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174. Baud S, Thévenot F, Pisch A, Chatillon C. High temperature sintering of SiC with oxide additives: I. Analysis in the SiC-Al₂O₃ and SiC-Al₂O₃-Y₂O₃ systems. *J Eur Ceram Soc.* 2003;23(1):1-8. doi:10.1016/S0955-2219(02)00067-5

175. Copland E. Solidification behavior of gamma'-Ni₃Al-containing alloys in the Ni-Al-O system. *Acta Mater.* 2007;55(14):4853-4865. doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2007.05.011

176. Kattner UR. The thermodynamic modeling of multicomponent phase equilibria. *JOM.* 1997;49(12):14-19. doi:10.1007/s11837-997-0024-5

177. Bencze L, Raj DD, Kath D, Oates WA, Singheiser L, Hilpert K. Thermodynamic properties and diffusion thermodynamic factors in B2-NiAl. *Metall Mater Trans B.* 2004;35(5):867-876. doi:10.1007/s11663-004-0081-x

178. Steiner A, Komarek K. Thermodynamic activities of solid nickel-aluminum alloys. *Trans AIME.* 1964;230:786.

179. Oforka N, Argent B. Thermodynamics of Ni-Cr-Al alloys. *J Less-Common Met.* 1985;114(1):97-109. doi:10.1016/0022-5088(85)90394-7

180. Wang J, Engell HJ. Investigation of the thermodynamic properties of Ni-Al intermetallic compounds by an EMF method. *Steel Res.* 1992; 63(8):320-323. doi:10.1002/srin.199200527

181. Chatain S, Alpettaz T, Gossé S, Guéneau C. Thermodynamic activity measurements in nickel-base industrial alloys and steels by Knudsen cell-mass spectrometry. *J Chem Thermodyn.* 2017;114:144-150. doi:10.1016/j.jct.2017.01.015

182. Spathara D, Sergeev D, Kobertz D, Mueller M, Putman D, Warnken N. Thermodynamic study of single crystal, Ni-based superalloys in the γ + γ' two-phase region using Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry. *DSC SEM J Alloy Compd.* 2021;870:159295. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.159295

183. Copland EH, Jacobson NS, Hilpert K, Kath D. Thermodynamics of the Ti-Al-O system. *CAL.* 2022;77:102400. doi:10.1016/j.calphad.2022.102400

184. Allibert M, Chatillon C. Mass spectrometry measurements of CaF₂ and CaO activities in CaF₂-CaO-Al₂O₃ slags at 1700K. *Can Metall Quart.* 1979;18(3):349-354. doi:10.1179/cmq.1979.18.3.349

185. Stolyarova V. Mass spectrometric thermodynamic studies of oxide systems and materials. *Russ Chem Rev.* 2016;85(1):60-80. doi:10.1070/RCR4549

186. Stolyarova VL. High temperature mass spectrometric study of oxide systems and materials. *Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom.* 1993;7(11): 1022-1032. doi:10.1002/rcm.1290071112

187. Stolyarova V. Vaporization features of oxide systems studied by high-temperature mass spectrometry. *J Nucl Mater.* 1997;247:7-10. doi:10.1016/S0022-3115(97)00025-1

188. Stolyarova V. Vaporization processes and thermodynamic properties of oxide systems studied by high temperature mass spectrometry. *ECS Transactions.* 2013;46(1):55-67. doi:10.1149/04601.0055ecst

189. Stolyarova V. High temperature mass spectrometric study of thermodynamic properties and vaporization processes of oxide systems: experiment and modeling. *Open Thermodyn J.* 2013;7(1): 57-70. doi:10.2174/1874396X01307010057

190. Stolyarova V. Review KEMS 2012 till 2017. *CAL.* 2019;64:258-266. doi:10.1016/j.calphad.2018.12.013

191. Stolyarova V. A mass spectrometric study of the thermodynamic properties of oxide melts. *Glass Phys Chem.* 2001;27(1):3-15. doi:10.1023/A:1009599502138

192. Stolyarova VL. Vaporization features of glass forming melts studies by high temperature mass spectrometry. *Glass Phys Chem.* 2002; 43C:330-338.

193. Stolyarova V, Plotnikov E. Vaporization processes and thermodynamic properties of oxide systems at high temperatures: experimental study and modeling. *Glass Phys Chem.* 2005;31(1):30-43. doi:10.1007/s10720-005-0022-z

194. Stolyarova V. Thermodynamic properties and structure of ternary silicate glass-forming melts: experimental studies and modeling. *J Non Cryst Solids.* 2008;354(12-13):1373-1377. doi:10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2006.10.087

195. Stolyarova V, Petersburg S. Vaporization and thermodynamics of glass-forming oxide melts: mass spectrometric study and modeling. *J Mater Sci Chem Eng.* 2015;3(07):81-86. doi:10.4236/msce.2015.37009

196. Stolyarova VL. Vaporization and thermodynamics of glasses and glass-forming melts in ternary oxide systems. *Appl sol St Chem.* 2017;1(1):26-30. doi:10.18572/2619-0141-2017-1-1-26-30

197. Stolyarova VL. *Ceramics based on the hafnium and rare-earth elements oxides: mass spectrometric study and modeling.* Trudy Kolyskogo Nauchnogo Tzentra; 2015:5.

198. Stolyarova VL, Vorozhtcov VA. Features of thermodynamic description of the systems based hafnium and rare-earth oxides at high temperatures. *Trudy Kolyskogo Nauchnogo Tzentra.* 2018;9(2): 104-107.

199. Stolyarova V, Vorozhtcov V. High temperature behavior of oxide systems containing rare earth elements. *Theor Found Chem Eng.* 2022;56(4):600-608. doi:10.1134/S0040579522040170

200. Stolyarova V, Vorozhtcov V. The potential of the Wilson method in the calculation of the thermodynamic properties of oxide systems at high temperatures. *Russ J Inorg Chem.* 2021;66(9):1396-1404. doi:10.1134/S0036023621090163

201. Vorozhtcov VA, Stolyarova VL. Semiempirical methods for calculating liquidus temperatures in oxide systems. *Tech Phys. 2021;* 66(8):958-968. doi:10.1134/S1063784221060219

202. Stolyarova V, Vorozhtcov V. High temperature study of oxide systems: thermal analysis and Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry. *Russ J Phys Chem A.* 2020;94(13):2640-2647. doi:10.1134/S0036024420130257

203. Lopatin SI. Stability of gaseous salts of oxygen-containing acids. *Russ J gen Chem.* 1999;69(9):1364-1367.

204. Lopatin S. Regularities of the vaporization of oxygen-containing acid salts. *Glass Phys Chem.* 2003;29(4):390-396. doi:10.1023/A:1025177027457

205. Lopatin S. Thermodynamic properties of gaseous salts of oxygen-containing acids. *Zh Fiz Khim.* 2003;77(10):1748-1751.

206. Lopatin S, Shugurov S, Semenov G. Gaseous associates over oxide materials. *Inorg Mater.* 2005;41(12):1340-1344. doi:10.1007/s10789-005-0312-9

207. Lopatin S, Stolyarova V. Thermodynamic properties and structure of gaseous metaborates. *Glass Phys Chem.* 2006;32(3):353-369. doi:10.1134/S1087659606030163

208. Lopatin S. Gaseous salts of oxygen-containing acids: thermal stability, structure, and thermodynamic properties. *Russ J gen Chem.* 2007;77(11):1823-1854. doi:10.1134/S1070363207110011

209. Lopatin S, Shugurov S. Inorganic associates in a high-temperature vapor. *Russ J gen Chem.* 2019;89(6):1059-1068. doi:10.1134/S107036321906001X

210. Kablov EN, Stolyarova VL, Vorozhtcov VA, Lopatin SI, Karachevtsev FN. Thermodynamics and vaporization of ceramics based on the Y₂O₃-ZrO₂ system studied by KEMS. *J Alloys Compd.* 2019;794: 606-614. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.04.208

211. Stolyarova VL, Vorozhtcov VA, Lopatin SI, et al. High-temperature mass spectrometric study of vaporization and thermodynamics of the Cs₂O-B₂O₃ system: Review and experimental investigation. *Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom.* 2021;35(11):e9079. doi:10.1002/rcm.9079

212. Stolyarova VL, Vorozhtcov VA, Lopatin SI, et al. Vaporization and thermodynamics of the Cs₂O-MoO₃ system studied using high-temperature and modeling. *Glass Phys Chem.* 2005;31(1):30-43. doi:10.1007/s10720-005-0022-z
<figure><img src="image_49.png" /></figure>

174. Baud S, Thévenot F, Pisch A, Chatillon C. High temperature sintering of SiC with oxide additives: I. Analysis in the SiC-Al₂O₃ and SiC-Al₂O₃-Y₂O₃ systems. *J Eur Ceram Soc.* 2003;23(1):1-8. doi:10.1016/S0955-2219(02)00067-5

175. Copland E. Solidification behavior of gamma'-Ni₃Al-containing alloys in the Ni-Al-O system. *Acta Mater.* 2007;55(14):4853-4865. doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2007.05.011

176. Kattner UR. The thermodynamic modeling of multicomponent phase equilibria. *JOM.* 1997;49(12):14-19. doi:10.1007/s11837-997-0024-5

177. Bencze L, Raj DD, Kath D, Oates WA, Singheiser L, Hilpert K. Thermodynamic properties and diffusion thermodynamic factors in B2-NiAl. *Metall Mater Trans B.* 2004;35(5):867-876. doi:10.1007/s11663-004-0081-x

178. Steiner A, Komarek K. Thermodynamic activities of solid nickel-aluminum alloys. *Trans AIME.* 1964;230:786.

179. Oforka N, Argent B. Thermodynamics of Ni-Cr-Al alloys. *J Less-Common Met.* 1985;114(1):97-109. doi:10.1016/0022-5088(85)90394-7

180. Wang J, Engell HJ. Investigation of the thermodynamic properties of Ni-Al intermetallic compounds by an EMF method. *Steel Res.* 1992; 63(8):320-323. doi:10.1002/srin.199200527

181. Chatain S, Alpettaz T, Gossé S, Guéneau C. Thermodynamic activity measurements in nickel-base industrial alloys and steels by Knudsen cell-mass spectrometry. *J Chem Thermodyn.* 2017;114:144-150. doi:10.1016/j.jct.2017.01.015

182. Spathara D, Sergeev D, Kobertz D, Mueller M, Putman D, Warnken N. Thermodynamic study of single crystal, Ni-based superalloys in the γ + γ' two-phase region using Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry. *DSC SEM J Alloy Compd.* 2021;870:159295. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.159295

183. Copland EH, Jacobson NS, Hilpert K, Kath D. Thermodynamics of the Ti-Al-O system. *CAL.* 2022;77:102400. doi:10.1016/j.calphad.2022.102400

184. Allibert M, Chatillon C. Mass spectrometry measurements of CaF₂ and CaO activities in CaF₂-CaO-Al₂O₃ slags at 1700K. *Can Metall Quart.* 1979;18(3):349-354. doi:10.1179/cmq.1979.18.3.349

185. Stolyarova V. Mass spectrometric thermodynamic studies of oxide systems and materials. *Russ Chem Rev.* 2016;85(1):60-80. doi:10.1070/RCR4549

186. Stolyarova VL. High temperature mass spectrometric study of oxide systems and materials. *Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom.* 1993;7(11): 1022-1032. doi:10.1002/rcm.1290071112

187. Stolyarova V. Vaporization features of oxide systems studied by high-temperature mass spectrometry. *J Nucl Mater.* 1997;247:7-10. doi:10.1016/S0022-3115(97)00025-1

188. Stolyarova V. Vaporization processes and thermodynamic properties of oxide systems studied by high temperature mass spectrometry. *ECS Transactions.* 2013;46(1):55-67. doi:10.1149/04601.0055ecst

189. Stolyarova V. High temperature mass spectrometric study of thermodynamic properties and vaporization processes of oxide systems: experiment and modeling. *Open Thermodyn J.* 2013;7(1): 57-70. doi:10.2174/1874396X01307010057

190. Stolyarova V. Review KEMS 2012 till 2017. *CAL.* 2019;64:258-266. doi:10.1016/j.calphad.2018.12.013

191. Stolyarova V. A mass spectrometric study of the thermodynamic properties of oxide melts. *Glass Phys Chem.* 2001;27(1):3-15. doi:10.1023/A:1009599502138

192. Stolyarova VL. Vaporization features of glass forming melts studies by high temperature mass spectrometry. *Glass Phys Chem.* 2002; 43C:330-338.

193. Stolyarova V, Plotnikov E. Vaporization processes and thermodynamic properties of oxide systems at high temperatures: experimental study and modeling. *Glass Phys Chem.* 2005;31(1):30-43. doi:10.1007/s10720-005-0022-z

194. Stolyarova V. Thermodynamic properties and structure of ternary silicate glass-forming melts: experimental studies and modeling. *J Non Cryst Solids.* 2008;354(12-13):1373-1377. doi:10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2006.10.087

195. Stolyarova V, Petersburg S. Vaporization and thermodynamics of glass-forming oxide melts: mass spectrometric study and modeling. *J Mater Sci Chem Eng.* 2015;3(07):81-86. doi:10.4236/msce.2015.37009

196. Stolyarova VL. Vaporization and thermodynamics of glasses and glass-forming melts in ternary oxide systems. *Appl sol St Chem.* 2017;1(1):26-30. doi:10.18572/2619-0141-2017-1-1-26-30

197. Stolyarova VL. *Ceramics based on the hafnium and rare-earth elements oxides: mass spectrometric study and modeling.* Trudy Kolyskogo Nauchnogo Tzentra; 2015:5.

198. Stolyarova VL, Vorozhtcov VA. Features of thermodynamic description of the systems based hafnium and rare-earth oxides at high temperatures. *Trudy Kolyskogo Nauchnogo Tzentra.* 2018;9(2): 104-107.

199. Stolyarova V, Vorozhtcov V. High temperature behavior of oxide systems containing rare earth elements. *Theor Found Chem Eng.* 2022;56(4):600-608. doi:10.1134/S0040579522040170

200. Stolyarova V, Vorozhtcov V. The potential of the Wilson method in the calculation of the thermodynamic properties of oxide systems at high temperatures. *Russ J Inorg Chem.* 2021;66(9):1396-1404. doi:10.1134/S0036023621090163

201. Vorozhtcov VA, Stolyarova VL. Semiempirical methods for calculating liquidus temperatures in oxide systems. *Tech Phys. 2021;* 66(8):958-968. doi:10.1134/S1063784221060219

202. Stolyarova V, Vorozhtcov V. High temperature study of oxide systems: thermal analysis and Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry. *Russ J Phys Chem A.* 2020;94(13):2640-2647. doi:10.1134/S0036024420130257

203. Lopatin SI. Stability of gaseous salts of oxygen-containing acids. *Russ J gen Chem.* 1999;69(9):1364-1367.

204. Lopatin S. Regularities of the vaporization of oxygen-containing acid salts. *Glass Phys Chem.* 2003;29(4):390-396. doi:10.1023/A:1025177027457

205. Lopatin S. Thermodynamic properties of gaseous salts of oxygen-containing acids. *Zh Fiz Khim.* 2003;77(10):1748-1751.

206. Lopatin S, Shugurov S, Semenov G. Gaseous associates over oxide materials. *Inorg Mater.* 2005;41(12):1340-1344. doi:10.1007/s10789-005-0312-9

207. Lopatin S, Stolyarova V. Thermodynamic properties and structure of gaseous metaborates. *Glass Phys Chem.* 2006;32(3):353-369. doi:10.1134/S1087659606030163

208. Lopatin S. Gaseous salts of oxygen-containing acids: thermal stability, structure, and thermodynamic properties. *Russ J gen Chem.* 2007;77(11):1823-1854. doi:10.1134/S1070363207110011

209. Lopatin S, Shugurov S. Inorganic associates in a high-temperature vapor. *Russ J gen Chem.* 2019;89(6):1059-1068. doi:10.1134/S107036321906001X

210. Kablov EN, Stolyarova VL, Vorozhtcov VA, Lopatin SI, Karachevtsev FN. Thermodynamics and vaporization of ceramics based on the Y₂O₃-ZrO₂ system studied by KEMS. *J Alloys Compd.* 2019;794: 606-614. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.04.208

211. Stolyarova VL, Vorozhtcov VA, Lopatin SI, et al. High-temperature mass spectrometric study of vaporization and thermodynamics of the Cs₂O-B₂O₃ system: Review and experimental investigation. *Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom.* 2021;35(11):e9079. doi:10.1002/rcm.9079

212. Stolyarova VL, Vorozhtcov VA, Lopatin SI, et al. Vaporization and thermodynamics of the Cs₂O-MoO₃ system studied using high-temperature and modeling. *Glass Phys Chem.* 2005;31(1):30-43. doi:10.1007/s10720-005-0022-z
<figure><img src="image_50.png" /></figure>

temperature mass spectrometry. *Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom.* 2021;35(12):e9097. doi:10.1002/rcm.9097

213. Stolyarova V, Lopatin S, Selyutin A, Vorozhtcov V, Shugurov S. Vaporization and thermodynamic properties of SrO-Al₂O₃ ceramics at high temperatures. *Russ J Inorg Chem.* 2022;67(12):2077-2083. doi:10.1134/S0036023622601428

214. Stolyarova VL, Vorozhtcov VA, Lopatin SI, et al. Mass spectrometric study and modeling of the thermodynamic properties of SrO-Al₂O₃ melts at high temperatures. *Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom.* 2023;37(5):e9459. doi:10.1002/rcm.9459

215. Gribchenkova N, Smirnov A, Smorchkov K, Belova E, Alikhanyan A. Thermodynamic characteristics of zinc niobates Zn₃Nb₂O₈, ZnNb₂O₆, and Zn₂Nb₃O₄₈. p-x diagram of the ZnO-Nb₂O₅ system. *Russ J Inorg Chem.* 2021;66(12):1873-1879. doi:10.1134/S0036023621120044

216. Stolyarova V, Vorozhtcov V, Shemchuk D, Lopatin S, Bogdanov O. High temperature mass spectrometric study of the TiO₂-Al₂O₃ system. *Russ J gen Chem.* 2021;91(10):1999-2007. doi:10.1134/S107036322110011X

217. Stolyarova VL, Vorozhtcov VA, Shemchuk DV, et al. High-temperature mass spectrometric study of thermodynamic properties in the TiO₂-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ system and modeling. *Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom.* 2022;36(19):e9359. doi:10.1002/rcm.9359

218. Stolyarova VL, Shilov AL, Lopatin SI, et al. High-temperature mass spectrometric study and modeling of ceramics based on the Al₂O₃-SiO₂-ZrO₂ system. *Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom.* 2023;37(3):e9433. doi:10.1002/rcm.9433

219. Kablov EN, Shilov AL, Stolyarova VL, et al. Thermodynamics and vaporization of ceramics based on the Gd₂O₃-ZrO₂ and Gd₂O₃-HfO₂ systems studied by KEMS. *J Alloys Compd.* 2022;908:164575. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.164575

220. Kablov EN, Stolyarova VL, Vorozhtcov VA, et al. High-temperature mass spectrometric study of the thermodynamic properties in the Sm₂O₃-ZrO₂-HfO₂ system. *Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom.* 2022;36(7):e9238. doi:10.1002/rcm.9238

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213. Stolyarova V, Lopatin S, Selyutin A, Vorozhtcov V, Shugurov S. Vaporization and thermodynamic properties of SrO-Al₂O₃ ceramics at high temperatures. *Russ J Inorg Chem.* 2022;67(12):2077-2083. doi:10.1134/S0036023622601428

214. Stolyarova VL, Vorozhtcov VA, Lopatin SI, et al. Mass spectrometric study and modeling of the thermodynamic properties of SrO-Al₂O₃ melts at high temperatures. *Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom.* 2023;37 (5):e9459. doi:10.1002/rcm.9459

215. Gribchenkova N, Smirnov A, Smorchkov K, Belova E, Alikhanyan A. Thermodynamic characteristics of zinc niobates Zn₃Nb₂O₈, ZnNb₂O₆, and Zn₂Nb₃O₄₈. p-x diagram of the ZnO-Nb₂O₅ system. *Russ J Inorg Chem.* 2021;66(12):1873-1879. doi:10.1134/S0036023621120044

216. Stolyarova V, Vorozhtcov V, Shemchuk D, Lopatin S, Bogdanov O. High temperature mass spectrometric study of the TiO₂-Al₂O₃ system. *Russ J gen Chem.* 2021;91(10):1999-2007. doi:10.1134/S107036322110011X

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218. Stolyarova VL, Shilov AL, Lopatin SI, et al. High-temperature mass spectrometric study and modeling of ceramics based on the Al₂O₃-SiO₂-ZrO₂ system. *Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom.* 2023;37(3): e9433. doi:10.1002/rcm.9433

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248. Brutti S, Ciccioli A, Balducci G, Gigli G, Manfrinetti P, Palenzona A. Vaporization thermodynamics of MgB₂ and MgB₄. *Appl Phys Lett.* 2002;80(16):2892-2894. doi:10.1063/1.1471382

249. Drowart J, Burns RP, DeMaria G, Inghram MG. Mass spectrometric study of carbon vapor. *J Chem Phys.* 1959;31(4):1131-1132. doi:10.1063/1.1730519

250. Storms EK. *The Refractory Carbides*. Academic Press; 1967. doi:10.1016/B978-1-4832-3070-2-5.0004-5

251. Coltters R. Thermodynamics of binary metallic carbides: a review. *Mater Sci Eng A.* 1985;76:1-50. doi:10.1016/0025-5416(85)90078-3

252. Drowart J, De Maria G, Inghram MG. Thermodynamic study of SiC utilizing a mass spectrometer. *J Chem Phys.* 1958;29(5):1015-1021. doi:10.1063/1.1744646

253. Rocabois P, Chatillon C, Bernard C, Genet F. Thermodynamics of the Si-C system II. Mass spectrometric determination of the enthalpies of formation of molecules in the gaseous phase. *High Temp-High Press.* 1995;27(1):25-39. doi:10.1068/htrt34

254. Behrens RG, Rinehart GH. Vaporization thermodynamics and kinetics of hexagonal silicon carbide. In: Haste JW, ed. *Characterisation of High Temperature Vapors and Gases*. Vol.1. U. S. Government Printing Office; 1979:125-142.

255. Davis SG, Anthrop DF, Searcy AW. Vapor pressure of silicon and the dissociation pressure of silicon carbide. *J Chem Phys.* 1961;34(2):659-664. doi:10.1063/1.1701004

256. Kohl FJ, Stearns CA. Vaporization and dissociation energies of the molecular carbides of titanium, zirconium, hafnium, and thorium. *High Temp Sci.* 1974;6(4):284-302.

257. Gupta SK, Gingerich KA. Mass spectrometric study of the stabilities of gaseous carbides of vanadium, niobium, and molybdenum. *J Chem Phys.* 1981;74(6):3584-3590. doi:10.1063/1.441463

258. Gupta SK, Gingerich KA. Observation and atomization energies of the gaseous uranium carbides, UC, UC₂, UC₃, UC₄, UC₅, and UC₆ by high temperature mass spectrometry. *J Chem Phys.* 1979;71(7):3072-3080. doi:10.1063/1.438713

259. Yamawaki M, Koyama T, Takahashi Y. Thermodynamics of the vaporization of non-stoichiometric thorium monocarbide ThC₁ₓ. *J Nucl Mater.* 1989;167:113-121. doi:10.1016/0022-3115(89)90431-5

260. Koyama T, Yamawaki M. High-temperature vaporization of thorium-uranium mixed monocarbide (Th₁⁻ₓ, y, Uₓ) C. *J Nucl Mater.* 1989;167:122-126. doi:10.1016/0022-3115(89)90432-7

261. Rocabois P, Chatillon C, Bernard C. Thermodynamics of the Si-O-N system 1. High-temperature study of the vaporization behavior of silicon nitride by mass spectrometry. *J Am Ceram Soc.* 1996;79(5):1351-1360. doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1996.tb08596.x

262. Kohl FJ, Stearns CA. Identification and dissociation energy of gaseous hafnium mononitride. *J Phys Chem.* 1974;78(3):273-274. doi:10.1021/j100596a016

263. Stearns CA, Kohl FJ. *The dissociation energy of gaseous titanium mononitride*. National Aeronautics and Space Administration; NASA TN D-5207; 1969.

264. Gingerich KA. Gaseous metal nitrides. II. The dissociation energy, heat of sublimation, and heat of formation of zirconium mononitride. *J Chem Phys.* 1968;49(1):14-18. doi:10.1063/1.1669799

265. Gingerich KA. Vaporization of uranium mononitride and heat of sublimation of uranium. *J Chem Phys.* 1969;51(10):4433-4439. doi:10.1063/1.1671809

266. Gingerich KA. Gaseous metal nitrides. III. On the dissociation energy of thorium mononitride and predicted dissociation energies of diatomic group III–VI transition-metal nitrides. *J Chem Phys.* 1968;49(1):19-24. doi:10.1063/1.1669808

267. Granier B, Chatillon C, Allibert M. Thermodynamic activities in the cubic phase Ti-O-N by high-temperature mass spectrometry. *J Am

Ceram Soc. 1982;65(10):465-469. doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1982.tb10334.x

268. Kematick R, Myers C. Thermodynamics of the phase formation of the titanium silicides. *Chem Mater.* 1996;8(1):287-291. doi:10.1021/cm950386q

269. Lexa D, Kematick RJ, Myers CE. Thermodynamics of phase formation of the cobalt silicides. *Chem Mater.* 1996;8(11):2636-2642. doi:10.1021/cm9601796

270. Myers CE, Murray GA, Kematick RJ, Frisch MA. *Vaporization Thermodynamics of Chromium Silicides*. Report ADRA162-286. Office of Naval Research; 1985.

271. Markova O, Yakovlev O, Semenov G, Belov A. Evaporation of natural melts in a Knudsen chamber. *Geokhimiya*. 1986;11:1559-1568.

272. Rammensee W, Fraser DG. Determination of activities in silicate melts by Knudsen cell mass spectrometry—I. The system NaAlSi₃O₈-KAlSi₃O₈. *Geochim Cosmochim Acta.* 1982;46(11):2269-2278. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(82)90200-9

273. Fraser DG, Rammensee W, Hardwick A. Determination of the mixing properties of molten silicates by Knudsen cell mass spectrometry—II. The systems (Na K)AlSi₄O₁₀, and (Na-K)AlSi₂O₁₂. *Geochim Cosmochim Acta.* 1985;49(2):349-359. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(85)90028-6

274. Lock SJ, Stewart ST, Petaev MI, et al. The origin of the moon within a terrestrial synestia. *J Geophys Res-Planet.* 2018;123(4):910-951. doi:10.1002/2017JE005333

275. Ivanov D, Fitoussi C, Bourdon B. Trace element volatility and the conditions of liquid-vapor separation in the proto-lunar disk. *Icarus*. 2022;386:115143. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2022.115143

276. Fogley B Jr, Lodders K, Jacobson NS. Chemical equilibrium calculations for bulk silicate earth material at high temperatures. *Geochemistry*. 2023;83(2):125961. doi:10.1016/j.chemer.2023.125961

277. Wolf AS, Jäggi N, Sossi PA, Bower DJ. VapoRock: thermodynamics of vaporized silicate melts for modeling volcanic outgassing and magma ocean atmospheres. *Astrophys J.* 2023;947(2):64. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acbcc7

278. Bischof L, Sossi PA, Sergeev D, Müller M, Schmidt MW. Vaporisation of group 13 elements from basaltic melts by Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry. *Goldschmidt*. 2021.

279. Bischof L, Sossi PA, Sergeev D, Müller M, Schmidt MW. Quantification of thermodynamic properties for vaporisation reactions above solid Ga₂O₃ and In₂O₃ by Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry. CAL. 2023;80:102507. doi:10.1016/j.calphad.2022.102507

280. Farley KA, Hurowitz JA, Asimow PD, Jacobson NS, Cartwright JA. A double-spike method for K-Ar measurement: a technique for high precision in situ dating on Mars and other planetary surfaces. *Geochim Cosmochim Acta.* 2013;110(0):1-12. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2013.02.010

281. Costa GC, Jacobson NS, Fogley B Jr. Vaporization and thermodynamics of forsterite-rich olivine and some implications for silicate atmospheres of hot rocky exoplanets. *Icarus.* 2017;289:42-55. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2017.02.006

282. Schaefer L, Fogley B. Chemistry of silicate atmospheres of evaporating super-earths. *Astrophys J Lett.* 2009;703(2):L113-L117. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/703/2/L113

283. Miller M, Armatys K. Twenty years of Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry: studies performed in the period 1990-2010. *Open Thermodyn J.* 2013;7(1):2-9. doi:10.2174/1874396X01307010002

284. Piro MH. *Advances in Nuclear Fuel Chemistry*. Woodhead Publishing; 2020.

285. Mathew MD. Nuclear energy: a pathway towards mitigation of global warming. *Prog Nucl Energ.* 2022;143:104080. doi:10.1016/j.pnucene.2021.104080
<figure><img src="image_51.png" /></figure>

248. Brutti S, Ciccioli A, Balducci G, Gigli G, Manfrinetti P, Palenzona A. Vaporization thermodynamics of MgB₂ and MgB₄. *Appl Phys Lett.* 2002;80(16):2892-2894. doi:10.1063/1.1471382

249. Drowart J, Burns RP, DeMaria G, Inghram MG. Mass spectrometric study of carbon vapor. *J Chem Phys.* 1959;31(4):1131-1132. doi:10.1063/1.1730519

250. Storms EK. *The Refractory Carbides*. Academic Press; 1967. doi:10.1016/B978-1-4832-3070-2-5.0004-5

251. Coltters R. Thermodynamics of binary metallic carbides: a review. *Mater Sci Eng A.* 1985;76:1-50. doi:10.1016/0025-5416(85)90078-3

252. Drowart J, De Maria G, Inghram MG. Thermodynamic study of SiC utilizing a mass spectrometer. *J Chem Phys.* 1958;29(5):1015-1021. doi:10.1063/1.1744646

253. Rocabois P, Chatillon C, Bernard C, Genet F. Thermodynamics of the Si-C system II. Mass spectrometric determination of the enthalpies of formation of molecules in the gaseous phase. *High Temp-High Press.* 1995;27(1):25-39. doi:10.1068/htrt34

254. Behrens RG, Rinehart GH. Vaporization thermodynamics and kinetics of hexagonal silicon carbide. In: Haste JW, ed. *Characterisation of High Temperature Vapors and Gases*. Vol.1. U. S. Government Printing Office; 1979:125-142.

255. Davis SG, Anthrop DF, Searcy AW. Vapor pressure of silicon and the dissociation pressure of silicon carbide. *J Chem Phys.* 1961;34(2):659-664. doi:10.1063/1.1701004

256. Kohl FJ, Stearns CA. Vaporization and dissociation energies of the molecular carbides of titanium, zirconium, hafnium, and thorium. *High Temp Sci.* 1974;6(4):284-302.

257. Gupta SK, Gingerich KA. Mass spectrometric study of the stabilities of gaseous carbides of vanadium, niobium, and molybdenum. *J Chem Phys.* 1981;74(6):3584-3590. doi:10.1063/1.441463

258. Gupta SK, Gingerich KA. Observation and atomization energies of the gaseous uranium carbides, UC, UC₂, UC₃, UC₄, UC₅, and UC₆ by high temperature mass spectrometry. *J Chem Phys.* 1979;71(7):3072-3080. doi:10.1063/1.438713

259. Yamawaki M, Koyama T, Takahashi Y. Thermodynamics of the vaporization of non-stoichiometric thorium monocarbide ThC₁ₓ. *J Nucl Mater.* 1989;167:113-121. doi:10.1016/0022-3115(89)90431-5

260. Koyama T, Yamawaki M. High-temperature vaporization of thorium-uranium mixed monocarbide (Th₁⁻ₓ, y, Uₚ) C. *J Nucl Mater.* 1989;167:122-126. doi:10.1016/0022-3115(89)90432-7

261. Rocabois P, Chatillon C, Bernard C. Thermodynamics of the Si-O-N system 1. High-temperature study of the vaporization behavior of silicon nitride by mass spectrometry. *J Am Ceram Soc.* 1996;79(5):1351-1360. doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1996.tb08596.x

262. Kohl FJ, Stearns CA. Identification and dissociation energy of gaseous hafnium mononitride. *J Phys Chem.* 1974;78(3):273-274. doi:10.1021/j100596a016

263. Stearns CA, Kohl FJ. *The dissociation energy of gaseous titanium mononitride*. National Aeronautics and Space Administration; NASA TN D-5207; 1969.

264. Gingerich KA. Gaseous metal nitrides. II. The dissociation energy, heat of sublimation, and heat of formation of zirconium mononitride. *J Chem Phys.* 1968;49(1):14-18. doi:10.1063/1.1669799

265. Gingerich KA. Vaporization of uranium mononitride and heat of sublimation of uranium. *J Chem Phys.* 1969;51(10):4433-4439. doi:10.1063/1.1671809

266. Gingerich KA. Gaseous metal nitrides. III. On the dissociation energy of thorium mononitride and predicted dissociation energies of diatomic group III–VI transition-metal nitrides. *J Chem Phys.* 1968;49(1):19-24. doi:10.1063/1.1669808

267. Granier B, Chatillon C, Allibert M. Thermodynamic activities in the cubic phase Ti-O-N by high-temperature mass spectrometry. *J Am

Ceram Soc. 1982;65(10):465-469. doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1982.tb10334.x

268. Kematick R, Myers C. Thermodynamics of the phase formation of the titanium silicides. *Chem Mater.* 1996;8(1):287-291. doi:10.1021/cm950386q

269. Lexa D, Kematick RJ, Myers CE. Thermodynamics of phase formation of the cobalt silicides. *Chem Mater.* 1996;8(11):2636-2642. doi:10.1021/cm9601796

270. Myers CE, Murray GA, Kematick RJ, Frisch MA. *Vaporization Thermodynamics of Chromium Silicides*. Report ADRA162-286. Office of Naval Research; 1985.

271. Markova O, Yakovlev O, Semenov G, Belov A. Evaporation of natural melts in a Knudsen chamber. *Geokhimiya*. 1986;11:1559-1568.

272. Rammensee W, Fraser DG. Determination of activities in silicate melts by Knudsen cell mass spectrometry—I. The system NaAlSi₃O₈-KAlSi₃O₈. *Geochim Cosmochim Acta.* 1982;46(11):2269-2278. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(82)90200-9

273. Fraser DG, Rammensee W, Hardwick A. Determination of the mixing properties of molten silicates by Knudsen cell mass spectrometry—II. The systems (Na K)AlSi₄O₁₀, and (Na-K)AlSi₂O₁₂. *Geochim Cosmochim Acta.* 1985;49(2):349-359. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(85)90028-6

274. Lock SJ, Stewart ST, Petaev MI, et al. The origin of the moon within a terrestrial synestia. *J Geophys Res-Planet.* 2018;123(4):910-951. doi:10.1002/2017JE005333

275. Ivanov D, Fitoussi C, Bourdon B. Trace element volatility and the conditions of liquid-vapor separation in the proto-lunar disk. *Icarus*. 2022;386:115143. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2022.115143

276. Fogley B Jr, Lodders K, Jacobson NS. Chemical equilibrium calculations for bulk silicate earth material at high temperatures. *Geochemistry*. 2023;83(2):125961. doi:10.1016/j.chemer.2023.125961

277. Wolf AS, Jäggi N, Sossi PA, Bower DJ. VapoRock: thermodynamics of vaporized silicate melts for modeling volcanic outgassing and magma ocean atmospheres. *Astrophys J.* 2023;947(2):64. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acbcc7

278. Bischof L, Sossi PA, Sergeev D, Müller M, Schmidt MW. Vaporisation of group 13 elements from basaltic melts by Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry. *Goldschmidt*. 2021.

279. Bischof L, Sossi PA, Sergeev D, Müller M, Schmidt MW. Quantification of thermodynamic properties for vaporisation reactions above solid Ga₂O₃ and In₂O₃ by Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry. CAL. 2023;80:102507. doi:10.1016/j.calphad.2022.102507

280. Farley KA, Hurowitz JA, Asimow PD, Jacobson NS, Cartwright JA. A double-spike method for K-Ar measurement: a technique for high precision in situ dating on Mars and other planetary surfaces. *Geochim Cosmochim Acta.* 2013;110(0):1-12. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2013.02.010

281. Costa GC, Jacobson NS, Fogley B Jr. Vaporization and thermodynamics of forsterite-rich olivine and some implications for silicate atmospheres of hot rocky exoplanets. *Icarus.* 2017;289:42-55. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2017.02.006

282. Schaefer L, Fogley B. Chemistry of silicate atmospheres of evaporating super-earths. *Astrophys J Lett.* 2009;703(2):L113-L117. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/703/2/L113

283. Miller M, Armatys K. Twenty years of Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry: studies performed in the period 1990-2010. *Open Thermodyn J.* 2013;7(1):2-9. doi:10.2174/1874396X01307010002

284. Piro MH. *Advances in Nuclear Fuel Chemistry*. Woodhead Publishing; 2020.

285. Mathew MD. Nuclear energy: a pathway towards mitigation of global warming. *Prog Nucl Energ.* 2022;143:104080. doi:10.1016/j.pnucene.2021.104080
<figure><img src="image_52.png" /></figure>

321. Kudin LS, Dunaev AM, Motalov VB, Cavallo L, Minenkov Y. Thermochemistry of 5, 10, 15, 20-tetraphenylporphyrin. *J Chem Thermodyn.* 2020;151:106244. doi:10.1016/j.jct.2020.106244

322. Booth AM, Bannan TJ, Benyezzar M, et al. Development of lithium attachment mass spectrometry—Knudsen effusion and chemical ionisation mass spectrometry (KEMS, CIMS). *Analyst*. 2017;142(19): 3666-3673. doi:10.1039/C7AN01161J

323. Blanquet E. Thermodynamics simulations applied to gas-sold materials fabrication processes. In: Morales-Rodriguez R, ed. *Thermodynamics—Fundamentals and its Application in Science*. InTech; 2012:191-214. doi:10.5772/51377

324. Violet P, Nuta I, Chatillon C, Blanquet E. Cracking study of pentakis (dimethylamino) tantalum vapors by Knudsen cell mass spectrometry. *Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom.* 2010;24(20):2949-2956. doi:10.1002/rcm.4727

325. Henriques D, Motalov V, Bencze L, Fürtauer S, Flandorfer H, Markus T. Experimental thermodynamic study of the Cu-Li-Sn system by Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry. *J Alloys Compd.* 2016;687:306-311. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.06.091

326. Henriques D, Motalov V, Bencze L, Fürtauer S, Markus T. Experimental thermodynamics of the Li-Sn system by Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry. *J Alloys Compd.* 2014;585:299-306. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.09.010

How to cite this article: Jacobson NS, Colle J-Y, Stolyarova V,

Markus T, Nuta I. Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry:

Current and future approaches. *Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom.*

2024;38(14):e9744. doi:10.1002/rcm.9744
<figure><img src="image_52.png" /></figure>

321. Kudin LS, Dunaev AM, Motalov VB, Cavallo L, Minenkov Y. Thermochemistry of 5, 10, 15, 20-tetraphenylporphyrin. *J Chem Thermodyn.* 2020;151:106244. doi:10.1016/j.jct.2020.106244

322. Booth AM, Bannan TJ, Benyezzar M, et al. Development of lithium attachment mass spectrometry—Knudsen effusion and chemical ionisation mass spectrometry (KEMS, CIMS). *Analyst*. 2017;142(19): 3666-3673. doi:10.1039/C7AN01161J

323. Blanquet E. Thermodynamics simulations applied to gas-sold materials fabrication processes. In: Morales-Rodriguez R, ed. *Thermodynamics—Fundamentals and its Application in Science*. InTech; 2012:191-214. doi:10.5772/51377

324. Violet P, Nuta I, Chatillon C, Blanquet E. Cracking study of pentakis (dimethylamino) tantalum vapors by Knudsen cell mass spectrometry. *Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom.* 2010;24(20):2949-2956. doi:10.1002/rcm.4727

325. Henriques D, Motalov V, Bencze L, Fürtauer S, Flandorfer H, Markus T. Experimental thermodynamic study of the Cu-Li-Sn

system by Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry. *J Alloys Compd.* 2016;687:306-311. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.06.091

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How to cite this article: Jacobson NS, Colle J-Y, Stolyarova V,

Markus T, Nuta I. Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry:

Current and future approaches. *Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom.*

2024;38(14):e9744. doi:10.1002/rcm.9744