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Mutaf, S., Kahraman, N. S., & Firat, M. Z. (2009). Intermittent partial surface wetting and its effect on body-surface temperatures and egg production of white and brown domestic laying hens in Antalya (Turkey). *British Poultry Science*, 50(1), 33-38. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071660802592399

Naidoo, V., McGaw, L. J., Bisschop, S. P. R., Duncan, N., & Eloff, J. N. (2008). The value of plant extracts with antioxidant activity in attenuating coccidiosis in broiler chickens. *Veterinary Parasitology*, 153(3-4), 214-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.02.013

Ngueda Djeuta, O., Voemesse, K., Teteh, A., Gbéassor, M., Decuypere, E., & Tona, K. (2020). Nutritional effects of dietary inclusion of *Manihot Esculenta* Crantz leaf on Isa Brown older layers performance. *International Journal of Poultry Science*, 19(4), 142-146. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2020.142146

Nyuiadzi, D., Méda, B., Dusart, L., Berri, C., Travel, A., Guilloteau, L.A., Leterrier, C., Coustham, V., Mignon-Grasteau, S., Wang, Y., Bouvarel, I., Tona, J. K., & Collin A. (2017). *Effets d'une acclimatation embryonnaire au froid visant à améliorer les capacités d'adaptation du poulet de chair*. 12e Journées de la recherche avicole et palmipèdes à foie gras, Tours.

Nyuiadzi, D., Berri, C., Dusart, L., Travel, A., Méda, B., Bouvarel, I., Guilloteau, L. A., Chartrin, P., Coustham, V., Praud, C., Le Bihan-Duval, É., Tona, J. K., & Collin, A. (2020). Short cold exposures during incubation and postnatal cold temperature affect performance, breast meat quality, and welfare parameters in broiler chickens. *Poultry Science*, 99(2), 857-868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2019.10.024

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Olfati, A., Mojtahedin, A., Sadeghi, T., Akbari, M., & Martinez-Pastor, F. (2018). Comparison of growth performance and immune responses of broiler chicks reared under heat stress, cold stress and thermoneutral conditions. *Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research*, 16(2), e0505. https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2018162-12753

Pawar, S. S., Sajjanar, B., Lonkar, V. D., Pandurang, K. N., Sahebrao, K. A., Vitthal, N. A., Pandit, B. M., & Kumar, B. S. (2016). Assessing and mitigating the impact of heat stress in poultry. *Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences*, 4(6), 332-341. https://doi.org/10.14737/journal.aavs/2016/4.6.332.341

Pelletier, N. (2008). Environmental performance in the US broiler poultry sector: Life cycle energy use and greenhouse gas, ozone depleting, acidifying and eutrophying emissions. *Agricultural Systems*, 98(2), 67-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2008.03.007

Pelletier, N. (2017). Life cycle assessment of Canadian egg products, with differentiation by hen housing system type. *Journal of Cleaner Production*, 152, 167-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.050

Pelletier, N., Ibarburu, M., & Xin, H. (2014). Comparison of the environmental footprint of the egg industry in the United States in 1960 and 2010. *Poultry Science*, 93(2), 241-255. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2013-03390

Peyraud, J.-L., Aubin, J., Barbier, M., Baumont, R., Berri, C., Bidanel, J.-P., Citti, C., Cotinot, C., Ducrot, C., Dupraz, P., Faverdin, P., Friggens, N., Houot, S, Nozières-Petit, M.-O., Rogel-Gaillard, C., Santé-Lhoutellier, V. (2019). Quelle science pour les élevages de demain ? Une réflexion prospective conduite à l'INRA. *Dans : R. Baumont (Coord.), Numéro spécial : De grands défis et des solutions pour l'élevage. INRA Productions Animales*, 32, 323-338. https://doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.2019.32.2.2591

Piestun, Y., Shinder, D., Ruzal, M., Halevy, O., Brake, J., & Yahav, S. (2008). Thermal manipulations during broiler embryogenesis: Effect on the acquisition of thermotolerance. *Poultry Science*, 87(8), 1516-1525. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2008-00030

Piestun, Y., Harel, M., Barak, M., Yahav, S., & Halevy, O. (2009). Thermal manipulations in later-term chick embryos have immediate and longer term effects on myoblast proliferation and skeletal muscle hypertrophy. *Journal of Applied Physiology*, 106(1), 233-240. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.91090.2008

Quinteiro-Filho, W. M., Gomes, A. V. S., Pinheiro, M. L., Ribeiro, A., Ferraz-De-Paula, V., Astolfi-Ferreira, C. S., Ferreira, A. J. P., & Palermo-Neto, J. (2012). Heat stress impairs performance and induces intestinal inflammation in broiler chickens infected with Salmonella Enteritidis. *Avian Pathology*, 41(5), 421-427. https://doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2012.709315.

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Wolc, A., Arango, J., Settar, P., Fulton, J. E., O'Sullivan, N. P., & Dekkers, J. C. M. (2019). Genome wide associa-

tion study for heat stress induced mortality in a white egg layer line. *Poultry Science*, **98**(1), 92-96. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey403

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Xu, C., Lv, Z., Shen, Y., Liu, D., Fu, Y., Zhou, L., Liu, W., Chen, K., Ye, H., Xia, X., Xia, J., Wang, Y., Ke, Y., & Shen, J. (2020). Metagenomic insights into differences in environmental resistome profiles between integrated and monoculture aquaculture farms in China. *Environment International*, **144**, 106005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.106005

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Yahav, S., & McMurtry, J. P. (2001). Thermotolerance acquisition in broiler chickens by temperature conditioning early in life—the effect of timing and ambient temperature. *Poultry Science*, **80**(12), 1662-1666. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/80.12.1662

Yahav, S., Straschnow, A., Luger, D., Shinder, D., Tanny, J., & Cohen, S. (2004). Ventilation, sensible heat loss, broiler energy, and water balance under harsh environmental conditions. *Poultry Science*, **83**(2), 253-258. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/83.2.253

Yalçin, S., Özkan, S., Çabuk, M., Buyse, J., Decuypere, E., & Siegel, P. B. (2005). Pre- and postnatal conditioning induced thermotolerance on body weight, physiological responses and relative asymmetry of broilers originating from young and old breeder flocks. *Poultry Science*, **84**(6), 967-976. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/84.6.967

Zerjal, T., Gourichon, D., Rivet, B., & Bordas, A. (2013). Performance comparison of laying hens segregating for the frizzle gene under thermoneutral and high ambient temperatures. *Poultry Science*, **92**(6), 1474-1485. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2012-02840

Zhuang, Z. X., Chen, S. E., Chen, C. F., Lin, E. C., & Huang, S. Y. (2019). Genome-wide Association study on the body temperature changes of a broiler-type strain Taiwan Country Chickens under acute heat stress. *Journal of Thermal Biology*, **82**, 33-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.03.007

Znaniecka, G. (1967). *Calorific value of protein and fat of the chicken's body*. Proceedings of the 4th Symposium on Energy Metabolism, European Association of Animal Production, K. L. Blaxter & J. Kielanowski (Eds.), pp. 407–408.
Srikanth, K., Kumar, H., Park, W., Byun, M., Lim, D., Kemp, S., te Pas, M. F. W., Kim, J. M., & Park, J. E. (2019). Cardiac and skeletal muscle transcriptome response to heat stress in Kenyan chicken ecotypes adapted to low and high altitudes reveal differences in thermal tolerance and stress response. *Frontiers in Genetics, 10*, (Erratum in: *Front. Genet.*, 2020, 11, 197). https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2019.00993

Taylor, R. C., Omed, H., & Edwards-Jones, G. (2014). The greenhouse emissions footprint of free-range eggs. *Poultry Science*, **93**(1), 231-237. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2013-03489

Temim, S., Chagneau, A. M., Guillaumin, S., Michel, J., Peresson, R., & Tesseraud, S. (2000a). Does excess dietary protein improve growth performance and carcass characteristics in heat-exposed chickens? *Poultry Science*, **79**(3), 312-317. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/79.3.312

Temim, S., Chagneau, A., Peresson, R., & Tesseraud, S. (2000b). Chronic heat exposure alters protein turnover of three different skeletal muscles in finishing broiler chickens fed 20 or 25 % protein diets. *The Journal of Nutrition*, **130**(4), 813-819. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/130.4.813

Teteh, A., Lawson, E., Tona, K., Decuypere, E., & Gbéassor, M. (2013). *Moringa Oleifera* leave: hydro-alcoholic extract and effects on growth performance of broilers. *International Journal of Poultry Science*, **12**(7), 401-405. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2013.401.405

Thévenot, A., Aubin, J., Tillard, E., & Vayssières, J. (2013). Accounting for farm diversity in Life Cycle Assessment studies — the case of poultry production in a tropical island. *Journal of Cleaner Production*, **57**, 280-292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.05.027

Van de Ven, L. J. F., Van Wagenberg, A. V., Groot Koerkamp, P. W. G., Kemp, B., & Van Den Brand, H. (2009). Effects of a combined hatching and brooding system on hatchability, chick weight, and mortality in broyer. *Poultry Science*, **88**(11), 2273-2279. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2009-00112

Van Goor, A., Bolek, K. J., Ashwell, C. M., Persia, M. E., Rothschild, M. F., Schmidt, C. J., & Lamont, S. J. (2015). Identification of quantitative trait loci for body temperature, body weight, breast yield, and digestibility in an advanced intercross line of chickens under heat stress. *Genetics Selection Evolution*, **47**(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12711-015-0176-7

Vitorino Carvalho, A., Hennequet-Antier, C., Crochet, S., Bordeau, T., Couroussé, N., Cailleau-Audouin, E., Chartrin, P., Darras, V. M., Zerjal, T., Collin, A., & Coustham, V. (2020). Embryonic thermal manipulation has short and long-term effects on the development and the physiology of the Japanese quail. *PLoS ONE*, **15**(1), e0227700. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227700

Vitorino Carvalho, A., Hennequet-Antier, C., Brionne, A., Crochet, S., Jimenez, J., Couroussé, N., Collin, A., & Coustham, V. (2021). Embryonic thermal manipulation impacts the postnatal transcriptome

response of heat-challenged Japanese quails. *BMC Genomics*, **22**(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-021-07832-7

Vitorino Carvalho, A., Hennequet-Antier, C., Rouger, R., Delaveau, J., Bordeau, T., Crochet, S., Couroussé, N., Pitel, F., Collin, A., & Coustham, V. (2023). Thermal conditioning of quail embryos has transgenerational and reversible long-term effects. *Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology*, **14**(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-023-00924-2

Voemesse, K., Teteh, A., Nideou, D., N'nanlé, O., Tété-Benissan, A., Oke, O. E., Gbeassor, M., Decuypere, E., & Tona, K. (2019). Effects of *Moringa oleifera* leave meal in the diet on layer performance, haematological and serum biochemical values. *European Poultry Science*, **83**. https://doi.org/10.1399/eps.2019.263

Wada, Y., Flörke, M., Hanasaki, N., Eisner, S., Fischer, G., Tramberend, S., Satoh, Y., Van Vliet, M. T. H., Yillia, P. T., Ringler, C., Burek, P., & Wiberg, D. (2016). Modeling Global water use for the 21st Century: The Water Futures and Solutions (WFAS) initiative and its approaches. *Geoscientific Model Development*, **9**(1), 175-222. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-175-2016

Walugembe, M., Bertolini, F., Dematawewa, C. M. B., Reis, M. P., Elbeltagy, A. R., Schmidt, C. J., Lamont, S. J., & Rothschild, M. F. (2019). Detection of selection signatures among Brazilian, Sri Lankan, and Egyptian chicken populations under different environmental conditions. *Frontiers in Genetics*, **9**. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2018.00737

Wang, C., Ma, Y., Huang, Y., Su, S., Wang, L., Sun, Y., Wan, Q., Li, H., Zhang, S., Øines, Ø., & Pan, B. (2019). Darkness increases the population growth rate of the poultry red mite *Dermanyssus gallinaceus*. *Parasites & Vectors*, **12**(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3456-1

Webb, D. R., & King, J. R. (1984). Effects of wetting of insulation of bird and mammal coats. *Journal of Thermal Biology*, **9**(3), 189-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4565(84)90020-2

Wiedemann, S. G., McGahan, E. J., & Murphy, C. M. (2017). Resource use and environmental impacts from Australian chicken meat production. *Journal of Cleaner Production*, **140**, 675-684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.06.086

Wilfart, A., Dusart, L., Méda, B., Ga, A., Espagnol, S., Morin, L., Dronne, Y., Garcia-Launay, F. (2018). Réduire les impacts environnementaux des aliments pour les animaux d'élevage. Dans : R. Baumont (Coord.), *Dossier : Ressources alimentaires pour les animaux d'élevage, INRA Productions Animales*, **31**(3), 289-306 https://doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.2018.31.2.2285

Williams, A. G., Leinonen, I., & Kyriazakis, I. (2016). Environmental benefits of using turkey litter as a fuel instead of a fertiliser. *Journal of Cleaner Production*, **113**, 167-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.11.044

Wolc, A., Arango, J., Settar, P., Fulton, J. E., O'Sullivan, N. P., & Dekkers, J. C. M. (2019). Genome wide associa-

tion study for heat stress induced mortality in a white egg layer line. *Poultry Science*, **98**(1), 92-96. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey403

Wolfenson, D., Bachrach, D., Maman, M., Graber, Y., & Rozenboim, I. (2011). Evaporative cooling of ventral regions of the skin in heat-stressed laying hens. *Poultry Science*, **80**(7), 958-964. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/80.7.958

Wu, Q. J., Liu, N., Wu, X., Wang, G. Y., & Lin, L. (2018). Glutamine alleviates heat stress-induced impairment of intestinal morphology, intestinal inflammatory response, and barrier integrity in broilers. *Poultry Science*, **97**(8), 2675-2683. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey123

Xu, C., Lv, Z., Shen, Y., Liu, D., Fu, Y., Zhou, L., Liu, W., Chen, K., Ye, H., Xia, X., Xia, J., Wang, Y., Ke, Y., & Shen, J. (2020). Metagenomic insights into differences in environmental resistome profiles between integrated and monoculture aquaculture farms in China. *Environment International*, **144**, 106005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.106005

Yadav, S., & Jha, R. (2021). Macadamia nut cake as an alternative feedstuff for broilers: Effect on growth performance. *Animal Feed Science and Technology*, **275**, 114873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114873

Yahav, S., & McMurtry, J. P. (2001). Thermotolerance acquisition in broiler chickens by temperature conditioning early in life—the effect of timing and ambient temperature. *Poultry Science*, **80**(12), 1662-1666. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/80.12.1662

Yahav, S., Straschnow, A., Luger, D., Shinder, D., Tanny, J., & Cohen, S. (2004). Ventilation, sensible heat loss, broiler energy, and water balance under harsh environmental conditions. *Poultry Science*, **83**(2), 253-258. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/83.2.253

Yalçin, S., Özkan, S., Çabuk, M., Buyse, J., Decuypere, E., & Siegel, P. B. (2005). Pre- and postnatal conditioning induced thermotolerance on body weight, physiological responses and relative asymmetry of broilers originating from young and old breeder flocks. *Poultry Science*, **84**(6), 967-976. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/84.6.967

Zerjal, T., Gourichon, D., Rivet, B., & Bordas, A. (2013). Performance comparison of laying hens segregating for the frizzle gene under thermoneutral and high ambient temperatures. *Poultry Science*, **92**(6), 1474-1485. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2012-02840

Zhuang, Z. X., Chen, S. E., Chen, C. F., Lin, E. C., & Huang, S. Y. (2019). Genome-wide Association study on the body temperature changes of a broiler-type strain Taiwan Country Chickens under acute heat stress. *Journal of Thermal Biology*, **82**, 33-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.03.007

Znaniecka, G. (1967). *Calorific value of protein and fat of the chicken's body*. Proceedings of the 4th Symposium on Energy Metabolism, European Association of Animal Production, K. L. Blaxter & J. Kielanowski (Eds.), pp. 407–408.
Résumé

La viande de volaille et les œufs sont des sources principales de protéines animales pour l'alimentation humaine dans le monde. Leur production a augmenté rapidement au cours des dernières décennies. Cependant, les productions avicoles sont vulnérables au changement climatique, en particulier au réchauffement de la planète et à ses conséquences directes et indirectes. Pour y faire face, il est nécessaire de mettre en place des stratégies d'adaptation des animaux, en particulier en améliorant leur résilience. Ces stratégies nécessitent d'une part de mieux comprendre la physiologie des oiseaux (thermorégulation, efficacité pour la production de viande et d'œufs...) et d'autre part de rechercher des innovations en lien avec la nutrition, la santé, la reprogrammation précoce ou encore la génétique (intégration de nouveaux caractères adaptatifs dans les stratégies de sélection). Il faut également trouver des solutions au niveau des systèmes de production, par exemple en prenant en compte les aires de répartition géographique des maladies liées au changement climatique et en introduisant des pratiques d'atténuation pour réduire les consommations d'énergie et les émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Des recherches interdisciplinaires axées sur la génétique, les méthodes techniques (telles que la programmation thermique précoce), les solutions d'ingénierie, des innovations nutritionnelles et de nouvelles stratégies d'élevage agroécologiques sont ainsi développées. Ces stratégies tiennent compte de la demande sociale croissante en faveur de productions animales éthiques dans les perspectives d'une seule santé (« *One Health* ») et d'un seul bien-être (« *One Welfare* ») et visent à limiter la concurrence entre l'homme et les animaux pour les ressources alimentaires. Cette revue illustre par quelques exemples les leviers d'amélioration et de stratégies adaptatives envisageables pour rendre les animaux et les systèmes de production avicole plus résilients dans le contexte du changement climatique.

Abstract

What mitigation and adaptation strategies for poultry production in the face of climate change?

Poultry meat and eggs are major sources of animal protein for human consumption worldwide. Their production has increased rapidly in recent decades. However, poultry production is vulnerable to climate change, in particular to global warming and its direct and indirect consequences. To cope with this, it is necessary to implement adaptation strategies at the animal level, in particular by improving the resilience of the animals; these strategies require, on the one hand, a better understanding of the physiology of the birds (thermoregulation, efficiency for meat and egg production, etc.) and, on the other hand, the search for innovations in relation to nutrition, health, early reprogramming or genetics (integration of new adaptive traits in selection strategies). Solutions also need to be found at the production systems level to take into account the changes in the geographical distribution of diseases linked to climate change and to introduce mitigation practices to reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Interdisciplinary research focusing on genetics, technical methods (such as early thermal programming), engineering solutions, nutritional innovations and new breeding strategies is being developed. These strategies consider the growing social demand for ethical animal production in the perspectives of the "One Health" and "One Welfare" concepts and limit the feed-food competition in the context of climate change. This review illustrates through a few examples the levers of improvement and combined adaptive strategies that can be considered to make poultry production systems more resilient in the context of climate change.

COLLIN, A., COUSTHAM, V., TONA, J. K., TESSERAUD, S., MIGNON-GRASTEAU, S., MÉDA, B., VITORINO CARVALHO, A., GUYOT, Y., LAGARRIGUE, S., PITEL, F., & ZERJAL, T. (2024). Face au changement climatique, quelles stratégies d'atténuation et d'adaptation pour les productions avicoles? *INRAE Productions Animales*, 37(1), 8069.

https://doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.2024.37.1.8069

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Cet article est publié sous la licence Creative Commons (CC BY 4.0).

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Résumé

La viande de volaille et les œufs sont des sources principales de protéines animales pour l'alimentation humaine dans le monde. Leur production a augmenté rapidement au cours des dernières décennies. Cependant, les productions avicoles sont vulnérables au changement climatique, en particulier au réchauffement de la planète et à ses conséquences directes et indirectes. Pour y faire face, il est nécessaire de mettre en place des stratégies d'adaptation des animaux, en particulier en améliorant leur résilience. Ces stratégies nécessitent d'une part de mieux comprendre la physiologie des oiseaux (thermorégulation, efficacité pour la production de viande et d'œufs...) et d'autre part de rechercher des innovations en lien avec la nutrition, la santé, la reprogrammation précoce ou encore la génétique (intégration de nouveaux caractères adaptatifs dans les stratégies de sélection). Il faut également trouver des solutions au niveau des systèmes de production, par exemple en prenant en compte les aires de répartition géographique des maladies liées au changement climatique et en introduisant des pratiques d'atténuation pour réduire les consommations d'énergie et les émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Des recherches interdisciplinaires axées sur la génétique, les méthodes techniques (telles que la programmation thermique précoce), les solutions d'ingénierie, des innovations nutritionnelles et de nouvelles stratégies d'élevage agroécologiques sont ainsi développées. Ces stratégies tiennent compte de la demande sociale croissante en faveur de productions animales éthiques dans les perspectives d'une seule santé (« One Health ») et d'un seul bien-être (« One Welfare ») et visent à limiter la concurrence entre l'homme et les animaux pour les ressources alimentaires. Cette revue illustre par quelques exemples les leviers d'amélioration et de stratégies adaptatives envisageables pour rendre les animaux et les systèmes de production avicole plus résilients dans le contexte du changement climatique.

Abstract

What mitigation and adaptation strategies for poultry production in the face of climate change?

Poultry meat and eggs are major sources of animal protein for human consumption worldwide. Their production has increased rapidly in recent decades. However, poultry production is vulnerable to climate change, in particular to global warming and its direct and indirect consequences. To cope with this, it is necessary to implement adaptation strategies at the animal level, in particular by improving the resilience of the animals; these strategies require, on the one hand, a better understanding of the physiology of the birds (thermoregulation, efficiency for meat and egg production, etc.) and, on the other hand, the search for innovations in relation to nutrition, health, early reprogramming or genetics (integration of new adaptive traits in selection strategies). Solutions also need to be found at the production systems level to take into account the changes in the geographical distribution of diseases linked to climate change and to introduce mitigation practices to reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Interdisciplinary research focusing on genetics, technical methods (such as early thermal programming), engineering solutions, nutritional innovations and new breeding strategies is being developed. These strategies consider the growing social demand for ethical animal production in the perspectives of the "One Health" and "One Welfare" concepts and limit the feed-food competition in the context of climate change. This review illustrates through a few examples the levers of improvement and combined adaptive strategies that can be considered to make poultry production systems more resilient in the context of climate change.

COLLIN, A., COUSTHAM, V., TONA, J. K., TESSERAUD, S., MIGNON-GRASTEAU, S., MÉDA, B., VITORINO CARVALHO, A., GUYOT, Y., LAGARRIGUE, S., PITEL, F., & ZERJAL, T. (2024). Face au changement climatique, quelles stratégies d'atténuation et d'adaptation pour les productions avicoles? *INRAE Productions Animales, 37*(1), 8069.

https://doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.2024.37.1.8069

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Cet article est publié sous la licence Creative Commons (CC BY 4.0).

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.fr

La citation comme l'utilisation de tout ou partie du contenu de cet article doit obligatoirement mentionner les auteurs, l'année de publication, le titre, le nom de la revue, le volume, les pages et le DOI en respectant les informations figurant ci-dessus.