¹⁸¹Liver Health Programs, Global Liver Institute, Washington, DC, USA

¹⁸²London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK

¹⁸³La Mina Primary Health Care Academic Centre, Catalan Health Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

¹⁸⁴Department of Gastroenterology, UHC Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia

¹⁸⁵Independent participant, Powell, OH, USA

¹⁸⁶School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia

¹⁸⁷Independent consultant, Houston, TX, USA

¹⁸⁸Gastroenterology Department, HE CMN SXXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico

¹⁸⁹Medical Service, VA Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, CA, USA

¹⁹⁰University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa

¹⁹¹Dept. General Practice, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHR), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands

¹⁹²Diabetes Metabolic Department, Hospital Universitario Fundación Favaloro, Buenos Aires, Argentina

¹⁹³Facultad de Salud Pública y Nutrición, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico

¹⁹⁴University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

¹⁹⁵Department of Gastroenterology, SD Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan

¹⁹⁶Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA

¹⁹⁷University Clinic for Gastroenterohepatology, University Ss. Cyril and Meth-odius, Skopje, Macedonia

¹⁹⁸Department of Hepatology, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland

¹⁹⁹Dept. of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

²⁰⁰Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda

²⁰¹University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines

²⁰²Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Manila, Philippines

²⁰³Department of Internal Medicine, Lagos State University College of Medicine Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria

²⁰⁴Liver Unit, Guillermo Almenara National Hospital, National University of San Marcos, Lima, Peru

²⁰⁵Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, INSERM UMRS_⁹³⁸

Paris, France

²⁰⁶Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, NYU Langone Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA

²⁰⁷Genomic Medicine in Hepatology, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara/CUCS, UdeG, Guadalajara, Mexico

²⁰⁸All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India

²⁰⁹Medical School of National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

²¹⁰University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

²¹¹Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal

²¹²Gastroenterologia-Hepatologia-Trasplante Hepático, Hospital General de la Plaza de la Salud, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic

²¹³Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Juárez de México, Mexico City, Mexico

²¹⁴Liver Unit, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institute for Research, Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain

²¹⁵Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy

²¹⁶Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil

²¹⁷Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, PROMISE, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy

²¹⁸Department of Gastroenterology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil

²¹⁹Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India

²²⁰Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA

²²¹Washington DC VA Medical Center, Washington DC, USA

²²²University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

²²³Sorbonne Université, Paris, France

²²⁴Department of Hepatology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

²²⁵Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, London, UK

²²⁶Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, University Hospital, Düsseldorf, Germany

²²⁷Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Gothenburg University, Cardiology Department, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden

²²⁸Digestive Diseases Department and CIBERehd, Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (HUVR/CSIC/US), University of Seville, Seville, Spain

²²⁹Liver & Energy Metabolism Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA

²³⁰Internal Medicine Department, Touhami Benflis University Hospital Centre, Batna, Algeria

²³¹University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

²³²The Research Institute of Virology of the MoH of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan

²³³Ibrahim bin Hamad Obaidullah Hospital, Emirates Health Services, RAK, UAE

²³⁴Tartu University Hospital, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia

²³⁵North Shore University Hospital, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/ Northwell Health, Hempstead, NY, USA

²³⁶Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA

²³⁷Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

²³⁸American Liver Foundation, West Orange, NJ, USA

²³⁹Weight Loss and Metabolic Surgery Center, Yotsuya Medical Cube, Tokyo, Japan

²⁴⁰University Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

²⁴¹Integrated Quality Resources, San Diego, CA, USA

²⁴²Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia

²⁴³Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

²⁴⁴University of Derby, Derby, UK

²⁴⁵Sree Gokulam Medical College and Research Foundation, Venjar-ammoodu, India

²⁴⁶Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Tel Aviv Medical Center & Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

²⁴⁷Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Unité d'Épidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes, Paris, France

²⁴⁸Touro University California, Vallejo, CA, USA

²⁴⁹Kalinga Gastroenterology Foundation, Cuttack, India

²⁵⁰The University of Zambia, School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia

²⁵¹HEGITO Liver & Transplant Unit, Dept. Internal Medicine of the Slovak Medical University, F.D. Roosevelt Teaching Hospital, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia

²⁵²Internal Medicine N°1 Department, Poltava State Medical University, Poltava, Ukraine

²⁵³Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea

²⁵⁴Clinical and Molecular Hepatology, Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud (CAECHS), Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina

²⁵⁵Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain

²⁵⁶University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

²⁵⁷Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA

²⁵⁸Anna Medical College, Montagne Blanche, Mauritius

²⁵⁹Digestive Health Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA

²⁶⁰Liver Injury and Transplant Unit, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy

²⁶¹Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

²⁶²Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar

²⁶³Department of Hepatology, Selayang Hospital, Batu Caves, Malaysia

²⁶⁴University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

²⁶⁵Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy

²⁶⁶Discipline of Gastroenterology, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chișinău, Republic of Moldova

²⁶⁷Dept. of Pathology, Aretaieion Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

²⁶⁸Riga East University Hospital, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia

²⁶⁹Metabolic Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Mexico City, Mexico

²⁷⁰Department of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico
¹⁸¹Liver Health Programs, Global Liver Institute, Washington, DC, USA

¹⁸²London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK

¹⁸³La Mina Primary Health Care Academic Centre, Catalan Health Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

¹⁸⁴Department of Gastroenterology, UHC Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia

¹⁸⁵Independent participant, Powell, OH, USA

¹⁸⁶School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia

¹⁸⁷Independent consultant, Houston, TX, USA

¹⁸⁸Gastroenterology Department, HE CMN SXXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico

¹⁸⁹Medical Service, VA Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, CA, USA

¹⁹⁰University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa

¹⁹¹Dept. General Practice, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHR), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands

¹⁹²Diabetes Metabolic Department, Hospital Universitario Fundación Favaloro, Buenos Aires, Argentina

¹⁹³Facultad de Salud Pública y Nutrición, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico

¹⁹⁴University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

¹⁹⁵Department of Gastroenterology, SD Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan

¹⁹⁶Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA

¹⁹⁷University Clinic for Gastroenterohepatology, University Ss. Cyril and Meth-odius, Skopje, Macedonia

¹⁹⁸Department of Hepatology, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland

¹⁹⁹Dept. of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

²⁰⁰Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda

²⁰¹University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines

²⁰²Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Manila, Philippines

²⁰³Department of Internal Medicine, Lagos State University College of Medicine Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria

²⁰⁴Liver Unit, Guillermo Almenara National Hospital, National University of San Marcos, Lima, Peru

²⁰⁵Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, INSERM UMRS_⁹³⁸

Paris, France

²⁰⁶Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, NYU Langone Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA

²⁰⁷Genomic Medicine in Hepatology, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara/CUCS, UdeG, Guadalajara, Mexico

²⁰⁸All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India

²⁰⁹Medical School of National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

²¹⁰University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

²¹¹Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal

²¹²Gastroenterologia-Hepatologia-Trasplante Hepático, Hospital General de la Plaza de la Salud, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic

²¹³Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Juárez de México, Mexico City, Mexico

²¹⁴Liver Unit, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institute for Research, Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain

²¹⁵Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy

²¹⁶Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil

²¹⁷Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, PROMISE, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy

²¹⁸Department of Gastroenterology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil

²¹⁹Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India

²²⁰Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA

²²¹Washington DC VA Medical Center, Washington DC, USA

²²²University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

²²³Sorbonne Université, Paris, France

²²⁴Department of Hepatology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

²²⁵Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, London, UK

²²⁶Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, University Hospital, Düsseldorf, Germany

²²⁷Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Gothenburg University, Cardiology Department, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden

²²⁸Digestive Diseases Department and CIBERehd, Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (HUVR/CSIC/US), University of Seville, Seville, Spain

²²⁹Liver & Energy Metabolism Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA

²³⁰Internal Medicine Department, Touhami Benflis University Hospital Centre, Batna, Algeria

²³¹University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

²³²The Research Institute of Virology of the MoH of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan

²³³Ibrahim bin Hamad Obaidullah Hospital, Emirates Health Services, RAK, UAE

²³⁴Tartu University Hospital, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia

²³⁵North Shore University Hospital, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/ Northwell Health, Hempstead, NY, USA

²³⁶Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA

²³⁷Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

²³⁸American Liver Foundation, West Orange, NJ, USA

²³⁹Weight Loss and Metabolic Surgery Center, Yotsuya Medical Cube, Tokyo, Japan

²⁴⁰University Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

²⁴¹Integrated Quality Resources, San Diego, CA, USA

²⁴²Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia

²⁴³Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

²⁴⁴University of Derby, Derby, UK

²⁴⁵Sree Gokulam Medical College and Research Foundation, Venjar-ammoodu, India

²⁴⁶Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Tel Aviv Medical Center & Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

²⁴⁷Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Unité d'Épidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes, Paris, France

²⁴⁸Touro University California, Vallejo, CA, USA

²⁴⁹Kalinga Gastroenterology Foundation, Cuttack, India

²⁵⁰The University of Zambia, School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia

²⁵¹HEGITO Liver & Transplant Unit, Dept. Internal Medicine of the Slovak Medical University, F.D. Roosevelt Teaching Hospital, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia

²⁵²Internal Medicine N°1 Department, Poltava State Medical University, Poltava, Ukraine

²⁵³Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea

²⁵⁴Clinical and Molecular Hepatology, Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud (CAECHS), Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina

²⁵⁵Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain

²⁵⁶University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

²⁵⁷Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA

²⁵⁸Anna Medical College, Montagne Blanche, Mauritius

²⁵⁹Digestive Health Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA

²⁶⁰Liver Injury and Transplant Unit, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy

²⁶¹Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

²⁶²Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar

²⁶³Department of Hepatology, Selayang Hospital, Batu Caves, Malaysia

²⁶⁴University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

²⁶⁵Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy

²⁶⁶Discipline of Gastroenterology, Nicolae Testemanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chișinău, Republic of Moldova

²⁶⁷Dept. of Pathology, Aretaieion Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

²⁶⁸Riga East University Hospital, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia

²⁶⁹Metabolic Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Mexico City, Mexico

²⁷⁰Department of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico
# Global research priority agenda for fatty liver disease

²⁷¹Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand

²⁷²Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

²⁷³Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Clinics, Vilnius, Lithuania

²⁷⁴Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde, Guadalajara, Mexico

²⁷⁵Dept. of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Dept. of Medicine, Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, Bergen, Norway

²⁷⁶Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA

²⁷⁷National Liver Institute, Shebeen El-Kom, Egypt

²⁷⁸Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Center for Liver Disease and Transplantation, New York, NY, USA

²⁷⁹Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious Diseases and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany

²⁸⁰Lexington Medical Center, West Columbia, SC, USA

²⁸¹Dutch Liver Patients Association, Hoogland, the Netherlands

²⁸²Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA

²⁸³Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Rize, Turkey

²⁸⁴University of Helsinki and Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland

²⁸⁵Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Sun Yet-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan

²⁸⁶Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Istanbul, Turkey

²⁸⁷Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey

²⁸⁸NAFLD Research Center, Department of Hepatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China

## Supplementary data

Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2023.04.035.

## References

Author names in bold designate shared co-first authorship.

[1] Younossi ZM, Golabi P, Paik JM, Henry A, Van Dongen C, Henry L. The global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): a systematic review. Hepatology 2023;77(4):1135-1347.

[2] Riazi K, Azhari H, Charette JH, Underwood FE, King JA, Afshar EE, et al. The prevalence and incidence of NAFLD worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022;7(9):851-861.

[3] Sweeny KF, Lee CK. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Children. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) 2021;17(12):579-587.

[4] Araújo AR, Rosso N, Bedogni G, Tiribelli C, Bellentani S. Global epidemiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: What we need in the future. Liver Int 2018;38(Suppl 1):47-51.

[5] Kanwal F, Kramer JR, Mapakshi S, Natarajan Y, Chayanupatkul M, Richardson PA, et al. Risk of Hepatocellular Cancer in Patients With Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Gastroenterology 2018;155(6):1828-1837.e2.

[6] McSweeney L, Breckons M, Fattakhova G, Oluboyede Y, Vale L, Tement L, et al. Health-related quality of life and patient-reported outcome measures in NASH-related cirrhosis. JHEP Rep 2020;2(3):100099.

[7] Sayiner M, Stepanova M, Pham H, Noor B, Walters M, Younossi ZM. Assessment of health utilities and quality of life in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. BMJ Open Gastroenterol 2016;3(1):e000106.

[8] Younossi Z, Aggarwal P, Shrestha I, Fernandes J, Johansen P, Augusto M, et al. The burden of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: A systematic review of health-related quality of life and patient-reported outcomes. JHEP Rep 2022;4(9):100525.

[9] Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration. Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-Years for 29 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. JAMA Oncol 2019;5(12):1749-1768.

[10] Schattenberg JM, Lazarus JV, Newsome PN, Serfaty L, Aghemo A, Augustin S, et al. Disease burden and economic impact of diagnosed non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in five European countries in 2018: A cost-of-illness analysis. Liver Int 2021;41(6):1227-1242.

[11] Younossi ZM, Blissett D, Blissett R, Henry L, Stepanova M, Younossi Y, et al. The economic and clinical burden of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the United States and Europe. Hepatology 2016;64(5):1577-1586.

[12] Ludwig J, Viggiano TR, McGill DB, Oh BJ. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Mayo Clinic experiences with a hitherto unnamed disease. Mayo Clin Proc 1980;55(7):434-438.

[13] Anstee QM, Targher G, Day CP. Progression of NAFLD to diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease or cirrhosis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013;10(6):330-344.

[14] Li AA, Kim D, Ahmed A. Association of sarcopenia and NAFLD: an overview. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken) 2020;16(2):73-76.

[15] Targher G, Tilg H, Byrne CD. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a multisystem disease requiring a multidisciplinary and holistic approach. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021;6(7):578-588.

[16] Lazarus JV, Anstee QM, Hagström H, Cusi K, Cortez-Pinto H, Mark HE, et al. Defining comprehensive models of care for NAFLD. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021;18(10):717-729.

[17] Hussain A, Patel PJ, Rhodes F, Srivastava A, Patch D, Rosenberg W. Decom compensated cirrhosis is the commonest presentation for NAFLD patients undergoing liver transplant assessment. Clin Med (Lond) 2020;20(3):313-318.

[18] Newton JL. Systemic symptoms in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Dig Dis 2010;28(1):214-219.

[19] Castera L. Non-invasive tests for liver fibrosis in NAFLD: creating pathways between primary healthcare and liver clinics. Liver Int 2020;40(Suppl 1):77-81.

[20] Boursier J, Hagström H, Ekstedt M, Moreau C, Bonacci M, Cure S, et al. Non-invasive tests accurately stratify patients with NAFLD based on their risk of liver-related events. J Hepatol 2022;76(5):1013-1020.

[21] Loomba R, Huang DQ, Sanyal AJ, Anstee QM, Trauner M, Lawitz EJ, et al. Liver stiffness thresholds to predict disease progression and clinical outcomes in bridging fibrosis and cirrhosis. Gut 2023;72(3):581-589.

[22] Chalmers J, Wilkes E, Harris R, Kent L, Kinra S, Aithal GP, et al. The Development and Implementation of a Commissioned Pathway for the Identification and Stratification of Liver Disease in the Community. Frontline Gastroenterol 2020;11(2):86-92.

[23] Moalla A, Motohashi K, Marjot T, Shard A, Ainsworth M, Gray A, et al. A multidisciplinary approach to the management of NAFLD is associated with improvement in markers of liver and cardio-metabolic health. Frontline Gastroenterol 2019;10(4):337-346.

[24] Neilson LJ, Macdougall L, Lee PS, Hardy T, Beaton D, Chandrapalan S, et al. Implementation of a care bundle improves the management of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Frontline Gastroenterol 2021;12(7):578-585.

[25] Srivastava A, Gailer R, Tanwar S, Trembling P, Parkes J, Rodger A, et al. Prospective evaluation of a primary care referral pathway for patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol 2019;71(2):371-378.

[26] Dufour JF, Anstee QM, Bugianesi E, Harrison S, Loomba R, Paradis V, et al. Current therapies and new developments in NASH. Gut 2022;71(10):2123-2134.

[27] Harrison SA, Allen AM, Dubourg J, Noureddin M, Alkhouri N. Challenges and opportunities in NASH drug development. Nat Med 2023;29(3):562-573.

[28] Duseja A, Singh SP, De A, Madan K, Rao PN, Shukla A, et al. Indian National Association for Study of the Liver (INASL) Guidance Paper on Nomenclature, Diagnosis and Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). J Clin Exp Hepatol 2023;13(2):273-302.

[29] Romero-Gómez M, Zelber-Sagi S, Trenell M. Treatment of NAFLD with diet, physical activity and exercise. J Hepatol 2017;67(4):829-846.

[30] Viveiros K. The Role of Life Style Modifications in Comprehensive Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Treatment. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken) 2021;17(1):11-14.

[31] Díaz LA, Fuentes-López E, Ayares G, Idalsoaga F, Arnold J, Márquez-Lomas A, et al. The establishment of public health policies and the burden of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the Americas. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022;7(6):552-559.

[32] Lazarus JV, Colombo M, Cortez-Pinto H, Huang TTK, Miller V, Ninburg M, et al. NAFLD - sounding the alarm on a silent epidemic. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020;17(7):377-379.

[33] Lazarus JV, Mark HE, Colombo M, Demaio S, Dillon JF, George J, et al. A sustainable development goal framework to guide multisectoral action on NAFLD through a societal approach. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2022;55(2):234-243.

[34] Lazarus JV, Mark HE, Anstee QM, Arab JP, Batterham RL, Castera L, et al. Advancing the global public health agenda for NAFLD: a consensus statement. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022;19(1):60-78.
Global research priority agenda for fatty liver disease

²⁷¹Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand

²⁷²Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

²⁷³Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Clinics, Vilnius, Lithuania

²⁷⁴Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde, Guadalajara, Mexico

²⁷⁵Dept. of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Dept. of Medicine, Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, Bergen, Norway

²⁷⁶Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA

²⁷⁷National Liver Institute, Shebeen El-Kom, Egypt

²⁷⁸Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Center for Liver Disease and Transplantation, New York, NY, USA

²⁷⁹Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious Diseases and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany

²⁸⁰Lexington Medical Center, West Columbia, SC, USA

²⁸¹Dutch Liver Patients Association, Hoogland, the Netherlands

²⁸²Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA

²⁸³Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Rize, Turkey

²⁸⁴University of Helsinki and Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland

²⁸⁵Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Sun Yet-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan

²⁸⁶Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Istanbul, Turkey

²⁸⁷Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey

²⁸⁸NAFLD Research Center, Department of Hepatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China

**Supplementary data**

Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2023.04.035.

**References**

Author names in bold designate shared co-first authorship.

[1] Younossi ZM, Golabi P, Paik JM, Henry A, Van Dongen C, Henry L. The global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): a systematic review. Hepatology 2023;77(4):1135-1347.

[2] Riazi K, Azhari H, Charette JH, Underwood FE, King JA, Afshar EE, et al. The prevalence and incidence of NAFLD worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022;7(9):851-861.

[3] Sweeny KF, Lee CK. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Children. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) 2021;17(12):579-587.

[4] Araújo AR, Rosso N, Bedogni G, Tiribelli C, Bellentani S. Global epidemiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: What we need in the future. Liver Int 2018;38(Suppl 1):47-51.

[5] Kanwal F, Kramer JR, Mapakshi S, Natarajan Y, Chayanupatkul M, Richardson PA, et al. Risk of Hepatocellular Cancer in Patients With Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Gastroenterology 2018;155(6):1828-1837.e2.

[6] McSweeney L, Breckons M, Fattakhova G, Oluboyede Y, Vale L, Tement L, et al. Health-related quality of life and patient-reported outcome measures in NASH-related cirrhosis. JHEP Rep 2020;2(3):100099.

[7] Sayiner M, Stepanova M, Pham H, Noor B, Walters M, Younossi ZM. Assessment of health utilities and quality of life in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. BMJ Open Gastroenterol 2016;3(1):e000106.

[8] Younossi Z, Aggarwal P, Shrestha I, Fernandes J, Johansen P, Augusto M, et al. The burden of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: A systematic review of health-related quality of life and patient-reported outcomes. JHEP Rep 2022;4(9):100525.

[9] Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration. Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-Years for 29 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. JAMA Oncol 2019;5(12):1749-1768.

[10] Schattenberg JM, Lazarus JV, Newsome PN, Serfaty L, Aghemo A, Augustin S, et al. Disease burden and economic impact of diagnosed non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in five European countries in 2018: A cost-of-illness analysis. Liver Int 2021;41(6):1227-1242.

[11] Younossi ZM, Blissett D, Blissett R, Henry L, Stepanova M, Younossi Y, et al. The economic and clinical burden of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the United States and Europe. Hepatology 2016;64(5):1577-1586.

[12] Ludwig J, Viggiano TR, McGill DB, Oh BJ. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Mayo Clinic experiences with a hitherto unnamed disease. Mayo Clin Proc 1980;55(7):434-438.

[13] Anstee QM, Targher G, Day CP. Progression of NAFLD to diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease or cirrhosis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013;10(6):330-344.

[14] Li AA, Kim D, Ahmed A. Association of sarcopenia and NAFLD: an overview. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken) 2020;16(2):73-76.

[15] Targher G, Tilg H, Byrne CD. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a multisystem disease requiring a multidisciplinary and holistic approach. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021;6(7):578-588.

[16] Lazarus JV, Anstee QM, Hagström H, Cusi K, Cortez-Pinto H, Mark HE, et al. Defining comprehensive models of care for NAFLD. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021;18(10):717-729.

[17] Hussain A, Patel PJ, Rhodes F, Srivastava A, Patch D, Rosenberg W. Decom compensated cirrhosis is the commonest presentation for NAFLD patients undergoing liver transplant assessment. Clin Med (Lond) 2020;20(3):313-318.

[18] Newton JL. Systemic symptoms in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Dig Dis 2010;28(1):214-219.

[19] Castera L. Non-invasive tests for liver fibrosis in NAFLD: creating pathways between primary healthcare and liver clinics. Liver Int 2020;40(Suppl 1):77-81.

[20] Boursier J, Hagström H, Ekstedt M, Moreau C, Bonacci M, Cure S, et al. Non-invasive tests accurately stratify patients with NAFLD based on their risk of liver-related events. J Hepatol 2022;76(5):1013-1020.

[21] Loomba R, Huang DQ, Sanyal AJ, Anstee QM, Trauner M, Lawitz EJ, et al. Liver stiffness thresholds to predict disease progression and clinical outcomes in bridging fibrosis and cirrhosis. Gut 2023;72(3):581-589.

[22] Chalmers J, Wilkes E, Harris R, Kent L, Kinra S, Aithal GP, et al. The Development and Implementation of a Commissioned Pathway for the Identification and Stratification of Liver Disease in the Community. Frontline Gastroenterol 2020;11(2):86-92.

[23] Moalla A, Motohashi K, Marjot T, Shard A, Ainsworth M, Gray A, et al. A multidisciplinary approach to the management of NAFLD is associated with improvement in markers of liver and cardio-metabolic health. Frontline Gastroenterol 2019;10(4):337-346.

[24] Neilson LJ, Macdougall L, Lee PS, Hardy T, Beaton D, Chandrapalan S, et al. Implementation of a care bundle improves the management of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Frontline Gastroenterol 2021;12(7):578-585.

[25] Srivastava A, Gailer R, Tanwar S, Trembling P, Parkes J, Rodger A, et al. Prospective evaluation of a primary care referral pathway for patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol 2019;71(2):371-378.

[26] Dufour JF, Anstee QM, Bugianesi E, Harrison S, Loomba R, Paradis V, et al. Current therapies and new developments in NASH. Gut 2022;71(10):2123-2134.

[27] Harrison SA, Allen AM, Dubourg J, Noureddin M, Alkhouri N. Challenges and opportunities in NASH drug development. Nat Med 2023;29(3):562-573.

[28] Duseja A, Singh SP, De A, Madan K, Rao PN, Shukla A, et al. Indian National Association for Study of the Liver (INASL) Guidance Paper on Nomenclature, Diagnosis and Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). J Clin Exp Hepatol 2023;13(2):273-302.

[29] Romero-Gómez M, Zelber-Sagi S, Trenell M. Treatment of NAFLD with diet, physical activity and exercise. J Hepatol 2017;67(4):829-846.

[30] Viveiros K. The Role of Life Style Modifications in Comprehensive Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Treatment. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken) 2021;17(1):11-14.

[31] Díaz LA, Fuentes-López E, Ayares G, Idalsoaga F, Arnold J, Márquez-Lomas A, et al. The establishment of public health policies and the burden of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the Americas. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022;7(6):552-559.

[32] Lazarus JV, Colombo M, Cortez-Pinto H, Huang TTK, Miller V, Ninburg M, et al. NAFLD - sounding the alarm on a silent epidemic. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020;17(7):377-379.

[33] Lazarus JV, Mark HE, Colombo M, Demaio S, Dillon JF, George J, et al. A sustainable development goal framework to guide multisectoral action on NAFLD through a societal approach. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2022;55(2):234-243.

[34] Lazarus JV, Mark HE, Anstee QM, Arab JP, Batterham RL, Castera L, et al. Advancing the global public health agenda for NAFLD: a consensus statement. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022;19(1):60-78.
[35] Jafri A, Mathe N, Aglago EK, Konyole SO, Ouedraogo M, Audain K, et al. Food availability, accessibility and dietary practices during the COVID-19 pandemic: a multi-country survey. Public Health Nutr 2021;24(7):1798-1805.

[36] Mattioli AV, Sciomer S, Cocchi C, Maffei S, Gallina S. Quarantine during COVID-19 outbreak: Changes in diet and physical activity increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2020;30(9):1409-1417.

[37] Grebely J, Bruneau J, Lazarus JV, Dalgard O, Bruggmann P, Treloar C, et al. Research priorities to achieve universal access to hepatitis C prevention, management and direct-acting antiviral treatment among people who inject drugs. Int J Drug Pol 2017;47:51-60.

[38] Eyre H, Kahn R, Robertson RM. Preventing cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes: a common agenda for the American Cancer Society, the American Diabetes Association, and the American Heart Association. Diabetes Care 2004;27(7):1812-1824.

[39] McKinnon RA, Orleans CT, Kumanyika SK, Haire-Joshu D, Krebs-Smith SM, Finkelstein EA, et al. Considerations for an obesity policy research agenda. Am J Prev Med 2009;36(4):351-357.

[40] Lazarus JV, Safreed-Harmon K, Kamarulzaman A, Anderson J, Leite RB, Behrens G, et al. Consensus statement on the role of health systems in advancing the long-term well-being of people living with HIV. Nat Commun 2021;12(1):4450.

[41] Rubino F, Puhl RM, Cummings DE, Eckel RH, Ryan DH, Mechanick JI, et al. Joint international consensus statement for ending stigma of obesity. Nat Med 2020;26(4):485-497.

[42] Karlsen TH, Sheron N, Zelber-Sagi S, Carrieri P, Dusheiko G, Bugianesi E, et al. The EASL-Lancet Liver Commission: protecting the next generation of Europeans against liver disease complications and premature mortality. Lancet 2022;399(10319):61-116.

[43] Iruzubieta P, Bataller R, Arias-Loste MT, Arrese M, Calleja JL, Castro-Narro G, et al. Research Priorities for Precision Medicine in NAFLD. Clin Liver Dis 2023;27(2):535-551.

[44] Ekstedt M, Nasr P, Kechagias S. Natural History of NAFLD/NASH. Curr Hepatol Rep 2017;16(4):391-397.

[45] Hagström H, Nasr P, Ekstedt M, Hammar U, Stål P, Hultcrantz R, et al. Fibrosis stage but not NASH predicts mortality and time to development of severe liver disease in biopsy-proven NAFLD. J Hepatol 2017;67(6):1265-1273.

[46] Sanyal AJ, Van Natta ML, Clark J, Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Diehl A, Dasarathy S, et al. Prospective Study of Outcomes in Adults with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. N Engl J Med 2021;385(17):1559-1569.

[47] Younossi ZM, Anstee QM, Wong VWS, Trauner M, Lawitz EJ, Harrison SA, et al. The Association of Histologic and Noninvasive Tests With Adverse Clinical and Patient-Reported Outcomes in Patients With Advanced Fibrosis Due to Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology 2021;160(5):1608-1619.e13.

[48] Anstee QM, Castera L, Loomba R. Impact of non-invasive biomarkers on hepatology practice: Past, present and future. J Hepatol 2022;76(6):1362-1378.

[49] Allen AM, Lazarus JV, Younossi ZM. Healthcare and socioeconomic costs of NAFLD: A global framework to navigate the uncertainties. J Hepatol 2023. S0168-8278(23)00079-X.

[50] Hagström H, Nasr P, Ekstedt M, Hammar U, Widman L, Stål P, et al. Health Care Costs of Patients With Biopsy-Confirmed Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Are Nearly Twice Those of Matched Controls. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020;18(7):1592-1599.e8.

[51] Talens M, Tumas N, Lazarus JV, Benach J, Pericàs JM. What Do We Know About Inequalities in NAFLD Distribution and Outcomes? A Scoping Review. J Clin Med 2021;10(21):5019.

[52] Di Cesare M, Khang Y-H, Asaria P, Blakely T, Cowan MJ, Farzadfar F, et al. Inequalities in non-communicable diseases and effective responses. Lancet 2013;381(9866):585-597.

[53] Eslam M, Wong GL, Hashem AM, Chan HL, Nielsen MJ, Leeming DJ, et al. A Sequential Algorithm Combining ADAPT and Liver Stiffness Can Stage Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease in Hospital-Based and Primary Care Patients. Am J Gastroenterol 2021;116(5):984-993.

[54] Majumdar A, Campos S, Gurusamy K, Pinzani M, Tsochatzis EA. Defining the Minimum Acceptable Diagnostic Accuracy of Noninvasive Fibrosis Testing in Cirrhosis: A Decision Analytic Modeling Study. Hepatology 2020;71(2):627-642.

[55] Vali Y, Lee J, Boursier J, Petta S, Wonders K, Tiniakos D, et al. Biomarkers for staging fibrosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (the LITMUS project): a comparative diagnostic accuracy study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023. S2468-1253(23)00017-1.

[56] Castera L, Friedrich-Rust M, Loomba R. Noninvasive Assessment of Liver Disease in Patients With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Gastroenterology 2019;156(5):1264-1281.e4.

[57] Gidener T, Dierkhising RA, Mara KC, Therneau TM, Venkatesh SK, Ehman RL, et al. Change in serial liver stiffness measurement by magnetic resonance elastography and outcomes in NAFLD. Hepatology 2023;77(1):268-274.

[58] Crossan C, Majumdar A, Srivastava A, Thorburn D, Rosenberg W, Pinzani M, et al. Referral pathways for patients with NAFLD based on non-invasive fibrosis tests: Diagnostic accuracy and cost analysis. Liver Int 2019;39(11):2052-2060.

[59] Vilar-Gomez E, Lou Z, Kong N, Vuppalanchi R, Imperiale TF, Chalasani N. Cost Effectiveness of Different Strategies for Detecting Cirrhosis in Patients With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Based on United States Health Care System. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020;18(10):2305-2314.e12.

[60] Lazarus JV, Castera L, Mark HE, Allen AM, Adams LA, Anstee QM, et al. Real-world evidence on non-invasive tests and associated cut-offs used to assess fibrosis in routine clinical practice. JHEP Rep 2022;5(1):100596.

[61] Glass LM, Hunt CM, Fuchs M, Su GL. Comorbidities and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: The Chicken, the Egg, or Both? Fed Pract 2019;36(2):64-71.

[62] Kumar S, Wong R, Newberry C, Yeung M, Peña JM, Sharaiha RZ. Multi-disciplinary Clinic Models: A Paradigm of Care for Management of NAFLD. Hepatology 2021;74(6):3472-3478.

[63] Mencin AA, Loomba R, Lavine JE. Caring for children with NAFLD and navigating their care into adulthood. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015;12(11):617-628.

[64] Mitrani R, Kohut T, Panganiban J, Carr RM. Transition of Care Model for Pediatric Patients With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken) 2021;18(1):30-36.

[65] Nobili V, Svegliati-Baroni G, Alisi A, Miele L, Valenti L, Vajro P. A 360-degree overview of paediatric NAFLD: recent insights. J Hepatol 2013;58(6):1218-1229.

[66] DeVore S, Kohli R, Lake K, Nicholas L, Dietrich K, Balistrer WF, et al. A multidisciplinary clinical program is effective in stabilizing BMI and reducing transaminase levels in pediatric patients with NAFLD. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2013;57(1):119-123.

[67] World Health Organization. WHO guideline: recommendations on digital interventions for health system strengthening. Geneva: WHO; 2019.

[68] Lazarus JV, Villota-Rivas M, Jiménez-González C, Santos-Laso A, Iruzubieta P, Arias-Loste MT, et al. Physicians' Use of Digital Health Interventions in the Management of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Clin Liver Dis 2023;27(2):515-533.

[69] Lim SL, Johal J, Ong KW, Han CY, Chan YH, Lee YM, et al. Lifestyle Intervention Enabled by Mobile Technology on Weight Loss in Patients With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2020;8(4):e14802.

[70] Sato M, Akamatsu M, Shima T, Ikegami T, Yanase M, Mikami S, et al. Impact of a Novel Digital Therapeutics System on Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: The NASH App Clinical Trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2023. https://doi.org/10.14309/ajg.00000000000002143.

[71] Stine JG, Rivas G, Hummer B, Duarte-Rojo A, May CN, Geyer N, et al. Mobile health lifestyle intervention program leads to clinically significant loss of body weight in patients with NASH. Hepatol Commun 2023;7(4):e00502.

[72] Chatterjee A, Prinz A, Gerdes M, Martinez S. Digital Interventions on Healthy Lifestyle Management: Systematic Review. J Med Internet Res 2021;23(11):e26931.

[73] Zhang Y, Pratap A, Folarin AA, Sun S, Cummins N, Matcham F, et al. Long-term participant retention and engagement patterns in an app and wearable-based multinational remote digital depression study. NPJ Digit Med 2023;6(1):25.

[74] Allen AM, Shah VH, Therneau TM, Venkatesh SK, Mounajjed T, Larson JJ, et al. Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Elastography Improves the Detection of NASH Regression Following Bariatric Surgery. Hepatol Commun 2019;4(2):185-192.

[75] Paudel S, Sharma N, Joshi A, Randall M. Development of a Shared Decision Making Model in a Community Mental Health Center. Commun Ment Health J 2018;54(1):1-6.

[76] Tamhane S, Rodriguez-Gutierrez R, Hargraves I, Montori VM. Shared Decision-Making in Diabetes Care. Curr Diab Rep 2015;15(12):112.

[77] Vilar-Gomez E, Calzadilla-Bertot L, Wong VWS, Castellanos M, Aller-de la Fuente R, Metwally M, et al. Fibrosis Severity as a Determinant of Cause-Specific Mortality in Patients With Advanced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Multi-National Cohort Study. Gastroenterology 2018;155(2):443-457.e17.
[35] Jafri A, Mathe N, Aglago EK, Konyole SO, Ouedraogo M, Audain K, et al. Food availability, accessibility and dietary practices during the COVID-19 pandemic: a multi-country survey. Public Health Nutr 2021;24(7):1798-1805.

[36] Mattioli AV, Sciomer S, Cocchi C, Maffei S, Gallina S. Quarantine during COVID-19 outbreak: Changes in diet and physical activity increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2020;30(9):1409-1417.

[37] Grebely J, Bruneau J, Lazarus JV, Dalgard O, Bruggmann P, Treloar C, et al. Research priorities to achieve universal access to hepatitis C prevention, management and direct-acting antiviral treatment among people who inject drugs. Int J Drug Pol 2017;47:51-60.

[38] Eyre H, Kahn R, Robertson RM. Preventing cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes: a common agenda for the American Cancer Society, the American Diabetes Association, and the American Heart Association. Diabetes Care 2004;27(7):1812-1824.

[39] McKinnon RA, Orleans CT, Kumanyika SK, Haire-Joshu D, Krebs-Smith SM, Finkelstein EA, et al. Considerations for an obesity policy research agenda. Am J Prev Med 2009;36(4):351-357.

[40] Lazarus JV, Safreed-Harmon K, Kamarulzaman A, Anderson J, Leite RB, Behrens G, et al. Consensus statement on the role of health systems in advancing the long-term well-being of people living with HIV. Nat Commun 2021;12(1):4450.

[41] Rubino F, Puhl RM, Cummings DE, Eckel RH, Ryan DH, Mechanick JL, et al. Joint international consensus statement for ending stigma of obesity. Nat Med 2020;26(4):485-497.

[42] Karlsen TH, Sheron N, Zelber-Sagi S, Carrieri P, Dusheiko G, Bugianesi E, et al. The EASL-Lancet Liver Commission: protecting the next generation of Europeans against liver disease complications and premature mortality. Lancet 2022;399(10319):61-116.

[43] Iruzubieta P, Bataller R, Arias-Loste MT, Arrese M, Calleja JL, Castro-Narro G, et al. Research Priorities for Precision Medicine in NAFLD. Clin Liver Dis 2023;27(2):535-551.

[44] Ekstedt M, Nasr P, Kechagias S. Natural History of NAFLD/NASH. Curr Hepatol Rep 2017;16(4):391-397.

[45] Hagström H, Nasr P, Ekstedt M, Hammar U, Stål P, Hultcrantz R, et al. Fibrosis stage but not NASH predicts mortality and time to development of severe liver disease in biopsy-proven NAFLD. J Hepatol 2017;67(6):1265-1273.

[46] Sanyal AJ, Van Natta ML, Clark J, Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Diehl A, Dasarathy S, et al. Prospective Study of Outcomes in Adults with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. N Engl J Med 2021;385(17):1559-1569.

[47] Younossi ZM, Anstee QM, Wong VWS, Trauner M, Lawitz EJ, Harrison SA, et al. The Association of Histologic and Noninvasive Tests With Adverse Clinical and Patient-Reported Outcomes in Patients With Advanced Fibrosis Due to Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology 2021;160(5):1608-1619.e13.

[48] Anstee QM, Castera L, Loomba R. Impact of non-invasive biomarkers on hepatology practice: Past, present and future. J Hepatol 2022;76(6):1362-1378.

[49] Allen AM, Lazarus JV, Younossi ZM. Healthcare and socioeconomic costs of NAFLD: A global framework to navigate the uncertainties. J Hepatol 2023. S0168-8278(23)00079-X.

[50] Hagström H, Nasr P, Ekstedt M, Hammar U, Widman L, Stål P, et al. Health Care Costs of Patients With Biopsy-Confirmed Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Are Nearly Twice Those of Matched Controls. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020;18(7):1592-1599.e8.

[51] Talens M, Tumas N, Lazarus JV, Benach J, Pericàs JM. What Do We Know About Inequalities in NAFLD Distribution and Outcomes? A Scoping Review. J Clin Med 2021;10(21):5019.

[52] Di Cesare M, Khang Y-H, Asaria P, Blakely T, Cowan MJ, Farzadfar F, et al. Inequalities in non-communicable diseases and effective responses. Lancet 2013;381(9866):585-597.

[53] Eslam M, Wong GL, Hashem AM, Chan HL, Nielsen MJ, Leeming DJ, et al. A Sequential Algorithm Combining ADAPT and Liver Stiffness Can Stage Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease in Hospital-Based and Primary Care Patients. Am J Gastroenterol 2021;116(5):984-993.

[54] Majumdar A, Campos S, Gurusamy K, Pinzani M, Tsochatzis EA. Defining the Minimum Acceptable Diagnostic Accuracy of Noninvasive Fibrosis Testing in Cirrhosis: A Decision Analytic Modeling Study. Hepatology 2020;71(2):627-642.

[55] Vali Y, Lee J, Boursier J, Petta S, Wonders K, Tiniakos D, et al. Biomarkers for staging fibrosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (the LITMUS project): a comparative diagnostic accuracy study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023. S2468-1253(23)00017-1.

[56] Castera L, Friedrich-Rust M, Loomba R. Noninvasive Assessment of Liver Disease in Patients With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Gastroenterology 2019;156(5):1264-1281.e4.

[57] Gidener T, Dierkhising RA, Mara KC, Therneau TM, Venkatesh SK, Ehman RL, et al. Change in serial liver stiffness measurement by magnetic resonance elastography and outcomes in NAFLD. Hepatology 2023;77(1):268-274.

[58] Crossan C, Majumdar A, Srivastava A, Thorburn D, Rosenberg W, Pinzani M, et al. Referral pathways for patients with NAFLD based on non-invasive fibrosis tests: Diagnostic accuracy and cost analysis. Liver Int 2019;39(11):2052-2060.

[59] Vilar-Gomez E, Lou Z, Kong N, Vuppalanchi R, Imperiale TF, Chalasani N. Cost Effectiveness of Different Strategies for Detecting Cirrhosis in Patients With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Based on United States Health Care System. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020;18(10):2305-2314.e12.

[60] Lazarus JV, Castera L, Mark HE, Allen AM, Adams LA, Anstee QM, et al. Real-world evidence on non-invasive tests and associated cut-offs used to assess fibrosis in routine clinical practice. JHEP Rep 2022;5(1):100596.

[61] Glass LM, Hunt CM, Fuchs M, Su GL. Comorbidities and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: The Chicken, the Egg, or Both? Fed Pract 2019;36(2):64-71.

[62] Kumar S, Wong R, Newberry C, Yeung M, Peña JM, Sharaiha RZ. Multi-disciplinary Clinic Models: A Paradigm of Care for Management of NAFLD. Hepatology 2021;74(6):3472-3478.

[63] Mencin AA, Loomba R, Lavine JE. Caring for children with NAFLD and navigating their care into adulthood. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015;12(11):617-628.

[64] Mitrani R, Kohut T, Panganiban J, Carr RM. Transition of Care Model for Pediatric Patients With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken) 2021;18(1):30-36.

[65] Nobili V, Svegliati-Baroni G, Alisi A, Miele L, Valenti L, Vajro P. A 360-degree overview of paediatric NAFLD: recent insights. J Hepatol 2013;58(6):1218-1229.

[66] DeVore S, Kohli R, Lake K, Nicholas L, Dietrich K, Balistrer WF, et al. A multidisciplinary clinical program is effective in stabilizing BMI and reducing transaminase levels in pediatric patients with NAFLD. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2013;57(1):119-123.

[67] World Health Organization. WHO guideline: recommendations on digital interventions for health system strengthening. Geneva: WHO; 2019.

[68] Lazarus JV, Villota-Rivas M, Jiménez-González C, Santos-Laso A, Iruzubieta P, Arias-Loste MT, et al. Physicians' Use of Digital Health Interventions in the Management of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Clin Liver Dis 2023;27(2):515-533.

[69] Lim SL, Johal J, Ong KW, Han CY, Chan YH, Lee YM, et al. Lifestyle Intervention Enabled by Mobile Technology on Weight Loss in Patients With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2020;8(4):e14802.

[70] Sato M, Akamatsu M, Shima T, Ikegami T, Yanase M, Mikami S, et al. Impact of a Novel Digital Therapeutics System on Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: The NASH App Clinical Trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2023. https://doi.org/10.14309/ajg.00000000000002143.

[71] Stine JG, Rivas G, Hummer B, Duarte-Rojo A, May CN, Geyer N, et al. Mobile health lifestyle intervention program leads to clinically significant loss of body weight in patients with NASH. Hepatol Commun 2023;7(4):e00502.

[72] Chatterjee A, Prinz A, Gerdes M, Martinez S. Digital Interventions on Healthy Lifestyle Management: Systematic Review. J Med Internet Res 2021;23(11):e26931.

[73] Zhang Y, Pratap A, Folarin AA, Sun S, Cummins N, Matcham F, et al. Long-term participant retention and engagement patterns in an app and wearable-based multinational remote digital depression study. NPJ Digit Med 2023;6(1):25.

[74] Allen AM, Shah VH, Therneau TM, Venkatesh SK, Mounajjed T, Larson JJ, et al. Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Elastography Improves the Detection of NASH Regression Following Bariatric Surgery. Hepatol Commun 2019;4(2):185-192.

[75] Paudel S, Sharma N, Joshi A, Randall M. Development of a Shared Decision Making Model in a Community Mental Health Center. Commun Ment Health J 2018;54(1):1-6.

[76] Tamhane S, Rodriguez-Gutierrez R, Hargraves I, Montori VM. Shared Decision-Making in Diabetes Care. Curr Diab Rep 2015;15(12):112.

[77] Vilar-Gomez E, Calzadilla-Bertot L, Wong VWS, Castellanos M, Aller-de la Fuente R, Metwally M, et al. Fibrosis Severity as a Determinant of Cause-Specific Mortality in Patients With Advanced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Multi-National Cohort Study. Gastroenterology 2018;155(2):443-457.e17.
Global research priority agenda for fatty liver disease

[78] Polyzos SA, Kechagias S, Tsochatzis EA. Review article: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular diseases: associations and treatment considerations. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2021;54(8):1013-1025.

[79] Islam KB, Brandman D, Chu JN, Goldman ML, Fox RK. Primary Care Providers and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Needs Assessment Survey. Dig Dis Sci 2023;68(2):434-438.

[80] Vidal-Cevallos P, Ordóñez-Vázquez AL, Procopio-Mosso O, Cardoso-Arias R, Uribe M, Chávez-Tapia NC. Cross-sectional pilot study to assess primary healthcare workers' knowledge of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in a marginalized community in Mexico. Sci Rep 2021;11(1):12100.

[81] Wessels DH, Rosenberg Z. Awareness of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and treatment guidelines: What are physicians telling us? World J Hepatol 2021;13(2):233-241.

[82] ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR, Bannuru RR, Brown FM, Bruemmer D, et al. Introduction and Methodology: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2023. Diabetes Care 2023;46(Suppl 1):S1-S4.

[83] Carrieri P, Mourad A, Marcellin F, Trylesinski A, Calleja JL, Protopopescu C, et al. Knowledge of liver fibrosis stage among adults with NAFLD/NASH improves adherence to lifestyle changes. Liver Int 2022;42(5):984-994.

[84] Alemany-Pagès M, Moura-Ramos M, Araújo S, Macedo MP, Ribeiro RT, do Ó D, et al. Insights from qualitative research on NAFLD awareness with a cohort of T2DM patients: time to go public with insulin resistance? BMC Public Health 2020;20(1):1142.

[85] Wieland AC, Mettler P, McDermott MT, Crane LA, Cicutto LC, Bambha KM. Low awareness of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease among patients at high metabolic risk. J Clin Gastroenterol 2015;49(1):e6-e10.

[86] Assimakopoulos K, Karaivazoglou K, Tsermpini EE, Diamantopoulou G, Triantos C. Quality of life in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review. J Psychosom Res 2018;112:73-80.

[87] Golubeva JA, Sheptulina AF, Yafarova AA, Mamutova EM, Kiselev AR, Drapkina OM. Reduced Quality of Life in Patients With Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease May Be Associated With Depression and Fatigue. Healthcare (Basel) 2022;10(9):1699.

[88] Shea S, Lionis C, Atkinson L, Kite C, Lagojda L, Chaggar SS, et al. Support Needs and Coping Strategies in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD): A Multidisciplinary Approach to Potential Unmet Challenges Beyond Pharmacological Treatment. Livers 2023;3(1):1-20.

[89] Remmers C, Hibbard J, Mosen DM, Wagenfield M, Hoye RE, Jones C. Is patient activation associated with future health outcomes and healthcare utilization among patients with diabetes? J Ambul Care Manage 2009;32(4):320-327.

[90] Weingart SN, Zhu J, Chiappetta L, Stuver SO, Schneider EC, Epstein AM, et al. Hospitalized patients' participation and its impact on quality of care and patient safety. Int J Qual Health Care 2011;23(3):269-277.

[91] Gershkowitz BD, Hillert CJ, Crotty BH. Digital Coaching Strategies to Facilitate Behavioral Change in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021;106(4):e1513-e1520.

[92] Milani RV, Lavie CJ, Bober RM, Milani AR, Ventura HO. Improving Hypertension Control and Patient Engagement Using Digital Tools. Am J Med 2017;130(1):14-20.

[93] Hallsworth K, McPherson S, Anstee QM, Flynn D, Haigh L, Avery L. Digital Intervention With Lifestyle Coach Support to Target Dietary and Physical Activity Behaviors of Adults with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Systematic Development Process of VITALISE Using Intervention Mapping. J Med Internet Res 2021;23(1):e20491.

[94] Mazzotti A, Caletti MT, Brodosi L, Di Domizio S, Forchielli ML, Petta S, et al. An internet-based approach for lifestyle changes in patients with NAFLD: Two-year effects on weight loss and surrogate markers. J Hepatol 2018;69(5):1155-1163.

[95] Francque SM, Marchesini G, Kautz A, Walmsley M, Dorner R, Lazarus JV, et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A patient guideline. JHEP Rep 2021;3(5):100322.

[96] Lazarus JV, Mark HE, Villota-Rivas M, Palayew A, Carrieri P, Colombo M, et al. The global NAFLD policy review and preparedness index: Are countries ready to address this silent public health challenge? J Hepatol 2022;76(4):771-780.

[97] World Health Organization. Global action plan for the prevention and control of NCDs 2013-2020. Geneva: WHO; 2013.

[98] World Health Organization. Political declaration of the third high-level meeting of the General Assembly on the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases, and mental health. Geneva: WHO; 2023.

[99] Gilmore AB, Fabbri A, Baum F, Bertscher A, Bondy K, Chang H-J, et al. Defining and conceptualising the commercial determinants of health. Lancet 2023;401(10383):1194-1213.
Global research priority agenda for fatty liver disease

[78] Polyzos SA, Kechagias S, Tsochatzis EA. Review article: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular diseases: associations and treatment considerations. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2021;54(8):1013-1025.

[79] Islam KB, Brandman D, Chu JN, Goldman ML, Fox RK. Primary Care Providers and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Needs Assessment Survey. Dig Dis Sci 2023;68(2):434-438.

[80] Vidal-Cevallos P, Ordóñez-Vázquez AL, Procopio-Mosso O, Cardoso-Arias R, Uribe M, Chávez-Tapia NC. Cross-sectional pilot study to assess primary healthcare workers' knowledge of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in a marginalized community in Mexico. Sci Rep 2021;11(1):12100.

[81] Wessels DH, Rosenberg Z. Awareness of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and treatment guidelines: What are physicians telling us? World J Hepatol 2021;13(2):233-241.

[82] ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR, Bannuru RR, Brown FM, Bruemmer D, et al. Introduction and Methodology: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2023. Diabetes Care 2023;46(Suppl 1):S1-S4.

[83] Carrieri P, Mourad A, Marcellin F, Trylesinski A, Calleja JL, Protopopescu C, et al. Knowledge of liver fibrosis stage among adults with NAFLD/NASH improves adherence to lifestyle changes. Liver Int 2022;42(5):984-994.

[84] Alemany-Pagès M, Moura-Ramos M, Araújo S, Macedo MP, Ribeiro RT, do Ó D, et al. Insights from qualitative research on NAFLD awareness with a cohort of T2DM patients: time to go public with insulin resistance? BMC Public Health 2020;20(1):1142.

[85] Wieland AC, Mettler P, McDermott MT, Crane LA, Cicutto LC, Bambha KM. Low awareness of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease among patients at high metabolic risk. J Clin Gastroenterol 2015;49(1):e6-e10.

[86] Assimakopoulos K, Karaivazoglou K, Tsermpini EE, Diamantopoulou G, Triantos C. Quality of life in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review. J Psychosom Res 2018;112:73-80.

[87] Golubeva JA, Sheptulina AF, Yafarova AA, Mamutova EM, Kiselev AR, Drapkina OM. Reduced Quality of Life in Patients With Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease May Be Associated With Depression and Fatigue. Healthcare (Basel) 2022;10(9):1699.

[88] Shea S, Lionis C, Atkinson L, Kite C, Lagojda L, Chaggar SS, et al. Support Needs and Coping Strategies in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD): A Multidisciplinary Approach to Potential Unmet Challenges Beyond Pharmacological Treatment. Livers 2023;3(1):1-20.

[89] Remmers C, Hibbard J, Mosen DM, Wagenfield M, Hoye RE, Jones C. Is patient activation associated with future health outcomes and healthcare utilization among patients with diabetes? J Ambul Care Manage 2009;32(4):320-327.

[90] Weingart SN, Zhu J, Chiappetta L, Stuver SO, Schneider EC, Epstein AM, et al. Hospitalized patients' participation and its impact on quality of care and patient safety. Int J Qual Health Care 2011;23(3):269-277.

[91] Gershkowitz BD, Hillert CJ, Crotty BH. Digital Coaching Strategies to Facilitate Behavioral Change in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021;106(4):e1513-e1520.

[92] Milani RV, Lavie CJ, Bober RM, Milani AR, Ventura HO. Improving Hypertension Control and Patient Engagement Using Digital Tools. Am J Med 2017;130(1):14-20.

[93] Hallsworth K, McPherson S, Anstee QM, Flynn D, Haigh L, Avery L. Digital Intervention With Lifestyle Coach Support to Target Dietary and Physical Activity Behaviors of Adults with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Systematic Development Process of VITALISE Using Intervention Mapping. J Med Internet Res 2021;23(1):e20491.

[94] Mazzotti A, Caletti MT, Brodosi L, Di Domizio S, Forchielli ML, Petta S, et al. An internet-based approach for lifestyle changes in patients with NAFLD: Two-year effects on weight loss and surrogate markers. J Hepatol 2018;69(5):1155-1163.

[95] Francque SM, Marchesini G, Kautz A, Walmsley M, Dorner R, Lazarus JV, et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A patient guideline. JHEP Rep 2021;3(5):100322.

[96] Lazarus JV, Mark HE, Villota-Rivas M, Palayew A, Carrieri P, Colombo M, et al. The global NAFLD policy review and preparedness index: Are countries ready to address this silent public health challenge? J Hepatol 2022;76(4):771-780.

[97] World Health Organization. Global action plan for the prevention and control of NCDs 2013-2020. Geneva: WHO; 2013.

[98] World Health Organization. Political declaration of the third high-level meeting of the General Assembly on the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases, and mental health. Geneva: WHO; 2023.

[99] Gilmore AB, Fabbri A, Baum F, Bertscher A, Bondy K, Chang H-J, et al. Defining and conceptualising the commercial determinants of health. Lancet 2023;401(10383):1194-1213.