<table><thead><tr><th>Lang</th><th>Corpus</th><th># utt</th><th># feedback</th><th>% feedback</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="8">de</td><td>action_foreign</td><td>12,760</td><td>1,703</td><td>13.35</td></tr><tr><td>action</td><td>12,134</td><td>1,637</td><td>13.49</td></tr><tr><td>comedy_foreign</td><td>12,627</td><td>1,849</td><td>14.64</td></tr><tr><td>comedy</td><td>16,152</td><td>2,369</td><td>14.67</td></tr><tr><td>crime_foreign</td><td>12,589</td><td>1,245</td><td>9.89</td></tr><tr><td>crime</td><td>11,817</td><td>1,581</td><td>13.38</td></tr><tr><td>drama_foreign</td><td>14,669</td><td>1,350</td><td>9.2</td></tr><tr><td>drama</td><td>11,460</td><td>1,452</td><td>12.67</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">en</td><td>romance_foreign</td><td>13,499</td><td>1,500</td><td>11.11</td></tr><tr><td>romance</td><td>11,809</td><td>1,596</td><td>13.52</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="8">en</td><td>action</td><td>11,094</td><td>1,437</td><td>12.95</td></tr><tr><td>action_foreign</td><td>12,908</td><td>1,448</td><td>11.22</td></tr><tr><td>comedy</td><td>13,948</td><td>1,665</td><td>11.94</td></tr><tr><td>comedy_foreign</td><td>13,533</td><td>1,677</td><td>12.39</td></tr><tr><td>crime</td><td>14,990</td><td>1,700</td><td>11.34</td></tr><tr><td>crime_foreign</td><td>13,911</td><td>1,267</td><td>9.11</td></tr><tr><td>drama</td><td>14,944</td><td>1,729</td><td>11.57</td></tr><tr><td>drama_foreign</td><td>10,243</td><td>1,041</td><td>10.16</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">fr</td><td>romance</td><td>16,132</td><td>2,166</td><td>13.43</td></tr><tr><td>romance_foreign</td><td>15,521</td><td>1,698</td><td>10.94</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="8">fr</td><td>action_foreign</td><td>11,236</td><td>1,119</td><td>9.96</td></tr><tr><td>action</td><td>12,406</td><td>1,453</td><td>11.71</td></tr><tr><td>comedy_foreign</td><td>17,239</td><td>1,788</td><td>10.37</td></tr><tr><td>comedy</td><td>13,932</td><td>1,913</td><td>13.73</td></tr><tr><td>crime_foreign</td><td>12,159</td><td>1,017</td><td>8.36</td></tr><tr><td>crime</td><td>10,821</td><td>1,003</td><td>9.27</td></tr><tr><td>drama_foreign</td><td>10,002</td><td>804</td><td>8.04</td></tr><tr><td>drama</td><td>11,094</td><td>1,313</td><td>11.84</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">hu</td><td>romance_foreign</td><td>12,043</td><td>1,360</td><td>11.29</td></tr><tr><td>romance</td><td>13,959</td><td>1,604</td><td>11.49</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="6">hu</td><td>action_foreign</td><td>12,781</td><td>1,377</td><td>10.77</td></tr><tr><td>comedy_foreign</td><td>15,031</td><td>1,998</td><td>13.29</td></tr><tr><td>comedy</td><td>14,692</td><td>2,462</td><td>16.76</td></tr><tr><td>crime_foreign</td><td>13,620</td><td>1,655</td><td>12.15</td></tr><tr><td>drama_foreign</td><td>13,138</td><td>1,400</td><td>10.66</td></tr><tr><td>drama</td><td>7,872</td><td>1,103</td><td>14.01</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">it</td><td>romance_foreign</td><td>13,771</td><td>1,611</td><td>11.7</td></tr><tr><td>action_foreign</td><td>12,010</td><td>1,585</td><td>13.2</td></tr><tr><td>action</td><td>7,703</td><td>826</td><td>10.72</td></tr><tr><td>comedy_foreign</td><td>15,055</td><td>2,058</td><td>13.67</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>comedy</td><td>15,363</td><td>1,777</td><td>11.57</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th>Lang</th><th>Corpus</th><th># utt</th><th># feedback</th><th>% feedback</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="8">de</td><td>action_foreign</td><td>12,760</td><td>1,703</td><td>13.35</td></tr><tr><td>action</td><td>12,134</td><td>1,637</td><td>13.49</td></tr><tr><td>comedy_foreign</td><td>12,627</td><td>1,849</td><td>14.64</td></tr><tr><td>comedy</td><td>16,152</td><td>2,369</td><td>14.67</td></tr><tr><td>crime_foreign</td><td>12,589</td><td>1,245</td><td>9.89</td></tr><tr><td>crime</td><td>11,817</td><td>1,581</td><td>13.38</td></tr><tr><td>drama_foreign</td><td>14,669</td><td>1,350</td><td>9.2</td></tr><tr><td>drama</td><td>11,460</td><td>1,452</td><td>12.67</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">en</td><td>romance_foreign</td><td>13,499</td><td>1,500</td><td>11.11</td></tr><tr><td>romance</td><td>11,809</td><td>1,596</td><td>13.52</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="8">en</td><td>action</td><td>11,094</td><td>1,437</td><td>12.95</td></tr><tr><td>action_foreign</td><td>12,908</td><td>1,448</td><td>11.22</td></tr><tr><td>comedy</td><td>13,948</td><td>1,665</td><td>11.94</td></tr><tr><td>comedy_foreign</td><td>13,533</td><td>1,677</td><td>12.39</td></tr><tr><td>crime</td><td>14,990</td><td>1,700</td><td>11.34</td></tr><tr><td>crime_foreign</td><td>13,911</td><td>1,267</td><td>9.11</td></tr><tr><td>drama</td><td>14,944</td><td>1,729</td><td>11.57</td></tr><tr><td>drama_foreign</td><td>10,243</td><td>1,041</td><td>10.16</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">fr</td><td>romance</td><td>16,132</td><td>2,166</td><td>13.43</td></tr><tr><td>romance_foreign</td><td>15,521</td><td>1,698</td><td>10.94</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="8">fr</td><td>action_foreign</td><td>11,236</td><td>1,119</td><td>9.96</td></tr><tr><td>action</td><td>12,406</td><td>1,453</td><td>11.71</td></tr><tr><td>comedy_foreign</td><td>17,239</td><td>1,788</td><td>10.37</td></tr><tr><td>comedy</td><td>13,932</td><td>1,913</td><td>13.73</td></tr><tr><td>crime_foreign</td><td>12,159</td><td>1,017</td><td>8.36</td></tr><tr><td>crime</td><td>10,821</td><td>1,003</td><td>9.27</td></tr><tr><td>drama_foreign</td><td>10,002</td><td>804</td><td>8.04</td></tr><tr><td>drama</td><td>11,094</td><td>1,313</td><td>11.84</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">hu</td><td>romance_foreign</td><td>12,043</td><td>1,360</td><td>11.29</td></tr><tr><td>romance</td><td>13,959</td><td>1,604</td><td>11.49</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="6">hu</td><td>action_foreign</td><td>12,781</td><td>1,377</td><td>10.77</td></tr><tr><td>comedy_foreign</td><td>15,031</td><td>1,998</td><td>13.29</td></tr><tr><td>comedy</td><td>14,692</td><td>2,462</td><td>16.76</td></tr><tr><td>crime_foreign</td><td>13,620</td><td>1,655</td><td>12.15</td></tr><tr><td>drama_foreign</td><td>13,138</td><td>1,400</td><td>10.66</td></tr><tr><td>drama</td><td>7,872</td><td>1,103</td><td>14.01</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">it</td><td>romance_foreign</td><td>13,771</td><td>1,611</td><td>11.7</td></tr><tr><td>action_foreign</td><td>12,010</td><td>1,585</td><td>13.2</td></tr><tr><td>action</td><td>7,703</td><td>826</td><td>10.72</td></tr><tr><td>comedy_foreign</td><td>15,055</td><td>2,058</td><td>13.67</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>comedy</td><td>15,363</td><td>1,777</td><td>11.57</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table 11: Proportion of feedback phenomena using a neural tagger on our subtitle corpora. Non-English datasets were automatically translated into English before inference.</caption><tbody><tr><td></td><td>crime_foreign</td><td>12,454</td><td>1,320</td><td>10.6</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>crime</td><td>13,885</td><td>1,479</td><td>10.65</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>drama_foreign</td><td>17,444</td><td>2,289</td><td>13.12</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>drama</td><td>12,838</td><td>1,467</td><td>11.43</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>romance_foreign</td><td>14,702</td><td>1,696</td><td>11.54</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>romance</td><td>14,573</td><td>1,549</td><td>10.63</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="8">ja</td><td>action_foreign</td><td>11,245</td><td>967</td><td>8.6</td></tr><tr><td>action</td><td>3,007</td><td>443</td><td>14.73</td></tr><tr><td>comedy_foreign</td><td>16,173</td><td>1,777</td><td>10.99</td></tr><tr><td>comedy</td><td>15,675</td><td>2,555</td><td>16.3</td></tr><tr><td>crime_foreign</td><td>16,296</td><td>1,311</td><td>8.04</td></tr><tr><td>drama_foreign</td><td>14,201</td><td>997</td><td>7.02</td></tr><tr><td>drama</td><td>11,410</td><td>1,204</td><td>10.55</td></tr><tr><td>romance_foreign</td><td>14,042</td><td>1,210</td><td>8.62</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>romance</td><td>1,780</td><td>145</td><td>8.15</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="8">no</td><td>action_foreign</td><td>10,480</td><td>892</td><td>8.51</td></tr><tr><td>action</td><td>1,855</td><td>290</td><td>15.63</td></tr><tr><td>comedy_foreign</td><td>14,406</td><td>1,834</td><td>12.73</td></tr><tr><td>comedy</td><td>11,957</td><td>1,199</td><td>10.03</td></tr><tr><td>crime_foreign</td><td>12,788</td><td>1,137</td><td>8.89</td></tr><tr><td>crime</td><td>9,863</td><td>853</td><td>8.65</td></tr><tr><td>drama_foreign</td><td>12,031</td><td>1,202</td><td>9.99</td></tr><tr><td>drama</td><td>6,688</td><td>589</td><td>8.81</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>romance_foreign</td><td>12,830</td><td>1,313</td><td>10.23</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>romance</td><td>4,197</td><td>399</td><td>9.51</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="8">zh</td><td>action_foreign</td><td>11,570</td><td>967</td><td>8.36</td></tr><tr><td>action</td><td>2,722</td><td>159</td><td>5.84</td></tr><tr><td>comedy_foreign</td><td>14,692</td><td>1,564</td><td>10.65</td></tr><tr><td>comedy</td><td>13,587</td><td>1,034</td><td>7.61</td></tr><tr><td>crime_foreign</td><td>10,778</td><td>795</td><td>7.38</td></tr><tr><td>crime</td><td>11,182</td><td>697</td><td>6.23</td></tr><tr><td>drama_foreign</td><td>14,527</td><td>1,330</td><td>9.16</td></tr><tr><td>drama</td><td>9,567</td><td>743</td><td>7.77</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>romance_foreign</td><td>13,362</td><td>1,079</td><td>8.08</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>romance</td><td>11,440</td><td>700</td><td>6.12</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table 11: Proportion of feedback phenomena using a neural tagger on our subtitle corpora. Non-English datasets were automatically translated into English before inference.</caption><tbody><tr><td></td><td>crime_foreign</td><td>12,454</td><td>1,320</td><td>10.6</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>crime</td><td>13,885</td><td>1,479</td><td>10.65</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>drama_foreign</td><td>17,444</td><td>2,289</td><td>13.12</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>drama</td><td>12,838</td><td>1,467</td><td>11.43</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>romance_foreign</td><td>14,702</td><td>1,696</td><td>11.54</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>romance</td><td>14,573</td><td>1,549</td><td>10.63</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="8">ja</td><td>action_foreign</td><td>11,245</td><td>967</td><td>8.6</td></tr><tr><td>action</td><td>3,007</td><td>443</td><td>14.73</td></tr><tr><td>comedy_foreign</td><td>16,173</td><td>1,777</td><td>10.99</td></tr><tr><td>comedy</td><td>15,675</td><td>2,555</td><td>16.3</td></tr><tr><td>crime_foreign</td><td>16,296</td><td>1,311</td><td>8.04</td></tr><tr><td>drama_foreign</td><td>14,201</td><td>997</td><td>7.02</td></tr><tr><td>drama</td><td>11,410</td><td>1,204</td><td>10.55</td></tr><tr><td>romance_foreign</td><td>14,042</td><td>1,210</td><td>8.62</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>romance</td><td>1,780</td><td>145</td><td>8.15</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="8">no</td><td>action_foreign</td><td>10,480</td><td>892</td><td>8.51</td></tr><tr><td>action</td><td>1,855</td><td>290</td><td>15.63</td></tr><tr><td>comedy_foreign</td><td>14,406</td><td>1,834</td><td>12.73</td></tr><tr><td>comedy</td><td>11,957</td><td>1,199</td><td>10.03</td></tr><tr><td>crime_foreign</td><td>12,788</td><td>1,137</td><td>8.89</td></tr><tr><td>crime</td><td>9,863</td><td>853</td><td>8.65</td></tr><tr><td>drama_foreign</td><td>12,031</td><td>1,202</td><td>9.99</td></tr><tr><td>drama</td><td>6,688</td><td>589</td><td>8.81</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>romance_foreign</td><td>12,830</td><td>1,313</td><td>10.23</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>romance</td><td>4,197</td><td>399</td><td>9.51</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="8">zh</td><td>action_foreign</td><td>11,570</td><td>967</td><td>8.36</td></tr><tr><td>action</td><td>2,722</td><td>159</td><td>5.84</td></tr><tr><td>comedy_foreign</td><td>14,692</td><td>1,564</td><td>10.65</td></tr><tr><td>comedy</td><td>13,587</td><td>1,034</td><td>7.61</td></tr><tr><td>crime_foreign</td><td>10,778</td><td>795</td><td>7.38</td></tr><tr><td>crime</td><td>11,182</td><td>697</td><td>6.23</td></tr><tr><td>drama_foreign</td><td>14,527</td><td>1,330</td><td>9.16</td></tr><tr><td>drama</td><td>9,567</td><td>743</td><td>7.77</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>romance_foreign</td><td>13,362</td><td>1,079</td><td>8.08</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>romance</td><td>11,440</td><td>700</td><td>6.12</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table 12: Amount and proportion of dialogue act groups detected with our neural tagger aggregated per corpus type (English, German, French, Italian, Japanese, Chinese, Hungarian and Norwegian).</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Dialogue act group</th><th colspan="2">Conversations</th><th colspan="2">Subtitles</th></tr><tr><th>#</th><th>%</th><th>#</th><th>%</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Forward looking</td><td>1,070,090</td><td>42.26</td><td>517,458</td><td>60.04</td></tr><tr><td>Other</td><td>919,323</td><td>36.31</td><td>237,453</td><td>27.55</td></tr><tr><td>Assessment</td><td>241,669</td><td>9.54</td><td>64,041</td><td>7.43</td></tr><tr><td>Backchannel</td><td>265,580</td><td>10.49</td><td>29,783</td><td>3.46</td></tr><tr><td>Yes/no answer</td><td>35,359</td><td>1.40</td><td>13,071</td><td>1.52</td></tr></tbody></table>

<table><caption>Table 13: Most frequent *Backchannel* instances in the spontaneous dialogues for Germanic languages.</caption><thead><tr><th>de</th><th>en</th><th>no</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>okay</td><td>yeah</td><td>ja “yes”</td></tr><tr><td>hm</td><td>uh-huh</td><td>ok</td></tr><tr><td>ja “yes”</td><td>oh</td><td>mm</td></tr><tr><td>mmh</td><td>okay</td><td>oi “hey”</td></tr><tr><td>links “left”</td><td>right</td><td>hæ ? “huh?”</td></tr><tr><td>ach “oh”</td><td>oh okay</td><td>å “oh”</td></tr><tr><td>nach rechts “to the right”</td><td>oh really</td><td>ja ikke sant “yeah right?”</td></tr><tr><td>rechts “right”</td><td>oh yeah</td><td>jo “yes”</td></tr><tr><td>ach so “oh, I see”</td><td>yeah yeah</td><td>ja ja “yes, yes”</td></tr><tr><td>nach oben “upward”</td><td>right right</td><td>å ja “oh yes”</td></tr></tbody></table>

## B.2 Amount and Proportion of Detected Dialogue Acts

Table 12 includes both the percentage and the exact number of instances classified as a certain class by the DA tagger in both the spontaneous dialogues and the subtitle data.

## B.3 Most Frequent Backchannel Instances

The most frequent utterances in the translated data classified as *Backchannel* per language for real conversations and subtitles separately are presented in Tables 13 – 18.
<table><caption>Table 12: Amount and proportion of dialogue act groups detected with our neural tagger aggregated per corpus type (English, German, French, Italian, Japanese, Chinese, Hungarian and Norwegian).</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Dialogue act group</th><th colspan="2">Conversations</th><th colspan="2">Subtitles</th></tr><tr><th>#</th><th>%</th><th>#</th><th>%</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Forward looking</td><td>1,070,090</td><td>42.26</td><td>517,458</td><td>60.04</td></tr><tr><td>Other</td><td>919,323</td><td>36.31</td><td>237,453</td><td>27.55</td></tr><tr><td>Assessment</td><td>241,669</td><td>9.54</td><td>64,041</td><td>7.43</td></tr><tr><td>Backchannel</td><td>265,580</td><td>10.49</td><td>29,783</td><td>3.46</td></tr><tr><td>Yes/no answer</td><td>35,359</td><td>1.40</td><td>13,071</td><td>1.52</td></tr></tbody></table>

<table><caption>Table 13: Most frequent *Backchannel* instances in the spontaneous dialogues for Germanic languages.</caption><thead><tr><th>de</th><th>en</th><th>no</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>okay</td><td>yeah</td><td>ja “yes”</td></tr><tr><td>hm</td><td>uh-huh</td><td>ok</td></tr><tr><td>ja “yes”</td><td>oh</td><td>mm</td></tr><tr><td>mmh</td><td>okay</td><td>oi “hey”</td></tr><tr><td>links “left”</td><td>right</td><td>hæ ? “huh?”</td></tr><tr><td>ach “oh”</td><td>oh okay</td><td>å “oh”</td></tr><tr><td>nach rechts “to the right”</td><td>oh really</td><td>ja ikke sant “yeah right?”</td></tr><tr><td>rechts “right”</td><td>oh yeah</td><td>jo “yes”</td></tr><tr><td>ach so “oh, I see”</td><td>yeah yeah</td><td>ja ja “yes, yes”</td></tr><tr><td>nach oben “upward”</td><td>right right</td><td>å ja “oh yes”</td></tr></tbody></table>

## B.2 Amount and Proportion of Detected Dialogue Acts

Table 12 includes both the percentage and the exact number of instances classified as a certain class by the DA tagger in both the spontaneous dialogues and the subtitle data.

## B.3 Most Frequent Backchannel Instances

The most frequent utterances in the translated data classified as *Backchannel* per language for real conversations and subtitles separately are presented in Tables 13 – 18.
<table><caption>Table 14: Most frequent *Backchannel* instances in the spontaneous dialogues for Romance languages.</caption><thead><tr><th>fr</th><th>it</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>ouais “yeah”</td><td>okay</td></tr><tr><td>d'accord “alright”</td><td>eh “uh”</td></tr><tr><td>ah ouais “ah yeah”</td><td>mhmh</td></tr><tr><td>ok</td><td>sí “yes”</td></tr><tr><td>ouais ouais “yeah yeah”</td><td>va bene “alright”</td></tr><tr><td>mh mh “uh uh”</td><td>mh okay</td></tr><tr><td>oui “yes”</td><td>ah okay</td></tr><tr><td>d'accord “alright”</td><td>sì okay “yes okay”</td></tr><tr><td>mh “uh”</td><td>okay sì “okay yes”</td></tr><tr><td>ouais ouais ouais “yeah yeah yeah”</td><td>eh sì “uh yes”</td></tr></tbody></table>

<table><caption>Table 15: Most frequent *Backchannel* instances in the spontaneous dialogues for Hungarian, Japanese and Chinese.</caption><thead><tr><th>hu</th><th>ja</th><th>zh</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Igen. “Yes.”</td><td>うん “Yeah”</td><td>啊？ “Ah？”</td></tr><tr><td>Igen? “Yes?”</td><td>うん うん “Yeah yeah”</td><td>哦， “Oh，”</td></tr><tr><td>Mhm. “Mhm.”</td><td>ああ “Ah”</td><td>嗯哼。 “Hmm, hmm.”</td></tr><tr><td>Nem? “No?”</td><td>へそ “Huh?”</td><td>嗯？ “Hmm？”</td></tr><tr><td>Igen, igen. “Yes, yes.”</td><td>うん うん うん “Yeah yeah yeah”</td><td>是吗？ “Is it？”</td></tr><tr><td>Tényleg? “Really?”</td><td>ふーん “Huh”</td><td>嗯，嗯。 “Hmm, hmm.”</td></tr><tr><td>Micsoda? “What?”</td><td>ああそう “Ah, I see”</td><td>对。 “Right.”</td></tr><tr><td>Na? “Well?”</td><td>あっ “Ah”</td><td>okay</td></tr><tr><td>Igen, mhm. “Yes, mhm.”</td><td>うん うん うん うん “Yeah yeah yeah yeah”</td><td>对对对。 “Right, right, right.”</td></tr><tr><td>Hát? “Well?”</td><td>ああああ “Ah ah”</td><td>嗯，嗯， “Hmm, hmm.”</td></tr></tbody></table>

<table><caption>Table 16: Most frequent *Backchannel* instances in the subtitle data for Germanic languages.</caption><thead><tr><th>de</th><th>en</th><th>no</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Was? “What?”</td><td>What?</td><td>Hva? “What?”</td></tr><tr><td>Ja? “Yes?”</td><td>Yeah.</td><td>Unnskyld. “Pardon.”</td></tr><tr><td>Hallo? “Hello?”</td><td>Really?</td><td>Ja? “Yes?”</td></tr><tr><td>Wieso? “Why?”</td><td>Okay.</td><td>Hallo? “Hello?”</td></tr><tr><td>Hm? “Hm?”</td><td>Yeah?</td><td>Hva da? “So what?”</td></tr><tr><td>Was ist das? “What is that?”</td><td>Huh?</td><td>Ok.</td></tr><tr><td>Wirklich? “Really?”</td><td>Hello?</td><td>Greit. “Alright.”</td></tr><tr><td>Was ist? “What is it?”</td><td>Who?</td><td>Hæ? “What?”</td></tr><tr><td>Wer? “Who?”</td><td>Okay?</td><td>Hvem? “Who?”</td></tr><tr><td>Echt? “Real?”</td><td>Yes?</td><td>Ja “Yes”</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table 14: Most frequent *Backchannel* instances in the spontaneous dialogues for Romance languages.</caption><thead><tr><th>fr</th><th>it</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>ouais “yeah”</td><td>okay</td></tr><tr><td>d'accord “alright”</td><td>eh “uh”</td></tr><tr><td>ah ouais “ah yeah”</td><td>mhmh</td></tr><tr><td>ok</td><td>sí “yes”</td></tr><tr><td>ouais ouais “yeah yeah”</td><td>va bene “alright”</td></tr><tr><td>mh mh “uh uh”</td><td>mh okay</td></tr><tr><td>oui “yes”</td><td>ah okay</td></tr><tr><td>d'accord “alright”</td><td>sì okay “yes okay”</td></tr><tr><td>mh “uh”</td><td>okay sì “okay yes”</td></tr><tr><td>ouais ouais ouais “yeah yeah yeah”</td><td>eh sì “uh yes”</td></tr></tbody></table>

<table><caption>Table 15: Most frequent *Backchannel* instances in the spontaneous dialogues for Hungarian, Japanese and Chinese.</caption><thead><tr><th>hu</th><th>ja</th><th>zh</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Igen. “Yes.”</td><td>うん “Yeah”</td><td>啊？ “Ah？”</td></tr><tr><td>Igen? “Yes?”</td><td>うん うん “Yeah yeah”</td><td>哦， “Oh，”</td></tr><tr><td>Mhm. “Mhm.”</td><td>ああ “Ah”</td><td>嗯哼。 “Hmm, hmm.”</td></tr><tr><td>Nem? “No?”</td><td>へそ “Huh?”</td><td>嗯？ “Hmm？”</td></tr><tr><td>Igen, igen. “Yes, yes.”</td><td>うん うん うん “Yeah yeah yeah”</td><td>是吗？ “Is it？”</td></tr><tr><td>Tényleg? “Really?”</td><td>ふーん “Huh”</td><td>嗯，嗯。 “Hmm, hmm.”</td></tr><tr><td>Micsoda? “What?”</td><td>ああそう “Ah, I see”</td><td>对。 “Right.”</td></tr><tr><td>Na? “Well?”</td><td>あっ “Ah”</td><td>okay</td></tr><tr><td>Igen, mhm. “Yes, mhm.”</td><td>うん うん うん うん “Yeah yeah yeah yeah”</td><td>对对对。 “Right, right, right.”</td></tr><tr><td>Hát? “Well?”</td><td>ああああ “Ah ah”</td><td>嗯，嗯， “Hmm, hmm.”</td></tr></tbody></table>

<table><caption>Table 16: Most frequent *Backchannel* instances in the subtitle data for Germanic languages.</caption><thead><tr><th>de</th><th>en</th><th>no</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Was? “What?”</td><td>What?</td><td>Hva? “What?”</td></tr><tr><td>Ja? “Yes?”</td><td>Yeah.</td><td>Unnskyld. “Pardon.”</td></tr><tr><td>Hallo? “Hello?”</td><td>Really?</td><td>Ja? “Yes?”</td></tr><tr><td>Wieso? “Why?”</td><td>Okay.</td><td>Hallo? “Hello?”</td></tr><tr><td>Hm? “Hm?”</td><td>Yeah?</td><td>Hva da? “So what?”</td></tr><tr><td>Was ist das? “What is that?”</td><td>Huh?</td><td>Ok.</td></tr><tr><td>Wirklich? “Really?”</td><td>Hello?</td><td>Greit. “Alright.”</td></tr><tr><td>Was ist? “What is it?”</td><td>Who?</td><td>Hæ? “What?”</td></tr><tr><td>Wer? “Who?”</td><td>Okay?</td><td>Hvem? “Who?”</td></tr><tr><td>Echt? “Real?”</td><td>Yes?</td><td>Ja “Yes”</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table 17: Most frequent *Backchannel* instances in the subtitle data for Romance languages.</caption><thead><tr><th>fr</th><th>it</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Quoi ? “What?”</td><td>Cosa? “What?”</td></tr><tr><td>Hein ? “Huh?”</td><td>Davvero? “Really?”</td></tr><tr><td>Oui ? “Yes?”</td><td>Eh? “Huh?”</td></tr><tr><td>Vraiment ? “Really?”</td><td>Chi? “What?”</td></tr><tr><td>Comment ça ? “How?”</td><td>Sí? “Yes?”</td></tr><tr><td>Ouais. “Yeah.”</td><td>Perchè? “Why?”</td></tr><tr><td>Pardon ? “Sorry?”</td><td>No? “No?”</td></tr><tr><td>Et alors ? “So?”</td><td>Che cosa? “What?”</td></tr><tr><td>Qui ? “Who?”</td><td>Scusa. “Sorry.”</td></tr><tr><td>h oui ? “Oh yeah?”</td><td>Si ’? “Yes?”</td></tr></tbody></table>

<table><caption>Table 18: Most frequent *Backchannel* instances in the subtitle data for Hungarian, Japanese and Chinese.</caption><thead><tr><th>hu</th><th>ja</th><th>zh</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Mi van? “What’s up?”</td><td>何？ “What?”</td><td>什么？ “What?”</td></tr><tr><td>Mi? “What?”</td><td>何だ？ “What is it?”</td><td>是吗？ “Is it?”</td></tr><tr><td>Tényleg? “Really?”</td><td>そうか “Is that so?”</td><td>什么？ “What?”</td></tr><tr><td>Igen? “Yes?”</td><td>なに？ “What?”</td><td>好吧 “Okay”</td></tr><tr><td>Mit? “What?”</td><td>何だって？ “What?”</td><td>好的 “Okay”</td></tr><tr><td>Mi az? “What is it?”</td><td>何が？ “What?”</td><td>喂？ “Hello?”</td></tr><tr><td>Micsoda? “What?”</td><td>大丈夫か？ “Are you ok?”</td><td>谁？ “Who?”</td></tr><tr><td>Jól vagy? “Are you alright?”</td><td>すいません “Excuse me”</td><td>啊？ “Ah?”</td></tr><tr><td>Nem? “No?”</td><td>本当に？ “Really?”</td><td>真的吗？ “Really?”</td></tr><tr><td>Oké. “Okay.”</td><td>退 “Retreat”</td><td>哦 “Oh”</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table 17: Most frequent *Backchannel* instances in the subtitle data for Romance languages.</caption><thead><tr><th>fr</th><th>it</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Quoi ? “What?”</td><td>Cosa? “What?”</td></tr><tr><td>Hein ? “Huh?”</td><td>Davvero? “Really?”</td></tr><tr><td>Oui ? “Yes?”</td><td>Eh? “Huh?”</td></tr><tr><td>Vraiment ? “Really?”</td><td>Chi? “What?”</td></tr><tr><td>Comment ça ? “How?”</td><td>Sí? “Yes?”</td></tr><tr><td>Ouais. “Yeah.”</td><td>Perchè? “Why?”</td></tr><tr><td>Pardon ? “Sorry?”</td><td>No? “No?”</td></tr><tr><td>Et alors ? “So?”</td><td>Che cosa? “What?”</td></tr><tr><td>Qui ? “Who?”</td><td>Scusa. “Sorry.”</td></tr><tr><td>h oui ? “Oh yeah?”</td><td>Si ’? “Yes?”</td></tr></tbody></table>

<table><caption>Table 18: Most frequent *Backchannel* instances in the subtitle data for Hungarian, Japanese and Chinese.</caption><thead><tr><th>hu</th><th>ja</th><th>zh</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Mi van? “What’s up?”</td><td>何？ “What?”</td><td>什么？ “What?”</td></tr><tr><td>Mi? “What?”</td><td>何だ？ “What is it?”</td><td>是吗？ “Is it?”</td></tr><tr><td>Tényleg? “Really?”</td><td>そうか “Is that so?”</td><td>什么？ “What?”</td></tr><tr><td>Igen? “Yes?”</td><td>なに？ “What?”</td><td>好吧 “Okay”</td></tr><tr><td>Mit? “What?”</td><td>何だって？ “What?”</td><td>好的 “Okay”</td></tr><tr><td>Mi az? “What is it?”</td><td>何が？ “What?”</td><td>喂？ “Hello?”</td></tr><tr><td>Micsoda? “What?”</td><td>大丈夫か？ “Are you ok?”</td><td>谁？ “Who?”</td></tr><tr><td>Jól vagy? “Are you alright?”</td><td>すいません “Excuse me”</td><td>啊？ “Ah?”</td></tr><tr><td>Nem? “No?”</td><td>本当に？ “Really?”</td><td>真的吗？ “Really?”</td></tr><tr><td>Oké. “Okay.”</td><td>退 “Retreat”</td><td>哦 “Oh”</td></tr></tbody></table>
# Appendix C. Conversational Large Language Model Outputs

Example (6) shows one of the conversations with CHATGPT, where the understanding and management of feedback signals was investigated. This dialogue contains also a number of negative feedback signals, to some of which the system simply repeated that it is at the user's disposal as a reaction (e.g., *but um, oh my, yeah...*) without offering a more specific follow-up or other explicit signals of noticing and interpreting the user's intention (unlike in other cases). The output formating below aims at reflecting the original system outputs as closely as possible (e.g. use of bold face and numbered lists).

**(6) Prompt:** Hi there!

**Response:** Hello! How can I assist you today?

**Prompt:** Just feeling like having a chat

**Response:** Of course, I'm here for a chat! Is there a particular topic on your mind, or should we just dive into a random conversation? Whether it's about hobbies, interests, life experiences, or something else entirely, I'm here to engage with you. So, what's on your mind?

**Prompt:** Are you alone?

**Response:** Yes, I'm here to chat with you, and there's no one else involved in our conversation. It's just you and me! How can I make our conversation enjoyable or helpful for you today? Is there something specific you'd like to discuss?

**Prompt but um**

**Response:** I'm here to help and have a conversation with you. If you have any questions, thoughts, or topics you'd like to discuss, feel free to let me know. There's no rush, so take your time. What's on your mind?

**Prompt:** well, um, aren't there developers around you?

**Response:** I'm a program developed by OpenAI called GPT-3. While there are developers and researchers at OpenAI who work on creating, training, and improving models like me, I don't have direct interactions with them during our conversation. Our conversation is between you and the AI, and the responses you receive are generated based on patterns and information learned from a diverse range of sources up until my last knowledge update in September 2021. How can I assist you further? Is there something specific you'd like to talk about?

**Prompt:** oh my

**Response:** Is there anything specific you'd like to discuss or ask about? I'm here to engage in conversation and help with any questions or topics you have in mind. Whether it's something light-hearted, informative, or just a friendly chat, feel free to let me know!

**Prompt:** so, mhm, any tips on what I can do on a rainy day?

**Response:** Certainly! Rainy days can provide a cozy and relaxing atmosphere for various activities. Here are some ideas for things you can do on a rainy day:

1. Read a Book: There's nothing quite like curling up with a good book and a cup of hot beverage when it's raining outside.

2. Watch Movies or TV Shows: Have a movie marathon or catch up on your favorite TV shows.

[...]

Remember, rainy days can be an opportunity to enjoy indoor activities and create a cozy atmosphere. Choose something that resonates with your interests and enjoy the day!

**Prompt:** no way
## Appendix C. Conversational Large Language Model Outputs

Example (6) shows one of the conversations with CHATGPT, where the understanding and management of feedback signals was investigated. This dialogue contains also a number of negative feedback signals, to some of which the system simply repeated that it is at the user's disposal as a reaction (e.g., *but um, oh my, yeah...*) without offering a more specific follow-up or other explicit signals of noticing and interpreting the user's intention (unlike in other cases). The output formating below aims at reflecting the original system outputs as closely as possible (e.g. use of bold face and numbered lists).

**(6) Prompt:** Hi there!

**Response:** Hello! How can I assist you today?

**Prompt:** Just feeling like having a chat

**Response:** Of course, I'm here for a chat! Is there a particular topic on your mind, or should we just dive into a random conversation? Whether it's about hobbies, interests, life experiences, or something else entirely, I'm here to engage with you. So, what's on your mind?

**Prompt:** Are you alone?

**Response:** Yes, I'm here to chat with you, and there's no one else involved in our conversation. It's just you and me! How can I make our conversation enjoyable or helpful for you today? Is there something specific you'd like to discuss?

**Prompt but um**

**Response:** I'm here to help and have a conversation with you. If you have any questions, thoughts, or topics you'd like to discuss, feel free to let me know. There's no rush, so take your time. What's on your mind?

**Prompt:** well, um, aren't there developers around you?

**Response:** I'm a program developed by OpenAI called GPT-3. While there are developers and researchers at OpenAI who work on creating, training, and improving models like me, I don't have direct interactions with them during our conversation. Our conversation is between you and the AI, and the responses you receive are generated based on patterns and information learned from a diverse range of sources up until my last knowledge update in September 2021. How can I assist you further? Is there something specific you'd like to talk about?

**Prompt:** oh my

**Response:** Is there anything specific you'd like to discuss or ask about? I'm here to engage in conversation and help with any questions or topics you have in mind. Whether it's something light-hearted, informative, or just a friendly chat, feel free to let me know!

**Prompt:** so, mhm, any tips on what I can do on a rainy day?

**Response:** Certainly! Rainy days can provide a cozy and relaxing atmosphere for various activities. Here are some ideas for things you can do on a rainy day:

1. Read a Book: There's nothing quite like curling up with a good book and a cup of hot beverage when it's raining outside.

2. Watch Movies or TV Shows: Have a movie marathon or catch up on your favorite TV shows.

[...]

Remember, rainy days can be an opportunity to enjoy indoor activities and create a cozy atmosphere. Choose something that resonates with your interests and enjoy the day!

**Prompt:** no way
**Response:** I apologize if my previous response didn't align with what you were looking for. If you have something else in mind or if there's a specific topic or activity you'd like to discuss, please let me know, and I'll be more than happy to help or provide information on that. Just let me know how I can assist you!

**Prompt:** Something more social, in person?

**Response:** Certainly! If you're looking for social activities to do in person on a rainy day, here are some ideas:

1. **Board Game or Card Game Night:** Invite friends or family over for a cozy board game or card game night. It's a great way to have fun and bond indoors.

2. **Cooking or Potluck Party:** Organize a cooking or potluck party where everyone prepares and shares their favorite dishes.

3. **Movie Marathon:** Invite friends over for a movie marathon, complete with popcorn and comfy blankets.

4. **Indoor Picnic:** Set up an indoor picnic with blankets and cushions. Enjoy finger foods, sandwiches, and treats while chatting and playing games.

[...]

Remember to consider the preferences and comfort of your guests when planning any in-person gathering. These ideas can help you create enjoyable and memorable moments even when the weather is gloomy outside.

**Prompt:** wait a minute, indoor picnic?

**Response:** Absolutely! An indoor picnic is a creative and cozy way to enjoy the comforts of a picnic without having to worry about the weather. Here's how you can set up a delightful indoor picnic:

1. **Choose a Spot:** Pick a comfortable area in your living room, dining room, or even a spacious hallway where you can lay down blankets and cushions

[...]

An indoor picnic is not only a fun and unique activity but also a way to create a special atmosphere and spend quality time with others. It's perfect for rainy days when going outside isn't ideal.

**Prompt:** yeah...

**Response:** If you have any more questions or if there's anything else you'd like to discuss, whether it's related to indoor activities, different topics, or just a friendly chat, feel free to let me know. I'm here to help and engage in conversation with you!

**Prompt:** nope

**Response:** Alright, if you ever have more questions or just want to chat in the future, feel free to reach out. Have a great day!

Table 19 shows the responses of two large language models fine-tuned for conversation (CHATGPT and LLAMA 2-CHAT 7B) for the following prompt: *In the conversation below, can you explain in square brackets after each line what the speaker is trying to communicate?*. We include here the 101 utterances for which we have an output from both systems (as LLAMA 2-CHAT produced a timeout error for the remainder of the conversation). The SWBD column contains the dialogue act
**Response:** I apologize if my previous response didn't align with what you were looking for. If you have something else in mind or if there's a specific topic or activity you'd like to discuss, please let me know, and I'll be more than happy to help or provide information on that. Just let me know how I can assist you!

**Prompt:** Something more social, in person?

**Response:** Certainly! If you're looking for social activities to do in person on a rainy day, here are some ideas:

1. **Board Game or Card Game Night:** Invite friends or family over for a cozy board game or card game night. It's a great way to have fun and bond indoors.

2. **Cooking or Potluck Party:** Organize a cooking or potluck party where everyone prepares and shares their favorite dishes.

3. **Movie Marathon:** Invite friends over for a movie marathon, complete with popcorn and comfy blankets.

4. **Indoor Picnic:** Set up an indoor picnic with blankets and cushions. Enjoy finger foods, sandwiches, and treats while chatting and playing games.

[...]

Remember to consider the preferences and comfort of your guests when planning any in-person gathering. These ideas can help you create enjoyable and memorable moments even when the weather is gloomy outside.

**Prompt:** wait a minute, indoor picnic?

**Response:** Absolutely! An indoor picnic is a creative and cozy way to enjoy the comforts of a picnic without having to worry about the weather. Here's how you can set up a delightful indoor picnic:

1. **Choose a Spot:** Pick a comfortable area in your living room, dining room, or even a spacious hallway where you can lay down blankets and cushions

[...]

An indoor picnic is not only a fun and unique activity but also a way to create a special atmosphere and spend quality time with others. It's perfect for rainy days when going outside isn't ideal.

**Prompt:** yeah...

**Response:** If you have any more questions or if there's anything else you'd like to discuss, whether it's related to indoor activities, different topics, or just a friendly chat, feel free to let me know. I'm here to help and engage in conversation with you!

**Prompt:** nope

**Response:** Alright, if you ever have more questions or just want to chat in the future, feel free to reach out. Have a great day!

Table 19 shows the responses of two large language models fine-tuned for conversation (CHATGPT and LLAMA 2-CHAT 7B) for the following prompt: *In the conversation below, can you explain in square brackets after each line what the speaker is trying to communicate?*. We include here the 101 utterances for which we have an output from both systems (as LLAMA 2-CHAT produced a timeout error for the remainder of the conversation). The SWBD column contains the dialogue act
annotations from the Switchboard corpus (with minor simplifications) <fnref n="15" />. The analyzed conversation from Switchboard was the first file, *sw_0001_4325*. The tag *REMOVED* shows utterances missing from the system output, while *NO LABEL* indicates utterances preserved in the output, but without an explanation provided. Utterances in bold face are communicative feedback cues. (Square brackets, double quotation marks and other purely formatting elements have been removed from system outputs for improved readability.)

<table><thead><tr><th>Input utterance</th><th>CHATGPT</th><th>LLAMA 2-CHAT 7B</th><th>SWBD</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>So</td><td>Starting the conversation</td><td>Expressing confusion or uncertainty (merged with previous)</td><td>qw</td></tr><tr><td>I guess<br>What kind of experience do you have then with child care?</td><td>Expressing uncertainty<br>Asking about the listener's experience with child care</td><td>REMOVED</td><td>qy<br>+</td></tr><tr><td>I think uh I wonder if that worked</td><td>Reflecting on a previous action</td><td>Thinking aloud or expressing a question</td><td>+</td></tr><tr><td>Does it say something?</td><td>Asking for clarification</td><td>Asking for clarification or information</td><td>qy</td></tr><tr><td>I think it usually does</td><td>Stating a general observation</td><td>Expressing a belief or opinion</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td>You might try uh</td><td>Suggesting a course of action</td><td>Suggesting a course of action</td><td>ad</td></tr><tr><td>I don't know</td><td>Expressing uncertainty</td><td>Expressing a lack of knowledge or information</td><td>h</td></tr><tr><td>hold it down a little longer<br>and see if it uh</td><td>Giving advice</td><td>Unclear or nonsensical</td><td>ad</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Okay</strong></td><td>Suggesting an experiment</td><td>Unclear or nonsensical</td><td>ad</td></tr><tr><td>Well</td><td>Acknowledging</td><td>Expressing agreement or confirmation</td><td>aa</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Okay</strong></td><td>Pause</td><td>Expressing surprise or confirmation</td><td>qy</td></tr><tr><td>I</td><td>Agreeing</td><td>REMOVED</td><td>b</td></tr><tr><td>Does it usually make a recording or s</td><td>Pause</td><td>Expressing uncertainty or lack of knowledge</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td>Well I don't remember</td><td>Seeking information</td><td>Unclear or nonsensical</td><td>+</td></tr><tr><td>It seemed like it did</td><td>Expressing uncertainty</td><td>Expressing a lack of memory or information</td><td>+</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Sharing an observation</td><td>Expressing uncertainty or lack of knowledge</td><td>sd</td></tr></tbody></table>

<footnote n="15">15. See https://web.stanford.edu/~jurafsky/ws97/manual.august1.html for the list of tags names.</footnote>
annotations from the Switchboard corpus (with minor simplifications) <fnref n="15" />. The analyzed conversation from Switchboard was the first file, *sw_0001_4325*. The tag *REMOVED* shows utterances missing from the system output, while *NO LABEL* indicates utterances preserved in the output, but without an explanation provided. Utterances in bold face are communicative feedback cues. (Square brackets, double quotation marks and other purely formatting elements have been removed from system outputs for improved readability.)

<table><thead><tr><th>Input utterance</th><th>CHATGPT</th><th>LLAMA 2-CHAT 7B</th><th>SWBD</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>So</td><td>Starting the conversation</td><td>Expressing confusion or uncertainty (merged with previous)</td><td>qw</td></tr><tr><td>I guess<br>What kind of experience do you have then with child care?</td><td>Expressing uncertainty<br>Asking about the listener's experience with child care</td><td>REMOVED</td><td>qy<br>+</td></tr><tr><td>I think uh I wonder if that worked</td><td>Reflecting on a previous action</td><td>Thinking aloud or expressing a question</td><td>+</td></tr><tr><td>Does it say something?</td><td>Asking for clarification</td><td>Asking for clarification or information</td><td>qy</td></tr><tr><td>I think it usually does</td><td>Stating a general observation</td><td>Expressing a belief or opinion</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td>You might try uh</td><td>Suggesting a course of action</td><td>Suggesting a course of action</td><td>ad</td></tr><tr><td>I don't know</td><td>Expressing uncertainty</td><td>Expressing a lack of knowledge or information</td><td>h</td></tr><tr><td>hold it down a little longer<br>and see if it uh</td><td>Giving advice</td><td>Unclear or nonsensical</td><td>ad</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Okay</strong></td><td>Suggesting an experiment</td><td>Unclear or nonsensical</td><td>ad</td></tr><tr><td>Well</td><td>Acknowledging</td><td>Expressing agreement or confirmation</td><td>aa</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Okay</strong></td><td>Pause</td><td>Expressing surprise or confirmation</td><td>qy</td></tr><tr><td>I</td><td>Agreeing</td><td>REMOVED</td><td>b</td></tr><tr><td>Does it usually make a recording or s</td><td>Pause</td><td>Expressing uncertainty or lack of knowledge</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td>Well I don't remember</td><td>Seeking information</td><td>Unclear or nonsensical</td><td>+</td></tr><tr><td>It seemed like it did</td><td>Expressing uncertainty</td><td>Expressing a lack of memory or information</td><td>+</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Sharing an observation</td><td>Expressing uncertainty or lack of knowledge</td><td>sd</td></tr></tbody></table>

<footnote n="15">15. See https://web.stanford.edu/~jurafsky/ws97/manual.august1.html for the list of tags names.</footnote>
<table><thead><tr><th>Input utterance</th><th>CHATGPT</th><th>LLAMA 2-CHAT 7B</th><th>SWBD</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>but it might not</td><td>Qualifying the previous statement</td><td>(merged with previous)</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td>I guess</td><td>Expressing uncertainty</td><td>Expressing uncertainty or lack of knowledge</td><td>sv</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Okay</strong></td><td>Agreeing</td><td>Expressing agreement or confirmation</td><td>bk</td></tr><tr><td>I guess we can start Uh</td><td>Considering the next action</td><td>REMOVED</td><td>+</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Okay</strong></td><td>Agreeing</td><td>REMOVED</td><td>aa</td></tr><tr><td>No</td><td>NO LABEL</td><td>REMOVED</td><td>nn</td></tr><tr><td>I don't have any kids</td><td>Stating absence of children</td><td>Expressing a lack of personal experience or information</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td>I uh my sister has a she just had a baby</td><td>Explaining the situation</td><td>Expressing personal information or experience</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td>he's about five months old</td><td>Specifying the baby's age</td><td>Expressing a personal experience or information</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td>and she was worrying about going back to work and what she was going to do with him and</td><td>Describing the sister's concern</td><td>Expressing a personal concern or issue</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Uhhuh</strong></td><td>Affirming</td><td>Expressing agreement or confirmation</td><td>b</td></tr><tr><td>the different do you have kids?</td><td>NO LABEL</td><td>Unclear or nonsensical</td><td>+</td></tr><tr><td>I have three</td><td>Asking about the listener's family</td><td>Expressing a personal question</td><td>qy</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Oh really?</strong></td><td>Stating the number of children</td><td>Expressing personal information or experience</td><td>na</td></tr><tr><td>Uhhuh</td><td>Expressing surprise</td><td>Expressing surprise or confirmation</td><td>bh</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Yeah</strong></td><td>Affirming</td><td>Expressing agreement or confirmation</td><td>ny</td></tr><tr><td>I do</td><td>NO LABEL</td><td>Expressing agreement or confirmation</td><td>b</td></tr><tr><td>Yes uh</td><td>NO LABEL</td><td>Expressing personal information or experience</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td>I don't work though</td><td>Explaining current situation</td><td>Expressing agreement or confirmation</td><td>%</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>Expressing a personal lack of work experience</td><td>sd</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th>Input utterance</th><th>CHATGPT</th><th>LLAMA 2-CHAT 7B</th><th>SWBD</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>but it might not</td><td>Qualifying the previous statement</td><td>(merged with previous)</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td>I guess</td><td>Expressing uncertainty</td><td>Expressing uncertainty or lack of knowledge</td><td>sv</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Okay</strong></td><td>Agreeing</td><td>Expressing agreement or confirmation</td><td>bk</td></tr><tr><td>I guess we can start Uh</td><td>Considering the next action</td><td>REMOVED</td><td>+</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Okay</strong></td><td>Agreeing</td><td>REMOVED</td><td>aa</td></tr><tr><td>No</td><td>NO LABEL</td><td>REMOVED</td><td>nn</td></tr><tr><td>I don't have any kids</td><td>Stating absence of children</td><td>Expressing a lack of personal experience or information</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td>I uh my sister has a she just had a baby</td><td>Explaining the situation</td><td>Expressing personal information or experience</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td>he's about five months old</td><td>Specifying the baby's age</td><td>Expressing a personal experience or information</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td>and she was worrying about going back to work and what she was going to do with him and</td><td>Describing the sister's concern</td><td>Expressing a personal concern or issue</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Uhhuh</strong></td><td>Affirming</td><td>Expressing agreement or confirmation</td><td>b</td></tr><tr><td>the different do you have kids?</td><td>NO LABEL</td><td>Unclear or nonsensical</td><td>+</td></tr><tr><td>I have three</td><td>Asking about the listener's family</td><td>Expressing a personal question</td><td>qy</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Oh really?</strong></td><td>Stating the number of children</td><td>Expressing personal information or experience</td><td>na</td></tr><tr><td>Uhhuh</td><td>Expressing surprise</td><td>Expressing surprise or confirmation</td><td>bh</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Yeah</strong></td><td>Affirming</td><td>Expressing agreement or confirmation</td><td>ny</td></tr><tr><td>I do</td><td>NO LABEL</td><td>Expressing agreement or confirmation</td><td>b</td></tr><tr><td>Yes uh</td><td>NO LABEL</td><td>Expressing personal information or experience</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td>I don't work though</td><td>Explaining current situation</td><td>Expressing agreement or confirmation</td><td>%</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>Expressing a personal lack of work experience</td><td>sd</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th>Input utterance</th><th>CHATGPT</th><th>LLAMA 2-CHAT 7B</th><th>SWBD</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>but I used to work and when I had two children</td><td>Explaining past work experience</td><td>Expressing personal information or experience</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Uhhuh</strong></td><td>Affirming</td><td>Expressing agreement or confirmation</td><td>b</td></tr><tr><td>I work off and on just temporarily and usually find friends to babysit</td><td>Explaining current work situation</td><td>Expressing personal information or experience</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td>but I don't envy anybody who's in that situation to find day care</td><td>Expressing empathy</td><td>Expressing a personal perspective or opinion</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Yeah</strong></td><td>Agreeing</td><td>Expressing agreement or confirmation</td><td>b</td></tr><tr><td>But does your sister live in a big community?</td><td>Asking about the listener's sister</td><td>Expressing a personal question</td><td>qy</td></tr><tr><td>Uh yeah</td><td>Affirming</td><td>Expressing agreement or confirmation</td><td>ny</td></tr><tr><td>she lives</td><td>NO LABEL</td><td>Expressing personal information or experience</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td>it's a fairly large community</td><td>Describing the sister's living situation</td><td>Expressing personal information or experience</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td>She uh got real lucky though</td><td>Explaining the sister's fortunate situation</td><td>Expressing a personal perspective or opinion</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td>He had a boss who uh moved into a larger office</td><td>Explaining how the sister's situation improved</td><td>Expressing personal information or experience</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Uhhuh</strong></td><td>Affirming</td><td>Expressing agreement or confirmation</td><td>b</td></tr><tr><td>and she's able to take her baby to work with her</td><td>Explaining the sister's childcare arrangement</td><td>REMOVED</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Oh really?</strong></td><td>Expressing surprise</td><td>REMOVED</td><td>bh</td></tr><tr><td>And it's a small office that she works in</td><td>Describing the sister's workplace</td><td>REMOVED</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Uhhuh</strong></td><td>Affirming</td><td>REMOVED</td><td>b</td></tr><tr><td>and uh it's a legal firm office</td><td>Describing the nature of the workplace</td><td>Expressing personal information or experience</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td>and it's just one lawyer</td><td>Explaining the office's setup</td><td>Expressing personal information or experience</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td>Um</td><td>NO LABEL</td><td>Expressing uncertainty or lack of knowledge</td><td>%</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th>Input utterance</th><th>CHATGPT</th><th>LLAMA 2-CHAT 7B</th><th>SWBD</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>but I used to work and when I had two children</td><td>Explaining past work experience</td><td>Expressing personal information or experience</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Uhhuh</strong></td><td>Affirming</td><td>Expressing agreement or confirmation</td><td>b</td></tr><tr><td>I work off and on just temporarily and usually find friends to babysit</td><td>Explaining current work situation</td><td>Expressing personal information or experience</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td>but I don't envy anybody who's in that situation to find day care</td><td>Expressing empathy</td><td>Expressing a personal perspective or opinion</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Yeah</strong></td><td>Agreeing</td><td>Expressing agreement or confirmation</td><td>b</td></tr><tr><td>But does your sister live in a big community?</td><td>Asking about the listener's sister</td><td>Asking a personal question</td><td>qy</td></tr><tr><td>Uh yeah</td><td>Affirming</td><td>Expressing agreement or confirmation</td><td>ny</td></tr><tr><td>she lives</td><td>NO LABEL</td><td>Expressing personal information or experience</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td>it's a fairly large community</td><td>Describing the sister's living situation</td><td>Expressing personal information or experience</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td>She uh got real lucky though</td><td>Explaining the sister's fortunate situation</td><td>Expressing a personal perspective or opinion</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td>He had a boss who uh moved into a larger office</td><td>Explaining how the sister's situation improved</td><td>Expressing personal information or experience</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Uhhuh</strong></td><td>Affirming</td><td>Expressing agreement or confirmation</td><td>b</td></tr><tr><td>and she's able to take her baby to work with her</td><td>Explaining the sister's childcare arrangement</td><td>REMOVED</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Oh really?</strong></td><td>Expressing surprise</td><td>REMOVED</td><td>bh</td></tr><tr><td>And it's a small office that she works in</td><td>Describing the sister's workplace</td><td>REMOVED</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Uhhuh</strong></td><td>Affirming</td><td>REMOVED</td><td>b</td></tr><tr><td>and uh it's a legal firm office</td><td>Describing the nature of the workplace</td><td>Expressing personal information or experience</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td>and it's just one lawyer</td><td>Explaining the office's setup</td><td>Expressing personal information or experience</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td>Um</td><td>NO LABEL</td><td>Expressing uncertainty or lack of knowledge</td><td>%</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th>Input utterance</th><th>CHATGPT</th><th>LLAMA 2-CHAT 7B</th><th>SWBD</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>and so she's the only one really that takes care of the office</td><td>Describing the office dynamics</td><td>Expressing a personal perspective or opinion</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td>There's no one else that works there</td><td>Clarifying the situation</td><td>Unclear or nonsensical</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Uhhuh</strong></td><td>Affirming</td><td>Expressing agreement or confirmation</td><td>b</td></tr><tr><td>And so they have an extra room and everything for the baby</td><td>Explaining the childcare setup</td><td>Expressing personal information or experience</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td>so it works out pretty good for her</td><td>Describing the positive outcome</td><td>Expressing a personal perspective or opinion</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Wow</strong></td><td>Expressing amazement</td><td>Expressing surprise or confirmation</td><td>ba</td></tr><tr><td><strong>How lucky</strong></td><td>Expressing admiration</td><td>REMOVED</td><td>ba</td></tr><tr><td>I know a lot of people around here sometimes have like mothers or grandmothers</td><td>Sharing common knowledge</td><td>Expressing personal information or experience</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Yeah</strong></td><td>NO LABEL</td><td>Expressing agreement or confirmation</td><td>b</td></tr><tr><td>that take care of their kids</td><td>Explaining common childcare arrangement</td><td>Expressing personal information or experience</td><td>+</td></tr><tr><td>and but the community I'm in is not a real large one</td><td>Describing the speaker's community</td><td>Expressing personal information or experience</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td>so there are a lot of people who babysit in their homes that you know</td><td>Explaining common childcare arrangement</td><td>Expressing personal information or experience</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td>you either know them or know somebody who knows them to get to</td><td>Explaining how childcare is facilitated</td><td>Expressing a personal perspective or opinion</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Yeah</strong></td><td>REMOVED</td><td>Expressing agreement or confirmation</td><td>b</td></tr><tr><td><strong>so it's fairly safe</strong></td><td>Assessing the safety of the community</td><td>Expressing a personal perspective or opinion</td><td>bf</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Yeah</strong></td><td>Agreeing</td><td>Expressing agreement or confirmation</td><td>aa</td></tr><tr><td>to get references and that</td><td>Explaining the process</td><td>REMOVED</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td>so but uh</td><td>NO LABEL</td><td>REMOVED</td><td>%</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th>Input utterance</th><th>CHATGPT</th><th>LLAMA 2-CHAT 7B</th><th>SWBD</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>and so she's the only one really that takes care of the office</td><td>Describing the office dynamics</td><td>Expressing a personal perspective or opinion</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td>There's no one else that works there</td><td>Clarifying the situation</td><td>Unclear or nonsensical</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Uhhuh</strong></td><td>Affirming</td><td>Expressing agreement or confirmation</td><td>b</td></tr><tr><td>And so they have an extra room and everything for the baby</td><td>Explaining the childcare setup</td><td>Expressing personal information or experience</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td>so it works out pretty good for her</td><td>Describing the positive outcome</td><td>Expressing a personal perspective or opinion</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Wow</strong></td><td>Expressing amazement</td><td>Expressing surprise or confirmation</td><td>ba</td></tr><tr><td><strong>How lucky</strong></td><td>Expressing admiration</td><td>REMOVED</td><td>ba</td></tr><tr><td>I know a lot of people around here sometimes have like mothers or grandmothers</td><td>Sharing common knowledge</td><td>Expressing personal information or experience</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Yeah</strong></td><td>NO LABEL</td><td>Expressing agreement or confirmation</td><td>b</td></tr><tr><td>that take care of their kids</td><td>Explaining common childcare arrangement</td><td>Expressing personal information or experience</td><td>+</td></tr><tr><td>and but the community I'm in is not a real large one</td><td>Describing the speaker's community</td><td>Expressing personal information or experience</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td>so there are a lot of people who babysit in their homes that you know</td><td>Explaining common childcare arrangement</td><td>Expressing personal information or experience</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td>you either know them or know somebody who knows them to get to</td><td>Explaining how childcare is facilitated</td><td>Expressing a personal perspective or opinion</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Yeah</strong></td><td>REMOVED</td><td>Expressing agreement or confirmation</td><td>b</td></tr><tr><td><strong>so it's fairly safe</strong></td><td>Assessing the safety of the community</td><td>Expressing a personal perspective or opinion</td><td>bf</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Yeah</strong></td><td>Agreeing</td><td>Expressing agreement or confirmation</td><td>aa</td></tr><tr><td>to get references and that</td><td>Explaining the process</td><td>REMOVED</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td>so but uh</td><td>NO LABEL</td><td>REMOVED</td><td>%</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th>Input utterance</th><th>CHATGPT</th><th>LLAMA 2-CHAT 7B</th><th>SWBD</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>I don't feel comfortable about leaving my kids in a big day care center but simply because there's so many kids and so many Worried that they're not going to get enough attention?</td><td>Expressing discomfort with large daycare centers</td><td>Expressing a personal perspective or opinion</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td>Yeah</td><td>Asking about the listener's concern</td><td>Expressing a personal concern or issue</td><td>qy</td></tr><tr><td>and uh you know colds and things like that get Yeah</td><td>Affirming</td><td>Expressing agreement or confirmation</td><td>ny</td></tr><tr><td>spread real easy and things but and they're expensive and course there's a lot of different types of day care available too you know where they teach them academic things</td><td>Explaining health concerns</td><td>Expressing personal information or experience</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td>Yes</td><td>NO LABEL</td><td>Expressing agreement or confirmation</td><td>b</td></tr><tr><td>Or they just watch them and let them play and things like that but</td><td>Elaborating on health concerns</td><td>Expressing personal information or experience</td><td>+</td></tr><tr><td>take a long time to find the right place</td><td>Pointing out the cost factor</td><td>Expressing a personal perspective or opinion</td><td>sv</td></tr><tr><td>Yeah</td><td>Explaining the diversity of daycare options</td><td>Expressing personal information or experience</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td>and you and you don't always even know if it's it's going to be the right place or not Uhhuh</td><td>NO LABEL</td><td>REMOVED</td><td>aa</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Describing different approaches to daycare</td><td>Expressing personal information or experience</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>NO LABEL</td><td>Expressing a personal perspective or opinion (merged with previous)</td><td>%</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Explaining the challenge of finding suitable daycare</td><td></td><td>sv</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Agreeing</td><td>Expressing agreement or confirmation</td><td>aa</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Expressing uncertainty</td><td>Expressing a personal perspective or opinion</td><td>sv</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Affirming</td><td>Expressing agreement or confirmation</td><td>b</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th>Input utterance</th><th>CHATGPT</th><th>LLAMA 2-CHAT 7B</th><th>SWBD</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>I don't feel comfortable about leaving my kids in a big day care center but simply because there's so many kids and so many Worried that they're not going to get enough attention?</td><td>Expressing discomfort with large daycare centers</td><td>Expressing a personal perspective or opinion</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td>Yeah</td><td>Asking about the listener's concern</td><td>Expressing a personal concern or issue</td><td>qy</td></tr><tr><td>and uh you know colds and things like that get Yeah</td><td>Affirming</td><td>Expressing agreement or confirmation</td><td>ny</td></tr><tr><td>spread real easy and things but and they're expensive and course there's a lot of different types of day care available too you know where they teach them academic things</td><td>Explaining health concerns</td><td>Expressing personal information or experience</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td>Yes</td><td>NO LABEL</td><td>Expressing agreement or confirmation</td><td>b</td></tr><tr><td>Or they just watch them and let them play and things like that but</td><td>Elaborating on health concerns</td><td>Expressing personal information or experience</td><td>+</td></tr><tr><td>take a long time to find the right place</td><td>Pointing out the cost factor</td><td>Expressing a personal perspective or opinion</td><td>sv</td></tr><tr><td>Yeah</td><td>Explaining the diversity of daycare options</td><td>Expressing personal information or experience</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td>and you and you don't always even know if it's going to be the right place or not Uhhuh</td><td>NO LABEL</td><td>REMOVED</td><td>aa</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Describing different approaches to daycare</td><td>Expressing personal information or experience</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>NO LABEL</td><td>Expressing a personal perspective or opinion (merged with previous)</td><td>%</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Explaining the challenge of finding suitable daycare</td><td></td><td>sv</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Agreeing</td><td>Expressing agreement or confirmation</td><td>aa</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Expressing uncertainty</td><td>Expressing a personal perspective or opinion</td><td>sv</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Affirming</td><td>Expressing agreement or confirmation</td><td>b</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table 19: Comparison of explanations of speaker intention generated by two conversational language models for utterances from the Switchboard corpus. The dialogue act tag annotations are reported in the SWBD column.</caption><thead><tr><th>Input utterance</th><th>CHATGPT</th><th>LLAMA 2-CHAT 7B</th><th>SWBD</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Anything I guess could happen</td><td>Acknowledging the unpredictability</td><td>Expressing a personal perspective or opinion</td><td>sv</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Uhhuh</strong></td><td>Affirming</td><td>Expressing agreement or confirmation</td><td>b</td></tr><tr><td>Because after I guess after he you know gets to a certain age she's going to have to take him to a day care</td><td>Explaining future plans</td><td>Expressing a personal perspective or opinion</td><td>qy</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Uhhuh</strong></td><td>Affirming</td><td>Expressing agreement or confirmation</td><td>ny</td></tr><tr><td>when he starts toddling around and stuff</td><td>Explaining the need for daycare as the child grows</td><td>Expressing personal information or experience</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Yeah</strong></td><td>NO LABEL</td><td>Expressing agreement or confirmation</td><td>b</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Yeah</strong></td><td>NO LABEL</td><td>Expressing agreement or confirmation</td><td>b</td></tr><tr><td>When when he's not when she can't keep control of him</td><td>Explaining the need for daycare as the child becomes more active</td><td>Expressing personal information or experience</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td>and he starts crawling</td><td>Describing child's developmental stage</td><td>(merged with previous)</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td>that's</td><td>Clarifying</td><td>Expressing a personal perspective or opinion</td><td>%</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Uhhuh</strong></td><td>Affirming</td><td>Expressing agreement or confirmation</td><td>aa</td></tr><tr><td>It would be hard</td><td>Expressing empathy</td><td>Expressing a personal perspective or opinion</td><td>sv</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table 19: Comparison of explanations of speaker intention generated by two conversational language models for utterances from the Switchboard corpus. The dialogue act tag annotations are reported in the SWBD column.</caption><thead><tr><th>Input utterance</th><th>CHATGPT</th><th>LLAMA 2-CHAT 7B</th><th>SWBD</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Anything I guess could happen</td><td>Acknowledging the unpredictability</td><td>Expressing a personal perspective or opinion</td><td>sv</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Uhhuh</strong></td><td>Affirming</td><td>Expressing agreement or confirmation</td><td>b</td></tr><tr><td>Because after I guess after he you know gets to a certain age she's going to have to take him to a day care</td><td>Explaining future plans</td><td>Expressing a personal perspective or opinion</td><td>qy</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Uhhuh</strong></td><td>Affirming</td><td>Expressing agreement or confirmation</td><td>ny</td></tr><tr><td>when he starts toddling around and stuff</td><td>Explaining the need for daycare as the child grows</td><td>Expressing personal information or experience</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Yeah</strong></td><td>NO LABEL</td><td>Expressing agreement or confirmation</td><td>b</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Yeah</strong></td><td>NO LABEL</td><td>Expressing agreement or confirmation</td><td>b</td></tr><tr><td>When when he's not when she can't keep control of him</td><td>Explaining the need for daycare as the child becomes more active</td><td>Expressing personal information or experience</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td>and he starts crawling</td><td>Describing child's developmental stage</td><td>(merged with previous)</td><td>sd</td></tr><tr><td>that's</td><td>Clarifying</td><td>Expressing a personal perspective or opinion</td><td>%</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Uhhuh</strong></td><td>Affirming</td><td>Expressing agreement or confirmation</td><td>aa</td></tr><tr><td>It would be hard</td><td>Expressing empathy</td><td>Expressing a personal perspective or opinion</td><td>sv</td></tr></tbody></table>