<table><caption>Table 9.1: List of exemplary international instrumentation-related schools. Only schools which have a significant European contribution, are open to students world-wide, and are considered to be an ongoing series (have been repeated at least two times, most recently within the last three years), are included. Block a) are instrumentation specific schools ordered by ever increasing complexity. Block b) are examples of highly specialised schools on a given topic in the instrumentation field. Block c) are broader schools of particle physics and neighbouring fields which sometime include dedicated instrumentation programmes. This list is a snapshot of the situation in 2021. An updated list is intended to be maintained on the ECFA Detector Panel web pages at https://ecfa-dp.desy.de/public_documents/.</caption><thead><tr><th>Block</th><th>School</th><th>Target audience</th><th>Focus</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>a</td><td>ESIPAP<br>[Ch9-10]<br>ESI<br>[Ch9-11]<br>EDIT<br>[Ch9-12]</td><td>Master/PhD/ ECR<br>PhD/PostDoc physics/engineering<br>PhD/1<sup>st</sup> year PostDoc</td><td>Instrumentation for Particle and As- troparticle Physics<br>Basic principles of instrumentation<br>Detector and Instrumentation Technolo- gies</td></tr><tr><td>b</td><td>INFIERI<br>[Ch9-13]<br>ISOTDAQ<br>[Ch9-14]<br>CRYOCOURSE<br>[Ch9-15]</td><td>Master/PhD/ ECR physics/engineering<br>Master/PhD/ PostDoc physics/engineering/computing<br>PhD/PostDoc physics/engineering</td><td>Advanced technologies in the fields of semiconductors, very deep sub-micron and 3D-technologies, nanotechnology, inter- connects, data transmission, big data, HPC, AI, quantum technology<br>Triggering and acquiring data<br>Cryogenics, microwave measurements and low temperature engineering for quantum technology</td></tr><tr><td>c</td><td>International School of Nu- clear Physics, Erice<br>[Ch9-16]<br>ISAPP<br>[Ch9-17]</td><td>PhD/PostDoc/ ECR physics<br>PhD/PostDoc/ ECR physics</td><td>Networking school and seminars between young scientists and highly recognised ex- perts in nuclear, particle and astro-particle physics<br>Networking school and seminars between young scientists and highly recognised ex- perts in nuclear, particle and astro-particle physics</td></tr></tbody></table>
world, encourages students to submit a scientific research proposal for an experiment to be conducted at a beamline either at CERN or DESY. Furthermore, CERN currently runs the High School Students Internship Programmes aimed at high school students from CERN's Member States. Through these programmes, groups of students come to CERN for two weeks to gain practical experience in science, technology, and innovation. These are prominent examples of raising awareness of instrumentation careers in high school students and encouraging the next generation of instrumentation scientists and engineers.

At the undergraduate and graduate level, both CERN and DESY offer long-running summer student programmes. Besides these, CERN provides training opportunities through the technical and the doctoral studentship programmes. Here, graduate engineering (mechanical, electronic, software) programmes also exist for students from selected Member States, for example Portugal (FCT), Spain (FTEC), and France (VI). Furthermore, specific programmes are in place for doctoral students from selected Member States, who wish to undertake a PhD based at CERN. For example, the German Wolfgang-Gentner-Programme, the Austrian Doctoral Student Programme, or the Norwegian Doctoral Student Programme. At the post-doctoral level, both CERN and DESY offer large well-established fellowship programmes. CERN also runs regular Academic Training programmes, including coverage of instrumentation and related topics (eg. statistics), and organises seminar series on instrumentation, data science and software, which are open to international participants via video connections.

In terms of instrumentation training, test beam facilities are essential. At CERN, test beam facilities are available in the East Area and the North Area. DESY has three independent beamlines available. To make best use of these test beam facilities, dedicated travel support, for instance from official EU sources, is essential.

### 9.2.4 Status of accelerator training in Europe

The training and skills needed for the design and delivery of accelerator projects is complex due to the diverse needs of the projects and the range of skills required. The community is broad, including PhD students, university staff, laboratory staff, engineers and technicians and the R&D frontiers on particle accelerators are diversified and extremely specialised. Across Europe and before the 1990s, the major accelerator physics and engineering training effort was done at national and international accelerator laboratories. This training included the physics and engineering of accelerators, and the provision of technician skill development needed for accelerator project delivery. The CAS schools provide intensive accelerator training across all key areas accessible to students and staff across Europe and these started in 1983 (and USPAS in 1981). Since the mid 1990s, there has been a steady expansion of accelerator physics at major research universities, moving the centre of mass of accelerator skills development partially into the university sector. The JUAS programme, with a strong university involvement, started in 1994. However, despite an increasing large economic and intellectual impact, only a small fraction of universities in the world offer a formal graduate education in Accelerator Science and its core technologies. At the present time (2021) the accelerator training
in Europe is split between institutional training (carried out directly in institutes) and
accelerator schools, with the main international schools used by European personnel
shown in Table 9.2. In recent years several EU-funded projects have explicitly addressed
the provision of accelerator training in Europe: TIARA [Ch9-19], ARIES [Ch9-20], AM-
ICI [Ch9-21], I.FAST [Ch9-22], EJADE [Ch9-23] and some of these (TIARA, ARIES,
I.FAST) include dedicated WPs on training coordination. TIARA WP5 in 2012 made
a survey of training and courses across Europe (88 institutes) evaluated the market for
trained accelerator scientists and developed a plan of action for promoting accelerator
science and technology. This gives a snapshot of the accelerator training across Europe
which is still valid today, giving a feel of current status and what needs to improve. They
also give a framework for sharing of best practice. The survey found, in 2011, that there
is "Superb training provided via universities, laboratories, accelerator schools" and that
the development of training across Europe has received serious levels of investment in the
early 2000s. Overall, in 2011, there were 3060 personnel involved in accelerator science,
75 institutes (85% of those surveyed) providing training themselves and 12 institutes
planning to train in the future (sum of 87/88). The survey found 1371 people receiving
training in 2011, 35% undergraduate, 26% Masters, 14% Postgraduate researchers and
17% staff of universities and laboratories.

In terms of accelerator schools (CAS, JUAS, USPAS, LC-school, WILGA and others) 83 institutes sent their people to these schools in 2011, with a total of 339 people in 2011 trained this way. Finally the survey gave an idea of destinations of accelerator-trained personnel in 2011. At each educational stage, about 1/3 of trainees go to industry, finance, medicine, with 2/3 of undergraduates going into further study. A similar survey was made by ARIES in WP2, who also attempted an e-learning initiative (MOOC) on accelerators, which is seen as a useful direction of centralised training material.

To get a feeling for the demand and needs of accelerator training, TIARA WP5 in 2011 also investigated the “needs” for accelerator-trained personnel. 70 research institutes were surveyed, 44 companies and some X-ray and hadron facilities. The survey concluded a projected growth in personnel to train of 18–20% in five years, largely engineers and technicians and an annual recruitment of personnel of 9% in institutes and 18% in companies. The survey reported difficulties in recruiting trained personnel, especially engineers (70%), a skill shortages of RF engineering, vacuum, beam dynamics, instrumentation and controls, and significant need (60%) for external training. This survey proved extremely valuable and should be repeated in the near future.

9.3 The future of instrumentation training

The future of our field depends on the availability of well-trained experts for research and development, construction and operation of detectors for the next generation of HEP facilities.

In the next years it is essential that instrumentation work receives broader recognition
and support by the HEP community. Career prospects for excellent detector physicists
and engineers should be well identified.
<table><caption>Table 9.2: List of international accelerator schools. Only schools which have a significant EU contribution, are open to students world-wide, and are considered to be an ongoing series (have been repeated at least two times, most recently within the last three years), are included.</caption><thead><tr><td>School</td><td>Target audience</td><td>Focus</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>The CERN accelerator school (CAS [Ch9-24])</td><td>MSc/PhD/ECR/Staff</td><td>A range of schools offered, from introductory to more specialist topics</td></tr><tr><td>The Joint Universities Accelerator School (JUAS [Ch9-25])</td><td>MSc/PhD/ECR</td><td>An intensive school for the fundamentals of accelerator physics and engineering</td></tr><tr><td>The Linear Collider School (LINK [Ch9-26])</td><td>MSc/PhD/ECR/Staff</td><td>A dedicated school for the physics and engineering of the International Linear Collider</td></tr><tr><td>The US Particle Accelerator School (US-PAS [Ch9-27])</td><td>MSc/PhD/ECR</td><td>Education in Beam Physics and Accelerator technology</td></tr></tbody></table>

The following sections elaborate on the key aspects, which are needed to implement a successful coordinated programme for training in instrumentation (DCT 1, see Figure 11.1). Existing and additional training opportunities need to be developed and strategically coordinated on a European level, including virtual reality as a novel tool for remote training. In addition, worldwide cooperation in training should be sought, and a dedicated programme for underprivileged countries should be put in place. Exchange and synergy with industry should be expanded and intensified.

### 9.3.1 A coordinated European training programme

The level of training largely varies between countries in Europe. The instrumentation community, supported by ECFA, should formulate a recommendation for a curriculum in instrumentation. An example of a possible structured training programme is given in Figure 9.2, where the “knowledge block” at each career level indicate the recommended stage at which a training should be accessible to individuals who intend to pursue a career in HEP instrumentation. A structured training programme shall support the scientists in their career. First, they gain an increasingly broader overview during their bachelor-master studies. Then, they deepen their knowledge into a specific field during their PhD studies. They acquire the right skills for project management and system engineering at the post-doctoral level. Finally, they reach the broad overview necessary to seek synergies with other fields of research and to develop interdisciplinary projects.

The limited number of students interested in the field of instrumentation at each university demands sharing of equipment, knowledge and expertise through European programmes. This would be facilitated by an accredited European master degree in instrumentation (DCT 2, see Figure 11.1). This includes the development and running of
<figure><img src="image_28.png" /><figcaption>Figure 9.2: Possible structure of a training plan recommendation. The knowledge expected at different levels for a career in HEP instrumentation are shown.</figcaption></figure>

a bank of online courses to complement local university training; the integration of European instrumentation schools in master courses via a compatible accreditation system; the establishment of a European inter-university specialised master degree. Adjacent fields such as nuclear and astro-particle physics could be invited to participate to this action.

A large fraction of the instrumentation training runs in the form of “learning by doing”. Whereas this is recognised as an essential part of the training of instrumentation experts, dedicated courses addressing the complex issues of debugging and problem solving should be developed.

Interdisciplinary training, particularly for established researchers is essential to generate novel ideas, and experimental methods. Emblematic for this is the fast developing field of quantum technologies, where “novel” materials such as meta-materials, quantum dots, structural and photonic materials open possibilities for new fundamental physics experiments. Those can usually be carried out within the time of a PhD thesis, and serve as a unique training ground for HEP experimental physicists. Interdisciplinary training profits from an open-minded and yet opportunistic attitude to identify developments happening elsewhere in physics or industry as potentially interesting for HEP. This is typically easier at a later stage in the scientific career.

Researchers require continuous specialised training to develop new competences, e.g. on cryogenic systems, FPGA programming, specific COMSOL packages, etc., to enter emerging fields. Such specialised training is often provided by industry and is expensive. A coordinated programme offered via e.g. the major laboratories, may help to reduce the costs and increase accessibility. To this end, a list of the most relevant or requested
courses needs to be compiled, and these should be made available to the instrumentation
community in a coordinated manner at a European level.

Finally, it is vital to recognise that soft skills like communication, project manage-
ment, applying for funds, etc. are essential for a career in instrumentation, and need to
be provided in dedicated courses.

The organisation of courses, hands-on training and schools is time consuming, and it
is mostly done on a voluntary basis. Individuals who engage actively in training should
receive the adequate recognition in the form of attestation and possibly awards.

9.3.2 The role of virtual laboratories

Virtual reality (VR) tools are becoming widely used in many fields. For instrumenta-
tion training, they offer unique possibilities of gaining virtual access to equipment and
infrastructures, that would normally not be available. Examples of virtual reality lab-
oratories exist, which are mainly used for outreach purposes. The crucial next step is
to implement the exact physics of the experiments and their instrumentation into VR
set-ups. This step is not easy, and calls for tight cooperation between physicists and
informatics experts to allow the usage of VR laboratories for training. One successful
example is the advanced laboratory course "Femtosecond X-ray experiment", offered to
bachelor students at the University of Hamburg [Ch9-28]. This novel VR experiment
provides a detailed introduction to the operation of very complex equipment in mod-
ern large-scale research facilities such as the European XFEL. Students have the unique
chance to experiment with state-of-the-art equipment, controlling and learning all levels
of technical details involved. This and other similar examples show that VR projects are
a possible and successful extension of instrumentation training. They provide a signif-
icantly increased continuous access to large-scale facilities. Thus, VR experiments can
help to overcome the geographical and economic limitations of training at the European
level and worldwide.

9.3.3 The role of major laboratories

Major laboratories will continue and intensify their essential contribution to instrumen-
tation training.

Specifically, in light of the long term demands of the field, an increased amount of
dedicated training programmes for (under-)graduate students will be required to com-
plement their university education.

Here, innovative offers, such as VR experiments and remote participation in beam
tests, will be significant additional assets to provide training opportunities to all stu-
dents, particularly to those who cannot easily travel to facilities directly. The role of
major laboratories should be to coordinate and develop a network of virtual laboratory
experiments.

Given their geographical proximity and their common interests, Europe and Africa
are in the ideal position to further develop their collaboration in training programmes,
through existing schools or new initiatives. Given the difficulty to access major facilities,
the network of virtual laboratory experiments should be extended and adapted in a
coordinated project with African countries.

Major laboratories should support the development and distribution of table-top in-
strumentation set-ups (including training of future tutors), such as transient current
technique or Medipix-based set-ups, to modernise on-site training opportunities at uni-
versities. Furthermore, the currently running “Beamline 4 Schools” competition should
be scaled up by expanding to additional major laboratories, and running dedicated com-
petitions for undergraduate students. At the graduate level, major laboratories need to
implement other training opportunities for ECRs who want to gain experience working
in instrumentation. This will encourage and support junior scientists to enter the field at
a later stage. In turn, this will also lead to an improved recognition of instrumentation
work and skills.

All these initiatives should be coordinated at the European level, in cooperation be-
tween major laboratories and universities, and could be funded through EU projects. A
scheme for recognition is necessary to engage excellent scientists in high quality training.

9.3.4 Industry meets academia

Collaboration between academia and industry has benefits for both. Students get trained
to work with industry: building advanced Big Science instrumentation requires collabo-
ration with industry. Advanced technologies are only available in or through high-tech
industry and that is why fabrication of detector components is often outsourced. Build-
ing a detector system requires skills in project management and system engineering,
where particle physics can learn from industry. Working with industry may attract en-
gineers to undertake a PhD or career in Big Science. In addition, it enlarges the career
perspectives and network for HEP PhDs and postdoctoral researchers (PostDocs).
Industry also faces fundamental and challenging research. Bringing together diverse
disciplines in hackathons, where students work on R&D problems in industry or on so-
cietal problems, often generates innovative solutions. A few successful examples are:
the yearly event in The Netherlands [Ch9-29]; the HEP technical events initiated by
CERN [Ch9-30]; the Industrial CASE Studentships in the UK [Ch9-5] industrial-case-
studentships; and the series “AIDA-2020 Industry Academia”.

Training students on the newest technologies developed in industry and technical
universities enables the early implementation of these technologies in HEP instrumen-
tation. It also serves the purpose to get industry interested in the HEP challenges, and
in working together with academia on solutions. An existing implementation of such
training are organised hands-on events like IdeaSquare@CERN, where physicists and
engineers from academia and industry work together on early-stage detector Research,
Development & Innovation initiatives.

Young researchers are interested in learning about the newest digital technology. Fa-
cilitating the exchange with industry via commonly organised hands-on laboratories and
demonstrators enables instrumentation minded academics to get experience with these
new technologies. This could be part of PhD curricula at universities. The exchange of
dedicated measurement set-ups and techniques can be beneficial for both parties.
## 9.4 Recommendations

The goal for the next five years and beyond is to increase participation of young scientists, in particular graduate students, in leading-edge instrumentation R&D, and to foster growth of future HEP instrumentation experts who can compete for permanent positions. This needs to be achieved by coherently implementing in Europe three clearly defined measures: improve recognition and career perspectives for instrumentation experts; establish a coordinated and structured instrumentation training programme; overcome geographical and economical limitations of training at the European level and worldwide. Some of these key messages are also picked up again in Chapter 10 and Chapter 11 below.

To improve the recognition of the instrumentation field requires establishing more PhD programmes based solely on instrumentation research, as well as research staff scientists and faculty positions in this field. The creation of prestigious instrumentation studentships, providing extended internships at laboratories or universities with excellent technical capabilities, is a key element. New awards could also be a way to recognise the excellence of instrumentation work. When creating awards it is essential not to forget the fundamental role of team spirit for the particle physics field. Recognition of individuals and teams engaged in training is equally important.

To better coordinate and structure instrumentation training in Europe, the European coordinated programme for training in instrumentation (DCT 1) should provide courses for all career levels, with particular emphasis towards hands-on opportunities. It will need to promote summer student positions and internships to provide a flow of personnel entering the field and joining instrumentation training. The possibility to establish an accredited master's degree programme in instrumentation (DCT 2) needs to be investigated. This would offer access to excellent training, specialised laboratories and state-of-the-art technologies throughout Europe, enhancing mobility and networking possibilities.

Existing European graduate and post-graduate schools for physicists and engineers must be supported and better coordinated. ECFA should establish a panel to coordinate the synergies between HEP instrumentation and accelerator diagnostics training. The same panel ought to also coordinate accelerator training between laboratories and universities. To improve training synergies with adjacent fields, members of the nuclear and astro-particle communities could be invited to participate to this panel.

A better coordination with training programmes worldwide would be advantageous to broaden the researchers perspectives and networks. International instrumentation schools following the example of EDIT, need to be supported. Networking events, hackathons and industry-academia schools with significant hands-on character, should complement the proposed training programme. Such interdisciplinary exchanges and access to novel technologies are important for a career in instrumentation, and stimulate the development of communication, project management, and teamwork skills.

The ultimate goal is to extend the national programmes globally, to countries without a major laboratory or suitable university facilities. It is recommended that large-scale facilities, with the support of universities, invest in creating and coordinating a virtual
laboratory platform for training. Virtual reality can help in overcoming both geograph-
ical and economic limitations to training opportunities.

In the next five years ECFA should:

* engage in promoting and advertising instrumentation training programmes;

• facilitate worldwide access to the training offered while improving inclusion;

* help attract funds to implement these measures, e.g. via EU projects.

The goal for the next 20 years is to maintain a well trained community of detector
experts, along with a sufficient number of trainers for the instrumentation programme,
and improve academic career prospects in instrumentation. To bridge the gap between
the HL-LHC upgrades and the experiments at future facilities, along with experiments
sharing common instrumentation with particle physics in neighbouring fields and others,
the major laboratories must play a central role in creating and supporting dedicated
training programmes on accelerator and instrumentation physics.

**References Chapter 9**

[Ch9-1] ECFA Early-Career Researcher Panel, *Results of the 2021 ECFA Early-Career Researcher Survey on Training in Instrumentation*, arXiv:2107.05739 [physics.ins-det].

[Ch9-2] *Students in S'Cool LAB at CERN*, OPEN-PHO-LIFE-2016-003. http://cds.cern.ch/record/2138941.

[Ch9-3] KSETA, *Karlsruhe School of Particle and Astroparticle Physics*, https://www.kseta.kit.edu.

[Ch9-4] GNPHD, *German-Norwegian PhD research school*, https://www.mn.uio.no/fysikk/english/research/doctoral-degree/research-schools.

[Ch9-5] UK STFC centres for postdoctoral training, https://stfc.ukri.org/funding/studentships/stfc-centres-for-doctoral-training-in-data-intensive-science.

[Ch9-6] *Terascale Detector Workshops*, https://www.terascale.de/schools_and_workshops.

[Ch9-7] INFN school on detectors for graduate students, http://gsr.to.infn.it.

[Ch9-8] *Mainz biennial school on instrumentation for Masters/PhD students*, https://www.prisma.uni-mainz.de/facilities/prisma-detector-lab/training-and-education.

[Ch9-9] Phy6cool, *Spanish Phy6cool school on particle, astroparticle physics and cosmology*, http://phy6cool.ciemat.es.

[Ch9-10] ESIPAP, *European School of Instrumentation in Particle & Astroparticle Physics*, https://www.esi-archamps.eu/Thematic-Schools/Discover-ESIPAP/ESIPAP-2021.

[Ch9-11] ESI, *EIROforum School of Instrumentation*, https://www.eiroforum.org/event/7th-eiroforum-school-of-instrumentation.
[Ch9-12] EDIT, *Excellence in Detector and Instrumentation Technologies*, https://indico.desy.de/event/22513.

[Ch9-13] INFIERI, *Intelligent signal processing for FrontIER Research and Industry*, https://indico.cern.ch/category/4891.

[Ch9-14] ISOTDAQ, *International School Of Trigger and DtaAQuistion*, https://indico.cern.ch/event/928767.

[Ch9-15] EMP, *European Advanced Cryogenic Courses*, https://emplatform.eu/events/cryocourses.

[Ch9-16] EMFCSC, *INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF NUCLEAR PHYSICS IN ERICE, SICILY*, https://crunch ikp.physik.tu-darmstadt.de/erice/index.php.

[Ch9-17] ISAPP, *International School on Astroparticle Physics*, https://www.isapp-schools.org/isapp-schools.

[Ch9-18] S'Cool LAB at CERN, https://scoollab.web.cern.ch.

[Ch9-19] TIARA, *Test Infrastructure and Accelerator Research Area Preparatory Phase*, http://www.eu-tiara.eu.

[Ch9-20] ARIES, *Accelerator Research and Innovation for European Science and Society*, https://aries.web.cern.ch.

[Ch9-21] AMICI, *Accelerator and Magnet infrastructure and cooperation and innovation*, https://eu-amici.eu.

[Ch9-22] I.FAST, *Innovation fostering in accelerator science and technology*, https://ifast-project.eu/home.

[Ch9-23] EJADE, *The Europe-Japan Accelerator Development Exchange Programme*, https://www.e-jade.eu.

[Ch9-24] CAS, *CERN Accelerator School*, https://cas.web.cern.ch.

[Ch9-25] JUAS, *Joint Universities Accelerator School*, https://www.esi-archamps.eu/Thematic-Schools/Discover-JUAS.

[Ch9-26] The Linear Collider Physics School. https://indico.cern.ch/category/7726.

[Ch9-27] USPAS, *U.S. Particle Accelerator School*, https://uspas.fnal.gov.

[Ch9-28] C. Bressler, *Femtosecond X-ray Experiments*, https://www2.physnet.uni-hamburg.de/studium/studiengaenge/praktika/fortgeschrittenenpraktikum/versuchsbeschreibungen.htm.

[Ch9-29] NWO, *Physics with Industry workshop*, https://www.nwo.nl/en/meetings/physics-industry-workshop.

[Ch9-30] HEPTech. http://www.heptech.eu/mission.
# Chapter 10

## General Observations and Considerations

In this chapter a number of more general topics common to several of the areas discussed previously are considered. These also reflect common themes that emerged in the community feedback, particularly during the Symposia and from the various surveys. General Strategic Recommendations derived from these are presented in Chapter 11 along with a discussion of the recommendations linked to the DRDTs outlined in the earlier chapters.

### Supporting R&D facilities

Here a number of essential common infrastructure requirements, not described in the preceding chapters are outlined [Ch10-1]. Firstly, coordinated access to **test-beam facilities** should be continued and enhanced to meet the needs of next generation detector development. A small number of world leading facilities at major laboratories support access to test beams [Ch10-2], [Ch10-3], where detectors and detector systems can be tested under realistic conditions and their response to a range of particle types can be evaluated. Given the different functions of different sub-detector systems, beams of charged hadrons, electrons and muons at different momenta and rates are vital. The cryogenics, gases, cooling, magnets, electrical services and readout, along with provision of the beams themselves, represent a considerable annual cost that host laboratories supply to the community. In addition, further detector systems ("beam hodoscopes") are required to provide increasingly accurate tracking and timing information of the individual incoming particles, and further instrumentation is required to determine particle energies, monitor particle fluxes and determine beam compositions. For large scale system tests, the engineering and other infrastructure required can approach the cost and complexity of a small scale experiment.

The second area of infrastructure provision, which is typically available only at a few larger laboratories in Europe, is that of supporting **large scale generic prototype assembly and characterisation**. This support should be continued and enhanced
to meet the needs of next generation detector development. Specialist equipment is often required to provide R&D demonstrators for a proposed technology targeting a large area or large volume detector system. Specialist resources in terms of services (gas distribution systems, cryogenics, radio-purity, sensor post-processing, micro-electronic interconnection technologies, dedicated fast readout) are often required which are costly and wasteful to duplicate across many sites. Issues which do not impact small area devices can be shown to represent major limitations when larger arrays are built, and mitigating strategies for these can be developed at an early stage before industrial partners are engaged in prototype manufacture and significant costs associated with redesign and reassembly are encountered. Major infrastructure and engineering resources are required to even build adequate proof-of-principle prototypes for some of the largest volume detector concepts, such as those targeting neutrino experiments for example. In other cases, the highly specialist infrastructure even for small test detectors (for example targeting dark matter searches or neutrino-less double beta decay) can only be supported at dedicated laboratories. The model with centralised specialist infrastructure at a small number of larger centres can only function properly as long as there is also a support network of equally active smaller sized academic centres associated with it.

Finally, many applications call for **radiation testing** because all components which are expected to receive any appreciable dose have to be shown not to degrade too severely over the lifetime of an experiment or mitigation strategies have to be implemented. Support for radiation testing should be continued and enhanced to meet the needs of next generation detector development. In many experiments, even modest levels of radiation exceed those to which any commercially available equipment has been designed to withstand. Unless fully customised components can be afforded, the impact of this is that sample (batch) testing of all commercially sourced equipment is needed to check that no design or process changes (which would typically be commercially confidential) could have resulted in reductions in the radiation tolerance properties and to be able to track such changes over time. Even fully customised designs targeting radiation hardness still typically involve commercial partners whose detailed device processing may vary. Establishing a design and a process to the most extreme levels of radiation hardness requires both a high degree of testing at irradiation facilities [Ch10-3], [Ch10-4] and a deep understanding of the physics of the radiation damage mechanisms themselves, often requiring a major simulation effort to model the measured macroscopic degradation with irradiation in terms of the microscopic changes in the heavily exposed materials. Facilities are needed to allow irradiation at a range of energies with neutrons, photons, protons and (ideally) pions (since the latter dominate the actual particle mix for sensors closest to the collision point in many experiments with the most severe requirements). Reactors, x-ray and gamma-ray sources, low energy cyclotrons and beams at accelerator laboratories are all needed, with a wide range of instantaneous particle fluxes and achievable integrated fluences, for these studies.

In addition, the challenges of some future facilities go very far beyond even the radiation levels studied for the HL-LHC, raising special challenges in terms of the facility capabilities in terms of ultimate particle flux capabilities and issues of handling plus testing of highly irradiated sensors and electronics. The need for devices to be operating
while being irradiated adds further challenges of installing readout and other services (gas, cooling etc) at the irradiation facility. In this context, Europe benefits from a wide range of facilities in different countries, which thanks to the support of EU-funded initiatives have formed a network, with common schemes for access, common data bases and inter-calibrated dosimetry, that serves the community at large.

## Engineering support for R&D

Modern detector systems require an increasingly higher level of integration than in the past, where the readout electronics, sometimes even the front-end electronics, were often external to the detector volume. Thus, for example, active elements or sensors, mechanical structures, and electronic systems could be developed largely independently and also on decoupled time-scales. Nowadays, the front-end electronics and often also first stages of digital data processing are integrated into the detector volume. At the same time, more and more functionality is transferred from off-detector to on-detector systems, and in monolithic architectures the front-end even moves into the sensor substrate. These trends require, already at the conceptual stage, a holistic approach to the design, which keeps the close interdependence between electronics architectures and mechanical constraints in perspective from the beginning. With advancing electronics miniaturisation, also more and more granular systems, with ever increasing counts of individual components, become possible, such that scalability towards automated or even industrialised production and quality control procedures has to be considered early on in the conceptual design.

These developments can only be achieved in close collaborations of physicists and engineers, who bring expertise in state-of-the-art analogue and digital microelectronics and in advanced and novel materials and manufacturing techniques. On the other hand, many of the integration challenges are of generic nature and can be conceptually tackled independently of the implementation into a specific experiment, as the development of highly granular calorimeters, for example, has shown. Therefore, in contrast to the earlier situation where components were developed by a small academic team and engineering effort was injected only after initial approval of an experiment, the development of cutting-edge detector technologies relies on strong engineering support already at the R&D stage. This requires greater cooperation among institutes and the adoption a much more coordinated approach.

## Specific software for instrumentation

In addition to physical infrastructure, **software infrastructures** have been stressed by many experts as equally vital and requiring an internationally coordinated approach. Topics included here range from negotiating European licences for essential design and simulation packages through to ensuring key packages developed within the particle physics community (many of which now find wide application in other science areas) are continuously maintained, updated and improved [Ch10-5], [Ch10-6], [Ch10-7]. There are a wide range of non-experiment specific software tools and resources which underpin
both detector design and the interpretation of results from testing. For example, the
development of simulation tools for the interaction of energetic particles with matter and
the evolution of particle showers needs to keep pace with that of the detectors. Showers
can now be modelled in much greater detail than at the time LHC detectors were built,
but the trends to exploit additional information such as dual read-out or timing for
calorimetric measurements will require continuous refinement of the simulation tools in
parallel. The same is true for sophisticated pattern reconstruction algorithms, which are
also to a large extent experiment or even detector independent, as evidenced by the use
of generic particle tracking algorithms and particle flow reconstruction techniques for
cryogenic neutrino detectors. Furthermore, a number of commercial packages have been
adopted and adapted (for example to model effects of radiation damage [Ch10-8]) which
are in widespread use to design microelectronics, trigger and data acquisition, sensors,
mechanics and cooling. Users at individual institutes can often only access these afford-
ably and reliably because both national and/or Europe-wide initiatives have enabled the
community to organise coherently [Ch10-5]. The use of common tools is also of signif-
icant benefit in terms of collaborative detector R&D including synergies with adjacent
fields and the pool of expertise this creates provides a vibrant training environment for
early career researchers, some of whom will take these highly transferable skills into
other science areas or into more commercial settings.

International coordination and organisation of R&D activities

Another general theme which emerges is the desire for greater international coordina-
tion of R&D activities across Europe and beyond. A model which is widely admired was
the organisation set up by CERN as the Detector Research & Development Committee
(DRDC) [Ch10-9] to assess proposals from the community to address the then unprece-
dented challenges of building detectors for operation at the LHC. Some of the R&D
collaborations (RD programmes) established as a result of this initiative are still very
vibrant and proposals for others still arise from time to time. The LHC Experiments
Committee (LHCC) still reviews the progress of these collaborations, even though some
also are very active in developments that go beyond requirements even for the upcoming
HL-LHC programme. In parallel, a number of community organised R&D initiatives
have grown up to address general R&D needs for different detectors at future facilities
and EU-funded R&D initiatives have further provided additional community-led collab-
orative R&D programmes. The major international laboratories also undertake their
own major targeted R&D programmes in collaboration with their user communities and
there are a multitude of national and more local initiatives. All of the above are subject
to a wide variety of reviewing mechanisms.

The degree of coordination in Europe is perceived from outside as a major success
but there is a general feeling that this is to some extent based on past achievements
and that it could anyway be more streamlined. There do exist a number of similar
initiatives that could be better aligned although successful programmes should clearly
not be disrupted. The high value attached by funders to expert independent peer review
of programmes is appreciated and this aspect should be strengthened, and would benefit
from significantly greater coordination. The reviewing load (particularly if new projects come forward) and who undertakes this should be revisited with more recognition given to those who carry out such reviews. Potentially a greater role could be envisaged here for the ECFA Detector Panel (which already organises such reviews on request) but this would probably require its mandate and membership to be adapted to better fit this purpose.

Key to the recommendations of the EPPSU is “taking into account progress with emerging technologies in adjacent fields”. Greater international coordination of particle physics detector R&D can also ease communications with neighbouring fields. Several of the existing R&D Collaborations already have informal mechanisms to engage with other fields using the same technologies. Structures which further encourage such interchange would be beneficial as can be flexibility of individuals in terms of the science areas with which they engage.

## Distributed R&D activities with centralised facilities

In some areas (such as for microelectronics, many solid-state sensor developments and larger-scale generic detector R&D), growing complexity, required specialisation, need for engineering teams and prototyping costs mean that current funding models are often found to be no longer fully appropriate. Centralisation at CERN and national/international laboratories eases the burden of keeping pace with rapidly evolving commercial developments and can make capital investments more effective, but this approach brings a number of risks. There is broad recognition of a tension between more centralised R&D to achieve a critical mass and the need to retain scope for individual initiatives at smaller institutes. The ways that computing resources were reorganised for the LHC era with both distributed and centrally coordinated resources (the “Tier Model”) may be of relevance for some R&D areas [Ch10-10]. Having distributed activity but with national and international hubs can allow teams of sufficient strength to be assembled while maintaining efficient activity distributed among different institutes where the expertise is based. The importance of cutting-edge local R&D activities in university groups is particularly critical as this is where the bulk of training and recruitment for the next generation of experts in this field is most likely to be based. However, participation in more nationally and internationally connected R&D programmes also enriches the local environment and enhances the visibility and recognition of those involved. Such R&D collaborations should also be eligible to apply for programme funding at national or European levels in similar ways to more focused projects or experiments.

## Long-term funding programmes

The need for programme as opposed to project funding for detector R&D has been emphasised in many areas with many national R&D schemes more suited for proof-of-principle R&D, rather than sustained development. Where more long-term strategic investment is needed, a more coordinated European approach could be very beneficial. In some areas, the issue is also that R&D costs have significantly grown, often in addition
to requiring a more tier-ed organisational approach. Neither the duration, nor the max-
imum allowed amounts in many available funding schemes fit the needs of the strategic
investments required for a number of key detector R&D areas. The methods whereby
accelerator R&D are funded in Europe could provide a better model for supporting
R&D on these topics. It should be noted that such programmes, if funded, would be
able to sustain developments for multiple experiments over a significant period, support-
ing intermediate requirement applications on shorter timescales if appropriate and grant
continuity in the development. Specific R&D funds for dedicated system engineering
would evolve when facilities become approved. A related issue is that such programmes
would allow much closer partnerships to be developed with commercial partners, lead-
ing to better engagement of European industry in the cutting-edge developments needed
for next generation experiments. It is also noted that up-front costs for companies to
engage in novel areas of instrumentation can be considerable and a more secure funding
environment will encourage the necessary commercial investment.

“Blue-sky” R&D

Innovative instrumentation research is one of the defining characteristics of the field of particle physics. As emphasised in the introduction, more “blue-sky” (more explorative, without addressing immediate detector specifications) R&D has often resulted in game-changing developments which could not even have been anticipated even a decade in advance. “Blue-sky” developments have often been of broad application and had immense societal benefit. For example the development of the World Wide Web, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Positron Emission Tomography and X-ray imaging for photon science. The invention of micro-pattern gas detectors is another example (with very large-scale systems now being installed), as are the more recent new technologies for very fast (10 ps) timing coupled with accurate spatial information (“4D”-detectors) which offer the potential to revolutionise tracking in dense environments due to superimposed collisions or high levels of background hits. Many of the challenges of neutrino or non-accelerator based experiments (particularly those searching for the full-range of possible dark matter candidates) are benefiting from developments once perceived as “blue-sky”. As particle physics knowledge improves, the requirements for the next generation experiments also evolve, such that capabilities once thought not to be relevant can become essential. This is also an area where familiarity with the latest developments for neighbouring fields and the commercial state of the art pays significant dividends.

In some of the earlier chapters it can be seen that for several fast evolving fields, in-
volving smaller scale experiments, it is often not possible to plan more than two decades
ahead. Here parallel R&D programmes, such as those for quantum computers as an ex-
ample, can so rapidly change the technology landscape that long-term predictions of the
direction of likely research are not sensible. The need to foster less directly goal-driven
R&D should also be recognised and funding lines to support this and the individuals
carrying out such work also require support if transformative opportunities are not to
be missed.
## Attract, nurture, recognise and sustain the careers of R&D talents

As commented in the introduction, highly skilled personnel are in general key to the delivery of the ambitious programme outlined in this document. For the technicians, engineers and scientists on which this programme relies, a number of issues have been identified around recognition and career development that cut across many of the R&D topics discussed above [Ch10-11], [Ch10-12]. Chapter 9 is dedicated to detailing a number of these concerns which will not be repeated here. However, the topic is of such importance that these points also deserve to be emphasised in the summary.

The challenge across R&D programmes and running experiments to attract or retain people with key skills in specialised instrumentation and firmware is a specific issue that needs to be better addressed within the particle physics community. These skills are highly marketable outside academia, but are vital to keep many research activities going. A more strategic approach to recognising mission critical personnel, in whom significant training investment has been made, needs to be found if international research programmes are not to be compromised. Methods need to be found to provide appropriate investment where the costs of not doing so at a programme level far outstrip those of the required additional support. Of course producing highly trained experts who end up deploying the skills learnt in particle physics instrumentation development in industry is a significant contribution that the field makes to wider society.

Another issue which relates to a number of specialist personnel (for example ASIC designers) is that high energy physics detector activity can have a very pronounced time varying demand. One mitigation for this is typically that skilled personnel can be redeployed at many institutes, during periods of reduced demand, on projects for other scientific activities, which further enhances the transfer of expertise between disciplines. The individuals concerned will then also benefit from developing a broader range of skills through having to tackle state-of-the-art challenges in a range of science areas, further deepening their knowledge base and skill set. A more strategic approach is needed relating to career prospects, competitive remuneration, recognition and more guaranteed continuity of employment for such personnel.

## Industrial partnerships

The quest for ultimate particle detector performance continuously drives available or emerging technologies beyond their limits, and the almost industrial scale at which this happens, is one of the roots of its broader societal and economic impact. Developments are driven by the close collaboration between physicists, engineers and industrial partners. The role of industry is rapidly increasing, due to the requirement of advanced technologies calling for highly specialised equipment, for example in microelectronics integration, and due to the scale of the installations, where thousands or millions of components need industrial-scale production and quality control infrastructure. Intensifying the cooperation between academic and industrial partners will be a key challenge for the future of the instrumentation field, but strategic partnerships need substantial
financial support and have to overcome obstacles in organisational or legal questions,
such as management of intellectual property, as well as the cultural differences between
these communities.

Collaborative work on common detector projects should strengthen the competence and competitiveness of the industrial partners for other markets. Such direct collaboration can also help to identify, at an early stage in the research process, the potential for commercial spin-off applications of originally science-driven technological developments. Supporting promising cooperation and highlighting emerging successes will be key towards establishing such collaboration as a more standard mode of research in the future. Frameworks for forward-looking topical exchanges should be established (e.g. focused on photo-sensors) between industrial and academic players. These should complement instrumentation conferences by concentrating on commercially relevant drivers, anticipated trends and emerging markets, as well as foreseeable needs and scientific ambitions.

Open Science

The importance of Open Science is already stressed in the main documents of the Update
of the European Strategy for Particle Physics [Ch10-13], [Ch10-14] where it is recom-
mended that “The particle physics community should work with the relevant authorities
to help shape the emerging consensus on Open Science to be adopted for publicly-funded
research, and should then implement a policy of Open Science for the field.” Open Sci-
ence, as defined there, not only includes the sharing of research findings but also facilities
and infrastructure with a view to promoting their contribution to training, knowledge
and innovation to maximise the benefits to other disciplines and wider society. Crucially
it comprises open access to scientific publications and research results.

In the area of instrumentation there are issues around publications, particularly of
conference proceedings where many results are presented, and results obtained which
have potential commercial applications (either in collaboration with industry or where
institutes may wish to protect their intellectual property). In the case of the relevant
journals, one route could be to cover these along with other Particle Physics journals
within the SCOAP³ partnership [Ch10-15]. In the case of commercial confidentiality, the
needs of industrial partners in particular have to be respected to foster greater collab-
oration with the commercial sector; but the need for publicly funded research to strive
towards to the highest standard of open access should remain an important priority.

**References Observations**

[Ch10-1] European Strategy for Particle Physics Preparatory Group, *Physics Briefing Book*, 2020, arXiv:1910.11775 [hep-ex].

[Ch10-2] http://test-beam-facilities.web.cern.ch.
[Ch10-3] https://aida2020.web.cern.ch/aida2020/node/271.html.

[Ch10-4] http://irradiation-facilities.web.cern.ch.

[Ch10-5] https://europractice-ic.com.

[Ch10-6] https://geant4.web.cern.ch.

[Ch10-7] https://garfieldpp.web.cern.ch.

[Ch10-8] https://www.synopsys.com/silicon/tcad.html.

[Ch10-9] https://scientific-info.cern/archives/history$_\$_CERN/Scientific$_\$_committees\$_#\$_DRDC.

[Ch10-10] https://home.cern/science/computing/grid-system-tiers.

[Ch10-11] https://ecfa-dp.desy.de/public$_\$_documents.

[Ch10-12] ECFA Early-Career Researcher Panel, Results of the 2021 ECFA Early-Career Researcher Survey on Training in Instrumentation, arXiv:2107.05739 [physics.ins-det].

[Ch10-13] 2020 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics (Brochure), CERN-ESU-015 (2020) . https://cds.cern.ch/record/2721370.

[Ch10-14] The European Strategy Group, Deliberation document on the 2020 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics, CERN-ESU-014 (2020) . https://cds.cern.ch/record/2720131.

[Ch10-15] SCOAP³, Sponsoring Consortium for Open Access Publishing in Particle Physics, https://scoap3.org.
# Chapter 11

## Conclusions

This document presents the outcome of the European Detector Roadmap Process, recommended by the recent European Particle Physics Strategy Update (EPPSU). The goal of the Roadmap is to draw a landscape of future Detector R&D Themes, starting from the present state of the art and anticipated potential towards the creation of the technological basis needed to construct performant detectors at envisaged future facilities. Its particular strength is to highlight the correspondence between technological directions and the needs of each of the future projects prioritised in the EPPSU, thereby encompassing the full set of future options for colliders and experiments, and taking the technically determined timelines of these into account. A first conclusion is that the European Strategy, whilst still pursuing different options for the next big collider projects, through its identification of physics priorities and taking the most aggressive but technically realistic schedule for possible new facilities, provides guidance on the required developments at the instrumentation frontier. Altogether, the principal key challenges can be summarised as follows:

* Develop cost-effective detectors matching the precision physics potential of a next-decade Higgs factory with beyond state-of-the-art performance, optimised granularity, resolution and timing, and with ultimate compactness and minimised material budgets;

* Push the limitations in radiation tolerance, rate capabilities and pile-up rejection power to meet the unprecedented requirements of future hadron collider and fixed target experiments;

* Enhance the sensitivity and affordably expand the scales of both accelerator and non-accelerator experiments searching for rarest phenomena and faintest signals of new physics;

* Vigorously expand the technological basis, capitalise on progress in microelectronics, novel materials, quantum sensors and other innovative trends, maintain a nourishing environment for new ideas and concepts, attract the brightest minds and train the next generation of instrumentation scientists.
In the Roadmap as presented, a picture emerges that unveils potential synergies between concurrent projects pursued by separate communities, as well as between consecutive projects, thus exhibiting the role of the earlier ones as a stepping stone for the later. This opens the possibility to evaluate and to organise R&D efforts in a much broader strategic context than that of a single future project. It is the ambition of this Roadmap to propose a more coherent approach to guide European and National funding schemes across Europe, and, together with similar processes in other regions, to also suggest greater coordination on a worldwide scale.

The relationships between the proposed R&D directions and future projects are graphically displayed at the start of each chapter. The key challenges outlined above summarise the broad R&D drivers to be addressed by the recommendations listed here. To further condense the findings of each Task Force for their respective technological area or cross-cutting activity, two to five major Detector R&D Themes (DRDTs) per instrumentation topic and two Detector Community Themes (DCTs) have been identified. These are shown as time arrows in Figure 11.1, representing the range of targeted applications which may incorporate one or more “stepping stones” where possibly relaxed requirements must be met on shorter timescales. The timelines are driven by the identified earliest technically achievable experiment or facility start dates as explained in the introduction but making clear that the R&D period finishes when experiment-specific prototyping, assembly, construction and commissioning takes over (the lighter shaded region in each bar). The significance of when arrows finish is therefore linked to where there are known future experiments or facilities whose start dates can be estimated today, as further explained in the caption. The caption also defines the meaning of the dotted lines in the DCT case.

A number of further requirements across detector technologies are captured in the General Strategic Recommendations (GSRs) below.
DETECTOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT THEMES (DRDTs) &
DETECTOR COMMUNITY THEMES (DCTs)

<figure><img src="image_29.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 11.1:** Detector R&D Themes (DRDTs) and Detector Community Themes (DCTs). Here, except in the DCT case, the final dot position represents the target date for completion of the R&D required by the latest known future facility/experiment for which an R&D programme would still be needed in that area. The time from that dot to the end of the arrow represents the further time to be anticipated for experiment-specific prototyping, procurement, construction, installation and commissioning. Earlier dots represent the time-frame of intermediate "stepping</figcaption></figure>

stone" projects where dates for the corresponding facilities/experiments are known. (Note that R&D for Liquid Detectors will be needed far into the future, however the DRDT lines for these end in the period 2030-35 because developments in that field are rapid and it is not possible today to reasonably estimate the dates for projects requiring longer-term R&D. Similarly, dotted lines for the DCT case indicate that beyond the initial programmes, the activities will need to be sustained going forward in support of the instrumentation R&D activities).
## Gaseous Detectors (Task Force 1)

### DRDT 1.1 - Improve time and spatial resolution for gaseous detectors with long-term stability.

Future experiments require large areas to be instrumented with unprecedented timing capabilities both for time of flight particle identification and to aid track association to the correct event. Their physics programmes demand an improved momentum resolution and performance needs to be maintained over decades with minimal intervention.

### DRDT 1.2 - Achieve tracking in gaseous detectors with $dE/dx$ and $dN/dx$ capability in large volumes with very low material budget and different read-out schemes.

Different readout methodologies are required for large volume tracking detectors including micro-pattern gas detector systems, optical readout and direct interfacing to ASICs. Low multiple scattering is essential as is enhanced particle identification through accurate determination of ionisation (either deposited energy or number of clusters) per unit length.

### DRDT 1.3 - Develop environmentally friendly gaseous detectors for very large areas with high-rate capability.

The largest area detector systems in an experiment are typically gaseous detectors, often as part of an outer muon spectrometer. Ease of maintenance, stable operation and, for some applications, the ability to cope with very large fluxes of charged particles are required. Key to future applications is the development of more ecologically friendly gas mixtures for gaseous detectors and mitigation procedures for use of greenhouse gases when this is unavoidable.

### DRDT 1.4 - Achieve high sensitivity in both low and high-pressure TPCs.

Large volume gaseous detectors provide a key technology for high efficiency searches for rare events with differing readout for optimising the signal-to-noise ratio and reducing detector backgrounds.

## Further recommendations

Progress on the following topics is critical to achieve the main research goals defined above. Readout granularity needs to be further increased while ageing, discharge issues and rate capabilities are simultaneously improved. Detector assemblies should avoid gas leaks and offer ease of accessibility and replaceability while still achieving high spatial stability. For the largest arrays, the required absolute positional accuracy also demands highly sophisticated alignment strategies. Prototyping work needs dedicated electronics, particularly where high-speed readout capabilities are being developed. Developments of novel optical and hybrid readout electrodes are to be pursued. The limiting factor for operation at high rates due to avalanche-induced ion back-flow to the photocathode is to be addressed with further detailed studies including exploring alternative designs for photocathodes, such as solid state photoconverters or solutions based on nanotechnology.
Liquid Detectors (Task Force 2)

**DRDT 2.1 - Develop readout technology to increase spatial and energy resolution for liquid detectors.**

Developments should achieve readout of more highly pixellated detectors with greater photon collection capabilities. Advancing liquid detector readout technologies towards greater quantum efficiency while still offering much higher granularity is a further objective.

**DRDT 2.2 - Advance noise reduction in liquid detectors to lower signal energy thresholds.**

The expected performance of future liquid detectors requires R&D to achieve lower sensor and electronics noise, as well as developments to measure simultaneously more components of the energy partition: for example light, charge and heat.

**DRDT 2.3 - Improve the material properties of target and detector components in liquid detectors.**

The R&D on material properties for liquid detectors aim to improve the emission properties of the target, for example through doping of Xe in Ar, H in Xe, Gd in H₂O, and to achieve lower radiogenic backgrounds from the detector components, via target purification, material radioassay, and cryogenic distillation to change isotopic content.

**DRDT 2.4 - Realise liquid detector technologies scalable for integration in large systems.**

Dedicated developments should achieve applications of the previous DRDTs in future detectors ten to a hundred times larger, compared to the current state of the art, and allow coping with increased noise hit rates from detectors with sensor areas reaching 10, 100 and ultimately 1000 m². This will have to proceed while addressing the step change in complexity, with decade-long construction, in underground or undersea environments, with handling of heat load, value engineering and industrial production.

**Further recommendations:**

Near-term R&D should facilitate ten times scale increase of dark matter and neutrino experiments over the next decade, with issues of the number of electronics channels (particularly in terms of cost and heat) and requiring orders of magnitude radiopurity reductions and improvement in purification of target materials. This necessitates fostering industry-academia collaborations from an early stage given the scale of the enterprise. In addition to structural and funding issues captured in the GSRs, links with neighbouring disciplines are needed in the areas of: chemistry, quantum technologies, optics and photonics and engineering/materials science, as well as with industry, particularly around extending the capabilities of commercial photosensor systems. Studies should be pursued on how to combine detection of different modalities, for example the full light spectrum (from near infrared to ultraviolet) with simultaneous Čerenkov-scintillation light detection and the readout of both electromagnetic and acoustic detection.
Solid State Detectors (Task Force 3)

DRDT 3.1 - Achieve full integration of sensing and microelectronics in mono-
lithic CMOS pixel sensors.

Developments of Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (MAPS) should achieve very high spa-
tial resolution and very low mass, aiming to also perform in high fluence environments.
For tracking and calorimetry applications MAPS arrays of very large areas, but reduced
granularity, are required for which cost and power aspects are critical R&D drivers.
Passive CMOS designs are to be explored as a complement to standard sensors towards
hybrid solutions (for pixels, strips and pads). State-of-the-art commercial CMOS imag-
ing sensor technology should be studied for suitability in tracking and vertex detectors.

DRDT 3.2 - Develop solid state sensors with 4D-capabilities for tracking and calorimetry.

Understanding of the ultimate limit of precision timing in sensors, with and without
internal multiplication, requires extensive research together with the developments to
increase radiation tolerance and achieve 100% fill factors. Investigation is encouraged
on the use of BiCMOS MAPS, exploiting SiGe properties.

DRDT 3.3 - Extend capabilities of solid state sensors to operate at extreme fluences.

To evolve the design of solid state sensors to cope with extreme fluences it is essential to measure the properties of silicon and diamond sensors in the fluence range $10^{16} n_{eq} cm^{-2}$ to $10^{18} n_{eq} cm^{-2}$ and to develop simulation models correspondingly including microscopic measurements of point and cluster defects. A specific concern to address is the associated activation of all the components in the detector. Exploration is desirable on alternative semiconductors and 2D materials to further push radiation tolerance.

DRDT 3.4 - Develop full 3D-interconnection technologies for solid state devices in particle physics.

A demonstrator programme is to be established to develop suitable silicon sensors, cost
effective and reliable chip-to-wafer and/or wafer-to-wafer bonding technologies and to
use these to build multi-layer prototypes with vertically stacking layers of electronics,
interconnected by through-silicon vias and integrating silicon photonics capabilities.

**Further recommendations:**

Given the large demands of solid state sensors for future experiments, a major challenge relates to industrialisation where R&D funds are currently provided through experiments without concerted efforts devoted to building the industrial capability of producing the large areas of sensors in Europe. Although these are large orders by particle physics standards these are not by those of most semiconductor foundries. CERN and other national laboratories should promote greater strategic coordination to achieve a stronger negotiating position with commercial partners and to provide them with relationships of greater continuity and depth.
Particle Identification and Photon Detectors (Task Force 4)

**DRDT 4.1 - Enhance the timing resolution and spectral range of photon detectors.**

Fast timing is required for Čerenkov and time-of-flight detectors, while additional sensitivity is also needed at the typical wavelengths of Čerenkov photons and those from scintillation in noble gases. In addition, light collection systems for SiPM arrays (quartz based, micro-lenses, meta-materials) are needed, while for MCP-PMTs improved quantum and collection efficiencies, granularity and larger areas are required. Finer granularity and faster timing are needed in large-area gaseous photon detectors.

**DRDT 4.2 - Develop photosensors for extreme environments.**

Advances are needed in the radiation hardness of SiPM technology and other solid state photo-sensors, given the high particle fluxes and pile-up conditions at future facilities. Also, for high-sensitivity experiments, radio-pure SiPM technology and operation in cryogenic systems must be realised. For MCP-PMTs, significant improvement is needed in detector ageing and high-rate performance. For gaseous photon detectors issues of photocathode ageing and rate capability should be addressed. Increased light yield and shorter decay times are emphasised for scintillating fibres.

**DRDT 4.3 - Develop RICH and imaging detectors with low mass and high resolution timing.**

Advanced particle identification capabilities require novel compact low $X_0$ RICH based systems with few tens of picosecond timing. Greenhouse-friendly radiator gases (including pressurised systems) will be necessary, together with quartz having $\lesssim$nm surface roughness, and high transparency customised refractive index aerogels.

**DRDT 4.4 - Develop compact high performance time-of-flight detectors.**

For lower momenta, long flight-path TOF systems offer excellent complementary particle identification performance, but to push the momentum range covered requires few picosecond timing to be achieved at a system level.

**Further recommendations:**

It is suggested that a number of additional, more “blue-sky” R&D activities, should be pursued in this area. The development of solid state photon detectors from novel materials is an important future line of research, as is the development of cryogenic superconducting photon sensors for accelerator-based experiments. Regarding advances in PID techniques, gaseous photon detectors with high sensitivity to visible light would be highly desirable. Meta-materials such as photonic crystals should be developed, as these would provide tunable refractive indices for PID at high momentum. Finally, for TRD imaging detectors, the detection of transition radiation with silicon sensors would be an important line of future research.
Quantum and Emerging Technologies Detectors (Task Force 5)

**DRDT 5.1 - Promote the development of advanced quantum sensing technologies.**

Promote and capitalise on the development of advanced quantum sensing technologies, their application in particle physics as well as in foundational physics, and exploration of their potential benefits to accelerator-based particle physics.

**DRDT 5.2 - Investigate and adapt state-of-the-art developments in quantum technologies to particle physics.**

Explore and adopt methodologies and technologies from quantum sensing, quantum materials, quantum computing and quantum communication to develop new probes for the investigation of matter and fields.

**DRDT 5.3 - Establish the necessary frameworks and mechanisms to allow exploration of emerging technologies.**

Put in place funding opportunities for rapid exploration of the potential of novel approaches as well as for consolidating longer term experimental efforts that build on and expand the initial proof-of-principle investigations.

**DRDT 5.4 - Develop and provide advanced enabling capabilities and infrastructure.**

Develop key enabling capabilities, such as cryogenic electronics, tailored coatings or dedicated developments in material science for quantum sensing devices, and provide access to common infrastructures at the national and supranational levels for testing and evaluating the suitability of specific quantum technologies for their use in probing fundamental physics.

**Further recommendations:**

The current rapid growth of quantum technologies holds the promise for significant further advances for fundamental physics at the individual sensor and array level. On a time scale of ten years, the use of networks of quantum sensors could bring transformational advances to the study of matter-energy in the universe. Focus on miniaturisation and reducing costs will enable scaling of experiments with corresponding increase in sensitivity and furthermore could facilitate experiments to be deployed in orbit, greatly extending the physics sensitivity. Major advances and improvements in existing or future quantum technologies will be needed if topics related to the dark universe, detection of relic neutrinos or probing general foundational issues in physics are to be addressed.
## Calorimetry (Task Force 6)

### DRDT 6.1 - Develop radiation-hard calorimeters with enhanced electromagnetic energy and timing resolution.

Priority developments are geared towards the successful completion of R&D programmes for the variety of HL-LHC detector upgrades aiming at much finer spatial granularity and high accuracy timing while still delivering excellent energy resolution in high radiation environments. Further developments beyond these projects should continue towards future facilities.

### DRDT 6.2 - Develop high-granular calorimeters with multi-dimensional read-out for optimised use of particle flow methods.

Developments are focused on calorimetry at future high energy $e^{+}e^{-}$ colliders with a view to combine information from the calorimeter with other detector systems. Capitalising on the experiences at the HL-LHC, the objective is to achieve 3D-pixelated calorimetry to measure each particle individually and use of precise tracking information for charged particles. Further developments are to be pursued to exploit the different signals produced by electrons or photons and hadrons in a Dual Readout system. Eventually, combining both approaches might lead to an optimised jet energy resolution.

### DRDT 6.3 - Develop calorimeters for extreme radiation, rate and pile-up environments.

Long-term R&D is to start for calorimetry systems at a future hadron collider or a muon collider to address up to two orders of magnitude more severe requirements than at the HL-LHC, related to unprecedented radiation hardness, pattern recognition in the presence of severe pile-up and the associated data handling. Appropriate models should be developed to simulate such harsh environments.

### Further recommendations:

While the HL-LHC programme and several non-collider programmes are stepping stones for calorimetry towards future $e^{+}e^{-}$ colliders, substantial R&D should be supported on additional topics, for example on novel optical materials, CMOS based sensors, the use of precision timing, test-beam validation of simulation models and improvements in liquefied noble gas detectors. The calorimetry R&D programmes must keep up with the rapid developments in industry, in particular related to the emerging of Artificial Intelligence at the level of the readout electronics. European collaboration should be promoted with a view of establishing large scale demonstrators for calorimetry. A concerted strategic approach and organisation is to be established in a timely fashion for calorimetry R&D targeting colliders further in the future, particularly for the most extreme environments.
Electronics and Data Processing (Task Force 7)

DRDT 7.1 - Advance technologies to deal with greatly increased data den-
sity.

To sustain detector performance at the expected high event rate at future experiments, data handling systems with much higher rates should be developed to cope with more channels and more bits per sample, along with new link technologies, while keeping manageable power levels.

DRDT 7.2 - Develop technologies for increased intelligence on the detector.

Radiation-tolerant processors and programmable logic elements must be made available as ASIC IP blocks on the detector and their power-performance ratio must be improved, while advanced data-reduction techniques need to be implemented and ways to exploit the Artificial Intelligence revolution need to be developed.

**DRDT 7.3 - Develop technologies in support of 4D-and 5D-techniques.**

High 4D (timing as well as spatial) resolution requires developing solutions to improve the noise-speed-resolution trade-offs in advanced technologies with low supply voltage and high transistor density, along with achieving an unprecedented precision for the distribution of frequency and time references. Combination with accurate measurement of the energy deposited gives the additional possibility of “5D” capabilities.

DRDT 7.4 - Develop novel technologies to cope with extreme environments and required longevity.

For many future particle physics experiments, extreme particle fluences and high mag-
netic fields can be anticipated, while at others operation has to be under cryogenic
conditions. These often result in highly inaccessible detector systems that must be de-
veloped with vital requirements in terms of high reliability, fault tolerance, full detector
control and all within a tight power and cost budget.

DRDT 7.5 - Evaluate and adapt to emerging electronics and data processing technologies.

A rolling R&D campaign should be established to keep up with commercial evolution of novel devices, materials, interconnects, communication techniques and microelectronics technologies like silicon photonics, as well as to keep pace with and adapting interfaces to new generations of commercial off-the-shelf capabilities.

**Further recommendations:**

The need for greater coordination in this area has been strongly emphasised in a num-
ber of preceding sections and has provided a strong motivation for several of the GSRs
mentioned below. For each of the DRDTs identified above, electronics R&D in Europe
should be increasingly organised around a number of dedicated RD collaborations.
## Integration (Task Force 8)

### DRDT 8.1 - Develop novel magnet systems.

Magnet requirements are very specific to the design of the detector. Considering the very long lead time, generic R&D programmes must be established and maintained on dedicated conductors and prototyping to achieve the variety of magnet specifications.

### DRDT 8.2 - Develop improved technologies and systems for cooling.

As channel count increases in future detectors, issues of power dissipation in the detector and associated electronics naturally increase, requiring the development of ever more advanced cooling solutions whilst often needing minimal associated scattering length of the cooling system within the sensitive detector volume.

### DRDT 8.3 - Adapt novel materials to achieve ultralight, stable and high precision mechanical structures. Develop Machine Detector Interfaces.

Along with minimising multiple scattering due to material for mechanics and services in tracking detectors, developments of ultra-light structures for cryostats are mandatory for novel liquid calorimeters; for possible thin magnets in front of these and, potentially, for neutrino experiments.

### DRDT 8.4 - Adapt and advance state-of-the-art systems in monitoring including environmental, radiation and beam aspects.

There is a strong need to develop standardised custom solutions for monitoring, covering a wide range of critical parameters, that can function in the extreme environments to be expected at many future facilities and to improve precision and sampling rate capabilities.

### Further recommendations:

Many integration aspects require continuous R&D and synergies unfold as stepping stones through the general sequence of use cases from HL-LHC experiments towards requirements for facilities such as FCC-hh and, on the other hand, developments for Belle II, ALICE 3 and EIC are stepping stones to future $e^+e^-$ Higgs-EW-Top factories. Advances in industry must be followed closely as, for example, aspects such as the development of 3D printing have revolutionised a number of prototyping capabilities. It is essential to develop appropriate databases of key properties including results of radiation testing and to maintain support for software packages dedicated to instrumentation.
## Training (Task Force 9)

### DCT 1 - Establish and maintain a European coordinated programme for training in instrumentation.

Educational opportunities and multidisciplinary training are needed at all career levels to develop an expert work force to advance instrumentation for particle physics. Under the auspices of ECFA and in consultation with organisations representing neighbouring disciplines, a coordination panel across institutions and laboratories in Europe should be created to enhance the synergies between existing training programmes and schools in contemporary and emerging instrumentation, and to stimulate the creation of complementary ones where relevant. Additional to in-person and online lectures, emphasis on hands-on tutorials in laboratories and the multidisciplinary nature of R&D in instrumentation is essential.

### DCT 2 - Develop a master's degree programme in instrumentation.

The possibility to develop a joint curriculum for instrumentation that leads to an accredited master degree should be explored. The curriculum ought to be built on a portfolio of leading instrumentation courses distributed across European institutions and greatly extend the opportunities available at any single university. Virtual laboratory platforms for training in instrumentation are to be created to overcome the geographical and economic limitations.

## Further recommendations

Significantly more detailed proposals are listed in Chapter 9 and many of these issues are of such importance that they are emphasised again in the GSRs. Key to this area is that early-career scientists, especially graduate students, get to participate in leading-edge instrumentation R&D, and to develop into the future HEP instrumentation experts. To achieve this coherently across Europe it is proposed that steps are taken to improve recognition and career prospects for instrumentation experts, along with provision of an adequate number of faculty/permanent positions, and to establish a high quality co-ordinated and structured instrumentation training programme which enjoys worldwide recognition.
## General Strategic Recommendations (GSRs)

Establishing and succeeding in the DRDTs will sustain a leading role for European HEP and facilitate achieving the ambitions of upgraded and future experiments expressed in the EPPSU. In addition, it will also create expertise of considerable relevance to many other scientific disciplines and of significant benefit to a wide range of industrial partners.

For the implementation of the DRDTs identified above, Chapter 10 details a number of specific organisational and resources-related points as deserving special emphasis. Further to the more specific recommendations linked to each of the DRDTs outlined above, these lead to a number of GSRs.

### GSR 1 - Supporting R&D facilities.

It is recommended that the structures to provide Europe-wide coordinated infrastructure in the areas of: test beams, large scale generic prototyping and irradiation be consolidated and enhanced to meet the needs of next generation experiments with adequate centralised investment to avoid less cost-effective, more widely distributed, solutions, and to maintain a network structure for existing distributed facilities, e.g. for irradiation.

### GSR 2 - Engineering support for detector R&D.

In response to ever more integrated detector concepts, requiring holistic design approaches and large component counts, the R&D should be supported with adequate mechanical and electronics engineering resources, to bring in expertise in state-of-the-art microelectronics as well as advanced materials and manufacturing techniques, to tackle generic integration challenges, and to maintain scalability of production and quality control from the earliest stages.

### GSR 3 - Specific software for instrumentation.

Across DRDTs and through adequate capital investments, the availability to the community of state-of-the-art R&D-specific software packages must be maintained and continuously updated. The expert development of these packages - for core software frameworks, but also for commonly used simulation and reconstruction tools - should continue to be highly recognised and valued and the community effort to support these needs to be organised at a European level.

### GSR 4 - International coordination and organisation of R&D activities.

With a view to creating a vibrant ecosystem for R&D, connecting and involving all partners, there is a need to refresh the CERN RD programme structure and encourage new programmes for next generation detectors, where CERN and the other national laboratories can assist as major catalysers for these. It is also recommended to revisit and streamline the process of creating and reviewing these programmes, with an extended framework to help share the associated load and increase involvement, while enhancing the visibility of the detector R&D community and easing communication with neighbouring disciplines.
**GSR 5 - Distributed R&D activities with centralised facilities.**

Establish in the relevant R&D areas a distributed yet connected and supportive tier-ed system for R&D efforts across Europe. Keeping in mind the growing complexity, the specialisation required, the learning curve and the increased cost, consider more focused investment for those themes where leverage can be reached through centralisation at large institutions, while addressing the challenge that distributed resources remain accessible to researchers across Europe and through them also be available to help provide enhanced training opportunities.

**GSR 6 - Establish long-term strategic funding programmes.**

Establish, additional to short-term funding programmes for the early proof of principle phase of R&D, also long-term strategic funding programmes to sustain both research and development of the multi-decade DRDTs in order for the technology to mature and to be able to deliver the experimental requirements. Beyond capital investments of single funding agencies, international collaboration and support at the EU level should be established. In general, the cost for R&D has increased, which further strengthens the vital need to make concerted investments.

**GSR 7 - “Blue-sky” R&D.**

It is essential that adequate resources be provided to support more speculative R&D which can be riskier in terms of immediate benefits but can bring significant and potentially transformational returns if successful both to particle physics (as unlocking new physics may only be possible by unlocking novel technologies in instrumentation) and to society. Innovative instrumentation research is one of the defining characteristics of the field of particle physics. “Blue-sky” developments in particle physics have often been of broader application and had immense societal benefit. Examples include: the development of the World Wide Web, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Positron Emission Tomography and X-ray imaging for photon science.

**GSR 8 - Attract, nurture, recognise and sustain the careers of R&D experts.**

Innovation in instrumentation is essential to make progress in particle physics, and R&D experts are essential for innovation. It is recommended that ECFA, with the involvement and support of its Detector R&D Panel, continues the study of recognition with a view to consolidate the route to an adequate number of positions with a sustained career in instrumentation R&D to realise the strategic aspirations expressed in the EPPSU. It is suggested that ECFA should explore mechanisms to develop concrete proposals in this area and to find mechanisms to follow up on these in terms of their implementation. Consideration needs to be given to creating sufficiently attractive remuneration packages to retain those with key skills which typically command much higher salaries outside academic research. It should be emphasised that, in parallel, society benefits from the training particle physics provides because the knowledge and skills acquired are in high demand by industries in high-technology economies.
## GSR 9 - Industrial partnerships.

It is recommended to identify promising areas for close collaboration between academic and industrial partners, to create international frameworks for exchange on academic and industrial trends, drivers and needs, and to establish strategic and resources-loaded cooperation schemes on a European scale to intensify the collaboration with industry, in particular for developments in solid state sensors and micro-electronics.

## GSR 10 – Open Science.

It is recommended that the concept of Open Science be explicitly supported in the context of instrumentation, taking account of the constraints of commercial confidentiality where these apply due to partnerships with industry. Specifically, for publicly-funded research the default, wherever possible, should be open access publication of results and it is proposed that the Sponsoring Consortium for Open Access Publishing in Particle Physics (SCOAP³) should explore ensuring similar access is available to instrumentation journals (including for conference proceedings) as to other particle physics publications.

## Summary

In conclusion, under the auspices of ECFA, an effort by the community developing detector systems for particle physics and closely related fields has delivered the ECFA Detector R&D Roadmap 2021. The Roadmap proposes a total of ten General Strategic Recommendations (GSRs) with a view to sustaining an adequate environment in Europe for the implementation of concrete programmes around Detector R&D Themes (DRDTs) and Detector Community Themes (DCTs) covering the entire landscape of present and emerging detector technologies.

Succeeding in the DRDTs and DCTs objectives is essential to coherently creating the technological foundation to realise the scientific ambitions expressed in the updated European Particle Physics Strategy (EPPS).

Guided by this Roadmap and engaging researchers, laboratories, research institutions and funding entities in Europe, concerted and resource-loaded R&D programmes to innovate instrumentation should emerge in a timely manner. This would transform the ability of present and future generations of researchers to explore and observe nature beyond current limits.

While each thematic programme generally spans several decades to reach the final currently identifiable R&D goal, the Roadmap includes important stepping stones along each DRDT timeline where requirements for experiments and facilities intermediate in time both exploit and help drive the programme forward.

Moving forward, synergies with adjacent research fields, knowledge institutions and industry are all vital to enhance particle physics capabilities and capitalise on investments. Progress in the implementation of the Roadmap should be monitored by ECFA and adaptations should be discussed in preparation for the next EPPS update.
# Appendices

## A Glossary

<table><tr><td>2PACL</td><td>Integrated 2-Phase Accumulator Controlled Loop</td></tr><tr><td>4D</td><td>Four Dimensional</td></tr><tr><td>5D</td><td>Five Dimensional</td></tr><tr><td>AC-LGAD</td><td>AC-coupled Low-Gain Avalanche Detector</td></tr><tr><td>ACF</td><td>Anisotropic Conductive Films</td></tr><tr><td>ACP</td><td>Anisotropic Conductive Paste</td></tr><tr><td>ACTAR</td><td>Active TARgets experiment</td></tr><tr><td>APOD</td><td>Advisory Panel with Other Disciplines (APOD)</td></tr><tr><td>APPEC</td><td>Astro-Particle Physics European Consortium</td></tr><tr><td>ASACUSA</td><td>Atomic Spectroscopy and Collisions Using Slow Antiprotons</td></tr><tr><td>ADC</td><td>Analog-to-Digital Converter</td></tr><tr><td>ADMX</td><td>Axion Dark Matter eXperiment</td></tr><tr><td>AHCAL</td><td>Analog Hadron CALorimeter</td></tr><tr><td>AI</td><td>Artificial Intelligence</td></tr><tr><td>AION</td><td>An Atom Interferometer Observatory and Network</td></tr><tr><td>Al</td><td>Aluminium</td></tr><tr><td>ALD</td><td>Atomic Layer Deposition</td></tr><tr><td>ALICE</td><td>A Large Ion Collider Experiment</td></tr><tr><td>ALP</td><td>Axion-Like Particle</td></tr><tr><td>AMBER</td><td>Proposed new QCD facility at the CERN SPS</td></tr><tr><td>AMICI</td><td>Accelerator and Magnet Infrastructure and Cooperation and Innovation</td></tr><tr><td>APD</td><td>Avalanche-Photo Diode</td></tr><tr><td>APPEC</td><td>Astro Particle Physics European Consortium</td></tr><tr><td>ARAPUCA</td><td>A New device for liquid argon scintillation light detection</td></tr><tr><td>ArgonCube</td><td>Novel design for building advanced Liquid Argon Time Projection Chambers</td></tr><tr><td>ARIADNE</td><td>Axion Resonant InterAction Detection Experiment</td></tr><tr><td>ARIES</td><td>Accelerator Research and Innovation for European Science and Society</td></tr><tr><td>ARM</td><td>Advanced RISC Machines brand: ARM Ltd.</td></tr><tr><td>ASIC</td><td>Application Specific Integrated Circuits</td></tr><tr><td>ATLAS</td><td>A Toroidal LHC Apparatus</td></tr><tr><td>AT-TPC</td><td>Active Target Time Projection Chamber at NSCL, US</td></tr><tr><td>AX-PET experiment</td><td>A demonstrator for an axial Positron Emission Tomograph</td></tr></table>
<table>
  <tr>
    <td>BABAR</td>
    <td>Experiment at Stanford Linear Accelerator</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>BaF<sub>2</sub></td>
    <td>Barium Fluoride</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>BBN</td>
    <td>Big Bang Nucleosynthesis</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>BEAMCAL</td>
    <td>Electromagnetic sandwich calorimeter</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Belle</td>
    <td>Experiment at the KEK B-factory</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>BEOL</td>
    <td>Back End Of Line</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>BES-III</td>
    <td>Beijing Spectrometer III at the Beijing Electron-Positron Collider II, China</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>BGO</td>
    <td>Bismuth Germanate</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>BIB</td>
    <td>Beam Induced Background</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>BSM</td>
    <td>Beyond the Standard Model</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>C</td>
    <td>Čerenkov</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>C</td>
    <td>Carbon</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>CAD</td>
    <td>Computer-Aided Design/ Electronic Design Automation</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>CALICE</td>
    <td>R&amp;D Collaboration for highly granular calorimeters</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>CAS</td>
    <td>CERN Accelerator School</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>CASE</td>
    <td>Cooperative Awards in Science &amp; Technology</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>CASPER</td>
    <td>Cosmic Axion Spin Precession Experiment</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>CAST</td>
    <td>CERN Axion Solar Telescope</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>CBM</td>
    <td>Compressed Baryonic Matter Experiment at FAIR</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>CC</td>
    <td>Charged-current</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>CCD</td>
    <td>Charge-Collection-Distance</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>CCD</td>
    <td>Charge-Coupled Device</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>CCE</td>
    <td>Charge Collection Efficiency</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>CEB</td>
    <td>Cold Electron Bolometers</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>CEE</td>
    <td>External target Experiment at the Heavy Ion Research Facility at the Lanzhou-Cooling Storage Ring, China</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>CEPC</td>
    <td>Circular Electron Positron Collider, proposed e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>-</sup> collider (sited in China)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>CERN</td>
    <td>European Organization for Nuclear Research</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>CF</td>
    <td>Carbon Fibre</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>CFRP</td>
    <td>Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>CFT</td>
    <td>Crystal-field calcuation</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>CII</td>
    <td>Singly-ionized Carbon</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>CIS</td>
    <td>CMOS Imaging Sensors</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>CLIC</td>
    <td>Compact Linear Collider (a proposed particle accelerator at CERN</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>CMB</td>
    <td>Cosmic Microwave Background</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>CMBR</td>
    <td>Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>CMD-3</td>
    <td>Detector at electron-positron collider VEPP-2000, Russia</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>CMOS</td>
    <td>Complementary MetalOxide Semiconductor</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>CMS</td>
    <td>Compact Muon Solenoid experiment</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>CNB</td>
    <td>Cosmic Neutrino Background</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>CNN</td>
    <td>Convolutional Neural Network</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>CO<sub>2</sub></td>
    <td>Carbon Dioxide</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>COBRA</td>
    <td>Cadmium Zinc Telluride 0-Neutrino Double-Beta experiment</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Codex-B</td>
    <td>Compact Detector for Exotics at LHCb</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>COMAP</td>
    <td>Carbon Monoxide Mapping Array Pathfinder</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>COMET</td>
    <td>COherent Muon to Electron Transition</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>COMPASS</td>
    <td>COmmon Muon Proton Apparatus for Structure and Spectroscopy experiment at CERN</td>
  </tr>
</table>
<table>
  <tr>
    <td>COMSOL</td>
    <td>Software for Multiphysics Simulation</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>COTS</td>
    <td>Commercially Of The Shelf</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>CP</td>
    <td>Combination of discrete symmetries: Charge-conjugation (C) and Parity (P)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>CPT</td>
    <td>Combination of discrete symmetries: Charge-conjugation (C), Parity (P) and Time (T)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>CPU</td>
    <td>Central Processing Unit</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>CR</td>
    <td>Cosmic Ray</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>CSC</td>
    <td>Cathode Strip Chambers</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>CsI</td>
    <td>Cesium Iodide</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>CsTe</td>
    <td>Cesium Telluride</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>CTE</td>
    <td>Coefficient of Thermal Expansion</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>CV</td>
    <td>Capacitance-Voltage</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>CVD</td>
    <td>Chemical vapor deposition</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>CWDM</td>
    <td>Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>D0</td>
    <td>Experiment at Fermilab</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>DAC</td>
    <td>Digital to Analog Converter</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>DAMA/LIBRA</td>
    <td>DArk MAtter/Large sodium Iodide Bulk for RAre processes</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>DAFNE</td>
    <td>Double Annular Φ Factory for Nice Experiments, the electron-positron collider at the INFN National Laboratory in Frascati, Italy</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>DAQ</td>
    <td>Data Acquisition</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>DarkSide-50</td>
    <td>Physics detector in the Darkside program</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>DARWIN</td>
    <td>DARk matter WImp search with liquid xenoN</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>DC</td>
    <td>Direct Current</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>DC-DC</td>
    <td>Direct Current to Direct Current</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>DCR</td>
    <td>Dark Count Rate</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>DCT</td>
    <td>Detector Community Themes</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>DE</td>
    <td>Dark Energy</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>DEAP-3600</td>
    <td>Dark matter Experiment using Argon Pulseshape Discrimination</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Deep RIE</td>
    <td>Deep Reactive-Ion Etching</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>DESY</td>
    <td>German Electron Synchrotron</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>DHCAL</td>
    <td>Digital Hadronic Calorimeter</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>DIRC</td>
    <td>Detectors for Internally Reflected Čerenkov</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>DLC</td>
    <td>Diamond-Like Carbon</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>DM</td>
    <td>Dark Matter</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>DMAPS</td>
    <td>Depleted Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>DR</td>
    <td>Dark Radiation</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>DR</td>
    <td>Dual Readout</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>DRC</td>
    <td>Design Rule Checking</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>DRDC</td>
    <td>Detector Research and Development Committee</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>DRDT</td>
    <td>Detector Research and Development Themes</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>DREAM</td>
    <td>Dual-REAdout Module</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>DRM</td>
    <td>Detector Readiness Matrix</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>DS</td>
    <td>Dark Sector</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>DSB:Ce</td>
    <td>disilicate of barium (BaO<sub>2</sub>-SiO<sub>2</sub>) doped with Ce</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>dSiPM</td>
    <td>digital SiPMs</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>DUNE</td>
    <td>Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>DUT</td>
    <td>Device Under Test</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>E</td>
    <td>Electron</td>
  </tr>
</table>
<table>
  <tr>
    <td>E</td>
    <td>Energy</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EC</td>
    <td>European Community</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>ECAL</td>
    <td>Electromagnetic Calorimeter</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>ECFA</td>
    <td>European Committee for Future Accelerators</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>ECR</td>
    <td>Early Career Researchers</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EDA</td>
    <td>Electronic Design Automation</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EDIT</td>
    <td>The school of Excellence in Detectors and Instrumentation Technologies</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EDM</td>
    <td>Electric Dipole Moment</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>ee</td>
    <td>electron-positron</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EEE Project</td>
    <td>Extreme Energy Events Projects</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EIC</td>
    <td>Electron Ion Collider</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EJADE</td>
    <td>Europe-Japan Accelerator Development Exchange Programme</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EM</td>
    <td>Electromagnetic</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>ENC</td>
    <td>Equivalent Noise Charge</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>ERL</td>
    <td>Energy Recovery Linac</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>ESA</td>
    <td>European Space Agency</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>ESFRI</td>
    <td>The European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>ESI</td>
    <td>The EISOForum School of Instrumentation</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>ESIPAP</td>
    <td>European School of Instrumentation in Particle &amp; Astroparticle Physics</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>ESPPU</td>
    <td>European Strategy for Particle Physics Update, also sometimes EPPSU or ESU</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>ESR</td>
    <td>Enhanced Specular Reflector</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>ESRF</td>
    <td>European Synchrotron Radiation Facility</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>ET</td>
    <td>Einstein Telescope</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EU</td>
    <td>European Union</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>eV</td>
    <td>Electron Volt</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EW</td>
    <td>Electroweak</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>F</td>
    <td>Flour</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>FAIR</td>
    <td>Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>FBGS</td>
    <td>Fibre-Bragg Grating Sensors</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>FCC</td>
    <td>Future Circular Collider, proposed 100-km scale collider (sited at CERN)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>FCC-ee</td>
    <td>Future Circular Collider e+e- a proposed accelerator at CERN</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>FCC-eh</td>
    <td>Version of FCC with electron-hadron collisions</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>FCC-hh</td>
    <td>Version of FCC with hadron collisions (proton or heavy-ion)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>FCT</td>
    <td>Portugiese Trainee Programme at CERN</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>FDM</td>
    <td>Frequency Domain Multiplexing</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>FEC</td>
    <td>Forward Error Correction</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>FEE</td>
    <td>Front-End Electronics</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>FEL</td>
    <td>Free Electron Laser</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>FELIX</td>
    <td>FrontEnd Link eXchange</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>FIFO</td>
    <td>First In, First Out</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>FIMP</td>
    <td>Feebly-Interacting Massive Particle</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>FinFET</td>
    <td>Fin Field-Effect Transistor</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>FIP</td>
    <td>Feebly Interacting Particle</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>FMC</td>
    <td>FPGA Mezzanine Card</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>FOCAL</td>
    <td>Forward CALorimeter in the ALICE experiment</td>
  </tr>
</table>
<table>
  <tr>
    <td>FOM</td>
    <td>Figure Of Merit</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>FOS</td>
    <td>Fibre-Optical Sensors</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>FPGA</td>
    <td>Field-Programmable Gate Array</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>FR4</td>
    <td>glass-reinforced epoxy laminate material</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>FTBF</td>
    <td>Fermilab Test Beam Facility</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>FTEC</td>
    <td>Portuguese Trainee Programme at CERN</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>FTM</td>
    <td>FEX Test Module</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>FTM</td>
    <td>Fast Timing MPGD</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>FWHM</td>
    <td>Full Width at Half Maximum</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>GaAs</td>
    <td>Gallium Arsenid</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>GAGG</td>
    <td>co-doped garnet crystal fibres (YAG, GYAG)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>GaInP</td>
    <td>Gallium Indium Phosphide</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>gamma ray</td>
    <td>Electromagnetic radiation</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>GaN</td>
    <td>Galium Nitrate</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>GD</td>
    <td>Gaseous Detectors</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>GE1/1</td>
    <td>First CMS GEM station from the Interaction Point (IP)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>GE2/1</td>
    <td>Second CMS GEM station from the Interaction Point (IP)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Geant4</td>
    <td>GEometry ANd Tracking</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>GEM</td>
    <td>Gammas, Electrons, and Muons</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>GEM</td>
    <td>Gas Electron Multiplier</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>GHZ</td>
    <td>Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>GHz</td>
    <td>GigaHertz</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>GlueX</td>
    <td>A DIRC detector</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>GNN</td>
    <td>Global Neutrino Network</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>GNN</td>
    <td>Graph Neural Network</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>GPDs</td>
    <td>Gaseous Photon Detectors</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>GPGPU</td>
    <td>General-Purpose Graphics Processing Unit</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>GPU</td>
    <td>Graphics Processing Unit</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>GRad</td>
    <td>GigaRad</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>GridPix</td>
    <td>CMOS pixel readout chip with a gas amplification grid added by photolithographic postprocessing techniques</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>GUT</td>
    <td>Grand Unified Theory</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>GW</td>
    <td>Gravitational Waves</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>GWP</td>
    <td>Global Warming Potential</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>GHG</td>
    <td>GreenHouse Gases</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>H1</td>
    <td>Experiment at HERA at DESY</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>HAYSTAC</td>
    <td>Haloscope At Yale Sensitive To Axion CDM</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>HCAL</td>
    <td>Hadronic CALorimeter/CALorimetry</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>HCI</td>
    <td>Human-Computer Interaction</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>HEB</td>
    <td>Hot Electron Bolometer</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>HEP</td>
    <td>High Energy Physics</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hf</td>
    <td>Hafnium</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>HfF+</td>
    <td>Hafnium fluoride</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>HGCAL</td>
    <td>High-Granularity CALalorimeter</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>hh</td>
    <td>hadron-hadron</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>HL-LHC</td>
    <td>High-Luminosity LHC</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>HPC</td>
    <td>High-Performance Computing</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>HPDs</td>
    <td>Hybrid Photon Detectors</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>HPL</td>
    <td>High Pressure Laminate</td>
  </tr>
</table>
<table>
  <tr>
    <td>HV</td>
    <td>High Voltage</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hyper-K or HK</td>
    <td>Hyper-Kamiokande</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hz</td>
    <td>Hertz</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>I.FAST</td>
    <td>Innovation fostering in accelerator science and technology</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>I/O</td>
    <td>Input/Output</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>IAXO</td>
    <td>International Axion Observatory</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>IBF</td>
    <td>Ion Back Flow</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>IC</td>
    <td>Integrated Circuits</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>ICARUS</td>
    <td>Imaging Cosmic And Rare Underground Signals experiment</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>ID</td>
    <td>Indirect Detection (or Identification, depending on context)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>ID</td>
    <td>Inner Detector</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>IDEA</td>
    <td>International Detector for Electron-positron Accelerator proposed at FCC</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>IFU</td>
    <td>Integrated Field Unit</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>ILC</td>
    <td>International Linear Collider, proposed e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>-</sup> collider (sited in Japan)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>ILD</td>
    <td>International Large Detector</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>iLGAD</td>
    <td>inverted LGAD</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>INFIERI</td>
    <td>Intelligent signal processing for FrontIER Research and Industry</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>INFN</td>
    <td>National Institute for Nuclear Physics</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>IoT</td>
    <td>Internet of Things</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>IP</td>
    <td>Interaction Point</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>IR</td>
    <td>Infrared, i.e. low energy limit</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Ir</td>
    <td>Iridium</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>ISAPP</td>
    <td>International School of AstroParticle Physics</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>ISOTDAQ</td>
    <td>The International School Of Trigger and Data Acquisition</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>IT</td>
    <td>Information technology</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>IV</td>
    <td>current-voltage</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>JJPA</td>
    <td>Josephson Junction Parametric Amplifiers</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>JPARC</td>
    <td>Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>JUAS</td>
    <td>Joint University Accelerator School</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>JUNO</td>
    <td>Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>K</td>
    <td>Kelvin</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>KEKB</td>
    <td>B factory e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>-</sup> collider in Japan</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>kHz</td>
    <td>kiloHertz</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>KID</td>
    <td>Kinetic Inductance Detector</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>KLEVER</td>
    <td>Experiment at the CERN SPS</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>KLOE</td>
    <td>drift chamber</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>KSETA</td>
    <td>Karlsruhe School of Particle and Astroparticle Physics</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>L3</td>
    <td>Experiment at LEP</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>LAPD</td>
    <td>Liquid Argon Purity Demonstrator</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>LAPPD</td>
    <td>Large Area Picosecond Photo-Detector</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>LAr</td>
    <td>Liquid Argon</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>LArTPC</td>
    <td>Liquid Argon Time-Projection Chamber</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>LBNF</td>
    <td>Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility, US</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>LIGO</td>
    <td>Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>LISA</td>
    <td>Laser Interferometer Space Antenna</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>LDMX</td>
    <td>Light Dark Matter eXperiment</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>LEAPS</td>
    <td>League of European Accelerator-based Photon Sources</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>LED</td>
    <td>Light-Emitting Diodes</td>
  </tr>
</table>
<table>
  <tr>
    <td>LENS</td>
    <td>League of advanced European Neutron Sources</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>LEP</td>
    <td>Large Electron-Positron Collider</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>LGAD</td>
    <td>Low-Gain Avalanche Diodes</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>LHC</td>
    <td>Large Hadron Collider</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>LHCb</td>
    <td>Large Hadron Collider beauty experiment</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>LHCb-VELO</td>
    <td>VErtex LOcator of LHCb</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>LHCC</td>
    <td>LHC Experiments Committee</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>LHe</td>
    <td>Liquid Helium</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>LHeC</td>
    <td>Proposed electron-hadron collider using hadrons from the LHC plus an ERL</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>LIDAR</td>
    <td>Light Detection and Ranging system</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>LIGO</td>
    <td>The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>LiquidO</td>
    <td>Opaque Detector for ββ Decay</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>LISA</td>
    <td>The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>LN</td>
    <td>Liquid Noble</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>LpGBT</td>
    <td>Low power Giga-bit transceiver</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>LS</td>
    <td>Long Shutdown</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>LS</td>
    <td>Liquid Scintillator</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>LS2</td>
    <td>Second Long Shutdown of the LHC</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>LS3</td>
    <td>Third Long Shutdown of the LHC</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>LS4</td>
    <td>Fourth Long Shutdown of the LHC</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>LUX</td>
    <td>Large Underground Xenon experiment</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>LUXE</td>
    <td>Experiment and European XFEL</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>LXe</td>
    <td>Liquid Xenon</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>LZ</td>
    <td>LUX-ZEPLIN experiment</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>M</td>
    <td>Million</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>MAGIS</td>
    <td>Matter wave Atomic Gradiometer Interferometric Sensor</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>MaPMTs</td>
    <td>Multianode PMTs</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>MAPS</td>
    <td>Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>MARK-II</td>
    <td>An experiment at the Stanford Linear Accelerator</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>MCP</td>
    <td>Microchannel Plate</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>MCP-HPD</td>
    <td>MicroChannel Plate-Hybrid Photon Detector</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>MCP-PMT</td>
    <td>MicroChannel Plates PhotoMultiplier Tube</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>MDI</td>
    <td>Machine Detector Interfaces</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>ME0</td>
    <td>The innermost CMS Muon station from the Interaction Point (IP)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>MEG II</td>
    <td>The Mu to E Gamma II experiment</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>MEMS</td>
    <td>Micro Electro Mechanical Systems</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>MeV</td>
    <td>Megaelectron Volt</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>MGy</td>
    <td>MegaGray</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>MHz</td>
    <td>MegaHertz</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>MicroBooNE</td>
    <td>Experiment at Fermilab</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Micromegas</td>
    <td>Micro-mesh gaseous structure</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>MIGA</td>
    <td>Matter-wave Interferometric Gravitation Antenna</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>MIGDAL</td>
    <td>Experiment close to RAL</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>MIMAC</td>
    <td>MIcro-tpc MAtrix of Chambers for directional dark matter search</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>MINOS</td>
    <td>MagIcal Numbers Of Shell device</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>MIP</td>
    <td>Minimum Ionising Particle</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>MKID</td>
    <td>Magnetic Kinetic Induction Device</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>MHSP</td>
    <td>Micro Hole and Strip Plate</td>
  </tr>
</table>
<table>
  <tr>
    <td>ML</td>
    <td>Machine Learning</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>MOS</td>
    <td>Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>MOSFET</td>
    <td>Metal-Oxide-Silicon Field Effect Transistor</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>MoTe2</td>
    <td>Molybdenum ditelluride</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>MPGD</td>
    <td>MicroPattern Gaseous Detectors</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>MPWs</td>
    <td>Multi-Project Wafers</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>MRad</td>
    <td>MegaRad</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>MRPC</td>
    <td>Telescope Simulation for the Extreme Energy Events Experiment</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>MRPC</td>
    <td>Multi-Gap RPC</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>MSc</td>
    <td>Master student</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>μ-PIC</td>
    <td>Micro Pixel Chamber</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>μ-RWELL</td>
    <td>Micro-Resistive WELL</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Mu2e</td>
    <td>Muon-to-Electron-conversion experiment</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Mu3e</td>
    <td>Muons (Mu) to an electron and two positrons (3e) experiment</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>MWPC</td>
    <td>MultiWire Proportional Chamber</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>N</td>
    <td>Nucleon</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>NA48</td>
    <td>Experiment at the CERN SPS</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>NA60+</td>
    <td>Experiment at CERN SPS</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>NA62</td>
    <td>fixed-target particle physics experiment at CERN SPS</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Nb</td>
    <td>Niobium</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>NbN</td>
    <td>Niobium nitride</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>NbTiN</td>
    <td>Niobium Titanium nitride</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>ND</td>
    <td>Near Detector at Long baseline neutrino experiment</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>NDA</td>
    <td>Non-Disclosure Agreements</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>NEWAGE</td>
    <td>NEw generation WIMP search with an Advanced Gaseous tracking device Experiment</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>NEWS-G</td>
    <td>New Experiments With Spheres-Gas</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>NEXT</td>
    <td>Neutrino Experiment with a Xenon TPC</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>NIEL</td>
    <td>Non-Ionising Energy Loss</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>NIR</td>
    <td>Near InfraRed</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>NMR</td>
    <td>Nuclear Magnetic Resonance</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>NOL</td>
    <td>Nanostructured-Organo-silicon-Luminophores</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>NRZ</td>
    <td>Non Return to Zero</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>NSCL</td>
    <td>National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory at Michigan State University, US</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>NuDot</td>
    <td>Double-Beta Decay with Direction Reconstruction in Liquid Scintillator</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>NuPECC</td>
    <td>Nuclear Physics European Collaboration Committee</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>NV</td>
    <td>Nitrogen Vacancy</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>O</td>
    <td>Oxygen</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>PAM</td>
    <td>Pulse Amplitude Modulation</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>PANDA</td>
    <td>Experiment at FAIR</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>PandaX</td>
    <td>Particle And Astrophysical Xenon Experiment</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>PandoraPFA</td>
    <td>Pandora Particle Flow Analysis</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>PB</td>
    <td>Peta-byte</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>PbWO4</td>
    <td>Lead tungstate</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>PBC</td>
    <td>Physics Beyond Colliders, a study</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>PCTFE</td>
    <td>Polychlorotruoroethylene</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>pCVDD</td>
    <td>Detector-grade polycrystalline synthetic diamond</td>
  </tr>
</table>
<table>
  <tr>
    <td>PDE</td>
    <td>Photon Detection Efficiency</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>PEN</td>
    <td>PolyEthylene Naphthalate films</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>PET</td>
    <td>Positron Emission Tomography</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>PF</td>
    <td>Particle Flow</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>PIP-II</td>
    <td>Proton Improvement Plan II at Fermilab, US</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Phase II</td>
    <td>Second phase of the LHC Detector Upgrade</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>PhD</td>
    <td>Doctoral student</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>PHENIX</td>
    <td>Pioneering High Energy Nuclear Interaction eXperiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>PHP</td>
    <td>micro-Pulsating Heat Pipes</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>PIC</td>
    <td>Photonic Integrated Circuit</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>PICOSEC</td>
    <td>Pico-second Siliconphotomultiplier-Electronics-Crystal research-Marie- Curie-Network</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>picoTDC</td>
    <td>TDC in ps regime</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>PID</td>
    <td>Particle Identification</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>PLL</td>
    <td>Phase-Locked Loop</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>PMNS</td>
    <td>Pontecorvo-Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>PMT</td>
    <td>PhotoMultiplier Tube</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>POT</td>
    <td>Protons On Target</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>pp</td>
    <td>proton-proton</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>ppb</td>
    <td>parts per billion</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>pQCD</td>
    <td>Perturbative QCD</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>PRF</td>
    <td>Pad Response Function</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>ProtoDUNE</td>
    <td>Detector prototype at the CERN Neutrino Platform</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>ps</td>
    <td>Picosecond</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>pT</td>
    <td>Transverse momentum</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>PTA</td>
    <td>Pulsar Timing Array</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>PTOLEMY</td>
    <td>Princeton Tritium Observatory</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>QUAX</td>
    <td>QUest for AXions</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>QCD</td>
    <td>Quantum Chromo Dynamics</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>QE</td>
    <td>Quantum Efficiency</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>QED</td>
    <td>Quantum Electrodynamics, theory of the electromagnetic interaction</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>QIS</td>
    <td>Quantum Information Science</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>QM</td>
    <td>Quantum Mechanics</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>R744</td>
    <td>Refrigerant grade CO<sub>2</sub></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>RaF</td>
    <td>Radium fluoride</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>RAL</td>
    <td>Rutherford Appleton Laboratory</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>RAM</td>
    <td>Random Access Memory</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>RaOH<sup>+</sup></td>
    <td>Radium monohydroxide molecular ion</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>RD</td>
    <td>Research and Development</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>REDTOP</td>
    <td>Rare Eta Decays with a TPC for Optical Photons</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>RF</td>
    <td>Radio Frequency</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>RICH</td>
    <td>Ring Imaging CHerenkov Counter</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>RISC</td>
    <td>Reduced Instruction Set Computer</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>RISC-V</td>
    <td>An open standard instruction set architecture (ISA) based on established reduced instruction set computer (RISC) principles</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>ROC</td>
    <td>ReadOut Chip</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>ROOT</td>
    <td>Data Analysis Framework</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>RPC</td>
    <td>Resistive Plate Chambers</td>
  </tr>
</table>
<table>
  <tr>
    <td>RPWELL</td>
    <td>Resistive-Plate WELL</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>RTD</td>
    <td>Resistance Temperature Detector</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>S</td>
    <td>Scintillation</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>SBN</td>
    <td>Short-baseline neutrino</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>SC</td>
    <td>Superconducting</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>ScECAL</td>
    <td>Scintillator-strip Electromagnetic CALorimeter</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>SCREAM project</td>
    <td>Scintillator Cosmic Ray Experiments into Atmospheric Muons project</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>S'Cool LAB</td>
    <td>CERN's hands-on laboratory</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>SCTF</td>
    <td>Super Charm-Tau Factory</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>SD</td>
    <td>Shutdown</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>SDHCAL</td>
    <td>Semi Digital Hadronic CALorimeter</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>SEE</td>
    <td>Single Event Effects</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>SET</td>
    <td>Single Event Transient</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>SEU</td>
    <td>Single Event Upset</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>SHiP</td>
    <td>Search for Hidden Particles</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Si</td>
    <td>Silicon</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>SiC</td>
    <td>Silicon Carbide</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>SiO<sub>2</sub></td>
    <td>Silicon Dioxide</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>SiPM</td>
    <td>Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs; also G-APD, SSPM, MPPC)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>SKA</td>
    <td>Square Kilometer Array</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>SLD</td>
    <td>Experiment at the Stanford Linear Collider</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>SLID</td>
    <td>Solid Liquid Inter-face Diffusion</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>SM</td>
    <td>Standard Model</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>sMDT</td>
    <td>small diameter (15 vs 30 mm) Muon Drift Tubes</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>SMPD</td>
    <td>Single Microwave Photon Detectors</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>SNOLAB</td>
    <td>Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) Laboratory</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>SNR</td>
    <td>Signal-to-Noise Ratio</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>SNSPD</td>
    <td>Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detector</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>SoC</td>
    <td>System-on-Chip</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>SPACAL</td>
    <td>SPAaghetti CALorimeter</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>SPAD</td>
    <td>Single-Photon Avalanche Diode</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>SPS</td>
    <td>Super Proton Synchrotron</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>SPTRs</td>
    <td>Single-Photon Time Resolutions</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>SQUID</td>
    <td>Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>STAR</td>
    <td>Solenoid Tracker at RHIC</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>sTGC</td>
    <td>Thin Gap Chambers</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>T</td>
    <td>Temperature</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>T</td>
    <td>Tesla</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>T</td>
    <td>Time</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Ta</td>
    <td>Tantalum</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>TC</td>
    <td>Critical Temperature</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>TCAD</td>
    <td>Technology Computer-Aided Design</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>TDAQ</td>
    <td>Triggered Data Acquisition</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>TDC</td>
    <td>Time to Digital Converter</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>TDM</td>
    <td>Time Domain Multiplexing</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>TEC</td>
    <td>Thermo-Electric Coolers</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>TES</td>
    <td>Transition Edge Sensor</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>TFM</td>
    <td>Thermal Figure of Merit</td>
  </tr>
</table>
<table>
  <tr>
    <td>THEIA</td>
    <td>An advanced optical neutrino detector</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>THGEM</td>
    <td>Thick GEM</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>ThO</td>
    <td>Thorium Oxide</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>THz</td>
    <td>TeraHertz</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Ti</td>
    <td>Titanium</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>TI-LGAD</td>
    <td>Trench-Isolated LGAD</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>TIARA</td>
    <td>Test Infrastructure and Accelerator Research Area Preparatory Phase</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>TID</td>
    <td>Total Ionising Dose</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>TiN</td>
    <td>Titanium nitride</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>TLPB</td>
    <td>Transient Liquid Phase Bonding</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>TMDs</td>
    <td>Transition Metal Dichalcogenides</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>TOF</td>
    <td>Time-of-Flight</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>TORCH</td>
    <td>Time Of internally Reflected CHerenkov light</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>TPB</td>
    <td>Tetra-Phenyl Butadiene</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>TPC</td>
    <td>Time Projection Chamber</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>TDR</td>
    <td>Technical Design Report</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>TRD</td>
    <td>Transition Radiation Detector</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>TREX-DM</td>
    <td>TPC for Rare Event eXperiment for Dark Matter in the Canfranc Underground Laboratory, Spain</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>TSV</td>
    <td>Through Silicon Via</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>TWPA</td>
    <td>Travelling Wave Parametric Amplifiers</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>ULDM</td>
    <td>Ultra-light scalar DM</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>USPAS</td>
    <td>US Particle Accelerator School</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>UV</td>
    <td>Ultraviolet</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>VCSEL</td>
    <td>Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>VELO-3</td>
    <td>LHCb VELO upgrade</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>VI</td>
    <td>French international corporate placement programme at CERN</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>VIRGO</td>
    <td>Virgo interferometer</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>VSiPMT</td>
    <td>Vacuum Silicon PhotoMultiplier Tube</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>VTRx+</td>
    <td>Versatile Transmitter Receiver Plus</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>VUV</td>
    <td>Vacuum UltraViolet</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>W</td>
    <td>Tungsten</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>W</td>
    <td>Watt</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>WBG</td>
    <td>Wide Band-Gap</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>WbLS</td>
    <td>Water-based Liquid Scintillator</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>WILGA</td>
    <td>Symposium on Photonics, Web Engineering, Electronics for Astronomy and High Energy Physics Experiments</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>WIMP</td>
    <td>Weakly Interacting Massive Particle</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>WLS</td>
    <td>WaveLength-Shifting</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>X-ray</td>
    <td>Electromagnetic radiation</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Xe</td>
    <td>Xenon</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>XENON1T, XENONnT</td>
    <td>Dark Matter Experiments</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>XMASS</td>
    <td>Multipurpose physics experiment in Japan</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>XFEL</td>
    <td>X-ray Free Electron Laser Facility</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>xTCA</td>
    <td>Micro Telecommunication Computing Architecture</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>YBCO</td>
    <td>Yttrium Barium Copper Oxide</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>YIG</td>
    <td>Yttrium Iron Garnet</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>ZAIGA</td>
    <td>Zhaoshan long-baseline Atom Interferometer Gravitation Antenna</td>
  </tr>
</table>
B Authors

*Task Force convenors, Task Force expert members and Panel members*
*of the ECFA Detector R&D Roadmap Process Group*

**Task Force 1 Gaseous Detectors:** Anna Colaleo¹, Leszek Ropelewski² (Conveners)
Klaus Dehmelt³, Barbara Liberti⁴, Maxim Titov⁵, Joao Veloso⁶ (Expert Members)

**Task Force 2 Liquid Detectors:** Roxanne Guenette⁷, Jocelyn Monroe⁸ (Conveners)
Auke-Pieter Colijn⁹,¹⁰, Antonio Ereditato¹¹,¹²,²⁸, Inés Gil Botella¹³,
Manfred Lindner¹⁴ (Expert Members)

**Task Force 3 Solid State Detectors:** Nicolo Cartiglia¹⁵, Giulio Pellegrini¹⁶ (Conveners)
Daniela Bortoletto¹⁷, Didier Contardo¹⁸, Ingrid-Maria Gregor¹⁹,²⁰ Gregor Kramberger²¹,
Heinz Pernegger² (Expert Members)

**Task Force 4 Particle Identification and Photon Detectors:** Neville Harnew¹⁷,
Peter Krizan²¹ (Conveners)
Ichiro Adachi²², Eugenio Nappi¹ Christian Joram²,
Hans-Christian Schultz-Coulon²³ (Expert Members)

**Task Force 5 Quantum and Emerging Technologies:** Marcel Demarteau²⁴,
Michael Doser² (Conveners)
Caterina Braggio²⁵, Andy Geraci²⁶, Peter Graham²⁷, Anna Grasselino²⁸,
John March Russell¹⁷, Stafford Withington²⁹ (Expert Members)

**Task Force 6 Calorimetry:** Roberto Ferrari³⁰, Roman Pöschl³¹ (Conveners)
Martin Aleksa², Dave Barney², Frank Simon³²,
Tommaso Tabarelli de Fatis³³ (Expert Members)

**Task Force 7 Electronics:** Dave Newbold³⁴, Francois Vasey² (Conveners)
Niko Neufeld², Valerio Re³⁰ Christophe de la Taille³⁵, Marc Weber³⁶ (Expert Members)

**Task Force 8 Integration:** Frank Hartmann³⁶, Werner Riegler² (Conveners)
Corrado Gargiulo², Filippo Resnati², Herman Ten Kate³⁷, Bart Verlaat²,
Marcel Vos³⁸ (Expert Members)

**Task Force 9 Training:** Johann Collot³⁹, Erika Garutti⁴⁰ (Conveners)
Richard Brenner⁴¹, Niels van Bakel⁹ Claire Gwenlan¹⁷, Jeff Wiener², Robert Appleby⁴²
(Expert Members)

*The Task Force Convenors join those listed below to compose the Detector R&D Roadmap Panel.*

**Panel coordinators:** Phil Allport⁴³ (Chair), Silvia Dalla Torre⁴⁴, Manfred Krammer²,
Felix Sefkow¹⁹, Ian Shipsey¹⁷

**Ex-officio Panel members:** Karl Jakobs⁴⁵ (Current ECFA Chair),
Jorgen D'Hondt⁴⁶ (Previous ECFA Chair), Lenny Rivkin⁴⁷ (LDG Representative)

**Scientific Secretary:** Susanne Kuehn²
¹ University and INFN Sezione di Bari, Bari, Italy

² CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

³ Stony Brook University, New York, US

⁴ INFN Roma, Rome, Italy

⁵ IRFU/DPhP CEA Saclay, Saclay, France

⁶ Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal

⁷ Harvard University, Cambridge, US

⁸ Royal Holloway University of London, London, UK

⁹ Nikhef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

¹⁰ University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

¹¹ Yale University, New Haven, US

¹² University of Bern, Berne, Switzerland

¹³ CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain

¹⁴ MPI Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

¹⁵ INFN Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy

¹⁶ IMB-CNM-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain

¹⁷ University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

¹⁸ CNRS/IN2P3-IP2I, Lyon, France

¹⁹ DESY, Hamburg, Germany

²⁰ University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

²¹ University of Ljubljana and J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia

²² KEK, Tsukuba, Japan

²³ Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany

²⁴ ORNL, Oak Ridge, US

²⁵ INFN Sezione di Padova, Padova, Italy

²⁶ Northwestern University, Evanston, US

²⁷ Stanford University, Stanford, US

²⁸ FNAL, Batavia, US

²⁹ University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

³⁰ INFN Sezione di Pavia, Pavia, Italy

³¹ CNRS/IN2P3-IJClab, Orsay, France

³² MPP Munich, Munich, Germany

³³ University of Milano-Bicocca and INFN, Milan, Italy

³⁴ RAL, Didcot, UK

³⁵ CNRS/IN2P3-OMEGA, Palaiseau, France

³⁶ KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany

³⁷ University of Twente, Twente, Netherlands

³⁸ IFIC (UVEG/CSIC) Valencia, Valencia, Spain

³⁹ Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, Grenoble, France

⁴⁰ University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany

⁴¹ University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden

⁴² University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

⁴³ University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

⁴⁴ INFN Sezione di Trieste, Trieste, Italy

⁴⁵ Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

⁴⁶ IIHE, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium

⁴⁷ ETH Lausanne and PSI, Villigen, Switzerland
C Acknowledgements

Alongside all the inputs from members of the Process Group itself, the Roadmap could not have been completed without the huge contributions from the presenters to the Input Sessions (listed below), the speakers at the Symposia (with agenda links below), the expert contacts from adjacent fields provided by the Advisory Panel with Other Disciplines (membership listed below) and the full community contributing through lively interactions at the Symposia, questionnaires and via the ECFA appointed National Contacts.

The authors would also like to specifically thank Ana Godinho, Fabienne Landua, John Pym and Christina Skorek for all their help on the graphics, expert technical assistance, advice and assistance with the text.

<table><thead><tr><th>Title</th><th>Presented by</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="2"><strong>Input Session Presentations</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Detector R&D requirements for HL-LHC</td><td>Chris Parkes</td></tr><tr><td>Detector R&D requirements for strong interaction experiments at future colliders</td><td>Luciano Musa</td></tr><tr><td>Detector R&D requirements for strong interaction experiments at future colliders</td><td>Johannes Bernhard</td></tr><tr><td>Detector R&D requirements for future linear high energy e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>-</sup> machines</td><td>Frank Simon</td></tr><tr><td>Detector R&D requirements for future circular high energy e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>-</sup> machines</td><td>Mogens Dam</td></tr><tr><td>Detector R&D requirements for future high-energy hadron colliders</td><td>Martin Aleksa</td></tr><tr><td>Detector R&D requirements for muon colliders</td><td>Nadia Pastrone</td></tr><tr><td>Detector R&D requirements for future short and long baseline neutrino experiments</td><td>Marzio Nessi</td></tr><tr><td>Detector R&D requirements for future astro-particle neutrino experiments</td><td>Maarten De Jong</td></tr><tr><td>Detector R&D requirements for future dark matter experiments</td><td>Laura Baudis</td></tr><tr><td>Detector R&D requirements for future rare decay processes experiments</td><td>Cristina Lazzeroni</td></tr><tr><td>Detector R&D requirements for future low energy experiments</td><td>Alexandre Obertelli</td></tr></tbody></table>

<table><thead><tr><th>Task Force</th><th>Date</th><th>Indico page</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="3"><strong>Overview of Symposia</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Task Force 1</td><td>29.4.2021</td><td>https://indico.cern.ch/event/999799/</td></tr><tr><td>Task Force 2</td><td>9.4.2021</td><td>https://indico.cern.ch/event/999815/</td></tr><tr><td>Task Force 3</td><td>23.4.2021</td><td>https://indico.cern.ch/event/999816/</td></tr><tr><td>Task Force 4</td><td>6.5.2021</td><td>https://indico.cern.ch/event/999817/</td></tr><tr><td>Task Force 5</td><td>12.4.2021</td><td>https://indico.cern.ch/event/999818/</td></tr><tr><td>Task Force 6</td><td>7.5.2021</td><td>https://indico.cern.ch/event/999820/</td></tr><tr><td>Task Force 7</td><td>25.3.2021</td><td>https://indico.cern.ch/event/1001692/</td></tr><tr><td>Task Force 8</td><td>31.3.2021</td><td>https://indico.cern.ch/event/999825/</td></tr><tr><td>Task Force 9</td><td>30.4.2021</td><td>https://indico.cern.ch/event/1001747/</td></tr></tbody></table>

<table><thead><tr><th>Organisation name</th><th>Contact name</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="2"><strong>Contacts of Advisory Panel with Other Disciplines (APOD)</strong></td></tr><tr><td>APPEC</td><td>Andreas Haungs (Chair)</td></tr><tr><td>NuPECC</td><td>Marek Lewitowicz (Chair)</td></tr><tr><td>LEAPS</td><td>Caterina Biscari (Chair)</td></tr><tr><td>LENS</td><td>Helmut Schober (Chair)</td></tr><tr><td>ESA</td><td>Guenther Hasinger (Director of Science)<br>Franco Ongaro (Director of Technology,<br>Engineering and Quality)</td></tr></tbody></table>
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ISBN online: 978-92-9083-614-8

ISBN paperback: 978-92-9083-615-5
<figure><img src="image_31.png" /></figure>
We ought, in every instance, to submit our reasoning to the
test of experiment, and never to search for truth but by the
natural road of experiment and observation.

Antoine Lavoisier

Traité élémentaire de chimie, 1789

<figure><img src="image_32.png" /></figure>

More information:

https://europeanstrategy.cern

https://indico.cern.ch/e/ECFADetectorRDRoadmap

https://ecfa.web.cern.ch/

ISBN 978-92-9083-614-8 (online)

ISBN 978-92-9083-615-5 (paperback)