Virus (H5N1) in South America. bioRxiv:2023.2002.2008.527769. doi: 10.1101/2023.02.08.527769

GBIF, online. Canis vulpes Linnaeus, 1758. Available online: https://www.gbif.org/species/176684701/verbatim [Accessed: 8 March 2023].

GovUK (UK Health Security Agency), online. Technical risk assessment for avian influenza (human health): influenza A H5N1 2.3.4.4b. Available online: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/avian-influenza-influenza-a-h5n1-risk-to-human-health/technical-risk-assessment-for-avian-influenza-human-health-influenza-a-h5n1-2344b [Accessed: 8 March 2023].

Healthy Wildlife (Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative), online. First case of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus infection in a black bear. Available online: http://blog.healthywildlife.ca/first-case-of-highly-pathogenic-h5n1-avian-influenza-virus-infection-in-a-black-bear/ [Accessed: 29 September 2022].

Herfst S, Schrauwen EJ, Linster M, Chutinimitkul S, de Wit E, Munster VJ, Sorrell EM, Bestebroer TM, Burke DF, Smith DJ, Rimmelzwaan GF, Osterhaus AD and Fouchier RA, 2012. Airborne transmission of influenza A/H5N1 virus between ferrets. Science, 336:1534-1541. doi: 10.1126/science.1213362

Herve S, Schmitz A, Briand FX, Gorin S, Queguiner S, Niqueux E, Paboeuf F, Scoizec A, Le Bouquin-Leneveu S, Eterradossi N and Simon G, 2021. Serological Evidence of Backyard Pig Exposure to Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N8 Virus during 2016-2017 Epizootic in France. Pathogens, 10. doi: 10.3390/pathogens10050621

Imai M, Watanabe T, Hatta M, Das SC, Ozawa M, Shinya K, Zhong G, Hanson A, Katsura H, Watanabe S, Li C, Kawakami E, Yamada S, Kiso M, Suzuki Y, Maher EA, Neumann G and Kawaoka Y, 2012. Experimental adaptation of an influenza H5 HA confers respiratory droplet transmission to a reassortant H5 HA/H1N1 virus in ferrets. Nature, 486:420-428. doi: 10.1038/nature10831

IUCN, online. Red Fox. Available online: https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/23062/193903628 [Accessed: 8 March 2023].

KFGO, online. Peru bird flu kills sea lions and thousands of pelicans in Peru's protected areas. Available online: https://kfgo.com/2023/02/21/bird-flu-kills-sea-lions-and-thousands-of-pelicans-in-perus-protected-areas/ [Accessed: 8 March 2023].

Kiniradio, online. Brown Bear Cub in Alaska tests positive for Avian Influenza. Available online: https://www.kinyradio.com/news/news-of-the-north/brown-bear-cub-in-alaska-tests-positive-for-avian-influenza/ [Accessed: 16 December 2022].

KTOO, online. First bear with bird flu in US was cub in Glacier Bay. Available online: https://www.ktoo.org/2022/11/22/first-bear-with-bird-flu-in-us-was-cub-in-glacier-bay/ [Accessed: 16 December 2022].

Lee EK, Lee YN, Kye SJ, Lewis NS, Brown IH, Sagong M, Heo GB, Kang YM, Cho HK, Kang HM, Cheon SH, Lee M, Park BK, Kim YJ and Lee YJ, 2018. Characterization of a novel reassortant H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus clade 2.3.4.4 in Korea, 2017. Emerging Microbes & Infections, 7:103. doi: 10.1038/s41426-018-0104-3

Leguia M, Garcia-Glaessner A, Muñoz-Saavedra B, Juarez D, Barrera P, Calvo-Mac C, Jara J, Silva W, Ploog K, Amaro L, Colchao-Claux P, Uhart MM, Nelson MI and Lescano J, 2023. Highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) in marine mammals and seabirds in Peru. bioRxiv:2023.2003.2003.531008. doi: 10.1101/2023.03.03.531008

Lo F, Zecchin B, Diallo A, Racky O, Tassoni L, Diop A, Diouf M, Diouf M, Samb Y, Pastori A, Gobbo F, Ellero F, Diop M, Lo M, Diouf M, Fall M, Ndiaye A, Gaye A, Badiane M, Lo M, Youm B, Ndao I, Niaga M, Terregino C, Diop B, Ndiaye Y, Angot A, Seck I, Niang M, Soumare B, Fusaro A and Monne I, 2022. Intercontinental Spread of Eurasian Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) to Senegal. Emerging Infectious Disease journal, 28:234. doi: 10.3201/eid2801.211401

Makalo MRJ, Dundon WG, Settypalli TBK, Datta S, Lamien CE, Cattoli G, Phalatsi MS, Lepheana RJ, Matlali M, Mahloane RG, Molomo M and Mphaka PC, 2022. Highly pathogenic avian influenza (A/H5N1) virus outbreaks in Lesotho, May 2021.
Emerging Microbes & Infections, 11:757-760. doi: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2043729

Mead CJ and Richford AS, 2003. Encyclopedia of birds, Buffalo, N.Y. : Firefly Books. 656 pp.

nws v, online. Avian flu decimates black-headed gulls in Limburg. Available online: https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/en/2023/02/28/avian-flu-decimates-black-headed-gulls-in-limburg/ [Accessed: 8 March 2023].

Oliver I, Roberts J, Brown CS, Byrne AM, Mellon D, Hansen R, Banyard AC, James J, Donati M, Porter R, Ellis J, Cogdale J, Lackenby A, Chand M, Dabrera G, Brown IH and Zambon M, 2022. A case of avian influenza A(H5N1) in England, January 2022. Euro Surveill, 27. doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.5.2200061

OPS (Organizacion Panamericana de la Salud), 2023. Actualizacion Epidemiologica Brotes de Influenza Aviar y las implicaciones para la salud pública en la Región de las Américas - 11 de enero de 2023. 17 pp. Available online: https://www.paho.org/es/documentos/actualizacion-epidemiologica-brotes-influenza-aviar-implicaciones-para-salud-publica-0

Ouoba LB, Habibata-Zerbo L, Zecchin B, Barbierato G, Hamidou-Ouandaogo S, Palumbo E, Giussani E, Bortolami A, Niang M, Traore-Kam A, Terregino C, Guitti-Kindo M, Angot A, Guigma D, Barro N, Fusaro A and Monne I, 2022. Emergence of a Reassortant 2.3.4.4b Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus Containing H9N2 PA Gene in Burkina Faso, West Africa, in 2021. Viruses, 14

Outbreak News, online. Denmark reports 1st highly pathogenic avian influenza case in harbor seal. Available online: http://outbreaknewstoday.com/denmark-reports-1st-highly-pathogenic-avian-influenza-case-in-harbor-seal-89870/ [Accessed: 29 June 2022].

ProMed, online. Avian influenza (226): Americas (Peru) pelican, HPAI H5N1, Archive Number: 20221202.8707032. Available online: https://promedmail.org/promed-post/?id=20221202.8707032 [Accessed: 16 December 2022].

Pulit-Penaloza J, Belser J, Brock N, Thakur PB, Tumpey T and Maines T, 2022. Pathogenesis and Transmissibility of North American Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus in Ferrets. Emerging Infectious Disease journal, 28:1913. doi: 10.3201/eid2809.220879

Puryear W, Sawatzki K, Hill N, Foss A, Stone JJ, Doughty L, Walk D, Gilbert K, Murray M, Cox E, Patel P, Mertz Z, Ellis S, Taylor J, Fauquier D, Smith A, DiGiovanni RA, van de Guchte A, Gonzalez-Reiche AS, Khalil Z, van Bakel H, Torchetti MK, Lenoch JB, Lantz K and Runstadler J, 2022. Outbreak of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 in New England Seals. bioRxiv:2022.007.2029.501155. doi: 10.1101/2022.07.29.501155

Pyankova OG, Susloparov IM, Moiseeva AA, Kolosova NP, Onkhonova GS, Danilenko AV, Vakalova EV, Shendo GL, Nekeshina NN, Noskova LN, Demina JV, Frolova NV, Gavrilova EV, Maksyutov RA and Ryzhikov AB, 2021. Isolation of clade 2.3.4.4b A(H5N8), a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, from a worker during an outbreak on a poultry farm, Russia, December 2020. Eurosurveillance, 26:2100439. doi: doi:https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.24.2100439

Rith S, Davis CT, Duong V, Sar B, Horm SV, Chin S, Ly S, Laurent D, Richner B, Oboho I, Jang Y, Davis W, Thor S, Balish A, Iuliano AD, Sorn S, Holl D, Sok T, Seng H, Tarantola A, Tsuyuoka R, Parry A, Chea N, Allal L, Kitsutani P, Warren D, Prouty M, Horwood P, Widdowson MA, Lindstrom S, Villanueva J, Donis R, Cox N and Buchy P, 2014. Identification of molecular markers associated with alteration of receptor-binding specificity in a novel genotype of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses detected in Cambodia in 2013. J Virol, 88:13897-13909. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01887-14

Russell CA, Fonville JM, Brown AE, Burke DF, Smith DL, James SL, Herfst S, van Boheemen S, Linster M, Schrauwen EJ, Katzelnick L, Mosterin A, Kuiken T, Maher E, Neumann G, Osterhaus AD, Kawaoka Y, Fouchier RA and Smith DJ, 2012. The potential for respiratory droplet-transmissible A/H5N1 influenza virus to evolve in a mammalian host. Science, 336:1541-1547. doi: 10.1126/science.1222526
Emerging Microbes & Infections, 11:757-760. doi: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2043729

Mead CJ and Richford AS, 2003. Encyclopedia of birds, Buffalo, N.Y. : Firefly Books. 656 pp.

nws v, online. Avian flu decimates black-headed gulls in Limburg. Available online: https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/en/2023/02/28/avian-flu-decimates-black-headed-gulls-in-limburg/ [Accessed: 8 March 2023].

Oliver I, Roberts J, Brown CS, Byrne AM, Mellon D, Hansen R, Banyard AC, James J, Donati M, Porter R, Ellis J, Cogdale J, Lackenby A, Chand M, Dabrera G, Brown IH and Zambon M, 2022. A case of avian influenza A(H5N1) in England, January 2022. Euro Surveill, 27. doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.5.2200061

OPS (Organizacion Panamericana de la Salud), 2023. Actualizacion Epidemiologica Brotes de Influenza Aviar y las implicaciones para la salud pública en la Región de las Américas - 11 de enero de 2023. 17 pp. Available online: https://www.paho.org/es/documentos/actualizacion-epidemiologica-brotes-influenza-aviar-implicaciones-para-salud-publica-0

Ouoba LB, Habibata-Zerbo L, Zecchin B, Barbierato G, Hamidou-Ouandaogo S, Palumbo E, Giussani E, Bortolami A, Niang M, Traore-Kam A, Terregino C, Guitti-Kindo M, Angot A, Guigma D, Barro N, Fusaro A and Monne I, 2022. Emergence of a Reassortant 2.3.4.4b Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus Containing H9N2 PA Gene in Burkina Faso, West Africa, in 2021. Viruses, 14

Outbreak News, online. Denmark reports 1st highly pathogenic avian influenza case in harbor seal. Available online: http://outbreaknewstoday.com/denmark-reports-1st-highly-pathogenic-avian-influenza-case-in-harbor-seal-89870/ [Accessed: 29 June 2022].

ProMed, online. Avian influenza (226): Americas (Peru) pelican, HPAI H5N1, Archive Number: 20221202.8707032. Available online: https://promedmail.org/promed-post/?id=20221202.8707032 [Accessed: 16 December 2022].

Pulit-Penaloza J, Belser J, Brock N, Thakur PB, Tumpey T and Maines T, 2022. Pathogenesis and Transmissibility of North American Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus in Ferrets. Emerging Infectious Disease journal, 28:1913. doi: 10.3201/eid2809.220879

Puryear W, Sawatzki K, Hill N, Foss A, Stone JJ, Doughty L, Walk D, Gilbert K, Murray M, Cox E, Patel P, Mertz Z, Ellis S, Taylor J, Fauquier D, Smith A, DiGiovanni RA, van de Guchte A, Gonzalez-Reiche AS, Khalil Z, van Bakel H, Torchetti MK, Lenoch JB, Lantz K and Runstadler J, 2022. Outbreak of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 in New England Seals. bioRxiv:2022.007.2029.501155. doi: 10.1101/2022.07.29.501155

Pyankova OG, Susloparov IM, Moiseeva AA, Kolosova NP, Onkhonova GS, Danilenko AV, Vakalova EV, Shendo GL, Nekeshina NN, Noskova LN, Demina JV, Frolova NV, Gavrilova EV, Maksyutov RA and Ryzhikov AB, 2021. Isolation of clade 2.3.4.4b A(H5N8), a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, from a worker during an outbreak on a poultry farm, Russia, December 2020. Eurosurveillance, 26:2100439. doi: doi:https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.24.2100439

Rith S, Davis CT, Duong V, Sar B, Horm SV, Chin S, Ly S, Laurent D, Richner B, Oboho I, Jang Y, Davis W, Thor S, Balish A, Iuliano AD, Sorn S, Holl D, Sok T, Seng H, Tarantola A, Tsuyuoka R, Parry A, Chea N, Allal L, Kitsutani P, Warren D, Prouty M, Horwood P, Widdowson MA, Lindstrom S, Villanueva J, Donis R, Cox N and Buchy P, 2014. Identification of molecular markers associated with alteration of receptor-binding specificity in a novel genotype of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses detected in Cambodia in 2013. J Virol, 88:13897-13909. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01887-14

Russell CA, Fonville JM, Brown AE, Burke DF, Smith DL, James SL, Herfst S, van Boheemen S, Linster M, Schrauwen EJ, Katzelnick L, Mosterin A, Kuiken T, Maher E, Neumann G, Osterhaus AD, Kawaoka Y, Fouchier RA and Smith DJ, 2012. The potential for respiratory droplet-transmissible A/H5N1 influenza virus to evolve in a mammalian host. Science, 336:1541-1547. doi: 10.1126/science.1222526
Sanidad Md, 2022. Primera detección de gripe aviar A(H5N1) en humanos en España. 13 pp. Available online: https://www.sanidad.gob.es/profesionales/saludPublica/ccayes/alertasActual/docs/20221004_ERR_Gripe_aviar.pdf

Schülein A, Ritzmann M, Christian J, Schneider K and Neubauer-Juric A, 2021. Exposure of wild boar to Influenza A viruses in Bavaria: Analysis of seroprevalences and antibody subtype specificity before and after the panzootic of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses A (H5N8). Zoonoses and Public Health, n/a. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/zph.12841

SENASA, 2023. INFLUENZA AVIAR ALTAMENTE PATÓGENA 2023. 3 pp. Available online: https://www.argentina.gob.ar/sites/default/files/2022/12/0_informe_brotes_confiri rmados_iaap_06032023.pdf

Shin D, Siebert U, Lakemeyer J, Grilo M, Pawliczka I, Wu N, Valentin-Weigand P, Haas L and Herrler G, 2019. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Virus in Gray Seals, Baltic Sea. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 25:2295-2298. doi: 10.3201/eid2512.181472

Shinya K and Kawaoka Y, 2006. [Influenza virus receptors in the human airway]. Uirusu, 56:85-89. doi: 10.2222/jsv.56.85

Sikkema RS, Begeman L, Janssen R, Wolters WJ, Geurtsvankessel C, de Bruin E, Hakze-van der Honing RW, Eble P, van der Poel WHM, van den Brand JMA, Slaterus R, La Haye M, Koopmans MPG, Velkers F and Kuiken T, 2022. Risks of SARS-CoV-2 transmission between free-ranging animals and captive mink in the Netherlands. Transbound Emerg Dis, 69:3339-3349. doi: 10.1111/tbed.14686

Smith GJ, Donis RO, World Health Organization/World Organisation for Animal HF and Agriculture Organization HEWG, 2015. Nomenclature updates resulting from the evolution of avian influenza A(H5) virus clades 2.1.3.2a, 2.2.1, and 2.3.4 during 2013-2014. Influenza Other Respir Viruses, 9:271-276. doi: 10.1111/irv.12324

SSI (Staten Serum Insitut), online. Bird flu in Danish seals. Available online: https://www.ssi.dk/aktuelt/nyheder/2022/fugleinfluenza-i-dansk-sael [Accessed: 29 June 2022].

Stevens J, Blixt O, Tumpey TM, Taubenberger JK, Paulson JC and Wilson IA, 2006. Structure and receptor specificity of the hemagglutinin from an H5N1 influenza virus. Science, 312:404-410. doi: 10.1126/science.1124513

Suttie A, Deng YM, Greenhill AR, Dussart P, Horwood PF and Karlsson EA, 2019. Inventory of molecular markers affecting biological characteristics of avian influenza A viruses. Virus Genes, 55:739-768. doi: 10.1007/s11262-019-01700-z

SVA (National Veterinary Institute Sweden), online. First case of bird flu confirmed in porpoises. Available online: https://www.sva.se/aktuellt/pressmeddelanden/forsta-fallet-av-fagelinfluenza-bekraftad-hos-tumlare/ [Accessed: 29 September 2022].

SVA (National Veterinary Institute Sweden), online. Highly pathogenic bird flu - the past season and the infection situation for the coming season. Available online: https://www.sva.se/statsepizootologen-kommenterar/hogpatogen-fagelinfluenza-den-gangna-sasongen-och-smittlaget-infor-kommande-sasong/ [Accessed: 21 December 2021].

Trouw, online. Bird flu breaks out in godwit paradise, just before the birds return en masse. Available online: https://www.trouw.nl/binnenland/vogelgriep-breekt-uit-in-gruttoparadijs-net-voor-de-vogels-massaal-terugkeren~ba7d4d2b/ [Accessed: 8 March 2023].

UFHealth (University of Florida Helath), online. A first: Avian influenza detected in American dolphin. Available online: https://ufhealth.org/news/2022/first-avian-influenza-detected-american-dolphin [Accessed: 29 June 2022].

USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture), online. 2022 Detections of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Mammals. Available online: https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/avian/avian-influenza/hpai-2022/2022-hpai-mammals [Accessed: 16 December 2022].
Sanidad Md, 2022. Primera detección de gripe aviar A(H5N1) en humanos en España. 13 pp. Available online: https://www.sanidad.gob.es/profesionales/saludPublica/ccayes/alertasActual/docs/20221004_ERR_Gripe_aviar.pdf

Schülein A, Ritzmann M, Christian J, Schneider K and Neubauer-Juric A, 2021. Exposure of wild boar to Influenza A viruses in Bavaria: Analysis of seroprevalences and antibody subtype specificity before and after the panzootic of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses A (H5N8). Zoonoses and Public Health, n/a. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/zph.12841

SENASA, 2023. INFLUENZA AVIAR ALTAMENTE PATÓGENA 2023. 3 pp. Available online: https://www.argentina.gob.ar/sites/default/files/2022/12/0_informe_brotes_confiri rmados_iaap_06032023.pdf

Shin D, Siebert U, Lakemeyer J, Grilo M, Pawliczka I, Wu N, Valentin-Weigand P, Haas L and Herrler G, 2019. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Virus in Gray Seals, Baltic Sea. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 25:2295-2298. doi: 10.3201/eid2512.181472

Shinya K and Kawaoka Y, 2006. [Influenza virus receptors in the human airway]. Uirusu, 56:85-89. doi: 10.2222/jsv.56.85

Sikkema RS, Begeman L, Janssen R, Wolters WJ, Geurtsvankessel C, de Bruin E, Hakze-van der Honing RW, Eble P, van der Poel WHM, van den Brand JMA, Slaterus R, La Haye M, Koopmans MPG, Velkers F and Kuiken T, 2022. Risks of SARS-CoV-2 transmission between free-ranging animals and captive mink in the Netherlands. Transbound Emerg Dis, 69:3339-3349. doi: 10.1111/tbed.14686

Smith GJ, Donis RO, World Health Organization/World Organisation for Animal HF and Agriculture Organization HEWG, 2015. Nomenclature updates resulting from the evolution of avian influenza A(H5) virus clades 2.1.3.2a, 2.2.1, and 2.3.4 during 2013-2014. Influenza Other Respir Viruses, 9:271-276. doi: 10.1111/irv.12324

SSI (Staten Serum Insitut), online. Bird flu in Danish seals. Available online: https://www.ssi.dk/aktuelt/nyheder/2022/fugleinfluenza-i-dansk-sael [Accessed: 29 June 2022].

Stevens J, Blixt O, Tumpey TM, Taubenberger JK, Paulson JC and Wilson IA, 2006. Structure and receptor specificity of the hemagglutinin from an H5N1 influenza virus. Science, 312:404-410. doi: 10.1126/science.1124513

Suttie A, Deng YM, Greenhill AR, Dussart P, Horwood PF and Karlsson EA, 2019. Inventory of molecular markers affecting biological characteristics of avian influenza A viruses. Virus Genes, 55:739-768. doi: 10.1007/s11262-019-01700-z

SVA (National Veterinary Institute Sweden), online. First case of bird flu confirmed in porpoises. Available online: https://www.sva.se/aktuellt/pressmeddelanden/forsta-fallet-av-fagelinfluenza-bekraftad-hos-tumlare/ [Accessed: 29 September 2022].

SVA (National Veterinary Institute Sweden), online. Highly pathogenic bird flu - the past season and the infection situation for the coming season. Available online: https://www.sva.se/statsepizootologen-kommenterar/hogpatogen-fagelinfluenza-den-gangna-sasongen-och-smittlaget-infor-kommande-sasong/ [Accessed: 21 December 2021].

Trouw, online. Bird flu breaks out in godwit paradise, just before the birds return en masse. Available online: https://www.trouw.nl/binnenland/vogelgriep-breekt-uit-in-gruttoparadijs-net-voor-de-vogels-massaal-terugkeren~ba7d4d2b/ [Accessed: 8 March 2023].

UFHealth (University of Florida Helath), online. A first: Avian influenza detected in American dolphin. Available online: https://ufhealth.org/news/2022/first-avian-influenza-detected-american-dolphin [Accessed: 29 June 2022].

USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture), online. 2022 Detections of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Mammals. Available online: https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/avian/avian-influenza/hpai-2022/2022-hpai-mammals [Accessed: 16 December 2022].
Vogelklas, online. Black-headed gulls with bird flu. Available online: [https://www.vogelklas.nl/kokmeeuwen-met-vogelgriep/](https://www.vogelklas.nl/kokmeeuwen-met-vogelgriep/) [Accessed: 8 March 2023].

WHO (World Health Organization), 2017. Operational Guidance on Sharing Influenza Viruses with Human Pandemic Potential (IVPP) under the Pandemic Influenza Preparedness (PIP) Framework. Geneva, WHO. 20 pp. Available online: [http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/259402/WHO-WHE-IHM-GIP-2017.3-eng.pdf](http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/259402/WHO-WHE-IHM-GIP-2017.3-eng.pdf;jsessionid=FF66316FB599ADA38D34499AA56765FA?sequence=1)

WHO (World Health Organization), 2020. Antigenic and genetic characteristics of zoonotic influenza A viruses and development of candidate vaccine viruses for pandemic preparedness. Geneva, WHO. 15 pp. Available online: [https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/336259](https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/336259)

WHO (World Health Organization), 2021a. Antigenic and genetic characteristics of zoonotic influenza A viruses and development of candidate vaccine viruses for pandemic preparedness September 2021. Geneva. 13 pp. Available online: [https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/influenza/who-influenza-recommendations/vcm-southern-hemisphere-recommendation-2022/202110_zoonotic_vaccinevirusupdate.pdf](https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/influenza/who-influenza-recommendations/vcm-southern-hemisphere-recommendation-2022/202110_zoonotic_vaccinevirusupdate.pdf?sfvrsn=8f87a5f1_11)

WHO (World Health Organization), 2021b. Influenza at the human-animal interface; Summary and assessment, from 22 May to 22 June 2021. Geneva. 7 pp. Available online: [https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/influenza/human-animal-interface-risk-assessments/influenza_summary_ira ha interface_june 2021.pdf](https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/influenza/human-animal-interface-risk-assessments/influenza_summary_ira ha interface_june 2021.pdf?sfvrsn=bf6f707e_6&download=true)

WHO (World Health Organization), 2021c. Influenza at the human-animal interface; Summary and assessment, from 30 January to 15 April 2021. Geneva. 7 pp. Available online: [https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/influenza/human-animal-interface-risk-assessments/influenza_summary_ira ha interface_apr 2021.pdf](https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/influenza/human-animal-interface-risk-assessments/influenza_summary_ira ha interface_apr 2021.pdf?sfvrsn=d08843a8_9&download=true)

WHO (World Health Organization), 2021d. Assessment of risk associated with influenza A(H5N6) virus, 29 November 2021. 3 pp. Available online: [https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/influenza/avian-and-other-zoonotic-influenza/a(h5n6)-risk-assessment.pdf](https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/influenza/avian-and-other-zoonotic-influenza/a(h5n6)-risk-assessment.pdf?sfvrsn=e945a0b9_7&download=true)

WHO (World Health Organization), 2022a. Assessment of risk associated with recent influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b viruses. Geneva. 3 pp. Available online: [https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/influenza/avian-and-other-zoonotic-influenza/h5-risk-assessment-dec-2022.pdf](https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/influenza/avian-and-other-zoonotic-influenza/h5-risk-assessment-dec-2022.pdf?sfvrsn=a496333a_1&download=true)

WHO (World Health Organization), 2022b. Influenza at the human-animal interface; Summary and assessment, from 6 October to 11 November 2022. Geneva. 6 pp. Available online: [https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/influenza/human-animal-interface-risk-assessments/influenza-at-the-human-animal-interface-summary-and-assessment--from-6-october-to-11-november-2022.pdf](https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/influenza/human-animal-interface-risk-assessments/influenza-at-the-human-animal-interface-summary-and-assessment--from-6-october-to-11-november-2022.pdf?sfvrsn=db9a4370_1&download=true)

WHO (World Health Organization), 2023. Genetic and antigenic characteristics of zoonotic influenza A viruses and development of candidate vaccine viruses for pandemic preparedness Geneva. 12 pp. Available online: [https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/influenza/who-influenza-recommendations/vcm-northern-hemisphere-recommendation-2023-2024/20230224_zoonotic_recommendations.pdf](https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/influenza/who-influenza-recommendations/vcm-northern-hemisphere-recommendation-2023-2024/20230224_zoonotic_recommendations.pdf?sfvrsn=38c739fa_4)

WHO (World Health Organization), online. Avian Influenza A (H5N1) - Spain. Available online: [https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON420](https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON420) [Accessed: 16 December 2022].
Vogelklas, online. Black-headed gulls with bird flu. Available online: [https://www.vogelklas.nl/kokmeeuwen-met-vogelgriep/](https://www.vogelklas.nl/kokmeeuwen-met-vogelgriep/) [Accessed: 8 March 2023].

WHO (World Health Organization), 2017. Operational Guidance on Sharing Influenza Viruses with Human Pandemic Potential (IVPP) under the Pandemic Influenza Preparedness (PIP) Framework. Geneva, WHO. 20 pp. Available online: [http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/259402/WHO-WHE-IHM-GIP-2017.3-eng.pdf](http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/259402/WHO-WHE-IHM-GIP-2017.3-eng.pdf;jsessionid=FF66316FB599ADA38D34499AA56765FA?sequence=1)

WHO (World Health Organization), 2020. Antigenic and genetic characteristics of zoonotic influenza A viruses and development of candidate vaccine viruses for pandemic preparedness. Geneva, WHO. 15 pp. Available online: [https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/336259](https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/336259)

WHO (World Health Organization), 2021a. Antigenic and genetic characteristics of zoonotic influenza A viruses and development of candidate vaccine viruses for pandemic preparedness September 2021. Geneva. 13 pp. Available online: [https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/influenza/who-influenza-recommendations/vcm-southern-hemisphere-recommendation-2022/202110_zoonotic_vaccinevirusupdate.pdf](https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/influenza/who-influenza-recommendations/vcm-southern-hemisphere-recommendation-2022/202110_zoonotic_vaccinevirusupdate.pdf?sfvrsn=8f87a5f1_11)

WHO (World Health Organization), 2021b. Influenza at the human-animal interface; Summary and assessment, from 22 May to 22 June 2021. Geneva. 7 pp. Available online: [https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/influenza/human-animal-interface-risk-assessments/influenza_summary_ira ha interface_june 2021.pdf](https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/influenza/human-animal-interface-risk-assessments/influenza_summary_ira ha interface_june 2021.pdf?sfvrsn=bf6f707e_6&download=true)

WHO (World Health Organization), 2021c. Influenza at the human-animal interface; Summary and assessment, from 30 January to 15 April 2021. Geneva. 7 pp. Available online: [https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/influenza/human-animal-interface-risk-assessments/influenza_summary_ira ha interface_apr 2021.pdf](https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/influenza/human-animal-interface-risk-assessments/influenza_summary_ira ha interface_apr 2021.pdf?sfvrsn=d08843a8_9&download=true)

WHO (World Health Organization), 2021d. Assessment of risk associated with influenza A(H5N6) virus, 29 November 2021. 3 pp. Available online: [https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/influenza/avian-and-other-zoonotic-influenza/a(h5n6)-risk-assessment.pdf](https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/influenza/avian-and-other-zoonotic-influenza/a(h5n6)-risk-assessment.pdf?sfvrsn=e945a0b9_7&download=true)

WHO (World Health Organization), 2022a. Assessment of risk associated with recent influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b viruses. Geneva. 3 pp. Available online: [https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/influenza/avian-and-other-zoonotic-influenza/h5-risk-assessment-dec-2022.pdf](https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/influenza/avian-and-other-zoonotic-influenza/h5-risk-assessment-dec-2022.pdf?sfvrsn=a496333a_1&download=true)

WHO (World Health Organization), 2022b. Influenza at the human-animal interface; Summary and assessment, from 6 October to 11 November 2022. Geneva. 6 pp. Available online: [https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/influenza/human-animal-interface-risk-assessments/influenza-at-the-human-animal-interface-summary-and-assessment--from-6-october-to-11-november-2022.pdf](https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/influenza/human-animal-interface-risk-assessments/influenza-at-the-human-animal-interface-summary-and-assessment--from-6-october-to-11-november-2022.pdf?sfvrsn=db9a4370_1&download=true)

WHO (World Health Organization), 2023. Genetic and antigenic characteristics of zoonotic influenza A viruses and development of candidate vaccine viruses for pandemic preparedness Geneva. 12 pp. Available online: [https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/influenza/who-influenza-recommendations/vcm-northern-hemisphere-recommendation-2023-2024/20230224_zoonotic_recommendations.pdf](https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/influenza/who-influenza-recommendations/vcm-northern-hemisphere-recommendation-2023-2024/20230224_zoonotic_recommendations.pdf?sfvrsn=38c739fa_4)

WHO (World Health Organization), online. Avian Influenza A (H5N1) - Spain. Available online: [https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON420](https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON420) [Accessed: 16 December 2022].
WHO (World Health Organization), online. Human infection caused by avian influenza A(H5) - Ecuador. Available online: https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2023-DON434 [Accessed: 8 March 2023].

WHO (World Health Organization), online. Human infection with avian influenza A (H5N8) - Russian Federation. Available online: https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2021-DON313 [Accessed: 16 December 2022].

WOAH (World Organization for Animal Health), 2022. High pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) - Situation report 15/11/2022. Paris. 5 pp. Available online: https://www.woah.org/app/uploads/2022/11/hpai-situation-report-20221115.pdf

WOAH (World Organisation for Animal Health), online. Immediate notification/ Highly pathogenic influenza A viruses (Inf. with)(non-poultry including wild birds)(2017-), Estonia. Available online: https://wahis.oie.int/#/report-info?reportId=44804 [Accessed: 21 December 2021].

WOAH (World Organisation for Animal Health), online. World Animal Health Information Database (WAHIS) Interface. Available online: https://wahis.woah.org/#/home [Accessed: 8 March 2023].

WUR (Wageningen University Research), online. Bird flu (H5N1) detected in a fox with neurological symptoms. Available online: https://www.wur.nl/en/research-results/research-institutes/bioveterinary-research/show-bvr/bird-flu-h5n1-detected-in-a-fox-with-neurological-symptoms.htm [Accessed: 30 March 2022].

Zhu W Fau - Li X, Li X Fau - Dong J, Dong J Fau - Bo H, Bo H Fau - Liu J, Liu J Fau - Yang J, Yang J Fau - Zhang Y, Zhang Y Fau - Wei H, Wei H Fau - Huang W, Huang W Fau - Zhao X, Zhao X Fau - Chen T, Chen T Fau - Yang J, Yang J Fau - Li Z, Li Z Fau - Zeng X, Zeng X Fau - Li C, Li C Fau - Tang J, Tang J Fau - Xin L, Xin L Fau - Gao R, Gao R Fau - Liu L, Liu L Fau - Tan M, Tan M Fau - Shu Y, Shu Y Fau - Yang L, Yang L Fau - Wang D and Wang D, 2022. Epidemiologic, Clinical, and Genetic Characteristics of Human Infections with Influenza A(H5N6) Viruses, China.
WHO (World Health Organization), online. Human infection caused by avian influenza A(H5) - Ecuador. Available online: https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2023-DON434 [Accessed: 8 March 2023].

WHO (World Health Organization), online. Human infection with avian influenza A (H5N8) - Russian Federation. Available online: https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2021-DON313 [Accessed: 16 December 2022].

WOAH (World Organization for Animal Health), 2022. High pathogenicity avian influneza (HPAI) - Situation report 15/11/2022. Paris. 5 pp. Available online: https://www.woah.org/app/uploads/2022/11/hpai-situation-report-20221115.pdf

WOAH (World Organisation for Animal Health), online. Immediate notification/ Highly pathogenic influenza A viruses (Inf. with)(non-poultry including wild birds)(2017-), Estonia. Available online: https://wahis.oie.int/#/report-info?reportId=44804 [Accessed: 21 December 2021].

WOAH (World Organisation for Animal Health), online. World Animal Health Information Database (WAHIS) Interface. Available online: https://wahis.woah.org/#/home [Accessed: 8 March 2023].

WUR (Wageningen University Research), online. Bird flu (H5N1) detected in a fox with neurological symptoms. Available online: https://www.wur.nl/en/research-results/research-institutes/bioveterinary-research/show-bvr/bird-flu-h5n1-detected-in-a-fox-with-neurological-symptoms.htm [Accessed: 30 March 2022].

Zhu W Fau - Li X, Li X Fau - Dong J, Dong J Fau - Bo H, Bo H Fau - Liu J, Liu J Fau - Yang J, Yang J Fau - Zhang Y, Zhang Y Fau - Wei H, Wei H Fau - Huang W, Huang W Fau - Zhao X, Zhao X Fau - Chen T, Chen T Fau - Yang J, Yang J Fau - Li Z, Li Z Fau - Zeng X, Zeng X Fau - Li C, Li C Fau - Tang J, Tang J Fau - Xin L, Xin L Fau - Gao R, Gao R Fau - Liu L, Liu L Fau - Tan M, Tan M Fau - Shu Y, Shu Y Fau - Yang L, Yang L Fau - Wang D and Wang D, 2022. Epidemiologic, Clinical, and Genetic Characteristics of Human Infections with Influenza A(H5N6) Viruses, China.
Annex A - Data on birds

The Annex contains tables and figures on wild birds species and movements and HPAI virus detections in birds.

The annex is available on the EFSA Knowledge Junction community on Zenodo at:
[https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7707605](https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7707605)
Annex A - Data on birds

The Annex contains tables and figures on wild birds species and movements and HPAI virus detections in birds.

The annex is available on the EFSA Knowledge Junction community on Zenodo at:
[https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7707605](https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7707605)