Benn, D., Thompson, S., Gulley, J., Mertes, J., Luckman, A. and Nicholson, L. 2017. Structure and evolution of the drainage system of a Himalayan debris-covered glacier, and its relationship with patterns of mass loss. *The Cryosphere*, **11**, 2247–2264, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2247-2017

Berthier, E. and Brun, F. 2019. Karakoram geodetic glacier mass balances between 2008 and 2016: persistence of the anomaly and influence of a large rock avalanche on Siachen Glacier. *Journal of Glaciology*, **65**, 494–507, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2019.32

Berthier, E., Raup, B. and Scambos, T. 2003. New velocity map and mass-balance estimate of Mertz Glacier, East Antarctica, derived from Landsat sequential imagery. *Journal of Glaciology*, **49**, 503–511, https://doi.org/10.3189/17275603781830377

Berthier, E., Vadon, H., Aaa, A.A., et al. 2005. Surface motion of mountain glaciers derived from satellite optical imagery. *Remote Sensing of Environment*, **95**, 14–28, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2004.11.005

Berthier, E., Schiefer, E., Clarke, G., Menounos, B. and Rémy, F. 2010. Contribution of Alaskan glaciers to sea-level rise derived from satellite imagery. *Nature Geoscience*, **3**, 92–95, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo737

Bhambri, R., Bolch, T. and Chaujar, R.K. 2011. Mapping of Debris-covered Glaciers in the Garwal Himalayas using ASTER DEMs and Thermal Data. *International Journal of Remote Sensing*, **32**, 8095–8119, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2010.532821

Bishop, M.P., Bonk, R., Kamp, U. and Schroder, J.F., J., 2001. Terrain analysis and data modeling for alpine glacier mapping. *Polar Geogr*, **25**, 182–201, https://doi.org/10.1080/10889370109377712

Bisset, R.R., Dehecq, A., Goldberg, D.N., Huss, M., Bingham, R.G. and Gourmelen, N. 2020. Reversed Surface-Mass-Balance Gradients on Himalayan Debris-Covered Glaciers Inferred from Remote Sensing. *Remote Sensing*, **12**, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12101563

Bolch, T., Buchroithner, M.F., Kunert, A. and Kamp, U. 2007. Automated delineation of debris-covered glaciers based on ASTER data. Geoinformation in Europe (Proc. of 27th EARSel Symposium, 04–07 June 2007), Bozen, Italy, 403–410.

Bolch, T., M.F. Buchroithner, J. Peters, M. Baessler and Bajracharya, S. 2008a. Identification of glacier motion and potentially dangerous glaciallakes in the Mt. Everest region/Nepal using spaceborne imagery. *Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.*, **8**, 1329–1340, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-8-1329-2008

Bolch, T., Buchroithner, M.F., Pieczonka, T. and Kunert, A. 2008b. Planimetric and Volumetric Glacier Changes in the Khumbu Himalaya since 1962 Using Corona, Landsat TM and ASTER Data. *J Glaciol*, **54**, 592–600, https://doi.org/10.3189/002214308786570782

Bolch, T., Pieczonka, T. and Benn, D.I. 2011. Multi-decadal mass loss of glaciers in the Everest area (Nepal Himalaya) derived from stereo imagery. *The Cryosphere*, **5**, 349–358, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-5-349-2011

Bolch, T., Kulkarni, A., Aaa, A.A., et al. 2012. The State and Fate of Himalayan Glaciers. *Science*, **336**, 310, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1215828

Boxall, K., Willis, I., Giese, A. and Liu, Q. 2021. Quantifying Patterns of Supraglacial Debris Thickness and Their Glaciological Controls in High Mountain Asia. *Frontiers in Earth Science*, **9**, 504, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.657440

Brun, F., Buri, P., Aaa, A.A., et al. 2016. Quantifying volume loss from ice cliffs on debris-covered glaciers using high-resolution terrestrial and aerial photogrammetry. *Journal of Glaciology*, **62**, 684–695, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2016.54

Brun, F., Wagnon, P., Aaa, A.A., et al. 2018. Ice cliff contribution to the tongue-wide ablation of Changri Nup Glacier, Nepal, central Himalaya. *The Cryosphere*, **12**, 3439–3457, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3439-2018

Brun, F., Wagnon, P., Berthier, E., Jomelli, V., Maharjan, S.B., Shrestha, F. and Kraaijenbrink, P.D.A. 2019. Heterogeneous Influence of Glacier Morphology on the Mass Balance Variability in High Mountain Asia. *Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface*, **124**, 1331–1345, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JF004838

Buri, P. and Pellicciotti, F. 2018. Aspect controls the survival of ice cliffs on debris-covered glaciers. *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences*, **115**, 4369, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1713892115

Buri, P., Miles, E.S., Steiner, J.F., Immerzeel, W.W., Wagnon, P. and Pellicciotti, F. 2016. A physically based 3-D model of ice cliff evolution over debris-covered glaciers. *Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface*, **121**, 2471–2493, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JF004039

Buri, P., Miles, E.S., Steiner, J.F., Ragettli, S. and Pellicciotti, F. 2021. Supraglacial Ice Cliffs Can Substantially Increase the Mass Loss of Debris-Covered Glaciers. *Geophysical Research Letters*, **48**, e2020GL092150, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL092150

Carey, M., Huggel, C., Bury, J., Portocarrero, C. and Haeberli, W. 2012. An integrated socio-environmental framework for glacier hazard management and climate change adaptation: lessons from Lake 513, Cordillera Blanca, Peru. *Climatic Change*, **112**, 733–767, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0249-8

Carrick, J.L. and Tweed, F.S. 2013. Proglacial lakes: character, behaviour and geological importance. *Quaternary Science Reviews*, **78**, 34–52, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.07.028

Casey, K. and Kääb, A. 2012. Estimation of Supraglacial Dust and Debris Geochemical Composition via Satellite Reflectance and Emissivity. *Remote Sensing*, **4**, 2554–2575, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs4092554

Casey, K.A., Kääb, A. and Benn, D.I. 2012. Geochemical characterization of supraglacial debris via in situ and optical remote sensing methods: a case study

in Khumbu Himalaya, Nepal. *The Cryosphere*, **6**, 85–100, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-6-85-2012

Chen, W., Fukui, H., Doko, T. and Gu, X. 2013. Improvement of glacial lakes detection under shadow environment using ASTER data in Himalayas, Nepal. *Chinese Geographical Science*, **23**, 216–226, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-012-0584-3

Chen, F., Zhang, M., Guo, H., Allen, S., Kargel, J.S., Haritashya, U.K. and Watson, C.S. 2020. Annual 30-meter Dataset for Glacial Lakes in High Mountain Asia from 2008 to 2017. *Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss.*, **2020**, 1–29, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2020-57

Cogley, J.G., Kargel, J.S., Kaser, G. and van der Vee, C.J. 2010. Tracking the Source of Glacier Misinformation. *Science*, **327**, 522, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.327.5965.522-a

Collier, E., Nicholson, L.I., Brock, B.W., Maussion, F., Essery, R. and Bush, A.B.G. 2014. Representing moisture fluxes and phase changes in glacier debris cover using a reservoir approach. *The Cryosphere*, **8**, 1429–1444, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1429-2014

Cook, S. and Quincey, D. 2015. Estimating the volume of Alpine glacial lakes. *Earth Surface Dynamics Discussions*, **3**, 909–940, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurfd-3-909-2015

Dehecq, A., Gourmelen, N. and Trouve, E. 2015. Deriving large-scale glacier velocities from a complete satellite archive: Application to the Pamir-Karakoram-Himalaya. *Remote Sensing of Environment*, **162**, 55–66, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2015.01.031

Dehecq, A., Gourmelen, N., Aaa, A.A., et al. 2019. Twenty-first century glacier slowdown driven by mass loss in High Mountain Asia. *Nature Geoscience*, **12**, 22–27, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0271-9

Deline, P. 2005. Change in surface debris cover on Mont Blanc massif glaciers after the ‘Little Ice Age’ termination. *The Holocene*, **15**, 302–309, https://doi.org/10.1191/0959683605hl809rr

Deline, P. 2009. Interactions between rock avalanches and glaciers in the Mont Blanc massif during the late Holocene. *Quaternary Science Reviews*, **28**, 1070–1083, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.09.025

Deline, P., Hewitt, K., Reznichenko, N. and Shugar, D. 2015. Rock Avalanches onto Glaciers. In: Shroder, J.F. and Davies, T. (eds) *Landslide Hazards, Risks and Disasters*, Academic Press, Boston, 263–319, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-396452-6-00009-4

Detert, M. and Weitbrecht, V. 2020. Determining image-based grain size distribution with suboptimal conditioned photos. 1045–1052, https://doi.org/10.1201/b22619-146

Dubey, S. and Goyal, M.K. 2020. Glacial Lake Outburst Flood Hazard, Downstream Impact, and Risk Over the Indian Himalayas. *Water Resources Research*, **56**, e2019WR026533, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019WR026533

Emmer, A. and Vilimek, V. 2013. Review Article: Lake and breach hazard assessment for moraine-dammed lakes: an example from the Cordillera Blanca (Peru). *Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences*, **13**, 1551–1565, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-1551-2013

Evatt, G.W., Mayer, C., Mallinson, A.M.Y., Abrahams, I.D., Heil, M. and Nicholson, L. 2017. The secret life of ice sails. *Journal of Glaciology*, **63**, 1049–1062, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2017.72

Farinotti, D., Brinkerhoff, D.J., Aaa, A.A., et al. 2017. How accurate are estimates of glacier ice thickness? Results from ITMIX, the Ice Thickness Models Intercomparison eXperiment. *The Cryosphere*, **11**, 949–970, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-949-2017

Farinotti, D., Brinkerhoff, D., Aaa, A.A., et al. 2021. Results from the Ice Thickness Models Intercomparison eXperiment Phase 2 (ITMIX2). *Frontiers in Earth Science*, **8**, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2020.571923

Ferguson, J. and Vieli, A. 2020. Modelling steady states and the transient response of debris-covered glaciers. *The Cryosphere Discuss.*, **2020**, 1–31, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2020-228

Ferguson, J.C. and Vieli, A. 2021. Modelling steady states and the transient response of debris-covered glaciers. *The Cryosphere*, **15**, 3377–3399, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3377-2021

Fickert, T., Friend, D., Grüninger, F., Molnia, B. and Richter, M. 2007. Did Debris-Covered Glaciers Serve as Pleistocene Refugia for Plants? A New Hypothesis Derived from Observations of Recent Plant Growth on Glacier Surfaces. *Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research*, **39**, 245–257, https://doi.org/10.1657/1523-0430(2007)39[245:DDGSAP]2.0.CO;2

Foster, L.A., Brock, B.W., Cutler, M.E.J. and Diotri, F. 2012. A physically based method for estimating supraglacial debris thickness from thermal band remote-sensing data. *Journal of Glaciology*, **58**, 677–690, https://doi.org/10.3189/2012JoG11J194

Frey, H., Paul, F. and Strozzi, T. 2012. Compilation of a glacier inventory for the western Himalayas from satellite data: methods, challenges, and results. *Remote Sensing of Environment*, **124**, 832–843, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2012.06.020

Frey, H., Huggel, C., Chisolm, R.E., Baer, P., McArdell, B., Cochachin, A. and Portocarrero, C. 2018. Multi-Source Glacial Lake Outburst Flood Hazard Assessment and Mapping for Huaraz, Cordillera Blanca, Peru. *Frontiers in Earth Science*, **6**, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2018.00210

Fugazza, D., Scaioni, M., Aaa, A.A., et al. 2018. Combination of UAV and terrestrial photogrammetry to assess rapid glacier evolution and map glacier hazards. *Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.*, **18**, 1055–1071, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-1055-2018

Fujii, Y. 1977. Field Experiment on Glacier Ablation under a Layer of Debris Cover Glaciological Expedition of Nepal, Contribution No. 33. *Journal of the*
Benn, D., Thompson, S., Gulley, J., Mertes, J., Luckman, A. and Nicholson, L. 2017. Structure and evolution of the drainage system of a Himalayan debris-covered glacier, and its relationship with patterns of mass loss. *The Cryosphere*, **11**, 2247–2264, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2247-2017

Berthier, E. and Brun, F. 2019. Karakoram geodetic glacier mass balances between 2008 and 2016: persistence of the anomaly and influence of a large rock avalanche on Siachen Glacier. *Journal of Glaciology*, **65**, 494–507, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2019.32

Berthier, E., Raup, B. and Scambos, T. 2003. New velocity map and mass-balance estimate of Mertz Glacier, East Antarctica, derived from Landsat sequential imagery. *Journal of Glaciology*, **49**, 503–511, https://doi.org/10.3189/17275603781830377

Berthier, E., Vadon, H., Aaa, A.A., et al. 2005. Surface motion of mountain glaciers derived from satellite optical imagery. *Remote Sensing of Environment*, **95**, 14–28, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2004.11.005

Berthier, E., Schiefer, E., Clarke, G., Menounos, B. and Rémy, F. 2010. Contribution of Alaskan glaciers to sea-level rise derived from satellite imagery. *Nature Geoscience*, **3**, 92–95, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo737

Bhambri, R., Bolch, T. and Chaujar, R.K. 2011. Mapping of Debris-covered Glaciers in the Garhwal Himalayas using ASTER DEMs and Thermal Data. *International Journal of Remote Sensing*, **32**, 8095–8119, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2010.532821

Bishop, M.P., Bonk, R., Kamp, U. and Schroder, J.F., J., 2001. Terrain analysis and data modeling for alpine glacier mapping. *Polar Geogr*, **25**, 182–201, https://doi.org/10.1080/10889370109377712

Bisset, R.R., Dehecq, A., Goldberg, D.N., Huss, M., Bingham, R.G. and Gourmelen, N. 2020. Reversed Surface-Mass-Balance Gradients on Himalayan Debris-Covered Glaciers Inferred from Remote Sensing. *Remote Sensing*, **12**, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12101563

Bolch, T., Buchroithner, M.F., Kunert, A. and Kamp, U. 2007. Automated delineation of debris-covered glaciers based on ASTER data. Geoinformation in Europe (Proc. of 27th EARSel Symposium, 04–07 June 2007), Bozen, Italy, 403–410.

Bolch, T., M.F. Buchroithner, J. Peters, M. Baessler and Bajracharya, S. 2008a. Identification of glacier motion and potentially dangerous glaciallakes in the Mt. Everest region/Nepal using spaceborne imagery. *Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.*, **8**, 1329–1340, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-8-1329-2008

Bolch, T., Buchroithner, M.F., Pieczonka, T. and Kunert, A. 2008b. Planimetric and Volumetric Glacier Changes in the Khumbu Himalaya since 1962 Using Corona, Landsat TM and ASTER Data. *J Glaciol*, **54**, 592–600, https://doi.org/10.3189/002214308786570782

Bolch, T., Pieczonka, T. and Benn, D.I. 2011. Multi-decadal mass loss of glaciers in the Everest area (Nepal Himalaya) derived from stereo imagery. *The Cryosphere*, **5**, 349–358, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-5-349-2011

Bolch, T., Kulkarni, A., Aaa, A.A., et al. 2012. The State and Fate of Himalayan Glaciers. *Science*, **336**, 310, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1215828

Boxall, K., Willis, I., Giese, A. and Liu, Q. 2021. Quantifying Patterns of Supraglacial Debris Thickness and Their Glaciological Controls in High Mountain Asia. *Frontiers in Earth Science*, **9**, 504, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.657440

Brun, F., Buri, P., Aaa, A.A., et al. 2016. Quantifying volume loss from ice cliffs on debris-covered glaciers using high-resolution terrestrial and aerial photogrammetry. *Journal of Glaciology*, **62**, 684–695, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2016.54

Brun, F., Wagnon, P., Aaa, A.A., et al. 2018. Ice cliff contribution to the tongue-wide ablation of Changri Nup Glacier, Nepal, central Himalaya. *The Cryosphere*, **12**, 3439–3457, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3439-2018

Brun, F., Wagnon, P., Berthier, E., Jomelli, V., Maharjan, S.B., Shrestha, F. and Kraaijenbrink, P.D.A. 2019. Heterogeneous Influence of Glacier Morphology on the Mass Balance Variability in High Mountain Asia. *Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface*, **124**, 1331–1345, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JF004838

Buri, P. and Pellicciotti, F. 2018. Aspect controls the survival of ice cliffs on debris-covered glaciers. *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences*, **115**, 4369, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1713892115

Buri, P., Miles, E.S., Steiner, J.F., Immerzeel, W.W., Wagnon, P. and Pellicciotti, F. 2016. A physically based 3-D model of ice cliff evolution over debris-covered glaciers. *Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface*, **121**, 2471–2493, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JF004039

Buri, P., Miles, E.S., Steiner, J.F., Ragettli, S. and Pellicciotti, F. 2021. Supraglacial Ice Cliffs Can Substantially Increase the Mass Loss of Debris-Covered Glaciers. *Geophysical Research Letters*, **48**, e2020GL092150, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL092150

Carey, M., Huggel, C., Bury, J., Portocarrero, C. and Haeberli, W. 2012. An integrated socio-environmental framework for glacier hazard management and climate change adaptation: lessons from Lake 513, Cordillera Blanca, Peru. *Climatic Change*, **112**, 733–767, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0249-8

Carrick, J.L. and Tweed, F.S. 2013. Proglacial lakes: character, behaviour and geological importance. *Quaternary Science Reviews*, **78**, 34–52, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.07.028

Casey, K. and Kääb, A. 2012. Estimation of Supraglacial Dust and Debris Geochemical Composition via Satellite Reflectance and Emissivity. *Remote Sensing*, **4**, 2554–2575, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs4092554

Casey, K.A., Kääb, A. and Benn, D.I. 2012. Geochemical characterization of supraglacial debris via in situ and optical remote sensing methods: a case study

in Khumbu Himalaya, Nepal. *The Cryosphere*, **6**, 85–100, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-6-85-2012

Chen, W., Fukui, H., Doko, T. and Gu, X. 2013. Improvement of glacial lakes detection under shadow environment using ASTER data in Himalayas, Nepal. *Chinese Geographical Science*, **23**, 216–226, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-012-0584-3

Chen, F., Zhang, M., Guo, H., Allen, S., Kargel, J.S., Haritashya, U.K. and Watson, C.S. 2020. Annual 30-meter Dataset for Glacial Lakes in High Mountain Asia from 2008 to 2017. *Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss.*, **2020**, 1–29, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2020-57

Cogley, J.G., Kargel, J.S., Kaser, G. and van der Vee, C.J. 2010. Tracking the Source of Glacier Misinformation. *Science*, **327**, 522, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.327.5965.522-a

Collier, E., Nicholson, L.I., Brock, B.W., Maussion, F., Essery, R. and Bush, A.B.G. 2014. Representing moisture fluxes and phase changes in glacier debris cover using a reservoir approach. *The Cryosphere*, **8**, 1429–1444, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1429-2014

Cook, S. and Quincey, D. 2015. Estimating the volume of Alpine glacial lakes. *Earth Surface Dynamics Discussions*, **3**, 909–940, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurfd-3-909-2015

Dehecq, A., Gourmelen, N. and Trouve, E. 2015. Deriving large-scale glacier velocities from a complete satellite archive: Application to the Pamir-Karakoram-Himalaya. *Remote Sensing of Environment*, **162**, 55–66, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2015.01.031

Dehecq, A., Gourmelen, N., Aaa, A.A., et al. 2019. Twenty-first century glacier slowdown driven by mass loss in High Mountain Asia. *Nature Geoscience*, **12**, 22–27, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0271-9

Deline, P. 2005. Change in surface debris cover on Mont Blanc massif glaciers after the ‘Little Ice Age’ termination. *The Holocene*, **15**, 302–309, https://doi.org/10.1191/0959683605hl809rr

Deline, P. 2009. Interactions between rock avalanches and glaciers in the Mont Blanc massif during the late Holocene. *Quaternary Science Reviews*, **28**, 1070–1083, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.09.025

Deline, P., Hewitt, K., Reznichenko, N. and Shugar, D. 2015. Rock Avalanches onto Glaciers. *In*: Shroder, J.F. and Davies, T. (eds) *Landslide Hazards, Risks and Disasters*, Academic Press, Boston, 263–319, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-396452-6-00009-4

Detert, M. and Weitbrecht, V. 2020. Determining image-based grain size distribution with suboptimal conditioned photos. 1045–1052, https://doi.org/10.1201/b22619-146

Dubey, S. and Goyal, M.K. 2020. Glacial Lake Outburst Flood Hazard, Downstream Impact, and Risk Over the Indian Himalayas. *Water Resources Research*, **56**, e2019WR026533, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019WR026533

Emmer, A. and Vilimek, V. 2013. Review Article: Lake and breach hazard assessment for moraine-dammed lakes: an example from the Cordillera Blanca (Peru). *Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences*, **13**, 1551–1565, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-1551-2013

Evatt, G.W., Mayer, C., Mallinson, A.M.Y., Abrahams, I.D., Heil, M. and Nicholson, L. 2017. The secret life of ice sails. *Journal of Glaciology*, **63**, 1049–1062, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2017.72

Farinotti, D., Brinkerhoff, D.J., Aaa, A.A., et al. 2017. How accurate are estimates of glacier ice thickness? Results from ITMIX, the Ice Thickness Models Intercomparison eXperiment. *The Cryosphere*, **11**, 949–970, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-949-2017

Farinotti, D., Brinkerhoff, D., Aaa, A.A., et al. 2021. Results from the Ice Thickness Models Intercomparison eXperiment Phase 2 (ITMIX2). *Frontiers in Earth Science*, **8**, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2020.571923

Ferguson, J. and Vieli, A. 2020. Modelling steady states and the transient response of debris-covered glaciers. *The Cryosphere Discuss.*, **2020**, 1–31, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2020-228

Ferguson, J.C. and Vieli, A. 2021. Modelling steady states and the transient response of debris-covered glaciers. *The Cryosphere*, **15**, 3377–3399, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3377-2021

Fickert, T., Friend, D., Grüninger, F., Molnia, B. and Richter, M. 2007. Did Debris-Covered Glaciers Serve as Pleistocene Refugia for Plants? A New Hypothesis Derived from Observations of Recent Plant Growth on Glacier Surfaces. *Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research*, **39**, 245–257, https://doi.org/10.1657/1523-0430(2007)39[245:DDGSAP]2.0.CO;2

Foster, L.A., Brock, B.W., Cutler, M.E.J. and Diotri, F. 2012. A physically based method for estimating supraglacial debris thickness from thermal band remote-sensing data. *Journal of Glaciology*, **58**, 677–690, https://doi.org/10.3189/2012JoG11J194

Frey, H., Paul, F. and Strozzi, T. 2012. Compilation of a glacier inventory for the western Himalayas from satellite data: methods, challenges, and results. *Remote Sensing of Environment*, **124**, 832–843, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2012.06.020

Frey, H., Huggel, C., Chisolm, R.E., Baer, P., McArdell, B., Cochachin, A. and Portocarrero, C. 2018. Multi-Source Glacial Lake Outburst Flood Hazard Assessment and Mapping for Huaraz, Cordillera Blanca, Peru. *Frontiers in Earth Science*, **6**, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2018.00210

Fugazza, D., Scaioni, M., Aaa, A.A., et al. 2018. Combination of UAV and terrestrial photogrammetry to assess rapid glacier evolution and map glacier hazards. *Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.*, **18**, 1055–1071, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-1055-2018

Fujii, Y. 1977. Field Experiment on Glacier Ablation under a Layer of Debris Cover Glaciological Expedition of Nepal, Contribution No. 33. *Journal of the*
Japanese Society of Snow and Ice, **39**, 20–21, https://doi.org/10.5331/seppyo.39.Special_20

Fyffe, C.L., Brock, B.W., Aaa, A.A., et al. 2019b. Do debris-covered glaciers demonstrate distinctive hydrological behaviour compared to clean glaciers? *Journal of Hydrology*, **570**, 584–597, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.12.069

Fyffe, C.L., Brock, B.W., Kirkbride, M.P., Black, A.R., Smiraglia, C. and Diolauti, G. 2019a. The impact of supraglacial debris on proglacial runoff and water chemistry. *Journal of Hydrology*, **576**, 41–57, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.06.023

Fyffe, C.L., Woodget, A.S., Kirkbride, M.P., Deline, P., Westoby, M.J. and Brock, B.W. 2020. Processes at the margins of supraglacial debris cover: Quantifying dirty ice ablation and debris redistribution. *Earth Surface Processes and Landforms*, **45**, 2272–2290, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4879

Gardelle, J., Arnaud, Y. and Berthier, E. 2011. Contrasted evolution of glacial lakes along the Hindu Kush Himalaya mountain range between 1990 and 2009. *Global and Planetary Change*, **75**, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2010.10.003

Gardelle, J., Berthier, E., Arnaud, Y. and Kääb, A. 2013. Region-wide glacier mass balances over the Pamir-Karakoram-Himalaya during 1999-2011. *The Cryosphere*, **7**, 1263–1286, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-1263-2013

Gardner, A.S., Moholdt, G., Scambos, T., Fahrnstock, M., Ligtenberg, S., van den Broeke, M. and Nilsson, J. 2018. Increased West Antarctic and unchanged East Antarctic ice discharge over the last 7 years. *The Cryosphere*, **12**, 521–547, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-521-2018

Giese, A., Boone, A., Wagnon, P. and Hawley, R. 2020. Incorporating moisture content in surface energy balance modeling of a debris-covered glacier. *The Cryosphere*, **14**, 1555–1577, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1555-2020

GLAMOS 2020. *Swiss Glacier Inventory 2016, release 2020*.

Greuell, W. and Oerlemans, J. 2004. Narrowband-to-broadband albedo conversion for glacier ice and snow: equations based on modeling and ranges of validity of the equations. *Remote Sensing of Environment*, **89**, 95–105, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2003.10.010

Gulley, J. and Benn, D.I. 2007. Structural control of englacial drainage systems in Himalayan debris-covered glaciers. *Journal of Glaciology*, **53**, 399–412, https://doi.org/10.3189/002214307783258378

Gulley, J.D., Benn, D.I., Müller, D. and Luckman, A. 2009a. A cut-and-closure origin for englacial conduits in uncrevassed regions of polythermal glaciers. *Journal of Glaciology*, **55**, 66–80, https://doi.org/10.3189/002214309788608930

Gulley, J.D., Benn, D.I., Screaton, E. and Martin, J. 2009b. Mechanisms of englacial conduit formation and their implications for subglacial recharge. *Quaternary Science Reviews*, **28**, 1984–1999, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quacircv.2009.04.002

Hagg, W., Mayer, C., Lambrecht, A. and Helm, A. 2008. Sub-debris melt rates on Southern Inylchek Glacier, central Tian Shan. *Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography*, **90**, 55–63, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0459.2008.00333.x

Hambrey, M.J., Quincey, D.J., Glasser, N.F., Reynolds, J.M., Richardson, S.J. and Clemmens, S. 2008. Sedimentological, geomorphological and dynamic context of debris-mantled glaciers, Mount Everest (Sagarmatha) region, Nepal. *Quaternary Science Reviews*, **27**, 2361–2389, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quacircv.2008.08.010

Han, H., Wang, J., Junfeng, W. and Liu, S. 2010. Backwasting rate on debris-covered Koxkar glacier, Tuomuer mountain, China. *Journal of Glaciology*, **56**, 287–296, https://doi.org/10.3189/002214310791968430

Haritashya, U.K., Pleasants, M.S. and Copland, L. 2015. Assessment of the evolution in velocity of two debris-covered valley glaciers in nepal and new zealand. *Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography*, **97**, 737–751, https://doi.org/10.1111/geoa.12112

Haritashya, U.K., Kargel, J.S., Aaa, A.A., et al. 2018. Evolution and Controls of Large Glacial Lakes in the Nepal Himalaya. *Remote Sensing*, **10**, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10050798

Harrison, S. 2009. Climate sensitivity: implications for the response of geomorphological systems to future climate change. *Geological Society, London, Special Publications*, **320**, 257, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP320.16

Harrison, S., Kargel, J.S., Aaa, A.A., et al. 2018. Climate change and the global pattern of moraine-dammed glacial lake outburst floods. *The Cryosphere*, **12**, 1195–1209, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1195-2018

Heimmann, T., McColl, S. and Morche, D. (eds) 2016. The Geomorphology, Dynamism, and Significance of Proglacial Environments in the 21st Century. *Earth Surface Processes and Landforms*, **41**, 271–276, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3858

Heimsath, A. and McGlynn, R. 2008. Quantifying periglacial erosion in the Nepal high Himalaya. *Geomorphology*, **97**, 5–23, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.02.046

Herreid, S. and Pellicciotti, F. 2018. Automated detection of ice cliffs within supraglacial debris cover. *The Cryosphere*, **12**, 1811–1829, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1811-2018

Herreid, S. and Pellicciotti, F. 2020. The state of rock debris covering Earth's glaciers. *Nature Geoscience*, **13**, 621–627, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-020-0615-0

Hewitt, K. 2009. Rock avalanches that travel onto glaciers and related developments. *Karakoram Himalaya, Inner Asia. Geomorphology*, **103**, 66–79, https://doi.org/10.1016/j geomorph.2007.10.017

Hewitt, K. and Shroder, J. 1993. *Himalaya to the Sea: Geology, Geomorphology, and the Quaternary*. Routledge, London, UK.

Hock, R. 2003. Temperature index melt modelling in mountain areas. *J Hydrol*, **282**, 104–115, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(03)00257-9

Holobácă, I.-H., Tielidze, L.G., et al. 2021. Multi-sensor remote sensing to map glacier debris cover in the Greater Caucasus, Georgia. *Journal of Glaciology*, **67**, 685–696, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2021.47

Huang, L., Li, Z., Tian, B.S., Han, H.D., Liu, Y.Q., Zhou, J.M. and Chen, Q. 2017. Estimation of supraglacial debris thickness using a novel target decomposition on L-band polarimetric SAR images in the Tianshan Mountains. *Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface*, **122**, 925–940, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JF004102

Huggel, C., Haeberli, W., Kääb, A., Bieri, D. and Richardson, S. 2004. An assessment procedure for glacial hazards in the Swiss Alps. *Canadian Geotechnical Journal*, **41**, 1068–1083, https://doi.org/10.1139/t04-053

Hugonnet, R., McNabb, R., Aaa, A.A., et al. 2021. Accelerated global glacier mass loss in the early twenty-first century. *Nature*, **592**, 726–731, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03436-z

Huo, D., Bishop, M.P. and Bush, A.B.G. 2021. Understanding Complex Debris-Covered Glaciers: Concepts, Issues, and Research Directions. *Frontiers in Earth Science*, **9**, 358, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010WR010299

Immerzeel, W.W., van Beek, L.P.H., Konz, M., Shrestha, A.B. and Bierkens, M.F.P. 2012. Hydrological response to climate change in a glacialized catchment in the Himalayas. *Climatic Change*, **110**, 721–736, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0143-4

Iribarren Anacona, P., Norton, K.P. and Mackintosh, A. 2014. Moraine-dammed lake failures in Patagonia and assessment of outburst susceptibility in the Baker Basin. *Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences*, **14**, 3243–3259, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-3243-2014

Iribarren Anacona, P., Mackintosh, A. and Norton, K.P. 2015. Hazardous processes and events from glacier and permafrost areas: lessons from the Chilean and Argentinean Andes. *Earth Surf. Procc Land.*, **40**, 2–21, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3524

Irvine-Fynn, T.D.L., Porter, P.R., Aaa, A.A., et al. 2017. Supraglacial ponds regulate runoff from Himalayan debris-covered glaciers. *Geophysical Research Letters*, **44**, 11894–118104, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL075398

Iwata, S., Aoki, T., Kadota, T., Seko, K. and Yamaguchi, S. 2000. Morphological evolution of the debris cover on Khumbu Glacier, Nepal, between 1978 and 1995. In: Nakawa, M., Raymond, C.F. and Fountain, A. (eds) *Debris-Covered Glaciers*. 3-11, IAHS.

Jones, D.B., Harrison, S. and Anderson, K. 2019. Mountain glacier-to-rock glacier transition. *Global and Planetary Change*, **181**, 102999, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2019.102999

Juen, M., Mayer, C., Lambrecht, A., Wirbel, A. and Kueppers, U. 2013. Thermal properties of a supraglacial debris layer with respect to lithology and grain size. *Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography*, **95**, 197–209, https://doi.org/10.1111/geoa.12011

Juen, M., Mayer, C., Lambrecht, A., Han, H. and Liu, S. 2014. Impact of varying debris cover thickness on ablation: a case study for Koxkar Glacier in the Tien Shan. *The Cryosphere*, **8**, 377–386, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-377-2014

Kääb, A. 2005. Combination of SRTM3 and repeat ASTER data for deriving alpine glacier flow velocities in the Bhutan Himalaya. *Remote Sensing of Environment*, **94**, 463–474, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2004.11.003

Kääb, A., Huggel, C., Aaa, A.A., et al. 2005. Remote sensing of glacier- and permafrost-related hazards in high mountains: an overview. *Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences*, **5**, 527–554, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-5-527-2005

Kääb, A., Berthier, E., Nuth, C., Gardelle, J. and Arnaud, Y. 2012. Contrasting patterns of early twenty-first-century glacier mass change in the Himalayas. *Nature*, **488**, 495–498, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11324

Kamp, U., Byrne, M. and Bolch, T. 2011. Glacier fluctuations between 1975 and 2008 in the Greater Himalaya Range of Zanskar, southern Ladakh. *Journal of Mountain Sciences*, **8**, 374–389, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-011-2007-9

Kargel, J.S., Bush, A.B.G., Aaa, A.A., et al. 2014. A world of changing glaciers: Summary and climatic context. In: Kargel, J.S., Leonard, G.J., Bishop, M.P., Kääb, A. and Raup, B.H. (eds) *Global Land Ice Measurements from Space*. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 781–840, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-79818-7_33

Kaser, G., Grosshauser, M. and Marzeion, B. 2010. Contribution potential of glaciers to water availability in different climate regimes. *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences*, **107**, 20223–20227, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1008162107

Kayastha, R.B., Takeuchi, Y., Nakawo, M. and Ageta, Y. 2000. Practical prediction of ice melting beneath various thickness of debris cover on Khumbu Glacier, Nepal, using a positive degree-day factor. In: Raymond, C.F., Nakawo, M., Fountain, A. (eds) *Debris-Covered Glaciers*. IAHS, Wallingford, UK, 71–81.

Khan, A.A., Jamil, A., Hussain, D., Taj, M., Jabeen, G. and Malik, M.K. 2020. Machine-Learning Algorithms for Mapping Debris-Covered Glaciers: The Hunza Basin Case Study. *IEEE Access*, **8**, 12725–12734, https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2965768

King, O., Bhattacharya, A., Bhambri, R. and Bolch, T. 2019. Glacial lakes exacerbate Himalayan glacier mass loss. *Scientific Reports*, **9**, 18145, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53733-x
Japanese Society of Snow and Ice, **39**, 20–21, https://doi.org/10.5331/seppyo.39.Special_20

Fyffe, C.L., Brock, B.W., Aaa, A.A., et al. 2019b. Do debris-covered glaciers demonstrate distinctive hydrological behaviour compared to clean glaciers? *Journal of Hydrology*, **570**, 584–597, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.12.069

Fyffe, C.L., Brock, B.W., Kirkbride, M.P., Black, A.R., Smiraglia, C. and Diolauti, G. 2019a. The impact of supraglacial debris on proglacial runoff and water chemistry. *Journal of Hydrology*, **576**, 41–57, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.06.023

Fyffe, C.L., Woodget, A.S., Kirkbride, M.P., Deline, P., Westoby, M.J. and Brock, B.W. 2020. Processes at the margins of supraglacial debris cover: Quantifying dirty ice ablation and debris redistribution. *Earth Surface Processes and Landforms*, **45**, 2272–2290, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4879

Gardelle, J., Arnaud, Y. and Berthier, E. 2011. Contrasted evolution of glacial lakes along the Hindu Kush Himalaya mountain range between 1990 and 2009. *Global and Planetary Change*, **75**, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2010.10.003

Gardelle, J., Berthier, E., Arnaud, Y. and Kääb, A. 2013. Region-wide glacier mass balances over the Pamir-Karakoram-Himalaya during 1999-2011. *The Cryosphere*, **7**, 1263–1286, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-1263-2013

Gardner, A.S., Moholdt, G., Scambos, T., Fahrnstock, M., Ligtenberg, S., van den Broeke, M. and Nilsson, J. 2018. Increased West Antarctic and unchanged East Antarctic ice discharge over the last 7 years. *The Cryosphere*, **12**, 521–547, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-521-2018

Giese, A., Boone, A., Wagnon, P. and Hawley, R. 2020. Incorporating moisture content in surface energy balance modeling of a debris-covered glacier. *The Cryosphere*, **14**, 1555–1577, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1555-2020

GLAMOS 2020. *Swiss Glacier Inventory 2016, release 2020*.

Greuell, W. and Oerlemans, J. 2004. Narrowband-to-broadband albedo conversion for glacier ice and snow: equations based on modeling and ranges of validity of the equations. *Remote Sensing of Environment*, **89**, 95–105, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2003.10.010

Gulley, J. and Benn, D.I. 2007. Structural control of englacial drainage systems in Himalayan debris-covered glaciers. *Journal of Glaciology*, **53**, 399–412, https://doi.org/10.3189/002214307783258378

Gulley, J.D., Benn, D.I., Müller, D. and Luckman, A. 2009a. A cut-and-closure origin for englacial conduits in uncrevassed regions of polythermal glaciers. *Journal of Glaciology*, **55**, 66–80, https://doi.org/10.3189/002214309788608930

Gulley, J.D., Benn, D.I., Screaton, E. and Martin, J. 2009b. Mechanisms of englacial conduit formation and their implications for subglacial recharge. *Quaternary Science Reviews*, **28**, 1984–1999, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.04.002

Hagg, W., Mayer, C., Lambrecht, A. and Helm, A. 2008. Sub-debris melt rates on Southern Inylchek Glacier, central Tian Shan. *Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography*, **90**, 55–63, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0459.2008.00333.x

Hambrey, M.J., Quincey, D.J., Glasser, N.F., Reynolds, J.M., Richardson, S.J. and Clemmens, S. 2008. Sedimentological, geomorphological and dynamic context of debris-mantled glaciers, Mount Everest (Sagarmatha) region, Nepal. *Quaternary Science Reviews*, **27**, 2361–2389, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.08.010

Han, H., Wang, J., Junfeng, W. and Liu, S. 2010. Backwasting rate on debris-covered Koxkar glacier, Tuomuer mountain, China. *Journal of Glaciology*, **56**, 287–296, https://doi.org/10.3189/002214310791968430

Haritashya, U.K., Pleasants, M.S. and Copland, L. 2015. Assessment of the evolution in velocity of two debris-covered valley glaciers in nepal and new zealand. *Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography*, **97**, 737–751, https://doi.org/10.1111/geoa.12112

Haritashya, U.K., Kargel, J.S., Aaa, A.A., et al. 2018. Evolution and Controls of Large Glacial Lakes in the Nepal Himalaya. *Remote Sensing*, **10**, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10050798

Harrison, S. 2009. Climate sensitivity: implications for the response of geomorphological systems to future climate change. *Geological Society, London, Special Publications*, **320**, 257, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP320.16

Harrison, S., Kargel, J.S., Aaa, A.A., et al. 2018. Climate change and the global pattern of moraine-dammed glacial lake outburst floods. *The Cryosphere*, **12**, 1195–1209, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1195-2018

Heimmann, T., McColl, S. and Morche, D. (eds) 2016. The Geomorphology, Dynamism, and Significance of Proglacial Environments in the 21st Century. *Earth Surface Processes and Landforms*, **41**, 271–276, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3858

Heimsath, A. and McGlynn, R. 2008. Quantifying periglacial erosion in the Nepal high Himalaya. *Geomorphology*, **97**, 5–23, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.02.046

Herreid, S. and Pellicciotti, F. 2018. Automated detection of ice cliffs within supraglacial debris cover. *The Cryosphere*, **12**, 1811–1829, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1811-2018

Herreid, S. and Pellicciotti, F. 2020. The state of rock debris covering Earth's glaciers. *Nature Geoscience*, **13**, 621–627, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-020-0615-0

Hewitt, K. 2009. Rock avalanches that travel onto glaciers and related developments. *Karakoram Himalaya, Inner Asia. Geomorphology*, **103**, 66–79, https://doi.org/10.1016/j geomorph.2007.10.017

Hewitt, K. and Shroder, J. 1993. *Himalaya to the Sea: Geology, Geomorphology, and the Quaternary*. Routledge, London, UK.

Hock, R. 2003. Temperature index melt modelling in mountain areas. *J Hydrol*, **282**, 104–115, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(03)00257-9

Holobácă, I.-H., Tielidze, L.G., et al. 2021. Multi-sensor remote sensing to map glacier debris cover in the Greater Caucasus, Georgia. *Journal of Glaciology*, **67**, 685–696, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2021.47

Huang, L., Li, Z., Tian, B.S., Han, H.D., Liu, Y.Q., Zhou, J.M. and Chen, Q. 2017. Estimation of supraglacial debris thickness using a novel target decomposition on L-band polarimetric SAR images in the Tianshan Mountains. *Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface*, **122**, 925–940, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JF004102

Huggel, C., Haeberli, W., Kääb, A., Bieri, D. and Richardson, S. 2004. An assessment procedure for glacial hazards in the Swiss Alps. *Canadian Geotechnical Journal*, **41**, 1068–1083, https://doi.org/10.1139/t04-053

Hugonnet, R., McNabb, R., Aaa, A.A., et al. 2021. Accelerated global glacier mass loss in the early twenty-first century. *Nature*, **592**, 726–731, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03436-z

Huo, D., Bishop, M.P. and Bush, A.B.G. 2021. Understanding Complex Debris-Covered Glaciers: Concepts, Issues, and Research Directions. *Frontiers in Earth Science*, **9**, 358, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010WR010299

Immerzeel, W.W., van Beek, L.P.H., Konz, M., Shrestha, A.B. and Bierkens, M.F.P. 2012. Hydrological response to climate change in a glacialized catchment in the Himalayas. *Climatic Change*, **110**, 721–736, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0143-4

Iribarren Anacona, P., Norton, K.P. and Mackintosh, A. 2014. Moraine-dammed lake failures in Patagonia and assessment of outburst susceptibility in the Baker Basin. *Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences*, **14**, 3243–3259, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-3243-2014

Iribarren Anacona, P., Mackintosh, A. and Norton, K.P. 2015. Hazardous processes and events from glacier and permafrost areas: lessons from the Chilean and Argentinean Andes. *Earth Surf. Procc Land.*, **40**, 2–21, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3524

Irvine-Fynn, T.D.L., Porter, P.R., Aaa, A.A., et al. 2017. Supraglacial ponds regulate runoff from Himalayan debris-covered glaciers. *Geophysical Research Letters*, **44**, 11894–118104, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL075398

Iwata, S., Aoki, T., Kadota, T., Seko, K. and Yamaguchi, S. 2000. Morphological evolution of the debris cover on Khumbu Glacier, Nepal, between 1978 and 1995. In: Nakawa, M., Raymond, C.F. and Fountain, A. (eds) *Debris-Covered Glaciers*. 3-11, IAHS.

Jones, D.B., Harrison, S. and Anderson, K. 2019. Mountain glacier-to-rock glacier transition. *Global and Planetary Change*, **181**, 102999, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2019.102999

Juen, M., Mayer, C., Lambrecht, A., Wirbel, A. and Kueppers, U. 2013. Thermal properties of a supraglacial debris layer with respect to lithology and grain size. *Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography*, **95**, 197–209, https://doi.org/10.1111/geoa.12011

Juen, M., Mayer, C., Lambrecht, A., Han, H. and Liu, S. 2014. Impact of varying debris cover thickness on ablation: a case study for Koxkar Glacier in the Tien Shan. *The Cryosphere*, **8**, 377–386, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-377-2014

Kääb, A. 2005. Combination of SRTM3 and repeat ASTER data for deriving alpine glacier flow velocities in the Bhutan Himalaya. *Remote Sensing of Environment*, **94**, 463–474, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2004.11.003

Kääb, A., Huggel, C., Aaa, A.A., et al. 2005. Remote sensing of glacier- and permafrost-related hazards in high mountains: an overview. *Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences*, **5**, 527–554, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-5-527-2005

Kääb, A., Berthier, E., Nuth, C., Gardelle, J. and Arnaud, Y. 2012. Contrasting patterns of early twenty-first-century glacier mass change in the Himalayas. *Nature*, **488**, 495–498, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11324

Kamp, U., Byrne, M. and Bolch, T. 2011. Glacier fluctuations between 1975 and 2008 in the Greater Himalaya Range of Zanskar, southern Ladakh. *Journal of Mountain Sciences*, **8**, 374–389, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-011-2007-9

Kargel, J.S., Bush, A.B.G., Aaa, A.A., et al. 2014. A world of changing glaciers: Summary and climatic context. In: Kargel, J.S., Leonard, G.J., Bishop, M.P., Kääb, A. and Raup, B.H. (eds) *Global Land Ice Measurements from Space*. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 781–840, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-79818-7_33

Kaser, G., Grosshauser, M. and Marzeion, B. 2010. Contribution potential of glaciers to water availability in different climate regimes. *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences*, **107**, 20223–20227, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1008162107

Kayastha, R.B., Takeuchi, Y., Nakawo, M. and Ageta, Y. 2000. Practical prediction of ice melting beneath various thickness of debris cover on Khumbu Glacier, Nepal, using a positive degree-day factor. In: Raymond, C.F., Nakawo, M., Fountain, A. (eds) *Debris-Covered Glaciers*. IAHS, Wallingford, UK, 71–81.

Khan, A.A., Jamil, A., Hussain, D., Taj, M., Jabeen, G. and Malik, M.K. 2020. Machine-Learning Algorithms for Mapping Debris-Covered Glaciers: The Hunza Basin Case Study. *IEEE Access*, **8**, 12725–12734, https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2965768

King, O., Bhattacharya, A., Bhambri, R. and Bolch, T. 2019. Glacial lakes exacerbate Himalayan glacier mass loss. *Scientific Reports*, **9**, 18145, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53733-x
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Kneib, M., Miles, E.S., Buri, P., Molnar, P., McCarthy, M., Fugger, S. and Pellicciotti, F. 2021. Interannual Dynamics of Ice Cliff Populations on Debris-Covered Glaciers From Remote Sensing Observations and Stochastic Modeling. *Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface*, **126**, e2021JF006179, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JF006179

Knight, J. and Harrison, S. 2014. Mountain Glacial and Paraglacial Environments under Global Climate Change: Lessons from the Past, Future Directions and Policy Implications. *Geografiska Annal Phys Geogr*, **96**, 245–264, https://doi.org/10.1111/geoa.12051

Knight, J. and Harrison, S. 2018. Transience in cascading paraglacial systems. *Land Degradation & Development*, **29**, 1991–2001, https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2994

Knight, J., Harrison, S. and Jones, D.B. 2019. Rock glaciers and the geomorphological evolution of deglacierizing mountains. *Geomorphology*, **324**, 14–24, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2018.09.020

Komori, J. 2008. Recent expansions of glacial lakes in the Bhutan Himalayas. *Quaternary International*, **184**, 177–186, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2007.09.012

Korup, O. and Tweed, F. 2007. Ice, moraine, and landslide dams in mountainous terrain. *Quaternary Science Reviews*, **26**, 3406–3422, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.10.012

Koukoulos, I., Cook, S., et al. 2018. Use of multi-criteria decision analysis to identify potentially dangerous glacial lakes. *Science of The Total Environment*, **621**, 1453–1466, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.083

Kraaijenbrink, P.D.A., Shea, J.M., Pellicciotti, F., Jong, S.M.D. and Immerzeel, W.W. 2016. Object-based analysis of unmanned aerial vehicle imagery to map and characterise surface features on a debris-covered glacier. *Remote Sensing of Environment*, **186**, 581–595, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.09.013

Kraaijenbrink, P.D.A., Bierkens, M.F.P., Lutz, A.F. and Immerzeel, W.W. 2017. Impact of a global temperature rise of 1.5 degrees Celsius on Asia's glaciers. *Nature*, **549**, 257–260, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature23878

Kraaijenbrink, P.D.A., Shea, J.M., Litt, M., Steiner, J.F., Treichler, D., Koch, I. and Immerzeel, W.W. 2018. Mapping Surface Temperatures on a Debris-Covered Glacier With an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. *Frontiers in Earth Science*, **6**, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2018.00064

Kumar, V., Venkataramana, G. and Høgda, K.A. 2011. Glacier surface velocity estimation using SAR interferometry technique applying ascending and descending passes in Himalayas. *International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation*, **13**, 545–551, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2011.02.004

Leclercq, P.W., Oerlemans, J. and Cogley, J.G. 2011. Estimating the Glacier Contribution to Sea-Level Rise for the Period 1800–2005. *Surveys in Geophysics*, **32**, 519, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-011-9121-7

Leprince, S., Ayoub, F., Klinger, Y. and Avouac, J. 2007. Co-Registration of Optically Sensed Images and Correlation (COSI-Corr): an operational methodology for ground deformation measurements. *IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium*, 23-28 July 2007, Barcelona, Spain, 1943–1946.

Liang, S. 2001. Narrowband to broadband conversions of land surface albedo 1: Algorithms. *Remote Sensing of Environment*, **76**, 213–238, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(00)00205-4

Linsbauer, A., Frey, H., Haeberli, W., Machguth, H., Azam, M.F. and Allen, S. 2016. Modelling glacier-bed overdeepenings and possible future lakes for the glaciers in the Himalaya–Karakoram region. *Annals of Glaciology*, **57**, 119–130, https://doi.org/10.3189/2016AoG71A627

Linsbauer, A., Hodel, E., Huss, M., Bauder, A., Fischer, M., Weidmann, Y. and Bärtschi, H. 2020. The new Swiss Glacier Inventory SG12020: From a topographic to a glaciological dataset. presented at the EGU General Assembly 2020, 4–8 May 2020, online.

Lippl, S., Vijay, S. and Braun, M. 2018. Automatic delineation of debris-covered glaciers using InSAR coherence derived from X-, C- and L-band radar data: a case study of Yazgyl Glacier. *Journal of Glaciology*, **64**, 811–821, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2018.70

Liu, Q., Mayer, C. and Liu, S. 2015. Distribution and interannual variability of supraglacial lakes on debris-covered glaciers in the Khan Tengri-Tumor Mountains, Central Asia. *Environmental Research Letters*, **10**, 014011–014010, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/1/014011

Mancini, D. and Lane, S.N. 2020. Changes in sediment connectivity following glacial debuttressing in an Alpine valley system. *Geomorphology*, **352**, 106987, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2019.106987

Marston, R.A. 1983. Supraglacial Stream Dynamics on the Juneau Icefield. *Annals of the Association of American Geographers*, **73**, 597–608, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1983.tb01861.x

Marzeion, B., Jarosch, A.H. and Hofer, M. 2012. Past and future sea-level change from the surface mass balance of glaciers. *The Cryosphere*, **6**, 1295–1322, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-6-1295-2012

Marzeion, B., Cogley, J.G., Richter, K. and Parkes, D. 2014. Attribution of global glacier mass loss to anthropogenic and natural causes. *Science*, **345**, 919, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1254702

Matta, E., Giardino, C., Boggero, A. and Bresciani, M. 2017. Use of Satellite and In Situ Reflectance Data for Lake Water Color Characterization in the Everest Himalayan Region. *Mountain Research and Development*, **37**, 16–23, https://doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-15-00052.1

Matthews, T., Perry, L.B., Aaa, A.A., et al. 2020. Going to Extremes: Installing the World's Highest Weather Stations on Mount Everest. *Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society*, **101**, E1870–E1890, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0198.1

Mattson, L.E., Gardner, J.S. and Young, G.J. 1993. Ablation on debris covered glaciers: an example from the Rakhiot Glacier, Panjab, Himalaya. In: Young, G.J. (ed.) Snow and Glacier Hydrology. Proceedings of the International Symposium, 16-21 November 1992, Kathmandu, Nepal. IAHS Publication.

Maurer, J.M., Schaefer, J.M., Rupper, S. and Corley, A. 2019. Acceleration of ice loss across the Himalayas over the past 40 years. *Science Advances*, **5**, eaav7266, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.eav7266

Mayer, C., Lambrecht, A., Belò, M., Smiraglia, C. and Diolaiuti, G. 2006. Glaciological characteristics of the ablation zone of Baltoro glacier, Karakoram, Pakistan. *Annals of Glaciology*, **43**, 123–131, https://doi.org/10.189/172756406781812087

McCarthy, M., Pritchard, H., Willis, I.A.N. and King, E. 2017. Ground-penetrating radar measurements of debris thickness on Lirung Glacier, Nepal. *Journal of Glaciology*, **63**, 543–555, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2017.18

Mergili, M., Pudasaini, S.P., Emmer, A., Fischer, J.T., Cochachin, A. and Frey, H. 2020. Reconstruction of the 1941 GLOF process chain at Lake Palcacocha (Cordillera Blanca, Peru). *Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.*, **24**, 93–114, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-93-2020

Mertes, J., Thompson, S., Booth, A., Gulley, D.J. and Benn, D. 2016. A conceptual model of supraglacial lake formation on debris-covered glaciers based on GPR facies analysis: GPR facies analysis of Spillway Lake, Ngozumpa Glacier, Nepal. *Earth Surface Processes and Landforms*, **42**, 903–914, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4068

Mertes, J.R., Thompson, S.S., Booth, A.D., Gulley, J.D. and Benn, D.I. 2017. A conceptual model of supra-glacial lake formation on debris-covered glaciers based on GPR facies analysis. *Earth Surface Processes and Landforms*, **42**, 903–914, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4068

Mihalcea, C., Mayer, C., Diolaiuti, G., Lambrecht, A., Smiraglia, C. and Tartari, G. 2006. Ice ablation and meteorological conditions on the debris-covered area of Baltoro glacier, Karakoram, Pakistan. *Annals of Glaciology*, **43**, 292–300, https://doi.org/10.3189/1727564067812104

Mihalcea, C., Mayer, C., Aaa, A.A., et al. 2008. Spatial distribution of debris thickness and melting from remote-sensing and meteorological data, at debris-covered Baltoro glacier, Karakoram, Pakistan. *Annals of Glaciology*, **48**, 49–57, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756406784700680

Miles, E.S., Pellicciotti, F., Willis, I.C., Steiner, J.F., Buri, P. and Arnold, N.S. 2016. Refined energy-balance modelling of a supraglacial pond, Langtang Khola, Nepal. *Annals of Glaciology*, **57**, 29–40, https://doi.org/10.3189/2016AoG71A421

Miles, E.S., I.C. Willis, N.S. Arnold, Steiner, J. and Pellicciotti, F. 2017a. Spatial, seasonal and interannual variability of supraglacial ponds in the Langtang Valley of Nepal, 1999–2013. *Journal of Glaciology*, **63**, 88–105, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2016.120

Miles, E.S., Steiner, J., Willis, I., Buri, P., Immerzeel, W.W., Chesnokova, A. and Pellicciotti, F. 2017b. Pond Dynamics and Supraglacial-Englacial Connectivity on Debris-Covered Lirung Glacier, Nepal. *Frontiers in Earth Science*, **5**, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2017.00069

Miles, E., Watson, C.S., Aaa, A.A., et al. 2018a. Glacial and geomorphic effects of a supraglacial lake drainage and outburst event, Everest region, Nepal Himalaya. *The Cryosphere*, **12**, 3891–3905, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3891-2018

Miles, E.S., Willis, I., Buri, P., Steiner, J.F., Arnold, N.S. and Pellicciotti, F. 2018b. Surface Pond Energy Absorption Across Four Himalayan Glaciers Accounts for 1/8 of Total Catchment Ice Loss. *Geophysical Research Letters*, **45**, 464–473, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL079678

Miles, K.E., Hubbard, B., Quincey, D.J., Miles, E.S., Irvine-Fynn, T.D.L. and Rowan, A.V. 2019. Surface and subsurface hydrology of debris-covered Khumbu Glacier, Nepal, revealed by dye tracing. *Earth and Planetary Science Letters*, **513**, 176–186, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2019.02.020

Miles, K.E., Hubbard, B., Irvine-Fynn, T.D.L., Miles, E.S., Quincey, D.J. and Rowan, A.V. 2020. Hydrology of debris-covered glaciers in High Mountain
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Kneib, M., Miles, E.S., Aaa, A.A., et al. 2020. Mapping ice cliffs on debris-covered glaciers using multispectral satellite images. *Remote Sensing of Environment*, **112201**, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.112201

Kneib, M., Miles, E.S., Buri, P., Molnar, P., McCarthy, M., Fugger, S. and Pellicciotti, F. 2021. Interannual Dynamics of Ice Cliff Populations on Debris-Covered Glaciers From Remote Sensing Observations and Stochastic Modeling. *Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface*, **126**, e2021JF006179, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JF006179

Knight, J. and Harrison, S. 2014. Mountain Glacial and Paraglacial Environments under Global Climate Change: Lessons from the Past, Future Directions and Policy Implications. *Geografiska Annal Phys Geogr*, **96**, 245–264, https://doi.org/10.1111/geoa.12051

Knight, J. and Harrison, S. 2018. Transience in cascading paraglacial systems. *Land Degradation & Development*, **29**, 1991–2001, https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2994

Knight, J., Harrison, S. and Jones, D.B. 2019. Rock glaciers and the geomorphological evolution of deglacierizing mountains. *Geomorphology*, **324**, 14–24, https://doi.org/10.1016/j geomorph.2018.09.020

Komori, J. 2008. Recent expansions of glacial lakes in the Bhutan Himalayas. *Quaternary International*, **184**, 177–186, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2007.09.012

Korup, O. and Tweed, F. 2007. Ice, moraine, and landslide dams in mountainous terrain. *Quaternary Science Reviews*, **26**, 3406–3422, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.10.012

Koukoulos, I., Cook, S., et al. 2018. Use of multi-criteria decision analysis to identify potentially dangerous glacial lakes. *Science of The Total Environment*, **621**, 1453–1466, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.083

Kraaijenbrink, P.D.A., Shea, J.M., Pellicciotti, F., Jong, S.M.D. and Immerzeel, W.W. 2016. Object-based analysis of unmanned aerial vehicle imagery to map and characterise surface features on a debris-covered glacier. *Remote Sensing of Environment*, **186**, 581–595, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.09.013

Kraaijenbrink, P.D.A., Bierkens, M.F.P., Lutz, A.F. and Immerzeel, W.W. 2017. Impact of a global temperature rise of 1.5 degrees Celsius on Asia's glaciers. *Nature*, **549**, 257–260, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature23878

Kraaijenbrink, P.D.A., Shea, J.M., Litt, M., Steiner, J.F., Treichler, D., Koch, I. and Immerzeel, W.W. 2018. Mapping Surface Temperatures on a Debris-Covered Glacier With an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. *Frontiers in Earth Science*, **6**, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2018.00064

Kumar, V., Venkataramana, G. and Høgda, K.A. 2011. Glacier surface velocity estimation using SAR interferometry technique applying ascending and descending passes in Himalayas. *International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation*, **13**, 545–551, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2011.02.004

Leclercq, P.W., Oerlemans, J. and Cogley, J.G. 2011. Estimating the Glacier Contribution to Sea-Level Rise for the Period 1800–2005. *Surveys in Geophysics*, **32**, 519, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-011-9121-7

Leprince, S., Ayoub, F., Klinger, Y. and Avouac, J. 2007. Co-Registration of Optically Sensed Images and Correlation (COSI-Corr): an operational methodology for ground deformation measurements. *IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium*, 23-28 July 2007, Barcelona, Spain, 1943–1946.

Liang, S. 2001. Narrowband to broadband conversions of land surface albedo 1: Algorithms. *Remote Sensing of Environment*, **76**, 213–238, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(00)00205-4

Linsbauer, A., Frey, H., Haeberli, W., Machguth, H., Azam, M.F. and Allen, S. 2016. Modelling glacier-bed overdeepenings and possible future lakes for the glaciers in the Himalaya–Karakoram region. *Annals of Glaciology*, **57**, 119–130, https://doi.org/10.3189/2016AoG71A627

Linsbauer, A., Hodel, E., Huss, M., Bauder, A., Fischer, M., Weidmann, Y. and Bärtschi, H. 2020. The new Swiss Glacier Inventory SG12020: From a topographic to a glaciological dataset. presented at the EGU General Assembly 2020, 4–8 May 2020, online.

Lippl, S., Vijay, S. and Braun, M. 2018. Automatic delineation of debris-covered glaciers using InSAR coherence derived from X-, C- and L-band radar data: a case study of Yazgyl Glacier. *Journal of Glaciology*, **64**, 811–821, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2018.70

Liu, Q., Mayer, C. and Liu, S. 2015. Distribution and interannual variability of supraglacial lakes on debris-covered glaciers in the Khan Tengri-Tumor Mountains, Central Asia. *Environmental Research Letters*, **10**, 014011–014010, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/1/014011

Mancini, D. and Lane, S.N. 2020. Changes in sediment connectivity following glacial debuttressing in an Alpine valley system. *Geomorphology*, **352**, 106987, https://doi.org/10.1016/j geomorph.2019.106987

Marston, R.A. 1983. Supraglacial Stream Dynamics on the Juneau Icefield. *Annals of the Association of American Geographers*, **73**, 597–608, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1983.tb01861.x

Marzeion, B., Jarosch, A.H. and Hofer, M. 2012. Past and future sea-level change from the surface mass balance of glaciers. *The Cryosphere*, **6**, 1295–1322, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-6-1295-2012

Marzeion, B., Cogley, J.G., Richter, K. and Parkes, D. 2014. Attribution of global glacier mass loss to anthropogenic and natural causes. *Science*, **345**, 919, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1254702

Matta, E., Giardino, C., Boggero, A. and Bresciani, M. 2017. Use of Satellite and In Situ Reflectance Data for Lake Water Color Characterization in the Everest Himalayan Region. *Mountain Research and Development*, **37**, 16–23, https://doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-15-00052.1

Matthews, T., Perry, L.B., Aaa, A.A., et al. 2020. Going to Extremes: Installing the World's Highest Weather Stations on Mount Everest. *Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society*, **101**, E1870–E1890, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0198.1

Mattson, L.E., Gardner, J.S. and Young, G.J. 1993. Ablation on debris covered glaciers: an example from the Rakhiot Glacier, Panjab, Himalaya. In: Young, G.J. (ed.) Snow and Glacier Hydrology. Proceedings of the International Symposium, 16-21 November 1992, Kathmandu, Nepal. IAHS Publication.

Maurer, J.M., Schaefer, J.M., Rupper, S. and Corley, A. 2019. Acceleration of ice loss across the Himalayas over the past 40 years. *Science Advances*, **5**, eaav7266, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.eav7266

Mayer, C., Lambrecht, A., Belò, M., Smiraglia, C. and Diolaiuti, G. 2006. Glaciological characteristics of the ablation zone of Baltoro glacier, Karakoram, Pakistan. *Annals of Glaciology*, **43**, 123–131, https://doi.org/10.189/172756406781812087

McCarthy, M., Pritchard, H., Willis, I.A.N. and King, E. 2017. Ground-penetrating radar measurements of debris thickness on Lirung Glacier, Nepal. *Journal of Glaciology*, **63**, 543–555, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2017.18

Mergili, M., Pudasaini, S.P., Emmer, A., Fischer, J.T., Cochachin, A. and Frey, H. 2020. Reconstruction of the 1941 GLOF process chain at Lake Palcacocha (Cordillera Blanca, Peru). *Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.*, **24**, 93–114, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-93-2020

Mertes, J., Thompson, S., Booth, A., Gulley, D.J. and Benn, D. 2016. A conceptual model of supraglacial lake formation on debris-covered glaciers based on GPR facies analysis: GPR facies analysis of Spillway Lake, Ngozumpa Glacier, Nepal. *Earth Surface Processes and Landforms*, **42**, 903–914, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4068

Mertes, J.R., Thompson, S.S., Booth, A.D., Gulley, J.D. and Benn, D.I. 2017. A conceptual model of supra-glacial lake formation on debris-covered glaciers based on GPR facies analysis. *Earth Surface Processes and Landforms*, **42**, 903–914, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4068

Mihalcea, C., Mayer, C., Diolaiuti, G., Lambrecht, A., Smiraglia, C. and Tartari, G. 2006. Ice ablation and meteorological conditions on the debris-covered area of Baltoro glacier, Karakoram, Pakistan. *Annals of Glaciology*, **43**, 292–300, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756406781812104

Mihalcea, C., Mayer, C., Aaa, A.A., et al. 2008. Spatial distribution of debris thickness and melting from remote-sensing and meteorological data, at debris-covered Baltoro glacier, Karakoram, Pakistan. *Annals of Glaciology*, **48**, 49–57, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756406784700680

Miles, E.S., Pellicciotti, F., Willis, I.C., Steiner, J.F., Buri, P. and Arnold, N.S. 2016. Refined energy-balance modelling of a supraglacial pond, Langtang Khola, Nepal. *Annals of Glaciology*, **57**, 29–40, https://doi.org/10.3189/2016AoG71A421

Miles, E.S., I.C. Willis, N.S. Arnold, Steiner, J. and Pellicciotti, F. 2017a. Spatial, seasonal and interannual variability of supraglacial ponds in the Langtang Valley of Nepal, 1999–2013. *Journal of Glaciology*, **63**, 88–105, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2016.120

Miles, E.S., Steiner, J., Willis, I., Buri, P., Immerzeel, W.W., Chesnokova, A. and Pellicciotti, F. 2017b. Pond Dynamics and Supraglacial-Englacial Connectivity on Debris-Covered Lirung Glacier, Nepal. *Frontiers in Earth Science*, **5**, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2017.00069

Miles, E., Watson, C.S., Aaa, A.A., et al. 2018a. Glacial and geomorphic effects of a supraglacial lake drainage and outburst event, Everest region, Nepal Himalaya. *The Cryosphere*, **12**, 3891–3905, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3891-2018

Miles, E.S., Willis, I., Buri, P., Steiner, J.F., Arnold, N.S. and Pellicciotti, F. 2018b. Surface Pond Energy Absorption Across Four Himalayan Glaciers Accounts for 1/8 of Total Catchment Ice Loss. *Geophysical Research Letters*, **45**, 464–473, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL079678

Miles, K.E., Hubbard, B., Quincey, D.J., Miles, E.S., Irvine-Fynn, T.D.L. and Rowan, A.V. 2019. Surface and subsurface hydrology of debris-covered Khumbu Glacier, Nepal, revealed by dye tracing. *Earth and Planetary Science Letters*, **513**, 176–186, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2019.02.020

Miles, K.E., Hubbard, B., Irvine-Fynn, T.D.L., Miles, E.S., Quincey, D.J. and Rowan, A.V. 2020. Hydrology of debris-covered glaciers in High Mountain
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Nagai, H., Fujita, K., Niimura, T. and Sakai, A. 2013. Southwest-facing slopes control the formation of debris-covered glaciers in the Bhutan Himalaya. *The Cryosphere*, **7**, 1303–1314, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-1303-2013

Nakawo, M. and Young, G.J. 1982. Estimate of glacier ablation under a debris layer from surface temperature and meteorological variables. *Journal of Glaciology*, **28**, 29–34, https://doi.org/10.1017/S002214300001176X

Nakawo, M., Iwata, S., Watanabe, O. and Yoshida, M. 1986. Processes which Distribute Supraglacial Debris on the Khumbu Glacier, Nepal Himalaya. *Annals of Glaciology*, **8**, 129–131, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0260305500001294

Narama, C., Daiyrov, M., Tadono, T., Yamamoto, M., Kääb, A., Morita, R. and Ukita, J. 2017. Seasonal drainage of supraglacial lakes on debris-covered glaciers in the Tien Shan Mountains, Central Asia. *Geomorphology*, **286**, 133–142, https://doi.org/10.1016/j geomorph.2017.03.002

Nicholson, L. and Benn, D.I. 2006. Calculating ice melt beneath a debris layer using meteorological data. *Journal of Glaciology*, **52**, 463–470, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756506781828584

Nicholson, L. and Benn, D.I. 2012. Properties of natural supraglacial debris in relation to modelling sub-debris ice ablation. *Earth Surface Processes and Landforms*, **38**, 490–501, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3299

Nicholson, L. and Mertes, J. 2017. Thickness estimation of supraglacial debris above ice cliff exposures using a high-resolution digital surface model derived from terrestrial photography. *Journal of Glaciology*, **63**, 989–998, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2017.68

Nicholson, L.I., McCarthy, M., Pritchard, H.D. and Willis, I. 2018. Supraglacial debris thickness variability: impact on ablation and relation to terrain properties. *The Cryosphere*, **12**, 3719–3734, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3719-2018

Nicholson, L.I., Wirbel, A., Mayer, C. and Lambrecht, A. in press. The challenge of non-stationary feedbacks in the response of debris-covered glaciers to climate forcing. *Frontiers in Earth Science*, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.662695

Nie, Y., Sheng, Y., Liu, Q., Liu, L., Liu, S., Zhang, Y. and Song, C. 2017. A regional-scale assessment of Himalayan glacial lake changes using satellite observations from 1990 to 2015. *Remote Sensing of Environment*, **189**, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.11.008

Noh, M.-J. and Howat, I.M. 2015. Automated stereo-photogrammetric DEM generation at high latitudes: Surface Extraction with TIN-based Search-space Minimization (SETSM) validation and demonstration over glaciated regions. *GIScience & Remote Sensing*, **52**, 198–217, https://doi.org/10.1080/15481603.2015.1008621

Niimura, T., Fujita, K., Yamaguchi, S. and Sharma, R.R. 2012. Elevation changes of glaciers revealed by multitemporal digital elevation models calibrated by GPS survey in the Khumbu region, Nepal Himalaya, 19922008. *Journal of Glaciology*, **58**, 648–656, https://doi.org/10.3189/2012JoG11J061

Østrem, G. 1959. Ice Melting under a Thin Layer of Moraine, and the Existence of Ice Cores in Moraine Ridges. *Geografiska Annaler*, **41**, 228–230, https://doi.org/10.1080/20014422.1959.11907953

Owen, L.A., Derbyshire, E. and Scott, C.H. 2003. Contemporary sediment production and transfer in high-altitude glaciers. *Sedimentary Geology*, **155**, 13–36, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(02)00156-2

Panday, P., Bulley, H., Haritashya, U. and Ghimire, B. 2011. Supraglacial Lake Classification in the Everest Region of Nepal Himalaya. In: Thakur, J.K., et al. (eds) *Geospatial Techniques for Managing Environmental Resources*. Capital Publishing Company, 86-99, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1858-6-6

Pandit, A. and Ramsankaran, R. 2020. Identification of Potential Sites for Future Lake Formation and Expansion of Existing Lakes in Glaciers of Chandra Basin, Western Himalayas, India. *Frontiers in Earth Science*, **8**, 382, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2020.500116

Pant, S.R. and Reynolds, J.M. 2000. Application of electrical imaging techniques for the investigation of natural dams: an example from the Thulagi Glacier

Lake, Nepal. *Journal of Nepal Geological Society*, **22**, https://doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v22i0.32348

Paul, F., Huggel, C. and Kääb, A. 2004. Combining satellite multispectral image data and a digital elevation model for mapping debris-covered glaciers. *Rem Sens Environ*, **89**, 510–518, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2003.11.007

Paul, F., Kaab, A. and Haeberli, W. 2007. Recent glacier changes in the Alps observed by satellite: Consequences for future monitoring strategies. *Global and Planetary Change*, **56**, 111–122, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.07.007

Paul, F., Barrand, N.E., Aaa, A.A., et al. 2013. On the accuracy of glacier outlines derived from remote-sensing data. *Annals of Glaciology*, **54**, 171–182, https://doi.org/10.3189/2013AoG63A296

Pelluciotti, F., Stephan, C., Miles, E., Herreid, S., Immerzeel, W.W. and Bolch, T. 2015. Mass-balance changes of the debris-covered glaciers in the Langtang Himal, Nepal, from 1974 to 1999. *Journal of Glaciology*, **61**, 373–386, https://doi.org/10.3189/2015JoG13J1237

Pfeffer, W.T., Arendt, A.A., Aaa, A.A., et al. 2014. The Randolph Glacier Inventory: a globally complete inventory of glaciers. *Journal of Glaciology*, **60**, https://doi.org/10.3189/2014JoG13J176

Pieczonka, T., Bolch, T., Kröhnert, M., Peters, J. and Liu, S. 2018. Glacier branch lines and glacier ice thickness estimation for debris-covered glaciers in the Central Tien Shan. *Journal of Glaciology*, **64**, 835–849, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2018.75

Pritchard, H.D., King, E.C., Goodger, D.J., McCarthy, M., Mayer, C. and Krayastha, R. 2020. Towards Bedmap1 Himalayas: development of an airborne ice-sounding radar for glacier thickness surveys in High-Mountain Asia. *Annals of Glaciology*, **61**, 35–45, https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2020.29

Quincey, D.J., Lucas, R.M., Richardson, S.D., Glasser, N.F., Hambrey, M.J. and Reynolds, J.M. 2005. Optical remote sensing techniques in high-mountain environments: application to glacial hazards. *Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment*, **29**, 475–505, https://doi.org/10.1191/0309133305pp456ra

Quincey, D.J., Richardson, S.D., Luckman, A., Lucas, R.M., Reynolds, J.M., Hambrey, M.J. and Glasser, N.F. 2007. Early recognition of glacial lake hazards in the Himalaya using remote sensing datasets. *Global and Planetary Change*, **56**, 137–152, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.07.013

Quincey, D.J., Luckman, A. and Benn, D. 2009. Quantification of Everest region glacier velocities between 1992 and 2002, using satellite radar interferometry and feature tracking. *Journal of Glaciology*, **55**, 596–606, https://doi.org/10.3189/002214309789470987

Racoviteanu, A.E. and Williams, M.W. 2012. Decision tree and texture analysis for mapping debris-covered glaciers: a case study from Kangchenjunga, eastern Himalaya. *Remote Sensing Special Issue*, **4**, 3078–3109, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs4103078

Racoviteanu, A., Arnaud, Y. and Williams, M. 2008. Decadal changes in glacier parameters in Cordillera Blanca, Peru derived from remote sensing. *Journal of Glaciology*, **54**, 499–510, https://doi.org/10.3189/00221430878536922

Racoviteanu, A., Paul, F., Raup, B., Khalsa, S.J.S. and Armstrong, R. 2009. Challenges and recommendations in mapping of glacier parameters from space: results of the 2008 Global Land Ice Measurements from Space (GLIMS) workshop, Boulder, Colorado, USA. *Annals of Glaciology*, **50**, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756410790959804

Racoviteanu, A.E., Arnaud, Y., Williams, M.W. and Manley, W.F. 2015. Spatial patterns in glacier characteristics and area changes from 1962 to 2006 in the Kanchenjunga'; Sikkim area, eastern Himalaya. *The Cryosphere*, **9**, 505–523, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-505-2015

Racoviteanu, A., Nicholson, L. and Glasser, N. 2021. Surface composition of debris covered glaciers across the Himalaya using linear spectral unmixing of Landsat 8 data. *The Cryosphere*, **15**, 4557–4588, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4557-2021

Ragettli, S., Pelluciotti, F., Aaa, A.A., et al. 2015. Unraveling the hydrology of a Himalayan catchment through integration of high resolution in situ data and remote sensing with an advanced simulation model. *Advances in Water Resources*, **78**, 94–111, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2015.01.013

Rana, B., Shrestha, A.B., Reynolds, J.M., Aryal, R., Pokhrel, A.P. and Budhathoki, K.P. 2000. Hazard assessment of the Tsho Rolpa Glacier Lake and ongoing remediation measures. *Journal of the Nepal Geological Society*, **22**, 563–570, https://doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v22i0.32432

Ranzi, R., Grossi, G., Iacovelli, L. and Taschner, S. 2004. Use of multispectral ASTER images for mapping debris-covered glaciers within the GLIMS project. IGARSS 2004. 2004 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 20-24 Sept. 2004, Anchorage, AK, USA, 1144–1147.

Rashid, I., Majeed, U., Jan, A. and Glasser, N.F. 2020. The January 2018 to September 2019 surge of Shisper Glacier, Pakistan, detected from remote sensing observations. *Geomorphology*, **351**, 106957, https://doi.org/10.1016/j geomorph.2019.106957

Reid, T.D. and Brock, B.W. 2010. An energy-balance model for debris-covered glaciers including heat conduction through the debris layer. *Journal of Glaciology*, **56**, 903–916, https://doi.org/10.3189/002214310794457218

Reid, T.D. and Brock, B.W. 2014. Assessing ice-cliff backwasting and its contribution to total ablation of debris-covered Miage glacier, Mont Blanc massif, Italy. *Journal of Glaciology*, **60**, 3–13, https://doi.org/10.3189/2014JoG13J045

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Nagai, H., Fujita, K., Niimura, T. and Sakai, A. 2013. Southwest-facing slopes control the formation of debris-covered glaciers in the Bhutan Himalaya. *The Cryosphere*, **7**, 1303–1314, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-1303-2013

Nakawo, M. and Young, G.J. 1982. Estimate of glacier ablation under a debris layer from surface temperature and meteorological variables. *Journal of Glaciology*, **28**, 29–34, https://doi.org/10.1017/S002214300001176X

Nakawo, M., Iwata, S., Watanabe, O. and Yoshida, M. 1986. Processes which Distribute Supraglacial Debris on the Khumbu Glacier, Nepal Himalaya. *Annals of Glaciology*, **8**, 129–131, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0260305500001294

Narama, C., Daiyrov, M., Tadono, T., Yamamoto, M., Kääb, A., Morita, R. and Ukita, J. 2017. Seasonal drainage of supraglacial lakes on debris-covered glaciers in the Tien Shan Mountains, Central Asia. *Geomorphology*, **286**, 133–142, https://doi.org/10.1016/j geomorph.2017.03.002

Nicholson, L. and Benn, D.I. 2006. Calculating ice melt beneath a debris layer using meteorological data. *Journal of Glaciology*, **52**, 463–470, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756506781828584

Nicholson, L. and Benn, D.I. 2012. Properties of natural supraglacial debris in relation to modelling sub-debris ice ablation. *Earth Surface Processes and Landforms*, **38**, 490–501, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3299

Nicholson, L. and Mertes, J. 2017. Thickness estimation of supraglacial debris above ice cliff exposures using a high-resolution digital surface model derived from terrestrial photography. *Journal of Glaciology*, **63**, 989–998, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2017.68

Nicholson, L.I., McCarthy, M., Pritchard, H.D. and Willis, I. 2018. Supraglacial debris thickness variability: impact on ablation and relation to terrain properties. *The Cryosphere*, **12**, 3719–3734, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3719-2018

Nicholson, L.I., Wirbel, A., Mayer, C. and Lambrecht, A. in press. The challenge of non-stationary feedbacks in the response of debris-covered glaciers to climate forcing. *Frontiers in Earth Science*, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart. 2021.662695

Nie, Y., Sheng, Y., Liu, Q., Liu, L., Liu, S., Zhang, Y. and Song, C. 2017. A regional-scale assessment of Himalayan glacial lake changes using satellite observations from 1990 to 2015. *Remote Sensing of Environment*, **189**, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.11.008

Noh, M.-J. and Howat, I.M. 2015. Automated stereo-photogrammetric DEM generation at high latitudes: Surface Extraction with TIN-based Search-space Minimization (SETSM) validation and demonstration over glaciated regions. *GIScience & Remote Sensing*, **52**, 198–217, https://doi.org/10.1080/ 15481603.2015.1008621

Niimura, T., Fujita, K., Yamaguchi, S. and Sharma, R.R. 2012. Elevation changes of glaciers revealed by multitemporal digital elevation models calibrated by GPS survey in the Khumbu region, Nepal Himalaya, 19922008. *Journal of Glaciology*, **58**, 648–656, https://doi.org/10.3189/2012JoG11J061

Østrem, G. 1959. Ice Melting under a Thin Layer of Moraine, and the Existence of Ice Cores in Moraine Ridges. *Geografiska Annaler*, **41**, 228–230, https://doi.org/10.1080/20014422.1959.11907953

Owen, L.A., Derbyshire, E. and Scott, C.H. 2003. Contemporary sediment production and transfer in high-altitude glaciers. *Sedimentary Geology*, **155**, 13–36, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(02)00156-2

Panday, P., Bulley, H., Haritashya, U. and Ghimire, B. 2011. Supraglacial Lake Classification in the Everest Region of Nepal Himalaya. In: Thakur, J.K., et al. (eds) *Geospatial Techniques for Managing Environmental Resources*. Capital Publishing Company, 86-99, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1858-6-6

Pandit, A. and Ramsankaran, R. 2020. Identification of Potential Sites for Future Lake Formation and Expansion of Existing Lakes in Glaciers of Chandra Basin, Western Himalayas, India. *Frontiers in Earth Science*, **8**, 382, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2020.500116

Pant, S.R. and Reynolds, J.M. 2000. Application of electrical imaging techniques for the investigation of natural dams: an example from the Thulagi Glacier

Lake, Nepal. *Journal of Nepal Geological Society*, **22**, https://doi.org/10.3126/ jngs.v22i0.32348

Paul, F., Huggel, C. and Kääb, A. 2004. Combining satellite multispectral image data and a digital elevation model for mapping debris-covered glaciers. *Rem Sens Environ*, **89**, 510–518, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2003.11.007

Paul, F., Kaab, A. and Haeberli, W. 2007. Recent glacier changes in the Alps observed by satellite: Consequences for future monitoring strategies. *Global and Planetary Change*, **56**, 111–122, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.07.007

Paul, F., Barrand, N.E., Aaa, A.A., et al. 2013. On the accuracy of glacier outlines derived from remote-sensing data. *Annals of Glaciology*, **54**, 171–182, https:// doi.org/10.3189/2013AoG63A296

Pelluciotti, F., Stephan, C., Miles, E., Herreid, S., Immerzeel, W.W. and Bolch, T. 2015. Mass-balance changes of the debris-covered glaciers in the Langtang Himal, Nepal, from 1974 to 1999. *Journal of Glaciology*, **61**, 373–386, https:// doi.org/10.3189/2015JoG13J237

Pfeffer, W.T., Arendt, A.A., Aaa, A.A., et al. 2014. The Randolph Glacier Inventory: a globally complete inventory of glaciers. *Journal of Glaciology*, **60**, https://doi.org/10.3189/2014JoG13J176

Pieczonka, T., Bolch, T., Kröhnert, M., Peters, J. and Liu, S. 2018. Glacier branch lines and glacier ice thickness estimation for debris-covered glaciers in the Central Tien Shan. *Journal of Glaciology*, **64**, 835–849, https://doi.org/10. 1017/jog.2018.75

Pritchard, H.D., King, E.C., Goodger, D.J., McCarthy, M., Mayer, C. and Krayastha, R. 2020. Towards Bedmap1 Himalayas: development of an airborne ice-sounding radar for glacier thickness surveys in High-Mountain Asia. *Annals of Glaciology*, **61**, 35–45, https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2020.29

Quincey, D.J., Lucas, R.M., Richardson, S.D., Glasser, N.F., Hambrey, M.J. and Reynolds, J.M. 2005. Optical remote sensing techniques in high-mountain environments: application to glacial hazards. *Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment*, **29**, 475–505, https://doi.org/10.1191/ 0309133305pp456ra

Quincey, D.J., Richardson, S.D., Luckman, A., Lucas, R.M., Reynolds, J.M., Hambrey, M.J. and Glasser, N.F. 2007. Early recognition of glacial lake hazards in the Himalaya using remote sensing datasets. *Global and Planetary Change*, **56**, 137–152, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.07.013

Quincey, D.J., Luckman, A. and Benn, D. 2009. Quantification of Everest region glacier velocities between 1992 and 2002, using satellite radar interferometry and feature tracking. *Journal of Glaciology*, **55**, 596–606, https://doi.org/10. 3189/002214309789470987

Racoviteanu, A.E. and Williams, M.W. 2012. Decision tree and texture analysis for mapping debris-covered glaciers: a case study from Kangchenjunga, eastern Himalaya. *Remote Sensing Special Issue*, **4**, 3078–3109, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs4103078

Racoviteanu, A., Arnaud, Y. and Williams, M. 2008. Decadal changes in glacier parameters in Cordillera Blanca, Peru derived from remote sensing. *Journal of Glaciology*, **54**, 499–510, https://doi.org/10.3189/00221430878536922

Racoviteanu, A., Paul, F., Raup, B., Khalsa, S.J.S. and Armstrong, R. 2009. Challenges and recommendations in mapping of glacier parameters from space: results of the 2008 Global Land Ice Measurements from Space (GLIMS) workshop, Boulder, Colorado, USA. *Annals of Glaciology*, **50**, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756410790959804

Racoviteanu, A.E., Arnaud, Y., Williams, M.W. and Manley, W.F. 2015. Spatial patterns in glacier characteristics and area changes from 1962 to 2006 in the Kanchenjunga'; Sikkim area, eastern Himalaya. *The Cryosphere*, **9**, 505–523, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-505-2015

Racoviteanu, A., Nicholson, L. and Glasser, N. 2021. Surface composition of debris covered glaciers across the Himalaya using linear spectral unmixing of Landsat 8 data. *The Cryosphere*, **15**, 4557–4588, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc- 15-4557-2021

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Ranzi, R., Grossi, G., Iacovelli, L. and Taschner, S. 2004. Use of multispectral ASTER images for mapping debris-covered glaciers within the GLIMS project. IGARSS 2004. 2004 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 20-24 Sept. 2004, Anchorage, AK, USA, 1144–1147.

Rashid, I., Majeed, U., Jan, A. and Glasser, N.F. 2020. The January 2018 to September 2019 surge of Shisper Glacier, Pakistan, detected from remote sensing observations. *Geomorphology*, **351**, 106957, https://doi.org/10.1016/ j geomorph.2019.106957

Reid, T.D. and Brock, B.W. 2010. An energy-balance model for debris-covered glaciers including heat conduction through the debris layer. *Journal of Glaciology*, **56**, 903–916, https://doi.org/10.3189/002214310794457218

Reid, T.D. and Brock, B.W. 2014. Assessing ice-cliff backwasting and its contribution to total ablation of debris-covered Miage glacier, Mont Blanc massif, Italy. *Journal of Glaciology*, **60**, 3–13, https://doi.org/10.3189/ 2014JoG13J045

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Westoby, M.J., Glasser, N.F., Brasington, J., Hambrey, M.J., Quincey, D.J. and Reynolds, J.M. 2014. Modelling outburst floods from moraine-dammed glacial lakes. *Earth-Science Reviews*, **134**, 137–159, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.03.009

Westoby, M.J., Brasington, J., Glasser, N.F., Hambrey, M.J., Reynolds, J.M., Hassan, M.A.A.M. and Lowe, A. 2015. Numerical modelling of glacial lake outburst floods using physically based dam-breach models. *Earth Surface Dynamics*, **3**, 171–199, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-3-171-2015

Westoby, M.J., Rounce, D.R., Shaw, T.E., Fyffe, C.L., Moore, P.L., Stewart, R.L. and Brock, B.W. 2020. Geomorphological evolution of a debris-covered glacier surface. *Earth Surface Processes and Landforms*, **45**, 3431–3448, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4973

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Wilson, R., Glasser, N.F., Reynolds, J.M., Harrison, S., Anacona, P.I., Schaefer, M. and Shannon, S. 2018. Glacial lakes of the Central and Patagonian Andes. *Global and Planetary Change*, **162**, 275–291, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2018.01.004

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Wirbel, A., Jarosch, A.H. and Nicholson, L. 2018. Modelling debris transport within glaciers by advection in a full-Stokes ice flow model. *The Cryosphere*, **12**, 189–204, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-189-2018

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Worni, R., Huggel, C., Clague, J. and Schaub, Y. 2014. Coupling glacial lake impact, dam breach, and flood processes: A modeling perspective. *Geomorphology*, **224**, 161–176, https://doi.org/10.1016/j geomorph.2014.06.031

Xie, F., Liu, S., Aaa, A.A., et al. 2020a. Upward Expansion of Supra-Glacial Debris Cover in the Hunza Valley, Karakoram, during 1990–2019. *Frontiers in Earth Science*, **8**, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2020.00308

Xie, Z., Haritashya, U.K., Asari, V.K., Young, B.W., Bishop, M.P. and Kargel, J.S. 2020b. GlacierNet: A Deep-Learning Approach for Debris-Covered Glacier Mapping. *IEEE Access*, **8**, 83495–83510, https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2991187

Xu, X., Asawa, T. and Kobayashi, H. 2020. Narrow-to-Broadband Conversion for Albedo Estimation on Urban Surfaces by UAV-Based Multispectral Camera. *Remote Sensing*, **12**, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12142214

Zemp, M., Frey, H., Aaa, A.A., et al. 2015. Historically unprecedented global glacier decline in the early 21st century. *Journal of Glaciology*, **61**, 745–762, https://doi.org/10.3189/2015JoG15J017

Zhang, Y., Fujita, K., Liu, S., Liu, Q. and Niuimura, T. 2011. Distribution of debris thickness and its effect on ice melt at Hailuoguog glacier, southeastern Tibetan Plateau, using in situ surveys and ASTER imagery. *Journal of Glaciology*, **57**, 1147–1157, https://doi.org/10.3189/002214311798843331

Zhang, G., Yao, T., Xie, H., Wang, W. and Yang, W. 2015. An inventory of glacial lakes in the Third Pole region and their changes in response to global warming. *Global and Planetary Change*, **131**, 148–157, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2015.05.013

Zhang, M.-M., Chen, F. and Tian, B.-S. 2018. An automated method for glacial lake mapping in High Mountain Asia using Landsat 8 imagery. *Journal of Mountain Science*, **15**, 13–24, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-017-4518-5

Zhang, J.J., Menenti, M.L. and Hu, G. 2019. Glacier Facies Mapping Using a Machine-Learning Algorithm: The Parlung Zangbo Basin Case Study. *Remote Sensing*, **11**, 452, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11040452

Zhang, B., Liu, G., Aaa, A.A., et al. 2021. Monitoring Dynamic Evolution of the Glacial Lakes by Using Time Series of Sentinel-1A SAR Images. *Remote Sensing*, **13**, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13071313

Zhao, H., Chen, F. and Zhang, M. 2018. A Systematic Extraction Approach for Mapping Glacial Lakes in High Mountain Regions of Asia. *IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing*, **11**, 2788–2799, https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2018.2846551

Zheng, G., Allen, S.K., Aaa, A.A., et al. 2021. Increasing risk of glacial lake outburst floods from future Third Pole deglaciation. *Nature Climate Change*, **11**, 411–417, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-021-01028-3