# The Role of Knowledge-Based Computerized Management Information Systems in the Administrative Decision-Making Process

Youssef M. Abu Amuna, Mazen J. Al Shobaki, Samy S. Abu Naser

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Youssef M. Abu Amuna, Mazen J. Al Shobaki, Samy S. Abu Naser. The Role of Knowledge-Based Computerized Management Information Systems in the Administrative Decision-Making Process. International Journal of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, 2017, 6 (2), pp.1-9. hal-01522412

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# The Role of Knowledge-Based Computerized Management Information Systems in the Administrative Decision-Making Process

Youssef M. Abu Amuna, Mazen J. Al Shobaki, Samy S. Abu Naser*

Department Information Technology, Al-Azhar University, Gaza, Palestine

E-mail: *abunaser@alazhar.edu.ps

## ABSTRACT

The research aims to identify the role of Knowledge-Based computerized management information systems in the administrative decision-making process and that can lead to a reduction or limitation of potential problems, especially those related to unintended bias and ambiguous, these problems controls the collection of information for the primary knowledge base, and given that the knowledge based systems, computer information systems constitute a dynamic, constructed and programmed throughout specialized knowledge based systems programming languages. That is, they learn from the experience and knowledge gained. They can be used to build intelligent business decision making systems.

The research found a set of recommendations, including: the need to use knowledge-based computerized information systems in the administrative decision-making process. And the configuration of tires capable of using modern applications of information technology in various administrative levels. As well as benefit from the advantages offered by the knowledge-based with respect to the effort, time and money and to be able to respond to environmental conditions and changes.

**Keywords:** Information systems, knowledge-based systems, administrative decisions making.

## 1. INTRODUCTION

At the end of the twentieth century humanitarian creativity appeared in the field of information technology and who took transcend until it became one of the necessities of administrative life to accomplish the tasks and functions assigned to it. Organizations sought to computerize its departments to facilitate and accelerate the services offered, the general objective is to make a knowledge base general to facilitate the decision-maker to get the information quickly, in the time required and with minimal effort. The technology has added new recipe to the administration to enable them to perform work better than before, prompting them to exploit those scientific breakthroughs in the field of modern technology desiring to improve and develop their performance, by increasing the speed of completion and accuracy of transactions, and provide customer service in line with their needs and desires, and help by reporting provided to support the decision-making process, thus improving the quality of decisions based on the knowledge(Al Shobaki, 2016, 2017; Al Shobaki & Naser, 2016; Naser & Al Shobaki, 2016; Naser et al., 2016).

Where the information systems are a key factor in the success or failure of an enterprise, and the importance stem from the fact that knowledge is used as a tool to coordinate and support the administrative process and decision-making on one side, and as a communication tool within the facility and with the surrounding environment on the other hand(Al Shobaki et al., 2010; Al Shobaki & Naser, 2016; Naser & Al Shobaki, 2016).

Thus organizations facing operations expansion of the geographical spread and diversification of productive and in facing marketing operations, finance, the need for human resources and other activities, find themselves

requires to establish a new framework suitable for these activities that will ensure flow of knowledge from different units and analyze and use it in the performance of the enterprise development in general and in the development of management performance in particular(Al Shobaki & Naser, 2016; Naser & Al Shobaki, 2016).

Administrative activities in the businesses organizations with which the relationship is very close to computerized information systems (Williamson et al. 1975).

Perhaps one of the key elements in the success of these systems is that they have come to rely on very sophisticated technology facilitated access to knowledge and reduced costs obtained clearly. Perhaps the technological revolution, which was described by (Rogers and Grassi, 1988, p. 54) as the greatest phenomenon of influence in the world of economics and business after the industrial revolution, made the technology and information systems two elements of success in a globalizing world and speed of knowledge exchange.

## 2. RESEARCH PROBLEM

Technological advances accompanied with scientific progress in various areas of life from which humanitarian activities led to the development of innovative scientific methods in the management process. Units and departments working towards application of these methods of modern management information systems in the use of computer applications and to benefit from their positive functions (Fantookh, 2010).

This research aimed to identify the role of computerized information-based knowledge systems in the administrative decision-making processes. Organizations suffer from problems and obstacles due to several factors,
most important were the need to invest in information (Abu Naser and AL Shobaki, 2016), the weakness of internal organizational and management structure (Al-Aidey, 2007), administrative decisions problems have confirmed (Faraj Allah study, 2011) and the lack of managerial competencies (Mashharawi, 2009).

### 3. RESEARCH QUESTIONS

We are trying through this research to answer the following questions:

* What is the management need of computerized information systems?

* How did the knowledge-based systems evolve?

* What is the difference between traditional computerized information systems and knowledge-based computerized information systems?

* How can the knowledge-based systems contribute to the administrative decision-making process?

### 4. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

* Identify the most important computerized information systems to help in the decision making process.

* Understand the purpose, components and advantages of knowledge-based systems.

* Understanding the requirements of the success of knowledge-based systems as a decision-maker.

### 5. RESEARCH IMPORTANCE

The importance of the study of the anticipated for both the academic and scientific fields as well as the usefulness of the following important aspects:

1. Stem the scientific importance of this study through the theoretical background of its relation to knowledge-based computerized information systems and making private management decisions with a lack of research in this area, in addition to the expected contributions of the results that may be useful in improving the role of knowledge-based computerized information systems in making administrative decisions.

2. This research to our knowledge is the first research studying knowledge-based computerized information systems.

3. This research derives its importance from being the first study linking knowledge-based systems and computerized information systems and operations of the administrative decision-making.

4. The growing importance of information technology in the field of decision-making in the business world.

### 6. COMPUTERIZED INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Technological management development, the spread of information systems in organizations and enterprise applications, large size of institutions and

geographic expansion, the emergence of totalitarian concepts and globalization and the complexity of relations lead to an increase in the burdens and responsibilities that organizations must handle (Gad Al-Rab, 2009).

In light of the rapid progress in today's world, knowledge has become one of the important resources of the institution, and for the leaders, planners and decision-makers, so that they cannot get them, because of their availability as a result of the increasing complexity of administrative processes. Thus, they tended to design knowledge-based management information system and its primary mission is to provide knowledge needed to produce useful knowledge to the management in timely, accurate and quantitative manners, and to suit the needs of the decision makers (Thalab, 2011). Knowledge-based systems are the main source of supply to management with appropriate knowledge to help them in managerial decision-making (Hayek, 2007).

The researchers believe that the emergence of knowledge-based systems, their practice and their application in the administrative area led to overcome many of the complexities of the administrative work dealing in huge quantities of paper and save them posing a waste of precious time in the process. In addition to the large space used and most importantly the difficulty of maintaining such knowledge and keeping it secure (Alibdaanh, 2002).

### 7. COMPUTERIZED INFORMATION SYSTEMS REQUIREMENTS

Computerized information systems have five major requirements and the organization should be able to expand the five inputs to maximize the usefulness of computerized management information system, those requirements are (Al-Halabi, 2010, Kurdish et al., 2003):

* **Human Resources:** The presence of individuals is essential to work of any information system, and there are two basic types of information systems necessary for human resources:

- End users who are using the system directly or using outputs fitted.

- Specialists in information systems and who develop and occupy the system.

* **Material resources:** all physical devices and materials used in the operation of the information, which includes computers, peripherals and multimedia.

* **Software resources:** all types of data including operation instructions, programs and procedures.

* **Data resources:** Organizations finally realized that data is an important organizational resource that
should be managed effectively for benefit all end
users in the organization.

* Network resources: communication networks such as Internet, intranet and extranet has become necessary for the organization to commerce and e-business.

# 8. THE IMPORTANCE OF INFORMATION MANAGEMENT DEVICES:

## 8.1 Information as resource

Knowledge represents a resource used in achieving the goals of a project, just like cash, machinery and other resources that the officials working on the proper exploitation and coordination for the benefit of the project. For example, the officials provide good knowledge to consumer on demand for the products of the project will enable them to production scheduling manner that achieves the best possible profit, reduces inventory levels to a minimum.

## 8.2 Knowledge as an Asset

Knowledge can be viewed as an asset owned by the administration, like buildings, machinery and raw materials that contribute to the production process. This emphasizes the importance of officials to treat knowledge-based systems as an investment, which gives the administrative apparatus a comparative advantage in the face of competitors in the market.

## 8.3 Knowledge as a Commodity

Knowledge can be considered as goods produced by the administration, whether for internal use such as monitoring and performance evaluation or decision support, or for the purpose of selling it in the markets such as media film production (Gordon & Gordon, 1999).

# 9. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS AT THE END OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

Under the physical aspect falls so-called operation of
technology and exchange of knowledge. The twentieth
century has seen the emergence of many inventions,
enormous technological developments especially in the
areas of communications, which contributed directly to
accelerate the development of knowledge-based systems in
business organizations in order to achieve business goals.
We can also say that the enormous acceleration in the
development of computer since the early sixties of the last
century has produced a real revolution in the development
and spread of the use of knowledge-based systems in
business organizations.

# 10. ADMINISTRATIVE DECISIONS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Administrative decisions can be classified
according to different administrative activities: decision
ITEE, 6 (2) pp. 1-9, APR 2017

planning, implementing the decisions, or censorship
decisions, either by level on which the plan should be
divided into tactical and strategy decisions. It can be
divided as the possibility of restructuring the problem that
makes the decision thereon to the structural decisions,
semi-structured decisions and non-structural. The flow of
knowledge within the enterprise flows horizontally
(between different departments and functions at the same
level) and flows vertically (between different
organizational levels), in addition to the flow of
information from the outside as the arteries that feed the
decision-making levels and different types of process.

## 11. THE IMPORTANCE OF COMPUTERIZED INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Use the information systems of all kinds of
technology to run, process, and store and transmit of
information in an electronic form, which is known as
information technology, which includes computers, means
of communication, networking connectivity, fax machines
and other equipment. And that is running the data and
present it to users information system may be an individual
or group of individuals who run their own information
system outputs a result of the availability of computers.
Perhaps many of the systems are routinely used for the
purposes of the outputs of the control of the same
administrative system performance or to simplify the
operation of user commands.

## 12. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM:

Today, MIS has matured as both a research area
and a teaching topic. MIS is the study of people,
technology, and organizations, focusing on computing in
the context of organizations. The objective of much of the
research and theorizing about Management Information
Systems has been about the use of information technologies
to improve the efficiency and enhance the effectiveness of
businesses and other organizations (Power et al., 2016).

Information is a critical resource in the
organization and therefore must be managed with highest
degree of efficiency and effectiveness, to provide all
possible assistance to the Foundation in all fields and at
various levels to achieve its objectives and complete its
work successfully. Thus, the institution should prepare
information management system and the need for a formal
system to provide sound information about the past, present
and future, in time for the appropriate authorities to enable
them to make the best possible decisions regarding the
functions and activities of the institution.

Due to the rapid change in information
technology, some institutions are no longer able to keep
pace with it, these institutions often resort to contracting
with specialized institutions. However, the success of the
management information system is not measured by the
extent of progress and the complexity of techniques, but it
is measured by its contribution and help in achieving the
objectives of the institution ( Abu Naser, Al Shobaki, 2016).

And therefore we can draw the concept of the information system as follows: group of organized elements (individuals, equipment, software, networks, data) and by which the collection and storage, operation and distribution of information necessary for decision-making, coordination and oversight within the organization.

## 13. THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM

Determining MIS effectiveness is relayed to the following characteristics (Abu Naser & Al Shobaki, 2016):

1. The information has been prepared on the basis of user need and must meet the needs of users to make effective decisions.

2. Provide accurate and relevant information in a timely manner.

3. It should be linked using a computer to facilitate analysis, storage and access operations.

4. To be effective in comparison to the costs.

5. There must be an organizational unit of specialized information management system, and work as a consultant for executives.

## 14. TYPES OF MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS

* **Data processing systems:** Through this system is information about the different activities of the institution and processed and stored until needed and summarized and displayed in the form of reports collection (Power et al., 2016).

* **Management Information Systems:** Managers have realized that the usefulness of computer-sustainability is not just limited to business accounting, payroll and billing, but also used to

store information about the activities of the Foundation on past events and present what is expected to happen in the future and to take administrative decisions. The main purpose of MIS is to provide the right information to the right people at the right time. The ideas of management information systems were formed to counteract such inefficient development and productive use of the computer. MIS concepts are crucial to efficient computer use in business (Mohammed & HU, 2015).

* **Decision Support Systems:** Defined as information system using computers to give managers easy and quick access to internal and external information they need to perform administrative activities (Kurdish, 2010; Al-Salmi, 2005).

* **The senior management support systems:** It is designed to support senior management in institutions. It includes a PC-specific information the beneficiary, in addition to the possibility of arriving at the information in the mainframe which

## 15. KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEM DEFINITION

A knowledge-based system is a computer system which produces and employs knowledge from diverse sources, information and data. These systems help in solving problems, particularly difficult ones, by using artificial intelligence thoughts. These systems are frequently used in problem-solving processes and in supporting human learning, decision making and other activities (Abu Naser, 1993; Abu Naser et al., 2010, 2011; Akkila & Naser, 2016; Azzab et al., 2000; Buhisi & Naser, 2009).

### 15.1 Knowledge-Based Versus Information Systems

Table 1 shows a Comparison between Knowledge-Based systems and Information Systems.

<table><caption>Table 1: Comparison between Knowledge-Based systems & Information Systems</caption><thead><tr><th colspan="2">Knowledge-Based versus Information Systems</th></tr><tr><th>Information System</th><th>Knowledge-Based System</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Gives a guaranteed solution and concentrates on efficiency</td><td>Adds power to the solution and concentrates on effectiveness without any guarantee of solution</td></tr><tr><td>Data and/or information processing approach</td><td>Knowledge and/ or decision making approach</td></tr><tr><td>Assists in activities related to decision making and routine transactions; supports need for information</td><td>Transfer of expertise; Make a decision based on knowledge, explains the decision, and upgrades decision, if required</td></tr><tr><td>Examples are TPS, MIS, DSS, etc.</td><td>Examples are expert systems, CASE-based systems, etc.</td></tr><tr><td>Manipulation method is numeric and algorithmic</td><td>Manipulation method is primarily symbolic/connectionist and non-algorithmic</td></tr><tr><td>These systems do not make mistakes</td><td>These systems learn by mistakes</td></tr><tr><td>Need complete information and/or data</td><td>Partial and uncertain information, data, or knowledge will do</td></tr><tr><td>Works for complex, integrated, and wide areas in a reactive manner</td><td>Works for narrow domains in a reactive and proactive manner</td></tr></tbody></table>
## 15.2 General Structure of a Knowledge-Based Systems

<figure><img src="image_1.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 1:** General structure of Knowledge-based Systems</figcaption></figure>

**Source:** Jones and Bartker Publisher, LLC (www.jbpub.com), 2010.

A typical Knowledge-based Systems consist of the following elements (as seen in Fig. 1):

* **knowledge base**: It contains the essential information about the problem domain and often represented as facts and rules

* **Inference engine**: It has the mechanism to derive new knowledge from the knowledge base and the information provided by the user which is often based on the use of rules

* **User interface**: used for interaction with end users and for developing and maintaining the knowledge base.

## 15.3 General Concepts And Characteristics Of Knowledge-Based Systems

* **Knowledge acquisition**: transfer of knowledge from top management personnel to computers. Sometimes knowledge can be acquired directly from the environment

* **Knowledge representation**: Suitable for storing and processing knowledge in computers collected from top management.

* **Inference**: mechanism that allows the generation of new conclusions from existing knowledge in a computer

* **Explanation**: illustrates to the user how and why a particular decision was made

## 15.4 Types of Knowledge

The following table shows the different types of knowledge and a brief description of them (Naser & Lmursheidi, 2016; Naser et al., 2010; Naser & Akkila, 2008; Naser & Alawar, 2016; Naser & AlDahdooh, 2016; Naser & Alhabbash, ITEE, 6 (2) pp. 1-9, APR 2017

2016; Naser & Al-Hanjori, 2016; Naser & Al-Nakhal, 2016; Naser & Bastami, 2016):

<table><caption>**Table 2:** Types of knowledge</caption><thead><tr><td>Knowledge Type</td><td>Description</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Domain knowledge</td><td>Domain knowledge is valid knowledge for a specified domain. Specialists and experts develop their own domain knowledge and use it for problem solving.</td></tr><tr><td>Meta knowledge</td><td>Meta knowledge can be defined as knowledge about knowledge.</td></tr><tr><td>Commonsense knowledge</td><td>Common sense knowledge is a general purpose knowledge expected to be present in every normal human being. Common sense ideas tend to relate to events within human experience.</td></tr><tr><td>Heuristic knowledge</td><td>Heuristic is a specific rule-of-thumb or argument derived from experience.</td></tr><tr><td>Explicit knowledge</td><td>Explicit knowledge can be easily expressed in words/numbers and shared in the form of data scientific formula product specifications manuals, and universal principles. It is more formal and systematic</td></tr><tr><td>Tacit knowledge</td><td>Tacit knowledge is the knowledge stored in subconscious mind of experts and not easy to document. It's highly personal and hard to formalize and hence difficult to represent formally in system. Subjective insights, intuitions, emotions, mental models values and actions are examples of tacit knowledge.</td></tr></tbody></table>

## 15.5 Development of Knowledge-Based System Technology

* KBS is strongly influenced by cognitive science and mathematics which is the way top management make decisions. Its formal foundations as logic and inference.

* Production rules as representation mechanism takes the form "IF ... THEN type rules" which is reasonably close to human decision making. It can be easily manipulated by computers. It has an appropriate granularity which means knowledge
"chunks" are manageable both for top management and for computers (Naser & El-Najjar, 2016; Naser & Haddad, 2016; Naser & Hamed, 2016).

## 15.6 Knowledge-Based System Advantages

* Economical: has a lower cost per user

* Availability: it is accessible anytime and almost anywhere

* Response time: It is often faster than top management experts

* Reliability: It can be greater than that of top management experts (no distraction, fatigue, emotional involvement, ...)

* Explanation: the reasoning steps that lead to a particular decision

* Intellectual property: It can't walk out of the door.

## 15.7 Knowledge-Based System languages

There are higher-level languages specifically designed for knowledge representation and decision making like SL5 Object (Naser, 2015). SL5 Object stands for Simpler Level Five Object was designed and developed by Professor Samy S. Abu Naser in 2015 using Delphi Embarcadero XE6.

## 15.8 Knowledge-Based System Examples:

The financial services industry has been a vigorous user of KBS techniques. Advisory programs have been created to assist bankers in determining whether to make loans to businesses and individuals. Insurance companies have used KBS to assess the risk presented by the customer and to determine a price for the insurance. A typical application in the financial markets is in foreign exchange trading, KBS have used in diagnosing human problems and recommending the appropriate treatment, Machine malfunction diagnosis, Plant diseases diagnosis and prescribing the proper treatment, and deciding the appropriate student major in a university (Naser & Hasanein, 2016; Naser & Hilles, 2016; Naser & Mahdi, 2016; Naser & Shaath, 2016; Naser & Zaiter, 2008, Naser et al., 2008; Naser, 1999; Naser & Al-Bayed, 2016). The following example shows a snap shot of the knowledge based system for deciding the appropriate student major in the faculty of Engineering in Al-Azhar university of Gaza (Naser & Zaqout, 2016). The compete knowledge based system can be found in reference (Naser & Zaqout, 2016).

**RULE r1**
IF start
THEN action OF mstable1 IS top
AND action OF mstable2 IS top
AND start := FALSE
AND subj4 := ((mstable1 calc1 * 4) + (mstable1 calc2 * 4) + (mstable1 electricity * 3) + (mstable1 electronic * 3)) / 14
AND subj2 := (mstable1 icomp + mstable1 prog) / 2

**RULE r2**
ITEE, 6 (2) pp. 1-9, APR 2017

IF me = 0
AND mstable1.gpa >= mstable2.me1
AND mstable1.pcredit >= 24
AND subj4 >= mstable2.me2
THEN me := 3

**RULE r3**
IF cce = 0
AND mstable1.gpa >= mstable2.cce1
AND mstable1.pcredit >= 24
AND subj4 >= mstable2.cce2
THEN cce := 3

**RULE r4**
IF mde = 0
AND mstable1.gpa >= mstable2.mde1
AND mstable1.pcredit >= 24
AND subj4 >= mstable2.mde2
THEN mde:=3

**RULE r5**
IF re = 0
AND mstable1.gpa >= mstable2.re1
AND mstable1.pcredit >= 24
AND subj4 >= mstable2.re2
THEN re:=3
**RULE r6**
IF se = 0
AND mstable1.gpa >= mstable2.se1
AND mstable1.pcredit >= 24
AND subj2 >= mstable2.se2
THEN se := 3

**RULE r7**
IF cs = 0
AND mstable1.gpa >= mstable2.cs1
AND mstable1.pcredit >= 24
AND subj2 >= mstable2.cs2
THEN cs := 3

**RULE r8**
IF is = 0
AND mstable1.gpa >= mstable2.is1
AND mstable1.pcredit >= 24
AND subj2 >= mstable2.is2
THEN is := 3

## 16. CONCLUSION RECOMMENDATIONS

Researchers propose a set of recommendations that could lead to a reduction or limitation of potential problems, especially those related to unintentional bias and ambiguity, these problems controls the collection of information for the elementary knowledge base. Considering that the knowledge-based information systems are dynamic where it formed, constructed and programmed throughout development phase for training and learning. That is, they learn from the experience and knowledge gained through training and practice, they can distinguish
patterns and determine handwritten symbols and word recognition, forecasting and other variables, and other various applications especially in the areas of business and finance. So the various institutions should:

* Use of knowledge-based information systems in the administrative decision-making process.

* Create frameworks capable of using modern applications of information technology in various administrative levels.

* Benefit from the advantages offered by the existing knowledge-based information systems with respect to the effort, time and money and to be able to respond to the conditions and environmental changes

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33. Abu Naser, S. S., & Alhabbash, M. I. (2016). Male Infertility Expert System Diagnoses and Treatment. Am. J. innov. res. appl. sci., 2(4), 181-192.

34. Abu Naser, S. S., & Al-Hanjori, M. M. (2016). An expert system for men genital problems diagnosis and treatment. International Journal of Medicine Research, 1(2), 83-86.

35. Abu Naser, S. S., & Al-Nakhal, M. A. (2016). A Ruled Based System for Ear Problem Diagnosis and Treatment. World Wide Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 2(4), 25-31.

36. Abu Naser, S. S., & Bastami, B. G. (2016). A Proposed Rule Based System for Breasts Cancer Diagnosis. World Wide Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 2(5), 27-33.

37. Abu Naser, S. S., & El-Najjar, A. E. A. (2016). An expert system for nausea and vomiting problems in infants and children. International Journal of Medicine Research, 1(2), 114-117.

38. Abu Naser, S. S., & Haddad, I. A. E. (2016). An Expert System for Genital Problems in Infants. World Wide Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 2(5), 20-26.

39. Abu Naser, S. S., & Hamed, M. A. (2016). An Expert System for Mouth Problems in Infants and Children. Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering

Science Studies (JMESS), 2(4), 468-476.

40. Abu Naser, S. S., & Hasanein, H. A. A. (2016). Ear Diseases Diagnosis Expert System Using SL5 Object. World Wide Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development (WWJMRD), 2(4), 41-47.

41. Abu Naser, S. S., & Hilles, M. M. (2016). An expert system for shoulder problems using CLIPS. World Wide Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 2(5), 1-8.

42. Abu Naser, S. S., & Mahdi, A. O. (2016). A Proposed Expert System for Foot Diseases Diagnosis. American Journal of Innovative Research and Applied Sciences, 2(4), 160-174.

43. Abu Naser, S. S., & Shaath, M. Z. (2016). Expert system urination problems diagnosis. World Wide Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 2(5), 9-19.

44. Abu Naser, S. S., & Shobaki, M. J. A. (2016). Enhancing the use of Decision Support Systems for Re-engineering of Operations and Business-Applied Study on the Palestinian Universities. Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science Studies (JMESS), 2(5), 505-512.

45. Abu Naser, S. S., & Shobaki, M. J. A. (2016). Requirements of using Decision Support Systems as an Entry Point for Operations of Re-engineering in the Universities (Applied study on the Palestinian universities in Gaza Strip). World Wide Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 2(4), 32-40.

46. Abu Naser, S. S., & Shobaki, M. J. A. (2016). The Impact of Management Requirements and Operations of Computerized Management Information Systems to Improve Performance (Practical Study on the employees of the company of Gaza Electricity Distribution). In First Scientific Conference for Community Development, 5-6 November, 2016 (pp. 1-28). Al-Azhar University of Gaza, Palestine

47. Abu Naser, S. S., & Zaiter, O. A. A. (2008). An Expert System For Diagnosing Eye Diseases Using Clips. Journal of Theoretical & Applied Information Technology, 4(10).

48. Abu Naser, S. S., & Zaqout, I. S. (2016). Knowledge-based systems that determine the appropriate students major: In the faculty of engineering and information technology. World Wide Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 2(10), 26-34.

49. Abu Naser, S. S., Al Shobaki, M. J., & Amuna, Y. M. A. (2016). Knowledge Management Maturity in Universities and its Impact on Performance Excellence- Comparative study. Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 3(4), 4-14.

50. Abu Naser, S. S., Al Shobaki, M. J., & Amuna, Y. M. A. (2016). Measuring knowledge management maturity at HEI to enhance performance-an empirical study at Al-Azhar University in Palestine. International Journal of Commerce and Management Research, 2(5), 55-62.
51. Abu Naser, S. S., Baraka, M. H., & Baraka, A. (2008). A Proposed Expert System For Guiding Freshman Students In Selecting A Major In Al-Azhar University, Gaza, Journal of Theoretical & Applied Information Technology, 4(9).

52. Abu Naser, S. S., Shobaki, M. J. A., & Amuna, Y. M. A. (2016). Promoting Knowledge Management Components in the Palestinian Higher Education Institutions - A Comparative Study. International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, 73, 42

53. Abu Naser, S. S. (1999). Big O Notation for Measuring Expert Systems complexity, Islamic University Journal - Gaza, 7 (1), 77-57.

54. Power, D., Hadidi, R., Scheibe, K. (2016). Celebrating 50 Years of Management Information Systems (MIS) Research and Teaching. Journal of the Midwest Association for Information Systems, 2:1-7.

55. Shobaki, M. J. A., Abu Naser, S. S., & Bedair, R. A. (2010). The relationship between the decision support systems and re-engineering in the Palestinian universities in Gaza Strip.

56. Thalab, Sayed (2011). Management Information Systems, Dar AL-Fekr Publishers & Distributors, Amman, Jordan.

57. Abu Naser, S. S., & Al-Bayed, M. H. (2016). Detecting Health Problems Related to Addiction of Video Game Playing Using an Expert System. World Wide Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 2(9), 7-12