According to Evans, CISCO forecasts that the number of devices connected to the internet will reach 50 billion by 2020.<fnref n="24" /> Therefore, connecting any appliance, device, vehicle or a gadget to internet will become common. This makes the usage of these devices more efficient, but also impacts on the privacy of the user, because IoT constantly collects information on the usage of connected items. Keeping the data private is becoming more and more difficult.

The benefits of IoT should not be underestimated. They include, for example, reducing energy by using smart home sensors, operating home appliances from smartphone, maintaining road safety and traffic information, executing advanced medical diagnostics, etc. However, since these technologies collect and share large volumes of data, there should be advanced and fit for purpose data protection systems. To ensure secrecy and privacy of the information, transferred via the Internet, encryption is used, or cryptography, which allows to transform data into an encrypted form, from which it is possible to extract the source information only if there is a key.<fnref n="25" />

Development and use of such data protection systems will also be beneficial to the manufacturers, thanks to increased trust from the consumer.

Another recent development that must be discussed in the light of data and privacy is “cloud computing”. According to IBM, cloud computing can be referred to as “the cloud” and is “the delivery of on-demand computing resources – everything from applications to data centers – over the internet on a pay-for-use basis”. There are many benefits to using the cloud, mainly, space saving and ability to access the data in the cloud from any gadget, as opposed to storing it on a physical device. Thus, many businesses and private users are migrating some of their data and application to the cloud. However, due to the concerns of data security, the sensitive data and critical applications and systems are still often kept on the physical devices, which inhibits the growth of the cloud computing market.<fnref n="26" /> The main challenges of making cloud computing secure, named by Chen and Zhao, lie in the area of protection of personal and business information of the user, whilst sharing the data at the same time and it is of great importance to use such systems that will determine which information can be disclosed and to whom it can be disclosed, in order to keep the functionality of the cloud, whilst protecting sensitive data of the user.<fnref n="27" />

Problems arising from the security of information transfer when working in computer networks can be defined as follows:

Interception of information – the integrity of information is preserved, but its confidentiality is violated;<fnref n="28" />

Modification of information – the original message is changed or completely replaced by another and sent to the addressee;<fnref n="29" />

Substitution of authorship of information;<fnref n="30" />

Interception of the message with its withdrawal.<fnref n="31" />

<footnote n="24">²⁴ Evans, D. (2011). The internet of things: How the next evolution of the internet is changing everything. *CISCO white paper*, 1 (2011), 1-11.</footnote>

<footnote n="25">²⁵ Huang, R. W., Gui, X. L., Yu, S., & Zhuang, W. (2011). Privacy-preserving computable encryption scheme of cloud computing. *Jisuanji Xuebao (Chinese Journal of Computers)*, 34(12), 2391-2402.</footnote>

<footnote n="26">²⁶ Dobrin, S.; Chochia, A. (2016). The Concepts of Trademark Exhaustion and Parallel Imports: A Comparative Analysis between the EU and the USA. *Baltic Journal of European Studies*, 6 (2), 28–57.</footnote>

<footnote n="27">²⁷ Chen, D., & Zhao, H. (2012, March). Data security and privacy protection issues in cloud computing. In *Computer Science and Electronics Engineering (ICCSEE), 2012 International Conference on* (Vol. 1, pp. 647-651). IEEE.</footnote>

<footnote n="28">²⁸ Lloyd, I. (2017). *Information technology law*. Oxford University Press.</footnote>

<footnote n="29">²⁹ Theohary, C. A. (2011). *Terrorist use of the internet: Information operations in cyberspace*. DIANE Publishing.</footnote>

<footnote n="30">³⁰ Lloyd, I. (2017). *Information technology law*. Oxford University Press.</footnote>

<footnote n="31">³¹ Delac, G., Silic, M., & Krolo, J. (2011, May). Emerging security threats for mobile platforms. In *MIPRO, 2011 Proceedings of the 34th International Convention* (pp. 1468-1473). IEEE.</footnote>
These problems can have serious consequences. For example, someone can send a letter on behalf of another person or the Web server can pretend to be an e-store, accept orders, credit card numbers, but not send any goods.

Therefore, it can be concluded that, in accordance with the listed problems in the discussion of security issues, the term "security" in the data protection area should combine the following different characteristics of a security-providing system:

1. Authentication: the process of recognizing the user of the system and granting him certain rights and powers. Every time when it comes to the degree or quality of authentication, this should be understood as the degree of security of the system from attacks by third parties on these powers.

2. Integrity: a state of data in which they retain their informational content and unambiguous interpretation under conditions of different impacts. In particular, in the case of data transmission, integrity can be seen as the identity of the sent and received.

3. Secrecy: preventing unauthorized access to information. In the case of data transmission, this term should be understood as preventing interception of information.

## CONCLUSION

This paper was aimed at determining legal problems and issues within the aspect of human rights, in light of the technological development. The relationship between these areas was analysed and several problems were identified. These problems include:

- Manipulation of the personal consciousness, through mass-media;

- Identity issues of the internet users and other psychological problems;

- Unfiltered information online can be misleading and even dangerous;

- Uncontrolled power of mass media can be dangerous to society;

- High rate of renewal of knowledge, rapid changeability of social structures;

- A threat to freedom in the internet society;

- Dangers of genetic modification of humans, leading to human rights crisis.

Issues with data protection and security were also discussed and methods of protection of personal data were explored.

It can be concluded that there are many advantages of technology development that lead to growth of economies, made conducting business and personal communication easier, fostered globalization; however, it is important to consider the dangers of this concept in connection to the issue of human rights.

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<figure><img src="image_9.png" /></figure>
# Outsourcing in the Context of State-Private Partnership

KATERYNA KOSINOVA

YAROSLAV MUDRYI NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY, UKRAINE

**Abstract:** the article is dedicated to analysis of outsourcing in the context of state-private partnership, as a means of stimulating the development of the national economy, as well as attracting foreign investments. Different kinds of outsourcing are analysed depending on what is passed to execution by outside organizations. The main stages and peculiarities of state-private partnership development in the countries of Europe, USA, Russia and Ukraine are indicated. In addition, the author analyses the Law of Ukraine "On State-Private Partnership", outlines the main shortcomings of legislation and investigates the state of the implementation of state-private partnership in Ukraine. An attempt has been made to determine the main directions of the state policy and a set of legal means to promote the use of outsourcing and development of outsourcing relations with foreign partners.

**Keywords:** Economic-legal policy, Investments, Outsourcing, State-private partnership, Transnational corporations.

## INTRODUCTION

The current stage of development of the Ukrainian economy is characterized by slowness, lack of technology, access to the international market, as well as the problem of attracting innovative investment. Ukrainian enterprises face many problems, which are related to deficiency of state support, high level of taxation, in particular investment imports, inadequate connections with foreign partners, and the like. In addition, despite a wide variety of ways to attract foreign investment and stimulate the development of the economy, the Government does not seem to pay enough attention to this, as a result of which there is no perfect legislation, a low level of economic development, a lack of strategic partnership with foreign companies in the spheres of metallurgy, machine building, power engineering.

The purpose of this article is to study outsourcing in the context of the possibilities of using legal forms of state-private partnership, which in turn can become an instrument for implementing the investment and innovation policy of the state. In addition, the article is aimed at analysing modern legislation, which regulates public-private partnerships, identifying means and methods for supporting private economic entities, and developing an effective state policy to regulate outsourcing relations within the framework of state-private partnership.

Such methods as the method of system-functional analysis in the analysis of outsourcing varieties, their influence on economic processes and the possible outcome for the economy were used when writing this article. Secondly, the formal-logical method was applied in the analysis of regulatory legal acts governing the legal regime of foreign investment, as well as forms of state-private partnership. In addition, the methods of analysis and synthesis were used, formally- legal, as well as dialectical.

## STATEMENT OF THE BASIC MATERIALS

Today, the level of economic development in Ukraine remains extremely unsatisfactory. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Ukraine remained in a difficult situation, as Ukraine faced such problems as inflation, the rapid decline in the standard of living of the population, the drop in production, the loss of economic contacts with enterprises of the former USSR that significantly
slowed the development of the economy.<fnref n="1" /> In addition, there was a need to navigate from the command economy to a market economy, to form market-based legislation, and to seek new means to stimulate the development of the national economy. Ukraine has not been able to bring the economy to a high level during 27 years, which is explained by the insufficiency of investments, the imperfect system of state management of the economy, the growth of state debts, the shadowing of the economy, and insufficient attraction of foreign investments. To date, Ukraine's GDP level is only about $ 100 billion, which is insufficient to ensure a decent standard of living for the population. In this connection, there arises the problem of developing and searching for new forms and methods that will ensure intensive development of the Ukrainian economy.

One of such ways can be attraction of foreign investments. The urgency of solving this problem is underscored by the Decision of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine "On the Concept of Science – Technology and Innovative Development of Ukraine" dated July 13, 1999, which states that Ukraine lacks an effective mechanism for investing in large-scale technological changes. State scientific and technical programs often do not ensure the achievement of concrete final results. Ministries and other central executive bodies do not have sufficient funds for innovative transformation of relevant industries, and non-state commercial structures are still not interested in implementing long-term projects that provide basic technological changes. A promising direction in solving problems in this area is the transition of domestic production to an innovation-based development.<fnref n="2" /> Taking into account the current situation, it is necessary to define more clearly the conceptual basis of the state scientific, technological and innovation policy. Despite the considerable time that has elapsed since the adoption of this decision, it is still very relevant for characterizing the current economic state of the country.

It should be noted that for Ukraine as a state, which cannot be considered as country with a developed economy, thus should be one of the key in the state economic strategy. The most important and promising partners from the point of view for the development of further relations that will provide an opportunity to enter the international market, as well as attract innovative technologies, are transnational corporations (hereinafter – TNCs). Outsourcing is one of the most effective ways to attract foreign investment. It can be said that the state does not pay enough attention to this economic phenomenon, and therefore, as a consequence, there is no legislation that would regulate outsourcing relations in detail, as well as state policy on their stimulation and support. Despite the wide variety of approaches to understanding outsourcing, we believe that it should be defined as a form of economic cooperation, which consists in transferring the main or serving functions by the customer company to another entity (outsourcer), usually on a contractual basis and used by the customer company with the aim of optimizing costs, as well as improving the quality of the final result. It is important to emphasize that outsourcing is not just an ordinary cooperation of companies among themselves, but an element of the company's strategy characterized by durability, integration of the business processes of the customer company and outsourcer, the transfer not only duties, but also responsibility for providing services, and also the purpose – optimization of costs and increase of competitiveness.<fnref n="3" />

<footnote n="1">¹ Kerikmäe, T.; Chochia, A. (Eds.) (2016). Political and Legal Perspectives of the EU Eastern Partnership Policy. Springer International Publishing.</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² Polese, A.; Stepurko, T.; Oksamitina, O.; Kerikmäe, T.; Chochia, A.; Levenets, O. (2018). Informality and Ukrainian higher educational institutions: Happy together? Future Policy in Education</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³ Nyman-Metcalf, K.; Dutt, P. K.; Chochia, A. (2014). The Freedom to Conduct Business and the Right to Property: The EU Technology Transfer Block Exemption Regulation and the relationship between Intellectual Property and Competition Law. In: Kerikmäe, T. (Ed.). Protection of Human Rights in the EU: Controversies and Challenges of the Charter of Fundamental Rights (37–70). Springer Verlag.</footnote>
First of all, it will be useful to note that the term “outsourcing” is often used in the context of cooperative relations between public authorities and private companies, which consists in the transfer of functions to a private outsourcer for execution, allows the authorities to concentrate their efforts on more important aspects of their activities, and to obtain a more effective and qualitative result.

Common areas in which outsourcing is used in public authorities may be information technology, infrastructure support, skills development and staff training, provision of individual services to the population and customer relationship management<fnref n="4" />. According to experts, the implementation of outsourcing contracts as a form of state-private partnership allows the customer enterprise to reduce operating costs by almost 35% and increase the return on capital by an average of 6%<fnref n="5" />.

For satisfaction of public interest we can give examples in support of the importance and effectiveness of using outsourcing. In order to overcome corruption in the customs business, the functions of external customs administration were transferred. The reformation of the system, as well as the activities of executive bodies, took place with the help of British companies that provided consulting services to government. Such companies were Crown Agents, Adam Smith International.<fnref n="6" /> However, the development and dissemination of the transfer of functions to outsourcing in the executive bodies of Ukraine is slowed by the lack of legislative regulation. Another promising application of outsourcing is the creation of call-centres. In the opinion of scientists, call-centres should be created instead of information-reference services, which will lead to increase of efficiency and quantity of provided services. It is also suggested that the formation of centralized accounting in state networked establishments is advisable, which in the future should share responsibilities for forming accounts in the institution and maintaining accounting records with the territorial body of the state treasury service.<fnref n="7" />

On the other hand, outsourcing can be considered as an “economic technology” for incorporating national enterprises into TNC chains by obtaining functions for performing certain operations by Ukrainian outsourcers. It should be noted that, given a number of features in outsourcing relationships, it is possible to distinguish contractual, investment and investment-innovative. It is from the type of outsourcing in the future will depend on the correct development of public policy with the aim of both protecting public interests and helping a private company develop and execution the functions transferred to TNCs.

Contractual outsourcing is reduced to the transfer only a single function or business process to the performance of another company and does not involve the transfer of special knowledge or developments. This kind of outsourcing usually takes place in the transfer of functions related to marketing, holding an advertising company, but it can also concern certain production operations on temporarily free operation lines of the outsourcer and the like. The next type is investment outsourcing, which in turn can have 2 options. The first is connected with the creation of a TNC of its own enterprise in Ukraine, and therefore, as a result, direct investments take place. Or the TNC can transfer to the Ukrainian enterprise the function execution with mandatory transfer of equipment, documentation, provides the necessary technological level of production, as a necessary condition for the performance of the function in accordance with the standards of the customer-

<footnote n="4">⁴ Kakabadse A., Kakabadse N., “Outsourcing in the public services: A comparative analysis of practice, capability and impact”, in Public Administration and Development, Vol. 21, 2001, pp. 401-413.</footnote>

<footnote n="5">⁵ Nagorna O., “Derzhavno-privatne partnerstvo v sistemi finansovogo zabezpechennja pidpriemstv komunal'nogo gospodarstva “, in Rinok cinnih paperiv Ukraïni, № 3-4, 2013, pp. 99-104.</footnote>

<footnote n="6">⁶ Kveliashvili I., “Zarubizhna praktika zastosuvannja autsorsingu v organah derzhavnoї vladi: perspektivi dlja Ukraïni“, in Derzhavne upravlinnja ta misceve samovrjaduvannja, vip. 4, 2015, pp. 171-178.</footnote>

<footnote n="7">⁷ *Ibid.*</footnote>
company. Investment-innovative outsourcing combines the creation of by foreign company the own enterprise in Ukraine with the transfer of scientific developments of innovative products to perform outsourced functions, and ideally – the creation of innovative divisions of enterprises-outsourcer.

As we see, it is more interesting to consider outsourcing in a global sense, on the so-called “mega-level” to attract foreign investments with an innovative aspect, and also to develop relations with TNCs. In this case, this situation will occur. Between TNCs and the Ukrainian Company arise outsourcing relationships that have an innovative and investment component. The state in its turn is interested in supporting these relations, and therefore should apply incentive measures for the Ukrainian enterprise. But due to the imperfection of the Ukrainian legislation, it turns out to be extremely difficult to choose the activities that will be most effective and right to ensure a balance between public and private interests. From this we can conclude that in this case we can talk about the existence of an investment project, the successful implementation of which can face difficulties associated with the lack of state support, large business risks, and so on. For foreign investors on the territory of Ukraine, a national regime for investment and other economic activities is established in accordance with Art. 7 of the Law of Ukraine “On the Foreign Investment Regime”, with the exceptions provided for by Ukrainian legislation and international treaties of Ukraine. For individual entrepreneurs engaged in investment projects involving foreign investment, which are implemented in accordance with the state programs for the development of priority sectors of the economy, social sphere and territories; a preferential regime of investment and other economic activities may be established. But we cannot fail to note the provisions of the Constitution of Ukraine, in particular Part 4 of Art. 13, where established that the state ensures the protection of the rights of all subjects of ownership and management, the social orientation of the economy. All subjects of ownership are equal before the law. This suggests that the state has no right to grant benefits or otherwise facilitate the economic activities of a particular enterprise. At the same time, an investor in a country like Ukraine may require special conditions. In this case, public-private partnership (hereinafter referred to as “PPP”) can be an effective way to solve this problem, as a form of individualizing the conditions of management for a particular project, taking into account its special public, socio-economic significance. In other words, we consider outsourcing as a global category, and state-private partnership (hereinafter referred to as SPP) as a condition that allows obtaining an outsourcing order from TNCs and assisting the relevant enterprise in performing its outsourcing tasks. State the case another way, we are talking about the allocation of a foreign partner and his relations with domestic outsourcers from the general legal regime of economy management in order not to contradict the constitutional principle of legal equality of business entities, but at the same time to provide particularly attractive conditions for the realization of economic relations.

In addition to that, the conceptual and legislative unification of the conceptual apparatus and outsourcing and the PPP would be important in this sense.

It should be noted that in the international literature there are 3 main approaches when SPPs are understood as inter-organizational activities between different institutions in which SPPs are used as a tool of public administration or management; as a development strategy; as a discursive term or, so-called, “language game”.<fnref n="8" /> In addition, there is an opinion that SPPs should be understood as long-term institutional mechanisms for cooperation between the public and private sectors to achieve various goals.

SPPs can also be interpreted in a broad and narrow sense. In the first case, SPP is any official constructive interaction of government and business in the economy, politics, culture, this definition, in fact, can be reduced to a comprehensive tool to attract investment in capital-intensive

<footnote n="8">⁸ Teiseman, G., Klijn, E.H, “Partnership Agreements: Governmental Rhetoric or Governance Scheme?”, in *Public Administration Review*, vol. 62, № 2, 2002, pp. 197-205.</footnote>
infrastructure projects.<fnref n="9" /> Some scholars believe that in this case, SPP should be understood as a mutually beneficial medium and long-term cooperation between the state and business, which is realized in various forms (starting from contracts for execution of works, corporatization and ending with consultations of the state and business associations) and which aims to solve political and socially significant tasks at the national, regional and local levels.<fnref n="10" />

Turning to the definition of SPP in the narrow sense, it should be said that it is defined as the interaction of business and government in the process of implementing socially significant projects of national importance.<fnref n="11" />

It is important that the SPP includes 2 components: economic and legal. The economic aspect can be reduced to fulfilling the role of the institute of indirect privatization (semi-privatization) with the redistribution of powers between the state and business in the region that cannot be privatized, but for the development of which the state does not have the means (housing and communal services, social sphere, transport, community redevelopment, objects of cultural heritage and others). At the same time, the conditions for the effectiveness of SPPs are: the extent to which the business is involved in the implemented project and the state maintains a high level of economic activity and property rights.<fnref n="12" />

On the other hand, SPP can be justified as a form of optimization of the state's performance of its duties to the society, in other words, effective provision of public services to the population.<fnref n="13" />

Such a scientist, as Varnavskyi V., defines the SPP as a legally established form of interaction between the state and the private sector in relation to state and municipal property objects, as well as services performed and provided by state and municipal authorities, institutions and enterprises for the purpose of realization of jointly significant projects in a wide range of economic activities.<fnref n="14" />

In the writings of Willisov M., one can find the definition of SPP, which is reduced to a legal mechanism for harmonizing interests and ensuring the equality of state business in the framework of the implementation of economic projects aimed at achieving the goals of public administration. The point to be emphasized is the equitable nature of the relations that arise between the state and the private sector.<fnref n="15" />

Halimovskyi analyses SPP from the point of view of mutually beneficial cooperation of public and private entities for the purposes of simultaneous profit making and achievement of socially useful goals in the field of economy, based on the combination of monetary and other partner contributions and the distribution of risks, allows for the partial release of a private object from entrepreneurial risks.<fnref n="16" /> Gerrard M. understands SPP as a joint project of government and business. But it should be noted that such projects, in his opinion, can only be classified as those

<footnote n="9">⁹ Narozhnij S. M., "Teoretichni zasadi organizacii derzhavno-privatnogo partnerstva", in Aktual'ni problemi derzhavnogo upravlinnja, №2, 2014, pp. 67-74.</footnote>

<footnote n="10">¹⁰ Pavljuk K. V., "Sutnist' i rol' derzhavno-privatnogo partnerstva v social'no-ekonomichnomu rozvitku derzhavi", in Naukovi praci Kirovograds'kogo nacional'nogo tehnichnogo universitetu. Ekonomichni nauki, vip. 17, 2010, pp. 10-19.</footnote>

<footnote n="11">¹¹ Vinnic'kij B., "Dosvid ta perspektivi vprovadzhennja derzhavno-privatnih partnerstv v Ukraïni ta za kordonom", 2008, p. 146.</footnote>

<footnote n="12">¹² United States Department Of Transportation (2004) Report To Congress On Public-Private Partnerships. http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/reports/pppdec2004/, Accessed: January 12th 2018.</footnote>

<footnote n="13">¹³ Supra note 6</footnote>

<footnote n="14">¹⁴ Varnavskij V.G., "Gosudarstvenno-chastnoe partnerstvo:teorija i praktika: uchebnoe posobie" Gos. un-t – Vysshaja shkola jekonomiki, 2010, p. 287.</footnote>

<footnote n="15">¹⁵ Villisov M.V., "Gosudarstvenno-chastnoe parnerstvo: politiko-pravovoj aspekt" in Vlast', № 7, 2006, pp. 14–19.</footnote>

<footnote n="16">¹⁶ Halimovskij Ju.A., "Gosudarstvenno-chastnoe partnèrstvo v sub#ektah RF: bluzhdanie v temnote", in «Nalogi» (gazeta), № 14, 2011, pp. 18-25.</footnote>
that are used as commercial management and investment mechanisms.<fnref n="17" /> The Commission of the European Union in the Green Paper states that SPPs are forms of cooperation between public authorities and businesses in order to financing, building, re-establishing, management and supporting infrastructure or provide services.<fnref n="18" /> Thus, we see that there is no consensus in the literature on the definition of SPPs.

Also, SPP cannot be called a new tool for interaction between the state and business, as well as its use as a means of developing strategically important sectors of the state economy. Therefore, it is possible to provide the main stages, as well as some features of SPP development in the countries of Europe, the USA, Russia and Ukraine.<fnref n="19" />

The first manifestations of SPP can be called the cooperation of the state with private structures in ancient Rome and Greece. It was then that the delegation of authority, as well as the functions to perform socially important tasks took place. For example, the so-called “tax collectors” had had the right to collect taxes, which then were given to farming at the annual auction. Also, land problems were solved; in particular, the procurators in Rome transferred plots of land for private use to private individuals for further development and search for minerals. In addition, the management of ports, as well as banks, was transferred to the private sector.<fnref n="20" />

Rapid development of SPP in Europe occurs in the Middle Ages. The peculiarity is that at the heart of such a partnership was a concession, which then understood the transfer of state property to private individuals. The first manifestation of such a partnership was the search for minerals in the 12th century in Spain.<fnref n="21" />

In the middle of the 16th century, in particular in 1552, in France during the reign of Henry II, a canal on the concession basis in the Crow Valley was constructed.<fnref n="22" /> This was a significant impetus for the development of plant growing, in particular, began to plant olive trees, grapes.<fnref n="23" /> Subsequently, the cleaning of the streets in Paris was handed over to private individuals. Such cooperation of the state with the private sector took place on a paid basis.

During the reign of Louis XIV the Southern Canal was built. This made it possible to trade in grain, since the channel connected Toulouse and Sète, which was located in the Mediterranean Sea.<fnref n="24" />

In the UK in 1992, the then-chancellor announced that the Ministry of Finance had begun to develop ways to increase the scale of private financing of capital projects as a whole. It was assumed that this would consist in the creation of joint ventures or the conclusion of lease agreements with the right of redemption with the private sector. Such cooperation has received the name as the Private Finance Initiative (PFI). PFI can be defined as long-term contracts (usually 20-35 years), where the private sector constructs project assets (for example, a building) and provides the

<footnote n="17">¹⁷ Solodarenko M., "Sutnisno-teoretichni pidhodi do rozuminnja kategorii derzhavno-privatne partnerstvo", in Naukovij visnik [Odes'kogo nacional'nogo ekonomichnogo universitetu], № 3, 2015, pp. 156-172.</footnote>

<footnote n="18">¹⁸ European Commission (2004) Green Paper On Public-Private Partnerships And Community Law On Public Contracts And Concessions. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52004DC0327, Accessed: December 19th 2017.</footnote>

<footnote n="19">¹⁹ Dobrin, S.; Chochia, A. (2016). The Concepts of Trademark Exhaustion and Parallel Imports: A Comparative Analysis between the EU and the USA. Baltic Journal of European Studies, 6 (2), 28-57.</footnote>

<footnote n="20">²⁰ Suhih V. A. K, "Voprosu o ponjatii i sushhnosti gosudarstvenno-chastnogo partnerstva", in Nauchno-tehn. vedomosti SPbGPU. Ser.: Jekonom nauki, № 2 (168), 2013, pp. 96-99.</footnote>

<footnote n="21">²¹ Dlugopol's'kij O. V., "Derzhavno-privatni partnerstva: zarubizhnij dosvid i uroki dlja Ukraïni", in Akt. probl. Ekonomiki, № 3, 2012, pp. 43-49.</footnote>

<footnote n="22">²² Lebeda T, "Derzhavno-privatne partnerstvo jak faktor ekonomichnogo zrostannja ta problemi rozvitku v Ukraïni", in Ekonomist: nauk. ta gromad, № 3, 2011, pp. 52-58.</footnote>

<footnote n="23">²³ Kulikov A. I., "Peredumovi viniknennja partnerstva mizh derzhavoju i pidpriemnic'kimi strukturami", in Derzhava ta regioni. Ser. : Derzh. upr. : nauk, № 1, 2012, pp. 29-33.</footnote>

<footnote n="24">²⁴ Please see official webpage at http://www.canal-du-midi.org/en/canal/history, Accessed: November 10th 2017.</footnote>
necessary financing. As a rule, this happens on the basis of project financing (payments from the state sector, based on contractual relations, which is the main guarantee for sponsors).

Later, in order to ensure a more rapid development of SPPs, a Private Financial Group (PFG) was created, which mainly comprised the private sector. Its tasks were to encourage participation in the PFI in both the public and private sectors, stimulate new ideas, identify new areas of public sector activities that could be financed by the private sector, and seek solutions to problems that could impede progress. As a result of the work of the Private Financial Group, 27 recommendations were developed for the government to accelerate the development of interaction between the public and private sectors.

In the United States of America, the first mention of the partnership between the state and the private sector is the conclusion of agreements between governors and private individuals on granting the right to build roads, wagons, use of land, and rivers. This happened in the XVII century.

Speaking about the development of SPP in Ukraine, it should be noted that a significant event was the signing of a concession agreement in the XIX century for the construction of a centralized water supply system, provision of urban lighting, and the start of public transport. The water concession lasted until 1914, when the authorities bought the water supply from the entrepreneur.<fnref n="25" /> Over time, the signing of concession agreements between the state and the private sector in Ukraine has become more widespread, which has enabled it to attract large capital for the development of strategically important sectors of the economy, technological innovations, special knowledge on the country's development and infrastructure development.

As we see, in different countries the inception and development of partnership between the state and private persons took place differently. But taking into account this fact, it can be concluded that even many years ago such interaction brought its results and made it possible to solve economic and socially significant problems.

To date, one of the main regulatory legal acts, which governing SPP, SPP has been defined as cooperation between the State of Ukraine, the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, territorial communities represented by relevant state bodies and local governments (state partners) and legal entities other than state and municipal enterprises, or by individuals-entrepreneurs (private partners), which is carried out on the basis of a contract in the manner prescribed by this Law and other legislative acts, and corresponds to the features of public-private partnership, defined by this Law.

However, this Law cannot be called perfect, since it regulates only general issues such as the organizational and legal bases for interaction of state partners with private partners and the basic principles of state-private partnership on a contractual basis. However, this Law does not establish the procedure for the organization and implementation of SPPs in certain areas of the economy, which significantly complicates its application. This Law does not provide for the form of SPP for the implementation of strategic outsourcing investment projects, because in Art. 5 of this Law it is established that within the framework of the implementation of state-private partnership in accordance with this Law and other legislative acts of Ukraine concession agreements and property management can be concluded (solely on the condition of prediction in the contract concluded within the framework of state-private partnership, investment obligations of a private partner, joint activities, other contracts). As we can see, this list cannot be called exhaustive, which is unacceptable for the public sphere, because despite the contractual nature of these relations, we cannot assume that relations within the framework of SPPs are exclusively discretionary nature. The state in this case has a double legal nature. First, it participates in such relations as a private

<footnote n="25">²⁵ Olijnik V, “Ljudina, jaka “sporudila sobi vikovichnij pam’jatnik”, ale bula blagopoluchno zabuta kijanami: [Pro inzhenera Amanda Ćgorovicha Struve (1835–1898)]”, in Dzerkalo tizhnja, 3 cherv. (№ 20), 2005.</footnote>
entity, and therefore there is equality with a private enterprise. But on the other hand, the state acts as a subject of organizational and economic powers, having the opportunity to take decisions on the provision of benefits, guarantees, and state assistance to private economic entities. In addition, the Law does not contain provisions on the implementation of the investment project, and as a consequence, and the outsourcing project, certainly slows down the development of interaction between the public and private sector. In this regard, there is a need to adopt separate laws on the implementation of outsourcing projects in construction, infrastructure and transport, in the manufacturing sector, and the like. Also, the mechanism for implementing these relations, conducting competitive procedures, the possibility of subsequent privatization of the object with its successful operation and the like, also requires improvements.

The imperfection of the Ukrainian legislation is manifested in a small number of cases of application of the PPP for the implementation of socially significant tasks. One of such examples can be the construction of an airport in Kharkiv. The essence of this partnership can be summarized by saying that the takeoff runway was in state ownership, the airport territory in the communal one, which was transferred to a private individual, Yaroslavskyi A., into a concession. However, legally, such a project was formalized by a lease for 49 years, which once again confirms the lack of confidence and inability to implement various forms of SPP in Ukraine.

The same opinion was reflected in the order of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine № 739-p dated August 14, 2013 “On approval of the Concept of development of state-private partnership in Ukraine for 2013-2018 years”, Ukraine has experience of private sector involvement in the development of the national economy. According to the World Bank, 40 infrastructure projects with the participation of the private sector were implemented during 1990-2011 years, with the total investment in these projects amounted to 12.1 billion US dollars, of which about 90 were focused on projects in the field of telecommunications. In other countries the total amount of investments attracted in 1990-2011 years for the implementation of infrastructure projects involving the private sector was 588.5 billion US dollars with a per capita income level below the average. Take into consideration the fact that to this category includes mainly the countries of Africa, the least developed countries of South-East Asia and the CIS countries, the level of involvement of the private sector in the implementation of infrastructure projects in Ukraine is unsatisfactory.

In addition, the Resolution states that international experience shows that for rapid economic development, in addition to adopting acts of national legislation in the field of state-private partnership, it is necessary to use a mechanism of state support with the aim of attracting private investments on the basis of this partnership. However, the main problems of providing state support in the sphere of state-private partnerships are still the budget deficit and the complexity of the mechanism for providing state support, the lack of annual financing of long-term state-private partnership projects, the uncertainty of the methodology for providing state support in the implementation of state-private partnership projects, inconsistency of principles and approaches in the sphere of state-private partnerships to international principles, limited opportunities to obtain state guarantees for the implementation of state-private partnership projects at the local level. Take into account the lack of positive results in the implementation of state-private partnership projects at the national and local level, it is necessary to develop a draft Law of Ukraine “On Development Strategy of State-Private Partnership in Ukraine.”

This confirms the importance of providing the benefits by state to Ukrainian outsourcer companies in order to efficiently and qualitatively execution assigned task, as well as creating the necessary conditions for the transfer their innovations to TNCs. Therefore, the state should develop legislation on the protection of intellectual property rights to prevent the disclosure of trade secrets, as well as special incentive measures for Ukrainian companies. In this connection, the question of creating a special legal regime for Ukrainian companies that is fundamentally important for the state
may arise. According to Part 1 of Article 19 of the Law of Ukraine "On state-private partnership", the national legal regime for investment and other economic activities for foreign private partners which implementing state-private partnership in Ukraine is established, except for cases provided for by law and international treaties of Ukraine, consent to be bound by the Verkhovna Rada Ukraine. But it might be advisable to apply the most favoured nation treatment in such situations, which would stimulate the development of outsourcing relations with foreign TNCs, and also actively attract foreign investments to the states. The importance of this regime is also fixed in the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe since 1975, which indicates that states recognize the beneficial effects on the development of trade, which may be the result of the most favoured nation treatment. Such a regime can be reduced to providing benefits or advantages in the implementation of cross-border trade. In addition, the application of the contractual principle of international trade by concluding bilateral agreements with the states-locations of TNCs can be effective.

The possibility of privatization of the object that was transferred to a concession, provided that it was successfully used for a certain period of time, as it was already noted, can be effective to stimulate the use of outsourcing relations in the sphere of SPP. Such use will have a prejudicial nature and will become a legal fact for obtaining ownership of the object.

CONCLUSIONS

1. Outsourcing is a form of economic cooperation that consists in the transfer of the main or serving functions by the customer company to another entity (outsourcer), usually on a contractual basis and used by the customer company to optimize costs, and to improve the quality of the final result. It's important to emphasize that outsourcing is not just an ordinary cooperation of companies among themselves, but an element of the company's strategy characterized by durability, integration of the business processes of the customer company and outsourcer, the transfer of not only duties, but also responsibility for providing services, and also the purpose – optimization of costs and increase of competitiveness.

2. The most important and promising partners in terms of developing further relationships that will allow them to enter the international market, as well as attract innovative technologies, are transnational corporations (hereinafter – TNCs). Outsourcing is one of the most effective ways to attract foreign investment.

3. Outsourcing can also be seen as cooperation between public authorities and private companies, which consists in transferring the functions to a private outsourcer for execution, allowing the authorities to concentrate their efforts on more important aspects of their activities, as well as to obtain a more effective and qualitative result, as well as a means of incorporating Ukrainian enterprises into TNC chains by obtaining production functions for execution by Ukrainian outsourcers.

4. Depending on what lies at the heart of outsourcing, outsourcing can be divided into contractual, investment, investment-innovative, which plays a key role in the development of public policy with a view to both protecting public interests and helping a private company to develop and execute functions transferred to TNCs.

5. SPP should be viewed as a form of individualizing the conditions of management for a particular project, taking into account its special public economic social meaning, which is very important for attracting outsourcing investment and innovation projects.
6. The development and improvement of legislation on SPP and regulation of outsourcing relations in certain spheres of the economy (construction, infrastructure development, production, etc.) remains an urgent problem.

7. Effective means to support the development of outsourcing relations can be state benefits, the establishment of a separate legal regime for strategically important foreign partners, the establishment of the possibility of privatization of the object transferred to a concession, provided that it is successfully used for a specified period as a fact of prejudicial value.

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