Safieh, M., Korczyn, A. D., and Michaelson, D. M. (2019). ApoE4: An emerging therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease. BMC Med. 17:64. doi: 10.1186/s12916-019-1299-4

Samant, N. P., and Gupta, G. L. (2020). Novel therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease targeting brain cholesterol homeostasis. Eur. J. Neurosci. 53, 673-686. doi: 10.1111/ejn.14949

Samaras, K., Makkar, S. R., Crawford, J. D., Kochan, N. A., Slavin, M. J., Wen, W., et al. (2019). Effects of statins on memory, cognition, and brain volume in the elderly. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 74, 2554-2568. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.09.041

Schultz, B. G., Patten, D. K., and Berlau, D. J. (2018). The role of statins in both cognitive impairment and protection against dementia: A tale of two mechanisms. Transl. Neurodegener. 7:5. doi: 10.1186/s40035-018-0110-3

Shakour, N., Bianconi, V., Pirro, M., Barreto, G. E., Hadizadeh, F., and Sahebkar, A. (2019). In silico evidence of direct interaction between statins and β-amyloid. J. Cell. Biochem. 120, 4710-4715. doi: 10.1002/jcb.27761

Shepardson, N. E., Shankar, G. M., and Selkoe, D. J. (2011a). Cholesterol level and statin use in Alzheimer disease: I. Review of epidemiological and preclinical studies. Arch. Neurol. 68, 1239-1244. doi: 10.1001/archneurol.2011.203

Shepardson, N. E., Shankar, G. M., and Selkoe, D. J. (2011b). Cholesterol level and statin use in Alzheimer disease: II. Review of human trials and recommendations. Arch. Neurol. 68, 1385-1392. doi: 10.1001/archneurol.2011.242

Shetty, A. K., Upadhya, R., Madhu, L. N., and Kodali, M. (2019). Novel insights on systemic and brain aging, stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. Aging Dis. 10, 470-482. doi: 10.14336/AD.2019.0330

Silva, M. V. F., Loures, C. M. G., Alves, L. C. V., de Souza, L. C., Borges, K. B. G., and Carvalho, M. D. G. (2019). Alzheimer's disease: Risk factors and potentially protective measures. J. Biomed. Sci. 26:33. doi: 10.1186/s12929-019-0524-y

Sinyavskaya, L., Gauthier, S., Renoux, C., Dell'Aniello, S., Suissa, S., and Brassard, P. (2018). Comparative effect of statins on the risk of incident Alzheimer disease. Neurology 90, e179-e187. doi: 10.1212/WNL.00000000000004818

Smiderle, L., Fiegenbaum, M., Hutz, M., Van Der Sand, C., Van Der Sand, L., Ferreira, M., et al. (2016). ESR1 polymorphisms and statin therapy: A sex-specific approach. Pharmacogenomics J. 16, 507-513. doi: 10.1038/tpj.2015.60

Sodero, A. O., and Barrantes, F. J. (2020). Pleiotropic effects of statins on brain cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biomembr. 1862:183340. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183340

Solmaz, V., Atasoy, O., and Erbas, O. (2020). Atorvastatin has therapeutic potential for the fatty liver-induced memory dysfunction in rats, likely via its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Neurol. Res. 42, 497-503.

Tan, B., Rosenfeldt, F., Ou, R., and Stough, C. (2019). Evidence and mechanisms for statin-induced cognitive decline. Expert Rev. Clin. Pharmacol. 12, 397-406. doi: 10.1080/17512433.2019.1606711

Tauber, S. C., Djukic, M., Gossner, J., Eiffert, H., Brück, W., and Nau, R. (2020). Sepsis-associated encephalopathy and septic encephalitis: An update. Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther. 9, 215-231. doi: 10.1080/14787210.2020.1812384

Thongtang, N., Tangkittikasem, N., Samaithongcharoen, K., Piyapromdee, J., Srinonprasert, V., and Sriussadaporn, S. (2020). Effect of switching from low-dose simvastatin to high-dose atorvastatin on glucose homeostasis and cognitive function in type 2 diabetes. Vasc. Health Risk Manage. 16, 367-377. doi: 10.2147/VHRM.S270751

Tian, J., Tai, Y., Shi, M., Zhao, C., Xu, W., Ge, X., et al. (2019). Atorvastatin relieves cognitive disorder after sepsis through reverting inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, and neuronal apoptosis in hippocampus. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 40, 521-530. doi: 10.1007/s10571-019-00750-z

Tran, S., Kuruppu, S., and Rajapakse, N. W. (2022). Chronic renin-angiotensin system activation induced neuroinflammation: Common mechanisms underlying hypertension and dementia? J. Alzheimers Dis. 85, 943-955. doi: 10.3233/JAD-215231

Uddin, M. S., Rahman, M. M., Jakaria, M., Rahman, M. S., Hossain, M. S., Islam, A., et al. (2020). Estrogen signaling in Alzheimer's disease: Molecular insights and therapeutic targets for Alzheimer's dementia. Mol. Neurobiol. 57, 2654-2670. doi: 10.1007/s12035-020-01911-8

Vadhan, J. D., and Speth, R. C. (2021). The role of the brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in mild traumatic brain injury (TBI). Pharmacol. Ther. 218:107684. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107684

van Dongen, M. M. E., Aarnio, K., Martinez-Majander, N., Pirinen, J., Sinisalo, J., Lehto, M., et al. (2019). Use of statins after ischemic stroke in young adults and its association with long-term outcome. Stroke 50, 3385-3392.

Viggiano, D., Wagner, C. A., Martino, G., Nedergaard, M., Zoccali, C., Unwin, R., et al. (2020). Mechanisms of cognitive dysfunction in CKD. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 16, 452-469. doi: 10.1038/s41581-020-0266-9

Viscogliosi, G., Donfrancesco, C., Lo Noce, C., Vanuzzo, D., Carle, F., Giampaoli, S., et al. (2020). Prevalence and correlates of statin underuse for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease in older adults 65-79 years of age: The Italian health examination survey 2008-2012. Rejuvenation Res. 23, 394-400. doi: 10.1089/rej.2019.2268

Volloch, V., Olsen, B. R., and Rits, S. A. D. (2020). "Statin": Alzheimer's disorder is a "Fast" disease preventable by therapeutic intervention initiated even late in life and reversible at the early stages. Ann. Integr. Mol. Med. 2, 75-89. doi: 10.33597/aimm.02-1006

Wakayama, K., Shimamura, M., Yoshida, S., Hayashi, H., Ju, N., Nakagami, H., et al. (2021). Prevention of vascular dementia via immunotherapeutic blockade of renin-angiotensin system in a rat model. Brain Res. 1772:147667. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147667

Walker, K. A., Sharrett, A. R., Wu, A., Schneider, A. L., Albert, M., Lutsey, P. L., et al. (2019). Association of midlife to late-life blood pressure patterns with incident dementia. JAMA 322, 535-545. doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.10575

Ward, N. C., Watts, G. F., and Eckel, R. H. (2019). Statin toxicity: Mechanistic insights and clinical implications. Circ. Res. 124, 328-350. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.312782

Welniaik, A., Koszykowska, P., and Kédziora-Kornatowska, K. (2020). Statins and Alzheimer—current stand and further development directions. Med. Res. J. 5, 191-200. doi: 10.5603/MRJ.a2020.0019

Williams, D. M., Finan, C., Schmidt, A. F., Burgess, S., and Hingorani, A. D. (2020). Lipid lowering and Alzheimer disease risk: A Mendelian randomization study. Ann. Neurol. 87, 30-39. doi: 10.1002/ana.25642

Wingo, A. P., Fan, W., Duong, D. M., Gerasimov, E. S., Dammer, E. B., Liu, Y., et al. (2020). Shared proteomic effects of cerebral atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease on the human brain. Nat. Neurosci. 23, 696-700. doi: 10.1038/s41593-020-0635-5

Wright, J. W., and Harding, J. W. (2019). Contributions by the brain renin-angiotensin system to memory, cognition, and Alzheimer's disease. J. Alzheimers Dis. 67, 469-480. doi: 10.3233/JAD-181035

Xuan, K., Zhao, T., Qu, G., Liu, H., Chen, X., and Sun, Y. (2020). The efficacy of statins in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial. Neurol. Sci. 41, 1391-1404. doi: 10.1007/s10072-020-04243-6

Xue, B., Zhang, Y., and Johnson, A. K. (2020). Interactions of the brain Renin-Angiotensin-System (RAS) and inflammation in the sensitization of hypertension. Front. Neurosci. 14:650. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00650

Yang, M., and Williamson, J. (2019). Blood pressure and statin effects on cognition: A review. Curr. Hypertens. Rep. 21:70. doi: 10.1007/s11906-019-0973-4

Yang, Z., Wang, H., Edwards, D., Ding, C., Yan, L., Brayne, C., et al. (2020). Association of blood lipids, atherosclerosis and statin use with dementia and cognitive impairment after stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res. Rev. 57:100962. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.100962

Yeh, L.-T., Tang, C.-Y., Yang, S.-F., Yeh, H.-W., Yeh, Y.-T., Wang, Y.-H., et al. (2019). Association between statin use and sepsis risk in patients with dementia: A retrospective cohort study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 16:1626.

Ying, H., Wang, J., Shen, Z., Wang, M., and Zhou, B. (2021). Impact of lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with contemporary lipid-lowering medicines on cognitive function: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther. 35, 153-166. doi: 10.1007/s10557-020-07045-2

Zhang, H., Cui, Y., Zhao, Y., Dong, Y., Duan, D., Wang, J., et al. (2019). Effects of sartans and low-dose statins on cerebral white matter hyperintensities and cognitive function in older patients with hypertension: A randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled clinical trial. Hypertens. Res. 42, 717-729.

Zhang, X., Wen, J., and Zhang, Z. (2018). Statins use and risk of dementia: A dose-response meta analysis. Medicine 97:e11304. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000011304

Zhu, X.-C., Dai, W.-Z., and Ma, T. (2018). Overview the effect of statin therapy on dementia risk, cognitive changes and its pathologic change: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann. Transl. Med. 6:435. doi: 10.21037/atm.2018.06.43

Zijlstra, L. E., Trompet, S., Mooijaart, S. P., van Buren, M., Sattar, N., Stott, D. J., et al. (2020). The association of kidney function and cognitive decline in older patients at risk of cardiovascular disease: A longitudinal data analysis. BMC Nephrol. 21:81. doi: 10.1186/s12882-020-01745-5

Zingel, R., Bohlken, J., Riedel-Heller, S., Barth, S., and Kostev, K. (2021). Association between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, statin use, and dementia in patients followed in German general practices. J. Alzheimers Dis. 79, 37-46. doi: 10.3233/JAD-201176

Zissimopoulos, J. M., Barthold, D., Brinton, R. D., and Joyce, G. (2017). Sex and race differences in the association between statin use and the incidence of Alzheimer disease. JAMA Neurol. 74, 225-232. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.3783
Safieh, M., Korczyn, A. D., and Michaelson, D. M. (2019). ApoE4: An emerging therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease. BMC Med. 17:64. doi: 10.1186/s12916-019-1299-4

Samant, N. P., and Gupta, G. L. (2020). Novel therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease targeting brain cholesterol homeostasis. Eur. J. Neurosci. 53, 673-686. doi: 10.1111/ejn.14949

Samaras, K., Makkar, S. R., Crawford, J. D., Kochan, N. A., Slavin, M. J., Wen, W., et al. (2019). Effects of statins on memory, cognition, and brain volume in the elderly. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 74, 2554-2568. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.09.041

Schultz, B. G., Patten, D. K., and Berlau, D. J. (2018). The role of statins in both cognitive impairment and protection against dementia: A tale of two mechanisms. Transl. Neurodegener. 7:5. doi: 10.1186/s40035-018-0110-3

Shakour, N., Bianconi, V., Pirro, M., Barreto, G. E., Hadizadeh, F., and Sahebkar, A. (2019). In silico evidence of direct interaction between statins and β-amyloid. J. Cell. Biochem. 120, 4710-4715. doi: 10.1002/jcb.27761

Shepardson, N. E., Shankar, G. M., and Selkoe, D. J. (2011a). Cholesterol level and statin use in Alzheimer disease: I. Review of epidemiological and preclinical studies. Arch. Neurol. 68, 1239-1244. doi: 10.1001/archneurol.2011.203

Shepardson, N. E., Shankar, G. M., and Selkoe, D. J. (2011b). Cholesterol level and statin use in Alzheimer disease: II. Review of human trials and recommendations. Arch. Neurol. 68, 1385-1392. doi: 10.1001/archneurol.2011.242

Shetty, A. K., Upadhya, R., Madhu, L. N., and Kodali, M. (2019). Novel insights on systemic and brain aging, stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. Aging Dis. 10, 470-482. doi: 10.14336/AD.2019.0330

Silva, M. V. F., Loures, C. M. G., Alves, L. C. V., de Souza, L. C., Borges, K. B. G., and Carvalho, M. D. G. (2019). Alzheimer's disease: Risk factors and potentially protective measures. J. Biomed. Sci. 26:33. doi: 10.1186/s12929-019-0524-y

Sinyavskaya, L., Gauthier, S., Renoux, C., Dell'Aniello, S., Suissa, S., and Brassard, P. (2018). Comparative effect of statins on the risk of incident Alzheimer disease. Neurology 90, e179-e187. doi: 10.1212/WNL.00000000000004818

Smiderle, L., Fiegenbaum, M., Hutz, M., Van Der Sand, C., Van Der Sand, L., Ferreira, M., et al. (2016). ESR1 polymorphisms and statin therapy: A sex-specific approach. Pharmacogenomics J. 16, 507-513. doi: 10.1038/tpj.2015.60

Sodero, A. O., and Barrantes, F. J. (2020). Pleiotropic effects of statins on brain cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biomembr. 1862:183340. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183340

Solmaz, V., Atasoy, O., and Erbas, O. (2020). Atorvastatin has therapeutic potential for the fatty liver-induced memory dysfunction in rats, likely via its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Neurol. Res. 42, 497-503.

Tan, B., Rosenfeldt, F., Ou, R., and Stough, C. (2019). Evidence and mechanisms for statin-induced cognitive decline. Expert Rev. Clin. Pharmacol. 12, 397-406. doi: 10.1080/17512433.2019.1606711

Tauber, S. C., Djukic, M., Gossner, J., Eiffert, H., Brück, W., and Nau, R. (2020). Sepsis-associated encephalopathy and septic encephalitis: An update. Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther. 9, 215-231. doi: 10.1080/14787210.2020.1812384

Thongtang, N., Tangkittikasem, N., Samaithongcharoen, K., Piyapromdee, J., Srinonprasert, V., and Sriussadaporn, S. (2020). Effect of switching from low-dose simvastatin to high-dose atorvastatin on glucose homeostasis and cognitive function in type 2 diabetes. Vasc. Health Risk Manage. 16, 367-377. doi: 10.2147/VHRM.S270751

Tian, J., Tai, Y., Shi, M., Zhao, C., Xu, W., Ge, X., et al. (2019). Atorvastatin relieves cognitive disorder after sepsis through reverting inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, and neuronal apoptosis in hippocampus. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 40, 521-530. doi: 10.1007/s10571-019-00750-z

Tran, S., Kuruppu, S., and Rajapakse, N. W. (2022). Chronic renin-angiotensin system activation induced neuroinflammation: Common mechanisms underlying hypertension and dementia? J. Alzheimers Dis. 85, 943-955. doi: 10.3233/JAD-215231

Uddin, M. S., Rahman, M. M., Jakaria, M., Rahman, M. S., Hossain, M. S., Islam, A., et al. (2020). Estrogen signaling in Alzheimer's disease: Molecular insights and therapeutic targets for Alzheimer's dementia. Mol. Neurobiol. 57, 2654-2670. doi: 10.1007/s12035-020-01911-8

Vadhan, J. D., and Speth, R. C. (2021). The role of the brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in mild traumatic brain injury (TBI). Pharmacol. Ther. 218:107684. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107684

van Dongen, M. M. E., Aarnio, K., Martinez-Majander, N., Pirinen, J., Sinisalo, J., Lehto, M., et al. (2019). Use of statins after ischemic stroke in young adults and its association with long-term outcome. Stroke 50, 3385-3392.

Viggiano, D., Wagner, C. A., Martino, G., Nedergaard, M., Zoccali, C., Unwin, R., et al. (2020). Mechanisms of cognitive dysfunction in CKD. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 16, 452-469. doi: 10.1038/s41581-020-0266-9

Viscogliosi, G., Donfrancesco, C., Lo Noce, C., Vanuzzo, D., Carle, F., Giampaoli, S., et al. (2020). Prevalence and correlates of statin underuse for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease in older adults 65-79 years of age: The Italian health examination survey 2008-2012. Rejuvenation Res. 23, 394-400. doi: 10.1089/rej.2019.2268

Volloch, V., Olsen, B. R., and Rits, S. A. D. (2020). "Statin": Alzheimer's disorder is a "Fast" disease preventable by therapeutic intervention initiated even late in life and reversible at the early stages. Ann. Integr. Mol. Med. 2, 75-89. doi: 10.33597/aimm.02-1006

Wakayama, K., Shimamura, M., Yoshida, S., Hayashi, H., Ju, N., Nakagami, H., et al. (2021). Prevention of vascular dementia via immunotherapeutic blockade of renin-angiotensin system in a rat model. Brain Res. 1772:147667. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147667

Walker, K. A., Sharrett, A. R., Wu, A., Schneider, A. L., Albert, M., Lutsey, P. L., et al. (2019). Association of midlife to late-life blood pressure patterns with incident dementia. JAMA 322, 535-545. doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.10575

Ward, N. C., Watts, G. F., and Eckel, R. H. (2019). Statin toxicity: Mechanistic insights and clinical implications. Circ. Res. 124, 328-350. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.312782

Welniaik, A., Koszykowska, P., and Kédziora-Kornatowska, K. (2020). Statins and Alzheimer—current stand and further development directions. Med. Res. J. 5, 191-200. doi: 10.5603/MRJ.a2020.0019

Williams, D. M., Finan, C., Schmidt, A. F., Burgess, S., and Hingorani, A. D. (2020). Lipid lowering and Alzheimer disease risk: A Mendelian randomization study. Ann. Neurol. 87, 30-39. doi: 10.1002/ana.25642

Wingo, A. P., Fan, W., Duong, D. M., Gerasimov, E. S., Dammer, E. B., Liu, Y., et al. (2020). Shared proteomic effects of cerebral atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease on the human brain. Nat. Neurosci. 23, 696-700. doi: 10.1038/s41593-020-0635-5

Wright, J. W., and Harding, J. W. (2019). Contributions by the brain renin-angiotensin system to memory, cognition, and Alzheimer's disease. J. Alzheimers Dis. 67, 469-480. doi: 10.3233/JAD-181035

Xuan, K., Zhao, T., Qu, G., Liu, H., Chen, X., and Sun, Y. (2020). The efficacy of statins in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial. Neurol. Sci. 41, 1391-1404. doi: 10.1007/s10072-020-04243-6

Xue, B., Zhang, Y., and Johnson, A. K. (2020). Interactions of the brain Renin-Angiotensin-System (RAS) and inflammation in the sensitization of hypertension. Front. Neurosci. 14:650. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00650

Yang, M., and Williamson, J. (2019). Blood pressure and statin effects on cognition: A review. Curr. Hypertens. Rep. 21:70. doi: 10.1007/s11906-019-0973-4

Yang, Z., Wang, H., Edwards, D., Ding, C., Yan, L., Brayne, C., et al. (2020). Association of blood lipids, atherosclerosis and statin use with dementia and cognitive impairment after stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res. Rev. 57:100962. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.100962

Yeh, L.-T., Tang, C.-Y., Yang, S.-F., Yeh, H.-W., Yeh, Y.-T., Wang, Y.-H., et al. (2019). Association between statin use and sepsis risk in patients with dementia: A retrospective cohort study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 16:1626.

Ying, H., Wang, J., Shen, Z., Wang, M., and Zhou, B. (2021). Impact of lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with contemporary lipid-lowering medicines on cognitive function: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther. 35, 153-166. doi: 10.1007/s10557-020-07045-2

Zhang, H., Cui, Y., Zhao, Y., Dong, Y., Duan, D., Wang, J., et al. (2019). Effects of sartans and low-dose statins on cerebral white matter hyperintensities and cognitive function in older patients with hypertension: A randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled clinical trial. Hypertens. Res. 42, 717-729.

Zhang, X., Wen, J., and Zhang, Z. (2018). Statins use and risk of dementia: A dose-response meta analysis. Medicine 97:e11304. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000011304

Zhu, X.-C., Dai, W.-Z., and Ma, T. (2018). Overview the effect of statin therapy on dementia risk, cognitive changes and its pathologic change: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann. Transl. Med. 6:435. doi: 10.21037/atm.2018.06.43

Zijlstra, L. E., Trompet, S., Mooijaart, S. P., van Buren, M., Sattar, N., Stott, D. J., et al. (2020). The association of kidney function and cognitive decline in older patients at risk of cardiovascular disease: A longitudinal data analysis. BMC Nephrol. 21:81. doi: 10.1186/s12882-020-01745-5

Zingel, R., Bohlken, J., Riedel-Heller, S., Barth, S., and Kostev, K. (2021). Association between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, statin use, and dementia in patients followed in German general practices. J. Alzheimers Dis. 79, 37-46. doi: 10.3233/JAD-201176

Zissimopoulos, J. M., Barthold, D., Brinton, R. D., and Joyce, G. (2017). Sex and race differences in the association between statin use and the incidence of Alzheimer disease. JAMA Neurol. 74, 225-232. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.3783