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# Degrees of mirativity

Kalyanamalini Sahoo, Maarten Lemmens

► To cite this version:

Kalyanamalini Sahoo, Maarten Lemmens. Degrees of mirativity. Review of cognitive linguistics, 2017, 15 (2), pp.343-384. 10.1075/rcl.15.2.03sah. halshs-04292472

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# Degrees of mirativity

Kalyanamalini SAHOO & Maarten LEMMENS

Université de Lille & UMR 8163 STL, France

## Abstract

This paper studies degrees of mirativity as grammaticalised in the Indo-Aryan language Odia by four light verb constructions, asymmetric complex predicates combining a lexical verb with a (partially) bleached light verb. As such, these light verb constructions can be considered non-parasitic expressions of mirativity. The present paper adds a number of important new insights to the discussion of mirativity. Firstly, we show that mirativity is a complex category which, next to the prototypical notion of surprise, also comprises the notion of “unsupposedness”. Secondly, we demonstrate that the four constructions vary in the degree of mirativity they express. These differences can be related to features of transitivity, such as volitionality or control and affectedness (as contextually realised by the process size, impact, force, or scope). This hypothesis is confirmed by two corpus studies: a collostructional analysis (based on verb types) and a comparison of contexts for constructional minimal pairs. [148 words]

**Keywords:** mirativity, light verb, collostructional analysis, completion, volitionality, affectedness

## 1. Odia light verbs: non-parasitic expressions of mirativity

Since DeLancey (1997), there has been a growing interest in how languages express unexpectedness or surprise, notions that have been grouped under the cover term ‘mirativity’. For example, in English, (explicit) exclamatives such as *You're kidding! Oh my God*, or *No Way!* etc. express total unexpectedness of the event or complete surprise for the speaker. Idiomatic expressions like *out of the blue*, *knock your socks off*, *struck dumb*, etc. can also be used to describe someone’s surprise. In other languages, grammatical markings (notably evidential and perfective markers) can be exploited, usually via pragmatic inferencing, to express mirativity.¹ This paper discusses yet another type, i.e. the overt and grammaticalised expression of mirativity in the Indo-Aryan language Odia (earlier known as Oriya) via asymmetric complex predicates.

In these asymmetric complex predicates, a main verb is combined with a grammaticalised verb or a so called light verb (LV for short). While this light verb is form-identical with a main (lexical) verb in the language, it is “light” because of its semantic and grammatical bleaching: they have lost their original lexical content as well as their argument structure. Such LVs are also known as *vector verbs* (Hook 1993), *explicator compound verbs* (Abbi and Gopalakrishnan 1991), *complex predicates* (Butt 1995), or *asymmetric serial verb constructions* (Sahoo 2001). In this paper, we will use the term *light verb*, as
this is the term that is most commonly used in the literature. In addition, we will speak of LV
*constructions* where we use the term *construction* in the sense of Construction Grammar, the overall
framework in which our study is embedded (see, e.g. Goldberg 1995, 2006 or Hilpert 2014). Under this
view, each LV is considered a construction in its own right, i.e. a form-meaning pair each with its own
formal and semantic specifications, as will become clear from the study presented here.

The form of LV constructions in Odia is fixed: the lexical verb always precedes the light verb (except occasionally in poetic language) and they are always spelled as a single word, the two verbs being linked with a linker (LNK) -i-. LV constructions thus always take the form V<sub>[lexical]</sub>-i-V<sub>[light]</sub>, where the main verb occurs in its root form and the TAM marking occurs on the light verb. In fact, the light verb can take several morphemes carrying grammatical features like ASPect, AUXiliary, Tense, AGREement, etc.

Semantically, one way of grouping the Odia light verb constructions (Lemmens & Sahoo, 2017, p. 4) would be according to the LV’s original lexical semantic value (which is, however, fully or partially bleached in these constructions) as follows:

(1) MOTION verbs: -jā 'go', -tʃāl 'walk', -paq 'fall', -pakā 'drop', -u̯l̯h 'rise', -ās 'come'

(2) STATIVE verbs: -bas 'sit', -rah 'stay'

(3) TRANSFER verbs: -de 'give', -ne 'take'

Given their grammaticalized nature, such grouping is, however, of less relevance (even if we will
come back to the original semantics below when dealing with some persistence effects). It is, in fact,
more interesting to look at their grammaticalized meaning in these constructions. In general, light verbs
encode some kind of “event modification”, as observed by Butt & Lahiri (2002) and Butt & Geuder
(2001) looking at the related language Urdu/Hindi. More specifically, for Odia, the light verbs -bas
’sit’, -rah ‘stay’, -ās ‘-come’, and -tʃāl ‘walk’ express continuous or durative aspect; the light verb -u
‘-rise’ expresses the onset of the event.

This paper will not be concerned with these, but exclusively focus on -jā ‘-go’, -paq ‘-fall’, -de
‘-give’, and -pakā ‘-drop’, that all four share a two-fold semantic modulation: (i) they express the
completion of the event expressed by the main verb and (ii) they have a mirative value, expressing that
this event (or its completion) is unexpected or is not supposed to have happened (for whatever reason).²
Author-produced prepublication version. Please refer to and quote from the published version: Sahoo, K. & M. Lemmens (2017). Degrees of mirativity. *Review of Cognitive Linguistics* 15(2), 343-384.

In Peterson's (2013; this volume) terms, these four Odia LV constructions can be regarded as non-parasitic formally marked expressions of mirativity, i.e. expressions whose sole function is to express mirativity, as opposed to parasitic expressions, where the mirative meaning is parasitic on other linguistic categories, such as the mirative use of evidentials or control marking. The Odia light verb constructions thus stand in a marked contrast with single verb constructions which are neutral to completion and do not express mirativity (see also below). Also the light verb -u|tʰi 'rise' expresses mirativity, but for reasons of space and clarity, this will not be discussed here (Lemmens & Sahoo, ms.).

The term *mirativity* has been used in the descriptive literature to cover a variety of concepts, so it is warranted that we clarify what is at issue here. Mirativity, the linguistic realisation of surprise, can be regarded as the expression of a psychological-cognitive phenomenon (most likely universal) which arises from the discrepancy between what is expected (given the background of the speaker's or hearer's knowledge or assumptions) and what is observed. Dickinson (2000), who discusses mirativity marking in Tsafiki (Barbacoan), points out that in this language “events and states that cannot be easily assimilated are coded differently than those that easily fall in with the speaker's expectations” (Dickinson, 2000, p. 379). Building on this insight, Peterson (2015, p. 8) specifies that “the speaker's expectations may concern their past experiences of similar situations and his general knowledge [which] ranges from knowledge about purely physical interactions to assumptions based on cultural and social norms”. It is precisely the latter which we will show to be relevant to Odia light verbs constructions that often express that the reported event is not *supposed* to have happened against the background of social or cultural norms.³ This may, but need not, express the speaker's surprise; for example, someone may be known (i.e. expected) to behave disrespectfully towards social conventions and the speaker's choice of a LV construction thus expresses this (expected) “unsupposedness”. As such, a coding with a LV often implies the speaker's disapproval. This lines up with what Montaut (2006) –discussing the mirative readings of the aorist in Hindi/Urdu (genetically related to Odia)– calls the “argumentative and polemic extension” expressing a stronger disapproval of the situation.

Another point that can be made is that while the literature often talks about the *speaker's* surprise, our first definition given above clearly includes the hearer as well. For example, in telling a (mythical) story, a speaker –who clearly knows what is going to happen– may decide to code an event as being
Author-produced prepublication version. Please refer to and quote from the published version: Sahoo, K. & M. Lemmens (2017). Degrees of mirativity. *Review of Cognitive Linguistics* 15(2), 343-384.

surprising (unexpected or unsupposed) so as to highlight this for the listener. In sum, by using a LV construction, the speaker encodes (conceptualises) the situation in a certain way, which may be a genuine expression of his or her surprise, but which may also be targeted at the hearer.

In an earlier study (see Lemmens & Sahoo 2017) describing the two most frequent LV constructions in Odia, *V-jā* ‘V-go’ and *V-de* ‘V-give’, we showed that the conflation of the notions of COMPLETION and MIRATIVITY can be motivated semantically.⁴ We will not reproduce the full argument here, but in a nutshell, it boils down to the idea that in Odia, the observed situation is accessed and/or evaluated via the **result** of the (completed) event which, however, does not correspond to what can be expected. In fact, this kind of reasoning is not unlike what has been observed in the literature on (parasitic) mirative readings of perfective or evidential markers where the sensory observation of a state or result of an action triggers inferences leading to a surprise reading. For example, Aksu-Koç and Slobin (1986) describe the pragmatic extension of the Turkish particle *-miş* to mark events as surprising and observe that “the inferences encoded by *-miş* can be based on any kind of sensory evidence of resultant state, with the provision that no aspect of the antecedent process itself has been present in the speaker’s consciousness (1986, p. 160). For similar observations on the link between result and mirativity see, among others, Peterson (2000) on Nepali, or Peterson (2015) on Gitksan.⁵ However, unlike in these cases in Odia the mirative reading is not the result of contextually triggered inferencing, but has been grammaticalised as part and parcel of the LV construction; hence, they can be characterised as non-parasitic expressions of mirativity.

By presenting a rigorous, corpus-based analysis of Odia light verbs, the present paper aspires to present an innovative contribution to the study of mirativity. More specifically, we not only argue that the four LV constructions under study are formal non-parasitic expressions of mirativity, we also present evidence that the four LVs vary in the degree of mirativity they express; as far as we know, this has not yet been described in the literature for any language. More particularly, we will relate this degree of mirativity to contextually realised scales that have to do with differences in volitionality (related to transitivity) as well as the extension of the process, that is, its size, impact, force, scope, etc. As we will argue, the latter features can also be related to volitionality and control as well as to affectedness. In addition to building semantic minimal pairs to prove the point, we also rely on a corpus-based analysis
Author-produced prepublication version. Please refer to and quote from the published version: Sahoo, K. & M. Lemmens (2017). Degrees of mirativity. *Review of Cognitive Linguistics* 15(2), 343-384.

to validate the hypothesis. One type of empirical study that we present here consists of a comparison
(via a distinctive collostructional analysis) of the kinds of verbs that occur in these light verb
constructions. In a second sweep, we compare the different contexts in which these constructions occur,
especially for those cases where the same main verb can occur with different light verbs. The studies
confirm the cline of mirativity for the four LV constructions under study.

This article is structured as follows. First, in section 2, we present the characteristics of these Odia
light verb constructions, focussing on the notions of COMPLETION and MIRATIVITY (sections 2.1
and 2.2) and presenting the different degrees of mirativity they express (section 2.3). Next, in section 3,
we present our corpus data and the method of analysis. Section 4 presents the corpus-based studies,
starting with the collostructional analysis (section 4.1) and moving on to the contextual comparisons
 subsections.
subsection.
subsection.
subsection.
subsection.

In the conclusion, we sum up our major findings, discuss their theoretical implications,
and present avenues for future work.

2. General properties of ‘V-go’, ‘V-fall’, ‘V-give’, and ‘V-drop’

**2.1. The grammar of COMPLETION & MIRATIVITY**

The four LV constructions at issue in this paper are *V-jā* ‘V-go’, *V-paḍ* ‘V-fall’, *V-ḍe* ‘V-give’, and *V-pakā* ‘V-drop’. As said above, the four light verbs express two main features: COMPLETION and MIRATIVITY. The verbs are distinguished syntactically by different transitivity constraints: (i) -jā ‘go’ and -paḍ ‘fall’ only combine with intransitive verbs (or intransitively used alternation verbs), -ḍe ‘give’ and -pakā ‘drop’ only combine with (di)transitive verbs. The difference between transitive and intransitive is not so crucial for the present paper, which focuses on the double semantic value that all four LVs share as well as to the degree with which they express that value. At the same time, within each transitivity pair, the degree of mirativity lines up with features that pertain to degrees of transitivity (in the sense of Hopper & Thompson 1980), such as agentivity, volitionality or control, or affectedness, features that can be argued to have persisted from the lexical origin of the different LVs.
By default, these two features COMPLETION and MIRATIVITY are simultaneously present in the four constructions and it is what distinguishes them from the single verb construction, as illustrated by the following contrastive pair⁶:

(1) a. ಸುಂ ಬೋಟಿಂ ಹೆಂಓ ಸಾಂಕಿ

mũ goṭi-e seo kʰāili (kinṭu purāpuri nuhě) [single verb Cx]
I CLF-ART apple ate (but completely be.NEG)
'I ate an apple (but not completely).'

b. ಸುಂ ಬೋಟಿಂ ಹೆಂಓ ಸಾಂಕಿಬೇಕಿ

mũ goṭi-e seo kʰā-i-ḍeli (*kinṭu purāpuri nuhě) [LV Cx]
I CLF-ART apple eat-LNK-give.PST.1SG (*but) completely
be.NEG)
'I (completely) ate an apple (*but not completely)'.

The single verb construction in (1a) is neutral to whether the apple has been eaten completely or not, as shown by the possibility of adding a *but*-clause, whereas in (1b) the apple has been eaten completely and that can no longer be cancelled out. The contrastive pair confirms Peterson's view that “mirative utterances stand in a markedness relation with non-mirative utterances” (2013, p. 4). For a more elaborate discussion of the difference between single verb and LV constructions in Odia, we refer the reader to Lemmens & Sahoo (2017). What is essential to the present discussion is that while COMPLETION is always present in these four light verb constructions, MIRATIVITY is variable and depends on the context. There are two important contextual factors to be mentioned here: (i) if completion is expressed *lexically*, the MIRATIVITY interpretation disappears and (ii) the four light verbs differ in the *degree of mirativity* they express. We will briefly take up these points in turn.

## 2.2. Lexical versus grammatical expression of COMPLETION

As said, by default the four LV constructions express both COMPLETION and MIRATIVITY; for example, the eating of the apple expressed by the LV construction *kʰā-ḍe* ‘eat-give’ in (1b) above is both complete and unexpected or unsupposed. However, if an adverb like *purāpuri* ‘completely’ is added to the clause, as in (2a) below, the interpretation changes: in line with the semantics of the adverb, the LV construction becomes the obligatory coding (a single verb construction would be ungrammatical); however, the mirative interpretation disappears. Similarly, as shown in (2b), by adding the adverb expressing completion, the light verb construction becomes the only grammatically correct
possibility, a single verb construction is excluded, and again, the mirativity reading disappears (one
could argue that the publishing of the book announces the end of the project).

(2) a. പ്രേദ്യം ശു്റ്റം പുരംപുരം ഭാംഭേണ്ടി / ഭാംഭി

seo-ṭā mū purāpuri khā-i-ḍeitfthi / *khāitfthi
apple-CLF I completely eat-LNK-give.PRF.1SG / *eat.PRF.1SG
I have eaten the apple completely.' (no mirativity)

b. ഒഴിം ഹീപിം പരേ അം പ്രേണ്ടും ശു്റ്റം പ്രൂഹ്യം പുരംപേ ഒരം ഭിരേണ്ടി / ഭിരി

bahi-ṭā tfthāpibā pare ei project-ṭā mū sampurnarupe
book-CLF publishing after this project-CLF I completely
band kar-i-ḍebi / *karibi
stop do-LNK-give.FUT.1SG / *do.FUT.1SG
'After publishing the book, I'll stop this project completely.' (no mirativity)

A second way in which COMPLETION can be expressed overtly in Odia, is by using the semi-light verb –sār ‘finish’. While formally identical to the other light verbs, –sār ‘finish’ is not really a light verb, for the following reasons:

(i) it has retained its specific lexical meaning ('finish') whereas the other light verbs clearly have not;

(ii) it is not subject to the transitivity constraint: the main V can be either intransitive (e.g., mū gāḍho-i-sārili /I bathe-LNK-finish.PST.1SG/ 'I finished bathing') or transitive (e.g., mū (bʰāṭa) kʰā-i-sārili /I (rice) eat-LNK-finish.PST.1SG/ 'I finished eating (rice)')⁷;

(iii) -sār can be added to a LV construction with another light verb (even if these are marginal cases), e.g., kʰāi-ḍei-sāri /eat-give-finish/ 'having eaten', gāḍhoi-pakāi-sāri /bathe-drop-finish/ 'having taken a bath' whereas this is impossible with other LVs (*mari-jāi-paḍi /*die-go-fall/; *māri-ḍei-pakāi /*kill-give-drop/');

(iv) *V-i-sār* does not express mirativity.

In fact, the absence of a surprise reading is the main rationale for the existence of the *V-i-sār*
construction, as it allows the expression of completion **without** mirativity. This is related to the
disappearance of the mirative interpretation of the four LV constructions when completion is lexically
expressed.
## 2.3. Degrees of MIRATIVITY

Unless contextually overruled, as illustrated above, the four light verb constructions under consideration all express MIRATIVITY. Evidence for the mirative interpretation can again be provided via adverbial modification, as in the examples below. In (3), the expected event (him always coming late) cannot be encoded in a LV construction, as this would be in conflict with the mirative interpretation of such a LV construction; his early leaving is, however, unexpected, and thus a LV construction is to be used.

(3) এবে এে সীড়ীঁ কোড়ে আবিষ্কে / *আবিষ্কে আরে এেড়ে। কাঠিথ্যু, কিছু এে এে হীও সীড়ীঁ হাতি হালিষ্কে / *হালিষ্কে, আরে এেড়ে। কাঠিনথ্যু

se je miṭiŋ-ku leṭ-re āsiba / *ās-i-jiba

he COMP meeting-DAT late-PP come.FUT.3SG / *come- LNK-go.FUT.3SG

āme seiṭā jāṇiṭhīlu, kinṇu se je haṭhāṭ miṭiŋ tfhādi

we that know.PRF.PST.1PL, but he COMP suddenly meeting leave

tfāl-i-jiba / *tfāliba, āme seiṭā jāṇinaṭhīlu

walk-LNK-go.FUT.3SG / *walk.FUT.3SG, we that know-PRF.NEG.PST.1PL

'He would come to the meeting late, that we knew, but we didn't know that he would suddenly leave the meeting and go away.'

Similarly, in example (4), his sitting next to the speaker was unexpected (as indicated by *haṭhāṭ
'suddenly') and thus a coding with a LV is required. In (5), the speaker was unaware that the SIM card
could also have been used by the addressee in a certain way, and this ignorance caused the speaker to
give it away to somebody else instead (unsupposed, at least in retrospect).

(4) কোড়ে কোড়ে। এে হীও আবি রে। পাড়ে এে বিটি। / *বিটি।

email lekʰibābele se hałʰāł āsi mo pākʰare bas-i-galā / ʔbasilā

email writing.time he suddenly come.PRF me near sit-LNK-go.PST.3SG /

ʔsit.PST.3SG

'While writing email, suddenly he came and sat beside me.'

(5) এে বিনা ওঁতা কাঠেড়ে আবিষ্ক, পুঁ নকাঠিকরি হাঁ এেড়ে। এেড়ে এেনি / *এেনি

sei sim-ṭā ṭuma kāma-re bi āsiba, mū najāṇikari ṭāku seiṭā de-
i-ḍeli / *ḍeli

that sim-CLF your work-PP also come.FUT, I not.knowing him that give-
LNK-give.PST.3SG / *give.PST.3SG

'You could also have used that SIM, (but) I not knowing that, gave it to him.'

Notice that in all these examples COMPLETION is still expressed by the LV construction. This
highlights an asymmetric situation in the opposition between grammatical and lexical expression of
either feature: if COMPLETION is lexically expressed (adverbially or via –sār ‘finish’), the
MIRATIVITY disappears; however, when MIRATIVITY is lexically expressed, COMPLETION does not disappear.

This means that COMPLETION is more of a core feature of these LV constructions and that MIRATIVITY is sensitive to variation. This takes us to the central claim of this paper, viz. that the four light verb constructions differ in the *degree of mirativity* they express (yet also of completion, even if it never disappears completely). A first illustration of this difference is the contrastive pair below where *V-i-paq* ‘V-fall’ expresses a higher degree of unexpectedness (accidentally falling asleep) than *V-i-jā* ‘V-go’ where the agent (even if unlikely) deliberately falls asleep, for example, to annoy the teacher or as a sign of disrespect. The addition of *jānifuni* ‘deliberate’ is not possible for (6a).

(6) a.  NB: **নিজে নিজে বেলার কৃষিকে বেলার কৃষিকে পেতরটা।**

se kāli itīhāsa klās-re fo-i-paqilā
he yesterday history class-LOC sleep-LNK-fall.PST.3SG
‘He fell asleep in the history class yesterday.’

b.  NB: **নিজে নিজে কৃষিকে বেলার কৃষিকে পেতরটা।**

se kāli jānifuni itīhāsa klās-re fo-i-galā
he yesterday knowingly history class-LOC sleep-LNK-go.PST.3SG
‘He deliberately slept in the history class yesterday.’

More specifically, the differences in the degree of mirativity (and completion) that we suggest can be summarized as in the schema below (*V-i-sār* ‘V-finish’ is added for the sake of completeness, but will not be considered any further in this paper).

<table><caption>Figure 1: Degrees of mirativity in Odia LV constructions</caption><thead><tr><th colspan="2">SEMANTICS</th><th colspan="2">FORM</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2">“event modulation”</th><th colspan="2">V-i-v</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2"></th><th>intransitive</th><th>transitive</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th rowspan="3" scope="rowgroup">COMPLETION</th><th scope="row">UNEXPECTED (high)</th><td>V-i-paq<br>(‘V-fall’)</td><td>V-i-pakā<br>(‘V-drop’)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">UNEXPECTED (lower)</th><td>V-i-jā<br>(‘V-go’)</td><td>V-i-de<br>(‘V-give’)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">EXPECTED / NEUTRAL</th><td colspan="2">V-i-sār<br>(‘V-finish’)</td></tr></tbody></table>

Our corpus-based study will provide empirical confirmation that, for the intransitives, ‘V-fall’ expresses a higher degree of mirativity than does ‘V-go’, and that, for the transitives, ‘V-drop’ expresses a higher degree of mirativity than ‘V-give’. This difference can be explained as a kind of persistence of
Author-produced prepublication version. Please refer to and quote from the published version: Sahoo, K. & M. Lemmens (2017). Degrees of mirativity. *Review of Cognitive Linguistics* 15(2), 343-384.

the original lexical verb: as far as intransitive motion is concerned, *fall* refers to a less controlled and thus more unexpected event than does *go*, which typically refers to voluntary intransitive motion; similarly, *drop* refers to a less controlled event than does *give* which typically takes a volitional Agent. In other words, the degree of mirativity can be related to a degree of agentivity and/or of volitionality that has persisted from the original lexical verb.⁸ This relationship is not unique to Odia. Dickinson (2000) mentions “lack of intention” as one of the features giving rise to mirativity interpretation in Tsafiki. Peterson (2013) points out that the feature of CONTROL can indeed play a role in the expression of mirativity and illustrates this with the “out-of-control” markings in the Salish languages that have become (parasitic) expressions of mirativity. Such out-of-control markings indicate that the agent does not have a choice or has no control over what is happening. Peterson observes that “[t]hese meanings can be used to implicate the surprise of the speaker, which is a wholly pragmatic byproduct of the accidental or sudden out-of-control event” (2013, p. 26). The Odia data give further support to the plausibility of such a semantic extension.

In the second part of this paper (section 4), we present two empirical studies that measure the degree of mirativity within each transitivity pair, i.e. intransitive ‘V-fall’ is compared to intransitive ‘V-go’ and transitive ‘V-give’ is compared to transitive ‘V-drop’. The first of these studies (section 4.1) is a (pair-wise) collostructional analysis of the kinds of verbs that occur with these light verb constructions; the second study (section 4.2) compares the contexts in which these constructions occur, especially for those cases where the same main verb can occur with either of the light verbs. However, before we turn to these studies, we briefly describe the corpus on which they are based and the method of analysis that we have used.

## 3. Corpus & analysis

Our study is based on the Odia texts that are included in the EMILLE-CIIL Monolingual Written Corpora (McEnery *et al.* 2003); the corpus, approximately 2,730,000 words, is a fairly heterogeneous collection of literary, legal, commercial, scientific, and newspaper texts, in Odia script.⁹ We extracted from these texts all occurrences of *jā* ‘go’, *de* ‘give’, *paḍ* ‘fall’ and *pakā* ‘drop’. As the light verbs are form-identical with their lexical origins, the extractions contained both light verbs and lexical verbs,
Author-produced prepublication version. Please refer to and quote from the published version: Sahoo, K. & M. Lemmens (2017). Degrees of mirativity. *Review of Cognitive Linguistics* 15(2), 343-384.

which necessitated laborious manual clean-up. To keep matters manageable, this was done as follows: each list of extractions was sorted randomly (using the Random-function in MS-Excel), the sentences with the lexical verbs were manually removed (by one of the authors, a native speaker of Odia). The resulting data sets were: 561 sentences for *V-de* 'V-give', 560 for *V-jā* 'V-go', 383 for *V-paḍ* 'V-fall', and 311 for *V-pakā* 'V-drop'.¹⁰ These sentences were subsequently manually glossed for the main verb and each of them was manually considered for the contextual features. As already indicated above, there are two ways in which we will explore the data with respect to the differences between the four light verb constructions: (i) a comparison of verb types (section 4.1) and (ii) a contextual comparison (section 4.2).

The rationale of the verb type comparison is that the events or activities expressed by these verbs may be different in terms of expectedness; it can therefore be interesting to see which verbs occur with which light verbs and whether there is a large overlap in choice of verb. To avoid conflation of (too) heterogeneous event types with respect to participant structure, this comparison is done pair-wise, i.e., it first compares the main verb types occurring with the intransitive LVs *V-jā* ‘V-go’ and *V-paḍ* ‘V-fall’ and subsequently those occurring with transitive *V-de* ‘V-give’ and *V-pakā* ‘V-drop’ (cf. Figure 1). In addition to a standard type comparison, we will also run a collostructional analysis, and more particularly a *distinctive collexeme analysis* (see Gries & Stefanowitsch 2004; Stefanowitsch & Gries 2003, 2005), a method which, as explained in more detail below, allows us to measure the attraction (‘collocation’) of a particular verb (if any) to a particular light verb construction. From a Construction Grammar perspective, which assumes that constructions are inherently meaningful, the underlying idea of such a collostructional analysis is that the semantics of such attracted verbs can tell us something about the semantics of the light verb construction, since the meaning of the verb and that of the construction must be compatible.¹¹ To understand how the collostructional method works, consider the example in Figure 2 for the verb *lāg* ‘touch, get involved’ which occurs with both *V-jā* ‘V-go’ and *V-paḍ* ‘V-fall’. The table gives the four frequencies that are needed in this method: (i) the frequency of *lāg* with *V-jā* ‘V-go’, (ii) its frequency with *V-paḍ* ‘V-fall’, (iii) the frequency of all other verbs occurring with *V-jā* ‘V-go’, and (iv) that of all other verbs with *V-paḍ* ‘V-fall’. The latter two frequencies bring
Author-produced prepublication version. Please refer to and quote from the published version: Sahoo, K. & M. Lemmens (2017). Degrees of mirativity. *Review of Cognitive Linguistics* 15(2), 343-384.

in the statistical baseline, and consider the occurrence of *lāg* 'touch, get involved' in the two LV constructions in view of its competitors, i.e. all other verbs attested in either of the LV constructions. The cross-table allows us to run a standard statistical test (a two-tailed Fisher Exact test in this case¹²) to measure to which extent the distribution is significant; the p-value is converted via a logarithmic transformation which is then taken to be the indicator of collostructional strength.¹³ The reason for this conversion is that the p-values are often so small that their significance resides in the decimals; it is precisely these that are brought to the fore via the log-transformation. The significance levels for the values of the collostructional strength (CS) are as follows: CS>3 = p<0.001; CS>2 = p<0.01; CS>1.30103 = p<0.05.

<table><caption>Figure 2. Example of distinctive collostructional analysis for *lāg* 'touch, get involved'</caption><thead><tr><th>Main verb</th><th>'V-go'</th><th>'V-fall'</th><th>TOTAL</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>lāg<br>('touch, get involved')</td><td>9<br>(expected = 15.98)</td><td>18<br>(expected = 11.02)</td><td>27</td></tr><tr><td>other verbs</td><td>551</td><td>365</td><td>916</td></tr><tr><td>TOTAL</td><td>560</td><td>383</td><td>943</td></tr><tr><td>Coll. strength</td><td colspan="3">2.2732 (p<0.01)<br>(log-transf. Fisher exact 2-T: p= 0.0085)</td></tr></tbody></table>

How are these figures to be interpreted? The analysis shows that the distribution is significant (p<=0.01), which means that *lāg* 'touch, get involved' is significantly attracted to one of the two light verb constructions. To determine which of the two, one has to compare the observed frequencies with the expected frequencies; in this case, one sees that the verb *lāg* 'touch, get involved' occurs more often with 'V-fall' (18 times) than expected given the overall distribution in the corpus (11.02). The conclusion is thus that *lāg* 'touch, get involved' is significantly attracted to 'V-fall'. This analysis is then repeated for each verb that occurs in either of these two LV constructions. The advantage of a collostructional analysis is that it provides a statistically reliable measure on an objective basis (verb types) without any (potentially biased) interpretation.

The second type of analysis that we carry out is a contextual comparison where we compare the contextual properties of those cases where the same main verb occurs with different light verbs to
determine what the differences in contexts of use are, if there are any. As with the verb types, we first compare intransitive *V-jā* ‘V-go’ and *V-paq* ‘V-fall’ and subsequently transitive *V- de* ‘V-give’ and *V-pakā* ‘V-drop’.

# 4. Corpus-based analysis of ‘V-go’, ‘V-fall’, ‘V-give’ and ‘V-drop’

## 4.1. Comparison of verb types

For each of the pairs, the comparison of verb types proceeds in two steps. First, we present the overall type and token distribution of the main verbs that occur with the light verbs in question; secondly, we present the results of the collostructional analysis.

### 4.1.1 Intransitive ‘-go’ and ‘-fall’

#### Main verb distribution

The distribution of the main verbs for the intransitive light verbs ‘-go’/‘-fall’ in the entire sample are presented in Tables 1 and 2 in the appendix. As shown in Table 3, for ‘V-fall’, the corpus contains 35 types and 383 tokens (TTR = 0.091 or 9.1%); for ‘V-go’: there are 93 types and 560 tokens (TTR = 1.66 or 16.6%). While only indicative, the TTR indicates that the light verb -jā ‘-go’ has a higher degree of lexical variation than ‘-fall’; differently put, this means that ‘-go’ is less selective with respect to the main verb it combines with. In addition, there are 35 *hapax legomena* (types that occur only once in the sample) for ‘V-go’, whereas ‘V-fall’ only has 10. Hapaxes can be taken as indications of the degree to which a construction is open to new uses (‘one off’ cases): the higher the number of hapaxes compared to the total number of tokens, the higher the productivity rate. We can use Hay & Plag’s (2004) calculation of productivity (P) based on the number of hapaxes (P= hapax frequency/token frequency), which gives 0.06 (35/560) for ‘V-go’ and 0.03 (10/383) for ‘V-fall’. The value of P does not mean all that much on its own (it is fairly low), but the difference between the two confirms that ‘V-go’ is more productive than ‘V-fall’ (twice the value).

Strikingly, for both light verbs, the (general) change of state verb *ho* ‘become’ tops the list, accounting for the lion’s share of the uses, amounting to 24.6% for ‘-go’ and almost up to about half (49.3%) for ‘-fall’. The reason is of course that this verb combines under its umbrella a host of different
change of state events further specified in the nominal or adjectival modifiers that occur with it (e.g.,
'become silent', 'become destruction' (=destroy), 'become pioneer', etc.).

Collostructional analysis

A distinctive collexeme collostructional analysis measures the degree of attraction of a particular
lexical item (here: the lexical verb) to a given construction (here: the LV-construction with either '-fall'
or '-go'). As such we hope to shed further light on the possibly different semantic specifics of the two
constructional options.

The complete result of the computation is presented in Table 4; the top of the list presents the verbs that are attracted to ‘V-fall’ (sorted on their degree of collostructional strength); the middle of the list gives those attracted to ‘V-go’. Recall that a collostructional strength higher than 3 can be interpreted as indicating a significance level of p<0.001; higher than 2 gives a level of p<0.01 and higher than 1.30103 indicates p<0.05; anything lower than 1.30103 is non-significant.

The verbs that are significantly attracted to ‘V-fall’ are the following (with a distinction between
p<0.001, p<0.01 and p<0.05, the latter being interpreted as less strong indicator verbs):

p<0.001: ho ‘become’, kʰas ‘slip’, bāhār ‘come out; get ready to leave’, deǐ ‘jump’, jʰar ‘spring forth’, bas ‘sit’, bʰusuq ‘collapse’, fo ‘sleep’

p<0.01: tfamak ‘get frightened’, olaq ‘turn down’, lāg ‘touch, get involved’

p<0.05: bʰāng ‘break’, qʰal ‘spill (into)’, olhā ‘get down’, taqi ‘fall dying’

The verbs that are significantly attracted to ‘V-go’ (again with the same distinction):

p<0.001: tfāl ‘walk’, paq ‘fall’, rah ‘stay’, pahantf ‘arrive’, ās ‘come’,

p<0.01: ne ‘take’, biť ‘pass’, sar ‘finish’, baqʰ ‘increase’, mif ‘combine; adjoin’, pā ‘get’

p<0.05: mar ‘die’, palā ‘flee’, fukʰ ‘dry’, ubʰ ‘disappear’, kāl ‘cut’, khel ‘play’, miļ ‘get’, paş ‘enter’, pʰer ‘return’, ud ‘fly’

There is no clear pattern that falls out of the analysis. A more general tendency that can be observed,
also revealed by the overview of verb types given in Tables 1 and 2, is that the lexical verbs occurring
with ‘V-go’ seem to be more general verbs: general motion verbs (e.g., ‘walk’, ‘arrive’, ‘come’, ‘flee’,
‘disappear’, ‘come out’, ‘enter’, ‘proceed’, ‘sink’, ‘spread’, ‘leave’, ‘turn’, etc.); general action verbs (e.g., ‘finish’, ‘grow’, ‘touch’, ‘get’, ‘play’, ‘change’, ‘happen’ etc.). ‘V-fall’ seems to combine with more specific verbs: a higher number of specific motion verbs (e.g., ‘spring forth’, ‘jump’, ‘overflow’, etc.), verbs that refer to events involving more energy or dynamicity (e.g., ‘burst’, ‘pierce’, ‘ explode’, etc.), a higher degree of involvement, or a higher degree of uncontrolledness (‘sleep’, ‘fall dying’). While one should be careful to avoid in-reading, the intuition is that these events are more sudden, and thus in line with the higher mirativity suggested for ‘V-fall’.

### 4.1.2 Transitive ‘-drop’ & ‘-give’

#### Main verb distribution

The distribution of the main verbs for the intransitive light verbs ‘-go’/‘-fall’ are presented in Tables 5 and 6. As shown in Table 7, for ‘V-drop’, the corpus contains 68 types and 311 tokens (TTR = 0.218 or 21.8%), 44 of which are hapaxes; for ‘V-give’: there are 154 types and 561 tokens (TTR = 0.274 or 27.4%), 89 of which are hapaxes. Following the same method as above, we can measure the difference of productivity by dividing the number of hapaxes by the total token frequency which gives P=0.14 for ‘V-drop’ and P=0.16 for ‘V-give’; in other words, there is not much difference between the two constructions.

#### Collostructional analysis

The complete results of the collostructional analysis are presented in Table 8; the top of the list presents the verbs that are attracted to ‘V-drop’ (sorted on their degree of collostructional strength); the middle of the list gives those attracted to ‘V-give’ (CS>3 = p<0.001; CS>2 = p<0.01; CS>1.30103 = p<0.05).

The verbs that are significantly attracted to ‘V-drop’ are the following (with a distinction between p<0.001, p<0.01 and p<0.05, the latter being interpreted as less strong indicator verbs):

* p<0.001: *dʰar* ‘catch’, *kāt* ‘chop’, *kar* ‘do’, *gi:l* ‘swallow’, *kundʰ* ‘embrace’, *mār* ‘hit, kill’

* p<0.01: *kānd* cry

* p<0.05: *kah* ‘say, tell’, *tfāt* ‘lick’
The verbs that are significantly attracted to *V-give* (again with the same distinction):

p<0.001: jogā ‘supply’, tjʰāq ‘leave’, jaŋ ‘know’, baqʰ ‘increase’

p<0.01: āη ‘bring’, pakā ‘drop’, lagā ‘touch, get involved’, paqʰā ‘send’

p<0.05: pʰerā ‘return’, rakʰ ‘keep’

Also here no clear pattern emerges; however, there is again the suggestion, confirmed also by the exhaustive list of verb types (see Tables 5 and 6), that the verbs that occur with ‘V-give’ tend to be more general verbs; those with ‘V-drop’ are slightly more specific. For example, ‘embrace’ is more specific than ‘touch’; ‘swallow’ and ‘lick’ are manner verbs that can be argued to be more specific than a verb like ‘supply’. However, this remains fairly impressionistic.

In sum, the comparison of the variation in verb types has confirmed the observation in Lemmens & Sahoo (2017) that ‘V-go’ is the most productive of the LV constructions; in terms of productivity, our data does not show any difference between ‘V-give’ and ‘V-drop’. The collostructional analysis does not reveal any conclusive patterns either (most likely because of the modest size of our corpus), even if there is a suggestion that ‘V-go’ and ‘V-give’ combine with more general verbs and ‘V-fall’ and ‘V-drop’ with verbs that refer to more specific, more energetic or more sudden events. These are suggestive tendencies, and should be interpreted with caution, as they are based on mere verb types and not on how these verbs are used in context. It is therefore warranted that we consider these contexts in more detail, which is done in the next two sections starting again with the intransitives, then moving on to the transitives.

## 4.2. Comparison of context types

### 4.2.1 Intransitive ‘-go’ & ‘-fall’

Strikingly, only a small set of 12 verbs are shared between ‘V-go’ and ‘V-fall’ (see Table 9) which represents 12.9% of the ‘V-go’ set (12 on 93 types) and 34.3% of the ‘V-fall’ set (12 on 35 types). The shared token frequency is 311 for ‘V-fall’ (represents 81.2% on the total set of 383 attestations) and 180 for ‘V-go’ (represents 32.1% on the total set of 560 attestations). In other words, the set of verbs occurring with ‘V-fall’ are largely (i.e., in 80% of the cases) comprised in the set occurring with ‘V-go’.
involuntary (uncontrolled) action or event and some degree of unexpectedness is thus inherently part of
the verb's meaning.

Another contrastive context illustrating “the expected within the unexpected” is that of glasses or
cups breaking ‘break-go’: clearly, this is unexpected, yet does often happen nevertheless since they are
handled very often; windows in contrast are not expected to break at all, and such events would
invariably be coded with ‘break-fall’. Or consider the pair below, contrasting the context of a pen falling
on the ground ‘slip-fall’ in (8a) with that of a pen slipping from my hand while writing ‘slip-go’ in (8b)
which is unexpected yet not unlikely to happen in this context.

(8) a. ংকি কিন্তু তার ঝোঁতি। কুঁখাঁ ঝেপি পতিতি।

ei kalama-ṭā-ra kʰoʃa-ṭā kuāde kʰas-i-paḍilā
This pen-CLF-GEN cap-CLF somewhere slip-LNK-fall.PST.3SG
‘The cap of this pen has fallen down somewhere.’

b. কাঁকি খাঁকি ঝেতে ঝেতো হ্যো পতু কিন্তু তার। বারংশোর ঝেপিপোথুকি।

kāli anka kalābele mo hāṭa-ru kalama-ṭā bārmbār kʰas-i-jāuṭʰilā
[adapted from EC]
yesterday math working.out my hand.ABL pen-CLF often slip-LNK-
go.PROG.PST.3SG
‘Yesterday while working out the maths sums, the pen was slipping from my hand many
times.’

Given that verbs such as *kʰas* ‘slip’ or *paq* ‘fall’ refer to typically involuntary intransitive actions or
events, some degree of unexpectedness is inherently part of the verbs’ semantics; the higher occurrence
of, for example, *kʰas-paq* ‘slip-fall’ in our data (19 occ.) than of *kʰas-jā* ‘slip-go’ (1 occ.) is thus to be
expected. The single verb construction, typically used to refer to a planned or expected event, is unlikely,
even if this constraint, too, can be overruled as shown by the corpus example below.

(9) a. অথবা পুঁ ঘেড়ি দিন হোসেন কেন্দ্রিয়টি, ঘেড়ি কাঁ গাঁ। অথবা, অদ্র পুঁ খন্ডে ঝেতে পতু হু হু
etʰara mū se[i]tʰi ṭʰā hoi kʰelibini, sei jāgā-ṭā
this time I there standing play.FUT.1SG.NEG, that place-CLF
kʰasaqda, ebam mū sabubele paqutfʰi [EC]
slippery, and I always fall.PROG.1SG
‘This time I’ll not stand/go there for playing, as that place is slippery and I fall there every
time / my foot slips there every time’

b. ওক্টরুটা পাঠিকান্সিটি, অথবা গোটিপ গোটিপ ও পড়ি পড়ি

ṭālagaṇḍā pātīgalāṇi, etʰra goṭie goṭie ṭale paḍiba [EC]
palms rippened, henceforth one one ground fall.FUT.3SG
Palms have ripened, henceforth (they) will fall on the ground one by one.’
In both cases, the falling or slipping are highly expected or almost predictable to happen within the given context which sanctions the use of a single verb construction. Similar to the context of the pen slipping out of the hand while writing, *khas-jā* ‘slip-go’ is used in the context of the hands slipping while climbing a tree as in (constructed) example (10a), but not when the person slips (=falls) down from the tree on the ground (10b).

(10) a. നുതിഞ്ഞുമുള്ള ഒരിക്കുന്നുണ്ടെന്നു നുതിരുക്കേ രോംഭപ്പരു റോ ജീവതും അപ്രിയുമ്പു

*naḍiā gatḥa-re tṣaqhilābele majhire goṭeṭhara mo hāṭa-ṭā*

khas-i-galā

coconut tree-PP while.climbing in-between once my hand-CLF slip-LNK-go.PST.1SG

‘While climbing the coconut tree, my hand slipped once.’

b. നുതിഞ്ഞുമുള്ളുരെ ഒരിക്കുന്നുണ്ടെന്നു വെ ഹേഠതു അപ്രിവചിക്കു

*naḍiā gatḥa-re tṣaqhilābele se haṭhāṭ khas-i-paḍilā*

coconut tree-PP while.climbing he suddenly slip-LNK-fall.PST.3SG

‘While climbing the coconut tree, he suddenly fell down.’

This difference could be interpreted as a difference of size or effect: in (10a) it is only the hand that
‘slips down’, but the person remains in the tree, whereas in (10b) it is the whole person that falls down
all the way. This difference of degree is also nicely illustrated by contexts where kʰas-jā ‘slip-go’ is used
for assembled things falling apart, as in example (11). While the falling apart may still be unexpected,
it is not implausible either for an assembled unit. In addition, the difference can be interpreted as a
difference of degree of falling as well: the parts are not in their proper place, but are still ‘around’
somehow in the environment.

(11) a. റോ ഒഷനാരു ബാഹുതും ടിങേ അപ്രിയാക്കി, ബാഹു താഹുതു കിരിബായ്മ പചിദ

*mo tṣasamāra kātṣa-ṭā ṭike kʰas-i-jāitʃi, ṭāku tight karibāku*

*paḍiba [adapted from EC]*

my spectacles’s glass-CLF a bit slip-go.PRF.3SG, to.that tight do.INF have.to
‘The glass of my spectacles has become loose, I have to tighten that up.’

Similarly, the two sentences in (12) both refer to a tooth being lost, yet (12a) refers to its “coming
apart” from the larger assembly, whereas (12b) refers to it having gone completely.

(12) a. റോ ബാഹുതും രോംഭപ്പതേ ടിങ്കിഏ അപ്രിയാക്കി

*mo ḍāṇṭa-ṭā goṭepaṇe ṭikie kʰas-i-jāitʃi [EC]*

my tooth-CLF one(side) a.little slip-LNK-go.PRF.3SG

‘My tooth has become loose on one side.’
b. એના બાંધના જુનુથુના, એજે જુનુથાજે જેટે પચિના

mo ḍāṇṭa-ṭā haluṭḥilā, ebe kuāqe kḥas-i-paḍilā [adapted from EC]

my tooth-CLF was shaking, now somewhere slip-LNK-fall.PST.3SG

‘My tooth was shaking, now has fallen down somewhere.’

Again, this can be interpreted as a difference of effect or impact: unexpectedly falling “apart” (still in the environment) vs. unexpectedly falling “away” (completely gone). In short, a higher degree of AFFECTEDNESS is also a feature contributing to degrees of mirativity (see also the discussion of ‘V-give’ and ‘V-drop’ below).

To simplify things we summarize below some of the contextual oppositions that we have found in the corpus data; all these contexts illustrate a difference of degree: the ‘V-fall’ construction encodes totally unexpected events, whereas ‘V-go’ encodes events that are unexpected, but for which some element in the context still makes them “somewhat expected” (because of the nature of things, the spatio-temporal setting, what is somewhat acceptable, etc.).

bʰāŋ ‘break’:

* glasses, cups and the like: breaking is not supposed to happen (always unexpected) but **can** happen and often does: ‘break-go’

* windows: really unexpected, not supposed to happen: ‘break-fall’

bas ‘sit’:

* unexpectedly high number of people sitting in a small hall [sitting is expected, there are chairs, etc. but high quantity is not]: ‘V-go’

* person who goes and sits on grass because he’s tired [sitting (on the ground) unexpected]

tʃʰāq ‘leave’:

* leave meeting for phone call and come back afterwards: ‘V-go’ (similarly: leave the dinner table to fetch something but come back)

* leave meeting and go home: ‘V-fall’ [leave dinner table because not hungry]

buli ‘turn’:

* fan is off, but wind made it turn [has potential to turn / be turned]: ‘V-go’

* the protesting crowd (unexpectedly) turned around: ‘V-fall’
mau[l 'fade' ('disappear'):]

• flowers fading after having blossomed [normal cycle, will return next day/season]: ‘V-go’

• plants becoming extinct [gone completely, will not return]: ‘V-fall’

kāngd 'cry' (with tears):

• watching Titanic and crying [somewhat expected given the sad story/scenes]: ‘V-go’

• he was mocking me, and I uncontrollably started crying [unsupposed]: ‘V-fall’

In sum, intransitive ‘V-go’ and ‘V-fall’ both encode unexpected events, but differ in their degree of unexpectedness, where ‘V-go’ often refers to the expected within the unexpected which may also involve a difference of ‘size’. As we will show, such a difference in the degree of unexpectedness will also come back in the comparison of the two transitive LV-constructions, ‘V-drop’ and ‘V-give’ discussed next.

4.2.2. Transitive ‘-drop’ & ‘-give’

As indicated in Table 10, the two transitive light verbs ‘-drop’ and ‘-give’ share 34 verbs, which represents 22% of the V-give set (34 on 154 types) and 50% of the V-drop set (34 on 68 types). The shared token frequency is 545, of which 260 for V-drop (represents 83.6% of the total of 311 attestations), and 285 for V-give (represents 50.8% on a total of 561 attestations). In other words, there is a considerably higher degree of overlap between the two transitive light verbs ‘-drop’ and ‘-give’ than has been attested for intransitive ‘-fall’ and ‘-go’.

The degree of mirativity is higher with pakā ‘drop’ than with dɛ ‘give’, and the degree depends on various factors like difference of size of the object/event, and also the resulting impact it makes on the participants of the event. Consider the following examples, where the number or size, that is, ‘one tree’ vs. ‘all trees’, explains the use of ‘drop’ for an extended degree of mirativity and ‘give’ for a lesser degree.

(13) a. രാജ്യ ഒജ്യാർഥർഥവാൻ ദേഖാൻ ദോ നൽജ്യാ രാജ്യ കാർഥമേൻ / കാർഥകാർഥേൻ

rāṣṭā ṭiārikaribā pāī semāne mo naḍiā gatfha-ṭā
kāṭ-i-ḍele / ?kāṭ-i-pakāile [EC]
road make-doing for they my coconut tree-CLF
cut-LNK-give.PST.3PL / ? cut-LNK-drop.PST.3PL
‘For making the road, they cut down my coconut tree.’

b. ପ୍ରାନାଭାବ ପ୍ରାଭୁ ଭୋଭୋ ଭିହ୍ ଦାଟି ପଦାହିହ୍ନି /? ଦାଟି ଭୋହିହ୍ନି
ṣṭhānābhāba jogu loke gatṛha kāṭ-i-pakāuchanṭi / ?kāṭ-i-ḍeutʃanṭi [adapted from
EC]

lack of place for people tree cut-LNK-drop.PROG.3PL / ??cut-LNK-give.PROG.3PL

‘Because of scarcity of space people are cutting down the trees.’

Similarly, the amount of impact created by the event influences the choice of the light verb. The following examples illustrate the resulting impact produced by swallowing a capsule (probably for one's health benefit) vs. swallowing fire (by the Lord Krishna) thereby saving the lives of many people.

(14) a. ପ୍ର ଦପାପବୁଠିହ୍ନ ପାଟିରେ ରୁ ଠିକ୍ଷିଭୋରେ
se capsule-ṭiku pāṭi-re rakʰi giṭ-i-ḍelā
he capsule-CLF.ACC mouth-PP keep.PRF swallow-LNK-give.PST.3SG
‘He put the capsule in mouth and swallowed it.’

b. ପ୍ରଦିହ୍ନ ଦ୍ଧା ଦିରିବାରୁ ଦ୍ଧ ଦିହ୍ନ ଦିକ୍ଷି ପଦାରେ
samasṭanku rakhyā karibā pāī krushna niā-ku giṭ-i-pakāile [EC]
to all save doing for Krishna fire-ACC swallow-LNK-drop-PST.3SG.HON
‘To save people from fire (Lord) Krishna swallowed the fire.’

Another example where a difference of both size and impact influences the choice of the light verb is given below, where ‘breaking the top of a palace’ (‘break-give’) is clearly less damaging than ‘breaking apart a big country’ (‘break-drop’).

(15) a. ଶିତୁପାରେ ଆପୁ ଦ୍ଭା ପ୍ରାପାବରେ ଶିହ୍ନ ବାଇଭୋରେ
fa ṭrumāne āsi nuā prasāḍara fikʰara bhāŋ-i-ḍele [EC]
enemies come.PRF new palace's top break-LNK-give.PST.3PL
‘Enemies came and broke away the top of the new palace.’

b. ଏ ପ୍ରଦାରେ ଆତ୍କ ଭତ୍ ଭୋଶୁ ବାଇନ୍ଦ୍ର ପଦାରେ, ରିବାରହ୍ନ ଦିରିଭୋରେ
e prakāra āṭanka baḍa defaku ṁhāŋ-i-pakāība, bigiraṇa
kar-i-ḍeba [EC]
this type terror big country-ACC break-LNK-drop.FUT.3SG, torn.apart
do-LNK-give.FUT.3SG

‘Such type of terror could break apart a big country and will tear apart.’

This difference is not restricted to concrete objects or situations, it can also be seen with abstract objects or events, like ‘saying a small thing’ vs. ‘speaking your mind’, as in the following example.

(16) a. ଦାଟି ପଦାହ୍ନ ଆପୁ ଦ୍ଭ, ଦ୍ଭ ଦିହ୍ନ ଭୋରେ
kāli sakālu āsan tu, mū kah-i-ḍebi
tomorrow morning come.HON.IMP, I say-LNK-give.FUT.1SG
‘Come tomorrow morning, I’ll tell you about it.’
b. ਡാം ട്രഡ്ടി ഒണ്ടീ ഒഠിയു നിജ മാറ്റ ഒമ്മാ ഒത്തി പദ്ധതിയു

rājā mantri jaņe jaņaku nija manara ka ṭhā kah-i-pakāile [EC]
king minister one one.ACC self mind's story say-LNK-drop.PST.3PL
'The king and the minister exchanged ideas between each other' (lit. 'one to one')

Below we give a (non-exhaustive) list of some of the contextual oppositions that we have found in
the corpus data; in line with what was explained above, the construction with ‘V-drop’ is much stronger
with respect to size, force or impact which implies a higher degree of mirativity. These differences can
either be related the feature of AFFECTEDNESS or to that of volitionality or control on behalf of the
Agent. Following Hopper & Thompson (1980), both these features can be said to play a role in the
degree of transitivity, which reinforces the link between mirativity and transitivity, as explained earlier.

ḍhāri 'hold':

* hold someone's bag ('V-give')

* courageously hold the reins of a horse ('V-drop')

kʰol 'open':

* The princess got up and opened the door ('V-give')

* what a shameless girl, she took off her clothes before everybody ('V-drop')

mod 'turn, twist':

* your son is so naughty! He twisted my hand ('V-give')

* he held both the teeth of the elephant and twisted them ('V-drop')

bānd̥h 'tie':

* the police tie (=‘arrest’) a thief (‘V-give’)

* the child monkey (the god Hanuman) jumped up to the moon and tied (‘caught’) it (‘V-drop’)

pot 'bury'

* bury (=sow) seeds ('V-give')

* burying garbage ('V-drop')

has 'laugh':

* little laugh or smile about a joke ('V-give')
* normal laugh with someone's foolishness ('V-drop')

kʰā ‘eat’:

* without thinking anything, he ate up all the sweets ('V-give')

* watch him or he will eat up all the sweets secretly ('V-drop')

potʃʰi ‘erase’:

* Virgin Mary had erased her own marriage and love from her mind ('V-give')

* erase anything about revolution from your mind ('V-drop')

The higher impact implied by ‘V-drop’ need not always be physical, but can be moral, as in the case of the shameless girl opening her dress opposed to the opening of a door (still coded as unexpected here via a light verb construction, since it is unusual that it is done by someone of as high a rank as a princess). Similarly, what the Virgin Mary forgets is one element of her personal life (marriage and love), whereas a revolution can be argued to be of much grander scale. The difference can sometimes also pertain to careful vs. more brutal work: sowing seeds (one by one) is quite different from burying garbage (a big mass, more laborious, having a greater impact). Typically, the contexts with ‘V-drop’ have quantifiers or adverbs that express a high impact and/or extension of the process (such as ‘all’, ‘everything’, ‘everywhere’, etc.) as well as other adverbs that somehow relate to the intensity of the process (‘in a hurry’, ‘courageously’, ‘loudly’, etc.). In some cases, the difference pertains more to degrees of unsupposedness, as in a person being distracted and eating all the sweets versus eating something secretly (highly unsupposed).

In sum, the contrastive corpus examples (with the same lexical verb) confirm the difference of the degree of mirativity between ‘V-give’ (lower) and ‘V-drop’ (highest) where this degree is realized via different contextualized scales (size, impact, strength, intensity, etc.). The degree of mirativity can be related to the (variable) result of an action discussed above as well as with that of volitionality and/or control: the higher the impact of an action or event (=result) or the higher the control required by the Agent to carry it out (=volitionality), the higher the degree of mirativity.
**5. Conclusions**

As has become clear from the above discussion, Odia has grammaticalized the expression of mirativity in four light verb constructions *V-jā* ‘V-go’, *V-paḍ* ‘V-fall’, *V-ḍe* ‘V-give’, and *V-pakā* ‘V-drop’. All four share two meanings: (i) they express the *completion* of the event expressed by the main verb and (ii) they have a *mirative value*, expressing that this event (or its completion) is *unexpected* or is *not supposed* to have happened. In this paper, we have furthermore argued that there is a cline of mirativity: intransitive *V-paḍ* ‘V-fall’ expresses a higher degree of mirativity than does intransitive *V-jā* ‘V-go’; similarly, transitive *V-pakā* ‘V-drop’ expresses a higher degree of mirativity than transitive *V-ḍe* ‘V-give’. A pair-wise collostructional analysis of our corpus attestations did reveal some possible tendencies in that direction, but did not provide any reliable confirmation. However, the pair-wise comparison of contexts in which the same lexical verb can occur with two different LV constructions, did show quite convincingly that there is a degree of mirativity within each transitivity pair. While it still encodes unexpectedness, intransitive *V-jā* ‘V-go’ was shown to express “the expected within the unexpected” (bones breaking in an accident or sitting in a hall with chairs) or events of lower ‘size’ (hand of foot slipping away, or assembled parts falling apart) as opposed to a coding with *V-paḍ* ‘V-fall’ referring to events that are more unexpected or of bigger size (windows breaking, human being falling down to the ground). Similarly, within the transitive pair *V-pakā* ‘V-drop’ was shown to invariably refer to events that involved a higher force a higher impact (of whatever kind) or a larger extension than *V-ḍe* ‘V-give’. The different degrees of mirativity can thus be related to the features that play a role in degrees of transitivity, as described in Hopper & Thompson (1980).

While this was confirmed for the majority of cases where the same verb was used with different light verbs, there were a few contexts where no such objective differences could be ascertained. At the same time, in these cases, the intuition is that there is a strong(er) negative stance or attitude of the speaker towards the event. The example of the bold/shameless girl opening her dress is a good illustration of this. Such a (pragmatically determined) reading may not (and often does not) show up in the form of contextual clues for higher mirativity (as were attested for most of the examples). It also explains why a light verb construction is still possible for a sentence like *We expect that he will eat all the rice*: even
Author-produced prepublication version. Please refer to and quote from the published version: Sahoo, K. & M. Lemmens (2017). Degrees of mirativity. *Review of Cognitive Linguistics* 15(2), 343-384.

if he is expected to act this way (no mirativity), such action may still be considered as unsupposed,
against the background of social and/or cultural norms. While the speaker's disapproval may start out
as a pragmatic meaning, repeated use may gradually make this an inherent part of the constructions in
question especially for the light verbs higher up on the cline of mirativity, which often have such an
additional value judgement of unsupposedness (and thus often inappropriateness), even if there may not
be any overt contextual clues related to mirativity.¹⁶ In fact, the frequent use of these light verb
constructions and the issue of mirativity could thus be related to the larger cultural importance that is
given to what is appropriate and what is not. While our corpus-data has confirmed clear patterns of use
and the different degrees of mirativity within each transitivity pair, further confirmation via acceptability
judgements or controlled elicitation experiments is planned for future research.

Our study of Odia light verbs provides an answer to Peterson's observation that "cross-linguistically
there are surprisingly few clear examples of non-parasitic grammatical miratives in the descriptive
literature" (2013, p. 35). More importantly, however, our study sheds further light on the complex
category that mirativity is. Confronted with a myriad of specialised meanings that have been subsumed
under the label "mirativity" (such as 'surprise', 'immediate meaning', 'lack of awareness',
'unexpectedness', and 'new information' etc.), Peterson (2013), referring to Hill (2012), takes a strict
point and claims that "there is one feature common to all of the descriptions – surprise – and this is what
mirativity actually is." (2013, p. 51). Our study invites to a less strict view, as in Odia mirativity covers
both unexpectedness (surprise) and unsupposedness (not necessarily surprise); in addition, the
constructions expressing a higher degree of mirativity may acquire a further attitudinal value of
disapproval. Within a cognitive perspective on categorization (see, e.g., Lemmens 2015) such a view on
mirativity would be entirely coherent, as it would be regarded as a complex category with interrelated
meanings (cf. also the four interrelated subcategories suggested by Montaut (2006) for the mirative
readings of the aorist in Hindi/Urdu) that are structured around a prototype, in this case the notion
'surprise'. Whether or not that makes mirativity a universal grammatical category (i.e., a linguistic
universal; see DeLancey 2012, Hill 2012, Peterson 2013) is still fairly much an *empirical* question that
requires more careful research on a wide variety of languages. We hope that the methodology presented
in this paper can provide interesting avenues for such work.
**Abbreviations**

ACC: accusative, AUX: auxiliary, ASP: aspectual marking, CAUS: causative marker, CLF: classifier, COMP: complementizer, DEF: definite, LNK: linker, EMPH: emphatic particle, FUT: future, GEN: genitive, HON: honorific, IMP: imperative, INDF: indefinite, INS: instrumental, LOC: locative, LV: light verb, NEG: negative marker, PASS: passive, PST: past, PRF: perfect, PL: plural, PP: postposition, PROG: progressive, SG: singular

**Acknowledgements**

The authors kindly thank Agnès Celle for the invitation to present this research at the workshop *Mirativity, Emotion and Cognition*, held at Université Paris Diderot, April 1, 2016. We also thank Dany Amiot, Bert Capelle, Cedric Patin, Fayssal Tayalati, Kristel Van Goethem, Patrick Caudal, and Tyler Peterson for their constructive comments. Finally we would like to thank the two anonymous reviewers for their excellent reviews of the earlier version of this paper. All remaining inaccuracies are of course our responsibility.
## Notes

¹ See, for instance, Aksu-Koç & Slobin (1986) on Turkish, T. Peterson (2013) on Gitksan, Montaut on Hindi/Urdu, J. Peterson (2000) on Nepali, Bashir (2010) on Shina, or Napiorkowska (2016) on Neo-Arameic.

² See below for the difference between the notions UNEXPECTED and UNSUPPOSED which in Odia depends on the context in which the light verb is used.

³ It is this attitudinal value that leads Napiorkowska (2016) to consider mirativity to fall within the domain of modality: "If [...] we consider the expression of surprise as the core function of mirativity, we are then primarily concerned with the speaker's attitude towards the proposition. In this light, mirativity would, by definition, still fall within the domain of modality" (2016:1-2).

⁴ For ease of reading, we will in the main text drop the linking element -i: *V-jā* ‘V-go’ is thus a shorthand for *V-i-jā* ‘V-LNK-go’; we will use the same short hand for specific instances, e.g., “*kʰā-de* eat-give” stands for “*kʰā-i-de* eat-LNK-give”.

⁵ As indicated, the combination of mirativity and onset also occurs in Odia, with the LV *-uʰ ‘rise’* not considered here. As rightly noted by Wiklund (2009), in the Swedish light verb constructions *gå och V* ‘go and V’ and *ta och V* ‘take and V’, it is also the onset of the event not its result which is responsible for the surprise.

⁶ Glossing is done following the Leipzig Glossing Rules (see http://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/resources/glossing-rules.php). At the end of the article, we give an exhaustive list of glosses used in this article, including those not found in the Leipzig glossing rules (HON: honorific, LNK: linker, EMPH: emphatic particle, PP: postposition).

⁷ Importantly, it is the transitive lexical verb *sār* ‘finish<sub>TRANS</sub>’ that is used in the V-finish construction, not the intransitive lexical counterpart *sar* ‘finish<sub>INTR</sub>’. This suggests that the whole *V-i-sār* construction is transitive, where the main V (or the VP) is regarded, both semantically and syntactically, as the object of (transitive) *sār*. This is quite different from the situation with the other light verbs.

⁸ See Hopper and Thompson (1980) for a thorough discussion of degree of transitivity, in which the feature VOLITIONALITY plays a role as well in addition to others like AFFECTEDNESS, KINESIS, PUNCTUALITY, etc.

⁹ The Odia texts were originally gathered by the Institute of Applied Language Sciences, Bhubaneshwar. The EMILLE corpus is available from the (European Language Resources Association (http://www.elra.info/en/) reference ELRA-W0037. The Odia script made it difficult to run extractions with some existing concordance software.

¹⁰ Given the high frequency of the light verbs *-jā* ‘-go’ and *-de* ‘-give’ the sets have been limited at 560 and 561 sentences respectively.

¹¹ While such semantic compatibility holds as a general requirement, it can be violated in cases of “coercion” as in *She giggled her way through the crowd* where the (intransitive) verb of laughter *giggle* is modified to (transitive) motion verb by the Caused Motion construction. Such cases are not relevant to the present discussion which considers verbs that are significantly attracted to, or repulsed by, a given construction.

¹² See Stefanowitsch & Gries 2005 for an argument in favour of using the Fisher Exact test.

¹³ These values are generated automatically by the R-script written by S. Gries, use of which is hereby kindly acknowledged.

¹⁴ Unfortunately (but expectedly), our data set does not often provide exact matching contrastive contexts; however, some of the examples do provide compelling illustration of the pattern observed and allow us to build contrastive examples. Some of the examples (or contexts) given below will thus be from the corpus, others are constructed examples to match these.

¹⁵ “EC” identifies the example as taken from the Emille Corpus; examples without such a code are constructed examples.

¹⁶ See Lemmens (2017) for a more theoretical discussion of such a process of semanticization of pragmatic meaning.
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# Appendix

<table><caption>Table 1. Frequencies ‘V-fall’</caption><thead><tr><td>Verb</td><td>English gloss</td><td>Freq</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>ho</td><td>become</td><td>189</td></tr><tr><td>bāhār</td><td>get ready, come out</td><td>27</td></tr><tr><td>kʰas</td><td>slip</td><td>19</td></tr><tr><td>lag</td><td>touch</td><td>18</td></tr><tr><td>bas</td><td>sit</td><td>17</td></tr><tr><td>fo</td><td>sleep</td><td>15</td></tr><tr><td>bʰāŋ</td><td>break</td><td>13</td></tr><tr><td>qei</td><td>jump</td><td>11</td></tr><tr><td>jʰar</td><td>spring forth from</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>bʰusuq</td><td>collapse</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>tʃamak</td><td>get frightened/surprised</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>olaq</td><td>turn down</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>qʰaq</td><td>lean</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>olhā</td><td>get down</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>taq</td><td>fall dying</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>uqʰ</td><td>wake up, get up</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>boh</td><td>flow</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>gaq</td><td>roll</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>naï</td><td>lean, bend, bow</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>jʰaq</td><td>fall down</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>jʰul</td><td>hang</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>jʰunt</td><td>stumble</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>ohaq</td><td>hang (on to)</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>pʰāt</td><td>burst</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>baq</td><td>leave out</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>bul</td><td>turn</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>tʃāl</td><td>walk</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>dʰas</td><td>collapse, fall down</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>gaq</td><td>pierce</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>jʰāmp</td><td>cover (intr.)</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>kʰāl</td><td>become empty</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>mauq</td><td>fade</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>pʰuq</td><td>explore, blossom</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>utʃtʃuq</td><td>overflow</td><td>1</td></tr></tbody></table>

<table><caption>Table: 2. Frequencies ‘V-go’</caption><thead><tr><td>Verb</td><td>English gloss</td><td>Freq</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>ho</td><td>become</td><td>138</td></tr><tr><td>tʃāl</td><td>walk</td><td>52</td></tr><tr><td>paq</td><td>fall</td><td>30</td></tr><tr><td>rah</td><td>stay</td><td>18</td></tr><tr><td>pahantʃ</td><td>arrive</td><td>17</td></tr><tr><td>ās</td><td>come</td><td>16</td></tr><tr><td>ne</td><td>take</td><td>13</td></tr><tr><td>biq</td><td>pass (time)</td><td>11</td></tr><tr><td>sar</td><td>finish</td><td>10</td></tr></tbody></table>
Author-produced prepublication version. Please refer to and quote from the published version: Sahoo, K. & M. Lemmens (2017). Degrees of mirativity. *Review of Cognitive Linguistics* 15(2), 343-384.

<table><tr><td>badh</td><td>grow</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>lag</td><td>touch, burn</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>mid</td><td>combine, adjoin</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>pā</td><td>get, receive</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>mar</td><td>die</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>bhān</td><td>break</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>paṇā</td><td>flee</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>fukh</td><td>dry</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>ubh</td><td>disappear</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>bāhār</td><td>get ready, come out</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>kaṇ</td><td>get cut, disappear (time)</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>kheł</td><td>play</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>mił</td><td>get, achieve</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>paś</td><td>enter</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>pśer</td><td>return</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>uq</td><td>fly</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>bas</td><td>sit</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>gher</td><td>surround</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>kah</td><td>speak</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>lutf</td><td>hide</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>bhul</td><td>forget</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>dar</td><td>get frightened</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>hār</td><td>get defeated</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>jał</td><td>burn</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>kar</td><td>do</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>pālaṭ</td><td>change, turn into</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>rāg</td><td>get angry</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>fo</td><td>sleep</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>uṭh</td><td>wake up, get up</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>āge</td><td>proceed</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>badal</td><td>change</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>bud</td><td>drown, sink</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>byāp</td><td>spread</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>thāḍ</td><td>leave</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>gaḍ</td><td>roll</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>kam</td><td>decrease</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>khā</td><td>eat</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>libh</td><td>extinguish</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>ijh</td><td>boil</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>bhar</td><td>fill</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>bujh</td><td>understand</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>tʃaqh</td><td>climb</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>ḍab</td><td>depress, become suppressed</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>ḍe</td><td>give</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>ghaṭ</td><td>happen</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>haj</td><td>lose</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>khol</td><td>open (alternating verb)</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>mān</td><td>obey</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>pʰiṭ</td><td>open (intr.)</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>aṭak</td><td>stop</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>bāj</td><td>touch, hit</td><td>1</td></tr></table>
Author-produced prepublication version. Please refer to and quote from the published version: Sahoo, K. & M. Lemmens (2017). Degrees of mirativity. *Review of Cognitive Linguistics* 15(2), 343-384.

<table><caption>Table: 3. Comparison ‘V-go’ and ‘V-fall’</caption><tr><td>bah</td><td>flow</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>bal</td><td>leave</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>bantf</td><td>become alive</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>bart</td><td>escape</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>bul</td><td>turn</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>dʰāī</td><td>run</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>dʰar</td><td>catch</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>doud</td><td>jump</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>dub</td><td>drown, engross</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>dure</td><td>go away</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>gʰen</td><td>come along, accompany (intr.)</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>gʰoł</td><td>spread out, scatter (intr.)</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>jāη</td><td>know</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>jʰāunł</td><td>fade</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>jit</td><td>win</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>joq</td><td>add; adjoin</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>juł</td><td>get together, coincide</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>kʰas</td><td>slip</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>lākʰ</td><td>get stuck</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>lekʰ</td><td>write</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>māq</td><td>rush</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>mauł</td><td>fade</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>miłā</td><td>dilute (formal)</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>mile</td><td>dilute (informal)</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>ohar</td><td>get away</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>olhe</td><td>get down</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>pātʃ</td><td>ripen</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>poq</td><td>burn, roast</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>pur</td><td>fill (intr.)</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>rakʰ</td><td>keep</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>fank</td><td>shrink (metaph.)</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>fikʰ</td><td>learn</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>tʰak</td><td>cheat</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td><strong>TOTAL</strong></td><td></td><td><strong>560</strong></td></tr></table>

<table><caption>Table: 4. Collostructional analysis for V-go and V-fall</caption><thead><tr><td>LV</td><td>Type</td><td>Token</td><td>TTR</td><td># hapaxes</td><td>Hapax/Token</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>V-go</td><td>93</td><td>560</td><td>1.66</td><td>35</td><td>0.06</td></tr><tr><td>V-fall</td><td>35</td><td>383</td><td>0.091</td><td>10</td><td>0.03</td></tr><tr><td><strong>TOTAL</strong></td><td><strong>128</strong></td><td><strong>943</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

<table><thead><tr><td>Words</td><td>obs.freq. 1 fall</td><td>obs.freq. 2 go</td><td>exp.freq.1 fall</td><td>exp.freq.2 go</td><td>pref.occu r</td><td>delta.pezconst r.to.word</td><td>delta.p.word. to.constr</td><td>coll.strengt h</td></tr></thead></table>
Author-produced prepublication version. Please refer to and quote from the published version: Sahoo, K. & M. Lemmens (2017). Degrees of mirativity. *Review of Cognitive Linguistics* 15(2), 343-384.

<table><tr><td>ho</td><td>191</td><td>138</td><td>134.2431</td><td>194.7569</td><td>fall</td><td>0.2484</td><td>0.2645</td><td>14.5026</td></tr><tr><td>kʰas</td><td>20</td><td>1</td><td>8.5687</td><td>12.4313</td><td>fall</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.5567</td><td>6.7986</td></tr><tr><td>bāhār</td><td>27</td><td>6</td><td>13.4651</td><td>19.5349</td><td>fall</td><td>0.0592</td><td>0.425</td><td>5.941</td></tr><tr><td>qɛin</td><td>11</td><td>0</td><td>4.4884</td><td>6.5116</td><td>fall</td><td>0.0285</td><td>0.5989</td><td>4.3194</td></tr><tr><td>jʰar</td><td>9</td><td>0</td><td>3.6723</td><td>5.3277</td><td>fall</td><td>0.0233</td><td>0.5977</td><td>3.528</td></tr><tr><td>bas</td><td>17</td><td>5</td><td>8.9767</td><td>13.0233</td><td>fall</td><td>0.0351</td><td>0.3734</td><td>3.3086</td></tr><tr><td>bʰusuq</td><td>8</td><td>0</td><td>3.2643</td><td>4.7357</td><td>fall</td><td>0.0207</td><td>0.597</td><td>3.1333</td></tr><tr><td>fo</td><td>15</td><td>4</td><td>7.7526</td><td>11.2474</td><td>fall</td><td>0.0317</td><td>0.3893</td><td>3.1326</td></tr><tr><td>tfamak</td><td>6</td><td>0</td><td>2.4482</td><td>3.5518</td><td>fall</td><td>0.0155</td><td>0.5957</td><td>2.3459</td></tr><tr><td>olaq</td><td>6</td><td>0</td><td>2.4482</td><td>3.5518</td><td>fall</td><td>0.0155</td><td>0.5957</td><td>2.3459</td></tr><tr><td>lag</td><td>18</td><td>9</td><td>11.0169</td><td>15.9831</td><td>fall</td><td>0.0306</td><td>0.2662</td><td>2.2732</td></tr><tr><td>bʰāŋ</td><td>13</td><td>7</td><td>8.1607</td><td>11.8393</td><td>fall</td><td>0.0212</td><td>0.2472</td><td>1.6216</td></tr><tr><td>qʰal</td><td>4</td><td>0</td><td>1.6321</td><td>2.3679</td><td>fall</td><td>0.0104</td><td>0.5945</td><td>1.5612</td></tr><tr><td>olhā</td><td>4</td><td>0</td><td>1.6321</td><td>2.3679</td><td>fall</td><td>0.0104</td><td>0.5945</td><td>1.5612</td></tr><tr><td>taq</td><td>4</td><td>0</td><td>1.6321</td><td>2.3679</td><td>fall</td><td>0.0104</td><td>0.5945</td><td>1.5612</td></tr><tr><td>boh</td><td>3</td><td>0</td><td>1.2241</td><td>1.7759</td><td>fall</td><td>0.0078</td><td>0.5938</td><td>1.1699</td></tr><tr><td>naī</td><td>3</td><td>0</td><td>1.2241</td><td>1.7759</td><td>fall</td><td>0.0078</td><td>0.5938</td><td>1.1699</td></tr><tr><td>jʰaq</td><td>2</td><td>0</td><td>0.8161</td><td>1.1839</td><td>fall</td><td>0.0052</td><td>0.5932</td><td>0.7793</td></tr><tr><td>jʰul</td><td>2</td><td>0</td><td>0.8161</td><td>1.1839</td><td>fall</td><td>0.0052</td><td>0.5932</td><td>0.7793</td></tr><tr><td>jʰunt</td><td>2</td><td>0</td><td>0.8161</td><td>1.1839</td><td>fall</td><td>0.0052</td><td>0.5932</td><td>0.7793</td></tr><tr><td>ohaq</td><td>2</td><td>0</td><td>0.8161</td><td>1.1839</td><td>fall</td><td>0.0052</td><td>0.5932</td><td>0.7793</td></tr><tr><td>pʰāt</td><td>2</td><td>0</td><td>0.8161</td><td>1.1839</td><td>fall</td><td>0.0052</td><td>0.5932</td><td>0.7793</td></tr><tr><td>tfahal</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0.408</td><td>0.592</td><td>fall</td><td>0.0026</td><td>0.5926</td><td>0.3893</td></tr><tr><td>dʰas</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0.408</td><td>0.592</td><td>fall</td><td>0.0026</td><td>0.5926</td><td>0.3893</td></tr><tr><td>gaq</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0.408</td><td>0.592</td><td>fall</td><td>0.0026</td><td>0.5926</td><td>0.3893</td></tr><tr><td>jʰāmp</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0.408</td><td>0.592</td><td>fall</td><td>0.0026</td><td>0.5926</td><td>0.3893</td></tr><tr><td>kʰāl</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0.408</td><td>0.592</td><td>fall</td><td>0.0026</td><td>0.5926</td><td>0.3893</td></tr><tr><td>pʰut</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0.408</td><td>0.592</td><td>fall</td><td>0.0026</td><td>0.5926</td><td>0.3893</td></tr><tr><td>utftut</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0.408</td><td>0.592</td><td>fall</td><td>0.0026</td><td>0.5926</td><td>0.3893</td></tr><tr><td>utʰ</td><td>4</td><td>4</td><td>3.2643</td><td>4.7357</td><td>fall</td><td>0.0032</td><td>0.0928</td><td>0.3722</td></tr><tr><td>gaq</td><td>3</td><td>3</td><td>2.4482</td><td>3.5518</td><td>fall</td><td>0.0024</td><td>0.0926</td><td>0.3257</td></tr><tr><td>baq</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>0.8161</td><td>1.1839</td><td>fall</td><td>8e-04</td><td>0.0922</td><td>0.1872</td></tr><tr><td>bul</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>0.8161</td><td>1.1839</td><td>fall</td><td>8e-04</td><td>0.0922</td><td>0.1872</td></tr><tr><td>mauq</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>0.8161</td><td>1.1839</td><td>fall</td><td>8e-04</td><td>0.0922</td><td>0.1872</td></tr><tr><td>tfāl</td><td>0</td><td>52</td><td>21.2178</td><td>30.7822</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0929</td><td>-0.4318</td><td>12.2819</td></tr><tr><td>paq</td><td>0</td><td>30</td><td>12.241</td><td>17.759</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0536</td><td>-0.4214</td><td>6.9727</td></tr><tr><td>rah</td><td>0</td><td>18</td><td>7.3446</td><td>10.6554</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0321</td><td>-0.4159</td><td>4.1479</td></tr><tr><td>pahantf</td><td>0</td><td>17</td><td>6.9366</td><td>10.0634</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0304</td><td>-0.4155</td><td>3.9147</td></tr><tr><td>ās</td><td>0</td><td>16</td><td>6.5285</td><td>9.4715</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0286</td><td>-0.4151</td><td>3.6818</td></tr><tr><td>ne</td><td>0</td><td>13</td><td>5.3044</td><td>7.6956</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0232</td><td>-0.4137</td><td>2.9851</td></tr><tr><td>biq</td><td>0</td><td>11</td><td>4.4884</td><td>6.5116</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0196</td><td>-0.4128</td><td>2.5223</td></tr><tr><td>sar</td><td>0</td><td>10</td><td>4.0803</td><td>5.9197</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0179</td><td>-0.4124</td><td>2.2914</td></tr><tr><td>baqʰ</td><td>0</td><td>9</td><td>3.6723</td><td>5.3277</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0161</td><td>-0.412</td><td>2.0608</td></tr><tr><td>miq</td><td>0</td><td>9</td><td>3.6723</td><td>5.3277</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0161</td><td>-0.412</td><td>2.0608</td></tr><tr><td>pā</td><td>0</td><td>9</td><td>3.6723</td><td>5.3277</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0161</td><td>-0.412</td><td>2.0608</td></tr><tr><td>mar</td><td>0</td><td>8</td><td>3.2643</td><td>4.7357</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0143</td><td>-0.4115</td><td>1.8305</td></tr><tr><td>paqā</td><td>0</td><td>7</td><td>2.8562</td><td>4.1438</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0125</td><td>-0.4111</td><td>1.6006</td></tr><tr><td>ſukʰ</td><td>0</td><td>7</td><td>2.8562</td><td>4.1438</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0125</td><td>-0.4111</td><td>1.6006</td></tr><tr><td>ubʰ</td><td>0</td><td>7</td><td>2.8562</td><td>4.1438</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0125</td><td>-0.4111</td><td>1.6006</td></tr><tr><td>kaq</td><td>0</td><td>6</td><td>2.4482</td><td>3.5518</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0107</td><td>-0.4106</td><td>1.371</td></tr><tr><td>kʰel</td><td>0</td><td>6</td><td>2.4482</td><td>3.5518</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0107</td><td>-0.4106</td><td>1.371</td></tr><tr><td>miq</td><td>0</td><td>6</td><td>2.4482</td><td>3.5518</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0107</td><td>-0.4106</td><td>1.371</td></tr><tr><td>paſ</td><td>0</td><td>6</td><td>2.4482</td><td>3.5518</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0107</td><td>-0.4106</td><td>1.371</td></tr><tr><td>pʰer</td><td>0</td><td>6</td><td>2.4482</td><td>3.5518</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0107</td><td>-0.4106</td><td>1.371</td></tr><tr><td>uq</td><td>0</td><td>6</td><td>2.4482</td><td>3.5518</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0107</td><td>-0.4106</td><td>1.371</td></tr><tr><td>gʰer</td><td>0</td><td>5</td><td>2.0402</td><td>2.9598</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0089</td><td>-0.4102</td><td>1.1417</td></tr><tr><td>kah</td><td>0</td><td>5</td><td>2.0402</td><td>2.9598</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0089</td><td>-0.4102</td><td>1.1417</td></tr><tr><td>lutſ</td><td>0</td><td>5</td><td>2.0402</td><td>2.9598</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0089</td><td>-0.4102</td><td>1.1417</td></tr><tr><td>bʰul</td><td>0</td><td>4</td><td>1.6321</td><td>2.3679</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0071</td><td>-0.4098</td><td>0.9127</td></tr><tr><td>qar</td><td>0</td><td>4</td><td>1.6321</td><td>2.3679</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0071</td><td>-0.4098</td><td>0.9127</td></tr><tr><td>hār</td><td>0</td><td>4</td><td>1.6321</td><td>2.3679</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0071</td><td>-0.4098</td><td>0.9127</td></tr><tr><td>jaq</td><td>0</td><td>4</td><td>1.6321</td><td>2.3679</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0071</td><td>-0.4098</td><td>0.9127</td></tr><tr><td>kar</td><td>0</td><td>4</td><td>1.6321</td><td>2.3679</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0071</td><td>-0.4098</td><td>0.9127</td></tr></table>
Author-produced prepublication version. Please refer to and quote from the published version: Sahoo, K. & M. Lemmens (2017). Degrees of mirativity. *Review of Cognitive Linguistics* 15(2), 343-384.

<table><tr><td>pālaṭ</td><td>0</td><td>4</td><td>1.6321</td><td>2.3679</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0071</td><td>-0.4098</td><td>0.9127</td></tr><tr><td>rāg</td><td>0</td><td>4</td><td>1.6321</td><td>2.3679</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0071</td><td>-0.4098</td><td>0.9127</td></tr><tr><td>āge</td><td>0</td><td>3</td><td>1.2241</td><td>1.7759</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0054</td><td>-0.4093</td><td>0.6841</td></tr><tr><td>baḍa|</td><td>0</td><td>3</td><td>1.2241</td><td>1.7759</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0054</td><td>-0.4093</td><td>0.6841</td></tr><tr><td>buḍ</td><td>0</td><td>3</td><td>1.2241</td><td>1.7759</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0054</td><td>-0.4093</td><td>0.6841</td></tr><tr><td>byāp</td><td>0</td><td>3</td><td>1.2241</td><td>1.7759</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0054</td><td>-0.4093</td><td>0.6841</td></tr><tr><td>ṭṭāḍ</td><td>0</td><td>3</td><td>1.2241</td><td>1.7759</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0054</td><td>-0.4093</td><td>0.6841</td></tr><tr><td>kam</td><td>0</td><td>3</td><td>1.2241</td><td>1.7759</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0054</td><td>-0.4093</td><td>0.6841</td></tr><tr><td>kʰā</td><td>0</td><td>3</td><td>1.2241</td><td>1.7759</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0054</td><td>-0.4093</td><td>0.6841</td></tr><tr><td>libʰ</td><td>0</td><td>3</td><td>1.2241</td><td>1.7759</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0054</td><td>-0.4093</td><td>0.6841</td></tr><tr><td>sijʰ</td><td>0</td><td>3</td><td>1.2241</td><td>1.7759</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0054</td><td>-0.4093</td><td>0.6841</td></tr><tr><td>bʰar</td><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>0.8161</td><td>1.1839</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0036</td><td>-0.4089</td><td>0.4557</td></tr><tr><td>buŋʰ</td><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>0.8161</td><td>1.1839</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0036</td><td>-0.4089</td><td>0.4557</td></tr><tr><td>ṭṭaqʰ</td><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>0.8161</td><td>1.1839</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0036</td><td>-0.4089</td><td>0.4557</td></tr><tr><td>ḍab</td><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>0.8161</td><td>1.1839</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0036</td><td>-0.4089</td><td>0.4557</td></tr><tr><td>ḍe</td><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>0.8161</td><td>1.1839</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0036</td><td>-0.4089</td><td>0.4557</td></tr><tr><td>gʰaṭ</td><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>0.8161</td><td>1.1839</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0036</td><td>-0.4089</td><td>0.4557</td></tr><tr><td>haj</td><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>0.8161</td><td>1.1839</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0036</td><td>-0.4089</td><td>0.4557</td></tr><tr><td>kʰol</td><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>0.8161</td><td>1.1839</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0036</td><td>-0.4089</td><td>0.4557</td></tr><tr><td>mān</td><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>0.8161</td><td>1.1839</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0036</td><td>-0.4089</td><td>0.4557</td></tr><tr><td>pʰiṭ</td><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>0.8161</td><td>1.1839</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0036</td><td>-0.4089</td><td>0.4557</td></tr><tr><td>aṭak</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.408</td><td>0.592</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.4085</td><td>0.2277</td></tr><tr><td>bāj</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.408</td><td>0.592</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.4085</td><td>0.2277</td></tr><tr><td>bah</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.408</td><td>0.592</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.4085</td><td>0.2277</td></tr><tr><td>bantʃ</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.408</td><td>0.592</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.4085</td><td>0.2277</td></tr><tr><td>bart</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.408</td><td>0.592</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.4085</td><td>0.2277</td></tr><tr><td>ḍʰāṭ</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.408</td><td>0.592</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.4085</td><td>0.2277</td></tr><tr><td>ḍʰar</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.408</td><td>0.592</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.4085</td><td>0.2277</td></tr><tr><td>ḍoud</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.408</td><td>0.592</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.4085</td><td>0.2277</td></tr><tr><td>ḍub</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.408</td><td>0.592</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.4085</td><td>0.2277</td></tr><tr><td>ḍure</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.408</td><td>0.592</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.4085</td><td>0.2277</td></tr><tr><td>gʰen</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.408</td><td>0.592</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.4085</td><td>0.2277</td></tr><tr><td>gʰoṭ</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.408</td><td>0.592</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.4085</td><td>0.2277</td></tr><tr><td>jāŋ</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.408</td><td>0.592</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.4085</td><td>0.2277</td></tr><tr><td>jʰāun|</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.408</td><td>0.592</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.4085</td><td>0.2277</td></tr><tr><td>jiṭ</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.408</td><td>0.592</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.4085</td><td>0.2277</td></tr><tr><td>joḍ</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.408</td><td>0.592</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.4085</td><td>0.2277</td></tr><tr><td>juṭ</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.408</td><td>0.592</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.4085</td><td>0.2277</td></tr><tr><td>lākʰ</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.408</td><td>0.592</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.4085</td><td>0.2277</td></tr><tr><td>lekʰ</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.408</td><td>0.592</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.4085</td><td>0.2277</td></tr><tr><td>māḍ</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.408</td><td>0.592</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.4085</td><td>0.2277</td></tr><tr><td>mi|ā</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.408</td><td>0.592</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.4085</td><td>0.2277</td></tr><tr><td>mile</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.408</td><td>0.592</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.4085</td><td>0.2277</td></tr><tr><td>ohari</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.408</td><td>0.592</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.4085</td><td>0.2277</td></tr><tr><td>olhei</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.408</td><td>0.592</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.4085</td><td>0.2277</td></tr><tr><td>pātʃ</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.408</td><td>0.592</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.4085</td><td>0.2277</td></tr><tr><td>poq</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.408</td><td>0.592</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.4085</td><td>0.2277</td></tr><tr><td>pur</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.408</td><td>0.592</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.4085</td><td>0.2277</td></tr><tr><td>rakʰ</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.408</td><td>0.592</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.4085</td><td>0.2277</td></tr><tr><td>fank</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.408</td><td>0.592</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.4085</td><td>0.2277</td></tr><tr><td>jkʰ</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.408</td><td>0.592</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.4085</td><td>0.2277</td></tr><tr><td>ṭʰak</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.408</td><td>0.592</td><td>go</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.4085</td><td>0.2277</td></tr></table>

If your collostruction strength is based on p-values, it can be interpreted as follows: Coll.strength>3 => p<0.001; coll.strength>2 => p<0.01; coll.strength>1.30103 => p<0.05.

<table><caption>Table: 5. Frequencies ‘V-give’</caption><thead><tr><td>verb</td><td>English gloss</td><td>FREQ</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>kar</td><td>do</td><td>134</td></tr></tbody></table>
Author-produced prepublication version. Please refer to and quote from the published version: Sahoo, K. & M. Lemmens (2017). Degrees of mirativity. *Review of Cognitive Linguistics* 15(2), 343-384.

<table><tr><td>tʃhāq</td><td>leave</td><td>30</td></tr><tr><td>jog</td><td>supply</td><td>27</td></tr><tr><td>jaŋ</td><td>know</td><td>18</td></tr><tr><td>baq̣h</td><td>increase</td><td>16</td></tr><tr><td>āŋ</td><td>bring</td><td>15</td></tr><tr><td>kah</td><td>tell</td><td>14</td></tr><tr><td>pakā</td><td>drop</td><td>14</td></tr><tr><td>lagā</td><td>strike, apply, apply.fire</td><td>13</td></tr><tr><td>paṭʰā</td><td>send</td><td>12</td></tr><tr><td>de</td><td>give</td><td>11</td></tr><tr><td>dekʰ</td><td>see</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td>mār</td><td>kill</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td>pʰerā</td><td>return</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td>kʰol</td><td>open, dig</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>rakʰ</td><td>keep</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>lekʰ</td><td>write</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>bʰāŋ</td><td>break</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>qʰāl</td><td>pour</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>kāl</td><td>cut</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>kam</td><td>decrease</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>kʰā</td><td>eat</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>pʰiŋ</td><td>throw</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>bāndʰ</td><td>tie</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>baŋdaŋ</td><td>change</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>bujʰ</td><td>make understand</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>miʃ</td><td>coalesce, merge, add</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>baṭā</td><td>suggest, hint</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>kāqʰ</td><td>take out</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>poṭ</td><td>bury</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>uṭh</td><td>raise, lift</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>bas</td><td>make.sit</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>bʰar</td><td>fill</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>bik</td><td>sell</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>eqā</td><td>avoid</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>has</td><td>laugh</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>laq</td><td>load</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>potʃh</td><td>wipe</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>tāŋ</td><td>pull</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>toŋ</td><td>pluck</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>uq</td><td>make.fly</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>bul</td><td>turn</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>tʃamak</td><td>surprise</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>tʃinʃ</td><td>recognize, identify</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>qʰar</td><td>catch</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>gaq</td><td>roll</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>gʰas</td><td>rob</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>gʰoq</td><td>cover</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>giŋ</td><td>swallow</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>jʰāq</td><td>shake</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>kaṭ</td><td>cut</td><td>2</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>kʰe|</td><td>play</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>kʰump</td><td>nibble</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>lambā</td><td>lengthen, draw, put</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>patfār</td><td>ask</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>pʰiṭā</td><td>open</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>pʰopāq</td><td>throw</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>pʰul</td><td>swell, inflate</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>pingqʰ</td><td>wear</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>purā</td><td>fill, let in</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>fujʰ</td><td>repay</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>fuŋ</td><td>hear</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>āq</td><td>avoid</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>āuj</td><td>lean</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>aṭak</td><td>stop</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>bāqʰ</td><td>serve</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>bāg</td><td>modify</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>bʰās</td><td>float</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>bo|</td><td>apply</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>buj</td><td>close</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>tʃāhn</td><td>want, look</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>tʃāp</td><td>press</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>tʃal</td><td>filter</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>tʃet</td><td>warn</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>tʃhintʃ</td><td>sprinkle</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>tʃʰv̥</td><td>touch</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>tʃʰuṭ</td><td>start</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>tʃir</td><td>tear</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>qāk</td><td>call</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>qer</td><td>keep in a leaning position</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>qʰo</td><td>wash</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>qohal</td><td>shake, stir</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>gaŋ</td><td>count</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>go|</td><td>coalesce</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>hāŋ</td><td>chop, cut</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>haj</td><td>lose</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>hal</td><td>shake</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>ho</td><td>become</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>jā|</td><td>burn</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>jam</td><td>gather</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>jʰink</td><td>pull</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>jʰul</td><td>hang</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>joq</td><td>combine</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>kāmuq bi ḍār</td><td>bite, scratch</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>katfāq</td><td>throw with abnormal force</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>kʰuā</td><td>feed</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>ki|</td><td>close</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>kiŋ</td><td>buy</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>kunqā</td><td>scratch</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>libʰ</td><td>disappear</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>maqā</td><td>put</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>makatf</td><td>stamp, crumble</td><td>1</td></tr></table>
Author-produced prepublication version. Please refer to and quote from the published version: Sahoo, K. & M. Lemmens (2017). Degrees of mirativity. *Review of Cognitive Linguistics* 15(2), 343-384.

<table><caption>Table: 6. Frequencies ‘V-drop’</caption><tr><td>mel</td><td>spread</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>mi|</td><td>unite, combine</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>moq</td><td>turn</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>ojāq</td><td>pour</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>ola|ā</td><td>turn over</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>pā|or</td><td>forget</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>pahantʃ</td><td>make arrive, post</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>pʰānk</td><td>cheat</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>pi</td><td>drink</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>saqʰ</td><td>make rotten</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>saj</td><td> decorate</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>samarp</td><td>donate, give</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>sutʃ</td><td>indicate</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>ṭek</td><td>lift</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>ṭʰel</td><td>push</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>tʰo</td><td>keep</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>ṭip</td><td>note, copy</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>ṭulā</td><td>manage</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>upāq</td><td>uproot</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td></td><td>560</td></tr></table>

<table><thead><tr><td>Main verb</td><td>English gloss</td><td>Freq</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>kar</td><td>do</td><td>108</td></tr><tr><td>dʰar</td><td>catch</td><td>23</td></tr><tr><td>kā|</td><td>cut, slit, dissect, shave</td><td>21</td></tr><tr><td>mār</td><td>hit, kill</td><td>20</td></tr><tr><td>kah</td><td>speak, tell</td><td>17</td></tr><tr><td>gi|</td><td>swallow</td><td>12</td></tr><tr><td>bāŋqʰ</td><td>tie</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>kunqʰ</td><td>embrace</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>kāŋq</td><td>cry</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>po|</td><td>bury</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>has</td><td>laugh</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>kʰā</td><td>eat</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>lekʰ</td><td>write</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>tʃā|</td><td>lick</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>gʰoq</td><td>cover</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>bʰāŋ</td><td>break</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>tʃʰāq</td><td>leave out</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>tʃʰinq</td><td>sever, tear apart</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>de</td><td>give</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>hāŋ</td><td>chop</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>jāŋ</td><td>know</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>pingqʰ</td><td>wear</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>potʃʰ</td><td>wipe out, take out</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>ſuŋ</td><td>hear</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>ānk</td><td>draw</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>anqā|</td><td>peek</td><td>1</td></tr></tbody></table>
Author-produced prepublication version. Please refer to and quote from the published version: Sahoo, K. & M. Lemmens (2017). Degrees of mirativity. *Review of Cognitive Linguistics* 15(2), 343-384.

<table><caption>Table: 7. Comparison ‘V-drop’ and ‘V-give’</caption><tr><td>bʰuss</td><td>pierce</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>tʃāntʃʰ</td><td>scrape</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>tʃʰāŋ</td><td>filter</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>tʃʰetʃ</td><td>pound, crush</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>tʃʰintʃ</td><td>sprinkle</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>tʃir</td><td>tear</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>tʃoss</td><td>suck</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>qɛ̃t</td><td>jump</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>dekʰ</td><td>see</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>qʰāl</td><td>pour</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>qʰānk</td><td>cover</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>qʰo</td><td>wash</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>dohal</td><td>make shake</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>duhn</td><td>milk</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>gʰoss</td><td>memorize</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>guntʰ</td><td>hook (for fish)</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>hal</td><td>make shake, stir</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>kāmuq</td><td>bite</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>kʰol</td><td>open</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>kʰump</td><td>nibble</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>kuqʰ</td><td>gather</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>māq</td><td>stamp on</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>makatʃ</td><td>stamp, crumble</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>moq</td><td>turn</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>muq</td><td>urinate</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>nātʃ</td><td>dance</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>nātfikuq</td><td>dance (jump, stamp)</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>ne</td><td>take</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>nigāq</td><td>emit, pour</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>opāq</td><td>uproot</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>pālaq</td><td>change (clothes)</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>pāsor</td><td>forget</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>pʰing</td><td>throw</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>pi</td><td>drink</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>poq</td><td>burn (food)</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>rāŋqʰ</td><td>cook</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>raq</td><td>cry loudly</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>sajā</td><td>decorate</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>tāq</td><td>dig</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>tāŋ</td><td>pull</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>udgār</td><td>eject</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>uttār</td><td>take out, change</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td></td><td>311</td></tr></table>

<table><thead><tr><th>LV</th><th>Type</th><th>Token</th><th>TTR</th><th># hapaxes</th><th>Hapax /Token</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>V-give</td><td>154</td><td>561</td><td>0.27</td><td>89</td><td>0.16</td></tr><tr><td>V-drop</td><td>68</td><td>311</td><td>0.22</td><td>44</td><td>0.14</td></tr><tr><td>TOTAL</td><td>222</td><td>872</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
Author-produced prepublication version. Please refer to and quote from the published version: Sahoo, K. & M. Lemmens (2017). Degrees of mirativity. *Review of Cognitive Linguistics* 15(2), 343-384.

<table><caption>Table: 8. Collostructional analysis for V-give and V-drop</caption><thead><tr><th>words</th><th>obs.freq. 1 drop</th><th>obs.freq.2 give</th><th>exp.freq.1 drop</th><th>exp.freq.2 give</th><th>pref.occu r</th><th>delta.p.constr .to.word</th><th>delta.p.wor d.to.constr</th><th>coll.stren gth</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>gʰar</td><td>23</td><td>3</td><td>9.2836</td><td>16.7164</td><td>drop</td><td>0.0686</td><td>0.5438</td><td>7.62</td></tr><tr><td>kāṭ</td><td>21</td><td>6</td><td>9.6406</td><td>17.3594</td><td>drop</td><td>0.0568</td><td>0.4342</td><td>5.1424</td></tr><tr><td>kar</td><td>108</td><td>127</td><td>83.9093</td><td>151.0907</td><td>drop</td><td>0.1205</td><td>0.1404</td><td>4.0096</td></tr><tr><td>gi|</td><td>12</td><td>2</td><td>4.9989</td><td>9.0011</td><td>drop</td><td>0.035</td><td>0.5083</td><td>3.8046</td></tr><tr><td>kunqʰ</td><td>8</td><td>0</td><td>2.8565</td><td>5.1435</td><td>drop</td><td>0.0257</td><td>0.6489</td><td>3.6035</td></tr><tr><td>mār</td><td>20</td><td>10</td><td>10.7118</td><td>19.2882</td><td>drop</td><td>0.0465</td><td>0.3207</td><td>3.3528</td></tr><tr><td>kāṇḍ</td><td>6</td><td>0</td><td>2.1424</td><td>3.8576</td><td>drop</td><td>0.0193</td><td>0.6474</td><td>2.6971</td></tr><tr><td>kah</td><td>17</td><td>14</td><td>11.0689</td><td>19.9311</td><td>drop</td><td>0.0297</td><td>0.1984</td><td>1.6812</td></tr><tr><td>tʃāṭ</td><td>3</td><td>0</td><td>1.0712</td><td>1.9288</td><td>drop</td><td>0.0096</td><td>0.6452</td><td>1.3445</td></tr><tr><td>bāṇḍʰ</td><td>8</td><td>5</td><td>4.6418</td><td>8.3582</td><td>drop</td><td>0.0168</td><td>0.2622</td><td>1.2962</td></tr><tr><td>poṭ</td><td>6</td><td>4</td><td>3.5706</td><td>6.4294</td><td>drop</td><td>0.0121</td><td>0.2458</td><td>0.9904</td></tr><tr><td>has</td><td>5</td><td>3</td><td>2.8565</td><td>5.1435</td><td>drop</td><td>0.0107</td><td>0.2704</td><td>0.9454</td></tr><tr><td>tʃʰind</td><td>2</td><td>0</td><td>0.7141</td><td>1.2859</td><td>drop</td><td>0.0064</td><td>0.6444</td><td>0.8954</td></tr><tr><td>jāη</td><td>2</td><td>0</td><td>0.7141</td><td>1.2859</td><td>drop</td><td>0.0064</td><td>0.6444</td><td>0.8954</td></tr><tr><td>gʰoḍ</td><td>3</td><td>2</td><td>1.7853</td><td>3.2147</td><td>drop</td><td>0.0061</td><td>0.2443</td><td>0.6096</td></tr><tr><td>hāη</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>1.0712</td><td>1.9288</td><td>drop</td><td>0.0046</td><td>0.3107</td><td>0.5358</td></tr><tr><td>kʰā</td><td>5</td><td>6</td><td>3.9277</td><td>7.0723</td><td>drop</td><td>0.0054</td><td>0.0987</td><td>0.4564</td></tr><tr><td>ānk</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>drop</td><td>0.0032</td><td>0.6437</td><td>0.4473</td></tr><tr><td>anḍāṭ</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>drop</td><td>0.0032</td><td>0.6437</td><td>0.4473</td></tr><tr><td>bʰuss</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>drop</td><td>0.0032</td><td>0.6437</td><td>0.4473</td></tr><tr><td>tʃāntʃʰ</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>drop</td><td>0.0032</td><td>0.6437</td><td>0.4473</td></tr><tr><td>tʃʰāη</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>drop</td><td>0.0032</td><td>0.6437</td><td>0.4473</td></tr><tr><td>tʃʰetʃ</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>drop</td><td>0.0032</td><td>0.6437</td><td>0.4473</td></tr><tr><td>tʃoss</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>drop</td><td>0.0032</td><td>0.6437</td><td>0.4473</td></tr><tr><td>qein</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>drop</td><td>0.0032</td><td>0.6437</td><td>0.4473</td></tr><tr><td>Dhānk</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>drop</td><td>0.0032</td><td>0.6437</td><td>0.4473</td></tr><tr><td>duhn</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>drop</td><td>0.0032</td><td>0.6437</td><td>0.4473</td></tr><tr><td>gʰoss</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>drop</td><td>0.0032</td><td>0.6437</td><td>0.4473</td></tr><tr><td>gunt</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>drop</td><td>0.0032</td><td>0.6437</td><td>0.4473</td></tr><tr><td>kāmuḍ</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>drop</td><td>0.0032</td><td>0.6437</td><td>0.4473</td></tr><tr><td>kudqʰ</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>drop</td><td>0.0032</td><td>0.6437</td><td>0.4473</td></tr><tr><td>māḍ</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>drop</td><td>0.0032</td><td>0.6437</td><td>0.4473</td></tr><tr><td>muṭ</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>drop</td><td>0.0032</td><td>0.6437</td><td>0.4473</td></tr><tr><td>nāṭʃ</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>drop</td><td>0.0032</td><td>0.6437</td><td>0.4473</td></tr><tr><td>nāṭfakud</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>drop</td><td>0.0032</td><td>0.6437</td><td>0.4473</td></tr><tr><td>ne</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>drop</td><td>0.0032</td><td>0.6437</td><td>0.4473</td></tr><tr><td>nigāḍ</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>drop</td><td>0.0032</td><td>0.6437</td><td>0.4473</td></tr><tr><td>opāḍ</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>drop</td><td>0.0032</td><td>0.6437</td><td>0.4473</td></tr><tr><td>pālaṭ</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>drop</td><td>0.0032</td><td>0.6437</td><td>0.4473</td></tr><tr><td>pāsor</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>drop</td><td>0.0032</td><td>0.6437</td><td>0.4473</td></tr><tr><td>poḍ</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>drop</td><td>0.0032</td><td>0.6437</td><td>0.4473</td></tr><tr><td>rān gʰ</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>drop</td><td>0.0032</td><td>0.6437</td><td>0.4473</td></tr><tr><td>raḍ</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>drop</td><td>0.0032</td><td>0.6437</td><td>0.4473</td></tr><tr><td>sajā</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>drop</td><td>0.0032</td><td>0.6437</td><td>0.4473</td></tr><tr><td>tāḍ</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>drop</td><td>0.0032</td><td>0.6437</td><td>0.4473</td></tr><tr><td>uḍgār</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>drop</td><td>0.0032</td><td>0.6437</td><td>0.4473</td></tr><tr><td>uṭ tār</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>drop</td><td>0.0032</td><td>0.6437</td><td>0.4473</td></tr><tr><td>pingqʰ</td><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>1.4282</td><td>2.5718</td><td>drop</td><td>0.0029</td><td>0.1436</td><td>0.3472</td></tr><tr><td>fun</td><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>1.4282</td><td>2.5718</td><td>drop</td><td>0.0029</td><td>0.1436</td><td>0.3472</td></tr><tr><td>poṭʃʰ</td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td>1.7853</td><td>3.2147</td><td>drop</td><td>0.0011</td><td>0.0432</td><td>0.2324</td></tr><tr><td>tʃʰintʃ</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>0.7141</td><td>1.2859</td><td>drop</td><td>0.0014</td><td>0.1433</td><td>0.2314</td></tr><tr><td>tʃir</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>0.7141</td><td>1.2859</td><td>drop</td><td>0.0014</td><td>0.1433</td><td>0.2314</td></tr><tr><td>gʰo</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>0.7141</td><td>1.2859</td><td>drop</td><td>0.0014</td><td>0.1433</td><td>0.2314</td></tr><tr><td>dohal</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>0.7141</td><td>1.2859</td><td>drop</td><td>0.0014</td><td>0.1433</td><td>0.2314</td></tr><tr><td>hal</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>0.7141</td><td>1.2859</td><td>drop</td><td>0.0014</td><td>0.1433</td><td>0.2314</td></tr><tr><td>makatʃ</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>0.7141</td><td>1.2859</td><td>drop</td><td>0.0014</td><td>0.1433</td><td>0.2314</td></tr><tr><td>moq</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>0.7141</td><td>1.2859</td><td>drop</td><td>0.0014</td><td>0.1433</td><td>0.2314</td></tr><tr><td>pi</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>0.7141</td><td>1.2859</td><td>drop</td><td>0.0014</td><td>0.1433</td><td>0.2314</td></tr></tbody></table>
Author-produced prepublication version. Please refer to and quote from the published version: Sahoo, K. & M. Lemmens (2017). Degrees of mirativity. *Review of Cognitive Linguistics* 15(2), 343-384.

<table><tr><td>lek<sup>h</sup></td><td>4</td><td>7</td><td>3.9277</td><td>7.0723</td><td>drop</td><td>4e-04</td><td>0.0067</td><td>0.2256</td></tr><tr><td>jog</td><td>0</td><td>27</td><td>9.6406</td><td>17.3594</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0482</td><td>-0.3685</td><td>5.2792</td></tr><tr><td>t<sup>h</sup>ād</td><td>2</td><td>30</td><td>11.4259</td><td>20.5741</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0471</td><td>-0.3058</td><td>4.0007</td></tr><tr><td>jaη</td><td>0</td><td>18</td><td>6.4271</td><td>11.5729</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0321</td><td>-0.3646</td><td>3.496</td></tr><tr><td>bad<sup>h</sup></td><td>0</td><td>16</td><td>5.713</td><td>10.287</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0286</td><td>-0.3637</td><td>3.103</td></tr><tr><td>āη</td><td>0</td><td>15</td><td>5.3559</td><td>9.6441</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0268</td><td>-0.3633</td><td>2.9069</td></tr><tr><td>pakā</td><td>0</td><td>14</td><td>4.9989</td><td>9.0011</td><td>give</td><td>-0.025</td><td>-0.3629</td><td>2.7112</td></tr><tr><td>lagā</td><td>0</td><td>13</td><td>4.6418</td><td>8.3582</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0232</td><td>-0.3625</td><td>2.5157</td></tr><tr><td>pa<sup>h</sup>ā</td><td>0</td><td>12</td><td>4.2847</td><td>7.7153</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0214</td><td>-0.362</td><td>2.3204</td></tr><tr><td>p<sup>h</sup>erā</td><td>0</td><td>10</td><td>3.5706</td><td>6.4294</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0179</td><td>-0.3612</td><td>1.9309</td></tr><tr><td>rak<sup>h</sup></td><td>0</td><td>9</td><td>3.2135</td><td>5.7865</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0161</td><td>-0.3608</td><td>1.7365</td></tr><tr><td>dek<sup>h</sup></td><td>1</td><td>10</td><td>3.9277</td><td>7.0723</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0146</td><td>-0.2696</td><td>1.267</td></tr><tr><td>kam</td><td>0</td><td>6</td><td>2.1424</td><td>3.8576</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0107</td><td>-0.3595</td><td>1.1552</td></tr><tr><td>de</td><td>2</td><td>11</td><td>4.6418</td><td>8.3582</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0132</td><td>-0.2063</td><td>0.9923</td></tr><tr><td>bada[</td><td>0</td><td>5</td><td>1.7853</td><td>3.2147</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0089</td><td>-0.3591</td><td>0.9619</td></tr><tr><td>bu<sup>h</sup></td><td>0</td><td>5</td><td>1.7853</td><td>3.2147</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0089</td><td>-0.3591</td><td>0.9619</td></tr><tr><td>miſ</td><td>0</td><td>5</td><td>1.7853</td><td>3.2147</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0089</td><td>-0.3591</td><td>0.9619</td></tr><tr><td>kar</td><td>0</td><td>4</td><td>1.4282</td><td>2.5718</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0071</td><td>-0.3587</td><td>0.769</td></tr><tr><td>ba[</td><td>0</td><td>4</td><td>1.4282</td><td>2.5718</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0071</td><td>-0.3587</td><td>0.769</td></tr><tr><td>kād<sup>h</sup></td><td>0</td><td>4</td><td>1.4282</td><td>2.5718</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0071</td><td>-0.3587</td><td>0.769</td></tr><tr><td>u<sup>h</sup></td><td>0</td><td>4</td><td>1.4282</td><td>2.5718</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0071</td><td>-0.3587</td><td>0.769</td></tr><tr><td>q<sup>h</sup>ā[</td><td>1</td><td>6</td><td>2.4994</td><td>4.5006</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0075</td><td>-0.2159</td><td>0.6559</td></tr><tr><td>k<sup>h</sup>ol</td><td>1</td><td>6</td><td>2.4994</td><td>4.5006</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0075</td><td>-0.2159</td><td>0.6559</td></tr><tr><td>p<sup>h</sup>iη</td><td>1</td><td>6</td><td>2.4994</td><td>4.5006</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0075</td><td>-0.2159</td><td>0.6559</td></tr><tr><td>bas</td><td>0</td><td>3</td><td>1.0712</td><td>1.9288</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0054</td><td>-0.3583</td><td>0.5763</td></tr><tr><td>b<sup>h</sup>ar</td><td>0</td><td>3</td><td>1.0712</td><td>1.9288</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0054</td><td>-0.3583</td><td>0.5763</td></tr><tr><td>bik</td><td>0</td><td>3</td><td>1.0712</td><td>1.9288</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0054</td><td>-0.3583</td><td>0.5763</td></tr><tr><td>eq</td><td>0</td><td>3</td><td>1.0712</td><td>1.9288</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0054</td><td>-0.3583</td><td>0.5763</td></tr><tr><td>k<sup>h</sup>o[</td><td>0</td><td>3</td><td>1.0712</td><td>1.9288</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0054</td><td>-0.3583</td><td>0.5763</td></tr><tr><td>la[</td><td>0</td><td>3</td><td>1.0712</td><td>1.9288</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0054</td><td>-0.3583</td><td>0.5763</td></tr><tr><td>to[</td><td>0</td><td>3</td><td>1.0712</td><td>1.9288</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0054</td><td>-0.3583</td><td>0.5763</td></tr><tr><td>uq</td><td>0</td><td>3</td><td>1.0712</td><td>1.9288</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0054</td><td>-0.3583</td><td>0.5763</td></tr><tr><td>b<sup>h</sup>āng</td><td>2</td><td>6</td><td>2.8565</td><td>5.1435</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0043</td><td>-0.1081</td><td>0.3868</td></tr><tr><td>bu[</td><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>0.7141</td><td>1.2859</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0036</td><td>-0.3579</td><td>0.3839</td></tr><tr><td>tfamak</td><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>0.7141</td><td>1.2859</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0036</td><td>-0.3579</td><td>0.3839</td></tr><tr><td>tfiſh</td><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>0.7141</td><td>1.2859</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0036</td><td>-0.3579</td><td>0.3839</td></tr><tr><td>ga[</td><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>0.7141</td><td>1.2859</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0036</td><td>-0.3579</td><td>0.3839</td></tr><tr><td>g<sup>h</sup>as</td><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>0.7141</td><td>1.2859</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0036</td><td>-0.3579</td><td>0.3839</td></tr><tr><td>j<sup>h</sup>ād</td><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>0.7141</td><td>1.2859</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0036</td><td>-0.3579</td><td>0.3839</td></tr><tr><td>ka[</td><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>0.7141</td><td>1.2859</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0036</td><td>-0.3579</td><td>0.3839</td></tr><tr><td>k<sup>h</sup>e[</td><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>0.7141</td><td>1.2859</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0036</td><td>-0.3579</td><td>0.3839</td></tr><tr><td>lambā</td><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>0.7141</td><td>1.2859</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0036</td><td>-0.3579</td><td>0.3839</td></tr><tr><td>patār</td><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>0.7141</td><td>1.2859</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0036</td><td>-0.3579</td><td>0.3839</td></tr><tr><td>p<sup>h</sup>i[ā</td><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>0.7141</td><td>1.2859</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0036</td><td>-0.3579</td><td>0.3839</td></tr><tr><td>p<sup>h</sup>opād</td><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>0.7141</td><td>1.2859</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0036</td><td>-0.3579</td><td>0.3839</td></tr><tr><td>p<sup>h</sup>ul</td><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>0.7141</td><td>1.2859</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0036</td><td>-0.3579</td><td>0.3839</td></tr><tr><td>purā</td><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>0.7141</td><td>1.2859</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0036</td><td>-0.3579</td><td>0.3839</td></tr><tr><td>ſu<sup>h</sup></td><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>0.7141</td><td>1.2859</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0036</td><td>-0.3579</td><td>0.3839</td></tr><tr><td>tāη</td><td>1</td><td>3</td><td>1.4282</td><td>2.5718</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0021</td><td>-0.1076</td><td>0.2593</td></tr><tr><td>ād</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.3575</td><td>0.1918</td></tr><tr><td>āuj</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.3575</td><td>0.1918</td></tr><tr><td>atak</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.3575</td><td>0.1918</td></tr><tr><td>bād<sup>h</sup></td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.3575</td><td>0.1918</td></tr><tr><td>bag</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.3575</td><td>0.1918</td></tr><tr><td>b<sup>h</sup>ās</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.3575</td><td>0.1918</td></tr><tr><td>bo[</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.3575</td><td>0.1918</td></tr><tr><td>buj</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.3575</td><td>0.1918</td></tr><tr><td>tfāhn</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.3575</td><td>0.1918</td></tr><tr><td>tfāp</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.3575</td><td>0.1918</td></tr><tr><td>tfal</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.3575</td><td>0.1918</td></tr><tr><td>tfet</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.3575</td><td>0.1918</td></tr><tr><td>t<sup>h</sup></td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.3575</td><td>0.1918</td></tr><tr><td>t<sup>h</sup>u[</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.3575</td><td>0.1918</td></tr><tr><td>qāk</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.3575</td><td>0.1918</td></tr></table>
Author-produced prepublication version. Please refer to and quote from the published version: Sahoo, K. & M. Lemmens (2017). Degrees of mirativity. *Review of Cognitive Linguistics* 15(2), 343-384.

<table><tr><td>der</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.3575</td><td>0.1918</td></tr><tr><td>gaŋ</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.3575</td><td>0.1918</td></tr><tr><td>go|</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.3575</td><td>0.1918</td></tr><tr><td>haj</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.3575</td><td>0.1918</td></tr><tr><td>ho</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.3575</td><td>0.1918</td></tr><tr><td>jāl</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.3575</td><td>0.1918</td></tr><tr><td>jam</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.3575</td><td>0.1918</td></tr><tr><td>jʰink</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.3575</td><td>0.1918</td></tr><tr><td>jʰul</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.3575</td><td>0.1918</td></tr><tr><td>joq</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.3575</td><td>0.1918</td></tr><tr><td>kāmuḍ bidār</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.3575</td><td>0.1918</td></tr><tr><td>katʃāḍ</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.3575</td><td>0.1918</td></tr><tr><td>kʰuā</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.3575</td><td>0.1918</td></tr><tr><td>ki|</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.3575</td><td>0.1918</td></tr><tr><td>kiŋ</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.3575</td><td>0.1918</td></tr><tr><td>kunḍā</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.3575</td><td>0.1918</td></tr><tr><td>libʰ</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.3575</td><td>0.1918</td></tr><tr><td>maqā</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.3575</td><td>0.1918</td></tr><tr><td>me|</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.3575</td><td>0.1918</td></tr><tr><td>mi|</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.3575</td><td>0.1918</td></tr><tr><td>ojāḍ</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.3575</td><td>0.1918</td></tr><tr><td>olaṭā</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.3575</td><td>0.1918</td></tr><tr><td>pāfor</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.3575</td><td>0.1918</td></tr><tr><td>pahantʃ</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.3575</td><td>0.1918</td></tr><tr><td>pʰānk</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.3575</td><td>0.1918</td></tr><tr><td>saqʰ</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.3575</td><td>0.1918</td></tr><tr><td>saj</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.3575</td><td>0.1918</td></tr><tr><td>samarp</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.3575</td><td>0.1918</td></tr><tr><td>sutʃ</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.3575</td><td>0.1918</td></tr><tr><td>ṭek</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.3575</td><td>0.1918</td></tr><tr><td>tʰel</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.3575</td><td>0.1918</td></tr><tr><td>tʰo</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.3575</td><td>0.1918</td></tr><tr><td>tip</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.3575</td><td>0.1918</td></tr><tr><td>tulā</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.3575</td><td>0.1918</td></tr><tr><td>upāḍ</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0.3571</td><td>0.6429</td><td>give</td><td>-0.0018</td><td>-0.3575</td><td>0.1918</td></tr><tr><td>kʰump</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>1.0712</td><td>1.9288</td><td>give</td><td>-4e-04</td><td>-0.0238</td><td>0.1495</td></tr></table>

If your collostruction strength is based on p-values, it can be interpreted as follows: Coll.strength>3 => p<0.001; coll.strength>2 => p<0.01; coll.strength>1.30103 => p<0.05.
Author-produced prepublication version. Please refer to and quote from the published version: Sahoo, K. & M. Lemmens (2017). Degrees of mirativity. *Review of Cognitive Linguistics* 15(2), 343-384.

<table><caption>Table 9. Verbs shared by ‘V-go’ and ‘V-fall’</caption><thead><tr><th></th><th>Main verb</th><th>English gloss</th><th>-fall</th><th>-go</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1.</td><td>ho</td><td>become</td><td>191</td><td>138</td></tr><tr><td>2.</td><td>kʰas</td><td>slip, fall</td><td>20</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>3.</td><td>bāhār</td><td>get ready, come out</td><td>27</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>4.</td><td>bas</td><td>sit</td><td>17</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>5.</td><td>fo</td><td>sleep</td><td>15</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>6.</td><td>lāg</td><td>touch</td><td>18</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>7.</td><td>bʰāŋ</td><td>break</td><td>13</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>8.</td><td>uʃʰ</td><td>wake up; get up</td><td>4</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>9.</td><td>gaq</td><td>roll</td><td>3</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>10.</td><td>baʃ</td><td>leave out</td><td>1</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>11.</td><td>bul</td><td>turn</td><td>1</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>12.</td><td>mauʃ</td><td>fade</td><td>1</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>TOTAL</td><td></td><td>311</td><td>180</td></tr></tbody></table>

<table><caption>Table 10. Verbs shared by ‘V-drop’ and ‘V-give’</caption><thead><tr><th></th><th>Main verb</th><th>English gloss</th><th>-drop</th><th>-give</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1.</td><td>dʰar</td><td>catch</td><td>23</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>2.</td><td>kāt</td><td>cut, slit, dissect, shave</td><td>21</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>3.</td><td>kar</td><td>do</td><td>108</td><td>127</td></tr><tr><td>4.</td><td>giʃ</td><td>swallow</td><td>12</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>5.</td><td>mār</td><td>hit, kill</td><td>20</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td>6.</td><td>kah</td><td>speak, tell</td><td>17</td><td>14</td></tr><tr><td>7.</td><td>bāndʰ</td><td>tie</td><td>8</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>8.</td><td>poŋ</td><td>bury</td><td>6</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>9.</td><td>has</td><td>laugh</td><td>5</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>10.</td><td>gʰoq</td><td>cover</td><td>3</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>11.</td><td>hāŋ</td><td>chop</td><td>2</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>12.</td><td>kʰā</td><td>eat</td><td>5</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>13.</td><td>pingʰ</td><td>wear</td><td>2</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>14.</td><td>fuŋ</td><td>hear</td><td>2</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>15.</td><td>potʃʰ</td><td>wipe out, take out</td><td>2</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>16.</td><td>tfintʃ</td><td>sever, tear apart</td><td>1</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>17.</td><td>tfir</td><td>tear</td><td>1</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>18.</td><td>gʰo</td><td>wash</td><td>1</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>19.</td><td>dohal</td><td>shake/stir</td><td>1</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>20.</td><td>hal</td><td>shake</td><td>1</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>21.</td><td>makatʃ</td><td>stamp, crumble</td><td>1</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>22.</td><td>moq</td><td>turn</td><td>1</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>23.</td><td>pi</td><td>drink</td><td>1</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>24.</td><td>lekʰ</td><td>write</td><td>4</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>25.</td><td>tʃʰāq</td><td>leave out</td><td>2</td><td>30</td></tr><tr><td>26.</td><td>dekʰ</td><td>see</td><td>1</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td>27.</td><td>de</td><td>give</td><td>2</td><td>11</td></tr><tr><td>28.</td><td>qʰāl</td><td>pour</td><td>1</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>29.</td><td>kʰol</td><td>open</td><td>1</td><td>6</td></tr></tbody></table>
Author-produced prepublication version. Please refer to and quote from the published version: Sahoo, K. & M. Lemmens (2017). Degrees of mirativity. *Review of Cognitive Linguistics* 15(2), 343-384.

<table><tr><td>30.</td><td>p<sup>h</sup>ij</td><td>throw</td><td>1</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>31.</td><td>b<sup>h</sup>āj</td><td>break</td><td>2</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>32.</td><td>lāη</td><td>pull</td><td>1</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>33.</td><td>k<sup>h</sup>ump</td><td>nibble</td><td>1</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>TOTAL</td><td></td><td>260</td><td>285</td></tr></table>