## A2. Student's age

<table><caption>Table A2.1 OLS estimates of private transfers based on the student's age</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Variables</th><th colspan="2">(3) Students aged 18-19</th><th colspan="2">(4) Students aged 20 or more</th></tr><tr><th>Coef</th><th>t-test</th><th>Coef</th><th>t-test</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="5"><strong>Panel A. Self-assessed amount of student scholarship and parents' fiscal income</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Student scholarship</td><td>-0.49***</td><td>(-4.63)</td><td>-0.27***</td><td>(-2.60)</td></tr><tr><td>Fiscal parental income</td><td>0.02*</td><td>(1.84)</td><td>0.05***</td><td>(4.43)</td></tr><tr><td>Control variables</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td></tr><tr><td>Number of observations</td><td colspan="2">361</td><td colspan="2">335</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td colspan="2">0.20</td><td colspan="2">0.24</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5"><strong>Panel B. Theoretical amount of student scholarship and parents' fiscal income</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Student scholarship</td><td>-0.50***</td><td>(-4.45)</td><td>-0.32***</td><td>(-3.03)</td></tr><tr><td>Fiscal parental income</td><td>0.02**</td><td>(1.98)</td><td>0.05***</td><td>(4.01)</td></tr><tr><td>Control variables</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td></tr><tr><td>Number of observations</td><td colspan="2">349</td><td colspan="2">325</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td colspan="2">0.20</td><td colspan="2">0.25</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5"><strong>Panel C. Self-assessed amount of student scholarship and parents' self-assessed income</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Student scholarship</td><td>-0.60***</td><td>(-6.70)</td><td>-0.42***</td><td>(-4.55)</td></tr><tr><td>Self-reported parental income</td><td>0.00</td><td>(0.00)</td><td>0.04***</td><td>(3.97)</td></tr><tr><td>Control variables</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td></tr><tr><td>Number of observations</td><td colspan="2">361</td><td colspan="2">335</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td colspan="2">0.19</td><td colspan="2">0.24</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5"><strong>Panel D. Theoretical amount of student scholarship and parents' self-assessed income</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Student scholarship</td><td>-0.62***</td><td>(-6.55)</td><td>-0.46***</td><td>(-4.91)</td></tr><tr><td>Self-reported parental income</td><td>-0.00</td><td>(-0.20)</td><td>0.03***</td><td>(3.65)</td></tr><tr><td>Control variables</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td></tr><tr><td>Number of observations</td><td colspan="2">349</td><td colspan="2">325</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td colspan="2">0.20</td><td colspan="2">0.25</td></tr></tbody></table>

Source: authors' calculations, Drees-Insee - ENRJ Survey 2014.

Note: estimates from OLS regressions with robust standard errors. Significance levels are 1% (***), 5% (**) and 10% (*). Basic controls include gender, numbers of student's siblings (aged 0–17 and 18–24), age, divorced, education and parents' income. Extended controls for the student additionally include proximity to study location, living with a spouse, in an independent dwelling and participation in the labor market.
## A2. Student's age

<table><caption>Table A2.1 OLS estimates of private transfers based on the student's age</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Variables</th><th colspan="2">(3) Students aged 18-19</th><th colspan="2">(4) Students aged 20 or more</th></tr><tr><th>Coef</th><th>t-test</th><th>Coef</th><th>t-test</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="5"><strong>Panel A. Self-assessed amount of student scholarship and parents' fiscal income</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Student scholarship</td><td>-0.49***</td><td>(-4.63)</td><td>-0.27***</td><td>(-2.60)</td></tr><tr><td>Fiscal parental income</td><td>0.02*</td><td>(1.84)</td><td>0.05***</td><td>(4.43)</td></tr><tr><td>Control variables</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td></tr><tr><td>Number of observations</td><td colspan="2">361</td><td colspan="2">335</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td colspan="2">0.20</td><td colspan="2">0.24</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5"><strong>Panel B. Theoretical amount of student scholarship and parents' fiscal income</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Student scholarship</td><td>-0.50***</td><td>(-4.45)</td><td>-0.32***</td><td>(-3.03)</td></tr><tr><td>Fiscal parental income</td><td>0.02**</td><td>(1.98)</td><td>0.05***</td><td>(4.01)</td></tr><tr><td>Control variables</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td></tr><tr><td>Number of observations</td><td colspan="2">349</td><td colspan="2">325</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td colspan="2">0.20</td><td colspan="2">0.25</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5"><strong>Panel C. Self-assessed amount of student scholarship and parents' self-assessed income</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Student scholarship</td><td>-0.60***</td><td>(-6.70)</td><td>-0.42***</td><td>(-4.55)</td></tr><tr><td>Self-reported parental income</td><td>0.00</td><td>(0.00)</td><td>0.04***</td><td>(3.97)</td></tr><tr><td>Control variables</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td></tr><tr><td>Number of observations</td><td colspan="2">361</td><td colspan="2">335</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td colspan="2">0.19</td><td colspan="2">0.24</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5"><strong>Panel D. Theoretical amount of student scholarship and parents' self-assessed income</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Student scholarship</td><td>-0.62***</td><td>(-6.55)</td><td>-0.46***</td><td>(-4.91)</td></tr><tr><td>Self-reported parental income</td><td>-0.00</td><td>(-0.20)</td><td>0.03***</td><td>(3.65)</td></tr><tr><td>Control variables</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td></tr><tr><td>Number of observations</td><td colspan="2">349</td><td colspan="2">325</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td colspan="2">0.20</td><td colspan="2">0.25</td></tr></tbody></table>

Source: authors' calculations, Drees-Insee – ENRJ Survey 2014.

Note: estimates from OLS regressions with robust standard errors. Significance levels are 1% (***), 5% (**) and 10% (*). Basic controls include gender, numbers of student's siblings (aged 0–17 and 18–24), age, divorced, education and parents' income. Extended controls for the student additionally include proximity to study location, living with a spouse, in an independent dwelling and participation in the labor market.
<table><caption>Table A2.2 IV estimates of private transfers based on student's age</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Variables</th><th colspan="2">(3) Students aged 18-19</th><th colspan="2">(4) Students aged 20 or more</th></tr><tr><th>coef</th><th>t-test</th><th>coef</th><th>t-test</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="5"><strong>IV first stage: student scholarship</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Instrument: amount corresponding to the self-assessed level (S<sup>L</sup>)</td><td>0.92***</td><td>(38.02)</td><td>0.88***</td><td>(27.86)</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td>0.895</td><td></td><td>0.845</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>F-test of excluded instrument</td><td>1445</td><td></td><td>776</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="5"><strong>IV second stage: parental transfer</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Student scholarship</td><td>-0.54***</td><td>(-4.54)</td><td>-0.37***</td><td>(-3.05)</td></tr><tr><td>Parental income</td><td>0.02</td><td>(1.53)</td><td>0.05***</td><td>(3.66)</td></tr><tr><td>Control variables</td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Number of observations</td><td>349</td><td></td><td>325</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td>0.20</td><td></td><td>0.25</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="5"><strong>IV first stage: student scholarship</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Instrument: predicted amount by the scheme using our data (S<sup>T</sup>)</td><td>0.74***</td><td>(7.50)</td><td>0.52***</td><td>(5.74)</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td>0.56</td><td></td><td>0.49</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>F-test of excluded instrument</td><td>56.18</td><td></td><td>32.91</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="5"><strong>IV second stage: parental transfer</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Student scholarship</td><td>-0.78***</td><td>(-3.36)</td><td>-0.30</td><td>(-1.11)</td></tr><tr><td>Parental income</td><td>-0.00</td><td>(-0.05)</td><td>0.05**</td><td>(2.31)</td></tr><tr><td>Control variables</td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Number of observations</td><td>361</td><td></td><td>335</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td>0.18</td><td></td><td>0.24</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Source: authors' calculations, Drees-Insee - ENRJ Survey 2014.

Note: estimates from 2SLS regressions, with robust standard errors. Significance levels are 1% (**), 5% (**) and 10% (*). Basic controls include gender, numbers of student's siblings (aged 0-17 and 18-24), age, divorced, education and income for parents. Extended controls for the student additionally include proximity to study location, living with a spouse, in an independent dwelling and participation in the labor market.
<table><caption>Table A2.2 IV estimates of private transfers based on student's age</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Variables</th><th colspan="2">(3) Students aged 18-19</th><th colspan="2">(4) Students aged 20 or more</th></tr><tr><th>coef</th><th>t-test</th><th>coef</th><th>t-test</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="5"><strong>IV first stage: student scholarship</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Instrument: amount corresponding to the self-assessed level (S<sup>L</sup>)</td><td>0.92***</td><td>(38.02)</td><td>0.88***</td><td>(27.86)</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td>0.895</td><td></td><td>0.845</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>F-test of excluded instrument</td><td>1445</td><td></td><td>776</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="5"><strong>IV second stage: parental transfer</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Student scholarship</td><td>-0.54***</td><td>(-4.54)</td><td>-0.37***</td><td>(-3.05)</td></tr><tr><td>Parental income</td><td>0.02</td><td>(1.53)</td><td>0.05***</td><td>(3.66)</td></tr><tr><td>Control variables</td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Number of observations</td><td>349</td><td></td><td>325</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td>0.20</td><td></td><td>0.25</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="5"><strong>IV first stage: student scholarship</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Instrument: predicted amount by the scheme using our data (S<sup>T</sup>)</td><td>0.74***</td><td>(7.50)</td><td>0.52***</td><td>(5.74)</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td>0.56</td><td></td><td>0.49</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>F-test of excluded instrument</td><td>56.18</td><td></td><td>32.91</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="5"><strong>IV second stage: parental transfer</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Student scholarship</td><td>-0.78***</td><td>(-3.36)</td><td>-0.30</td><td>(-1.11)</td></tr><tr><td>Parental income</td><td>-0.00</td><td>(-0.05)</td><td>0.05**</td><td>(2.31)</td></tr><tr><td>Control variables</td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Number of observations</td><td>361</td><td></td><td>335</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td>0.18</td><td></td><td>0.24</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Source: authors' calculations, Drees-Insee - ENRJ Survey 2014.

Note: estimates from 2SLS regressions, with robust standard errors. Significance levels are 1% (**), 5% (**) and 10% (*). Basic controls include gender, numbers of student's siblings (aged 0-17 and 18-24), age, divorced, education and income for parents. Extended controls for the student additionally include proximity to study location, living with a spouse, in an independent dwelling and participation in the labor market.
## B. ROBUSTNESS CHECKS

### B1. Non-intact families' income

Our main analysis is based on an income constructed as the sum of the individual incomes of both parents when they form a single household, and the maximum of both when the parents are separated and form two households. This allows us to better account for the specificity of separated parent households. We present here a variant in which incomes are constructed as the sum of individual parental incomes, regardless of the parents' marital status. The overall results are largely unchanged. They also confirm the relevance of our main concept because transfers are less sensitive to the income of separated parents and the instrumentation on this sub-group shows a lower coefficient in the first stage (see Table B1.2, panel B, third column).

<table><caption>Table B1.1 OLS estimates of private transfers with income variant for separated parents</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Variables</th><th colspan="2">(1) All families</th><th colspan="2">(2) All families</th><th colspan="2">(3) Non-Intact families</th><th colspan="2">(4) Intact families</th></tr><tr><th>Coef</th><th>t-test</th><th>Coef</th><th>t-test</th><th>Coef</th><th>t-test</th><th>Coef</th><th>t-test</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="9"><strong>Panel A. Self-assessed amount of student scholarship and parents' fiscal income</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Student scholarship</td><td>-0.44***</td><td>(-6.09)</td><td>-0.46***</td><td>(-6.27)</td><td>-0.45***</td><td>(-3.66)</td><td>-0.37***</td><td>(-3.61)</td></tr><tr><td>Fiscal parental income</td><td>0.03***</td><td>(3.42)</td><td>0.02***</td><td>(3.10)</td><td>0.02</td><td>(1.49)</td><td>0.03***</td><td>(3.00)</td></tr><tr><td>Control variables</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td><td colspan="2">YES: EXTENDED</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td></tr><tr><td>Number of observations</td><td colspan="2">696</td><td colspan="2">696</td><td colspan="2">223</td><td colspan="2">473</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td colspan="2">0.21</td><td colspan="2">0.22</td><td colspan="2">0.26</td><td colspan="2">0.20</td></tr><tr><td colspan="9"><strong>Panel B. Theoretical amount of student scholarship and parents' fiscal income</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Student scholarship</td><td>-0.48***</td><td>(-6.16)</td><td>-0.49***</td><td>(-6.33)</td><td>-0.55***</td><td>(-4.10)</td><td>-0.35***</td><td>(-3.40)</td></tr><tr><td>Fiscal parental income</td><td>0.02***</td><td>(2.99)</td><td>0.02***</td><td>(2.66)</td><td>0.01</td><td>(0.93)</td><td>0.04***</td><td>(3.33)</td></tr><tr><td>Control variables</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td><td colspan="2">YES: EXTENDED</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td></tr><tr><td>Number of observations</td><td colspan="2">674</td><td colspan="2">674</td><td colspan="2">218</td><td colspan="2">456</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td colspan="2">0.22</td><td colspan="2">0.23</td><td colspan="2">0.28</td><td colspan="2">0.20</td></tr><tr><td colspan="9"><strong>Panel C. Self-assessed amount of student scholarship and parents' self-assessed income</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Student scholarship</td><td>-0.52***</td><td>(-8.06)</td><td>-0.52***</td><td>(-8.17)</td><td>-0.49***</td><td>(-3.98)</td><td>-0.43***</td><td>(-5.04)</td></tr><tr><td>Self-reported parental income</td><td>0.02***</td><td>(3.11)</td><td>0.02***</td><td>(3.03)</td><td>0.01</td><td>(0.95)</td><td>0.05***</td><td>(3.92)</td></tr><tr><td>Control variables</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td><td colspan="2">YES: EXTENDED</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td></tr><tr><td>Number of observations</td><td colspan="2">696</td><td colspan="2">696</td><td colspan="2">223</td><td colspan="2">473</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td colspan="2">0.21</td><td colspan="2">0.22</td><td colspan="2">0.26</td><td colspan="2">0.22</td></tr><tr><td colspan="9"><strong>Panel D. Theoretical amount of student scholarship and parents' self-assessed income</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Student scholarship</td><td>-0.55***</td><td>(-8.09)</td><td>-0.55***</td><td>(-8.16)</td><td>-0.58***</td><td>(-4.41)</td><td>-0.42***</td><td>(-5.07)</td></tr><tr><td>Self-reported parental income</td><td>0.02***</td><td>(2.76)</td><td>0.02***</td><td>(2.64)</td><td>0.00</td><td>(0.45)</td><td>0.05***</td><td>(4.25)</td></tr><tr><td>Control variables</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td><td colspan="2">YES: EXTENDED</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td></tr><tr><td>Number of observations</td><td colspan="2">674</td><td colspan="2">674</td><td colspan="2">218</td><td colspan="2">456</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td colspan="2">0.22</td><td colspan="2">0.23</td><td colspan="2">0.28</td><td colspan="2">0.22</td></tr></tbody></table>

Source: authors' calculations, Drees-Insee - ENRJ Survey 2014.

Note: estimates from OLS regressions with robust standard errors. Significance levels are 1% (***), 5% (**) and 10% (*). Basic controls include gender, age, numbers of student's siblings (aged 0–17 and 18–24), age, divorced, education and parents' income. Extended controls for the student additionally include proximity to study location, living with a spouse, in an independent dwelling and participation in the labor market.
## B. ROBUSTNESS CHECKS

### B1. Non-intact families' income

Our main analysis is based on an income constructed as the sum of the individual incomes of both parents when they form a single household, and the maximum of both when the parents are separated and form two households. This allows us to better account for the specificity of separated parent households. We present here a variant in which incomes are constructed as the sum of individual parental incomes, regardless of the parents' marital status. The overall results are largely unchanged. They also confirm the relevance of our main concept because transfers are less sensitive to the income of separated parents and the instrumentation on this sub-group shows a lower coefficient in the first stage (see Table B1.2, panel B, third column).

<table><caption>Table B1.1 OLS estimates of private transfers with income variant for separated parents</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Variables</th><th colspan="2">(1) All families</th><th colspan="2">(2) All families</th><th colspan="2">(3) Non-Intact families</th><th colspan="2">(4) Intact families</th></tr><tr><th>Coef</th><th>t-test</th><th>Coef</th><th>t-test</th><th>Coef</th><th>t-test</th><th>Coef</th><th>t-test</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="9"><strong>Panel A. Self-assessed amount of student scholarship and parents' fiscal income</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Student scholarship</td><td>-0.44***</td><td>(-6.09)</td><td>-0.46***</td><td>(-6.27)</td><td>-0.45***</td><td>(-3.66)</td><td>-0.37***</td><td>(-3.61)</td></tr><tr><td>Fiscal parental income</td><td>0.03***</td><td>(3.42)</td><td>0.02***</td><td>(3.10)</td><td>0.02</td><td>(1.49)</td><td>0.03***</td><td>(3.00)</td></tr><tr><td>Control variables</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td><td colspan="2">YES: EXTENDED</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td></tr><tr><td>Number of observations</td><td colspan="2">696</td><td colspan="2">696</td><td colspan="2">223</td><td colspan="2">473</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td colspan="2">0.21</td><td colspan="2">0.22</td><td colspan="2">0.26</td><td colspan="2">0.20</td></tr><tr><td colspan="9"><strong>Panel B. Theoretical amount of student scholarship and parents' fiscal income</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Student scholarship</td><td>-0.48***</td><td>(-6.16)</td><td>-0.49***</td><td>(-6.33)</td><td>-0.55***</td><td>(-4.10)</td><td>-0.35***</td><td>(-3.40)</td></tr><tr><td>Fiscal parental income</td><td>0.02***</td><td>(2.99)</td><td>0.02***</td><td>(2.66)</td><td>0.01</td><td>(0.93)</td><td>0.04***</td><td>(3.33)</td></tr><tr><td>Control variables</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td><td colspan="2">YES: EXTENDED</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td></tr><tr><td>Number of observations</td><td colspan="2">674</td><td colspan="2">674</td><td colspan="2">218</td><td colspan="2">456</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td colspan="2">0.22</td><td colspan="2">0.23</td><td colspan="2">0.28</td><td colspan="2">0.20</td></tr><tr><td colspan="9"><strong>Panel C. Self-assessed amount of student scholarship and parents' self-assessed income</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Student scholarship</td><td>-0.52***</td><td>(-8.06)</td><td>-0.52***</td><td>(-8.17)</td><td>-0.49***</td><td>(-3.98)</td><td>-0.43***</td><td>(-5.04)</td></tr><tr><td>Self-reported parental income</td><td>0.02***</td><td>(3.11)</td><td>0.02***</td><td>(3.03)</td><td>0.01</td><td>(0.95)</td><td>0.05***</td><td>(3.92)</td></tr><tr><td>Control variables</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td><td colspan="2">YES: EXTENDED</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td></tr><tr><td>Number of observations</td><td colspan="2">696</td><td colspan="2">696</td><td colspan="2">223</td><td colspan="2">473</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td colspan="2">0.21</td><td colspan="2">0.22</td><td colspan="2">0.26</td><td colspan="2">0.22</td></tr><tr><td colspan="9"><strong>Panel D. Theoretical amount of student scholarship and parents' self-assessed income</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Student scholarship</td><td>-0.55***</td><td>(-8.09)</td><td>-0.55***</td><td>(-8.16)</td><td>-0.58***</td><td>(-4.41)</td><td>-0.42***</td><td>(-5.07)</td></tr><tr><td>Self-reported parental income</td><td>0.02***</td><td>(2.76)</td><td>0.02***</td><td>(2.64)</td><td>0.00</td><td>(0.45)</td><td>0.05***</td><td>(4.25)</td></tr><tr><td>Control variables</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td><td colspan="2">YES: EXTENDED</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td></tr><tr><td>Number of observations</td><td colspan="2">674</td><td colspan="2">674</td><td colspan="2">218</td><td colspan="2">456</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td colspan="2">0.22</td><td colspan="2">0.23</td><td colspan="2">0.28</td><td colspan="2">0.22</td></tr></tbody></table>

Source: authors' calculations, Drees-Insee - ENRJ Survey 2014.

Note: estimates from OLS regressions with robust standard errors. Significance levels are 1% (***), 5% (**) and 10% (*). Basic controls include gender, age, numbers of student's siblings (aged 0–17 and 18–24), age, divorced, education and parents' income. Extended controls for the student additionally include proximity to study location, living with a spouse, in an independent dwelling and participation in the labor market.
<table><caption>Table B1.2 IV estimates of private transfers with income variant for separated parents</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Variables</th><th colspan="2">(1) All families</th><th colspan="2">(2) All families</th><th colspan="2">(3) Non-intact families</th><th colspan="2">(4) Intact families</th></tr><tr><th>coef</th><th>t-test</th><th>coef</th><th>t-test</th><th>coef</th><th>t-test</th><th>Coef</th><th>t-test</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="9"><strong>Panel A. Instrument: self-assessed scholarship level</strong></td></tr><tr><td colspan="9"><em>IV first stage: student scholarship</em></td></tr><tr><td>Instrument: amount corresponding to the self-assessed level (S<sup>L</sup>)</td><td>0.92***</td><td>(52.81)</td><td>0.92***</td><td>(51.88)</td><td>0.93***</td><td>(38.06)</td><td>0.87***</td><td>(28.48)</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td>0.87</td><td></td><td>0.87</td><td></td><td>0.85</td><td></td><td>0.88</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>F-test of excluded instrument</td><td>2788.65</td><td></td><td>2691.04</td><td></td><td>1448.24</td><td></td><td>811.22</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="9"><em>IV second stage: parental transfer</em></td></tr><tr><td>Student scholarship</td><td>-0.52***</td><td>(-6.15)</td><td>-0.53***</td><td>(-6.32)</td><td>-0.59***</td><td>(-4.18)</td><td>-0.41***</td><td>(-3.40)</td></tr><tr><td>Parental income</td><td>0.02***</td><td>(2.65)</td><td>0.02**</td><td>(2.30)</td><td>0.01</td><td>(1.12)</td><td>0.03**</td><td>(2.57)</td></tr><tr><td>Control variables</td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td><td>YES: EXTENDED</td><td></td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Number of observations</td><td>674</td><td></td><td>674</td><td></td><td>218</td><td></td><td>456</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td>0.21</td><td></td><td>0.22</td><td></td><td>0.26</td><td></td><td>0.20</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="9"><strong>Panel B. Instrument: predicted scholarship</strong></td></tr><tr><td colspan="9"><em>IV first stage: student scholarship</em></td></tr><tr><td>Instrument: predicted amount by the scheme using our data (S<sup>T</sup>)</td><td>0.64***</td><td>(11.45)</td><td>0.64***</td><td>(11.31)</td><td>0.49***</td><td>(4.99)</td><td>0.53***</td><td>(7.52)</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td>0.49</td><td></td><td>0.49</td><td></td><td>0.30</td><td></td><td>0.61</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>F-test of excluded instrument</td><td>131.07</td><td></td><td>127.92</td><td></td><td>24.86</td><td></td><td>56.55</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="9"><em>IV second stage: parental transfer</em></td></tr><tr><td>Student scholarship</td><td>-0.60***</td><td>(-3.42)</td><td>-0.65***</td><td>(-3.75)</td><td>-0.83**</td><td>(-2.19)</td><td>-0.40</td><td>(-1.54)</td></tr><tr><td>Parental income</td><td>0.02</td><td>(1.38)</td><td>0.01</td><td>(1.02)</td><td>0.01</td><td>(0.62)</td><td>0.03</td><td>(1.44)</td></tr><tr><td>Control variables</td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td><td>YES: EXTENDED</td><td></td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Number of observations</td><td>696</td><td></td><td>696</td><td></td><td>223</td><td></td><td>473</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td>0.21</td><td></td><td>0.21</td><td></td><td>0.23</td><td></td><td>0.20</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Source: authors' calculations, Drees-Insee - ENRJ Survey 2014.

Note: estimates from 2SLS regressions, with robust standard errors. Significance levels are 1% (***), 5% (**) and 10% (*). Basic controls include gender, age, numbers of student's siblings (aged 0–17 and 18–24), age, divorced, education and income for parents. Extended controls for the student additionally include proximity to study location, living with a spouse, in an independent dwelling and participation in the labor market.
<table><caption>Table B1.2 IV estimates of private transfers with income variant for separated parents</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Variables</th><th colspan="2">(1) All families</th><th colspan="2">(2) All families</th><th colspan="2">(3) Non-intact families</th><th colspan="2">(4) Intact families</th></tr><tr><th>coef</th><th>t-test</th><th>coef</th><th>t-test</th><th>coef</th><th>t-test</th><th>Coef</th><th>t-test</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="9"><strong>Panel A. Instrument: self-assessed scholarship level</strong></td></tr><tr><td colspan="9"><em>IV first stage: student scholarship</em></td></tr><tr><td>Instrument: amount corresponding to the self-assessed level (S<sup>L</sup>)</td><td>0.92***</td><td>(52.81)</td><td>0.92***</td><td>(51.88)</td><td>0.93***</td><td>(38.06)</td><td>0.87***</td><td>(28.48)</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td>0.87</td><td></td><td>0.87</td><td></td><td>0.85</td><td></td><td>0.88</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>F-test of excluded instrument</td><td>2788.65</td><td></td><td>2691.04</td><td></td><td>1448.24</td><td></td><td>811.22</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="9"><em>IV second stage: parental transfer</em></td></tr><tr><td>Student scholarship</td><td>-0.52***</td><td>(-6.15)</td><td>-0.53***</td><td>(-6.32)</td><td>-0.59***</td><td>(-4.18)</td><td>-0.41***</td><td>(-3.40)</td></tr><tr><td>Parental income</td><td>0.02***</td><td>(2.65)</td><td>0.02**</td><td>(2.30)</td><td>0.01</td><td>(1.12)</td><td>0.03**</td><td>(2.57)</td></tr><tr><td>Control variables</td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td><td>YES: EXTENDED</td><td></td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Number of observations</td><td>674</td><td></td><td>674</td><td></td><td>218</td><td></td><td>456</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td>0.21</td><td></td><td>0.22</td><td></td><td>0.26</td><td></td><td>0.20</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="9"><strong>Panel B. Instrument: predicted scholarship</strong></td></tr><tr><td colspan="9"><em>IV first stage: student scholarship</em></td></tr><tr><td>Instrument: predicted amount by the scheme using our data (S<sup>T</sup>)</td><td>0.64***</td><td>(11.45)</td><td>0.64***</td><td>(11.31)</td><td>0.49***</td><td>(4.99)</td><td>0.53***</td><td>(7.52)</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td>0.49</td><td></td><td>0.49</td><td></td><td>0.30</td><td></td><td>0.61</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>F-test of excluded instrument</td><td>131.07</td><td></td><td>127.92</td><td></td><td>24.86</td><td></td><td>56.55</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="9"><em>IV second stage: parental transfer</em></td></tr><tr><td>Student scholarship</td><td>-0.60***</td><td>(-3.42)</td><td>-0.65***</td><td>(-3.75)</td><td>-0.83**</td><td>(-2.19)</td><td>-0.40</td><td>(-1.54)</td></tr><tr><td>Parental income</td><td>0.02</td><td>(1.38)</td><td>0.01</td><td>(1.02)</td><td>0.01</td><td>(0.62)</td><td>0.03</td><td>(1.44)</td></tr><tr><td>Control variables</td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td><td>YES: EXTENDED</td><td></td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Number of observations</td><td>696</td><td></td><td>696</td><td></td><td>223</td><td></td><td>473</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td>0.21</td><td></td><td>0.21</td><td></td><td>0.23</td><td></td><td>0.20</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Source: authors' calculations, Drees-Insee - ENRJ Survey 2014.

Note: estimates from 2SLS regressions, with robust standard errors. Significance levels are 1% (***), 5% (**) and 10% (*). Basic controls include gender, age, numbers of student's siblings (aged 0–17 and 18–24), age, divorced, education and income for parents. Extended controls for the student additionally include proximity to study location, living with a spouse, in an independent dwelling and participation in the labor market.
## B2. Inclusion of level 0 scholarship holders

Our main sample does not include level 0 scholarship students, as these do not receive any public transfer payments and concern a wider public, likely to divert us from our objective of analyzing the effect of a change in scholarship amount at the intensive margin only. This seems all the more justified given that the shift from levels offering no payment to those offering a payment provokes a change in study continuation and access to higher education behavior, as shown by the work of Fack and Grenet (2015). However, the results obtained in this new scope remain very similar, with the exception of the IV results for the scholarship amount reconstructed in our data, which turn out to be higher. With both IV methods F-test of excluded instrument is much weaker on this extended sample, which confirms the relevance of our main approach.

<table><caption>Table B2.1. OLS estimates of private transfers including level 0 scholarship holders</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Variables</th><th colspan="2">(1) All families</th><th colspan="2">(2) All families</th><th colspan="2">(3) Non-Intact families</th><th colspan="2">(4) Intact families</th></tr><tr><th>Coef</th><th>t-test</th><th>Coef</th><th>t-test</th><th>Coef</th><th>t-test</th><th>Coef</th><th>t-test</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="9"><strong>Panel A. Self-assessed amount of student scholarship and parents' fiscal income</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Student scholarship</td><td>-0.38***</td><td>(-5.59)</td><td>-0.40***</td><td>(-5.83)</td><td>-0.37***</td><td>(-3.38)</td><td>-0.37***</td><td>(-3.88)</td></tr><tr><td>Fiscal parental income</td><td>0.03***</td><td>(3.95)</td><td>0.03***</td><td>(3.56)</td><td>0.02*</td><td>(1.75)</td><td>0.03***</td><td>(2.88)</td></tr><tr><td>Control variables</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td><td colspan="2">YES: EXTENDED</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td></tr><tr><td>Number of observations</td><td colspan="2">733</td><td colspan="2">733</td><td colspan="2">231</td><td colspan="2">502</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td colspan="2">0.21</td><td colspan="2">0.22</td><td colspan="2">0.25</td><td colspan="2">0.21</td></tr><tr><td colspan="9"><strong>Panel B. Theoretical amount of student scholarship and parents' fiscal income</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Student scholarship</td><td>-0.39***</td><td>(-5.82)</td><td>-0.40***</td><td>(-5.98)</td><td>-0.41***</td><td>(-3.65)</td><td>-0.36***</td><td>(-4.02)</td></tr><tr><td>Fiscal parental income</td><td>0.03***</td><td>(4.00)</td><td>0.03***</td><td>(3.70)</td><td>0.02</td><td>(1.52)</td><td>0.03***</td><td>(3.30)</td></tr><tr><td>Control variables</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td><td colspan="2">YES: EXTENDED</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td></tr><tr><td>Number of observations</td><td colspan="2">733</td><td colspan="2">733</td><td colspan="2">231</td><td colspan="2">502</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td colspan="2">0.22</td><td colspan="2">0.22</td><td colspan="2">0.26</td><td colspan="2">0.21</td></tr><tr><td colspan="9"><strong>Panel C. Self-assessed amount of student scholarship and parents' self-assessed income</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Student scholarship</td><td>-0.49***</td><td>(-8.16)</td><td>-0.49***</td><td>(-8.36)</td><td>-0.42***</td><td>(-3.81)</td><td>-0.42***</td><td>(-5.33)</td></tr><tr><td>Self-reported parental income</td><td>0.02***</td><td>(3.04)</td><td>0.02***</td><td>(2.95)</td><td>0.01</td><td>(0.92)</td><td>0.04***</td><td>(3.80)</td></tr><tr><td>Control variables</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td><td colspan="2">YES: EXTENDED</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td></tr><tr><td>Number of observations</td><td colspan="2">733</td><td colspan="2">733</td><td colspan="2">231</td><td colspan="2">502</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td colspan="2">0.21</td><td colspan="2">0.22</td><td colspan="2">0.25</td><td colspan="2">0.22</td></tr><tr><td colspan="9"><strong>Panel D. Theoretical amount of student scholarship and parents' self-assessed income</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Student scholarship</td><td>-0.49***</td><td>(-8.39)</td><td>-0.49***</td><td>(-8.49)</td><td>-0.45***</td><td>(-4.05)</td><td>-0.41***</td><td>(-5.75)</td></tr><tr><td>Self-reported parental income</td><td>0.02***</td><td>(3.08)</td><td>0.02***</td><td>(3.01)</td><td>0.01</td><td>(0.67)</td><td>0.05***</td><td>(4.33)</td></tr><tr><td>Control variables</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td><td colspan="2">YES: EXTENDED</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td></tr><tr><td>Number of observations</td><td colspan="2">733</td><td colspan="2">733</td><td colspan="2">231</td><td colspan="2">502</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td colspan="2">0.21</td><td colspan="2">0.22</td><td colspan="2">0.25</td><td colspan="2">0.22</td></tr></tbody></table>

Source: authors' calculations, Drees-Insee – ENRJ Survey 2014.

Note: estimates from OLS regressions with robust standard errors. Significance levels are 1% (**), 5% (**) and 10% (*). Basic controls include gender, age, numbers of student's siblings (aged 0–17 and 18–24), age, divorced, education and parents' income. Extended controls for the student additionally include proximity to study location, living with a spouse, in an independent dwelling and participation in the labor market. Monthly parental income is defined as the sum of the individual incomes of both parents when they form a single household, and the maximum of both when the parents are separated and form two households. Parental income is monthly.
## B2. Inclusion of level 0 scholarship holders

Our main sample does not include level 0 scholarship students, as these do not receive any public transfer payments and concern a wider public, likely to divert us from our objective of analyzing the effect of a change in scholarship amount at the intensive margin only. This seems all the more justified given that the shift from levels offering no payment to those offering a payment provokes a change in study continuation and access to higher education behavior, as shown by the work of Fack and Grenet (2015). However, the results obtained in this new scope remain very similar, with the exception of the IV results for the scholarship amount reconstructed in our data, which turn out to be higher. With both IV methods F-test of excluded instrument is much weaker on this extended sample, which confirms the relevance of our main approach.

<table><caption>Table B2.1. OLS estimates of private transfers including level 0 scholarship holders</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Variables</th><th colspan="2">(1) All families</th><th colspan="2">(2) All families</th><th colspan="2">(3) Non-Intact families</th><th colspan="2">(4) Intact families</th></tr><tr><th>Coef</th><th>t-test</th><th>Coef</th><th>t-test</th><th>Coef</th><th>t-test</th><th>Coef</th><th>t-test</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="9"><strong>Panel A. Self-assessed amount of student scholarship and parents' fiscal income</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Student scholarship</td><td>-0.38***</td><td>(-5.59)</td><td>-0.40***</td><td>(-5.83)</td><td>-0.37***</td><td>(-3.38)</td><td>-0.37***</td><td>(-3.88)</td></tr><tr><td>Fiscal parental income</td><td>0.03***</td><td>(3.95)</td><td>0.03***</td><td>(3.56)</td><td>0.02*</td><td>(1.75)</td><td>0.03***</td><td>(2.88)</td></tr><tr><td>Control variables</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td><td colspan="2">YES: EXTENDED</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td></tr><tr><td>Number of observations</td><td colspan="2">733</td><td colspan="2">733</td><td colspan="2">231</td><td colspan="2">502</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td colspan="2">0.21</td><td colspan="2">0.22</td><td colspan="2">0.25</td><td colspan="2">0.21</td></tr><tr><td colspan="9"><strong>Panel B. Theoretical amount of student scholarship and parents' fiscal income</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Student scholarship</td><td>-0.39***</td><td>(-5.82)</td><td>-0.40***</td><td>(-5.98)</td><td>-0.41***</td><td>(-3.65)</td><td>-0.36***</td><td>(-4.02)</td></tr><tr><td>Fiscal parental income</td><td>0.03***</td><td>(4.00)</td><td>0.03***</td><td>(3.70)</td><td>0.02</td><td>(1.52)</td><td>0.03***</td><td>(3.30)</td></tr><tr><td>Control variables</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td><td colspan="2">YES: EXTENDED</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td></tr><tr><td>Number of observations</td><td colspan="2">733</td><td colspan="2">733</td><td colspan="2">231</td><td colspan="2">502</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td colspan="2">0.22</td><td colspan="2">0.22</td><td colspan="2">0.26</td><td colspan="2">0.21</td></tr><tr><td colspan="9"><strong>Panel C. Self-assessed amount of student scholarship and parents' self-assessed income</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Student scholarship</td><td>-0.49***</td><td>(-8.16)</td><td>-0.49***</td><td>(-8.36)</td><td>-0.42***</td><td>(-3.81)</td><td>-0.42***</td><td>(-5.33)</td></tr><tr><td>Self-reported parental income</td><td>0.02***</td><td>(3.04)</td><td>0.02***</td><td>(2.95)</td><td>0.01</td><td>(0.92)</td><td>0.04***</td><td>(3.80)</td></tr><tr><td>Control variables</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td><td colspan="2">YES: EXTENDED</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td></tr><tr><td>Number of observations</td><td colspan="2">733</td><td colspan="2">733</td><td colspan="2">231</td><td colspan="2">502</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td colspan="2">0.21</td><td colspan="2">0.22</td><td colspan="2">0.25</td><td colspan="2">0.22</td></tr><tr><td colspan="9"><strong>Panel D. Theoretical amount of student scholarship and parents' self-assessed income</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Student scholarship</td><td>-0.49***</td><td>(-8.39)</td><td>-0.49***</td><td>(-8.49)</td><td>-0.45***</td><td>(-4.05)</td><td>-0.41***</td><td>(-5.75)</td></tr><tr><td>Self-reported parental income</td><td>0.02***</td><td>(3.08)</td><td>0.02***</td><td>(3.01)</td><td>0.01</td><td>(0.67)</td><td>0.05***</td><td>(4.33)</td></tr><tr><td>Control variables</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td><td colspan="2">YES: EXTENDED</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td></tr><tr><td>Number of observations</td><td colspan="2">733</td><td colspan="2">733</td><td colspan="2">231</td><td colspan="2">502</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td colspan="2">0.21</td><td colspan="2">0.22</td><td colspan="2">0.25</td><td colspan="2">0.22</td></tr></tbody></table>

Source: authors' calculations, Drees-Insee – ENRJ Survey 2014.

Note: estimates from OLS regressions with robust standard errors. Significance levels are 1% (**), 5% (**) and 10% (*). Basic controls include gender, age, numbers of student's siblings (aged 0–17 and 18–24), age, divorced, education and parents' income. Extended controls for the student additionally include proximity to study location, living with a spouse, in an independent dwelling and participation in the labor market. Monthly parental income is defined as the sum of the individual incomes of both parents when they form a single household, and the maximum of both when the parents are separated and form two households. Parental income is monthly.
<table><caption>Table B2.2. IV estimates of private transfers including level 0 scholarship holders</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Variables</th><th colspan="2">(1) All families</th><th colspan="2">(2) All families</th><th colspan="2">(3) Non-intact families</th><th colspan="2">(4) Intact families</th></tr><tr><th>coef</th><th>t-test</th><th>coef</th><th>t-test</th><th>coef</th><th>t-test</th><th>Coef</th><th>t-test</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="9"><strong>Panel A. Instrument: self-assessed scholarship level</strong></td></tr><tr><td colspan="9"><em>IV first stage: student scholarship</em></td></tr><tr><td>Instrument: amount corresponding to the self-assessed level (S<sup>L</sup>)</td><td>0.84***</td><td>(35.39)</td><td>0.84***</td><td>(35.19)</td><td>0.90***</td><td>(35.57)</td><td>0.78***</td><td>(21.07)</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td>0.86</td><td></td><td>0.86</td><td></td><td>0.86</td><td></td><td>0.87</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>F-test of excluded instrument</td><td>1252</td><td></td><td>1239</td><td></td><td>1265</td><td></td><td>443.8</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="9"><em>IV second stage: parental transfer</em></td></tr><tr><td>Student scholarship</td><td>-0.46***</td><td>(-5.87)</td><td>-0.48***</td><td>(-6.05)</td><td>-0.46***</td><td>(-3.73)</td><td>-0.45***</td><td>(-4.04)</td></tr><tr><td>Parental income</td><td>0.03***</td><td>(3.06)</td><td>0.02***</td><td>(2.73)</td><td>0.02</td><td>(1.56)</td><td>0.03**</td><td>(2.08)</td></tr><tr><td>Control variables</td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td><td>YES: EXTENDED</td><td></td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Number of observations</td><td>733</td><td></td><td>733</td><td></td><td>231</td><td></td><td>502</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td>0.21</td><td></td><td>0.22</td><td></td><td>0.25</td><td></td><td>0.21</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="9"><strong>Panel B. Instrument: predicted scholarship</strong></td></tr><tr><td colspan="9"><em>IV first stage: student scholarship</em></td></tr><tr><td>Instrument: predicted amount by the scheme using our data (S<sup>T</sup>)</td><td>0.59***</td><td>(8.32)</td><td>0.58***</td><td>(7.91)</td><td>0.69***</td><td>(5.76)</td><td>0.50***</td><td>(6.54)</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td>0.52</td><td></td><td>0.53</td><td></td><td>0.34</td><td></td><td>0.62</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>F-test of excluded instrument</td><td>69.14</td><td></td><td>62.63</td><td></td><td>33.21</td><td></td><td>42.78</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="9"><em>IV second stage: parental transfer</em></td></tr><tr><td>Student scholarship</td><td>-0.76***</td><td>(-3.74)</td><td>-0.83***</td><td>(-3.93)</td><td>-0.81***</td><td>(-2.81)</td><td>-0.66**</td><td>(-2.19)</td></tr><tr><td>Parental income</td><td>0.00</td><td>(0.25)</td><td>-0.00</td><td>(-0.18)</td><td>0.01</td><td>(0.46)</td><td>0.01</td><td>(0.28)</td></tr><tr><td>Control variables</td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td><td>YES: EXTENDED</td><td></td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Number of observations</td><td>733</td><td></td><td>733</td><td></td><td>231</td><td></td><td>502</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td>0.18</td><td></td><td>0.18</td><td></td><td>0.20</td><td></td><td>0.19</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Source: authors' calculations, Drees-Insee - ENRJ Survey 2014.

Note: estimates from 2SLS regressions, with robust standard errors. Significance levels are 1% (**), 5% (**) and 10% (*). Basic controls include gender, age, numbers of student's siblings (aged 0–17 and 18–24), age, divorced, education and income for parents. Extended controls for the student additionally include proximity to study location, living with a spouse, in an independent dwelling and participation in the labor market.
<table><caption>Table B2.2. IV estimates of private transfers including level 0 scholarship holders</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Variables</th><th colspan="2">(1) All families</th><th colspan="2">(2) All families</th><th colspan="2">(3) Non-intact families</th><th colspan="2">(4) Intact families</th></tr><tr><th>coef</th><th>t-test</th><th>coef</th><th>t-test</th><th>coef</th><th>t-test</th><th>Coef</th><th>t-test</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="9"><strong>Panel A. Instrument: self-assessed scholarship level</strong></td></tr><tr><td colspan="9"><em>IV first stage: student scholarship</em></td></tr><tr><td>Instrument: amount corresponding to the self-assessed level (S<sup>L</sup>)</td><td>0.84***</td><td>(35.39)</td><td>0.84***</td><td>(35.19)</td><td>0.90***</td><td>(35.57)</td><td>0.78***</td><td>(21.07)</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td>0.86</td><td></td><td>0.86</td><td></td><td>0.86</td><td></td><td>0.87</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>F-test of excluded instrument</td><td>1252</td><td></td><td>1239</td><td></td><td>1265</td><td></td><td>443.8</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="9"><em>IV second stage: parental transfer</em></td></tr><tr><td>Student scholarship</td><td>-0.46***</td><td>(-5.87)</td><td>-0.48***</td><td>(-6.05)</td><td>-0.46***</td><td>(-3.73)</td><td>-0.45***</td><td>(-4.04)</td></tr><tr><td>Parental income</td><td>0.03***</td><td>(3.06)</td><td>0.02***</td><td>(2.73)</td><td>0.02</td><td>(1.56)</td><td>0.03**</td><td>(2.08)</td></tr><tr><td>Control variables</td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td><td>YES: EXTENDED</td><td></td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Number of observations</td><td>733</td><td></td><td>733</td><td></td><td>231</td><td></td><td>502</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td>0.21</td><td></td><td>0.22</td><td></td><td>0.25</td><td></td><td>0.21</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="9"><strong>Panel B. Instrument: predicted scholarship</strong></td></tr><tr><td colspan="9"><em>IV first stage: student scholarship</em></td></tr><tr><td>Instrument: predicted amount by the scheme using our data (S<sup>T</sup>)</td><td>0.59***</td><td>(8.32)</td><td>0.58***</td><td>(7.91)</td><td>0.69***</td><td>(5.76)</td><td>0.50***</td><td>(6.54)</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td>0.52</td><td></td><td>0.53</td><td></td><td>0.34</td><td></td><td>0.62</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>F-test of excluded instrument</td><td>69.14</td><td></td><td>62.63</td><td></td><td>33.21</td><td></td><td>42.78</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="9"><em>IV second stage: parental transfer</em></td></tr><tr><td>Student scholarship</td><td>-0.76***</td><td>(-3.74)</td><td>-0.83***</td><td>(-3.93)</td><td>-0.81***</td><td>(-2.81)</td><td>-0.66**</td><td>(-2.19)</td></tr><tr><td>Parental income</td><td>0.00</td><td>(0.25)</td><td>-0.00</td><td>(-0.18)</td><td>0.01</td><td>(0.46)</td><td>0.01</td><td>(0.28)</td></tr><tr><td>Control variables</td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td><td>YES: EXTENDED</td><td></td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Number of observations</td><td>733</td><td></td><td>733</td><td></td><td>231</td><td></td><td>502</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td>0.18</td><td></td><td>0.18</td><td></td><td>0.20</td><td></td><td>0.19</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Source: authors' calculations, Drees-Insee - ENRJ Survey 2014.

Note: estimates from 2SLS regressions, with robust standard errors. Significance levels are 1% (**), 5% (**) and 10% (*). Basic controls include gender, age, numbers of student's siblings (aged 0–17 and 18–24), age, divorced, education and income for parents. Extended controls for the student additionally include proximity to study location, living with a spouse, in an independent dwelling and participation in the labor market.
## B3. Exclusion of first-year students

The purpose of this check is to ensure that the measurement of regular private transfers from parents is not biased by a reporting bias concerning first-year students. Despite instructions from interviewers to report regular monthly parental aid corresponding to the current situation, some may refer to the situation prior to the start of their higher education studies. This would underestimate the amount of aid declared, and could distort the estimate of eviction. In the absence of a variable distinguishing between first-year and second-year students, first-year scholarship students are identified in the database as those aged 20 or under, studying in first or second year, who had not applied for a scholarship the previous year. Excluding these students, however, the results remain unchanged, suggesting an absence of reporting bias.

<table><caption>Table B3.1 OLS estimates of private transfers without first year students</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Variables</th><th colspan="2">(1) All families</th><th colspan="2">(2) All families</th><th colspan="2">(3) Non-Intact families</th><th colspan="2">(4) Intact families</th></tr><tr><th>Coef</th><th>t-test</th><th>Coef</th><th>t-test</th><th>Coef</th><th>t-test</th><th>Coef</th><th>t-test</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="9"><strong>Panel A. Self-assessed amount of student scholarship and parents' fiscal income</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Student scholarship</td><td>-0.37***</td><td>(-4.62)</td><td>-0.39***</td><td>(-4.83)</td><td>-0.33**</td><td>(-2.35)</td><td>-0.41***</td><td>(-3.78)</td></tr><tr><td>Fiscal parental income</td><td>0.04***</td><td>(4.06)</td><td>0.03***</td><td>(3.64)</td><td>0.05***</td><td>(2.99)</td><td>0.03**</td><td>(2.34)</td></tr><tr><td>Control variables</td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td><td>YES: EXTENDED</td><td></td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Number of observations</td><td>590</td><td></td><td>590</td><td></td><td>185</td><td></td><td>405</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td>0.22</td><td></td><td>0.23</td><td></td><td>0.28</td><td></td><td>0.21</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="9"><strong>Panel B. Theoretical amount of student scholarship and parents' fiscal income</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Student scholarship</td><td>-0.42***</td><td>(-4.99)</td><td>-0.43***</td><td>(-5.17)</td><td>-0.44***</td><td>(-2.92)</td><td>-0.41***</td><td>(-3.87)</td></tr><tr><td>Fiscal parental income</td><td>0.03***</td><td>(3.74)</td><td>0.03***</td><td>(3.32)</td><td>0.04**</td><td>(2.57)</td><td>0.03**</td><td>(2.46)</td></tr><tr><td>Control variables</td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td><td>YES: EXTENDED</td><td></td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Number of observations</td><td>574</td><td></td><td>574</td><td></td><td>181</td><td></td><td>393</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td>0.23</td><td></td><td>0.24</td><td></td><td>0.30</td><td></td><td>0.21</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="9"><strong>Panel C. Self-assessed amount of student scholarship and parents' self-assessed income</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Student scholarship</td><td>-0.49***</td><td>(-7.00)</td><td>-0.49***</td><td>(-7.09)</td><td>-0.44***</td><td>(-3.12)</td><td>-0.42***</td><td>(-4.64)</td></tr><tr><td>Self-reported parental income</td><td>0.03***</td><td>(3.65)</td><td>0.03***</td><td>(3.63)</td><td>0.02</td><td>(1.61)</td><td>0.05***</td><td>(3.90)</td></tr><tr><td>Control variables</td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td><td>YES: EXTENDED</td><td></td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Number of observations</td><td>590</td><td></td><td>590</td><td></td><td>185</td><td></td><td>405</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td>0.22</td><td></td><td>0.23</td><td></td><td>0.26</td><td></td><td>0.23</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="9"><strong>Panel D. Theoretical amount of student scholarship and parents' self-assessed income</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Student scholarship</td><td>-0.52***</td><td>(-7.26)</td><td>-0.52***</td><td>(-7.28)</td><td>-0.55***</td><td>(-3.68)</td><td>-0.42***</td><td>(-4.88)</td></tr><tr><td>Self-reported parental income</td><td>0.02***</td><td>(3.25)</td><td>0.02***</td><td>(3.21)</td><td>0.01</td><td>(1.11)</td><td>0.05***</td><td>(4.15)</td></tr><tr><td>Control variables</td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td><td>YES: EXTENDED</td><td></td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Number of observations</td><td>574</td><td></td><td>574</td><td></td><td>181</td><td></td><td>393</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td>0.23</td><td></td><td>0.24</td><td></td><td>0.28</td><td></td><td>0.23</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Source: authors' calculations, Drees-Insee - ENRJ Survey 2014.

Note: estimates from OLS regressions with robust standard errors. Significance levels are 1% (***), 5% (**) and 10% (*). Basic controls include gender, age, numbers of student's siblings (aged 0–17 and 18–24), age, divorced, education and parents' income. Extended controls for the student additionally include proximity to study location, living with a spouse, in an independent dwelling and participation in the labor market. In the absence of a variable distinguishing between first-year and second-year students, first-year scholarship students are identified in the database as those aged 20 or under, studying in first or second year, who had not applied for a scholarship the previous year. Monthly parental income is defined as the sum of the individual incomes of both parents when they form a single household, and the maximum of both when the parents are separated and form two households.
## B3. Exclusion of first-year students

The purpose of this check is to ensure that the measurement of regular private transfers from parents is not biased by a reporting bias concerning first-year students. Despite instructions from interviewers to report regular monthly parental aid corresponding to the current situation, some may refer to the situation prior to the start of their higher education studies. This would underestimate the amount of aid declared, and could distort the estimate of eviction. In the absence of a variable distinguishing between first-year and second-year students, first-year scholarship students are identified in the database as those aged 20 or under, studying in first or second year, who had not applied for a scholarship the previous year. Excluding these students, however, the results remain unchanged, suggesting an absence of reporting bias.

<table><caption>Table B3.1 OLS estimates of private transfers without first year students</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Variables</th><th colspan="2">(1) All families</th><th colspan="2">(2) All families</th><th colspan="2">(3) Non-Intact families</th><th colspan="2">(4) Intact families</th></tr><tr><th>Coef</th><th>t-test</th><th>Coef</th><th>t-test</th><th>Coef</th><th>t-test</th><th>Coef</th><th>t-test</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="9"><strong>Panel A. Self-assessed amount of student scholarship and parents' fiscal income</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Student scholarship</td><td>-0.37***</td><td>(-4.62)</td><td>-0.39***</td><td>(-4.83)</td><td>-0.33**</td><td>(-2.35)</td><td>-0.41***</td><td>(-3.78)</td></tr><tr><td>Fiscal parental income</td><td>0.04***</td><td>(4.06)</td><td>0.03***</td><td>(3.64)</td><td>0.05***</td><td>(2.99)</td><td>0.03**</td><td>(2.34)</td></tr><tr><td>Control variables</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td><td colspan="2">YES: EXTENDED</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td></tr><tr><td>Number of observations</td><td colspan="2">590</td><td colspan="2">590</td><td colspan="2">185</td><td colspan="2">405</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td colspan="2">0.22</td><td colspan="2">0.23</td><td colspan="2">0.28</td><td colspan="2">0.21</td></tr><tr><td colspan="9"><strong>Panel B. Theoretical amount of student scholarship and parents' fiscal income</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Student scholarship</td><td>-0.42***</td><td>(-4.99)</td><td>-0.43***</td><td>(-5.17)</td><td>-0.44***</td><td>(-2.92)</td><td>-0.41***</td><td>(-3.87)</td></tr><tr><td>Fiscal parental income</td><td>0.03***</td><td>(3.74)</td><td>0.03***</td><td>(3.32)</td><td>0.04**</td><td>(2.57)</td><td>0.03**</td><td>(2.46)</td></tr><tr><td>Control variables</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td><td colspan="2">YES: EXTENDED</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td></tr><tr><td>Number of observations</td><td colspan="2">574</td><td colspan="2">574</td><td colspan="2">181</td><td colspan="2">393</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td colspan="2">0.23</td><td colspan="2">0.24</td><td colspan="2">0.30</td><td colspan="2">0.21</td></tr><tr><td colspan="9"><strong>Panel C. Self-assessed amount of student scholarship and parents' self-assessed income</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Student scholarship</td><td>-0.49***</td><td>(-7.00)</td><td>-0.49***</td><td>(-7.09)</td><td>-0.44***</td><td>(-3.12)</td><td>-0.42***</td><td>(-4.64)</td></tr><tr><td>Self-reported parental income</td><td>0.03***</td><td>(3.65)</td><td>0.03***</td><td>(3.63)</td><td>0.02</td><td>(1.61)</td><td>0.05***</td><td>(3.90)</td></tr><tr><td>Control variables</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td><td colspan="2">YES: EXTENDED</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td></tr><tr><td>Number of observations</td><td colspan="2">590</td><td colspan="2">590</td><td colspan="2">185</td><td colspan="2">405</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td colspan="2">0.22</td><td colspan="2">0.23</td><td colspan="2">0.26</td><td colspan="2">0.23</td></tr><tr><td colspan="9"><strong>Panel D. Theoretical amount of student scholarship and parents' self-assessed income</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Student scholarship</td><td>-0.52***</td><td>(-7.26)</td><td>-0.52***</td><td>(-7.28)</td><td>-0.55***</td><td>(-3.68)</td><td>-0.42***</td><td>(-4.88)</td></tr><tr><td>Self-reported parental income</td><td>0.02***</td><td>(3.25)</td><td>0.02***</td><td>(3.21)</td><td>0.01</td><td>(1.11)</td><td>0.05***</td><td>(4.15)</td></tr><tr><td>Control variables</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td><td colspan="2">YES: EXTENDED</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td></tr><tr><td>Number of observations</td><td colspan="2">574</td><td colspan="2">574</td><td colspan="2">181</td><td colspan="2">393</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td colspan="2">0.23</td><td colspan="2">0.24</td><td colspan="2">0.28</td><td colspan="2">0.23</td></tr></tbody></table>

Source: authors' calculations, Drees-Insee - ENRJ Survey 2014.

Note: estimates from OLS regressions with robust standard errors. Significance levels are 1% (***), 5% (**) and 10% (*). Basic controls include gender, age, numbers of student's siblings (aged 0–17 and 18–24), age, divorced, education and parents' income. Extended controls for the student additionally include proximity to study location, living with a spouse, in an independent dwelling and participation in the labor market. In the absence of a variable distinguishing between first-year and second-year students, first-year scholarship students are identified in the database as those aged 20 or under, studying in first or second year, who had not applied for a scholarship the previous year. Monthly parental income is defined as the sum of the individual incomes of both parents when they form a single household, and the maximum of both when the parents are separated and form two households.
<table><caption>Table 4. IV estimates of private transfers without first year students excluded</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Variables</th><th colspan="2">(1) All families</th><th colspan="2">(2) All families</th><th colspan="2">(3) Non-intact families</th><th colspan="2">(4) Intact families</th></tr><tr><th>coef</th><th>t-test</th><th>coef</th><th>t-test</th><th>coef</th><th>t-test</th><th>Coef</th><th>t-test</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="9"><strong>Panel A. Instrument: self-assessed scholarship level</strong></td></tr><tr><td colspan="9"><strong>IV first stage: student scholarship</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Instrument: amount corresponding to the self-assessed level (S<sup>L</sup>)</td><td>0.89***</td><td>(38.50)</td><td>0.88***</td><td>(37.85)</td><td>0.90***</td><td>(28.00)</td><td>0.87***</td><td>(26.95)</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td>0.86</td><td></td><td>0.86</td><td></td><td>0.84</td><td></td><td>0.88</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>F-test of excluded instrument</td><td>1482</td><td></td><td>1432</td><td></td><td>784</td><td></td><td>726</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="9"><strong>IV second stage: parental transfer</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Student scholarship</td><td>-0.47***</td><td>(-4.96)</td><td>-0.49***</td><td>(-5.15)</td><td>-0.49***</td><td>(-2.98)</td><td>-0.48***</td><td>(-3.85)</td></tr><tr><td>Parental income</td><td>0.03***</td><td>(3.09)</td><td>0.03***</td><td>(2.65)</td><td>0.04***</td><td>(2.65)</td><td>0.02*</td><td>(1.79)</td></tr><tr><td>Control variables</td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td><td>YES: EXTENDED</td><td></td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Number of observations</td><td>574</td><td></td><td>574</td><td></td><td>181</td><td></td><td>393</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td>0.22</td><td></td><td>0.23</td><td></td><td>0.29</td><td></td><td>0.21</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="9"><strong>Panel B. Instrument: predicted scholarship</strong></td></tr><tr><td colspan="9"><strong>IV first stage: student scholarship</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Instrument: predicted amount by the scheme using our data (S<sup>T</sup>)</td><td>0.57***</td><td>(8.19)</td><td>0.57***</td><td>(7.96)</td><td>0.70***</td><td>(6.16)</td><td>0.49***</td><td>(6.50)</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td>0.53</td><td></td><td>0.54</td><td></td><td>0.41</td><td></td><td>0.60</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>F-test of excluded instrument</td><td>69.98</td><td></td><td>64.07</td><td></td><td>43.60</td><td></td><td>39.72</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="9"><strong>IV second stage: parental transfer</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Student scholarship</td><td>-0.44**</td><td>(-2.10)</td><td>-0.49**</td><td>(-2.37)</td><td>-0.46</td><td>(-1.47)</td><td>-0.38</td><td>(-1.30)</td></tr><tr><td>Parental income</td><td>0.03**</td><td>(1.99)</td><td>0.03</td><td>(1.61)</td><td>0.04**</td><td>(2.21)</td><td>0.03</td><td>(1.27)</td></tr><tr><td>Control variables</td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td><td>YES: EXTENDED</td><td></td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Number of observations</td><td>590</td><td></td><td>590</td><td></td><td>185</td><td></td><td>405</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td>0.22</td><td></td><td>0.23</td><td></td><td>0.28</td><td></td><td>0.21</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Source: authors' calculations, Drees-Insee - ENRJ Survey 2014.

Note: estimates from 2SLS regressions, with robust standard errors. Significance levels are 1% (***), 5% (**) and 10% (*). Basic controls include gender, age, numbers of student's siblings (aged 0–17 and 18–24), age, divorced, education and income for parents. Extended controls for the student additionally include proximity to study location, living with a spouse, in an independent dwelling and participation in the labor market. In the absence of a variable distinguishing between first-year and second-year students, first-year scholarship students are identified in the database as those aged 20 or under, studying in first or second year, who had not applied for a scholarship the previous year. Monthly parental income is defined as the sum of the individual incomes of both parents when they form a single household, and the maximum of both when the parents are separated and form two households.
<table><caption>Table 4. IV estimates of private transfers without first year students excluded</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Variables</th><th colspan="2">(1) All families</th><th colspan="2">(2) All families</th><th colspan="2">(3) Non-intact families</th><th colspan="2">(4) Intact families</th></tr><tr><th>coef</th><th>t-test</th><th>coef</th><th>t-test</th><th>coef</th><th>t-test</th><th>Coef</th><th>t-test</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="9"><strong>Panel A. Instrument: self-assessed scholarship level</strong></td></tr><tr><td colspan="9"><strong>IV first stage: student scholarship</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Instrument: amount corresponding to the self-assessed level (S<sup>L</sup>)</td><td>0.89***</td><td>(38.50)</td><td>0.88***</td><td>(37.85)</td><td>0.90***</td><td>(28.00)</td><td>0.87***</td><td>(26.95)</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td>0.86</td><td></td><td>0.86</td><td></td><td>0.84</td><td></td><td>0.88</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>F-test of excluded instrument</td><td>1482</td><td></td><td>1432</td><td></td><td>784</td><td></td><td>726</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="9"><strong>IV second stage: parental transfer</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Student scholarship</td><td>-0.47***</td><td>(-4.96)</td><td>-0.49***</td><td>(-5.15)</td><td>-0.49***</td><td>(-2.98)</td><td>-0.48***</td><td>(-3.85)</td></tr><tr><td>Parental income</td><td>0.03***</td><td>(3.09)</td><td>0.03***</td><td>(2.65)</td><td>0.04***</td><td>(2.65)</td><td>0.02*</td><td>(1.79)</td></tr><tr><td>Control variables</td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td><td>YES: EXTENDED</td><td></td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Number of observations</td><td>574</td><td></td><td>574</td><td></td><td>181</td><td></td><td>393</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td>0.22</td><td></td><td>0.23</td><td></td><td>0.29</td><td></td><td>0.21</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="9"><strong>Panel B. Instrument: predicted scholarship</strong></td></tr><tr><td colspan="9"><strong>IV first stage: student scholarship</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Instrument: predicted amount by the scheme using our data (S<sup>T</sup>)</td><td>0.57***</td><td>(8.19)</td><td>0.57***</td><td>(7.96)</td><td>0.70***</td><td>(6.16)</td><td>0.49***</td><td>(6.50)</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td>0.53</td><td></td><td>0.54</td><td></td><td>0.41</td><td></td><td>0.60</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>F-test of excluded instrument</td><td>69.98</td><td></td><td>64.07</td><td></td><td>43.60</td><td></td><td>39.72</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="9"><strong>IV second stage: parental transfer</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Student scholarship</td><td>-0.44**</td><td>(-2.10)</td><td>-0.49**</td><td>(-2.37)</td><td>-0.46</td><td>(-1.47)</td><td>-0.38</td><td>(-1.30)</td></tr><tr><td>Parental income</td><td>0.03**</td><td>(1.99)</td><td>0.03</td><td>(1.61)</td><td>0.04**</td><td>(2.21)</td><td>0.03</td><td>(1.27)</td></tr><tr><td>Control variables</td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td><td>YES: EXTENDED</td><td></td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Number of observations</td><td>590</td><td></td><td>590</td><td></td><td>185</td><td></td><td>405</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td>0.22</td><td></td><td>0.23</td><td></td><td>0.28</td><td></td><td>0.21</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Source: authors' calculations, Drees-Insee - ENRJ Survey 2014.

Note: estimates from 2SLS regressions, with robust standard errors. Significance levels are 1% (***), 5% (**) and 10% (*). Basic controls include gender, age, numbers of student's siblings (aged 0–17 and 18–24), age, divorced, education and income for parents. Extended controls for the student additionally include proximity to study location, living with a spouse, in an independent dwelling and participation in the labor market. In the absence of a variable distinguishing between first-year and second-year students, first-year scholarship students are identified in the database as those aged 20 or under, studying in first or second year, who had not applied for a scholarship the previous year. Monthly parental income is defined as the sum of the individual incomes of both parents when they form a single household, and the maximum of both when the parents are separated and form two households.
## B4. Controlling for equivalence-adjusted parental income

As household structure is likely to create discontinuities in the link between private transfers and income, we propose here a variant controlling for parents' equivalence-adjusted income, which takes account of household structure through the modified OECD equivalence scale. Formally, this income is equal to the quotient between disposable income (income + benefits - taxes) and a number of consumption units linked to household size. For separated parents, we consider the maximum equivalence-adjusted income between the two parents' households. The results below do not alter the conclusions reached in our main specification.

<table><caption>Table B4.1. OLS estimates of private transfers controlling for equivalence-adjusted parental income</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Variables</th><th colspan="2">(1) All families</th><th colspan="2">(2) All families</th><th colspan="2">(3) Non-Intact families</th><th colspan="2">(4) Intact families</th></tr><tr><th>Coef</th><th>t-test</th><th>Coef</th><th>t-test</th><th>Coef</th><th>t-test</th><th>Coef</th><th>t-test</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="9"><strong>Panel A. Self-assessed amount of student scholarship and parents' equivalence-adjusted fiscal income</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Student scholarship</td><td>-0.48***</td><td>(-7.68)</td><td>-0.48***</td><td>(-7.74)</td><td>-0.47***</td><td>(-4.00)</td><td>-0.42***</td><td>(-5.01)</td></tr><tr><td>Fiscal parental income</td><td>0.01***</td><td>(3.96)</td><td>0.01***</td><td>(3.80)</td><td>0.00**</td><td>(2.00)</td><td>0.01***</td><td>(3.46)</td></tr><tr><td>Control variables</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td><td colspan="2">YES: EXTENDED</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td></tr><tr><td>Number of observations</td><td colspan="2">696</td><td colspan="2">696</td><td colspan="2">223</td><td colspan="2">473</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td colspan="2">0.22</td><td colspan="2">0.23</td><td colspan="2">0.27</td><td colspan="2">0.21</td></tr><tr><td colspan="9"><strong>Panel B. Theoretical amount of student scholarship and parents' equivalence-adjusted fiscal income</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Student scholarship</td><td>-0.50***</td><td>(-7.62)</td><td>-0.51***</td><td>(-7.69)</td><td>-0.55***</td><td>(-4.38)</td><td>-0.41***</td><td>(-4.76)</td></tr><tr><td>Fiscal parental income</td><td>0.01***</td><td>(3.71)</td><td>0.01***</td><td>(3.49)</td><td>0.00*</td><td>(1.77)</td><td>0.01***</td><td>(3.49)</td></tr><tr><td>Control variables</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td><td colspan="2">YES: EXTENDED</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td></tr><tr><td>Number of observations</td><td colspan="2">674</td><td colspan="2">674</td><td colspan="2">218</td><td colspan="2">456</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td colspan="2">0.22</td><td colspan="2">0.23</td><td colspan="2">0.29</td><td colspan="2">0.21</td></tr></tbody></table>

Source: authors' calculations, Drees-Insee - ENRJ Survey 2014.

Note: estimates from OLS regressions with robust standard errors. Significance levels are 1% (***), 5% (**) and 10% (*). Basic controls include gender, age, numbers of student's siblings (aged 0–17 and 18–24), age, divorced, education and parents' income. Extended controls for the student additionally include proximity to study location, living with a spouse, in an independent dwelling and participation in the labor market. Equivalence-adjusted monthly parental income takes account of household structure through the modified OECD equivalence scale. It is equal to the quotient between disposable income (income + benefits - taxes) and a number of consumption units linked to household size. When the parents are separated and form two households it equals the maximum of both equivalence-adjusted incomes.
## B4. Controlling for equivalence-adjusted parental income

As household structure is likely to create discontinuities in the link between private transfers and income, we propose here a variant controlling for parents' equivalence-adjusted income, which takes account of household structure through the modified OECD equivalence scale. Formally, this income is equal to the quotient between disposable income (income + benefits - taxes) and a number of consumption units linked to household size. For separated parents, we consider the maximum equivalence-adjusted income between the two parents' households. The results below do not alter the conclusions reached in our main specification.

<table><caption>Table B4.1. OLS estimates of private transfers controlling for equivalence-adjusted parental income</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Variables</th><th colspan="2">(1) All families</th><th colspan="2">(2) All families</th><th colspan="2">(3) Non-Intact families</th><th colspan="2">(4) Intact families</th></tr><tr><th>Coef</th><th>t-test</th><th>Coef</th><th>t-test</th><th>Coef</th><th>t-test</th><th>Coef</th><th>t-test</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="9"><strong>Panel A. Self-assessed amount of student scholarship and parents' equivalence-adjusted fiscal income</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Student scholarship</td><td>-0.48***</td><td>(-7.68)</td><td>-0.48***</td><td>(-7.74)</td><td>-0.47***</td><td>(-4.00)</td><td>-0.42***</td><td>(-5.01)</td></tr><tr><td>Fiscal parental income</td><td>0.01***</td><td>(3.96)</td><td>0.01***</td><td>(3.80)</td><td>0.00**</td><td>(2.00)</td><td>0.01***</td><td>(3.46)</td></tr><tr><td>Control variables</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td><td colspan="2">YES: EXTENDED</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td></tr><tr><td>Number of observations</td><td colspan="2">696</td><td colspan="2">696</td><td colspan="2">223</td><td colspan="2">473</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td colspan="2">0.22</td><td colspan="2">0.23</td><td colspan="2">0.27</td><td colspan="2">0.21</td></tr><tr><td colspan="9"><strong>Panel B. Theoretical amount of student scholarship and parents' equivalence-adjusted fiscal income</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Student scholarship</td><td>-0.50***</td><td>(-7.62)</td><td>-0.51***</td><td>(-7.69)</td><td>-0.55***</td><td>(-4.38)</td><td>-0.41***</td><td>(-4.76)</td></tr><tr><td>Fiscal parental income</td><td>0.01***</td><td>(3.71)</td><td>0.01***</td><td>(3.49)</td><td>0.00*</td><td>(1.77)</td><td>0.01***</td><td>(3.49)</td></tr><tr><td>Control variables</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td><td colspan="2">YES: EXTENDED</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td><td colspan="2">YES: BASIC</td></tr><tr><td>Number of observations</td><td colspan="2">674</td><td colspan="2">674</td><td colspan="2">218</td><td colspan="2">456</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td colspan="2">0.22</td><td colspan="2">0.23</td><td colspan="2">0.29</td><td colspan="2">0.21</td></tr></tbody></table>

Source: authors' calculations, Drees-Insee - ENRJ Survey 2014.

Note: estimates from OLS regressions with robust standard errors. Significance levels are 1% (***), 5% (**) and 10% (*). Basic controls include gender, age, numbers of student's siblings (aged 0–17 and 18–24), age, divorced, education and parents' income. Extended controls for the student additionally include proximity to study location, living with a spouse, in an independent dwelling and participation in the labor market. Equivalence-adjusted monthly parental income takes account of household structure through the modified OECD equivalence scale. It is equal to the quotient between disposable income (income + benefits - taxes) and a number of consumption units linked to household size. When the parents are separated and form two households it equals the maximum of both equivalence-adjusted incomes.
<table><caption>Table B4.2. IV estimates of private transfers controlling for parental equivalence-adjusted income</caption><thead><tr><th>Variables</th><th>(1)</th><th>coef</th><th>t-test</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="4"><strong>Panel A. Instrument: self-assessed scholarship level</strong></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"><strong>IV first stage: student scholarship</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Instrument: amount corresponding to the self-assessed level (S<sup>L</sup>)</td><td>0.94***</td><td></td><td>(64.56)</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td>0.87</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>F-test of excluded instrument</td><td>4169</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"><strong>IV second stage: parental transfer</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Student scholarship</td><td>-0.51***</td><td></td><td>(-7.66)</td></tr><tr><td>Parental adjusted fiscal income</td><td>0.01***</td><td></td><td>(4.08)</td></tr><tr><td>Control variables</td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Number of observations</td><td>674</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td>0.22</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"><strong>Panel B. Instrument: predicted scholarship</strong></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"><strong>IV first stage: student scholarship</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Instrument: predicted amount by the scheme using our data (S<sup>T</sup>)</td><td>0.66***</td><td></td><td>(23.02)</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td>0.52</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>F-test of excluded instrument</td><td>529.9</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"><strong>IV second stage: parental transfer</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Student scholarship</td><td>-0.57***</td><td></td><td>(-6.37)</td></tr><tr><td>Parental adjusted fiscal income</td><td>0.01***</td><td></td><td>(3.61)</td></tr><tr><td>Control variables</td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Number of observations</td><td>696</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td>0.22</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Source: authors' calculations, Drees-Insee – ENRJ Survey 2014.

Note: estimates from 2SLS regressions, with robust standard errors. Significance levels are 1% (***), 5% (***) and 10% (*). Basic controls include gender, numbers of student's siblings (aged 0–17 and 18–24), age, divorced, education and income for parents. Extended controls for the student additionally include proximity to study location, living with a spouse, in an independent dwelling and participation in the labor market. Equivalence-adjusted monthly parental takes account of household structure through the modified OECD equivalence scale. It equals the quotient between disposable income (income + benefits - taxes) and a number of consumption units linked to household size. When the parents are separated and form two households it equals the maximum of both equivalence-adjusted incomes.
<table><caption>Table B4.2. IV estimates of private transfers controlling for parental equivalence-adjusted income</caption><thead><tr><th>Variables</th><th>(1)</th><th>coef</th><th>t-test</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="4"><strong>Panel A. Instrument: self-assessed scholarship level</strong></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"><strong>IV first stage: student scholarship</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Instrument: amount corresponding to the self-assessed level (S<sup>L</sup>)</td><td>0.94***</td><td></td><td>(64.56)</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td>0.87</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>F-test of excluded instrument</td><td>4169</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"><strong>IV second stage: parental transfer</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Student scholarship</td><td>-0.51***</td><td></td><td>(-7.66)</td></tr><tr><td>Parental adjusted fiscal income</td><td>0.01***</td><td></td><td>(4.08)</td></tr><tr><td>Control variables</td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Number of observations</td><td>674</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td>0.22</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"><strong>Panel B. Instrument: predicted scholarship</strong></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"><strong>IV first stage: student scholarship</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Instrument: predicted amount by the scheme using our data (S<sup>T</sup>)</td><td>0.66***</td><td></td><td>(23.02)</td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td>0.52</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>F-test of excluded instrument</td><td>529.9</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"><strong>IV second stage: parental transfer</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Student scholarship</td><td>-0.57***</td><td></td><td>(-6.37)</td></tr><tr><td>Parental adjusted fiscal income</td><td>0.01***</td><td></td><td>(3.61)</td></tr><tr><td>Control variables</td><td>YES: BASIC</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Number of observations</td><td>696</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>R<sup>2</sup></td><td>0.22</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Source: authors' calculations, Drees-Insee – ENRJ Survey 2014.

Note: estimates from 2SLS regressions, with robust standard errors. Significance levels are 1% (***), 5% (**) and 10% (*). Basic controls include gender, numbers of student's siblings (aged 0–17 and 18–24), age, divorced, education and income for parents. Extended controls for the student additionally include proximity to study location, living with a spouse, in an independent dwelling and participation in the labor market. Equivalence-adjusted monthly parental takes account of household structure through the modified OECD equivalence scale. It equals the quotient between disposable income (income + benefits - taxes) and a number of consumption units linked to household size. When the parents are separated and form two households it equals the maximum of both equivalence-adjusted incomes.