<table>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Apidae</td>
    <td>Nomada flavoguttata (Kirby, 1802)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Apidae</td>
    <td>Nomada goodeniana (Kirby, 1802)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Argidae</td>
    <td>Arga cyanocrocea (Forster, 1771)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Argidae</td>
    <td>Arga nigripes (Retzius, 1783)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Cephidae</td>
    <td>Cephus pygmeus (Linnaeus, 1767)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Chrysididae</td>
    <td>Chrysididae sp.1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Cimbicidae</td>
    <td>Corynis crassicornis (Rossi, 1790)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Cimbicidae</td>
    <td>Corynis obscura (Fabricius, 1775)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Colletidae</td>
    <td>Colletes similis Schenck, 1853</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Colletidae</td>
    <td>Hylaeus angustatus (Schenck, 1861)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Colletidae</td>
    <td>Hylaeus annularis (Kirby, 1802)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Colletidae</td>
    <td>Hylaeus cf. annulatus (Linnaeus, 1758)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Colletidae</td>
    <td>Hylaeus confusus Nylander, 1852</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Colletidae</td>
    <td>Hylaeus gredleri Förster, 1871</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Crabronidae</td>
    <td>Bembix tarsata Latreille, 1809</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Crabronidae</td>
    <td>Crabro cribrarius (Linnaeus 1758)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Halictidae</td>
    <td>Dufourea alpina Morawitz, 1865</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Halictidae</td>
    <td>Dufourea dentiventris (Nylander, 1848)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Halictidae</td>
    <td>Halictus gr. simplex Blüthgen, 1923</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Halictidae</td>
    <td>Halictus maculatus Smith, 1848</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Halictidae</td>
    <td>Halictus quadricinctus (Fabricius, 1776)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Halictidae</td>
    <td>Halictus rubicundus (Christ, 1791)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Halictidae</td>
    <td>Halictus scabiosae (Rossi, 1790)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Halictidae</td>
    <td>Halictus smaragdulus s.l. Vachal, 1895</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Halictidae</td>
    <td>Halictus subauratus (Rossi, 1792)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Halictidae</td>
    <td>Halictus tumulorum (Linnaeus, 1758)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Halictidae</td>
    <td>Lasioglossum aeratum (Kirby, 1802)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Halictidae</td>
    <td>Lasioglossum albipes (Fabricius, 1781)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Halictidae</td>
    <td>Lasioglossum alpigenum (Dalla Torre, 1877)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Halictidae</td>
    <td>Lasioglossum brevicorne (Schenck, 1870)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Halictidae</td>
    <td>Lasioglossum calceatum (Scopoli, 1763)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Halictidae</td>
    <td>Lasioglossum fratellum s.l. (Pérez, 1903)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Halictidae</td>
    <td>Lasioglossum fulvicorne (Kirby, 1802)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Halictidae</td>
    <td>Lasioglossum gr. pauxillum (Schenck, 1853)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Halictidae</td>
    <td>Lasioglossum interruptum (Panzer, 1798)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Halictidae</td>
    <td>Lasioglossum laeve (Kirby, 1802)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Halictidae</td>
    <td>Lasioglossum laevigatum (Kirby, 1802)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Halictidae</td>
    <td>Lasioglossum laticeps (Schenck, 1870)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Halictidae</td>
    <td>Lasioglossum lativentre (Schenck, 1853)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Halictidae</td>
    <td>Lasioglossum leucopus (Kirby, 1802)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Halictidae</td>
    <td>Lasioglossum leucozonium (Schrank, 1781)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Halictidae</td>
    <td>Lasioglossum minutulum (Schenck, 1853)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Halictidae</td>
    <td>Lasioglossum morio (Fabricius, 1793)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Halictidae</td>
    <td>Lasioglossum nigripes (Lepeletier, 1841)</td>
  </tr>
</table>
<table>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Halictidae</td>
    <td>Lasioglossum pauxillum (Schenck, 1853)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Halictidae</td>
    <td>Lasioglossum politum (Schenck, 1853)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Halictidae</td>
    <td>Lasioglossum sp.1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Halictidae</td>
    <td>Lasioglossum sp.2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Halictidae</td>
    <td>Lasioglossum tricinctum (Schenck, 1874)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Halictidae</td>
    <td>Lasioglossum villosulum (Kirby, 1802)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Halictidae</td>
    <td>Lasioglossum xanthopus (Kirby, 1802)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Halictidae</td>
    <td>Lasioglossum zonulum (Smith, 1848)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Halictidae</td>
    <td>Sphecodes ephippius (Linnaeus, 1767)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Halictidae</td>
    <td>Sphecodes reticulatus Thomson, 1870</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Ichneumonidae</td>
    <td>Banchinae sp.1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Ichneumonidae</td>
    <td>Banchinae sp.2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Ichneumonidae</td>
    <td>Banchinae sp.3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Ichneumonidae</td>
    <td>Campopleginae sp.1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Ichneumonidae</td>
    <td>Campopleginae sp.2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Ichneumonidae</td>
    <td>Ichneumoninae sp.1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Ichneumonidae</td>
    <td>Ichneumoninae sp.2</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Ichneumonidae</td>
    <td>Ichneumoninae sp.3</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Megachilidae</td>
    <td>Chelostoma distinctum (Stoeckhert, 1929)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Megachilidae</td>
    <td>Chelostoma florisomne Linnaeus, 1758</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Megachilidae</td>
    <td>Chelostoma grande Linnaeus, 1758</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Megachilidae</td>
    <td>Heriades truncorum (Linnaeus, 1758)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Megachilidae</td>
    <td>Megachile analis Nylander, 1852</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Megachilidae</td>
    <td>Megachile circumcincta (Kirby, 1802)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Megachilidae</td>
    <td>Megachile pyrenaea Pérez, 1890</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Megachilidae</td>
    <td>Megachile sp.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Megachilidae</td>
    <td>Megachile willughbiella (Kirby, 1802)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Megachilidae</td>
    <td>Osmia bicornis Linnaeus, 1758</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Megachilidae</td>
    <td>Osmia cerinthidis Morawitz, 1876</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Megachilidae</td>
    <td>Osmia labialis Pérez, 1879</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Megachilidae</td>
    <td>Osmia leaiana (Kirby, 1802)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Megachilidae</td>
    <td>Osmia scutellaris Morawitz, 1868</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Megachilidae</td>
    <td>Osmia sp.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Megachilidae</td>
    <td>Osmia spinulosa (Kirby, 1802)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Megachilidae</td>
    <td>Stelis franconica Blüthgen, 1930</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Megalodontesidae</td>
    <td>Megalodontes cephalotes (Fabricius, 1781)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Megalodontesidae</td>
    <td>Megalodontes plagiocephalus (Fabricius, 1804)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Tenthredinidae</td>
    <td>Aglaostigma aucupariae (Klug, 1817)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Tenthredinidae</td>
    <td>Athalia bicolor Serville, 1823</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Tenthredinidae</td>
    <td>Empria sp.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Tenthredinidae</td>
    <td>Monophadnus alpicola Benson, 1954</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Tenthredinidae</td>
    <td>Tenthredo arcuata Forster, 1771</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Tenthredinidae</td>
    <td>Tenthredo bifasciata O. F. Muller, 1766</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Tenthredinidae</td>
    <td>Tenthredo brevicornis (Konow, 1886)</td>
  </tr>
</table>
<table>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Tenthredinidae</td>
    <td>Tenthredo frauenfeldii Giraud, 1857</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Tenthredinidae</td>
    <td>Tenthredo koehlerii Klug, 1817</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Tenthredinidae</td>
    <td>Tenthredo mesomela Linnaeus, 1758</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Tenthredinidae</td>
    <td>Tenthredo schaefferi Klug, 1817</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Tenthredinidae</td>
    <td>Tenthredo sp.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Tenthredinidae</td>
    <td>Tenthredo velox Fabricius, 1798</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Vespidae</td>
    <td>Eumeninae sp.1</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hymenoptera</td>
    <td>Vespidae</td>
    <td>Polistes sp.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Lepidoptera</td>
    <td>Adelidae</td>
    <td>Adelidae sp.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Lepidoptera</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Lepidoptera sp.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Lepidoptera</td>
    <td>Hesperiidae</td>
    <td>Hesperiidae sp.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Lepidoptera</td>
    <td>Hesperiidae</td>
    <td>Ochlodes sp.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Lepidoptera</td>
    <td>Hesperiidae</td>
    <td>Thymelicus sp.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Lepidoptera</td>
    <td>Hesperiidae</td>
    <td>Thymelicus sylvestris (Poda, 1761)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Lepidoptera</td>
    <td>Lycaenidae</td>
    <td>Lycaenidae sp.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Lepidoptera</td>
    <td>Lycaenidae</td>
    <td>Polyommatus icarus (Rottemburg, 1775)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Lepidoptera</td>
    <td>Nymphalidae</td>
    <td>Aglais io (Linnaeus, 1758)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Lepidoptera</td>
    <td>Nymphalidae</td>
    <td>Coenonympha sp.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Lepidoptera</td>
    <td>Nymphalidae</td>
    <td>Erebia alberganus (Prunner, 1798)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Lepidoptera</td>
    <td>Nymphalidae</td>
    <td>Erebia sp.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Lepidoptera</td>
    <td>Nymphalidae</td>
    <td>Maniola jurtina (Linnaeus, 1758)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Lepidoptera</td>
    <td>Nymphalidae</td>
    <td>Melanargia galathea (Linnaeus, 1758)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Lepidoptera</td>
    <td>Nymphalidae</td>
    <td>Melitaea parthenoides Keferstein, 1851</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Lepidoptera</td>
    <td>Nymphalidae</td>
    <td>Melitaea sp.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Lepidoptera</td>
    <td>Nymphalidae</td>
    <td>Nymphalidae sp.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Lepidoptera</td>
    <td>Nymphalidae</td>
    <td>Satyrium sp.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Lepidoptera</td>
    <td>Papilionidae</td>
    <td>Iphiclides podalirius (Linnaeus, 1758)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Lepidoptera</td>
    <td>Pieridae</td>
    <td>Anthocharis cardamines Linnaeus, 1758</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Lepidoptera</td>
    <td>Pieridae</td>
    <td>Aporia crataegi Linnaeus, 1758</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Lepidoptera</td>
    <td>Pieridae</td>
    <td>Pieridae sp.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Lepidoptera</td>
    <td>Pieridae</td>
    <td>Pieris sp.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Lepidoptera</td>
    <td>Sphingidae</td>
    <td>Hemaris fuciformis (Linnaeus, 1758)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Lepidoptera</td>
    <td>Sphingidae</td>
    <td>Macroglossum stellatarum (Linnaeus, 1758)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Lepidoptera</td>
    <td>Zygaenidae</td>
    <td>Adscita sp.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Lepidoptera</td>
    <td>Zygaenidae</td>
    <td>Zygaena sp.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Lepidoptera</td>
    <td>Zygaenidae</td>
    <td>Zygaena viciae Denis &amp; Schiffermüller, 1775</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Lepidoptera</td>
    <td>Zygaenidae</td>
    <td>Zygaenidae sp.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Neuroptera</td>
    <td>Chrysopidae</td>
    <td>Chrysopidae sp.</td>
  </tr>
</table>
« *Altitudinal, temporal and trophic partitioning of flower-visitors in Alpine communities* »

Appendix 2

Species-level flower visitation networks illustrating the overlap in resource use between each pair of the three main anthophilous orders: Diptera (blue), Hymenoptera (yellow), Coleoptera (green).
Hymenoptera-Diptera

<figure><img src="image_55.png" /></figure>

Hymenoptera-Coleoptera

<figure><img src="image_56.png" /></figure>

Diptera-Coleoptera

<figure><img src="image_57.png" /></figure>
« *Altitudinal, temporal and trophic partitioning of flower-visitors in Alpine communities* »

Appendix 3

Species-level flower visitation networks illustrating the overlap in
resource use between each pair of the four main anthophilous fly
families : Anthonyiidae (purple), Empididae (blue), Muscidae (green),
Syrphidae (yellow).
Species-level flower visitation networks illustrating the overlap in resource use between each pair of the four main anthophilous fly families: *Anthomyiidae* (purple), *Empididae* (blue), *Muscidae* (green), *Syrphidae* (yellow).

## Syrphidae-Empididae

<figure><img src="image_58.png" /></figure>

## Syrphidae-Anthomyiidae

<figure><img src="image_59.png" /></figure>

## Syrphidae-Muscidae

<figure><img src="image_60.png" /></figure>
Species-level flower visitation networks illustrating the overlap in resource use between each pair of the four main anthophilous fly families : Anthonyiidae (purple), Empididae (blue), Muscidae (green), Syrphidae (yellow).

Empididae-Anthomyiidae

<figure><img src="image_61.png" /></figure>

Empididae-Muscidae

<figure><img src="image_62.png" /></figure>

Muscidae-Anthomyiidae

<figure><img src="image_63.png" /></figure>
# ANNEXE 4

## Annexes du chapitre III :

### Supplementary material de l'article

* « Are empidine dance flies major flower visitors in alpine environments ? A case study in the Alps, France »
<caption>**Figure 1.** Different species of Empidinae visiting flowers and/or carrying pollen grains</caption>

(A) *Empis (Pachymeria)* sp., male foraging on *Geranium pyrenaicum*; (B) *Empis (Xanthempis) pseudosemicinerea* grooming on a leaf after foraging; (C) *Empis (Pachymeria)* sp., female fully loaded with pollen on *Scorzonera hispanica*; (D) *Empis (Leptempis) pandellei*, female foraging on *Geranium sylvaticum*; (E) *Empis (Empis) fasciculata*, female on *Myosotis* sp.; (F) *Empis (Leptempis) pandellei*, female foraging on *Onobrychis viciifolia*.

<figure><img src="image_64.png" /></figure>
<figure><img src="image_65.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 2.** Location of the study site in the Mercantour National Park, France.</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_66.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 3.** Monitoring period for each plant species. Colour of the lines represent flower colours and full names of plants are listed in Table 1.</figcaption></figure>
<table><caption>**Table 1.** List of the plant species included in the study, with the number of monitoring sessions and the number of visits of each flower-visiting group of insects. The number of empidine dance fly species observed on each plant is given in parentheses (column "Emp."). Abbreviations: Col.=Coleoptera, Emp.=Empidinae, Het.=Heteroptera, Lep.=Lepidoptera, Neu.=Neuroptera, Ort.=Orthoptera, Syr.=Syrphidae.</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Flowering plant species</th><th rowspan="2">Monitoring period (days)</th><th rowspan="2">Monitoring time (min)</th><th rowspan="2">Number of sessions</th><th colspan="3">Diptera</th><th colspan="2">Hymenoptera</th><th colspan="5">Total</th></tr><tr><th>Emp.</th><th>Syr.</th><th>Total</th><th>Bees</th><th>Total</th><th>Col.</th><th>Lep.</th><th>Het.</th><th>Neu.</th><th>Ort.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Campanula rotundifolia L.</td><td>11</td><td>112</td><td>14</td><td>52 (1)</td><td>0</td><td>63</td><td>26</td><td>28</td><td>2</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>93</td></tr><tr><td>Centaurea uniflora Turra</td><td>10</td><td>100</td><td>10</td><td>0 (0)</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>18</td><td>18</td><td>9</td><td>10</td><td>49</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>88</td></tr><tr><td>Cerastium arvense L.</td><td>18</td><td>63</td><td>9</td><td>51 (4)</td><td>15</td><td>80</td><td>12</td><td>12</td><td>3</td><td>2</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>98</td></tr><tr><td>Geranium pyrenaicum Burm.f.</td><td>31</td><td>203</td><td>29</td><td>258 (6)</td><td>26</td><td>307</td><td>40</td><td>90</td><td>8</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>405</td></tr><tr><td>Geranium sylvaticum L.</td><td>24</td><td>161</td><td>23</td><td>264 (4)</td><td>14</td><td>287</td><td>24</td><td>42</td><td>22</td><td>2</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>353</td></tr><tr><td>Hieracium cymosum L.</td><td>13</td><td>117</td><td>13</td><td>40 (1)</td><td>4</td><td>47</td><td>15</td><td>15</td><td>11</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>74</td></tr><tr><td>Hypochaeris maculata L.</td><td>20</td><td>168</td><td>24</td><td>155 (1)</td><td>11</td><td>176</td><td>22</td><td>40</td><td>66</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>285</td></tr><tr><td>Knautia arvensis (L.) Coult.</td><td>17</td><td>154</td><td>22</td><td>67 (3)</td><td>111</td><td>191</td><td>113</td><td>119</td><td>9</td><td>173</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>493</td></tr><tr><td>Meum athamanticum Jacq.</td><td>12</td><td>56</td><td>8</td><td>1 (1)</td><td>21</td><td>83</td><td>1</td><td>3</td><td>4</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>90</td></tr><tr><td>Myosotis decumbens Host</td><td>12</td><td>54</td><td>6</td><td>18 (3)</td><td>9</td><td>46</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>47</td></tr><tr><td>Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.</td><td>12</td><td>112</td><td>16</td><td>66 (1)</td><td>0</td><td>68</td><td>121</td><td>121</td><td>1</td><td>11</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>201</td></tr><tr><td>Ornithogalum umbellatum L.</td><td>21</td><td>77</td><td>11</td><td>61 (4)</td><td>21</td><td>92</td><td>29</td><td>29</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>125</td></tr><tr><td>Persicaria bistorta L.</td><td>17</td><td>108</td><td>12</td><td>33 (1)</td><td>20</td><td>89</td><td>0</td><td>17</td><td>83</td><td>7</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>197</td></tr><tr><td>Ranunculus bulbosus L.</td><td>29</td><td>140</td><td>20</td><td>54 (5)</td><td>42</td><td>279</td><td>14</td><td>14</td><td>4</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>298</td></tr><tr><td>Rubus idaeus L.</td><td>7</td><td>70</td><td>10</td><td>0 (0)</td><td>25</td><td>25</td><td>195</td><td>195</td><td>0</td><td>4</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>224</td></tr><tr><td>Scorzonera hispanica L.</td><td>23</td><td>196</td><td>28</td><td>228 (3)</td><td>16</td><td>262</td><td>14</td><td>21</td><td>42</td><td>3</td><td>2</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>330</td></tr><tr><td>Sisymbrium austriacum Jacq.</td><td>18</td><td>88</td><td>11</td><td>51 (2)</td><td>68</td><td>197</td><td>19</td><td>21</td><td>4</td><td>12</td><td>4</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>239</td></tr><tr><td>Tragopogon pratensis L.</td><td>11</td><td>119</td><td>17</td><td>103 (2)</td><td>12</td><td>132</td><td>18</td><td>24</td><td>53</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>210</td></tr><tr><td>Viburnum lantana L.</td><td>9</td><td>60</td><td>6</td><td>8 (1)</td><td>6</td><td>38</td><td>5</td><td>9</td><td>4</td><td>6</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>57</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>**Table 2.** One-sided Wilcoxon non-parametrical tests examining the significance of the differences in the number of visits by each group of insects on a given species of flowering plant. Statistically significant tests are represented by grey cells but p-values are only given when relevant; e.g., for *G. sylvaticum*: the test [Empidinae > all other flower visitors] is significant (p-value given), therefore the test [Empidinae > Syrphidae + Bees] is necessarily significant too as the category all other flower visitors includes the category Bees + Syrphidae. Abbreviations: Emp=Empidinae, Syr=Syrphidae.</caption><thead><tr><th>Plant<br>Species</th><th>Test</th><th>Diptera > all other<br>flower visitors</th><th>Empidinae > all<br>other flower visitors</th><th>Empidinae ><br>Syrphidae +<br>Bees</th><th>Empidinae ><br>Syrphidae or Bees</th><th>Bees or Syrphidae ><br>Empidinae</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Geranium sylvaticum</td><td></td><td>2.413*10<sup>-8</sup></td><td>1.846e-07</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Scorzonera hispanica</td><td></td><td>6.587*10<sup>-7</sup></td><td>0.00113</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Geranium pyrenaicum</td><td></td><td>3.74*10<sup>-8</sup></td><td>0.00014</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cerastium arvense</td><td></td><td>0,00083</td><td></td><td>0.04987</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tragopogon pratensis</td><td></td><td>0,00926</td><td></td><td>0.00021</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hypochaeris maculata</td><td></td><td>0,01270</td><td></td><td>3.697e-06</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Campanula rotundifolia</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Emp>Syr : 3.147e-05</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hieracium cymosum</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Emp>Syr : 0.00016<br>Emp>Bees : 0.04399</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Myosotis decumbens</td><td></td><td>0,00234</td><td></td><td></td><td>Emp>Bees : 0.0318</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Onobrychis viciifolia</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Emp>Syr : 1.996e-06</td><td>Bees>Emp : 0.01266</td></tr><tr><td>Ranunculus bulbosus</td><td></td><td>8.955*10<sup>-8</sup></td><td></td><td></td><td>Emp>Bees : 0.01518</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Persicaria bistorta</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Emp>Bees : 0.00353</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ornithogalum umbellatum</td><td></td><td>0,00164</td><td></td><td></td><td>Emp>Syr : 0.02534</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sisymbrium austriacum</td><td></td><td>0,00024</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Viburnum lantana</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Knautia arvensis</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Bees>Emp : 0.00570</td></tr><tr><td>Meum athamanticum</td><td></td><td>0,00074</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Syr>Emp : 0.00170</td></tr><tr><td>Centaurea uniflora</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Bees>Emp : 0.00027</td></tr><tr><td>Rubus idaeus</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Bees>Emp : 7.908e-05</td></tr></tbody></table>
# ANNEXE 5

## Annexes du chapitre IV
<table><caption>Table1. Liste des espèces incluses dans la phylogénie</caption><thead><tr><td>ID</td><td>Taxon</td><td>Origine du spécimen</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>EMP001</td><td>Aplomera sp.1</td><td>Chili</td></tr><tr><td>EMP002</td><td>Hilarigona sp.1</td><td>Chili</td></tr><tr><td>EMP003</td><td>Hilarempis sp.1</td><td>Chili</td></tr><tr><td>EMP005</td><td>Hilarempis sp.3</td><td>Chili</td></tr><tr><td>EMP006</td><td>Hilarempis sp.4</td><td>Chili</td></tr><tr><td>EMP007</td><td>Hilarempis sp.5</td><td>Chili</td></tr><tr><td>EMP008</td><td>Hilarempis sp.6</td><td>Chili</td></tr><tr><td>EMP009</td><td>Atrichopleura sp.1</td><td>Chili</td></tr><tr><td>EMP010</td><td>Clinorhampha sp.1</td><td>Chili</td></tr><tr><td>EMP012</td><td>Hilarigona sp.2</td><td>Chili</td></tr><tr><td>EMP014</td><td>Hilarigona sp.3</td><td>Chili</td></tr><tr><td>EMP016</td><td>Hilarempis sp.10</td><td>Chili</td></tr><tr><td>EMP017</td><td>Hilarigona sp.4</td><td>Chili</td></tr><tr><td>EMP018</td><td>Hilara sp.1</td><td>Chili</td></tr><tr><td>EMP019</td><td>Hilarempis sp.11</td><td>Chili</td></tr><tr><td>EMP020</td><td>Hilarempis sp.12</td><td>Chili</td></tr><tr><td>EMP021</td><td>Hilarempis sp.13</td><td>Chili</td></tr><tr><td>EMP022</td><td>Hilarigona sp.5</td><td>Chili</td></tr><tr><td>EMP094</td><td>Empis (Empis) glandis</td><td>South Africa</td></tr><tr><td>EMP095</td><td>Empis (Coptophlebia) oribi</td><td>South Africa</td></tr><tr><td>EMP096</td><td>Hilarempis nondescripta</td><td>South Africa</td></tr><tr><td>EMP098</td><td>Empis (Coptophlebia) sp.1</td><td>South Africa</td></tr><tr><td>EMP099</td><td>Empis (Coptophlebia) sp.2</td><td>South Africa</td></tr><tr><td>EMP100</td><td>Empis (Coptophlebia) sp.3</td><td>South Africa</td></tr><tr><td>EMP101</td><td>Empis (Coptophlebia) sp.4</td><td>South Africa</td></tr><tr><td>EMP102</td><td>Empis (Coptophlebia) sp.5</td><td>South Africa</td></tr><tr><td>EMP105</td><td>Hilara sp.1</td><td>South Africa</td></tr><tr><td>EMP106</td><td>Hilarempis sp.1</td><td>South Africa</td></tr><tr><td>EMP108</td><td>Rhamphomyia (Aclonempis) umbripes</td><td>France : Mercantour</td></tr><tr><td>EMP110</td><td>Empis (Empis) fasciculata</td><td>France : Mercantour</td></tr><tr><td>EMP111</td><td>Rhamphomyia (Rhamphomyia) tibialis</td><td>France : Mercantour</td></tr><tr><td>EMP112</td><td>Rhamphomyia (Pararhamphomyia) atra</td><td>France : Mercantour</td></tr><tr><td>EMP113</td><td>Clinorhampha merita</td><td>Chili</td></tr><tr><td>EMP114</td><td>Empis perpusilla</td><td>Argentine</td></tr><tr><td>EMP115</td><td>Empis gracilipes</td><td>Chili</td></tr><tr><td>EMP116</td><td>Hystrichonotus revelator</td><td>Chili</td></tr><tr><td>EMP117</td><td>Rhamphomyia (Megacyttarus) crassirostris</td><td>France</td></tr><tr><td>EMP121</td><td>Rhamphomyia (Pararhamphomyia) near fulvirostris</td><td>Corée</td></tr><tr><td>EMP122</td><td>Empis (Empis) aestiva</td><td>France : Mercantour</td></tr><tr><td>EMP134</td><td>Empis (Xanthempis) pseudosemicinerea</td><td>France : Mercantour</td></tr><tr><td>EMP136</td><td>Empis (Xanthempis) semicinerea</td><td>France : Mercantour</td></tr><tr><td>EMP137</td><td>Rhamphomyia (Lundstroemiella) sp.M4</td><td>France : Mercantour</td></tr><tr><td>EMP202</td><td>Hilarempis sp.WA2</td><td>Western Australia</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP203</td>
    <td>Hilarempis sp.WA3</td>
    <td>Western Australia</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP204</td>
    <td>Hilarempis sp.WA7</td>
    <td>Western Australia</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP205</td>
    <td>Empidadelpha sp.WA1</td>
    <td>Western Australia</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP206</td>
    <td>Hilarempis sp.WA8</td>
    <td>Western Australia</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP207</td>
    <td>Hilarempis sp.WA9</td>
    <td>Western Australia</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP209</td>
    <td>Clinorhampha sp.WA5</td>
    <td>Western Australia</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP212</td>
    <td>Empidinae Group 3 sp.WA1</td>
    <td>Western Australia</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP213</td>
    <td>Atrichopleura sp.WA2</td>
    <td>Western Australia</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP219</td>
    <td>Empis (Empis) malleola</td>
    <td>France : Mercantour</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP222</td>
    <td>Empis (Empis) sp.M2</td>
    <td>France : Mercantour</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP224</td>
    <td>Empis (Lissempis) nigritarsis</td>
    <td>France : Vidauban</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP225</td>
    <td>Empis pennipes</td>
    <td>France : Rambouillet</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP226</td>
    <td>Rhamphomyia (Aclonempis) longipes</td>
    <td>France : Rambouillet</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP227</td>
    <td>Brachystoma vesiculosa</td>
    <td>France : Vidauban</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP229</td>
    <td>Empis (Empis) nuntia</td>
    <td>France : Vidauban</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP230</td>
    <td>Rhamphomyia nigripennis</td>
    <td>France : Vidauban</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP231</td>
    <td>Hilara maura</td>
    <td>France : Vidauban</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP232</td>
    <td>Rhamphomyia (Amydroneura) claripennis</td>
    <td>France : Vidauban</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP233</td>
    <td>Microphorinae sp.</td>
    <td>France : Vidauban</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP234</td>
    <td>Hilarini sp.</td>
    <td>France : Vidauban</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP235</td>
    <td>Rhamphomyia (Pararhamphomyia) tarsata</td>
    <td>France (17)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP236</td>
    <td>Empis (Xanthempis) testacea</td>
    <td>France (17)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP237</td>
    <td>Empis (Empis) praevia</td>
    <td>France : Vienne</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP238</td>
    <td>Empis (Empis) tanysphera</td>
    <td>France : Vienne</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP239</td>
    <td>Rhamphomyia (Lundstroemiella) brevis</td>
    <td>France : Mercantour</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP240</td>
    <td>Rhamphomyia nitidula</td>
    <td>France : Mercantour</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP241</td>
    <td>Rhamphomyia spinosipes</td>
    <td>France : Mercantour</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP242</td>
    <td>Empis (Leptempis) nigricans</td>
    <td>France : Mercantour</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP243</td>
    <td>Empis (Coptophlebia) hyalipennis group sp.</td>
    <td>France : Pyrénées</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP244</td>
    <td>Rhamphomyia (Holoclera) flaviventris</td>
    <td>France : Pyrénées</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP245</td>
    <td>Rhamphomyia (Lundstroemiella) sp.</td>
    <td>France : Pyrénées</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP246</td>
    <td>Empis (Polyblepharis) crassa</td>
    <td>France : Pyrénées</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP247</td>
    <td>Rhamphomyia (Holoclera) flaviventris</td>
    <td>France : Mercantour</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP248</td>
    <td>Empis (Empis) cf. simulium</td>
    <td>France : Mercantour</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP249</td>
    <td>Empis (Pachymeria) tumida</td>
    <td>France : Mercantour</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP250</td>
    <td>Empis (Pachymeria) sp.M1</td>
    <td>France : Mercantour</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP251</td>
    <td>Empis (Kritempis) livida</td>
    <td>France : Mercantour</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP252</td>
    <td>Rhamphomyia (cf. Alpinomyia) sp.M1</td>
    <td>France : Mercantour</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP253</td>
    <td>Rhamphomyia (Lundstroemiella) sp.M3 (sp.n.)</td>
    <td>France : Mercantour</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP254</td>
    <td>Rhamphomyia (Lundstroemiella) dudai</td>
    <td>France : Mercantour</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP258</td>
    <td>Empis (Anacrostichus) sp.n.</td>
    <td>Corée</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP259</td>
    <td>Empis (Coptophlebia) hyalipennis group cf. villosipes</td>
    <td>Corée</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP262</td>
    <td>Empis (Planempis) sp.3</td>
    <td>Corée</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP263</td>
    <td>Empis (near Planempis group 1) sp.</td>
    <td>Corée</td>
  </tr>
</table>
<table>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP264</td>
    <td>Empis (near Planempis group 2) sp.</td>
    <td>Corée</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP265</td>
    <td>Empis (Polyblepharis) near moiwasana</td>
    <td>Corée</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP266</td>
    <td>Rhamphomyia (Rhamphomyia) sp.n.</td>
    <td>Corée</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP267</td>
    <td>Rhamphomyia (Alpinomyia) sp.n.</td>
    <td>Corée</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP268</td>
    <td>Rhamphomyia (Pararhamphomyia) ciliatopoda group</td>
    <td>Corée</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP269</td>
    <td>Rhamphomyia (Dasyrhamphomyia) sp.1</td>
    <td>Corée</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP270</td>
    <td>Rhamphomyia (Pararhamphomyia) near lamnifera</td>
    <td>Corée</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP271</td>
    <td>Rhamphomyia (Dasyrhamphomyia) sp.2</td>
    <td>Corée</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP272</td>
    <td>Empis (Xanthempis) sp.</td>
    <td>Corée</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP273</td>
    <td>Rhamphomyia (Megacyttarus) sp.</td>
    <td>Corée</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP274</td>
    <td>Empis (Euempis) sp.</td>
    <td>Corée</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP275</td>
    <td>Clinorhampha sp.n.1</td>
    <td>Chili</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP276</td>
    <td>Empis animosa</td>
    <td>Chili</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP277</td>
    <td>Empis nigricolor</td>
    <td>Chili</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP278</td>
    <td>Empis macrorrhyncha</td>
    <td>Chili</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP279</td>
    <td>Empis copiosa</td>
    <td>Argentine</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP281</td>
    <td>Hystrichonotus sp.n. 1</td>
    <td>Chili</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP283</td>
    <td>Empis (Empis) sp.M7</td>
    <td>France : Mercantour</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP284</td>
    <td>Empis (Empis) sp.M8</td>
    <td>France : Mercantour</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP285</td>
    <td>Empis (Empis) sp. cf. florisomma</td>
    <td>France : Mercantour</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP286</td>
    <td>Empis (Empis) sp.M9</td>
    <td>France : Mercantour</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP287</td>
    <td>Empis (Empis) sp.M10</td>
    <td>France : Mercantour</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP288</td>
    <td>Empis (Xanthempis) sp.n.2 (near hypandrialis)</td>
    <td>France : Mercantour</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP289</td>
    <td>Empis (Xanthempis) laetabilis</td>
    <td>France : Mercantour</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP290</td>
    <td>Rhamphomyia (Alpinomyia) sp.M7</td>
    <td>France : Mercantour</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP291</td>
    <td>Rhamphomyia sifointei</td>
    <td>France : Mercantour</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP292</td>
    <td>Rhamphomyia (Holoclera) flava</td>
    <td>France : Mercantour</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP293</td>
    <td>Rhamphomyia (Pararhamphomyia) barbata</td>
    <td>France : Mercantour</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP294</td>
    <td>Rhamphomyia (Aclonempis) albohirta</td>
    <td>France : Pyrénées</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP296</td>
    <td>Empis (Platyptera) borealis</td>
    <td>France : Pyrénées</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP297</td>
    <td>Empis (Coptophlebia) albinervis</td>
    <td>France : Pyrénées</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP298</td>
    <td>Empis (Empis) bohemica</td>
    <td>France : Mercantour</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP299</td>
    <td>Empis (Coptophlebia) hyalipennis group doi</td>
    <td>Thailand</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP300</td>
    <td>Rhamphomyia (Alpinomyia) sp.M5</td>
    <td>France : Mercantour</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP301</td>
    <td>Empis (Kritempis) sardoa</td>
    <td>Italie : Sicile</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP302</td>
    <td>Empis (Empis) sp.M1</td>
    <td>France : Mercantour</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP304</td>
    <td>Empis (Coptophlebia) poecilosoma group sp. 3</td>
    <td>Thailand</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP305</td>
    <td>Empis fulvicollis</td>
    <td>Argentine</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP306</td>
    <td>Rhamphomyia (Dasyrhamphomyia) sp. cf. vesiculosa</td>
    <td>France : Mercantour</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP307</td>
    <td>Rhamphomyia (Orientomyia) sp.</td>
    <td>Japon (Kyushu)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP308</td>
    <td>Empis sp.</td>
    <td>Tasmanie</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP309</td>
    <td>Hilara sp.n.</td>
    <td>Vietnam</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP311</td>
    <td>Lamprempis sp.n.</td>
    <td>Vietnam</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP312</td>
    <td>Empis (Empis) sp.n.</td>
    <td>Vietnam</td>
  </tr>
</table>
<table>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP313</td>
    <td>Empis (Planempis) sp.n.</td>
    <td>Chine : Guangdong (Nanling NP)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP314</td>
    <td>Rhamphomyia sp.5</td>
    <td>Chine : Guangdong (Nanling NP)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP315</td>
    <td>Rhamphomyia sp.2</td>
    <td>Chine : Guangdong (Nanling NP)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP317</td>
    <td>Empis (Anacrostichus like) sp.</td>
    <td>Japan</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP320</td>
    <td>Rhamphomyia (Calorhamphomyia) sp.</td>
    <td>Canada</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP322</td>
    <td>Empis (Empis) sp.</td>
    <td>Russia : Caucasus</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP325</td>
    <td>Empis (Pachymeria) sp.n.</td>
    <td>Russia : Caucasus</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP326</td>
    <td>Empis (near Lissempis) sp.n.</td>
    <td>Russia : Caucasus</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP343</td>
    <td>Empis (near Anacrostichus) spectabilis</td>
    <td>USA : North carolina</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP344</td>
    <td>Rhamphomyia (Pararhamphomyia) sp.</td>
    <td>USA : Virginia</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP345</td>
    <td>Rhamphomyia (Pararhamphomyia) sp.</td>
    <td>USA : Colorado</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP347</td>
    <td>Rhamphomyia (Pararhamphomyia) sp.</td>
    <td>USA : California</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP348</td>
    <td>Rhamphomyia (Pararhamphomyia) sp.</td>
    <td>USA : California</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP357</td>
    <td>Empis atra group sp.</td>
    <td>Pérou</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP358</td>
    <td>Empis atra group sp.</td>
    <td>Guyane Française</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP360</td>
    <td>Empis (Empis) setitarsus group sp.</td>
    <td>Zambie</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP361</td>
    <td>Rhamphomyia laevipes</td>
    <td>France : Valbois</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP363</td>
    <td>Empis (Anacrostichus) nitida</td>
    <td>France : Valbois</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP364</td>
    <td>Empis (Empis) pseudonuntia</td>
    <td>France : Valbois</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP366</td>
    <td>Rhamphomyia nitidula</td>
    <td>France : Essonne</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP369</td>
    <td>Rhamphomyia (near Dasyrhamphomyia) longicauda</td>
    <td>Canada</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP371</td>
    <td>Atrichopleura caudata</td>
    <td>Chili</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP372</td>
    <td>Atrichopleura spinipes</td>
    <td>Chili</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP373</td>
    <td>Hilara armata</td>
    <td>Chili</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP375</td>
    <td>Hilara immerens</td>
    <td>Chili</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP376</td>
    <td>Hilarempis facilis</td>
    <td>Chili</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP377</td>
    <td>Hilarempis notabilis</td>
    <td>Chili</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP378</td>
    <td>Hilarempis ordinata</td>
    <td>Chili</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP380</td>
    <td>Hilarempis near idonea</td>
    <td>Chili</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP381</td>
    <td>Hilarempis mediana</td>
    <td>Chili</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP382</td>
    <td>Hilarempis near similipes</td>
    <td>Chili</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP383</td>
    <td>Hilarigona chiloensis</td>
    <td>Chili</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP385</td>
    <td>Hilarigona obscuripennis</td>
    <td>Chili</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP386</td>
    <td>Hilarigona pudica</td>
    <td>Chili</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP391</td>
    <td>Deuteragonista sp.</td>
    <td>Chili</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP392</td>
    <td>Hilarigona anomalicauda</td>
    <td>Chili</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP393</td>
    <td>Hilarempis near sigillina</td>
    <td>Chili</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP394</td>
    <td>Hilarempis near biseriata</td>
    <td>Chili</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP395</td>
    <td>Empis near retroversa</td>
    <td>Chili</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP396</td>
    <td>Empis (near Anacrostichus) sp.n.</td>
    <td>Thaïlande</td>
  </tr>
</table>
<table>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP397</td>
    <td>Rhamphomyia (Pararhamphomyia) geniculata group physoprocta</td>
    <td>France</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP398</td>
    <td>Empis leptogastra</td>
    <td>USA</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP399</td>
    <td>Argyrempis sp.</td>
    <td>Thaïlande</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP401</td>
    <td>Clinorhampha sp.WA1</td>
    <td>Western Australia</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP402</td>
    <td>Clinorhampha sp.WA2</td>
    <td>Western Australia</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP403</td>
    <td>Clinorhampha sp.WA3</td>
    <td>Western Australia</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP404</td>
    <td>Clinorhampha sp.WA4</td>
    <td>Western Australia</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP405</td>
    <td>Clinorhampha sp.WA6</td>
    <td>Western Australia</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP406</td>
    <td>Clinorhampha sp.WA7</td>
    <td>Western Australia</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP407</td>
    <td>Clinorhampha sp.WA8</td>
    <td>Western Australia</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP408</td>
    <td>Atrichopleura sp.WA1</td>
    <td>Western Australia</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP409</td>
    <td>Hilarempis sp.WA4</td>
    <td>Western Australia</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP411</td>
    <td>Hilarempis sp.WA10</td>
    <td>Western Australia</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP412</td>
    <td>Hilarempis sp.WA13</td>
    <td>Western Australia</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP413</td>
    <td>Hilarempis sp.WA6</td>
    <td>Western Australia</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP414</td>
    <td>Empis group 6 sp.</td>
    <td>Western Australia</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP415</td>
    <td>Empidade alpha sp.WA3</td>
    <td>Western Australia</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP416</td>
    <td>Sphicosa sp.WA1</td>
    <td>Western Australia</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP417</td>
    <td>Hilara sp.WA1</td>
    <td>Western Australia</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP418</td>
    <td>Hilara sp.WA2</td>
    <td>Western Australia</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP420</td>
    <td>Empis nigricolor group - near luteithorax</td>
    <td>Chili</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP423</td>
    <td>Empis nigricolor group modica</td>
    <td>Chili</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP425</td>
    <td>Rhamphomyia interseta group seposita</td>
    <td>Chili</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP426</td>
    <td>Empis gracilipes group mollita</td>
    <td>Chili</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP427</td>
    <td>Empis copiosa group languescens</td>
    <td>Chili</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP428</td>
    <td>Empis fulvicollis group near prompta</td>
    <td>Chili</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP430</td>
    <td>Empis retroversa near recordabilis</td>
    <td>Chili</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP443</td>
    <td>Empis fasciculata</td>
    <td>France : Mercantour</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP444</td>
    <td>Empis nuntia</td>
    <td>France : Mercantour</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP445</td>
    <td>Empis cf. planetica</td>
    <td>France : Mercantour</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP446</td>
    <td>Empis sp.M3</td>
    <td>France : Mercantour</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP447</td>
    <td>Empis sp.M4</td>
    <td>France : Mercantour</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP448</td>
    <td>Empis sp.M5</td>
    <td>France : Mercantour</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP449</td>
    <td>Empis sp.M6</td>
    <td>France : Mercantour</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP451</td>
    <td>Empis (Euempis) tessellata</td>
    <td>France : Mercantour</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP452</td>
    <td>Empis (Leptempis) variegata</td>
    <td>France : Mercantour</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP453</td>
    <td>Hilara sp.M1</td>
    <td>France : Mercantour</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP454</td>
    <td>Hilara sp.M2</td>
    <td>France : Mercantour</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP455</td>
    <td>Empis (Leptempis) pandellei</td>
    <td>France : Mercantour</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP456</td>
    <td>Empis (Leptempis) rustica</td>
    <td>France : Mercantour</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP457</td>
    <td>Rhamphomyia (Lundstroemiella) brevistyla</td>
    <td>France : Mercantour</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>EMP458</td>
    <td>Rhamphomyia (Lundstroemiella) dudai</td>
    <td>France : Mercantour</td>
  </tr>
</table>
<figure><img src="image_67.png" /><figcaption>Figure 1. Phylogénie moléculaire des Empidinae</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_68.png" /><figcaption>Figure 2. Structure du proboscis chez les grands clades d'Empidini</figcaption></figure>
Figure 3. Cladogramme des grands groupes d'Angiospermes

Le nombre d'espèces approximatif et les estimations des périodes d'apparition de chaque clade sont fournis d'après l'APG III (http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/)

Les clades butinés par les Empidinae sont en rouge, avec une intensité dépendant de la quantité d'interactions; les clades non visités sont en noir.

<figure><img src="image_69.png" /></figure>
Résumé

Les montagnes sont des hotspots de biodiversité dont les réseaux plantes-pollinisateurs constituent un élément central, et où les conséquences du réchauffement climatiques sont déjà avérées. Malgré le nombre colossal d'espèces potentiellement affectées par la destructuration du mutualisme entre les angiospermes et leurs pollinisateurs dans ces écosystèmes, les patrons spatio-temporels des communautés de pollinisateurs le long des gradients altitudinaux sont toujours méconnus. La première partie de ce travail propose une analyse des effets de l'altitude et de la phénologie sur l'abondance et la diversité des insectes anthophiles le long d'un gradient altitudinal de 1700 m. Nous montrons qu'il existe une structuration altitudinale et trophique entre les principaux ordres de pollinisateurs (hyménoptères, diptères, coléoptères), avec une nette prédominance des diptères dès 1500 m d'altitude qui s'amplifie jusqu'à la limite supérieure du gradient (2700 m). Ces diptères appartiennent principalement à trois familles (Anthomyiidae, Empididae, Muscidae) qui se structurent également le long du gradient par l'altitude, la phénologie et le choix des plantes visitées. Leur biologie, efficacité pollinisatrice comprise, est encore largement méconnue. Dans un second temps, nous étudions l'écologie de la pollinisation et les causes évolutives du succès d'un groupe central de ces communautés anthophiles, les Empidinae. Nous avons mesuré 1) leur importance relative dans un réseau plantes-visiteurs à l'étage subalpin et 2) leur efficacité pollinisatrice par rapport à celles des autres visiteurs pour une plante de ce réseau (Geranium sylvaticum L.). Nous montrons que les visites d'une grosse espèce d'Empis produisent le même nombre de graines que celles de l'abeille domestique (Apis mellifera L.), pollinisatrice réputée très efficace. Ces résultats suggèrent un rôle majeur des gros Empidinae dans la pollinisation des plantes alpines. Pour comprendre le rôle de la floricolie dans la diversification des Empidinae et l'origine de leur abondance en altitude, nous avons construit une phylogénie moléculaire mondiale sur la base de 4 marqueurs et pour plus de 210 espèces. La plupart des clades d'Empidinae contiennent des espèces qui occupent diverses altitudes, indiquant qu'il n'y a pas de conservatisme de niche impliqué dans leur distribution le long du gradient. L'association angiospermes-Empidinae remonte à la période de fin de radiation des angiospermes et semble, par l'intermédiaire de l'allongement de la trompe, avoir favorisé la radiation évolutive de certains clades en parallèle avec celles des plantes à fleurs. Leur large distribution altitudinale et leur capacité à visiter des morphotypes floraux inaccessibles à d'autres floricoles pourrait leur conférer une importante résistance aux changements globaux.

**Mots-clés** : Pollinisation, Gradient altitudinal, Diptères, Empididae, Phylogénie, Scénario évolutif