# Sliding Monitoring System for Ground Wheel Based on ATMEGA16 for No-Tillage Planter-CT246

Lianming Xia, Xiangyou Wang, Duayang Geng, Qingfeng Zhang

► To cite this version:

Lianming Xia, Xiangyou Wang, Duayang Geng, Qingfeng Zhang. Sliding Monitoring System for Ground Wheel Based on ATMEGA16 for No-Tillage Planter-CT246. 4th Conference on Computer and Computing Technologies in Agriculture (CCTA), Oct 2010, Nanchang, China. pp.531-537, 10.1007/978-3-642-18336-2_65. hal-01562721

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<figure><img src="image_1.png" /></figure>

Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Sliding Monitoring System for Ground
Wheel Based on ATMEGA16 for No-tillage
Planter—CT246

Lianming Xia, Xiangyou Wang*, Duayang Geng, Qingfeng Zhang

School of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Shandong University of Technology
Zibo, Shandong, China
Xiawj655@163.com; wxy@sdut.edu.cn; dygxt@sdut.edu.cn;
zhangqingfeng1844@163.com

**Abstract.** The seed-metering device of the no-tillage planter was driven by the ground wheel. Sliding was unavoidable when the ground was covered by the straw. High sliding brought seeding absence and affected the quality of sowing. In order to monitor the sliding of the ground wheel, a monitoring system composed of hardware and software was designed based on ATMEGA16 Microcomputer. In the system, the practical and the theoretical driving distance of the ground wheel were measured by the photoelectric sensor and rotary encoder respectively, then the sliding can be calculated and displayed on the LED. The system could achieve the data of sliding when the planter worked, and this could insure that the driver may recognize the working conditions at any moment. So it had very important significance which can improve the precision of sow.

**Keywords:** no-tillage planter; sliding; photoelectric sensor; rotary encode; single-chip microcomputer.

# 1 Introduction

Conservation tillage has been defined as tillage and planting system that retains at least 30% of the cover residues on the soil surface after planting operation is completed. Erosion is reduced by at least 50% in these soils as compared to bare soils [1][2][3]. Retain crop residues on the soil surface provide a source of plant nutrients, improves organic matter level in the soil, and increase soil water content by reducing evaporation and increasing infiltration rate[4]. In the last three decades, no-till sowing practices that promote soil and water conservation have slowly become an accepted alternative to conventional tillage systems. The precision and no-till seeder has been a key factor in the successful shift to no-till sowing [5]. In the precision and no-till seeder, the seed-metering device which is driven by the ground wheel places seeds at the required spacing. The sliding which can bring seed absence is unavoidable when the field is covered with crop residue and this can affect the quality of sowing.
Moreover, in response to the recent trend toward improving the quality of sowing, many researchers have focused their research on the development of precision seed-metering device and little work has been done to evaluate the sliding for the no-till precision planter. Although it was realized that sliding of ground wheel could affect the quality of sowing, what could do was only to let the tractor drive for a certain distance and then calculate the sliding by counting the number of turns. Then the quantity of sowing can be adjusted based on it. This could only improve the average sliding to a certain extent. However, the quality of sowing could not be improved by only adjusting the quantity of sowing with the varying sliding. In this research, a sliding monitoring system based on the technologies of single-chip microcomputer and sensor was designed to help the driver realize the sliding at real-time.

## 2. Analysis of the Sliding Monitoring Theory

The sliding of the ground wheel is caused by the different driving distances between the tractor and the ground wheel. So, the sliding can be calculated by the formula below

$$ \eta = \frac{s_1 - s_2}{s_1} \times 100\% \qquad (1) $$

Where $s_1$ is the practical distance the tractor drives, $s_2$ the theoretical distance the ground wheel drives [6].

A five-wheel gauge was usually used to measure the practical distance of the ground wheel drove. However, the result was often affected by the factors such as the bounce of the fifth wheel brought by the ground flatness, the difference between the arc and lineal length of the ground surface, the sliding which was caused by the no-pure rolling between the fifth wheel and the ground. In the no-tillage sowing, the ground is covered by a lot of crop residue. So, the error would be very obvious when it was measured by the five-wheel gauge [7]. In this paper, the practical driving distance is measured by the photoelectric sensor and this is showed in Fig1.

<figure><img src="image_2.png" /><figcaption>Fig.1. The theory for measurement of the practical driving distance</figcaption></figure>
**3. The Structure of the Monitoring System**

In this paper, the single-chip microcomputer used is ATMEGA16. Its pins are showed
in Fig2.

<figure><img src="image_3.png" /><figcaption>**Fig.2.** The pins of ATMEGA16</figcaption></figure>

**3.1 The Circuits of the Sensors**

In this paper, the model of the photoelectric sensor used is E3F-DS60C4 which can
detect the signals in 70-centimeter range. The rotary encode E6B2-CWZ6C is
produced by the company of OMRON and it can send out 360 pulse sis when the
ground wheel revolves for a round [8] [9]. The circuits of the sensors are showed in
Fig3.

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>**Fig.3.** The circuits of the sensors</figcaption></figure>
From Fig2 and Fig3, it can be seen that the photoelectric sensor and the rotary encode are connected to PD2 and PD3 which are the external interruption pins of ATMEGA16. The output level sent out from PD2 is high when the photoelectric sensor is near the bamboo pile and low when it is away from it. The PD3 pin sends out high LEVEL when the rotary encode revolves and low or high level when it does not revolve [10]. All interruptions are triggered at the falling edge. Although the photoelectric sensor and the rotary encode can send out changing level, it can not absorb and send out too high current, or it can not make the current of the interruption pin be low. So a PNP9013 is used as switch in Fig3.

## 3.2 Design of the LCD Circuit

In the monitoring system, LCD12864 with FLASH is used to show the sliding of the ground wheel. Its wiring diagram is showed in Fig4.

<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>**Fig.4.** Wiring diagram of LCD12864</figcaption></figure>

As showed in Fig4, port LCDDATA is used as the I/O port of LCD, LED and the four-digit digital diode. It is also the extension of PA. Its ports are composed of ten groups of two-pin jumpers which are linked to the pin MAMBD. The pins of the LCDDATA from left to right are showed in Table1.

<table><caption>**Table1.** The pins of LCDDATA</caption><tr><td></td><td>D7</td><td>D6</td><td>D5</td><td>D4</td><td>D3</td><td>D2</td><td>D1</td><td>D0</td></tr><tr><td>GND</td><td>PA7</td><td>PA6</td><td>PA5</td><td>PA4</td><td>PA3</td><td>PA2</td><td>PA1</td><td>PA0</td><td>VCC</td></tr></table>

LCDControl is the extended port of PB which is the control port of LCD12864 or LCD1602. The ports of LCDControl are composed of five group two-pin jumpers which are linked to pin PB0 to PB4 of M2MD1.0. The pins of port LCDControl are showed in Table2.
<table><caption>**Table2.** The pins of LCDControl</caption><tr><td>E</td><td>R/W</td><td>RS</td><td>PSB</td><td>RST</td></tr><tr><td>PB0</td><td>PB1</td><td>PB2</td><td>PB3</td><td>PB4</td></tr></table>

The wiring diagram of the monitoring system is showed in Fig5.

<figure><img src="image_6.png" /><figcaption>**Fig.5.** Wiring diagram of the monitoring system</figcaption></figure>

**4. Design of Software System**

In the main program, four global variables and one global array are set. In the array, only three elements are used. The interrupt 0 and 1 are used to count the numbers of Pulse signals from the photoelectric sensor and the rotary encode. In the interruption system, flag bit num0 and num1, flag0 and flag1 are needed to be updated. The screen will blink when interruption0 counts one pulse signals and interruption1 counts ten pulse signals. The value of the sliding will refresh when the interruptions count twice and at the same time all flag bits are cleared. In this system, rate0 and rate1 are used to indicate the distances when one impulse signal is interrupted. The flow chart of the main program is showed in Fig6 [11].

<figure><img src="image_7.png" /><figcaption>**Fig.6.** Flow chart of the main program</figcaption></figure>
## 5. Experiments and Discussion

In the experiments, the factors which can affect the sliding are the soil conditions, the parameters of the ground wheel and the vertical load on the wheel [12]. In order to test the performance of the monitoring system, some ground wheels with different parameters and vertical loads were chosen to work in different soils. The parameters of the ground wheel and the vertical load were showed in Table3.

<table><caption>**Table3.** The parameters of the ground wheel</caption><thead><tr><th></th><th colspan="3">level</th></tr><tr><th>factors</th><th>1</th><th>2</th><th>3</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>the vertical load G(kg)</td><td>150</td><td>50</td><td>100</td></tr><tr><td>the width of the wheel B(mm)</td><td>130</td><td>70</td><td>100</td></tr><tr><td>the height of clutching board H(mm)</td><td>40</td><td>0</td><td>20</td></tr></tbody></table>

According to the parameters of Table3, five ground wheels with different parameters were chosen to test the performance of the system, the parameters and results were showed in Table4.

<table><caption>**Table4.** The results of the experiments with different ground wheels</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">number</th><th colspan="3">experiments with ground wheel</th><th rowspan="2">sliding(%)</th></tr><tr><th>vertical load(kg)</th><th>width(mm)</th><th>height of clutching board(mm)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1</td><td>150</td><td>130</td><td>40</td><td>13.72%</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>50</td><td>130</td><td>40</td><td>15.56%</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>50</td><td>70</td><td>40</td><td>17.12%</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>100</td><td>100</td><td>20</td><td>18.04%</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>150</td><td>130</td><td>0</td><td>17.98%</td></tr></tbody></table>

From the results above, it could be seen that the monitoring system correctly tested the sliding of the ground wheels with different parameters.

## 6. Conclusions

In this paper, an automatic instrument based on the technologies of sensor and single-chip microcomputer was used for precision planter. It could measure the sliding of the ground wheel when the tractor drove on the soil which was covered by the straws at real-time. The driver could recognize the sliding of the ground wheel and this would help him control the quality of sowing timely.
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