Péré, J. C., Bessagnet, B., Pont, V., Mallet, M., and Minvielle, F.: Influence of the aerosol solar extinction on photochemistry during the 2010 Russian wildfires episode, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 10983–10998, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-10983-2015, 2015

Petropavlovskikh, I.: Evaluation of photodissociation coefficient calculations for use in atmospheric chemical models, PhD thesis, University of Brussels/National Center for Atmospheric Research, Cooperative Thesis No. 159, NCAR, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 1995.

Portin, H., Mielonen, T., Leskinen, A., Arola, A., Pärjälä, E., Romakkaniemi, S., Laaksonen, A., Lehtinen, K. E. J., and Kompula, M.: Biomass burning aerosols observed in Eastern Finland during the Russian wildfires in summer 2010 – Part 1: In-situ aerosol characterization, Atmos. Environ., 47, 269–278, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.10.067, 2012.

Putaud, J. P., Van Dingenen, R., Alastuey, A., Bauer, H., Birmili, W., Cyrys, J., Flentje, H., Fuzzi, S., Gehrig, R., Hansson, H. C., Harrison, R. M., Herrmann, H., Hitzenberger, R., Hüglin, C., Jones, A. M., Kasper-Giebl, A., Kiss, G., Kousa, A., Kuhlbusch, T. A. J., Löschau, G., Maenhaut, W., Molnar, A., Moreno, T., Pekkanen, J., Perrino, C., Pitz, M., Puxbaum, H., Querol, X., Rodriguez, S., Salma, I., Schwarz, J., Smolik, J., Schneider, J., Spindler, G., ten Brink, H., Tursic, J., Viana, M., Wiedensohler, A., and Raes, F.: A European aerosol phenomenology – 3: Physical and chemical characteristics of particulate matter from 60 rural, urban, and kerbside sites across Europe, Atmos. Environ., 44, 1308–1320, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.12.011, 2010.

Ramboll Environ: User's guide to the Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions (CAMx), Version 6.3, available at: http://www.camx.com (last access: 2 July 2018), 2016.

Real, E. and Sartelet, K.: Modeling of photolysis rates over Europe: impact on chemical gaseous species and aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 1711–1727, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-1711-2011, 2011.

Rotstayn, L. D., Plymin, E. L., Collier, M. A., Boucher, O., Dufresne, J.-L., Luo, J.-J., Salzen, K. v., Jeffrey, S. J., Fougjols, M.-A., Ming, Y., and Horowitz, L. W.: Declining aerosols in CMIP5 Projections: effects on atmospheric temperature structure and midlatitude jets, J. Climate, 27, 6960–6977, https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00258.1, 2014.

Ruckstuhl, C., Philipona, R., Behrens, K., Collaud Coen, M., Dürr, B., Heimo, A., Mätzler, C., Nyeki, S., Ohmura, A., Vuilleumier, L., Weller, M., Wehrli, C., and Zelenka, A.: Aerosol and cloud effects on solar brightening and the recent rapid warming, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL034228, L12708, 2008.

Ruckstuhl, C., and Norris, J. R.: How do aerosol histories affect solar “dimming” and “brightening” over Europe?: IPCC-AR4 models versus observations, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D00D04, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011066, 2009.

Ruckstuhl, C., Norris, J. R., and Philipona, R.: Is there evidence for an aerosol indirect effect during the recent aerosol optical depth decline in Europe?, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D04204, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012867, 2010.

Sanchez-Lorenzo, A. and Wild, M.: Decadal variations in estimated surface solar radiation over Switzerland since the late 19th century, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 8635–8644, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-8635-2012, 2012

Sanchez-Lorenzo, A., Calbó, J., and Martin-Vide, J.: Spatial and temporal trends in sunshine duration over western Europe (1938–2004), J. Climate, 21, 6089–6098, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2442.1, 2008.

Sanchez-Lorenzo, A., Calbó, J., Brunetti, M., and Deser, C.: Dimming/brightening over the Iberian Peninsula: Trends in sunshine duration and cloud cover and their relations with atmospheric circulation, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D00D09, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011394, 2009.

Sanchez-Lorenzo, A., Calbó, J., and Wild, M.: Increasing cloud cover in the 20th century: review and new findings in Spain, Clim. Past, 8, 1199–1212, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-1199-2012, 2012.

Sanchez-Lorenzo, A., Wild, M., Brunetti, M., Guijarro, J. A., Hakuba, M. Z., Calbó, J., Mystakidis, S., and Bartok, B.: Reassessment and update of long-term trends in downward surface shortwave radiation over Europe (1939–2012), J. Geophys. Res., 120, 9555–9569, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023321, 2015.

Sanchez-Lorenzo, A., Enriquez-Alonso, A., Calbó, J., González, J.-A., Wild, M., Folini, D., Norris, J. R., and Vicente-Serrano, S. M.: Fewer clouds in the Mediterranean: consistency of observations and climate simulations, Sci. Rep.-UK, 7, 41475, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep41475, 2017a.

Sanchez-Lorenzo, A., Enriquez-Alonso, A., Wild, M., Trentmann, J., Vicente-Serrano, S. M., Sanchez-Romero, A., Posselt, R., and Hakuba, M. Z.: Trends in downward surface solar radiation from satellites and ground observations over Europe during 1983–2010, Remote Sens. Environ., 189, 108–117, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.11.018, 2017b.

San José, R., Pérez, J. L., Balzarini, A., Baró, R., Curci, G., Forkel, R., Galmarini, S., Grell, G., Hirtl, M., Honzak, L., Im, U., Jiménez-Guerrero, P., Langer, M., Pirovano, G., Tuccella, P., Werhahn, J., and Žabkar, R.: Sensitivity of feedback effects in CBMZ/MOSAIC chemical mechanism, Atmos. Environ., 115, 646–656, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.04.030, 2015.

Seinfeld, J. H. and Pandis, S. N.: Atmospheric chemistry and physics: from air pollution to climate change, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey, USA, 2016.

Sen, P. K.: Estimates of the regression coefficient based on Kendall's Tau, J. Am. Stat. Assoc., 63, 1379–1389, https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1968.10480934, 1968.

Skamarock, W., Klemp, J., Dudhia, J., Gill, D., Barker, D., Duda, M., Huang, X., Wang, W., and Powers, J. G.: A description of the advanced research WRF version 3, NCAR technical note, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 2008.

Solazzo, E., Bianconi, R., Hogrefe, C., Curci, G., Tuccella, P., Alyuz, U., Balzarini, A., Baró, R., Bellasio, R., Bieser, J., Brandt, J., Christensen, J. H., Colette, A., Francis, X., Fraser, A., Vivanco, M. G., Jiménez-Guerrero, P., Im, U., Manders, A., Nopmongcol, U., Kitwiroon, N., Pirovano, G., Pozzoli, L., Prank, M., Sokhi, R. S., Unal, A., Yarwood, G., and Galmarini, S.: Evaluation and error apportionment of an ensemble of atmospheric chemistry transport modeling systems: multivariable temporal and spatial breakdown, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 3001–3054, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3001-2017, 2017.

Stamnes, K., Tsay, S.-C., Wiscombe, W., and Jayaweera, K.: Numerically stable algorithm for discrete-ordinate-method radiative transfer in multiple scattering and emitting layered media, Appl.
Péré, J. C., Bessagnet, B., Pont, V., Mallet, M., and Minvielle, F.: Influence of the aerosol solar extinction on photochemistry during the 2010 Russian wildfires episode, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 10983–10998, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-10983-2015, 2015

Petropavlovskikh, I.: Evaluation of photodissociation coefficient calculations for use in atmospheric chemical models, PhD thesis, University of Brussels/National Center for Atmospheric Research, Cooperative Thesis No. 159, NCAR, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 1995.

Portin, H., Mielonen, T., Leskinen, A., Arola, A., Pärjälä, E., Romakkaniemi, S., Laaksonen, A., Lehtinen, K. E. J., and Kompula, M.: Biomass burning aerosols observed in Eastern Finland during the Russian wildfires in summer 2010 – Part 1: In-situ aerosol characterization, Atmos. Environ., 47, 269–278, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.10.067, 2012.

Putaud, J. P., Van Dingenen, R., Alastuey, A., Bauer, H., Birmili, W., Cyrys, J., Flentje, H., Fuzzi, S., Gehrig, R., Hansson, H. C., Harrison, R. M., Herrmann, H., Hitzenberger, R., Hüglin, C., Jones, A. M., Kasper-Giebl, A., Kiss, G., Kousa, A., Kuhlbusch, T. A. J., Löschau, G., Maenhaut, W., Molnar, A., Moreno, T., Pekkanen, J., Perrino, C., Pitz, M., Puxbaum, H., Querol, X., Rodriguez, S., Salma, I., Schwarz, J., Smolik, J., Schneider, J., Spindler, G., ten Brink, H., Tursic, J., Viana, M., Wiedensohler, A., and Raes, F.: A European aerosol phenomenology – 3: Physical and chemical characteristics of particulate matter from 60 rural, urban, and kerbside sites across Europe, Atmos. Environ., 44, 1308–1320, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.12.011, 2010.

Ramboll Environ: User's guide to the Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions (CAMx), Version 6.3, available at: http://www.camx.com (last access: 2 July 2018), 2016.

Real, E. and Sartelet, K.: Modeling of photolysis rates over Europe: impact on chemical gaseous species and aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 1711–1727, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-1711-2011, 2011.

Rotstayn, L. D., Plymin, E. L., Collier, M. A., Boucher, O., Dufresne, J.-L., Luo, J.-J., Salzen, K. v., Jeffrey, S. J., Fougjols, M.-A., Ming, Y., and Horowitz, L. W.: Declining aerosols in CMIP5 Projections: effects on atmospheric temperature structure and midlatitude jets, J. Climate, 27, 6960–6977, https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00258.1, 2014.

Ruckstuhl, C., Philipona, R., Behrens, K., Collaud Coen, M., Dürr, B., Heimo, A., Mätzler, C., Nyeki, S., Ohmura, A., Vuilleumier, L., Weller, M., Wehrli, C., and Zelenka, A.: Aerosol and cloud effects on solar brightening and the recent rapid warming, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL034228, L12708, 2008.

Ruckstuhl, C., and Norris, J. R.: How do aerosol histories affect solar “dimming” and “brightening” over Europe?: IPCC-AR4 models versus observations, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D00D04, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011066, 2009.

Ruckstuhl, C., Norris, J. R., and Philipona, R.: Is there evidence for an aerosol indirect effect during the recent aerosol optical depth decline in Europe?, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D04204, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012867, 2010.

Sanchez-Lorenzo, A. and Wild, M.: Decadal variations in estimated surface solar radiation over Switzerland since the late 19th century, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 8635–8644, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-8635-2012, 2012

Sanchez-Lorenzo, A., Calbó, J., and Martin-Vide, J.: Spatial and temporal trends in sunshine duration over western Europe (1938–2004), J. Climate, 21, 6089–6098, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2442.1, 2008.

Sanchez-Lorenzo, A., Calbó, J., Brunetti, M., and Deser, C.: Dimming/brightening over the Iberian Peninsula: Trends in sunshine duration and cloud cover and their relations with atmospheric circulation, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D00D09, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011394, 2009.

Sanchez-Lorenzo, A., Calbó, J., and Wild, M.: Increasing cloud cover in the 20th century: review and new findings in Spain, Clim. Past, 8, 1199–1212, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-1199-2012, 2012.

Sanchez-Lorenzo, A., Wild, M., Brunetti, M., Guijarro, J. A., Hakuba, M. Z., Calbó, J., Mystakidis, S., and Bartok, B.: Reassessment and update of long-term trends in downward surface shortwave radiation over Europe (1939–2012), J. Geophys. Res., 120, 9555–9569, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023321, 2015.

Sanchez-Lorenzo, A., Enriquez-Alonso, A., Calbó, J., González, J.-A., Wild, M., Folini, D., Norris, J. R., and Vicente-Serrano, S. M.: Fewer clouds in the Mediterranean: consistency of observations and climate simulations, Sci. Rep.-UK, 7, 41475, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep41475, 2017a.

Sanchez-Lorenzo, A., Enriquez-Alonso, A., Wild, M., Trentmann, J., Vicente-Serrano, S. M., Sanchez-Romero, A., Posselt, R., and Hakuba, M. Z.: Trends in downward surface solar radiation from satellites and ground observations over Europe during 1983–2010, Remote Sens. Environ., 189, 108–117, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.11.018, 2017b.

San José, R., Pérez, J. L., Balzarini, A., Baró, R., Curci, G., Forkel, R., Galmarini, S., Grell, G., Hirtl, M., Honzak, L., Im, U., Jiménez-Guerrero, P., Langer, M., Pirovano, G., Tuccella, P., Werhahn, J., and Žabkar, R.: Sensitivity of feedback effects in CBMZ/MOSAIC chemical mechanism, Atmos. Environ., 115, 646–656, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.04.030, 2015.

Seinfeld, J. H. and Pandis, S. N.: Atmospheric chemistry and physics: from air pollution to climate change, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey, USA, 2016.

Sen, P. K.: Estimates of the regression coefficient based on Kendall's Tau, J. Am. Stat. Assoc., 63, 1379–1389, https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1968.10480934, 1968.

Skamarock, W., Klemp, J., Dudhia, J., Gill, D., Barker, D., Duda, M., Huang, X., Wang, W., and Powers, J. G.: A description of the advanced research WRF version 3, NCAR technical note, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 2008.

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Stamnes, K., Tsay, S.-C., Wiscombe, W., and Jayaweera, K.: Numerically stable algorithm for discrete-ordinate-method radiative transfer in multiple scattering and emitting layered media, Appl.
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Stanhill, G. and Cohen, S.: Global dimming: a review of the evidence for a widespread and significant reduction in global radiation with discussion of its probable causes and possible agricultural consequences, Agr. Forest. Meteorol., 107, 255–278, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00241-0, 2001.

Stanhill, G., Achiman, O., Rosa, R., and Cohen, S.: The cause of solar dimming and brightening at the Earth's surface during the last half century: Evidence from measurements of sunshine duration, J. Geophys. Res., 119, 10902–910911, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD021308, 2014.

Stavrakou, T., Müller, J.-F., Bauwens, M., De Smedt, I., Van Roozendael, M., Guenther, A., Wild, M., and Xia, X.: Isoprene emissions over Asia 1979–2012: impact of climate and land-use changes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 4587–4605, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-4587-2014, 2014.

Stjern, C. W., Kristjánsson, J. E., and Hansen, A. W.: Global dimming and global brightening – an analysis of surface radiation and cloud cover data in northern Europe, Int. J. Climatol., 29, 643–653, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1735, 2009.

Storelvmo, T., Leirvik, T., Lohmann, U., Phillips, P. C. B., and Wild, M.: Disentangling greenhouse warming and aerosol cooling to reveal Earth's climate sensitivity, Nat. Geosci., 9, 286–289, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2670, 2016.

Strader, R., Lurmann, F., and Pandis, S. N.: Evaluation of secondary organic aerosol formation in winter, Atmos. Environ., 33, 4849–4863, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00310-6, 1999.

Streets, D. G., Wu, Y., and Chin, M.: Two-decadal aerosol trends as a likely explanation of the global dimming/brightening transition, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026471, L15806, 2006.

Streets, D. G., Yan, F., Chin, M., Diehl, T., Mahowald, N., Schultz, M., Wild, M., Wu, Y., and Yu, C.: Anthropogenic and natural contributions to regional trends in aerosol optical depth, 1980–2006, J. Geophys. Res., 114, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011624, D00D18, 2009.

Tagaris, E., Sotiropoulou, R. E. P., Gounaris, N., Andronopoulos, S., and Vlachogiannis, D.: Effect of the Standard Nomenclature for Air Pollution (SNAP) Categories on Air Quality over Europe, Atmosphere, 6, 1119–1128, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos6081119, 2015.

Takemura, T., Nakajima, T., Dubovik, O., Holben, B. N., and Kinne, S.: Single-Scattering Albedo and Radiative Forcing of Various Aerosol Species with a Global Three-Dimensional Model, J. Climate, 15, 333–352, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<0333:ssaarf>2.0.co;2, 2002.

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Wang, H., Xie, S.-P., and Liu, Q.: Comparison of climate response to anthropogenic aerosol versus greenhouse gas forcing: distinct patterns, J. Climate, 29, 5175–5188, https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0106.1, 2016.

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Wang, K. C., Dickinson, R. E., Wild, M., and Liang, S.: Atmospheric impacts on climatic variability of surface incident solar radiation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 9581–9592, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-9581-2012, 2012a.

Wang, K. C., Dickinson, R. E., Su, L., and Trenberth, K. E.: Contrasting trends of mass and optical properties of aerosols over the Northern Hemisphere from 1992 to 2011, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 9387–9398, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-9387-2012, 2012b.

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Wild, M., Ohmura, A., and Makowski, K.: Impact of global dimming and brightening on global warming, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028031, 2007.

Wild, M., Folini, D., Schär, C., Loeb, N., Dutton, E. G., and König-Langlo, G.: The global energy balance from a surface perspective, Clim. Dynam., 40, 3107–3134, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1569-8, 2013.

Wild, O., Zhu, X., and Prather, M. J.: Fast-J: Accurate Simulation of In- and Below-Cloud Photolysis in Tropo-
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Stanhill, G. and Cohen, S.: Global dimming: a review of the evidence for a widespread and significant reduction in global radiation with discussion of its probable causes and possible agricultural consequences, Agr. Forest. Meteorol., 107, 255–278, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00241-0, 2001.

Stanhill, G., Achiman, O., Rosa, R., and Cohen, S.: The cause of solar dimming and brightening at the Earth's surface during the last half century: Evidence from measurements of sunshine duration, J. Geophys. Res., 119, 10902–910911, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD021308, 2014.

Stavrakou, T., Müller, J.-F., Bauwens, M., De Smedt, I., Van Roozendael, M., Guenther, A., Wild, M., and Xia, X.: Isoprene emissions over Asia 1979–2012: impact of climate and land-use changes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 4587–4605, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-4587-2014, 2014.

Stjern, C. W., Kristjánsson, J. E., and Hansen, A. W.: Global dimming and global brightening – an analysis of surface radiation and cloud cover data in northern Europe, Int. J. Climatol., 29, 643–653, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1735, 2009.

Storelvmo, T., Leirvik, T., Lohmann, U., Phillips, P. C. B., and Wild, M.: Disentangling greenhouse warming and aerosol cooling to reveal Earth's climate sensitivity, Nat. Geosci., 9, 286–289, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2670, 2016.

Strader, R., Lurmann, F., and Pandis, S. N.: Evaluation of secondary organic aerosol formation in winter, Atmos. Environ., 33, 4849–4863, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00310-6, 1999.

Streets, D. G., Wu, Y., and Chin, M.: Two-decadal aerosol trends as a likely explanation of the global dimming/brightening transition, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026471, L15806, 2006.

Streets, D. G., Yan, F., Chin, M., Diehl, T., Mahowald, N., Schultz, M., Wild, M., Wu, Y., and Yu, C.: Anthropogenic and natural contributions to regional trends in aerosol optical depth, 1980–2006, J. Geophys. Res., 114, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011624, D00D18, 2009.

Tagaris, E., Sotiropoulou, R. E. P., Gounaris, N., Andronopoulos, S., and Vlachogiannis, D.: Effect of the Standard Nomenclature for Air Pollution (SNAP) Categories on Air Quality over Europe, Atmosphere, 6, 1119–1128, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos6081119, 2015.

Takemura, T., Nakajima, T., Dubovik, O., Holben, B. N., and Kinne, S.: Single-Scattering Albedo and Radiative Forcing of Various Aerosol Species with a Global Three-Dimensional Model, J. Climate, 15, 333–352, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<0333:ssaarf>2.0.co;2, 2002.

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