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114. Lowe, C.E.; O'Rahilly, S.; Rochford, J.J. Adipogenesis at a glance. *J. Cell Sci.* **2011**, *124*, 2681-2686.
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115. Xiong, Y.; Zhao, B.; Zhang, W.; Jia, L.; Zhang, Y.; Xu, X. Curcumin promotes osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells through the PI3K/AKT/Nrf2 signaling pathway. *Iran J. Basic Med. Sci.* **2020**, *23*, 954-960.

116. Xue, P.; Hu, X.; Chang, E.; Wang, L.; Chen, M.; Wu, T.H.; Lee, D.J.; Foster, B.L.; Tseng, H.C.; Ko, C.C. Deficiency of optineurin enhances osteoclast differentiation by attenuating the NRF2-mediated antioxidant response. *Exp. Mol. Med.* **2021**, *53*, 667-680.
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122. Sun, X.; Li, X.; Jia, H.; Wang, H.; Shui, G.; Qin, Y.; Shu, X.; Wang, Y.; Dong, J.; Liu, G.; et al. Nuclear Factor E2-Related Factor 2 Mediates Oxidative Stress-Induced Lipid Accumulation in Adipocytes by Increasing Adipogenesis and Decreasing Lipolysis. *Antioxid. Redox Signal.* **2020**, *32*, 173–192. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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126. Pi, J.; Leung, L.; Xue, P.; Wang, W.; Hou, Y.; Liu, D.; Yehuda-Shnaidman, E.; Lee, C.; Lau, J.; Kurtz, T.W.; et al. Deficiency in the nuclear factor E2-related factor-2 transcription factor results in impaired adipogenesis and protects against diet-induced obesity. *J. Biol. Chem.* **2010**, *285*, 9292–9300. [CrossRef]

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128. Si, Z.P.; Wang, G.; Han, S.S.; Jin, Y.; Hu, Y.X.; He, M.Y.; Brand-Saberi, B.; Yang, X.; Liu, G.S. CNTF and Nrf2 Are Coordinately Involved in Regulating Self-Renewal and Differentiation of Neural Stem Cell during Embryonic Development. *iScience* **2019**, *19*, 303–315. [CrossRef]

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134. Steele, M.L.; Fuller, S.; Patel, M.; Kersaitis, C.; Ooi, L.; Munch, G. Effect of Nrf2 activators on release of glutathione, cysteinylglycine and homocysteine by human U373 astroglial cells. *Redox Biol.* **2013**, *1*, 441–445. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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118. Yoon, D.S.; Choi, Y.; Lee, J.W. Cellular localization of NRF2 determines the self-renewal and osteogenic differentiation potential of human MSCs via the P53-SIRT1 axis. *Cell Death Dis.* **2016**, *7*, e2093. [CrossRef]

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120. Haider, N.; Larose, L. Activation of the PDGFRalpha-Nrf2 pathway mediates impaired adipocyte differentiation in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells lacking Nck1. *Cell Commun. Signal.* **2020**, *18*, 26. [CrossRef]

121. Yang, J.; Sung, J.; Kim, Y.; Jeong, H.S.; Lee, J. Inhibitory Effects of Butein on Adipogenesis through Upregulation of the Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes. *Prev. Nutr. Food Sci.* **2017**, *22*, 306–311. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

122. Sun, X.; Li, X.; Jia, H.; Wang, H.; Shui, G.; Qin, Y.; Shu, X.; Wang, Y.; Dong, J.; Liu, G.; et al. Nuclear Factor E2-Related Factor 2 Mediates Oxidative Stress-Induced Lipid Accumulation in Adipocytes by Increasing Adipogenesis and Decreasing Lipolysis. *Antioxid. Redox Signal.* **2020**, *32*, 173–192. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

123. Hou, Y.; Xue, P.; Bai, Y.; Liu, D.; Woods, C.G.; Yarborough, K.; Fu, J.; Zhang, Q.; Sun, G.; Collins, S.; et al. Nuclear factor erythroid-derived factor 2-related factor 2 regulates transcription of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta during adipogenesis. *Free Radic. Biol. Med.* **2012**, *52*, 462–472. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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125. Jiang, X.S.; Cai, M.Y.; Li, X.J.; Zhong, Q.; Li, M.L.; Xia, Y.F.; Shen, Q.; Du, X.G.; Gan, H. Activation of the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway protects against palmitic acid-induced renal tubular epithelial cell injury by ameliorating mitochondrial reactive oxygen species-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction. *Front. Med.* **2022**, *9*, 939149. [CrossRef]

126. Pi, J.; Leung, L.; Xue, P.; Wang, W.; Hou, Y.; Liu, D.; Yehuda-Shnaidman, E.; Lee, C.; Lau, J.; Kurtz, T.W.; et al. Deficiency in the nuclear factor E2-related factor-2 transcription factor results in impaired adipogenesis and protects against diet-induced obesity. *J. Biol. Chem.* **2010**, *285*, 9292–9300. [CrossRef]

127. Zhan, J.; Li, X.; Luo, D.; Hou, Y.; Hou, Y.; Chen, S.; Xiao, Z.; Luan, J.; Lin, D. Polydatin promotes the neuronal differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in vitro and in vivo: Involvement of Nrf2 signaling pathway. *J. Cell. Mol. Med.* **2020**, *24*, 5317–5329. [CrossRef]

128. Si, Z.P.; Wang, G.; Han, S.S.; Jin, Y.; Hu, Y.X.; He, M.Y.; Brand-Saberi, B.; Yang, X.; Liu, G.S. CNTF and Nrf2 Are Coordinately Involved in Regulating Self-Renewal and Differentiation of Neural Stem Cell during Embryonic Development. *iScience* **2019**, *19*, 303–315. [CrossRef]

129. Karkkainen, V.; Pomeshchik, Y.; Savchenko, E.; Dhungana, H.; Kurronen, A.; Lehtonen, S.; Naumenko, N.; Tavi, P.; Levonen, A.L.; Yamamoto, M.; et al. Nrf2 regulates neurogenesis and protects neural progenitor cells against Abeta toxicity. *Stem Cells* **2014**, *32*, 1904–1916. [CrossRef]

130. Xia, B.; Liu, H.; Xie, J.; Wu, R.; Li, Y. Akt enhances nerve growth factor-induced axon growth via activating the Nrf2/ARE pathway. *Int. J. Mol. Med.* **2015**, *36*, 1426–1432. [CrossRef]

131. Liu, J.; Wang, L.; Du, Y.; Liu, S. An Important Function of Petrosiol E in Inducing the Differentiation of Neuronal Progenitors and in Protecting Them against Oxidative Stress. *Adv. Sci.* **2017**, *4*, 1700089. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

132. Pistollato, F.; Canovas-Jorda, D.; Zagoura, D.; Bal-Price, A. Nrf2 pathway activation upon rotenone treatment in human iPSC-derived neural stem cells undergoing differentiation towards neurons and astrocytes. *Neurochem. Int.* **2017**, *108*, 457–471. [CrossRef]

133. Sigfridsson, E.; Marangoni, M.; Johnson, J.A.; Hardingham, G.E.; Fowler, J.H.; Horsburgh, K. Astrocyte-specific overexpression of Nrf2 protects against optic tract damage and behavioural alterations in a mouse model of cerebral hypoperfusion. *Sci. Rep.* **2018**, *8*, 12552. [CrossRef]

134. Steele, M.L.; Fuller, S.; Patel, M.; Kersaitis, C.; Ooi, L.; Munch, G. Effect of Nrf2 activators on release of glutathione, cysteinylglycine and homocysteine by human U373 astroglial cells. *Redox Biol.* **2013**, *1*, 441–445. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

135. Kang, K.A.; Hyun, J.W. Oxidative Stress, Nrf2, and Epigenetic Modification Contribute to Anticancer Drug Resistance. *Toxicol. Res.* **2017**, *33*, 1–5. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

136. Kim, D.H.; Jang, J.H.; Kwon, O.S.; Cha, H.J.; Youn, H.J.; Chun, K.S.; Surh, Y.J. Nuclear Factor Erythroid-Derived 2-Like 2-Induced Reductive Stress Favors Self-Renewal of Breast Cancer Stem-Like Cells via the FoxO3a-Bmi-1 Axis. *Antioxid. Redox Signal.* **2020**, *32*, 1313–1329. [CrossRef]

137. Park, J.; Kim, S.K.; Hallis, S.P.; Choi, B.H.; Kwak, M.K. Role of CD133/NRF2 Axis in the Development of Colon Cancer Stem Cell-Like Properties. *Front. Oncol.* **2021**, *11*, 808300. [CrossRef]

138. Phi, L.T.H.; Sari, I.N.; Yang, Y.G.; Lee, S.H.; Jun, N.; Kim, K.S.; Lee, Y.K.; Kwon, H.Y. Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) in Drug Resistance and their Therapeutic Implications in Cancer Treatment. *Stem Cells Int.* **2018**, *2018*, 5416923. [CrossRef]

139. Lamichhane, A.; Shahi Thakuri, P.; Singh, S.; Rafsanjani Nejad, P.; Heiss, J.; Luker, G.D.; Tavana, H. Therapeutic Targeting of Cancer Stem Cells Prevents Resistance of Colorectal Cancer Cells to MEK Inhibition. *ACS Pharmacol. Transl. Sci.* **2022**, *5*, 724–734. [CrossRef]
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158. Kahremany, S.; Hofmann, L.; Eretz-Kdosha, N.; Silberstein, E.; Gruzman, A.; Cohen, G. SH-29 and SK-119 Attenuates Air-Pollution Induced Damage by Activating Nrf2 in HaCaT Cells. *Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health* **2021**, *18*, [CrossRef]

159. Helou, D.G.; Martin, S.F.; Pallardy, M.; Chollet-Martin, S.; Kerdine-Romer, S. Nrf2 Involvement in Chemical-Induced Skin Innate Immunity. *Front. Immunol.* **2019**, *10*, 1004. [CrossRef]

160. D'Autreaux, B.; Toledano, M.B. ROS as signaling molecules: Mechanisms that generate specificity in ROS homeostasis. *Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol.* **2007**, *8*, 813–824. [CrossRef]

161. Paiva, C.N.; Bozza, M.T. Are reactive oxygen species always detrimental to pathogens? *Antioxid. Redox Signal.* **2014**, *20*, 1000–1037. [CrossRef]

162. Vivarini, A.C.; Lopes, U.G. The Potential Role of Nrf2 Signaling in *Leishmania* Infection Outcomes. *Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.* **2019**, *9*, 453. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

163. Anrather, J.; Racchumi, G.; Iadecola, C. NF-kappaB regulates phagocytic NADPH oxidase by inducing the expression of gp91phox. *J. Biol. Chem.* **2006**, *281*, 5657–5667. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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146. Zhao, M.; Murakami, S.; Matsumaru, D.; Kawauchi, T.; Nabeshima, Y.I.; Motohashi, H. NRF2 pathway activation attenuates ageing-related renal phenotypes due to alpha-klotho deficiency. *J. Biochem.* **2022**, *171*, 579–589. [CrossRef]

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149. Zheng, W.; Xie, W.; Yin, D.; Luo, R.; Liu, M.; Guo, F. ATG5 and ATG7 induced autophagy interplays with UPR via PERK signaling. *Cell Commun. Signal.* **2019**, *17*, 42. [CrossRef]

150. Chen, W.; Sun, Z.; Wang, X.J.; Jiang, T.; Huang, Z.; Fang, D.; Zhang, D.D. Direct interaction between Nrf2 and p21(Cip1/WAF1) upregulates the Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response. *Mol. Cell* **2009**, *34*, 663–673. [CrossRef]

151. Kang, K.A.; Piao, M.J.; Hyun, Y.J.; Zhen, A.X.; Cho, S.J.; Ahn, M.J.; Yi, J.M.; Hyun, J.W. Luteolin promotes apoptotic cell death via upregulation of Nrf2 expression by DNA demethylase and the interaction of Nrf2 with p53 in human colon cancer cells. *Exp. Mol. Med.* **2019**, *51*, 1–14. [CrossRef]

152. Lapczuk-Romanska, J.; Wajda, A.; Pius-Sadowska, E.; Kurzawski, M.; Niedzielski, A.; Machalinski, B.; Drozdzik, M. Effects of simvastatin on nuclear receptors, drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters expression in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells. *Pharmacol. Rep.* **2018**, *70*, 875–880. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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155. El-Shitany, N.A.; Eid, B.G. Icariin modulates carrageenan-induced acute inflammation through HO-1/Nrf2 and NF-kB signaling pathways. *Biomed. Pharmacother.* **2019**, *120*, 109567. [CrossRef]

156. Shelar, S.B.; Narasimhan, M.; Shanmugam, G.; Litovsky, S.H.; Gounder, S.S.; Karan, G.; Arulvasu, C.; Kensler, T.W.; Hoidal, J.R.; Darley-Usmar, V.M.; et al. Disruption of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived-2)-like 2 antioxidant signaling: A mechanism for impaired activation of stem cells and delayed regeneration of skeletal muscle. *FASEB J.* **2016**, *30*, 1865–1879. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

157. Lee, Y.; Shin, J.M.; Jang, S.; Choi, D.K.; Seo, M.S.; Kim, H.R.; Sohn, K.C.; Im, M.; Seo, Y.J.; Lee, J.H.; et al. Role of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in epidermal differentiation. *Arch. Dermatol. Res.* **2014**, *306*, 677–682. [CrossRef]

158. Kahremany, S.; Hofmann, L.; Eretz-Kdosha, N.; Silberstein, E.; Gruzman, A.; Cohen, G. SH-29 and SK-119 Attenuates Air-Pollution Induced Damage by Activating Nrf2 in HaCaT Cells. *Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health* **2021**, *18*, [CrossRef]

159. Helou, D.G.; Martin, S.F.; Pallardy, M.; Chollet-Martin, S.; Kerdine-Romer, S. Nrf2 Involvement in Chemical-Induced Skin Innate Immunity. *Front. Immunol.* **2019**, *10*, 1004. [CrossRef]

160. D'Autreaux, B.; Toledano, M.B. ROS as signaling molecules: Mechanisms that generate specificity in ROS homeostasis. *Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol.* **2007**, *8*, 813–824. [CrossRef]

161. Paiva, C.N.; Bozza, M.T. Are reactive oxygen species always detrimental to pathogens? *Antioxid. Redox Signal.* **2014**, *20*, 1000–1037. [CrossRef]

162. Vivarini, A.C.; Lopes, U.G. The Potential Role of Nrf2 Signaling in *Leishmania* Infection Outcomes. *Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.* **2019**, *9*, 453. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

163. Anrather, J.; Racchumi, G.; Iadecola, C. NF-kappaB regulates phagocytic NADPH oxidase by inducing the expression of gp91phox. *J. Biol. Chem.* **2006**, *281*, 5657–5667. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

164. Suzuki, T.; Motohashi, H.; Yamamoto, M. Toward clinical application of the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway. *Trends Pharmacol. Sci.* **2013**, *34*, 340–346. [CrossRef]
165. Kensler, T.W.; Wakabayashi, N.; Biswal, S. Cell survival responses to environmental stresses via the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway. *Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol.* **2007**, *47*, 89–116. [CrossRef]

166. Sykiotis, G.P.; Bohmann, D. Stress-activated cap'n'collar transcription factors in aging and human disease. *Sci. Signal.* **2010**, *3*, re3. [CrossRef]

167. Rada, P.; Rojo, A.I.; Chowdhry, S.; McMahon, M.; Hayes, J.D.; Cuadrado, A. SCF/beta-TrCP promotes glycogen synthase kinase 3-dependent degradation of the Nrf2 transcription factor in a Keap1-independent manner. *Mol. Cell. Biol.* **2011**, *31*, 1121–1133. [CrossRef]

168. Wu, T.; Zhao, F.; Gao, B.; Tan, C.; Yagishita, N.; Nakajima, T.; Wong, P.K.; Chapman, E.; Fang, D.; Zhang, D.D. Hrd1 suppresses Nrf2-mediated cellular protection during liver cirrhosis. *Genes Dev.* **2014**, *28*, 708–722. [CrossRef]

169. Cullinan, S.B.; Zhang, D.; Hannink, M.; Arvisais, E.; Kaufman, R.J.; Diehl, J.A. Nrf2 is a direct PERK substrate and effector of PERK-dependent cell survival. *Mol. Cell. Biol.* **2003**, *23*, 7198–7209. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

170. Pekovic-Vaughan, V.; Gibbs, J.; Yoshitane, H.; Yang, N.; Pathiranage, D.; Guo, B.; Sagami, A.; Taguchi, K.; Bechtold, D.; Loudon, A.; et al. The circadian clock regulates rhythmic activation of the NRF2/glutathione-mediated antioxidant defense pathway to modulate pulmonary fibrosis. *Genes Dev.* **2014**, *28*, 548–560. [CrossRef]

171. Morada, M.; Pendyala, L.; Wu, G.; Merali, S.; Yarlett, N. Cryptosporidium parvum induces an endoplasmic stress response in the intestinal adenocarcinoma HCT-8 cell line. *J. Biol. Chem.* **2013**, *288*, 30356–30364. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

172. Aldaba-Muruato, L.R.; Munoz-Ortega, M.H.; Macias-Perez, J.R.; Pulido-Ortega, J.; Martinez-Hernandez, S.L.; Ventura-Juarez, J. Adrenergic regulation during acute hepatic infection with *Entamoeba histolytica* in the hamster: Involvement of oxidative stress, Nrf2 and NF-KappaB. *Parasite* **2017**, *24*, 46. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

173. Ramos, S.; Carlos, A.R.; Sundaram, B.; Jeney, V.; Ribeiro, A.; Gozzelino, R.; Bank, C.; Gjini, E.; Braza, F.; Martins, R.; et al. Renal control of disease tolerance to malaria. *Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA* **2019**, *116*, 5681–5686. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

174. Xu, L.; Sang, R.; Yu, Y.; Li, J.; Ge, B.; Zhang, X. The polysaccharide from *Inonotus obliquus* protects mice from *Toxoplasma gondii*-induced liver injury. *Int. J. Biol. Macromol.* **2019**, *125*, 1–8. [CrossRef]

175. Vivarini, A.C.; Calegari-Silva, T.C.; Saliba, A.M.; Boaventura, V.S.; Franca-Costa, J.; Khouri, R.; Dierckx, T.; Dias-Teixeira, K.L.; Fasel, N.; Barral, A.M.P.; et al. Systems Approach Reveals Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2/Protein Kinase R Crosstalk in Human Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. *Front. Immunol.* **2017**, *8*, 1127. [CrossRef]

176. Mukbel, R.M.; Patten, C., Jr.; Gibson, K.; Ghosh, M.; Petersen, C.; Jones, D.E. Macrophage killing of *Leishmania amazonensis* amastigotes requires both nitric oxide and superoxide. *Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.* **2007**, *76*, 669–675. [CrossRef]

177. Khouri, R.; Bafica, A.; Silva Mda, P.; Noronha, A.; Kolb, J.P.; Wietzerbin, J.; Barral, A.; Barral-Netto, M.; Van Weyenbergh, J. IFN-beta impairs superoxide-dependent parasite killing in human macrophages: Evidence for a deleterious role of SOD1 in cutaneous leishmaniasis. *J. Immunol.* **2009**, *182*, 2525–2531. [CrossRef]

178. Khouri, R.; Novais, F.; Santana, G.; de Oliveira, C.I.; Vannier dos Santos, M.A.; Barral, A.; Barral-Netto, M.; Van Weyenbergh, J. DETC induces *Leishmania* parasite killing in human in vitro and murine in vivo models: A promising therapeutic alternative in Leishmaniasis. *PLoS ONE* **2010**, *5*, e14394. [CrossRef]

179. Khouri, R.; Santos, G.S.; Soares, G.; Costa, J.M.; Barral, A.; Barral-Netto, M.; Van Weyenbergh, J. SOD1 plasma level as a biomarker for therapeutic failure in cutaneous leishmaniasis. *J. Infect. Dis.* **2014**, *210*, 306–310. [CrossRef]

180. Pourfallah, F.; Javadian, S.; Zamani, Z.; Saghiri, R.; Sadeghi, S.; Zarea, B.; Faiaz, S.; Mirkhani, F.; Fatemi, N. Evaluation of serum levels of zinc, copper, iron, and zinc/copper ratio in cutaneous leishmaniasis. *Iran J. Arthropod. Borne Dis.* **2009**, *3*, 7–11.

181. Barreto-de-Souza, V.; Ferreira, P.L.; Vivarini Ade, C.; Calegari-Silva, T.; Soares, D.C.; Regis, E.G.; Pereira, R.M.; Silva, A.M.; Saraiva, E.M.; Lopes, U.G.; et al. IL-27 enhances *Leishmania amazonensis* infection via ds-RNA dependent kinase (PKR) and IL-10 signaling. *Immunobiology* **2015**, *220*, 437–444. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

182. Pereira, R.M.; Teixeira, K.L.; Barreto-de-Souza, V.; Calegari-Silva, T.C.; De-Melo, L.D.; Soares, D.C.; Bou-Habib, D.C.; Silva, A.M.; Saraiva, E.M.; Lopes, U.G. Novel role for the double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase PKR: Modulation of macrophage infection by the protozoan parasite *Leishmania*. *FASEB J.* **2010**, *24*, 617–626. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

183. Rath, C.T.; Schnellrath, L.C.; Damaso, C.R.; de Arruda, L.B.; Vasconcelos, P.; Gomes, C.; Laurenti, M.D.; Calegari Silva, T.C.; Vivarini, A.C.; Fasel, N.; et al. Amazonian *Phlebovirus* (*Bunyaviridae*) potentiates the infection of *Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis*: Role of the PKR/IFN1/IL-10 axis. *PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis.* **2019**, *13*, e0007500. [CrossRef]

184. Vivarini Ade, C.; Pereira Rde, M.; Barreto-de-Souza, V.; Temerozo, J.R.; Soares, D.C.; Saraiva, E.M.; Saliba, A.M.; Bou-Habib, D.C.; Lopes, U.G. HIV-1 Tat protein enhances the intracellular growth of *Leishmania amazonensis* via the ds-RNA induced protein PKR. *Sci. Rep.* **2015**, *5*, 16777. [CrossRef]

185. Vivarini Ade, C.; Pereira Rde, M.; Teixeira, K.L.; Calegari-Silva, T.C.; Bellio, M.; Laurenti, M.D.; Corbett, C.E.; Gomes, C.M.; Soares, R.P.; Silva, A.M.; et al. Human cutaneous leishmaniasis: Interferon-dependent expression of double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) via TLR2. *FASEB J.* **2011**, *25*, 4162–4173. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

186. Lee, J.; Giordano, S.; Zhang, J. Autophagy, mitochondria and oxidative stress: Cross-talk and redox signaling. *Biochem. J.* **2012**, *441*, 523–540. [CrossRef]

187. Dias, B.R.S.; de Souza, C.S.; Almeida, N.J.; Lima, J.G.B.; Fukutani, K.F.; Dos Santos, T.B.S.; Franca-Cost, J.; Brodskyn, C.I.; de Menezes, J.P.B.; Colombo, M.I.; et al. Autophagic Induction Greatly Enhances *Leishmania major* Intracellular Survival Compared to *Leishmania amazonensis* in CBA/j-Infected Macrophages. *Front. Microbiol.* **2018**, *9*, 1890. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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166. Sykiotis, G.P.; Bohmann, D. Stress-activated cap'n'collar transcription factors in aging and human disease. *Sci. Signal.* **2010**, *3*, re3. [CrossRef]

167. Rada, P.; Rojo, A.I.; Chowdhry, S.; McMahon, M.; Hayes, J.D.; Cuadrado, A. SCF/beta-TrCP promotes glycogen synthase kinase 3-dependent degradation of the Nrf2 transcription factor in a Keap1-independent manner. *Mol. Cell. Biol.* **2011**, *31*, 1121–1133. [CrossRef]

168. Wu, T.; Zhao, F.; Gao, B.; Tan, C.; Yagishita, N.; Nakajima, T.; Wong, P.K.; Chapman, E.; Fang, D.; Zhang, D.D. Hrd1 suppresses Nrf2-mediated cellular protection during liver cirrhosis. *Genes Dev.* **2014**, *28*, 708–722. [CrossRef]

169. Cullinan, S.B.; Zhang, D.; Hannink, M.; Arvisais, E.; Kaufman, R.J.; Diehl, J.A. Nrf2 is a direct PERK substrate and effector of PERK-dependent cell survival. *Mol. Cell. Biol.* **2003**, *23*, 7198–7209. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

170. Pekovic-Vaughan, V.; Gibbs, J.; Yoshitane, H.; Yang, N.; Pathiranage, D.; Guo, B.; Sagami, A.; Taguchi, K.; Bechtold, D.; Loudon, A.; et al. The circadian clock regulates rhythmic activation of the NRF2/glutathione-mediated antioxidant defense pathway to modulate pulmonary fibrosis. *Genes Dev.* **2014**, *28*, 548–560. [CrossRef]

171. Morada, M.; Pendyala, L.; Wu, G.; Merali, S.; Yarlett, N. Cryptosporidium parvum induces an endoplasmic stress response in the intestinal adenocarcinoma HCT-8 cell line. *J. Biol. Chem.* **2013**, *288*, 30356–30364. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

172. Aldaba-Muruato, L.R.; Munoz-Ortega, M.H.; Macias-Perez, J.R.; Pulido-Ortega, J.; Martinez-Hernandez, S.L.; Ventura-Juarez, J. Adrenergic regulation during acute hepatic infection with *Entamoeba histolytica* in the hamster: Involvement of oxidative stress, Nrf2 and NF-KappaB. *Parasite* **2017**, *24*, 46. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

173. Ramos, S.; Carlos, A.R.; Sundaram, B.; Jeney, V.; Ribeiro, A.; Gozzelino, R.; Bank, C.; Gjini, E.; Braza, F.; Martins, R.; et al. Renal control of disease tolerance to malaria. *Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA* **2019**, *116*, 5681–5686. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

174. Xu, L.; Sang, R.; Yu, Y.; Li, J.; Ge, B.; Zhang, X. The polysaccharide from *Inonotus obliquus* protects mice from *Toxoplasma gondii*-induced liver injury. *Int. J. Biol. Macromol.* **2019**, *125*, 1–8. [CrossRef]

175. Vivarini, A.C.; Calegari-Silva, T.C.; Saliba, A.M.; Boaventura, V.S.; Franca-Costa, J.; Khouri, R.; Dierckx, T.; Dias-Teixeira, K.L.; Fasel, N.; Barral, A.M.P.; et al. Systems Approach Reveals Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2/Protein Kinase R Crosstalk in Human Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. *Front. Immunol.* **2017**, *8*, 1127. [CrossRef]

176. Mukbel, R.M.; Patten, C., Jr.; Gibson, K.; Ghosh, M.; Petersen, C.; Jones, D.E. Macrophage killing of *Leishmania amazonensis* amastigotes requires both nitric oxide and superoxide. *Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.* **2007**, *76*, 669–675. [CrossRef]

177. Khouri, R.; Bafica, A.; Silva Mda, P.; Noronha, A.; Kolb, J.P.; Wietzerbin, J.; Barral, A.; Barral-Netto, M.; Van Weyenbergh, J. IFN-beta impairs superoxide-dependent parasite killing in human macrophages: Evidence for a deleterious role of SOD1 in cutaneous leishmaniasis. *J. Immunol.* **2009**, *182*, 2525–2531. [CrossRef]

178. Khouri, R.; Novais, F.; Santana, G.; de Oliveira, C.I.; Vannier dos Santos, M.A.; Barral, A.; Barral-Netto, M.; Van Weyenbergh, J. DETC induces *Leishmania* parasite killing in human in vitro and murine in vivo models: A promising therapeutic alternative in Leishmaniasis. *PLoS ONE* **2010**, *5*, e14394. [CrossRef]

179. Khouri, R.; Santos, G.S.; Soares, G.; Costa, J.M.; Barral, A.; Barral-Netto, M.; Van Weyenbergh, J. SOD1 plasma level as a biomarker for therapeutic failure in cutaneous leishmaniasis. *J. Infect. Dis.* **2014**, *210*, 306–310. [CrossRef]

180. Pourfallah, F.; Javadian, S.; Zamani, Z.; Saghiri, R.; Sadeghi, S.; Zarea, B.; Faiaz, S.; Mirkhani, F.; Fatemi, N. Evaluation of serum levels of zinc, copper, iron, and zinc/copper ratio in cutaneous leishmaniasis. *Iran J. Arthropod. Borne Dis.* **2009**, *3*, 7–11.

181. Barreto-de-Souza, V.; Ferreira, P.L.; Vivarini Ade, C.; Calegari-Silva, T.; Soares, D.C.; Regis, E.G.; Pereira, R.M.; Silva, A.M.; Saraiva, E.M.; Lopes, U.G.; et al. IL-27 enhances *Leishmania amazonensis* infection via ds-RNA dependent kinase (PKR) and IL-10 signaling. *Immunobiology* **2015**, *220*, 437–444. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

182. Pereira, R.M.; Teixeira, K.L.; Barreto-de-Souza, V.; Calegari-Silva, T.C.; De-Melo, L.D.; Soares, D.C.; Bou-Habib, D.C.; Silva, A.M.; Saraiva, E.M.; Lopes, U.G. Novel role for the double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase PKR: Modulation of macrophage infection by the protozoan parasite *Leishmania*. *FASEB J.* **2010**, *24*, 617–626. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

183. Rath, C.T.; Schnellrath, L.C.; Damaso, C.R.; de Arruda, L.B.; Vasconcelos, P.; Gomes, C.; Laurenti, M.D.; Calegari Silva, T.C.; Vivarini, A.C.; Fasel, N.; et al. Amazonian *Phlebovirus* (*Bunyaviridae*) potentiates the infection of *Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis*: Role of the PKR/IFN1/IL-10 axis. *PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis.* **2019**, *13*, e0007500. [CrossRef]

184. Vivarini Ade, C.; Pereira Rde, M.; Barreto-de-Souza, V.; Temerozo, J.R.; Soares, D.C.; Saraiva, E.M.; Saliba, A.M.; Bou-Habib, D.C.; Lopes, U.G. HIV-1 Tat protein enhances the intracellular growth of *Leishmania amazonensis* via the ds-RNA induced protein PKR. *Sci. Rep.* **2015**, *5*, 16777. [CrossRef]

185. Vivarini Ade, C.; Pereira Rde, M.; Teixeira, K.L.; Calegari-Silva, T.C.; Bellio, M.; Laurenti, M.D.; Corbett, C.E.; Gomes, C.M.; Soares, R.P.; Silva, A.M.; et al. Human cutaneous leishmaniasis: Interferon-dependent expression of double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) via TLR2. *FASEB J.* **2011**, *25*, 4162–4173. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

186. Lee, J.; Giordano, S.; Zhang, J. Autophagy, mitochondria and oxidative stress: Cross-talk and redox signaling. *Biochem. J.* **2012**, *441*, 523–540. [CrossRef]

187. Dias, B.R.S.; de Souza, C.S.; Almeida, N.J.; Lima, J.G.B.; Fukutani, K.F.; Dos Santos, T.B.S.; Franca-Cost, J.; Brodskyn, C.I.; de Menezes, J.P.B.; Colombo, M.I.; et al. Autophagic Induction Greatly Enhances *Leishmania major* Intracellular Survival Compared to *Leishmania amazonensis* in CBA/j-Infected Macrophages. *Front. Microbiol.* **2018**, *9*, 1890. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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189. Talloczy, Z.; Jiang, W.; Virgin, H.W.T.; Leib, D.A.; Scheuner, D.; Kaufman, R.J.; Eskelinen, E.L.; Levine, B. Regulation of starvation- and virus-induced autophagy by the eIF2alpha kinase signaling pathway. *Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA* **2002**, *99*, 190–195. [CrossRef]

190. Dias-Teixeira, K.L.; Calegari-Silva, T.C.; Medina, J.M.; Vivarini, A.C.; Cavalcanti, A.; Teteo, N.; Santana, A.K.M.; Real, F.; Gomes, C.M.; Pereira, R.M.S.; et al. Emerging Role for the PERK/eIF2alpha/ATF4 in Human Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. *Sci. Rep.* **2017**, *7*, 17074. [CrossRef]

191. Luz, N.F.; Andrade, B.B.; Feijo, D.F.; Araujo-Santos, T.; Carvalho, G.Q.; Andrade, D.; Abanades, D.R.; Melo, E.V.; Silva, A.M.; Brodskyn, C.I.; et al. Heme oxygenase-1 promotes the persistence of *Leishmania chagasi* infection. *J. Immunol.* **2012**, *188*, 4460–4467. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

192. Luz, N.F.; DeSouza-Vieira, T.; De Castro, W.; Vivarini, A.C.; Pereira, L.; Franca, R.R.; Silveira-Mattos, P.S.; Costa, D.L.; Teixeira, C.; Meneses, C.; et al. *Lutzomyia longipalpis* Saliva Induces Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression at Bite Sites. *Front. Immunol.* **2018**, *9*, 2779. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

193. de Menezes, J.P.B.; Khouri, R.; Oliveira, C.V.S.; Petersen, A.; de Almeida, T.F.; Mendes, F.R.L.; Reboucas, A.; Lorentz, A.L.; Luz, N.F.; Lima, J.B.; et al. Proteomic Analysis Reveals a Predominant NFE2L2 (NRF2) Signature in Canonical Pathway and Upstream Regulator Analysis of *Leishmania*-Infected Macrophages. *Front. Immunol.* **2019**, *10*, 1362. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

194. Parmar, N.; Chandrakar, P.; Vishwakarma, P.; Singh, K.; Mitra, K.; Kar, S. *Leishmania donovani* Exploits Tollip, a Multitasking Protein, To Impair TLR/IL-1R Signaling for Its Survival in the Host. *J. Immunol.* **2018**, *201*, 957–970. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

195. Page, A.; Volchkova, V.A.; Reid, S.P.; Mateo, M.; Bagnaud-Baule, A.; Nemirov, K.; Shurtleff, A.C.; Lawrence, P.; Reynard, O.; Ottmann, M.; et al. Marburgvirus hijacks nrf2-dependent pathway by targeting nrf2-negative regulator keap1. *Cell Rep.* **2014**, *6*, 1026–1036. [CrossRef]

196. Edwards, M.R.; Johnson, B.; Mire, C.E.; Xu, W.; Shabman, R.S.; Speller, L.N.; Leung, D.W.; Geisbert, T.W.; Amarasinghe, G.K.; Basler, C.F. The Marburg virus VP24 protein interacts with Keap1 to activate the cytoprotective antioxidant response pathway. *Cell Rep.* **2014**, *6*, 1017–1025. [CrossRef]

197. Kosmider, B.; Messier, E.M.; Janssen, W.J.; Nahreini, P.; Wang, J.; Hartshorn, K.L.; Mason, R.J. Nrf2 protects human alveolar epithelial cells against injury induced by influenza A virus. *Respir. Res.* **2012**, *13*, 43. [CrossRef]

198. Olagnier, D.; Peri, S.; Steel, C.; van Montfoort, N.; Chiang, C.; Beljanski, V.; Slifker, M.; He, Z.; Nichols, C.N.; Lin, R.; et al. Cellular oxidative stress response controls the antiviral and apoptotic programs in dengue virus-infected dendritic cells. *PLoS Pathog.* **2014**, *10*, e1004566. [CrossRef]

199. Sun, T.; Yu, H.Y.; Zhang, C.L.; Zhu, T.N.; Huang, S.H. Respiratory syncytial virus infection up-regulates TLR7 expression by inducing oxidative stress via the Nrf2/ARE pathway in A549 cells. *Arch. Virol.* **2018**, *163*, 1209–1217. [CrossRef]

200. Komaravelli, N.; Tian, B.; Ivanciu, T.; Mautemps, N.; Brasier, A.R.; Garofalo, R.P.; Casola, A. Respiratory syncytial virus infection down-regulates antioxidant enzyme expression by triggering deacetylation-proteasomal degradation of Nrf2. *Free Radic. Biol. Med.* **2015**, *88*, 391–403. [CrossRef]

201. Mastrantonio, R.; Cervelli, M.; Pietropaoli, S.; Mariottini, P.; Colasanti, M.; Persichini, T. HIV-Tat Induces the Nrf2/ARE Pathway through NMDA Receptor-Elicited Spermine Oxidase Activation in Human Neuroblastoma Cells. *PLoS ONE* **2016**, *11*, e0149802. [CrossRef]

202. Liu, B.; Fang, M.; He, Z.; Cui, D.; Jia, S.; Lin, X.; Xu, X.; Zhou, T.; Liu, W. Hepatitis B virus stimulates G6PD expression through HBx-mediated Nrf2 activation. *Cell Death Dis.* **2015**, *6*, e1980. [CrossRef]

203. Ivanov, A.V.; Smirnova, O.A.; Ivanova, O.N.; Masalova, O.V.; Kochetkov, S.N.; Isaguliants, M.G. Hepatitis C virus proteins activate NRF2/ARE pathway by distinct ROS-dependent and independent mechanisms in HUH7 cells. *PLoS ONE* **2011**, *6*, e24957. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

204. Lee, J.; Koh, K.; Kim, Y.E.; Ahn, J.H.; Kim, S. Upregulation of Nrf2 expression by human cytomegalovirus infection protects host cells from oxidative stress. *J. Gen. Virol.* **2013**, *94*, 1658–1668. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

205. Choi, Y.; Jiang, Z.; Shin, W.J.; Jung, J.U. Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus NSs Interacts with TRIM21 To Activate the p62-Keap1-Nrf2 Pathway. *J. Virol.* **2020**, *94*, e01684-19. [CrossRef]

206. Nairz, M.; Schleicher, U.; Schroll, A.; Sonnweber, T.; Theurl, I.; Ludwiczek, S.; Talasz, H.; Brandacher, G.; Moser, P.L.; Muckenthaler, M.U.; et al. Nitric oxide-mediated regulation of ferroportin-1 controls macrophage iron homeostasis and immune function in *Salmonella* infection. *J. Exp. Med.* **2013**, *210*, 855–873. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

207. Gomez, J.C.; Dang, H.; Martin, J.R.; Doerschuk, C.M. Nrf2 Modulates Host Defense during *Streptococcus pneumoniae* Pneumonia in Mice. *J. Immunol.* **2016**, *197*, 2864–2879. [CrossRef]

208. Joshi, C.S.; Mora, A.; Felder, P.A.; Mysorekar, I.U. NRF2 promotes urothelial cell response to bacterial infection by regulating reactive oxygen species and RAB27B expression. *Cell Rep.* **2021**, *37*, 109856. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

209. Harvey, C.J.; Thimmulappa, R.K.; Sethi, S.; Kong, X.; Yarmus, L.; Brown, R.H.; Feller-Kopman, D.; Wise, R.; Biswal, S. Targeting Nrf2 signaling improves bacterial clearance by alveolar macrophages in patients with COPD and in a mouse model. *Sci. Transl. Med.* **2011**, *3*, 78ra32. [CrossRef]

210. Paiva, C.N.; Feijo, D.F.; Dutra, F.F.; Carneiro, V.C.; Freitas, G.B.; Alves, L.S.; Mesquita, J.; Fortes, G.B.; Figueiredo, R.T.; Souza, H.S.; et al. Oxidative stress fuels *Trypanosoma cruzi* infection in mice. *J. Clin. Investig.* **2012**, *122*, 2531–2542. [CrossRef]
188. Pinheiro, R.O.; Nunes, M.P.; Pinheiro, C.S.; D'Avila, H.; Bozza, P.T.; Takiya, C.M.; Corte-Real, S.; Freire-de-Lima, C.G.; DosReis, G.A. Induction of autophagy correlates with increased parasite load of *Leishmania amazonensis* in BALB/c but not C57BL/6 macrophages. *Microbes Infect.* **2009**, *11*, 181–190. [CrossRef]

189. Talloczy, Z.; Jiang, W.; Virgin, H.W.T.; Leib, D.A.; Scheuner, D.; Kaufman, R.J.; Eskelinen, E.L.; Levine, B. Regulation of starvation- and virus-induced autophagy by the eIF2alpha kinase signaling pathway. *Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA* **2002**, *99*, 190–195. [CrossRef]

190. Dias-Teixeira, K.L.; Calegari-Silva, T.C.; Medina, J.M.; Vivarini, A.C.; Cavalcanti, A.; Teteo, N.; Santana, A.K.M.; Real, F.; Gomes, C.M.; Pereira, R.M.S.; et al. Emerging Role for the PERK/eIF2alpha/ATF4 in Human Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. *Sci. Rep.* **2017**, *7*, 17074. [CrossRef]

191. Luz, N.F.; Andrade, B.B.; Feijo, D.F.; Araujo-Santos, T.; Carvalho, G.Q.; Andrade, D.; Abanades, D.R.; Melo, E.V.; Silva, A.M.; Brodskyn, C.I.; et al. Heme oxygenase-1 promotes the persistence of *Leishmania chagasi* infection. *J. Immunol.* **2012**, *188*, 4460–4467. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

192. Luz, N.F.; DeSouza-Vieira, T.; De Castro, W.; Vivarini, A.C.; Pereira, L.; Franca, R.R.; Silveira-Mattos, P.S.; Costa, D.L.; Teixeira, C.; Meneses, C.; et al. *Lutzomyia longipalpis* Saliva Induces Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression at Bite Sites. *Front. Immunol.* **2018**, *9*, 2779. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

193. de Menezes, J.P.B.; Khouri, R.; Oliveira, C.V.S.; Petersen, A.; de Almeida, T.F.; Mendes, F.R.L.; Reboucas, A.; Lorentz, A.L.; Luz, N.F.; Lima, J.B.; et al. Proteomic Analysis Reveals a Predominant NFE2L2 (NRF2) Signature in Canonical Pathway and Upstream Regulator Analysis of *Leishmania*-Infected Macrophages. *Front. Immunol.* **2019**, *10*, 1362. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

194. Parmar, N.; Chandrakar, P.; Vishwakarma, P.; Singh, K.; Mitra, K.; Kar, S. *Leishmania donovani* Exploits Tollip, a Multitasking Protein, To Impair TLR/IL-1R Signaling for Its Survival in the Host. *J. Immunol.* **2018**, *201*, 957–970. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

195. Page, A.; Volchkova, V.A.; Reid, S.P.; Mateo, M.; Bagnaud-Baule, A.; Nemirov, K.; Shurtleff, A.C.; Lawrence, P.; Reynard, O.; Ottmann, M.; et al. Marburgvirus hijacks nrf2-dependent pathway by targeting nrf2-negative regulator keap1. *Cell Rep.* **2014**, *6*, 1026–1036. [CrossRef]

196. Edwards, M.R.; Johnson, B.; Mire, C.E.; Xu, W.; Shabman, R.S.; Speller, L.N.; Leung, D.W.; Geisbert, T.W.; Amarasinghe, G.K.; Basler, C.F. The Marburg virus VP24 protein interacts with Keap1 to activate the cytoprotective antioxidant response pathway. *Cell Rep.* **2014**, *6*, 1017–1025. [CrossRef]

197. Kosmider, B.; Messier, E.M.; Janssen, W.J.; Nahreini, P.; Wang, J.; Hartshorn, K.L.; Mason, R.J. Nrf2 protects human alveolar epithelial cells against injury induced by influenza A virus. *Respir. Res.* **2012**, *13*, 43. [CrossRef]

198. Olagnier, D.; Peri, S.; Steel, C.; van Montfoort, N.; Chiang, C.; Beljanski, V.; Slifker, M.; He, Z.; Nichols, C.N.; Lin, R.; et al. Cellular oxidative stress response controls the antiviral and apoptotic programs in dengue virus-infected dendritic cells. *PLoS Pathog.* **2014**, *10*, e1004566. [CrossRef]

199. Sun, T.; Yu, H.Y.; Zhang, C.L.; Zhu, T.N.; Huang, S.H. Respiratory syncytial virus infection up-regulates TLR7 expression by inducing oxidative stress via the Nrf2/ARE pathway in A549 cells. *Arch. Virol.* **2018**, *163*, 1209–1217. [CrossRef]

200. Komaravelli, N.; Tian, B.; Ivanciu, T.; Mautemps, N.; Brasier, A.R.; Garofalo, R.P.; Casola, A. Respiratory syncytial virus infection down-regulates antioxidant enzyme expression by triggering deacetylation-proteasomal degradation of Nrf2. *Free Radic. Biol. Med.* **2015**, *88*, 391–403. [CrossRef]

201. Mastrantonio, R.; Cervelli, M.; Pietropaoli, S.; Mariottini, P.; Colasanti, M.; Persichini, T. HIV-Tat Induces the Nrf2/ARE Pathway through NMDA Receptor-Elicited Spermine Oxidase Activation in Human Neuroblastoma Cells. *PLoS ONE* **2016**, *11*, e0149802. [CrossRef]

202. Liu, B.; Fang, M.; He, Z.; Cui, D.; Jia, S.; Lin, X.; Xu, X.; Zhou, T.; Liu, W. Hepatitis B virus stimulates G6PD expression through HBx-mediated Nrf2 activation. *Cell Death Dis.* **2015**, *6*, e1980. [CrossRef]

203. Ivanov, A.V.; Smirnova, O.A.; Ivanova, O.N.; Masalova, O.V.; Kochetkov, S.N.; Isaguliants, M.G. Hepatitis C virus proteins activate NRF2/ARE pathway by distinct ROS-dependent and independent mechanisms in HUH7 cells. *PLoS ONE* **2011**, *6*, e24957. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

204. Lee, J.; Koh, K.; Kim, Y.E.; Ahn, J.H.; Kim, S. Upregulation of Nrf2 expression by human cytomegalovirus infection protects host cells from oxidative stress. *J. Gen. Virol.* **2013**, *94*, 1658–1668. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

205. Choi, Y.; Jiang, Z.; Shin, W.J.; Jung, J.U. Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus NSs Interacts with TRIM21 To Activate the p62-Keap1-Nrf2 Pathway. *J. Virol.* **2020**, *94*, e01684-19. [CrossRef]

206. Nairz, M.; Schleicher, U.; Schroll, A.; Sonnweber, T.; Theurl, I.; Ludwiczek, S.; Talasz, H.; Brandacher, G.; Moser, P.L.; Muckenthaler, M.U.; et al. Nitric oxide-mediated regulation of ferroportin-1 controls macrophage iron homeostasis and immune function in *Salmonella* infection. *J. Exp. Med.* **2013**, *210*, 855–873. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

207. Gomez, J.C.; Dang, H.; Martin, J.R.; Doerschuk, C.M. Nrf2 Modulates Host Defense during *Streptococcus pneumoniae* Pneumonia in Mice. *J. Immunol.* **2016**, *197*, 2864–2879. [CrossRef]

208. Joshi, C.S.; Mora, A.; Felder, P.A.; Mysorekar, I.U. NRF2 promotes urothelial cell response to bacterial infection by regulating reactive oxygen species and RAB27B expression. *Cell Rep.* **2021**, *37*, 109856. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

209. Harvey, C.J.; Thimmulappa, R.K.; Sethi, S.; Kong, X.; Yarmus, L.; Brown, R.H.; Feller-Kopman, D.; Wise, R.; Biswal, S. Targeting Nrf2 signaling improves bacterial clearance by alveolar macrophages in patients with COPD and in a mouse model. *Sci. Transl. Med.* **2011**, *3*, 78ra32. [CrossRef]

210. Paiva, C.N.; Feijo, D.F.; Dutra, F.F.; Carneiro, V.C.; Freitas, G.B.; Alves, L.S.; Mesquita, J.; Fortes, G.B.; Figueiredo, R.T.; Souza, H.S.; et al. Oxidative stress fuels *Trypanosoma cruzi* infection in mice. *J. Clin. Investig.* **2012**, *122*, 2531–2542. [CrossRef]
211. Pamplona, A.; Ferreira, A.; Balla, J.; Jeney, V.; Balla, G.; Epiphanio, S.; Chora, A.; Rodrigues, C.D.; Gregoire, I.P.; Cunha-Rodrigues, M.; et al. Heme oxygenase-1 and carbon monoxide suppress the pathogenesis of experimental cerebral malaria. *Nat. Med.* **2007**, *13*, 703–710. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

212. Gramaglia, I.; Sobolewski, P.; Meays, D.; Contreras, R.; Nolan, J.P.; Frangos, J.A.; Intaglietta, M.; van der Heyde, H.C. Low nitric oxide bioavailability contributes to the genesis of experimental cerebral malaria. *Nat. Med.* **2006**, *12*, 1417–1422. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

213. Ferreira, A.; Marguti, I.; Bechmann, I.; Jeney, V.; Chora, A.; Palha, N.R.; Rebelo, S.; Henri, A.; Beuzard, Y.; Soares, M.P. Sickle hemoglobin confers tolerance to *Plasmodium* infection. *Cell* **2011**, *145*, 398–409. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

214. Ferreira, A.; Balla, J.; Jeney, V.; Balla, G.; Soares, M.P. A central role for free heme in the pathogenesis of severe malaria: The missing link? *J. Mol. Med.* **2008**, *86*, 1097–1111. [CrossRef]

215. Cabrales, P.; Zanini, G.M.; Meays, D.; Frangos, J.A.; Carvalho, L.J. Nitric oxide protection against murine cerebral malaria is associated with improved cerebral microcirculatory physiology. *J. Infect. Dis.* **2011**, *203*, 1454–1463. [CrossRef]

216. Ong, P.K.; Melchior, B.; Martins, Y.C.; Hofer, A.; Orjuela-Sanchez, P.; Cabrales, P.; Zanini, G.M.; Frangos, J.A.; Carvalho, L.J. Nitric oxide synthase dysfunction contributes to impaired cerebroarteriolar reactivity in experimental cerebral malaria. *PLoS Pathog.* **2013**, *9*, e1003444. [CrossRef]

217. Newton, C.R.; Warrell, D.A. Neurological manifestations of falciparum malaria. *Ann. Neurol.* **1998**, *43*, 695–702. [CrossRef]

218. Jeney, V.; Ramos, S.; Bergman, M.L.; Bechmann, I.; Tischer, J.; Ferreira, A.; Oliveira-Marques, V.; Janse, C.J.; Rebelo, S.; Cardoso, S.; et al. Control of disease tolerance to malaria by nitric oxide and carbon monoxide. *Cell Rep.* **2014**, *8*, 126–136. [CrossRef]

219. Fourquet, S.; Guerois, R.; Biard, D.; Toledano, M.B. Activation of NRF2 by nitrosative agents and $H_2O_2$ involves KEAP1 disulfide formation. *J. Biol. Chem.* **2010**, *285*, 8463–8471. [CrossRef]

220. Medzhitov, R.; Schneider, D.S.; Soares, M.P. Disease tolerance as a defense strategy. *Science* **2012**, *335*, 936–941. [CrossRef]

221. Gozzelino, R.; Soares, M.P. Coupling heme and iron metabolism via ferritin H chain. *Antioxid. Redox Signal.* **2014**, *20*, 1754–1769. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

222. Pietsch, E.C.; Chan, J.Y.; Torti, F.M.; Torti, S.V. Nrf2 mediates the induction of ferritin H in response to xenobiotics and cancer chemopreventive dithiolethiones. *J. Biol. Chem.* **2003**, *278*, 2361–2369. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

223. Iwasaki, K.; Mackenzie, E.L.; Hailemariam, K.; Sakamoto, K.; Tsuji, Y. Hemin-mediated regulation of an antioxidant-responsive element of the human ferritin H gene and role of Ref-1 during erythroid differentiation of K562 cells. *Mol. Cell. Biol.* **2006**, *26*, 2845–2856. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

224. Modiano, D.; Luoni, G.; Sirima, B.S.; Simpore, J.; Verra, F.; Konate, A.; Rastrelli, E.; Olivieri, A.; Calissano, C.; Paganotti, G.M.; et al. Haemoglobin C protects against clinical *Plasmodium falciparum* malaria. *Nature* **2001**, *414*, 305–308. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

225. May, J.; Evans, J.A.; Timmann, C.; Ehmen, C.; Busch, W.; Thye, T.; Agbenyega, T.; Horstmann, R.D. Hemoglobin variants and disease manifestations in severe falciparum malaria. *JAMA* **2007**, *297*, 2220–2226. [CrossRef]

226. Guindo, A.; Fairhurst, R.M.; Doumbo, O.K.; Wellems, T.E.; Diallo, D.A. X-linked G6PD deficiency protects hemizygous males but not heterozygous females against severe malaria. *PLoS Med.* **2007**, *4*, e66. [CrossRef]

227. Williams, T.N. Human red blood cell polymorphisms and malaria. *Curr. Opin. Microbiol.* **2006**, *9*, 388–394. [CrossRef]

228. Vale, P.F.; Fenton, A.; Brown, S.P. Limiting damage during infection: Lessons from infection tolerance for novel therapeutics. *PLoS Biol.* **2014**, *12*, e1001769. [CrossRef]

229. Kultz, D. Evolution of the cellular stress proteome: From monophyletic origin to ubiquitous function. *J. Exp. Biol.* **2003**, *206*, 3119–3124. [CrossRef]

230. Kultz, D. Molecular and evolutionary basis of the cellular stress response. *Annu. Rev. Physiol.* **2005**, *67*, 225–257. [CrossRef]

231. Lopez-Maury, L.; Marguerat, S.; Bahler, J. Tuning gene expression to changing environments: From rapid responses to evolutionary adaptation. *Nat. Rev. Genet.* **2008**, *9*, 583–593. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

**Disclaimer/Publisher's Note:** The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.
211. Pamplona, A.; Ferreira, A.; Balla, J.; Jeney, V.; Balla, G.; Epiphanio, S.; Chora, A.; Rodrigues, C.D.; Gregoire, I.P.; Cunha-Rodrigues, M.; et al. Heme oxygenase-1 and carbon monoxide suppress the pathogenesis of experimental cerebral malaria. *Nat. Med.* **2007**, *13*, 703–710. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

212. Gramaglia, I.; Sobolewski, P.; Meays, D.; Contreras, R.; Nolan, J.P.; Frangos, J.A.; Intaglietta, M.; van der Heyde, H.C. Low nitric oxide bioavailability contributes to the genesis of experimental cerebral malaria. *Nat. Med.* **2006**, *12*, 1417–1422. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

213. Ferreira, A.; Marguti, I.; Bechmann, I.; Jeney, V.; Chora, A.; Palha, N.R.; Rebelo, S.; Henri, A.; Beuzard, Y.; Soares, M.P. Sickle hemoglobin confers tolerance to *Plasmodium* infection. *Cell* **2011**, *145*, 398–409. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

214. Ferreira, A.; Balla, J.; Jeney, V.; Balla, G.; Soares, M.P. A central role for free heme in the pathogenesis of severe malaria: The missing link? *J. Mol. Med.* **2008**, *86*, 1097–1111. [CrossRef]

215. Cabrales, P.; Zanini, G.M.; Meays, D.; Frangos, J.A.; Carvalho, L.J. Nitric oxide protection against murine cerebral malaria is associated with improved cerebral microcirculatory physiology. *J. Infect. Dis.* **2011**, *203*, 1454–1463. [CrossRef]

216. Ong, P.K.; Melchior, B.; Martins, Y.C.; Hofer, A.; Orjuela-Sanchez, P.; Cabrales, P.; Zanini, G.M.; Frangos, J.A.; Carvalho, L.J. Nitric oxide synthase dysfunction contributes to impaired cerebroarteriolar reactivity in experimental cerebral malaria. *PLoS Pathog.* **2013**, *9*, e1003444. [CrossRef]

217. Newton, C.R.; Warrell, D.A. Neurological manifestations of falciparum malaria. *Ann. Neurol.* **1998**, *43*, 695–702. [CrossRef]

218. Jeney, V.; Ramos, S.; Bergman, M.L.; Bechmann, I.; Tischer, J.; Ferreira, A.; Oliveira-Marques, V.; Janse, C.J.; Rebelo, S.; Cardoso, S.; et al. Control of disease tolerance to malaria by nitric oxide and carbon monoxide. *Cell Rep.* **2014**, *8*, 126–136. [CrossRef]

219. Fourquet, S.; Guerois, R.; Biard, D.; Toledano, M.B. Activation of NRF2 by nitrosative agents and H₂O₂ involves KEAP1 disulfide formation. *J. Biol. Chem.* **2010**, *285*, 8463–8471. [CrossRef]

220. Medzhitov, R.; Schneider, D.S.; Soares, M.P. Disease tolerance as a defense strategy. *Science* **2012**, *335*, 936–941. [CrossRef]

221. Gozzelino, R.; Soares, M.P. Coupling heme and iron metabolism via ferritin H chain. *Antioxid. Redox Signal.* **2014**, *20*, 1754–1769. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

222. Pietsch, E.C.; Chan, J.Y.; Torti, F.M.; Torti, S.V. Nrf2 mediates the induction of ferritin H in response to xenobiotics and cancer chemopreventive dithiolethiones. *J. Biol. Chem.* **2003**, *278*, 2361–2369. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

223. Iwasaki, K.; Mackenzie, E.L.; Hailemariam, K.; Sakamoto, K.; Tsuji, Y. Hemin-mediated regulation of an antioxidant-responsive element of the human ferritin H gene and role of Ref-1 during erythroid differentiation of K562 cells. *Mol. Cell. Biol.* **2006**, *26*, 2845–2856. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

224. Modiano, D.; Luoni, G.; Sirima, B.S.; Simpore, J.; Verra, F.; Konate, A.; Rastrelli, E.; Olivieri, A.; Calissano, C.; Paganotti, G.M.; et al. Haemoglobin C protects against clinical *Plasmodium falciparum* malaria. *Nature* **2001**, *414*, 305–308. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

225. May, J.; Evans, J.A.; Timmann, C.; Ehmen, C.; Busch, W.; Thye, T.; Agbenyega, T.; Horstmann, R.D. Hemoglobin variants and disease manifestations in severe falciparum malaria. *JAMA* **2007**, *297*, 2220–2226. [CrossRef]

226. Guindo, A.; Fairhurst, R.M.; Doumbo, O.K.; Wellems, T.E.; Diallo, D.A. X-linked G6PD deficiency protects hemizygous males but not heterozygous females against severe malaria. *PLoS Med.* **2007**, *4*, e66. [CrossRef]

227. Williams, T.N. Human red blood cell polymorphisms and malaria. *Curr. Opin. Microbiol.* **2006**, *9*, 388–394. [CrossRef]

228. Vale, P.F.; Fenton, A.; Brown, S.P. Limiting damage during infection: Lessons from infection tolerance for novel therapeutics. *PLoS Biol.* **2014**, *12*, e1001769. [CrossRef]

229. Kultz, D. Evolution of the cellular stress proteome: From monophyletic origin to ubiquitous function. *J. Exp. Biol.* **2003**, *206*, 3119–3124. [CrossRef]

230. Kultz, D. Molecular and evolutionary basis of the cellular stress response. *Annu. Rev. Physiol.* **2005**, *67*, 225–257. [CrossRef]

231. Lopez-Maury, L.; Marguerat, S.; Bahler, J. Tuning gene expression to changing environments: From rapid responses to evolutionary adaptation. *Nat. Rev. Genet.* **2008**, *9*, 583–593. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

**Disclaimer/Publisher's Note:** The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.