# Comparison of the effectiveness of different traditional soaking processes on the in vitro digestibility of taro (Colocasia esculenta L. SCHOTT) flour

Imar Djibrine Soudy, Laurent Alvès de Oliveira, Nicolas Limas Nzouzi, Mamadou Godefroy, Izzedine Abdelaziz Arada, Ousmane Dahab Atteib, Djidda Alhadj, Alfaroukh Oumar Idriss, Bruno Eto, Denis Grancher

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## ► To cite this version:

Imar Djibrine Soudy, Laurent Alvès de Oliveira, Nicolas Limas Nzouzi, Mamadou Godefroy, Izzedine Abdelaziz Arada, et al.. Comparison of the effectiveness of different traditional soaking processes on the in vitro digestibility of taro (Colocasia esculenta L. SCHOTT) flour. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 2014, 5, pp.258-263. 10.4236/fns.2013.53032. hal-01950454

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# Comparison of the Effectiveness of Different Traditional Soaking Processes on the in Vitro Digestibility of Taro (Colocasia esculenta L. SCHOTT) Flour

Imar Djibrine Soudy<sup>1,2,3*</sup>, Laurent Alves de Oliveira<sup>4</sup>, Nicolas Limas Nzouzi<sup>3</sup>, Mamadou Godefroy<sup>3</sup>, Izzedine Abdelaziz Arada<sup>2</sup>, Ousmane Dahab Atteib<sup>2</sup>, Djidda Alhadj<sup>1,2</sup>, Alfaroukh Oumar Idriss<sup>2</sup>, Bruno Eto<sup>3</sup>, Denis Grancher<sup>4</sup>

Received October 18th, 2013; revised November 18th, 2013; accepted November 25th, 2013

Copyright © 2014 Imar Djibrine Soudy et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. In accordance of the Creative Commons Attribution License all Copyright © 2014 are reserved for SCIRP and the owner of the intellectual property Imar Djibrine Soudy et al. All Copyright © 2014 are guarded by law and by SCIRP as a guardian.

## ABSTRACT

A traditional process used by farmers in Chad consists in soaking slices of taro (Colocasia esculenta L. SCHOTT) in tamarind infusion, or in corn solution or in water over a 24-hour period to reduce the acridity of taro and facilitate cooking. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of traditional soaking on the in vitro digestibility of taro flour using or not using an α-amylase enzyme. The digestion without the enzyme has shown that the soaking processes improve the digestibility of taro flour (from 39.30% for the control sample to 75.11% (after tamarind infusion) and 78.67% (treatment with water) after 24 hours of soaking). Soaking over a 6-hour period and preferentially in tamarind infusion or in corn solution obtains highly digestible flour (around 95% of digestibility rate after 3 hours of enzymatic digestion).

## KEYWORDS

Colocasia esculenta L. SCHOTT; Soaking; Corn; Zea mays L.; Tamarind; Tamarindus indica L.; In Vitro Digestibility; Amylase

## 1. Introduction

Taro is a carbohydrate rich tuber, between 73% and 80% of dry matter (DM) basis [1], mainly starch (77%) and 1.4% crude fibre of DM basis [2]. Because of its high carbohydrate content, it represents one of the principal sources of energy in many parts of tropical and sub-tropical countries providing about a third of the food intake for more than 400 million people in these countries [3]. Africa represents 75% of the total world production [4].

The traditional process of treatment of taro used in the Mayo Kebbi area (Chad) is reputed to decrease the acrid-

ity of this tuber and to facilitate cooking [5]. It has been shown that these processes also modify the chemical composition of taro flour and its nutritional value [6]. This traditional process reduces the cooking time from 2 (two) hours to 30 (thirty) minutes. This method is based on the soaking of fresh taro chips in a tamarind infusion or in a solution of corn or in water during 24 hours. After drying in the sun, the dried chips are ground into flour. This flour is then used to prepare mixtures of porridge, soups and cakes. Moreover, according to the FAO report [3], taro corn has good nutritional properties and is supposed to contain anti-allergic factors.

Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) used in this process, has many uses, but it is best known as a souring agent in

<footnote n="1"><sup>1</sup>Institut Universitaire des Sciences et Techniques, Abéché, Tchad; <sup>2</sup>Biotechnopôle, Institut de Recherche en Élevage pour le Développement, N’Djamena, Tchad; <sup>3</sup>Laboratoires TBC TransCell-Lab, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Université Paris-Diderot Paris 7, Paris, France; <sup>4</sup>Laboratoire de Nutrition et Alimentation, VetAgro Sup-Campus Vétérinaire, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.</footnote>

<footnote>Email: *soudyidji@yahoo.fr</footnote>

<footnote>*Corresponding author.</footnote>
food flavoring. The fruit pulp of this tree is particularly rich in carbohydrates (60% - 70%) and contains an appreciable amount of linoleic acid and oleic acid. Among vitamins, the fruit of tamarind is particularly rich in ascorbic acid and beta carotene [7]. In the west and the central Africa, drinks of tamarind infusion are popular. It also has medicinal properties and it is mainly used against constipation.

Generally, the apparent digestibility is a global concept involving all the phenomena that concern the bowels in the small intestine and the large intestine [8]. It is also represented by the coefficient of apparent digestibility that is to say the measurement of the disappearance of nutrients and the difference between dietary intake and the faecal output [9]. This quantitative notion is quite often associated with the notion of kinetics in time. It suggests that the food is digested more quickly and more easily.

Njintang [10] mentioned that the cooking of unpeeled taro improved the digestibility of “Achu”, a taro-based food widely consumed in Cameroon.

Favier [11] showed that fermentation did not increase the sensitivity of cassava starch in relation to the action of the amylase enzyme. On the contrary, even brief and moderate heating facilitated the enzymatic activity of the animal to metabolize the starch. On the other hand, Elkhelifa et al. [12] showed that fermentation significantly improved the *in vitro* digestibility of sorghum starch grains. Admassu and Kumar [13] reported that the natural lactic fermentation of ground beans induced a higher protein digestibility. In addition, they observed that natural or controlled fermentation diminished the antinutrients and improved the nutritional value of the bean flour. Nour et al. [14] showed that sprouting changed the levels of nutrients, significantly reducing tannins and phytates and increasing protein digestibility in different types of Sudanese sorghum cultivars. All biological treatments improved the global digestibility of the food by modifying the chemical structure of the nutrients and/or reducing the antinutrients levels under different enzymatic actions on phytates or fibre [15].

Previous research has shown that the rate of enzymatic hydrolysis of starch depends on physical and chemical structure. The structure of starch varied with the botanical origin of the starch and with the applied technological treatments. The grains of starch of taro are very small (10 - 20 µm). This size is greater than rice (4 - 6 µm), close to corn (15 - 25 µm) but much lower than cassava (25 - 35 µm) or potato (100 - 200 µm) [3]. This reduces size of grains improving the digestibility of the starch and makes it more suitable for feeding infants and patients.

Literature concerning the effects of traditional soaking on digestibility does not exist. Therefore it is advisable to

estimate and to compare the influence of these various treatments of soaking on the *in vitro* digestibility of taro flour.

## 2. Materials and Methods

### 2.1. Samples Source

Samples of taro were collected from Kolobo (village in the Mayo-Kebbi area (Chad), latitude 9°93'N; longitude 15°44'E) at the end of November, at the end of the rainy season, as usual, after 6 months of growth. Tubers harvested in November are all processed and eaten by local people. Among the tubers harvested in February, only the largest are processed for human consumption and the smallest are stored for the next crop.

### 2.2. Experimental Design

Fresh tubers for human consumption might be preserved in baskets for 3 weeks in fresh, dry and well ventilated places [5]. But, to avoid any fermentation and in agreement with the local practices they were immediately processed according to the traditional techniques used by the farmers of this region.

The freshly harvested tubers of taro were carefully washed in tap water and peeled (thickness of peelings: about 5 mm). The peeled tubers were then cut into 1 cm thick slices (or chips).

The chips were immediately dipped into three different solutions: water or corn infusion or tamarind infusion. Both corn and tamarind infusions were prepared with 45% (mass/volume) of product macerating respectively 3 days and 3 hours in water. They were then filtered through a cooking sieve.

The proportion of taro chips used in relation to the soaking solution was 40% (m/v) and the temperature of the soaking solutions was 22°C. Five different soaking durations were applied: 0, 1 h, 3 h, 6 h, 12 h and 24 h. An untreated sample of dried chips (Time 0) served as a control. This is equivalent to a type of experimental design 1 × 3 × 5:1 variety of tuber, 3 soaking solutions and 5 soaking times and 2 replicate analyses were performed for each sample. Once soaked, the chips were dried in the sun for 24 hours at a temperature of about 46°C. The dried chips were ground in the laboratory with an electric grinder to obtain flour with a particle size less than 500 µm (Figure 1).

We measured the enzymatic digestibility using an alpha amylase method. The method reported by Zhang et al. [16], slightly modified by Huijing et al. [17], was used. An 1.0 g quantity of dried taro flour was mixed with 30 ml phosphate buffer (0.2 M, pH 6.9) [Na₂HPO₄ (PROLABO-France) KH₂PO₄ (PROLABO-France)] in a 50 ml test tube. Once heated in a water bath (GYRO-
<figure><img src="image_3.png" /><figcaption>Figure 1. Traditional production of taro flour used in Chad.</figcaption></figure>

TORY Water Bath Shaker, model G 76) at 95°C for 30 min and cooled to 25°C, 1ml enzymatic suspension of α-amylase (320 Units bacterial, Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) was added. After incubation at 30°C in a water bath shaker, the reaction was stopped by addition of 5 ml of a 1.0% (w/v) sulphuric acid solution. Samples were centrifuged at 5600 rpm, and the undigested flour residue was washed with 80% ethanol, centrifuged again and dried to constant weight. For each sample, a portion of taro flour without enzymatic hydrolysis was included to correct for initial concentration of soluble sugars. Starch digestibility was expressed as percentage weight loss after α-amylase digestion.

Thus, the *in vitro* digestibility of the starch of various taro flours was determined by the study of the kinetics of its hydrolysis by the bacterial amylase over 5 periods of digestion. It corresponded to an experimental design of factorial type 1 × 3 × 5 × 5:1 variety of tuber (taro), 3 soaking solutions (water, infusion of tamarind, solution of corn); 5 soaking times (0, 1 hour, 3 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours) and 5 digestion times (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 hours). The soaking time “T0” represents the control or sample not treated whereas the time zero digestion (0) represents the sample without enzyme.

## 2.3. Statistical Analysis

The effects of soaking for each type of sample were evaluated by the analysis of variance and every sample was repeated according to the soaking solution and digestion time. Calculations of data were carried out by SPSS software (SPSS Inc, Chicago, Il, USA) and by Excel: Mac 2004, version 11.1.1 on the Apple-iBook G4 computer.

The threshold significance of all the tests was fixed at P < 0.05.

## 3. Result and Discussion

The evaluation of the digestibility of taro flour “T0” is equivalent to the incubation without enzymes. The results presented in Figure 2 show that compared with the untreated sample, the traditional soaking processes induce an improvement of taro digestibility. This digestibility was estimated at 39.30% for the control sample and a maximum rate of 78.67% has been reached for the samples of taro that have been soaked in water. Thus, we considered that the fermentation process initiated during soaking and followed by cooking has led to a hydrolysis of taro flour starch. There might also be a degradation of the chain of taro flour starch during the cooking process. According to the FAO [3], taro flour presented as its main advantage a high digestibility factor. Due to this significant property, this food is used as ingredient in the preparation of food for infants and sick patients.

This first digestion test showed that the digestibility of taro starch varied according to the nature of the soaking solution (Figure 2). After one hour of soaking, all the samples were seen to be differently digestible and the results of each different soaking solution were significantly different (p < 0.05).

After three hours of soaking, the taro flour starch treated with the corn solution was seen to be significantly more digestible (77.12%) than the taro starch resulting from the two other treatments, respectively 60.86% after tamarind soaking and 60.45% after dipping in water.

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>Figure 2. *In vitro* digestibility of starch (p.100) of Taro flour after a 30 minutes cooking at 95°C without enzymatic digestion according to the duration of soaking.</figcaption></figure>
After six hours of soaking, the taro samples dipped in-
to the corn solution and those dipped in water pre- sented
almost the same level of digestibility.

On the other hand, the digestibility of taro dipped in
the tamarind infusion was relatively low compared with
the two other treatments. This difference could be linked
with the slightly higher fibre content reported by Soudy
et al. [6] in the sample of taro treated with the infusion of
tamarind (3.24% on the dry matter (DM) basis) com-
pared with the water treatment (2.63% DM) and the corn
solution (2.75% DM). The digestibility of taro starch
soaked in tamarind infusion and samples resulting from
the other two treatments (water and corn) was signifi-
cantly different at the threshold of 5%. The same obser-
vation has been made after 12 hours of soaking. The taro
starch resulting from water treatment and the corn solu-
tion was significantly more digestible than samples
treated with the tamarind infusion.

At the end of the soaking process (24 hours), we ob-
served that the samples soaked with the tamarind infu-
sion presented a statistically similar digestibility com-
pared with the two other treatments (Figure 2). These
results could be explained by the decline of the pH value
of the solution of tamarind (pH 2) that would have faci-
litated the digestibility of taro starch. This test allowed
the assessment of the influence of the soaking process on
the *in vitro* digestibility of different taro flour during
three hours of incubation under the action of bacterial
enzyme. In general, it was noticed that digestibility was
greatly improved when the samples were dipped into
the tamarind infusion or into the corn infusion (respec-
tively 93.77% and 90.80% after 3 hours of soaking
time).

On the contrary, the digestibility level remains low for
samples dipped in water (77.52%) and the digestibility
level is significantly higher at the end of three hours of
soaking in the case of corn and tamarind treatments as
opposed to the samples treated with water (P < 0.05).
After 24 hours of soaking time, the same results were
obtained (Figure 3). Based on these results, we sug-
gested that the tamarind infusion and the corn solution
have increased the sensitivity of the starch to the bacteri-
al enzyme. We could suspect the process of fermentation
which would have prematurely begun in the soaking so-
lutions, or the endogenous enzymes of these solutions to
have initiated the digestion of the taro chip starch during
the soaking process. This initiation of digestion allows
increasing *in vitro* digestibility of starch [17,18].

Steinkraus [19] reported that most fermentation pro-
cesses are able to improve the digestibility of food prod-
ucts and at the same time destroy the toxic factors.

From the beginning of the soaking process up to a
6-hour soaking time, the digestibility of taro treated with

the tamarind infusion is significantly higher (95.23%)
than with the other two treatments (corn solution: 93.16%
and water : 88.49%) (Figure 4).

Thus, the tamarind infusion (pH = 2) could have led to
the elimination of antinutritional factors existing in these
tubers such as the inhibitors of enzymes or phytates dur-
ing the soaking process. This would partially explain the
improvement of the enzymatic digestibility of taro starch
with this soaking solution. Madhuri and Pratima [20]
showed that the germination of cereal and the fermenta-
tion of sweet potatoes during the soaking process in wa-
ter significantly increased the digestibility of carbohy-
drates. Moreover, the soaking of millet in water at 30°C

<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>Figure 3. *In vitro* digestibility of starch (p.100) of Taro flour after a 30 minutes cooking at 95°C after 3 hours of enzymatic incubation according to the duration of soaking.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_6.png" /><figcaption>Figure 4. *In vitro* digestibility of starch (p.100) of Taro flour after a 30 minutes cooking at 95°C after 6 hours of enzymatic incubation according to the duration of soaking.</figcaption></figure>
for 48 hours significantly reduced phytates, inhibitors of
amylases and phenols and improved the digestibility of
this cereal.

From the start of soaking, the samples of taro treated
with the tamarind infusion as well as the corn solution
were significantly more digestible than the samples soaked
in water (P < 0.05). From six hours of soaking, all treat-
ments showed a statistically similar and high level of
digestibility (more than 90) (Figure 5).

Although taro starch is known for its digestive quali-
ties [3], the process of soaking used by the farmers of the
Mayo-Kebbi area improves the digestibility of taro starch
especially after it has been soaked in a tamarind infusion
or a corn solution.

The *in vitro* digestibility of starch of different taro flours
after 12 hours of enzymatic incubation quickly reached
its maximum level (Figure 6). After one hour of soaking,
the taro chips treated with the corn infusion were signifi-
cantly more digestible than the other two treatments (P <
0.05). Nevertheless, for all treatments, the *in vitro* diges-
tibility was more than 90% from the first hour of the
soaking process (Figure 6). The highest level of diges-
tion of the taro starch has been measured with the corn
solution (97.46%) after 24 hours of soaking (Figure 6).
The differences observed on the digestibility of taro flours
could be linked to the physical or chemical properties of
the starch.

**4. Conclusions**

All the processes of soaking used in Mayo-Kebbi area
(Chad) significantly improved the *in vitro* digestibility of
taro flour. Simply cooking taro (30 minutes at 95°C

<figure><img src="image_7.png" /><figcaption>Figure 5. *In vitro* digestibility of starch (p.100) of Taro flour after a 30 minutes cooking at 95°C after 9 hours of enzymatic incubation according to the duration of soaking.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_8.png" /><figcaption>Figure 6. *In vitro* digestibility of taro flour (p.100) after 12 hours of enzymatic incubation.</figcaption></figure>

without enzymatic action) after soaking improves the
digestibility of taro starch from 39% (without any soak-
ing) to 72% (after 24 hours of soaking time). This max-
imal digestibility was reached after just one single hour
of soaking with the corn solution. A similar level of di-
gestibility was only obtained after 24 hours of soaking
with the other two treatments of soaking (tamarind and
water).

Whatever the enzymatic digestion time fixed, the taro
samples treated with tamarind infusion or corn solution
obtained a better *in vitro* digestibility than the taro treated
in the water. The 6-hour or more soaking process al-
lowed a highly digestible flour to be obtained (around 95%
of digestibility).

After a 3-hour soaking time and 3 hours of enzymatic
incubation, the digestibility of taro flour reached 93%
and 90% respectively with the tamarind infusion and the
corn solution. Therefore soaking in water should be of a
much longer duration (6 hours) and requires a longer
enzymatic incubation (9 hours) to reach a digestibility of
90%.

It requires only 3 hours of incubation time with the
α-amylase action to obtain an almost complete digestion
of starch.

In conclusion, these traditional practices are particu-
larly beneficial for the humans or animals with an amy-
lasic incapacity, such as infants being weaned from ma-
ternal milk or people with lower pancreatic capacity.

**Acknowledgements**

The authors are grateful to Chad French Embassy for the
financing of this project.
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