# Exploring the dynamics of tourist travel intention before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review

Siamak Seyfi, Salar Kuhzady, Raymond Rastegar, Tan Vo-Thanh, Mustafeed Zaman

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Siamak Seyfi, Salar Kuhzady, Raymond Rastegar, Tan Vo-Thanh, Mustafeed Zaman. Exploring the dynamics of tourist travel intention before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review. Tourism Recreation Research, 2024, pp.1-14. 10.1080/02508281.2024.2330236. hal-04972105

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# Exploring the dynamics of tourist travel intention before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review

Siamak Seyfi, Salar Kuhzady, Raymond Rastegar, Tan Vo-Thanh & Mustafeed Zaman

**To cite this article:** Siamak Seyfi, Salar Kuhzady, Raymond Rastegar, Tan Vo-Thanh & Mustafeed Zaman (21 Mar 2024): Exploring the dynamics of tourist travel intention before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review, Tourism Recreation Research, DOI: 10.1080/02508281.2024.2330236

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# Exploring the dynamics of tourist travel intention before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review

Siamak Seyfi a, b, Salar Kuhzady c, d, Raymond Rastegar b, e, Tan Vo-Thanh f and Mustafeed Zaman g

aGeography Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; bCentre for Research and Innovation in Tourism (CRIiT), Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia; cDepartment of Tourism, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran; dKurdistan Studies Institute, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran; eThe Department of Tourism Sport and Hotel Management, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia; fDepartment of Marketing, Excelia Business School, CEREGE (UR 13564), La Rochelle, France; gEM Normandie Business School - Métis Lab, Le Havre, France

## ABSTRACT

The COVID-19 pandemic significantly disrupted travel intentions and behaviour, prompting a reevaluation of existing theories and frameworks in the tourism field, but there is currently no comprehensive synthesis of the factors influencing travel intention before and during the pandemic. To close this research gap, this scoping review explores various factors affecting travel intention both before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, shedding light on the underlying theories and research topics as well as the geographical scope of research and the factors that constrain or facilitate tourist travel intention. By examining changes in travel intention triggered by the pandemic, the review deepens our understanding of the evolving relationship between global health emergencies and travel intention, enabling a more informed approach to managing and planning for the future of the tourism industry.

## ARTICLE HISTORY

Received 5 September 2023

Accepted 25 February 2024

## KEYWORDS

COVID-19 pandemic; travel intention; tourist behavioural change; crisis management; scoping review

## Introduction

In recent years, extensive research has sought to understand tourists' travel intentions and the factors shaping their choices, with a particular focus on crises. Such research involves investigating the forces that motivate tourists to choose specific destinations during crises and identifying potentially inhibitory factors (Zheng et al., 2021). Recent studies show that media coverage and public perceptions of the severity of a crisis significantly influence tourists' perceptions of travel risks during crises such as the global COVID-19 pandemic (Rasoolimanesh et al., 2021; Seyfi et al., 2024). The pandemic notably altered tourists' behaviours and travel patterns, prompting research into various factors influencing travel intention, including risk perception and personal constraints (Isaac & Keijzer, 2021), knowledge of risks (Tu et al., 2023), perceived crisis severity (Das & Tiwari, 2021), prior experiences and exposure (Boto-García & Leoni, 2022; Rasoolimanesh et al., 2021), interpersonal communication (Meng et al., 2021), trust at the institutional and interpersonal levels (Li et al., 2022), and even the case fatality rate during the crisis (Rastegar et al., 2021), among other considerations.

Despite this wealth of research on COVID-19's impact on tourism, however, the literature notably lacks a comprehensive review of the factors influencing travel intention before and during the pandemic. To address this research gap, the present scoping review explored the landscape of travel intention both before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Unlike systematic reviews, which provide a synthesized and critically appraised answer to a specific question, scoping reviews comprehensively explore the available evidence, mapping existing knowledge and identifying fundamental concepts, theories, and sources of evidence (Arksey & O'Malley, 2005; Grant & Booth, 2009). The value of a scoping review lies in its holistic overview of the research landscape, which enables the identification of key themes and gaps in the literature (Munn et al., 2018).

## Travel Intention

The tourism literature has extensively explored intention, defined as the inclination and preparedness to engage in a specific behaviour (Rather, 2021), especially in the context of travel. Scholars have examined the concept from diverse perspectives, often conceptualizing it as

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the 'intent to travel' or 'commitment to engage' in travel-related activities (Jang et al., 2009). Chen et al. (2014) define travel intention as the willingness to travel to a specific tourism destination, a perspective endorsed by Shen et al. (2009), who view it as an individual's readiness as influenced by behavioural antecedents. Conner and Norman (2022) equate intention with decision representation, and Rasoolimanesh et al. (2021) associated it with awareness driving behaviour. Fishbein and Ajzen (1975) conceptualize it as a subjective probability of performing a specific behaviour. In the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), proposed by Fishbein and Ajzen (1975) and refined by Ajzen (1991), travel intention is seen as being influenced by attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control. The theory of reasoned action (TRA) and the model of goal-directed behaviour (MGB) are also employed to identify the factors influencing behavioural intention.

Numerous studies have identified factors influencing travel intention, such as involvement (Yen & Teng, 2015), destination personality (Papadimitriou et al., 2015), destination familiarity (Tan & Wu, 2016), overall destination image (Chaulagain et al., 2019), awareness and novelty (Chi et al., 2020), perceived risk and trust in government (Villacé-Molinero et al., 2021), sociodemographic factors (Peluso & Pichierri, 2021), fear (Peluso & Pichierri, 2021), and destination attachment (Kala, 2021). Broadly, the antecedents of travel intention can be categorized as individual-level factors, destination-related factors, and external influences. Individual-level factors encompass personal values, motivations, perceived benefits, and previous travel experiences. Destination-related factors include destination image, perceived quality, familiarity, and attractiveness, while external influences encompass social norms, reference groups, cultural factors, and marketing communications. As explicated by theories such as the TPB, TRA, and MGB, travel intention provides a approach to understanding the interplay of the individual, destination-related, and external factors that shape behavioural decisions in the realm of tourism.

## COVID-19 and travel intention

The COVID-19 pandemic profoundly reshaped travel behaviour and intention, a phenomenon that drew considerable scholarly attention in its aftermath. For instance, Isaac and Keijzer's study (2021) of the Dutch population's leisure travel intentions revealed positive associations between COVID-19's impact, personal values, and structural constraints. Similarly, Das and Tiwari (2021) explored international and domestic travellers' intentions during the pandemic and identified explanatory factors such as attitude, subjective norms,

perceived behavioural control, and emotions. Luo and Lam (2020), studying Hong Kong residents, found that fear of COVID-19, travel anxiety, and attitude toward risk negatively impacted travel intention. Perić et al. (2021) found negative effects of risk perception on Serbian tourists' travel intentions during the pandemic. In a study of Chinese travellers, Meng et al. (2021) highlight the importance of self-efficacy in risk perception and its influence on the information-seeking process. Aziz and Long's (2022) study of Malaysian tourists emphasizes the role of structural and intrapersonal constraints in mediating travel intention during COVID-19.

Other studies offer insights into the intricate dynamics and changes in travel intention triggered by the pandemic. Exploring the effect of COVID-19 exposure on travel intention in Spain, Boto-García and Leoni (2022) found a greater willingness to travel among those more severely affected. Rasoolimanesh et al. (2021) found that cognitive destination images shaped by the media during the pandemic influenced willingness to support a destination and post-pandemic travel intention across 10 countries. Rastegar et al. (2021) studied public perception of the media in relation to trust, crisis management, and healthcare, finding positive views of the media in countries with lower COVID-19 fatality rates. Li et al. (2021) found that Chinese tourists' destination preferences during the pandemic clearly shifted toward domestic destinations and outdoor activities due to uncertainties in international travel. Similarly, Orden-Mejía et al. (2022) explored the preferences of Ecuadorian tourists, whose top choice was urban tourism, followed by cultural tourism and family travel. Han et al.'s (2020) psychological study of the risks associated with travel found that perceived risks influenced tourists' decision-making, inspiring a preference for domestic destinations that were deemed safer.

Influenced by the pandemic, destinations have responded by reassessing their strategies, taking into account critical factors such as health risks, government regulations, travel restrictions, safety measures, and trust in the tourism industry (Gössling et al., 2020; Hall & Seyfi, 2020; Hudson, 2020). Research has identified these factors' impact on travel intention, guiding destinations in developing customized marketing and recovery strategies to promote effective communication, address concerns, and connect with potential travellers in the 'new normal' of the travel industry (Hudson, 2020; Li et al., 2021).

## Method

In pursuit of the research objective, we chose a scoping review methodology, a favoured approach for
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synthesizing research evidence (Daudt et al., 2013). This method effectively maps the volume, nature, and characteristics of primary research in the current literature and is especially useful when a topic has not been extensively reviewed or is inherently complex (Arksey & O'Malley, 2005). Commonly used in the social sciences, including tourism studies (Rasoolimanesh et al., 2023), scoping reviews are undertaken to examine research activity, assess the potential for systematic reviews, summarize findings, disseminate information, and identify gaps in the extant literature (Munn et al., 2018). The present study adopted the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guideline to conduct the review (see Figure 1). PRISMA is widely recognized and employed in various fields, including tourism, to ensure consistency in reviews and enhance the understanding of the selection process (e.g. Pahlevan-Sharif et al., 2019). This study used Scopus (Elsevier's abstract and citation database) and Web of Science (WOS) as its primary databases, a choice justified by their broad recognition and reputation for comprehensiveness in the academic community, as they index numerous journals across various disciplines (Singh et al., 2021). Researchers commonly rely on these databases to conduct reviews and gain a comprehensive understanding of existing literature due to their inclusivity and rigorous selection criteria for indexed journals (Singh et al., 2021).

In March 2023, we conducted an exhaustive search in the Scopus and WOS databases, using targeted queries such as 'travel intention COVID,' 'visit intention COVID,' 'holiday intention COVID,' 'intention to travel COVID,' and 'willingness to travel COVID.' To enhance search efficiency, we followed Lelo de Larrea et al.'s (2021) recommendation to focus solely on article titles and abstracts in the initial approach. The results formed the initial data set, which was subjected to subsequent screening based on predefined inclusion/exclusion criteria. In the broad context of tourism research, previous reviews predominantly examined studies of tourists' travel intentions in the literature up to 2015. However, our searches in the selected databases uncovered a noteworthy surge in studies after 2015, which prompted the decision to examine the period from 2015 to 2020, embracing the five years leading up to the onset of the global COVID-19 pandemic. A thorough examination of the collected articles identified 2020 as a transitional period in the context of our study on travel intention. We observed that studies on travel intention published in 2020 were typically conducted before the pandemic's onset and that studies specifically addressing travel intention after the World Health Organization declared

COVID-19 a global pandemic (on March 11, 2020) required a significant amount of time for the various stages of research, including data collection, analysis, writing, and subsequent publication. Consequently, the latter studies predominantly appeared from 2021 onward due to this time-consuming process. Our selected time frame is justified by its alignment with the requirement that scoping reviews cover an adequate time frame and by the selected time frame's encompassing the periods before and after the unique challenges posed by COVID-19. It balances incorporating recent insights with examining established knowledge to facilitate a comprehensive analysis of the evolving literature. This time frame enabled us to capture the dynamic changes in travel intention research, considering both pre- and post-pandemic perspectives.

We screened the results of the initial search to identify articles meeting predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria embraced studies (1) that were peer reviewed, (2) in the English language, and (3) included the defined keywords. Articles were excluded that did not meet the inclusion criteria along with book chapters, proceedings, editorials, and editorial materials. The initial search yielded 252 articles for the COVID period (2021–March 2023) and 247 articles for the pre-COVID period (2015–2020). After multiple screenings and the omission of duplicate articles and those not meeting the inclusion criteria, 112 articles were deemed eligible for the COVID period and 93 for the pre-COVID period.

## Findings

This scoping review identified four key criteria for analysis: (1) geographical contexts, (2) theoretical perspectives, (3) research topics, and (4) travel intention determinants.

### Geographical contexts

#### Pre-COVID-19 insights

Figure 2 provides an overview of the geographical distribution of empirical studies on travel intention before the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic. The analysis reveals a pronounced concentration of research in China, the site of 18 identified studies. This regional emphasis is complemented by a global perspective, as international studies also feature prominently, underscoring the diverse nature of pre-pandemic travel intention research. Contributions from Malaysia, Taiwan, and Australia highlight the broad spectrum of geographical locations explored by researchers.
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<figure><img src="image_19.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 1.** Literature screening process based on the PRISMA flowchart.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_20.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 2.** Geographical contexts of research on travel intention before COVID-19 (2015–2020).</figcaption></figure>
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<figure><img src="image_22.png" /><figcaption>Figure 3. Geographical contexts of research on travel intention during COVID-19 (2021–March 2023).</figcaption></figure>

## Evolution during COVID-19

A similar trend persists during the pandemic. China again leads with the greatest number of publications, indicating a consistent focus on understanding travel intention in the Chinese context. The consistent prominence of China both before and during the COVID-19 period may be attributed to several factors. China's status as a major global economic power and a significant contributor to international tourism likely makes it a focal point for researchers (Ryan, 2013). Additionally, the country's vast, diverse population provides a rich field for studying travel intentions (Huang & Chen, 2020). The next highest number of studies is in international contexts, with significant contributions from Turkey and South Korea. This sustained inclusion of international contexts underscores a persistent global perspective in investigating travel intention, extending beyond specific countries or regions Figure 3.

## Theoretical perspectives

Figure 4 provides an overview of the theories applied in studies related to travel intention before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

### Pre-COVID-19 insights

The TPB, rooted in psychology, emerged as a consistently prominent choice in studies exploring travel intention before the advent of the pandemic. Its theoretical foundation in attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975) suits research on the intricate dynamics of individual decision-making in the realm of travel. The enduring

use of the TPB before the pandemic underscores its adaptability in analyzing travel intention (Ulker-Demirel & Ciftci, 2020). Another frequently employed framework before the pandemic was protection motivation theory (PMT), which elucidates how individuals perceive threats and risks and examines their motivation to protect themselves (Ruan et al., 2020). Its consistent use highlights its relevance in understanding travel intention, especially as related to individuals' responses to perceived threats and risks in their travel decisions (Wang et al., 2019). Beyond the TPB and PMT, a diverse array of theories contributed to pre-COVID-19 research on travel intention, with the TRA, attachment theory, attribution theory, cognitive dissonance theory, communication theory, and dual-process theory all garnering attention and being used to explore travel intention. This diverse theoretical landscape reflects the multifaceted nature of the factors influencing travel decisions and behaviours.

### Evolution during COVID-19

Perceived risk theory was used less during the COVID-19 period than before it, suggesting a shift in attention from general risk perceptions to more specific risk perceptions related to the pandemic (Rasoolimanesh et al., 2021). This change underscores the dynamic nature of the factors influencing travel intention during crises. Stimulus-organism-response (S-O-R) theory, focusing on how individuals respond to environmental stimuli, gained prominence during the pandemic, reflecting the importance of understanding responses to the changing travel environment and stimuli and highlighting its relevance in a dynamically evolving context (Laato et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2022). The collective use of these
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<figure><img src="image_24.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 4.** Theories used in studies related to travel intention before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Note: The inclusion of theories in this figure is limited to those used at least once in the identified studies.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_25.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 5.** Research topics in studies related to travel intention before COVID-19 (2015–2020).</figcaption></figure>

theories contributes to a holistic understanding of the intricate dynamics between individual risk perceptions and behavioural intention, particularly during periods

of uncertainty and crisis. The TPB lays the foundation for understanding intention, PMT adds insights into threat perception and motivation, perceived risk
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theory highlights changing risk perceptions, and S-O-R contributes to understanding responses to stimuli. Notably, the emergence of new theories during the COVID-19 pandemic shows that researchers recognized a need for novel frameworks to analyze travel intention in the face of uncertainty and crisis (Meng et al., 2021; Neuburger & Egger, 2021). These new theories provide a theoretical underpinning for addressing the unique circumstances and challenges posed by the global health crisis, showcasing the dynamic nature of research in this evolving field.

## Research topics

### Pre-COVID-19 insights

As shown in Figure 5, a rich, diverse research landscape regarding travel intention obtained before the COVID-19 outbreak. Researchers explored various dimensions, including the pivotal role of destination image (Chaulagain et al., 2019), the impact of service quality (Tosun et al., 2015), the influence of past travel experiences (Tosun et al., 2015), tourists' motivations (Khan et al., 2019), value perceptions (Pandža Bajs, 2015), and considerations of destination and place-of-origin factors (Chaulagain et al., 2019). Risk perceptions associated

with travel were also thoroughly investigated, including those related to safety, health concerns, and potential challenges (Deng & Ritchie, 2018). This diverse array of research topics reveals a comprehensive understanding of the intricate dynamics shaping travel intention, considering both individual-level factors and external influences. This broad approach recognized that travel decisions are complex and influenced by a myriad of factors, ranging from personal motivations to external perceptions and considerations.

### Evolution during COVID-19

The pandemic's onset notably shifted the research focus and topics addressed in relation to travel intention. Figure 6 shows the distinct shift in research focus during the pandemic. The central theme is the pandemic itself, reflecting an acute awareness of the unprecedented challenges it posed to the travel industry. Trust emerged as a key research area, emphasizing the importance of understanding individuals' confidence in safety measures and health protocols (Rasoolimanesh et al., 2021; Rastegar et al., 2021). The focus on travel restrictions considered the impact of government regulations on travel decisions, particularly border closures, quarantine measures, and travel advisories (Seyfi et al., 2023).

<figure><img src="image_27.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 6.** Research topics in studies related to travel intention during COVID-19 (2021–March 2023).</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_28.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 7.** Travel intention determinants before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.</figcaption></figure>

Studies also explored the risks associated with travel during the pandemic, a research topic that aimed to understand individuals' risk perceptions and the factors influencing their willingness to travel during the ongoing crisis (e.g. Aziz & Long, 2022; Kim et al., 2022; Neuburger & Egger, 2021). The topic includes examining the perceived health risks, the fear of contracting or spreading the virus during travel, and the impact of risk perceptions on travel intention. These research topics highlight the specific concerns and challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on travel intention.

While the pandemic remained the central focus, researchers continued to explore other aspects related to travel intention, including destination features (Yang et al., 2022), service quality (Assaker & O'Connor, 2023), destination marketing efforts (Seyfi et al., 2023), healthcare systems (Rastegar et al., 2021), and crisis management (Rasoolimanesh et al., 2021). This shows researchers' recognition that understanding travel intention during the pandemic required considering a broader range of influences. Overall, the shift in research topics during the pandemic reflects the urgency of understanding the specific challenges and dynamics introduced by the crisis.

## Travel intention determinants

### Pre-COVID-19 insights

Academic research has delved deeply into the myriad factors shaping tourists' behavioural intentions to visit specific destinations, shedding light on the evolving landscape of travel intentions both before and during the COVID-19 pandemic (see Figure 7). Before the pandemic, travel intentions were intricately linked to perceived risks, with studies identifying factors such as political instability and conflicts (Eid et al., 2019), terrorism (Walters et al., 2019), and the destination's safety measures and disaster preparedness (Mair et al., 2016). These elements reflected global concerns that significantly influenced tourists' perceptions of safety and thus their intention to travel (Tosun et al., 2015). Pre-pandemic investigations underscored the noteworthy impact of global dynamics on tourists' safety perceptions, emphasizing that factors such as political instability and terrorism were not confined to specific regions but obtained across a diverse range of destinations, showing the interconnectedness of global influences on travel behaviour. This recognition aligns with the broader understanding that travel intentions are shaped not only by local conditions but also by the
<figure><img src="image_29.png" /></figure>

complex interplay of global factors, laying a foundation for understanding the multifaceted nature of tourists' decision-making processes in times of crisis (Hall, 2010).

Moreover, pre-COVID-19 studies considered other factors influencing travel intention, such as place attachment (Isa et al., 2019), destination familiarity (Tan & Wu, 2016), and destination attractiveness (Ma et al., 2018). The emotional bond tourists develop with a place (place attachment) and their level of familiarity with a destination play pivotal roles in shaping their intentions to visit. Additionally, a destination's allure, encompassing its natural beauty, cultural richness, and unique attractions, emerged as a central factor influencing travel intentions. Researchers' examinations of pre-pandemic dynamics made clear that travel intentions involved global concerns and personal emotional ties to a destination. These factors collectively wove the complex fabric of tourists' decision-making processes, contextualizing the shifts observed during the pandemic era.

## Evolution during COVID-19

During the pandemic, by contrast, health and safety risks took precedence among researchers, as the pandemic significantly reshaped risk perceptions and priorities (Chua et al., 2021; Rasoolimanesh et al., 2021). Psychological uncertainties fuelled by fears of infection, travel disruptions, and safety concerns took centre stage (Şengel et al., 2023; Yoo et al., 2022). The emergence of COVID-19-related travel anxiety introduced a novel dimension to travel intention. Economic uncertainties, job losses, and pandemic-related social constraints further curtailed travel as outlined by Aziz and Long (2022) and Girish et al. (2022). Destination-related risks gained significance, with factors such as local health situations, healthcare infrastructure, testing facilities, and containment measures influencing perceptions of destination safety (Rastegar et al., 2021). The handling of the pandemic by destinations became a critical factor influencing travel intention (Rasoolimanesh et al., 2021; Rastegar et al., 2021) and impacted crisis management and marketing strategies (Seyfi et al., 2023). The focus of destination marketing notably shifted in response to the crisis. Positive crisis marketing campaigns that exploited electronic word-of-mouth (e-WOM) and social media gained prominence in influencing travel intention (Seyfi et al., 2023; Vargas, 2020).

Trust, pivotal both before and during the pandemic, evolved to encompass diverse factors, with trust in government, local residents, and the tourism industry becoming crucial (Rastegar et al., 2021; Sun et al., 2022). Trust in vaccination status and efficacy, healthcare systems, and crisis management gained prominence,

emphasizing transparency and credibility related to COVID-19 infection and mortality rates (Seyfi et al., 2023; Zhu et al., 2022). Beyond trust, fear played a significant role during the pandemic, influenced by risk assessments and comfort levels (Rather, 2021). Misleading media coverage and COVID-19-related misinformation prompted tourists to seek accurate information (Chemli et al., 2022). Travellers prioritized health precautions, psychological resilience, and considerations of health passports (Ma et al., 2022; Yang & Wibowo, 2022). Perceived health-related service quality gained significance due to heightened health concerns, emphasizing factors such as facility functionality and cleanliness. The pandemic underscored the need for adaptive strategies by destinations, tourism providers, and policymakers to meet evolving traveller needs and concerns.

## Research gaps and directions for future research

In the current landscape, research has not adequately investigated the intricate interplay of individual psychological factors in shaping travel intentions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, there is limited understanding of how fear, risk perception, and tourists' psychological resilience and coping mechanisms collectively influence decision-making. Future research in this domain should explore the pandemic's enduring psychological effects on travel choices, assess the efficacy of interventions to mitigate psychological barriers, and examine potential cultural variations in responses to travel-related psychological factors. A crucial avenue for future research is examining how the pandemic's impact on travel intention varies across cultures. Such research should identify the cultural nuances influencing trust, risk perceptions, and psychological factors to provide valuable insights for tailoring destination-specific strategies that align with diverse cultural contexts.

Moreover, a pressing research gap exists in our understanding of the effectiveness of authorities' and travel agencies' communication strategies in influencing travel intentions, particularly regarding information clarity, transparency, and trust-building. Future research should investigate the long-term effects of crisis marketing strategies implemented during the pandemic. Understanding the sustained impact of positive e-WOM and social media campaigns on travel intention after the crisis can provide valuable insights into the long-term efficacy of crisis communication efforts. Additionally, researchers should investigate the integration and acceptance of health passports, exploring how individuals' willingness to comply with
<figure><img src="image_30.png" /></figure>

health passport requirements evolves over time and the extent to which it shapes travel decision-making. This line of inquiry is significant for policymakers and industry professionals adapting to evolving travel requirements.

Additionally, the body of extant research does not adequately explore the comprehensive impact of technology adoption on travel intentions during the pandemic, including the role of digital platforms, virtual experiences, and contactless service. Future research should investigate the sustainability and long-term acceptance of technological innovations in the industry, explore the integration of augmented reality and virtual reality in travel experiences, and assess how the digital divide influences travel behaviour.

Another avenue for exploration is understanding the influence of contextual factors, such as economic and geographical elements, on travel intention during health crises. This research should seek to unravel the complex interplay between contextual factors and individual-level determinants, offering a more nuanced understanding of travel behaviour and guiding tailored strategies for different contexts. Another gap in the current research is understanding how travel intentions have evolved post-pandemic. Researchers should explore whether individuals' intentions for travel have undergone a transformation, particularly considering factors such as health and safety concerns, and elucidate how this evolution influences destination preferences. This research can provide valuable guidance to destination managers seeking to align their offerings with the changing priorities of post-pandemic travellers. Finally, future studies should identify distinct segments of tourists based on their responses and behaviours during health crises, which will entail exploring how different segments, such as risk-averse travellers, adventure seekers, and health-conscious individuals, adapt their travel intentions in response to crises.

## Implications and conclusion

The COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted the global travel industry by substantially shifting travel intentions and behaviours. This crisis has prompted a reevaluation of how tourists make travel choices, necessitating a reconsideration of established theories and frameworks in the field of tourism. Despite the growing body of research on the interplay between COVID-19 and tourism, a comprehensive synthesis of prevailing theories and research on antecedents and consequences related to travel intention, spanning the pre-pandemic and pandemic periods, was notably lacking. Motivated by this crucial research gap, this scoping review sought to offer a holistic

understanding of research on the complexities and transformations in tourist travel intention.

Overall, this study contributes to the theoretical understanding of changes in tourist travel intention during the COVID-19 pandemic. It highlights factors influencing tourist behavioural intention before and during the pandemic while enhancing our understanding of nuanced shifts in travel intention. The theoretical insights cover various dimensions, including theoretical foundations, research topics, geographical contexts, and the determinants of travel intention, including facilitating and constraining factors and their associations with tourist travel intentions. Specifically, this scoping review highlights the adaptability of established theories in explaining travel intention during the pandemic and a shift toward understanding more specific risk perceptions related to the crisis. Additionally, novel antecedents of travel intention during the COVID-19 pandemic were highlighted, providing fresh insights into the multidimensional nature of travel intention in the pandemic context. The study emphasizes the importance of considering a broader range of influences beyond traditional factors in understanding travel intention during the pandemic. Furthermore, the review contributes to understanding the facilitating and constraining factors that impact travel intention in both normal and crisis situations.

The findings of this systematic literature review offer practical implications for policymakers, destination managers, and tourism industry professionals. By exploring the adaptation of travel intention during the pandemic, this study illuminates the evolving dynamics of changes in tourist intention to travel. These insights are vital for stakeholders to make informed decisions and devise effective strategies in response to and during recovery from the outbreak. First, policymakers and destination marketing organizations (DMOs) can leverage this study's insights to craft targeted marketing campaigns that address tourists' changing intentions during the pandemic. Aligning messages with shifting behavioural intentions enhances destination attractiveness and encourages travel. Crisis marketing campaigns emphasizing safety measures, cleanliness, and destination-specific health attributes can positively impact travel intention, and using e-WOM and social media platforms facilitates the dissemination of positive, trustworthy information. Second, DMOs should prioritize traveller well-being, addressing psychological uncertainties and providing emotional support. Implementing measures to alleviate fears and anxieties related to travel disruptions, infection risks, and uncertainties contributes to a positive travel experience. Such measures significantly affect tourists' behavioural intention. Third, policymakers
<figure><img src="image_31.png" /></figure>

and DMOs should prioritize crisis preparedness and risk management, which involves establishing robust healthcare infrastructure, implementing effective containment measures, and developing crisis response plans. Demonstrating the ability to handle and respond to potential crises instils confidence in travelers and mitigates the impact of future crises.

## Limitations of the study

This study acknowledges several limitations that warrant consideration. First, the reliance on two databases for data collection (WOS and Scopus) introduces the possibility of excluding relevant studies from alternative sources. Second, the study's search protocol and choice of keywords may have unintentionally omitted some studies related to tourist travel intention. Third, due to temporal constraints, the data collection and analysis were confined to a specific time frame, potentially hindering the inclusion of the latest studies in the realm of tourist travel intention during the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, the study's findings may be susceptible to publication bias, given its exclusive focus on peer-reviewed research studies. Finally, the review's limitation to studies in English may have introduced a language bias, excluding pertinent studies in other languages and restricting the study's global perspective on the subject matter.

## Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

## Notes on contributors

*Siamak Seyfi* is an Assistant Professor in Tourism Geography at the University of Oulu, Finland. Employing a multi/interdisciplinary approach, his research focuses on tourist behaviour, the impacts of tourism, resilience, and sustainability. Siamak has published in leading tourism journals and serves on the editorial boards of several leading journals within the field of tourism.

*Salar Kuhzady* is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Tourism Management at the University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran. His main research interest includes e-tourism, smart tourism, pro-environmental behaviour, data mining, and digital enterprise.

*Raymond Rastegar* is a Lecturer and researcher in the Department of Tourism Sport and Hotel Management, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia. His research focuses on sustainable tourism development in developing countries with specific interest in local community livelihood, participation, empowerment and environmental conservation.

*Tan Vo-Thanh* is a Full Professor at Excelia Business School, France. His research has led to several publications in reputable

peer-reviewed journals. Tan serves on the editorial boards of several journals and is also an Associate Editor for *Frontiers in Sustainable Tourism*.

*Mustafeed Zaman* is an Associate Professor of Digital Marketing at EM Normandie Business School, France. His main research interests include technology adoption, digital transformation, digitalization of services, AI, Big Data, travel, tourism & hospitality management.

## ORCID

Siamak Seyfi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2427-7958

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