# General practice undergraduate and vocational training: ambulatory teaching and trainers' curriculum and remuneration – a cross-sectional study among 30 member countries of WONCA Europe

Louise Devillers, Sébastien Friesse, Mette Caranta, Vincent Tarazona, Bastien Bourrion, Olivier Saint-Lary

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Louise Devillers, Sébastien Friesse, Mette Caranta, Vincent Tarazona, Bastien Bourrion, et al. General practice undergraduate and vocational training: ambulatory teaching and trainers' curriculum and remuneration – a cross-sectional study among 30 member countries of WONCA Europe. BMC Medical Education, 2023, 23 (1), 10.1186/s12909-023-04419-6. doi:10.1186/s12909-023-04419-6

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# General practice undergraduate and vocational training: ambulatory teaching and trainers' curriculum and remuneration – a cross-sectional study among 30 member countries of WONCA Europe

Louise Devillers¹,²* ID, Sébastien Friesse¹, Mette Caranta¹, Vincent Tarazona¹,², Bastien Bourrion¹,² ID and Olivier Saint-Lary¹,² ID

## Abstract

**Background** After a long phase without any propositions for real ambulatory training inside general practitioners' offices, general practice (GP) vocational training has begun to appear progressively and has been integrated into undergraduate medical programmes. The aim of this study was to provide an overview of GP vocational training and GP trainers in member countries of the World Organization of National Colleges, Academies and Academic Associations of General Practitioners/Family Physicians (WONCA) Europe.

**Method** We carried out this cross-sectional study between September 2018 and March 2020. The participants responded to a questionnaire in real-life conversations, video conferences or e-mail exchanges. The respondents included GP trainers, teachers and general practitioners involved in the GP curriculum recruited during European GP congresses.

**Results** Representatives from 30 out of 45 WONCA Europe member countries responded to the questionnaire. Based on their responses, there is a well-established period for GP internships in undergraduate medical programmes, but with varying lengths. The programmes for some countries offer an internship after students graduate from medical school but before GP specialisation to ensure the career choice of the trainees. After specialisation, private practice GP internships are offered; however, in-hospital GP internships are more common. GP trainees no longer have a passive role during their internships. GP trainers are selected based on specific criteria and in countries, they have to follow some teacher training programmes. In addition to income from medical appointments carried out by GP trainees, GP trainers from some countries receive additional remuneration from various organisations.

**Conclusion** This study collected information on how undergraduate and postgraduate medical students are exposed to GP, how GP training is organised and the actual status of GP trainers among WONCA Europe member

Full list of author information is available at the end of the article

BMC

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<footnote>*Correspondence:
Louise Devillers
louise.devillers@universite-paris-saclay.fr</footnote>
countries. Our exploration of GP training provides an update of the data collected by Isabel Santos and Vitor Ramos in the 1990s and describes some specificities that can inspire other organisations to prepare young, highly qualified general practitioners.

**Keywords** Ambulatory teaching, General practice, Family medicine, Vocational training, Primary health care, Medical education

## Introduction

Primary care, including general practice (GP), has evolved over the last 30 years while facing an increasing number of challenges. Its crucial role has been underlined by the World Health Organization (WHO) [1]. Meanwhile, universities have the responsibility of preparing tomorrow's general practitioners. Universities are places of innovation, thanks in part to junior lecturers, who have contributed to an increasing number of publications in peer-reviewed journals, developing GP as an academic discipline [2]. In France, GP and family medicine are generally synonymous as disciplines. For clarity, in this article we use the terms GP and general practitioners. This choice is consistent with the World Organization of National Colleges, Academies and Academic Associations of General Practitioners/Family Physicians (WONCA) Europe definition [3].

The study conducted by Isabel Santos and Vitor Ramos in 1994 provided a relevant overview of GP training in 21 European countries [4]. This work might have been the impetus for several documents edited by WONCA Europe, its European Academy of Teachers in General Practice (EURACT) network [5] and the European Union of General Practitioners/Family Physicians (UEMO) [6], whose objective was to harmonise the process of becoming a GP trainer and receiving GP training during medical school. After a long phase without any proposals for real ambulatory training within general practitioners' offices, GP training has started to appear progressively, contributing to the acknowledgment of GP as both a speciality and an academic discipline. While GP training was once only available for students who had graduated from medical school and had chosen the GP path, it has now become integrated into the curricula of undergraduate medical programmes [6].

Moreover, the organisation of GP training is still determined by the European Union (EU) Directives from 1993 [7] and 2005 [8]. To provide a high-quality education for future general practitioners, skilled GP trainers are necessary insofar as they develop and promote the most opportunities for trainees to be supervised in accredited practices.

Extending and upgrading French postgraduate programmes has recently been questioned. In fact, after a change in undergraduate medical programmes, students can now choose a second session for an internship in GP (like in other specialties) in their last year to increase

their chances of obtaining the GP specialisation, which could be extended by one year.

The aim of this study was to provide an overview of GP vocational training and GP trainers of WONCA Europe member countries.

## Method

In this cross-sectional study, carried out between September 2018 and March 2020, we attempted to gather information on the organisation of GP vocational training and GP trainers of WONCA Europe member countries. We recruited general practitioners, GP trainers and teachers involved in the GP curriculum in Leuven, Belgium, in 2018 during the second EURACT Medical Education Conference, and in Tours and Nantes during the Collège National des Généralistes Enseignants (CNGE) Congresses in 2018 and 2019. We also contacted EURACT's board members by email and asked them to participate. Finally, we recruited some respondents by the snowball effect. For this study, we contacted representatives of the 45 WONCA Europe member countries.

Two researchers conducted the individual interviews. The mode of data collection depended on the preferences of the respondents, using the same questionnaire: real-life conversations, video conferences (Skype®, FaceTime® or WhatsApp®) and e-mail exchanges (Table 1). The researchers recorded all interviews, and the interviews were subsequently transcribed in their totality. When a respondent's response required clarification, the researchers contacted them by e-mail. The researchers interviewed one respondent per country.

The questionnaire used for the interviews was based on the work of Dr I. Santos [4]. We translated the English version of the questionnaire into French and Danish. A PhD university lecturer provided proofreading and linguistic revisions and then cross-checked our French version of the questionnaire with the English version. We also used a Danish version because Danish is the native language of one of the researchers. The interviews included both closed and open questions on the following topics: general undergraduate programmes (medical school), GP postgraduate programmes and internships, formal status of the GP trainer, selection of trainers, training programmes, evaluation, assessment and remuneration for GP trainers (Supplementary File 1). In this work we defined postgraduate student as students who
<table><caption>**Table 1** Data collection method for each participating member country of the World Organization of National Colleges, Academies and Academic Associations of General Practitioners/ Family Physicians Europe</caption><thead><tr><td>Member country</td><td>Data collection method</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Austria</td><td>E-mail exchange</td></tr><tr><td>Belgium</td><td>E-mail exchange</td></tr><tr><td>Bosnia and Herzegovina</td><td>E-mail exchange</td></tr><tr><td>Bulgaria</td><td>E-mail exchange</td></tr><tr><td>Croatia</td><td>26.55-minute phone call</td></tr><tr><td>Denmark</td><td>E-mail Exchange</td></tr><tr><td>Estonia</td><td>E-mail Exchange</td></tr><tr><td>Finland</td><td>E-mail Exchange</td></tr><tr><td>France</td><td>E-mail Exchange</td></tr><tr><td>Germany</td><td>21.32-minute phone call with follow-up e-mail exchange</td></tr><tr><td>Greece</td><td>E-mail exchange</td></tr><tr><td>Iceland</td><td>21.06-minute phone call with follow-up e-mail exchange</td></tr><tr><td>Israel</td><td>E-mail exchange</td></tr><tr><td>Italy</td><td>35-minute real-life conversation</td></tr><tr><td>Lithuania</td><td>E-mail exchange</td></tr><tr><td>Luxemburg</td><td>30-minute phone call</td></tr><tr><td>The Netherlands</td><td>20.35-minute video conference</td></tr><tr><td>North Macedonia</td><td>E-mail exchange</td></tr><tr><td>Norway</td><td>18.17-minute phone call</td></tr><tr><td>Poland</td><td>E-mail exchange</td></tr><tr><td>Portugal</td><td>E-mail exchange</td></tr><tr><td>Romania</td><td>E-mail exchange</td></tr><tr><td>Russia</td><td>E-mail exchange</td></tr><tr><td>Slovenia</td><td>21.01-minute phone call</td></tr><tr><td>Spain</td><td>E-mail exchange</td></tr><tr><td>Sweden</td><td>15.30-minute phone call</td></tr><tr><td>Switzerland</td><td>25-minute phone call</td></tr><tr><td>Turkey</td><td>E-mail exchange</td></tr><tr><td>Ukraine</td><td>26.40-minute phone call with follow-up e-mail exchange</td></tr><tr><td>United Kingdom</td><td>E-mail exchange</td></tr></tbody></table>

have graduated from medical school and has chosen a specialty.

We conducted a descriptive analysis of the interviews and compiled our results in tables. We did not perform statistical analysis because we did not attempt to compare answers among the countries.

## Results

Representatives of 30 out of 45 WONCA Europe member countries responded to the questionnaire (Fig. 1).

### GP training

#### Discovering GP in medical school

Based on the responses, the GP internships offered during undergraduate medical programmes are inconsistent (Table 2). The representatives of Ukraine, Russia,

Italy and Greece reported that there are no undergraduate internships dedicated to GP. The Portuguese and Swiss respondents declared that although an internship is offered to undergraduate medical students, it is not mandatory. An internship could last from a few days (75 h in Bosnia and Herzegovina or 10 days in Denmark) to 4 months (the Netherlands). It should be noted that in Luxemburg, the undergraduate medical programme takes place at Luxemburg University for only the first two years, the GP internship during the following years relies on the university where the undergraduate medical student is enrolled: in France, Belgium or Germany.

GP internships for students who have graduated from medical school but not yet chosen a specialty: a rare opportunity.

The representatives of 8 out of the 30 WONCA Europe member countries indicated that there are GP internships for students who have graduated from medical school but have not yet started specialisation (Table 3). The time dedicated to initiating a specialty ranges from 6 months (Slovenia) to 2 years (Finland). Students could participate in GP internships from 1 month (Austria) to 6 months (Finland). Slovenia does not offer a GP internship. In Denmark, Iceland and the Netherlands, students who have graduated from medical school have the opportunity to work as non-specialised doctors in designated places. After gaining this particular experience in the field, they can choose their specialty more wisely.

### GP as a speciality and internships in practices: GP vocational training

Among the WONCA Europe member countries, students who have graduated from medical school choose their specialty depending on their results and ranking after taking their exams and the availability of specialty training. The postgraduate GP training offered varies widely among the WONCA Europe member countries (Table 4).

In several countries, internships take place in practices, with one GP trainee per GP trainer's office. Three trainers could mentor one trainee during their internship (with the weekly schedule and assignments organised by the trainers and their trainee), an approach that is similar to France. In Belgium, a GP trainee can participate in 5-6 GP internships, which represent the totality of the postgraduate programme. Only one 6-month-long non-mandatory internship can be carried out at the hospital. Internships in practices can also be extended for GP trainees in Portugal (three internships lasting 11, 22 and 11 months) and Israel (15 months during the first two years and the entire last year of the postgraduate curriculum). In Switzerland, the respondent stated that internships in practices tutored by ambulatory general practitioners are rare: only a few of them are GP trainers.
<figure><img src="image_3.png" /><figcaption>**Fig. 1** A map showing the World Organization of National Colleges, Academies and Academic Associations of General Practitioners/Family Physicians (WONCA) Europe member countries that responded to the questionnaire</figcaption></figure>

They can last up to 1 year and are not mandatory. Internships take place in hospital units related to GP – in most cases, internal medicine departments. It is important to note that in Austria, GP is not yet considered a specialty; nevertheless, the respondent mentioned a 4-year post-graduate programme with a 6-month GP internship.

GP trainers can observe their trainees during consultations with their patients at the beginning of their internship, but stand-alone consultations with trainees are mostly preferred. In Israel and Moldova, the trainers are not present at the same practice while mentoring a trainee.

The respondents highlighted the many ways that the trainees' progression is evaluated during their postgraduate programme, including written exams, practical exams and follow-up of skills acquisition during the internship

reported in portfolios (Table 4). The respondents also mentioned pedagogical/professional resources for the GP specialisation, including mandatory participation in Balint groups in Sweden and Finland, writing and publishing scientific articles in Bosnia and Herzegovina and participation in workshops in Germany.

## Overview of GP trainers

Table 5 presents details on the GP trainers among the WONCA Europe member countries. The respondents for 21 of the 30 countries described a formal status for GP trainers, specifically an official status with the institutions involved in GP training including a university affiliation, GP departments or specific organisational assessments (e.g. state, specific ministries, a state's department of health or medical chambers).
<table><caption>**Table 2** General practice internships in undergraduate medical programmes</caption><thead><tr><th>Country</th><th>Undergraduate medical programme length (in years)</th><th>GP internship length (in months)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Austria</td><td>6</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Belgium</td><td>6</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Bosnia and Herzegovina</td><td>6</td><td>&lt;1</td></tr><tr><td>Bulgaria</td><td>6</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Croatia</td><td>6</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Denmark</td><td>6</td><td>&lt;1</td></tr><tr><td>Estonia</td><td>6</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Finland</td><td>6</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>France</td><td>6</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>Germany</td><td>6</td><td>1.5</td></tr><tr><td>Greece</td><td>6</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td>Iceland</td><td>6</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Israel</td><td>6</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Italy</td><td>6</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td>Lithuania</td><td>6</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Luxemburg</td><td>6</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><td>The Netherlands</td><td>6</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>North Macedonia</td><td>6</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Norway</td><td>6</td><td>1.5-2</td></tr><tr><td>Poland</td><td>6</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Portugal</td><td>6</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Romania</td><td>6</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Russia</td><td>6</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td>Slovenia</td><td>6</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Spain</td><td>6</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Sweden</td><td>5.5</td><td>1.5</td></tr><tr><td>Switzerland</td><td>6</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Turkey</td><td>6</td><td>1.5</td></tr><tr><td>Ukraine</td><td>6</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td>United Kingdom</td><td>5</td><td>Yes</td></tr></tbody></table>

NA, not applicable; No, no general practice internship declared; Yes, there is a general practice internship, but we did not get information on the length.

<table><caption>**Table 3** General practice (GP) internships after graduating from medical school but before specialisation</caption><thead><tr><th>Country</th><th>Length (in months)</th><th>GP internship length (in months)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Austria</td><td>8</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Denmark</td><td>12</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Finland</td><td>24</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>Iceland</td><td>12</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>Norway</td><td>18</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Poland</td><td>12</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Slovenia</td><td>6</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Sweden</td><td>18-21</td><td>6</td></tr></tbody></table>

The criteria to become a GP trainer varies among the countries. The GP has to attest to anywhere from 2 years (France and Portugal) to 10 years (Bosnia and Herzegovina) of practice and obtain accreditation to host internships and GP trainees in their practice. In three countries, the research curriculum of the general practitioner is important: from a one-time research experience in Spain to the necessity to publish articles in Turkey and Greece (three publications needed). In the United Kingdom, a GP trainer must have a certificate in medical education. In the Netherlands, general practitioners have to pass a knowledge and communications skills test to become a GP trainer.

WONCA Europe member countries offer an initial training programme to prepare general practitioners for their new training role, except Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Russia and Ukraine. Wherever offered, lifelong training is implemented unequally, spanning from one session per semester in Sweden to 5 and 7 years in Denmark and Iceland, respectively. These training programmes are not mandatory for most countries and there are still a lot of countries where they are not organised.

In addition to the income trainees receive from their medical appointments, GP trainers receive remuneration from various sources; the amounts vary considerably from one country to another. In the Netherlands, this remuneration is for fee compensation or reinvestment of expenses. The representatives from Austria, Belgium, Denmark and Germany stated that the GP trainers have to contribute to the trainees' salaries.

## Discussion

We collected information on how undergraduate and postgraduate medical students are exposed to GP, how GP training is organised and the actual status of GP trainers among WONCA Europe member countries. We offer a point-in-time view of the situation, and our findings are consistent with previous work involving some European countries [9]. Our exploration of GP training provides an update of the data collected by Isabel Santos and Vitor Ramos in the 1990s.

GP holds increasing importance in education programmes for medical students. Orienting medical students towards private practice might encourage careers in these fields [10]. More importantly, GP-related education provides future doctors with the opportunity to know the role of a general practitioner in health systems and primary care.

On the basis of a study regarding the efficiency of primary care – which involved most WONCA Europe member countries [11] – we understand that developing and improving GP training could play a role in reinforcing indicators like primary care governance and workforce development to improve the quality of primary care
<table><caption>**Table 4** General practice (GP) postgraduate training</caption><thead><tr><th>Country</th><th>Length (years)</th><th>GP internship (years)</th><th>Supervision of GP trainees by the GP trainer</th><th>Evaluation tools of GP trainees and pedagogical/professional resources for their specialisation</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Austria</td><td>4</td><td>0.5</td><td>Indirect</td><td>Consultation logbooks and written exams</td></tr><tr><td>Belgium</td><td>3</td><td>2.5-3</td><td>Direct and indirect</td><td>Written exams and internship evaluation</td></tr><tr><td>Bosnia and Herzegovina</td><td>4</td><td>1.5-2</td><td>Direct</td><td>Written exams, interviews, scientific articles and reviews</td></tr><tr><td>Bulgaria</td><td>3</td><td>1.5</td><td>Direct</td><td>Skills certification, written exams, portfolios and internship reports</td></tr><tr><td>Croatia</td><td>4</td><td>2</td><td>Direct and indirect</td><td>Consultation logbooks, portfolios, skills certification and exams</td></tr><tr><td>Denmark</td><td>5</td><td>2.5 + 1 day per week during hospital internships</td><td>Direct, indirect and video</td><td>Skills certification and portfolio</td></tr><tr><td>Estonia</td><td>4</td><td>2</td><td>Direct</td><td>Consultation logbooks, exams and internship evaluations</td></tr><tr><td>Finland</td><td>6</td><td>2-4</td><td>Direct and indirect</td><td>Portfolios, workshops, Balint groups, e-learning and clinical skills evaluation</td></tr><tr><td>France</td><td>3</td><td>1-2</td><td>Direct and indirect</td><td>Portfolios and skills certification</td></tr><tr><td>Germany</td><td>5</td><td>2-3</td><td>Indirect</td><td>Workshops and final exams</td></tr><tr><td>Greece</td><td>5</td><td>2</td><td>Direct and indirect</td><td>Skills certification, consultation logbooks, written exams and objective structured clinical examination (OSCE)</td></tr><tr><td>Iceland</td><td>5</td><td>3</td><td>Direct, indirect and video</td><td>Skills certification and workshops</td></tr><tr><td>Israel</td><td>4</td><td>1.5</td><td>Direct and indirect</td><td>Skills certification, portfolios and written exams</td></tr><tr><td>Italy</td><td>3</td><td>1</td><td>Direct</td><td>Internship evaluation, written exams and thesis</td></tr><tr><td>Lithuania</td><td>4</td><td>1.5</td><td>No supervision, observation only</td><td>Portfolios and written exams</td></tr><tr><td>Luxemburg</td><td>3</td><td>≥1</td><td>Direct and indirect</td><td>Written exams, OSCE and oral presentations</td></tr><tr><td>The Netherlands</td><td>3</td><td>2</td><td>Direct and indirect</td><td>Portfolios and skills certification</td></tr><tr><td>North Macedonia</td><td>3</td><td>1</td><td>Direct and indirect</td><td>Skills certification, consultation logbooks and written exams</td></tr><tr><td>Norway</td><td>5</td><td>4</td><td>Direct, indirect and video</td><td>Written report cases, workshops and portfolios</td></tr><tr><td>Poland</td><td>4</td><td>2</td><td>Direct and indirect</td><td>Written exams</td></tr><tr><td>Portugal</td><td>4</td><td>3.5</td><td>Direct</td><td>Written and oral exams, skills certification and portfolios</td></tr><tr><td>Romania</td><td>4</td><td>3</td><td>Direct</td><td>Skills certification and written exams</td></tr><tr><td>Russia</td><td>2</td><td>18.5 weeks</td><td>Direct and indirect</td><td>Skills certification and written exams</td></tr><tr><td>Slovenia</td><td>4</td><td>2</td><td>Direct and indirect</td><td>Portfolio, skills certification, written exams and internship evaluation</td></tr><tr><td>Spain</td><td>4</td><td>2</td><td>Direct and indirect</td><td>Skills certification, consultation logbooks and e-portfolios</td></tr><tr><td>Sweden</td><td>4</td><td>2.5</td><td>Direct and indirect</td><td>Portfolios, workshops and Balint groups</td></tr><tr><td>Switzerland</td><td>5</td><td>1</td><td>Indirect</td><td>Internship evaluation and written exams</td></tr><tr><td>Turkey</td><td>3</td><td>1.5</td><td>Direct and indirect</td><td>Oral and written exams and consultation logbooks</td></tr><tr><td>Ukraine</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>Direct</td><td>Written exams</td></tr><tr><td>United Kingdom</td><td>3</td><td>1.5</td><td>Direct and indirect</td><td>E-portfolios</td></tr></tbody></table>

and general health for patients. It is important to focus on this second indicator, as studies have shown that GP training helps to motivate young doctors to become general practitioners [12] and to set up their practices in rural areas [13]. The better the GP experience across undergraduate medical programmes through curriculum and training development is, the stronger the will of students to build a career as a general practitioner [14].

Some good educational practices regarding the core values of GP have already been described in literature. A mix of educational tools is employed considering some essential principles such as the use of role models and contact with patients. With this experience, GP trainees can obtain the essential core values, knowledge, skills and attitude to become a general practitioner. This can be

strengthened even more by allowing trainees and trainers to inspire each other and thus to share innovative educational methods [15]. Integration of GP education and training generally has a positive impact on all levels of learners [16].

Our results offer an overview of GP training and options to help shape a fourth year of GP specialisation in France while meeting the trainees' educational needs. This approach could facilitate developing revalidation and reliable, high-quality guidelines [17] that produce wiser, qualified general practitioners willing to start their own practices. In France, a recent cohort study highlighted that training supervision is associated with an increase in the density of general practitioners in the municipality of practice. Training supervision seems to
<table><caption>**Table 5** General practice trainers</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2"></th><th rowspan="2">Formal status for GP trainers</th><th rowspan="2">Affiliation</th><th rowspan="2">Selection criteria</th><th colspan="2">Teacher training programmes</th><th rowspan="2">Remuneration</th></tr><tr><th>Initial training</th><th>Lifelong training</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Austria</td><td>X</td><td>University and medical chamber</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td>Belgium</td><td>X</td><td>University and FM department</td><td>Depends on the university, practice experience and GP specialist</td><td>2 days</td><td>1 day/year</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td>Bosnia and Herzegovina</td><td>X</td><td>University, FM department and health ministry</td><td>10 years of practice and master in primary care</td><td>Continuous medical education</td><td>No</td><td>Yes, around 20% of their usual salary, from the health ministry</td></tr><tr><td>Bulgaria</td><td>No</td><td>University</td><td>3 years of practice and health ministry certification</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>Yes, from the government</td></tr><tr><td>Croatia</td><td>X</td><td>FM department and government</td><td>Yes</td><td>2 days</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Denmark</td><td>No</td><td>With the region</td><td>Yes</td><td>2 days</td><td>1/5-7 years</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td>Estonia</td><td>X</td><td>University</td><td>5 years of practice and accreditation needed</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Finland</td><td>X</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>France</td><td>X</td><td>University and FM department, medical chamber</td><td>2 years of practice and accreditation needed</td><td>Yes, mandatory</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Germany</td><td>X</td><td>Depends on the länder (state) and its competence centre</td><td>Depends on the länder</td><td>Depends on the länder</td><td>Depends on the länder</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td>Greece</td><td>X</td><td>University and government</td><td>GP specialist and three publications</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes, from the government</td></tr><tr><td>Iceland</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>1/5 years</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Israel</td><td>X</td><td>Health maintenance organisation and FM department</td><td>Depends on the faculties</td><td>Yes, not mandatory</td><td>No</td><td>€250/month, from the health maintenance organisation</td></tr><tr><td>Italy</td><td>X</td><td>With the region</td><td>A few years of practice</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>Every month, from the government</td></tr><tr><td>Lithuania</td><td>X</td><td>University</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Luxemburg</td><td>X</td><td>FM department</td><td>GP specialist and 5 years of practice</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>€200/month, from the government</td></tr><tr><td>The Netherlands</td><td>X</td><td>University</td><td>Evaluation of communications skills and knowledge</td><td>Yes, depends on the university</td><td>8 days/year</td><td>Yes + fees compensation</td></tr><tr><td>North Macedonia</td><td>No</td><td>No data</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Norway</td><td>X</td><td>No</td><td>Evaluation by a state councillor</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>5% of their usual salary</td></tr><tr><td>Poland</td><td>X</td><td>University and health ministry</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes + fees compensation</td></tr><tr><td>Portugal</td><td>X</td><td>No</td><td>2 years of practice</td><td>Yes, a short one</td><td>No</td><td>€520/month</td></tr><tr><td>Romania</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td>Russia</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td>Slovenia</td><td>X</td><td>University and medical chamber</td><td>Professional re-certification</td><td>2 days</td><td>Once a year</td><td>€180/month</td></tr><tr><td>Spain</td><td>X</td><td>FM department</td><td>Practice, teaching and research experience</td><td>Yes</td><td>Every year non mandatory</td><td>€200/month maximum, from health services</td></tr><tr><td>Sweden</td><td>No</td><td>With the region</td><td>Yes</td><td>Yes</td><td>2 days/year</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td>Switzerland</td><td>No</td><td>University</td><td>Internist, GP or geriatrician for 3 years</td><td>1 day</td><td>4 h/2 years</td><td>From the university</td></tr><tr><td>Turkey</td><td>X</td><td>FM department</td><td>Exam results to share and publications</td><td>Depends on the faculty</td><td>Depends on the faculty</td><td>From the ministry and university</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>**Table 5** (continued)</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2"></th><th rowspan="2">Formal status for GP trainers</th><th rowspan="2">Affiliation</th><th rowspan="2">Selection criteria</th><th colspan="2">Teacher training programmes</th><th rowspan="2">Remuneration</th></tr><tr><th>Initial training</th><th>Lifelong training</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Ukraine</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td>United Kingdom</td><td>X</td><td>FM department</td><td>Completing the 'certificate of medical education'</td><td>Yes</td><td>No</td><td>Annual fee/practice + pay Health Education England</td></tr></tbody></table>

For the 'Formal status' column, 'X' means that there is a formal status for GP trainers

For the 'Affiliation', 'Selection criteria', 'Teacher training programmes' and 'Renumeration' columns, 'Yes' means that it is relevant to the country, but we did not get specific details from the respondent

FM, family medicine

improve the attractiveness of a territory [18]. An increasing number of GP set-ups could increase the supply of primary care physicians and improve the continuity of care for patients. Indeed, it has been proved that a greater number of primary care physicians in a designated population is associated with reduced cardiovascular, cancer-induced and respiratory mortality [19]. Health care continuity provided by a general practitioner is associated with decreased mortality in general [20, 21].

Our study has several strengths. First, the questionnaire we used for the interviews is based on the work of Dr I. Santos (4): we translated the English version into French and Danish. There was a systematic and individual analysis and clarification of the answers given, which gave the authors the opportunity to confirm that the respondents had a good understanding of the questions. Second, collecting information from real-life conversations, video conference interviews and e-mail exchanges rather than a one-time online questionnaire without the ability to follow up gave us the opportunity to gather more precise information and sometimes details for which we did not ask. Our exchanges with the respondents provided a rich source of data that we could analyse.

There are some limitations to our study. First, we did not manage to collect information from all WONCA Europe member countries, nor did we have the opportunity to question our contacts about why they did not respond to our inquiries. Second, the results of this overview might be a little different from each country's legal description of a GP training organisation. This discrepancy could be explained by the respondents' own perceptions and interpretations of their system, which might have been influenced by various factors but also explained by the fact that it can take time to apply legislation and new guidelines in a well-rooted system. Finally, we interviewed only one representative per country, which means that we lacked specific information from certain regions or universities. For example, selection criteria and GP training organisations could be different

for each region and university in a country. Indeed, the respondents from Belgium, Germany, Italy and Sweden voluntarily mentioned those possible specificities, although they did not have all the details.

## Conclusion

Our study illuminates GP training proposals and organisations among the members of WONCA Europe. Our overall picture of the situation provides original information that could be adapted to more countries in order to enhance GP training programmes. The same work could be carried out in more countries, beyond the borders of WONCA Europe, opening our perspectives to different patterns of GP training and GP as an academic discipline.

### Abbreviations

<table><tr><td>CNGE</td><td>Collège National des Généralistes Enseignants</td></tr><tr><td>EU</td><td>European Union</td></tr><tr><td>EURACT</td><td>European Academy of Teachers in General Practice</td></tr><tr><td>GP</td><td>General practice</td></tr><tr><td>NA</td><td>Not applicable</td></tr><tr><td>UEMO</td><td>European Union of General Practitioners/Family Physicians</td></tr><tr><td>UK</td><td>United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><td>WHO</td><td>World Health Organization</td></tr><tr><td>WONCA</td><td>World Organization of National Colleges, Academies and Academic Associations of General Practitioners/Family Physicians</td></tr></table>

## Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-023-04419-6.

Supplementary Material 1

### Acknowledgements

We thank all the interviewed general practitioners for their participation in this study. We thank Dr Elvis Buckwalter (PhD university lecturer) for his proofreading and linguistic revisions. An English editing service (Proof-Reading-Service.com) assisted with the revision of this article.

### Author contributions

SF and MC conducted the interviews. LD supervised the work of SF and MC and wrote the first draft of the article, which was then revised by incorporating comments from all of the co-authors. VT and BB are general practitioners and GP trainers; they provided their expertise and advice for the selection of relevant information for the article. OSL, as the president of CNGE,
provided his expertise for the selection of relevant information for the article and for writing the article.

### Funding

The authors declare that they received no funding for this study.

### Data Availability

The authors agree to provide full anonymised interviews if requested by the journal or a reader. Please contact the corresponding author: Dr Louise Devillers (louise.devillers@universite-paris-saclay.fr).

## Declarations

### Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

### Ethics approval and consent to participate

This study did not require ethics approval because it concerns medical education. Each respondent gave their consent by responding directly to the questionnaire or gave oral consent to the researchers before the interview. The CNGE Ethics Committee exempted ethical approval and approved the oral consent procedure for this study. All procedures were carried out in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.

### Consent for publication

Not applicable.

### Author details

Received: 21 January 2023 / Accepted: 31 May 2023

Published online: 14 June 2023

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<footnote n="1">¹Department of General Medicine, Simone Veil University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines and Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France</footnote>

<footnote n="2">²Primary Care and Prevention Team, CESP, University Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INSERM U1018, University Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France</footnote>

<footnote>uemo-2003-declaration-on-specific-training-in-general-practicefamily-medicin-in-europe/. Accessed 30 Sep 2021.</footnote>