# A demonstration of the H3 trimethylation ChIP-seq analysis of galline follicular mesenchymal cells and male germ cells

Kaj Chokeshaiusaha, Denis Puthier, Catherine Nguyen, Thanida Sananmuang

► To cite this version:

Kaj Chokeshaiusaha, Denis Puthier, Catherine Nguyen, Thanida Sananmuang. A demonstration of the H3 trimethylation ChIP-seq analysis of galline follicular mesenchymal cells and male germ cells. Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences, 2018, 10.5713/ajas.17.0744. hal-01743254

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1 A demonstration of the H3 trimethylation ChIP-seq analysis of galline follicular mesenchymal cells and

2 male germ cells

3

4 Kaj Chokeshausaha¹, Denis Puthier², Catherine Nguyen², and Thanida Sananmuang¹*

5

6 *Corresponding author: Thanida Sananmuang

7 E-mail: t.sananmuang@gmail.com

8

9 ¹Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Rajamangala University of Technology Tawan-OK

10 43 Moo 6 Bangpra, Sriracha Chonburi 20110 Thailand

11 ²Laboratoire TAGC/INSERM U1090, Parc Scientifique de Luminy case 928, 163, avenue de Luminy, Marseille

12 cedex 09 13288, France

13

14 Running title: ChIP-seq analysis of galline fmesenchymal cells and male germ cells

15

16 Research funding: Thailand Research Fund (TRF) through New Research Scholar Programme (Grant No.

17 TRG5880003)
18 **Title of the manuscript:** A demonstration of the H3 trimethylation ChIP-seq analysis of galline follicular
19 mesenchymal cells and male germ cells

20

21 **ABSTRACT**

22 **Objective:** Trimethylation of histone 3 (H3) at 4th lysine N-termini (H3K4me3) in gene promoter region was the
23 universal marker of active genes specific to cell lineage. On the contrary, coexistence of trimethylation at 27th
24 lysine (H3K27me3) in the same loci—the bivalent H3K4m3/H3K27me3 was known to suspend the gene
25 transcription in germ cells, and could also be inherited to the developed stem cell. In galline species, throughout
26 example of H3K4m3 and H3K27me3 ChIP-seq analysis was still not provided. We therefore designed and
27 demonstrated such procedures using ChIP-seq and mRNA-seq data of chicken follicular mesenchymal cells and
28 male germ cells.

29 **Methods:** Analytical workflow was designed and provided in this study. ChIP-seq and RNA-seq datasets of
30 follicular mesenchymal cells and male germ cells were acquired and properly preprocessed. Peak calling by
31 MACS2 was performed to identify H3K4m3 or H3K27me3 enriched regions (Fold-change ≥ 2, FDR ≤ 0.01) in
32 gene promoter regions. Integrative Genomics Viewer (IGV) was utilized for CRAB1, GDF10, and GREM1 gene
33 explorations.

34 **Results:** The acquired results indicated that follicular mesenchymal cells and germ cells shared several unique
35 gene promoter regions enriched with H3K4me3 (5,704 peaks) and also unique regions of bivalent
36 H3K4m3/H3K27me3 shared between all cell types and germ cells (1,909 peaks). Subsequent observation of
37 follicular mesenchyme-specific genes—CRAB1, GDF10, and GREM1 correctly revealed vigorous transcriptions
38 of these genes in follicular mesenchymal cells. As expected, bivalent H3K4m3/H3K27me3 pattern was
39 manifested in gene promoter regions of germ cells, and thus suspended their transcriptions.

40 **Conclusions:** According to the results, an example of chicken H3K4m3/H3K27me3 ChIP-seq data analysis was
41 successfully demonstrated in this study. Hopefully, the provided methodology should hereby be useful for
42 galline ChIP-seq data analysis in the future.

43 **Keywords:** ChIP-seq; Follicular mesenchymal cell; Galline; Germ cell; Histone 3 trimethylation
44 INTRODUCTION

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Functional cells of multi-cellular organisms maintain their mutual state by adopting the specific gene expression patterns. They hereby fix their transcriptional activities by imprinting particular chromatin structure into genome to allocate and control target gene regions—also recognized as the chromatin packaging [1]. In eukaryotic cell, a chromatin consisted of several units of 147 base pairs DNA twining around nucleosome formed by histone octamer—which is the molecule responsible for the chromatin packaging process. A histone octamer comprised of four basic core histones—H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 of which are targets for histone modification—methylation, phosphorylation and acetylation. When a precursor cell committed a lineage-specific development, it modified particular N-termini amino acids of specific core histones. This event thus results in proper chromatin packaging to control gene transcription pattern specific to its lineage-committed cell [1,2].

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Different histone modification can relax or condense chromatin structures differently. Since each specific chromatin structures can affect the accessibility of gene transcription factors and RNA polymerase II differently at gene promoter region, they will finally result in different gene transcription pattern specific to the lineage-committed cell [1–3]. Among well-recognized histone modifications, trimethyl modification of histone 3 (H3) at 4th lysine N-termini (H3K4me3) is very common in active gene transcriptions of several lineage-committed cells [4,5]. This phenomenon, however cannot conclusively comply with several genes in stem cells and germ cells, of which H3K4me3 regions are presented without transcription. Interestingly, such genes always demonstrate not only trimethylation of H3 on 4th lysine (H3K4me3), but also the 27th lysine (H3K27me3) in the same loci of N-termini—the bivalent H3K4m3/H3K27me3 chromatin or poised chromatin [2,6,7].

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In the embryonic stem cells, the presence of H3K4me3 in the poised gene help marking the gene as the active one. However, the concurrent H3K27me3 repressed the transcription and thus guarantee the cells' pluripotent state [6,7]. Actually, such characteristics were captivatingly proved to be inherited from germ cells even prior to fertilization. According to this reason, the study of H3K4me3/H3K27me3 bivalent (poised) epigenetic state in male germ cells became a very popular topic in epigenetic evolution study [2,8].

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Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays with sequencing or ChIP-Seq is a sequencing technology generally utilized to study genome-wide histone 3 (H3) trimethylation—H3K4me3 and H3K27me3. In ChIP-Seq, the chromatin regions presented with modified histones of interest are immunoprecipitated and sequenced to study epigenetic control of gene expressions in several cell types [2,5,9,10]. Not only mammals, ChIP-Seq of H3 trimethylation were also conducted in chicken (*Gallus gallus*) as the representative of galline species [2,11–13]. These studies provided biologists and veterinarians the valuable insights into evolution and cell development of
galline species. Of note, an increase of H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 ChIP-seq databases in chicken also allowed both biologists and veterinarians a new opportunity to observe and meta-analyze ChIP-seq data of various cell types acquired from different experiments.

Analytical guidelines are generally concerned in human and mouse ChIP-Seq studies [10]. On the contrary, the issue was limitedly described in H3 trimethylation ChIP-Seq data analysis in galline species [2,12,13]. Since the procedures could affect the analytical results differently, a practical demonstration of such approach should prove beneficial, especially for those who are not acquainted with ChIP-Seq data analysis. Due to such necessity, we therefore demonstrated a chicken ChIP-seq meta-analysis in this study. The H3K4me3 ChIP-Seq data of chicken follicular mesenchymal cells and male germ cells were acquired, and we also included H3K27me3 ChIP-Seq data of chicken germ cells to demonstrate the effect of bivalent H3K4me3/H3K27me3 on gene transcription.

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## MATERIALS AND METHODS

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### Sample datasets

As far as we knew, follicular mesenchymal cell was the only lineage-committed cell type with H3 trimethylation ChIP-seq data available in public database. List of follicular mesenchymal cell and germ cell datasets used in this study was provided (Table 1). Follicular mesenchymal cells used in this study consisted of two populations isolated from median (Med) and lateral mesenchyme (Lat) of feather follicles, accordingly. Male germ cells used in this study derived from two time point during development: pachytene spermatocyte (PS) acquired during prophase of meiosis I, and round spermatid (RS) acquired after completing meiosis. Both germ cell types were representatives of male germ cells to illustrate the poised genes—at which their poised states were already known to retain throughout spermatogenic development [2]. For ChIP-seq data, the sample file and its corresponding control file were provided together. Of note, the control file was not required for RNA-seq data analyses, and thus not provided.

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### Analytical workflow

In this study, we categorized our analytical processes into 3 steps—data preprocessing, peak calling with visualization, and Integrative Genomics Viewer (IGV) exploration (Fig 1). In brief, the sample datasets would be aligned to chicken genome in order to acquire ChIP files and RNA-seq files in the data preprocessing step (Fig. 1A). The ChIP files were then applied in peak calling step to identify genome regions enriched with
106 H3 trimethylation—the significant peaks (Fig 1B). Only peaks overlapped with gene promoter region would be
107 considered in IGV exploration of which, the enriched peaks along with the mapped sequences ChIP and RNA-
108 seq files were integrated and visualized together in IGV platform (Fig 1C).

109 *Data preprocessing*

110 The Sequence Read Archive (SRA) files of germ cells and follicular mensenchymal ChIP-Seq and
111 RNA-Seq datasets were retrieved from SRA database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra) (Table 1),
112 subsequently extracted, and preprocessed as previously described [14]. The ChIP files were aligned to chicken
113 genome (Gallus gallus 5.0) by Bowtie2 aligner [15], while STAR aligner was applied with the RNA-seq files
114 [14,16]. The aligned files were converted into “bam” format, indexed by gene annotation, removed for
115 duplicated sequences [17], and bias corrected for GC base balance [18] to acquire ChIP files and RNA-seq files.
116 The qualities of both raw and preprocessed datasets were then determined by FastQC as previously described
117 [14]. For ChIP quality determination, Normalized Strand Cross-correlation coefficient (NSC), Relative Strand
118 Cross-correlation coefficient (RSC) and DNA fragment length were additionally included. In more details, NSC
119 is genome-wide correlation between positive and negative strand read counts when shifted by half of the
120 fragment length relative to background. NSC value thus represents enrichment of clustered ChIP fragments
121 around target sites. RSC is the relative enrichment of fragment-length cross-correlation to read-length cross-
122 correlation. The RSC thus represented the clustering of relatively fixed sized fragment around target sites.

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124 *Peak calling with visualization*

125 Peak calling was, in case of this study, the computational method to identify genome-wide chromatin
126 regions with targeted H3 trimethylation significant to the other regions. The peaks therefore represented the
127 genome area with significant presences of H3K4me3 or H3K27me3 when compared to the same region
128 presented in the corresponding control datasets (Table 1). Model-based analysis of ChIP-seq 2 (MACS2)
129 algorithm [19] was used in this study. Since the broad peak regions were suggested in the previous quality
130 analysis, we applied broad peek calling function in MACS2 with all ChIP files. Further details for such function
131 calling was already described [19]. Significant peaks were those with False Discovery Rate (FDR) ≤ 0.01 and
132 Fold-change ≥ 2 presented with chicken gene promoter regions (2000 base pairs upstream to 200 base pairs
133 downstream of gene promoter) (Peak files in Fig 1B). Peak files were also utilized for counting aggregated DNA
134 within peak region, and counting the DNA fragments distributed from the transcription start site of chicken genes
135 (Fig 2B).

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137 *Integrative Genomics Viewer (IGV) exploration*

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The Peak files along with their corresponding ChIP files and RNA-seq files were integratively observed
together in Integrative Genomics Viewer (IGV) platform (Robinson et al., 2011) (Fig 1C). The Gal_gal5.0
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genome (UCSC version galGal5 released in December 2015) was administrated as the reference genome. The
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gal_Gal5.0 consisted of 34 chromosomes, 1 linkage group and 15,411 unplaced scaffolds. Further details of IGV
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platform could be acquired online (http://software.broadinstitute.org/software/igv/). In brief, DNA aggregations
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along the genome of sample ChIP files were expressed by blue heatmap. Similarly, the density of transcript
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fragments from RNA-seq files acquired from the corresponding cell sample were expressed by red heatmap.
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Peak regions of each cell type were also included in the figure the aggregated DNA fragments from ChIP files.
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To demonstrate bivalent H3K4me3/H3K27me3 chromatin of germ cell samples, CRAB1, GDF10 and GREM1
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genes were chosen for illustration (Fig 4). We select such genes due to the fact that transcription of these genes
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was crucial in topological control of chicken feather's generation of follicular mesenchyme [11].
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150

RESULTS
---

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152 **All sample datasets were successfully preprocessed and aligned to chicken genome.**

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The raw datasets of all cell types were retrieved and preprocessed according to the methodology (Fig
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1A). All preprocessed datasets (both ChIP-seq and RNA-seq data in Table 1) acquired quality scores across all
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bases ≥ 30 without presence of contaminated adapters. Alignment percentages of ChIP-seq and RNA-seq
datasets were ≥ 85% and ≥ 70%, accordingly. Normalized Strand Cross-correlation coefficient (NSC), Relative
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Strand Cross-correlation coefficient (RSC) and DNA fragment length of ChIP-seq samples were provided in
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Table 2.
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160 **Follicular mesenchymal cells and germ cells shared several gene promoter regions with H3K4me3 and**
161 **H3K27me3.**

162
As previously described in materials and methods, the peaks were the chromatin loci in gene promoter
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regions enriched with target H3 trimethylations (H3K4me3 or H3K27me3). When categorized the acquired
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peaks according to their localized chromosomes, chromosome 1 contained the largest number of peaks
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comparing to the others (chr1 in Fig 2A). Most of aggregated DNA fragments of ChIP files were found
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distributed within 0-1 kilobases from the transcription start sites in all cell types (Fig 2B). The results indicated
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that that most H3K4me3 peaks (5,704 peaks) were uniquely shared among follicular mesenchymal cells and
168 germ cells (lat_K4, med_K4, PS_K4 and RS_K4), and the second largest intersected peaks were uniquely shared
169 among all H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 (1,909 peaks) (Fig 2A, Fig 3).

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171 **CRAB1, GDF10 and GREM1 genes of chicken germ cells adopted the bivalent H3 trimethylation**
172 **chromatin pattern with presence of transcription's inhibition.**

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174 Follicular mesenchymal cells (Lat RNA-seq and Med RNA-seq in Fig 4) expressed CRAB1, GDF10
175 and GREM1 genes higher than germ cells (PS RNA-seq and RS RNA-seq in Fig 4). Of note, the bivalent
176 H3K4me3/H3K27me3 pattern near transcription start site of these gene in germ cells was demonstrated by the
175 significant peak regions (PS_K4 Peak, PS_K27 Peak, RS_K4 Peak and RS_K27 Peak in Fig 4) with presence of
176 remarkable ChIP-seq DNA aggregations (PS_K4 ChIP-seq, PS_K27 ChIP-seq, RS_K4 ChIP-seq, and RS_K27
177 ChIP-seq in Fig 4).

179

180 DISCUSSION

181

182 Data quality was among the most critical issue in ChIP-seq analysis due to its later effect on
183 measurement and comparison. According to this reason, we preprocessed the ChIP-seq data to acquire adequate
184 quality and alignment percentages. Another crucial issue in ChIP-seq quality was the determination of signal-to-
185 noise ratio represented by NSC and RSC values. ChIP-seq data with few genuine binding site regions usually
186 rendered high NSC (≥1.5) and RSC (≥0.8), accordingly. However, marks that tend to be enriched at repeat-like
187 regions with diffused genome-wide patterns like H3 trimethylation usually show lower NSC and RSC values—
188 by which also presented in our study [10,11] (Table 2).

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190 Since H3 trimethylation (H3K4me3 or H3K27me3) at gene promoter regions were strongly associated
191 with gene transcription control [4,5,12], only peaks within gene promoter region were hereby considered in this
192 study. Inheritance mechanism of H3K4me3/H3K27me3 bivalent state from germ cells to embryonic stem cells,
193 and activation mechanism of lineage-specific genes in lineage-committed cells were comprehensively described
194 elsewhere [20], and were not included in this discussion. According to the result, most H3 trimethylation peaks
195 in both follicular mesenchymal cells and germ cells were located in chromosome 1—agreeing with the largest
196 gene numbers in the chromosome (2,162 coding genes and 524 non-coding genes) (chr1 in Fig 2). Interestingly,
197 the largest number of intersected H3K4me3 peaks among ChIP-seq samples (orange bar in Fig 3) implied the
198 conserved role of H3K4me3 among chicken germ cells and mesenchymal cells. Of note, shared presented among
199 H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 (red bar in Fig 3) could only partially imply several unique genes controlled by
199 H3K4me3/H3K27me3 bivalent state in chicken germ cells due to the lack of H3K27me3 ChIP-Seq datasets from
200 analysis.

201 To demonstrate the effect of H3K4me3/H3K27me3 bivalent state on transcription inhibition of germ
202 cells [2,7], we chose CRAB1, GDF10 and GREM1 as candidate genes due to their redundant lineage-specific
203 transcriptions in follicular mesenchymal cells [11]. Visualization by IGV properly demonstrated such lineage-
204 specific characteristics in follicular mesenchymal cells. On the contrary, inhibition of the gene transcription was
205 obvious in germ cells with significant presences of H3K4me3/H3K27me3 (poised) in the gene promoter regions
206 as expected (Fig 4). As described in the introduction, such poised state of genes in germ cells allowed them to
207 inherit pluripotency to the later developed embryonoic stem cells. The observatory procedure in this study hereby
208 successfully demonstrated the inhibitory effect of H3K4me3/H3K27me3 bivalent (poised) state on follicular
209 mesenchyme-specific genes in chicken germ cells. By mean of this, other poised genes of interest could also be
210 observed by adopting the same approach.

211 In conclusion, the current study provided an example for H3 trimethylation ChIP-seq analysis of
212 chicken (Gallus gallus) cells. Since the methodology required no specific process, ChIP-seq data of other histone
213 modifications could also be analyzed using similar approach. There were, however some important limitations
214 that should be noted in this study. These included the lack of H3K27me3 ChIP-seq data of follicular
215 mesenchymal cells to confirm abortion of poised genes, and limited samples per cell type available for valid
216 differential analysis [21]. Hopefully, the rapid growth of galline ChIP-seq database would allow us to
217 demonstrate such analysis in our future study.

218

219 CONFLICT OF INTEREST

220 We certify that there is no conflict of interest with any financial organization regarding the material and
221 methods discussed in the manuscript.

222

223 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

224 The current study was fully supported by Thailand Research Fund (TRF) through New Research
225 Scholar Program (Grant No. TRG5880003)

226

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<table><caption>Table 1 Raw data files used in this study</caption><thead><tr><th>Cell type's<br>abbreviation</th><th>Description</th><th>Sample file</th><th>Control file</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>PS_K4</td><td>ChIP-seq of H3K4me3 of pachytene spermatocyte</td><td>SRR1977505</td><td>SRR1977507</td></tr><tr><td>PS_K27</td><td>ChIP-seq of H3K27me3 of pachytene spermatocyte</td><td>SRR1977506</td><td>SRR1977507</td></tr><tr><td>PS_RNA-seq</td><td>RNA-seq of pachytene spermatocyte</td><td>SRR1977509</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>RS_K4</td><td>ChIP-seq of H3K4me3 of round spermatid</td><td>SRR1977535</td><td>SRR1977537</td></tr><tr><td>RS_K27</td><td>ChIP-seq of H3K27me3 of round spermatid</td><td>SRR1977536</td><td>SRR1977537</td></tr><tr><td>RS_RNA-seq</td><td>RNA-seq of round spermatid</td><td>SRR1977540</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Lat_K4(1)</td><td>ChIP-seq of H3K4me3 of lateral mesenchyme</td><td>SRR4125205</td><td>SRR4125207</td></tr><tr><td>Lat_RNA-seq(1)</td><td>RNA-seq of lateral mesenchyme</td><td>SRR4125190</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Med_K4(1)</td><td>ChIP-seq of H3K4me3 of medial mesenchyme</td><td>SRR4125206</td><td>SRR4125208</td></tr><tr><td>Med_RNA-seq(1)</td><td>RNA-seq of medial mesenchyme</td><td>SRR4125192</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Lat_K4(2)</td><td>ChIP-seq of H3K4me3 of lateral mesenchyme</td><td>SRR4125209</td><td>SRR4125211</td></tr><tr><td>Lat_RNA-seq(2)</td><td>RNA-seq of lateral mesenchyme</td><td>SRR4125191</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Med_K4(2)</td><td>ChIP-seq of H3K4me3 of medial mesenchyme</td><td>SRR4125210</td><td>SRR4125212</td></tr><tr><td>Med_RNA-seq(2)</td><td>RNA-seq of medial mesenchyme</td><td>SRR4125193</td><td>-</td></tr></tbody></table>

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<table><caption>Table 2 NSC values, RSC values and DNA fragment length of ChIP-seq samples</caption><thead><tr><th>Cell type</th><th>Sample file</th><th>NSC</th><th>RSC</th><th>Fragment<br>Length</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>PS_K4</td><td>SRR1977505</td><td>1.10</td><td>1.05</td><td>170</td></tr><tr><td>PS_K27</td><td>SRR1977506</td><td>1.02</td><td>1.28</td><td>170</td></tr><tr><td>RS_K4</td><td>SRR1977535</td><td>1.13</td><td>1.10</td><td>170</td></tr><tr><td>RS_K27</td><td>SRR1977536</td><td>1.03</td><td>1.25</td><td>170</td></tr><tr><td>Lat_K4_1</td><td>SRR4125205</td><td>1.02</td><td>0.72</td><td>210</td></tr><tr><td>Med_K4_1</td><td>SRR4125206</td><td>1.01</td><td>0.64</td><td>200</td></tr><tr><td>Lat_K4_2</td><td>SRR4125209</td><td>1.02</td><td>0.71</td><td>240</td></tr><tr><td>Med_K4_2</td><td>SRR4125210</td><td>1.01</td><td>0.66</td><td>195</td></tr></tbody></table>

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Data preprocessing

<figure><img src="image_2.png" /></figure>

Peak calling with visualization

<figure><img src="image_3.png" /></figure>

Integrative Genomics Viewer (IGV) exploration

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /></figure>

274

275 **Figure 1.** Analytical workflow for this study. Analytical processes were categorized into 3 steps—data preprocessing (1A), peak calling with visualization (1B), and Integrative Genomics Viewer (IGV) exploration (1C). The files required and outcome for each analytical step were provided.
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<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 2.** H3 trimethylation loci. The total number of peaks significantly identified were categorized according to their regional chromosomes (2A). Each color bar presented in the legend was described as following: □-Peaks shared among all samples with either K4 or K27 trimethylation (All_shared_K4_and_K27); ■-Peaks</figcaption></figure>
presented only among samples with K4 trimethylation (All_shared_K4 But not K27); -Peaks presented only

among samples with K27 trimethylation (All_shared_K27 but not K4); -Peaks presented only in Lat_K4

(Unique_Lat_K4); -Peaks presented only in Med_K4 (Unique_Med_K4); -Peaks presented only in PS_K4

(Unique_PS_K4); -Peaks presented only in RS_K4 (Unique_RS_K4); -Peaks presented only in PS_K27

(Unique_PS_K27); -Peaks presented only in RS_K27 (Unique_RS_K27), and -Other peaks not in the

previously mentioned groups. Distribution of precipitated DNA fragments acquired from sample ChIP-seq data
according to chicken gene transcription start site was also demonstrated (2B). Aggregation of fragments within

0-1 kilobases (■) and 1-3 kilobases (■) were presented.
<figure><img src="image_6.png" /></figure>
**Figure 3.** UpSet plot of intersected peaks among cell types. The intersected peaks shared among cell types (Lat_K4, Med_K4, PS_K4, RS_K4, PS_K27 and RS_K27) were presented by UpSet plot. The connected lines among cell types shown in the lower panel of the plot represented the group of intersected peaks among them. The upper panel bar graph of the plot presented the number of peaks found in each group. The shared peak number among all samples with either K4 or K27 trimethylation and only K4 trimethylation were in red (■) and orange (○) color, accordingly. The horizontal leftmost bar graph (olive green color—■) show to total number of peaks presented in each cell type.
<figure><img src="image_7.png" /><figcaption>Figure 4</figcaption></figure>
**Figure 4.** Chromatin H3 trimethylation state and transcription of GDF10, CRAB1 and GREM1 genes. The heatmaps of CRAB1, GDF10 and GREM1 genes were acquired from the IGV interface. The chicken full genome sequences was used to identify the chromatin loci of these genes with transcription direction indicated by the arrow heads presented in the genome along with the associated promoters in the area (galGal5 and Promoter regions at the bottom of the figure). The figure shows 3 types of data—ChIP-seq, RNA-seq, and Peak files acquired from each sample cell type. In brief, ChIP-seq data show the density of DNA fragments aligned to a chromatin region (aggregated DNA fragments) in blue heatmap. The RNA-seq data show the density of transcript fragments aligned to the gene regions representing level of gene expressions by red heatmap. Finally, The Peak file of each cell sample indicated the chromatin region with significant peaks identified by peak calling analysis.