# DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material. The aerosol models detailed in Table 5 can be accessed via https://github.com/STREAM-RS.

# AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

MM: Formal analysis, Investigation, Visualization; NP: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Project administration; MM, P-WZ, BS: Methodology; NP, DG, J-CR: Supervision; MM, BS, NP: Validation; MM, NP, DG: Roles/Writing - original draft; MM, NP, DG, J-CR, RL, PJW, AS: Writing—review and editing.

# FUNDING

This work was funded under NASA ROSES contract #80HQTR19C0015, Remote Sensing of Water Quality

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# ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are thankful to Zia Ahmad for his initial involvement and feedback throughout the course of this study. We are also grateful to the Principal Investigators (PIs) of the AERONET-OC sites, whose datasets aided in evaluating the usefulness of our developed aerosol models for the atmospheric correction of Landsat-8/OLI images. The PIs include Giuseppe Zibordi, Sherwin Ladner, Hui Fang, Heidi Sosik, Tim Moore, Steve Ruberg, Menghua Wang, Alex Gilerson, and Samir Ahmed.

# SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL

The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frsen.2022.860816/full#supplementary-material

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Eck, T. F., Holben, B. N., Reid, J., Giles, D., Rivas, M., Singh, R. P., et al. (2012). Fog- and Cloud-Induced Aerosol Modification Observed by the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET). *J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres* 117, D07206. doi:10.1029/2011jd016839

Eck, T. F., Holben, B. N., Reid, J. S., Arola, A., Ferrare, R. A., Hostetler, C. A., et al. (2014). Observations of Rapid Aerosol Optical Depth Enhancements in the Vicinity of Polluted Cumulus Clouds. *Atmos. Chem. Phys.* 14, 11633–11656. doi:10.5194/acp-14-11633-2014

Eck, T. F., Holben, B. N., Reid, J. S., Mukelabai, M. M., Piketh, S. J., Torres, O., et al. (2013). A Seasonal Trend of Single Scattering Albedo in Southern African Biomass-Burning Particles: Implications for Satellite Products and Estimates of Emissions for the World's Largest Biomass-Burning Source. *J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.* 118, 6414–6432. doi:10.1002/jgrd.50500

Eck, T. F., Holben, B., Sinyuk, A., Pinker, R., Goloub, P., Chen, H., et al. (2010). Climatological Aspects of the Optical Properties of fine/coarse Mode Aerosol Mixtures. *J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres* 115, D19205. doi:10.1029/2010jd014002

Eck, T., Holben, B., Dubovik, O., Smirnov, A., Goloub, P., Chen, H., et al. (2005). Columnar Aerosol Optical Properties at AERONET Sites in central Eastern Asia and Aerosol Transport to the Tropical Mid-Pacific. *J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres* 110, D06202. doi:10.1029/2004jd005274

Eck, T., Holben, B., Reid, J., O’Neill, N., Schafer, J., Dubovik, O., et al. (2003). High Aerosol Optical Depth Biomass Burning Events: A Comparison of Optical Properties for Different Source Regions. *Geophys. Res. Lett.* 30, 2035. doi:10.1029/2003gl017861

Eck, T., Holben, B., Reid, J., Sinyuk, A., Hyer, E., O’Neill, N., et al. (2009). Optical Properties of Boreal Region Biomass Burning Aerosols in central Alaska and Seasonal Variation of Aerosol Optical Depth at an Arctic Coastal Site. *J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres* 114, D11201. doi:10.1029/2008jd010870

Fan, Y., Li, W., Chen, N., Ahn, J.-H., Park, Y.-J., Kratzer, S., et al. (2021). OC-SMART: A Machine Learning Based Data Analysis Platform for Satellite Ocean Color Sensors. *Remote Sensing Environ.* 253, 112236. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2020.112236

Franz, B. A., Bailey, S. W., Kuring, N., and Werdell, P. J. (2015). Ocean Color Measurements with the Operational Land Imager on Landsat-8: Implementation and Evaluation in SeaDAS. *J. Appl. Remote Sens* 9, 096070. doi:10.1117/1.jrs.9.096070

Frouin, R. J., Franz, B. A., Ibrahim, A., Knobelspiesse, K., Ahmad, Z., Cairns, B., et al. (2019). Atmospheric Correction of Satellite Ocean-Color Imagery during the PACE Era. *Front. Earth Sci.* 7, 145. doi:10.3389/feart.2019.00145

García, O., Díaz, A., Expósito, F., Díaz, J., Dubovik, O., Dubuisson, P., et al. (2008). Validation of AERONET Estimates of Atmospheric Solar Fluxes and Aerosol Radiative Forcing by Ground-Based Broadband Measurements. *J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres* 113, D21207. doi:10.1029/2008JD010211

Gelaro, R., McCarty, W., Suárez, M. J., Todling, R., Molod, A., Takacs, L., et al. (2017). The Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2). *J. Clim.* 30, 5419–5454. doi:10.1175/jcli-d-16-0758.1

Gerber, H. E. (1985). *Relative-humidity Parameterization of the Navy Aerosol Model (NAM)*. Naval Research Lab Washington DC.

Gernez, P., Doxaran, D., and Barillé, L. (2017). Shellfish Aquaculture from Space: Potential of Sentinel2 to Monitor Tide-Driven Changes in Turbidity, Chlorophyll Concentration and Oyster Physiological Response at the Scale of an Oyster Farm. *Front. Mar. Sci.* 4, 137. doi:10.3389/fmars.2017.00137

Gilerson, A., Carrizo, C., Foster, R., and Harmel, T. (2018). Variability of the Reflectance Coefficient of Skylight from the Ocean Surface and its Implications to Ocean Color. *Opt. Express* 26, 9615–9633. doi:10.1364/oe.26.009615

Giles, D. M., Holben, B. N., Eck, T. F., Sinyuk, A., Smirnov, A., Slutsker, I., et al. (2012). An Analysis of AERONET Aerosol Absorption Properties and Classifications Representative of Aerosol Source Regions. *J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres* 117, D17203. doi:10.1029/2012jd018127

Giles, D. M., Holben, B. N., Tripathi, S. N., Eck, T. F., Newcomb, W. W., Slutsker, I., et al. (2011). Aerosol Properties over the Indo-Gangetic Plain: A Mesoscale Perspective from the TIGERZ experiment. *J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres* 116, D18203. doi:10.1029/2011jd015809

Giles, D. M., Sinyuk, A., Sorokin, M. G., Schafer, J. S., Smirnov, A., Slutsker, I., et al. (2019). Advancements in the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) Version 3 Database - Automated Near-Real-Time Quality Control Algorithm with Improved Cloud Screening for Sun Photometer Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) Measurements. *Atmos. Meas. Tech.* 12, 169–209. doi:10.5194/amt-12-169-2019

Gordon, H. R. (1997). Atmospheric Correction of Ocean Color Imagery in the Earth Observing System Era. *J. Geophys. Res.* 102, 17081–17106. doi:10.1029/96jd02443

Gordon, H. R., Du, T., and Zhang, T. (1997). Remote Sensing of Ocean Color and Aerosol Properties: Resolving the Issue of Aerosol Absorption. *Appl. Opt.* 36, 8670–8684. doi:10.1364/ao.36.008670

Gordon, H. R., and Wang, M. (1994). Retrieval of Water-Leaving Radiance and Aerosol Optical Thickness over the Oceans with SeaWiFS: A Preliminary Algorithm. *Appl. Opt.* 33, 443–452. doi:10.1364/ao.33.000443

Hakimdavar, R., Hubbard, A., Policelli, F., Pickens, A., Hansen, M., Fatoyinbo, T., et al. (2020). Monitoring Water-Related Ecosystems with Earth Observation Data in Support of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6 Reporting. *Remote Sensing* 12, 1634. doi:10.3390/rs12101634

Hamill, P., Giordano, M., Ward, C., Giles, D., and Holben, B. (2016). An AERONET-Based Aerosol Classification Using the Mahalanobis Distance. *Atmos. Environ.* 140, 213–233. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.06.002

Ho, J. C., Michalak, A. M., and Pahlevan, N. (2019). Widespread Global Increase in Intense lake Phytoplankton Blooms since the 1980s. *Nature* 574, 667–670. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1648-7

Hoepffner, N., and Sathyendranath, S. (1991). Effect of Pigment Composition on Absorption Properties of Phytoplankton. *Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.* 73, 11–23. doi:10.3354/meps073011

Holben, B. N., Eck, T. F., Slutsker, I., Tanré, D., Buis, J. P., Setzer, A., et al. (1998). AERONET-A Federated Instrument Network and Data Archive for Aerosol Characterization. *Remote Sensing Environ.* 66, 1–16. doi:10.1016/s0034-4257(98)00031-5

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Pahlevan, N., Schott, J. R., Franz, B. A., Zibordi, G., Markham, B., Bailey, S., et al. (2017b). Landsat 8 Remote Sensing Reflectance (Rrs) Products: Evaluations, Intercomparisons, and Enhancements. *Remote Sensing Environ.* 190, 289–301. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2016.12.030

Pahlevan, N., Smith, B., Schalles, J., Binding, C., Cao, Z., Ma, R., et al. (2020). Seamless Retrievals of Chlorophyll-A from Sentinel-2 (MSI) and Sentinel-3 (OLCI) in Inland and Coastal Waters: A Machine-Learning Approach. *Remote Sensing Environ.* 240, 111604. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2019.111604

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Steinmetz, F., and Ramon, D. (2018). "Sentinel-2 MSI and Sentinel-3 OLCI Consistent Ocean Colour Products Using POLYMER," in Remote Sensing of the Open and Coastal Ocean and Inland Waters, International Society for Optics and Photonics, 107780E. doi:10.1117/12.2500232

Szkop, A., and Pietruczuk, A. (2019). Synergy of Satellite-Based Aerosol Optical Thickness Analysis and Trajectory Statistics for Determination of Aerosol Source Regions. *Int. J. Remote Sensing* 40, 8450–8464. doi:10.1080/01431161. 2019.1612117

Tanré, D., Haywood, J., Pelon, J., Léon, J., Chatenet, B., Formenti, P., et al. (2003). Measurement and Modeling of the Saharan Dust Radiative Impact: Overview of the Saharan Dust Experiment (SHADE). *J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres* 108. doi:10.1029/2002JD003273

Thewes, D., Stanev, E. V., and Zielinski, O. (2020). Sensitivity of a 3D Shelf Sea Ecosystem Model to Parameterizations of the Underwater Light Field. *Front. Mar. Sci.* 6. doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00816

Tilstone, G., Dall'Olmo, G., Hieronymi, M., Ruddick, K., Beck, M., Ligi, M., et al. (2020). Field Intercomparison of Radiometer Measurements for Ocean Colour Validation. *Remote Sensing* 12, 1587. doi:10.3390/rs12101587

Uitz, J., Stramski, D., Reynolds, R. A., and Dubranna, J. (2015). Assessing Phytoplankton Community Composition from Hyperspectral Measurements of Phytoplankton Absorption Coefficient and Remote-Sensing Reflectance in Open-Ocean Environments. *Remote Sensing Environ.* 171, 58–74. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2015.09.027

Ustin, S. L., and Middleton, E. M. (2021). Current and Near-Term Advances in Earth Observation for Ecological Applications. *Ecol. Process.* 10, 1–57. doi:10. 1186/s13717-020-00255-4

Vanhellemont, Q. (2019). Adaptation of the Dark Spectrum Fitting Atmospheric Correction for Aquatic Applications of the Landsat and Sentinel-2 Archives. *Remote Sensing Environ.* 225, 175–192. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2019.03.010

Vanhellemont, Q., and Ruddick, K. (2018). Atmospheric Correction of Metre-Scale Optical Satellite Data for Inland and Coastal Water Applications. *Remote Sensing Environ.* 216, 586–597. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2018.07.015

Varmuza, K., and Filzmoser, P. (2016). *Introduction to Multivariate Statistical Analysis in Chemometrics*. Boca Raton: CRC Press.

Vermote, E. F., El Saleous, N., Justice, C. O., Kaufman, Y. J., Privette, J. L., Remer, L., et al. (1997). Atmospheric Correction of Visible to Middle-Infrared EOS-MODIS Data over Land Surfaces: Background, Operational Algorithm and Validation. *J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres* 102, 17131–17141. doi:10.1029/ 97jd00201

Wagner, F., and Silva, A. M. (2008). Some Considerations about Ångström Exponent Distributions. *Atmos. Chem. Phys.* 8, 481–489. doi:10.5194/acp-8-481-2008

Wang, G., Lee, Z., Mishra, D. R., and Ma, R. (2016). Retrieving Absorption Coefficients of Multiple Phytoplankton Pigments from Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Reflectance Measured over Cyanobacteria Bloom Waters. *Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods* 14, 432–447. doi:10.1002/lom3.10102

Watanabe, F., Alcántara, E., Rodrigues, T., Imai, N., Barbosa, C., and Rotta, L. (2015). Estimation of Chlorophyll-A Concentration and the Trophic State of the Barra Bonita Hydroelectric Reservoir Using OLI/Landsat-8 Images. *Ijerph* 12, 10391–10417. doi:10.3390/ijerph120910391

Werdell, P. J., and Bailey, S. W. (2005). An Improved *In-Situ* Bio-Optical Data Set for Ocean Color Algorithm Development and Satellite Data Product Validation. *Remote sensing Environ.* 98, 122–140. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2005. 07.001

Werdell, P. J., Behrenfeld, M. J., Bontempi, P. S., Boss, E., Cairns, B., Davis, G. T., et al. (2019). The Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, Ocean Ecosystem mission: Status, Science, Advances. *Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc.* 100, 1775–1794. doi:10.1175/bams- d-18-0056.1

Xi, H., Hieronymi, M., Röttgers, R., Krasemann, H., and Qiu, Z. (2015). Hyperspectral Differentiation of Phytoplankton Taxonomic Groups: a Comparison between Using Remote Sensing Reflectance and Absorption Spectra. *Remote Sensing* 7, 14781–14805. doi:10.3390/rs71114781

Yang, M., Howell, S. G., Zhuang, J., and Huebert, B. J. (2009). Attribution of Aerosol Light Absorption to Black Carbon, Brown Carbon, and Dust in China - Interpretations of Atmospheric Measurements during EAST-AIRE. *Atmos. Chem. Phys.* 9, 2035–2050. doi:10.5194/acp-9-2035-2009

Zhai, P.-W., Hu, Y., Trepte, C. R., and Lucker, P. L. (2009). A Vector Radiative Transfer Model for Coupled Atmosphere and Ocean Systems Based on Successive Order of Scattering Method. *Opt. Express* 17, 2057–2079. doi:10. 1364/oe.17.002057

**Conflict of Interest:** Authors MM, NP, DG, BS, and AS are employed by SSAI.

The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of
any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential
conflict of interest.

**Publisher's Note:** All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Copyright © 2022 Montes, Pahlevan, Giles, Roger, Zhai, Smith, Levy, Werdell and Smirnov. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
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Snyder, J., Boss, E., Weatherbee, R., Thomas, A. C., Brady, D., and Newell, C. (2017). Oyster Aquaculture Site Selection Using Landsat 8-derived Sea Surface Temperature, Turbidity, and Chlorophyll a. *Front. Mar. Sci.* 4, 190. doi:10.3389/fmars.2017.00190

Steinmetz, F., and Ramon, D. (2018). “Sentinel-2 MSI and Sentinel-3 OLCI Consistent Ocean Colour Products Using POLYMER,” in Remote Sensing of the Open and Coastal Ocean and Inland Waters, International Society for Optics and Photonics, 107780E. doi:10.1117/12.2500232

Szkop, A., and Pietruczuk, A. (2019). Synergy of Satellite-Based Aerosol Optical Thickness Analysis and Trajectory Statistics for Determination of Aerosol Source Regions. *Int. J. Remote Sensing* 40, 8450–8464. doi:10.1080/01431161. 2019.1612117

Tanré, D., Haywood, J., Pelon, J., Léon, J., Chatenet, B., Formenti, P., et al. (2003). Measurement and Modeling of the Saharan Dust Radiative Impact: Overview of the Saharan Dust Experiment (SHADE). *J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres* 108. doi:10.1029/2002JD003273

Thewes, D., Stanev, E. V., and Zielinski, O. (2020). Sensitivity of a 3D Shelf Sea Ecosystem Model to Parameterizations of the Underwater Light Field. *Front. Mar. Sci.* 6. doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00816

Tilstone, G., Dall'Olmo, G., Hieronymi, M., Ruddick, K., Beck, M., Ligi, M., et al. (2020). Field Intercomparison of Radiometer Measurements for Ocean Colour Validation. *Remote Sensing* 12, 1587. doi:10.3390/rs12101587

Uitz, J., Stramski, D., Reynolds, R. A., and Dubranna, J. (2015). Assessing Phytoplankton Community Composition from Hyperspectral Measurements of Phytoplankton Absorption Coefficient and Remote-Sensing Reflectance in Open-Ocean Environments. *Remote Sensing Environ.* 171, 58–74. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2015.09.027

Ustin, S. L., and Middleton, E. M. (2021). Current and Near-Term Advances in Earth Observation for Ecological Applications. *Ecol. Process.* 10, 1–57. doi:10. 1186/s13717-020-00255-4

Vanhellemont, Q. (2019). Adaptation of the Dark Spectrum Fitting Atmospheric Correction for Aquatic Applications of the Landsat and Sentinel-2 Archives. *Remote Sensing Environ.* 225, 175–192. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2019.03.010

Vanhellemont, Q., and Ruddick, K. (2018). Atmospheric Correction of Metre-Scale Optical Satellite Data for Inland and Coastal Water Applications. *Remote Sensing Environ.* 216, 586–597. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2018.07.015

Varmuza, K., and Filzmoser, P. (2016). *Introduction to Multivariate Statistical Analysis in Chemometrics*. Boca Raton: CRC Press.

Vermote, E. F., El Saleous, N., Justice, C. O., Kaufman, Y. J., Privette, J. L., Remer, L., et al. (1997). Atmospheric Correction of Visible to Middle-Infrared EOS-MODIS Data over Land Surfaces: Background, Operational Algorithm and Validation. *J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres* 102, 17131–17141. doi:10.1029/ 97jd00201

Wagner, F., and Silva, A. M. (2008). Some Considerations about Ångström Exponent Distributions. *Atmos. Chem. Phys.* 8, 481–489. doi:10.5194/acp-8-481-2008

Wang, G., Lee, Z., Mishra, D. R., and Ma, R. (2016). Retrieving Absorption Coefficients of Multiple Phytoplankton Pigments from Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Reflectance Measured over Cyanobacteria Bloom Waters. *Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods* 14, 432–447. doi:10.1002/lom3.10102

Watanabe, F., Alcántara, E., Rodrigues, T., Imai, N., Barbosa, C., and Rotta, L. (2015). Estimation of Chlorophyll-A Concentration and the Trophic State of the Barra Bonita Hydroelectric Reservoir Using OLI/Landsat-8 Images. *Ijerph* 12, 10391–10417. doi:10.3390/ijerph120910391

Werdell, P. J., and Bailey, S. W. (2005). An Improved *In-Situ* Bio-Optical Data Set for Ocean Color Algorithm Development and Satellite Data Product Validation. *Remote sensing Environ.* 98, 122–140. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2005. 07.001

Werdell, P. J., Behrenfeld, M. J., Bontempi, P. S., Boss, E., Cairns, B., Davis, G. T., et al. (2019). The Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, Ocean Ecosystem mission: Status, Science, Advances. *Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc.* 100, 1775–1794. doi:10.1175/bams- d-18-0056.1

Xi, H., Hieronymi, M., Röttgers, R., Krasemann, H., and Qiu, Z. (2015). Hyperspectral Differentiation of Phytoplankton Taxonomic Groups: a Comparison between Using Remote Sensing Reflectance and Absorption Spectra. *Remote Sensing* 7, 14781–14805. doi:10.3390/rs71114781

Yang, M., Howell, S. G., Zhuang, J., and Huebert, B. J. (2009). Attribution of Aerosol Light Absorption to Black Carbon, Brown Carbon, and Dust in China - Interpretations of Atmospheric Measurements during EAST-AIRE. *Atmos. Chem. Phys.* 9, 2035–2050. doi:10.5194/acp-9-2035-2009

Zhai, P.-W., Hu, Y., Trepte, C. R., and Lucker, P. L. (2009). A Vector Radiative Transfer Model for Coupled Atmosphere and Ocean Systems Based on Successive Order of Scattering Method. *Opt. Express* 17, 2057–2079. doi:10. 1364/oe.17.002057

**Conflict of Interest:** Authors MM, NP, DG, BS, and AS are employed by SSAI.

The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of
any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential
conflict of interest.

**Publisher's Note:** All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Copyright © 2022 Montes, Pahlevan, Giles, Roger, Zhai, Smith, Levy, Werdell and Smirnov. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.