ORCID iDs

Sal Wanying Fu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2990-0830

Daniel R. Weisz https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6442-6030

Nicolas Martin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1349-202X

Alessandro Savino https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1445-4877

Michael Boylan-Kolchin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9604-343X

Patrick Côté https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1184-8114

Andrew E. Dolphin https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8416-4093

Mario L. Mateo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3856-232X

Jenna Samuel https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8429-4100

Nathan R. Sandford https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7393-3595

References

Albers, S. M., Weisz, D. R., Cole, A. A., et al. 2019, MNRAS, 490, 5538

Astropy Collaboration, Price-Whelan, A. M., Lim, P. L., et al. 2022, ApJ,
935, 167

Astropy Collaboration, Robitaille, T. P., Tollerud, E. J., et al. 2013, A&A,
558, A33

Beers, T. C., Preston, G. W., & Shectman, S. A. 1985, AJ, 90, 2089

Bellazzini, M., Ferraro, F. R., & Pancino, E. 2001, MNRAS, 327, L15

Benítez-Llambay, A., Navarro, J. F., Abadi, M. G., et al. 2013, ApJL, 763, L41

Benítez-Llambay, A., Navarro, J. F., Abadi, M. G., et al. 2016, MNRAS, 456, 1185

Bettinelli, M., Hidalgo, S. L., Cassisi, S., Aparicio, A., & Piotto, G. 2018, MNRAS, 476, 71

Binggeli, B., Tarenghi, M., & Sandage, A. 1990, A&A, 228, 42

Bouchard, A., Da Costa, G. S., & Jerjen, H. 2009, AJ, 137, 3038

Boylan-Kolchin, M., Bullock, J. S., & Kaplinghat, M. 2011, MNRAS, 415, L40

Boylan-Kolchin, M., Weisz, D. R., Bullock, J. S., & Cooper, M. C. 2016, MNRAS, 462, L51

Bullock, J. S., & Boylan-Kolchin, M. 2017, ARA&A, 55, 343

Carrera, R., Pancino, E., Gallart, C., & del Pino, A. 2013, MNRAS, 434, 1681

Chiti, A., Frebel, A., Jerjen, H., Kim, D., & Norris, J. E. 2020, ApJ, 891, 8

Chiti, A., Simon, J. D., Frebel, A., et al. 2022, ApJ, 939, 41

Choi, J., Dotter, A., Conroy, C., et al. 2016, ApJ, 823, 102

Cole, A. A., Skillman, E. D., Tolstoy, E., et al. 2007, ApJL, 659, L17

de Boer, T. J. L., Tolstoy, E., Lemasle, B., et al. 2014, A&A, 572, A10

Dolphin, A. 2016, DOLPHOT: Stellar photometry, Astrophysics Source Code Library, ascl:1608.013

Dolphin, A. E. 2000, PASP, 112, 1383

Dolphin, A. E. 2002, MNRAS, 332, 91

Dotter, A. 2016, ApJS, 222, 8

Dressler, A. 1980, ApJ, 236, 351

El-Badry, K., Wetzel, A., Geha, M., et al. 2016, ApJ, 820, 131

Fitts, A., Boylan-Kolchin, M., Bullock, J. S., et al. 2018, MNRAS, 479, 319

Foreman-Mackey, D. 2016, JOSS, 1, 24

Foreman-Mackey, D., Hogg, D. W., Lang, D., & Goodman, J. 2013, PASP,
125, 306

Fraternali, F., Tolstoy, E., Irwin, M. J., & Cole, A. A. 2009, A&A, 499, 121

Frebel, A., & Norris, J. E. 2015, ARA&A, 53, 631

Fu, S. W., Weisz, D. R., Starkenburg, E., et al. 2022, ApJ, 925, 6

Fu, S. W., Weisz, D. R., Starkenburg, E., et al. 2023, ApJ, 958, 167

Gandhi, P. J., Wetzel, A., Hopkins, P. F., et al. 2022, MNRAS, 516, 1941

Garrison-Kimmel, S., Rocha, M., Boylan-Kolchin, M., Bullock, J. S., & Lally, J. 2013, MNRAS, 433, 3539

Geha, M., Blanton, M. R., Yan, R., & Tinker, J. L. 2012, ApJ, 757, 85

Gelman, A., & Rubin, D. B. 1992, StaSc, 7, 457

Gilmore, G., & Wyse, R. F. G. 1991, ApJL, 367, L55

Giovanelli, R., Haynes, M. P., & Chincarini, G. L. 1986, ApJ, 300, 77

Gregory, A. L., Collins, M. L. M., Read, J. I., et al. 2019, MNRAS, 485, 2010

Han, S.-I., Kim, H.-S., Yoon, S.-J., et al. 2020, ApJS, 247, 7

Harbeck, D., Grebel, E. K., Holtzman, J., et al. 2001, AJ, 122, 3092

Hausammann, L., Revaz, Y., & Jablonka, P. 2019, A&A, 624, A11

Hidalgo, S. L., Aparicio, A., Martínez-Delgado, D., & Gallart, C. 2009, ApJ,
705, 704

Hidalgo, S. L., Monelli, M., Aparicio, A., et al. 2013, ApJ, 778, 103

Hill, V., Skúladóttir, Á., Tolstoy, E., et al. 2019, A&A, 626, A15

Hogg, D. W., Bovy, J., & Lang, D. 2010, arXiv:1008.4686

Hunter, J. D. 2007, CSE, 9, 90

Jeon, M., Besla, G., & Bromm, V. 2017, ApJ, 848, 85

Karaali, S., Bilir, S., & Tunçel, S. 2005, PASA, 22, 24

Kirby, E. N., Cohen, J. G., Guhathakurta, P., et al. 2013, ApJ, 779, 102

Kirby, E. N., Rizzi, L., Held, E. V., et al. 2017, ApJ, 834, 9

Lavery, R. J., & Mighell, K. J. 1992, AJ, 103, 81

Lemasle, B., de Boer, T. J. L., Hill, V., et al. 2014, A&A, 572, A88

Lemasle, B., Hill, V., Tolstoy, E., et al. 2012, A&A, 538, A100

Li, T. S., Simon, J. D., Drlica-Wagner, A., et al. 2017, ApJ, 838, 8

Longeard, N., Jablonka, P., Arentsen, A., et al. 2021, MNRAS, 516, 2348

Madau, P., Shen, S., & Governato, F. 2014, ApJL, 789, L17

Manning, E. M., & Cole, A. A. 2017, MNRAS, 471, 4194

Marcolini, A., D'Ercole, A., Battaglia, G., & Gibson, B. K. 2008, MNRAS,
386, 2173

Martin, N. F., Starkenburg, E., Yuan, Z., et al. 2023, arXiv:2308.01344

Mateo, M. L. 1998, ARA&A, 36, 435

McConnachie, A. W., Arimoto, N., & Irwin, M. 2007, MNRAS, 379, 379

Mercado, F. J., Bullock, J. S., Boylan-Kolchin, M., et al. 2021, MNRAS,
501, 5121

Monelli, M., Gallart, C., Hidalgo, S. L., et al. 2010a, ApJ, 722, 1864

Monelli, M., Hidalgo, S. L., Stetson, P. B., et al. 2010b, ApJ, 720, 1225

Munshi, F., Brooks, A. M., Applebaum, E., et al. 2021, ApJ, 923, 35

Nagarajan, P., Weisz, D. R., & El-Badry, K. 2022, ApJ, 932, 19

Oliphant, T. E. 2006, A Guide to NumPy (USA: Trelgol Publishing), http://www.numpy.org/

Pace, A. B., Kaplinghat, M., Kirby, E., et al. 2020, MNRAS, 495, 3022

Pereira-Wilson, M., Navarro, J. F., Benítez-Llambay, A., & Santos-Santos, I. 2023, MNRAS, 519, 1425

Revaz, Y., & Jablonka, P. 2018, A&A, 616, A96

Ross, T. L., Holtzman, J., Anthony-Twarog, B. J., et al. 2013, arXiv:1310.4553

Sales, L. V., Helmi, A., & Battaglia, G. 2010, AdAst, 2010, 194345

Sandford, N. R., Weinberg, D. H., Weisz, D. R., & Fu, S. W. 2022, arXiv:2210.17045

Sandford, N. R., Weisz, D. R., & Ting, Y.-S. 2020, ApJS, 249, 24

Santos-Santos, I. M. E., Navarro, J. F., & McConnachie, A. 2023, MNRAS,
520, 55

Saviane, I., Held, E. V., & Piotto, G. 1996, A&A, 315, 40

Savino, A., Tolstoy, E., Salaris, M., Monelli, M., & de Boer, T. J. L. 2019, A&A, 630, A116

Schlaflay, E. F., & Finkbeiner, D. P. 2011, ApJ, 737, 103

Schroyen, J., De Rijcke, S., Koleva, M., Cloet-Osselaer, A., & Vandenbroucke, B. 2013, MNRAS, 434, 888

Simon, J. D., Li, T. S., Erkal, D., et al. 2020, ApJ, 892, 137

Skillman, E. D., Monelli, M., Weisz, D. R., et al. 2017, ApJ, 837, 102

Starkenburg, E., Hill, V., Tolstoy, E., et al. 2010, A&A, 513, A34

Starkenburg, E., Hill, V., Tolstoy, E., et al. 2013, A&A, 549, A88

Starkenburg, E., Martin, N., Youakim, K., et al. 2017, MNRAS, 471, 2587

Strömgren, B. 1966, ARA&A, 4, 433

Taibi, S., Battaglia, G., Leaman, R., et al. 2022, A&A, 665, A92

Taibi, S., Battaglia, G., Rejkuba, M., et al. 2020, A&A, 635, A152

Teyssier, M., Johnston, K. V., & Kuhlen, M. 2012, MNRAS, 426, 1808

The Astropy Collaboration, Price-Whelan, A. M., Sipőcz, B. M., et al. 2018, AJ, 156, 123

Tinsley, B. M. 1980, FCPh, 5, 287

Tolstoy, E., Skúladóttir, Á., Battaglia, G., et al. 2023, A&A, 675, A49

Tolstoy, E., Hill, V., & Tosi, M. 2009, ARA&A, 47, 371

Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T. E., et al. 2020, NatMe, 17, 261

Walker, M. G., Mateo, M., Olszewski, E. W., et al. 2006, AJ, 131, 2114

Walker, M. G., Mateo, M., Olszewski, E. W., et al. 2016, ApJ, 819, 53

Weisz, D. R., Dolphin, A. E., Skillman, E. D., et al. 2014, ApJ, 789, 147

Wetzel, A., Hayward, C. C., Sanderson, R. E., et al. 2023, ApJS, 265, 44
ORCID iDs

Sal Wanying Fu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2990-0830

Daniel R. Weisz https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6442-6030

Nicolas Martin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1349-202X

Alessandro Savino https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1445-4877

Michael Boylan-Kolchin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9604-343X

Patrick Côté https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1184-8114

Andrew E. Dolphin https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8416-4093

Mario L. Mateo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3856-232X

Jenna Samuel https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8429-4100

Nathan R. Sandford https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7393-3595

References

Albers, S. M., Weisz, D. R., Cole, A. A., et al. 2019, MNRAS, 490, 5538

Astropy Collaboration, Price-Whelan, A. M., Lim, P. L., et al. 2022, ApJ, 935, 167

Astropy Collaboration, Robitaille, T. P., Tollerud, E. J., et al. 2013, A&A, 558, A33

Beers, T. C., Preston, G. W., & Shectman, S. A. 1985, AJ, 90, 2089

Bellazzini, M., Ferraro, F. R., & Pancino, E. 2001, MNRAS, 327, L15

Benítez-Llambay, A., Navarro, J. F., Abadi, M. G., et al. 2013, ApJL, 763, L41

Benítez-Llambay, A., Navarro, J. F., Abadi, M. G., et al. 2016, MNRAS, 456, 1185

Bettinelli, M., Hidalgo, S. L., Cassisi, S., Aparicio, A., & Piotto, G. 2018, MNRAS, 476, 71

Binggeli, B., Tarenghi, M., & Sandage, A. 1990, A&A, 228, 42

Bouchard, A., Da Costa, G. S., & Jerjen, H. 2009, AJ, 137, 3038

Boylan-Kolchin, M., Bullock, J. S., & Kaplinghat, M. 2011, MNRAS, 415, L40

Boylan-Kolchin, M., Weisz, D. R., Bullock, J. S., & Cooper, M. C. 2016, MNRAS, 462, L51

Bullock, J. S., & Boylan-Kolchin, M. 2017, ARA&A, 55, 343

Carrera, R., Pancino, E., Gallart, C., & del Pino, A. 2013, MNRAS, 434, 1681

Chiti, A., Frebel, A., Jerjen, H., Kim, D., & Norris, J. E. 2020, ApJ, 891, 8

Chiti, A., Simon, J. D., Frebel, A., et al. 2022, ApJ, 939, 41

Choi, J., Dotter, A., Conroy, C., et al. 2016, ApJ, 823, 102

Cole, A. A., Skillman, E. D., Tolstoy, E., et al. 2007, ApJL, 659, L17

de Boer, T. J. L., Tolstoy, E., Lemasle, B., et al. 2014, A&A, 572, A10

Dolphin, A. 2016, DOLPHOT: Stellar photometry, Astrophysics Source Code Library, ascl:1608.013

Dolphin, A. E. 2000, PASP, 112, 1383

Dolphin, A. E. 2002, MNRAS, 332, 91

Dotter, A. 2016, ApJS, 222, 8

Dressler, A. 1980, ApJ, 236, 351

El-Badry, K., Wetzel, A., Geha, M., et al. 2016, ApJ, 820, 131

Fitts, A., Boylan-Kolchin, M., Bullock, J. S., et al. 2018, MNRAS, 479, 319

Foreman-Mackey, D. 2016, JOSS, 1, 24

Foreman-Mackey, D., Hogg, D. W., Lang, D., & Goodman, J. 2013, PASP, 125, 306

Fraternali, F., Tolstoy, E., Irwin, M. J., & Cole, A. A. 2009, A&A, 499, 121

Frebel, A., & Norris, J. E. 2015, ARA&A, 53, 631

Fu, S. W., Weisz, D. R., Starkenburg, E., et al. 2022, ApJ, 925, 6

Fu, S. W., Weisz, D. R., Starkenburg, E., et al. 2023, ApJ, 958, 167

Gandhi, P. J., Wetzel, A., Hopkins, P. F., et al. 2022, MNRAS, 516, 1941

Garrison-Kimmel, S., Rocha, M., Boylan-Kolchin, M., Bullock, J. S., & Lally, J. 2013, MNRAS, 433, 3539

Geha, M., Blanton, M. R., Yan, R., & Tinker, J. L. 2012, ApJ, 757, 85

Gelman, A., & Rubin, D. B. 1992, StaSc, 7, 457

Gilmore, G., & Wyse, R. F. G. 1991, ApJL, 367, L55

Giovanelli, R., Haynes, M. P., & Chincarini, G. L. 1986, ApJ, 300, 77

Gregory, A. L., Collins, M. L. M., Read, J. I., et al. 2019, MNRAS, 485, 2010

Han, S.-I., Kim, H.-S., Yoon, S.-J., et al. 2020, ApJS, 247, 7

Harbeck, D., Grebel, E. K., Holtzman, J., et al. 2001, AJ, 122, 3092

Hausammann, L., Revaz, Y., & Jablonka, P. 2019, A&A, 624, A11

Hidalgo, S. L., Aparicio, A., Martínez-Delgado, D., & Gallart, C. 2009, ApJ, 705, 704

Hidalgo, S. L., Monelli, M., Aparicio, A., et al. 2013, ApJ, 778, 103

Hill, V., Skúladóttir, Á., Tolstoy, E., et al. 2019, A&A, 626, A15

Hogg, D. W., Bovy, J., & Lang, D. 2010, arXiv:1008.4686

Hunter, J. D. 2007, CSE, 9, 90

Jeon, M., Besla, G., & Bromm, V. 2017, ApJ, 848, 85

Karaali, S., Bilir, S., & Tunçel, S. 2005, PASA, 22, 24

Kirby, E. N., Cohen, J. G., Guhathakurta, P., et al. 2013, ApJ, 779, 102

Kirby, E. N., Rizzi, L., Held, E. V., et al. 2017, ApJ, 834, 9

Lavery, R. J., & Mighell, K. J. 1992, AJ, 103, 81

Lemasle, B., de Boer, T. J. L., Hill, V., et al. 2014, A&A, 572, A88

Lemasle, B., Hill, V., Tolstoy, E., et al. 2012, A&A, 538, A100

Li, T. S., Simon, J. D., Drlica-Wagner, A., et al. 2017, ApJ, 838, 8

Longeard, N., Jablonka, P., Arentsen, A., et al. 2021, MNRAS, 516, 2348

Madau, P., Shen, S., & Governato, F. 2014, ApJL, 789, L17

Manning, E. M., & Cole, A. A. 2017, MNRAS, 471, 4194

Marcolini, A., D'Ercole, A., Battaglia, G., & Gibson, B. K. 2008, MNRAS, 386, 2173

Martin, N. F., Starkenburg, E., Yuan, Z., et al. 2023, arXiv:2308.01344

Mateo, M. L. 1998, ARA&A, 36, 435

McConnachie, A. W., Arimoto, N., & Irwin, M. 2007, MNRAS, 379, 379

Mercado, F. J., Bullock, J. S., Boylan-Kolchin, M., et al. 2021, MNRAS, 501, 5121

Monelli, M., Gallart, C., Hidalgo, S. L., et al. 2010a, ApJ, 722, 1864

Monelli, M., Hidalgo, S. L., Stetson, P. B., et al. 2010b, ApJ, 720, 1225

Munshi, F., Brooks, A. M., Applebaum, E., et al. 2021, ApJ, 923, 35

Nagarajan, P., Weisz, D. R., & El-Badry, K. 2022, ApJ, 932, 19

Oliphant, T. E. 2006, A Guide to NumPy (USA: Trelgol Publishing), http://www.numpy.org/

Pace, A. B., Kaplinghat, M., Kirby, E., et al. 2020, MNRAS, 495, 3022

Pereira-Wilson, M., Navarro, J. F., Benítez-Llambay, A., & Santos-Santos, I. 2023, MNRAS, 519, 1425

Revaz, Y., & Jablonka, P. 2018, A&A, 616, A96

Ross, T. L., Holtzman, J., Anthony-Twarog, B. J., et al. 2013, arXiv:1310.4553

Sales, L. V., Helmi, A., & Battaglia, G. 2010, AdAst, 2010, 194345

Sandford, N. R., Weinberg, D. H., Weisz, D. R., & Fu, S. W. 2022, arXiv:2210.17045

Sandford, N. R., Weisz, D. R., & Ting, Y.-S. 2020, ApJS, 249, 24

Santos-Santos, I. M. E., Navarro, J. F., & McConnachie, A. 2023, MNRAS, 520, 55

Saviane, I., Held, E. V., & Piotto, G. 1996, A&A, 315, 40

Savino, A., Tolstoy, E., Salaris, M., Monelli, M., & de Boer, T. J. L. 2019, A&A, 630, A116

Schlaflay, E. F., & Finkbeiner, D. P. 2011, ApJ, 737, 103

Schroyen, J., De Rijcke, S., Koleva, M., Cloet-Osselaer, A., & Vandenbroucke, B. 2013, MNRAS, 434, 888

Simon, J. D., Li, T. S., Erkal, D., et al. 2020, ApJ, 892, 137

Skillman, E. D., Monelli, M., Weisz, D. R., et al. 2017, ApJ, 837, 102

Starkenburg, E., Hill, V., Tolstoy, E., et al. 2010, A&A, 513, A34

Starkenburg, E., Hill, V., Tolstoy, E., et al. 2013, A&A, 549, A88

Starkenburg, E., Martin, N., Youakim, K., et al. 2017, MNRAS, 471, 2587

Strömgren, B. 1966, ARA&A, 4, 433

Taibi, S., Battaglia, G., Leaman, R., et al. 2022, A&A, 665, A92

Taibi, S., Battaglia, G., Rejkuba, M., et al. 2020, A&A, 635, A152

Teyssier, M., Johnston, K. V., & Kuhlen, M. 2012, MNRAS, 426, 1808

The Astropy Collaboration, Price-Whelan, A. M., Sipőcz, B. M., et al. 2018, AJ, 156, 123

Tinsley, B. M. 1980, FCPH, 5, 287

Tolstoy, E., Skúladóttir, Á., Battaglia, G., et al. 2023, A&A, 675, A49

Tolstoy, E., Hill, V., & Tosi, M. 2009, ARA&A, 47, 371

Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T. E., et al. 2020, NatMe, 17, 261

Walker, M. G., Mateo, M., Olszewski, E. W., et al. 2006, AJ, 131, 2114

Walker, M. G., Mateo, M., Olszewski, E. W., et al. 2016, ApJ, 819, 53

Weisz, D. R., Dolphin, A. E., Skillman, E. D., et al. 2014, ApJ, 789, 147

Wetzel, A., Hayward, C. C., Sanderson, R. E., et al. 2023, ApJS, 265, 44