Lyle AA, Bean CW, Honkanen HM, Koene JP, Adams CE. 2019. The establishment of Scotland's rarest freshwater fish, the vendace (*Coregonus albula*), in conservation refuge sites. *Glasg Nat* 27: 27–31.

Lyons J, Parks TP, Minahan KL, Ruesch AS. 2018. Evaluation of oxythermal metrics and benchmarks for the protection of cisco (*Coregonus artedi*) habitat quality and quantity in Wisconsin lakes. *Can J Fish Aquat Sci* 75: 600–608.

Madenjian CP, Rutherford ES, Blouin MA, Sederberg BJ, Elliott JR. 2011. Spawning habitat unsuitability: an impediment to cisco rehabilitation in Lake Michigan? *North Am J Fish Manage* 31: 905–913.

Magris RA, Andrello M, Pressey RL, Mouillot D, Dalongeville A, Jacobi MN, Manel S. 2018. Biologically representative and well-connected marine reserves enhance biodiversity persistence in conservation planning. *Cons Lett* 11: e12439.

Maitland PS, Lyle AA. 1990. Practical conservation of British fishes: current action on six declining species. *J Fish Biol* 37(Suppl. A): 255–256.

Maitland PS, Lyle AA. 1992. Conservation of freshwater fish in the British Isles: proposals for management. *Aquat Cons Mar Freshw Ecosyst* 2: 165–183.

Maitland PS. 2007. Scotland's Freshwater Fish: Ecology, Conservation and Folklore. Oxford, U.K.: *Trafford Publishing*, 436 p.

Maitland PS, Lyle AA. 2013. Ex situ and in situ approaches, including assisted reproduction, for the conservation of native species of char (Salmonidae) and whitefish (Coregonidae) in Scotland. *Int Zoo Yearb* 47: 129–139.

Manny BA, Roseman EF, Kennedy G, Boase JC, Craig JM, Bennion DH, Read J, Vaccaro L, Chiotti J, Drouin R, Ellison R. 2015. A scientific basis for restoring fish spawning habitat in the St. Clair and Detroit rivers of the Laurentian Great Lakes. *Restor Ecol* 23: 149–156.

Marchetti MP, Moyle PB, Levine R. 2004. Invasive species profiling? Exploring the characteristics of non-native fishes across invasion stages in California. *Freshw Biol* 49: 646–661.

Meng HJ, Müller R. 1988. Assessment of the functioning of a whitefish (*Coregonus* sp.) and char (*Salvelinus alpinus* L.) spawning ground modified by gravel extraction. *Finnish Fish Res* 9: 477–484.

McMillan JR, Morrison B, Chambers N, Ruggerone G, Bernatchez L, Stanford J, Neville H. 2023. A global synthesis of peer-reviewed research on the effects of hatchery salmonids on wild salmonids. *Fish Manag Ecol* 30: 446–463.

Moilanen A, Franco AMA, Early RI, Fox R, Wintle B, Thomas CD. 2005. Prioritizing multiple-use landscapes for conservation: methods for large multi-species planning problems. *Proc Royal Soc B Biol Sci* 272: 1885–1891.

Morris SD, Brook BW, Moseby KE, Johnson CN. 2021. Factors affecting success of conservation translocations of terrestrial vertebrates: a global systematic review. *Global Ecol Conserv* 28: e 01630.

Müller R. 1992. Trophic state and its implications for natural reproduction of salmonid fish. *Hydrobiologia* 243/244: 261–268.

Müller R, Stadelmann P. 2004. Fish habitat requirements as the basis for rehabilitation of eutrophic lakes by oxygenation. *Fish Manag Ecol* 11: 251–260.

Müller R. 2007. The re-discovery of the vanished 'Edelfisch' *Coregonus nobilis* Haack, 1882, in Lake Lucerne, Switzerland. *Adv Limnol* 60: 419–430.

Myers JT, Jones ML, Stockwell JD, Yule DL. 2009. Reassessment of the predatory effects of rainbow smelt on ciscoes in Lake Superior. *Trans Am Fish Soc* 138: 1352–1368.

Naish KA, Taylor JE, Levin PS, Quinn TP, Winton JR, Huppert D, Hilborn R. 2007. An evaluation of the effects of conservation and fishery enhancement hatcheries on wild populations of salmon. *Adv Mar Biol* 53: 61–194.

Nümann W. 1972. The Bodensee: effects of exploitation and eutrophication on the salmonid community. *J Fish Res Bd Can* 29: 833–847.

O'Connor JE, Duda JJ, Grant GE. 2015. 1000 dams down and counting. *Science* 348: 496–497.

Owens PN, Rickson RJ, Clarke MA. 2006. Scoping study of soil loss through wind erosion, tillage erosion and soil co-extracted with root vegetables. Objective 3 deliverable: Review of how appropriate current mechanisms and advice on best practice for control and mitigation of erosion is to wind, tillage co-extraction with root vegetables in England and Wales, and consideration of alternative methods and advice. Defra project SP08007. *Final Report. Report to Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs*, 71 pp.

Paukert CP, Glazer BA, Hansen GJA, Irwin BJ, Jacobson PC, Kershner JL, Shuter BJ, Whitney JE, Lynch AJ. 2016. Adapting inland fisheries management to a changing climate. *Fisheries* 41: 374–384.

Præbel K, Bean C, Dodd J, Etheridge E, Gowans A, Knudsen R, Lyle A, Maitland P, Winfield I, Adams C. 2021. Allelic losses and gains during translocations of a high conservation value fish, *Coregonus lavaretus*. *Aquat Cons* 31: 2575–2585.

Radinger J, Matern S, Klefoth T, Wolter C, Feldhege F, Monk CT, Arlinghaus R. 2023. Ecosystem-based management outperforms species-focused stocking for enhancing fish populations. *Science* 379: 946–951.

Reid AJ, Carlson AK, Reed IF, et al. 2018. Emerging threats and persistent conservation challenges for freshwater biodiversity. *Biol Rev* 94: 849–873.

Reynolds SA, Aldridge DC. 2021. Global impacts of invasive species on the tipping points of shallow lakes. *Glob Change Biol* 27: 6129–6138.

Rösch R, Baer J, Brinker A. 2018. Impact of the invasive three-spined stickleback (*Gasterosteus aculeatus*) on relative abundance and growth of native pelagic whitefish (*Coregonus wartmanni*) in Upper Lake Constance. *Hydrobiologia* 824: 243–254.

Ruhlé VC. 1977. Biologie und Bewirtschaftung des Seesailbings (*Salvelinus alpinus* L.) im Zugersee. *Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Hydrologie* 39: 12–45.

Sainsbury AW, Vaughan-Higgins RJ. 2012. Analyzing disease risks associated with translocations. *Cons Biol* 26: 442–452.

Salmaso N, Anneville O, Straile D, Viaroli P. 2018. European large perialpine lakes under anthropogenic pressures and climate change: present status, research gaps and future challenges. *Hydrobiol* 824: 1–32.

Salojärvi K. 1992. The role of compensatory processes in determining the yield from whitefish (*Coregonus lavaretus*) stocking in inland waters in northern Finland. *Finnish Fish Res* 13: 1–30.

Sandlund OT, Hesthagen T, Braband A. 2013. Coregonid introductions in Norway: well-intended and successful, but destructive. *Adv Limnol* 64: 345–362.

Sandström A, Asp A, Bergek S, Johansson M, Petersson E, Ragnarsson Stabo H. 2016. Closed fishing in lakes, *Aqua Reports 2016: 12*, Available: https://publications.slu.se/?file=publ/show&id=80430

Sass GG, Rypel AL, Stafford JD. 2017. Inland fisheries habitat management: lessons learned from wildlife ecology and a proposal for change. *Fisheries* 42: 197–209.

Saunders DL, Meeuwijt JJ, Vincent CJ. 2002. Freshwater protected areas: strategies for conservation. *Cons Biol* 16: 30–41.

Schaefer HM, Honsey AE, Bunnell DB, Weidel BC, DeBruyne R, Diana JS, et al. 2022. Predicting physical and geomorphic habitat associated with historical lake whitefish and cisco spawning locations in Lakes Erie and Ontario. *J Great Lakes Res* 48: 1636–1646.

Seddon PJ. 2023. The role of conservation translocations in rewilding and de-extinction: In: Gaywood MJ, Ewen JG, Hollingsworth PM, Moehrenschlager A. (Eds.), Conservation Translocations. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cambridge University Press, pp. 354–378.

Selz OM, Seehausen O. 2023. A taxonomic revision of ten whitefish species from the lakes Lucerne, Sarnen, Sempach and Zug, Switzerland, with descriptions of seven new species (Teleostei, Coregonidae). *ZooKeys* 1144: 95–169.

Simberloff D. 2013. Invasive Species: What Everyone Needs to Know. *New York: Oxford University Press*.

Smirnov VV. 1992. Intraspecific structure of Baikal Omul, *Coregonus autumnalis migratorius* (Georgi). *Pol Arch Hydrobiol* 39: 325–333.

Smith SH. 1964. Status of the deepwater cisco population of Lake Michigan. *Trans Am Fish Soc* 93: 155–163.

Steinbacher P, Wanzenböck J, Brandauer M, Holper R, Landertshammer J, Mayr M, Platzl C, Stoiber W. 2017. Thermal experience during embryogenesis contributes to the induction of dwarfism in whitefish *Coregonus lavaretus*. *PLoS One* 12: e0185384.

Steinhart GB, Mineau M, Kraft CE. 2007. Status and Recovery of Round Whitefish (*Prosopium cylindraceum*) in New York, USA. *Ithaca, N.Y.: Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University*.

Steinmann P. 1950. Monographie der schweizerischen koregonen. Beitrag zum problem der entstehung neuer arten. Spezieller teil. *Schweiz Z Hydrobiol* 12: 340–491.

Stewart TR, Vinson MR, Stockwell JD. 2022. Effects of warming winter embryo incubation temperatures on larval cisco (*Coregonus artedi*) survival, growth, and critical thermal maximum. *J Great Lakes Res* 48: 1042–1049.

Stockwell CA, Mulvey M, Vinyard GL. 1996. Translocations and the preservation of allelic diversity. *Cons Biol* 10: 1133–1141.

Strayer DL, Dudgeon D. 2010. Freshwater biodiversity conservation: recent progress and future challenges. *J North Amer Benth Soc* 29: 344–358.

Svärsson G. 1976. Interspecific population dominance in fish communities of Scandinavian lakes. *Rep Inst Freshwat Res* 55: 144–171.
Svarvar P-O., Müller R. 1982. Die Felchen des Alpnachersees. *Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Hydrologie* 44: 295–314.

Tallman R, Howland K, Rennie M, Mills K. 2012. Foreword: biology and management of coregonid fishes- 2008. *Adv Limnol* 63: vii-viii.

Thomas R, Fletcher JM, James JB, Winfield IJ. 2013. Assessment and conservation of gwyniad (Coregonus lavaretus (L.)) in Llyn Tegid, U.K.: persistence in the face of eutrophication, water level fluctuations, and ruffe (*Gymnocephalus cernuus* (L.)) introductions. *Adv Limnol* 64: 363–376.

Tolentino S, Moon M. 2012. Artificial reef construction and use by three endemic coregonid whitefishes in Bear Lake, Utah, USA. *Adv Limnol* 63: 535–546.

Urpanen O, Keskinen T, Marjomäki T, Sakomaa V, Salo H, Syrjänen J, Viljanen M, Karjalainen J. 2012. Effects of mass fish removal on coregonid larval abundance in a large mesotrophic lake. *Adv Limnol* 63: 383–395.

Vaccaro L, Bennion D, Boase J, Bohling M, Chiotti J, Craig J, Drouin R, Fischer J, Kennedy G, Manny B, Read J, Roseman E, Thomas M. 2016. Science in Action: Lessons Learned from Fish Spawning Habitat Restoration in the St. Clair and Detroit rivers. *University of Michigan, MICHU-16-501*, Ann Arbor.

Ventling-Schwank A, Müller R. 1991. Survival of coregonid (*Coregonus* sp.) eggs in Lake Sempach, Switzerland. *Verh Int Verein Limnol* 24: 2451–2454.

Ventling-Schwank AR, Livingstone DM. 1994. Transport and burial as a cause of whitefish (*Coregonus* spp.) egg mortality in a eutrophic lake. *Can J Fish Aquat Sci* 51: 1909–1919.

Verspoor E, Stradmeyer L, Nielsen JL. 2007. The Atlantic Salmon: Genetics, Conservation, and Management. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.

Vonlanthen P, Bittner D, Hudson A, et al. 2012. Eutrophication causes speciation reversal in whitefish adaptive radiations. *Nature* 482: 357–362.

Vonlanthen P, Kreienbühl T, Périat G. 2019. Standardized Fishing on Lake Sempach- Results of the Surveys from September 2019. Aquabios GmbH. Client: Canton of Lucerne, *Agriculture and Forestry Department, Sursee*.

Wahl B, Löffler H. 2009. Influences on the natural reproduction of whitefish (*Coregonus lavaretus*) in Lake Constance. *Can J Fish Aquat Sci* 66: 547–556.

Walsh JR, Carpenter SR, Vander Zanden MJ. 2016. Invasive species triggers a massive loss of ecosystem services through a trophic cascade. *Proc Nat Acad Sci* 113: 4081–4085.

Walters CJ, Martell SJD. 2004. Fisheries Ecology and Management. Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press.

Wanke T, Brämick U, Mehner T. 2016. Early detection of reproduction deficits and the compensatory potential of enhancement stocking for vendace, *Coregonus albula*, fisheries in German lakes. *Fish Manage Ecol* 23: 55–65.

Wanke T, Brämick U, Mehner T. 2017. High stock density impairs growth, female condition and fecundity, but not quality of early reproductive stages in vendace (*Coregonus albula*). *Fish Res* 186: 159–167.

Wanzenböck J, Gassner H, Hassan Y, Lahnsteiner B, Hauseder G. 2002. Ecology of *Coregonus lavaretus* in two Austrian lakes in relation to fisheries management and lake productivity. In: Cowx IG. (Ed.), Management and Ecology of Lake and Reservoir Fisheries. Oxford: Blackwell Science pp. 58-69.

Wanzenböck J, Winfield IJ. 2013. Foreword: biology and management of coregonid fishes- 2011. *Adv Limnol* 64: vii-viii.

Waples RS. 1991. Genetic interactions between hatchery and wild salmonids: lessons from the Pacific northwest. *Can J Fish Aquat Sci* 48 (Suppl. 1): 124-133.

Wedekind C, Vonlanthen P, de Guttry C, Stadelman R, Stadelman N, Pirat A, Perroud G. 2022. Persistent high hatchery recruitment despite advanced reoligotrophicication and significant natural spawning in a whitefish. *Glob Ecol Cons* 38: e02219.

Weidel BC, Ackiss AS, Chalupnicki MA, Connerton MJ, Davis S, Dettmers JM, et al. 2022. Results of the collaborative Lake Ontario bloater restoration stocking and assessment, 2012-2020. *J Great Lakes Res* 48: 371–380.

Weidel BC, Davis C, Lachance H, O'Malley BP, Sard NM, Gatch AJ, Osborne C, Lantry BF. 2023. Field and laboratory validation of new sampling gear to quantify Coregonine egg deposition and larval emergence across spawning habitat gradients. *J Great Lakes Res* 49: 1059–1068.

Wells L, McLain AL. 1973. Lake Michigan—man's effects on native fish stocks and other biota. *Gt. Lakes Fish. Comm. Tech. Rep. No. 20*.

Winfield IJ, Fletcher JM, Cubby PR. 1997. Introduction of Haweswater Schelly to Blea Water and Small Water. Final Report. Report to Environment Agency, *North West Region and North West Water Limited*. WI/ T11063Z7/2. 29 pp.

Winfield IJ, Rösch R, Appelberg M, Kinnerbäck A, Rask M. 1998. Recent introductions of the Ruffe (*Gymnocephalus cernuus*) to *Coregonus* and *Perca* lakes in Europe and an analysis of their natural distributions in Sweden and Finland. *J Great Lakes Res* 24: 235–248.

Winfield IJ, Fletcher JM, Winfield DK. 2002. Conservation of the endangered whitefish, *Coregonus lavaretus*, population of Haweswater, U.K. In: Cowx IG. (Ed.), Management and Ecology of Lake and Reservoir Fisheries. Oxford: Blackwell Science, pp. 232–241.

Winfield IJ, Fletcher JM, James BJ. 2003. Monitoring of the Schelly of Haweswater, *April 2002 to March 2003. Final Report. Report to United Utilities*. WI/C01512/6. 51 pp.

Winfield IJ. 2004. Fish in the littoral zone: ecology, threats and management. *Limnologica* 34: 124-131.

Winfield IJ, Durie NC. 2004. Fish introductions and their management in the English Lake District. *Fish Manage Ecol* 11: 195-201.

Winfield IJ, Fletcher JM, James BJ. 2006. Ecology and management of vendace spawning grounds. Final Report. Report to Environment Agency, *North West Region*. LA/C02998/3. 62 pp.

Winfield IJ, Fletcher JM, James JB. 2008. A review of recent research and translocation activities concerned with the gwyniad of Llyn Tegid. Final Report. NERC/Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, 40pp. (CCW Contract Science Report No. 840.)

Winfield IJ, Adams CE, Bean CW, Durie NC, Fletcher JM, Gowans AR, Harrod C, James JB, Lyle AA, Maitland PS, Thompson C, Verspoor E. 2012. Conservation of the vendace (*Coregonus albula*), the U.K.'s rarest freshwater fish. *Adv Limnol* 63: 547–559.

Winfield IJ, Bean CW, Gorst J, Gowans ARD, Robinson M, Thomas R. 2013a. Assessment and conservation of whitefish (*Coregonus lavaretus* L) in the U. K. *Adv Limnol* 64: 305–321.

Winfield IJ, Adams CE, Bean CW, Durie NC, Fletcher JM, Gowans ARD, Harrod C, James JB, Lyle AA, Maitland PS, Thompson C, Verspoor E. 2013b. Positive steps for conservation of the vendace (*Coregonus albula*), the U.K.'s rarest freshwater fish. *Newsletter of the Freshwater Fish Specialist Group* 1: 14–15.

Winfield IJ, Fletcher JM, James JB. 2013c. Llyn Arenig Fawr gwyniad survey 2012. Final report. Lancaster, NERC/Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, 32pp. (CEH Project No: C03569, CCW Contract Science Report no. 1013)

Winkler KA, Pamminger-Lahnsteiner B, Wanzenböck J, Weiss S. 2011. Hybridization and restricted gene flow between native and introduced stocks of Alpine whitefish (*Coregonus* sp.) across multiple environments. *Mol Ecol* 20: 456–472.

Wood J. 2016. Current status of lake whitefish. Resource management documents. *State of Maine Paper* 14. Available: http://digitalmaine.com/brm_docs/14

Zuccarino-Crowe CM, Taylor WW, Hansen MJ, Seider MJ, Krueger CC. 2016. Effects of lake trout refuges on lake whitefish and cisco in the Apostle Islands Region of Lake Superior. *J Great Lakes Res* 42: 1092–1101.

Zuromska H. 1982. Conditions of natural reproduction of *Coregonus albula* (L.) and *Coregonus lavaretus* (L.). *Pol Arch Hydrobiol* 29: 1–28.

Cite this article as: Bunnell DB, Anneville O, Baer J, Bean CW, Kahilainen KK, Sandström A, Selz OM, Vonlanthen P, Wanzenböck J, Weidel BC. 2024. How diverse is the toolbox? A review of management actions to conserve or restore coregonines. *Int. J. Lim.* 60: 5
Svarvar P-O., Müller R. 1982. Die Felchen des Alpnachersees. *Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Hydrologie* 44: 295–314.

Tallman R, Howland K, Rennie M, Mills K. 2012. Foreword: biology and management of coregonid fishes- 2008. *Adv Limnol* 63: vii-viii.

Thomas R, Fletcher JM, James JB, Winfield IJ. 2013. Assessment and conservation of gwyniad (Coregonus lavaretus (L.)) in Llyn Tegid, U.K.: persistence in the face of eutrophication, water level fluctuations, and ruffe (*Gymnocephalus cernuus* (L.)) introductions. *Adv Limnol* 64: 363–376.

Tolentino S, Moon M. 2012. Artificial reef construction and use by three endemic coregonid whitefishes in Bear Lake, Utah, USA. *Adv Limnol* 63: 535–546.

Urpanen O, Keskinen T, Marjomäki T, Sakomaa V, Salo H, Syrjänen J, Viljanen M, Karjalainen J. 2012. Effects of mass fish removal on coregonid larval abundance in a large mesotrophic lake. *Adv Limnol* 63: 383–395.

Vaccaro L, Bennion D, Boase J, Bohling M, Chiotti J, Craig J, Drouin R, Fischer J, Kennedy G, Manny B, Read J, Roseman E, Thomas M. 2016. Science in Action: Lessons Learned from Fish Spawning Habitat Restoration in the St. Clair and Detroit rivers. *University of Michigan, MICHU-16-501*, Ann Arbor.

Ventling-Schwank A, Müller R. 1991. Survival of coregonid (*Coregonus* sp.) eggs in Lake Sempach, Switzerland. *Verh Int Verein Limnol* 24: 2451–2454.

Ventling-Schwank AR, Livingstone DM. 1994. Transport and burial as a cause of whitefish (*Coregonus* spp.) egg mortality in a eutrophic lake. *Can J Fish Aquat Sci* 51: 1909–1919.

Verspoor E, Stradmeyer L, Nielsen JL. 2007. The Atlantic Salmon: Genetics, Conservation, and Management. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.

Vonlanthen P, Bittner D, Hudson A, et al. 2012. Eutrophication causes speciation reversal in whitefish adaptive radiations. *Nature* 482: 357–362.

Vonlanthen P, Kreienbühl T, Périat G. 2019. Standardized Fishing on Lake Sempach- Results of the Surveys from September 2019. Aquabios GmbH. Client: Canton of Lucerne, *Agriculture and Forestry Department, Sursee*.

Wahl B, Löffler H. 2009. Influences on the natural reproduction of whitefish (*Coregonus lavaretus*) in Lake Constance. *Can J Fish Aquat Sci* 66: 547–556.

Walsh JR, Carpenter SR, Vander Zanden MJ. 2016. Invasive species triggers a massive loss of ecosystem services through a trophic cascade. *Proc Nat Acad Sci* 113: 4081–4085.

Walters CJ, Martell SJD. 2004. Fisheries Ecology and Management. Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press.

Wanke T, Brämick U, Mehner T. 2016. Early detection of reproduction deficits and the compensatory potential of enhancement stocking for vendace, *Coregonus albula*, fisheries in German lakes. *Fish Manage Ecol* 23: 55–65.

Wanke T, Brämick U, Mehner T. 2017. High stock density impairs growth, female condition and fecundity, but not quality of early reproductive stages in vendace (*Coregonus albula*). *Fish Res* 186: 159–167.

Wanzenböck J, Gassner H, Hassan Y, Lahnsteiner B, Hauseder G. 2002. Ecology of *Coregonus lavaretus* in two Austrian lakes in relation to fisheries management and lake productivity. In: Cowx IG. (Ed.), Management and Ecology of Lake and Reservoir Fisheries. Oxford: Blackwell Science pp. 58-69.

Wanzenböck J, Winfield IJ. 2013. Foreword: biology and management of coregonid fishes- 2011. *Adv Limnol* 64: vii-viii.

Waples RS. 1991. Genetic interactions between hatchery and wild salmonids: lessons from the Pacific northwest. *Can J Fish Aquat Sci* 48 (Suppl. 1): 124-133.

Wedekind C, Vonlanthen P, de Guttry C, Stadelman R, Stadelman N, Pirat A, Perroud G. 2022. Persistent high hatchery recruitment despite advanced reoligotrophicication and significant natural spawning in a whitefish. *Glob Ecol Cons* 38: e02219.

Weidel BC, Ackiss AS, Chalupnicki MA, Connerton MJ, Davis S, Dettmers JM, et al. 2022. Results of the collaborative Lake Ontario bloater restoration stocking and assessment, 2012-2020. *J Great Lakes Res* 48: 371–380.

Weidel BC, Davis C, Lachance H, O'Malley BP, Sard NM, Gatch AJ, Osborne C, Lantry BF. 2023. Field and laboratory validation of new sampling gear to quantify Coregonine egg deposition and larval emergence across spawning habitat gradients. *J Great Lakes Res* 49: 1059–1068.

Wells L, McLain AL. 1973. Lake Michigan—man's effects on native fish stocks and other biota. *Gt. Lakes Fish. Comm. Tech. Rep. No. 20*.

Winfield IJ, Fletcher JM, Cubby PR. 1997. Introduction of Haweswater Schelly to Blea Water and Small Water. Final Report. Report to Environment Agency, *North West Region and North West Water Limited*. WI/ T11063Z7/2. 29 pp.

Winfield IJ, Rösch R, Appelberg M, Kinnerbäck A, Rask M. 1998. Recent introductions of the Ruffe (*Gymnocephalus cernuus*) to *Coregonus* and *Perca* lakes in Europe and an analysis of their natural distributions in Sweden and Finland. *J Great Lakes Res* 24: 235–248.

Winfield IJ, Fletcher JM, Winfield DK. 2002. Conservation of the endangered whitefish, *Coregonus lavaretus*, population of Haweswater, U.K. In: Cowx IG. (Ed.), Management and Ecology of Lake and Reservoir Fisheries. Oxford: Blackwell Science, pp. 232–241.

Winfield IJ, Fletcher JM, James BJ. 2003. Monitoring of the Schelly of Haweswater, *April 2002 to March 2003. Final Report. Report to United Utilities*. WI/C01512/6. 51 pp.

Winfield IJ. 2004. Fish in the littoral zone: ecology, threats and management. *Limnologica* 34: 124–131.

Winfield IJ, Durie NC. 2004. Fish introductions and their management in the English Lake District. *Fish Manage Ecol* 11: 195-201.

Winfield IJ, Fletcher JM, James BJ. 2006. Ecology and management of vendace spawning grounds. Final Report. Report to Environment Agency, *North West Region*. LA/C02998/3. 62 pp.

Winfield IJ, Fletcher JM, James JB. 2008. A review of recent research and translocation activities concerned with the gwyniad of Llyn Tegid. Final Report. NERC/Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, 40pp. (CCW Contract Science Report No. 840.)

Winfield IJ, Adams CE, Bean CW, Durie NC, Fletcher JM, Gowans AR, Harrod C, James JB, Lyle AA, Maitland PS, Thompson C, Verspoor E. 2012. Conservation of the vendace (*Coregonus albula*), the U.K.'s rarest freshwater fish. *Adv Limnol* 63: 547–559.

Winfield IJ, Bean CW, Gorst J, Gowans ARD, Robinson M, Thomas R. 2013a. Assessment and conservation of whitefish (*Coregonus lavaretus* L) in the U. K. *Adv Limnol* 64: 305–321.

Winfield IJ, Adams CE, Bean CW, Durie NC, Fletcher JM, Gowans ARD, Harrod C, James JB, Lyle AA, Maitland PS, Thompson C, Verspoor E. 2013b. Positive steps for conservation of the vendace (*Coregonus albula*), the U.K.'s rarest freshwater fish. *Newsletter of the Freshwater Fish Specialist Group* 1: 14–15.

Winfield IJ, Fletcher JM, James JB. 2013c. Llyn Arenig Fawr gwyniad survey 2012. Final report. Lancaster, NERC/Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, 32pp. (CEH Project No: C03569, CCW Contract Science Report no. 1013)

Winkler KA, Pamminger-Lahnsteiner B, Wanzenböck J, Weiss S. 2011. Hybridization and restricted gene flow between native and introduced stocks of Alpine whitefish (*Coregonus* sp.) across multiple environments. *Mol Ecol* 20: 456–472.

Wood J. 2016. Current status of lake whitefish. Resource management documents. *State of Maine Paper* 14. Available: http://digitalmaine.com/brm_docs/14

Zuccarino-Crowe CM, Taylor WW, Hansen MJ, Seider MJ, Krueger CC. 2016. Effects of lake trout refuges on lake whitefish and cisco in the Apostle Islands Region of Lake Superior. *J Great Lakes Res* 42: 1092–1101.

Zuromska H. 1982. Conditions of natural reproduction of *Coregonus albula* (L.) and *Coregonus lavaretus* (L.). *Pol Arch Hydrobiol* 29: 1–28.

Cite this article as: Bunnell DB, Anneville O, Baer J, Bean CW, Kahilainen KK, Sandström A, Selz OM, Vonlanthen P, Wanzenböck J, Weidel BC. 2024. How diverse is the toolbox? A review of management actions to conserve or restore coregonines. *Int. J. Lim.* 60: 5