.05.035

Paulssen, H., Micallef, T., Bouwman, D. R., Ruigrok, E., Herman, M. W., Fadel, I., et al. (2022). Rifting of the Kalahari Craton through Botswana? New seismic evidence. *Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth*, **127**(4), e2021JB023524. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JB023524

Podgorski, J. E., Green, A. G., Kgothang, L., Kinzelbach, W. K. H., Kalscheuer, T., Auen, E., & Ngwisanyi, T. (2013). Paleo-megalake and paleo-megafan in southern Africa. *Geology*, **41**(11), 1155–1158. https://doi.org/10.1130/G34735.1

QGIS.org. (2022). QGIS Geographic Information System (version 3.16.16) [Software]. QGIS Association. Retrieved from http://www.qgis.org

Rasterio. (2022). rasterio/rasterio (version 1.2.10) [Software]. GitHub. Retrieved from https://github.com/rasterio/rasterio

Reeves, C. V. (1972a). Earthquakes in Ngamiland. *Botswana Notes and Records*, **4**, 257–261.

Reeves, C. V. (1972b). Rifting in the Kalahari? *Nature*, **237**(5350), 95–96. https://doi.org/10.1038/237095a0

Riedel, F., Henderson, A. C. G., Heußner, K.-U., Kaufmann, G., Kossler, A., Leipe, C., et al. (2014). Dynamics of a Kalahari long-lived mega-lake system: Hydromorphological and limnological changes in the Makgadikgadi Basin (Botswana) during the terminal 50 ka. *Hydrobiologia*, **739**(1), 25–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-013-1647-x

Ringrose, S., Harris, C., Huntsman-Mapila, P., Vink, B. W., Diskins, S., Vanderpost, C., & Matheson, W. (2009). Origins of strandline duricrusts around the Makgadikgadi Pans (Botswana Kalahari) as deduced from their chemical and isotope composition. *Sedimentary Geology*, **219**(1), 262–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2009.05.021

Ringrose, S., Huntsman-Mapila, P., Downey, W., Coetzee, S., Fey, M., Vanderpost, C., et al. (2008). Diagenesis in Okavango fan and adjacent dune deposits with implications for the record of palaeo-environmental change in Makgadikgadi–Okavango–Zambezi basin, northern Botswana. *Geomorphology*, **101**(4), 544–557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j geomorph.2008.02.008

Ringrose, S., Huntsman-Mapila, P., Kampunzu, A. B., Downey, W., Coetzee, S., Vink, B., et al. (2005). Sedimentological and geochemical evidence for palaeo-environmental change in the Makgadikgadi subbasin, in relation to the MOZ rift depression, Botswana. *Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology*, **217**(3), 265–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.11.024

Saria, E., Calais, E., Stamps, D. S., Delvaux, D., & Hartnady, C. J. H. (2014). Present-day kinematics of the East African Rift. *Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth*, **119**(4), 3584–3600. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JB010901

Scheiber, T., Fredin, O., Viola, G., Jarna, A., Gasser, D., & Łapińska-Viola, R. (2015). Manual extraction of bedrock lineaments from high-resolution LiDAR data: Methodological bias and human perception. *GFF*, **137**(4), 362–372. https://doi.org/10.1080/11035897.2015.1085434

Schmidt, M., Fuchs, M., Henderson, A. C. G., Kossler, A., Leng, M. J., Mackay, A. W., et al. (2017). Paleolimnological features of a mega-lake phase in the Makgadikgadi Basin (Kalahari, Botswana) during Marine Isotope Stage 5 inferred from diatoms. *Journal of Paleolimnology*, **58**(3), 373–390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-017-9984-9

Scholz, C. H., Koczynski, T. A., & Hutchin, D. G. (1976). Evidence of the incipient rifting in southern Africa. *Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society*, **44**(1), 135–144. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1976.tb00278.x
Schwarz, K. P., Cannon, M. E., & Wong, R. V. C. (1989). A comparison of GPS kinematics models for the determination of position and velocity along a trajectory. *Manuscripta Geodetica, 14*, 345–353.

Shaw, P. A. (1988). After the flood: The fluvio-lacustrine landforms of Northern Botswana. *Earth-Science Reviews*, 25(5), 449–456. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-8252(88)90011-6

Shaw, P. A. (1997). Africa and Europe. In D. S. G. Thomas (Éd.), *Arid zone geomorphology: Process, form and change in drylands* (2nd ed., pp. 467–485). John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Shaw, P. A., Thomas, D. S. G., & Nash, D. J. (1992). Late Quaternary fluvial activity in the dry valleys (mekgacha) of the Middle and Southern Kalahari, southern Africa. *Journal of Quaternary Science*, 7(4), 273–281. https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.3390070402

Simon, B. (2015). *Rift du Lac Albert, Ouganda, Rift Est Africain: Déformation, érosion, sédimentation et bilan de matière depuis 17 Ma* [PhD thesis]. Université Rennes 1. Retrieved from https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01923327

Singletary, S. J., Hanson, R. E., Martin, M. W., Crowley, J. L., Bowring, S. A., Key, R. M., et al. (2003). Geochronology of basement rocks in the Kalahari Desert, Botswana, and implications for regional Proterozoic tectonics. *Precambrian Research*, 121(1–2), 47–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-9268(02)00201-2

Smith, M. J., & Clark, C. D. (2005). Methods for the visualization of digital elevation models for landform mapping. *Earth Surface Processes and Landforms*, 30(7), 885–900. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1210

Stamps, D. S., Calais, E., Saria, E., Hartnady, C., Nocquet, J.-M., Ebinger, C. J., & Fernandes, R. M. (2008). A kinematic model for the East African Rift. *Geophysical Research Letters*, 35(5), L05304. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032781

Stamps, D. S., Kreeemer, C., Fernandes, R., Rajaonarison, T. A., & Rambolamanana, G. (2021). Redefining East African Rift System kinematics. *Geology*, 49(2), 150–155. https://doi.org/10.1130/G47985.1

Stokes, S., Haynes, G., Thomas, D. S. G., Horrocks, J. L., Higginson, M., & Malifa, M. (1998). Punctuated aridity in southern Africa during the last glacial cycle: The chronology of linear dune construction in the northeastern Kalahari. *Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology*, 137(3), 305–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(97)00106-5

Stokes, S., Thomas, D. S. G., & Shaw, P. A. (1997). New chronological evidence for the nature and timing of linear dune development in the southwest Kalahari Desert. *Geomorphology*, 20(1), 81–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(97)00006-8

Stone, A. (2021). Dryland dunes and other dryland environmental archives as proxies for Late Quaternary stratigraphy and environmental and climate change in southern Africa. *South African Journal of Geology*, 124(4), 927–962. https://doi.org/10.25131/sajg.124.0055

Telfer, M. W., & Thomas, D. S. G. (2007). Late Quaternary linear dune accumulation and chronostratigraphy of the southwestern Kalahari: Implications for aeolian palaeoclimatic reconstructions and predictions of future dynamics. *Quaternary Science Reviews*, 26(19), 2617–2630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.07.006

Thomas, D. S. G. (1984). Ancient ergs of the former arid zones of Zimbabwe, Zambia and Angola. *Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers*, 9(1), 75. https://doi.org/10.2307/621868

Thomas, D. S. G., & Burrough, S. L. (2016). Luminescence-based dune chronologies in southern Africa: Analysis and interpretation of dune database records across the subcontinent. *Quaternary International*, 410, 30–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2013.09.008

Thomas, D. S. G., & Shaw, P. A. (1991). *The Kalahari environment* (p. 284). Cambridge University Press.

Tsoar, H., Blumberg, D. G., & Stoler, Y. (2004). Elongation and migration of sand dunes. *Geomorphology*, 57(3), 293–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(03)00161-2

USGS EROS. (2018). Shuttle Radar Topography Mission 1 Arc-Second Global [Dataset]. United States Geological Survey (USGS) Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center. https://doi.org/10.5066/F7PR7TFT

Vail, J. R. (1968). The southern extension of the East African Rift System and related igneous activity. *Geologische Rundschau*, 57(2), 601–614. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01821264

Van Der Beek, P., Mbede, E., Andriessen, P., & Delvaux, D. (1998). Denudation history of the Malawi and Rukwa Rift flanks (East African Rift System) from apatite fission track thermochronology. *Journal of African Earth Sciences*, 26(3), 363–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(98)00021-9

Wanke, H. (2005). The Namibian Eiseb Graben as an extension of the East African Rift: Evidence from Landsat TM5 imagery. *South African Journal of Geology*, 108(4), 541–546. https://doi.org/10.2113/108.4.541

Wedmore, L. N. J., Biggs, J., Floyd, M., Fagereng, Å., Mdala, H., Chindandali, P., et al. (2021). Geodetic constraints on cratonic microplates and broad strain during rifting of thick Southern African lithosphere. *Geophysical Research Letters*, 48(17), e2021GL093785. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL093785

Wiles, J. W. (1971). *Rhodesia Geological 1:1000000 [Map]* (6th ed.). Rhodesia Geological Survey.

Williams, J. N., Mdala, H., Fagereng, Å., Wedmore, L. N. J., Biggs, J., Dulanya, Z., et al. (2021). A systems-based approach to parameterise seismic hazard in regions with little historical or instrumental seismicity: Active fault and seismogenic source databases for southern Malawi. *Solid Earth*, 12(1), 187–217. https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-187-2021

Youssof, M., Thybo, H., Artemieva, I. M., & Levander, A. (2013). Moho depth and crustal composition in Southern Africa. *Tectonophysics*, 609, 267–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2013.09.001
Schwarz, K. P., Cannon, M. E., & Wong, R. V. C. (1989). A comparison of GPS kinematics models for the determination of position and velocity along a trajectory. *Manuscripta Geodetica, 14*, 345–353.

Shaw, P. A. (1988). After the flood: The fluvio-lacustrine landforms of Northern Botswana. *Earth-Science Reviews*, 25(5), 449–456. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-8252(88)90011-6

Shaw, P. A. (1997). Africa and Europe. In D. S. G. Thomas (Éd.), *Arid zone geomorphology: Process, form and change in drylands* (2nd ed., pp. 467–485). John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Shaw, P. A., Thomas, D. S. G., & Nash, D. J. (1992). Late Quaternary fluvial activity in the dry valleys (mekgacha) of the Middle and Southern Kalahari, southern Africa. *Journal of Quaternary Science*, 7(4), 273–281. https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.3390070402

Simon, B. (2015). *Rift du Lac Albert, Ouganda, Rift Est Africain: Déformation, érosion, sédimentation et bilan de matière depuis 17 Ma* [PhD thesis]. Université Rennes 1. Retrieved from https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01923327

Singletary, S. J., Hanson, R. E., Martin, M. W., Crowley, J. L., Bowring, S. A., Key, R. M., et al. (2003). Geochronology of basement rocks in the Kalahari Desert, Botswana, and implications for regional Proterozoic tectonics. *Precambrian Research*, 121(1–2), 47–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-9268(02)00201-2

Smith, M. J., & Clark, C. D. (2005). Methods for the visualization of digital elevation models for landform mapping. *Earth Surface Processes and Landforms*, 30(7), 885–900. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1210

Stamps, D. S., Calais, E., Saria, E., Hartnady, C., Nocquet, J.-M., Ebinger, C. J., & Fernandes, R. M. (2008). A kinematic model for the East African Rift. *Geophysical Research Letters*, 35(5), L05304. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032781

Stamps, D. S., Kreeemer, C., Fernandes, R., Rajaonarison, T. A., & Rambolamanana, G. (2021). Redefining East African Rift System kinematics. *Geology*, 49(2), 150–155. https://doi.org/10.1130/G47985.1

Stokes, S., Haynes, G., Thomas, D. S. G., Horrocks, J. L., Higginson, M., & Malifa, M. (1998). Punctuated aridity in southern Africa during the last glacial cycle: The chronology of linear dune construction in the northeastern Kalahari. *Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology*, 137(3), 305–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(97)00106-5

Stokes, S., Thomas, D. S. G., & Shaw, P. A. (1997). New chronological evidence for the nature and timing of linear dune development in the southwest Kalahari Desert. *Geomorphology*, 20(1), 81–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(97)00006-8

Stone, A. (2021). Dryland dunes and other dryland environmental archives as proxies for Late Quaternary stratigraphy and environmental and climate change in southern Africa. *South African Journal of Geology*, 124(4), 927–962. https://doi.org/10.25131/sajg.124.0055

Telfer, M. W., & Thomas, D. S. G. (2007). Late Quaternary linear dune accumulation and chronostratigraphy of the southwestern Kalahari: Implications for aeolian palaeoclimatic reconstructions and predictions of future dynamics. *Quaternary Science Reviews*, 26(19), 2617–2630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.07.006

Thomas, D. S. G. (1984). Ancient ergs of the former arid zones of Zimbabwe, Zambia and Angola. *Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers*, 9(1), 75. https://doi.org/10.2307/621868

Thomas, D. S. G., & Burrough, S. L. (2016). Luminescence-based dune chronologies in southern Africa: Analysis and interpretation of dune database records across the subcontinent. *Quaternary International*, 410, 30–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2013.09.008

Thomas, D. S. G., & Shaw, P. A. (1991). *The Kalahari environment* (p. 284). Cambridge University Press.

Tsoar, H., Blumberg, D. G., & Stoler, Y. (2004). Elongation and migration of sand dunes. *Geomorphology*, 57(3), 293–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(03)00161-2

USGS EROS. (2018). Shuttle Radar Topography Mission 1 Arc-Second Global [Dataset]. United States Geological Survey (USGS) Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center. https://doi.org/10.5066/F7PR7TFT

Vail, J. R. (1968). The southern extension of the East African Rift System and related igneous activity. *Geologische Rundschau*, 57(2), 601–614. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01821264

Van Der Beek, P., Mbede, E., Andriessen, P., & Delvaux, D. (1998). Denudation history of the Malawi and Rukwa Rift flanks (East African Rift System) from apatite fission track thermochronology. *Journal of African Earth Sciences*, 26(3), 363–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(98)00021-9

Wanke, H. (2005). The Namibian Eiseb Graben as an extension of the East African Rift: Evidence from Landsat TM5 imagery. *South African Journal of Geology*, 108(4), 541–546. https://doi.org/10.2113/108.4.541

Wedmore, L. N. J., Biggs, J., Floyd, M., Fagereng, Å., Mdala, H., Chindandali, P., et al. (2021). Geodetic constraints on cratonic microplates and broad strain during rifting of thick Southern African lithosphere. *Geophysical Research Letters*, 48(17), e2021GL093785. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL093785

Wiles, J. W. (1971). *Rhodesia Geological 1:1000000 [Map]* (6th ed.). Rhodesia Geological Survey.

Williams, J. N., Mdala, H., Fagereng, Å., Wedmore, L. N. J., Biggs, J., Dulanya, Z., et al. (2021). A systems-based approach to parameterise seismic hazard in regions with little historical or instrumental seismicity: Active fault and seismogenic source databases for southern Malawi. *Solid Earth*, 12(1), 187–217. https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-187-2021

Youssof, M., Thybo, H., Artemieva, I. M., & Levander, A. (2013). Moho depth and crustal composition in Southern Africa. *Tectonophysics*, 609, 267–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2013.09.001