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357. Chen, K.; Sun, L.; Lin, Y.; Fan, Q.; Zhao, Z.; Hao, M.; Feng, G.; Wu, Y.; Cui, L.; Yang, Z. Competition between *Plasmodium falciparum* strains in clinical infections during in vitro culture adaptation. *Infect. Genet. Evol.* **2014**, *24*, 105–110. [CrossRef]

358. Thiam, L.G.; Ansah, F.; Niang, M.; Awandare, G.A.; Aniweh, Y. Short-term cryopreservation and thawing have minimal effects on *Plasmodium falciparum* ex vivo invasion profile. *Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol.* **2022**, *12*, 997418. [CrossRef]

359. Nsobya, S.L.; Kiggundu, M.; Joloba, M.; Dorsey, G.; Rosenthal, P.J. Complexity of *Plasmodium falciparum* clinical samples from Uganda during short-term culture. *J. Infect. Dis.* **2008**, *198*, 1554–1557. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

360. Yeda, R.; Ingasia, L.A.; Cheruiyot, A.C.; Okudo, C.; Chebon, L.J.; Cheruiyot, J.; Akala, H.M.; Kamau, E. The genotypic and phenotypic stability of *Plasmodium falciparum* field isolates in continuous in vitro culture. *PLoS ONE* **2016**, *11*, e0143565. [CrossRef]

361. Jensen, J.B.; Capps, T.C.; Carlin, J.M. Clinical drug-resistant falciparum malaria acquired from cultured parasites. *Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.* **1981**, *30*, 523–525. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

362. Udeinya, I.J.; Graves, P.M.; Carter, R.; Aikawa, M.; Miller, L.H. *Plasmodium falciparum*: Effect of time in continuous culture on binding to human endothelial cells and amelanotic melanoma cells. *Exp. Parasitol.* **1983**, *56*, 207–214. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

363. Murray, L.; Stewart, L.B.; Tarr, S.J.; Ahouidi, A.D.; Diakite, M.; Amambua-Ngwa, A.; Conway, D.J. Multiplication rate variation in the human malaria parasite *Plasmodium falciparum*. *Sci. Rep.* **2017**, *7*, 6436. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

364. Scherf, A.; Mattei, D. Cloning and characterization of chromosome breakpoints of *Plasmodium falciparum*: Breakage and new telomere formation occurs frequently and randomly in subtelomeric genes. *Nucleic Acids Res.* **1992**, *20*, 1491–1496. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

365. Nair, S.; Nkhoma, S.; Nosten, F.; Mayxay, M.; French, N.; Whitworth, J.; Anderson, T. Genetic changes during laboratory propagation: Copy number at the reticulocyte-binding protein 1 locus of *Plasmodium falciparum*. *Mol. Biochem. Parasitol.* **2010**, *172*, 145–148. [CrossRef]

366. Tarr, S.J.; Díaz-Ingelmo, O.; Stewart, L.B.; Hocking, S.E.; Murray, L.; Duffy, C.W.; Otto, T.D.; Chappell, L.; Rayner, J.C.; Awandare, G.A.; et al. Schizont transcriptome variation among clinical isolates and laboratory-adapted clones of the malaria parasite *Plasmodium falciparum*. *BMC Genomics.* **2018**, *19*, 894. [CrossRef]

367. Langreth, S.G.; Reese, R.T.; Motyl, M.R.; Trager, W. *Plasmodium falciparum*: Loss of knobs on the infected erythrocyte surface after long-term cultivation. *Exp. Parasitol.* **1979**, *48*, 213–219. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

368. Pologe, L.G.; Ravetch, J.V. A chromosomal rearrangement in a *P. falciparum* histidine-rich protein gene is associated with the knobless phenotype. *Nature* **1986**, *322*, 474–477. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

369. Sharma, Y.D. Knobs, knob proteins and cytoadherence in falciparum malaria. *Int. J. Biochem.* **1991**, *23*, 775–789. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

370. Looker, O.; Blanch, A.J.; Liu, B.; Nunez-Iglesias, J.; McMillan, P.J.; Tilley, L.; Dixon, M.W.A. The knob protein KAHRP assembles into a ring-shaped structure that underpins virulence complex assembly. *PLoS Pathog.* **2019**, *15*, e1007761. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

371. Simpson, J.A.; Silamut, K.; Chotivanich, K.; Pukrittayakamee, S.; White, N.J. Red cell selectivity in malaria: A study of multiple-infected erythrocytes. *Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg.* **1999**, *93*, 165–168. [CrossRef]

372. Chotivanich, K.; Udomsangpetch, R.; Simpson, J.A.; Newton, P.; Pukrittayakamee, S.; Looareesuwan, S.; White, N.J. Parasite multiplication potential and the severity of falciparum malaria. *J. Infect. Dis.* **2000**, *181*, 1206–1209. [CrossRef]

373. Crabb, B.S.; Cowman, A.F. *Plasmodium falciparum* virulence determinants unveiled. *Genome Biol.* **2002**, *3*, REVIEWS1031. [CrossRef]

374. Hernández-Rivas, R.; Herrera-Solorio, A.M.; Sierra-Miranda, M.; Delgadillo, D.M.; Vargas, M. Impact of chromosome ends on the biology and virulence of *Plasmodium falciparum*. *Mol. Biochem. Parasitol.* **2013**, *187*, 121–128. [CrossRef]

375. Walker, I.S.; Rogerson, S.J. Pathogenicity and virulence of malaria: Sticky problems and tricky solutions. *Virulence* **2023**, *14*, 2150456. [CrossRef]

376. Mackinnon, M.J.; Read, A.F. Virulence in malaria: An evolutionary viewpoint. *Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol Sci.* **2004**, *359*, 965–986. [CrossRef]

377. Mackinnon, M.J.; Marsh, K. The selection landscape of malaria parasites. *Science* **2010**, *328*, 866–871. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

378. Hastings, I.M.; Donnelly, M.J. The impact of antimalarial drug resistance mutations on parasite fitness, and its implications for the evolution of resistance. *Drug Resist. Updat.* **2005**, *8*, 43–50. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

379. Walliker, D.; Hunt, P.; Babiker, H. Fitness of drug-resistant malaria parasites. *Acta Trop.* **2005**, *94*, 251–259. [CrossRef]

380. Rosenthal, P.J. The interplay between drug resistance and fitness in malaria parasites. *Mol. Microbiol.* **2013**, *89*, 1025–1038. [CrossRef]
352. Miao, J.; Cui, L. Rapid isolation of single malaria parasite-infected red blood cells by cell sorting. *Nat. Protoc.* **2011**, *6*, 140–146.
[CrossRef]

353. Claessens, A.; Affara, M.; Assefa, S.A.; Kwiatkowski, D.P.; Conway, D.J. Culture adaptation of malaria parasites selects for convergent loss-of-function mutants. *Sci. Rep.* **2017**, *7*, 41303. [CrossRef]

354. Jaskiewicz, E.; Jodłowska, M.; Kaczmarek, R.; Zerka, A. Erythrocyte glycophorins as receptors for *Plasmodium* merozoites. *Parasit. Vectors* **2019**, *12*, 317. [CrossRef]

355. Rovira-Graells, N.; Gupta, A.P.; Planet, E.; Crowley, V.M.; Mok, S.; Ribas de Pouplana, L.; Preiser, P.R.; Bozdech, Z.; Cortés, A. Transcriptional variation in the malaria parasite *Plasmodium falciparum*. *Genome Res.* **2012**, *22*, 925–938. [CrossRef]

356. Pickford, A.K.; Michel-Todó, L.; Dupuy, F.; Mayor, A.; Alonso, P.L.; Lavazec, C.; Cortés, A. Expression patterns of *Plasmodium falciparum* clonally variant genes at the onset of a blood infection in malaria-naive humans. *mBio* **2021**, *12*, e0163621. [CrossRef]

357. Chen, K.; Sun, L.; Lin, Y.; Fan, Q.; Zhao, Z.; Hao, M.; Feng, G.; Wu, Y.; Cui, L.; Yang, Z. Competition between *Plasmodium falciparum* strains in clinical infections during in vitro culture adaptation. *Infect. Genet. Evol.* **2014**, *24*, 105–110. [CrossRef]

358. Thiam, L.G.; Ansah, F.; Niang, M.; Awandare, G.A.; Aniweh, Y. Short-term cryopreservation and thawing have minimal effects on *Plasmodium falciparum* ex vivo invasion profile. *Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol.* **2022**, *12*, 997418. [CrossRef]

359. Nsobya, S.L.; Kiggundu, M.; Joloba, M.; Dorsey, G.; Rosenthal, P.J. Complexity of *Plasmodium falciparum* clinical samples from Uganda during short-term culture. *J. Infect. Dis.* **2008**, *198*, 1554–1557. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

360. Yeda, R.; Ingasia, L.A.; Cheruiyot, A.C.; Okudo, C.; Chebon, L.J.; Cheruiyot, J.; Akala, H.M.; Kamau, E. The genotypic and phenotypic stability of *Plasmodium falciparum* field isolates in continuous in vitro culture. *PLoS ONE* **2016**, *11*, e0143565. [CrossRef]

361. Jensen, J.B.; Capps, T.C.; Carlin, J.M. Clinical drug-resistant falciparum malaria acquired from cultured parasites. *Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.* **1981**, *30*, 523–525. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

362. Udeinya, I.J.; Graves, P.M.; Carter, R.; Aikawa, M.; Miller, L.H. *Plasmodium falciparum*: Effect of time in continuous culture on binding to human endothelial cells and amelanotic melanoma cells. *Exp. Parasitol.* **1983**, *56*, 207–214. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

363. Murray, L.; Stewart, L.B.; Tarr, S.J.; Ahouidi, A.D.; Diakite, M.; Amambua-Ngwa, A.; Conway, D.J. Multiplication rate variation in the human malaria parasite *Plasmodium falciparum*. *Sci. Rep.* **2017**, *7*, 6436. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

364. Scherf, A.; Mattei, D. Cloning and characterization of chromosome breakpoints of *Plasmodium falciparum*: Breakage and new telomere formation occurs frequently and randomly in subtelomeric genes. *Nucleic Acids Res.* **1992**, *20*, 1491–1496. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

365. Nair, S.; Nkhoma, S.; Nosten, F.; Mayxay, M.; French, N.; Whitworth, J.; Anderson, T. Genetic changes during laboratory propagation: Copy number at the reticulocyte-binding protein 1 locus of *Plasmodium falciparum*. *Mol. Biochem. Parasitol.* **2010**, *172*, 145–148. [CrossRef]

366. Tarr, S.J.; Díaz-Ingelmo, O.; Stewart, L.B.; Hocking, S.E.; Murray, L.; Duffy, C.W.; Otto, T.D.; Chappell, L.; Rayner, J.C.; Awandare, G.A.; et al. Schizont transcriptome variation among clinical isolates and laboratory-adapted clones of the malaria parasite *Plasmodium falciparum*. *BMC Genomics.* **2018**, *19*, 894. [CrossRef]

367. Langreth, S.G.; Reese, R.T.; Motyl, M.R.; Trager, W. *Plasmodium falciparum*: Loss of knobs on the infected erythrocyte surface after long-term cultivation. *Exp. Parasitol.* **1979**, *48*, 213–219. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

368. Pologe, L.G.; Ravetch, J.V. A chromosomal rearrangement in a *P. falciparum* histidine-rich protein gene is associated with the knobless phenotype. *Nature* **1986**, *322*, 474–477. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

369. Sharma, Y.D. Knobs, knob proteins and cytoadherence in falciparum malaria. *Int. J. Biochem.* **1991**, *23*, 775–789. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

370. Looker, O.; Blanch, A.J.; Liu, B.; Nunez-Iglesias, J.; McMillan, P.J.; Tilley, L.; Dixon, M.W.A. The knob protein KAHRP assembles into a ring-shaped structure that underpins virulence complex assembly. *PLoS Pathog.* **2019**, *15*, e1007761. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

371. Simpson, J.A.; Silamut, K.; Chotivanich, K.; Pukrittayakamee, S.; White, N.J. Red cell selectivity in malaria: A study of multiple-infected erythrocytes. *Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg.* **1999**, *93*, 165–168. [CrossRef]

372. Chotivanich, K.; Udomsangpetch, R.; Simpson, J.A.; Newton, P.; Pukrittayakamee, S.; Looareesuwan, S.; White, N.J. Parasite multiplication potential and the severity of falciparum malaria. *J. Infect. Dis.* **2000**, *181*, 1206–1209. [CrossRef]

373. Crabb, B.S.; Cowman, A.F. *Plasmodium falciparum* virulence determinants unveiled. *Genome Biol.* **2002**, *3*, REVIEWS1031. [CrossRef]

374. Hernández-Rivas, R.; Herrera-Solorio, A.M.; Sierra-Miranda, M.; Delgadillo, D.M.; Vargas, M. Impact of chromosome ends on the biology and virulence of *Plasmodium falciparum*. *Mol. Biochem. Parasitol.* **2013**, *187*, 121–128. [CrossRef]

375. Walker, I.S.; Rogerson, S.J. Pathogenicity and virulence of malaria: Sticky problems and tricky solutions. *Virulence* **2023**, *14*, 2150456. [CrossRef]

376. Mackinnon, M.J.; Read, A.F. Virulence in malaria: An evolutionary viewpoint. *Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol Sci.* **2004**, *359*, 965–986. [CrossRef]

377. Mackinnon, M.J.; Marsh, K. The selection landscape of malaria parasites. *Science* **2010**, *328*, 866–871. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

378. Hastings, I.M.; Donnelly, M.J. The impact of antimalarial drug resistance mutations on parasite fitness, and its implications for the evolution of resistance. *Drug Resist. Updat.* **2005**, *8*, 43–50. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

379. Walliker, D.; Hunt, P.; Babiker, H. Fitness of drug-resistant malaria parasites. *Acta Trop.* **2005**, *94*, 251–259. [CrossRef]

380. Rosenthal, P.J. The interplay between drug resistance and fitness in malaria parasites. *Mol. Microbiol.* **2013**, *89*, 1025–1038. [CrossRef]
381. Wacker, M.A.; Turnbull, L.B.; Walker, L.A.; Mount, M.C.; Ferdig, M.T. Quantification of multiple infections of *Plasmodium falciparum* in vitro. *Malar. J.* **2012**, *11*, 180. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

382. Prior, K.F.; Rijo-Ferreira, F.; Assis, P.A.; Hirako, I.C.; Weaver, D.R.; Gazzinelli, R.T.; Reece, S.E. Periodic parasites and daily host rhythms. *Cell Host Microbe* **2020**, *27*, 176–187. [CrossRef]

383. Prior, K.F.; Middleton, B.; Owolabi, A.T.Y.; Westwood, M.L.; Holland, J.; O'Donnell, A.J.; Blackman, M.J.; Skene, D.J.; Reece, S.E. Synchrony between daily rhythms of malaria parasites and hosts is driven by an essential amino acid. *Wellcome Open Res.* **2021**, *6*, 186. [CrossRef]

384. Borges-Pereira, L.; Dias, B.K.M.; Singh, M.K.; Garcia, C.R.S. Malaria parasites and circadian rhythm: New insights into an old puzzle. *Curr. Res. Microb. Sci.* **2020**, *2*, 100017. [CrossRef]

385. Smith, L.M.; Motta, F.C.; Chopra, G.; Moch, J.K.; Nerem, R.R.; Cummins, B.; Roche, K.E.; Kelliher, C.M.; Leman, A.R.; Harer, J.; et al. An intrinsic oscillator drives the blood stage cycle of the malaria parasite *Plasmodium falciparum*. *Science* **2020**, *368*, 754–759. [CrossRef]

386. Rijo-Ferreira, F.; Acosta-Rodriguez, V.A.; Abel, J.H.; Kornblum, I.; Bento, I.; Kilaru, G.; Klerman, E.B.; Mota, M.M.; Takahashi, J.S. The malaria parasite has an intrinsic clock. *Science* **2020**, *368*, 746–753. [CrossRef]

387. Li, X.; Kumar, S.; McDew-White, M.; Haile, M.; Cheeseman, I.H.; Emrich, S.; Button-Simons, K.; Nosten, F.; Kappe, S.H.I.; Ferdig, M.T.; et al. Genetic mapping of fitness determinants across the malaria parasite *Plasmodium falciparum* life cycle. *PLoS Genet.* **2019**, *15*, e1008453. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

**Disclaimer/Publisher's Note:** The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.
381. Wacker, M.A.; Turnbull, L.B.; Walker, L.A.; Mount, M.C.; Ferdig, M.T. Quantification of multiple infections of *Plasmodium falciparum* in vitro. *Malar. J.* **2012**, *11*, 180. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

382. Prior, K.F.; Rijo-Ferreira, F.; Assis, P.A.; Hirako, I.C.; Weaver, D.R.; Gazzinelli, R.T.; Reece, S.E. Periodic parasites and daily host rhythms. *Cell Host Microbe* **2020**, *27*, 176–187. [CrossRef]

383. Prior, K.F.; Middleton, B.; Owolabi, A.T.Y.; Westwood, M.L.; Holland, J.; O'Donnell, A.J.; Blackman, M.J.; Skene, D.J.; Reece, S.E. Synchrony between daily rhythms of malaria parasites and hosts is driven by an essential amino acid. *Wellcome Open Res.* **2021**, *6*, 186. [CrossRef]

384. Borges-Pereira, L.; Dias, B.K.M.; Singh, M.K.; Garcia, C.R.S. Malaria parasites and circadian rhythm: New insights into an old puzzle. *Curr. Res. Microb. Sci.* **2020**, *2*, 100017. [CrossRef]

385. Smith, L.M.; Motta, F.C.; Chopra, G.; Moch, J.K.; Nerem, R.R.; Cummins, B.; Roche, K.E.; Kelliher, C.M.; Leman, A.R.; Harer, J.; et al. An intrinsic oscillator drives the blood stage cycle of the malaria parasite *Plasmodium falciparum*. *Science* **2020**, *368*, 754–759. [CrossRef]

386. Rijo-Ferreira, F.; Acosta-Rodriguez, V.A.; Abel, J.H.; Kornblum, I.; Bento, I.; Kilaru, G.; Klerman, E.B.; Mota, M.M.; Takahashi, J.S. The malaria parasite has an intrinsic clock. *Science* **2020**, *368*, 746–753. [CrossRef]

387. Li, X.; Kumar, S.; McDew-White, M.; Haile, M.; Cheeseman, I.H.; Emrich, S.; Button-Simons, K.; Nosten, F.; Kappe, S.H.I.; Ferdig, M.T.; et al. Genetic mapping of fitness determinants across the malaria parasite *Plasmodium falciparum* life cycle. *PLoS Genet.* **2019**, *15*, e1008453. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

**Disclaimer/Publisher's Note:** The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.