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# BOTH VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL PLYOMETRIC TRAINING INFLUENCE SPRINT FORCE-VELOCITY PROFILE IN YOUNG ELITE SOCCER PLAYERS

Florian NORGEOT¹,² & Alexandre FOURÉ¹,*

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Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1

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¹Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM), UR7424, Villeurbanne, France.

²Football Bourg-en-Bresse Péronnas 01, Péronnas, France.

*alexandre.foure@univ-lyon1.fr

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## Introduction

During a soccer match, sprint horizontal acceleration ability is determinant for performance. Development of sprint force and velocity qualities has been reported after plyometric training (Barrera-Dominguez et al. 2023).

However, the orientation of plyometric training exercises can influence functional performances (Dello Iacono et al. 2017). The force-velocity profile (FVP) can be of great interest to assess the plyometric training-induced effects on the changes in performance and athletes' behavior during a linear sprint (Watkins et al., 2021). Nevertheless, a comparison between horizontal and vertical plyometric training on sprint FVP has yet to be conducted.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate and compare the effects of 8-week horizontal and vertical plyometric training on explosiveness performance and sprint force-velocity profile in young soccer players

## Methods

* **Population:** Twenty-eight soccer players (age: 14 ± 1 y, height: 169 ± 9 cm, mass: 65 ± 12 kg) divided in a vertical (n = 14) and a horizontal (n = 14) group.

* **Training protocol:** 2000 contacts | 16 sessions (2 sessions / wk) (Table 1)

* **Jump performances:** Vertical and horizontal jumps including squat jump (SJ), counter-movement jump (CMJ) and drop jump 30 cm (DJ) | Optojump and MyJump app.

* **Sprint FVP:** Linear 30 m sprint – Times at 5, 10, 15 and 30 m | MySprint app. From the F-V relationship modeling of the 30 m sprint: maximal force ($F_0$), maximal velocity ($V_0$), maximal power ($P_{max}$), maximal ratio of force ($RF_{max}$) and the decrease rate in RF with increasing speed (DRF) (Samozino et al., 2022).

* **Statistical analysis:** 2-way ANOVA (time [PRE – POST] * group [VG – HG]) for all the variables (Tukey HSD post-hoc test in case of interaction) | Student t-test for the time effect in each group.

<table><caption>**Table 1:** Plyometric training in vertical and horizontal groups. Data are expressed as number of contacts (series × jumps) and intensity are displayed between parentheses (jump height [for vertical group] or length [for horizontal group] in centimeters). Unilateral jumps were made on a single leg (and repeated on the other). HJ: hurdle jump, CMJ: counter movement jump.</caption><thead><tr><th>Week</th><th>Session</th><th>Vertical group (n = 14)</th><th>Horizontal group (n = 14)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="2">1</td><td>1</td><td>8 x 5 bilateral HJ (15cm) | 8 x 5 CMJ</td><td>8 x 5 bouncing strides (free) | 8 x 5 lateral jumps (free)</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>8 x 5 bilateral HJ (15cm) | 8 x 5 CMJ</td><td>8 x 5 bouncing strides (120cm) | 8 x 5 lateral jumps (90cm)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">2</td><td>3</td><td>8 x 5 bilateral HJ (15cm) | 8 x 5 CMJ</td><td>8 x 5 bouncing strides (120cm) | 8 x 5 lateral jumps (100cm)</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>10 x 4 unilateral HJ (15cm) | 10 x 4 CMJ</td><td>10 x 4 bouncing strides (140cm) | 10 x 4 unilateral strides (90cm)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">3</td><td>5</td><td>10 x 4 unilateral HJ (15cm) | 10 x 4 CMJ</td><td>10 x 4 bouncing strides (free) | 10 x 4 unilateral strides (free)</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td>10 x 4 bilateral HJ (15cm) | 10 x 4 CMJ</td><td>10 x 4 bouncing strides (140cm) | 10 x 4 lateral jumps (100cm)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">4</td><td>7</td><td>10 x 6 unilateral HJ (15cm) | 10 x 6 CMJ</td><td>10 x 6 bouncing strides (140cm) | 10 x 6 unilateral strides (120cm)</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td>10 x 6 bilateral HJ (30cm) | 10 x 6 CMJ</td><td>10 x 6 bouncing strides (180cm) | 10 x 6 lateral jumps (120cm)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">5</td><td>9</td><td>10 x 7 unilateral HJ (30cm) | 10 x 7 CMJ</td><td>10 x 7 bouncing strides (180cm) | 10 x 7 unilateral strides (130cm)</td></tr><tr><td>10</td><td>10 x 7 unilateral HJ (30cm) | 10 x 7 CMJ</td><td>10 x 7 bouncing strides (210cm) | 10 x 7 unilateral strides (free)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">6</td><td>11</td><td>10 x 7 bilateral HJ (30cm) | 10 x 7 CMJ</td><td>10 x 7 unilateral strides (140cm) | 10 x 7 lateral jumps (140cm)</td></tr><tr><td>12</td><td>10 x 8 unilateral HJ (30cm) | 10 x 8 CMJ</td><td>10 x 8 bouncing strides (240cm) | 10 x 8 unilateral strides (free)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">7</td><td>13</td><td>10 x 8 unilateral HJ (30cm) | 10 x 8 CMJ</td><td>10 x 8 bouncing strides (240cm) | 10 x 8 unilateral strides (150cm)</td></tr><tr><td>14</td><td>10 x 8 bilateral HJ (45cm) | 10 x 8 CMJ</td><td>10 x 8 bouncing strides (240cm) | 10 x 8 lateral jumps (140cm)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">8</td><td>15</td><td>10 x 9 bilateral HJ (45cm) | 10 x 9 CMJ</td><td>10 x 9 bouncing strides (240cm) | 10 x 9 lateral jumps (140cm)</td></tr><tr><td>16</td><td>10 x 10 unilateral HJ (45cm) | 10 x 10 CMJ</td><td>10 x 10 bouncing strides (270cm) | 10 x 10 lateral jumps (180cm)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Total</td><td>2000 contacts<br>(27% unilateral)</td><td>2000 contacts<br>(72% anterior | 28% lateral)</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Results

<table><caption>**Table 2:** Vertical jump performances and 30 m sprint force-velocity profile parameters evaluated before (Pre-test) and after (Post-test) the 8-week plyometric training for the vertical (VG) and horizontal (HG) groups. <sup>a</sup>: Significantly different from Pre-test (p < 0.05), η<sup>2</sup><sub>p</sub>: partial eta squared (ANOVA main effect), d: Cohen's d (from Student t-test), ns: non-significant. SJ: squat jump, CMJ: counter-movement jump, DJ: drop jump, V<sub>0</sub>: maximal velocity, F<sub>0</sub>: maximal force, P<sub>max</sub>: the maximal power, RF<sub>max</sub>: the maximal force ratio, DRF: the decrease rate in RF with increasing speed</caption><thead><tr><th></th><th>Group</th><th>Pre-test</th><th>Post-test</th><th>Statistical effects</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="2">SJ (cm)</td><td>VG</td><td>31.1 ± 6.3</td><td>33.5 ± 5.1<sup>a</sup></td><td>Time effect<br>η<sup>2</sup><sub>p</sub> = 0.623, p = 0.001</td></tr><tr><td>HG</td><td>29.8 ± 3.0</td><td>32.7 ± 2.8<sup>a</sup></td><td>p = 0.001 | d = 0.410<br>p = 0.001 | d = 0.994</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">CMJ (cm)</td><td>VG</td><td>32.5 ± 5.8</td><td>33.9 ± 5.3<sup>a</sup></td><td>Time effect<br>η<sup>2</sup><sub>p</sub> = 0.333, p = 0.001</td></tr><tr><td>HG</td><td>31.1 ± 3.2</td><td>32.9 ± 3.2<sup>a</sup></td><td>p = 0.005 | d = 0.548<br>p = 0.009 | d = 0.557</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">DJ (cm)</td><td>VG</td><td>33.7 ± 6.2</td><td>37.0 ± 5.2<sup>a</sup></td><td>Time effect<br>η<sup>2</sup><sub>p</sub> = 0.348, p = 0.001</td></tr><tr><td>HG</td><td>33.6 ± 4.6</td><td>35.9 ± 3.9<sup>a</sup></td><td>p = 0.010 | d = 0.532<br>p = 0.009 | d = 0.557</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">V<sub>0</sub> (m/s)</td><td>VG</td><td>8.30 ± 0.81</td><td>8.47 ± 0.60</td><td>/</td></tr><tr><td>HG</td><td>8.30 ± 0.64</td><td>8.33 ± 0.41</td><td>/</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">F<sub>0</sub> (N/kg)</td><td>VG</td><td>6.51 ± 0.82</td><td>7.36 ± 0.67</td><td>Time effect<br>η<sup>2</sup><sub>p</sub> = 0.546, p = 0.001</td></tr><tr><td>HG</td><td>6.33 ± 0.86</td><td>8.01 ± 1.29</td><td>p = 0.003 | d = 1.135<br>p = 0.001 | d = 1.532</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">P<sub>max</sub> (W/kg)</td><td>VG</td><td>13.43 ± 1.53</td><td>15.57 ± 1.73</td><td>Time effect<br>η<sup>2</sup><sub>p</sub> = 0.703, p = 0.001</td></tr><tr><td>HG</td><td>13.09 ± 1.71</td><td>16.63 ± 2.40</td><td>p = 0.001 | d = 1.310<br>p = 0.001 | d = 1.699</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">RF<sub>max</sub> (%)</td><td>VG</td><td>46.79 ± 2.64</td><td>50.14 ± 2.54</td><td>Time*Group interaction<br>η<sup>2</sup><sub>p</sub> = 0.157, p = 0.037</td></tr><tr><td>HG</td><td>46.14 ± 2.68</td><td>52.36 ± 3.10</td><td>p = 0.006 | d = 1.293<br>p = 0.001 | d = 2.147</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">DRF</td><td>VG</td><td>-0.078 ± 0.010</td><td>-0.083 ± 0.009</td><td>ns</td></tr><tr><td>HG</td><td>-0.075 ± 0.011</td><td>-0.091 ± 0.016</td><td>p = 0.001 | d = 1.166<br>p = 0.006 | d = 1.293</td></tr></tbody></table>

* Significant changes in both VG and HG were observed in vertical performances after the plyometric training (p > 0.05, Table 2).

* Significant differences in horizontal jumps, sprint performances and FVP parameters relative changes between VG and HG were also found (p < 0.05, Figure 1).

<figure><img src="image_6.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 1:** Significant mean relative changes between pre- and post-tests for the vertical group (VG) and the horizontal group (HG) in horizontal jump performances (squat jump [SJ], counter-movement jump [CMJ] and drop jump [DJ]), sprint performances (sprint time at 5m, 10m, 15m and 30m) and force-velocity profile parameters (including the maximal force [$F_0$], the maximal power [$P_{max}$], the maximal force ratio [$RF_{max}$] and the decrease rate in RF with increasing speed [DRF]). ns: no significant changes in vertical group or horizontal group, a: significant difference between relative changes assessed in VG and HG (p < 0.05).</figcaption></figure>

## Discussion

Both horizontal and vertical plyometric training can be either used in young soccer players to improve vertical and horizontal performances in jump and sprint as previously reported (Ramirez-Campillo et al., 2015). However, horizontal plyometric training may result in a greater improvement in horizontal ballistic actions while developing vertical jump qualities in young soccer players.

Further studies are necessary to more deeply compare the motor coordination and muscular synergies involved in vertical and horizontal actions, as well as their potential specific effects on musculoskeletal structural adaptations. Additionally, further investigation is needed to compare the effects of different directions (i.e., lateral and anterior) of horizontal plyometric exercises.

## References

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Barrera-Dominguez et al. (2023) Eur J Sport Sci, 23(12):2379-2388.

Dello Iacono et al. (2017) J Strength Cond Res, 31(4):921-931.

Watkins et al. (2021) J Strength Cond Res, 35(3):604-615.

Samozino et al. (2022) Scand J Med Sci Sports, 32(3):559-575.

Ramirez-Campillo et al. (2015) J Strength Cond Res, 29(7):1784-95.

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ECSS
GLASGOW
2024

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F. NORGEOT

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A. FOURÉ