119. Tamburello, G. Mappatura geochimica e misura dei flussi di SO₂ nel campo fumarolico dell'isola di Vulcano, University of Palermo, Master Thesis (2008).

120. Tamburello, G., Kantzas, E. P., McGonigle, A. J. S., Aiuppa, A. & Giudice, G. UV camera measurements of fumarole field degassing (La Fossa crater, Vulcano Island). *J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res.* **199**, 47–52 (2011).

121. Palummo, F. et al. Petrological and geochemical modeling of magmas erupted at Vulcano Island in the period 54–8 ka: quantitative constraints on the sub-volcanic architecture of the plumbing system. *Lithos* **374**, 105715 (2020).

## Acknowledgements

This work received funding from the Italian Ministero Istruzione Università e Ricerca (Miur, Grant N. 2017LMNLAW) and from the NSFGEO-NERC grant Sulfur cycling in subduction zones (subcontract between Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and DiS-TeM, co-Pi A.A.). Financial support from BHP is acknowledged for help with the acquisition and processing of gas composition and flux data collected in June 2021 only. The authors wish to thank A. Mazot, J. Stix and Y. Taran for useful comments on an earlier version of the manuscript.

## Author contributions

A.A. study concept, data collection and processing, interpretation and modelling, drafting of the original version of the manuscript. M.B., S.C., F.P.L.M., A.C. data collection and processing. D.D.D., J.L. data collection and processing, interpretation and modelling. G.C. refinement of the initial concept, interpretation and modelling, contributed to writing. G.T., P.F., A.G., E.J.L., M.P. data collection and processing, interpretation and modelling, contributed to writing. R.M. data modelling.

## Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests. E.J.L. is an Editorial Board Member for Communications Earth & Environment, but was not involved in the editorial review of, nor the decision to publish this article.

## Additional information

**Supplementary information** The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-022-00589-1.

**Correspondence** and requests for materials should be addressed to Alessandro Aiuppa.

**Peer review information** *Communications Earth & Environment* thanks Agnes Mazot, John Stix and Yuri Taran for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Primary Handling Editor: Joe Aslin. Peer reviewer reports are available.

**Reprints and permission information** is available at http://www.nature.com/reprints

**Publisher's note** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

<figure><img src="image_13.png" /></figure>

**Open Access** This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

© The Author(s) 2022
119. Tamburello, G. Mappatura geochimica e misura dei flussi di SO₂ nel campo fumarolico dell'isola di Vulcano, University of Palermo, Master Thesis (2008).

120. Tamburello, G., Kantzas, E. P., McGonigle, A. J. S., Aiuppa, A. & Giudice, G. UV camera measurements of fumarole field degassing (La Fossa crater, Vulcano Island). *J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res.* **199**, 47–52 (2011).

121. Palummo, F. et al. Petrological and geochemical modeling of magmas erupted at Vulcano Island in the period 54–8 ka: quantitative constraints on the sub-volcanic architecture of the plumbing system. *Lithos* **374**, 105715 (2020).

## Acknowledgements

This work received funding from the Italian Ministero Istruzione Università e Ricerca (Miur, Grant N. 2017LMNLAW) and from the NSFGEO-NERC grant Sulfur cycling in subduction zones (subcontract between Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and DiS-TeM, co-Pi A.A.). Financial support from BHP is acknowledged for help with the acquisition and processing of gas composition and flux data collected in June 2021 only. The authors wish to thank A. Mazot, J. Stix and Y. Taran for useful comments on an earlier version of the manuscript.

## Author contributions

A.A. study concept, data collection and processing, interpretation and modelling, drafting of the original version of the manuscript. M.B., S.C., F.P.L.M., A.C. data collection and processing. D.D.D., J.L. data collection and processing, interpretation and modelling. G.C. refinement of the initial concept, interpretation and modelling, contributed to writing. G.T., P.F., A.G., E.J.L., M.P. data collection and processing, interpretation and modelling, contributed to writing. R.M. data modelling.

## Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests. E.J.L. is an Editorial Board Member for Communications Earth & Environment, but was not involved in the editorial review of, nor the decision to publish this article.

## Additional information

**Supplementary information** The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-022-00589-1.

**Correspondence** and requests for materials should be addressed to Alessandro Aiuppa.

**Peer review information** *Communications Earth & Environment* thanks Agnes Mazot, John Stix and Yuri Taran for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Primary Handling Editor: Joe Aslin. Peer reviewer reports are available.

**Reprints and permission information** is available at http://www.nature.com/reprints

**Publisher's note** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

<figure><img src="image_12.png" /></figure>

**Open Access** This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

© The Author(s) 2022