# Who will work on Sunday? The winners and losers of Sunday laws relaxation

Dominique Goux, Maurin Eric

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Dominique Goux, Maurin Eric. Who will work on Sunday? The winners and losers of Sunday laws relaxation. 2023. hal-05373410

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# Who will work on Sunday ?
The winners and losers of
Sunday laws relaxation

## Documents de travail

N° 2023-02 – Janvier 2023

<figure><img src="image_3.png" /></figure>
<figure><img src="image_4.png" /></figure>
Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques

2023/02

# Who will work on Sunday ? The winners and losers of Sunday laws relaxation

Dominique GOUX* and Eric MAURIN**

Janvier 2023

Département des Études Économiques – Timbre G201
88, avenue Verdier – CS 70058 – 92541 MONTROUGE CEDEX – France
Tél. : 33 (1) 87 69 59 54 – E-mail : d3e-dg@insee.fr – Site Web Insee : http://www.insee.fr

Ces documents de travail ne reflètent pas la position de l'Insee et n'engagent que leurs auteurs.
Working papers do not reflect the position of INSEE but only their author's views.

<footnote>* Insee-Dese – Département des études économiques – Division « Marchés et entreprises », Crest-Ensaie</footnote>

<footnote>** PSE, EHESS</footnote>
# Qui travaillera dimanche ? Les gagnants et les perdants de la déréglementation du travail dominical

## Résumé

A partir de 2016, une loi a rendu le travail du dimanche possible dans le commerce de détail d'une trentaine de zones du territoire métropolitain, représentant en tout environ 3 % du commerce de détail en France. Nous montrons que la réforme ne s'est accompagnée d'aucune hausse des effectifs ou du chiffre d'affaires dans le commerce de détail des zones ciblées. Les commerces de détail sont ouverts un jour de plus par semaine, mais le nombre de salariés est à peu près le même avant et après la réforme. Toutefois, l'augmentation du nombre de jours d'ouverture des magasins a conduit les employeurs du secteur du commerce de détail à privilégier les salariés suffisamment expérimentés pour gérer un magasin de manière autonome. En revanche, on observe une baisse significative de la part des salariés moins expérimentés dans les zones ciblées, ainsi qu'une forte baisse de la part d'emploi des parents isolés, pour lesquels il est difficile de concilier responsabilités familiales et travail dominical.

**Mots-clés** : réglementation sur l'ouverture des commerces, travail dominical, emploi, composition de la main d'œuvre

# Who will work on Sunday? The winners and losers of Sunday laws relaxation

## Abstract

In 2016, a law made it possible to work on Sundays in the retail trade of about thirty French areas, representing 3% of French retail trade. We show that the reform did not coincide with any significant increase in retail trade sales or employment in target areas. Retail establishments are open one more day each week, but the number of employees is roughly the same before and after the reform. However, the increase in the number of days that shops are open has led retail employers to favor employees who are sufficiently experienced and skilled to manage a store independently. On the other hand, there has been a significant decline in the employment share of less skilled and less experienced workers in target areas, as well as a sharp decline in the employment share of single parents, for whom it is difficult to reconcile family responsibilities and Sunday work.

**Keywords:** shop opening regulation, Sunday work, employment, labour force composition

**Classification JEL :** J21, K20, L81
Introduction

There is a long religious and political tradition in the Christian West of limiting the opening of shops and work on Sunday. In this tradition, Sunday is reserved for family and spiritual life, for leisure time shared with other members of the community. However, in recent decades, this tradition has been challenged in many countries on the grounds that it limits the development of consumption and employment, while generating congestion (and time loss) in the stores during the week. Despite opposition from local Christian churches and major workers' unions, many countries have granted exemptions to allow shops to open and employees to work on Sundays, especially in tourist municipalities or in passenger transit areas such as major train stations.

These initiatives are intended to boost activity and employment in the retail sector, while contributing to consumer welfare. A potential problem, however, is that these reforms may lead to a reorganisation of work that may be detrimental, if not to all employees, at least to some. As it happens, Sunday work is generally reserved for volunteers and not all employees can afford to volunteer to work on Sundays, especially if they are single parents.

In addition, by increasing the number of days that stores are open, the deregulation of Sunday work may force employers to rely primarily on employees who are able to run the store in their absence (on weekends or during the week), which may lead to a decline in job opportunities for younger and less experienced employees.

In this paper, we attempt to shed light on these questions by evaluating a recent increase in the number of areas where Sunday work is authorized in the retail sector in France, a reform that is typical of the relaxation of Sunday laws observed in Western countries in recent decades. Using a rich set of employer-employee matched data, we show that the development
of Sunday work has not had significant effect on the overall number of jobs in the retail sector
in targeted areas, nor on the total number of hours worked, but has induced important
changes in the composition of the work force, to the detriment of the least experienced
employees and those most constrained by family responsibilities.

In France, the general principle is that a day of rest must be granted to employees on Sunday, but many exceptions have been gradually introduced by authorities. The reform under consideration took place between September 2015 and July 2016, when French authorities created several dozens of new Sunday store-opening zones (called *Zones Touristiques Internationales*, herafter ZTI) in which Sunday work is authorized by way of derogation in the retail trade. Twelve of these new zones are located in the city of Paris, the rest are located in other highly touristic places or around major train stations. Taken together, these areas represent 3% of retail employment in France.

According to the new law, the targeted zones are chosen because they have "an
exceptional influx of tourists residing outside France" and benefit from "a significant flow of
purchases made by tourists residing outside France". The ambition is to generate additional
consumption, especially among foreign tourists whose stay in France is very short, with the
hoped-for result of increased employment and income in the local retail trade. However, to
benefit from the possibility of opening on Sundays, retail employers in the targeted zones
must have signed an agreement with their employees specifying the compensation granted
to employees working on Sundays, particularly in terms of compensatory rest and wages. In
addition, only employees who volunteer to work on Sundays may be required to work on
Sundays.
In this paper, we propose an evaluation of the impact of the reform on employment and wages using a unique set of matched employer-employee data with information on the exact addresses of employers. We first show that the implementation of the law was followed by a sharp increase in the number of employer-employee agreements on Sunday work in the ZTIs. By the end of 2017, an agreement on Sunday work has been signed in more than 40% of retail establishments located in the ZTIs, compared to less than 5% in the other areas. Our analysis also reveals that this sharp increase in the number of agreements was followed by a strong increase in Sunday work in ZTIs. The proportion of employees working on a given Sunday of the year more than tripled in ZTIs after 2016 (from about 4% to about 13%), while it remained quasi stable in other areas, even those adjacent to ZTIs. The rise in Sunday work in ZTIs was accompanied by a decline in work on all other days of the week. As a result, employees work on average about the same number of days per week before and after the reform, but these days are now spread more evenly over the seven days of the week.

Contrary to expectations, however, this change in the workweek was not accompanied by any increase in the overall number of employees in the retail trade. The employment share of the retail trade industry remained roughly the same before and after the deregulation of Sunday work. On the other hand, we observe significant changes in the nature of jobs in retail trade after 2016, with a significant decline in the share of temporary workers and the share of non-managerial staff. In contrast, the share of employees holding store management positions increases significantly in targeted areas. In order to increase the number of days open with more or less the same number of employees, retail trade establishments have to rely on a core group of permanent employees, able to manage and supervise a store by themselves.
These developments are detrimental to the youngest and least experienced workers (aged under 25), whose employment share declined significantly. The reform also appears to be particularly penalizing for the group of employees whose family responsibilities make it difficult to volunteer to work on Sundays, but also to invest completely in their work. This is particularly the case for single parents, who did not benefit from the development of Sunday work and whose employment share in the retail trade is divided by more than two in targeted areas after the reform. There has also been a significant decline in the proportion of employees over 50 in the retail sector following the deregulation of Sunday working. Close to retirement, these employees are traditionally among the least likely to sacrifice their weekends for work. In contrast, the employment share of married, prime-age employees is strongly increasing and they appear to be the main winners of the reform.

Our article contributes to the literature on the effects of deregulation of Sunday work and store hours. In the United States and Canada, papers using variation in Sunday shopping regulation across states (or provinces) and over time generally conclude that the impact on retail employment is positive (Goos, 2004, Burda and Weil, 2004, Skuterud, 2005), although these reforms also appear to have coincided with a decline in teenagers' investment in school (Lee, 2013). In Europe, the literature provides a more nuanced diagnosis. For example, the different evaluations of the 2006-2007 German reform suggest that deregulation in Germany resulted mostly in the substitution of part-time work for full-time work, with an increase in the number of people working fewer hours than they would ideally like (Paul, 2015, Bossler and Oberfichtner, 2017, Sentleben-Konig, 2014). In England and Wales, the deregulation of Sunday opening for large shops in 1994 was followed by a shift in sales from smaller shops to larger (more productive) shops and resulted in an overall decline in retail employment (Oxford Economics, 2015). In contrast, the evaluation of the recent deregulation of shop opening
hours in Italy suggests that it has had a small positive effect on the number of establishments
and employment in the retail sector (Rizzica et al., 2020). Comparing European countries that
have reduced constraints on Sunday opening of shops between 1999 and 2013 to other
European countries, Genakos and Danchev (2015) argue that the effect is heterogeneous and
that some specific industries have suffered from deregulation while others have benefited.

Generally speaking, the existing literature has mainly focused on the effect of Sunday work deregulation on overall employment and number of hours worked. Much less is known about how Sunday work reforms affect the composition of the workforce and the distribution of employment opportunities. In this context, one of our contributions is to provide new insights into how deregulation of Sunday work affects the employment opportunities of individuals with different levels of experience and different family constraints. This exploration is made possible by the availability of data matching detailed survey information on employees' work and family situation with administrative information on the exact location of their employers. Sunday work contributes to desynchronizing parents' work weeks with their children's school weeks, and our analysis reveals that this is particularly penalizing for single parents. We also provide new insights into how Sunday work deregulation affects the nature of jobs offered by employers. Faced with the challenge of opening an extra day, employers do not increase their workforce but rely on employees who are sufficiently experienced to manage a store and to whom employers offer more secure employment contracts. In contrast, employment opportunities for younger employees appear to be shrinking. Finally, our work is also, to our knowledge, one of the first to provide a precise description of the extent to which a Sunday work deregulation reform results in an actual increase in Sunday work and decrease on other days of the week, namely a description of the
first-stage effects of the reform without which it is difficult to interpret post-deregulation
evolution of employment opportunities.

The paper is organized as follows: the next section presents the institutional context
and describes the 2015 reform. Section 3 provides a description of the data used. Section 4
provides a graphical analysis of the effect of the reform on Sunday work and employment in
retail trade industry. Section 5 shows the results of a regression analysis exploring the effect
of the reform on Sunday work, employment level as well as on the composition of the
workforce in retail trade industry.

## 2. Institutional context

According to French labour laws, an employer cannot ask an employee to work more than 6
days per week (article L. 3132-1). At least one day of rest must be granted per week and, with
rare exceptions, this weekly rest day must be Sunday. Before 2015, exemptions include the fe
w industries where work cannot be interrupted. They also include the shops located in a
small set of tourist enclaves (hereafter, TZ). <fnref n="1" />

In August 2015, however, the French government passed a new law that expands the
possibilities of Sunday work in new and much larger geographic areas. Specifically, it
introduces the possibility of creating International Tourist Zones (*Zones Touristiques
Internationales*, hereafter ZTI) in large shopping areas where foreign tourists traditionally flock
and authorizes retail trade establishments located in these zones to give their employees
weekly rest on a day other than Sunday<fnref n="2" />.

<footnote n="1">¹ Mayors also have the possibility to authorize the opening of shops in their municipalities on five Sundays per year.</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² See article 242 of the law of August 6, 2015 and new article L. 3132-24 of Labour laws.</footnote>
In the following year, from September 2015 to July 2016, as a result of the law, nineteen ZTIs are created, in which Sunday work is allowed in the retail trade whereas it was prohibited before. Twelve of these zones are located in Paris, three on the French Riviera (in Cannes, Antibes, Saint-Laurent du Var) and four others elsewhere in the country (in La Baule, Deauville, Dijon and Serris Val d'Europe, near Eurodisney). In February 2016, the possibility to work on Sundays is also extended to retail stores in a dozen major train stations in Paris, Lyon, Marseille, Montpellier, Nice, Bordeaux and Avignon, chosen for the crowds they can experience on Sundays.<fnref n="3" />

Where an establishment located in a ZTI has 11 or more employees, it can only benefit from the Sunday work provision if it has signed an agreement with workers' representatives providing for compensation for employees working on Sundays. It should be noted, however, that no minimum compensation is required by law. In establishments with fewer than eleven employees, it is not necessary to sign an agreement; it is sufficient to consult the employees and obtain the approval of a majority of them. Finally, in both large and small establishments, only voluntary employees may be required to work on Sundays.

### 3. Data and samples

The main objective of this article is to compare the evolution of retail trade employment and Sunday work in the areas (ZTIs) targeted by the August 2015 law and in other areas. The aim is to determine the extent to which targeted and non-targeted areas have diverged after the

<footnote n="3">³ Among the new ZTIs created in 2016, five contain small tourist zones (TZ) where Sunday work was already authorized before the reform: we have excluded these smaller zones from the perimeter of the areas considered as "treated" (Assemblée nationale et Sénat, 2011). It should also be emphasized that two small ZTIs were created in the cities of Cagnes-sur-Mer and Nice, but they were simply transformations into ZTIs of tourist zones where Sunday work was already authorized before the reform, which is why we did not consider these two areas as being "treated".</footnote>
reform. To achieve this objective, we supplemented the available databases on employment
and Sunday work with information on the exact addresses of establishments and whether or
not these addresses are within the official boundaries of a ZTI.<fnref n="4" />

Labour Force Surveys

Our work is based in part on the French Labour Force Survey (LFS) conducted by the French statistical office between 2013 and 2019. The survey is conducted on samples drawn quarterly and interviewed for 6 consecutive quarters. The dataset comprises about 380,000 individual observations per year, uniformly distributed across the weeks of the year.

The survey provides information on the main socio-demographic characteristics of
respondents as well as details on their employment status, industry and occupation. We also
have information on employees' monthly wages for one third of the sample (first and last
interviews in each housing). In addition to this information about their jobs and wages,
employed respondents provide detailed information on their number of hours worked and
working schedule during a specific "reference" week. In particular, we have information on
the days on which they worked during this specific week.<fnref n="5" />

For the first LFS interview, the “reference week” (i.e., the week to be described by the
respondents) is drawn evenly over the quarter and the interviewer’s visit takes place the week
following this reference week. In case respondents are not reachable that week, further
attempts are made up to 2 weeks and 2 days after the reference week. Respondents are then
surveyed every quarter for five more quarters, and the reference week is incremented by 13

<footnote n="4">⁴ Each ZTI and its boundaries is defined by a decree in the Official Journal (arrêté du Journal officiel de la République française).</footnote>

<footnote n="5">⁵ This information was not available prior to 2013, so it is not possible to identify who worked on Sundays during the survey week prior to that date.</footnote>
weeks between each of these interviews. This survey design ensures that observations are
evenly distributed over the weeks of the year.

The LFS also provides the identification numbers of respondents' establishments. Building on this information, we were able to identify the exact addresses of respondents' establishments<fnref n="6" /> and to determine for each respondent whether his/her employer is located in a ZTI, or in a ZTI-adjacent area (i.e., not in a ZTI, but in a municipality containing a ZTI).

In the end, the LFS working sample consists of approximately 105,000 observations per year of private sector employees whose employer has been identified and located (and of which about 10% work in the retail sector). These data make it possible to compare both the evolution of Sunday working and the evolution of employment (and earnings) in the retail trade before and after the 2016 deregulation, in the target areas and in the other areas.

Establishment-level database on employment and payroll

In addition to the LFS, we used an exhaustive administrative establishment-level database (the *Déclarations Annuelles de Données Sociales*, hereafter, DADS), which provides annual information on establishments' industry, employment level and total payroll. Again, building on the official definition of the boundaries of ZTIs, we augmented this establishment-level database with information on the type of area in which establishments are located (i.e., ZTIs, ZTI-adjacent areas, control areas). Unlike the LFS, these administrative data do not make it possible to analyse the evolution of Sunday work, but they do make it possible to analyse the annual evolution of employment, working time and earnings in the retail sector before and

<footnote n="6">⁶ The correspondence between establishments' identification numbers and establishments' addresses was obtained from the SIRUS database (managed by the French statistical office).</footnote>
after the reform and, on this point, they make it possible to test the robustness of the results
obtained with the LFS.<fnref n="7" />

We also used the administrative database on collective agreements. This database is operated
by the Ministry of Labour and allowed us to further augment the DADS data with information
on whether and when establishments signed an agreement on Sunday work. For each
agreement, the register provides the date of the agreement, the identifiers of the
establishments concerned by the agreement as well as the topics covered by the agreement
(and in particular if it relates to Sunday work). By matching the augmented DADS database
with this register, we obtain an establishment-level database that makes it possible to analyse
the evolution of the proportion of establishments who signed a Sunday work agreement with
workers' representative in the different industries and in the different types of areas (i.e.,
within ZTIs, close to ZTIs or neither within nor close to ZTIs). It is also possible to compare
these evolutions with those of the proportion of agreements that do not cover Sunday work.

In the end, the working sample consists of approximately 2 million observations per year of
private sector establishments whose location is known (of which about 13% operate in the
retail sector).

Establishment-level database on sales

Finally, we used data on sales from the declarations made by firms to the General Directorate
of Public Finance (DGFiP) to pay VAT (hereafter VAT database). These declarations are made
at the level of the firm, not the establishment. We will therefore restrict this part of the

<footnote n="7">⁷ It should be borne in mind, however, that the definition of working time is not quite the same in the two databases. The DADS provides us with a measure of hours paid (including paid leave) on average each week, whereas the LFS provides us with a measure of hours actually worked (excluding paid leave) in a particular reference week.</footnote>
analysis to single-establishment firms. For multi-establishment firms indeed, it is not possible
to allocate the sales between the different establishments and therefore it is generally not
possible to determine the extent to which sales were made in a ZTI or not. We augmented this
single-establishments database with the information on the type of area in which
establishments are located (i.e., within ZTIs, ZTI-adjacent areas, control areas). Single-
establishments represent the large majority of establishments (more than 80%), however they
represent about 34% of the total sales (a little more in the retail trade, 37%). The
corresponding working sample consists of approximately 2.2 million observations per year of
establishments whose location is known (of which about 10% operate in the retail sector).

4. The impact of the reform: a graphical analysis

According to the law, the development of Sunday work in establishments with more than 10 employees can only take place after the signing of an agreement between the employer and the workers' representatives on the compensation granted to employees who agree to work on Sundays. A first basic question is whether the reform has been followed by an increase in the number of such agreements.

Agreements before and after the reform

To explore this issue, we use our establishment-level database with information on
establishments' exact location and number of employees as well as on whether (and when)
they signed a Sunday work agreement. This source makes it possible to identify the
agreements signed by retail establishments located in a ZTI, as well as those signed by
establishment located in ZTI adjacent areas (i.e., outside ZTIs but in a municipality with a ZTI),
or by those signed by establishment located elsewhere in the territory (our control group),
before and after the reform.
Figure 1 shows the proportion of retail establishments with more than 10 employees that have signed a Sunday work agreement, quarter by quarter between 2012 and 2019, by type of location. Whether we look at ZTIs or at other areas, the proportion of establishments signing an agreement remains very low (i.e., below 1% or 2% per quarter) until the last quarter of 2015, namely the date of the reform. From then until the end of 2017, the proportion jumps in ZTIs (exceeding 7% in some quarters) while it remains very small elsewhere. After 2017, agreement signing flows fall back to their pre-2015 residual level. In cumulative terms, by the end of 2017, about 40% of establishments in the ZTIs had already signed an agreement on Sunday work, compared with only about 8% of establishments outside these areas. In 2017, retail establishments that have signed an agreement employ around 60% of retail employees in ZTIs compared to only 11% outside ZTIs.

Building on the same databases, we checked that no comparable increase was observed in other industries (see Figure A1 in the appendix). We also checked that the signing of agreements relating to themes other than Sunday work did not show any particular inflection from the 4th quarter of 2015 onwards (see Figure A2 in the appendix). The reform does not appear to have coincided with any change in industrial relations that might have confounded its effects. Overall, the 2015 reform was followed by a sharp increase in the number of agreements on Sunday work and a considerable increase in the exposure to the possibility of working on Sundays in ZTI retail establishments, while this exposure remained very modest everywhere else (including in ZTI adjacent areas).

## Sunday work before and after the reform

The 2015 law was followed by the creation of several new ZTIs in 2016 and by the multiplication of agreements on Sunday work in retail trade establishments in these areas.
However, the signing of an agreement on Sunday work is necessary but not sufficient for the use of Sunday work by an establishment. It is also necessary to find voluntary employees. To explore this issue, we built on the LFS conducted between 2013 and 2019, augmented with information on the exact locations of employer establishments. These surveys make it possible to test whether the proportion of retail trade employees working on a given Sunday has increased in ZTIs.

To start with, Figure 2a shows the evolution of the proportion of retail trade employees working on a given Sunday between 2013 and 2019, separately for ZTIs (solid line) and for control areas (dotted line). The Figure reveals that the proportion increases from less than 5% before the reform to more than 10% after the reform in the ZTIs, while this same proportion remains almost stable in the control group. The Figure 2b further shows the evolution of the difference in the proportion of retail employees working on a given Sunday between ZTIs and control areas, with the difference observed in 2016 taken as a baseline. The Figure confirms a significant increase in the differential after 2016. Online appendix Figures A3a and A3b replicate this analysis for ZTI-adjacent areas. No increase in Sunday work is detected in these areas. The increase in Sunday work in the ZTIs does not appear to have had any knock-on effects on Sunday work in adjacent areas.

Finally, beyond Sunday work, available data allow to measure the evolution of the proportion of retail trade employees working on other days of the week. Using this information, Table 1 compares the days worked in ZTIs and in the control areas in the years before and after the reform. In line with the previous graphical analysis, this difference in differences exercise confirms that the reform was followed by an increase in the proportion of employees working on Sundays which is much more significant in ZTIs than in control areas (+7.4 percentage
points). It also reveals that this increase in Sunday work in ZTIs was offset by a parallel
decrease in the number of days worked during the rest of the week: the proportion of those
working less than five days between Monday and Saturday increased by more than 8
percentage points in the ZTIs, whereas it was stable in control areas. The decline is noticeable
every day of the week from Monday to Saturday, although it is most significant on Fridays,
and to a lesser degree on Thursdays and Saturdays. Friday is traditionally the weekday when
retail activity is concentrated. In the end, both ZTI and non-ZTI employees work approximately
the same number of days per week before and after the reform, but a significant part of the
activity of ZTI employees now takes place on Sundays rather than on the rest of the week.
Opening stores on Sundays has mostly resulted in a more balanced distribution of retail
activity between the different days of the week and especially between the four last days of
the week.

Employment and wages before and after the reform

The fact that the reform was followed by a significant increase in Sunday work in the retail trade in treated areas does not necessarily mean that it coincided with an increase in overall employment in this industry in these areas. The development of Sunday work may be associated with a reorganization of weekly work, without additional employment. By allowing a better distribution of retail activity across the days of the week, it may even lead to productivity gains and a reduction in the overall number of employees needed. Even if it turned out that employment increased in the retail trade in ZTIs, it would still have to be checked that it did not decrease in adjacent areas.

To shed light on these issues, Figure 3a uses the same LFS as Figure 2a to compare the
evolution of the share of retail employment within and outside the ZTIs, before and after the
reform. The Figure first shows that in municipalities without any ZTI (our control group), the employment share of retail industry remains very stable throughout the 2013-2019 period, just under 10%. Hence, when we look at areas that were likely not impacted by the reform, the period under consideration appears neither particularly dynamic nor particularly depressed for retail employment. The diagnosis is very similar in ZTI-adjacent areas: in these areas, the share of employment in the retail trade remained very stable, just below 8%, throughout the period. Finally, when we focus on ZTIs (our treated areas), we also do not detect any significant change in the share of employment in retail trade after 2016. In these areas, the employment in retail trade remained close to 20% throughout the same period. Overall, the reform does not appear to have been accompanied by any significant change in the importance of retail trade in employment.

To take one step further, Figure 3b shows the evolution of the estimated difference between the employment share of retail trade in the ZTIs and in control areas, taking the estimated difference in 2016 (the year ZTIs were created) as a reference. The figure confirms that the estimated difference does not vary significantly throughout the period studied. Similarly, Figure 3c confirms that the diagnosis is the same when comparing the employment share of retail trade in ZTI-adjacent areas and control areas. Overall, our graphical analysis suggests very clearly that the significant increase in Sunday work observed in ZTIs after 2016 did not coincide with any significant change in the share of retail employment in these areas, nor in neighbouring areas.

In the online appendix, we replicate this graphical analysis using an alternative data source, namely administrative social data (see Figures A4a and A4b). We do not detect any post-reform evolution of the share of retail trade in employment with these administrative data
either. In the same online appendix, we also replicate our graphical analysis by focusing on retail trade earnings rather than retail trade employment. Specifically, Figure A5a and Figure A5b use Labour Force Surveys to compare the evolution of monthly retail trade earnings in ZTIs and outside ZTIs before and after the reform. Figure A6a and Figure A6b use administrative data and their measure of annual earnings to make the same comparison. Regardless of the data used, we do not detect any significant shift in the retail trade earning differential between ZTIs and non-ZTIs after the reform.

## 5 Regression analysis

The previous section suggests that the reform led to a significant increase in Sunday work in the retail industry, but no increase in overall employment. Employment has not increased, it has simply shifted from weekdays to Sundays. In this section we use more parsimonious regression models to explore the robustness of these findings as well as the heterogeneity of the effect of the reform on the different subgroups of employees.

We first focus on the sample of employees working either in a ZTI or in a control area and consider the following basic difference-in-differences regression model,

$$ (1) E_{izt} = \alpha + \beta Post_{zt} + \delta_z + \gamma_t + \varepsilon_{izt} $$

where, for each worker i in area z on survey year t, $E_{izt}$ denotes a dummy indicating that worker i works in the retail sector, while $Post_{zt}$ is an interaction variable indicating that z is a treated area and that year t falls within the post treatment period (i.e., t>2016). The $\delta_z$ parameters capture a set of area fixed effects, while the $\gamma_t$ parameters represent a set of year fixed effects and $\varepsilon_{izt}$ is an error term. Parameter $\beta$ captures the extent to which the difference in retail employment share between treated and control areas changed after the reform. The same
model can be used on the subsample of retail trade employees working either in a ZTI or in a control area, so as to test whether the reform generated indirect effects on their monthly earnings or on their number of hours worked per week.

### Effects on employment and earnings

The regression results are given in Table 2. In line with previous graphical results, we detect no effect in either the share of employment in retail trade or the number of hours worked per week in retail trade. These findings hold true regardless of whether we focus on ZTIs (top panel) or on ZTI-adjacent areas (bottom panel). In addition, consistent with previous graphical analysis, we find no significant effect on monthly earnings.

We replicated the analysis in Table 2 using administrative data (see Table A1 in the online appendix). Because of the very large size of this administrative sample, estimated effects become very precise, but (in line with graphical results and LFS regression results) they also remain small. Specifically, we detect very little effect on retail trade employment share (0.2 ppt or +1%), on number paid hours (-0.3 hours or -0.7 %) or on annual earnings (about +2%). In the same table and with the same data, we also check that the reform had no significant effect on the proportion of establishments belonging to the retail trade nor on the proportion of establishments with more than 10 employees belonging to the retail trade. The relaxation of the Sunday laws in ZTIs is not accompanied by any particular flow of establishment creation in these areas.

The fact that there was little effect on employment does not necessarily mean that activity and sales did not increase. It is possible that sales (and consumption) have increased, but that the effect of this increase on employment has been offset by the productivity gains made possible by the deregulation of opening hours. To explore this issue, we also analyzed the
impact of the reform on the share of turnover in retail trade. As mentioned above, data on
turnover is available at the firm level and not the establishment level. For multi-establishment
firms we are therefore unable to know what proportion of turnover was generated in
establishments located in ZTIs. Hence, this analysis focuses on single-establishment firms only.
We replicated the estimation of model (1) on the sample of single-establishment firms either
in a ZTI or in a control area, the dependent variable being a dummy indicating that the firm
operates in the retail sector, weighted by its turnover. The regression results are given in
Appendix Table A2. We detect no variation in the share of turnover in retail trade, regardless
of whether we focus on ZTIs or on ZTI-adjacent areas. We also analyzed the impact of the
reform on the turnover shares in retail trade separately for "mom and pop" firms without
employees and firms with at least one employee. We detect no variation in the share of
turnover in retail trade in either sub-sample. This result is comparable to that of McNiel and
Yu (1989) who showed that Sunday closing laws ("blue laws") do not affect the overall level of
retail activity in a significant manner in the US.

Effects on the composition of workforce and the nature of jobs

To take one step further, we analysed the impact of the reform on the employment shares of
the different types of jobs as well as on the different types of employees, whether defined in
terms of level of education, age, gender or family type. Specifically, for each type *k* of
employees (or jobs), we have replicated the estimation of model (1) by focusing on the sample
of retail trade employees working in either a ZTI or a control area and using as dependent
variable a dummy indicating whether employee is of type *k*.

The regression results are provided in Table 3. They first reveal that the development of
Sunday work is mostly based on employees to whom the employer can delegate the day-to-
day management of the shop and with whom it is possible to make a long-term arrangement.

Specifically, we detect a significant increase in the proportion of workers with permanent labour contracts (+6 percentage points) and the types of jobs that have developed the most after the reform are those of store managers (their employment share doubled). To increase the number of days that the shops are open with a constant number of employees, employers give priority to those who are most capable of assisting them and managing the shops in their absence.

These developments occurred at the expense of the least experienced employees (aged 25 or less) whose share decreased by about 8 percentage points (-40%). The share of older employees (aged 50 and over) also fell very significantly after the reform, as employees close to retirement are traditionally the least likely to sacrifice their weekends for their work.<fnref n="8" />

The reform has also been particularly penalizing for the group of employees whose family responsibilities make it difficult to volunteer to work on Sundays. This is particularly the case for single parents, whose employment share in the retail trade fell by 6 percentage points after the reform (-54%). The employees who ultimately benefited the most from the reform are those who live in couples with children. Their employment share in the retail trade increased by 8 percentage points after the reform. These employees are on average the most strongly integrated into their firms. For example, in the retail sector, only 5% of them do not have a permanent employment contract, compared to 10% of people in couples without children, 23% of single people without children or 33% of single people with children.<fnref n="9" /> The implementation of Sunday work has led retail firms to favor the demographic groups with the

<footnote n="8">⁸ In France, the older the employees, the less frequently they work on Sundays, on average in all sectors (Létroublon, 2016, Létroublon and Daniel, 2018).</footnote>

<footnote n="9">⁹ In France, marriage and childbirth generally occur after individuals have moved into permanent jobs (e.g., Landaud, 2021).</footnote>
strongest initial employment relationships at the expense of the demographic groups with the weakest attachment to employment. Women have a higher proportion of single parents, but also a higher proportion of non-single parents, so that the overall effects of the reform are not significantly different for men and women.

Online appendix Table A3 replicates this regression analysis using the sample of retail trade employees working in either a ZTI-adjacent area or a control area and focusing on the impact of the reform on the employment share of the different types of workers in these adjacent areas. Comfortingly, most estimated effects are non-significant, in line with the idea that Sunday work deregulation had little indirect effect on ZTI-adjacent areas.

Conclusion

In 2016, a law made it possible to work on Sundays in the retail of about thirty French areas, representing in total about 3% of the retail trade in France. These areas were chosen for their high tourist numbers and the potentially very important impact of Sunday work on their development.

In this article we show that this law coincided with a sharp increase in Sunday work in retail establishments in the target areas. Contrary to expectations, however, there is no significant impact on the level of sales or employment in these establishments. Retail establishments are open one more day each week, but the number of employees and the turnover remain more or less the same.

These changes have led retail employers to favor employees who are both sufficiently experienced to run a shop and sufficiently free from family constraints to volunteer to work on Sundays. Conversely, there has been a decline in the number of young workers in
employment, as well as a decline in the number of single parents, for whom it is often
particularly difficult to reconcile family life and Sunday work.

The deregulation of Sunday working is often presented as a policy that can decongest shops
and increase consumer welfare, while increasing activity and employment in the retail trade.
On this last aspect, the lessons that can be drawn from the French experience are not quite
up to expectations, since the reform has not really changed the total number of jobs, but has
mainly changed the distribution of employment opportunities across employees of different
ages or in different family situations.

In any society, a minimum of desynchronization is necessary between those working in retail
(and more generally in personal services) and other workers, without which commercial
transactions could hardly take place. On the other hand, it is obviously important to have
social times (such as Sundays or public holidays) when everyone has the opportunity to spend
time with close relatives, friends or those who share the same interests. Like any policy that
induces desynchronization, the deregulation of Sunday work can thus generate positive, but
also negative externalities, which are still largely unknown and which our work shows can be
very different from one social group to another. Future research should aim to better describe
all the externalities at stake (especially on consumers) as well as their distribution across the
members of society.
References

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<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 1:** Proportion of retail trade establishments having signed a Sunday work agreement</figcaption></figure>

Source: Agreements database, Dares, DADS, Insee.

Note: for each quarter, the figure shows the proportion of retail trade establishments with more than 10 employees who sign a Sunday work agreement during the quarter. The solid bold line refers to establishments located in a ZTI, the thin solid line refers to those located in ZTI-adjacent areas and the dotted line refers to control areas.
<figure><img src="image_6.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 2b:** Difference in Sunday work between ZTIs and control areas</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_7.png" /></figure>

Source: French Labour Force Surveys, 2013-2019, Insee.

Note: Figure 2a shows the evolution of the proportion of retail trade employees working on Sunday in a given week of the year in ZTIs (solid line) as well as in control areas (dotted line) between 2013 and 2019. Figure 2b shows the estimated difference between the two proportions, using the 2016 difference as a reference. Standard errors are clustered at the household level.
<table><caption>**Table 1:** Impact of the reform on the days worked in the week</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2"></th><th colspan="2">ZTIs</th><th colspan="2">Control areas</th><th rowspan="2">Estimated DD impact</th></tr><tr><th>Pre-reform</th><th>Post-reform</th><th>Pre-reform</th><th>Post-reform</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Work on Monday</td><td>63.9</td><td>62.8</td><td>62.4</td><td>62.4</td><td>-1.1 (3.5)</td></tr><tr><td>Work on Tuesday</td><td>76.9</td><td>75.0</td><td>72.7</td><td>72.4</td><td>-1.7 (2.9)</td></tr><tr><td>Work on Wednesday</td><td>73.1</td><td>70.4</td><td>69.9</td><td>69.1</td><td>-2.0 (3.2)</td></tr><tr><td>Work on Thursday</td><td>74.2</td><td>71.2</td><td>70.5</td><td>71.9</td><td>-4.4 (3.0)</td></tr><tr><td>Work on Friday</td><td>77.8</td><td>72.5</td><td>74.9</td><td>75.9</td><td>-6.3 (2.8)**</td></tr><tr><td>Work on Saturday</td><td>47.7</td><td>43.6</td><td>60.7</td><td>59.6</td><td>-3.0 (4.2)</td></tr><tr><td>Work on Sunday</td><td>3.9</td><td>12.5</td><td>7.1</td><td>8.4</td><td>+7.4 (2.1)***</td></tr><tr><td>Nb days worked per week</td><td>4.18</td><td>4.08</td><td>4.18</td><td>4.20</td><td>-0.11 (0.12)</td></tr><tr><td>Work less than 5 days between Mond. and Sat.</td><td>33.0</td><td>41.2</td><td>36.7</td><td>36.3</td><td>+8.7 (3.4)**</td></tr><tr><td>Nb of obs.</td><td>867</td><td>751</td><td>36,801</td><td>26,797</td><td>65,216</td></tr></tbody></table>

Source: French Labour Force Surveys, 2013-2019, Insee.

Note: the table refers to the sample of retail trade employees working either in ZTIs (columns 1 and 2) or in control areas (columns 3 and 4). For the 7 days of the week, the first 7 rows of the table show the average proportion of individuals working on that day in ZTIs for the period 2013-2016 (column 1), in ZTIs for the period 2017-2019 (column 2), in control areas for the period 2013-2016 (column 3), in control areas for the period 2017-2019 (column 2). The last column shows the basic difference in differences estimate obtained by subtracting the [(4)-(3)] difference to the [(2)-(1)] difference. The last two rows of the table replicate this difference in differences analysis for two additional outcomes, namely the average number of days worked per week (row 8), the proportion of workers who work less than 5 days between Monday and Saturday (row 9). Standard errors clustered at the household level are in parentheses. \* = significant at the 10% level, \*\* = significant at 5% level, \*\*\* = significant at the 1% level.
<figure><img src="image_8.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 3b:** Difference in retail employment share between ZTIs and control group</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_9.png" /></figure>
<figure><img src="image_10.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 3c:** Difference in retail employment share between ZTI-adjacent areas and control areas</figcaption></figure>

Source: Labour Force Surveys, 2013-2019, Insee.

Note: Figure 3a shows the evolution of the proportion of employees working in the retail trade industry in ZTIs (solid line), in ZTI-adjacent areas (thin dotted line) as well as in control areas (bold dotted line). Figure 3b shows the evolution of the difference between the proportions observed in ZTI and control areas, using the difference in 2016 as a reference. Figure 3c shows the evolution of the difference between the proportions observed in ZTI-adjacent and control areas, using the difference in 2016 as a reference. Employment is measured in full-time equivalents. Standard errors are clustered at the household level.
<table><caption>**Table 2:** The impact of the reform on retail employment, hours worked and monthly wages</caption><thead><tr><th></th><th>Pre-reform mean</th><th>Estimated DD impact</th><th>Nb obs.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="4"><strong>ZTIs</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Retail trade employment share</td><td>0.211</td><td>+0.007 (0.019)</td><td>677,085</td></tr><tr><td>Monthly net wage in retail trade (log)</td><td>7.37</td><td>+0.05 (0.06)</td><td>21,824</td></tr><tr><td>Nb of hours worked in retail trade (per week)</td><td>30.1</td><td>+0.2 (1.0)</td><td>65,216</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"><strong>ZTI adjacent areas</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Retail trade employment share</td><td>0.072</td><td>+0.002 (0.005)</td><td>727,512</td></tr><tr><td>Monthly net wage in retail trade (log)</td><td>7.20</td><td>+0.02 (0.04)</td><td>21,824</td></tr><tr><td>Number of hours worked in retail trade (per week)</td><td>29.8</td><td>+0.1 (0.7)</td><td>67,668</td></tr></tbody></table>

Source: French Labour Force Surveys, 2013-2019, Insee.

Note: The top panel refers to the sample of private sector employees working in either a ZTI or a control area. The first row shows the average proportion of employees working in retail trade in ZTIs (column 1) and the difference in differences impact of the reform on this proportion (column 2). The next two rows further focus on the sub-sample of private sector employees working in retail trade in either a ZTI or a control area (with wages only observed in about one third of the sample). They show the average number of hours worked per week and the average (log) monthly wage in this industry, as well as the difference in differences impact of the reform on these two outcomes. The bottom panel replicates this analysis with the sample of employees working either in a ZTI-adjacent area or in a control area. Standard errors clustered at the household level are in parentheses. \* = significant at the 10% level, \*\* = significant at 5% level, \*\*\* = significant at the 1% level.
<table><caption>**Table 3:** The impact of the reform on the composition of the retail labour force in targeted areas</caption><thead><tr><th></th><th>Pre-reform mean</th><th>DD estimated impact</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>High school graduate</td><td>67.4</td><td>4.0 (4.5)</td></tr><tr><td><em>Age:</em></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>25 years or less</td><td>20.7</td><td>-7.9 (3.5)**</td></tr><tr><td>between 26 and 49 years</td><td>59.4</td><td>18.2 (4.3)***</td></tr><tr><td>50 years or more</td><td>20.0</td><td>-10.3 (3.5)***</td></tr><tr><td>Male</td><td>34.7</td><td>1.8 (4.9)</td></tr><tr><td>Temporary contract</td><td>15.0</td><td>-6.0 (3.2)*</td></tr><tr><td>Part-time</td><td>18.3</td><td>0.2 (3.7)</td></tr><tr><td><em>Occupation:</em></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Store or sales area manager</td><td>4.6</td><td>6.5 (2.8)**</td></tr><tr><td>Other type of management</td><td>8.9</td><td>-0.4 (3.1)</td></tr><tr><td>Non-management staff</td><td>86.6</td><td>-6.1 (3.9)</td></tr><tr><td><em>Family type:</em></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Married (or cohab.) with children</td><td>19.5</td><td>8.0 (4.4)*</td></tr><tr><td>Married (or cohab.) w/o children</td><td>32.7</td><td>1.0 (4.7)</td></tr><tr><td>Single with children</td><td>10.6</td><td>-6.1 (2.5)**</td></tr><tr><td>Single without children</td><td>37.2</td><td>-2.9 (4.9)</td></tr></tbody></table>

Source: French Labour Force Surveys, 2013-2019, Insee.

Note: the Table refers to the sample of retail trade employees working either in a ZTI or in a control area (N=65,216). For each characteristic, column (1) shows the proportion observed pre-reform and column (2) shows the estimated difference in differences impact on this proportion. Standard errors are clustered at the household level. * = significant at the 10% level, ** = significant at 5% level, *** = significant at the 1% level.
<figure><img src="image_11.png" /><figcaption>**Figure A1:** Proportion of non-retail trade establishments having signed a Sunday work agreement</figcaption></figure>

Source: Agreements database, Dares, DADS, Insee.

Note: for each quarter, the figure shows the proportion of non-retail trade establishments with more than 10 employees who sign a Sunday work agreement during the quarter. The solid bold line refers to establishments located in a ZTI, the thin solid line refers to those located in ZTI-adjacent areas and the dotted line refers to control areas.
<figure><img src="image_12.png" /><figcaption>**Figure A2:** Proportion of retail trade establishments having signed an agreement not related to Sunday work</figcaption></figure>

Source: Agreements database, Dares, DADS, Insee.

Note: for each quarter, the figure shows the proportion of retail trade establishments with more than 10 employees who sign an agreement not related to Sunday work during the quarter. The solid bold line refers to establishments located in a ZTI, the thin solid line refers to those located in ZTI-adjacent areas and the dotted line refers to control areas.
<figure><img src="image_13.png" /><figcaption>**Figure A3b:** Difference in Sunday work between ZTI adjacent and control areas</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_14.png" /></figure>

Source: French Labour Force Surveys, 2013-2019, Insee.

Note: Figure A3a shows the evolution of the proportion of retail trade employees working on Sunday in ZTI-adjacent areas (solid line) as well as in control areas (dotted line) between 2013 and 2019. Figure A3b shows the estimated difference between the two proportions, using the 2016 difference as a reference. Standard errors are clustered at the household level.
<figure><img src="image_15.png" /><figcaption>**Figure A4b:** Difference in retail employment share between ZTI-adjacent and control areas</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_16.png" /></figure>

Source: DADS (sample of private sector employees), 2013-2019, Insee.

Note: Figure A4a shows the evolution of the difference between the proportion of employees working in retail trade in ZTIs and the proportion of employees working in retail trade in control areas, using the difference in 2016 as a reference. Figure A4b shows the evolution of the difference between the proportion of employees working in retail trade in ZTI-adjacent areas and the proportion of employees working in retail trade in control areas, using the difference in 2016 as a reference. Employment is measured in full-time equivalents. Standard errors are clustered at the household level.
<figure><img src="image_17.png" /><figcaption>**Figure A5b:** Difference in retail trade (log) monthly wages between ZTIs and control group</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_18.png" /></figure>

Source: French Labour Force Surveys, 2013-2019, Insee.

Note: Figure A5a shows the evolution of the average monthly log wages of employees working in the retail trade industry in ZTIs (solid line), in ZTI-adjacent areas (thin dotted line) as well as in control areas (bold dotted line). Figure A5b shows the evolution of the difference between the monthly log wages observed in ZTI and control areas, using the difference in 2016 as a reference. Wages are in current euros. Standard errors are clustered at the household level.
<figure><img src="image_19.png" /><figcaption>**Figure A6b:** Difference in retail trade annual (log) wages between ZTIs and control group</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_20.png" /></figure>

Source: DADS (sub-sample of retail trade private sector employees), 2013-2019, Insee.

Note: Figure A6a shows the evolution of the average annual log wages of employees working in the retail trade industry in ZTIs (solid line), in ZTI-adjacent areas (thin dotted line) as well as in control areas (bold dotted line). Figure A6b shows the evolution of the difference between the monthly log wages observed in ZTI and control areas, using the difference in 2016 as a reference. Wages are in current euros. Standard errors are clustered at the household level.
<table><caption>**Table A1:** The impact of the reform on retail employment, paid hours and annual wages using administrative data</caption><thead><tr><th></th><th>Pre-reform mean</th><th>Estimated DD Impact</th><th>Nb obs.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="4"><strong>ZTIs</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Retail trade employment share</td><td>0.172</td><td>+0.0022 (0.0013)*</td><td>11,602,050</td></tr><tr><td>Annual net wage in retail trade (log)</td><td>10.13</td><td>+0.021 (0.003)***</td><td>1,598,242</td></tr><tr><td>Nb of paid hours in retail trade (per week)</td><td>36.60</td><td>-0.28 (0.04)***</td><td>1,598,736</td></tr><tr><td>Share of establishments in retail trade</td><td>0.222</td><td>-0.0019 (.0015)</td><td>11,602,050</td></tr><tr><td>Share of more than 10 employees establishments in retail trade</td><td>0.158</td><td>-0.0028 (0.0033)</td><td>1,554,052</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"><strong>ZTI adjacent areas</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Retail trade employment share</td><td>0.078</td><td>+0.0003 (0.0005)</td><td>12,865,670</td></tr><tr><td>Annual net wage in retail trade (log)</td><td>9.98</td><td>+0.014 (0.002)***</td><td>1,728,487</td></tr><tr><td>Nb of paid hours in retail trade (per week)</td><td>36.26</td><td>-0.09 (0.03)***</td><td>1,728,516</td></tr><tr><td>Share of establishments in retail trade</td><td>0.123</td><td>+0.0001 (0.0006)</td><td>12,865,670</td></tr><tr><td>Share of more than 10 employees establishments in retail trade</td><td>0.073</td><td>-0.0022 (0.0014)</td><td>1,692,258</td></tr></tbody></table>

Source: DADS, 2013-2019, Insee.

Note: The top panel refers to the sample of private sector employees working in either a ZTI or a control area. The first row shows the average proportion of employees working in retail trade in ZTIs (column 1), the difference in differences impact of the reform on this proportion (column 2) as well as the number of observations (column 3). The next two rows further focus on the sub-sample of private sector employees working in retail trade in either a ZTI or a control area. They show the average number of paid hours per week and the average annual net wage in this industry, as well as the difference in differences impact of the reform on these two outcomes. The fourth row shows the average proportion of establishments (with employees) in retail trade in ZTIs and the difference in differences impact of the reform on this outcome and the fifth row shows the same figures for establishments with 10 employees or more. The bottom panel replicates this analysis with the sample of private sector employees working either in a ZTI-adjacent area or in a control area. Standard errors clustered at the household level are in parentheses. * = significant at the 10% level, ** = significant at 5% level, *** = significant at the 1% level.
<table><caption>**Table A2:** The impact of the reform on retail turnover</caption><thead><tr><th></th><th>Pre-reform mean</th><th>Effect</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="3"><strong>ZTIs retail trade sales share</strong></td></tr><tr><td>All mono-establishment firms</td><td>0.0597</td><td>+0.0013 (0.0042)</td></tr><tr><td>Mono-establishment firms with employees</td><td>0.0754</td><td>+0.0061 (0.0048)</td></tr><tr><td>Mono-establishment firms without employees</td><td>0.0197</td><td>-0.0002 (0.0045)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"><strong>ZTI adjacent areas</strong></td></tr><tr><td>All mono-establishment firms</td><td>0.0706</td><td>-0.0001 (0.0034)</td></tr><tr><td>Mono-establishment firms with employees</td><td>0.0853</td><td>+0.0007 (0.0034)</td></tr><tr><td>Mono-establishment firms without employees</td><td>0.0231</td><td>-0.0003 (0.0039)</td></tr></tbody></table>

Source: VAT database, 2013-2019, DGFiP, DADS, Insee.

Note: The top panel refers to the sample of mono-establishment firms located in either a ZTI or a control area. The first row shows the average share of turnover in retail trade in ZTIs pre-reform (column 1) and the difference in differences impact of the reform on this proportion (column 2). The next two rows further focus on the sub-sample of mono-establishment firms respectively with and without employees. The bottom panel replicates this analysis with the sample of firms located either in a ZTI-adjacent area or in a control area. * = significant at the 10% level, ** = significant at 5% level, *** = significant at the 1% level.
<table><caption>**Table A3:** The impact of the reform on the composition of the retail labour force in ZTI-adjacent areas</caption><thead><tr><th></th><th>Pre-reform mean</th><th>Effect</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>High school graduate</td><td>66.1</td><td>-1.5 (3.6)</td></tr><tr><td>Age:</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>25 years or less</td><td>21.1</td><td>-0.8 (2.6)</td></tr><tr><td>between 26 and 49 years</td><td>61.8</td><td>1.7 (3.3)</td></tr><tr><td>50 years or more</td><td>17.0</td><td>-0.9 (2.5)</td></tr><tr><td>Male</td><td>43.9</td><td>-3.4 (3.6)</td></tr><tr><td>Temporary contract</td><td>12.6</td><td>-1.1 (2.0)</td></tr><tr><td>Part-time</td><td>23.4</td><td>0.7 (3.0)</td></tr><tr><td>Occupation:</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Store or sales area manager</td><td>4.2</td><td>2.3 (1.4)*</td></tr><tr><td>Other type of management</td><td>7.0</td><td>0.8 (1.7)</td></tr><tr><td>Non-management staff</td><td>88.8</td><td>-3.1 (2.1)</td></tr><tr><td>Family type:</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Married (or cohab.) with children</td><td>29.2</td><td>-0.7 (3.6)</td></tr><tr><td>Married (or cohab.) w/o children</td><td>25.8</td><td>2.6 (3.1)</td></tr><tr><td>Single with children</td><td>10.5</td><td>-2.5 (1.8)</td></tr><tr><td>Single without children</td><td>34.5</td><td>0.7 (3.6)</td></tr></tbody></table>

Source: French Labour Force Surveys, 2013-2019, Insee.

Note: the sample includes retail trade employees working either in a ZTI-adjacent area or in a control area (N=67 668). For each characteristic, column (1) shows the proportion observed pre-reform and column (2° shows the estimated difference in differences impact on this proportion. Standard errors are clustered at the household level. * = significant at the 10% level, ** = significant at 5% level, *** = significant at the 1% level.
## Liste des documents de travail de la Direction des Études et Synthèses Économiques

<table><tr><td>G 9001</td><td>J. FAYOLLE et M. FLEURBAEY<br>Accumulation, profitabilité et endettement des entreprises</td><td>G 9202</td><td>J. OLIVEIRA-MARTINS, J. TOUJAS-BERNATE<br>Macro-economic import functions with imperfect competition - An application to the E.C. Trade</td></tr><tr><td>G 9002</td><td>H. ROUSSE<br>Détection et effets de la multiclinéarité dans les modèles linéaires ordinaires - Un prolongement de la réflexion de BELSLEY, KUH et WELSCH</td><td>G 9203</td><td>I. STAPIC<br>Les échanges internationaux de services de la France dans le cadre des negotiations multilatérales du GATT<br>Jun 1992 (1ère version)<br>Novembre 1992 (version finale)</td></tr><tr><td>G 9003</td><td>P. RALLE et J. TOUJAS-BERNATE<br>Indexation des salaires : la rupture de 1983</td><td>G 9204</td><td>P. SEVESTRE<br>L'économie sur données individuelles-temporelles. Une note introductive</td></tr><tr><td>G 9004</td><td>D. GUELLEC et P. RALLE<br>Comptabilité, croissance et innovation de produit</td><td>G 9205</td><td>H. ERKEL-ROUSSE<br>Le commerce extérieur et l'environnement international dans le modèle AMADEUS (réestimation 1992)</td></tr><tr><td>G 9005</td><td>P. RALLE et J. TOUJAS-BERNATE<br>Les conséquences de la désindexation. Analyse dans une maquette prix-salaires</td><td>G 9206</td><td>N. GREENAN et D. GUELLEC<br>Coordination within the firm and endogenous growth</td></tr><tr><td>G 9101</td><td>Équipe AMADEUS<br>Le modèle AMADEUS - Première partie - Présentation générale</td><td>G 9207</td><td>A. MAGNIER et J. TOUJAS-BERNATE<br>Technology and trade; empirical evidences for the major five industrialized countries</td></tr><tr><td>G 9102</td><td>J.L. BRILLET<br>Le modèle AMADEUS - Deuxième partie - Propriétés variabilaires</td><td>G 9208</td><td>B. CREPON, E. DUGUET, D. ENCAOUA et P. MOHON<br>Cooperative, non cooperative R & D and optimal patent life</td></tr><tr><td>G 9103</td><td>D. GUELLEC et P. RALLE<br>Endogenous growth and product innovation</td><td>G 9209</td><td>B. CREPON et E. DUGUET<br>Research and development, competition and innovation; an application of pseudo maximum likelihood methods to Poisson models with heterogeneity</td></tr><tr><td>G 9104</td><td>H. ROUSSE<br>Le modèle AMADEUS - Troisième partie - Le commerce extérieur et l'environnement international</td><td>G 9301</td><td>J. TOUJAS-BERNATE<br>Commerce international et concurrence impartie - développements récents et implications pour la littérature commerciale</td></tr><tr><td>G 9105</td><td>H. ROUSSE<br>Effets de demande et d'offre dans les résultats du commerce extérieur manufacturé de la France au cours des deux dernières décennies</td><td>G 9302</td><td>Ch. CASES<br>Cherces de chômage et comportements d'offre de travail : une revue de la littérature</td></tr><tr><td>G 9106</td><td>B. CREPON<br>Innovation, taille et concentration : causnels et dynamiques</td><td>G 9303</td><td>H. ERKEL-ROUSSE<br>Union économique et monétaire : le débat économique et monétaire : le débat</td></tr><tr><td>G 9107</td><td>B. AMABLE et D. GUELLEC<br>Un panorama des théories de la croissance endogène</td><td>G 9304</td><td>N. GREENAN - D. GUELLEC / G. BROUSSAUDIER - L. MIOTTI<br>Innovation organisationnelle, dynamisme technologique et performances des entreprises</td></tr><tr><td>G 9108</td><td>M. GLAUDE et M. MOUTARDIER<br>Une évaluation du coût direct de l'enfant de 1979 à 1989</td><td>G 9305</td><td>P. JAILLARD<br>Le travail de Maastricht : présentation juridique et historique</td></tr><tr><td>G 9109</td><td>P. RALLE et alii<br>France - Allemagne : performances économiques comparées</td><td>G 9306</td><td>J.L. BRILLET<br>Micro-DMS - présentation et propriétés</td></tr><tr><td>G 9110</td><td>J.L. BRILLET<br>Micro-DMS<br>NON PARU</td><td>G 9307</td><td>J.L. BRILLET<br>Micro-DMS - variantes : les tableaux</td></tr><tr><td>G 9111</td><td>A. MAGNIER<br>Effets accélérateur et multiplicateur en France depuis 1970, quelques résultats empiriques</td><td>G 9308</td><td>S. JACOBZONE<br>Les grands réseaux publics français dans une perspective européenne</td></tr><tr><td>G 9112</td><td>B. CREPON et G. DUREAU<br>Investissement en recherche-développement : analyse de causnels dans un modèle d'accélérateur généralisé</td><td>G 9309</td><td>L. BLOCH - B. CŒURÉ<br>Profitabilité de l'investissement productif et transmission des chocs financiers</td></tr><tr><td>G 9113</td><td>J.L. BRILLET, H. ERKEL-ROUSSE, J. TOUJAS-BERNATE<br>"France-Allemagne Coupées" - Deux économies vues par une maquette macro-économétrique</td><td>G 9310</td><td>J. BOURDIEU - B. COLIN-SEDILLOT<br>Les théories sur la structure optimale du capital : quelques points de repère</td></tr><tr><td>G 9201</td><td>W.J. ADAMS, B. CREPON, D. ENCAOUA<br>Choix technologiques et stratégies de dissuasion d'entrée</td><td>G 9311</td><td>C. DOZ - F. LENGLART<br>Factor analysis and unobserved component models; an application to the study of French business surveys</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>G 9202</td><td>J. OLIVEIRA-MARTINS, J. TOUJAS-BERNATE<br>Macro-economic import functions with imperfect competition - An application to the E.C. Trade</td><td>G 9311</td><td>J. BOURDIEU - B. COLIN-SEDILLOT<br>Les décisions de financement des entreprises françaises: une évaluation empirique des théories de la structure optimale du capital</td></tr><tr><td>G 9203</td><td>I. STAPIC<br>Les échanges internationaux de services de la France dans le cadre des negotiations multilatérales du GATT<br>Jun 1992 (1ère version)<br>Novembre 1992 (version finale)</td><td>G 9312</td><td>L. BLOCH - B. CŒURÉ<br>Q de Tobin marginal et transmission des chocs financiers</td></tr><tr><td>G 9204</td><td>P. SEVESTRE<br>L'économie sur données individuelles-temporelles. Une note introductive</td><td>G 9313</td><td>Équipes Amadeus (INSEE), Banque de France, Métric (DP)<br>Presentation des propriétés des principaux modèles macroéconomiques du Service Public</td></tr><tr><td>G 9205</td><td>H. ERKEL-ROUSSE<br>Le commerce extérieur et l'environnement international dans le modèle AMADEUS (réestimation 1992)</td><td>G 9314</td><td>B. CREPON - E. DUGUET<br>Research & Development, competition and innovation</td></tr><tr><td>G 9206</td><td>N. GREENAN et D. GUELLEC<br>Coordination within the firm and endogenous growth</td><td>G 9315</td><td>B. DORMONT<br>Quelle est l'influence du coût du travail sur l'emploi ?</td></tr><tr><td>G 9207</td><td>A. MAGNIER et J. TOUJAS-BERNATE<br>Technology and trade; empirical evidences for the major five industrialized countries</td><td>G 9316</td><td>D. BLANCHET - C. BROUSSE<br>Deux études sur l'âge de la retraite</td></tr><tr><td>G 9208</td><td>B. CREPON, E. DUGUET, D. ENCAOUA et P. MOHON<br>Cooperative, non cooperative R & D and optimal patent life</td><td>G 9317</td><td>D. BLANCHET<br>Répartition du travail dans une population héritière : deux notes</td></tr><tr><td>G 9209</td><td>B. CREPON et E. DUGUET<br>Research and development, competition and innovation; an application of pseudo maximum likelihood methods to Poisson models with heterogeneity</td><td>G 9318</td><td>D. EYSSARTIER - N. PONTY<br>AMADEUS - an annual macro-economic model for the medium and long term</td></tr><tr><td>G 9301</td><td>J. TOUJAS-BERNATE<br>Commerce international et concurrence impartie - développements récents et implications pour la littérature commerciale</td><td>G 9319</td><td>G. CETTE - Ph. CUNÉO - D. EYSSARTIER - J. GAUTIE<br>Les effets sur l'emploi d'un abaissement du coût du travail des jeunes</td></tr><tr><td>G 9302</td><td>Ch. CASES<br>Cherces de chômage et comportements d'offre de travail : une revue de la littérature</td><td>G 9401</td><td>D. BLANCHET<br>Les structures par âge importantes ?</td></tr><tr><td>G 9303</td><td>H. ERKEL-ROUSSE<br>Union économique et monétaire : le débat économique et monétaire : le débat</td><td>G 9402</td><td>J. GAUTIE<br>Le chômage des jeunes en France : problème de formation ou phénomène de file d'attente ?<br>Quelques éléments du débat</td></tr><tr><td>G 9304</td><td>N. GREENAN - D. GUELLEC / G. BROUSSAUDIER - L. MIOTTI<br>Innovation organisationnelle, dynamisme technologique et performances des entreprises</td><td>G 9403</td><td>P. QUIRION<br>Les déchets en France : éléments statistiques et économiques</td></tr><tr><td>G 9305</td><td>P. JAILLARD<br>Le travail de Maastricht : présentation juridique et historique</td><td>G 9404</td><td>D. LADIRAY - M. GRUN-REHOMME<br>Lissage par moyennes mobiles - Le problème des extrémités de série</td></tr><tr><td>G 9306</td><td>J.L. BRILLET<br>Micro-DMS - présentation et propriétés</td><td>G 9405</td><td>V. MAILLARD<br>Theorie et pratique de la correction des effets de jours ouvrables</td></tr><tr><td>G 9307</td><td>J.L. BRILLET<br>Micro-DMS - variantes : les tableaux</td><td>G 9406</td><td>F. ROSENWALD<br>La décision d'investir</td></tr><tr><td>G 9308</td><td>S. JACOBZONE<br>Les apports de l'économie industrielle pour définir la stratégie économique du l'ôpital public</td><td>G 9407</td><td>S. JACOBZONE<br>Les apports de l'économie industrielle pour définir la stratégie économique du l'ôpital public</td></tr><tr><td>G 9309</td><td>L. BLOCH - B. CŒURÉ<br>Profitabilité de l'investissement productif et transmission des chocs financiers</td><td>G 9408</td><td>L. BLOCH, J. BOURDIEU, B. COLIN-SEDILLOT, G. LONGUEVILLE<br>Du défaut de paiement au dépôt de bilan : les banquiers face aux PME en difficulté</td></tr><tr><td>G 9310</td><td>J. BOURDIEU - B. COLIN-SEDILLOT<br>Les théories sur la structure optimale du capital : quelques points de repère</td><td>G 9409</td><td>D. EYSSARTIER, P. MAIRE<br>Impacts macro-économiques de mesures d'ade au logement - quelques éléments d'évaluation</td></tr><tr><td>G 9311</td><td>J. BOURDIEU - B. COLIN-SEDILLOT<br>Les théories sur la structure optimale du capital : quelques points de repère</td><td>G 9410</td><td>F. ROSENWALD<br>Suivi conjoncturel de l'investissement</td></tr><tr><td>G 9312</td><td>B. CREPON et G. DUREAU<br>Investissement en recherche-développement : analyse de causnels dans un modèle d'accélérateur généralisé</td><td>G 9411</td><td>C. DEFEUILLE - Ph. QUIRION<br>Les déchets d'emballages ménagers : une analyse économique des politiques française et allemande</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>G 9311</td><td>J. BOURDIEU - B. COLIN-SEDILLOT<br>Les décisions de financement des entreprises françaises: une évaluation empirique des théories de la structure optimale du capital</td><td>G 9412</td><td>J. BOURDIEU - B. CŒURÉ - B. COLIN-SEDILLOT<br>Investissement, incertitude et risque-variabilité<br>Quelques développements récents de la théorie de l'investissement</td></tr><tr><td>G 9312</td><td>L. BLOCH - B. CŒURÉ<br>Q de Tobin marginal et transmission des chocs financiers</td><td>G 9413</td><td>B. DORMONT - M. PAUCHET<br>L'évaluation de l'élaborétoire emploi-salaire dépend-elle des structures de qualification ?</td></tr><tr><td>G 9313</td><td>Équipes Amadeus (INSEE), Banque de France, Métric (DP)<br>Presentation des propriétés des principaux modèles macroéconomiques du Service Public</td><td>G 9414</td><td>I. KABLA<br>Le Chôx de breveter une invention</td></tr><tr><td>G 9314</td><td>B. CREPON - E. DUGUET<br>Research & Development, competition and innovation</td><td>G 9501</td><td>J. BOURDIEU - B. CŒURÉ - B. SEDILLOT<br>Irreversible Investment and Uncertainty:<br>When is there a Value of Waiting?</td></tr><tr><td>G 9315</td><td>B. DORMONT<br>Quelle est l'influence du coût du travail sur l'emploi ?</td><td>G 9502</td><td>L. BLOCH - B. CŒURÉ<br>Impairfections du marché du crédit, investissement des entreprises et cycle économique</td></tr><tr><td>G 9316</td><td>D. BLANCHET - C. BROUSSE<br>Deux études sur l'âge de la retraite</td><td>G 9503</td><td>D. GOUX - E. MAURIN<br>The transformations de la demande de travail par qualification en France<br>Une étude sur la période 1970-1993</td></tr><tr><td>G 9317</td><td>D. BLANCHET<br>Répartition du travail dans une population héritière : deux notes</td><td>G 9504</td><td>N. GREENAN<br>Technologie, changement organisationnel, qualifications et emploi, une étude empirique sur l'industrie manufacturière</td></tr><tr><td>G 9318</td><td>D. EYSSARTIER - N. PONTY<br>AMADEUS - an annual macro-economic model for the medium and long term</td><td>G 9505</td><td>D. GOUX - E. MAURIN<br>Persistance des hiérarchies sectorielles de salaires: un réexamen sur données françaises</td></tr><tr><td>G 9319</td><td>G. CETTE - Ph. CUNÉO - D. EYSSARTIER - J. GAUTIE<br>Les effets sur l'emploi d'un abaissement du coût du travail des jeunes</td><td>G 9506</td><td>D. GOUX - E. MAURIN<br>Persistance of inter-industry wages differentials: a reexamination on matched worker-firm panel data</td></tr><tr><td>G 9401</td><td>D. BLANCHET<br>Les structures par âge importantes ?</td><td>G 9507</td><td>S. JACOBZONE<br>Les liens entre RMI et chômage, une mise en perspective<br>NON PARU - article sorti dans Économie et Présision n° 122 (1996) - pages 95 à 113</td></tr><tr><td>G 9402</td><td>J. GAUTIE<br>Le chômage des jeunes en France : problème de formation ou phénomène de file d'attente ?<br>Quelques éléments du débat</td><td>G 9508</td><td>G. CETTE - S. MAHFOUZ<br>La pâtage primaire du revenu<br>Constat descriptif sur longue période</td></tr><tr><td>G 9403</td><td>P. QUIRION<br>Les déchets en France : éléments statistiques et économiques</td><td>G 9601</td><td>Banque de France - CEPREMAP - Direction de la Présision - Érasme - INSEE - OFCE<br>Structures et propriétés de cinq modèles macro-économiques français</td></tr><tr><td>G 9404</td><td>D. LADIRAY - M. GRUN-REHOMME<br>Lissage par moyennes mobiles - Le problème des extrémités de série</td><td>G 9602</td><td>Rapport d'activité de la DESE de l'année 1995<br>J. BOURDIEU - A. DRAZNIKIE<br>L'octroi de crédit aux PME : une analyse à partir d'informations bancaires</td></tr><tr><td>G 9405</td><td>V. MAILLARD<br>Theorie et pratique de la correction des effets de jours ouvrables</td><td>G 9603</td><td>A. TOPIL - BENSÀID<br>The implantations japonaises en France</td></tr><tr><td>G 9406</td><td>F. ROSENWALD<br>La décision d'investir</td><td>G 9604</td><td>P. GENIER - S. JACOBZONE<br>Comportements de prévention, consommation d'alcool et tabagie : peu-on parier d'une gestion globale du capital santé ?</td></tr><tr><td>G 9407</td><td>S. JACOBZONE<br>Les apports de l'économie industrielle pour définir la stratégie économique du l'ôpital public</td><td>G 9605</td><td>Un modélisation microéconométrique empirique</td></tr><tr><td>G 9408</td><td>L. BLOCH, J. BOURDIEU, B. COLIN-SEDILLOT, G. LONGUEVILLE<br>Du défaut de paiement au dépôt de bilan : les banquiers face aux PME en difficulté</td><td>G 9606</td><td>C. DOZ - F. LENGLART<br>Factor analysis and unobserved component models; an application to the study of French business surveys</td></tr></table>
<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9607</td>
      <td>N. GREENAN - D. GUELLEC</td>
      <td>La théorie coopérative de la firme</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9608</td>
      <td>N. GREENAN - D. GUELLEC</td>
      <td>Technological innovation and employment reallocation</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9609</td>
      <td>Ph. COUR - F. RUPPRECHT</td>
      <td>Ph. COUR - F. RUPPRECHT</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9610</td>
      <td>S. DUCHENE - G. FORGEOT - A. JACQUOT</td>
      <td>Ph. COUR - F. RUPPRECHT</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9611</td>
      <td>X. BONNET - S. MAHFOUZ</td>
      <td>Analyse des évolutions récentes de la productivité apparente du travail</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9612</td>
      <td>PH. COUR - E. DUBOIS, S. MAHFOUZ, J. PISANI-FERRY</td>
      <td>The cost of fiscal retrenchment revisited: how strong is the evidence?</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9613</td>
      <td>A. JACQUOT</td>
      <td>A. JACQUOT</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9614</td>
      <td>ZHANG Yingxiang - SONG Xueqing</td>
      <td>Les flexions des taux d'activité sont-elles seulement conjoncturelles?</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9705</td>
      <td>M. HOUEDBINE - A. TOPIOL-BENSAID</td>
      <td>Train or Pay: Does it Reduce Inequalities to Encourage Firms to Train their Workers?</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9706</td>
      <td>M. HOUEDBINE - A. TOPIOL-BENSAID</td>
      <td>An Econometric Analysis at the Firm Level</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9707</td>
      <td>M. HOUEDBINE</td>
      <td>Les entreprises internationales en France : une analyse à partir de données individuelles</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9708</td>
      <td>E. DUGUET - N. GREENAN</td>
      <td>Polarisation des activités et spécialisation des départements en France</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9709</td>
      <td>J. BRILLET</td>
      <td>Le biais technologique : une analyse sur données individuelles</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9710</td>
      <td>J.L. BRILLET</td>
      <td>Analyzing a small French ECM Model</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9711</td>
      <td>G. FORGEOT - J. GAUTIÉ</td>
      <td>Formalizing the transition process: scenarios for capital accumulation</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9712</td>
      <td>E. DUBOIS</td>
      <td>Insertion professionnelle des jeunes et processus de déclassement</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9713</td>
      <td>Bilan des activités de la Direction des Études et Synthèses Économiques - 1996</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9714</td>
      <td>F. LEQUILLER</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9715</td>
      <td>Does the French Consumer Price Index Over-state Inflation?</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9716</td>
      <td>X. BONNET</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9717</td>
      <td>Peut-on mettre en évidence les rigidités à la baisse des salaires nominaires ?</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9718</td>
      <td>Une étude sur quelques grands pays de l'OCDE</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9719</td>
      <td>N. IUNG - F. RUPPRECHT</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9720</td>
      <td>Productivité de la recherche et rendements d'échelle dans le secteur pharmaceutique français</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9721</td>
      <td>E. DUGUET - I. KABLA</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9722</td>
      <td>Appropriation strategy and the motivations to use the patent system in France - An econometric analysis at the firm level</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9723</td>
      <td>P. PELÉ - P. RALLE</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9724</td>
      <td>ZHANG Yingxiang - SONG Xueqing</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9725</td>
      <td>Lexique macroéconomique français-chinois, chinois-français</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9726</td>
      <td>M. HOUEDBINE - J.L. SCHNEIDER</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9727</td>
      <td>Meduser l'influence sur la fiscalité sur la localisation des entreprises</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9728</td>
      <td>A. MOUROUGANE</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9729</td>
      <td>Credibilité, indépendance et politique monétaire</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9730</td>
      <td>Une revue de la littérature</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9731</td>
      <td>P. AUGERAUD - L. BRIOT</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9732</td>
      <td>Les données comptables d'entreprises</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9733</td>
      <td>Le système intermédiaire d'entreprises</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9734</td>
      <td>Passage des données individuelles aux données sectorielles</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9735</td>
      <td>P. AUGERAUD - J.E. CHAPRON</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9736</td>
      <td>Using Business Accounts for Compiling National Accounts: the French Experience</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9737</td>
      <td>P. AUGERAUD</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9738</td>
      <td>Les comptes d'entreprise par activités - Le passage aux comptes - De la comptabilité d'entreprise à la comptabilité nationale - A paraître</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9739</td>
      <td>H. MICHAUDON - C. PRIGENT</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9740</td>
      <td>P. ACCARDO</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9741</td>
      <td>Une étude de comptabilité générale pour la France en 1996</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9742</td>
      <td>X. BONNET - S. DUCHÈNE</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9743</td>
      <td>Apports et limites de la modélisation « Real Business Cycles »</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9744</td>
      <td>C. BARLET - C. DUGUET - D. ENCAOUA - J. PRADEL</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9745</td>
      <td>The Commercial Success of Innovations</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9746</td>
      <td>An econometric analysis at the firm level in French manufacturing</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9747</td>
      <td>P. CAHUC - Ch. GIANELLA - D. GOUX - A. ZILBERBERG</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9748</td>
      <td>Equalizing Wage Differences and Bargaining Power - Evidence form a Panel of French Firms</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9806</td>
      <td>J. ACCARDO - M. JLASSI</td>
      <td>La productivité globale des facteurs entre 1975 et 1996</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9807</td>
      <td>Bilan des activités de la Direction des Études et Synthèses Économiques - 1997</td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9808</td>
      <td>A. MOUROUGANE</td>
      <td>Can a Conservative Governor Conduct an Commodity Monetary Policy?</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9809</td>
      <td>X. BONNET - E. DUBOIS - L. FALVET</td>
      <td>Asymétrie des inflations relatives et menus costs : tests sur l'inflation française</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9810</td>
      <td>E. DUGUET - N. IUNG</td>
      <td>Sales and Advertising with Spillovers at the firm level: Estimation of a Dynamic Structural Model on Panel Data</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9811</td>
      <td>J.P. BERTHIER</td>
      <td>Congestion urbaine : un modèle de trafic de pointe à courbe débit-vitesse et demande élastique</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9812</td>
      <td>C. PRIGENT</td>
      <td>La part des salaires dans la valeur ajoutée : une approche macroéconomique</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9813</td>
      <td>A.Th. AERTS</td>
      <td>L'évolution de la part des salaires dans la valeur ajoutée en France refiletée-telle les évolutions individuelles sur la période 1979-1994 ?</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9814</td>
      <td>B. SALANIE</td>
      <td>Guide pratique des séries non-stationnaires</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9901</td>
      <td>S. DUCHÈNE - A. JACQUOT</td>
      <td>Une croissance plus riche en emplois depuis le début de la dédenne ? Une analyse en comparaison internationale</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9902</td>
      <td>Ch. COLIN</td>
      <td>Modélisation des carrières dans Destinie</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9903</td>
      <td>Ch. COLIN</td>
      <td>Évolution de la dispersion des salaires : un essai de prospective par microsimulation</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9904</td>
      <td>B. CREPON - N. IUNG</td>
      <td>Innovation, emploi et performances</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9905</td>
      <td>B. CREPON - Ch. GIANELLA</td>
      <td>Wages inequalities in France 1969-1992</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9906</td>
      <td>C. BONNET - R. MAHIEU</td>
      <td>An application of quantile regression techniques</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9907</td>
      <td>C. BONNET - R. MAHIEU</td>
      <td>Microsimulation techniques applied to intergenerational transfers - Pensions in a dynamic framework: the case of France</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9908</td>
      <td>F. ROSENWALD</td>
      <td>L'impact des contraintes financières dans la décision d'investissement</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9909</td>
      <td>J.P. ZOYEM</td>
      <td>Contrat d'insertion et sortie du RMI</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9910</td>
      <td>Ch. COLIN - F. LEGROS - R. MAHIEU</td>
      <td>Evaluation des effets d'une politique sociale</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9911</td>
      <td>G. LAROQUE - B. SALANIE</td>
      <td>Équivalent patrimonial de la rente et souscription de retraite complémentaire</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9912</td>
      <td>R. DUHAUTOIS</td>
      <td>Ralentissement de l'investissement : petites ou grandes entreprises ? industrie ou tertière ?</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9913</td>
      <td>B. SALANIÉ</td>
      <td>Une maquette analytique de long terme du marché du travail</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9914</td>
      <td>Ch. GIANELLA</td>
      <td>Une estimation de l'élasticité de l'emploi peu qualifié à son coût</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9915</td>
      <td>Division « Redistribution et Politiques Sociales »</td>
      <td>« Redistribution et Politiques Sociales »</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9916</td>
      <td>DESTINÉ</td>
      <td>« le modèle de microsimulation dynamique »</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9917</td>
      <td>E. DUGUET</td>
      <td>Macro-commandes SAS pour l'économie des panels et des variables qualitatives</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9918</td>
      <td>R. DUHAUTOIS</td>
      <td>Évolution des flux d'emplois en France entre 1990 et 1996 : une étude empirique à partir du fichier des bénéfices réels normaux (BRN)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9919</td>
      <td>J.Y. FOURNIER</td>
      <td>Extraction du cycle des affaires : la méthode de Baxter et King</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9920</td>
      <td>B. CREPON - R. DESPLATZ - J. MAIRESSÉ</td>
      <td>Estimating price cost margins, scale economies and workers' bargaining power at the firm level</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9921</td>
      <td>Ch. GIANELLA - Ph. LAGARDE</td>
      <td>Productivity of hours in the aggregate production function: an evaluation on a panel of French firms from the manufacturing sector</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9922</td>
      <td>S. AUDRIC - P. GIVORD - C. PROST</td>
      <td>Évolution de l'emploi et des coûts par qualification entre 1982 et 1996</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9923</td>
      <td>R. MAHIEU</td>
      <td>Les déterminants des dépenses de santé : une approche macroéconomique</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9924</td>
      <td>C. ALLARD-PRIGENT - H. GUILMEAU - A. QUINET</td>
      <td>The real exchange rate as the relative price of nontrables in terms of tradables: theoretical investigation and empirical study on French data</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9925</td>
      <td>J.-Y. FOURNIER</td>
      <td>L'approximation du titre passe-bande proposée par Christiano et Fitzgerald</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9926</td>
      <td>Bilan des activités de la DESE - 1999</td>
      <td>Investissement et contraintes de financement : le poids du cycle</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9927</td>
      <td>A. FLIPO</td>
      <td>Une estimation sur données françaises</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9928</td>
      <td>Les comportements matrimoniaux de fait</td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9929</td>
      <td>R. MAHIEU - B. SÉDILLOT</td>
      <td>Microsimulations of the retirement decision: a supply side approach</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9930</td>
      <td>C. AUDENIS - C. PROST</td>
      <td>Déficit conjointuel : une prise en compte des conjonctures passées</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9931</td>
      <td>R. MAHIEU - B. SÉDILLOT</td>
      <td>Équivalent patrimonial de la rente et souscription de retraite complémentaire</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>G 9932</td>
      <td>R. DUHAUTOIS</td>
      <td>Ralentissement de l'investissement : petites ou grandes entreprises ? industrie ou tertière ?</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
V

G 2000/11
Temps partiel féminin et incitations financières à l'emploi

G2000/12
Ch. GIANELLA

Local unemployment and wages

G2000/13
B. CREPON - Th. HECKEL
- Informalisation in France : une évaluation à partir de données individuelles

- Computerization in France : an evaluation on individual company data

G2001/01
F. LEQUILLER
- La nouvelle économie et la mesure de la croissance du PIB
- The new economy and the measure of GDP growth

G2001/02
S. AUDRIC
La reprise de la croissance de l'emploi profite-t-elle aussi aux non-diplômés ?

G2001/03
I. BRAUN-LEMAIRE
Évolution et répartition du surplus de productivité

G2001/04
A. BEAUDU - Th. HECKEL
Le canal du crédit fonctionne-t-il en Europe ? Une étude de l'ethroégalité des comportements d'investissement à partir de données de bilan agrégées

G2001/05
C. AUDENS - P. BISCOURP - N. FOURCADE - O. LOISEL
Testing the augmented Solow growth model: An empirical reassessment using panel data

G2001/06
R. MAHIEU - B. SÉDILLOT
Départ à la retraite, irréversibilité et incertitude

G2001/07
Bilan des activités de la DESE - 2000

G2001/08
J. Ph. GAUDEMET
Les dispositifs d'acquisition à titre facultatif d'annulés viagériens de retraite

G2001/09
B. CREPON - Ch. GIANELLA
Fiscalité, coût d'usage du capital et demande de facteurs, une analyse sur données individuelles

G2001/10
B. CREPON - R. DESPLATZ
Évaluation des effets des dispositifs d'allemements

G2001/11
J.-Y. FOURNIER
Comparaison des salaires des secteurs public et privé

G2001/12
J.-P. BERTHIER - C. JAULENT
R. CONVÈNEVOLE - S. PISANI
Un méthodologie de comparaison entre consommations intermédiaires de source fiscale et de comptabilité nationale

G2001/13
P. BISCOURP - Ch. GIANELLA
Substitution and complementarity between capital, skilled and less skilled workers: an analysis at the firm level in the French manufacturing industry

G2001/14
I. ROBERT-BOBEE
Modeling demographic behaviours in the French microsimulation model Destinie: An analysis of future change in completed fertility

G2001/15
J.-P. ZOYEM
Diagnostic sur la pauvreté et calendrier de revenus : le cas du "Panel européen des ménages »

G2002/14
E. WALRAET - A. VINCENT
- Analyse de la redistribution intragénérationnelle

G2001/16
J.-Y. FOURNIER - P. GIVORD
La réduction des taux d'activité aux âges extrêmes, une spécificité française ?

G2001/17
C. AUDENS - P. BISCOURP - N. RIEDINGER
- Existe-t-il uneasy metrie dans la transmission du prix du brut aux prix des carburants ?

G2002/01
F. MAGNIER - J.-L. TAVERNIER - D. THESMAR
Les statistiques internationales de PIB par habitant en standard de pouvoir d'achat : une analyse des résultats

G2002/02
Bilan des activités de la DESE - 2001

G2002/03
B. SÉDILLOT - E. WALRAET
La cessation d'activité au sein des couples : y a-t-il interdépendance des choix ?

G2002/04
G. BRILHALLT
- Rétrogradation des séries de FBCF et calcul du capital fixe en SEC-95 dans les comptes nationaux français

- Retroposition of the investment series (GFCF) and estimation of fixed capital stocks on the ESA-95 basis for the French balance sheets

G2002/05
P. BISCOURP - B. CRÉPON - T. HECKEL - N. RIEDINGER
How do firms respond to cheaper computers? Microeconomic evidence for France based on a production function approach

G2002/06
C. AUDENS - J. DEROYON - N. FOURCADE
L'impact des nouvelles technologies de l'information et de la communication sur l'économie française - un bouclage macro-économique

G2002/07
J. BARDAJI - B. SÉDILLOT - E. WALRAET
Évaluation de trois réformes du Régime Général d'assurance viellieuse à l'aide du modèle de microsimulation DESTINIE

G2002/08
J.-P. BERTHIER
Réflexions sur les différentes notions de volume dans les comptes nationaux : comptes aux prix d'une année fixe ou aux prix de l'année précédente, séries chaînées

G2002/09
F. HILD
Les soldes d'opinion résumés au mieux les réponses des entreprises aux enquêtes de conjoncture ?

G2002/10
I. ROBERT-BOBÉE
Les comportements démographiques dans le modèle de microsimulation Destinie - Une comparaison des estimations issues des enquêtes Jeunes et Carrières 1997 et Histoire Familière 1999

G2002/11
J.-P. ZOYEM
La dynamique des bas revenus : une analyse des entrées-sorties de pauvreté

G2002/12
F. HILD
Previsions d'inflation pour la France

G2002/13
M. LECLAIR
Réduction du temps de travail et tensions sur les facteurs de production

G2002/14
E. WALRAET - A. VINCENT
- Analyse de la redistribution intragénérationnelle

G2002/15
P. CHONE - D. LE BLANG - I. ROBERT-BOBEE
Offre de travail féminine et garde des jeunes enfants

G2002/16
F. MAUREL - S. GREGOIR
Les indices de compétitivité des pays : interprétation et limites

G2003/01
N. RIEDINGER - E. HAUVY
Le coût de dépollution atmosphérique pour les entreprises françaises : Une estimation à partir de données individuelles

G2003/02
P. BISCOURP et F. KRAMARZ
Création d'emplois, destruction d'emplois et internationalisation des entreprises industrielles françaises : une analyse sur la période 1986-1992

G2003/03
Bilan des activités de la DESE - 2002
G2003/04
P. O. BEFFY - J. DEROYON - N. FOURCADE - S. GREGOIR - N. LAIB - B. MONFORT
Évolutions macroéconomiques et croissance : une projection macro-économique à l'horizon 2020

G2003/05
P. AUBERT
La situation des salarés de plus de cinquante ans dans le secteur privé

G2003/06
P. AUBERT - B. CRÉPON
Age, salaire et productivité
La productivité des salarés décline-t-elle en fin de barrière ?

G2003/07
H. BARON - P. O. BEFFY - N. FOURCADE - R. MAHIEU
Le ralentissement de la productivité du travail au cours des années 1990

G2003/08
P. O. BEFFY - B. MONFORT
Patrimoine des menages, dynamique d'allocation et comportement de consommation

G2003/09
P. BISCOURP - N. FOURCADE
Peut-on mettre en evidence l'existence de rigidités à la baisse des salaires à partir de données individuelles ? Le cas de la France à la fin des années 90

G2003/10
M. LECLAIR - P. PETIT
Présence syndicale dans les firmes : quel impact sur les inégalités salariales entre les hommes et les femmes ?

G2003/11
P. O. BEFFY - X. BONNET - M. DARRACQ-PARIES - B. MONFORT
Mise et utilisation des emplois instables dans l'industrie

G2003/12
P. AUBERT - P. SILLARD
Délocalisations et réductions d'effectifs dans l'industrie française

G2003/13
M. LECLAIR - S. ROUX
Mesure et utilisation des emplois instables dans les entreprises

G2003/14
C. L'ANGEVIN - S. SERRAVALLE
Performances à l'exportation de la France et de l'Allemagne - Une analyse par secteur et destination géographique

G2003/15
Bilan des activités de la Direction des Études et Synthèses économiques - 2004

G2003/16
S. RASPILLER
La concurrence fiscale : principaux enseignements de l'analyse économique

G2004/04
A. NABOULET - S. RASPILLER
Les déterminants de la décision d'investir : une approche par les perceptions subjectives des firmes

G2004/05
N. RAGACHE
La déclaration des enfants par les couples non marés est-elle fiscalement optimale ?

G2004/06
M. DUÈE
L'impact du chômage des parents sur le devenir scolaire des enfants

G2004/07
P. AUBERT - E. CAROLI - M. ROGER
New Technologies, Workplace Organisation and the Age Structure of the Workforce: Firm-Level Evidence

G2004/08
E. DUGUET - C. LELARGE
Les brevets accroissent-ils les incitats privées à innover ? Un examen microéconométrique

G2004/09
S. RASPILLER - P. SILLARD
Affiliating versus Subcontracting: the Case of Multinational

G2004/10
J. BOISSINOT - S. L'ANGEVIN - B. MONFORT
Public Debt Sustainability: Some Results on the French Case

G2004/11
S. ANANIAN - P. AUBERT
Travailleurs âgés, nouvelles technologies et changements organisatoires, un réexamen à partir de l'enquête « REPONSE »

G2004/12
X. BONNET - H. PONCET
Structures de revenus et propensions différentes à consommer - Vers une équation de consommation des ménages plus robuste en prévision pour la France

G2004/13
C. PICART
Évalueur la rentabilité des sociétés non financières

G2004/14
J. BARDAJI - B. SÉDILLOT - E. WALRAET
Les retraites du secteur public: projections à l'horizon 2040 à l'aide du modèle de microsimulation DESTINIE

G2005/01
S. BUFFETEAU - P. GODEFOROY
Conditions de départ en retraite selon l'âge de fin d'études : analyse prospective pour les générations 1945-à1974

G2005/02
C. AFSA - S. BUFFETEAU
L'évolution de l'activité féminine en France : une approche par pseudo-panel

G2005/03
P. AUBERT - P. SILLARD
Délocalisations et réductions d'effectifs dans l'industrie française

G2005/04
M. LECLAIR - S. ROUX
Mesure et utilisation des emplois instables dans les entreprises

G2005/05
C. L'ANGEVIN - S. SERRAVALLE
Performances à l'exportation de la France et de l'Allemagne - Une analyse par secteur et destination géographique

G2005/06
Bilan des activités de la Direction des Études et Synthèses économiques - 2004

G2005/07
S. RASPILLER
La concurrence fiscale : principaux enseignements de l'analyse économique

vi
<table><tr><td>G2005/08</td><td>C. L'ANGEVIN - N. LAÎB<br/>Éducation et croissance en France et dans un panel de 21 pays de l'OCDE</td></tr><tr><td>G2005/09</td><td>N. FERRARI<br/>Prévoir l'investissement des entreprises<br/>Un indicateur des révolutions dans l'enquête de conjoncture sur les investissements dans l'industrie.</td></tr><tr><td>G2005/10</td><td>P.-O. BEFFY - C. L'ANGEVIN<br/>Chômage et boucle prix-salaires : apport d'un modèle « qualifiés/peu qualifiés »</td></tr><tr><td>G2005/11</td><td>B. HEITZ<br/>A two-states Markov-switching model of inflation in France and the USA: credible target VS inflation spiral</td></tr><tr><td>G2005/12</td><td>O. BIAU - H. ERKEL-ROUSSE - N. FERRARI<br/>Réponses individuelles aux enquêtes de conjoncture et prévision macroéconomiques : Exemple de la prévision de la production manufacturière</td></tr><tr><td>G2005/13</td><td>P. AUBERT - D. BLANCHET - D. BLAU<br/>The labour market after age 50: some elements of a Franco-American comparison</td></tr><tr><td>G2005/14</td><td>D. BLANCHET - T. DEBRAND -<br/>P. DOUGRON - P. POLLET<br/>L'enquête SHARE : présentation et premiers résultats de l'édition française</td></tr><tr><td>G2005/15</td><td>M. DUÉE<br/>La modélisation des comportements démographiques dans le modèle de microsimulation DESTINIE</td></tr><tr><td>G2005/16</td><td>H. RAOUI - S. ROUX<br/>Étude de simulation sur la participation versée aux salariés par les entreprises</td></tr><tr><td>G2006/01</td><td>C. BONNET - S. BUFFETEAU - P. GODEFROY<br/>Disparités de retraite de droit direct entre hommes et femmes : quelles évolutions ?</td></tr><tr><td>G2006/02</td><td>C. PICART<br/>Les gazelles en France</td></tr><tr><td>G2006/03</td><td>P. AUBERT - B. CRÉPON - P. ZAMORA<br/>Le rendement apparent de la formation continue dans les entreprises : effets sur la productivité et les salaires</td></tr><tr><td>G2006/04</td><td>J.-F. OUVRARD - R. RATHELOT<br/>Demographic change and unemployment: what do macroeconomic models predict?</td></tr><tr><td>G2006/05</td><td>D. BLANCHET - J.-F. OUVRARD<br/>Indicateurs d'engagements implicites des systèmes de retraite : chiffrages, propriétés analytiques et réactions à des chocs démographiques types</td></tr><tr><td>G2006/06</td><td>G. BIAU - O. BIAU - L. ROLVIERE<br/>Nonparametric Forecasting of the Manufacturing Output Growth with Firm-level Survey Data</td></tr><tr><td>G2006/07</td><td>C. AFSA - P. GIVORD<br/>Le rôle des conditions de travail dans les absences pour maladie</td></tr><tr><td>G2006/08</td><td>P. SILLARD - C. L'ANGEVIN - S. SERRAVALLE<br/>Performances comparées à l'exportation de la France et de ses principaux partenaires<br/>Une analyse structurelle sur 12 ans</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>G2006/09</td><td>X. BOUTIN - S. QUANTIN<br/>Une méthodologie d'évaluation comptable du coût du capital des entreprises françaises : 1984-2002</td></tr><tr><td>G2006/10</td><td>C. AFSA<br/>L'estimation d'un coût implicite de la pénibilité du travail chez les travailleurs âgés</td></tr><tr><td>G2006/11</td><td>C. LEI ARGE<br/>Les entreprises (industrielles) françaises sont-elles à la frontière technologique ?</td></tr><tr><td>G2006/12</td><td>O. BIAU - N. FERRARI<br/>Théorie de l'opinion<br/>Fauil-lil ponderer les réponses individuelles ?</td></tr><tr><td>G2006/13</td><td>A. KOUBI - S. ROUX<br/>Une réinterprétation de la relation entre productivité et inégalités salariales dans les entreprises</td></tr><tr><td>G2006/14</td><td>R. RATHELOT - P. SILLARD<br/>The impact of local taxes on plants location decision</td></tr><tr><td>G2006/15</td><td>L. GONZALEZ - C. PICART<br/>Diversification, recentrage et poids des activités de support dans les groupes (1993-2000)</td></tr><tr><td>G2007/01</td><td>D. SRAER<br/>Allégements de cotisations patronales et dynamique salariale</td></tr><tr><td>G2007/02</td><td>V. ALBOUY - L. LEQUIEN<br/>Les rendements non monétaires de l'éducation : le cas de la santé</td></tr><tr><td>G2007/03</td><td>D. BLANCHET - T. DEBRAND<br/>Aspiration à la retraite, santé et satisfaction au travail : une comparaison européenne</td></tr><tr><td>G2007/04</td><td>M. BARLET - L. CRUSSON<br/>Quel impact des variations du prix du pétrole sur la croissance française ?</td></tr><tr><td>G2007/05</td><td>C. PICART<br/>Flux d'emploi et de main-d'œuvre en France : un réexamen</td></tr><tr><td>G2007/06</td><td>V. ALBOUY - C. TAYAN<br/>Massification et démocratisation de l'enseignement supérieur en France</td></tr><tr><td>G2007/07</td><td>T. LE BARBANCHON<br/>The Changing response to oil price shocks in France: a DSGE type approach</td></tr><tr><td>G2007/08</td><td>T. CHANEY - D. SRAER - D. THESMAR<br/>Collateral Value and Corporate Investment<br/>Evidence from the French Real Estate Market</td></tr><tr><td>G2007/09</td><td>J. BOISSINOT<br/>Consumption over the Life Cycle: Facts for France</td></tr><tr><td>G2007/10</td><td>C. AFSA<br/>Interpréter les variables de satisfaction : l'exercice de la durée du travail</td></tr><tr><td>G2007/11</td><td>R. RATHELOT - P. SILLARD<br/>Zones Franches Urbanes: quelles effets sur l'emploi salarié et les créations d'établissements ?</td></tr><tr><td>G2007/12</td><td>V. ALBOUY - B. CRÉPON<br/>Aléa moral en santé : une évaluation dans le cadre du modèle causal de Rubin</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>G2008/01</td><td>C. PICART<br/>Les PME françaises : rentables mais peu dynamiques</td></tr><tr><td>G2008/02</td><td>P. BISCOURP - X. BOUTIN - T. VERGÈ<br/>The Effects of Retail Regulations on Prices Evidence form the Loi Galland</td></tr><tr><td>G2008/03</td><td>Y. BARBESOL - A. BRIANT<br/>Économies d'agglomération et productivité des entreprises : estimation sur données individuelles françaises</td></tr><tr><td>G2008/04</td><td>D. BLANCHET - F. LE GALLO<br/>Les projections démographiques : principaux mécanismes et retour sur l'expérience française</td></tr><tr><td>G2008/05</td><td>D. BLANCHET - F. TOUTLEMONDE<br/>Évolutions démographiques et deformation du cycle de vie active : quelles relations ?</td></tr><tr><td>G2008/06</td><td>M. BARLET - D. BLANCHET - L. CRUSSON<br/>Internationalisation et flux d'emplois : que dit une approche comptable ?</td></tr><tr><td>G2008/07</td><td>C. LELARGE - D. SRAER - D. THESMAR<br/>Entrepreneurship and Credit Constraints - Evidence from a French Loan Guarantee Program</td></tr><tr><td>G2008/08</td><td>X. BOUTIN - L. JANIN<br/>Are Prices Really Affected by Mergers?</td></tr><tr><td>G2008/09</td><td>M. BARLET - A. BRIANT - L. CRUSSON<br/>Concentration géographique dans l'industrie manufacturière et dans les services en France : une approche par un indicateur en continu</td></tr><tr><td>G2008/10</td><td>M. BEFFY - É. COUDIN - R. RATHELOT<br/>Who is confronted to insecure labor market histories? Some evidence based on the French labor market transition</td></tr><tr><td>G2008/11</td><td>M. ROGER - E. WALRAET<br/>Social Security and Well-Being of the Elderly: the Case of France</td></tr><tr><td>G2008/12</td><td>C. AFSA<br/>Analyser les composantes du bien-être et de son évolution<br/>Une approche empirique sur données individuelles</td></tr><tr><td>G2008/13</td><td>M. BARLET - D. BLANCHET -<br/>T. LE BARBANCHON<br/>Microsimplifier le marché du travail : un prototype</td></tr><tr><td>G2009/01</td><td>P.-A. PIONNIER<br/>Le partage de la valeur ajoutée en France, 1949-2007</td></tr><tr><td>G2009/02</td><td>Laurent CLAYEL - Christelle MINODIER<br/>A Monthly Indicator of the French Business Climate</td></tr><tr><td>G2009/03</td><td>H. ERKEL-ROUSSE - C. MINODIER<br/>Do Business Tendency Surveys in Industry and Services Help in Forecasting GDP Growth?</td></tr><tr><td>G2009/04</td><td>P. GIVORD - L. WILNER<br/>Les contrats temporaires : trappe ou marchéied vers l'emploi stable ?</td></tr><tr><td>G2009/05</td><td>G. LALANNE - P.-A. PIONNIER - O. SIMON<br/>Le partage des fruits de la croissance de 1950 à 2008 : une approche par les comptes de surplus</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>G2009/06</td><td>L. DAVEZIES - X. D'HAULTFŒUILLE<br/>Fauil-lil ponder ?... Ou l'éternelle question de l'économètre confronté à des données d'enquête</td></tr><tr><td>G2009/07</td><td>S. QUANTIN - S. RASPILLER - S. SERRAVALLE<br/>Commerce Intragroupe, fiscalité et prix de transferts, une analyse sur données françaises</td></tr><tr><td>G2009/08</td><td>M. CLERC - V. MARCUS<br/>Élastiques-prix des consommations énergétiques des ménages</td></tr><tr><td>G2009/09</td><td>G. LALANNE - E. POULIQUEN - O. SIMON<br/>Prix du pétrole et croissance potentielle à long terme</td></tr><tr><td>G2009/10</td><td>D. BLANCHET - J. LE CACHEUX - V. MARCUS<br/>Adjusted net savings and other approaches to sustainability, some theoretical background</td></tr><tr><td>G2009/11</td><td>V. BELLAMY - G. CONSALES - M. FESSEAU -<br/>S. LE LAIDIER - É. RAYNAUD<br/>Une décomposition du compte des ménages de la comptabilité nationale par catégorie de ménage en 2003</td></tr><tr><td>G2009/12</td><td>J. BARDAJI - F. TALLET<br/>Defecting Economic Regimes in France: a Qualitative Markov-Switching Indicator Using Mixed Frequency Data</td></tr><tr><td>G2009/13</td><td>R. AEBERHARDT - D. FOUGÈRE -<br/>R. RATHELOT<br/>Discrimination à l'embrache : comment exploiter les procédures de testing ?</td></tr><tr><td>G2009/14</td><td>Y. BARBESOL - P. GIVORD - S. QUANTIN<br/>Partage de la valeur ajoutée, approche par données microéconomiques</td></tr><tr><td>G2009/15</td><td>I. BUONO - G. LALANNE<br/>The Effect of the Uruguay round on the Intensive and Extensive Margins of Trade</td></tr><tr><td>G2010/01</td><td>C. MINODIER<br/>Avantages comparés des séries des premières valeurs publiées et des séries des valeurs révisées - Un exercice de prévision en temps réel de la croissance trimestrielle du PIB en France</td></tr><tr><td>G2010/02</td><td>V. ALBOUY - L. DAVEZIES - T. DEBRAND<br/>Health Expenditure Models: a Comparison of Five Specifications using Panel Data</td></tr><tr><td>G2010/03</td><td>C. KLEIN - O. SIMON<br/>Le modèle MÉSANGE réestimé en base 2000 Tome 1 - Version avec volumes à prix constants</td></tr><tr><td>G2010/04</td><td>M.-É. CLERC - É. COUDIN<br/>L'IFC, miroir de l'évolution du coût de la vie en France ? Ce qu'apporte l'analyse des courbes d'Engel</td></tr><tr><td>G2010/05</td><td>N. CECL-RENAUD - P.-A. CHEVALIER<br/>Les seuls de 10, 20 et 50 salarés : impact sur la taille des entreprises françaises</td></tr><tr><td>G2010/06</td><td>R. AEBERHARDT - J. POUGET<br/>National Origin Differences in Wages and Hierarchical Positions - Evidence on French Full-Time Male Workers from a matched Employer-Employee Dataset</td></tr></table>
G2010/07 S. BLASCO - P. GIVORD Les trajectoires professionnelles en début de vie active : quel impact des contrats temporaires ?

G2010/08 P. GIVORD Méthodes économétriques pour l'évaluation de politiques publiques

G2010/09 P.-Y. CABANNES - V. LAPÉGUE - E. POULIQUEN - M. BEFFY - M. GAINI Quelle croissance de moyens terme après la crise ?

G2010/10 I. BUONO - G. I. LALANNE La réaction des entreprises françaises à la baisse des taufs douaniers étrangers

G2010/11 R. RATHELOT - P. SILLARD L'apport des méthodes à noyaux pour mesurer la concentration géographique - Application à la concentration des immigrés en France de 1968 à 1999

G2010/12 M. BARATON - M. BEFFY - D. FOUGÈRE Une évaluation de l'effet de la réforme de 2003 sur les départs en retraite - Le cas des enseignants du second degré public

G2010/13 D. BLANCHET - S. BUFFETEAU - E. CRENNER S. LE MINEZ Le modèle de microsimulation Destinie 2 : principes caractéristiques et premiers résultats

G2010/14 D. BLANCHET - E. CRENNER Le bloc retraites du modèle Destinie 2 : guide de l'utilisateur

G2010/15 M. BARLET - L. CRUSSON - S. DUPUCH - F. PUECH Des services échangés aux services échangeables : une application sur données françaises

G2010/16 M. BEFFY - T. KAMIONKA Public-private wage gaps : is civil-servant human capital sector-specific?

G2010/17 P.-Y. CABANNES - H. ERKEL-ROUSSE - G. LALANNE - O. MONSO - E. POULIQUEN Le modèle Mesange réestimé en base 2000

G2010/18 R. AEBERHARDT - L. DAVEZIES Conditional Logit with one Binary Covariate: Link between the Static and Dynamic Cases

G2011/01 T. LE BARBANCHON - B. OURLIAC - O. SIMON Les marchés du travail français et américain face aux chocs conjoncturels des années 1986 à 2007 : une modélisation DSGE

G2011/02 C. MARBOT Une évaluation de la réduction d'impôt pour l'emploi de salariés à domicile

G2011/03 L. DAVEZIES Modèles à effets fixes, à effets aléatoires, modèles mixtes ou multi-niveaux : propriétés et mises en œuvre des modélisations de l'égénération dans le cas de données groupées

G2011/04 M. ROGER - M. WASMER Heterogeneity matters: labour productivity differentiated by age and skills

G2011/05 J.-C. BRICONGNE - J.-M. FOURNIER V. LAPÉGUE - M. MONSO De la crise financière à la crise économique

G2011/06 P. CHARNOZ - É. COUDIN - M. GAINI Wage inequalities in France 1976-2004: a quantile regression analysis

G2011/07 M. CLERC - M. GAINI - D. BLANCHET Recommendations of the Stiglitz-Sen-Fousssi Report: A few illustrations

G2011/08 M. BACHELET - M. BEFFY - D. BLANCHET Projet : l'impact des réformes des retraites sur l'activité des 55 ans et plus : une comparaison de trois modèles

G2011/09 C. LOUVOT-RUNAVOT L'évaluation de l'activité dissimulée des entreprises sur la base des contrôles fiscaux et son insertion dans les comptes nationaux

G2011/10 A. SCHREIBER - A. VICARD La tertiarisation de l'économie française et le ralentissement de la productivité entre 1978 et 2008

G2011/11 M.-É. CLERC - O. MONSO - E. POULIQUEN Les inégalités entre générations depuis le baby-boom

G2011/12 C. MARBOT - D. ROY Evaluation de la transformation de la réduction d'impôt en crédit d'impôt pour l'emploi de salariés à domicile en 2007

G2011/13 P. GIVORD - R. RATHELOT - P. SILLARD Place-based tax exemptions and displacement effects: An evaluation of the Zones Franches Urbaines program

G2011/14 X. D'HAULTFOEUILLE - P. GIVORD - X. BOUTIN The Environmental Effect of Green Taxation: the Case of the French "BonusMalus"

G2011/15 M. BARLET - M. CLERC - M. GARNEO - V. LAPÉGUE - M. MARÇO Le nouvelle version du modèle MZE, modèle macroéconomique pour le zone euro

G2011/16 R. AEBERHARDT - I. BUONO - H. FADINGER Learning. Incomplete Contracts and Export Dynamics: Theory and Evidence form French Firms

G2011/17 C. KERDRAIN - V. LAPÉGUE Restrictive Fiscal Policies in Europe: What are the Likely Effects?

G2012/01 P. GIVORD - S. QUANTIN - C. TREVIE A Long-Term Evaluation of the First Generation of the French Urban Enterprise Zones

G2012/02 N. CECI-RENAUD - V. COTTET Politique salariale et performance des entreprises

G2012/03 P. FÉVRIER - L. WILNER Do Consumers Correctly Expect Price Reductions? Testing Dynamic Behavior

G2012/04 M. GAINI - A. LEDUC - A. VICARD School as a shelter? School leaving-age and the business cycle in France

G2012/05 M. GAINI - A. LEDUC - A. VICARD A scarred generation? French evidence on young people entering into a tough labour market

G2012/06 P. AUBERT - M. BACHELET Disparités de montant de pension et redistribution dans le système de retraite français

G2012/07 R. AEBERHARDT - P. GIVORD - C. MARBOT Spillover Effect of the Minimum Wage in France: An Unconditional Quantile Regression Approach

G2012/08 A. EIDELMAN - F. LANGUNIER - A. VICARD Prélevements obligatoires reposant sur les ménages : des canaux redistributifs différents en 1990 et 2010

G2012/09 O. BARGAIN - A. VICARD Le RMI et son successeur le RSA découragel-lis certains jeunes de travailer ? Une analyse sur les jeunes autour de 25 ans

G2012/10 C. MARBOT - D. ROY Projections du coût de l'APA et des caractéristiques de ses bénéficiaires à l'horizon 2040 à l'aide du modèle Destinie

G2012/11 A. MAUROUX Le crédit d'impôt dédié au développement durable : une évaluation économique

G2012/12 V. COTTET - S. QUANTIN - V. RÉGNIER Coût du travail et allégements de charges : une estimation au niveau établissement de 1996 à 2008

G2012/13 X. D'HAULTFOEUILLE - P. FÉVRIER - L. WILNER Demand Estimation in the Presence of Revenue Management

G2012/14 D. BLANCHET - S. LE MINEZ Joint macro/micro evaluations of accrued-to-date pension liabilities: an application to French reforms

G2013/01- F1301 T. DEROYON - A. MONTAULT - P.-A. PIONNIER Utilisation rétrospective de l'enquête Emploi à une fréquence mensuelle : apport d'une modélisation espace-élat

G2013/02- F1302 C. TREVIE Habiter en HLM: quel avantage monétaire et quel impact sur les conditions de logement ?

G2013/03 A. POISSONNIER Temporal disaggregation of stock variables - The Chow-Lin method extended to dynamic models

G2013/04 P. GIVORD - C. MARBOT Does the cost of child care affect female labor market participation? An evaluation of a French reform of childcare subsidies

G2013/05 G. LAME - M. LEQUIEN - P.-A. PIONNIER Interpretation and limits of sustainability tests in public finance

G2013/06 C. BELLEGO - V. DORTET-BERNADET La incidence aux pôles de compétitivité: quelle incidence sur les dépenses de R&D et l'activité des PME et ETI?

G2013/07 P.-Y. CABANNES - A. MONTAULT - P.-A. PIONNIER Évaluer la productivité globale des facteurs en France : l'apport d'une mesure de la qualité du capital et du travail

G2013/08 R. AEBERHARDT - C. MARBOT Evolution of Instability on the French Labour Market During the Last Thirty Years

G2013/09 J.-B. BERNARD - G. CLÉAUD Oil price: the nature of the shocks and the impact on the French economy

G2013/10 G. LAME Was there a « Greenspan Conundrum » in the Euro area?

G2013/11 P. CHONÉ - F. EYAIN - L. WILNER - E. YILMAZ Introducing activity-based payment in the hospital industry: Evidence from French data

G2013/12 C. GRISLAIN-LETREMY Natural Disasters: Exposure and Underinsurance

G2013/13 P.-Y. CABANNES - V. COTTET - Y. DUBOIS - C. LELARGE - M. SICMIC

G2013/14 A. POISSONNIER - D. ROY Households Satellite Account for France in 2010. Methodological issues on the assessment of domestic production

G2013/15 G. CLÉAUD - M. LEMOINE - P.-A. PIONNIER Which size and evolution of the government expenditure multiplier in France (1980-2010)?

G2014/01 M. BACHELOT - A. LEDUC - A. MARINO Les biographies du modèle Destin II : rebasse et projection

G2014/02 B. GARBINTI L'achat de la résidence principale et la création d'entreprises sont-ils favorisés par les donations et héritages?

G2014/03 N. CECI-RENAUD - P. CHARNOZ - M. GAINI Évolution de la volatilité des revenus salariaux du secteur privé en France depuis 1968

G2014/04 G. AUBERT Modalités d'application des réformes des retraites et prévisibilité du montant de pension

G2014/05 C. GRISLAIN-LETREMY - A. KATOSKYY The impact of Hazardous Industrial Facilities on Housing Prices: A Comparison of Parametric and Semiparametric Hedonic Price Models

G2014/06 J.-M. DAUSSIN-BENICHOU - A. MAUROUX Turning the heat up: How sensitive are households in fiscal incentives on energy? efficiency investments?

G2014/07 C. LABONNE - G. LAME Credit Growth and Capital Requirements: Binding or Not?

G2014/08 C. GRISLAIN-LETREMY et C. TREVIE The Impact of Housing Subsidies on the Rental Sector: the French Example

G2014/09 G. LEQUIEN et A. MONTAULT Croissance potentielle en France et en zone euro: un tour d'horizon des méthodes d'estimation

G2014/10 B. GARBINTI - P. LAMARCHERE Les hauts revenus épartementaux-là davantage ?

G2014/11 D. AUDENAERT - J. BARDAIJ - R. LARDEUX - M. ORAND - M. SICMIC Wage Resilience in France since the Great Recession

G2014/12 F. ARNAUD - J. BOUSSARD - A. POISSONNIER - H. SOUAL
<table><tr><td>Computing additive contributions to growth and other issues for chain-linked quarterly aggregates</td><td>G2015/15</td><td>C. GEAY - M. KOUBI - G de LAGASNERIE</td></tr><tr><td>H. FRAISSE - F. KRAMARZ - C. PROST</td><td>G2015/16</td><td>J. BARDAJI - J.-C. BRICONGNE-G</td></tr><tr><td>Labor Disputes and Job Flows</td><td>G2015/16</td><td>B. CAMPAGNE - G. GAULIER</td></tr><tr><td>P. GIVORD - C. GRISLAIN-LETRÉMY - H. NAEGLE</td><td>G2015/17</td><td>C. BELLÉGO - R. DE NUS</td></tr><tr><td>How does fuel taxation impact new car purchases? An evaluation using French consumer-level dataset</td><td>G2015/17</td><td>The redistributive effect of online piracy on the box office performance of American movies in foreign markets</td></tr><tr><td>P. AUBERT - S. RABATÉ</td><td>G2015/18</td><td>J.-B. BERNARD - L. BERTHET</td></tr><tr><td>Durée passée en carrière et durée de vie en retraite : quel partage des gains d'espérance de vie?</td><td>G2015/19</td><td>M. POULHÉS</td></tr><tr><td>A. POISSONNIER</td><td>G2015/19</td><td>Fenêtre sur Cour ou Chambre avec Vue ? Les prix hédoniques de l'immobilier parisien</td></tr><tr><td>The walking dead Euler equation Addressing a challenge to monetary policy models</td><td>G2016/01</td><td>B. GARBINTI - S. GEORGES-KOT</td></tr><tr><td>Y. DUBOIS - A. MARINO</td><td>G2016/02</td><td>Time to smell the roses? Risk aversion, the timing of inheritance receipt, and retirement</td></tr><tr><td>Indicators of rendement du système de retraite français</td><td>G2016/02</td><td>P. CHARNOZ - C. LELARGE - C. TREVIEN</td></tr><tr><td>T. MAYER - C. TREVIEN</td><td>G2016/02</td><td>Communication Costs and the Internal Organization of Multi-Plant Businesses: Evidence from the Impact of the French High-Speed Rail</td></tr><tr><td>Evidence from the Paris Region</td><td>G2016/03</td><td>C. BONNET - B. GARBINTI - A. SOLAZ</td></tr><tr><td>S.T. LY - A. RIEGERT</td><td>G2016/03</td><td>Gender Inequality after Divorce: The Flip Side of Marital Specialization - Evidence from a French Administrative Database</td></tr><tr><td>Measuring Social Environment Mobility</td><td>G2016/04</td><td>D. BLANCHET - E. CAROLI - C. PROST - M. ROGER</td></tr><tr><td>M. A. BEN HALINI - V. HYAFIL-SOLELHAC</td><td>G2016/04</td><td>Health capacity to work at older ages in France</td></tr><tr><td>M. KOUBI - C. REGAERT</td><td>G2016/05</td><td>B. CAMPAGNE - A. POISSONNIER</td></tr><tr><td>Quel est l'impact du système d'indemnisation maladie sur la durée des arrêts de travail pour maladie?</td><td>G2016/05</td><td>MELEZE: A DSGE model for France within the Euro Area</td></tr><tr><td>Y. DUBOIS - A. MARINO</td><td>G2016/06</td><td>B. CAMPAGNE - A. POISSONNIER</td></tr><tr><td>Disparités de rendement du système de retraite dans le secteur privé : approches intergénérationnelle et intragénérationnelle</td><td>G2016/06</td><td>Laffer curves and fiscal multipliers: lessons from Mélèze model</td></tr><tr><td>B. CAMPAGNE - V. ALHENC-GELAS - J.-B. BERNARD</td><td>G2016/07</td><td>B. CAMPAGNE - A. POISSONNIER</td></tr><tr><td>No evidence of financial accelerator in France</td><td>G2016/07</td><td>Structural reforms in DSGE models: a case for sensitivity analyses</td></tr><tr><td>Q. LAFFÉTER - M. PAK</td><td>G2016/08</td><td>Y. DUBOIS et M. KOUBI</td></tr><tr><td>Elastiques des recettes fiscales au cycle économique - étude de trois impôts sur la période 1979-2013 en France</td><td>G2016/08</td><td>Relevement de l'âge de départ à la retraite : quel impact sur l'activité des seniors de la reforme des retraites de 2010?</td></tr><tr><td>J.-M. DAUSSIN-BENICHOU, S. IDMACHICHE, A. LEDUC et E. POULIQUEN</td><td>G2016/09</td><td>A. NAQUAS - M. ORAND - I. SUMANI HOUTTI</td></tr><tr><td>Les déterminants de l'attractivité de la fonction publique de l'État</td><td>G2016/09</td><td>Les entreprises employant des salarés au Smic : quelles caractéristiques et quelle rentabilité?</td></tr><tr><td>P. AUBERT</td><td>G2016/10</td><td>T. BLANCHET - Y. DUBOIS - A. MARINO - M. ROGER</td></tr><tr><td>La modulation du montant de pension selon la durée de carrière et l'âge de la retraite : quelles disparités entre assurés?</td><td>G2016/10</td><td>Patrimoine privé et retraite en France</td></tr><tr><td>V. DORDET-BERNADET - M. SICISC</td><td>G2016/11</td><td>M. PAK - A. POISSONNIER</td></tr><tr><td>Effet des aides publiques sur l'emploi en R&D dans les petites entreprises</td><td>G2016/11</td><td>Accounting for technology, trade and final consumption in employment: an Input-Output decomposition</td></tr><tr><td>S. GEORGES-KOT</td><td>G2017/01</td><td>D. FOUGÈRE - E. GAUTIER - S. ROUX</td></tr><tr><td>Annual and lifetime incidence of the value-added tax in France</td><td>G2017/02</td><td>Understanding Wage Floor Setting in Industry-Level Agreements: Evidence from France</td></tr><tr><td>M. POULHÉS</td><td>G2017/02</td><td>Y. DUBOIS - M. KOUBI</td></tr><tr><td>Are Enterprise Zones Benefits Capitalized into Commercial Property Values? The French Case</td><td>G2017/13</td><td>Y. DUBOIS - M. KOUBI</td></tr><tr><td>J.-B. BERNARD - Q. LAFFÉTER</td><td>G2017/14</td><td>Régies d'indexation des pensions et sensibilité des dépenses de retraites à la croissance économique et aux chocs démographiques</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>A. CAZENAVE-LACROUTZ - F. GODET</td><td>G2017/03</td><td>A. BAUER - B. GARBINTI - S. GEORGES-KOT</td></tr><tr><td>L'espérance de vie en retraite sans incapacité severe des générations nées entre 1960 et 1990: une projection à partir du modèle Destinie</td><td>G2017/04</td><td>P. BEAUMONT - A. LUCIANI</td></tr><tr><td>J. BARDAJI - B. CAMPAGNE - M.-B. KHIDER - Q. LAFFÉTER - O. SIMON (Insee)</td><td>G2017/04</td><td>Prime à l'embauche dans les PME : évaluation à partir des déclarations d'embauche</td></tr><tr><td>A-S. DUFERNEZ - C. ELEZAAR - P. LEBLANC - E. MASSON - H. PARTOUCHE (DG-Trésor)</td><td>G2018/10</td><td>C. BELLÉGO - V. DORDET-BERNADET - M. TEAPOUT</td></tr><tr><td>Le modèle macroéconomique Mésange : réestimation et nouveautés</td><td>G2018/11</td><td>R. MONIN - M. SUAREZ CASTILLO</td></tr><tr><td>J. BOUSSARD - B. CAMPAGNE</td><td>G2018/11</td><td>Réplication et rapprochement des travaux d'évaluation du effet du CICE sur l'emploi en 2013 et 2014</td></tr><tr><td>Fiscal Policy Coordination in a Monetary Union at the Zero-Lower-Bound</td><td>G2018/12</td><td>A. CAZENAVE-LACROUTZ - F. GODET - V. LIN</td></tr><tr><td>A. CAZENAVE-LACROUTZ - A. GODZINSKI</td><td>G2018/12</td><td>L'introduction d'un gradient social dans la mortalité au sein du modèle Destinie 2</td></tr><tr><td>Effects of the one-day waiting period for sick leave on health-related absences in the French central civil service</td><td>G2019/01</td><td>M. ANDRÉ - A.-L. BIOTTEAU</td></tr><tr><td>P. CHARNOZ - M. ORAND</td><td>G2019/01</td><td>Effets de moyen terme d'une hausse de TVA sur le niveau de vie et les inégalités: une approche par microsimulation</td></tr><tr><td>Qualification, progrès technique et marchés du travail locaux en France, 1990-2011</td><td>F1901</td><td>A. BOURGEOIS - A. BRIAND</td></tr><tr><td>A. CAZENAVE-LACROUTZ - A. GODZINSKI</td><td>G2019/02</td><td>Le modèle Avionic : la modélisation Input/Output des comptes nationaux</td></tr><tr><td>Effects of the one-day waiting period for sick leave on health-related absences in the French central civil service</td><td>G2019/03</td><td>A. GODZINSKI - M. SUAREZ CASTILLO</td></tr><tr><td>P. BEAUMONT</td><td>G2019/04</td><td>Short-term health effects of public transport disruptions: air pollution and viral spread channels</td></tr><tr><td>Time is Money: Cash-Flow Risk and Export Market Behavior</td><td>F1903</td><td>L. AEBERHARDT - F. HATIER - M. LECLAIR - B. PENTINAT - J.-D. ZAFAR</td></tr><tr><td>S. ROUX - F. SAVIGNAC</td><td>G2019/05</td><td>L'économie numérique fausse-t-elle le partage volume-prix du PIB ?</td></tr><tr><td>SMES' financing: Divergence across Euro area countries?</td><td>G2019/05</td><td>A. CAZENAVE-LACROUTZ - E. YILMAZ</td></tr><tr><td>C.-M. CHEVALIER - R. LARDEUX</td><td>G2019/06</td><td>Dans quelle mesure les incitations tarifaires et la procédure de mise sous accord préalable ont-elles contribué au développement de la chirurgie ambulatoire ?</td></tr><tr><td>Homeownership and labor market outcomes: disentangling externality and composition effects</td><td>G2019/06</td><td>J.-P. CLING - S. EGBHAL-TEHERANI - M. ORZONI - C. PLATEAU</td></tr><tr><td>P. POULHÉS</td><td>G2019/06</td><td>The Differences between EU Countries for Sustainable Development Indicators: It is (mainly) the Economy!</td></tr><tr><td>Time is Money: Cash-Flow Risk and Export Market Behavior</td><td>G2019/07</td><td>P. CHONÉ - L. WILNER</td></tr><tr><td>S. ROUX - F. SAVIGNAC</td><td>G2019/07</td><td>Competition on Unobserved Attributes: The Case of the Hospital Industry</td></tr><tr><td>SMES' financing: Divergence across Euro area countries?</td><td>G2019/08</td><td>P. PORA - L. WILNER</td></tr><tr><td>C.-M. CHEVALIER</td><td>G2019/08</td><td>Child Penalties and Financial Incentives: Exploiting Variation along the Wage Distribution</td></tr><tr><td>Financial constraints of innovative firms and sectoral growth</td><td>G2019/09</td><td>E. GAUTIER - S. ROUX - M. SUAREZ CASTILLO</td></tr><tr><td>R. S-H. LEE - M. PAK</td><td>G2019/09</td><td>Do Minimum Wages make Wages more Rigid? Evidence from French Micro Data</td></tr><tr><td>Pro-competitive effects of globalisation on prices, productivity and markups: Evidence in the Euro Area</td><td>G2019/10</td><td>M. ANDRÉ - A. SIREY-JOL</td></tr><tr><td>C.-M. CHEVALIER</td><td>G2019/10</td><td>Consumption inequality in France between 1995 and 2011</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>A. BAUER - B. GARBINTI - S. GEORGES-KOT</td><td>G2018/08</td><td>A. BAUER - B. GARBINTI - S. GEORGES-KOT</td></tr><tr><td>Financial Constraints and Self-Employment in France, 1945-2014</td><td>G2018/09</td><td>P. BEAUMONT - A. LUCIANI</td></tr><tr><td>Prime à l'embauche dans les PME : évaluation à partir des déclarations d'embauche</td><td>G2018/10</td><td>P. BEAUMONT - A. LUCIANI</td></tr><tr><td>C. BELLÉGO - V. DORDET-BERNADET - M. TEAPOUT</td><td>G2018/10</td><td>Prime à l'embauche dans les PME : évaluation à partir des déclarations d'embauche</td></tr><tr><td>Comparaison de deux dispositifs d'aide à la R&D collaborative public-privé</td><td>G2018/11</td><td>R. MONIN - M. SUAREZ CASTILLO</td></tr><tr><td>Réplication et rapprochement des travaux d'évaluation du effet du CICE sur l'emploi en 2013 et 2014</td><td>G2018/11</td><td>Réplication et rapprochement des travaux d'évaluation du effet du CICE sur l'emploi en 2013 et 2014</td></tr><tr><td>A. CAZENAVE-LACROUTZ - F. GODET - V. LIN</td><td>G2018/12</td><td>A. CAZENAVE-LACROUTZ - F. GODET - V. LIN</td></tr><tr><td>L'introduction d'un gradient social dans la mortalité au sein du modèle Destinie 2</td><td>G2019/01</td><td>L'introduction d'un gradient social dans la mortalité au sein du modèle Destinie 2</td></tr><tr><td>M. ANDRÉ - A.-L. BIOTTEAU</td><td>F1901</td><td>M. ANDRÉ - A.-L. BIOTTEAU</td></tr><tr><td>Effets de moyen terme d'une hausse de TVA sur le niveau de vie et les inégalités: une approche par microsimulation</td><td>G2019/02</td><td>M. ANDRÉ - A.-L. BIOTTEAU</td></tr><tr><td>A. BOURGEOIS - A. BRIAND</td><td>G2019/02</td><td>Le modèle Avionic : la modélisation Input/Output des comptes nationaux</td></tr><tr><td>Le modèle avionique: la modélisation</td><td>G2019/03</td><td>A. GODZINSKI - M. SUAREZ CASTILLO</td></tr><tr><td>Short-term health effects of public transport disruptions: air pollution and viral spread channels</td><td>G2019/04</td><td>A. GODZINSKI - M. SUAREZ CASTILLO</td></tr><tr><td>M. BEAUMONT</td><td>F1903</td><td>L'effet du CICE sur les prix une double analyse sur donnés sectorielles et individuelles</td></tr><tr><td>Time is Money: Cash-Flow Risk and Export Market Behavior</td><td>G2019/05</td><td>R. MONIN - M. SUAREZ CASTILLO</td></tr><tr><td>S. ROUX - F. SAVIGNAC</td><td>G2019/06</td><td>L'effet du CICE sur les prix une double analyse sur donnés sectorielles et individuelles</td></tr><tr><td>SMES' financing: Divergence across Euro area countries?</td><td>G2019/06</td><td>R. MONIN - M. SUAREZ CASTILLO</td></tr><tr><td>C.-M. CHEVALIER - A. LUCIANI</td><td>G2019/07</td><td>L'effet du CICE sur les prix une double analyse sur donnés sectorielles et individuelles</td></tr><tr><td>Computerization, labor productivity and employment impacts across industries vary with technological level</td><td>G2019/07</td><td>R. MONIN - M. SUAREZ CASTILLO</td></tr><tr><td>P. POULHÉS</td><td>G2019/08</td><td>Who Understands The French Income Tax?</td></tr><tr><td>Time is Money: Cash-Flow Risk and Export Market Behavior</td><td>G2019/08</td><td>Bunching Where Tax Liabilities Start</td></tr><tr><td>S. ROUX - F. SAVIGNAC</td><td>G2019/09</td><td>C.-M. CHEVALIER</td></tr><tr><td>SMES' financing: Divergence across Euro area countries?</td><td>G2019/09</td><td>Financial constraints of innovative firms and sectoral growth</td></tr><tr><td>C.-M. CHEVALIER</td><td>G2019/10</td><td>R. S-H. LEE - M. PAK</td></tr><tr><td>Pro-competitive effects of globalisation on prices, productivity and markups: Evidence in the Euro Area</td><td>G2019/10</td><td>R. S-H. LEE - M. PAK</td></tr><tr><td>C.-M. CHEVALIER</td><td>G2019/10</td><td>Pro-competitive effects of globalisation on prices, productivity and markups: Evidence in the Euro Area</td></tr></table>
Imposition des couples et des familles : effets budgétaires et redistributifs de l'impôt sur le revenu

G2019/11 K. MOHKAM – O. SIMON L'emploi, matière de l'économie française : une analyse par matière et catégorie de produits

G2019/12 S. BUNEL – B. HADJIBEYLI Évaluation du crédit d'impôt innovation

G2019/13 C. BONNET – F. GODET – A. SOLAZ Gendered economic determinants of couple formation over 50 in France

G2019/14 P. GIVORD – M. SUAREZ CASTILLO Excellence for all? Heterogeneity in high schools' value-added

G2019/15 G. CETTE – L. KOEHL – T. PHILIPPON Labor Share in Some Advanced Countries

G2020/01 J. SILHOL – B. VENTELOU Les zones d'intervention prioritaire reflétent- elles des écarts de pratiques des médecins généralistes ?

G2020/02 B. BOUCHTENIK – R. LARDEUX The Take-Up of Unemployment Benefit Extensions

G2020/03 J.-M. GERMAIN A Welfare Based Estimate of "Real Feel GDP" for Europe and the USA

G2020/04 J. BOUSSARD – R. LEE Competition, Profit Share and Concentration

G2020/05 P. PORA Keep Working and Spend Less? Collective Childcare and Parental Earnings in France

G2020/06 R. MONIN – M. SUAREZ CASTILLO Product Switching, market power and distance to core competency

G2020/07 L. WILNER How do citizens perceive centralization reforms? Evidence from the merger of French regions

G2020/08 L. WILNER The persistence of subjective well-being: permanent happiness, transitory misery?

G2020/09 J.-M. GERMAIN – T. LELLOUCH Comptabilité économique de la soutenabilité climatique

G2020/10 A. BAUER – M. ROTEMBERG Tax avoidance in French Firms: Evidence from the Introduction of a Tax Notch

G2020/11 P. AGHION – A. BERGEAUD M. LEQUIEN – M. J. MELITZ The Heterogeneous Impact of Market Size on Innovation: Evidence from French Firm-Level Exports

G2020/12 L. GALIANA – B. SAKAROVITCH F. SÉMÉCURBE – Z. SMOREDA Residential segregation, daytime segregation and spatial frictions : an analysis

G2020/13 A. BAUER – J. BOUSSARD Market Power and Labor Share

G2020/14 A. BAUER – J. BOUSSARD – D. LASHKARI Information Technology and Returns to Scale

G2020/15 V. LIN – O. MESLIN Hausse des prix immobiliers et mesure du niveau de vie

G2021/01 N. BECHICHI – G. THEBAULT Students' Preferences, Capacity Constraints and Post-Secondary Achievements in a Non-Selective System

G2021/02 B. BUREAU – A. DUQUERROY J. GIORGI – M. LÉ – S. SCOTT – F. VINAS Une année de crise COVID : impact sur la dymanique des entreprises en France Une évaluation sur données individuelles

G2021/03 B. BUREAU – A. DUQUERROY J. GIORGI – M. LÉ – S. SCOTT – F. VINAS L'impact de la crise sanitaire sur la situation financière des entreprises en 2020 : une analyse sur données individuelles

G2021/04 A. GODZINSKI – M. SUAREZ CASTILLO Disentangling the effects of air pollutants with many instruments

G2021/05 S. QUANTIN – S. BUNEL – C.LENOIR Évaluation du dispositif Jeune entreprise innovante (JEI) Un exemple d'application du modèle d'analyse de sensibilité de Rosenbaum

G2021/06 L. GOBILLON – D. MEURS – S. ROUX Differences in positions along a hierarchy : Counterfactuals based on an assignment model

G2021/07 N. BECHICHI – J. GRENET – G. THEBAULT Ségrégation à l'entrée des études supérieures en France et en région parisienne : quels effets du passage à Parcoursup ?

2021/04 M. ANDRÉ – O. MESLIN Et pour quelques appartements de plus : Étude de la propriété immobilière des ménages et du profil redistributif de la taxe foncière

2022/05 S. GEORGES-KOT – D. GOUX – E. MAURIN The value of leisure synchronozation

2022/06 N. BECHICHI – M. FABRE – T. OLIVIA Projections de la population active à l'horizon 2080

2022/11 S. QUANTIN – C. WELTER-MÉDÉE Estimation des montants manquants de versements de TVA:exploitation des données du contrôle fiscal

2022/14 L. BLOCH – B. FAVETTO – A. LAGOUGE – F. SÉDILLOT Inégalités de rendements et de patrimoine en France en 2017

2022/15 H. GENIN – S. SCOTT Un portrait de la l'attention de main-d'œuvre dans l'industrie française : analyse à partir des enquêtes mensuelles de conjoncture

2023/02 D. GOUX – E. MAURIN Who will work on Sunday? The winners and losers of Sunday laws relaxation