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# Polycrates of Samos and His Gilded Coins

Koray Konuk

► To cite this version:

Koray Konuk. Polycrates of Samos and His Gilded Coins. Third International Congress on the History of Money and Numismatics, O. Tekin, Apr 2024, Antalya, Turkey. hal-04818762

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https://hal.science/hal-04818762v1

Submitted on 4 Dec 2024

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THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS
ON THE HISTORY OF MONEY AND NUMISMATICS
IN THE MEDITERRANEAN WORLD
APRIL 1-4, 2024 - ANTALYA

ABSTRACTS

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AKMED

KOÇ UNIVERSITY

Suna & İnan Kıraç

Research Center for

Mediterranean Civilizations
BAKER, Julian

(Dr., Heberden Coin Room, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford University)

## A Hoard of Medieval Deniers Tournois of Possible Anatolian Origin in the Gabinetto Numismatico e Medagliere, Musei del Castello Sforzesco, Milano

167 coins have been conserved in the Milanese civic coin collection since the 19th century as a single hoard. The hoard had passed through the hands of a Swiss dealer and an Italian collector before reaching the present museum via the Brera collection. The hoard displays in part the typical composition of a Mainland Greek denier tournois hoard. However, it has three significant features which induce the author to believe that it may well be of Anatolian origin. Firstly, it has a number of coins of Tripoli (present-day Lebanon).

Crusader coins are frequently found along the south coast of Anatolia and on the neighbouring islands (especially Rhodes). Second it had a number of coins of Castile-Leon; third, a very significant percentage of the deniers tournois are illicit issues. Both of these categories of coins can be brought in connections with of the Catalan invaders of Anatolia and Greece of the early 14th century. The date of concealment of the hoard is the early 1320s.

BODZEK, Jarosław

(Prof. Dr., Jagiellonian University, Institute of Archaeology)

## Monetary Circulation in Roman Cyprus- the Case of the Nea Paphos Agora

Since 2011, archaeologists from Jagiellonian University have been conducting research on the agora of ancient Nea Paphos. Over the course of 11 excavation seasons, they have recorded approximately 500 ancient coins, including Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine coins. Among the Roman coins discovered in the agora, two main groups can be distinguished: coins from imperial mints and those belonging to provincial issues.

The discovered imperial coins range from the 3rd to the 5th centuries AD. Among the provincial coins found, those from the 1st century and the early 2nd century AD are predominant. Both groups are mainly composed of bronze coins. There have been only a few findings of devalued billon antoniniani from the 3rd century AD and folles from the 4th century AD. Most of the discovered coins are isolated finds, although some coin hoards have also been documented. Despite the limited excavation coverage (approximately 5% of the total agora area), these discoveries provide valuable insights into the monetary circulation patterns in this significant part of the ancient city.

BURNETT, Andrew

(Dr., British Museum- retired, London)

## The Imperial Currency System of Lycia

Lycian cities made coins on only one occasion, during the reign of Gordian III, a phenomenon that has never really been properly explained.
In recent years, however, evidence has emerged from excavations that coins minted in Rome (even quadrantes) were used widely in Lycia. It can be suggested that the Gordian coins were perhaps minted to alleviate a shortage in the supply from Rome.

How and why did this unique pattern come about in Lycia? The how can perhaps be answered by looking at the fairly recent Neronian customs law from Lycia, which shows that the Koinon was in charge of financial matters.

In turn, this interpretation helps us to explain why Lycian silver 'drachms' are often found outside Lycia, and also suggests a way of interpreting the otherwise enigmatic Cibyra inscription about denarii and Rhodian drachmae.

They "why?" is much harder to answer; but it can perhaps be understood as a matter of cultural choice, much as happened in the western empire at about the same time.

BUTCHER, Kevin

(Prof. Dr., University of Warwick)

## Silver Coinage in the Eastern Mediterranean in the First Century BCE

This presentation looks at the results of compositional analyses of some silver coinages issued by states in the eastern Mediterranean during the first century BCE, using data from the ERC-funded project 'Rome and the Coinages of the Mediterranean' (835180 RACOM ERC-2018-ADG).

DE CALLATAΥ, François

(Prof. Dr., Royal Library of Belgium)

## The SILVER Databases (DSD [Die Studies Database] and GOD [Greek Overstrikes Database]): Some Examples of Their Benefits Applied to Anatolia

This presentation aims to illustrate the benefits one can expect using the two ERC SILVER databases: DSD (Die Studies Database) and GOD (Greek Overstrikes Database) (see https://silver.knowledge.wiki/SILVER). For the circumstance, it focuses on the territory of ancient Anatolia.

CHAMEROY, Jérémie

(Dr., Leibniz-Zentrum für Archäologie- LEIZA)

SCHMIDTS, Thomas

(Priv. Doz. Dr., Leibniz-Zentrum für Archäologie- LEIZA)

## Coin Circulation and Economic Networks of Patara during the Roman Imperial Era

Patara was one of the most important port cities along the Lycian coast during the Roman period. Despite its intense economic activity, the city did not mint its own coins until the 3rd century AD, for a single brieef issue under Gordian III. This raises question of how the circulation of money worked, which was essential for the traffic from which the city derived its income. Several hypotheses seem possible, and merit further analysis: could the coins of
the neighbouring cities have freely circulated in Patara? Were Hellenistic coins still in circulation during the early Imperial era? Additionally, what role did Roman Imperial coinage play in trade, especially considering that imperial bronzes were rarely in circulation in Asia Minor, where most cities minted their own small change?

The presentation is focused on the period from 1st to the 6th century AD. We will address the questions by analyzing the excavated coins from Nero's baths and other urban constructions in Patara. Finally, we will try to show what the provenance of the coins in use at Patara tells us about the regional and supra-regional networks maintained by the city.

CHIN, Marcus

(Dr., Oxford University)

**The Circulation of Coinage in Anatolia from the Archaic to Hellenistic Periods:
The Perspective of Epigraphy**

The wealth of epigraphic remains from the Anatolian peninsula, particularly in its western half, offers a unique opportunity for tracing the presence and use of coinage. On the basis of a database of epigraphically attested monetary currencies in the region that I have produced for the CHANGE project (spanning all known published inscriptions from Asia Minor and its offshore islands), this presentation outlines the dominant trends in the public representation of coinage from the period spanning the Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic periods preceding the onset of Roman imperial rule, c. 600 to 30 BCE, while highlighting areas of convergence and divergence with our available data for numismatic circulation (in hoards and excavation finds).

It will suggest possible patterns in the distribution of common terms for currency, like talents, chrysoi, staters, drachmas, and obols, but also focus on specific major sub-types of drachmas (e.g. those called Alexandreian, Rhodian, plinthophoric) and staters (e.g. Kyzikene, Aiginetan, Phokaian). In particular, it will be asked if the commonly attested 'Alexandreian drachma' had a sort of prestige value, beyond merely denoting a coin-type. The survey will further highlight currencies which are well-attested numismatically, but are poorly documented in epigraphy, like sigloi, darics, cistophoroi, and denarii, and suggest reasons for this. Attention will also be paid to denominations of bronze coinage, and the extent to which the epigraphic testimony correlates with our evidence for the increased minting of bronze in the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE.

The result will be a general picture of the major social contexts in which coinage was made publicly visible through epigraphic record, but also of the gaps and inconsistencies with the numismatic evidence. Finally, this allows for some observations about the geographical circulation of coinage across Anatolia, and across the six centuries spanning Achaemenid and Athenian domination and the Roman Republican period.
ÇİZMELİ ÖĞÜN, Zeynep

(Prof. Dr., Ankara Üniversitesi)

KONUK, Koray

(Prof. Dr., Ausonius Institute, CNRS – Université Bordeaux Montaigne)

## Numismatic Studies about Coins Found in Excavations in Anatolia: In Search of Solutions with Digital Humanities

Excavation coins are typically low-value coins, which their owners have lost and have not bothered to retrieve or search for. They provide valuable information on the small exchanges of everyday life. In many cases, coins found on a site were usually struck by the state within whose territory the site is located. Coins struck by other states, such as those from neighbouring cities are also uncovered during excavations of any given site. These coins illustrate the exchanges with other cities- economic exchanges but also journeys of private individuals.

The publication and study of excavation coins, whether as single finds or hoards are the essential steps in any study of an archaeological site that has seen coin circulation. Indeed, what could be more natural than using coins to date sites and archaeological layers, to investigate economic connections among one or more sites, or even more broadly, to analyze a region's monetary production and circulation? Despite these apparent facts, the scholarly output concerning excavation coins does not always meet expected standards both in terms of quality and quantity. This is particularly true for excavation coins from archaeological sites in Turkey, and our study will focus on new approaches to this subject matter.

DELRIEUX, Fabrice

(Prof. Dr., Université Savoie Mont Blanc)

## Issuing Coins in the Name of His City in the Beginning of the Principate. The Case of Mylasa in Caria

In the early Roman Empire, Mylasa was one of the most important and oldest mints in Caria. Closely linked to Rome since the end of the Republic, the city produced an abundant and varied silver and bronze coinage, which provides us with valuable information about its political history, economic activities, and religious practices.

Our attention will be focused here on the exemplars whose legend on the reverse mentions three equally interesting men. Two of them, Thlastos and Kouron, have names that are very rare or even unknown elsewhere, while the third, Hybreas, recalls the period of the Roman civil wars. Similarly, depending on the coins, the verbal forms ANEΘHKEN and ΓPAMMATEYONTOΣ (the former being as common as the latter is exceptional) give the reasons why these people are named. The study of each of them will be an opportunity to return to the involvement of citizens in the process of issuing the coins of their city, but also to highlight particularities specific to the Roman provincial coinage of Mylasa.
## The Cult of Zeus Idaios at Skepsis

This presentation discusses a unique tetradrachm of Skepsis which appeared in trade in 2021. Its types depict a portrait of Zeus on the obverse and a full-figure depiction of Zeus Idaios on the reverse. I argue that the legend in right field which has thus far been read as ΠΟΣΙΔΑΙΟΥ should instead be resolved as [Δ]ΙΟΣ ΙΔΑΙΟΥ and thus names the deity.

The cult of Zeus Idaios was already known from passages of the Iliad (which do not specifically connect it to Skepsis) and coins and inscriptions of Skepsis from the Imperial period, making this tetradrachm the earliest evidence explicitly connecting the cult to Skepsis.

The prominence of the cult of Zeus Idaios at Skepsis may have been a new development of the late Hellenistic period, since before this point numismatic and epigraphic evidence from Skepsis instead point to the cult of Dionysos Bambyleios being more important. The city's increased interest in associating itself with Zeus Idaios in the late Hellenistic period should be related to the connection it created between Skepsis, a city which is not named in the Iliad, and the region's Homeric heritage. The importance of writing Skepsis into the story of the region's Trojan past is illustrated by the work of its most famous intellectual in the 2nd century, Demetrius of Skepsis, whose commentary on the Catalogue of Ships attempted to denigrate the much stronger claims of neighbouring cities such as Ilion.

EROL, Aliye

(Assoc. Prof. Dr., İstanbul Üniversitesi)

## The Coins of Kyzikos from Daskyleion Excavations

Excavations have been conducted in Daskyleion, an important Persian satraphy center in Asia Minor, since 1954. Among the numerous findings unearthed during the excavations are also coins. Approximately 600 coins have been uncovered from the beginning of the excavations until today, scattered across both the excavation site and the surrounding fields and villages. The remarkable frequency of Kyzikos coins within the found artifacts is noteworthy. Despite lacking a mint in antiquity and not minting coins with its own ethnicon, it is evident that Daskyleion utilized Kyzikos coins. This paper will introduce the Kyzikos civic coins found in the excavations and discuss the reasons why Daskyleion did not produce its own coins.

FISCHER-BOSSERT, Wolfgang

(Dr., Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austrian Archaeological Institute)

## A Carian Electrum Coinage with a Tiny Inscription

Inconspicuous at first sight, the electrum series in question stands out of the plethora of late archaic electrum coinages from Asia Minor by the fact that several specimens bear stamped marks along the edge. The marks show Carian letters. Thanks to the linguist Diether Schürr it can be said that these letters form a Carian personal name which was not attested so far. The
Carian origin of this electrum series is also confirmed by a coin hoard that also provides a
rough dating to the early 5th century BC.

HOWGEGO, Christopher

(Prof. Dr., University of Oxford, Ashmolean Museum)

## Coin Hoards of the Roman Empire: New Directions

The Coin Hoards of the Roman Empire Project collects information about hoards of coinages in use in the Roman Empire between 30 BC and AD 400 (or later for some provinces). It also includes hoards of Roman coins from outside the Empire to investigate Rome's economic and cultural reach. The website currently includes information about 17,900 hoards, containing 6.7 million coins. Data are now available for 72 countries, from Ireland to Thailand, giving an impression of the reach of Roman material culture totally different from conventional mapping. As the project progresses, interpretation becomes increasingly significant. The unparalleled quality and quantity of the data provide major opportunities both for traditional scholarship and for innovative interdisciplinary and diachronic studies, including through computational modelling and economic geography.

KILLEN, Simone

(Dr., DAI, Commission for Ancient History and Epigraphy)

## Titus' First Coins

Immediately after the death of a Roman emperor and the acclamation of his successor, the mint of Rome issued coins in the name of the new princeps. These first issues immediately after the accession of the new emperor are often characterized by a variety of rapid changes. They concern the titles and the portrait of the new emperor, but also the types of the reverses. On the one hand, these changes/corrections offer us insights into the organization and functioning of the mint of Rome. On the other hand, they also shed light on the expectations that were placed on the new emperor, as well as the form of representation that was desired by the emperor or his court.

The presentation would like to take a closer look at the first issues of Emperor Titus: They will be compared with the coins of his predecessor and father Vespasian, but also with those of his successor and brother Domitian. Was the mint prepared for Titus' accession to power, who had been propagated as successor together with his brother? How do the first coins under Titus differ from those of Vespasian? What strategies of ruler representation were pursued under Titus with regard to imperial titles, portrait and reverse types? What conclusions can be drawn about Titus' short principate and the Flavian dynasty as a whole?

KONUK, Koray

(Prof. Dr., Ausonius Institute, CNRS – Université Bordeaux Montaigne)

## Polycrates of Samos and His Gilded Coins

This presentation examines the lead coins associated with the story told by Herodotus that Polycrates, the tyrant of Samos, issued a series of gold-plated coins to bribe the Spartans into
lifting the siege of Samos. A series of lead coins has been known since the 19th century and is associated with the story of Herodotus. In recent decades, several new pieces with unpublished types have emerged, providing an opportunity to reassess the evidence.

KÖKER, Hüseyin

(Assoc. Prof. Dr., Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi)

## Three Small Sigloi Hoards from Burdur Museum

In this study, I examined three small sigloi hoards which purchased by the directorate of Burdur Museum in 1993, 1997 and 2008. These hoards brought to the museum in small groups, which are probably parts of larger hoards. Unfortunately, we do not have any information about the find places of the hoards. However, it is possible to say that these three hoards were probably found in Burdur and its surrounding areas, in the context of the information that they were brought by four different people who collected coins from the province of Burdur and its close vicinity and sold coins and archaeological artifacts to the museum as well as the other regional museums which not so far from Burdur.

While the first hoard consists of 8 pieces Type IV sigloi, the second hoard consists of 5 pieces Type IV sigloi, and the third hoard consists of 6 pieces Type III and 8 Type IV sigloi. Most of the sigloi in these three hoards are heavily mutilated by countermarks, punchmarks, graffiti, scratches and control cuts as usual for the general pattern of the late sigloi.

LAZAR, Leah

(Dr., University of Oxford)

## Small Change, Big Data: Excavation Coins in Ancient Anatolia, c. 600-30 BCE

Coins found in archaeological excavations provide invaluable insights into the everyday monetary transactions and economic networks in which ordinary people participated. For ancient Anatolia, these dynamics have been illuminated for some individual communities through the meticulous publication of numismatic data found in excavations. But how did the use of coins differ from community to community, region to region over time? As part of the CHANGE project, I have collected data from all publications of excavation coins from Anatolia, dating to the Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic periods (c. 600-30 BC). The resulting database consists of thousands of coins from more than fifty sites. In this presentation, I will conduct a novel high-level statistical analysis, comparing data across different sites and regions, and exploring chronological and geographical developments. In particular, I will ask what the data can tell us about the use of low-value bronze coins which, as we would expect, are the most common kind of find. I will track the rise of such fiduciary coinages over time, ask how far they travelled (or not), and what factors determined their use away from their city of issue. I will then look at the incidence of bronzes alongside the rarer precious metal coins and consider the locations of these different kinds of find within archaeological sites. Finally, I will compare the excavation dataset with the coin hoards database created by the CHANGE project, looking at the disparities between individual finds and group deposits. Overall, I will
show how a big-data, statistical approach to excavation data can allow us to ask new and different questions about ancient Anatolian monetary economy.

LENGER, Dinçer Savaş
(Prof. Dr., Akdeniz Üniversitesi)

**Did Thyessos in Pisidia Strike Coin?**

Coins bearing the legend QU, dated to the fourth/third century BC, were inaccurately attributed to Thymbra, a presumed ancient city in the Troas region. However, upon the discovery of coins in Pergamon, these coins have been correctly attributed to Thyessos, believed to be situated somewhere in the Kaikos valley.

On the other hand, there is another coin with the head of Artemis on the obverse, a spear and the QUESSEWN legend on the reverse side. For a very long time, even its existence was considered as no specimen could be definitively identified. In ancient sources, it was attributed to Thyessos in Lydia. However, no example of this highly unique coin has ever been uncovered either in Pergamon or its vicinity. In this study, in the light of ancient sources and epigraphic documents, that the coin in question might belong to Thyessos in Pisidia.

LICHTENBERGER, Achim
(Prof. Dr., University of Münster)

**The Civic Coinage of Tyre in the 3rd century AD: Obverse Portraits and Series**

The presentation focusses on the 3rd century CE coinage of Tyre in Phoenicia. The city, which under Septimius Severus has become a Roman colony and which for much of its history was an important coin supplier for the region, is exceptional because of the large number of series minted until the emperor Gallienus, a period when most civic mints were already shut down in the region. During this period, Tyre minted coins and it hitherto has been difficult to establish the exact sequence and emissions since the legends and imperial titulature do not allow for a fine-grained chronology. However, the obverses with emperors, empresses and princes provide according to portrait types and attributes a much better chronological sequence and allow us to understand the pattern of minting and specific emissions. This in turn has consequences for the interpretation of the reverse types which in many cases were assigned to particular imperial roles.

LIGHTFOOT, Chris
(Dr., Independent Researcher, Girne)

**The Dioscuri on Roman Coins and in Roman Art**

The study of Roman coinage is very complex, allowing different approaches and interpretations. As well as being a primary means of exchange for centuries and throughout a large part of the ancient world, it served an important role in projecting the image of Rome, its institutions, and religion. It was therefore an effective means of propaganda, carefully created to convey both topical and enduring messages. Additionally, there is an important
artistic component to Roman coinage. Not only are portraits on the obverse of imperial coins striking and often historically accurate, but on the reverse a vast array of images was devised to record major events and monuments or to echo state-inspired and popular sentiment. Many designs have considerable artistic merit. They also reflect traditions and imagery that is found more widely in Roman art, especially in sculpture. In this presentation I focus on one such example – the presence of the Dioscuri on Roman coins and how this relates to their appearance in Roman monuments. I argue that the cult of Castor and Pollux took on a specifically Roman aspect and its imagery both on coins and in art generally is a result of the way Romans regarded the Dioscuri as equestrian heroes of early Rome.

MEADOWS, Andrew

(Prof. Dr., New College, Oxford)

**The CHANGE Project: A New Typology for Anatolian Coinage and Its Exploitation**

This presentation will introduce the new typology for ancient Greek coinage that was initially created by the AHRC/ANR/Mineco funded ARCH project, and the developments that are taking place as part of the ERC funded CHANGE project. It will explain the principles behind the creation of the typology and, using selected case-studies, will explore the possibility of using this to quantify ancient coin production across broad geographical and chronological ranges.

NOLLÉ, Johannes

(Prof. Dr., Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München)

**Earthquake Country Turkey. The Originators of Earthquakes on Ancient Coins of Asia Minor**

Earthquakes were a hostage to the cities of Asia Minor already in antiquity. There are very many testimonies that tell us of tremendous destruction by fierce earthquakes. However, the actual causes of earthquakes were unknown to the ancients. Therefore, the myth of monsters and giants that the gods had buried under islands or salient table-mountains served as an explanation for earthquakes and volcanism. According to the beliefs of the ancient people, the giants trembled with rage or haunted fire out of the earth. Urban bronze coins of Asia Minor cities reflect these ideas. It is no coincidence that a coin from Kadoi/Gediz, which became famous because of a devastating earthquake, shows a giant. In the end, this numismatic approach also leads to the fact that the frieze of giants on the Great Altar of Pergamon should be interpreted differently than has been done so far. The depiction of the giants initially has to do with the Table Mountain of Pergamon, which does not exclude the possibility that political interpretations of the story about the Olympian gods defending their celestial palace against giants were also superimposed on it.
**The Coinage of the Late Thracian Kings (ca. 150 BC – AD 46): Regional and Interregional Trends**

The coinage of the late kings of Thrace represents an integral part of the Hellenistic coinage in Southeast Europe and Asia Minor. It was closely connected with neighboring coinages of Macedonia, Bithynia and Pergamum and after the 40's BC – much influenced by the Roman coin iconography. It begins with the rare king of Dixazelmeus (ca. 150-140 BC), followed with the extensive coinage (both in silver and bronze) of Mostis (ca. 140-102/1 BC), and continues with small-scale rulers as Sadalas II and Kotys III. The most extensive Thracian coinage belongs to King Rhoemetalces I, the vassal of Augustus, who ruled between 12/11 BC and 12/13 AD. He struck massively in bronze (ca. 5,000 coins recorded), and rare – in silver (drachms and didrachms). The iconography of Rhoemetalces I coins is typical Roman provincial. His successor – Kotys IV [VIII] has limited own coinage in bronze and often countermarked his father's issues. The last two kings – Rhoemetalces II and Rhoemetalces III- continued the Roman provincial iconography of coinage. This presentation will trace and analyze the regional and interregional trends in the Thracian coin iconography.

**Resting Heracles in Thrace**

The presentation will focus on the coin design of Heracles, depicted in a resting position, seated on a rock, and holding his club. This particular iconographic representation stands as the predominant coin type in the Roman provincial coinage of Topeiros. Through a comprehensive analysis, our aim is to shed light on the origins, significance, and variations of this portrayal of the Panhellenic hero in ancient Thrace.

Additionally, we will present preliminary ideas for the development of an online Thesaurus Iconographicus Nummorum Graecorum (ThING) related to this topic.

**Cretan Coinages: Itanos**

The city of Itanos, eastern Crete, minted silver and bronze coins during the Late Classical and Hellenistic periods. Recent research focused on the issues of some Cretan cities (such as Cnossos and Festos); this case study can integrate some elements for re-examining coin production in the island, and the relations of Cretan coinages with coin production in Mainland Greece, the Cyclades, and Southern Asia Minor.
## The Image of the Augustae in Roman Provincial Coinage: Human or Divine?

We intend to investigate the pattern of the iconographic representation of the Augustae in Roman Provincial Coinage as human and/or divine characters through the analysis of their representation also in relation to the designs on the opposite side of the coins. We will also compare the privileged iconographic schemes with those used for other minor members of the imperial family. We will examine this theme through both a qualitative and quantitative analysis throughout the whole duration of provincial coinage.

SANCAKTAR, Hacer

(Assoc. Prof. Dr., Yozgat Bozok Üniversitesi)

## Coin Finds from the Sanctuary of Men in Pisidia Antioch

The sanctuary of Men, located within the territory of Pisidian Antioch, is situated on a peak with an altitude of 1600 m, known as the Gemen korosu or Karakuyu, approximately 3 km southeast of the city. The sanctuary is reached via a 5 km sacred road that starts from the Temple of Augustus in the city. Along this sacred road, remains of votive steles and plates with crescent relief, which is the symbol of the Men, moon god, can be observed at regular intervals. It is possible that the ceremonial procession departing from the city reached the sanctuary by using this road and departing through the northern gate of the city.

The first scientific excavations at the Sanctuary of Men took place in 1911 and continued in 1912-1913. After a long break, excavations resumed in 2017 and lasted until 2022. During the most recent excavations, a total of 218 coins were discovered alongside votive objects. Among these coins, 212 were bronze, 4 were silver and 2 were antoniniani. The distribution of these coins by period is as follows: 2 Roman Republic coins, 67 Autonomous and Roman Provincial coins, 12 Roman Imperial coins, 117 Late Roman coins, 1 Byzantine period coin, 5 Islamic coins and 14 unidentified issues. These coins are significant because they indicate that the sanctuary was in use from the 1st century BC until the Decree of Emperor Theodosius I at the end of 4th century AD.

SPOERRI BUTCHER, Marguerite

(Dr., Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford / Swiss School of Archaeology in Greece)

## Giving to Artemis: Votive Depositions at the Sanctuary of Artemis Amarynthos (Euboea)

Amarynthos was the site of an important sanctuary of Artemis, some 10 km away from the city of Eretria. The existence of this sanctuary had been known through classical authors and inscriptions as Eretria's state treasury was kept at the sanctuary and a prestigious festival was organized there, but its location had eluded identification until very recently. A location at
Amarynthos was suggested based on a new reading of Strabo's text who mentioned the site's location and archaeological surveys were initiated by the Swiss Archaeological School of Greece in the 2000's. Massive foundations were unearthed in 2007, suggesting the presence of a large public building complex, and in 2017 final evidence for the identification of the site was found in the form of terracotta tiles with the name of the goddess and stone inscriptions mentioning the triad Artemis, Apollo, and Leto.

In 2017, these excavations also unearthed a well whose upper steps were built with re-used marble slabs from the Hellenistic period. This well contained 176 coins, ranging from the Hellenistic period (late third / early second century BC) to the late third century AD (AD 295–299).

This paper will give a preliminary presentation of the material and compare it to the other coin finds made at the sanctuary and also in Eretria itself, in order to better understand when and why these coins were deposited in this well.

TATAR, Ömer

(Dr., Akdeniz Üniversitesi)

## Ptolemies in Pamphylia: Numismatic Data

Following the death of Alexander the Great, Ptolemaic Kingdom dominated some parts of Asia Minor, especially coastal areas, for a century. From the beginning of the 3rd century BC to the early 2nd century BC, the kingdom had control over the regions such as Caria, Lycia, Pamphylia and Cilicia. While the domination was uninterrupted in Lycia, regnant of Caria, Pamphylia and Cilicia changed throughout the 3rd century BC due to power struggle between Ptolemies and Seleucids.

Pamphylia, just like Lycia, must have come under the control of Ptolemaic Kingdom in 280s BC, during the reign of Ptolemy II Philadelphos. Death of Lysimachus in the battle of Corupedium in 281 BC and the consecutive military actions of Seleucus I Nicator made Ptolemaic annexation of the southern part of Asia Minor easier. Ptolemaic hegemony in Pamphylia was never as strong as it had been in Lycia. While during the Second Syrian War (260-253 BC) the region was invaded by Seleucids, the Third Syrian War (246-241 BC) resulted in not only taking Pamphylia back but also gaining new territories in Asia Minor. Following the campaign of Antiochus III the Great in the late 3rd century BC and the Fifth Syrian War (202-195 BC), Ptolemies lost all their possessions including the Pamphylia region in Asia Minor. This marked the end of the Ptolemaic rule in the region.

The numismatic data from Pamphylia is consonant with the well-settled historical pattern. Not only archaeological excavations but also museum collections yielded Ptolemaic coins from the region. Data from the excavations in Perge, Side and Alanya castle and the numismatic collection of Antalya, Side and Alanya museums let us understand the circulation of Ptolemaic coins in the region which differs from the coin circulation in Lycia, for instance. When the material from Antalya Museum is excluded, which registers coins from not only Pamphylia but also Lycia, results become more authentic. On the other hand, as deduced from the numismatic material, Ptolemies did not open a royal mint in Pamphylia which differs
from Lycia as well. It is clear that need for coinage was met using the royal issues from
Alexandreia as well as Cyprus.

In this presentation, the Ptolemaic hegemony in Pamphylia region is reviewed and commented on based on the numismatic data from excavations and museum material. Moreover, a comparison between Pamphylia and neighbour regions, such as Lycia and Cilicia, is made as well.

TEK, Ahmet Tolga

(Prof. Dr., Anadolu Üniversitesi)

Preliminary Results of Greek and Roman Coin Finds from Tripolis on the
Meander (Lydia)

Over 3500 coins have been found at Tripolis since 2012 during the excavations conducted at the site by a team from Pamukkale University led by Prof. Dr. Bahadır Duman. While the vast majority of the finds are from the Late Roman period, this presentation will only deal with approximately 480 coins that date from the Hellenistic period to AD 324. The civic name suggests that Tripolis was founded by joining three smaller settlements and, as one would presume, the present site occupies one of these smaller sites (possibly Apollonia on the Meander). But, interestingly, only 7 coins represent the Hellenistic period. This could be explained by the fact that the city covers a huge area of 281 hectares, whereas the excavations so far have only been conducted around the agora and its immediate vicinity. Hellenistic levels representing the earlier site could well be on the hills inside the city that have not been excavated yet.

Some 300 of our find group are Roman Provincial issues and, although one third of the finds remain unidentified, the remaining group presents us with a unique opportunity at looking at the circulation patterns at this area. With very rare exceptions, almost all of the finds are from the cities of the Province of Asia, and while the local mint of Tripolis itself forms the largest group, its immediate neighbours in the Lykos Valley, especially the mints of Laodikeia and Hierapolis closely follow Tripolis, being well represented among the finds. All of the rest of the represented mints form an interesting network of connections on the major land routes passing through the city, especially along roads in the Meander valley and those that go to Pergamon and beyond. Most of these coins from other mints document people travelling on these routes for various reasons. Even unidentified coins may give an idea of the coins used in the city: while most are corroded by unfavourable soil conditions, the rest are worn beyond recognition, implying long usage. At Tripolis, very few Roman Imperial issues from central mints are represented; they are mostly 3rd century AD antoniniani.

These 1st to late 3rd century issues are followed by a large group of approximately 40 Gallic copies, a phenomenon that seems to be particular to the Province of Asia, although specimens are also recorded among the finds from Aphrodisias and Pergamon, etc. Therefore, it is interesting to follow what coins were used next and for this reason, Tetrarchy issues up to 324 are included into this presentation.
The finds from Tripolis on the Meander will be subject of a forthcoming Tripolis Excavation Volume, being written by the present author and Prof. Dr. Bahadır Duman, which we hope to finish and send to the printers soon.

TEKİN, Oğuz

(Prof. Dr., Koç Üniversitesi, Department of Archaeology and History of Art / AKMED)

**Two Unpublished Weights of Rhoiteion and Gargara, Including the Unique Silver Coin of Rhoiteion**

This paper deals with two weights, one associated with Rhoiteion and the other with Gargara, and aims to reintroduce a long-forgotten silver coin from Rhoiteion. A bronze and square-shaped balance weight from the collection of Özkan Arıkantürk, a private collector, is proposed to be linked to Rhoiteion based on the presence of the abbreviated ethnikon on it. If the attribution is accurate, this balance weight, aside from the unique silver coin, will represent the second instrumentum publicum associated with the city of Rhoiteion. Publications have documented coins from the other city, Gargara. However, a lead balance weight from the same private collection, considering both the abbreviated ethnic and the resemblance of the obverse type to those on Gargara's coins, is suggested to be of Gargara's production.

TEOMAN, Betül

(Dr., Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi)

TEOMAN, Gültekin

(M.A., Independent Researcher, İzmir Numismatic Society)

**A Hoard of the Aydınoglu Period**

There are very few written sources regarding the first period of Aydınogulları, who has wetland and arable land in XIV-XVth centuries.

Numismatic materials are among the most important sources of information about the first periods of Aydınogulları Beylik. During this research in the museums of the region, a hoard consisting of 955 coins has been coming to light. The coins of that hoard minted in the name of Ilkhanid sultans to whom they were subject during the reign of Mubarizeddin Mehmed Bey the founder of the Aydınogulları Beylik and it consists of coins belonging to the period of his sons Umur Bey I (735-749 AH / AD 1334-1348), Hızır Bey (749-767 AH / AD 1348-1365), İbrahim Bahadır Bey (735-746 AH / AD 1334-1335) and Süleymanşah (733-750 AH / AD 1349-1350).

The fact that it is the first mass find belonging to the first years of Aydınogulları until the past and that new coin types belonging to Umur Bey I and his brother Hizir Bey have been identified in the literature, which are unknown in the literature, make this treasure significant. These coins which are of great importance both in terms of quality and quantity, provide
important information about the period in terms of emission, typology and metrologic
results. The coins in this study will be analyzed and presented.

TÜRKOĞLU, İnci

(Assoc. Prof. Dr., Pamukkale Üniversitesi)

## Civic Coins of Lydian Philadelphia from the Museums of Manisa, Efes, Aydın and Uşak

Refounded by and named after Attalos II Philadelphos of Pergamon, Philadelphia is located in a wide and fertile valley watered by Kogamos flowing into the Hermos. Today, adorned with vineyards and marked with geothermal wells the plains and the settlements therein still continue to shake with earthquakes as Strabo mentioned over two millennia ago. Famed as one of the Seven Churches of the New Testament, the ancient city is a stop on the itineraries of faith tourism. The city flourished in the Middle Ages and was the last Byzantine stronghold to fall in the Ottoman hands.

In the process of building a coin corpus and preparing for a monograph on ancient Philadelphia in Lydia, modern Alaşehir, civic coinage of the city has been compiled from various publications, in hardcopy and online. Several state museum collections such as Izmir and Istanbul and various private collections such as those of Çetin Erdem and Yavuz Tatış have also been published recently contributing greatly to the inventory of coinage from Lydian cities.

However, a full monograph has not been dedicated to Philadelphia and its coinage has not been investigated in detail despite the efforts of recently published typologies for Lydian cities. The aim of this presentation is to present the coins of Philadelphia in the collections of Manisa, Efes, Aydın and Uşak Archaeological Museums in order to contribute to the inventory.

ÜNAL, Ceren

(Prof. Dr., Celal Bayar Üniversitesi)

## A Group of Trebizond Empire Coins from the İzmir Archaeology Museum

The aim of this presentation is to present for the first time the "A Group of Trebizond Empire Coins", which is accommodated in the Coin Cabinet of the İzmir Archaeology Museum. "A Group of Trebizond Empire Coins" from the İzmir Archaeology Museum contains 74 silver coins and dates to the 13th and 14th centuries. In this study, a comparative evaluation will be made with other finds of the 13th and 14th centuries in Anatolia.

The presentation will explore the geographical location and the political context of the find, describe its composition, compare it with published hoards and finds of similar content and provenance, and place it in its historical and economic setting. This presentation is also expected to contribute to the very few studies on the coins of the Empire of Trebizond.
**Roman Provincials of Eumeneia: Identity and Coinage**

The subject of this study is the coins of Eumeneia during the Roman Imperial period. This presentation aims to analyze and utilize the data obtained from these coins.

Eumeneia was one of the cities in the Phrygia region that issued some of the earliest Roman Provincial coins. The Provincial coinage began around the 40 BC and ended during the reign of Gallienus. In the 1st century, the coins of the city continued the tradition of Hellenistic types while incorporating elements representing families and public offices. From the beginning of the 2nd century, in addition to the popular types in Asia Minor, new coin types related to the city's identity begin to increase.

In this study, apart from the published and online examples, coins found in major collections of Turkey, such as Istanbul and Ankara, as well as in local museums near Eumeneia, such as Denizli, Afyon, Isparta, Burdur, and Kütahya, are also included.

VAN ALFEN, Peter

(Dr., American Numismatic Society)

**Mechanisms for Overvaluation in Archaic Greek Coinages: Problems of Convenience, Coercion, and Trust**

It is generally assumed that the nominal value of the archaic electrum coinages of Asia Minor and the billon coinages of Lesbos was significantly higher than their intrinsic value. While motivations, usually profit, have been ascribed to the producers of these coins, there has been little discussion of the problems and mechanisms of this overvaluation, and how the overvaluation of these comparatively high value archaic coins might differ from that of low value bronze coinages of later centuries. This presentation explores some of the problems of this assumed overvaluation in archaic electrum and billon coinages with a particular focus on the political economies of convenience, coercion, and trust.

VİDİN, Hülya

(Dr., Goethe University Frankfurt)

**The Impact of Different Interactions on Coinage – Case Study Pre-Imperial Caria**

The beginning, continuity, changes, and ending of a polis' coinage not only depend on the circumstances within the polis. Since the beginning of the minting activities, different kinds of contact and communication with neighbouring and distant poleis and powers could have input on the amount, standard, and iconography. This presentation deals with the question of what kind of interaction, contact, and dependency - mercantile, military, political, or cultural has more impact on the coinage. To answer this overarching question, the coinage of the Carian poleis from the 7/6th to the 3rd century BC will be examined as a case study.
WEISSER, Bernhard

(Prof. Dr., Staatliche Museen zu Berlin)

(GORYS, Andrea)

(Dr., Staatliche Museen zu Berlin & M.A., Berlin Brandenburgische Akademie der
Wissenschaften)

The Coin Forgeries of Ancient Coins from Asia Minor by Carl Wilhelm Becker
and His Tools in the Coin Cabinet of the State Museums of Berlin

Counterfeits are as old as the invention of coinage itself. Every coin cabinet keeps counterfeits. There are over 500 coin stamps of Carl Wilhelm Becker (1772–1830) in the coin cabinet of the Berlin State Museums. He himself stated the year 1796 as the beginning of his production of coin dies based on the impressions of old famous coins, which he also tried to study in the original. His imitations of ancient coins still belong to the category of better forgeries.

There are several reasons for this: Becker used methods similar to those used in antiquity to produce it. He made coin planchets, which he minted with two stamps by hand and with a hammer. The upper stamp was movable. Planchet cracks in the coin that occurred during minting corresponded to ancient originals. He also attached great importance to a suitable patina and took great care to age the coins artificially. In 1826, the well-known numismatist Domenico Sestini published a warning about coin counterfeiting without mentioning Becker by name. While Becker had previously evaded all accusations, he now fled to the front. In August 1826, Becker stated that he had made imitation coins, but never with the intention of deceiving others. The demand from collectors for rare coins and the joy in the beauty of ancient coins prompted him to imitate them. What we are witnessing here is a prime example of framing, so effective that there was never any legal prosecution and scientists were always found to follow his argument. It remains to be mentioned that Becker continued to cut dies after 1826 and his death overtook him in 1830 while he was at work. The lecture deals with the stamps for ancient coins from mints in Asia Minor as well as the coin counterfeits produced with them. In addition, the plans for a cross-collection database for coin counterfeits will be presented (“IKMK Fälschungen”) and participants will be invited to participate. This database is based on the software that has been used in Berlin since 2007. In addition, there are some fields that do justice to the type of counterfeit. There are, for example, two dates: one for the ancient model that was imitated and one for the point in time at which the forgery was created or first became known.

WARTENBERG KAGAN, Ute

(Dr., The American Numismatic Society)

The Coinage of Idyma in Caria – A Re-assessment

The presentation will present new evidence for the coinage and history of the Carian city of
Idyma. It is generally argued that the earliest coins of this city, found in the Hecatomnus
Hoard, date to the late fifth or early fourth century. A group of drachms of Aeginetan weight, with a facing head, can now be attributed to the Carian city, which establishes a beginning of this Carian mint in the late Archaic period. In the context of this new numismatic addition, the coinage will be placed in a new historical and iconographical context.

YAĞIZ, Oya (Prof. Dr., Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University)

ÖZTÜRK, Önder (Directeur of the Archaeological Museum of Tekirdağ)

## Coins of Perinthos from Tekirdağ Archaeological Museum

The provincial coins of Perinthos, which started to mint coins relatively late among the Propontis cities, vary and numerically cover the most productive period of the city. This coin group, which we will discuss, as well as the autonomous coins, whose production includes a short period of time, also reflects the important periods of the city's history.