70. Allen, H.B.; Vaze, N.D.; Choi, C.; Hailu, T.; Tulbert, B.H.; Cusack, C.A.; Joshi, S.G. The presence and impact of biofilm-producing staphylococci in atopic dermatitis. *JAMA Dermatol.* **2014**, *150*, 260–265. [CrossRef]

71. Otto, M. Staphylococcal biofilms. *Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol.* **2008**, *322*, 207–228.

72. Cheung, G.Y.C.; Joo, H.S.; Chatterjee, S.S.; Otto, M. Phenol-soluble modulins-critical determinants of staphylococcal virulence. *FEMS Microbiol. Rev.* **2014**, *38*, 698–719. [CrossRef]

73. Fey, P.D.; Olson, M.E. Current concepts in biofilm formation of *Staphylococcus epidermidis*. *Future Microbiol.* **2010**, *5*, 917–933. [CrossRef]

74. O’Gara, J.P.; Humphreys, H. *Staphylococcus epidermidis* biofilms: Importance and implications. *J. Med. Microbiol.* **2001**, *50*, 582–587. [CrossRef]

75. Mekni, M.A.; Bouchami, O.; Achour, W.; Ben Hassen, A. Strong biofilm production but not adhesion virulence factors can discriminate between invasive and commensal *Staphylococcus epidermidis* strains. *APMIS* **2012**, *120*, 605–611. [CrossRef]

76. Heilmann, C. Adhesion Mechanisms of Staphylococci. *Adv. Exp. Med. Biol.* **2011**, *715*, 105–123. [PubMed]

77. Vuong, C.; Gerke, C.; Somerville, G.A.; Fischer, E.R.; Otto, M. Quorum-Sensing Control of Biofilm Factors in *Staphylococcus epidermidis*. *J. Infect. Dis.* **2003**, *188*, 706–718. [CrossRef]

78. Mack, D.; Davies, A.P.; Harris, L.G.; Rohde, H.; Horstkotte, M.A.; Knobloch, J.K.-M. Microbial interactions in *Staphylococcus epidermidis* biofilms. *Anal. Bioanal. Chem.* **2007**, *387*, 399–408. [CrossRef]

79. Le, K.Y.; Otto, M. Quorum-sensing regulation in staphylococci—An overview. *Front. Microbiol.* **2015**, *6*, 1174. [CrossRef]

80. Chen, X.; Schauder, S.; Potier, N.; Van Dorsselaer, A.; Pelczer, I.; Bassler, B.L.; Hughson, F.M. Structural identification of a bacterial quorum-sensing signal containing boron. *Nature* **2002**, *415*, 545–549. [CrossRef]

81. Downing, D.T.; Stewart, M.E.; Wertz, P.W.; Strauss, J.S. Essential fatty acids and acne. *J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.* **1986**, *14*, 221–225. [CrossRef]

82. Zouboulis, C.C. Acne and sebaceous gland function. *Clin. Dermatol.* **2004**, *22*, 360–366. [CrossRef]

83. Ottaviani, M.; Alestas, T.; Flori, E.; Mastrofrancesco, A.; Zouboulis, C.C.; Picardo, M. Peroxidated squalene induces the production of inflammatory mediators in HaCaT keratinocytes: A possible role in acne vulgaris. *J. Investig. Dermatol.* **2006**, *126*, 2430–2437. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

84. Jahns, A.C.; Lundskog, B.; Ganceviciene, R.; Palmer, R.H.; Golovleva, I.; Zouboulis, C.C.; McDowell, A.; Patrick, S.; Alexeyev, O.A. An increased incidence of *Propionibacterium acnes* biofilms in acne vulgaris: A case-control study. *Br. J. Dermatol.* **2012**, *167*, 50–58. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

85. Dréno, B. What is new in the pathophysiology of acne, an overview. *J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol.* **2017**, *31*, 8–12. [CrossRef]

86. Dagnelie, M.-A.; Corvec, S.; Saint-Jean, M.; Bourdès, V.; Nguyen, J.-M.; Khammari, A.; Dréno, B. La sévérité de l'acné est associée à une perte de la diversité des souches de *Propionibacterium acnes* en peau acnéique. *Ann. Dermatol. Venereol.* **2017**, *144*, S130. [CrossRef]

87. Dagnelie, M.-A.; Corvec, S.; Saint-Jean, M.; Nguyen, J.M.; Khammari, A.; Dréno, B. *Cutibacterium acnes* phylotypes diversity loss: A trigger for skin inflammatory process. *J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol.* **2019**, *33*, 2340–2348. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

88. Paugam, C.; Corvec, S.; Saint-Jean, M.; Le Moigne, M.; Khammari, A.; Boisrobert, A.; Nguyen, J.M.; Gaultier, A.; Dréno, B. *Propionibacterium acnes* phylotypes and acne severity: An observational prospective study. *J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol.* **2017**, *31*, e398–e399. [CrossRef]

89. Higaki, S.; Kitagawa, T.; Kagoura, M.; Morohashi, M.; Yamagishi, T. Correlation between *Propionibacterium acnes* Biotypes, Lipase Activity and Rash Degree in Acne Patients. *J. Dermatol.* **2000**, *27*, 519–522. [CrossRef]

90. Oyewole, A.O.; Birch-Machin, M.A. Sebum, inflammasomes and the skin: Current concepts and future perspective. *Exp. Dermatol.* **2015**, *24*, 651–654. [CrossRef]

91. Shu, M.; Kuo, S.; Wang, Y.; Jiang, Y.; Liu, Y.-T.; Gallo, R.L.; Huang, C.-M. Porphyrin Metabolisms in Human Skin Commensal *Propionibacterium acnes* Bacteria: Potential Application to Monitor Human Radiation Risk. *Curr. Med. Chem.* **2013**, *20*, 562–568.

92. Johnson, T.; Kang, D.; Barnard, E.; Li, H. Strain-Level Differences in Porphyrin Production and Regulation in *Propionibacterium acnes* Elucidate Disease Associations. *mSphere* **2016**, *1*, e00023-15. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

93. Nazipi, S.; Stødkilde, K.; Scavenius, C.; Brüggemann, H. The Skin Bacterium *Propionibacterium acnes* Employs Two Variants of Hyaluronate Lyase with Distinct Properties. *Microorganisms* **2017**, *5*, 57. [CrossRef]
70. Allen, H.B.; Vaze, N.D.; Choi, C.; Hailu, T.; Tulbert, B.H.; Cusack, C.A.; Joshi, S.G. The presence and impact of biofilm-producing staphylococci in atopic dermatitis. *JAMA Dermatol.* **2014**, *150*, 260–265. [CrossRef]

71. Otto, M. Staphylococcal biofilms. *Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol.* **2008**, *322*, 207–228.

72. Cheung, G.Y.C.; Joo, H.S.; Chatterjee, S.S.; Otto, M. Phenol-soluble modulins-critical determinants of staphylococcal virulence. *FEMS Microbiol. Rev.* **2014**, *38*, 698–719. [CrossRef]

73. Fey, P.D.; Olson, M.E. Current concepts in biofilm formation of *Staphylococcus epidermidis*. *Future Microbiol.* **2010**, *5*, 917–933. [CrossRef]

74. O’Gara, J.P.; Humphreys, H. *Staphylococcus epidermidis* biofilms: Importance and implications. *J. Med. Microbiol.* **2001**, *50*, 582–587. [CrossRef]

75. Mekni, M.A.; Bouchami, O.; Achour, W.; Ben Hassen, A. Strong biofilm production but not adhesion virulence factors can discriminate between invasive and commensal *Staphylococcus epidermidis* strains. *APMIS* **2012**, *120*, 605–611. [CrossRef]

76. Heilmann, C. Adhesion Mechanisms of Staphylococci. *Adv. Exp. Med. Biol.* **2011**, *715*, 105–123. [PubMed]

77. Vuong, C.; Gerke, C.; Somerville, G.A.; Fischer, E.R.; Otto, M. Quorum-Sensing Control of Biofilm Factors in *Staphylococcus epidermidis*. *J. Infect. Dis.* **2003**, *188*, 706–718. [CrossRef]

78. Mack, D.; Davies, A.P.; Harris, L.G.; Rohde, H.; Horstkotte, M.A.; Knobloch, J.K.-M. Microbial interactions in *Staphylococcus epidermidis* biofilms. *Anal. Bioanal. Chem.* **2007**, *387*, 399–408. [CrossRef]

79. Le, K.Y.; Otto, M. Quorum-sensing regulation in staphylococci—An overview. *Front. Microbiol.* **2015**, *6*, 1174. [CrossRef]

80. Chen, X.; Schauder, S.; Potier, N.; Van Dorsselaer, A.; Pelczer, I.; Bassler, B.L.; Hughson, F.M. Structural identification of a bacterial quorum-sensing signal containing boron. *Nature* **2002**, *415*, 545–549. [CrossRef]

81. Downing, D.T.; Stewart, M.E.; Wertz, P.W.; Strauss, J.S. Essential fatty acids and acne. *J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.* **1986**, *14*, 221–225. [CrossRef]

82. Zouboulis, C.C. Acne and sebaceous gland function. *Clin. Dermatol.* **2004**, *22*, 360–366. [CrossRef]

83. Ottaviani, M.; Alestas, T.; Flori, E.; Mastrofrancesco, A.; Zouboulis, C.C.; Picardo, M. Peroxidated squalene induces the production of inflammatory mediators in HaCaT keratinocytes: A possible role in acne vulgaris. *J. Investig. Dermatol.* **2006**, *126*, 2430–2437. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

84. Jahns, A.C.; Lundskog, B.; Ganceviciene, R.; Palmer, R.H.; Golovleva, I.; Zouboulis, C.C.; McDowell, A.; Patrick, S.; Alexeyev, O.A. An increased incidence of *Propionibacterium acnes* biofilms in acne vulgaris: A case-control study. *Br. J. Dermatol.* **2012**, *167*, 50–58. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

85. Dréno, B. What is new in the pathophysiology of acne, an overview. *J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol.* **2017**, *31*, 8–12. [CrossRef]

86. Dagnelie, M.-A.; Corvec, S.; Saint-Jean, M.; Bourdès, V.; Nguyen, J.-M.; Khammari, A.; Dréno, B. La sévérité de l'acné est associée à une perte de la diversité des souches de *Propionibacterium acnes* en peau acnéique. *Ann. Dermatol. Venereol.* **2017**, *144*, S130. [CrossRef]

87. Dagnelie, M.-A.; Corvec, S.; Saint-Jean, M.; Nguyen, J.M.; Khammari, A.; Dréno, B. *Cutibacterium acnes* phylotypes diversity loss: A trigger for skin inflammatory process. *J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol.* **2019**, *33*, 2340–2348. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

88. Paugam, C.; Corvec, S.; Saint-Jean, M.; Le Moigne, M.; Khammari, A.; Boisrobert, A.; Nguyen, J.M.; Gaultier, A.; Dréno, B. *Propionibacterium acnes* phylotypes and acne severity: An observational prospective study. *J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol.* **2017**, *31*, e398–e399. [CrossRef]

89. Higaki, S.; Kitagawa, T.; Kagoura, M.; Morohashi, M.; Yamagishi, T. Correlation between *Propionibacterium acnes* Biotypes, Lipase Activity and Rash Degree in Acne Patients. *J. Dermatol.* **2000**, *27*, 519–522. [CrossRef]

90. Oyewole, A.O.; Birch-Machin, M.A. Sebum, inflammasomes and the skin: Current concepts and future perspective. *Exp. Dermatol.* **2015**, *24*, 651–654. [CrossRef]

91. Shu, M.; Kuo, S.; Wang, Y.; Jiang, Y.; Liu, Y.-T.; Gallo, R.L.; Huang, C.-M. Porphyrin Metabolisms in Human Skin Commensal *Propionibacterium acnes* Bacteria: Potential Application to Monitor Human Radiation Risk. *Curr. Med. Chem.* **2013**, *20*, 562–568.

92. Johnson, T.; Kang, D.; Barnard, E.; Li, H. Strain-Level Differences in Porphyrin Production and Regulation in *Propionibacterium acnes* Elucidate Disease Associations. *mSphere* **2016**, *1*, e00023-15. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

93. Nazipi, S.; Stødkilde, K.; Scavenius, C.; Brüggemann, H. The Skin Bacterium *Propionibacterium acnes* Employs Two Variants of Hyaluronate Lyase with Distinct Properties. *Microorganisms* **2017**, *5*, 57. [CrossRef]
94. Dréno, B.; Pécastaings, S.; Corvec, S.; Veraldi, S.; Khammari, A.; Roques, C. *Cutibacterium acnes* (*Propionibacterium acnes*) and acne vulgaris: A brief look at the latest updates. *J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol.* **2018**, *32*, 5–14. [CrossRef]

95. Liu, P.F.; Nakatsuji, T.; Zhu, W.; Gallo, R.L.; Huang, C.M. Passive immunoprotection targeting a secreted CAMP factor of *Propionibacterium acnes* as a novel immunotherapeutic for acne vulgaris. *Vaccine* **2011**, *29*, 3230–3238. [CrossRef]

96. Nakatsuji, T.; Tang, D.C.; Zhang, L.; Gallo, R.L.; Huang, C.M. *Propionibacterium acnes* CAMP factor and host acid sphingomyelinase contribute to bacterial virulence: Potential targets for inflammatory acne treatment. *PLoS ONE* **2011**, *6*, e14797. [CrossRef]

97. Beylot, C.; Auffret, N.; Poli, F.; Claudel, J.P.; Leccia, M.T.; Del Giudice, P.; Dréno, B. *Propionibacterium acnes*: An update on its role in the pathogenesis of acne. *J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol.* **2014**, *28*, 271–278. [CrossRef]

98. Borrel, V.; Gannesen, A.V.; Barreau, M.; Gaviard, C.; Duclairoir-Poc, C.; Hardouin, J.; Konto-Ghiorghi, Y.; Lefeuvre, L.; Feuilloley, M.G.J. Adaptation of acneic and non acneic strains of *Cutibacterium acnes* to sebum-like environment. *Microbiologyopen* **2019**, *8*, e00841. [CrossRef]

99. Coenye, T.; Peeters, E.; Nelis, H.J. Biofilm formation by *Propionibacterium acnes* is associated with increased resistance to antimicrobial agents and increased production of putative virulence factors. *Res. Microbiol.* **2007**, *158*, 386–392. [CrossRef]

100. Gannesen, A.V.; Lesouhaitier, O.; Racine, P.-J.; Barreau, M.; Netrusov, A.I.; Plakunov, V.K.; Feuilloley, M.G.J. Regulation of Monospecies and Mixed Biofilms Formation of Skin *Staphylococcus aureus* and *Cutibacterium acnes* by Human Natriuretic Peptides. *Front. Microbiol.* **2018**, *9*, 2912. [CrossRef]

101. Achermann, Y.; Goldstein, E.J.C.; Coenye, T.; Shirliffa, M.E. *Propionibacterium acnes*: From Commensal to Opportunistic Biofilm-Associated Implant Pathogen. *Clin. Microbiol. Rev.* **2014**, *27*, 419–440. [CrossRef]

102. Holmberg, A.; Lood, R.; Mörgelin, M.; Söderquist, B.; Holst, E.; Collin, M.; Christensson, B.; Rasmussen, M. Biofilm formation by *Propionibacterium acnes* is a characteristic of invasive isolates. *Clin. Microbiol. Infect.* **2009**, *15*, 787–795. [CrossRef]

103. Ionescu, M.-A.A.; Feuilloley, M.G.J.; Enault, J.; Saguet, T.; Robert, G.; Lefeuvre, L. La modulation du microbiofilm et du *P. acnes* ribotypes 4 et 5 dans l'acné polymorphe: Étude microbiologique in vitro et essai clinique dans une série de 70 cas. *Ann. Dermatol. Venereol.* **2015**, *142*, S434–S435. [CrossRef]

104. Kuehnast, T.; Cakar, F.; Weinhäupl, T.; Pilz, A.; Selak, S.; Schmidt, M.A.; Rüter, C.; Schild, S. Comparative analyses of biofilm formation among different *Cutibacterium acnes* isolates. *Int. J. Med. Microbiol.* **2018**, *308*, 1027–1035. [CrossRef]

105. Burkhart, C.G.; Burkhart, C.N. Expanding the microcomedone theory and acne therapeutics: *Propionibacterium acnes* biofilm produces biological glue that holds corneocytes together to form plug. *J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.* **2007**, *57*, 722–724. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

106. Lee, Y.B.; Byun, E.J.; Kim, H.S. Potential Role of the Microbiome in Acne: A Comprehensive Review. *J. Clin. Med.* **2019**, *8*, 987. [CrossRef]

107. Choi, J.Y.; Piao, M.S.; Lee, J.B.; Oh, J.S.; Kim, I.G.; Lee, S.C. *Propionibacterium acnes* stimulates pro-matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression through tumor necrosis factor-α in human dermal fibroblasts. *J. Investig. Dermatol.* **2008**, *128*, 846–854. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

108. Jugeau, S.; Tenaud, I.; Knol, A.C.; Jarrousse, V.; Quereux, G.; Khammari, A.; Dréno, B. Induction of toll-like receptors by *Propionibacterium acnes*. *Br. J. Dermatol.* **2005**, *153*, 1105–1113. [CrossRef]

109. Nagy, I.; Pivarcsi, A.; Kis, K.; Koreck, A.; Bodai, L.; McDowell, A.; Seltmann, H.; Patrick, S.; Zouboulis, C.C.; Kemény, L. *Propionibacterium acnes* and lipopolysaccharide induce the expression of antimicrobial peptides and proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines in human sebocytes. *Microbes Infect.* **2006**, *8*, 2195–2205. [CrossRef]

110. Jarrousse, V.; Castex-Rizzi, N.; Khammari, A.; Charveron, M.; Dréno, B. Modulation of integrins and filaggrin expression by *Propionibacterium acnes* extracts on keratinocytes. *Arch. Dermatol. Res.* **2007**, *299*, 441–447. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

111. Akaza, N.; Akamatsu, H.; Kishi, M.; Mizutani, H.; Ishii, I.; Nakata, S.; Matsunaga, K. Effects of *Propionibacterium acnes* on various mRNA expression levels in normal human epidermal keratinocytes in vitro. *J. Dermatol.* **2009**, *36*, 213–223. [CrossRef]
94. Dréno, B.; Pécastaings, S.; Corvec, S.; Veraldi, S.; Khammari, A.; Roques, C. *Cutibacterium acnes* (*Propionibacterium acnes*) and acne vulgaris: A brief look at the latest updates. *J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol.* **2018**, *32*, 5–14. [CrossRef]

95. Liu, P.F.; Nakatsuji, T.; Zhu, W.; Gallo, R.L.; Huang, C.M. Passive immunoprotection targeting a secreted CAMP factor of *Propionibacterium acnes* as a novel immunotherapeutic for acne vulgaris. *Vaccine* **2011**, *29*, 3230–3238. [CrossRef]

96. Nakatsuji, T.; Tang, D.C.; Zhang, L.; Gallo, R.L.; Huang, C.M. *Propionibacterium acnes* CAMP factor and host acid sphingomyelinase contribute to bacterial virulence: Potential targets for inflammatory acne treatment. *PLoS ONE* **2011**, *6*, e14797. [CrossRef]

97. Beylot, C.; Auffret, N.; Poli, F.; Claudel, J.P.; Leccia, M.T.; Del Giudice, P.; Dréno, B. *Propionibacterium acnes*: An update on its role in the pathogenesis of acne. *J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol.* **2014**, *28*, 271–278. [CrossRef]

98. Borrel, V.; Gannesen, A.V.; Barreau, M.; Gaviard, C.; Duclairoir-Poc, C.; Hardouin, J.; Konto-Ghiorghi, Y.; Lefeuvre, L.; Feuilloley, M.G.J. Adaptation of acneic and non acneic strains of *Cutibacterium acnes* to sebum-like environment. *Microbiologyopen* **2019**, *8*, e00841. [CrossRef]

99. Coenye, T.; Peeters, E.; Nelis, H.J. Biofilm formation by *Propionibacterium acnes* is associated with increased resistance to antimicrobial agents and increased production of putative virulence factors. *Res. Microbiol.* **2007**, *158*, 386–392. [CrossRef]

100. Gannesen, A.V.; Lesouhaitier, O.; Racine, P.-J.; Barreau, M.; Netrusov, A.I.; Plakunov, V.K.; Feuilloley, M.G.J. Regulation of Monospecies and Mixed Biofilms Formation of Skin *Staphylococcus aureus* and *Cutibacterium acnes* by Human Natriuretic Peptides. *Front. Microbiol.* **2018**, *9*, 2912. [CrossRef]

101. Achermann, Y.; Goldstein, E.J.C.; Coenye, T.; Shirliffa, M.E. *Propionibacterium acnes*: From Commensal to Opportunistic Biofilm-Associated Implant Pathogen. *Clin. Microbiol. Rev.* **2014**, *27*, 419–440. [CrossRef]

102. Holmberg, A.; Lood, R.; Mörgelin, M.; Söderquist, B.; Holst, E.; Collin, M.; Christensson, B.; Rasmussen, M. Biofilm formation by *Propionibacterium acnes* is a characteristic of invasive isolates. *Clin. Microbiol. Infect.* **2009**, *15*, 787–795. [CrossRef]

103. Ionescu, M.-A.A.; Feuilloley, M.G.J.; Enault, J.; Saguet, T.; Robert, G.; Lefeuvre, L. La modulation du microbiofilm et du *P. acnes* ribotypes 4 et 5 dans l'acné polymorphe: Étude microbiologique in vitro et essai clinique dans une série de 70 cas. *Ann. Dermatol. Venereol.* **2015**, *142*, S434–S435. [CrossRef]

104. Kuehnast, T.; Cakar, F.; Weinhäupl, T.; Pilz, A.; Selak, S.; Schmidt, M.A.; Rüter, C.; Schild, S. Comparative analyses of biofilm formation among different *Cutibacterium acnes* isolates. *Int. J. Med. Microbiol.* **2018**, *308*, 1027–1035. [CrossRef]

105. Burkhart, C.G.; Burkhart, C.N. Expanding the microcomedone theory and acne therapeutics: *Propionibacterium acnes* biofilm produces biological glue that holds corneocytes together to form plug. *J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.* **2007**, *57*, 722–724. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

106. Lee, Y.B.; Byun, E.J.; Kim, H.S. Potential Role of the Microbiome in Acne: A Comprehensive Review. *J. Clin. Med.* **2019**, *8*, 987. [CrossRef]

107. Choi, J.Y.; Piao, M.S.; Lee, J.B.; Oh, J.S.; Kim, I.G.; Lee, S.C. *Propionibacterium acnes* stimulates pro-matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression through tumor necrosis factor-α in human dermal fibroblasts. *J. Investig. Dermatol.* **2008**, *128*, 846–854. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

108. Jugeau, S.; Tenaud, I.; Knol, A.C.; Jarrousse, V.; Quereux, G.; Khammari, A.; Dréno, B. Induction of toll-like receptors by *Propionibacterium acnes*. *Br. J. Dermatol.* **2005**, *153*, 1105–1113. [CrossRef]

109. Nagy, I.; Pivarcsi, A.; Kis, K.; Koreck, A.; Bodai, L.; McDowell, A.; Seltmann, H.; Patrick, S.; Zouboulis, C.C.; Kemény, L. *Propionibacterium acnes* and lipopolysaccharide induce the expression of antimicrobial peptides and proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines in human sebocytes. *Microbes Infect.* **2006**, *8*, 2195–2205. [CrossRef]

110. Jarrousse, V.; Castex-Rizzi, N.; Khammari, A.; Charveron, M.; Dréno, B. Modulation of integrins and filaggrin expression by *Propionibacterium acnes* extracts on keratinocytes. *Arch. Dermatol. Res.* **2007**, *299*, 441–447. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

111. Akaza, N.; Akamatsu, H.; Kishi, M.; Mizutani, H.; Ishii, I.; Nakata, S.; Matsunaga, K. Effects of *Propionibacterium acnes* on various mRNA expression levels in normal human epidermal keratinocytes in vitro. *J. Dermatol.* **2009**, *36*, 213–223. [CrossRef]
112. Feuilloley, M.G.J. Antidromic neurogenic activity and cutaneous bacterial flora. *Semin. Immunopathol.* **2018**, *50*, 281–289. [CrossRef]

113. Roosterman, D.; Goerge, T.; Schneider, S.W.; Bunnett, N.W.; Steinhoff, M. Neuronal Control of Skin Function: The Skin as a Neuroimmunoendocrine Organ. *Physiol. Rev.* **2006**, *86*, 1309–1379. [CrossRef]

114. Racine, P.; Janvier, X.; Clabaut, M.; Catovic, C.; Souak, D.; Boukerb, A.M.; Groboillot, A.; Konto-Ghiorghi, Y.; Duclairoir-Poc, C.; Lesouhaitier, O.; et al. Dialog between skin and its microbiota: Emergence of “Cutaneous Bacterial Endocrinology”. *Exp. Dermatol.* **2020**, *29*, exd.14158. [CrossRef]

115. Choi, J.E.; Di Nardo, A. Skin Neurogenic inflammation. *Semin. Immunopathol.* **2018**, *40*, 249–259. [CrossRef]

116. Lesouhaitier, O.; Clamens, T.; Rosay, T.; Desriac, F.; Louis, M.; Rodrigues, S.; Gannesen, A.V.; Plakunov, V.K.; Bouffartigues, E.; Tahrioui, A.; et al. Host Peptidic Hormones Affecting Bacterial Biofilm Formation and Virulence. *J. Innate Immun.* **2019**, *11*, 227–241. [CrossRef]

117. Maksimovic, S.; Baba, Y.; Lumpkin, E.A. Neurotransmitters and synaptic components in the Merkel cell-neurite complex, a gentle-touch receptor. *Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.* **2013**, *1279*, 13–21. [CrossRef]

118. Kähler, C.M.; Sitte, B.A.; Reinisch, N.; Wiedermann, C.J. Stimulation of the chemotactic migration of human fibroblasts by substance P. *Eur. J. Pharmacol.* **1993**, *249*, 281–286. [CrossRef]

119. Mijouin, L.; Hillion, M.; Ramdani, Y.; Jaouen, T.; Duclairoir-Poc, C.; Follet-Gueye, M.-L.; Lati, E.; Yvergnaux, F.; Driouich, A.; Lefeuvre, L.; et al. Effects of a Skin Neuropeptide (Substance P) on Cutaneous Microflora. *PLoS ONE* **2013**, *8*, e78773. [CrossRef]

120. N'Diaye, A.; Mijouin, L.; Hillion, M.; Diaz, S.; Konto-Ghiorghi, Y.; Percoco, G.; Chevalier, S.; Lefeuvre, L.; Harmer, N.J.; Lesouhaitier, O.; et al. Effect of Substance P in *Staphylococcus aureus* and *Staphylococcus epidermidis* virulence: Implication for skin homeostasis. *Front. Microbiol.* **2016**, *7*, 506. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

121. N'Diaye, A.; Borrel, V.; Racine, P.J.; Clamens, T.; Depayras, S.; Maillot, O.; Schaack, B.; Chevalier, S.; Lesouhaitier, O.; Feuilloley, M.G.J. Mechanism of action of the moonlighting protein EfTu as a Substance P sensor in *Bacillus cereus*. *Sci. Rep.* **2019**, *9*, 1304. [CrossRef]

122. N'Diaye, A.; Leclerc, C.; Kentache, T.; Hardouin, J.; Poc, C.D.; Konto-Ghiorghi, Y.; Chevalier, S.; Lesouhaitier, O.; Feuilloley, M.G.J. Skin-bacteria communication: Involvement of the neurohormone Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide (CGRP) in the regulation of *Staphylococcus epidermidis* virulence. *Sci. Rep.* **2016**, *6*, 35379. [CrossRef]

123. N'Diaye, A.; Gannesen, A.V.; Borrel, V.; Maillot, O.; Enault, J.; Racine, P.J.; Plakunov, V.; Chevalier, S.; Lesouhaitier, O.; Feuilloley, M.G.J. Substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide: Key regulators of cutaneous microbiota homeostasis. *Front. Endocrinol.* **2017**, *8*, 15. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

124. Borrel, V.; Thomas, P.; Catovic, C.; Racine, P.-J.; Konto-Ghiorghi, Y.; Lefeuvre, L.; Duclairoir-Poc, C.; Zouboulis, C.C.; Feuilloley, M.G.J. Acne and Stress: Impact of Catecholamines on *Cutibacterium acnes*. *Front. Med.* **2019**, *6*, 155. [CrossRef]

125. Potter, L.R.; Yoder, A.R.; Flora, D.R.; Antos, L.K.; Dickey, D.M. Natriuretic peptides: Their structures, receptors, physiologic functions and therapeutic applications. In *Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology*; Schmidt, H.H.H.W., Hofmann, F., Stasch, J.-P., Eds.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2009; Volume 191, pp. 341–366. ISBN 9783540689607.

126. Gannesen, A.V.; Lesouhaitier, O.; Netrusov, A.I.; Plakunov, V.K.; Feuilloley, M.G.J. Regulation of Formation of Monospecies and Binary Biofilms by Human Skin Microbiota Components, *Staphylococcus epidermidis* and *Staphylococcus aureus*, by Human Natriuretic Peptides. *Microbiology* **2018**, *87*, 597–609. [CrossRef]

127. Rouaud-Tinguely, P.; Jugé, R.; Mainzer, C.; Boudier, D.; Roth, M.; Coppin, H.; Closs, B. Analysis of cutaneous microbiota between two age-group of Caucasian women. *J. Investig. Dermatol.* **2018**, *138*, S171. [CrossRef]

128. Shibagaki, N.; Suda, W.; Clavaud, C.; Bastien, P.; Takayasu, L.; Iioka, E.; Kurokawa, R.; Yamashita, N.; Hattori, Y.; Shindo, C.; et al. Aging-related changes in the diversity of women's skin microbiomes associated with oral bacteria. *Sci. Rep.* **2017**, *7*, 10567. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

129. Wang, Y.; Zhu, W.; Shu, M.; Jiang, Y.; Gallo, R.L.; Liu, Y.-T.; Huang, C.-M. The response of human skin commensal bacteria as a reflection of UV radiation: UV-B decreases porphyrin production. *PLoS ONE* **2012**, *7*, e47798. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

130. Wang, Z.; Choi, J.E.; Wu, C.C.; Di Nardo, A. Skin commensal bacteria *Staphylococcus epidermidis* promote survival of melanocytes bearing UVB-induced DNA damage, while bacteria *Propionibacterium acnes* inhibit survival of melanocytes by increasing apoptosis. *Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed.* **2018**, *34*, 405–414. [CrossRef]
112. Feuilloley, M.G.J. Antidromic neurogenic activity and cutaneous bacterial flora. *Semin. Immunopathol.* **2018**, *50*, 281–289. [CrossRef]

113. Roosterman, D.; Goerge, T.; Schneider, S.W.; Bunnett, N.W.; Steinhoff, M. Neuronal Control of Skin Function: The Skin as a Neuroimmunoendocrine Organ. *Physiol. Rev.* **2006**, *86*, 1309–1379. [CrossRef]

114. Racine, P.; Janvier, X.; Clabaut, M.; Catovic, C.; Souak, D.; Boukerb, A.M.; Groboillot, A.; Konto-Ghiorghi, Y.; Duclairoir-Poc, C.; Lesouhaitier, O.; et al. Dialog between skin and its microbiota: Emergence of “Cutaneous Bacterial Endocrinology”. *Exp. Dermatol.* **2020**, *29*, exd.14158. [CrossRef]

115. Choi, J.E.; Di Nardo, A. Skin Neurogenic inflammation. *Semin. Immunopathol.* **2018**, *40*, 249–259. [CrossRef]

116. Lesouhaitier, O.; Clamens, T.; Rosay, T.; Desriac, F.; Louis, M.; Rodrigues, S.; Gannesen, A.V.; Plakunov, V.K.; Bouffartigues, E.; Tahrioui, A.; et al. Host Peptidic Hormones Affecting Bacterial Biofilm Formation and Virulence. *J. Innate Immun.* **2019**, *11*, 227–241. [CrossRef]

117. Maksimovic, S.; Baba, Y.; Lumpkin, E.A. Neurotransmitters and synaptic components in the Merkel cell-neurite complex, a gentle-touch receptor. *Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.* **2013**, *1279*, 13–21. [CrossRef]

118. Kähler, C.M.; Sitte, B.A.; Reinisch, N.; Wiedermann, C.J. Stimulation of the chemotactic migration of human fibroblasts by substance P. *Eur. J. Pharmacol.* **1993**, *249*, 281–286. [CrossRef]

119. Mijouin, L.; Hillion, M.; Ramdani, Y.; Jaouen, T.; Duclairoir-Poc, C.; Follet-Gueye, M.-L.; Lati, E.; Yvergnaux, F.; Driouich, A.; Lefeuvre, L.; et al. Effects of a Skin Neuropeptide (Substance P) on Cutaneous Microflora. *PLoS ONE* **2013**, *8*, e78773. [CrossRef]

120. N'Diaye, A.; Mijouin, L.; Hillion, M.; Diaz, S.; Konto-Ghiorghi, Y.; Percoco, G.; Chevalier, S.; Lefeuvre, L.; Harmer, N.J.; Lesouhaitier, O.; et al. Effect of Substance P in *Staphylococcus aureus* and *Staphylococcus epidermidis* virulence: Implication for skin homeostasis. *Front. Microbiol.* **2016**, *7*, 506. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

121. N'Diaye, A.; Borrel, V.; Racine, P.J.; Clamens, T.; Depayras, S.; Maillot, O.; Schaack, B.; Chevalier, S.; Lesouhaitier, O.; Feuilloley, M.G.J. Mechanism of action of the moonlighting protein EfTu as a Substance P sensor in *Bacillus cereus*. *Sci. Rep.* **2019**, *9*, 1304. [CrossRef]

122. N'Diaye, A.; Leclerc, C.; Kentache, T.; Hardouin, J.; Poc, C.D.; Konto-Ghiorghi, Y.; Chevalier, S.; Lesouhaitier, O.; Feuilloley, M.G.J. Skin-bacteria communication: Involvement of the neurohormone Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide (CGRP) in the regulation of *Staphylococcus epidermidis* virulence. *Sci. Rep.* **2016**, *6*, 35379. [CrossRef]

123. N'Diaye, A.; Gannesen, A.V.; Borrel, V.; Maillot, O.; Enault, J.; Racine, P.J.; Plakunov, V.; Chevalier, S.; Lesouhaitier, O.; Feuilloley, M.G.J. Substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide: Key regulators of cutaneous microbiota homeostasis. *Front. Endocrinol.* **2017**, *8*, 15. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

124. Borrel, V.; Thomas, P.; Catovic, C.; Racine, P.-J.; Konto-Ghiorghi, Y.; Lefeuvre, L.; Duclairoir-Poc, C.; Zouboulis, C.C.; Feuilloley, M.G.J. Acne and Stress: Impact of Catecholamines on *Cutibacterium acnes*. *Front. Med.* **2019**, *6*, 155. [CrossRef]

125. Potter, L.R.; Yoder, A.R.; Flora, D.R.; Antos, L.K.; Dickey, D.M. Natriuretic peptides: Their structures, receptors, physiologic functions and therapeutic applications. In *Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology*; Schmidt, H.H.H.W., Hofmann, F., Stasch, J.-P., Eds.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2009; Volume 191, pp. 341–366. ISBN 9783540689607.

126. Gannesen, A.V.; Lesouhaitier, O.; Netrusov, A.I.; Plakunov, V.K.; Feuilloley, M.G.J. Regulation of Formation of Monospecies and Binary Biofilms by Human Skin Microbiota Components, *Staphylococcus epidermidis* and *Staphylococcus aureus*, by Human Natriuretic Peptides. *Microbiology* **2018**, *87*, 597–609. [CrossRef]

127. Rouaud-Tinguely, P.; Jugé, R.; Mainzer, C.; Boudier, D.; Roth, M.; Coppin, H.; Closs, B. Analysis of cutaneous microbiota between two age-group of Caucasian women. *J. Investig. Dermatol.* **2018**, *138*, S171. [CrossRef]

128. Shibagaki, N.; Suda, W.; Clavaud, C.; Bastien, P.; Takayasu, L.; Iioka, E.; Kurokawa, R.; Yamashita, N.; Hattori, Y.; Shindo, C.; et al. Aging-related changes in the diversity of women's skin microbiomes associated with oral bacteria. *Sci. Rep.* **2017**, *7*, 10567. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

129. Wang, Y.; Zhu, W.; Shu, M.; Jiang, Y.; Gallo, R.L.; Liu, Y.-T.; Huang, C.-M. The response of human skin commensal bacteria as a reflection of UV radiation: UV-B decreases porphyrin production. *PLoS ONE* **2012**, *7*, e47798. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

130. Wang, Z.; Choi, J.E.; Wu, C.C.; Di Nardo, A. Skin commensal bacteria *Staphylococcus epidermidis* promote survival of melanocytes bearing UVB-induced DNA damage, while bacteria *Propionibacterium acnes* inhibit survival of melanocytes by increasing apoptosis. *Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed.* **2018**, *34*, 405–414. [CrossRef]
131. Christensen, G.J.M.; Scholz, C.F.P.; Enghild, J.; Rohde, H.; Kilian, M.; Thürmer, A.; Brzuszkiewicz, E.; Lomholt, H.B.; Brüggemann, H. Antagonism between *Staphylococcus epidermidis* and *Propionibacterium acnes* and its genomic basis. *BMC Genom.* **2016**, *17*, 152. [CrossRef]

132. Jo, J.H.; Kennedy, E.A.; Kong, H.H. Research Techniques Made Simple: Bacterial 16S Ribosomal RNA Gene Sequencing in Cutaneous Research. *J. Investig. Dermatol.* **2016**, *136*, e23–e27. [CrossRef]

133. Kong, H.H.; Andersson, B.; Clavel, T.; Common, J.E.; Jackson, S.A.; Olson, N.D.; Segre, J.A.; Traidl-Hoffmann, C. Performing Skin Microbiome Research: A Method to the Madness. *J. Investig. Dermatol.* **2017**, *137*, 561–568. [CrossRef]

134. Grice, E.A.; Kong, H.H.; Renaud, G.; Young, A.C.; Bouffard, G.G.; Blakesley, R.W.; Wolfsberg, T.G.; Turner, M.L.; Segre, J.A.; Segre, J.A. A diversity profile of the human skin microbiota. *Genome Res.* **2008**, *18*, 1043–1050. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

135. Van Horn, K.G.; Audette, C.D.; Tucker, K.A.; Sebeck, D. Comparison of 3 swab transport systems for direct release and recovery of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. *Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.* **2008**, *62*, 471–473. [CrossRef]

136. Lange-Asschenfeldt, B.; Marenbach, D.; Lang, C.; Patzelt, A.; Ulrich, M.; Maltusch, A.; Terhorst, D.; Stockfleth, E.; Sterry, W.; Lademann, J. Distribution of bacteria in the epidermal layers and hair follicles of the human skin. *Skin Pharmacol. Physiol.* **2011**, *24*, 305–311. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

137. Ogai, K.; Nagase, S.; Mukai, K.; Iuchi, T.; Mori, Y.; Matsue, M.; Sugitani, K.; Sugama, J.; Okamoto, S. A Comparison of Techniques for Collecting Skin Microbiome Samples: Swabbing Versus Tape-Stripping. *Front. Microbiol.* **2018**, *9*, 2362. [CrossRef]

138. Prast-Nielsen, S.; Tobin, A.-M.; Adamzik, K.; Powles, A.; Hugerth, L.W.; Sweeney, C.; Kirby, B.; Engstrand, L.; Fry, L. Investigation of the skin microbiome: Swabs vs. biopsies. *Br. J. Dermatol.* **2019**, *181*, 572–579.

139. Cangelosi, G.A.; Meschke, J.S. Dead or alive: Molecular assessment of microbial viability. *Appl. Environ. Microbiol.* **2014**, *80*, 5884–5891. [CrossRef]

140. Bashiardes, S.; Zilberman-Schapira, G.; Elinav, E. Use of metatranscriptomics in microbiome research. *Bioinform. Biol. Insights* **2016**, *10*, 19–25. [CrossRef]

141. Meisel, J.S.; Hannigan, G.D.; Tyldsley, A.S.; SanMiguel, A.J.; Hodkinson, B.P.; Zheng, Q.; Grice, E.A. Skin microbiome surveys are strongly influenced by experimental design. *J. Investig. Dermatol.* **2016**, *136*, 947–956. [CrossRef]

142. Feuilloley, M.G.J. Skin microbiota: Variability and new perspectives. In Proceedings of the The Microbiome of the Skin-New Avenues of Research, in Cosmetics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 17 April 2018.

143. Krutmann, J. Pre- and probiotics for human skin. *J. Dermatol. Sci.* **2009**, *54*, 1–5. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

144. Azeredo, J.; Azevedo, N.F.; Briandet, R.; Cerca, N.; Coenye, T.; Costa, A.R.; Desvaux, M.; Di Bonaventura, G.; Hébraud, M.; Jaglic, Z.; et al. Critical review on biofilm methods. *Crit. Rev. Microbiol.* **2017**, *43*, 313–351. [CrossRef]

145. Jahns, A.C.; Oprica, C.; Vassilaki, I.; Golovleva, I.; Palmer, R.H.; Alexeyev, O.A. Simultaneous visualization of *Propionibacterium acnes* and *Propionibacterium granulosum* with immunofluorescence and fluorescence in situ hybridization. *Anaerobe* **2013**, *23*, 48–54. [CrossRef]

146. Peeters, E.; Nelis, H.J.; Coenye, T. Comparison of multiple methods for quantification of microbial biofilms grown in microtiter plates. *J. Microbiol. Methods* **2008**, *72*, 157–165. [CrossRef]

147. Coenye, T.; Nelis, H.J. In vitro and in vivo model systems to study microbial biofilm formation. *J. Microbiol. Methods* **2010**, *83*, 89–105. [CrossRef]

148. Gannesen, A.V.; Zdorovenko, E.L.; Botchkova, E.A.; Hardouin, J.; Massier, S.; Kopitsyn, D.S.; Gorbachevskii, M.V.; Kadykova, A.A.; Shashkov, A.S.; Zhurina, M.V.; et al. Composition of the biofilm matrix of *Cutibacterium acnes* acneic strain RT5. *Front. Microbiol.* **2019**, *10*, 1284. [CrossRef]

149. Parlement Européen et du Conseil. *Règlement (CE) No 1223/2009 du PARLEMENT Européen et du Conseil du 30 Novembre 2009 Relatif Aux Produits Cosmétiques*; Office des publications de l'Union européenne: Luxembourg, 2009.

150. Vogelgesang, B. (BASF Beauty Care Solutions France) Recent advances and new strategies to substantiate microbiota-related cosmetic claims. In Proceedings of the The Microbiome of the Skin-New Avenues of Research, in Cosmetics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 17 April 2018.
131. Christensen, G.J.M.; Scholz, C.F.P.; Enghild, J.; Rohde, H.; Kilian, M.; Thürmer, A.; Brzuszkiewicz, E.; Lomholt, H.B.; Brüggemann, H. Antagonism between *Staphylococcus epidermidis* and *Propionibacterium acnes* and its genomic basis. *BMC Genom.* **2016**, *17*, 152. [CrossRef]

132. Jo, J.H.; Kennedy, E.A.; Kong, H.H. Research Techniques Made Simple: Bacterial 16S Ribosomal RNA Gene Sequencing in Cutaneous Research. *J. Investig. Dermatol.* **2016**, *136*, e23–e27. [CrossRef]

133. Kong, H.H.; Andersson, B.; Clavel, T.; Common, J.E.; Jackson, S.A.; Olson, N.D.; Segre, J.A.; Traidl-Hoffmann, C. Performing Skin Microbiome Research: A Method to the Madness. *J. Investig. Dermatol.* **2017**, *137*, 561–568. [CrossRef]

134. Grice, E.A.; Kong, H.H.; Renaud, G.; Young, A.C.; Bouffard, G.G.; Blakesley, R.W.; Wolfsberg, T.G.; Turner, M.L.; Segre, J.A.; Segre, J.A. A diversity profile of the human skin microbiota. *Genome Res.* **2008**, *18*, 1043–1050. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

135. Van Horn, K.G.; Audette, C.D.; Tucker, K.A.; Sebeck, D. Comparison of 3 swab transport systems for direct release and recovery of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. *Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.* **2008**, *62*, 471–473. [CrossRef]

136. Lange-Asschenfeldt, B.; Marenbach, D.; Lang, C.; Patzelt, A.; Ulrich, M.; Maltusch, A.; Terhorst, D.; Stockfleth, E.; Sterry, W.; Lademann, J. Distribution of bacteria in the epidermal layers and hair follicles of the human skin. *Skin Pharmacol. Physiol.* **2011**, *24*, 305–311. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

137. Ogai, K.; Nagase, S.; Mukai, K.; Iuchi, T.; Mori, Y.; Matsue, M.; Sugitani, K.; Sugama, J.; Okamoto, S. A Comparison of Techniques for Collecting Skin Microbiome Samples: Swabbing Versus Tape-Stripping. *Front. Microbiol.* **2018**, *9*, 2362. [CrossRef]

138. Prast-Nielsen, S.; Tobin, A.-M.; Adamzik, K.; Powles, A.; Hugerth, L.W.; Sweeney, C.; Kirby, B.; Engstrand, L.; Fry, L. Investigation of the skin microbiome: Swabs vs. biopsies. *Br. J. Dermatol.* **2019**, *181*, 572–579.

139. Cangelosi, G.A.; Meschke, J.S. Dead or alive: Molecular assessment of microbial viability. *Appl. Environ. Microbiol.* **2014**, *80*, 5884–5891. [CrossRef]

140. Bashiardes, S.; Zilberman-Schapira, G.; Elinav, E. Use of metatranscriptomics in microbiome research. *Bioinform. Biol. Insights* **2016**, *10*, 19–25. [CrossRef]

141. Meisel, J.S.; Hannigan, G.D.; Tyldsley, A.S.; SanMiguel, A.J.; Hodkinson, B.P.; Zheng, Q.; Grice, E.A. Skin microbiome surveys are strongly influenced by experimental design. *J. Investig. Dermatol.* **2016**, *136*, 947–956. [CrossRef]

142. Feuilloley, M.G.J. Skin microbiota: Variability and new perspectives. In Proceedings of the The Microbiome of the Skin-New Avenues of Research, in Cosmetics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 17 April 2018.

143. Krutmann, J. Pre- and probiotics for human skin. *J. Dermatol. Sci.* **2009**, *54*, 1–5. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

144. Azeredo, J.; Azevedo, N.F.; Briandet, R.; Cerca, N.; Coenye, T.; Costa, A.R.; Desvaux, M.; Di Bonaventura, G.; Hébraud, M.; Jaglic, Z.; et al. Critical review on biofilm methods. *Crit. Rev. Microbiol.* **2017**, *43*, 313–351. [CrossRef]

145. Jahns, A.C.; Oprica, C.; Vassilaki, I.; Golovleva, I.; Palmer, R.H.; Alexeyev, O.A. Simultaneous visualization of *Propionibacterium acnes* and *Propionibacterium granulosum* with immunofluorescence and fluorescence in situ hybridization. *Anaerobe* **2013**, *23*, 48–54. [CrossRef]

146. Peeters, E.; Nelis, H.J.; Coenye, T. Comparison of multiple methods for quantification of microbial biofilms grown in microtiter plates. *J. Microbiol. Methods* **2008**, *72*, 157–165. [CrossRef]

147. Coenye, T.; Nelis, H.J. In vitro and in vivo model systems to study microbial biofilm formation. *J. Microbiol. Methods* **2010**, *83*, 89–105. [CrossRef]

148. Gannesen, A.V.; Zdorovenko, E.L.; Botchkova, E.A.; Hardouin, J.; Massier, S.; Kopitsyn, D.S.; Gorbachevskii, M.V.; Kadykova, A.A.; Shashkov, A.S.; Zhurina, M.V.; et al. Composition of the biofilm matrix of *Cutibacterium acnes* acneic strain RT5. *Front. Microbiol.* **2019**, *10*, 1284. [CrossRef]

149. Parlement Européen et du Conseil. *Règlement (CE) No 1223/2009 du PARLEMENT Européen et du Conseil du 30 Novembre 2009 Relatif Aux Produits Cosmétiques*; Office des publications de l'Union européenne: Luxembourg, 2009.

150. Vogelgesang, B. (BASF Beauty Care Solutions France) Recent advances and new strategies to substantiate microbiota-related cosmetic claims. In Proceedings of the The Microbiome of the Skin-New Avenues of Research, in Cosmetics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 17 April 2018.
151. Krieken, D.; Ederveen, T.; Hijum, S.; Jansen, P.; Melchers, W.; Scheepers, P.; Schalkwijk, J.; Zeeuwen, P. An in vitro model for bacterial growth on human *stratum corneum*. *Acta Derm. Venereol.* **2016**, *96*, 873–879. [CrossRef]

152. Niehues, H.; Bouwstra, J.A.; El Ghalbzouri, A.; Brandner, J.M.; Zeeuwen, P.L.J.M.; van den Bogaard, E.H. 3D skin models for 3R research: The potential of 3D reconstructed skin models to study skin barrier function. *Exp. Dermatol.* **2018**, *27*, 501–511. [CrossRef]

153. Cadau, S.; Valla-Dury, L.; Cenizo, V.; Le-Beux, C.; Rival, D.; Gault, M.; Vianney, A.; Andre-Frei, V. Studying Microbiote Competition and Skin Interaction Using Organotypic 3D Skin Models. *Adv. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med. Open Access* **2017**, *2*, 5.

154. Holland, D.B.; Bojar, R.A.; Jeremy, A.H.T.; Ingham, E.; Holland, K.T. Microbial colonization of an in vitro model of a tissue engineered human skin equivalent—A novel approach. *FEMS Microbiol. Lett.* **2008**, *279*, 110–115. [CrossRef]

155. Duckney, P.; Wong, H.K.; Serrano, J.; Yaradou, D.; Oddos, T.; Stamatas, G.N. The role of the skin barrier in modulating the effects of common skin microbial species on the inflammation, differentiation and proliferation status of epidermal keratinocytes. *BMC Res. Notes* **2013**, *6*, 474. [CrossRef]

156. Bojar, R.A. Studying the human skin microbiome using 3D in vitro skin models. *Appl. In Vitro Toxicol.* **2015**, *1*, 165–171. [CrossRef]

157. Landemaine, L.; Cenizo, V.; Lemaire, G.; Portes, P. Colonization of a 3D skin model with a complete microbiota is more beneficial to the skin barrier than with *Staphylococcus epidermidis* alone. *J. Investig. Dermatol.* **2018**, *138*, S163. [CrossRef]

158. Rademacher, F.; Simanski, M.; Gläser, R.; Harder, J. Skin microbiota and human 3D skin models. *Exp. Dermatol.* **2018**, *27*, 489–494. [CrossRef]

159. Kuhbacher, A.; Henkel, H.; Stevens, P.; Grumaz, C.; Finkelmeier, D.; Burger-Kentischer, A.; Sohn, K.; Rupp, S. Dermal Fibroblasts Play a Central Role in Skin Model Protection against *Candida albicans* Invasion. *J. Infect. Dis.* **2017**, *215*, 1742–1752. [CrossRef]

160. Holland, K.T.; Bojar, R.A. Cosmetics: What is their influence on the skin microflora? *Am. J. Clin. Dermatol.* **2002**, *3*, 445–449. [CrossRef]

161. Wang, Q.; Cui, S.; Zhou, L.; He, K.; Song, L.; Liang, H.; He, C. Effect of cosmetic chemical preservatives on resident flora isolated from healthy facial skin. *J. Cosmet. Dermatol.* **2019**, *18*, 652–658. [CrossRef]

162. Staudinger, T.; Pipal, A.; Redl, B. Molecular analysis of the prevalent microbiota of human male and female forehead skin compared to forearm skin and the influence of make-up. *J. Appl. Microbiol.* **2011**, *110*, 1381–1389. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

163. Lee, H.J.; Jeong, S.E.; Lee, S.; Kim, S.; Han, H.; Jeon, C.O. Effects of cosmetics on the skin microbiome of facial cheeks with different hydration levels. *Microbiologyopen* **2017**, *7*, e00557. [CrossRef]

164. Dobler, D.; Schmidts, T.; Wildenhain, S.; Seewald, I.; Merzhäuser, M.; Runkel, F. Impact of Selected Cosmetic Ingredients on Common Microorganisms of Healthy Human Skin. *Cosmetics* **2019**, *6*, 45. [CrossRef]

165. Callewaert, C.; Hutapea, P.; Van de Wiele, T.; Boon, N. Deodorants and antiperspirants affect the axillary bacterial community. *Arch. Dermatol. Res.* **2014**, *306*, 701–710. [CrossRef]

166. Wallen-Russell, C. The Role of Every-Day Cosmetics in Altering the Skin Microbiome: A Study Using Biodiversity. *Cosmetics* **2018**, *6*, 2. [CrossRef]

167. Lopes, E.G.; Moreira, D.A.; Gullón, P.; Gullón, B.; Cardelle-Cobas, A.; Tavaria, F.K. Topical application of probiotics in skin: Adhesion, antimicrobial and antibiofilm in vitro assays. *J. Appl. Microbiol.* **2017**, *122*, 450–461. [CrossRef]

168. Shokryazdan, P.; Sieo, C.C.; Kalavathy, R.; Liang, J.B.; Alitheen, N.B.; Faseleh Jahromi, M.; Ho, Y.W. Probiotic potential of *Lactobacillus* strains with antimicrobial activity against some human pathogenic strains. *BioMed Res. Int. Int.* **2014**, *2014*, 927268. [CrossRef]

169. Khmaladze, I.; Butler, É.; Fabre, S.; Gillbro, J.M. *Lactobacillus reuteri* DSM 17938—A comparative study on the effect of probiotics and lysates on human skin. *Exp. Dermatol.* **2019**, *28*, 822–828. [CrossRef]

170. Hillion, M. Interactions peau/microbiote cutané: Étude du microbiote cutané cultivable et influence de produits cosmétiques sur la virulence bactérienne. Apports de la technique de spectrométrie de masse MALDI-TOF. Ph.D. Thesis, Thèse de l'Université de Rouen, Évreux, France, 2013.

171. Baldwin, H.E.; Bhatia, N.D.; Friedman, A.; Eng, R.M.; Seite, S. The role of cutaneous microbiota harmony in maintaining a functional skin barrier. *J. Drugs Dermatol.* **2017**, *16*, 12–18. [CrossRef]
151. Krieken, D.; Ederveen, T.; Hijum, S.; Jansen, P.; Melchers, W.; Scheepers, P.; Schalkwijk, J.; Zeeuwen, P. An in vitro model for bacterial growth on human *stratum corneum*. *Acta Derm. Venereol.* **2016**, *96*, 873-879.
[CrossRef]

152. Niehues, H.; Bouwstra, J.A.; El Ghalbzouri, A.; Brandner, J.M.; Zeeuwen, P.L.J.M.; van den Bogaard, E.H. 3D skin models for 3R research: The potential of 3D reconstructed skin models to study skin barrier function. *Exp. Dermatol.* **2018**, *27*, 501-511. [CrossRef]

153. Cadau, S.; Valla-Dury, L.; Cenizo, V.; Le-Beux, C.; Rival, D.; Gault, M.; Vianney, A.; Andre-Frei, V. Studying Microbiote Competition and Skin Interaction Using Organotypic 3D Skin Models. *Adv. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med. Open Access* **2017**, *2*, 5.

154. Holland, D.B.; Bojar, R.A.; Jeremy, A.H.T.; Ingham, E.; Holland, K.T. Microbial colonization of an in vitro model of a tissue engineered human skin equivalent—A novel approach. *FEMS Microbiol. Lett.* **2008**, *279*, 110-115. [CrossRef]

155. Duckney, P.; Wong, H.K.; Serrano, J.; Yaradou, D.; Oddos, T.; Stamatas, G.N. The role of the skin barrier in modulating the effects of common skin microbial species on the inflammation, differentiation and proliferation status of epidermal keratinocytes. *BMC Res. Notes* **2013**, *6*, 474. [CrossRef]

156. Bojar, R.A. Studying the human skin microbiome using 3D in vitro skin models. *Appl. In Vitro Toxicol.* **2015**, *1*, 165-171. [CrossRef]

157. Landemaine, L.; Cenizo, V.; Lemaire, G.; Portes, P. Colonization of a 3D skin model with a complete microbiota is more beneficial to the skin barrier than with *Staphylococcus epidermidis* alone. *J. Investig. Dermatol.* **2018**, *138*, S163. [CrossRef]

158. Rademacher, F.; Simanski, M.; Gläser, R.; Harder, J. Skin microbiota and human 3D skin models. *Exp. Dermatol.* **2018**, *27*, 489-494. [CrossRef]

159. Kuhbacher, A.; Henkel, H.; Stevens, P.; Grumaz, C.; Finkelmeier, D.; Burger-Kentischer, A.; Sohn, K.; Rupp, S. Dermal Fibroblasts Play a Central Role in Skin Model Protection against *Candida albicans* Invasion. *J. Infect. Dis.* **2017**, *215*, 1742-1752. [CrossRef]

160. Holland, K.T.; Bojar, R.A. Cosmetics: What is their influence on the skin microflora? *Am. J. Clin. Dermatol.* **2002**, *3*, 445-449. [CrossRef]

161. Wang, Q.; Cui, S.; Zhou, L.; He, K.; Song, L.; Liang, H.; He, C. Effect of cosmetic chemical preservatives on resident flora isolated from healthy facial skin. *J. Cosmet. Dermatol.* **2019**, *18*, 652-658. [CrossRef]

162. Staudinger, T.; Pipal, A.; Redl, B. Molecular analysis of the prevalent microbiota of human male and female forehead skin compared to forearm skin and the influence of make-up. *J. Appl. Microbiol.* **2011**, *110*, 1381-1389.

[CrossRef] [PubMed]

163. Lee, H.J.; Jeong, S.E.; Lee, S.; Kim, S.; Han, H.; Jeon, C.O. Effects of cosmetics on the skin microbiome of facial cheeks with different hydration levels. *Microbiologyopen* **2017**, *7*, e00557. [CrossRef]

164. Dobler, D.; Schmidts, T.; Wildenhain, S.; Seewald, I.; Merzhäuser, M.; Runkel, F. Impact of Selected Cosmetic Ingredients on Common Microorganisms of Healthy Human Skin. *Cosmetics* **2019**, *6*, 45. [CrossRef]

165. Callewaert, C.; Hutapea, P.; Van de Wiele, T.; Boon, N. Deodorants and antiperspirants affect the axillary bacterial community. *Arch. Dermatol. Res.* **2014**, *306*, 701-710. [CrossRef]

166. Wallen-Russell, C. The Role of Every-Day Cosmetics in Altering the Skin Microbiome: A Study Using Biodiversity. *Cosmetics* **2018**, *6*, 2. [CrossRef]

167. Lopes, E.G.; Moreira, D.A.; Gullón, P.; Gullón, B.; Cardelle-Cobas, A.; Tavaria, F.K. Topical application of probiotics in skin: Adhesion, antimicrobial and antibiofilm in vitro assays. *J. Appl. Microbiol.* **2017**, *122*, 450-461. [CrossRef]

168. Shokryazdan, P.; Sieo, C.C.; Kalavathy, R.; Liang, J.B.; Alitheen, N.B.; Faseleh Jahromi, M.; Ho, Y.W. Probiotic potential of *Lactobacillus* strains with antimicrobial activity against some human pathogenic strains. *BioMed Res. Int. Int.* **2014**, *2014*, 927268. [CrossRef]

169. Khmaladze, I.; Butler, É.; Fabre, S.; Gillbro, J.M. *Lactobacillus reuteri* DSM 17938—A comparative study on the effect of probiotics and lysates on human skin. *Exp. Dermatol.* **2019**, *28*, 822-828. [CrossRef]

170. Hillion, M. Interactions peau/microbiote cutané: Étude du microbiote cutané cultivable et influence de produits cosmétiques sur la virulence bactérienne. Apports de la technique de spectrométrie de masse MALDI-TOF. Ph.D. Thesis, Thèse de l'Université de Rouen, Évreux, France, 2013.

171. Baldwin, H.E.; Bhatia, N.D.; Friedman, A.; Eng, R.M.; Seite, S. The role of cutaneous microbiota harmony in maintaining a functional skin barrier. *J. Drugs Dermatol.* **2017**, *16*, 12-18. [CrossRef]
172. Seite, S.; Misery, L. Skin sensitivity and skin microbiota: Is there a link? *Exp. Dermatol.* **2018**, *27*, 1061–1064.
[CrossRef]

173. Cinque, B.; Palumbo, P.; La Torre, C.; Melchiorre, E.; Corridoni, D.; Miconi, G.; Di Marzio, L.; Cifone, M.G.; Giuliani, M. Probiotics in aging skin. In *Textbook of Aging Skin*; Garage, M.A., Miller, K.W., Howard I, M., Eds.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2010; pp. 811–820. ISBN 9783540896555.

174. BASF Beauty Care Solutions France. RELIPIDIUM® BC10096. Available online: https://www.carecreations.basf.com/product-formulations/products/products-detail/RELIPIDIUMBC10096/307139450 (accessed on 23 March 2020).

175. Paetzold, B.; Willis, J.R.; Pereira De Lima, J.; Knödlseder, N.; Brüggemann, H.; Quist, S.R.; Gabaldón, T.; Güell, M. Skin microbiome modulation induced by probiotic solutions. *Microbiome* **2019**, *7*, 95. [CrossRef]

176. Solabia Group. Ecoskin. Available online: http://www.solabia.com/Produto_29 (accessed on 8 March 2020).

177. Maquart, F.; Bellon, G.; Marchal, C.; Ducatel, H.; Dupuis, O.; Picton, L.; Lecerf, D.; Forbice, R. Method for Producing a Mixture of Neutral Oligosaccharides Extracted from Flaxseed. Patent WO2014174221A1, 13 June 2017.

178. BASF Beauty Care Solutions France. OLIGOLIN® BC10028. Available online: https://www.carecreations.basf.com/product-formulations/products/products-detail/OLIGOLIN-BC10028/30666770 (accessed on 29 April 2020).

179. BASF Beauty Care Solutions France. PROTEASYL® PW PSE LS 8951. Available online: https://www.carecreations.basf.com/product-formulations/product-highlights/product-highlights-detail/PROTEASYLPWPSELS8951/30531031 (accessed on 29 April 2020).

180. De Jesus Raposo, M.F.; De Morais, A.M.M.B.; De Morais, R.M.S.C. Emergent sources of prebiotics: Seaweeds and microalgae. *Mar. Drugs* **2016**, *14*, 27. [CrossRef]

181. Morvan, P.-Y.; Vallee, R. Evaluation of the Effects of Stressful Life on Human Skin Microbiota. *Appl. Microbiol.* **2018**, *4*, 1000140.

182. CODIF International. EPS SEAPUR. Available online: http://www.codif-tn.com/principesactifs/eps-seapur/ (accessed on 27 February 2020).

183. Misery, L.; Myon, E.; Martin, N.; Verrière, F.; Nocera, T.; Taieb, C. Sensitive skin in France: An epidemiological approach. *Ann. Dermatol. Venereol.* **2005**, *132*, 425–429. [CrossRef]

184. Berardesca, E.; Garage, M.; Maibach, H. Sensitive skin: An overview. *Int. J. Cosmet. Sci.* **2013**, *35*, 2–8.
[CrossRef]

185. Garage, M.A.; Katsarou, A.; Maibach, H.I. Sensory, clinical and physiological factors in sensitive skin: A review. *Contact Dermat.* **2006**, *55*, 1–14. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

186. Hillion, M.; Mijouin, L.; Jaouen, T.; Barreau, M.; Meunier, P.; Lefeuvre, L.; Lati, E.; Chevalier, S.; Feuilloley, M.G.J. Comparative study of normal and sensitive skin aerobic bacterial populations. *Microbiologyopen* **2013**, *2*, 953–961. [CrossRef]

187. Filaire, E.; Vialleix, C.; Cadoret, J.-P.; Dreux, A.; Berthon, J.-Y. ExpoZen®: An Active Ingredient Modulating Reactive and Sensitive Skin Microbiota; Euro Cosmetics: Buchs, Switzerland, 2019.

188. Nodake, Y.; Matsumoto, S.; Miura, R.; Honda, H.; Ishibashi, G.; Matsumoto, S.; Dekio, I.; Sakakibara, R. Pilot study on novel skin care method by augmentation with *Staphylococcus epidermidis*, an autologous skin microbe—A blinded randomized clinical trial. *J. Dermatol. Sci.* **2015**, *79*, 119–126. [CrossRef]

189. Lew, L.-C.; Liong, M.-T. Bioactives from probiotics for dermal health: Functions and benefits. *J. Appl. Microbiol.* **2013**, *114*, 1241–1253. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

190. Nakatsuji, T.; Chen, T.H.; Narala, S.; Chun, K.A.; Two, A.M.; Yun, T.; Shafiq, F.; Kotol, P.F.; Bouslimani, A.; Melnik, A.V.; et al. Antimicrobials from human skin commensal bacteria protect against *Staphylococcus aureus* and are deficient in atopic dermatitis. *Sci. Transl. Med.* **2017**, *9*, eaah4680. [CrossRef]

191. Knobloch, J.K.M.; Bartscht, K.; Sabottke, A.; Rohde, H.; Feucht, H.H.; Mack, D. Biofilm formation by *Staphylococcus epidermidis* depends on functional RsbU, an activator of the sigB operon: Differential activation mechanisms due to ethanol and salt stress. *J. Bacteriol.* **2001**, *183*, 2624–2633. [CrossRef]

192. Gannesen, A.V.; Borrel, V.; Lefeuvre, L.; Netrusov, A.I.; Plakunov, V.K.; Feuilloley, M.G.J. Effect of two cosmetic compounds on the growth, biofilm formation activity, and surface properties of acneic strains of *Cutibacterium acnes* and *Staphylococcus aureus*. *Microbiologyopen* **2018**, *8*, e00659. [CrossRef]
172. Seite, S.; Misery, L. Skin sensitivity and skin microbiota: Is there a link? *Exp. Dermatol.* **2018**, *27*, 1061–1064.
[CrossRef]

173. Cinque, B.; Palumbo, P.; La Torre, C.; Melchiorre, E.; Corridoni, D.; Miconi, G.; Di Marzio, L.; Cifone, M.G.; Giuliani, M. Probiotics in aging skin. In *Textbook of Aging Skin*; Garage, M.A., Miller, K.W., Howard I, M., Eds.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2010; pp. 811–820. ISBN 9783540896555.

174. BASF Beauty Care Solutions France. RELIPIDIUM® BC10096. Available online: https://www.carecreations.basf.com/product-formulations/products/products-detail/RELIPIDIUMBC10096/307139450 (accessed on 23 March 2020).

175. Paetzold, B.; Willis, J.R.; Pereira De Lima, J.; Knödlseder, N.; Brüggemann, H.; Quist, S.R.; Gabaldón, T.; Güell, M. Skin microbiome modulation induced by probiotic solutions. *Microbiome* **2019**, *7*, 95. [CrossRef]

176. Solabia Group. Ecoskin. Available online: http://www.solabia.com/Produto_29 (accessed on 8 March 2020).

177. Maquart, F.; Bellon, G.; Marchal, C.; Ducatel, H.; Dupuis, O.; Picton, L.; Lecerf, D.; Forbice, R. Method for Producing a Mixture of Neutral Oligosaccharides Extracted from Flaxseed. Patent WO2014174221A1, 13 June 2017.

178. BASF Beauty Care Solutions France. OLIGOLIN® BC10028. Available online: https://www.carecreations.basf.com/product-formulations/products/products-detail/OLIGOLIN-BC10028/30666770 (accessed on 29 April 2020).

179. BASF Beauty Care Solutions France. PROTEASYL® PW PSE LS 8951. Available online: https://www.carecreations.basf.com/product-formulations/product-highlights/product-highlights-detail/PROTEASYLPWPSELS8951/30531031 (accessed on 29 April 2020).

180. De Jesus Raposo, M.F.; De Morais, A.M.M.B.; De Morais, R.M.S.C. Emergent sources of prebiotics: Seaweeds and microalgae. *Mar. Drugs* **2016**, *14*, 27. [CrossRef]

181. Morvan, P.-Y.; Vallee, R. Evaluation of the Effects of Stressful Life on Human Skin Microbiota. *Appl. Microbiol.* **2018**, *4*, 1000140.

182. CODIF International. EPS SEAPUR. Available online: http://www.codif-tn.com/principesactifs/eps-seapur/ (accessed on 27 February 2020).

183. Misery, L.; Myon, E.; Martin, N.; Verrière, F.; Nocera, T.; Taieb, C. Sensitive skin in France: An epidemiological approach. *Ann. Dermatol. Venereol.* **2005**, *132*, 425–429. [CrossRef]

184. Berardesca, E.; Garage, M.; Maibach, H. Sensitive skin: An overview. *Int. J. Cosmet. Sci.* **2013**, *35*, 2–8.
[CrossRef]

185. Garage, M.A.; Katsarou, A.; Maibach, H.I. Sensory, clinical and physiological factors in sensitive skin: A review. *Contact Dermat.* **2006**, *55*, 1–14. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

186. Hillion, M.; Mijouin, L.; Jaouen, T.; Barreau, M.; Meunier, P.; Lefeuvre, L.; Lati, E.; Chevalier, S.; Feuilloley, M.G.J. Comparative study of normal and sensitive skin aerobic bacterial populations. *Microbiologyopen* **2013**, *2*, 953–961. [CrossRef]

187. Filaire, E.; Vialleix, C.; Cadoret, J.-P.; Dreux, A.; Berthon, J.-Y. ExpoZen®: An Active Ingredient Modulating Reactive and Sensitive Skin Microbiota; Euro Cosmetics: Buchs, Switzerland, 2019.

188. Nodake, Y.; Matsumoto, S.; Miura, R.; Honda, H.; Ishibashi, G.; Matsumoto, S.; Dekio, I.; Sakakibara, R. Pilot study on novel skin care method by augmentation with *Staphylococcus epidermidis*, an autologous skin microbe—A blinded randomized clinical trial. *J. Dermatol. Sci.* **2015**, *79*, 119–126. [CrossRef]

189. Lew, L.-C.; Liong, M.-T. Bioactives from probiotics for dermal health: Functions and benefits. *J. Appl. Microbiol.* **2013**, *114*, 1241–1253. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

190. Nakatsuji, T.; Chen, T.H.; Narala, S.; Chun, K.A.; Two, A.M.; Yun, T.; Shafiq, F.; Kotol, P.F.; Bouslimani, A.; Melnik, A.V.; et al. Antimicrobials from human skin commensal bacteria protect against *Staphylococcus aureus* and are deficient in atopic dermatitis. *Sci. Transl. Med.* **2017**, *9*, eaah4680. [CrossRef]

191. Knobloch, J.K.M.; Bartscht, K.; Sabottke, A.; Rohde, H.; Feucht, H.H.; Mack, D. Biofilm formation by *Staphylococcus epidermidis* depends on functional RsbU, an activator of the sigB operon: Differential activation mechanisms due to ethanol and salt stress. *J. Bacteriol.* **2001**, *183*, 2624–2633. [CrossRef]

192. Gannesen, A.V.; Borrel, V.; Lefeuvre, L.; Netrusov, A.I.; Plakunov, V.K.; Feuilloley, M.G.J. Effect of two cosmetic compounds on the growth, biofilm formation activity, and surface properties of acneic strains of *Cutibacterium acnes* and *Staphylococcus aureus*. *Microbiologyopen* **2018**, *8*, e00659. [CrossRef]
193. Enault, J.; Saguet, T.; Yvergnaux, F.; Feuilloley, M.G.J. PS291®, a rhamnose-rich polysaccharide obtained by fermentation, is reducing *Propionibacterium acnes* adhesion and biofilm formation activity. In Proceedings of the International Federation of Societies of Cosmetic Chemists, Paris, France, 30 October 2014; pp. 2801–2810.

194. Filaire, E.; Vialleix, C.; Cadoret, J.-P.; Guénard, S.; Muller, C.; Dreux-Zigha, A.; Berthon, J.-Y. Characterization of Reactive and Sensitive Skin Microbiota: Effect of *Halymenia durvillei* (HD) Extract Treatment. *Cosmetics* **2019**, *6*, 69. [CrossRef]

195. Feuillolay, C.; Pecastaings, S.; Gac, C.L.; Fiorini-Puybaret, C.; Luc, J.; Joulia, P.; Roques, C. *A Myrtus communis* extract enriched in myrtucummulones and ursolic acid reduces resistance of *Propionibacterium acnes* biofilms to antibiotics used in acne vulgaris. *Phytomedicine* **2016**, *23*, 307–315. [CrossRef]

196. Trompezinski, S.; Weber, S.; Cadars, B.; Larue, F.; Ardiet, N.; Chavagnac-Bonneville, M.; Sayag, M.; Jourdan, E. Assessment of a new biological complex efficacy on dysseborrhea, inflammation, and *Propionibacterium acnes* proliferation. *Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol.* **2016**, *9*, 233–239.

197. Saising, J.; Voravuthikunchai, S.P. Anti *Propionibacterium acnes* activity of rhodomyrtone, an effective compound from *Rhodomyrtus tomentosa* (Aiton) Hassk. leaves. *Anaerobe* **2012**, *18*, 400–404. [CrossRef]

198. Greentech. Acnilys®. Available online: https://www.greentech.fr/en/acnilys-2/ (accessed on 20 March 2020).

199. Redoules, D.; Daunes-Marion, S.; Aries, M.-F. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid and Diol Ester as an Anti-Acne Agent. Patent WO2010072738A1, 1 July 2010.

200. Petigny, L.; Périno-Issartier, S.; Wajsman, J.; Chemat, F. Batch and Continuous Ultrasound Assisted Extraction of Boldo Leaves (*Peumus boldus* Mol.). *Int. J. Mol. Sci* **2013**, *14*, 5750–5764. [CrossRef]

201. BASF Beauty Care Solutions France. BIX'ACTIV® BC10050. Available online: https://www.carecreations.basf.com/product-formulations/product-highlights/product-highlights-detail/BIX\T1\textquoterightrightACTIVBC10050/30704818 (accessed on 23 March 2020).

202. BASF Beauty Care Solutions France. BETAPUR®. Available online: https://www.carecreations.basf.com/product-formulations/products/products-detail/BETAPURA00067/30459417 (accessed on 29 April 2020).

203. Wunnoo, S.; Saising, J.; Voravuthikunchai, S.P. Rhodomyrtone inhibits lipase production, biofilm formation, and disorganizes established biofilm in *Propionibacterium acnes*. *Anaerobe* **2017**, *43*, 61–68. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

204. Borrel, V. Influence du microenvironnement sur la virulence et la formation de biofilm de *Cutibacterium acnes*. Ph.D. Thesis, Thèse de l'Université de Rouen, Évreux, France, 2019.

205. Zeichner, J.A. The use of lipohydroxy acid in skin care and acne treatment. *J. Clin. Aesthet. Dermatol.* **2016**, *9*, 40–43. [CrossRef]

206. Choi, J.S.; Bae, H.J.; Kim, S.J.; Choi, I.S. In vitro antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties of seaweed extracts against acne inducing bacteria, *Propionibacterium acnes*. *J. Environ. Biol.* **2011**, *32*, 313–318. [PubMed]

207. Kamei, Y.; Sueyoshi, M.; Hayashi, K.I.; Terada, R.; Nozaki, H. The novel anti-*Propionibacterium acnes* compound, Sargafuran, found in the marine brown alga *Sargassum macrocarpum*. *J. Antibiot.* **2009**, *62*, 259–263. [CrossRef]

208. Katsuta, R.; Aoki, K.; Yajima, A.; Nukada, T. Synthesis of the core framework of the proposed structure of sargafuran. *Tetrahedron Lett.* **2013**, *54*, 347–350. [CrossRef]

209. Amiguet, V.T.; Jewell, L.E.; Mao, H.; Sharma, M.; Hudson, J.B.; Durst, T.; Allard, M.; Rochefort, G.; Arnason, J.T. Antibacterial properties of a glycolipid-rich extract and active principle from Nunavik collections of the macroalgae *Fucus evanescens* C. Agardh (Fucaceae). *Can. J. Microbiol.* **2011**, *57*, 745–749. [CrossRef]

210. Lee, J.-H.; Eom, S.-H.; Lee, E.-H.; Jung, Y.-J.; Kim, H.-J.; Jo, M.-R.; Son, K.-T.; Lee, H.-J.; Kim, J.H.; Lee, M.-S.; et al. In vitro antibacterial and synergistic effect of phlorotannins isolated from edible brown seaweed *Eisenia bicyclis* against acne-related bacteria. *ALGAE* **2014**, *29*, 47–55. [CrossRef]

211. Bateni, E.; Tester, R.; Al-Ghazzewi, F.; Bateni, S.; Alvani, K.; Piggott, J. The Use of Konjac Glucomannan Hydrolysates (GMH) to Improve the Health of the Skin and Reduce Acne Vulgaris. *Am. J. Dermatol. Venereol.* **2013**, *2013*, 10–14.

212. Al-Ghazzewi, F.H.; Khanna, S.; Tester, R.F.; Piggott, J. The potential use of hydrolysed konjac glucomannan as a prebiotic. *J. Sci. Food Agric.* **2007**, *87*, 1758–1766. [CrossRef]

213. Al-Ghazzewi, F.H.; Tester, R.F. Effect of konjac glucomannan hydrolysates and probiotics on the growth of the skin bacterium *Propionibacterium acnes* in vitro. *Int. J. Cosmet. Sci.* **2010**, *32*, 139–142. [CrossRef]

214. Yang, A.-J.; Marito, S.; Yang, J.-J.; Keshari, S.; Chew, C.-H.; Chen, C.-C.; Huang, C.-M. A Microtube Array Membrane (MTAM) Encapsulated Live Fermenting *Staphylococcus epidermidis* as a Skin Probiotic Patch against *Cutibacterium acnes*. *Int. J. Mol. Sci.* **2018**, *20*, 14. [CrossRef]
193. Enault, J.; Saguet, T.; Yvergnaux, F.; Feuilloley, M.G.J. PS291®, a rhamnose-rich polysaccharide obtained by fermentation, is reducing *Propionibacterium acnes* adhesion and biofilm formation activity. In Proceedings of the International Federation of Societies of Cosmetic Chemists, Paris, France, 30 October 2014; pp. 2801–2810.

194. Filaire, E.; Vialleix, C.; Cadoret, J.-P.; Guénard, S.; Muller, C.; Dreux-Zigha, A.; Berthon, J.-Y. Characterization of Reactive and Sensitive Skin Microbiota: Effect of *Halymenia durvillei* (HD) Extract Treatment. *Cosmetics* **2019**, *6*, 69. [CrossRef]

195. Feuillolay, C.; Pecastaings, S.; Gac, C.L.; Fiorini-Puybaret, C.; Luc, J.; Joulia, P.; Roques, C. *A Myrtus communis* extract enriched in myrtucummulones and ursolic acid reduces resistance of *Propionibacterium acnes* biofilms to antibiotics used in acne vulgaris. *Phytomedicine* **2016**, *23*, 307–315. [CrossRef]

196. Trompezinski, S.; Weber, S.; Cadars, B.; Larue, F.; Ardiet, N.; Chavagnac-Bonneville, M.; Sayag, M.; Jourdan, E. Assessment of a new biological complex efficacy on dysseborrhea, inflammation, and *Propionibacterium acnes* proliferation. *Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol.* **2016**, *9*, 233–239.

197. Saising, J.; Voravuthikunchai, S.P. Anti *Propionibacterium acnes* activity of rhodomyrtone, an effective compound from *Rhodomyrtus tomentosa* (Aiton) Hassk. leaves. *Anaerobe* **2012**, *18*, 400–404. [CrossRef]

198. Greentech. Acnilys®. Available online: https://www.greentech.fr/en/acnilys-2/ (accessed on 20 March 2020).

199. Redoules, D.; Daunes-Marion, S.; Aries, M.-F. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid and Diol Ester as an Anti-Acne Agent. Patent WO2010072738A1, 1 July 2010.

200. Petigny, L.; Périno-Issartier, S.; Wajsman, J.; Chemat, F. Batch and Continuous Ultrasound Assisted Extraction of Boldo Leaves (*Peumus boldus* Mol.). *Int. J. Mol. Sci* **2013**, *14*, 5750–5764. [CrossRef]

201. BASF Beauty Care Solutions France. BIX'ACTIV® BC10050. Available online: https://www.carecreations.basf.com/product-formulations/product-highlights/product-highlights-detail/BIX\T1\textquoterightightACTIVBC10050/30704818 (accessed on 23 March 2020).

202. BASF Beauty Care Solutions France. BETAPUR®. Available online: https://www.carecreations.basf.com/product-formulations/products/products-detail/BETAPURA00067/30459417 (accessed on 29 April 2020).

203. Wunnoo, S.; Saising, J.; Voravuthikunchai, S.P. Rhodomyrtone inhibits lipase production, biofilm formation, and disorganizes established biofilm in *Propionibacterium acnes*. *Anaerobe* **2017**, *43*, 61–68. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

204. Borrel, V. Influence du microenvironnement sur la virulence et la formation de biofilm de *Cutibacterium acnes*. Ph.D. Thesis, Thèse de l'Université de Rouen, Évreux, France, 2019.

205. Zeichner, J.A. The use of lipohydroxy acid in skin care and acne treatment. *J. Clin. Aesthet. Dermatol.* **2016**, *9*, 40–43. [CrossRef]

206. Choi, J.S.; Bae, H.J.; Kim, S.J.; Choi, I.S. In vitro antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties of seaweed extracts against acne inducing bacteria, *Propionibacterium acnes*. *J. Environ. Biol.* **2011**, *32*, 313–318. [PubMed]

207. Kamei, Y.; Sueyoshi, M.; Hayashi, K.I.; Terada, R.; Nozaki, H. The novel anti-*Propionibacterium acnes* compound, Sargafuran, found in the marine brown alga *Sargassum macrocarpum*. *J. Antibiot.* **2009**, *62*, 259–263. [CrossRef]

208. Katsuta, R.; Aoki, K.; Yajima, A.; Nukada, T. Synthesis of the core framework of the proposed structure of sargafuran. *Tetrahedron Lett.* **2013**, *54*, 347–350. [CrossRef]

209. Amiguet, V.T.; Jewell, L.E.; Mao, H.; Sharma, M.; Hudson, J.B.; Durst, T.; Allard, M.; Rochefort, G.; Arnason, J.T. Antibacterial properties of a glycolipid-rich extract and active principle from Nunavik collections of the macroalgae *Fucus evanescens* C. Agardh (Fucaceae). *Can. J. Microbiol.* **2011**, *57*, 745–749. [CrossRef]

210. Lee, J.-H.; Eom, S.-H.; Lee, E.-H.; Jung, Y.-J.; Kim, H.-J.; Jo, M.-R.; Son, K.-T.; Lee, H.-J.; Kim, J.H.; Lee, M.-S.; et al. In vitro antibacterial and synergistic effect of phlorotannins isolated from edible brown seaweed *Eisenia bicyclis* against acne-related bacteria. *ALGAE* **2014**, *29*, 47–55. [CrossRef]

211. Bateni, E.; Tester, R.; Al-Ghazzewi, F.; Bateni, S.; Alvani, K.; Piggott, J. The Use of Konjac Glucomannan Hydrolysates (GMH) to Improve the Health of the Skin and Reduce Acne Vulgaris. *Am. J. Dermatol. Venereol.* **2013**, *2013*, 10–14.

212. Al-Ghazzewi, F.H.; Khanna, S.; Tester, R.F.; Piggott, J. The potential use of hydrolysed konjac glucomannan as a prebiotic. *J. Sci. Food Agric.* **2007**, *87*, 1758–1766. [CrossRef]

213. Al-Ghazzewi, F.H.; Tester, R.F. Effect of konjac glucomannan hydrolysates and probiotics on the growth of the skin bacterium *Propionibacterium acnes* in vitro. *Int. J. Cosmet. Sci.* **2010**, *32*, 139–142. [CrossRef]

214. Yang, A.-J.; Marito, S.; Yang, J.-J.; Keshari, S.; Chew, C.-H.; Chen, C.-C.; Huang, C.-M. A Microtube Array Membrane (MTAM) Encapsulated Live Fermenting *Staphylococcus epidermidis* as a Skin Probiotic Patch against *Cutibacterium acnes*. *Int. J. Mol. Sci.* **2018**, *20*, 14. [CrossRef]
215. Castillo, D.E.; Nanda, S.; Keri, J.E. *Propionibacterium (Cutibacterium) acnes* Bacteriophage Therapy in Acne: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives. *Dermatol. Ther.* **2019**, *9*, 19–31. [CrossRef]

216. Marinelli, L.J.; Fitz-Gibbon, S.; Hayes, C.; Bowman, C.; Inkeles, M.; Loncaric, A.; Russell, D.A.; Jacobs-Sera, D.; Cokus, S.; Pellegrini, M.; et al. *Propionibacterium acnes* Bacteriophages Display Limited Genetic Diversity and Broad Killing Activity against Bacterial Skin Isolates. *mBio* **2012**, *3*, e00279-12. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

217. Jończyk-Matysiak, E.; Weber-Dąbrowska, B.; Żaczek, M.; Międzybrodzki, R.; Letkiewicz, S.; Łusiak-Szelchowska, M.; Górski, A. Prospects of Phage Application in the Treatment of Acne Caused by *Propionibacterium acnes*. *Front. Microbiol.* **2017**, *8*, 164. [CrossRef]

218. Liu, J.; Yan, R.; Zhong, Q.; Ngo, S.; Bangayan, N.J.; Nguyen, L.; Lui, T.; Liu, M.; Erfe, M.C.; Craft, N.; et al. The diversity and host interactions of *Propionibacterium acnes* bacteriophages on human skin. *ISME J.* **2015**, *9*, 2078–2093. [CrossRef]

219. Gervason, S.; Metton, I.; Gemrot, E.; Ranouille, E.; Skorski, G.; Cabannes, M.; Berthon, J.-Y.; Filaire, E. *Rhodomyrtus tomentosa* Fruit Extract and Skin Microbiota: A Focus on *C. acnes* Phylotypes in Acne Subjects. *Cosmetics* **2020**, *7*, 53. [CrossRef]

220. Cinque, B.; La Torre, C.; Melchiorre, E.; Marchesani, G.; Zoccali, G.; Palumbo, P.; Di Marzio, L.; Masci, A.; Mosca, L.; Mastromarino, P.; et al. Use of Probiotics for Dermal Applications. In *Probiotics*; Liong, M.-T., Ed.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2011; pp. 221–241. ISBN 978-3-642-20838-6.

221. Bey, M.; Nachat-Kapes, R.; Ranouille, E.; Berthon, J. Targeting skin microbiome: Innovative approach for the development of cosmetic active ingredients. In *Proceedings of the COSM'ING 2016*, Saint Malo, France, 29 June 2016; p. 13.

222. SILAB. LACTOBIOTYL®. Available online: https://www.silab.fr/produit-108-lactobiotyl_fra.html (accessed on 27 February 2020).

223. Rouaud-Tinguely, P.; Laporte, D.; Bordes, S.; Roth, M.-P.; Coppin, H.; Closs, B. Microbiota: A Topic at The Crossroads of Many Fields of Expertise. In *Proceedings of the COSM'ING 2018*, Saint Malo, France, 4–6 July 2018; p. 4.

224. Al-Ghazzewi, F.H.; Tester, R.F. Impact of prebiotics and probiotics on skin health. *Benef. Microbes* **2014**, *5*, 99–107. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

**Publisher's Note:** MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

<figure><img src="image_6.png" /></figure>

© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
215. Castillo, D.E.; Nanda, S.; Keri, J.E. *Propionibacterium (Cutibacterium) acnes* Bacteriophage Therapy in Acne: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives. *Dermatol. Ther.* **2019**, *9*, 19–31. [CrossRef]

216. Marinelli, L.J.; Fitz-Gibbon, S.; Hayes, C.; Bowman, C.; Inkeles, M.; Loncaric, A.; Russell, D.A.; Jacobs-Sera, D.; Cokus, S.; Pellegrini, M.; et al. *Propionibacterium acnes* Bacteriophages Display Limited Genetic Diversity and Broad Killing Activity against Bacterial Skin Isolates. *mBio* **2012**, *3*, e00279-12. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

217. Jończyk-Matysiak, E.; Weber-Dąbrowska, B.; Żaczek, M.; Międzybrodzki, R.; Letkiewicz, S.; Łusiak-Szelchowska, M.; Górski, A. Prospects of Phage Application in the Treatment of Acne Caused by *Propionibacterium acnes*. *Front. Microbiol.* **2017**, *8*, 164. [CrossRef]

218. Liu, J.; Yan, R.; Zhong, Q.; Ngo, S.; Bangayan, N.J.; Nguyen, L.; Lui, T.; Liu, M.; Erfe, M.C.; Craft, N.; et al. The diversity and host interactions of *Propionibacterium acnes* bacteriophages on human skin. *ISME J.* **2015**, *9*, 2078–2093. [CrossRef]

219. Gervason, S.; Metton, I.; Gemrot, E.; Ranouille, E.; Skorski, G.; Cabannes, M.; Berthon, J.-Y.; Filaire, E. *Rhodomyrtus tomentosa* Fruit Extract and Skin Microbiota: A Focus on *C. acnes* Phylotypes in Acne Subjects. *Cosmetics* **2020**, *7*, 53. [CrossRef]

220. Cinque, B.; La Torre, C.; Melchiorre, E.; Marchesani, G.; Zoccali, G.; Palumbo, P.; Di Marzio, L.; Masci, A.; Mosca, L.; Mastromarino, P.; et al. Use of Probiotics for Dermal Applications. In *Probiotics*; Liong, M.-T., Ed.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2011; pp. 221–241. ISBN 978-3-642-20838-6.

221. Bey, M.; Nachat-Kapes, R.; Ranouille, E.; Berthon, J. Targeting skin microbiome: Innovative approach for the development of cosmetic active ingredients. In *Proceedings of the COSM'ING 2016*, Saint Malo, France, 29 June 2016; p. 13.

222. SILAB. LACTOBIOTYL®. Available online: https://www.silab.fr/produit-108-lactobiotyl_fra.html (accessed on 27 February 2020).

223. Rouaud-Tinguely, P.; Laporte, D.; Bordes, S.; Roth, M.-P.; Coppin, H.; Closs, B. Microbiota: A Topic at The Crossroads of Many Fields of Expertise. In *Proceedings of the COSM'ING 2018*, Saint Malo, France, 4–6 July 2018; p. 4.

224. Al-Ghazzewi, F.H.; Tester, R.F. Impact of prebiotics and probiotics on skin health. *Benef. Microbes* **2014**, *5*, 99–107. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

**Publisher's Note:** MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

<figure><img src="image_7.png" /></figure>

© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).