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116. Rahman, F.A.; Krause, M.P. PAI-1, the Plasminogen System, and Skeletal Muscle. *Int. J. Mol. Sci.* **2020**, *21*, 7066. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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122. Ahirwar, A.K.; Jain, A.; Goswami, B.; Bhatnagar, M.K.; Bhatacharjee, J. Imbalance between Protective (Adiponectin) and Prothrombotic (Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1) Adipokines in Metabolic Syndrome. *Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Clin. Res. Rev.* **2014**, *8*, 152–155. [CrossRef]

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125. Ma, L.-J.; Mao, S.-L.; Taylor, K.L.; Kanjanabuch, T.; Guan, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Brown, N.J.; Swift, L.L.; McGuinness, O.P.; Wasserman, D.H.; et al. Prevention of Obesity and Insulin Resistance in Mice Lacking Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1. *Diabetes* **2004**, *53*, 336–346. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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144. Hakoupian, M.; Ferino, E.; Jickling, G.C.; Amini, H.; Stamova, B.; Ander, B.P.; Alomar, N.; Sharp, F.R.; Zhan, X. Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide Is Associated with Stroke. *Sci. Rep.* **2021**, *11*, 6570. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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127. Wang, L.; Chen, L.; Liu, Z.; Liu, Y.; Luo, M.; Chen, N.; Deng, X.; Luo, Y.; He, J.; Zhang, L.; et al. PAI-1 Exacerbates White Adipose Tissue Dysfunction and Metabolic Dysregulation in High Fat Diet-Induced Obesity. *Front. Pharmacol.* **2018**, *9*, 1087. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

128. Eitzman, D.T.; Westrick, R.J.; Xu, Z.; Tyson, J.; Ginsburg, D. Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Deficiency Protects against Atherosclerosis Progression in the Mouse Carotid Artery. *Blood* **2000**, *96*, 4212–4215. [CrossRef]

129. Luttun, A.; Lupu, F.; Storkebaum, E.; Hoylaerts, M.F.; Moons, L.; Crawley, J.; Bono, F.; Poole, A.R.; Tipping, P.; Herbert, J.-M.; et al. Lack of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Promotes Growth and Abnormal Matrix Remodeling of Advanced Atherosclerotic Plaques in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice. *Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.* **2002**, *22*, 499–505. [CrossRef]

130. Ploplis, V.A. Effects of Altered Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Expression on Cardiovascular Disease. *Curr. Drug Targets* **2011**, *12*, 1782–1789. [CrossRef]

131. Liang, X.; Kanjanabuch, T.; Mao, S.-L.; Hao, C.-M.; Tang, Y.-W.; Declerck, P.J.; Hasty, A.H.; Wasserman, D.H.; Fogo, A.B.; Ma, L.-J. Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Modulates Adipocyte Differentiation. *Am. J. Physiol.-Endocrinol. Metab.* **2006**, *290*, E103–E113. [CrossRef]

132. The Human Microbiome Project Consortium. Structure, Function and Diversity of the Healthy Human Microbiome. *Nature* **2012**, *486*, 207–214. [CrossRef]

133. Bertani, B.; Ruiz, N. Function and Biogenesis of Lipopolysaccharides. *EcoSal Plus* **2018**, *8*, 10. [CrossRef]

134. Rosendo-Silva, D.; Viana, S.; Carvalho, E.; Reis, F.; Matafome, P. Are Gut Dysbiosis, Barrier Disruption, and Endotoxemia Related to Adipose Tissue Dysfunction in Metabolic Disorders? Overview of the Mechanisms Involved. *Intern. Emerg. Med.* **2023**, *18*, 1287–1302. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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136. Jobe, M.; Agbla, S.C.; Todorcevic, M.; Darboe, B.; Danso, E.; de Barros, J.-P.P.; Lagrost, L.; Karpe, F.; Prentice, A.M. Possible Mediators of Metabolic Endotoxemia in Women with Obesity and Women with Obesity-Diabetes in The Gambia. *Int. J. Obes.* **2022**, *46*, 1892–1900. [CrossRef]

137. Ghosh, S.S.; Wang, J.; Yannie, P.J.; Ghosh, S. Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction, LPS Translocation, and Disease Development. *J. Endocr. Soc.* **2020**, *4*, bvz039. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

138. Iwasaki, A.; Medzhitov, R. Toll-like Receptor Control of the Adaptive Immune Responses. *Nat. Immunol.* **2004**, *5*, 987–995. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

139. Al-Disi, D.; Ansari, M.G.A.; Sabico, S.; Wani, K.; Hussain, S.D.; Elshafie, M.M.; McTernan, P.; Al-Daghri, N.M. High Glucose Load and Endotoxemia among Overweight and Obese Arab Women with and without Diabetes: An Observational Study. *Medicine* **2020**, *99*, e23211. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

140. Trøseid, M.; Nestvold, T.K.; Rudi, K.; Thoresen, H.; Nielsen, E.W.; Lappegård, K.T. Plasma Lipopolysaccharide Is Closely Associated with Glycemic Control and Abdominal Obesity. *Diabetes Care* **2013**, *36*, 3627–3632. [CrossRef]

141. Sun, L.; Yu, Z.; Ye, X.; Zou, S.; Li, H.; Yu, D.; Wu, H.; Chen, Y.; Dore, J.; Clément, K.; et al. A Marker of Endotoxemia Is Associated with Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders in Apparently Healthy Chinese. *Diabetes Care* **2010**, *33*, 1925–1932. [CrossRef]

142. Clemente-Postigo, M.; Oliva-Olivera, W.; Coin-Aragüez, L.; Ramos-Molina, B.; Giraldez-Perez, R.M.; Lhamyani, S.; Alcaide-Torres, J.; Perez-Martinez, P.; El Bekay, R.; Cardona, F.; et al. Metabolic Endotoxemia Promotes Adipose Dysfunction and Inflammation in Human Obesity. *Am. J. Physiol. -Endocrinol. Metab.* **2019**, *316*, E319–E332. [CrossRef]

143. Carnevale, R.; Sciarretta, S.; Valenti, V.; di Nonno, F.; Calvieri, C.; Nocella, C.; Frati, G.; Forte, M.; d'Amati, G.; Pignataro, M.G.; et al. Low-Grade Endotoxaemia Enhances Artery Thrombus Growth via Toll-like Receptor 4: Implication for Myocardial Infarction. *Eur. Heart J.* **2020**, *41*, 3156–3165. [CrossRef]

144. Hakoupian, M.; Ferino, E.; Jickling, G.C.; Amini, H.; Stamova, B.; Ander, B.P.; Alomar, N.; Sharp, F.R.; Zhan, X. Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide Is Associated with Stroke. *Sci. Rep.* **2021**, *11*, 6570. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

145. Cani, P.D.; Bibiloni, R.; Knauf, C.; Waget, A.; Neyrinck, A.M.; Delzenne, N.M.; Burcelin, R. Changes in Gut Microbiota Control Metabolic Endotoxemia-Induced Inflammation in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity and Diabetes in Mice. *Diabetes* **2008**, *57*, 1470–1481. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

146. Balakumar, M.; Prabhu, D.; Sathishkumar, C.; Prabu, P.; Rokana, N.; Kumar, R.; Raghavan, S.; Soundarajan, A.; Grover, S.; Batish, V.K.; et al. Improvement in Glucose Tolerance and Insulin Sensitivity by Probiotic Strains of Indian Gut Origin in High-Fat Diet-Fed C57BL/6J Mice. *Eur. J. Nutr.* **2018**, *57*, 279–295. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

147. Kim, K.-A.; Gu, W.; Lee, I.-A.; Joh, E.-H.; Kim, D.-H. High Fat Diet-Induced Gut Microbiota Exacerbates Inflammation and Obesity in Mice via the TLR4 Signaling Pathway. *PLoS ONE* **2012**, *7*, e47713. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

148. Thouvenot, K.; Turpin, T.; Taïlé, J.; Clément, K.; Meilhac, O.; Gonthier, M.-P. Links between Insulin Resistance and Periodontal Bacteria: Insights on Molecular Players and Therapeutic potential of Polyphenols. *Biomolecules.* **2022**, *12*, 378. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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160. Canfora, E.E.; Meex, R.C.R.; Venema, K.; Blaak, E.E. Gut Microbial Metabolites in Obesity, NAFLD and T2DM. *Nat. Rev. Endocrinol.* **2019**, *15*, 261–273. [CrossRef]

161. Canfora, E.E.; Jocken, J.W.; Blaak, E.E. Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Control of Body Weight and Insulin Sensitivity. *Nat. Rev. Endocrinol.* **2015**, *11*, 577–591. [CrossRef]

162. Brown, A.J.; Goldsworthy, S.M.; Barnes, A.A.; Eilert, M.M.; Tcheang, L.; Daniels, D.; Muir, A.I.; Wigglesworth, M.J.; Kinghorn, I.; Fraser, N.J.; et al. The Orphan G Protein-Coupled Receptors GPR41 and GPR43 Are Activated by Propionate and Other Short Chain Carboxylic Acids*. *J. Biol. Chem.* **2003**, *278*, 11312–11319. [CrossRef]

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172. Heimann, E.; Nyman, M.; Degerman, E. Propionic Acid and Butyric Acid Inhibit Lipolysis and de Novo Lipogenesis and Increase Insulin-Stimulated Glucose Uptake in Primary Rat Adipocytes. *Adipocyte* **2015**, *4*, 81–88. [CrossRef]

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183. Prusty, D.; Park, B.-H.; Davis, K.E.; Farmer, S.R. Activation of MEK/ERK Signaling Promotes Adipogenesis by Enhancing Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ (PPARγ) and C/EBPα Gene Expression during the Differentiation of 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes*. *J. Biol. Chem.* **2002**, *277*, 46226–46232. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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211. Taleb, S. Tryptophan Dietary Impacts Gut Barrier and Metabolic Diseases. *Front. Immunol.* **2019**, *10*, 2113. [CrossRef]

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213. Cussotto, S.; Delgado, I.; Anesi, A.; Dexpert, S.; Aubert, A.; Beau, C.; Forestier, D.; Ledaguenel, P.; Magne, E.; Mattivi, F.; et al. Tryptophan Metabolic Pathways Are Altered in Obesity and Are Associated with Systemic Inflammation. *Front. Immunol.* **2020**, *11*, 557. [CrossRef]

214. De Mello, V.D.; Paananen, J.; Lindström, J.; Lankinen, M.A.; Shi, L.; Kuusisto, J.; Pihlajamäki, J.; Auriola, S.; Lehtonen, M.; Rolandsson, O.; et al. Indolepropionic Acid and Novel Lipid Metabolites Are Associated with a Lower Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. *Sci. Rep.* **2017**, *7*, 46337. [CrossRef]

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217. Natividad, J.M.; Agus, A.; Planchais, J.; Lamas, B.; Jarry, A.C.; Martin, R.; Michel, M.-L.; Chong-Nguyen, C.; Roussel, R.; Straube, M.; et al. Impaired Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Ligand Production by the Gut Microbiota Is a Key Factor in Metabolic Syndrome. *Cell Metab.* **2018**, *28*, 737–749.e4. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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199. Chen, M.; Zhu, X.; Ran, L.; Lang, H.; Yi, L.; Mi, M. Trimethylamine-N-Oxide Induces Vascular Inflammation by Activating the NLRP3 Inflammasome through the SIRT3-SOD2-mtROS Signaling Pathway. *J. Am. Heart Assoc.* **2017**, *6*, e006347. [CrossRef]

200. Geng, J.; Yang, C.; Wang, B.; Zhang, X.; Hu, T.; Gu, Y.; Li, J. Trimethylamine N-Oxide Promotes Atherosclerosis via CD36-Dependent MAPK/JNK Pathway. *Biomed. Pharmacother.* **2018**, *97*, 941–947. [CrossRef]

201. Wu, P.; Chen, J.; Chen, J.; Tao, J.; Wu, S.; Xu, G.; Wang, Z.; Wei, D.; Yin, W. Trimethylamine N-Oxide Promotes apoE<sup>-/-</sup> Mice Atherosclerosis by Inducing Vascular Endothelial Cell Pyroptosis via the SDHB/ROS Pathway. *J. Cell. Physiol.* **2020**, *235*, 6582–6591. [CrossRef]

202. Cretoiu, D.; Ionescu, R.F.; Enache, R.M.; Cretoiu, S.M.; Voinea, S.C. Gut Microbiome, Functional Food, Atherosclerosis, and Vascular Calcifications—Is There a Missing Link? *Microorganisms* **2021**, *9*, 1913. [CrossRef]

203. Barrea, L.; Annunziata, G.; Muscogiuri, G.; Di Somma, C.; Laudisio, D.; Maisto, M.; de Alteriis, G.; Tenore, G.; Colao, A.; Savastano, S. Trimethylamine-N-Oxide (TMAO) as Novel Potential Biomarker of Early Predictors of Metabolic Syndrome. *Nutrients* **2018**, *10*, 1971. [CrossRef]

204. Schugar, R.C.; Shih, D.M.; Warrier, M.; Helsley, R.N.; Burrows, A.; Ferguson, D.; Brown, A.L.; Gromovsky, A.D.; Heine, M.; Chatterjee, A.; et al. The TMAO-Producing Enzyme Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) Regulates Obesity and the Beiging of White Adipose Tissue. *Cell Rep.* **2017**, *19*, 2451–2461. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

205. Croyal, M.; Saulnier, P.-J.; Aguesse, A.; Gand, E.; Ragot, S.; Roussel, R.; Halimi, J.-M.; Ducrocq, G.; Cariou, B.; Montaigne, D.; et al. Plasma Trimethylamine N-Oxide and Risk of Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. *J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.* **2020**, *105*, 2371–2380. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

206. Schugar, R.C.; Willard, B.; Wang, Z.; Brown, J.M. Postprandial Gut Microbiota-Driven Choline Metabolism Links Dietary Cues to Adipose Tissue Dysfunction. *Adipocyte* **2018**, *7*, 49–56. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

207. Gao, X.; Liu, X.; Xu, J.; Xue, C.; Xue, Y.; Wang, Y. Dietary Trimethylamine N-Oxide Exacerbates Impaired Glucose Tolerance in Mice Fed a High Fat Diet. *J. Biosci. Bioeng.* **2014**, *118*, 476–481. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

208. Yang, J.; Wise, L.; Fukuchi, K. TLR4 Cross-Talk with NLRP3 Inflammasome and Complement Signaling Pathways in Alzheimer's Disease. *Front. Immunol.* **2020**, *11*, 724. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

209. Chen, S.; Henderson, A.; Petriello, M.C.; Romano, K.A.; Gearing, M.; Miao, J.; Schell, M.; Sandoval-Espinola, W.J.; Tao, J.; Sha, B.; et al. Trimethylamine N-Oxide Binds and Activates PERK to Promote Metabolic Dysfunction. *Cell Metab.* **2019**, *30*, 1141–1151.e5. [CrossRef]

210. Zhao, Y.; Wang, Z. Impact of Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO) Metaorganismal Pathway on Cardiovascular Disease. *J. Lab. Precis. Med.* **2020**, *5*, 16. [CrossRef]

211. Taleb, S. Tryptophan Dietary Impacts Gut Barrier and Metabolic Diseases. *Front. Immunol.* **2019**, *10*, 2113. [CrossRef]

212. Gutiérrez-Vázquez, C.; Quintana, F.J. Regulation of the Immune Response by the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor. *Immunity* **2018**, *48*, 19. [CrossRef]

213. Cussotto, S.; Delgado, I.; Anesi, A.; Dexpert, S.; Aubert, A.; Beau, C.; Forestier, D.; Ledaguenel, P.; Magne, E.; Mattivi, F.; et al. Tryptophan Metabolic Pathways Are Altered in Obesity and Are Associated with Systemic Inflammation. *Front. Immunol.* **2020**, *11*, 557. [CrossRef]

214. De Mello, V.D.; Paananen, J.; Lindström, J.; Lankinen, M.A.; Shi, L.; Kuusisto, J.; Pihlajamäki, J.; Auriola, S.; Lehtonen, M.; Rolandsson, O.; et al. Indolepropionic Acid and Novel Lipid Metabolites Are Associated with a Lower Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. *Sci. Rep.* **2017**, *7*, 46337. [CrossRef]

215. Tuomainen, M.; Lindström, J.; Lehtonen, M.; Auriola, S.; Pihlajamäki, J.; Peltonen, M.; Tuomilehto, J.; Uusitupa, M.; de Mello, V.D.; Hanhineva, K. Associations of Serum Indolepropionic Acid, a Gut Microbiota Metabolite, with Type 2 Diabetes and Low-Grade Inflammation in High-Risk Individuals. *Nutr. Diabetes* **2018**, *8*, 35. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

216. Menni, C.; Hernandez, M.M.; Vital, M.; Mohney, R.P.; Spector, T.D.; Valdes, A.M. Circulating Levels of the Anti-Oxidant Indolepropionic Acid Are Associated with Higher Gut Microbiome Diversity. *Gut Microbes* **2019**, *10*, 688–695. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

217. Natividad, J.M.; Agus, A.; Planchais, J.; Lamas, B.; Jarry, A.C.; Martin, R.; Michel, M.-L.; Chong-Nguyen, C.; Roussel, R.; Straube, M.; et al. Impaired Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Ligand Production by the Gut Microbiota Is a Key Factor in Metabolic Syndrome. *Cell Metab.* **2018**, *28*, 737–749.e4. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

218. Kerley-Hamilton, J.S.; Trask, H.W.; Ridley, C.J.A.; DuFour, E.; Ringelberg, C.S.; Nurinova, N.; Wong, D.; Moodie, K.L.; Shipman, S.L.; Moore, J.H.; et al. Obesity Is Mediated by Differential Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Signaling in Mice Fed a Western Diet. *Environ. Health Perspect.* **2012**, *120*, 1252–1259. [CrossRef]

219. Korecka, A.; Dona, A.; Lahiri, S.; Tett, A.J.; Al-Asmakh, M.; Braniste, V.; D’Arienzo, R.; Abbaspour, A.; Reichardt, N.; Fujii-Kuriyama, Y.; et al. Bidirectional Communication between the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) and the Microbiome Tunes Host Metabolism. *NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes* **2016**, *2*, 16014. [CrossRef]

220. Gourronc, F.A.; Markan, K.R.; Kulhankova, K.; Zhu, Z.; Sheehy, R.; Quelle, D.E.; Zingman, L.V.; Kurago, Z.B.; Ankrum, J.A.; Klingelhutz, A.J. Pdgfrα-Cre Mediated Knockout of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Protects Mice from High-Fat Diet Induced Obesity and Hepatic Steatosis. *PLoS ONE* **2020**, *15*, e0236741. [CrossRef]
221. Ji, Y.; Yin, W.; Liang, Y.; Sun, L.; Yin, Y.; Zhang, W. Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Oxidative Activity of Indole-3-Acetic Acid Involves Induction of HO-1 and Neutralization of Free Radicals in RAW264.7 Cells. *Int. J. Mol. Sci.* **2020**, *21*, 1579. [CrossRef]

222. Tanaka, S.; Watanabe, H.; Nakano, T.; Imafuku, T.; Kato, H.; Tokumaru, K.; Arimura, N.; Enoki, Y.; Maeda, H.; Tanaka, M.; et al. Indoxyl Sulfate Contributes to Adipose Tissue Inflammation through the Activation of NADPH Oxidase. *Toxins* **2020**, *12*, 502. [CrossRef]

**Disclaimer/Publisher's Note:** The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.
221. Ji, Y.; Yin, W.; Liang, Y.; Sun, L.; Yin, Y.; Zhang, W. Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Oxidative Activity of Indole-3-Acetic Acid Involves Induction of HO-1 and Neutralization of Free Radicals in RAW264.7 Cells. *Int. J. Mol. Sci.* **2020**, *21*, 1579. [CrossRef]

222. Tanaka, S.; Watanabe, H.; Nakano, T.; Imafuku, T.; Kato, H.; Tokumaru, K.; Arimura, N.; Enoki, Y.; Maeda, H.; Tanaka, M.; et al. Indoxyl Sulfate Contributes to Adipose Tissue Inflammation through the Activation of NADPH Oxidase. *Toxins* **2020**, *12*, 502. [CrossRef]

**Disclaimer/Publisher's Note:** The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.