CONCLUSION

Cette étude ne permet pas de conclure à une association significative entre présence d'HPV dans le sperme de l'homme et réduction de la fréquence des grossesses. Cette association n'apparait pas non plus significative lorsque l'on prend le statut global du couple vis-à-vis de l'HPV. On observe cependant une nette tendance à la réduction des grossesses et du nombre de naissances vivantes lorsque le couple est infecté (du côté masculin, féminin ou les deux partenaires). Le délai de conception semble également plus rapide lorsque le couple est indemne du virus. C'est un argument supplémentaire incitant dépister l'HPV chez les couples consultant pour infertilité, d'autant plus dans les cas d'infertilité idiopathiques.

Afin d'améliorer la prise en charge vis-à-vis de l'HPV, nous avons établi un algorithme décisionnel. Dépister l'HPV précocement dans la prise en charge, savoir prodiguer des conseils (vaccination), appliquer des règles simples (hygiène) dans le but d'accélérer la clairance spontanée du virus semble donc être un prérequis avant d'envisager toute technique d'AMP.
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1. Infertilité. https://www.who.int/fr/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/infertility.

2. L'INFERTILITÉ. CNGOF https://cngof.fr/espace-grand-public/linfertilite/.

3. Selon l'OMS, dans le monde, une personne sur six est touchée par l'infertilité.
https://www.who.int/fr/news/item/04-04-2023-1-in-6-people-globally-affected-by-infertility.

4. Collège National des Gynécologues et Obstétriciens Français. J. Gynécologie Obstétrique Biol. Reprod. 34, 513 (2005).

5. Liu, K., Case, A., & REPRODUCTIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY AND INFERTILITY COMMITTEE. Advanced reproductive age and fertility. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Can. JOGC J. Obstet. Gynecol. Can. JOGC 33, 1165-1175 (2011).

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13. Rienzi, L., Balaban, B., Ebner, T. & Mandelbaum, J. The oocyte. Hum. Reprod. 27, i2-i21 (2012).

14. Papale, L., Fiorentino, A., Montag, M. & Tomasi, G. The zygote. Hum. Reprod. 27, i22-i49 (2012).

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17. Dunne, E. F., Nielson, C. M., Stone, K. M., Markowitz, L. E. & Giuliano, A. R. Prevalence of HPV Infection among Men: A Systematic Review of the Literature. J. Infect. Dis. 194, 1044–1057 (2006).

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19. Dépistage du cancer du col de l'utérus : le test HPV-HR recommandé chez les femmes de plus de 30 ans. Haute Autorité de Santé https://www.has-sante.fr/jcms/p_3192618/fr/depistage-du-cancer-du-col-de-l-uterus-le-test-hpv-hr-recommande-chez-les-femmes-de-plus-de-30-ans.

20. Rocha, M. G. D. L. et al. Prevalence of DNA-HPV in Male Sexual Partners of HPV-Infected Women and Concordance of Viral Types in Infected Couples. PLoS ONE 7, e40988 (2012).

21. Spandorfer, S. D. et al. Prevalence of cervical human papillomavirus in women undergoing in vitro fertilization and association with outcome. Fertil. Steril. 86, 765–767 (2006).

22. Giuliano, A. R. et al. Incidence and clearance of genital human papillomavirus infection in men (HIM): a cohort study. The Lancet 377, 932–940 (2011).

23. Damke, E. et al. Male Partners of Infertile Couples with Seminal Infections of Human Papillomavirus Have Impaired Fertility Parameters. BioMed Res. Int. 2017, 1–8 (2017).

24. Bosco, L. et al. Potential impact of a nonavalent anti HPV vaccine in Italian men with and without clinical manifestations. Sci. Rep. 11, 4096 (2021).

25. Pérez-Soto, E. et al. Proinflammatory and Oxidative Stress States Induced by Human Papillomavirus and Chlamydia trachomatis Coinfection Affect Sperm Quality in Asymptomatic Infertile Men. Medicina (Mex.) 57, 862 (2021).

26. Foresta, C. et al. Mechanism of Human Papillomavirus Binding to Human Spermatozoa and Fertilizing Ability of Infected Spermatozoa. PLoS ONE 6, e15036 (2011).

27. Foresta, C. et al. Human papillomavirus found in sperm head of young adult males affects the progressive motility. Fertil. Steril. 93, 802–806 (2010).

28. Tramontano, L., Sciorio, R., Bellaminutti, S., Esteves, S. C. & Petignat, P. Exploring the potential impact of human papillomavirus on infertility and assisted reproductive technology outcomes. Reprod. Biol. 23, 100753 (2023).

29. Foresta, C., Noventa, M., De Toni, L., Gizzo, S. & Garolla, A. HPV - DNA sperm infection and infertility: from a systematic literature review to a possible clinical management proposal. Andrology 3, 163–173 (2015).
16. Doorbar, J., Egawa, N., Griffin, H., Kranjec, C. & Murakami, I. Human papillomavirus molecular biology and disease association. Rev. Med. Virol. 25, 2–23 (2015).

17. Dunne, E. F., Nielson, C. M., Stone, K. M., Markowitz, L. E. & Giuliano, A. R. Prevalence of HPV Infection among Men: A Systematic Review of the Literature. J. Infect. Dis. 194, 1044–1057 (2006).

18. Virus du papillome humain (HPV) et cancer lié à une infection à HPV. https://www.who.int/fr/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/human-papilloma-virus-and-cancer.

19. Dépistage du cancer du col de l'utérus : le test HPV-HR recommandé chez les femmes de plus de 30 ans. Haute Autorité de Santé https://www.has-sante.fr/jcms/p_3192618/fr/depistage-du-cancer-du-col-de-l-uterus-le-test-hpv-hr-recommande-chez-les-femmes-de-plus-de-30-ans.

20. Rocha, M. G. D. L. et al. Prevalence of DNA-HPV in Male Sexual Partners of HPV-Infected Women and Concordance of Viral Types in Infected Couples. PLoS ONE 7, e40988 (2012).

21. Spandorfer, S. D. et al. Prevalence of cervical human papillomavirus in women undergoing in vitro fertilization and association with outcome. Fertil. Steril. 86, 765–767 (2006).

22. Giuliano, A. R. et al. Incidence and clearance of genital human papillomavirus infection in men (HIM): a cohort study. The Lancet 377, 932–940 (2011).

23. Damke, E. et al. Male Partners of Infertile Couples with Seminal Infections of Human Papillomavirus Have Impaired Fertility Parameters. BioMed Res. Int. 2017, 1–8 (2017).

24. Bosco, L. et al. Potential impact of a nonavalent anti HPV vaccine in Italian men with and without clinical manifestations. Sci. Rep. 11, 4096 (2021).

25. Pérez-Soto, E. et al. Proinflammatory and Oxidative Stress States Induced by Human Papillomavirus and Chlamydia trachomatis Coinfection Affect Sperm Quality in Asymptomatic Infertile Men. Medicina (Mex.) 57, 862 (2021).

26. Foresta, C. et al. Mechanism of Human Papillomavirus Binding to Human Spermatozoa and Fertilizing Ability of Infected Spermatozoa. PLoS ONE 6, e15036 (2011).

27. Foresta, C. et al. Human papillomavirus found in sperm head of young adult males affects the progressive motility. Fertil. Steril. 93, 802–806 (2010).

28. Tramontano, L., Sciorio, R., Bellaminutti, S., Esteves, S. C. & Petignat, P. Exploring the potential impact of human papillomavirus on infertility and assisted reproductive technology outcomes. Reprod. Biol. 23, 100753 (2023).

29. Foresta, C., Noventa, M., De Toni, L., Gizzo, S. & Garolla, A. HPV - DNA sperm infection and infertility: from a systematic literature review to a possible clinical management proposal. Andrology 3, 163–173 (2015).
30. Weinberg, M., Sar-Shalom Nahshon, C., Feferkorn, I. & Bornstein, J. Evaluation of human papilloma virus in semen as a risk factor for low sperm quality and poor in vitro fertilization outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil. Steril. 113, 955-969.e4 (2020).

31. Moghimi, M., Zabihi-Mahmoodabadi, S., Kheirkhah-Vakilabad, A. & Kargar, Z. Significant Correlation between High-Risk HPV DNA in Semen and Impairment of Sperm Quality in Infertile Men. Int. J. Fertil. Steril. 12, (2019).

32. Cannarella, R. et al. Impact of seminal low-risk human papillomavirus infection on sperm parameters of adult men. Aging Male 25, 17-22 (2022).

33. Piroozmand, A. et al. Distribution of Human Papillomavirus and Antisperm Antibody in Semen and Its Association with Semen Parameters Among Infertile Men. 21, (2020).

34. Garolla, A. et al. Association, prevalence, and clearance of human papillomavirus and antisperm antibodies in infected semen samples from infertile patients. Fertil. Steril. 99, 125-131.e2 (2013).

35. Boeri, L. et al. High-risk human papillomavirus in semen is associated with poor sperm progressive motility and a high sperm DNA fragmentation index in infertile men. Hum. Reprod. 34, 209-217 (2019).

36. Capra, G. et al. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection and Its Impact on Male Infertility. Life 12, 1919 (2022).

37. Benchaib, M. et al. Sperm deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation as a prognostic indicator of assisted reproductive technology outcome. Fertil. Steril. 87, 93-100 (2007).

38. Depuydt, C. et al. Negative Impact of Elevated DNA Fragmentation and Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Presence in Sperm on the Outcome of Intra-Uterine Insemination (IUI). J. Clin. Med. 10, 717 (2021).

39. Evidence for ease of transmission of human papillomavirus DNA from sperm to cells of the uterus and embryo. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 13, (1996).

40. Perino, A. et al. Human papillomavirus infection in couples undergoing in vitro fertilization procedures: impact on reproductive outcomes. Fertil. Steril. 95, 1845-1848 (2011).

41. Depuydt, C. E. et al. Human Papillomavirus Positivity in Women Undergoing Intrauterine Insemination Has a Negative Effect on Pregnancy Rates. Gynecol. Obstet. Invest. 81, 41-46 (2016).

42. Garolla, A. et al. Spontaneous fertility and in vitro fertilization outcome: new evidence of human papillomavirus sperm infection. Fertil. Steril. 105, 65-72.e1 (2016).
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31. Moghimi, M., Zabihi-Mahmoodabadi, S., Kheirkhah-Vakilabad, A. & Kargar, Z. Significant Correlation between High-Risk HPV DNA in Semen and Impairment of Sperm Quality in Infertile Men. Int. J. Fertil. Steril. 12, (2019).

32. Cannarella, R. et al. Impact of seminal low-risk human papillomavirus infection on sperm parameters of adult men. Aging Male 25, 17-22 (2022).

33. Piroozmand, A. et al. Distribution of Human Papillomavirus and Antisperm Antibody in Semen and Its Association with Semen Parameters Among Infertile Men. 21, (2020).

34. Garolla, A. et al. Association, prevalence, and clearance of human papillomavirus and antisperm antibodies in infected semen samples from infertile patients. Fertil. Steril. 99, 125-131.e2 (2013).

35. Boeri, L. et al. High-risk human papillomavirus in semen is associated with poor sperm progressive motility and a high sperm DNA fragmentation index in infertile men. Hum. Reprod. 34, 209-217 (2019).

36. Capra, G. et al. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection and Its Impact on Male Infertility. Life 12, 1919 (2022).

37. Benchaib, M. et al. Sperm deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation as a prognostic indicator of assisted reproductive technology outcome. Fertil. Steril. 87, 93-100 (2007).

38. Depuydt, C. et al. Negative Impact of Elevated DNA Fragmentation and Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Presence in Sperm on the Outcome of Intra-Uterine Insemination (IUI). J. Clin. Med. 10, 717 (2021).

39. Evidence for ease of transmission of human papillomavirus DNA from sperm to cells of the uterus and embryo. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 13, (1996).

40. Perino, A. et al. Human papillomavirus infection in couples undergoing in vitro fertilization procedures: impact on reproductive outcomes. Fertil. Steril. 95, 1845-1848 (2011).

41. Depuydt, C. E. et al. Human Papillomavirus Positivity in Women Undergoing Intrauterine Insemination Has a Negative Effect on Pregnancy Rates. Gynecol. Obstet. Invest. 81, 41-46 (2016).

42. Garolla, A. et al. Spontaneous fertility and in vitro fertilization outcome: new evidence of human papillomavirus sperm infection. Fertil. Steril. 105, 65-72.e1 (2016).
43. Çağlar, G. S. & Garrido, N. The implications of male human papilloma virus infection in couples seeking assisted reproduction technologies. J. Turk.-Ger. Gynecol. Assoc. 19, 48–52 (2018).

44. Gomez, L. M. et al. Placental infection with human papillomavirus is associated with spontaneous preterm delivery. Hum. Reprod. 23, 709–715 (2008).

45. Henneberg, A. A., Patton, W. C., Jacobson, J. D. & Chan, P. J. Human papilloma virus DNA exposure and embryo survival is stage-specific. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 23, 255–259 (2006).

46. Calinisan, J. H., Chan, S. R., King, A. & Chan, P. J. Human Papillomavirus and Blastocyst Apoptosis. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 19, (2002).

47. Hermonat, P. L. et al. Human Papillomavirus is More Prevalent in First Trimester Spontaneously Aborted Products of Conception Compared to Elective Specimens.

48. Conde-Ferráez, L., Chan May, A. D. A., Carrillo-Martínez, J. R., Ayora-Talavera, G. & González-Losa, M. D. R. Human papillomavirus infection and spontaneous abortion: a case–control study performed in Mexico. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 170, 468–473 (2013).

49. Foresta, C. et al. Semen washing procedures do not eliminate human papilloma virus sperm infection in infertile patients. Fertil. Steril. 96, 1077–1082 (2011).

50. Garolla, A. et al. Human papillomavirus sperm infection and assisted reproduction: a dangerous hazard with a possible safe solution. Hum. Reprod. 27, 967–973 (2012).

51. Cosci, I. et al. Intra Uterine Insemination in Two Couples with HPV Detection by Hyaluronidase-Based Swim-up Washing: Cases Report. J. Pers. Med. 13, 6 (2022).

52. De Toni, L. et al. Hyaluronidase-based swim-up for semen selection in patients with human papillomavirus semen infection. Biol. Reprod. 104, 211–222 (2021).

53. Fenizia, C. et al. Human papillomavirus in spermatozoa is efficiently removed by washing: a suitable approach for assisted reproduction. Reprod. Biomed. Online 40, 693–699 (2020).

54. SPF. Couverture vaccinale contre les infections à papillomavirus humain des filles âgées de 15 à 18 ans et déterminants de vaccination, France, 2021. https://www.santepubliquefrance.fr/import/couverture-vaccinale-contre-les-infections-a-papillomavirus-humain-des-filles-agees-de-15-a-18-ans-et-determinants-de-vaccination-france-2021.

55. Papillomavirus: vaccination généralisée à la rentrée 2023 pour les élèves de 5e. https://www.service-public.fr/particuliers/actualites/A16438.

56. Garolla, A. et al. Human Papillomavirus Prophylactic Vaccination improves reproductive outcome in infertile patients with HPV semen infection: a retrospective study. Sci. Rep. 8, 912 (2018).
43. Çağlar, G. S. & Garrido, N. The implications of male human papilloma virus infection in couples seeking assisted reproduction technologies. J. Turk.-Ger. Gynecol. Assoc. 19, 48–52 (2018).

44. Gomez, L. M. et al. Placental infection with human papillomavirus is associated with spontaneous preterm delivery. Hum. Reprod. 23, 709–715 (2008).

45. Henneberg, A. A., Patton, W. C., Jacobson, J. D. & Chan, P. J. Human papilloma virus DNA exposure and embryo survival is stage-specific. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 23, 255–259 (2006).

46. Calinisan, J. H., Chan, S. R., King, A. & Chan, P. J. Human Papillomavirus and Blastocyst Apoptosis. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 19, (2002).

47. Hermonat, P. L. et al. Human Papillomavirus is More Prevalent in First Trimester Spontaneously Aborted Products of Conception Compared to Elective Specimens.

48. Conde-Ferráez, L., Chan May, A. D. A., Carrillo-Martínez, J. R., Ayora-Talavera, G. & González-Losa, M. D. R. Human papillomavirus infection and spontaneous abortion: a case–control study performed in Mexico. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 170, 468–473 (2013).

49. Foresta, C. et al. Semen washing procedures do not eliminate human papilloma virus sperm infection in infertile patients. Fertil. Steril. 96, 1077–1082 (2011).

50. Garolla, A. et al. Human papillomavirus sperm infection and assisted reproduction: a dangerous hazard with a possible safe solution. Hum. Reprod. 27, 967–973 (2012).

51. Cosci, I. et al. Intra Uterine Insemination in Two Couples with HPV Detection by Hyaluronidase-Based Swim-up Washing: Cases Report. J. Pers. Med. 13, 6 (2022).

52. De Toni, L. et al. Hyaluronidase-based swim-up for semen selection in patients with human papillomavirus semen infection. Biol. Reprod. 104, 211–222 (2021).

53. Fenizia, C. et al. Human papillomavirus in spermatozoa is efficiently removed by washing: a suitable approach for assisted reproduction. Reprod. Biomed. Online 40, 693–699 (2020).

54. SPF. Couverture vaccinale contre les infections à papillomavirus humain des filles âgées de 15 à 18 ans et déterminants de vaccination, France, 2021. https://www.santepubliquefrance.fr/import/couverture-vaccinale-contre-les-infections-a-papillomavirus-humain-des-filles-agees-de-15-a-18-ans-et-determinants-de-vaccination-france-2021.

55. Papillomavirus: vaccination généralisée à la rentrée 2023 pour les élèves de 5e. https://www.service-public.fr/particuliers/actualites/A16438.

56. Garolla, A. et al. Human Papillomavirus Prophylactic Vaccination improves reproductive outcome in infertile patients with HPV semen infection: a retrospective study. Sci. Rep. 8, 912 (2018).
57. Foresta, C. et al. HPV Prophylactic Vaccination in Males Improves the Clearance of Semen Infection. EBioMedicine 2, 1487-1493 (2015).

58. Sucato, A. et al. Human Papillomavirus and Male Infertility: What Do We Know? Int. J. Mol. Sci. 24, 17562 (2023).

59. Garolla, A. et al. Counseling Reduces HPV Persistence in Coinfected Couples Get.

60. Muscianisi, F. et al. Is HPV the Novel Target in Male Idiopathic Infertility? A Systematic Review of the Literature. Front. Endocrinol. 12, 643539 (2021).
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58. Sucato, A. et al. Human Papillomavirus and Male Infertility: What Do We Know? Int. J. Mol. Sci. 24, 17562 (2023).

59. Garolla, A. et al. Counseling Reduces HPV Persistence in Coinfected Couples Get.

60. Muscianisi, F. et al. Is HPV the Novel Target in Male Idiopathic Infertility? A Systematic Review of the Literature. Front. Endocrinol. 12, 643539 (2021).
ISSUES DE LA PRISE EN CHARGE PAR ASSISTANCE MEDICALE A LA
PROCREATION SELON LE STATUT HPV
-
ETUDE RETROSPECTIVE DE SUIVI SUR LA COHORTE SPERM-VIR

L'infection par les papillomavirus humains (HPV) est l'IST la plus courante, pouvant conduire
au cancer du col de l'utérus chez la femme et contribuer à l'infertilité lorsque le virus est présent
au niveau du col de l'utérus via un pronostic défavorable sur le taux de grossesse. Les études
montrent une association entre la présence d'HPV dans le sperme et une altération du
spermogramme. Une étude récente, SPERM-VIR, conclut à une prévalence de 22,34% de
l'HPV dans le sperme, associée à une infertilité masculine. Une étude rétrospective de suivi a
été menée, impliquant 78 couples, pour évaluer l'impact de l'HPV sur l'issue d'un projet de
grossesse par AMP. Aucune association significative n'a été trouvée entre la présence d'HPV
dans le sperme et la réduction de la fréquence des grossesses, mais une tendance à la réduction
des grossesses est observée. Les conseils incluent le dépistage précoce de l'HPV chez les
couples consultant pour infertilité et l'application de mesures pour accélérer la clairance
spontanée du virus avant de recourir à des techniques d'AMP.

Mots clés : HPV – AMP – GROSSESSE – INFERTILITE MASCULINE – INFERTILITE
COUPLE – PCR – FACTEUR DE RISQUE – SPERMOGRAMME

OUTCOMES OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTION TECHNIQUES MANAGEMENT
ACCORDING TO HPV STATUS
-
RETROSPECTIVE FOLLOW-UP STUDY ON THE SPERM-VIR COHORT

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common STI, which can lead to cervical
cancer in women and contribute to infertility when the virus is present in the cervix by an
unfavorable prognosis regarding pregnancy rates. Studies show an association between the
presence of HPV in sperm and alteration of the spermogram. A recent study, SPERM-VIR,
found a prevalence of 22,34% of HPV in semen, associated with male infertility. A
retrospective follow-up study was conducted, involving 78 couples, to assess the impact of HPV
on outcome. No significant association was found between the presence of HPV in semen and
the reduction in the frequency of pregnancy, but a tendency to reduce pregnancy. Tips include
early detection of HPV in couples consulting for infertility and applying measures to accelerate
spontaneous clearance of the virus before resorting to ART techniques.

Keywords : HPV – ASSISTED REPRODUCTION TECHNIQUES (ART) – PREGNANCY – MALE INFERTILITY – COUPLE INFERTILITY – PCR – RISK FACTOR – SPERMOGRAM
ISSUES DE LA PRISE EN CHARGE PAR ASSISTANCE MEDICALE A LA
PROCREATION SELON LE STATUT HPV
-
ETUDE RETROSPECTIVE DE SUIVI SUR LA COHORTE SPERM-VIR

L'infection par les papillomavirus humains (HPV) est l'IST la plus courante, pouvant conduire
au cancer du col de l'utérus chez la femme et contribuer à l'infertilité lorsque le virus est présent
au niveau du col de l'utérus via un pronostic défavorable sur le taux de grossesse. Les études
montrent une association entre la présence d'HPV dans le sperme et une altération du
spermogramme. Une étude récente, SPERM-VIR, conclut à une prévalence de 22,34% de
l'HPV dans le sperme, associée à une infertilité masculine. Une étude rétrospective de suivi a
été menée, impliquant 78 couples, pour évaluer l'impact de l'HPV sur l'issue d'un projet de
grossesse par AMP. Aucune association significative n'a été trouvée entre la présence d'HPV
dans le sperme et la réduction de la fréquence des grossesses, mais une tendance à la réduction
des grossesses est observée. Les conseils incluent le dépistage précoce de l'HPV chez les
couples consultant pour infertilité et l'application de mesures pour accélérer la clairance
spontanée du virus avant de recourir à des techniques d'AMP.

Mots clés : HPV – AMP – GROSSESSE – INFERTILITE MASCULINE – INFERTILITE
COUPLE – PCR – FACTEUR DE RISQUE – SPERMOGRAMME

OUTCOMES OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTION TECHNIQUES MANAGEMENT
ACCORDING TO HPV STATUS
-
RETROSPECTIVE FOLLOW-UP STUDY ON THE SPERM-VIR COHORT

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common STI, which can lead to cervical cancer in women and contribute to infertility when the virus is present in the cervix by an unfavorable prognosis regarding pregnancy rates. Studies show an association between the presence of HPV in sperm and alteration of the spermogram. A recent study, SPERM-VIR, found a prevalence of 22,34% of HPV in semen, associated with male infertility. A retrospective follow-up study was conducted, involving 78 couples, to assess the impact of HPV on outcome. No significant association was found between the presence of HPV in semen and the reduction in the frequency of pregnancy, but a tendency to reduce pregnancy. Tips include early detection of HPV in couples consulting for infertility and applying measures to accelerate spontaneous clearance of the virus before resorting to ART techniques.

Keywords : HPV – ASSISTED REPRODUCTION TECHNIQUES (ART) – PREGNANCY – MALE INFERTILITY – COUPLE INFERTILITY – PCR – RISK FACTOR – SPERMOGRAM