<table><caption>Tab. V.1.16 Retouched and utilised artefacts from Lithic Phase 5 (C. Perlès)</caption><thead><tr><td>PMZ number</td><td>BPh</td><td>Figure</td><td>Raw material</td><td>Technomorphological classification</td><td>Functional classification</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>PM0342</td><td>VIII</td><td>V.1.14.a, V.1.16.a</td><td>R/CC</td><td>Sickle insert on blade</td><td>Sickle insert</td></tr><tr><td>PM0351</td><td>VIII</td><td>V.1.14.b, V.1.16.b</td><td>R/CC</td><td>End-scrapers on sickle bladelets (frag.)</td><td>Sickle insert</td></tr><tr><td>PM0441</td><td>VIII</td><td>V.1.14.c, V.1.16.c</td><td>R/CC</td><td>Sickle insert on flake</td><td>Sickle insert</td></tr><tr><td>PM0399</td><td>VIII</td><td>V.1.14.g, V.1.16.g</td><td>R/CC</td><td>Beak</td><td>Tool used laterally on hide or vegetal matter</td></tr><tr><td>PM0366</td><td>VIII</td><td>V.1.14.d, V.1.16.d</td><td>R/CC</td><td>Beak/borer</td><td>Borer used on wood</td></tr><tr><td>PM0334</td><td>VIII</td><td>V.1.14.e, V.1.16.e</td><td>R/CC</td><td>Beak/borer</td><td>Borer used on skin and wood</td></tr><tr><td>PM0340</td><td>VIII</td><td>V.1.14.f, V.1.16.f</td><td>R/CC</td><td>Borer</td><td>n/a</td></tr><tr><td>PM0338</td><td>VIII</td><td>V.1.14.j, V.1.16.i</td><td>Heated or burnt R/CC</td><td>End-scrapers on blade</td><td>End-scrapers used on skin</td></tr><tr><td>PM0386</td><td>VIII</td><td>V.1.14.n, V.1.16.o</td><td>R/CC</td><td>Bitruncated triangle</td><td>n/a</td></tr><tr><td>PM0358</td><td>VIII</td><td>V.1.14.i, V.1.16.h</td><td>R/CC</td><td>Retouched blade (frag.)</td><td>n/a</td></tr><tr><td>PM0452</td><td>VIII</td><td>V.1.14.h</td><td>R/CC</td><td>Retouched blade (frag.)</td><td>n/a</td></tr><tr><td>PM0364</td><td>VIII</td><td>V.1.16.j</td><td>R/CC</td><td>Retouched flake</td><td>n/a</td></tr><tr><td>PM0421</td><td>VIII</td><td>V.1.16.k</td><td>R/CC</td><td>Retouched flake/splintered piece</td><td>n/a</td></tr><tr><td>PM0404</td><td>VIII</td><td>V.1.14.m, V.1.16.n</td><td>R/CC</td><td>Splintered piece?</td><td>n/a</td></tr><tr><td>PM0346</td><td>VIII</td><td>V.1.14.l, V.1.16.l</td><td>R/CC</td><td>Split splintered piece</td><td>n/a</td></tr><tr><td>PM0337</td><td>VIII</td><td>V.1.14.k, V.1.16.m</td><td>Heated or burnt R/CC</td><td>Splintered piece</td><td>n/a</td></tr><tr><td>PM0391</td><td>VIII</td><td>V.1.13.o, V.1.15.g</td><td>R/CC</td><td>Utilised blade</td><td>Blade utilised on hide</td></tr><tr><td>PM0451</td><td>VIII</td><td>V.1.14.p</td><td>R/CC</td><td>Utilised flake</td><td>n/a</td></tr><tr><td>PM0341</td><td>VIII</td><td>V.1.14.o</td><td>Burnt chert?</td><td>Utilised flake</td><td>n/a</td></tr><tr><td>PM0385</td><td>VIII</td><td>V.1.13.q, V.1.15.f</td><td>R/CC</td><td>Utilised bladelet</td><td>Bladelet utilised on skin and wood</td></tr><tr><td>PM0422</td><td>VIII</td><td>V.1.13.p, V.1.15.j</td><td>Radiolarite or chert</td><td>Utilised bladelet</td><td>Bladelet utilised on plants</td></tr></tbody></table>
earlier PMZ phases, but they are also known in Late Neolithic contexts,<fnref n="376" /> though mostly on larger blades.

The third insert, PM0441 is a sickle insert on a large flake. With its bifacial retouch and ser-
rated working edge, it evokes Helladic inserts<fnref n="377" /> (or even *tribulum* inserts<fnref n="378" />) rather than Middle
Neolithic ones. The hafted right edge was mostly shaped by direct retouch, the left edge was
shaped by bifacial retouch (Figs. V.1.14c, V.1.16c). It was used to cut cereals with the left edge,
rejuvenated several times, then re-used for another task on both edges.<fnref n="379" /> We know of no equiva-
lent sickle insert in Late Neolithic assemblages.

Perforating Tools (n=3)

The presence of three retouched perforating tools (borers or ‘mèches’) constitutes an innovation
in the PMZ toolkit: none had been identified previously, even in larger assemblages. PM0366 was
manufactured on a R/CC blade by regular bilateral ¾ abrupt retouch converging to shape a sturdy
beak. Microscopic examination showed the point was used in a rotary motion on dry wood (Figs.
V.1.14d, V.1.16d). PM0334 was similarly manufactured on a R/CC bladelet by direct abrupt re-
touch of the left edge and the distal half of the right edge (Figs. V.1.14e, V.1.16e). The point was
used on both hide and wood, either successively or, perhaps, by perforating a hide set on a wood-
en stand. The point of PM0340 is broken and its use cannot be confirmed, but the similarity of
the shaping technique with the two preceding artefacts, by bilateral abrupt retouch, makes its use
as a borer very likely (Figs. V.1.14f, V.1.16f). Similar perforating tools, shaped by direct bilateral
retouch, were uncovered in the Late Neolithic levels from Ag. Petros,<fnref n="380" /> Tharrounia,<fnref n="381" /> Kitsos<fnref n="382" />
and Ag. Sophia.<fnref n="383" /> They thus appear to represent a typical Late Neolithic type of perforating tool.

Retouched Blades (n=3)

This set of three artefacts does not constitute a homogeneous category. If all had been analysed
for wear traces, very different uses would undoubtedly have been documented. PM0399, made on
a regular R/CC blade, was shaped by direct bilateral abrupt retouch, but shorter than on the three
preceding artefacts (Figs. V.1.14g, V.1.16g). The distal extremity is broken, and it was initially
classified as a broken perforating tool, which remains a possibility. However, microscopic exami-
nation showed it was used on the proximal part of both the right and left edges, either on a soft
vegetal matter or on fresh hide, with a transversal gesture. The fragmentary blade or laminar flake
of homogeneous R/CC PM0452 was not examined for wear traces, but the very different retouch
makes a similar use unlikely. Both edges bear a very short irregular direct retouch, continuous on
the left edge and limited to the mesial part on the right edge (Fig. V.1.14h). Conversely, the proxi-
mal blade fragment PM0358 presents a steep-backed right edge, opposed to a naturally abrupt left
edge (Figs. V.1.14i, V.1.16h).

<footnote n="376">³⁷⁶ E.g. Moundrea-Agrafioti 1981, 125 (Dimini); Perlès 1994b, pl. 7.4–6 (Tharrounia); Kourtessi-Philippakis et al. 2008, pl. 4.57.</footnote>

<footnote n="377">³⁷⁷ However, given its stratigraphic position on Surface F20 and its coordinates, a contamination from Helladic levels can be ruled out. This is one of the few securely dated Late Neolithic artefacts, see below, 260.</footnote>

<footnote n="378">³⁷⁸ See N. Mazzucco, this volume, 289–290.</footnote>

<footnote n="379">³⁷⁹ Observation L. P. and N. Mazzucco.</footnote>

<footnote n="380">³⁸⁰ Moundrea-Agrafioti 1981, pl. 5.7.</footnote>

<footnote n="381">³⁸¹ Perlès 1994b, pl. 12.1–2.</footnote>

<footnote n="382">³⁸² Perlès 1981, fig. 112.4.</footnote>

<footnote n="383">³⁸³ Milojčić et al. 1976, pl. 22.9.</footnote>
<figure><img src="image_42.png" /><figcaption>Fig. V.1.14 Lithic Phase 5. a–c: sickle inserts, d–f: borers, g–i: laterally retouched blades, j: end-grape, k–m: splintered pieces, n: bitruncated triangle, o–p: utilised bladelet and flake. All in R/CC cherts except o, light-coloured chert. a: PM0342, b: PM0351, c: PM0441, d: PM0366, e: PM0334, f: PM0340, g: PM0399, h: PM0452, i: PM0358, j: PM0338, k: PM0337, l: PM0346, m: PM0404, n: PM0386, o: PM0341, p: PM0451 (C. Perlès)</figcaption></figure>

## End-grape (n=1)

True end-grape are generally rare in Neolithic Thessalian assemblages<fnref n="384" /> and PMZ Late Neolithic is no exception. This single specimen, PM0338, made on an unretouched R/CC blade, was used briefly with a transverse movement on fresh or dry hide. Compared with the Middle Neolithic end-grape from PMZ, it is made on a distinctly narrower and flatter blade, with a lower

<footnote n="384">³⁸⁴ Moundrea-Agrafioti 1981, 153.</footnote>
and very regularly shaped working front (Figs. V.1.14j, V.1.16i). These traits are characteristic of one type of Late Neolithic end-scrapers.<fnref n="385" />

### Retouched Flakes (n=2)

The two retouched flakes have little in common. PM0364 (Fig. V.1.16j) is a small, fragmentary platform rejuvenation flake with a short regular abrupt inverse retouch on the left edge, a style of retouch that is frequent in Late Neolithic assemblages.<fnref n="386" /> PM0421 (Fig. V.1.16k) is, conversely, a thick flake that may be the pyramidion of an irregular pyramidal core. It bears a direct denticulated retouch on two segments of the periphery, and was later re-used as a splintered piece.

### Splintered Pieces (n=3 + 1?)

Besides the above-mentioned piece, splintered pieces are represented by a split fragment ('bâ-tonnet de pièce esquillée') in R/CC (PM0346, Figs. V.1.14l, V.1.16l) and a large, burnt, splintered blade or laminar flake with neo-cortex (PM0337, Figs. V.1.14k, V.1.16m). PM0404 (Figs. V.1.14m, V.1.16n) is more ambiguous since one modified edge only bears unifacial retouch and the removals are not really 'splintered'. It could correspond to a very brief use as a splintered piece, or to a failed attempt at manufacturing a bifacial tool. Whichever the case, the presence of at least three splintered pieces in this small series is important, since we repeatedly noticed their unexpected absence in the previous phases.

### Bitruncated Triangle (n=1)

PM0386 is an unusual bitruncated triangle in R/CC, manufactured on a wide blade by two direct ¾ abrupt truncations (Figs. V.1.14n, V.1.16o). It may be considered as a variant of a trapeze. Geometrics are never abundant in Greek Neolithic assemblages, but they can occur in all chronological phases. Four were uncovered in Late Neolithic assemblages at Kitsos,<fnref n="387" /> one in Phase III at Sitagroi.<fnref n="388" />

### Utilised Blanks

As mentioned above, several blanks were utilised without any modification of the working edge. Despite its apparent brittleness, PM0385 (Figs. V.1.13q, V.1.15f) was utilised by the left edge on a supple or semi-hard vegetal matter (wood) with a longitudinal movement, and by the right edge on fresh hide, with a transversal movement. PM0391 (Figs. V.1.13o, V.1.15g) was used with the right edge on dry hide, again with a transversal movement. PM0397 (Figs. V.1.13j, V.1.15c) was also examined under the microscope but did not reveal any wear traces. Conversely, the laminar flakes PM0341 and PM0351 (Fig. V.1.14o-p), not examined under the microscope, bear clear use retouch.

### Contexts

Surface F20, tentatively identified as a floor by the excavator, defines the base of BPh VIII (Fig. III.37). F20 consisted in a 4cm-thick surface of compacted yellowish, clayish earth covering the entire surface of the excavation (Early Bronze Age pit excepted). Hearth TS 18 was found on this surface. Eight artefacts were directly associated with F20, all in R/CC. These artefacts can thus be securely dated to the early Late Neolithic (Tsangli-Larissa phase) but, aside from a sickle

<footnote n="385">³⁸⁵ See Milojčić et al. 1976, pl. 23; Perlès 1994b, pl. 8; Kourtessi-Philippakis et al. 2008, pl. 4.</footnote>

<footnote n="386">³⁸⁶ Perlès 1994b, pl. 6.</footnote>

<footnote n="387">³⁸⁷ Perlès 1981, pl. VII.5–6.</footnote>

<footnote n="388">³⁸⁸ Tringham 2003, fig. 4.3z.</footnote>
<figure><img src="image_43.png" /><figcaption>Fig. V.1.15 Lithic Phase 5. a: exhausted flake and bladelet core, b–c: secondary crested blades, d–g: pressure-flaked bladelets and blade, h–i: indirect percussion bladelet and blade, k: proximal fragment of obsidian blade. All in R/CC except i–j in translucent chert and k in obsidian. a: PM0378, b: PM0440, c: PM0397, d: PM0357, e: PM0363, f: PM0385, g: PM0391, h: PM0392, i: PM0382, j: PM0422, k: PM0339 (C. Perlès, drawings: M. Ballinger)</figcaption></figure>

insert, they are not very informative. A fragmentary under-crest bladelet (PM0440, Figs. V.1.13i, V.1.15b) was found very close to the sickle insert on flake (PM0441, Figs. V.1.14c, V.1.16c) in the western part of the trench. PM0442, a debris, was found on the same surface, close to the Early Bronze Age pit. Two unretouched flakes and a fragmentary bladelet (PM0443, PM0448–9) were found in ‘a small pit on F20’ in the south-western part of the trench, while two flakes, including the retouched flake PM0452 (Fig. V.1.14h) were found together in the centre of the western part.

A quartz debris was uncovered immediately above F20, but the vast majority of flaked artefacts from Lithic Phase 5 come from the thick deposits (± 0.6m) overlying F20, where no surface, floor, hearth or other feature was identified.<fnref n="389" /> Among the 48 artefacts recovered from these

<footnote n="389">³⁸⁹ Toufexis – Batzelas, this volume, 123.</footnote>
<figure><img src="image_44.png" /><figcaption>Fig. V.1.16 Lithic Phase 5. a–c: sickle inserts, d–f: beaks/borers, g–i: laterally retouched bladelet and blade, h: end-scrapers, i: retouched flake, j: reflaked retouched flake, k–m: splintered pieces and fragment of splintered piece, n: bitruncated triangle. All in R/CC. a: PM0342, b: PM0351, c: PM0441, d: PM0366, e: PM0334, f: PM0399, g: PM0358, h: PM0338, i: PM0364, j: PM0421, k: PM0346, l: PM0337, m: PM0404, n: PM0386</figcaption></figure>

(C. Perlès, drawings: M. Ballinger)
deposits, which unfortunately include several diagnostic pieces such as pressure-flaked bladelets and perforating tools, at least ten show thermal alteration. Since no hearth was found in these de-posits, this proves beyond any doubt that they were redeposited from other contexts. While the ab-sence of retouched perforating tools in the earlier assemblages suggests that these tools mostly date to the Late Neolithic, the presence of artefacts reworked from earlier contexts cannot be excluded.

## PMZ Lithic Phase 5 and Early Late Neolithic Lithic Assemblages

Late Neolithic flaked stone assemblages, and especially early Late Neolithic assemblages in Greece are known only by a restricted number of collections and present few idiosyncratic char-acteristics. One of them is a rather radical transformation in the preparation of the obsidian cores for the detachment of pressure-flaked obsidian bladelets through facetted platforms,<fnref n="390" /> resulting in large, flat, triangular or facetted butts without suppression of the overhangs. However, the only obsidian bladelet from the Lithic Phase 5 assemblage (PM0339, Fig. V.1.13t) presents all the characteristics of a Middle Neolithic mode of preparation: a linear butt with abrasion of the overhang. It was found in the deposits overlying Surface F20, where artefacts were redeposited, possibly from earlier contexts (see above).

A second important characteristic of early Late Neolithic assemblages is the appearance of barbed and tanged arrowheads.<fnref n="391" /> None was found at PMZ, but our sample is small and they are absent from other early Neolithic assemblages such as Drakaina Cave, where a very characteristic type of asymmetrical points prevails,<fnref n="392" /> and from the earliest Late Neolithic levels at Franchthi (Phase III), again a very small assemblage.

In the absence of these two major features of early Late Neolithic assemblages, the most sig-nificant elements of Lithic Phase 5 are the three perforating tools ('mèches') and the semicircular end-scrapers on a flat blade. Given the very small number of retouched pieces (13 plus 3 splintered blades) their presence can be considered a significant shift in the composition of the toolkit, and they all fit well within early Late Neolithic assemblages. A reorientation in the activities using stone tools is also reflected by a higher representation of plant and woodworking. Interestingly this concerned unretouched bladelets, often thought to be the best-fitted tools for butchery. Yet, they were used for entirely different tasks, and butchery activities have still not been identified at PMZ.

A last element that is usually characteristic of Late Neolithic assemblages is a rise in the pro-portion of obsidian. This is clearly not the case at PMZ. On the contrary, there may even be doubts that any obsidian reached PMZ during Lithic Phase 5. This is all the more paradoxical given that, at precisely that time, PMZ was the centre of active trade in pottery.<fnref n="393" /> Obviously, pots were not traded against obsidian: these trading networks were entirely independent.

## V.1.8. Discussion

The main objective of our work was to investigate diachronic change in the strategies of raw mate-rial procurement, tool production and tool use during the Middle Neolithic and the Middle to Late Neolithic transition. In this respect, we considered it important to integrate techno-typological and functional analyses, and document not only transformations in the conception of the tools but also the tasks they fulfilled and the way they were used.<fnref n="394" /> This integration has indeed proved

<footnote n="390">³⁹⁰ Perlès 2004.</footnote>

<footnote n="391">³⁹¹ See, e.g., Perlès 1981; Perlès 1994b.</footnote>

<footnote n="392">³⁹² Stratouli – Metaxas 2009.</footnote>

<footnote n="393">³⁹³ Pentedeka 2011; Pentedeka 2012; Pentedeka 2017b.</footnote>

<footnote n="394">³⁹⁴ We were especially hopeful that we would find contrasts in tool use between the Middle and the Late Neolithic. Unfortunately, the sample to be analysed was chosen at the beginning of our studies, using the only chronological framework available, based on Demoule et al. 1988. It turned out that half of the artefacts that were thought to be Late Neolithic belonged to our Lithic Phase 4, of Middle Neolithic character, thus limiting the possible comparisons.</footnote>
very fruitful in improving our understanding of the characteristics of the material and the nature of
the activities at or near the settlement, and did bring to light diachronic change. In many respects,
however, continuity prevailed over change. Throughout the sequence, access to raw materials ap-
pears to have been limited, even though PMZ appeared a priori ideally located vis-à-vis recognised
lithic trade networks. Even if the proportions vary, the range of raw materials remains stable. Simi-
larly, and perhaps related to the scarcity of raw materials, flakes always predominate over blades
and systematically comprise production with a hard hammer. In all phases also, they coexist with
blades and bladelets produced by indirect percussion or by pressure. This suggests different levels
of expertise among the knappers and a complex, but stable, organisation of production. Finally,
from Lithic Phase 1 to Lithic Phase 4, the flaked stone assemblages reveal indisputable similarities
in the techniques of production, tool types and dominant activities represented.

Set against this common background, several transformations have nevertheless been docu-
mented. Five lithic phases have thus been recognised on the basis of variation in the proportions
of raw materials, flakes and blades, retouched and unretouched blanks, tool types and main activi-
ties represented. However, the differences from phase to phase are more often of a quantitative
than a qualitative order. Considering the relatively small surface excavated and the small size of
the lithic samples, this raises the possibility of random spatial variation. Fortunately, some long-
term trends, perceptible in raw material exploitation, tool types and activities represented, support
the archaeological validity of the sequence we have defined and underline the specificities of the
PMZ assemblages in the Thessalian context.

Continuity in Raw Material Procurement and Exchange Networks

The absence of suitable raw material in the vicinity of the settlement necessarily entailed reliance
on regional and supra-regional sources. The inhabitants of PMZ mostly used regionally available
radiolarites and ‘chocolate cherts’ from the Pindos Range, which predominate throughout the
sequence. In this respect, PMZ belongs to Karimali’s western Thessalian geographical sphere,<fnref n="395" />
where the use of R/CC predominates over obsidian, together with Achilleion or Prodromos for
instance.

However, in all phases also, the proportion of cortical products (ca. 10%) is lower than at
Achilleion, where R/CC were locally available. The proportion rather aligns with the proportions
observed in eastern Thessalian sites, far from the sources, and where radiolarites and chocolate
cherts were obtained by trade. This suggests that there was little direct procurement at the sources
– whether primary or secondary – and that most of the radiolarites/chocolate cherts were obtained
through exchange as already prepared cores and blanks, like in the eastern geographical sphere.
The relative proportion of R/CC at PMZ is admittedly much higher than in eastern Thessalian
sites, but this does not necessarily imply that more R/CC cores or blanks reached PMZ. Indeed,
obsidian is conspicuously scarce at PMZ, thus automatically inflating the relative proportion of
R/CC.<fnref n="396" /> The very low ratio of flaked stones per m³ and the altogether small size of the Neolithic
assemblage rather suggest that only limited quantities of R/CC were available to the inhabitants
of PMZ.

The relative and absolute scarcity of obsidian in all Middle Neolithic phases, and even more
so in the Tsangli-Larissa Lithic Phase 5, is a second – and striking – element of continuity. The
marginal position of PMZ in obsidian trade networks was not a brief or anecdotal phenomenon,
but a long-term feature that became even more pronounced in the early Late Neolithic. The pro-
portion of obsidian varies from 3.5 to 22%, but it is systematically lower than at Sesklo, Magoula

<footnote n="395">³⁹⁵ Karimali 2009.</footnote>

<footnote n="396">³⁹⁶ For problems in estimating the abundance of a given raw material, see Karimali 2000; Perlès 2004; Perlès 2007; Karimali 2009.</footnote>
Karamourlar or even Achilleion,<fnref n="397" /> and closer to the figures from sites located even further away from the coasts, such as Prodromos, Magoulitsa and Theopetra. The small quantity of obsidian, especially in Lithic Phase 5, when PMZ was exporting wares over large areas, demonstrates that lithic and pottery trade networks were completely independent. In turn, this independence accords with the hypothesis of itinerant knapping specialists dealing only with the production of obsidian tools.<fnref n="398" />

The paucity of obsidian may appear strange: according to Karimali's model, PMZ would be located right on a presumed axis of diffusion of obsidian from east to west.<fnref n="399" /> However, since Karimali's model was published, two Middle Neolithic sites located in the southernmost part of the Western Thessalian Plain, Magoula Koutroulou and Magoula Imvrou Pigadi, revealed lithic collections dominated by obsidian. Obsidian reaches 58% at Magoula Koutroulou,<fnref n="400" /> located some 40km from the Gulf of Lamia as the crow flies. The contrast between PMZ and Magoula Koutroulou, and to a lesser extent with Achilleion, actually suggests that instead of a single east-west network of diffusion, there were two distinct obsidian networks, one from the Gulf of Lamia to western Thessaly and one from the Gulf of Volos to eastern Thessaly. Rather than being in a 'central' position, PMZ would thus have been in a marginal position vis-a-vis both networks.

This marginality, however, cannot be understood solely in terms of geographic distances, as already underlined by Karimali.<fnref n="401" /> Admittedly, the nearest shore for PMZ would be the Gulf of Volos, at about 70km as a crow flies, i.e. further inland than Magoula Koutroulou and Achilleion if they were indeed provisioned from the Gulf of Lamia. This distance is, nevertheless, comparable to the distance from Otzaki and Ag. Sophia to the Gulf of Volos (ca. 60km), two sites where the proportion of obsidian reaches 69% and 86%.<fnref n="402" /> Equally significant is the fact that obsidian appears to be more abundant at Magoula Koutroulou than at nearby Achilleion, even though the two sites are located at the same distance from the Gulf of Lamia. Rather than to a straightforward geographic factor, the paucity of obsidian at PMZ must also be attributed to social factors. Insights on this question can be gained through Karimali's study of the production of threshing sledges in Thessaly. She showed that several production systems and overlapping distribution networks operated simultaneously, and that the 'distance' between producers and consumers was primarily a distance in kinship and sociocultural ties: "The fact that human relationships are deeply entrenched on the degree of 'familiarity' developed among human groups assigns a new content to the concept of 'distance', with effective analogies to the Neolithic".<fnref n="403" />

Trade in honey chert blades could not compensate for the scarcity of obsidian. This third exchange network for provisioning lithic raw materials, or rather flaked blanks, also appears to have been stable over time. Honey chert blades were recovered in each phase, and in good enough contexts to eliminate the hypothesis of redeposited older material.<fnref n="404" /> These blades are rare at PMZ, but so are they at every Thessalian site. Their overall proportion at PMZ is about 3% of all flaked stones,<fnref n="405" /> but about 15% of the regular blades. It compares well with the percentage of 'light-

<footnote n="397">³⁹⁷ The figure of 14.4% for Achilleion (Karimali 2009, tab. 1) is an average for the whole Neolithic sequence. If only Phases III and IV are considered, i.e. the Early Neolithic/Middle Neolithic and Middle Neolithic, the percentages are 27.1 and 28.6%, respectively (Elster 1989, tab. 10.1). Even when considering the whole assemblage, a rough estimation suggests that obsidian was six times more abundant per m³ at Achilleion than at PMZ.</footnote>

<footnote n="398">³⁹⁸ Perlès 1990.</footnote>

<footnote n="399">³⁹⁹ Karimali 2009.</footnote>

<footnote n="400">⁴⁰⁰ Hamilakis et al. 2017.</footnote>

<footnote n="401">⁴⁰¹ Karimali 2009.</footnote>

<footnote n="402">⁴⁰² Karimali 2000. C. P., who has studied both collections, would not exclude biases in recovery at Otzaki. Conversely, the large assemblage from Ag. Sophia appears reliable.</footnote>

<footnote n="403">⁴⁰³ Karimali 2005, 53.</footnote>

<footnote n="404">⁴⁰⁴ Below, Fig. V.1.18.</footnote>

<footnote n="405">⁴⁰⁵ This proportion is misleading, since honey cherts were never flaked locally. Consequently, the percentage does not include flaking wastes, as it does with the other categories of raw material.</footnote>
coloured cherts' in Middle Neolithic assemblages such as Magoula Karamourlar or Sesklo B.<fnref n="406" /> For these blanks of excellent quality, PMZ was not at a disadvantage compared to contemporaneous settlements of the same region.<fnref n="407" /> Their high value is demonstrated by technical and functional criteria. These tools, no matter what their function was, usually have two or three active zones, often used on different materials. In almost all cases, these versatile tools were extensively used before they were abandoned, a common pattern in Middle Neolithic assemblages.<fnref n="408" />

*Multiple Systems of Procurement and Production*

The difficulties in obtaining laminar blanks, or suitable raw materials for the production of blades, would explain two other unusual elements of continuity: the predominance of flakes over blades and bladelets, and the high proportion of retouched flakes. The proportion of flakes at PMZ is higher than at any other Thessalian site, including those where local raw materials were exploited such as Achilleion and Ag. Petros (Sporades).

The flakes belong to two distinct technological *chaînes opératoires*: the shaping of blade or bladelet cores, and the deliberate production of flakes on discoid cores. Whereas shaping flakes are present in all Thessalian assemblages, where they amount to about a third of the debitage products, the independent production of flakes is more rarely documented.<fnref n="409" /> Its presence at PMZ in all phases accounts for the unusually high proportion of flakes and supports the hypothesis of persistent limitations in the supply of radiolarite and obsidian blades. Casually produced with a hard hammer, these flakes can be attributed to unskilled knappers<fnref n="410" /> who needed to supplement their supply of laminar products.

The coexistence of these two categories of flakes raises the question of the organisation of production at PMZ. Indeed, even if 'trade networks' can be brought to light, this says little about the state of introduction of the raw materials, the degree of local transformation and the status of the knappers. These aspects are, unfortunately, difficult to apprehend with the assemblages from PMZ. It is probably not an exaggeration to state that each reducing sequence from PMZ is represented by one piece only, leading to indisputable frustration for the analyst... Some hypotheses can nevertheless be put forward.

We have seen that some of the R/CC flakes were produced locally by unskilled craftsmen. It is thus logical to think that they were inhabitants of the settlement, and to consider the production of flakes as a domestic production. Indeed, the absence of local raw materials would have had immediate consequences on the possibility of learning elaborate *chaînes opératoires*. Apprenticeship in lithic production requires years of practice and the consumption of large quantities of wasted raw material before one can fully master the production of blades by indirect percussion or pressure.<fnref n="411" /> One can thus assume that local apprenticeship was essentially limited to the much easier production of flakes. However, even for this simple production, local craftsmen would have had to use pebbles that could not be found in the immediate vicinity of the site. Direct procurement further upstream the Peneios and the Portaikos would have required a two-day trip across the Karditsa Plain. This can be envisioned, at least occasionally. However, as we argued, we would have expected larger quantities of raw material, better qualities and a higher proportion of cortical flakes if this had been systematically the case. It is thus possible that even the river pebbles, already partially decorticated, were obtained by exchange with communities nearer to the secondary sources.

<footnote n="406">⁴⁰⁶ Moundrea-Agrafioti 1981, tab. 1.</footnote>

<footnote n="407">⁴⁰⁷ Although precise comparisons are difficult, it would seem that honey chert is much more abundant in the Middle Neolithic at Franchthi, for instance: Perlès 2004.</footnote>

<footnote n="408">⁴⁰⁸ Perlès - Vaughan 1983.</footnote>

<footnote n="409">⁴⁰⁹ Moundrea-Agrafioti 1981, 101. It is absent at Sesklo B and Magoula Karamourlar, but present on local raw materials at Ag. Petros.</footnote>

<footnote n="410">⁴¹⁰ But not to beginners, as discussed 209.</footnote>

<footnote n="411">⁴¹¹ Olausson 2008; Klaric 2018.</footnote>
In addition, we know that during the Early and Middle Neolithic in central and southern Greece, obsidian blades and bladelets were also usually produced in situ, but by itinerant specialists who perfectly mastered pressure flaking. They brought with them already prepared cores, often already partially exploited, and produced the required blades and bladelets in the villages.412 The very small number of obsidian artefacts at PMZ, the absence of cortical pieces, the presence of small rejuvenation flakes and pressure-flaked bladelets support this general model. Finally, we know that, conversely, all over Greece during the Early and Middle Neolithic honey chert blades were produced at the sources and traded as finished blanks. Here again, with no indication of local production, PMZ fits the usual pattern.

We can therefore already document three different modes of procurement of the tools: a domestic production, an in situ production of obsidian bladelets by itinerant specialists, and trade in finished honey chert blanks produced at or near the sources.

The situation is more ambiguous for the blades and bladelets in R/CC and translucent cherts. We found repeated indications of a local production for at least some of the laminar products: flakes produced by indirect percussion, crested blades, and a pressure-flaked microcore. The importation of high-quality blocks of raw materials to be worked in *situ* can again be ruled out, given the low proportion of cortical pieces. There remains i) the possibility that local experts obtained already prepared cores from communities living nearer to the sources and produced the blades and bladelets at the site; or ii) that itinerant specialists, similar to those procuring the obsidian, came and flaked upon request at the settlement. Both alternatives have been documented in Neolithic lithic production systems.413 However, as argued above, it would have been difficult to train for blade production in a settlement devoid of local raw materials. Production by itinerant specialists thus appears more plausible, but does not preclude trade in finished blanks to supplement this in situ production, as for honey chert blades.

The PMZ data thus points towards multiple modalities of procurement and production of the flaked stone tools, a situation that is actually the rule in central and southern Greece, where local resources, obsidian and honey chert blades were always used simultaneously, but for different purposes. Comparable configurations are also known in historical times. Karimali's study of the production of threshing sledges provides an example for the coexistence of multiple systems of procurement and production: some threshing sledge specialists produced the sledges at the villages upon request, using wood and stone they had collected on the way or locally. Others, by contrast, manufactured the complete sledges at home, in the mountains, and came down seasonally to the plain to trade finished products.414 Eventually, when needed, the villagers could also manufacture their threshing sledges themselves.

*Continuity in Tool Conception and Use*

Some of the most characteristic tool types are remarkably similar from one lithic phase to another (Fig. V.1.17). This is not unexpected considering the relatively short duration of the Neolithic sequence and the homogeneity documented in the pottery sequence.415 As discussed earlier, there is, however, the risk for both categories of remains that this homogeneity was created, or minimally reinforced, by the regular reworking of older remains and their incorporation into later assemblages. We can indeed show that some at least of the artefacts found in the ‘destruction deposits’ between two identified surfaces were redeposited,416 and cannot eliminate the possibility that they originally came from earlier contexts. Ideally, the analyses ought to be based primarily on the material recovered on recognised ‘surfaces’.

<footnote n="412">412 Perlès 1990.</footnote>

<footnote n="413">413 E.g. Perlès 1990; Léa 2005; Gassin et al. 2010.</footnote>

<footnote n="414">414 Karimali 2005.</footnote>

<footnote n="415">415 Demoule et al. 1988; Pentedeka in press; Pentedeka in preparation.</footnote>

<footnote n="416">416 In particular by the presence of burnt pieces in deposits where no thermal structures were uncovered.</footnote>
Unfortunately, the flaked stone material directly associated with the more securely stratified contexts, surfaces, floors, pits or hearths, is a small minority: less than one fifth of the total. It also contains extremely few formal tool types. None of the characteristic Middle Neolithic end-scrapers, for instance, comes from such contexts. Only three elements of typological continuity can be demonstrated through the recognised ‘surfaces’: the presence of sickle blades with bilateral continuous steep retouch from Lithic Phase 1 to Lithic Phase 4, the presence of sickle inserts on flakes in Phases 1 and 2, and the presence of the trapezes and transverse arrowheads in Phases 3 and 4 (Fig. V.1.18). Despite their small number, these examples indicate that the typological continuity is not solely due to the reworking and redeposition of material.

When, perforce, one considers all the material from each lithic phase, other diachronic continuities can be brought to light. Interestingly, several of them appear specific to PMZ: i) the high proportion of sickle inserts on flakes, especially in Lithic Phases 1–3; ii) among the sickle inserts on flakes, the good representation of a distinct subtype on thick-backed flakes; iii) the frequent shaping of the sickle inserts with an ‘end-scraper’ front; iv) the large, wide-fronted end-scrapers (Fig. V.1.17).

Continuity throughout most of the sequence is also exemplified in the activities identified through use-wear analyses, their relative intensity and in the activities absent from the sample. The dominant category of tools in particular, the sickle inserts, appear to have been used in a similar way from Lithic Phase 1 to Lithic Phase 5. They present typical traces of cereal harvest, such as a well-developed undulating polish and thin striations parallel to the edge. A few of them also show traces of abrasive elements, implying that they came into contact with the soil; they may have been inserted at the tip of the sickle during the harvest, or re-used after the harvest, for instance for cutting the stems near the ground in a dry or semi-dry state, since the stems can be used as fodder or in mudbricks.417 Throughout the sequence, the sickles appear to have been used with a low cut on dry or semi-dry cereals. This would be expected for domesticated cereals, since they lost their brittle rachis and their seeds ripen at the same time, making harvest in a ripe state more profitable.418

The best-represented activity after the harvest is hide working, both on fresh hide and dry hide/leather. Almost all of the tools that show traces of hide working in the different phases performed a transverse movement; only one was used in a rotary motion. Interestingly, only a few typical end-scrapers were found at the site, and they do not show signs of exhaustion. Most of the tools that worked hide were simple flakes or blades, with or without retouch. More precisely, most of these tools were retouched in the earlier lithic phases, whereas even unretouched blades performed a transverse action on hide in Lithic Phase 5. In addition, several of these tools were also used for other tasks. This absence of specialisation is quite striking, and suggests that hide working was not particularly important. The sample analysed probably corresponds to a small-scale activity rather than to a specialised toolkit for leather production.

Finally, a few tools in the analysed sample worked plant materials other than cereals. Two or three tools worked on soft plants, and show the typical plant polish and striations perpendicular or oblique to the edge that imply a transverse action. Tools that worked on hard or semi-hard plant matter, like wood, performed different motions: transverse, bidirectional longitudinal and rotary. This variety reflects different procedures for transforming wood. As we concluded earlier regarding hide working, woodworking was also a small-scale activity: the number of tools involved is small and there is no consistency in the assemblage. Noteworthy is the complete absence in the sample of tools used to butcher carcasses, cut meat, manufacture bone tools or scrape pottery. According to the sample studied by functional approaches, technical activities involving flaked stone tools always remained marginal, except for the exploitation of cereals, and never required a specialised toolkit.

<footnote n="417">417 Perlès – Vaughan 1983; Clemente – Gibaja 1998; Ibáñez Estevez et al. 2008.</footnote>

<footnote n="418">418 Unger-Hamilton 1999; Ibáñez Estevez et al. 2014.</footnote>
<figure><img src="image_45.png" /><figcaption>Fig. V.1.17 Typological continuity through Lithic Phases 1–4. LP Lithic Phase. BPh/BSPh Building Phase/Building Subphase. a–d: bilaterally used and retouched sickle inserts on blades, e–f: retouched honey chert blades, g–h: sickle inserts on backed flakes, i–k: sickle inserts on blades shaped with an ‘end-scrapers’ front, l–n: end-scrapers on large blades, o–p: transverse arrowheads (C. Perlès)</figcaption></figure>
*Random Quantitative Variation?*

Despite many elements of continuity in the PMZ assemblages, statistically significant variation in the proportion of raw materials, blanks and tools have also been brought to light.

Short-term quantitative variations in raw material proportions are probably structurally inevitable when a large proportion of the raw materials and blanks are obtained through exchange. They were exemplified in the few sequences published in detail, such as Achilleion or Franchthi. In turn, the variation in traded raw materials and blanks could entail variation in the ratio of flakes to blades and bladelets, and possibly in the ratio of retouched tools. If this was the case, the lithic phases from PMZ that differ only by quantitative differences, such as Lithic Phases 1 and 2 on the one hand, and Lithic Phases 3 and 4 on the other, may simply reflect the hazards of provisioning at PMZ, rather than regional diachronic trends. A more conservative approach would thus consist in relying mostly on qualitative differences, i.e. techniques of production and tool types. This would reduce the number of lithic phases to three: Lithic Phases 1 and 2, Phases 3 and 4, and Phase 5. To a certain extent, this tripartite scheme echoes the original division of the sequence into a ‘Sesklo’, a ‘Zarko’ and a ‘Tsangli-Larissa’ phase,<fnref n="419" /> but the limits do not correspond: the ‘Zarko phase’, as it was defined, would encompass Lithic Phases 2 to 4.

Even with this reduced framework, it is, however, difficult, for reasons already explained, to assess the archaeological validity of these phases. Even when in situ production is attested, the *chaînes opératoires* are very incomplete: the flakes corresponding to the cores, or, conversely, the cores corresponding to the flakes are missing from our samples. This inevitably raises the question of the representativity of our samples. The small size of the excavation relative to the size of the settlement and the very low density of stone tools render random spatial variation almost inevitable. Fortunately, some long-term trends suggest that, beyond random variation, a diachronic structure is really present.

*Long-Term Trends*

Several long-term trends in the flaked stone assemblages support the hypothesis of diachronic changes unrelated to sampling hazards. Although this cannot be quantified, the quality of the raw materials and presence of fresh cortex suggests increasing use over time of R/CC and light-coloured cherts procured at or near the primary sources. This trend can be related to an increasing proportion of large bladelets and blades produced by indirect percussion or pressure flaking, which required high quality, homogeneous raw materials.

A second trend relates to the regular decrease, among the retouched tools, in sickle inserts. In Lithic Phase 1, sickle inserts predominate in the retouched toolkit, in proportions above those known in other settlements. In Lithic Phase 4, they represent only 1/5th of the tools, and even less in Lithic Phase 5, i.e. less than in any other published assemblage.

Parallel to this trend is a decrease in sickle inserts made on flakes. While they predominated in Lithic Phase 1, their proportion gradually diminishes. They have disappeared by Lithic Phase 4, with the exception of one unusual specimen in Lithic Phase 5. Since the production of flakes was considered local and domestic, whereas honey chert blades were imported as finished blanks, as well, most probably, as the best R/CC blades, this implies a shift from a partially domestic production of sickle inserts towards a stronger reliance on traded blanks.

This shift may be related to a change in the conception of the sickles themselves. According to the distribution of the polish, the small inserts on flakes or short blades from Lithic Phases 1–3 would have been inserted obliquely into the haft to create a denticulated edge, like the Karanovo sickles.<fnref n="420" /> Among the flakes, the thick-backed ones may have required a different haft than the thinner ones, but they, too, were inserted obliquely. The mode of insertion of the fewer long blades

<footnote n="419">⁴¹⁹ Demoule et al. 1988.</footnote>

<footnote n="420">⁴²⁰ Gurova 2005.</footnote>
<figure><img src="image_46.png" /><figcaption>Fig. V.1.18 Retouched tools directly associated with identified ‘surfaces’ (‘floors’). a: PM0838, b: PM0833, c: PM0764, d: PM0723, e: PM0845, f: PM0836, g: PM0686, h: PM0652, i: PM0575, j: PM0502, k: PM0476, l: PM0497, m: PM0495, n: PM0498, o: PM0503, p: PM0506, q: PM0441 (C. Perlès)</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_47.png" /><figcaption>Fig. V.1.19 Oblique and parallel hafting of sickle inserts. The models represent the two modes of hafting for sickle elements. The visible part of the tool represents the active zone, whereas the part hidden behind the dotted triangle represents the hafted edge (L. Papagiannaki)</figcaption></figure>

from these phases remains uncertain, but their bilateral use and the absence of backing suggest a different mode of hafting, possibly similar to the hafting found in the later phases. Indeed, in Lithic Phases 4 and 5, sickle inserts are mainly made on large blades, inserted parallel to or only slightly obliquely into the haft (Fig. V.1.19). They may belong to bigger sickles, still curved but with a straight working edge, as known in the Near East since the 8th millennium.<fnref n="421" /> Different types of sickles would thus have been used at the beginning of the Middle Neolithic, with a predominance of denticulated sickles. The latter would have progressively disappeared in favour of the second type, with a straight working edge. Fewer inserts are required with this second type, possibly explaining why the number of sickle inserts diminishes regularly throughout the sequence. However, why sickle blades should become proportionally scarcer in PMZ by the end of the Middle Neolithic than in any other Thessalian site remains unexplained.

A last trend, directly related to the two preceding ones, is a slight diversification of the toolkit. Most notable is the introduction in Lithic Phase 3 of the first geometrics and transverse arrow-heads. These artefacts were not studied microscopically, but suggest hunting or warfare activities. New tool types also appear in Lithic Phase 5, in particular borers and splintered pieces, whose quasi-absence in the earlier levels was particularly striking.

<footnote n="421">⁴²¹ Borrell – Molist 2007.</footnote>
This typological trend towards diversification finds echoes in the activities identified. Lithic Phases 1–3 are dominated by harvesting tools, whereas other activities are essentially marginal. Although very small, the sample from Lithic Phase 4<sup>422</sup> would suggest more diversified activities: we identified four sickle inserts, two of which possibly bear traces of secondary activities, and three tools used on other materials (hide, wood and mineral). Lithic Phase 5 shows, finally, a more balanced and diversified toolkit. The three activities detected (cereal harvest, hide and plant working) are equally represented. The sample of nine used implements comprised three sickle inserts, two tools that worked both hide and wood, one that worked only hide, one that worked only wood, and a last one that was used on soft matter of vegetal or animal origin. Precisely because the sample is very small, this diversification appears significant, and implies either more varied activities or a change in the use of space during the Middle Neolithic/Late Neolithic transition.

*Discontinuities: The Question of the Middle to Late Neolithic Transition*

Investigating the nature of the Middle Neolithic/Late Neolithic transition from the flaked stone viewpoint was one of the major aims of our study. We wished in particular to establish whether the transition was gradual, or whether a break in technical traditions could be perceived.

The answer to this question raises a methodological problem: it depends indeed on which chronological framework is used as a reference. It will be recalled that in the original publication<sup>423</sup> the levels now defined as BPh I–V were related to the Thessalian ‘Sesklo’ and those from BPh VI to BSPh VIIb to a late Middle Neolithic phase termed the ‘Zarko phase’. The transition between the Zarko phase and the Late Neolithic (Tsangli-Larissa) was set at ca. 5.10m, approximately at the limit between present-day BSPh VIIb and BSPh VIIc. The Tsangli-Larissa phase at PMZ, as originally defined, therefore encompassed BPh/BSPh VIIc, VIII and IX.

From a lithic point of view, however, BSPh VIIc cannot be attributed to the Late Neolithic. Our study revealed a strong technological and typological similarity between the material from BSPh VIIb and VIIc, which we grouped as Lithic Phase 4. Both, in addition, present a definite ‘Middle Neolithic’ character and were clearly related to the earlier Middle Neolithic phases. A significant change in the composition of the flaked stone assemblages only occurred with BPh VIII (Lithic Phase 5).<sup>424</sup> This last phase revealed discontinuities in all aspects of the assemblage: the quasi-disappearance of obsidian in the raw materials, a marked increase in the proportion of bladelets, new techniques for the production of pressure-flaked blades, new tool types and the absence of the most emblematic Middle Neolithic tool types. <sup>14</sup>C dates do not clarify this apparent discrepancy: BSPh VIIb was dated to the Middle Neolithic in the Thessalian absolute chronology, while the date of BSPh VIIc covers the late Middle Neolithic and early Late Neolithic.<sup>425</sup> Both schemes could thus be supported by the radiocarbon chronology.

However, the validity of this original scheme must be questioned. The renewed analyses of the pottery assemblages by Pentedeka led her to a different phasing: BSPh VIIb and VIIc both belong to Ceramic Phase 6, as do BPh VIII and IX. Ceramic Phase 6 is considered Late Neolithic, when BSPh VIIb and VIIc are clearly of Middle Neolithic character for the flaked stone assemblages. Ceramic Phase 5 and 6, respectively correspond to Lithic Phase 4 and 5. The phasing for these later Neolithic levels is thus the same for the flaked stones and the pottery, but whereas some Late Neolithic features are already present in the ceramic assemblage of BSPh VIIb and VIIc, the flaked stones remain of Middle Neolithic character. Our study revealed several other discrepancies between the lithic and ceramic phases, especially in the middle part of the sequence (see chronological chart chapter III). The massive difference in the quantity

<footnote n="422"><sup>422</sup> The initial sample included four artefacts without wear traces.</footnote>

<footnote n="423"><sup>423</sup> Demoule et al. 1988.</footnote>

<footnote n="424"><sup>424</sup> There were no flaked stones in BPh IX.</footnote>

<footnote n="425"><sup>425</sup> Reingruber et al. 2017; but see n. 350.</footnote>
of material available may explain some of these discrepancies, especially if the flaked stone material was too scarce to recognise subtle quantitative changes. However, during periods of continuous occupation of a settlement by the same community, there is no reason to expect concomitant variations in pottery and stone tools. The flaked stone assemblages vary according to the availability of different raw materials, to the technical traditions and know-how of the knappers, and to the tasks for which flaked stones are required. None of these variables would have any parallel in pottery production and decoration. As argued in a similar stratified context,<fnref n="426" /> concomitant changes in lithics and ceramics should only be expected in the case of occupational hiatuses in the sequence, or the arrival of new inhabitants with different technical and cultural traditions.

If one therefore focuses on the flaked stone sequence, without reference to external frameworks, the transition between the earlier and latest Neolithic levels become sharper and the change more abrupt: Lithic Phases 1 to 4 present many aspects of continuity and a Middle Neolithic character, while Lithic Phase 5 shows significant changes in the raw materials, methods and composition of the toolkit, with tool types that can be considered typical of the Late Neolithic. The contrast is admittedly not as marked as it could have been if other typical early Late Neolithic elements had been present, such as Late Neolithic obsidian pressure-flaked blades and Late Neolithic barbed and tanged arrowheads, but it is, nevertheless, stronger than between each of the Middle Neolithic phases. According to this scheme, the transition between the Middle Neolithic and the Late Neolithic in the flaked stone assemblages would not seem ‘gradual’ but abrupt, and would occur later than in the pottery assemblages.<fnref n="427" /> However, two observations lead us to nuance this view: as indicated above, the tendency towards a diversification of the toolkit and the activities represented is already perceptible in Lithic Phase 4, albeit more pronounced in Lithic Phase 5. Similarly, the predominance of sickles with a straight working edge appears already established during Lithic Phase 4. Lithic Phase 5 would therefore represent both the outcome of an internal dynamic anchored in the late Middle Neolithic, and the introduction of new techniques and tool types of exogenous origin.

## *The PMZ Flaked Stone Assemblages in the Thessalian Context*

Among the different factors of variability of the lithic toolkits that we invoked, availability in raw material and blanks for tools may well have been prevalent at PMZ. Lithic Phase 1, in particular, shows signs of a real scarcity of raw material/blanks: a very high ratio of retouched pieces, an unusual rate of flakes in the retouched toolkit, and an unusual degree of curation of the tools. Lithic Phase 2 essentially differs from Lithic Phase 1 in the proportion of the different raw materials, the frequency of blades and the frequency of retouched material. Besides potential random variation, all these changes could be related to slight modification in the procurement of cores and blanks. Most of the differences between the following Middle Neolithic phases also pertain to the proportion of raw materials and laminar products. Again, slight shifts in their respective availability could account for these variations. If this was the case, the Middle Neolithic diachronic sequence brought to light at PMZ would reflect the problems and opportunities of a community deprived of local raw materials, and living at the margins of lithic trade networks. It is the story of a given Thessalian community and how it dealt with its flaked stone tools, and there is no reason to expect that the story be repeated elsewhere in the same terms.

Nevertheless, this community was not isolated. It participated in several lithic trade networks, even if sometimes marginally, and thus benefitted from repeated contacts with trading partners and itinerant specialists. As a consequence, all the tool types found at PMZ are known from other sites, either in Thessaly or in southern Greece, with the exception of the bifacially worked

<footnote n="426">⁴²⁶ Perlès 2004.</footnote>

<footnote n="427">⁴²⁷ Unless one assumes important contaminations in the pottery assemblages.</footnote>
microfoliate point from Lithic Phase 1 (Fig. V.1.1q) and the sickle insert on flake from Lithic Phase 5 (Fig. V.1.14c), for which we know of no equivalent anywhere else. Yet, several tool types present at PMZ are conspicuously rare in the other published Thessalian assemblages. The bifacially worked transverse arrowheads (Lithic Phases 3 and 4), known in southern Greece, have no equivalent in published Middle Neolithic Thessalian assemblages.428 The sickle blades shaped with an end-scraper front,429 the trapezes430 and truncated blades are rare or absent in most Thessalian series. The sickle inserts on thick-backed flakes are present in all published Thessalian assemblages, but at much lower frequencies than at PMZ.431

The good representation of these rare tool types at PMZ, together with the absence of others, such as splintered blades, sets it apart from the other settlements and contributes to reinforce the impression of a marked idiosyncratic continuity, especially in the Middle Neolithic. The interplay between raw material availability, the activities performed at PMZ and the tool types that were chosen to perform these technical tasks gives a strong and distinct personality to the PMZ flaked stone tool assemblages, and shows that much remains to be learnt about Thessalian lithic assemblages.

<footnote n="428">428 They exist in small numbers in surface collections.</footnote>

<footnote n="429">429 3% of the sickle inserts in the Thessalian sites studied by Moundrea-Agrafioti (1981, 117).</footnote>

<footnote n="430">430 None is published from Thessaly proper. Two were found at Ag. Petros in the Sporades: Moundrea-Agrafioti 1981, 155.</footnote>

<footnote n="431">431 See above, 222.</footnote>
## V.1. Appendix 1: Table of Wear Traces

### Lygeri Papagiannaki – Sylvie Beyries

**PM0334:** Rotary motion possibly on two materials, wood and hide

The point is the active zone, which is heavily rounded; rounding discontinuous and in some places flattened. A discontinuous but invasive polish was detected, with tight to open linkage, irregular and undulating-irregular microtopography, limited on the higher spots. Striations are rare, short and thin, some perpendicular to the edge, others parallel to it. Traces pointing to semi-hard or hard materials. The characteristics of the polish imply that two materials might have been worked, wood and hide.

<figure><img src="image_48.png" /></figure>

**PM0338:** Transverse action on hide

The shaped front of this end-scraper is the active zone. It shows a poorly developed (or even non-existent) rounding, and some microflakes of use, mostly perpendicular to the edge. Discontinuous and marginal polish, with a semi-tight to open linkage and irregular microtopography limited to the high spots, suggesting working with a high angle. Few striations perpendicular to the edge, thin and superficial. Traces poorly developed, pointing to short-term activity.

**PM0342:** Sickle element

The right edge was the active zone. Characterised by a well-developed though discontinuous (due to microflakes) rounding, equally developed over both faces. Important microchipping: medium or large-sized microflakes, usually oblique with two directions. Continuous and invasive polish, bright, with a compact to open linkage and undulating microtopography and many striations parallel to the edge, some of them filled-in. Sickle element hafted parallel or very slightly oblique, according to the distribution of the polish (see Fig. V.1.19).

<figure><img src="image_49.png" /></figure>
### PM0366: Rotary motion on hard vegetal matter (dry wood)

The point was the active edge. Well-developed rounding, continuous and flattened on several spots, implying use on a hard material. The aligned microflakes, with feather or step termination, confirm this observation. Discontinuous and marginal polish, bright, with tight to open linkage and undulating or undulating-irregular microtopography, as well as rare striations, some parallel and others perpendicular to the point.

<figure><img src="image_50.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_51.png" /></figure>

### PM0385: Left edge: longitudinal action on soft or semi-hard vegetal material (wood)

Right edge: transverse action on soft animal matter (fresh hide)

Two active zones identified, the left and the right edge. Poorly developed but continuous rounding on the left edge, equally developed over both faces; continuous but marginal polish, bright, with tight to open linkage and irregular or sometimes domed (spots near the edge) microtopography and striations parallel to the edge, as well as some perpendicular ones, thin and superficial. The right edge also has a poorly developed rounding, sometimes equally developed over both faces; a discontinuous and marginal polish, with tight to open linkage and irregular or irregular-undulating microtopography, and many striations, short, thin and superficial, perpendicular to the edge. Characteristics of the polish similar on both faces, which is expected for these two materials, soft wood and fresh hide. The working motion, however, was clearly differentiated.

<figure><img src="image_52.png" /></figure>

### PM0391: Transverse action on soft animal matter (dry hide)

The right edge is the active zone. It bears no rounding/edge blunting but a discontinuous and marginal polish, bright, with tight or semi-tight linkage and irregular microtopography. Striations rare, short, thin and superficial, perpendicular to the edge.

<figure><img src="image_53.png" /></figure>

### PM0397: Without use-wear traces
*PM0399:* Transverse action on a soft matter (of animal or vegetal origin)

The proximal edge and proximal part of the right edge were used. Medium to well-developed rounding, sometimes more developed over the dorsal face and flattened on some spots; marginal polish, with compact to open linkage and a microtopography ranging from undulating to irregular. Few striations, short and perpendicular to the edge.

<figure><img src="image_54.png" /></figure>

*PM0441:* Sickle element

Left edge used to harvest cereals. Medium and well-developed rounding, continuous and equally developed over both faces. A mostly continuous and invasive polish, bright, with compact to tight linkage and undulating microtopography, and many striations, parallel to the edge, some filled-in. According to N. Mazzucco (personal communication), both edges of the tool were afterwards used to work another material. Polish distribution indicates parallel or slightly oblique hafting (see Fig. V.1.19).

<figure><img src="image_55.png" /></figure>

*PM0453:* Sickle element

The left edge constitutes the active zone. It bears a discontinuous and medium-developed rounding, equally developed over both faces; a continuous polish, invasive on the proximal part but marginal on the distal one, bright, with compact to open linkage and undulating microtopography; many striations on the ventral face, thin and large ones, parallel to the edge, as well as filled-in and comet-shaped striations. Distribution of the polish indicating a parallel or slightly oblique hafting (see Fig. V.1.19).

<figure><img src="image_56.png" /></figure>

*PM0469:* Without use-wear traces
### PM0489: Bidirectional longitudinal action on wood

The right edge is the active zone. It bears a poorly developed and discontinuous rounding, equally developed over both faces, small microflakes oblique to the edge and a poorly developed and discontinuous crushing of the edge. Polish discontinuous and marginal, with tight to open linkage and undulating microtopography, limited to the higher spots. Striations rare and short, parallel or oblique to the edge. The left edge shows well-developed though discontinuous rounding along with residues on both faces, present even far from the edge on the dorsal face, probably related to hafting.

<figure><img src="image_57.png" /></figure>

### PM0490: Without interpretation

Discontinuous polish, poorly developed, with tight to open linkage and irregular or undulating-irregular microtopography. A few striations, some parallel and others perpendicular to the edge, might also be present.

<figure><img src="image_58.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_59.png" /></figure>

### PM0495: Exhausted sickle element

The right edge constitutes the active zone. It bears a well-developed but localised and discontinuous rounding, equally developed over both faces. A discontinuous polish, very well-developed on the mesial part, invasive on the mesial and proximal parts, but marginal on the distal part, bright, with compact to open linkage and undulating microtopography. Some striations parallel to the edge. The tool has been resharpened several times; its original width cannot be estimated, and it was finally resharpened before being abandoned – the fresh retouch flakes on the dorsal face do not bear traces of use. Finally, the left edge bears traces of use, according to N. Mazzucco (personal communication), possibly pointing to hide working.

<figure><img src="image_60.png" /></figure>

### PM0502: Without use-wear traces

### PM0503: Sickle element

The right and left edges were the active zones, both showing a well-developed rounding, very localised on the right edge and continuous on the left. Microscopically, they show typical traces of cereal harvest: a continuous and mostly invasive polish, bright, with compact to open linkage and undulating microtopography, and many striations, parallel to the edge or slightly oblique, as well as filled-in, dotted and comet-shaped striations. The right edge might have been the first to be used, it was resharpened, possibly several times, and abandoned after the last retouch, then hafted so that the left edge would be used in turn, resharpened, maybe several times, and abandoned later after use. This could explain the more abraded and striated right edge, hafted after use (see photo). According to N. Mazzucco (personal communication), both edges were also used on a different material after having served as sickle elements. Finally, he noticed traces of use on the scraper-shaped edge, corresponding to traces of hide working.
<figure><img src="image_61.png" /></figure>

### PM0514: Transverse action on dry hide

End-grabber bearing use-wear traces on the scraper-shaped edge. Shows medium to well-developed rounding, more developed over the dorsal face, and some microflakes, mostly perpendicular to the edge and with step section. Polish continuous but marginal on the ventral face, discontinuous but invasive on the dorsal one, quite bright, with tight to open linkage and irregular or undulating-irregular microtopography. Striations short, thin and superficial, perpendicular to the edge. Rounding pointing to scraping with a high angle.

<figure><img src="image_62.png" /></figure>

### PM0523: Transverse action on mineral matter

The side-grabber, and secondarily the rest of the left edge, are the active zones. The side scraper shows a well-developed but localised rounding, flattened, more developed over the ventral face; another two spots of medium and well-developed rounding on the mesial and proximal parts of the edge. Discontinuous polish, bright, with compact and tight linkage and smooth microtopography, with clear limits, covering the high spots. Many striations, oblique to the edge, long and mostly superficial and smooth-bottomed. Micro-traces mostly developed on the side scraper, but also some spots of functional striated polish along the edge, associated with the rounding. Traces typical of hard mineral matter, but the material could not be determined more precisely.

<figure><img src="image_63.png" /></figure>
### PM0530: Sickle element

Small blade fragment bearing wear traces on the left edge. Well-developed and continuous rounding, equally developed over both faces, and several microflakes, mostly oblique with two directions; continuous and invasive polish, bright, with compact to open linkage and undulating microtopography; many striations, parallel to the edge, some of them filled-in. The active edge was resharpened and reused, but not exhausted – the retouch flakes are not covered with wear traces.

<figure><img src="image_64.png" /></figure>

### PM0541: Without use-wear traces

### PM0556: Transverse action on soft animal material (fresh or remoistened hide) with a high angle

Traces of use on the unretouched left edge of the tool. Poorly developed and discontinuous rounding, equally developed on both faces, and some small microflakes, mostly perpendicular to the edge; discontinuous and marginal polish, bright, with a tight to open linkage and irregular microtopography. Striations are rare, short and perpendicular to the edge. The ventral face seems to be the contact face, according to the development of the traces (polish and striations).

<figure><img src="image_65.png" /></figure>

### PM0622: Without use-wear traces

### PM0623: Left edge: Exhausted sickle element, Right edge-dorsal face: very localised oblique action on hard bone material, Right edge-ventral face: transverse action on semi-hard/hard vegetal material

Three active zones identified: the left edge and two active zones on the dorsal and ventral face of the right edge. Left edge: typical traces of cereal harvest, such as a medium-developed and continuous rounding on the mesial and proximal parts, equally developed on both sides; a continuous and invasive bright polish with a compact to semi-tight linkage and an undulating microtopography; many striations, parallel to the edge, as well as dotted and filled-in striations. Several spots of abraded polish with perpendicular and random striations, due to contact with the soil. Edge probably rejuvenated several times in order to be reused, until exhaustion. On the right edge, some spots of flat striated polish and residues, maybe linked to hafting. Right edge, dorsal face: very few and localised traces of hard osseous material – a spot of bright polish, with a compact to tight linkage and smooth or smooth-undulating microtopography and many long, large and deep striations, oblique to the edge, roughbottomed and smooth-bottomed alike, noticed far from the edge. Right edge, ventral face: no rounding, but a discontinuous invasive polish, bright with a tight to open linkage and undulating microtopography, only covering the high spots, and a few striations perpendicular to the edge. Traces probably pointing to a
semi-hard or hard vegetal matter. Distal fracture bearing spots of a red residue that have not been further analysed.

<figure><img src="image_66.png" /></figure>

### PM0652: Sickle element

The left edge is the active zone. Traces characteristic of cereal harvesting: macroscopically a poorly developed, discontinuous rounding, equally developed over both faces; microscopically a discontinuous but invasive polish, with compact to open linkage and undulating microtopography, and many striations, long and short, parallel to the edge, mostly superficial, also filled-in and dotted striations. Polish becoming abraded on the proximal part of the flake, possibly indicating contact with abrasive matter, like the soil.

<figure><img src="image_67.png" /></figure>

### PM0686: Transverse action on semi-hard/hard material (dry hide) with a high angle

Three active zones identified on this honey flint blade: the right, left and distal edges. Traces similar on all three active zones. The right and left edges do not exhibit rounding (the left edge exhibits edge crushing), but show discontinuous polish, in some parts invasive and in others marginal, dull, with a tight to open linkage and irregular microtopography, and many striations, long and short, perpendicular to the edge, thin and large, superficial or deep. The distal edge shows a poorly developed to medium continuous rounding, more developed over the ventral face, microscopic polish, continuous and invasive, bearing the same characteristics as on the other edges, and
many striations, perpendicular and oblique to the edge. After use, rejuvenation of the right and left edges, which explains the limited striated polish on the dorsal face (very limited on the right edge), mostly evident on the ventral face.

<figure><img src="image_68.png" /></figure>

PM0696: Right edge: sickle element, Right distal part: transverse action on semi-hard abrasive material (dry hide), with a high angle (~75°), Distal edge: transverse action on semi-hard abrasive material (dry hide), with a high angle (~75°), Left edge: first used as a sickle element then transverse action on semi-hard abrasive material (dry hide), with a high angle (~75°)

Three active zones were identified on this honey flint blade: the right, left and distal edges. Right edge: the proximal side shows medium to well-developed rounding, continuous and equally developed on both sides; continuous and invasive polish, with compact to semi-tight linkage and undulating microtopography; and many striations, long and parallel to the edge, as well as dotted striations. These are typical traces of cereal harvesting tools. On the dorsal face these traces extend towards the distal part of the tool; on the ventral face the distal part presents a set of different traces covering (and sometimes mixed with) the typical sickle traces. Right distal and left edges: medium to well-developed rounding, equally developed on both sides; continuous and quite invasive polish, dull and abraded, with tight to open linkage and irregular microtopography; and several striations, short and long ones, thin or large, perpendicular to the edge. The left edge also shows microscopic cereal gloss mixed and sometimes covered by the abraded irregular polish described above. Distal edge: traces similar to the left edge; no macroscopic traces indicating an active zone, but microscopically there is continuous and marginal dull/abraded polish, with

<figure><img src="image_69.png" /></figure>
tight to open linkage and irregular microtopography, and several striations, short and long ones, perpendicular to the edge. We suggest that the right and left edges were first used for cereal harvest; then the blade was used to work dry hide with the right distal, left and distal edges, and the extent of the polish (slightly invasive) indicates scraping with a high angle. The proximal end of the blade was probably broken after the first task, since the striated undulating polish is interrupted. The left edge was resharpened after the first use, which explains why the harvest traces are scarce, and mostly preserved on the ventral face; the right edge was also resharpened, maybe more intensively on its distal half.

### PM0723: Transverse action on soft plant material

The active zone is very localised – a part of the scraper-like edge. Well-developed but discontinuous rounding, more developed over the dorsal face; continuous and invasive polish, bright, with compact to semi-tight linkage and undulating microtopography; striations oblique to the cutting edge. The traces are very localised, perhaps pointing to microtechnical work.

<figure><img src="image_70.png" /></figure>

### PM0728: Sickle element

The right edge is the active zone. Continuous, medium to well-developed rounding that develops equally on both faces, and macroscopic gloss as first indicators of use. Microscopically, there is invasive though discontinuous polish, bright, with compact and tight linkage and undulating microtopography, and many striations, long or short, parallel or oblique to the edge. Tool hafted obliquely; left edge rounded towards the distal part, which, combined with the abrupt retouch, confirms that this edge was hafted (see Fig. V.1.19). Active edge possibly resharpened several times, but polish filling or entering most of the retouch flakes is present, thus the tool was reused after the last retouch. According to N. Mazzucco (personal communication), the element is functionally complete, with the distal edge bearing wear traces and the proximal one having been hafted.

<figure><img src="image_71.png" /></figure>

### PM0742: Transverse action on hide/leather with a high angle

The active zone is the scraper-shaped edge. It shows a strong, continuous rounding, flattened in certain spots, sometimes more developed over the ventral face; a discontinuous, marginal polish, dull, with irregular microtopography, covering only the higher spots; rare striations, limited on the edge, short and thin, and perpendicular to the edge. The marginal polish and striations limited on the edge point to an activity performed with a high angle. The characteristics of the rounding imply that the ventral was the contact face. Lateral sides possibly retouched to fit the haft; a spot of striated polish on the dorsal face may be connected to hafting.

<figure><img src="image_72.png" /></figure>
### PM0743: Sickle element

The left edge is the active zone. Shows a well-developed rounding, continuous and equally developed on both faces. Polish continuous on the ventral face, discontinuous on the dorsal face, invasive, bright, with compact to semi-tight linkage, and undulating or smooth-undulating micro-topography. Many striations, long and shorter ones, parallel to the edge, as well as dotted and filled-in striations. An abraded cereal polish, heavily striated, was also observed on the proximal side, due to contact with abrasive matter. Active edge rejuvenated (maybe several times) on the dorsal side – the discontinuous polish shows that it has been reused briefly after the last retouch. The hafted right edge exhibits edge crushing, a few rounded spots and marginal and discontinuous polish with irregular microtopography in the mesial part of the ventral face. Tool hafted obliquely (see Fig. V.1.19).

<figure><img src="image_73.png" /></figure>

### PM0751: Sickle element

The right edge is the active zone. No rounding, due to the resharpening of the edge on the dorsal face, which also removed the macroscopic gloss and the polish from this side. Ventral face presenting traces (polish, striations) typical of sickle elements (Id. PM0743). Element functionally complete with few polished spots on the right part of the distal edge. The absence of new wear traces on the dorsal face implies that the insert was not reused after having been resharpened.

<figure><img src="image_74.png" /></figure>

### PM0770: Sickle element

The active zone is the left edge of the tool. It exhibits a well-developed and continuous rounding and macroscopic gloss. Polish discontinuous, invasive in the middle of the active zone, marginal towards the distal and proximal ends, bright, with a compact to open linkage and undulating microtopography. Many long and short striations, parallel and oblique to the edge, as well as dotted striations. The dorsal face was retouched after use, the microflakes being only partly or not at all polished, indicating limited use after having been re-sharpened.

<figure><img src="image_75.png" /></figure>
### PM0773: Transverse action on semi-hard material (fresh hide)

Two active zones, the left and right edges. They both present similar traces: a medium, discontinuous rounding, that seems to develop equally on both faces on the left edge, while it develops more over the ventral face on the right edge, a discontinuous polish, invasive on the dorsal face, marginal on the ventral face, bright, with a tight to open linkage, and undulating or undulating-irregular microtopography; rare striations, short, oblique or perpendicular to the edge.

<figure><img src="image_76.png" /></figure>

### PM0784: Without use-wear traces

### PM0808: Sickle element

The active zone is the original distal edge (indicated in the picture). Medium to well-developed rounding, developed equally on both faces. Polish continuous and invasive, with typical characteristics (Id. PM0743); a second type of polish present on the dorsal face towards the right edge, irregular and abraded, due to contact with abrasive matter. The two types of polish observed do not correspond to different worked materials – the abraded polish implies contact with soil. Many striations, parallel and oblique to the edge, with characteristics typical of sickle elements. Distribution of wear traces implying that the element was hafted very slightly obliquely (see Fig. V.1.19).

<figure><img src="image_77.png" /></figure>
### PM0812: Semicircular action on soft plant material (reeds or cereals)

The left edge is the active zone. Shows a medium to well-developed rounding, continuous, present equally on both faces. The polish is continuous on the mesial part of the ventral face, less continuous on the mesial part of the dorsal face, marginal, bright, with compact to semi-tight linkage, undulating microtopography, and only covers the high spots of the microtopography. Many striations, short and rather large, mostly oblique on the edge, often in different directions. Traces pointing to a soft plant material. The distribution of the polish and the striations might indicate work on reeds, though its use as a sickle element cannot be ruled out (suggested by N. Mazzucco, personal communication). The distribution of the wear traces with clear limits imply that the element was hafted obliquely to the haft.

<figure><img src="image_78.png" /></figure>

### PM0833: Sickle element or longitudinal action on other plant material

Both edges of this long blade are active zones, possibly for the same activity. Medium to poorly developed rounding on the left edge, but medium to well-developed on the right one. The polish is discontinuous due to retouch flakes, the initial polish being present far from the edge on the dorsal face, invasive, bright, with compact to open linkage, undulating, undulating-irregular and occasionally irregular microtopography.

Characteristics of the polish not entirely typical for sickle elements, probably due to alterations, not allowing a firm conclusion on the tool's use. Striations are rare, short, thin and superficial, parallel to the edge. Element functionally complete, exhibiting polished spots on the distal edge of the ventral face. The chronology of use of each edge has not been determined. According to the traces, it was probably used for cutting vegetal materials, but we cannot assert that it was used for cutting cereals (observation by L. Papagiannaki and N. Mazzucco).

<figure><img src="image_79.png" /></figure>

### PM0836: Sickle element

The active zone is the right edge. Poorly-developed rounding on the distal right extremity, continuous and slightly more developed over the ventral face. Discontinuous polish, invasive towards the right extremity, presenting the typical characteristics of sickle elements (Id. PM0743).

<figure><img src="image_80.png" /></figure>
Many striations, parallel to the edge, short, thin and superficial, as well as filled-in striations and comet-shaped ones. The truncation on the proximal part probably facilitated the hafting, which may have left few traces, like striated polished spots on the proximal ventral face, implying that the element is functionally complete. Distribution of traces implying that the tool was hafted obliquely (see Fig. V.1.19).

### PM0838: Transverse action on hard or semi-hard material (wood)

Both edges of this tool made on honey flint have been active. The right edge does not present rounding, while the left edge shows a medium to well-developed rounding, continuous, more developed over the dorsal face. Marginal polish, discontinuous on the right edge, continuous on the left one, bright, with tight to open linkage, irregular or undulating-irregular microtopography. Many striations, perpendicular or oblique to the edge, short, thin and rather superficial.

<figure><img src="image_81.png" /></figure>

### PM0840: Without interpretation

The right edge is an active zone, the activity has not been determined. Medium rounding, equally developed over both faces. Microchipping, with isolated small and medium microflakes, oblique or perpendicular to the edge. Discontinuous and marginal polish, bright, with tight or even compact linkage, and undulating-irregular microtopography. Rare striations (or even absent), maybe perpendicular to the edge.

<figure><img src="image_82.png" /></figure>

### PM0845: Sickle element

The left edge is the active zone. It shows a medium to well-developed rounding, continuous and leaning equally towards both faces. Continuous polish, becoming more and more invasive towards the proximal end, bright, with compact to semi-tight linkage and undulating microtopography; a second, more abraded and irregular polish is present, due to contact with abrasive matter, like soil, towards the proximal edge on the ventral face, also limited towards the distal edge on the dorsal face. Many striations, parallel to the edge, long, thin or large ones, some superficial and others deep, as well as several filled-in striations. Polish extending over the proximal end, implying that the element is functionally complete.

<figure><img src="image_83.png" /></figure>
### PM0848: Without interpretation

The point is the active zone. It may show a poorly developed but continuous rounding, small microflakes, aligned or superimposed, discontinuous and marginal polish, bright, with tight to open linkage, and irregular or occasionally domed (on the high spots) microtopography. No striations were seen.

### PM0852: Transverse action on semi-hard or hard material – without further interpretation

The left edge is the active zone. It shows a medium to well-developed rounding, discontinuous and slightly more developed over the ventral face; small and isolated microflakes, oblique to the edge; discontinuous and marginal polish, bright, with tight to open linkage and irregular microtopography; rare striations, perpendicular to the edge, small, thin and superficial. The tool must have been used for a transverse action with a very high angle. It may not be functionally complete, but no wear traces clarifying this were detected.

<figure><img src="image_84.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_85.png" /></figure>

### PM0867: Left edge: sickle element, Distal edge: transverse action on dry hide

Two active zones are noted, the left edge and the distal edge, on different materials. Left edge: well-developed, continuous rounding, equal on both faces, a rather continuous polish, more invasive towards the distal end, typical of cereal harvest (Id. PM0743), and many striations parallel to the edge. Distribution of traces implying that it was inserted slightly obliquely into the haft (see Fig. V.1.19). Distal edge: shows a well-developed rounding, flattened on some parts, a continuous and marginal polish, bright, with compact to open linkage and undulating-irregular or irregular microtopography, and many short striations, perpendicular to the edge, some are rough-bottomed and others are smooth-bottomed. These traces coexist and interact with the traces of harvest.

<figure><img src="image_86.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_87.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_88.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_89.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_90.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_91.png" /></figure>
V.1.10. Appendix 2: The Flaked Stone Assemblages – A Brief Note on Agricultural Tools

Niccolò Mazzucco

Complementarily to the study carried out by Catherine Perlès and Lygeri Papagiannaki, a use-wear analysis was carried out on the flaked stone tools from PMZ, mainly focusing on the stone tools related to agricultural tasks (i.e. cereal harvesting and/or processing). This study was carried out in the framework of a larger project focusing on the spread and change of the harvesting technologies in the Mediterranean Basin, a synthesis of which has recently been published.432 PMZ took on a main role in the project, allowing us to acquire a detailed image of the change in the agricultural tools in the Thessalian Plain between the Middle and the Late Neolithic. In this brief note, a synthesis of the main results will be given, trying to complete the information already provided by the above-mentioned colleagues.

All flaked stone materials from the PMZ sequence have been observed via stereoscopy in order to detect possible tools used for plant harvesting, collecting or processing. This includes all Middle–Late Neolithic tools, but also a few pieces from the Early and Middle Helladic periods. A detailed study of the use-wear patterns was undertaken using an Olympus BH2 metallographic microscope, following a methodology close to that applied by Perlès and Papagiannaki.

An Overview of the Main Results

30 glossy tools from Middle and Middle/Late Neolithic phases have been detected and 15 glossy tools from later periods (two of which from survey collections). Of the 30 Neolithic glossy tools, 25 can be ascribed to the class of sickle inserts, while the remaining elements show different use-wear patterns. Three of them show marginal or insufficiently preserved use-wear traces, while the other two present much more abrasive wear. The main aspects that can be remarked upon are:

* The presence of two different types of sickle inserts. The first sickle type is characterised by flakes or blade fragments hafted diagonally into some type of wooden or antler haft, forming a coarsely serrated cutting edge. Despite the fact that the use of both flakes and blades may appear strange, given their variable morphology and dimensions, it is quite common in Neo-lithic assemblages from the Aegean and the southern Balkans.433 The other type of insert is made on wider and longer blades, often produced through more skilled flaking methods (i.e. different modes of pressure flaking), which show a gloss distributed along the entire used edge, with a parallel distribution. Parallel inserts are present from at least Lithic Phase II (BPh IV). All of them are broken or reused, and it is therefore impossible to assess their original size and morphology. However, they surely represent a different morphotype compared to diagonally glossed inserts. Another aspect to remark upon is that both morphotypes coexist in the same layers, suggesting that different types of harvesting tools were in use at the same time, as already observed for Achilleion (Trench D) and Franchthi.

* The possible presence of threshing inserts. The two above-mentioned inserts showing abrasive use-wear traces (Fig. V.1.20) may have been used as inserts in a threshing board. The type of macro- and micro-wear traces, such as the dulled edge and the presence of striations all over the used margin, partially resemble experimental threshing inserts. At the same time, they differ from experimental inserts, because of the presence of smooth spots of cereal polish. The mixed nature of this type of trace has already been discussed by Patricia C. Anderson.434

<footnote n="432">432 Mazzucco et al. 2020.</footnote>

<footnote n="433">433 Gurova 2014.</footnote>

<footnote n="434">434 Anderson 1992; Anderson – Whittaker 2014.</footnote>
<figure><img src="image_92.png" /><figcaption>Fig. V.1.20 Two possible threshing inserts from PMZ. On the top PM0845, below PM0441. Note the dulled edge and the use-wear pattern characterised by abrasions and striations (N. Mazzucco)</figcaption></figure>

* A new experimental study is currently ongoing, including confocal microscopy in order to quantitatively discern use wear from cereal harvesting from that produced by cereal threshing. The presence of such innovation may be associated with the increased amount of grain to be processed, possibly in relation to the need for massive quantities of chopped stems (i.e. architecture, fodder, etc.). This data would fit with the presence of training pathologies in cattle, as at least demonstrated for the site of Knossos, from the Early to the Late Neolithic phases (7000–6000 BP).<fnref n="435" /> In addition, the use of fodder for feeding sheep and goats has recently been demonstrated for the Middle–Late Neolithic site of Kouphovouno.<fnref n="436" />

<footnote n="435">⁴³⁵ Isaakidou 2008.</footnote>

<footnote n="436">⁴³⁶ Vaiglova et al. 2020.</footnote>
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