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<figure><img src="image_3.png" /></figure>

**Figure 1.** Location map and sedimentary details of the Eocene primate-bearing localities of Glib Zegdou (Gour Lazib Complex) in Algeria and Chambi in Tunisia. A, left, simplified globe centered on Africa, and right, zoom on North Africa, locating the regions of the Gour Lazib Complex (Hammada du Dra) in the Sahara of western Algeria (Hassi el Khebi region) and the Natural Park of Djebel Chambi in central-western Tunisia (Kassérine region); B, photograph of the Glib Zegdou outlier in the Gour Lazib Complex, indicating the position of HGL50 and HGL51 fossil-bearing localities on the southern flank of the outlier; C, photograph of the HGL50 and HGL51 layers, corresponding to fluvio-lacustrine deposits; D, detail of the fossil-yielding indurated microconglomerate of HGL50 (an isolated tooth imbedded in the sedimentary matrix can be observed); E, photograph of the Chambi locus 1 (CBI-1) fossil-bearing locality, a lacustrine limestone bed located on the northern flank of Djebel Chambi; F, photograph of the CBI-1 limestone (freshwater deposits); G, detail of the fossil-yielding indurated limestone of CBI-1 (a fragmentary mandible of a mammal, still half-imbedded in the calcareous matrix, can be seen). Photographs by L. Marivaux. Scale bars (D and G) = 1 cm.
<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 2.** Dental fossil remains of *Algeripithecus minimissimus* sp. nov. from the late early – early middle Eocene of Chambi (CBI-1; Tunisia). A–D, ONM-CBI-1-1205 (holotype), fragment of right mandible preserving M₁-₃ and the distal root of P₄ on the dentary bone, presented in occlusal (A), buccal (B), lingual (C), and mesial (D) views. The buccal crowns of M₁-₃ are buccally abraded, and M₁ is damaged (fractured). Images are renderings of 3D digital models of the fossil specimens, obtained by X-ray microcomputed (µCT) surface reconstructions. Scale bar = 1 mm.</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 3.** Dental fossil remains of *Algeripithecus minimissimus* sp. nov. from the late early – early middle Eocene of Chambi (CBI-1; Tunisia). A–C, ONM-CBI-1-37, right P⁴ in occlusal (A), lingual (B) and distal (C) views; D–F, ONM-CBI-1-38, right P³ in occlusal (D), lingual (E) and distal (F) views; G–I, ONM-CBI-1-36, left M² (figured in Hartenberger and Marandat, 1992, fig. 3e) in occlusal (G), lingual (H) and distal (I) views; J–L, ONM-CBI-1-35, left M³ (figured in Hartenberger and Marandat, 1992, fig. 3d) in occlusal (J), lingual (K) and distal (L) views; M, ONM-CBI-1-1206, right P₄ in occlusal view; N–P, ONM-CBI-1-1207, right P₄ in occlusal (N), distal (O) and lingual (P) views; Q, ONM-CBI-1-1208, right M₂ (damaged buccally) in occlusal view; R–T, ONM-CBI-1-1209, left M₂ in occlusal (R), lingual (S) and buccal (T) views. Images are renderings of 3D digital models of the fossil specimens (except for ONM-CBI-1-35 and ONM-CBI-1-36, which are renderings of 3D digital models of casts), obtained by X-ray microcomputed (µCT) surface reconstructions. Scale bar = 1 mm.</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_6.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 4.** Dental comparisons of late early – early middle Eocene strepsirrhines (Azibiidae and Djebelemuridae) from North Africa (Algeria and Tunisia). The toothrows presented are either individual specimens or composite toothrows, i.e., incorporating isolated dental specimens from different individuals. For comparison purposes, all toothrows represent right-side rows (some of which have thus been reversed, as indicated below). The best-preserved specimens are figured, and sometimes reversed (mirrored), to produce a coherent toothrow. Teeth are in occlusal view. The dental loci are listed below from right to left. A–B, *Algeripithecus minutus* from Glib Zegdou (Algeria): A, UM-HGL50-397, left mandible (preserving P₃–M₃; reversed); B, composite upper toothrow including UM-HGL50-297 (right P²), UM-HGL50-298 (right P³), UM-HGL50-303 (left P⁴; reversed), UM-GZC-7 (left M¹, lingually broken; reversed), UM-GZC-1 (left M²; reversed), and UM-HGL50-319 (left M³; reversed).</figcaption></figure>
C-D, *Algeripithecus minimissimus* sp. nov. from Chambi (Tunisia): C, ONM-CBI-1-1205, right mandible (preserving M₁-3), including ONM-CBI-1-1207 (right P₄) and ONM-CBI-1-1209 (left M₂; reversed); D, composite upper toothrow including ONM-CBI-1-38 (right P³), ONM-CBI-1-37 (right P⁴), ONM-CBI-1-36 (left M²; reversed), and ONM-CBI-1-35 (left M³; reversed). E-F, *Azibius trerki* from Glib Zegdou (Algeria): E, UM-HGL50-256, left mandible (preserving P₄-M₃; reversed) with M₁ badly crushed but here replaced by UM-HGL50-248 (left M₁; reversed); F, composite upper toothrow including UM-HGL51-46, a fragmentary maxilla (preserving P³⁻⁴ and M³), and UM-HGL50-396 (left M¹⁻²; reversed). G-H, *Azibius magnus* sp. nov. from Glib Zegdou (Algeria): G, lower dentition with UM-HGL50-263 (left P₃; reversed) and UM-HGL50-264 (right M₁); H, upper dentition with UM-HGL50-258 (right P³ or P⁴), UM-HGL50-260 (right M², corroded), and UM-HGL50-261 (left M³, corroded; reversed). I-J, *Djebelemur martinezi* from Chambi (Tunisia): I, ONM-CBI-1-565, composite right mandible (preserving P₃ and M₁-3), including ONM-CBI-1-577 (right P₄), ONM-CBI-1-587 (right P₂), and ONM-CBI-1-580 (left C₁; reversed); J, ONM-CBI-1-544, left maxilla (preserving P³-M³; reversed) with P⁴ badly crushed but here replaced by ONM-CBI-1-567 (left P⁴; reversed). K-L, *Lazibadapis anchomomyinopsis* gen. et sp. nov. from Glib Zegdou (Algeria): K, UM-HGL50-325 fragment of distal mandible (preserving M₂-3; reversed); L, upper dentition with UM-HGL50-326 (right M¹, lacking its buccal part), UM-HGL50-290 (right M², strongly corroded), and UM-HGL50-170 (right M² or M³). The images presented here are renderings of 3D digital models of the fossil specimens (except for ONM-CBI-1-35 and ONM-CBI-1-36, which are renderings of 3D digital models of casts), obtained by X-ray micro-computed (µCT) surface reconstructions. Most specimens of *Algeripithecus minutus* (A-B), *A. minimissimus* sp. nov. (D), *Azibius trerki* (E-F) and *Djebelemur martinezi* (I-J) were previously figured (either by SEM photographs or surface renderings) in Godinot and Mahboubi (1992, fig. 1, 1994, fig. 2), Hartenberger and Marandat (1992, fig. 3), Tabuce et al. (2009, figs 1-2) and Marivaux et al. (2013, figs 3-4). Scale bars = 1 mm.
<figure><img src="image_7.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 5.** Dental fossil remains of *Azibius magnus* sp. nov. from the late early – early middle Eocene of Glib Zegdou (HGL50; Algeria). A–C, UM-HGL50-258, right P³ or P⁴ (distobuccally damaged, crushed) in occlusal (A), lingual (B) and distal (C) views; D–F, UM-HGL50-260, right M² (heavily corroded and cracked in its mesiobuccal region) in occlusal (D), lingual (E) and distal (F) views; G–H, UM-HGL50-261, left M³ (heavily corroded) in occlusal (G) and distal (H) views; I–K, UM-HGL50-263, left P₃ (broken, distalmost region missing) in occlusal (I), lingual (J), buccal (L) and mesial (K) views; M–P, UM-HGL50-264, right M₁ (holotype; well-preserved but with many cracks) in occlusal (M), buccal (N), mesial (O) and lingual (P) views; Q–R, UM-HGL50-265, right M₁ (broken, lingual region missing) in buccal (Q) and occlusal (R) views; S–T, UM-HGL50-266, right M₂ (heavily corroded, lacking the enamel layer) in occlusal (S) and buccal (T) views. Images are renderings of 3D digital models of the fossil specimens, obtained by X-ray microcomputed (µCT) surface reconstructions. Scale bars = 1 mm.</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_8.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 6.** Dental fossil remains of *Lazibadapis anchomomyinopsis* gen. et sp. nov. from the late early – early middle Eocene of Glib Zegdou (HGL50; Algeria). A–D, UM-HGL50-170, right M² or M³ in occlusal (A), lingual (B), mesial (C) and buccal (D) views; E–F, UM-HGL50-169, right M² (heavily corroded, enamel layer almost completely lost) in occlusal (E) and lingual (F) views; G–H, UM-HGL50-326, right M¹ (broken, buccal region missing) in occlusal (G) and lingual (H) views; I–K, UM-HGL50-290, left M₃ (distobuccally damaged) in occlusal (I), buccal (J) and lingual (K) views; L–N, UM-HGL50-325 (holotype), partial left mandible preserving M₂–₃ (without bone structure) in occlusal (L), buccal (M) and lingual (N) views. Images are renderings of 3D digital models of the fossil specimens, obtained by X-ray microcomputed (µCT) surface reconstructions. Scale bar = 1 mm.</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_9.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 7.** Isolated teeth from HGL50 (Glib Zegdou, Algeria), possibly corresponding to deciduous premolars of certain Azibiidae from the same fossil-bearing locality. The dental loci and taxonomic attributions mentioned are only plausible options. A–C UM-HGL50-294, left dP⁴ of *Algeripithecus minutus*, in occlusal (A, stereopair), buccal (B) and mesial (C) views; D–F, UM-HGL50-295, left dP⁴ of *Azibius trerki*, in occlusal (D, stereopair), buccal (E) and mesial (F) views; G–I, UM-HGL50-166, right dP⁴ of *Azibius trerki*, in occlusal (G, stereopair), buccal (H) and mesial (I) views; J–M, UM-HGL50-270, fragmentary right dP⁴ (broken, mesialmost part of the trigonid missing) of *Azibius trerki*, in occlusal (J), buccal (K), lingual (L) and distal (M) views. Images are renderings of 3D digital models of the fossil specimens, obtained by X-ray microcomputed (µCT) surface reconstructions. Scale bar = 1 mm.</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_10.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 8.** Dental fossil remains of the 'enigmatic mammal' from the late early – early middle Eocene of Chambi (CBI-1; Tunisia). A–E, ONM-CBI-1-02, right M₁ in occlusal (A), lingual (B), buccal (C), mesial (D) and distal (E) views; F–J, ONM-CBI-1-01, left M₂ (worn and corroded [+ acid-etching damage]) in occlusal (F), lingual (G), buccal (H), mesial (I) and distal (J) views. Only ONM-CBI-1-02 was originally illustrated (under original catalog number UM-CBI 02) by optical stereophotographs of a cast in Court (1993). Here, images are renderings of 3D digital models of casts, obtained by X-ray microcomputed (µCT) surface reconstructions. Scale bars = 1 mm.</figcaption></figure>
<table><caption>**Table 1.** Dental measurements (in mm) and adult body mass estimates (in grams) for primate specimens from Chambi (CBI-1) and Glib Zegdou (HGL50). Broken and corroded specimens are indicated by a star (*) and a double star (**), respectively.</caption><thead><tr><th></th><th></th><th>MDL</th><th>BLW</th><th>BM</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="5"><em>Algeripithecus minimissimus</em> sp. nov.</td></tr><tr><td>ONM-CBI-1-38</td><td>right P<sup>3*</sup></td><td>1.09</td><td>~1.15</td><td>87</td></tr><tr><td>ONM-CBI-1-37</td><td>right P<sup>4*</sup></td><td>1.20</td><td>~1.22</td><td>79</td></tr><tr><td>ONM-CBI-1-36</td><td>left M<sup>2**</sup></td><td>1.32</td><td>~1.87</td><td>58</td></tr><tr><td>ONM-CBI-1-35</td><td>left M<sup>3</sup></td><td>1.14</td><td>1.61</td><td>78</td></tr><tr><td>ONM-CBI-1-1206</td><td>right P<sub>4</sub></td><td>1.28</td><td>0.96</td><td>75</td></tr><tr><td>ONM-CBI-1-1207</td><td>right P<sub>4</sub></td><td>1.35</td><td>0.96</td><td>81</td></tr><tr><td>ONM-CBI-1-1205</td><td>right M<sub>1</sub><sup>**</sup> (mandible)</td><td>~1.33</td><td>1.06</td><td>59</td></tr><tr><td>ONM-CBI-1-1205</td><td>right M<sub>2</sub><sup>**</sup> (mandible)</td><td>~1.40</td><td>1.18</td><td>59</td></tr><tr><td>ONM-CBI-1-1205</td><td>right M<sub>3</sub><sup>**</sup> (mandible)</td><td>1.64</td><td>~1.03</td><td>79</td></tr><tr><td>ONM-CBI-1-1209</td><td>left M<sub>2</sub></td><td>1.33</td><td>1.13</td><td>52</td></tr><tr><td>ONM-CBI-1-1208</td><td>right M<sub>2</sub><sup>**</sup></td><td>1.26</td><td>~1.15</td><td>49</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5"><em>Algeripithecus minutus</em> Godinot and Mahboubi, 1992</td></tr><tr><td>UM-HGL50-294</td><td>left dP<sup>4</sup></td><td>1.51</td><td>1.65</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5"><em>Azibius magnus</em> sp. nov.</td></tr><tr><td>UM-HGL50-258</td><td>right P<sup>3</sup> or P<sup>4*</sup></td><td>2.70</td><td>3.42</td><td>1179 (P<sup>3</sup>) or 877 (P<sup>4</sup>)</td></tr><tr><td>UM-HGL50-260</td><td>right M<sup>2**</sup></td><td>~2.99</td><td>~4.17</td><td>625</td></tr><tr><td>UM-HGL50-261</td><td>left M<sup>3**</sup></td><td>~2.21</td><td>~3.30</td><td>566</td></tr><tr><td>UM-HGL50-263</td><td>left P<sub>3</sub><sup>*</sup></td><td>~3.30</td><td>2.22</td><td>1347</td></tr><tr><td>UM-HGL50-264</td><td>right M<sub>1</sub></td><td>3.77</td><td>2.80</td><td>932</td></tr><tr><td>UM-HGL50-265</td><td>right M<sub>1</sub><sup>*</sup></td><td>~3.93</td><td>2.66</td><td>919</td></tr><tr><td>UM-HGL50-266</td><td>right M<sub>2</sub><sup>**</sup></td><td>~3.43</td><td>~2.25</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5"><em>Azibius trerki</em> Sudre, 1975</td></tr><tr><td>UM-HGL50-166</td><td>right dP<sup>4</sup></td><td>1.92</td><td>2.11</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>UM-HGL50-295</td><td>left dP<sup>4</sup></td><td>1.91</td><td>2.14</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>UM-HGL50-270</td><td>right dP<sub>4</sub><sup>*</sup></td><td>-</td><td>1.40</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5"><em>Lazibadapis anchomomyinopsis</em> gen. et sp. nov.</td></tr><tr><td>UM-HGL50-326</td><td>right M<sup>1*</sup></td><td>~1.47</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>UM-HGL50-169</td><td>right M<sup>2**</sup></td><td>~1.65</td><td>~2.24</td><td>105</td></tr><tr><td>UM-HGL50-170</td><td>right M<sup>2</sup> or M<sup>3</sup></td><td>1.48</td><td>2.04</td><td>78 (M<sup>2</sup>) or 159 (M<sup>3</sup>)</td></tr><tr><td>UM-HGL50-325</td><td>left M<sub>2</sub> (mandible)</td><td>1.66</td><td>1.20</td><td>78</td></tr><tr><td>UM-HGL50-325</td><td>left M<sub>3</sub> (mandible)</td><td>1.89</td><td>1.04</td><td>97</td></tr><tr><td>UM-HGL50-290</td><td>left M<sub>3</sub><sup>*</sup></td><td>1.93</td><td>~1.10</td><td>108</td></tr></tbody></table>
'Enigmatic mammal' (Court, 1993)

<table><tr><td>ONM-CBI-1-02</td><td>right M<sub>1</sub></td><td>4.65</td><td>3.15</td><td>1460</td></tr><tr><td>ONM-CBI-1-01</td><td>left M<sub>2</sub>**</td><td>5.02</td><td>3.29</td><td>1684</td></tr></table>

Abbreviations: MDL, maximum mesiodistal length; BLW, maximum buccolingual width; BM, body mass
**Supplementary Online Material (SOM):**

# New insights into the diversity of strepsirrhine primates from the late early – early middle Eocene of North Africa (Algeria and Tunisia)

Laurent Marivaux a, *, Anne-Lise Charruault a, Mohammed Adaci b, Mustapha Bensalah b,
Mahammed Mahboubi c, Fateh Mebrouk d, Hayet Khayati Ammar e, El Mabrouk Essid e,
Wissem Marzougui e, Rim Temani e, Rodolphe Tabuce a

<footnote>a Laboratoire de Paléontologie, Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution de Montpellier (ISE-M, UMR 5554, CNRS/UM/IRD/EPHE), c.c. 064, Université de Montpellier, place Eugène Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France</footnote>

<footnote>b Laboratoire de Recherche n°25, Université de Tlemcen, BP. 119, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria</footnote>

<footnote>c Laboratoire de Paléontologie, Stratigraphie et Paléoenvironnement, Université d'Oran 2, BP. 1524, El M'naouer, Oran 31000, Algeria</footnote>

<footnote>d Département des Sciences de la Terre et de l'Univers, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université Mohamed Seddik Ben Yahia - Jijel, BP. 98 Cité Ouled Aïssa, 18000 Jijel, Algeria</footnote>

<footnote>e Office National des Mines (ONM), 24 rue 8601, 2035 La Charguia, Tunis, Tunisia</footnote>

<footnote>* Corresponding author:</footnote>

<footnote>E-mail address: [Laurent.Marivaux@UMontpellier.fr](mailto:Laurent.Marivaux@UMontpellier.fr) (L. Marivaux)</footnote>
A

<figure><img src="image_11.png" /></figure>

B

<figure><img src="image_12.png" /></figure>

SOM Figure S1. Dental nomenclature. A–B, Schematic occlusal dental morphology of upper (A) and lower (B) teeth of primates and related nomenclature. The dental terminology is after Marivaux et al. (2023, 2024), modified after Kay (1977), Szalay and Delson (1979), and Marivaux (2006). The arrows situated in front of the molars indicate the orientation of the teeth on the jaws (mesiolingual). **Upper molars:** 1, parastyle; 2, preparacrista; 3, buccal cingulum; 4, paracone; 5, postparacrista; 6, mesostyle; 7, premetacrista; 8, metacone; 9, postmetacrista; 2 + 5 + 7 + 9, eocrista; 10, metastyle (or metastylar shelf); 11, hypometacrista; 12, postmetaconule crista; 13, metaconule; 14, hypometaconule crista (= metacrista or crista obliqua); 11 + 14, hypometacrista/metacrista complex (or hypometacrista complex); 15, premetaconule crista; 16, postprotocrista; 17, distal cingulum; 18, hypocone; 19, prehypocrista; 20, lingual cingulum; 21, protocone; 22, entoprotocrista; 23, pericone; 24, mesial cingulum; 25, endoprotocrista; 26, preprotocrista; 27, postparaconule crista; 28, paraconule; 29, hypoparacrista; 30, preparaconule crista; TB, trigon basin. **Lower molars:** 31, premetacristid; 32, metaconid; 33, postmetacristid; 34, pre-entocristid; 35, entoconid; 36, postentocristid; 37, hypoconulid; 38, hypocristid; 38 + 36, postcristid; 39, hypoconid; 40, cristid obliqua; 41, buccal cingulid; 42, protoconid; 43, preprotocristid (or buccal paracristid); 44, mediolingual paracristid; 45, paraconid; 46, lateral protocristid; 47, medial protocristid; Hfxd, hypoflexid; TaB, talonid basin; TrB, trigonid basin.
<figure><img src="image_13.png" /><figcaption>SOM Figure S2. Hemi-mandible fragment of *Algeripithecus minutus* from the late early – early middle Eocene of Glib Zegdou (HGL50; Algeria). The specimen was previously figured (SEM photographs) in Tabuce et al. (2009, fig. 1d–g). A–D, UM-HGL50-397, left mandible preserving P₃–M₃ and alveoli for the distal root of P₂ and the root of C₁. The complete specimen is shown in occlusal view (A), then the crown (enamel layer) and roots of each tooth of the mandible were virtually delimited by manual segmentation and extracted from the dentary bone (B–D). The isolated toothrow is shown in occlusal (B), buccal (C) and lingual (D) views. Images are renderings of 3D digital models of the fossil specimens, obtained by X-ray microcomputed (µCT) surface reconstructions. Scale bars = 1 mm.</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_14.png" /><figcaption>**SOM Figure S3.** Dental fossil remains (isolated upper teeth) of *Algeripithecus minutus* from the late early – early middle Eocene of Glib Zegdou (HGL50; Algeria). Most specimens were previously figured (either by SEM photographs or surface renderings) in Godinot and Mahboubi (1992, fig. 1a, 1994, fig. 2A–B) and/or in Tabuce et al. (2009, fig. 1a–c). A–E, UM-HGL50-297, right P² in occlusal (A), lingual (B), buccal (C), mesial (D) and distal (E) views; F–J, UM-HGL50-298, right P³ in occlusal (F), lingual (G), buccal (H), mesial (I) and distal (J) views; K–O, UM-HGL50-299, right P⁴ in occlusal (K), lingual (L), buccal (M), mesial (N) and distal (O) views; P–T, UM-GZC-7, left M¹ (broken, lingual margin lacking) in occlusal (P), lingual (Q), buccal (R), mesial (S) and distal (T) views; U–Y, UM-GZC-1 (holotype), left M² in occlusal (U), lingual (V), buccal (W), mesial (X) and distal (Y) views; Z–D', UM-HGL50-319, left M³ in occlusal (Z), lingual (A'), buccal (B'), mesial (C') and distal (D') views. Images are renderings of 3D digital models of the fossil specimens, obtained by X-ray microcomputed (µCT) surface reconstructions. Scale bar = 1 mm.</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_15.png" /><figcaption>SOM Figure S4. Dental fossil remains of *Azibius trerki* from the late early – early middle Eocene of Glib Zegdou (HGL50; Algeria). The specimens were previously figured (SEM photographs and/or drawings) either in Tabuce et al. (2004, fig. 1a–d) or in Tabuce et al. (2009, fig. 2c–f). A–E, UM-HGL50-396, left M¹⁻² in occlusal (A), lingual (B), buccal (C), mesial (D) and distal (E) views; F–J, UM-GZC-41, left P⁴ in occlusal (F), lingual (G), buccal (H), mesial (I) and distal (J) views; K–O, UM-HGL50-248, left M₁ in occlusal (K), buccal (L), lingual (M), mesial (N) and distal (O) views. Images are renderings of 3D digital models of the fossil specimens, obtained by X-ray microcomputed (µCT) surface reconstructions. Scale bar = 1 mm.</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_16.png" /></figure>

SOM Figure S5. Dental fossil remains of *Azibius trerki* from the late early – early middle Eocene of Glib Zegdou (HGL50 & HGL51; Algeria). The specimens were previously figured (either by SEM photographs or surface renderings) in Tabuce et al. (2009, fig. 2g–h). A, composite upper toothrow including UM-HGL51-46, a fragmentary maxilla (preserving P<sup>3-4</sup> and M<sup>3</sup>), and UM-HGL50-396 (left M<sup>1-2</sup>; reversed); B–C, UM-HGL50-256, left mandible (preserving P<sub>4</sub>–M<sub>3</sub>) with M<sub>1</sub> badly crushed but here replaced by UM-HGL50-248 (left M<sub>1</sub>) in occlusal (B) and buccal (C) views. Images are renderings of 3D digital models of the fossil specimens, obtained by X-ray microcomputed (µCT) surface reconstructions. Scale bars = 1 mm.
<figure><img src="image_17.png" /><figcaption>**SOM Figure S6.** Composite toothrows and possible deciduous premolars of Azibiidae from the late early – early middle Eocene of Glib Zegdou (Algeria). The toothrows presented are either individual specimens or composite toothrows (see Fig. 4). All teeth are presented in occlusal view. A, composite upper toothrow of *Algeripithecus minutus*, including UM-HGL50-297 (right P²), UM-HGL50-298 (right P³), UM-HGL50-303 (left P⁴; reversed), UM-GZC-7 (left M¹, lingually broken; reversed), UM-GZC-1 (left M²; reversed), and UM-HGL50-319 (left M³; reversed); B, UM-HGL50-294, left dP⁴ (reversed) attributed to *Algeripithecus minutus*; C, composite upper toothrow of *Azibius trerki*, including UM-HGL51-46, a fragmentary maxilla (preserving P³⁻⁴ and M³), and UM-HGL50-396 (left M¹⁻²; reversed); D, UM-HGL50-295, left dP⁴ (reversed) attributed to *Azibius trerki*; E, UM-HGL50-256, left mandible (preserving P₄–M₃; reversed) with M₁ badly crushed but here replaced by UM-HGL50-248 (left M₁; reversed); F, UM-HGL50-270, fragmentary right dP₄ (broken, mesialmost part of the trigonid missing) attributed to *Azibius trerki*. The images presented here are renderings of 3D digital models of the fossil specimens, obtained by X-ray micro-computed (µCT) surface reconstructions. Scale bars = 1 mm.</figcaption></figure>
<table><caption>SOM Table S1. Taxonomic compositions of the Chambi (CBI) and Gour Lazib Complex (HGL) fossil-bearing localities from North Africa (Maghreb: Tunisia and Algeria, respectively). Several taxa or closely related taxa are found in the two sites, thereby indicating the temporal proximity of these two assemblages (late early to early middle Eocene).</caption><thead><tr><th></th><th>Chambi (CBI-1, -2 & -3)</th><th>Gour Lazib Complex (Glib Zegdou Formation*)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Mammalia</strong></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rodentia</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anomaluroidea</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zegdoumyidae</td><td>Zegdoumys sbeitlai</td><td>Zegdoumys lavocati<br>Glibia pentalopha<br>Glibemys algeriensis<br>Lazibemys zegdouensis</td></tr><tr><td>Primates</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Strepsirrhini</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Djebelemuridae</td><td>Djebelemur martinezi</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>?Djebelemuridae</td><td></td><td>Lazibadapis anchomomyinopsis gen. et sp. nov.</td></tr><tr><td>Azibiidae</td><td>Algeripithecus minimissimus sp. nov.</td><td>Algeripithecus minutus<br>Azibius trerki<br>Azibius magnus sp. nov.</td></tr><tr><td>Chiroptera</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Philisidae</td><td>Dizzya exsultans<br>Witwatia sigei</td><td>Witwatia sigei</td></tr><tr><td>Necromantidae</td><td>? Necromantis fragmentum</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hipposideridae</td><td>? Palaeophyllophora tunisiensis<br>Hipposideros (Pseudorhinolophus) africanum</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Emballonuridae</td><td>Vespertiliavus kasserinensis<br>? Vespertiliavus aenigma</td><td>Pseudovespertiliavus parva</td></tr><tr><td>Nycteridae</td><td>Khoufechia gunnelli</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vespertilionidae</td><td>Gen. et sp. indet.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Family indet.</td><td>Chambinycteris pusilli</td><td>Drakonycteris glibzegdouensis</td></tr><tr><td>Macroscelidea</td><td>Chambius kasserinensis</td><td>? Chambius sp.</td></tr><tr><td>Hyracoidea</td><td>Titanohyrax tantulus<br>Microhyrax lavocati<br>? Megalohyrax sp.<br>Gen. et sp. indet.</td><td>Titanohyrax cf. tantulus (HGL10)<br>Microhyrax lavocati<br>Megalohyrax gevini<br>Helioseus insolitus<br>Gen. et sp. indet.</td></tr><tr><td>Sirenia</td><td>Prorastomidae indet.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Creodonta</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hyaenodonta</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hyaenodontidae</td><td>Furodon crocheti<br>Parvavorodon gheerbranti<br>Hyainailourinae indet.<br>Masrasector cf. ligabuei<br>Teratodontinae indet.</td><td>Furodon crocheti<br>Parvavorodon gheerbranti<br>Glibzegdouia tabelbalaensis</td></tr><tr><td>'Lipotypha'</td><td>Chambilestes foussanensis<br>Gen. et sp. indet.</td><td>Gen. et sp. indet. (several taxa)</td></tr><tr><td>Mammalia indet.</td><td>Gen. et sp. indet.</td><td>Gen. et sp. indet.</td></tr><tr><td>Marsupialia</td><td>Kasserinotherium tunisiense</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>Chambi (CBI-1, -2 & -3)</th><th>Gour Lazib Complex (Glib Zegdou Formation*)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Aves</strong></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cuculiformes</td><td>Chambicuculus pusillus</td><td>Gen. et sp. indet.</td></tr><tr><td>Galliformes</td><td>Chambiortyx cristata</td><td>Lavocatavis africana</td></tr><tr><td>Gruiformes</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anseriformes</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Presbyornithidae</td><td></td><td>Gen. et sp. indet.</td></tr><tr><td>Neognathes</td><td></td><td>Oo-genus et sp. indet. (HGL10, 62, 51)</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Reptilia</strong></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Squamata</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Iguania</td><td>+</td><td>'Agamid' indet.</td></tr><tr><td>Gekkota</td><td>+</td><td>Gekkonidae s.l. indet.</td></tr><tr><td>Scincomorpha</td><td></td><td>Gen. et sp. indet. A<br>Gen. et sp. indet. B<br>Gen. et sp. indet. C</td></tr><tr><td>Amphisbaenia<br>? Varanoidea</td><td>Terastiodontosaurus marcelosanchezi</td><td>Gen. et sp. indet.<br>Gen. et sp. indet.</td></tr><tr><td>Serpentes</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Scolecophidia</td><td>+</td><td>Gen. et sp. indet.</td></tr><tr><td>Anilioid-grade snake</td><td>+</td><td>Afrotortrix draaensis</td></tr><tr><td>Booid-grade snake</td><td>+</td><td>Booid taxon A<br>Booid taxon B<br>Booid indet.</td></tr><tr><td>Colubroidea</td><td>+</td><td>Gen. et sp. indet.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Amphibia</strong></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lissamphibia</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gymnophiona<br>? Caudata</td><td></td><td>Gen. et sp. indet.<br>Gen. et sp. indet.</td></tr><tr><td>Pipidae</td><td></td><td>Gen. et sp. indet.</td></tr><tr><td>Ranoidea</td><td>+</td><td>Rocekophryne ornata</td></tr><tr><td>Anura</td><td>+</td><td>Gen. et sp. indet.<br>Gen. et sp. indet.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Sarcopterygii</strong></td><td></td><td>+</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Actinopterygii</strong></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polypteridae</td><td></td><td>+</td></tr><tr><td>Characiformes</td><td></td><td>+</td></tr><tr><td>Siluriformes</td><td></td><td>+</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Charophytes</strong></td><td>Raskyella cf. R. sahariana</td><td>Raskyella sahariana<br>Several other taxa**</td></tr></tbody></table>

* Intermediate member (see Adaci et al., 2007, 2016)

** Mebrouk (2011) -Unpublished PhD

+ work in progress

Gen et sp. indet.: work in progress
<table><caption>SOM Table S2. Dental measurements (in mm) and adult body mass estimates (in grams) for strepsirrhine primate specimens from Glib Zegdou (HGL50 & HGL51) and Chambi (CBI-1).</caption><thead><tr><th></th><th></th><th>MDL</th><th>BLW</th><th>Area</th><th>BM</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="6"><em>Algeripithecus minimissimus</em> sp. nov.</td></tr><tr><td>ONM-CBI-1-38</td><td>right P3*</td><td>1.09</td><td>~1.15</td><td>1.25</td><td>87</td></tr><tr><td>ONM-CBI-1-37</td><td>right P4*</td><td>1.20</td><td>~1.22</td><td>1.46</td><td>79</td></tr><tr><td>ONM-CBI-1-36</td><td>left M2**</td><td>1.32</td><td>~1.87</td><td>2.47</td><td>58</td></tr><tr><td>ONM-CBI-1-35</td><td>left M3</td><td>1.14</td><td>1.61</td><td>1.84</td><td>78</td></tr><tr><td>ONM-CBI-1-1206</td><td>right p4</td><td>1.28</td><td>0.96</td><td>1.23</td><td>75</td></tr><tr><td>ONM-CBI-1-1207</td><td>right p4</td><td>1.35</td><td>0.96</td><td>1.30</td><td>81</td></tr><tr><td>ONM-CBI-1-1205</td><td>right m1** (mdb)</td><td>~1.33</td><td>1.06</td><td>1.41</td><td>59</td></tr><tr><td>ONM-CBI-1-1205</td><td>right m2** (mdb)</td><td>~1.40</td><td>1.18</td><td>1.65</td><td>59</td></tr><tr><td>ONM-CBI-1-1205</td><td>right m3** (mdb)</td><td>1.64</td><td>~1.03</td><td>1.69</td><td>79</td></tr><tr><td>ONM-CBI-1-1209</td><td>left m2</td><td>1.33</td><td>1.13</td><td>1.50</td><td>52</td></tr><tr><td>ONM-CBI-1-1208</td><td>right m2**</td><td>1.26</td><td>~1.15</td><td>1.45</td><td>49</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6"><em>Algeripithecus minutus</em> Godinot and Mahboubi, 1992</td></tr><tr><td>UM-HGL50-294</td><td>left DP4</td><td>1.51</td><td>1.65</td><td>2.49</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>UM-HGL50-297</td><td>right P2</td><td>1.27</td><td>1.05</td><td>1.33</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>UM-HGL50-298</td><td>right P3</td><td>1.51</td><td>1.56</td><td>2.36</td><td>200</td></tr><tr><td>UM-HGL50-299</td><td>right P4</td><td>1.50</td><td>1.78</td><td>2.67</td><td>174</td></tr><tr><td>UM-HGL50-303</td><td>left P4</td><td>1.46</td><td>1.79</td><td>2.61</td><td>169</td></tr><tr><td>UM-GZC-7</td><td>left M1*</td><td>1.62</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>UM-GZC-1</td><td>left M2</td><td>1.73</td><td>2.66</td><td>4.60</td><td>144</td></tr><tr><td>UM-HGL50-319</td><td>left M3</td><td>1.45</td><td>2.15</td><td>3.12</td><td>167</td></tr><tr><td>UM-HGL50-397</td><td>left p3 (mdb)</td><td>~1.83</td><td>1.05</td><td>1.92</td><td>232</td></tr><tr><td>UM-HGL50-397</td><td>left p4 (mdb)</td><td>~2.00</td><td>1.19</td><td>2.38</td><td>198</td></tr><tr><td>UM-HGL50-397</td><td>left m1 (mdb)</td><td>1.90</td><td>1.30</td><td>2.47</td><td>127</td></tr><tr><td>UM-HGL50-397</td><td>left m2 (mdb)</td><td>~2.06</td><td>1.45</td><td>2.99</td><td>141</td></tr><tr><td>UM-HGL50-397</td><td>left m3 (mdb)</td><td>2.05</td><td>1.31</td><td>2.69</td><td>149</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6"><em>Azibius trerki</em> Sudre, 1975</td></tr><tr><td>UM-HGL50-166</td><td>right DP4</td><td>1.92</td><td>2.11</td><td>4.05</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>UM-HGL50-295</td><td>left DP4</td><td>1.91</td><td>2.14</td><td>4.09</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>UM-HGL51-46</td><td>right P3 (mx)</td><td>1.94</td><td>1.97</td><td>3.82</td><td>374</td></tr><tr><td>UM-HGL51-46</td><td>right P4 (mx)</td><td>1.90</td><td>2.64</td><td>5.02</td><td>396</td></tr><tr><td>UM-GZC-41</td><td>left P4</td><td>1.95</td><td>2.62</td><td>5.109</td><td>405</td></tr><tr><td>UM-HGL50-396</td><td>left M1</td><td>2.12</td><td>2.84</td><td>6.02</td><td>211</td></tr><tr><td>UM-HGL50-396</td><td>left M2</td><td>2.07</td><td>3.08</td><td>6.38</td><td>233</td></tr><tr><td>UM-HGL51-46</td><td>right M3 (mx)</td><td>1.62</td><td>2.51</td><td>4.07</td><td>245</td></tr><tr><td>UM-HGL50-270</td><td>right dp4*</td><td>-</td><td>1.40</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>UM-HGL50-256</td><td>left p4 (mdb)</td><td>1.58</td><td>2.30</td><td>3.63</td><td>368</td></tr><tr><td>UM-HGL50-248</td><td>left m1</td><td>2.22</td><td>1.67</td><td>3.71</td><td>222</td></tr><tr><td>UM-HGL50-256</td><td>left m1 (mdb)</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>UM-HGL50-256</td><td>left m2 (mdb)</td><td>2.46</td><td>1.87</td><td>4.60</td><td>263</td></tr><tr><td>UM-HGL50-256</td><td>left m3* (mdb)</td><td>~2.78</td><td>1.57</td><td>4.36</td><td>290</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6"><em>Azibius magnus</em> sp. nov.</td></tr><tr><td>UM-HGL50-258</td><td>right P3 or P4*</td><td>2.70</td><td>3.42</td><td>9.23</td><td>1179 (P3) or 877 (P4)</td></tr><tr><td>UM-HGL50-260</td><td>right M2**</td><td>~2.99</td><td>~4.17</td><td>12.47</td><td>625</td></tr><tr><td>UM-HGL50-261</td><td>left M3**</td><td>~2.21</td><td>~3.30</td><td>7.29</td><td>566</td></tr><tr><td>UM-HGL50-263</td><td>left p3*</td><td>~3.30</td><td>2.22</td><td>7.33</td><td>1347</td></tr><tr><td>UM-HGL50-264</td><td>right m1</td><td>3.77</td><td>2.80</td><td>10.56</td><td>932</td></tr><tr><td>UM-HGL50-265</td><td>right m1*</td><td>~3.93</td><td>2.66</td><td>10.45</td><td>919</td></tr><tr><td>UM-HGL50-266</td><td>right m2**</td><td>~3.43</td><td>~2.25</td><td>7.72</td><td>-</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th></th><th></th><th>MDL</th><th>BLW</th><th>Area</th><th>BM</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="6"><em>Djebelemur martinezi</em> Hartenberger and Marandat, 1992</td></tr><tr><td>ONM-CBI-1-544</td><td>left P3 (mx)</td><td>1.44</td><td>1.52</td><td>2.19</td><td>181</td></tr><tr><td>ONM-CBI-1-544</td><td>left P4* (mx)</td><td>1.49</td><td>1.75</td><td>2.61</td><td>169</td></tr><tr><td>ONM-CBI-1-567</td><td>left P4</td><td>1.50</td><td>1.67</td><td>2.51</td><td>160</td></tr><tr><td>ONM-CBI-1-544</td><td>left M1 (mx)</td><td>1.75</td><td>2.15</td><td>3.76</td><td>106</td></tr><tr><td>ONM-CBI-1-544</td><td>left M2 (mx)</td><td>1.73</td><td>2.29</td><td>3.96</td><td>116</td></tr><tr><td>ONM-CBI-1-544</td><td>left M3 (mx)</td><td>1.39</td><td>2.19</td><td>3.04</td><td>161</td></tr><tr><td>ONM-CBI-1-580</td><td>left c</td><td>0.75</td><td>1.09</td><td>0.82</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>ONM-CBI-1-587</td><td>right p2</td><td>1.10</td><td>0.77</td><td>0.85</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>ONM-CBI-1-565</td><td>right p3 (mdb)</td><td>1.64</td><td>0.93</td><td>1.53</td><td>172</td></tr><tr><td>ONM-CBI-1-577</td><td>right p4</td><td>1.63</td><td>0.98</td><td>1.60</td><td>110</td></tr><tr><td>ONM-CBI-1-565</td><td>right m1 (mdb)</td><td>2.01</td><td>1.38</td><td>2.77</td><td>149</td></tr><tr><td>ONM-CBI-1-565</td><td>right m2 (mdb)</td><td>1.99</td><td>1.40</td><td>2.79</td><td>127</td></tr><tr><td>ONM-CBI-1-565</td><td>right m3 (mdb)</td><td>2.19</td><td>1.25</td><td>2.74</td><td>153</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6"><em>Lazibadapis anchomomyinopsis</em> gen. et sp. nov.</td></tr><tr><td>UM-HGL50-326</td><td>right M1*</td><td>~1.47</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>UM-HGL50-169</td><td>right M2**</td><td>~1.65</td><td>~2.24</td><td>3.70</td><td>105</td></tr><tr><td>UM-HGL50-170</td><td>right M2 or M3</td><td>1.48</td><td>2.04</td><td>3.02</td><td>78 (M2) or 159 (M3)</td></tr><tr><td>UM-HGL50-325</td><td>left m2 (mdb)</td><td>1.66</td><td>1.20</td><td>1.99</td><td>78</td></tr><tr><td>UM-HGL50-325</td><td>left m3 (mdb)</td><td>1.89</td><td>1.04</td><td>1.97</td><td>97</td></tr><tr><td>UM-HGL50-290</td><td>left m3*</td><td>1.93</td><td>~1.10</td><td>2.12</td><td>108</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6"><em>'Enigmatic mammal'</em> (Court, 1993)</td></tr><tr><td>ONM-CBI-1-02</td><td>right m1</td><td>4.65</td><td>3.15</td><td>14.65</td><td>1460</td></tr><tr><td>ONM-CBI-1-01</td><td>left m2**</td><td>5.02</td><td>3.29</td><td>16.52</td><td>1684</td></tr></tbody></table>

Abbreviations: MDL, maximum mesiodistal length; BLW, maximum buccolingual width; BM, body mass

*: broken

**: corroded

mdb: mandible

mx: maxilla
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