# Danger versus fear: A key to understanding biophobia

Karl Zeller, Nicolas Mouquet, Cécile Garcia, Guillaume Dezecache, Audrey

Maille, Julie Duboscq, Luca Morino, Xavier Bonnet

► To cite this version:

Karl Zeller, Nicolas Mouquet, Cécile Garcia, Guillaume Dezecache, Audrey Maille, et al.. Danger versus fear: A key to understanding biophobia. People and Nature, 2025, 7 (4), pp.847-859. 10.1002/pan3.70009 . mnhn-05027855

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Danger versus fear: a key to understanding biophobia

<table><tr><td>Journal:</td><td>People and Nature</td></tr><tr><td>Manuscript ID</td><td>PAN-24-09-542</td></tr><tr><td>Wiley - Manuscript type:</td><td>Research Article</td></tr><tr><td>Date Submitted by the Author:</td><td>06-Sep-2024</td></tr><tr><td>Complete List of Authors:</td><td>Zeller, Karl; Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Eco-Anthropologie (EA), UMR 7206, CNRS-MNHN-Université Paris Cité, Musée de L'Homme Mouquet, Nicolas; CNRS, Biodiversité Marine, Exploitation et Conservation (MARBEC), UMR 9190, CNRS-IRD-Ifremer-Univ Montpellier; Fondation pour la Recherche sur la Biodiversité, Centre de synthèse et d'analyse sur la biodiversité (FRB-CESAB) Garcia, Cecile; CNRS, Eco-Anthropologie (EA), UMR 7206, CNRS-MNHN-Université Paris Cité, Musée de L'Homme Dezecache, Guillaume; IRD, UMI SOURCE, IRD-UVSQ-Université Paris-Saclay; CNRS, Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive (LAPSCO), UMR 6024, CNRS-UCA Maille, Audrey; Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Eco-Anthropologie (EA), UMR 7206, CNRS-MNHN-Université Paris Cité, Musée de L'Homme Duboscq, Julie; CNRS, Eco-Anthropologie (EA), UMR 7206, CNRS-MNHN-Université Paris Cité, Musée de L'Homme; Georg-August-Universität Gottingen Fakultät für Biologie und Psychologie, Behavioural Ecology Morino, Luca; Independent researcher Bonnet, Xavier; CNRS, Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), UMR 7372, CNRS-ULR</td></tr><tr><td>Keywords:</td><td>Fear of animals, Internet survey, Biophobia, Social transmission</td></tr><tr><td>Abstract:</td><td><ul><li>What animals do people fear most, and why? Because of the central role they are thought to have played in primate evolution, most studies have focused on the fear of snakes. Other studies that have looked at a wider range of animals have either focused on a limited number of species and/or sampled participants from a narrow range of geographical locations.</li><li>To better understand the origins of the fear of wild animals, we developed an immersive online survey based on animal images matches, during which participants had to choose the animal they feared most. With responses from 17,353 participants from all continents, we were able to rank 184 species (mammals, reptiles, birds, arthropods, amphibians) on a fear scale.</li><li>Our results showed that images of dangerous animals elicited frequent and rapid fear responses. However, danger alone was not sufficient to explain fear, as harmless animals also reached high fear scores. Fear responses varied with participants' age, geographical region of residence and level of declared biophobia.</li><li>The discrepancy between actual levels of danger and declared fears in</li></ul></td></tr></table>
humans may be due to social transmission and increasing disconnection from natural environments. This study highlights the need to consider a wide range of animal species in order to identify and understand people's fear of certain species, integrating the complex relationship between ecological danger and socio-cultural influences.
1 **Title**

2 Danger versus fear: a key to understanding biophobia

3

4 **Authors**

5 Karl Zeller<sup>a,*</sup>, Nicolas Mouquet<sup>b,c</sup>, Cécile Garcia<sup>a</sup>, Guillaume Dezecache<sup>d,e</sup>, Audrey Maille

6 <sup>a,f</sup>, Julie Duboscq<sup>a</sup>, Luca Morino<sup>g</sup>, Xavier Bonnet<sup>h</sup>

7

8 <sup>a</sup> Unité Eco-anthropologie (EA), UMR 7206, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS,

9 Université de Paris, Musée de l'Homme 17 Place du Trocadéro 75016 Paris, France

10 <sup>b</sup> MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France

11 <sup>c</sup> FRB-CESAB, Montpellier, France

12 <sup>d</sup> UMI SOURCE, Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, IRD, Guyancourt, France

13 <sup>e</sup> Université Clermont Auvergne, LAPSCO, CNRS, Clermont-Ferrand, France

14 <sup>f</sup> DGD Musées, Jardins Botaniques et Zoologiques, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, 57

15 rue Cuvier Paris 75005, France

16 <sup>g</sup> Independent Researcher

17 <sup>h</sup> Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372, CNRS ULR, Villiers-en-Bois, France

18

19 **\*Corresponding author.**

20 E-mail address: karl.zeller@edu.mnhn.fr

21

22 **Author Contributions**

23 Original idea: Xavier Bonnet and Nicolas Mouquet.

24 Selection and collection of photos, conception of the questionnaire: Xavier Bonnet, Karl Zeller.

25 Online editing and management of the questionnaire Karl Zeller, Nicolas Mouquet.
26 Data collection and data management: Karl Zeller and Nicolas Mouquet.

27 Statistical analyses: Karl Zeller.

28 Conceptualization and writing of the first version of the manuscript: Karl Zeller.

29 All authors contributed to the elaboration of the research questions, the methodology as well as the questionnaire and on-line survey design. All authors contributed to writing, improvements and approved the submitted version.

32

33 Acknowledgments

34 We thank the thousands of volunteers who participated in the online questionnaire and propagated it. We thank Rick Shine and Benedikt Schmidt who translated the survey; J Measey, CAS Toudonou, B Pande, S Sahu, T Slimani, H EL Mouden, D Arsovski, L. Tomovic, M Maricic, C Randler, F Martinez Freiria, L Luiselli, R Meek, J Gallo and many others kindly distributed the questionnaire in their respective countries. Many photos were provided by Antoine Joris. We thank the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN) for allocating a Master's grant to Karl Zeller. We thank the Initiative Biodiversité Evolution Ecologie Société (IBEES) from the Alliance Sorbonne Université for allocating a PhD's grant to Karl Zeller. We thank the Service d'Aide au Calcul et à l'Analyse de Données of Sorbonne University (SACADO) for their assistance in using the MeSU supercomputer for statistical modelling, as well as Jean Nabias (UMR 7204, Centre d'Écologie et des Sciences de la Conservation – CESCO) for his guidance in familiarising us with the supercomputer and ensuring an optimal utilisation.

47

48 Funding

49 The Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (France), the Initiative Biodiversité Evolution Ecologie Société (France) and the LabEx CeMEB funded the study.

50
51

## 52 Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

54

## 55 Abstract

* What animals do people fear most, and why? Because of the central role they are thought to have played in primate evolution, most studies have focused on the fear of snakes. Other studies that have looked at a wider range of animals have either focused on a limited number of species and/or sampled participants from a narrow range of geographical locations.

* To better understand the origins of the fear of wild animals, we developed an immersive online survey based on animal images matches, during which participants had to choose the animal they feared most. With responses from 17,353 participants from all continents, we were able to rank 184 species (mammals, reptiles, birds, arthropods, amphibians) on a fear scale.

* Our results showed that images of dangerous animals elicited frequent and rapid fear responses. However, danger alone was not sufficient to explain fear, as harmless animals also reached high fear scores. Fear responses varied with participants' age, geographical region of residence and level of declared biophobia.

* The discrepancy between actual levels of danger and declared fears in humans may be due to social transmission and increasing disconnection from natural environments. This study highlights the need to consider a wide range of animal species in order to identify and understand people's fear of certain species, integrating the complex relationship between ecological danger and socio-cultural influences.

75
76 **Keywords**

77 Fear of animals; Internet survey; Biophobia; Social transmission

78

79 **Introduction**

80 Human perception of wild animals can trigger a variety of emotions, from indifference to
81 fascination, passing by disgust, affection, but also apprehension and intense fear. Darwin
82 (1872) portrayed fear as an emotion that “often acts at first as a powerful stimulant” to evade
83 major threats, thus conferring crucial fitness advantages under natural conditions. Predators
84 and dangerous animals (e.g. snakes) were major ecological threats throughout primate
85 diversification, and, according to primate evolution theories, this led to the development of
86 specific traits such as a visual specialisation and expanded brain for rapid detection of threats
87 (Isbell, 2006). Various studies have found a direct association between danger and fear in
88 humans, with dangerous animals such as sharks, crocodilians, venomous snakes, or large
89 carnivorans being ranked amongst the scariest due to their size, venom or visible weapons
90 (Frynta, Elmi, Rexová, et al., 2023; Staňková et al., 2021).

91 However, as humans become increasingly disconnected from the natural environment,
92 adaptive fear responses to ecological danger are gradually shifting to exacerbated, irrational
93 and maladaptive fears known as phobias, such as biophobia (Imai et al., 2019; Soga & Gaston,
94 2016). The growing extinction of experience with nature, particularly notable amongst
95 children, is directly connected to the increase in biophobia, which involves strong negative
96 emotions and attitudes towards nature (Gaston & Soga, 2020; Soga et al., 2020; Soga et al.,
97 2023). This vicious cycle of biophobia, influenced by environmental and socio-cultural factors,
98 can explain the development and persistence of specific biophobia, even if the specific animals
99 are not inherently dangerous to humans (e.g. spider, mouse, bat phobias; Soga & Evans, 2024).
100 Indeed, recent research has highlighted a correlation between the development of snake and
spider phobias and socio-cultural environment, with participants who express a stronger
subjective connection with nature tending to score lower on snake and spider phobia
questionnaires (Zsido et al., 2022). Sociodemographic factors have also been found to influence
the prevalence and intensity of fear, with women reporting higher snake phobia and fear scores
for snakes than men (Fredrikson et al., 1996), and younger individuals showing a greater
tendency to fear snakes and other dangerous animals (Pereira et al., 2023). Education has been
shown to positively influence the perception of wild animals in both adults and children through
supervised encounters with wild species (Ballouard et al., 2012). However, little to no evidence
was found regarding variations in fear levels across different geographical regions. For
instance, fear evaluations of various snake species showed high agreement across
geographically distant participants, with vipers being consistently ranked as the highest
frightening species (e.g. Czech and Somali participants: Frynta, et al., 2023a; Czech and
Azerbaijani participants in Landová et al., 2018). Similarly, Prokop et al. (2010) found
comparable spider fear levels among Slovakian and South African high school students.

Overall, previous studies aiming at understanding the relative contribution of ecological
(e.g. direct experience with danger) and socio-cultural (e.g. transmission of threat information)
drivers in the development of fears and phobias towards animals often lack diversity in the
range of species considered or in the range of participants’ socio-cultural backgrounds (i.e.
number of different countries considered). Here we report the results of an international online
survey investigating the perception of a large taxonomic diversity of species with a gradient of
potential danger levels to humans. This study enabled us to 1) rank a substantial number of
animals based on the level of fear they inspire, and 2) assess the influence of ecological and
socio-cultural factors on the level of fear evoked by both dangerous and harmless animals.

According to evolutionary theories, we expected dangerous taxa like snakes, large
carnivorans and crocodilians to consistently rank among the top fear-evoking animals.
126

However, hypotheses regarding the social transmission of fears led us to predict that the scariest animal taxa might vary across different geographic regions and age groups due to factors such as education and direct exposure. Additionally, the level of fear towards dangerous and harmless animals might also fluctuate across populations from different geographic regions depending on the specific species present locally.

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**Material and methods**

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*Online survey*

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The ‘Lost in Wilderness’ online survey was distributed from April 2020 to September 2021 through various channels including social media and mailing lists within personal and professional networks. The survey was anonymized and accessible in French, English, Spanish and German and hosted on the online platform Biodiful (ww.biodiful.org). We structured the survey into three parts (Figure 1). In the first part, two images depicting an animal appeared on the screen (hereafter “match”). The participants had to click on the animal that scared them the most, as rapidly as possible. This procedure was repeated 25 times per participant with different combinations of images drawn randomly from our pool of images. The decision time (in seconds) was also recorded for each match. The second part of the questionnaire consisted of anonymized questions regarding socio-cultural backgrounds (sex, age, dominant hand, geographic region of residence, geographic origin of the parents, academic level, naturalist knowledge, main centre of interests, movie genre preference). In the third part, the participant had to choose the animal that scared them the most from eight specific species. Participants rated (from 0 to 4) the level of fear they felt for the animal they chose, and responded to three questions characterising their fear: fear of being injured, fear of being killed and fear of being eaten. They then had to answer a question regarding their potential previous encounter with the selected animal. Finally, they were asked to indicate whether they considered themselves as

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phobic of snakes, spiders or other animals, or non-phobic. Responses to the first part of the survey were collected on the Biodiful website. Responses of the second and third part of the survey were collected using a Google Form linked to a unique anonymous code generated by Biodiful website for each participant. The four translations of the entire survey are provided in the **Online Resource 1, Table S1**.

**Figure 1**

Workflow of the ‘Lost in Wilderness’ online survey and the different analyses and methods employed. In the first part, pairs of animal images (in the figure: *Neofelis nebulosa* versus *Agalychnis callidryas*) were presented and participants had to click on the animal they feared the most. In the second part, participants answered questions regarding personal information. Decision outcomes and decision times during image matches were analysed using Elo ratings and Bayesian GLMs. In the third part, participants faced eight animal images (*Bitis gabonica*, *Hipposideros speoris*, *Lycosidae sp.*, *Panthera tigris*, *Pithecophaga jefferyi*, *Mandrillus leucophaeus*, *Canis rufus*, *Ursus americanus*) and had to choose the one that scared them the most before answering questions characterising the fear of the selected animal. Proportions of participants selecting each of the eight possible animals, as well as the proportions of participants declaring being afraid of being injured, killed or eaten by the animal they selected were calculated.
<figure><img src="image_2.png" /></figure>

## Pool of species and images used

In our study, we focused on non-aquatic animals (e.g. terrestrial, arboreal, aerial, etc.) as we used a narrative where the participants were supposed to walk on land and encounter wild animals. Animals were chosen to compile a gradient of dangerousness, to be recognizable by non-specialists and to cover a broad taxonomic level resulting in a higher representation of mammals, reptiles, and birds compared to amphibians, arachnids, and insects. For the first part of the survey, we used a collection of 221 colour photo portraits of animals, corresponding to 184 different species (several species were represented more than once in the collection to add little intraspecific variation). For the third part of the survey, we used images of eight taxonomically diverse species with different levels of dangerousness to humans (Figure 1). The choice of the eight images was also intended to give the participant a choice between the fear of an animal that looks repulsive and disturbing but not very or not at all dangerous, and the real ecological threat of a repulsive and dangerous animal. Most of the images were photo portraits taken by Xavier Bonnet and Antoine Joris, the others were mainly gathered via copyright-free photo websites, naturalist photographers and colleagues. All images were
clipped, placed on a textured dark green background (see **Figure 1** for examples) and resized (to be at 1600*1200 pixels) with the Gimp software v2.8.22. The complete species list is available in the **Online Resource 2**.

## Species classifications

We categorised the 184 species of the first part of the survey according to broad taxonomic classifications. Groups only required a minimum of two species. We started with six classes: Mammals (N=99 species), Reptiles (N=27), Birds (N=39), Amphibians (N=5), Arachnids (N=5) and Insects (N=9). As the imbalance in species numbers could cause high variance in results, complicating interpretations, we divided groups with many species (Mammals, Reptiles and Birds) using finer taxonomic resolution, such as Orders, while keeping species number per group below an arbitrarily set limit of 15, resulting in the formation of 28 groups (**Table 1**; **Online Resource 1, Text A**). We also classified the 184 species using the Hazardous Animal Categorization from the Secretary of State's Standard of Modern Zoo Practice (www.defra.gov.uk) into three risk levels: Greater risk (serious injury or life threat), Less risk (injury but not life-threatening) and Least risk (not listed in the other categories). Domesticated animals (i.e. the dog, the horse, the cat and the rabbit) were not included in this list, which forced us to propose a classification for those species (**Online Resource 1, Text A**). To align with our hypothesis that fear is more intense towards predators, we added a Predator risk category including species known for predatory behaviours towards humans. This resulted in N=60 Least risk animals, N=53 Less risk animals, N=61 Greater risk animals and N=10 Predator risk animals (**Online Resource 1, Text A; Online Resource 2**). The dangerousness level of the eight species used in the third part of the survey was determined using the same classification (**Online Resource 2**).
212 **Table 1.**

213 List of the twenty-eight groups encompassing the 184 different species selected.

<table><thead><tr><th>Group</th><th>Number of species</th><th>Silhouette</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Felids</td><td>15</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hyenas</td><td>2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mongooses</td><td>4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Canids</td><td>6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bears and Seals</td><td>6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Musteloids</td><td>6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lorisiformes, Lemuriformes and Tarsiiformes</td><td>9</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pan-American monkeys</td><td>5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Afro-Eurasian monkeys</td><td>7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Apes</td><td>5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hoofed mammals</td><td>12</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glires and Tenrecs</td><td>7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Xenarthrans</td><td>3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Marsupials</td><td>6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bats</td><td>6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tortoises</td><td>2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Crocodilians</td><td>2</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

<figure><img src="image_3.png" /></figure>

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<table><tr><td>Lizards</td><td>7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Colubroids</td><td>11</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pythons and Boas</td><td>5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Higher Landbirds</td><td>15</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Australaves</td><td>6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Aquatic and Semiaquatic birds</td><td>10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Basal Landbirds</td><td>5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fowls</td><td>3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Amphibians</td><td>5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Arachnids</td><td>5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Insects</td><td>9</td><td></td></tr></table>

<figure><img src="image_20.png" /></figure>

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## Data analyses

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Prior to the analyses, we excluded incomplete surveys (N=2,410), withdrawals (N=2) and participants under the age of three (N=3; because we felt it was not possible to carry out the survey independently at very young ages), for a total of N=17,353 participants. We first ranked animals based on the fear they inspired by using the answers collected in the first section of our survey and the Elo ratings (Elo, 2008); we used EloChoice v0.29.4 R package (Neumann, 2019) with 1,000 randomizations of the order of the matches.

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We ranked the 28 animal groups based on the probability to be selected during a match by fitting a generalised linear model (GLM) with a Bernoulli link function. The binary response
variable represented the participants' choice between the two images (Image 1 on the left and Image 2 on the right). Predictors included the animal category of Image 1, the animal category of Image 2 and the interaction between the danger level of Image 1 and the danger level of Image 2. We also considered the interaction between the animal category of Image 2 (being the arbitrarily chosen focal image) and participants' age, sex, geographic region, and declared animal phobia. These interactions allowed us to predict the probability for an image to be selected according to its category (e.g. taxonomic group, danger level) and participants' socio-cultural backgrounds (e.g. geographic region of residence, declared snake phobia). For analytic purposes, we categorised age in seven categories (Bogin 2015): Young children (<= 5 years old), Children (6 to 12), Adolescents (13 to 17), Young adults (18 to 24), Adults (25 to 44), Middle-aged adults (45 to 64) and Older adults (>= 65). We also simplified the geographic location of participants using broader geographic regions (Europe, Africa, North America, Latin America and the Caribbean, Asia and Oceania) following the classification provided by the United Nations publication "Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use". Participants who did not specify their sex or geographic region (N=333) were excluded before fitting the binomial GLM.

We ranked animal groups based on the decision time during a match by fitting a GLM with a negative binomial link function, suitable for integer values (a decision time equal to zero represented the interval between zero and one second) with possible overdispersion (Winter & Bürkner, 2021). We excluded excessively long decision times using the 99th percentile quantile (seventeen seconds) because they could be due to disinterest or technical issues rather than long hesitation delay. Predictors included the animal category of the selected image, the animal category of the unselected image, the interaction between their danger levels, the participant's age category, and the rank of the image match in the participant evaluation series (ranging from 1 to 25) to mitigate potential starting effects on decision times (notably in the initial matches).
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The third part of the survey allowed us to investigate the potential reasons why participants
fear particular animals. We calculated the proportion of participants selecting each of the eight
possible animals, as well as the average level of fear and the proportion of participants declaring
being afraid to be injured, killed or eaten by the animal they selected. We also calculated the
proportion of participants that declared having already encountered the animal they selected
(in the wild or in captivity). To maximise participants’ chances of understanding the game, and
therefore the relevance of the answers, we excluded participants under the age of six
considering that the concept of death might be unfamiliar or difficult for younger individuals
to grasp (N=114, Kane, 1979).

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We fitted all GLMs in a Bayesian framework using the brm function from the brms v2.21.0 R package (Bürkner, 2017). We used flat (uninformative) priors and ran all models for 5,000 iterations across 3 chains with a warm-up period of 1,000 iterations and a thinning rate of 1. We assessed GLMs’ convergence by examining trace-plots to assess sampling mixing and by ensuring Rhat ≈ 1 (Gelman & Rubin, 1992). To assess the influence of the predictors on the response variable for each GLM, we plotted the distributions of the predicted values (i.e. draws from the expectation of the posterior predictive distribution of the statistical model; Kay, 2023) for each modality within each predictor. Further details of the statistical models and the number of participants for each analysis are available in the Supplementary Material (Online Resource 1, Table S3). We performed all analyses using R v4.4.0 (R Core Team, 2022) in Rstudio v2024.04.2 (RStudio Team, 2022). Credits for the animal silhouettes, used in the figures and downloaded from the website Phytopic v2.0, are available on the Online Resource 1, Table S4. Main results for each question are presented graphically, with detailed statistical results available in the Supplementary Material (Online Resource 1, Table S5-16).

Ethics declarations
The online survey and data collection comply with the French Data Protection Act (Loi Informatique et Libertés n°78-17 du 6 janvier 1978), the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR, Règlement UE 2016/679 du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 27 avril 2016) as well as the Helsinki Declaration. Informed consent was obtained from all participants by clearly explaining the purpose of the study on the first page of the survey and asking them to actively click a button to confirm their acceptance and begin the survey. No personal or identifiable details were requested or collected from any participants. Participants could stop at any given moment and data were not recorded in this situation. Participants were given an anonymous code they could use if they wanted to withdraw from the survey after completion.

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## 285 Results

### 286 Participant socio-cultural diversity

Amongst the N=17,353 participants, there were N=10,661 women, N=6,414 men and N=278 individuals who did not mention their sex. Average age of participants was 35.7 years (SD = 16.36; range: 3-100). The majority answered the survey in French (N=15,034) followed by English (N=1,911), Spanish (N=332) and German (N=76). Participants declared living in Europe (N=15,204), Africa (N=638), North America (N=521), Latin America and the Caribbean (N=378), Asia (N=342), Oceania (N=207) and 63 participants did not provide an answer. Some participants declared being phobic toward spiders (16%), snakes (11%), another animal (10%), or both snakes and spiders (7%), while the majority (56%) declared no biophobia. Details regarding participant distribution across age categories, as well as all other factors corresponding to the twelve personal questions from the second part of the questionnaire, are summarised in **Online Resource 1, Table S2**.

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### 299 Which animals are the most frightening?
The EloChoice algorithm ranked animal images based on decision outcomes (hereafter 'decision') during images matches out of 221 images: the saltwater crocodile emerged as the most frightening animal while the European rabbit the least (Figure 2, Online Resource 2). Along with the saltwater crocodile, categorised as posing a Predator risk level of danger, a notable proportion of dangerous animals (at Predator risk and Greater risk levels) also occupied high ranks. Such ranking indicates that the participants responded fairly seriously and, as such, other results can be considered reliable.

The taxonomic group with the highest probability to be selected during a match was Arachnids (87%), before snakes (Colubroids: 76%; Pythons and boas: 74%), Bats (72%), Lizards (70%), Insects (70%), Crocodilians (70%), and Fowls (62%), **Online Resource 1, Tables S5-6**). Predator images elicited the highest probability to be selected during a match when facing a harmless (Less risk: 82%; Least risk: 80%) or a dangerous animal (Greater risk: 71%). However, when two predators were confronted, the probability for either one to be selected dropped to chance level (52%, **Online Resource 1, Tables S7**).

The taxonomic group Crocodilians elicited the fastest decision time when selected during matches (2.93s), followed by snakes (Pythons and boas: 2.94s; Colubroids: 2.95s) and Arachnids (3.02s; **Figure 3, Online Resource 1, Tables S8-S9**). The danger levels of the two matching images influenced participants' decision time. For instance, the longest decision times were reported when the two images were predators (4.32s), while the quickest decisions occurred when a predator was selected over a harmless animal (Less risk: 3.10s; Least risk: 3.12s; **Online Resource 1, Table S10**).

**Figure 2**

Mean fear Elo scores and associated ranks of the 221 animal photo portraits used in the first part of the survey (i.e. the image matches) using the EloChoice with the 433,825 image matches
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(N=17,353 participants). The danger level classes are highlighted by point colours. Five examples are given along the ranking for illustration.

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<figure><img src="image_31.png" /></figure>

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<caption>Figure 3</caption>

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Median predicted decision time for an image to be selected during image match along with 75% credible intervals (highest density interval) for each animal category (see methods).

Animal categories are sorted by median, from lowest to highest.

<figure><img src="image_32.png" /></figure>

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335 *Who is afraid of what animals?*

336 Across the seven geographic regions of declared residence, arachnids were the most likely to be selected during matches ranging from 85% in Oceania to 89% in Europe. Overall, 337 geographic regions only slightly influenced the choice for the other animal categories. Among 338 the groups which showed some variations, the crocodilians had the highest probability of being 339 selected in Europe (75%), Asia (73%), and Africa (71%), and showed lower probability in 340 North America (69%), Latin America and the Caribbean (65%) and Oceania (65%). Pythons 341 and boas were more likely to be selected in Asia (81%), Latin America and the Caribbean 342 (80%) than in Europe (76%), Oceania (72%), Africa (71%), or North America (66%; **Online 343 Resource 1, Table S11**). 344

345 Selection probabilities were similar between men and women across all animal categories 346 **(Online Resource 1, Table S12)**. Probabilities of selecting Crocodilians increased with age, 347 ranging from 50% for children (between 6 to 12 years old) to 81% for older adults (65 years 348 old and over). We found the same pattern for Pythons and Boas as well as for Colubroids, 349 Hyenas, Felids and Bears and Seals **(Online Resource 1, Table S13)**. Spiders had the highest 350 probability of being selected across age classes (except in participants over 65); however, 351 participants under 18 years old were more likely to select them than older participants **(Online 352 Resource 1, Table S13)**. Snakes were more likely to be selected by ophiophobic participants 353 (pythons and boas: 88%, colubroids: 87%) than non-phobic participants (colubroids: 72%, 354 pythons and boas: 68%) or participants phobic toward other animals (pythons and boas: 68%, 355 colubroids: 67%). In the same way, spiders were more likely to be selected by arachnophobic 356 participants (95%) compared to non-phobic participants (82%; **Online Resource 1, Table 357 S14**). 358

359 *How did the participants choose the scariest animal?*
In the third part of the survey (the eight-image choice), participants selected in majority the harmless (Least risk level) wolf spider (27%) and the dangerous (Greater risk level) Gaboon viper (27%), followed by the tiger (20%, Predator risk level), the black bear (13%, Predator risk level), the Schneider's leaf-nosed bat (6%, Least risk level), the drill (6%, Greater risk level), the red wolf (0.5%, Less risk level) and finally the Philippine eagle (0.5%, Greater risk level). Snake phobic participants tended to select the Gaboon viper more than the other animals (68%), while spider phobic participants tended to select the wolf spider more than the other animals (73%). Participants selecting the tiger indicated a higher level of fear (3.34) compared to participants selecting another animal (Table 2). Participants selecting dangerous animals were afraid to be injured (black bear: 93%, tiger: 92%, Gaboon viper: 65%), and killed (tiger: 76%, black bear: 70%, Gaboon viper: 49%). Participants selecting predators were afraid to be eaten (tiger: 79%, black bear: 54%). Even though the majority of participants selecting the spider were not afraid to be eaten by it, 14% were afraid that it could happen, 30% were afraid to be killed and 66% were afraid to be injured. More than half of the participants declared to have encountered (in the wild or in captivity) the animal they selected, with the exception of the participants selecting the Schneider's leaf-nosed bat (28%, Table 2).

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Table 2

Proportion of participants selecting each of the eight images during the third part of the survey, along with the average reported level of fear and the proportions of participants who were afraid of being injured, killed, or eaten by the animal they selected, as well as the proportion of participants who had previously encountered the animal they selected.

<table><thead><tr><td>Animal</td><td>Number of participants</td><td>Fear level</td><td>Injured</td><td>Killed</td><td>Eaten</td><td>Previous encounter</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Philippine eagle</td><td>74 (0.4%)</td><td>2.28</td><td>63.5%</td><td>9.5%</td><td>16.2%</td><td>54.1%</td></tr><tr><td>Red wolf</td><td>77 (0.5%)</td><td>2.68</td><td>80.5%</td><td>49.4%</td><td>61.0%</td><td>63.6%</td></tr><tr><td>Drill</td><td>1026 (6%)</td><td>2.59</td><td>88.1%</td><td>32.6%</td><td>15.1%</td><td>64.3%</td></tr><tr><td>Schneider's leaf-nosed bat</td><td>1028 (6%)</td><td>2.60</td><td>66.7%</td><td>21.7%</td><td>25.4%</td><td>28.1%</td></tr><tr><td>Black bear</td><td>2293 (13.3%)</td><td>3.20</td><td>93.0%</td><td>70.0%</td><td>54.0%</td><td>67.9%</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tr><td>Tiger</td><td>3533 (20.4%)</td><td>3.34</td><td>91.6%</td><td>76.3%</td><td>78.7%</td><td>75.9%</td></tr><tr><td>Gaboon viper</td><td>4599 (26.7%)</td><td>3.03</td><td>84.5%</td><td>48.7%</td><td>15.6%</td><td>63.1%</td></tr><tr><td>Wolf spider</td><td>4609 (26.7%)</td><td>3.09</td><td>65.9%</td><td>29.4%</td><td>13.8%</td><td>59.4%</td></tr></table>

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Discussion

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Our survey provided insights on fear towards various animal species among over seventeen thousand participants across the globe. Elo rating calculations indicated that the scariest animal amongst the 184 species included was the saltwater crocodile and the least feared the European rabbit. Bayesian modelling highlighted that dangerous animals, such as predators, generally elicited faster and more frequent fear responses compared to harmless animals, although fear was not solely dependent on the risk posed by each animal to humans. We also found that the participants' declared phobias, as well as their age and geographic region of residence, influenced their decisions. These findings underscore the complex relationship between inherent ecological danger and socio-cultural influences in shaping human perceptions of wild animals.

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Our results revealed frequent and quick association between crocodilians and fear. The highest-ranked image portrayed a saltwater crocodile with prominent teeth (Figure 2), which may have bolstered reactions. Indeed, triangular teeth are danger signals that are known to trigger specific reactions (Souchet & Aubret, 2016). Nevertheless, our study participants considered crocodilians scarier than large carnivores that also sometimes displayed their triangular teeth. This result corroborates another study showing that crocodiles formed a distinct group in fear analysis, triggering the most intense fear compared to other legged reptiles while evoking neither beauty nor disgust, unlike snakes (Janovcová et al., 2019). In natural situations, large crocodiles can represent a serious threat (Das & Jana, 2017; García-Grajales & Buenrostro, 2019), yet, they remain neglected in experimental studies measuring fear
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reactions to dangerous animals in humans and non-human primates in comparison to snakes
for instance (Zeller et al., 2022).

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Apart from a potential teeth-effect, the level of dangerousness was a good predictor of the
probability to be selected and of decision time. Indeed, participants were more likely to rapidly
select a predator appearing in a match. Participants rationally associated dangerous animals,
such as the Gaboon viper, with the fear of being killed or injured. They also associated
predators like the tiger with the fear of being eaten. These results align with the definition of
fear as an adaptative emotional state prompting animals to react in response to threatening and
potentially harmful stimuli (Adolphs, 2013).

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The broad range of animal species used in our survey revealed that being a predator or a
dangerous animal is not sufficient to explain fear. For instance, spiders ranked high on the fear
scale even though only 0.5% of all spiders are classified as potentially dangerous (Hauke &
Herzig, 2017). Besides, only harmless species of arachnids were included in our study. Other
harmless animals such as bats and lizards reached higher probabilities to be selected during
matches compared to dangerous animal groups such as felids, hyenas or bears. As suggested
by Rudolfová et al., (2022), this fear of harmless spiders might stem from a general innate fear
of chelicerates. However, recent studies have not supported this hypothesis (Landová et al.,
2023). Instead, misconceptions about spiders, a lack of biological knowledge, and feelings of
disgust may explain why many people fear spiders (Arntz et al., 1993; Gerdes et al., 2009;
Vetter, 2009). In our survey, a majority of participants who selected a spider as the most
frightening animal were afraid of being injured, some of them feared to be killed, and a few
even feared to be eaten by the spider. Many mistakenly believe that spiders frequently kill
humans; but while humans and primates sometimes eat spiders, the reverse does not occur
(Egler, 1992; Iwamoto, 1982; Meyer-Rochow, 2005; Pickett et al., 2012). This rationale can
also be applied to dangerous animals such as snakes: while more than five million people are

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bitten by venomous snakes annually, resulting in approximately 100,000 deaths (Adukauskienė et al., 2011), snakes are killed and sold on markets for human consumption, medicinal and religious purposes, in Asia, Africa and South America (Alves & Filho, 2007; Cao et al., 2014; Klemens & Thorbjarnarson, 1995). Similar to spiders, snakes are often subject to strong misconceptions and irrational beliefs, a general lack of knowledge and feelings of disgust (Ali et al., 2017; Fernandes-Ferreira et al., 2012; Kaishauri & Makashvili, 2013).

Irrational fears associated with these misconceptions can be transmitted very efficiently among humans. There is evidence that negative parental attitudes and behaviour towards animals influence the level of animal fear and phobia in children (Soga et al., 2020). This may well explain the high probability for arachnids to be selected by young children during image matches, compared to older individuals more likely to select dangerous animals such as crocodilians. Bats, meanwhile, may have suffered from the timing of the online survey, as 2020 saw the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, which reinforced negative attitudes towards bats due to misinterpretations of the relationship between bats and the origin of the virus widely relayed by various media (Lu et al., 2021; MacFarlane & Rocha, 2020). Further, bats have always been associated with negative superstitions (e.g. consumption of human blood) in Western culture (Prokop et al., 2009). Transmission through media indeed plays a significant role in fostering negative emotions towards specific species. For example, news media often use sensationalised language and graphic content to portray certain animals as dangerous, inducing negative feelings and attitudes towards them (Bombieri et al., 2018; Le Busque et al., 2019). Films contribute significantly to the development of unrealistic biological and ecological misconceptions about animals, which might further perpetuate the fear these wild species evoke in the general public, particularly in children (Henderson & Anderson, 2005; Le Busque & Litchfield, 2023).
We observed slight differences across geographical regions, highlighting the importance of accounting for the potential interaction between ecological and cultural context in shaping perceptions of wild animals in humans. For instance, participants from Asia, where the consumption of scorpions, spiders, and other arthropods is more common than in other parts of the world, showed a lower probability of selecting arachnid images compared to participants from Europe (Costa-Neto & Grabowski, 2021). We also found geographic differences for pythons and boas, which were more likely to be selected in Asia than in North America, possibly because of the rare instances of large pythons killing and eating humans in Asian countries (De Lang, 2010; Headland & Greene, 2011). In contrast, we found no differences in the probability of crocodilians to be selected between African and European participants, even though crocodilian attacks are frequent in African countries (Dunham et al., 2010; Eustace et al., 2022), while there is no wild crocodilian in Europe. Note that our survey was highly biased toward particular geographical regions and audiences (i.e. a majority of Western Europeans with a university degree, internet access, and whose main interests revolve around nature and animals; **Online Resource 1, Table S2**). Future research that further expands the geographic and socio-cultural sampling could reveal greater complexity in people's responses. Online internet survey is a powerful (more than 17,000 people responded to our survey given us strong statistical power in the analysis) and promising tool for measuring human perception of biodiversity (see also Langlois et al., 2022), albeit further research, notably interdisciplinary field research integrating biological and ethnographic methods within a unified conceptual framework (Soga & Gaston, 2022), is needed to better understand the positive and negative perception of specific animals at a finer population level across various geographical regions.

In conclusion, social and cultural transmission of fear of both harmless and dangerous animals across generations is a plausible mechanism likely to explain our results, especially in heavily altered environments where human-nature interactions are minimal and animal threats
479 are inaccurately assessed (Soga et al., 2023). While fears of genuinely dangerous animals are 480 understandable from an evolutionary perspective, the persistence of irrational fears towards 481 mostly harmless species in humans highlights the powerful influence of local and indigenous 482 knowledge, beliefs, misconceptions and socio-cultural transmission (Soga & Evans, 2024).

483 Animal phobias, or more generally biophobia, is one of the most common phobias, increasing 484 in prevalence and intensity, most notably in urban populations (Correia & Mammola, 2024).

485 Media sensationalism and unrealistic portrayals in films exacerbate these fears, especially in 486 children, perpetuating a vicious cycle of biophobia (Soga et al., 2023). This growing global 487 issue not only impacts human health but also hinders conservation efforts, particularly for less 488 charismatic species (Catapani et al., 2024; Gish et al., 2024; Mouquet et al., 2024). Addressing 489 biophobia would require breaking this cycle and reinforcing human-nature connectedness 490 through direct, positive experiences with wildlife such as nature-observation activities, leading 491 to a virtuous cycle driven by a sustainable worldview (Barragan-Jason et al., 2022; Kos et al., 492 2023). Such interactions could foster a healthier relationship with nature, benefiting both 493 human well-being and animal conservation initiatives (Marselle et al., 2021; Soga & Evans, 494 2024).

495

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716
‘Lost in Wilderness’ online survey

Choice amongst
8 animals

Personal details

Picture matches

221 pictures (184 species)
433,825 matches; 17,353 participants

10,661 women and 6,414 men
mean age 35.7 years

VS

<figure><img src="image_33.png" /></figure>

15,204

342

<figure><img src="image_34.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_35.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_36.png" /></figure>

Data analyses

GLMs in a
Bayesian framework

Descriptive
statistics

Elo Ratings

<table><thead><tr><th>Animal</th><th>Fear of being injured</th><th>Fear of being killed</th><th>Fear of being eaten</th><th>...</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Tiger</td><td>90%</td><td>80%</td><td>80%</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Wolf spider</td><td>70%</td><td>30%</td><td>10%</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>...</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

<figure><img src="image_37.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_38.png" /></figure>

Workflow of the 'Lost in Wilderness' online survey and the different analyses and methods employed. In the first part, pairs of animal images (in the figure: *Neofelis nebulosa* versus *Agalychnis callidryas*) were presented and participants had to click on the animal they feared the most. In the second part, participants answered questions regarding personal information. Decision outcomes and decision times during image matches were analysed using Elo ratings and Bayesian GLMs. In the third part, participants faced eight animal images (*Bitis gabonica*, *Hipposideros speoris*, *Lycosidae sp.*, *Panthera tigris*, *Pitheophaga jefferyi*, *Mandrillus leucophaeus*, *Canis rufus*, *Ursus americanus*) and had to choose the one that scared them the most before answering questions characterising the fear of the selected animal. Proportions of participants selecting each of the eight possible animals, as well as the proportions of participants declaring being afraid of being injured, killed or eaten by the animal they selected were calculated.
<figure><img src="image_39.png" /></figure>

Mean fear Elo scores and associated ranks of the 221 animal photo portraits used in the first part of the survey (i.e. the image matches) using the EloChoice with the 433,825 image matches (N=17,353 participants). The danger level classes are highlighted by point colours. Five examples are given along the ranking for illustration.

300x179mm (96 x 96 DPI)
<figure><img src="image_40.png" /></figure>

Median predicted decision time for an image to be selected during image match along with 75% credible intervals (highest density interval) for each animal category (see methods). Animal categories are sorted by median, from lowest to highest.

300x120mm (96 x 96 DPI)
1 **Online Resource 1**

2 The four translations of the survey (**Table S1**), information about the participants (**Table S2**),

3 the list of the algorithms and models used to analyse the databases (**Table S3**), credits of the

4 silhouettes used on the graphs downloaded on the website Phylopic (**Table S4**), statistical

5 details (**Tables S5-S16**) and further explanations of the two categorisations of the 184 species

6 used in the first part of the survey (**Text A**).

7

8

9 **Online Resource 2**

10 File containing the list of the 229 animal photo portraits used in the survey (whether in the first

11 part or the third part), their class, order, family, species name, the name of the image, their

12 vernacular English name, their zoological categorization, their level of dangerousness, their

13 mean fear scores and the associated fear rank using the EloChoice algorithm (N=1,000

14 simulations) with the 433,825 pictures matches (N=17,353 participants).

15

16
17 Online Resource 1

18 Table S1

19 The four translations of ‘Lost in Wilderness’ online survey.

<table><thead><tr><th colspan="4">Pictures matches via Biodiful website</th></tr><tr><th colspan="4">Introductory text</th></tr><tr><th>French</th><th>German</th><th>Spanish</th><th>English</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Bonjour et bienvenue,<br/>Ce questionnaire-jeu est anonyme.</td><td>Hallo und willkommen,<br/>Dieses Quiz ist anonym.</td><td>Hola y bienvenidos,<br/>Este cuestionario es anónimo.</td><td>Hello there, and welcome,<br/>This quiz is anonymous.</td></tr><tr><td>Tu participes à une étude scientifique sur la relation entre l'Homme et la nature. C'est un jeu de rapidité qui teste ton instinct de survie. Il se déroule en deux parties, atteindre un poste de secours puis répondre à quelques questions.<br/>Tu es seul.e, perdu.e dans la nature et tu dois atteindre le plus vite possible un poste de secours. Fais très attention, des animaux sauvages rodent dans les parages. Ils apparaissent deux par deux. Pour avancer, tu dois cliquer sur la photo de l'animal qui te fait le plus peur. Parfois un animal peut revenir, c'est normal.<br/>C'est parti, dépêche-toi !</td><td>Sie nehmen an einer wissenschaftlichen Studie über die Beziehung zwischen Mensch und Natur teil. Es ist ein Geschwindigkeitsspiel, das Ihren Überlebensinstinkt auf die Probe stellt. Es besteht aus zwei Teilen, erreicht einen Rettungsstation und beantwortet dann einige Fragen.<br/>Sie sind allein, in der Wildnis verloren und müssen so schnell wie möglich eine Rettungsstation erreichen. Seien Sie sehr vorsichtig, wilde Tiere tummeln sich in der Wildnis. Die Tiere tauchen zu zweit auf. Klicken Sie auf das Tier, das Ihnen Angst macht. Er wird verschwinden. Das gibt Ihnen Kraft, sich weiter vorwärts zu bewegen. Manchmal kann ein Tier zurück kommen, das ist normal.</td><td>Estás participando en un estudio científico sobre la relación entre los humanos y la naturaleza. Es un juego de velocidad que pone a prueba tu instinto de supervivencia. Se desarrolla en dos partes, llegar a un puesto de socorro y después responder a algunas preguntas.<br/>Usted está solo.a, perdido.a en la naturaleza y debe llegar a un puesto de socorro tan pronto como sea posible. Tenga mucho cuidado, los animales salvajes vagan alrededor. Aparecen de dos en dos. Para avanzar, debes hacer clic en la foto del animal que más te asusta. A veces un animal puede volver, eso es normal.</td><td>We invite you to participate in a scientific study about the relationship between Man and Nature. It is a speed game that tests your survival instinct. It takes place in two parts, reaching a rescue station then answering a few questions.<br/>You are alone, lost into the wild and you must reach a rescue station as soon as possible. Be very careful, wild animals roam around. They pop up two by two. To move forward, you need to click on the picture of the animal that scares you the most. Sometimes an animal can come back, that's normal.</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td>Lass uns losgehen, beeil dich!</td><td>¡Vamos, date prisa, vamos!</td><td>Let's go, hurry up!</td></tr><tr><th colspan="4">Explanatory text during matches</th></tr><tr><th>French</th><th>German</th><th>Spanish</th><th>English</th></tr><tr><td>Pour avancer et atteindre le poste de secours, clique vite sur l'animal qui te fait le plus peur !</td><td>Um vorwärts zu gelangen und die Rettungsstation zu erreichen, müssen Sie schnell auf das Foto des Tieres klicken, das Ihnen am meisten Angst macht!</td><td>¡Para avanzar y llegar al puesto de socorro, debes hacer clic rápidamente en la foto del animal que más te asusta!</td><td>To move forward and reach the rescue station, quickly click the picture of the animal that scares you the most!</td></tr></table>

Questionnaire via Google Form

Section A

Introductory Text

<table><tr><th>French</th><th>German</th><th>Spanish</th><th>English</th></tr><tr><td>Bravo ! Tu as atteint le poste de secours. Mais pour y rentrer, tu dois répondre le plus rapidement possible à quelques questions. Fais encore confiance à ton instinct et ne n'inquiète pas si tu te trompes, il faut te dépêcher.</td><td>Gut gemacht! Sie haben die Rettungsstation erreicht. Um hinein zu können, müssen Sie einige Fragen so schnell wie möglich beantworten. Vertraue immer noch deinem Bauchgefühl und mach dir keine Sorgen, wenn du falsch liegst, du musst dich beeilen.</td><td>¡Bien hecho! Llegaste al puesto de socorro. Para entrar, debes responder a algunas preguntas lo más rápido posible. Todavía confía en tu instinto y no te preocupes si te equivocas, tienes que darte prisa.</td><td>Well done! You reached the rescue station. To get in, you need to answer a few questions as quickly as possible. Trust your gut feeling and don't worry if you're wrong. You have to hurry!</td></tr></table>

<table><thead><tr><th>Question number</th><th>Language of the question</th><th>Question</th><th>Answer number</th><th>Language of the answer</th><th>Answer</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="4">1</td><td rowspan="2">French</td><td rowspan="2">Sexe</td><td rowspan="4">1.1</td><td>French</td><td>Homme</td></tr><tr><td>German</td><td>Mann</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">German</td><td>Spanish</td><td>Hombre</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>Man</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">1.2</td><td rowspan="2">Geschlecht</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td>French</td><td>Femme</td></tr><tr><td>German</td><td>Frau</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tbody><tr><td></td><td>Spanish</td><td>Sexo</td><td>Spanish</td><td>Mujer</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>English</td><td>Sex</td><td>English</td><td>Woman</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5">2</td><td rowspan="5"></td><td rowspan="5"></td><td>1.3</td><td>French</td><td>Je ne souhaite pas le préciser</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">2.1</td><td>German</td><td>Ich möchte nicht antworten</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>No quiero responder</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>I don't want to answer</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">2.2</td><td rowspan="4"></td><td>French</td><td>Droitier.e</td></tr><tr><td>German</td><td>Rechtshänder</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>Diestro.a</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>Right-handed</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5">3</td><td rowspan="5"></td><td rowspan="5"></td><td>2.3</td><td>French</td><td>Gaucher.e</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">3.1</td><td>German</td><td>Linkshänder</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>Zurdo.a</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>Left-handed</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">3.1</td><td rowspan="4"></td><td>French</td><td>Les deux (ambidextre)</td></tr><tr><td>German</td><td>Beidhändig</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>Ambos.as (ambidiestro.a)</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>Both (ambidextrous)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">3</td><td>French</td><td>Quel âge as-tu ?</td><td>French</td><td rowspan="4">1 - 100</td></tr><tr><td>German</td><td>Wie alt sind Sie?</td><td>German</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>¿Cuántos años tienes?</td><td>Spanish</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>How old are you?</td><td>English</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="4">4</td><td>French</td><td>Dans quelle région du monde habites-tu ?</td><td rowspan="4">4.1</td><td>French</td><td>Je ne sais pas</td></tr><tr><td>German</td><td>In welcher Region der Welt lebst du?</td><td>German</td><td>Ich weiß es nicht</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>¿En qué región del mundo vives?</td><td>Spanish</td><td>No lo sé</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>What region of the world do you live in?</td><td>English</td><td>I don't know</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="8">5</td><td rowspan="4">French</td><td rowspan="4">De quelle région du monde la plupart de tes ancêtres du coté de ton père viennent-ils ?</td><td rowspan="4">4.2</td><td>French</td><td rowspan="4">1: Northern America – 2: Central America – 3: South<br/>America – 4: Caribbean – 5: Northern Europe – 6: Western<br/>Europe – 7: Southern Europe – 8: Eastern Europe – 9:<br/>Northern Africa – 10: Western Africa – 11: Middle Africa –<br/>12: Eastern Africa – 13: Southern Africa – 14: Madagascar –<br/>15: Western Asia – 16: Central Asia – 17: Southern Asia –<br/>18: Eastern Asia – 19: Southeastern Asia – 20: Micronesia –<br/>21: Polynesia – 22: Melanesia – 23: Australia and New<br/>Zealand</td></tr><tr><td>German</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td></tr><tr><td>English</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">German</td><td rowspan="4">Aus welcher Region der Welt stammen die meisten Ihrer Vorfahren väterlicherseits?</td><td rowspan="4">5.1</td><td>French</td><td>Je ne sais pas</td></tr><tr><td>German</td><td>Ich weiß es nicht</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>No lo sé</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>I don't know</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Spanish</td><td rowspan="2">¿De qué región del mundo provienen la mayoría de tus antepasados del lado de tu padre?</td><td rowspan="2">5.2</td><td>French</td><td rowspan="2">1: Northern America – 2: Central America – 3: South<br/>America – 4: Caribbean – 5: Northern Europe – 6: Western<br/>Europe – 7: Southern Europe – 8: Eastern Europe – 9:<br/>Northern Africa – 10: Western Africa – 11: Middle Africa –</td></tr><tr><td>German</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td>English</td><td>What region of the world do most of your ancestors from your father's side come from?</td><td></td><td>Spanish</td><td>12: Eastern Africa – 13: Southern Africa – 14: Madagascar – 15: Western Asia – 16: Central Asia – 17: Southern Asia – 18: Eastern Asia – 19: Southeastern Asia – 20: Micronesia – 21: Polynesia – 22: Melanesia – 23: Australia and New Zealand</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5">6</td><td>French</td><td>De quelle région du monde la plupart de tes ancêtres du coté de ta mère viennent-ils ?</td><td rowspan="4">6.1</td><td>French</td><td>Je ne sais pas</td></tr><tr><td>German</td><td>Aus welcher Region der Welt stammen die meisten Ihrer Vorfahren mütterlicherseits?</td><td>German</td><td>Ich weiß es nicht</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>¿De qué región del mundo provienen la mayoría de tus antepasados del lado de tu madre?</td><td>Spanish</td><td>No lo sé</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>What region of the world do most of your ancestors from your mother's side come from?</td><td>English</td><td>I don't know</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td></td><td>6.2</td><td>French</td><td>1: Northern America – 2: Central America – 3: South America – 4: Caribbean – 5: Northern Europe – 6: Western Europe – 7: Southern Europe – 8: Eastern Europe – 9: Northern Africa – 10: Western Africa – 11: Middle Africa – 12: Eastern Africa – 13: Southern Africa – 14: Madagascar – 15: Western Asia – 16: Central Asia – 17: Southern Asia – 18: Eastern Asia – 19: Southeastern Asia – 20: Micronesia – 21: Polynesia – 22: Melanesia – 23: Australia and New Zealand</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="6">7</td><td rowspan="6">French</td><td rowspan="6">Quel est ton niveau d'études ?</td><td rowspan="4">7.1</td><td>French</td><td>Je ne suis pas encore à l'école / Je suis à la Maternelle</td></tr><tr><td>German</td><td>Ich bin noch nicht in der Schule / Ich bin im Kindergarten</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>Todavía no estoy en la escuela / Estoy en kindergarten</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>I'm not yet in school / I'm in Kindergarten</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">7.2</td><td>French</td><td>Je suis à l'école primaire</td></tr><tr><td>German</td><td>Ich bin in der Grundschule</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Spanish</td><td>Estoy en primaria</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>English</td><td>I'm in primary school</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">German</td><td rowspan="4">Was ist deine Ausbildung?</td><td rowspan="4">7.3</td><td>French</td><td>Je suis au collège</td></tr><tr><td>German</td><td>Ich bin in der Mittelschule</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>Estoy en la secundaria</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>I'm in middle school</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Spanish</td><td rowspan="4">¿Cuál es tu nivel académico?</td><td rowspan="4">7.4</td><td>French</td><td>Je suis au lycée</td></tr><tr><td>German</td><td>Ich bin im Gymnasium</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>Estoy en el instituto</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>I'm in high school</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Spanish</td><td rowspan="4">¿Cuál es tu nivel académico?</td><td rowspan="4">7.5</td><td>French</td><td>Baccalauréat</td></tr><tr><td>German</td><td>Abitur</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>Bachillerato</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>High school diploma</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Spanish</td><td rowspan="4">¿Cuál es tu nivel académico?</td><td rowspan="4">7.6</td><td>French</td><td>Bac +1 / Bac +2 / Bac +3 (Licence, etc...)</td></tr><tr><td>German</td><td>Ein / zwei / dreijähriger technischer / universitärer Abschluss</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>Título técnico / universitario de uno / dos / tres años (Diplomatura o equivalente)</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>One/two/three-year technical/university degree</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">English</td><td rowspan="4">What is your highest academic level?</td><td rowspan="4">7.7</td><td>French</td><td>Bac +4 / Bac +5 (Master, etc...)</td></tr><tr><td>German</td><td>Master-Abschluss</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>Licenciatura</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>Master's degree</td></tr></table>
<table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="14">8</td><td rowspan="4">French</td><td rowspan="4">Comment qualifierais-tu tes connaissances des animaux sauvages ?</td><td rowspan="4">7.8</td><td>French</td><td>Doctorat et plus</td></tr><tr><td>German</td><td>PhD und mehr</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>Doctorado y más</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>PhD and more</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">8.1</td><td>French</td><td>J'ai fait un autre parcours</td></tr><tr><td>German</td><td>Ich habe eine andere Ausbildung</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>Tengo un otro tipo de carrera profesional</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>I followed another path</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">German</td><td rowspan="4">Wie würden Sie Ihr Wissen über wilde Tiere bewerten?</td><td rowspan="4">7.9</td><td>French</td><td>Très faibles</td></tr><tr><td>German</td><td>Sehr schlecht</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>Muy débiles</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>Very weak</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Spanish</td><td rowspan="4">¿Cómo calificaría su conocimiento de los animales salvajes?</td><td rowspan="4">8.2</td><td>French</td><td>Faibles</td></tr><tr><td>German</td><td>Schlecht</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>Débiles</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>Weak</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">8.3</td><td rowspan="4">¿Cómo calificaría su conocimiento de los animales salvajes?</td><td rowspan="4">8.3</td><td>French</td><td>Moyennes</td></tr><tr><td>German</td><td>Durchschnitt</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>Promedias</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>Average</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">8.4</td><td rowspan="2">¿Cómo calificaría su conocimiento de los animales salvajes?</td><td rowspan="2">8.4</td><td>French</td><td>Bonnes</td></tr><tr><td>German</td><td>Gut</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tbody><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Spanish</td><td>Buenas</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>English</td><td>Good</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5">9</td><td rowspan="5">English</td><td rowspan="5">How would you rate your knowledge of wild animals?</td><td rowspan="5">8.5</td><td>French</td><td>Très bonnes</td></tr><tr><td>German</td><td>Sehr gut</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>Muy buenas</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>Very good</td></tr><tr><td>French</td><td>Littérature/Histoire/Musique/Danse/Théatre</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">9.1</td><td rowspan="4">French</td><td>Quel est ton principal centre d'intérêt, celui qui t'occupe le plus ?</td><td>German</td><td>Literatur / Geschichte / Musik / Tanz / Schauspiel</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>Literatura/Historia/Música/Danza/Teatro</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>Literature/History/Music/Dance/Acting</td></tr><tr><td>French</td><td>Sport/Fitness/Auto/Moto</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">9.2</td><td rowspan="4">French</td><td>Was ist dein Hobby, dein Zentrum des Interesses, mit dem du die meiste Zeit verbringt?</td><td>German</td><td>Sport / Fitness / Auto / Motorrad</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>Deporte/Fitness/Auto/Moto</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>Sport/Fitness/Auto/Moto</td></tr><tr><td>French</td><td>Nature/Ecologie/Animaux</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">9.3</td><td rowspan="4">French</td><td>¿Cuál es tu pasatiempo, tu centro de interés, en el que pasas más tiempo?</td><td>German</td><td>Natur / Ökologie / Tiere</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>Naturaleza/Ecología/Animales</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>Nature/Ecology/Animals</td></tr><tr><td>French</td><td>Cuisine/Bricolage/Maison</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">9.4</td><td rowspan="4">French</td><td>¿Cuál es tu pasatiempo, tu centro de interés, en el que pasas más tiempo?</td><td>German</td><td>Kochen / Basteln / Heim</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>Cocina / Bricolaje / Hogar</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>Cooking/Crafting/Home</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="10">10</td><td rowspan="5">English</td><td rowspan="5">What is your hobby, your central interest, the topic that you spend the most time on ?</td><td rowspan="5">9.5</td><td>French</td><td>Informatique/Jeux-video/Média/Sciences/Technologies</td></tr><tr><td>German</td><td>Informatik / Videospiele / Medien / Wissenschaften / Technologien</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>Informática/Videojuegos/Medios/Ciencias/Tecnologías</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>Computer science/Video games/Media/Sciences/Technologies</td></tr><tr><td>French</td><td>Autres</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">9.6</td><td>German</td><td>Sonstiges</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>Otro</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>Other</td></tr><tr><td>French</td><td>Dessin animé</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">French</td><td>German</td><td>Trickfilm</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>Película animada</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>Cartoon</td></tr><tr><td>French</td><td>Film d'angoisse-épouvante avec des animaux</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">German</td><td rowspan="4">Wenn Sie heute Abend einen Film sehen müssten, welche Art würden Sie bevorzugen?</td><td rowspan="4">10.2</td><td>German</td><td>Horrorfilm mit Tieren</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>Película de terror y ansiedad con animales</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>Anxiety-horror movie with animals</td></tr><tr><td>French</td><td>Documentaire animalier</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Spanish</td><td rowspan="4">Si tuvieras que ver una película esta noche, ¿qué tipo prefieres?</td><td rowspan="4">10.3</td><td>German</td><td>Natur-Dokumentarfilm</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>Documental animal</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>Wildlife documentary</td></tr><tr><td>French</td><td>Je ferai autre chose</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td></td><td></td><td>10.4</td><td>French</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td>If you had to watch a movie tonight, what kind would you prefer?</td><td>German</td><td>Ich werde etwas anderes machen</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>Spanish</td><td>Haré otra cosa</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>English</td><td>I will do something else</td></tr></table>

Section B

Introductory text

<table><thead><tr><th>French</th><th>German</th><th>Spanish</th><th>English</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Bravo !<br/>Tu peux enfin entrer dans le poste de secours. Mais attention ! Un animal s'y cache. C'est l'un des huit animaux ci-dessous. Clique sur celui qui te fait le plus peur.</td><td>Gut gemacht!<br/>Sie können jetzt in die Hilfsstation eintreten. Aber seien Sie vorsichtig! Drinnen versteckt sich ein Tier. Es ist eines der acht Tiere unten. Klicken Sie auf dasjenige, welches Ihnen am meisten Angst macht.</td><td>¡Bien hecho!<br/>Ahora puede entrar en el puesto de socorro. Pero ten cuidado ! Un animal se esconde allí. Es uno de los ocho animales a continuación. Haz clic en el que más te asusta.</td><td>Well done !<br/>You can now get into the rescue station. But be careful! An animal is hiding inside. It is one of the eight animals displayed underneath. Click on the one that scares you the most.</td></tr></tbody></table>

<table><thead><tr><th>Question number</th><th>Language of the question</th><th>Question</th><th>Answer number</th><th>Language of the answer</th><th>Answer</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="11">11</td><td rowspan="4">French</td><td rowspan="4">Clique sur celui qui te fait le plus peur.</td><td rowspan="4">11.1</td><td>French</td><td>Animal 1</td></tr><tr><td>German</td><td>Tier 1</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>Animal 1</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>Animal 1</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">11.2</td><td>French</td><td>Animal 2</td></tr><tr><td>German</td><td>Tier 2</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>Animal 2</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>Animal 2</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">German</td><td rowspan="2">Klicken Sie auf dasjenige, welches Ihnen am meisten Angst macht.</td><td rowspan="2">11.3</td><td>French</td><td>Animal 3</td></tr><tr><td>German</td><td>Tier 3</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Spanish</td><td>Animal</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>English</td><td>Animal 3</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>11.4</td><td>French</td><td>Animal 4</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>German</td><td>Tier 4</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Spanish</td><td>Animal 4</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>English</td><td>Animal 4</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Spanish</td><td rowspan="4">Haz clic en el que más te asusta.</td><td rowspan="4">11.5</td><td>French</td><td>Animal 5</td></tr><tr><td>German</td><td>Tier 5</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>Animal 5</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>Animal 5</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">English</td><td rowspan="4">Click on the one that scares you the most.</td><td rowspan="4">11.6</td><td>French</td><td>Animal 6</td></tr><tr><td>German</td><td>Tier 6</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>Animal 6</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>Animal 6</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4"></td><td rowspan="4"></td><td rowspan="4">11.7</td><td>French</td><td>Animal 7</td></tr><tr><td>German</td><td>Tier 7</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>Animal 7</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>Animal 7</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4"></td><td rowspan="4"></td><td rowspan="4">11.8</td><td>French</td><td>Animal 8</td></tr><tr><td>German</td><td>Tier 8</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>Animal 8</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>Animal 8</td></tr></table>
Section C

Introductory text

<table><thead><tr><th>French</th><th>German</th><th>Spanish</th><th>English</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Tu entres et MALHEUR !<br/>Tu tombes face à face avec l'animal que tu viens juste de sélectionner !</td><td>Sie treten ein und WOE!<br/>Sie stehen dem Tier gegenüber, das Sie gerade ausgewählt haben!</td><td>Entras y ¡AY!<br/>¡Estás cara a cara con el animal que acabas de seleccionar!</td><td>You enter and WOE!<br/>You are face to face with the animal you just selected!</td></tr><tr><th>Question number</th><th>Language of the question</th><th>Question</th><th>Answer number</th><th>Language of the answer</th><th>Answer</th></tr><tr><td rowspan="12">12</td><td rowspan="4">French</td><td rowspan="4">Quelle est ta réaction ?</td><td rowspan="4">12.1</td><td>French</td><td>0: Pas peur du tout</td></tr><tr><td>German</td><td>0: Überhaupt keine Angst</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>0: Sin miedo en absoluto</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>0: Not scared at all</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">German</td><td rowspan="4">Wie reagieren Sie?</td><td rowspan="4">12.2</td><td>French</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>German</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Spanish</td><td rowspan="4">¿Como reaccionas ?</td><td rowspan="4">12.3</td><td>French</td><td>2: Inquiet</td></tr><tr><td>German</td><td>2: Besorgt</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>2: Preocupado</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>2: Worried</td></tr><tr><td>12.4</td><td></td><td></td><td>French</td><td>3</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tbody><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>German</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Spanish</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>English</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>12.5</td><td>French</td><td>4: Peur extrême</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>German</td><td>4: Extreme Angst</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Spanish</td><td>4: Miedo extremo</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>English</td><td>4: Extreme fear</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="13">13</td><td rowspan="4">French</td><td rowspan="4">As-tu peur de mourir ?</td><td rowspan="4">13.1</td><td>French</td><td>Oui</td></tr><tr><td>German</td><td>Ja</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>Si</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">German</td><td rowspan="2">Haben Sie Angst zu sterben?</td><td rowspan="2">13.2</td><td>French</td><td>Non</td></tr><tr><td>German</td><td>Nein</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Spanish</td><td rowspan="2">¿Tiene miedo a morir ?</td><td rowspan="2">13.3</td><td>Spanish</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">English</td><td rowspan="4">Are you afraid that you will die?</td><td rowspan="4">14.1</td><td>French</td><td>Je ne sais pas</td></tr><tr><td>German</td><td>Ich weiß es nicht</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>No lo sé</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>I don't know</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">14</td><td rowspan="3">French</td><td rowspan="3">As-tu peur de te faire dévorer ?</td><td rowspan="3"></td><td>French</td><td>Oui</td></tr><tr><td>German</td><td>Ja</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>Si</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="15">15</td><td rowspan="4">German</td><td rowspan="4">Haben Sie Angst, gefressen zu werden?</td><td rowspan="4">14.2</td><td>English</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>French</td><td>Non</td></tr><tr><td>German</td><td>Nein</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">English</td><td rowspan="4">Are you afraid of being eaten?</td><td>English</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td>French</td><td>Je ne sais pas</td></tr><tr><td>German</td><td>Ich weiß es nicht</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>No lo sé</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">French</td><td rowspan="4">As-tu peur d'être blessé.e ?</td><td rowspan="4">15.1</td><td>English</td><td>I don't know</td></tr><tr><td>French</td><td>Oui</td></tr><tr><td>German</td><td>Ja</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>Si</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">German</td><td rowspan="4">Haben Sie Angst, verletzt zu werden?</td><td rowspan="4">15.2</td><td>English</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>French</td><td>Non</td></tr><tr><td>German</td><td>Nein</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Spanish</td><td rowspan="4">¿Tienes miedo de ser herido.a?</td><td rowspan="4">15.3</td><td>English</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td>French</td><td>Je ne sais pas</td></tr><tr><td>German</td><td>Ich weiß es nicht</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>No lo sé</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">English</td><td rowspan="4">Are you afraid of being injured?</td><td rowspan="4">16.1</td><td>English</td><td>I don't know</td></tr><tr><td>French</td><td>Oui, dans la nature</td></tr><tr><td>German</td><td>Ich weiß es nicht</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>No lo sé</td></tr><tr><td>French</td><td>As-tu déjà rencontré ce genre d'animal ?</td><td>16.1</td><td>French</td><td>Oui, dans la nature</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>German</td><td>Ja, in freier Wildbahn</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Spanish</td><td>Si, en la naturaleza</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>English</td><td>Yes, in the wild</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="12">16</td><td rowspan="4">German</td><td rowspan="4">Sind Sie jemals diesem Tier begegnet?</td><td rowspan="4">16.2</td><td>French</td><td>Oui, en captivité</td></tr><tr><td>German</td><td>Ja, in Gefangenschaft</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>Si, en cautiverio</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>Yes, in captivity</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Spanish</td><td rowspan="4">¿Alguna vez te has enfrentado a este tipo de animal?</td><td rowspan="4">16.3</td><td>French</td><td>Non</td></tr><tr><td>German</td><td>Nein</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>Nunca</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="12">17</td><td rowspan="4">French</td><td rowspan="4">As-tu une peur violente et irrationnelle (phobie)?</td><td rowspan="4">17.1</td><td>French</td><td>Des serpents</td></tr><tr><td>German</td><td>Vor Schlangen</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>A los serpientes</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>For snakes</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">German</td><td rowspan="4">Leiden Sie unter einer Angststörung (Phobie)?</td><td rowspan="4">17.2</td><td>French</td><td>Des araignées</td></tr><tr><td>German</td><td>Vor Spinnen</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>A las arañas</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>For spiders</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">French</td><td rowspan="3">17.3</td><td>French</td><td>Des serpents et des araignées</td></tr><tr><td>German</td><td>Vor Schlangen und Spinnen</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>A los serpientes y las arañas</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>¿Tienes un miedo violento e irracional (fobia)?</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>English</td><td>For snakes and spiders</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">English</td><td rowspan="4">Do you have a violent and irrational fear (phobia)?</td><td rowspan="4">17.4</td><td>French</td><td>D'un autre animal</td></tr><tr><td>German</td><td>Vor anderen Tieren</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>A otro aimal</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>For another animal</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4"></td><td rowspan="4"></td><td rowspan="4">17.5</td><td>French</td><td>Je n'ai pas de phobie des animaux</td></tr><tr><td>German</td><td>Ich habe keine Tierphobie</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>No tengo fobia animal</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>I don't have an animal phobia</td></tr></table>

Section D

End of questionnaire text

<table><thead><tr><th>French</th><th>German</th><th>Spanish</th><th>English</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Tu as presque fini !<br/>Clique sur le dernier bouton « ENVOYER » / « SEND » / « ENVIAR » / « SENDEN » tout en bas pour faire disparaître l'animal et pour être secouru.<br/>Si tu souhaites être informé des suites de cette étude tu peux nous laisser ton adresse email :<br/>Cette étude est anonyme, mais tu peux aussi exercer ton droit de retrait en nous contactant à</td><td>Sie sind fast fertig<br/>Klicken Sie zum Abschluss unten auf die Schaltfläche „ENVOYER“ / „SEND“ / „ENVIAR“ / „SENDEN“ damit das Tier verschwindet und gerettet werden kann.<br/>Wenn Sie über die Ergebnisse dieser Studie informiert werden möchten, können Sie uns Ihre E-Mail-Adresse hinterlassen:<br/>Diese Studie ist anonym, aber Sie können Ihr Widerrufsrecht ausüben, indem Sie uns unter lostinwilderness.biodiful@gmail.com unter der folgenden Nummer kontaktieren:</td><td>Ya casi terminas<br/>Haga clic en el último botón « ENVOYER »/« SEND »/« ENVIAR »/« SENDEN »en la parte inferior de la página para hacer que el animal desaparezca y sea rescatado.<br/>Si desea recibir información sobre los resultados de este estudio, puede dejarnos su correo electrónico:<br/>Este estudio es anónimo, pero también puede ejercer su derecho de desistimiento poniéndose en contacto</td><td>You're almost done !<br/>Click on the last "ENVOYER"/"SEND"/"ENVIAR"/"SENDEN" button at the bottom to make the animal disappear and to be rescued.<br/>If you wish to be informed of the results of this study you can leave us your email address:<br/>This study is anonymous, but you can also exercise your right of withdrawal by contacting us at</td></tr></tbody></table>
lostinwilderness.biodiful@gmail.com
avec le numéro suivant :

Si cette étude t'a plu et que tu souhaites
encore nous aider, après avoir cliqué sur
le bouton "ENVOYER" en bas, tu peux
partager ce questionnaire-jeu à ta famille
et tes amis en allant sur le site
BIODIFUL.

Grâce à toi nous allons pouvoir faire des
analyses pour mieux comprendre ce qui
nous fait peur. Merci beaucoup pour ta
participation !

Crédits photos

Tontan Travel : www.tontantravel.com/
Antoine Joris
Cécile Garcia
Luca Morino
Andreas Rose
Maxime Leuchtmann
Boris Bailla
Xavier Bonnet
Lucie Rigaill
Emmanuel Baril
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Wikip%C3%A9dia:Accueil_principal
https://unsplash.com/
https://www.pexels.com/
https://pixabay.com/fr/

Wenn dir die Studie gefallen hat und du uns
noch helfen möchtest, kannst du nach dem
Klick auf den Button "SENDEN" unten den
Spielfragebogen mit deiner Familie und
Freunden auf dem Weg zu BIODIFUL
Website.

Dank Ihnen können wir besser verstehen, was
uns Angst macht. Vielen Dank für Ihre
Teilnahme!

Bildnachweis

Tontan Travel : www.tontantravel.com/
Antoine Joris
Cécile Garcia
Luca Morino
Andreas Rose
Maxime Leuchtmann
Boris Bailla
Xavier Bonnet
Lucie Rigaill
Emmanuel Baril
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Wikip%C3%A9dia:Accueil_principal
https://unsplash.com/
https://www.pexels.com/
https://pixabay.com/fr/

con nosotros en

lostinwilderness.biodiful@gmail.com
con el siguiente número:

Si te ha gustado este estudio y aún
quieres ayudarnos, después de hacer clic
en el botón "ENVIAR" en la parte
inferior, puedes compartir este
cuestionario-juego con tu familia y
amigos yendo al sitio BIODIFUL.

Gracias a ti, podremos entender mejor lo
que nos asusta. ¡Muchas gracias por su
participación!

Créditos fotográficos

Tontan Travel : www.tontantravel.com/
Antoine Joris
Cécile Garcia
Luca Morino
Andreas Rose
Maxime Leuchtmann
Boris Bailla
Xavier Bonnet
Lucie Rigaill
Emmanuel Baril
https://fr.wikipedia.org/
https://unsplash.com/
https://www.pexels.com/
https://pixabay.com/fr/

lostinwilderness.biodiful@gmail.com
with the following number :

If you like this study and you still
want to help us, after clicking on the
"SEND" button at the bottom, you
can share this game-questionnaire
with your family and friends by going
to the BIODIFUL website.

Thanks to you, we will be able to
better understand what scares us.
Thank you very much for your
participation!

Photo credits

Tontan Travel :
www.tontantravel.com/
Antoine Joris
Cécile Garcia
Luca Morino
Andreas Rose
Maxime Leuchtmann
Boris Bailla
Xavier Bonnet
Lucie Rigaill
Emmanuel Baril
https://fr.wikipedia.org/
https://unsplash.com/
https://www.pexels.com/
https://pixabay.com/fr/
21 Table S2

22 Information about the participants gathered with the personal anonymized questions during the
23 second part of the survey (N = 17,353 participants).

<table><thead><tr><th>Factor</th><th>Modality</th><th>Number</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td></td><td>Continuous (all participants)</td><td>Mean = 35.7 (SD =16.4, range = [3; 100])</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Young children (&lt;= 5 years old)</td><td>114</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Children (6 to 12)</td><td>530</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5">Age</td><td>Adolescents (13 to 17)</td><td>798</td></tr><tr><td>Young adults (18 to 24)</td><td>3,592</td></tr><tr><td>Adults (25 to 44)</td><td>7,469</td></tr><tr><td>Middle-aged adults (45 to 64)</td><td>3,704</td></tr><tr><td>Older adults (&gt;=65)</td><td>1,146</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">Sex</td><td>Female</td><td>10,661</td></tr><tr><td>Male</td><td>6,414</td></tr><tr><td>Not mentioned</td><td>278</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Language</td><td>French</td><td>15,034</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>1,911</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>332</td></tr><tr><td>German</td><td>76</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="6">Africa</td><td>Central Africa</td><td>29</td></tr><tr><td>Eastern Africa</td><td>20</td></tr><tr><td>Madagascar</td><td>194</td></tr><tr><td>Northern Africa</td><td>161</td></tr><tr><td>Southern Africa</td><td>187</td></tr><tr><td>Western Africa</td><td>47</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5">Asia</td><td>Central Asia</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>Eastern Asia</td><td>35</td></tr><tr><td>Southeastern Asia</td><td>342</td></tr><tr><td>Southern Asia</td><td>88</td></tr><tr><td>Western Asia</td><td>180</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5">Europe</td><td>Eastern Europe</td><td>123</td></tr><tr><td>Northern Europe</td><td>247</td></tr><tr><td>Southern Europe</td><td>1,479</td></tr><tr><td>Western Europe</td><td>13,355</td></tr><tr><td>Latin America and the Caribbean</td><td>Caribbean</td><td>29</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Central America</td><td>378</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>South America</td><td>65</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Northern America</td><td>284</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Australia and New Zealand</td><td>145</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Oceania</td><td>Melanesia</td><td>33</td></tr><tr><td>Micronesia</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>Polynesia</td><td>21</td></tr><tr><td>Unknown</td><td>Unknown</td><td>63</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">Geographic region of the father</td><td>Africa</td><td>Central Africa</td><td>44</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Eastern Africa</td><td>23</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Madagascar</td><td>105</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tbody><tr><td></td><td>Northern Africa</td><td></td><td>547</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Southern Africa</td><td></td><td>76</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Western Africa</td><td></td><td>98</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Central Asia</td><td></td><td>17</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Eastern Asia</td><td></td><td>107</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Asia</td><td>Southeastern Asia</td><td>600</td><td>137</td></tr><tr><td>Southern Asia</td><td></td><td>254</td></tr><tr><td>Western Asia</td><td></td><td>85</td></tr><tr><td>Eastern Europe</td><td></td><td>411</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Europe</td><td>Northern Europe</td><td>15,031</td><td>381</td></tr><tr><td>Southern Europe</td><td></td><td>2,241</td></tr><tr><td>Western Europe</td><td></td><td>11,998</td></tr><tr><td>Caribbean</td><td></td><td>79</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Latin America and the Caribbean</td><td>Central America</td><td>362</td><td>68</td></tr><tr><td>South America</td><td></td><td>215</td></tr><tr><td>North America</td><td>Northern America</td><td>118</td><td>118</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Oceania</td><td>Australia and New Zealand</td><td></td><td>35</td></tr><tr><td>Melanesia</td><td>50</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>Micronesia</td><td></td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Polynesia</td><td></td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>Unknown</td><td>Unknown</td><td>299</td><td>299</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="10">Geographic region of the mother</td><td>Central Africa</td><td></td><td>44</td></tr><tr><td>Eastern Africa</td><td></td><td>24</td></tr><tr><td>Madagascar</td><td>763</td><td>113</td></tr><tr><td>Northern Africa</td><td></td><td>431</td></tr><tr><td>Southern Africa</td><td></td><td>80</td></tr><tr><td>Western Africa</td><td></td><td>71</td></tr><tr><td>Central Asia</td><td></td><td>21</td></tr><tr><td>Eastern Asia</td><td></td><td>119</td></tr><tr><td>Southeastern Asia</td><td>581</td><td>133</td></tr><tr><td>Southern Asia</td><td></td><td>241</td></tr><tr><td>Western Asia</td><td></td><td>67</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Europe</td><td>Eastern Europe</td><td></td><td>434</td></tr><tr><td>Northern Europe</td><td>15,210</td><td>387</td></tr><tr><td>Southern Europe</td><td></td><td>2297</td></tr><tr><td>Western Europe</td><td></td><td>12,092</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">Latin America and the Caribbean</td><td>Caribbean</td><td></td><td>70</td></tr><tr><td>Central America</td><td>382</td><td>71</td></tr><tr><td>South America</td><td></td><td>241</td></tr><tr><td>North America</td><td>Northern America</td><td>111</td><td>111</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Oceania</td><td>Australia and New Zealand</td><td></td><td>33</td></tr><tr><td>Melanesia</td><td>47</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>Micronesia</td><td></td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Polynesia</td><td></td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>Unknown</td><td>Unknown</td><td>259</td><td>259</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">Dominant hand</td><td>Ambidextrous</td><td></td><td>811</td></tr><tr><td>Left</td><td></td><td>1,676</td></tr><tr><td>Right</td><td></td><td>14,866</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">Academic level</td><td>Kindergarten</td><td></td><td>135</td></tr><tr><td>Primary school</td><td></td><td>376</td></tr><tr><td>Middle school</td><td></td><td>381</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tbody><tr><td></td><td>High school</td><td>636</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>High school diploma</td><td>1,339</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>One/two/three-year technical/university degree</td><td>4,979</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Master's degree</td><td>6,457</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>PhD and more</td><td>2,502</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Other path</td><td>548</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Declared naturalist knowledge</td><td>Very weak</td><td>880</td></tr><tr><td>Weak</td><td>3,257</td></tr><tr><td>Average</td><td>6,559</td></tr><tr><td>Good</td><td>4,866</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Very good</td><td>1,791</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="6">Hobby</td><td>Computer science/Video games/Media/Sciences/Technologies</td><td>2,671</td></tr><tr><td>Cooking/Crafting/Home</td><td>2,070</td></tr><tr><td>Literature/History/Music/Dance/Acting</td><td>3,306</td></tr><tr><td>Nature/Ecology/Animals</td><td>6,929</td></tr><tr><td>Sport/Fitness/Auto/Moto</td><td>1,110</td></tr><tr><td>Other</td><td>1,267</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Movie genre preference</td><td>Anxiety-horror movie with animals</td><td>893</td></tr><tr><td>Cartoon</td><td>3,457</td></tr><tr><td>Wildlife documentary</td><td>6,609</td></tr><tr><td>Other</td><td>6,394</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5">Animal phobia</td><td>Snakes</td><td>1,903</td></tr><tr><td>Spiders</td><td>2,793</td></tr><tr><td>Snakes and spiders</td><td>1,270</td></tr><tr><td>Another animal</td><td>1,716</td></tr><tr><td>None</td><td>9,671</td></tr></tbody></table>

24

25
26 Table S3

27 List of the statistical analyses implemented to test our predictions.

<table><thead><tr><th>Variable response</th><th>Algorithm or model</th><th>N</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Winning picture and losing picture</td><td>EloRating with a thousand runs and an initial value set at zero.</td><td>Nparticipants = 17,353<br>Nmatches = 433,825</td></tr><tr><td>Choice between Picture 1 and Picture 2</td><td>Response (Picture 1 / Picture 2) ~<br>Picture_2_Category +<br>Picture_1_Category +<br>Picture_1_Danger * Picture_2_Danger +<br>Picture_2_Category : Sex +<br>Picture_2_Category : Age_Category +<br>Picture_2_Category : Geo_Continent +<br>Picture_2_Category : Phobia<br>family = bernoulli</td><td>Nparticipants = 17,020<br>Nmatches = 425,500</td></tr><tr><td>Decision time</td><td>Response ~<br>Winner_Category- +<br> Loser_Category +<br>Winner_Danger * Loser_Danger +<br>Age_Category +<br>Match_counter<br>family = negative binomial</td><td>Nparticipants = 17,353<br>Nmatches = 430,065</td></tr><tr><td>Choice between eight animals</td><td>Proportion table</td><td>Nparticipants = 17,239<br>Nchoices = 17,239</td></tr></tbody></table>

28

29
30 Table S4

31 Credits of the silhouettes used on the graphs downloaded on the website Phylopic version 2.0

32 (https://www.phylopic.org/).

<table><thead><tr><th>Group</th><th>Credits</th><th>Link</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Felids</td><td>Gabriela Palomo-Munoz</td><td>https://www.phylopic.org/images/2dc9f865-f0c3-4478-8801-6fafbd983a92/panthera-onca</td></tr><tr><td>Hyenas</td><td>Margot Michaud</td><td>https://www.phylopic.org/images/efd94e33-3966-4808-af47-3c58b333f9af/hyaena-hyaena</td></tr><tr><td>Mongooses</td><td>Andy Wilson</td><td>https://www.phylopic.org/images/3f51cce3-2a3e-4569-8a1e-500d33a43c23/suricata-suricatta</td></tr><tr><td>Canids</td><td>Margot Michaud</td><td>https://www.phylopic.org/images/8cad2b22-30d3-4cbd-86a3-a6d2d004b201/canis-lupus</td></tr><tr><td>Bears and Seals</td><td>Xgirouxb</td><td>https://www.phylopic.org/images/0cd82109-bb1c-4e08-ab11-c845d8a82eba/ursus-arctos-horribilis</td></tr><tr><td>Musteloids</td><td>Margot Michaud</td><td>https://www.phylopic.org/images/fb1daf6a-0db6-4b3f-ab84-289760c9c5b2/procyon-lotor</td></tr><tr><td>Lorisiformes, Lemuriformes and Tarsiiformes</td><td>Ferran Sayol</td><td>https://www.phylopic.org/images/8a187391-82a3-4d9b-a402-3a310bf7dc38/lemur-catta</td></tr><tr><td>Pan-American monkeys</td><td>Yan Wong from drawing by T. F. Zimmermann</td><td>https://www.phylopic.org/images/e5b0cde8-beab-48dc-b77c-d48b16c6a05e/callithrix-jacchus</td></tr><tr><td>Afro-Eurasian monkeys</td><td>Yan Wong</td><td>https://www.phylopic.org/images/648ed122-6b72-4c69-91f5-bf6c2bf75c78/rhinopithecus-roxellana</td></tr><tr><td>Apes</td><td>Margot Michaud</td><td>https://www.phylopic.org/images/142e0571-3b5f-443d-a887-b572a224ea22/gorilla-gorilla</td></tr><tr><td>Hoofed mammals</td><td>T. Michael Keesey</td><td>https://www.phylopic.org/images/75d59e42-a606-4f26-b648-46d1098d99fa/giraffa-camelopardalis</td></tr><tr><td>Glires and Tenrecs</td><td>Anthony Caravaggi</td><td>https://www.phylopic.org/images/d71fcd12-90f6-40c4-b918-0dac0ba3e809/oryctolagus-cuniculus</td></tr><tr><td>Xenarthrans</td><td>Steven Traver</td><td>https://www.phylopic.org/images/5d59b5ce-c1dd-40f6-b295-8d2629b9775e/dasypus-novemcinetus</td></tr><tr><td>Marsupials</td><td>Margot Michaud</td><td>https://www.phylopic.org/images/132e695c-a23a-4e82-93c0-5ca8e8982844/phascolarctos-cinereus</td></tr><tr><td>Bats</td><td>Roberto Diaz Sibaja</td><td>https://www.phylopic.org/images/21180755-3394-40bf-93eb-810954c0f7ba/desmodus-rotundus</td></tr><tr><td>Tortoises</td><td>Andrew A. Farke</td><td>https://www.phylopic.org/images/35c35a57-173f-424a-9f1a-8f4ccaddbae6/gopherus-agassizii</td></tr><tr><td>Crocodilians</td><td>Steven Traver</td><td>https://www.phylopic.org/images/a796420f-5158-4e96-acbe-e30ef36b26d6/crocodylus-porosus</td></tr><tr><td>Lizards</td><td>Beth Reinke</td><td>https://www.phylopic.org/images/3004df8c-797b-46df-9abb-4b3dc34110e2/woodworthia-maculata</td></tr><tr><td>Colubroids</td><td>Jose Carlos Arenas-Monroy</td><td>https://www.phylopic.org/images/5a05ed6f-c4b9-4d6b-ba20-62cd6958f9a1/crotalus-aquilus</td></tr><tr><td>Pythons and Boas</td><td>Becky Barnes</td><td>https://www.phylopic.org/images/29aac993-3298-4a19-8c60-19184c94effe/boa-constrictor</td></tr><tr><td>Higher Landbirds</td><td>Anthony Caravaggi</td><td>https://www.phylopic.org/images/b2b60a18-fd7d-49b2-a15d-54a62cdcac6b/aquila-chrysaetos</td></tr><tr><td>Australaves</td><td>Ferran Sayol</td><td>https://www.phylopic.org/images/c961d79e-eeba-40c1-a4da-f93f22b264c7/petroicidae</td></tr><tr><td>Aquatic and Semiaquatic birds</td><td>Juan Carlos Jeri</td><td>https://www.phylopic.org/images/dcd56e52-c6e0-4831-824f-c65bee8875ca/spheniscus-humboldtii</td></tr><tr><td>Basal Landbirds</td><td>Andy Wilson</td><td>https://www.phylopic.org/images/cbe76bdb-5a89-4577-8472-6af7c2052d70/columba-livia</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tr><td>Fowls</td><td>James Klarevas</td><td>https://www.phytopic.org/images/19968008-abec-45a7-b49f-4d3f4a8abac0/acryllium-vulturinum</td></tr><tr><td>Amphibians</td><td>Andy Wilson</td><td>https://www.phytopic.org/images/be8bb25e-d825-49a1-ae9f-0289efb8d410/phyllobates-terribilis</td></tr><tr><td>Arachnids</td><td>Carlo De Rito</td><td>https://www.phytopic.org/images/762df66b-db79-4a36-a7ae-a84767c7423a/brachypelma-smithi</td></tr><tr><td>Insects</td><td>Margot Michaud</td><td>https://www.phytopic.org/images/4f616714-d7c9-41fa-963e-bac8c1932623/vespula-germanica</td></tr><tr><td>Cheetah</td><td>Gabriela Palomo-Munoz</td><td>https://www.phytopic.org/images/0acb7026-d98d-4064-a009-0940580ea4b8/acinonyx-jubatus</td></tr><tr><td>Black-and-white ruffed lemur</td><td>Elise</td><td>https://www.phytopic.org/images/5c116de4-72b3-489f-9b1e-fcc69afd36d5/varecia-variegata</td></tr><tr><td>Muscovy duck</td><td>Rebecca Groom</td><td>https://www.phytopic.org/images/23c63b97-e0ab-4b43-89a4-e2358f4f09ec/tadorna-ferruginea</td></tr></table>

33

34
35 Table S5

Median predicted probabilities for a picture to be selected (i.e. the Picture 2) during picture matches along with the 95% quantile credible intervals (highest posterior density interval) for each category. Categories are sorted by median, from highest to lowest. In the case of multimodal (predicted) distributions, multiple intervals for one level can occur.

<table><thead><tr><th>Category of the Picture 2</th><th>Median</th><th>Lower</th><th>Upper</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Arachnids</td><td>0.871</td><td>0.424<br>0.427</td><td>0.425<br>0.998</td></tr><tr><td>Colubroids</td><td>0.760</td><td>0.269</td><td>0.989</td></tr><tr><td>Pythons and Boas</td><td>0.743</td><td>0.222</td><td>0.993</td></tr><tr><td>Bats</td><td>0.720</td><td>0.247</td><td>0.976</td></tr><tr><td>Lizards</td><td>0.703</td><td>0.229</td><td>0.975</td></tr><tr><td>Insects</td><td>0.702</td><td>0.231</td><td>0.975</td></tr><tr><td>Crocodilians</td><td>0.698</td><td>0.182</td><td>0.984</td></tr><tr><td>Fowls</td><td>0.623</td><td>0.151</td><td>0.971</td></tr><tr><td>Amphibians</td><td>0.517</td><td>0.094</td><td>0.915</td></tr><tr><td>Hyenas</td><td>0.511</td><td>0.068</td><td>0.922</td></tr><tr><td>Mongooses</td><td>0.487</td><td>0.080</td><td>0.883</td></tr><tr><td>Aquatic and Semiaquatic birds</td><td>0.477</td><td>0.077</td><td>0.882</td></tr><tr><td>Pan-American Monkeys</td><td>0.464</td><td>0.067</td><td>0.877</td></tr><tr><td>Lorisiformes, Lemuriformes and Tarsiiformes</td><td>0.460</td><td>0.068</td><td>0.865</td></tr><tr><td>Basal Landbirds</td><td>0.456</td><td>0.055</td><td>0.874</td></tr><tr><td>Higher Landbirds</td><td>0.452</td><td>0.065</td><td>0.858</td></tr><tr><td>Glires and Tenrecs</td><td>0.451</td><td>0.063</td><td>0.857</td></tr><tr><td>Afro-Eurasian Monkeys</td><td>0.428</td><td>0.048</td><td>0.841</td></tr><tr><td>Hoofed mammals</td><td>0.428</td><td>0.050<br>0.761</td><td>0.755<br>0.840</td></tr><tr><td>Felids</td><td>0.411</td><td>0.039<br>0.814<br>0.823</td><td>0.807<br>0.821<br>0.846</td></tr><tr><td>Canids</td><td>0.397</td><td>0.033</td><td>0.810</td></tr><tr><td>Marsupials</td><td>0.388</td><td>0.031<br>0.754</td><td>0.750<br>0.807</td></tr><tr><td>Apes</td><td>0.379</td><td>0.028</td><td>0.795</td></tr><tr><td>Musteloids</td><td>0.363</td><td>0.023</td><td>0.786</td></tr><tr><td>Bears and Seals</td><td>0.362</td><td>0.020</td><td>0.805</td></tr><tr><td>Tortoises</td><td>0.351</td><td>0.014</td><td>0.821</td></tr><tr><td>Australaves</td><td>0.328</td><td>0.018</td><td>0.751</td></tr><tr><td>Xenarthrans</td><td>0.309</td><td>0.011</td><td>0.769</td></tr></tbody></table>

40

41
42 Table S6

Median predicted probabilities for a picture not to be selected (i.e. the Picture 1) during picture matches along with the 95% quantile credible intervals (highest posterior density interval) for each category. Categories are sorted by median, from highest to lowest.

<table><thead><tr><td>Category of the Picture 2</td><td>Median</td><td>Lower</td><td>Upper</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Xenarthrans</td><td>0.723</td><td>0.300</td><td>0.992</td></tr><tr><td>Tortoises</td><td>0.711</td><td>0.287</td><td>0.991</td></tr><tr><td>Australaves</td><td>0.662</td><td>0.238</td><td>0.984</td></tr><tr><td>Musteloids</td><td>0.654</td><td>0.230</td><td>0.982</td></tr><tr><td>Apes</td><td>0.617</td><td>0.198</td><td>0.973</td></tr><tr><td>Marsupials</td><td>0.617</td><td>0.198</td><td>0.973</td></tr><tr><td>Lorisiformes, Lemuriformes and Tarsiiformes</td><td>0.593</td><td>0.180</td><td>0.968</td></tr><tr><td>Glires and Tenrecs</td><td>0.584</td><td>0.173</td><td>0.965</td></tr><tr><td>Basal Landbirds</td><td>0.582</td><td>0.171</td><td>0.964</td></tr><tr><td>Canids</td><td>0.573</td><td>0.166</td><td>0.962</td></tr><tr><td>Bears and Seals</td><td>0.566</td><td>0.161</td><td>0.960</td></tr><tr><td>Hoofed mammals</td><td>0.556</td><td>0.152</td><td>0.955</td></tr><tr><td>Pan-American Monkeys</td><td>0.549</td><td>0.148</td><td>0.953</td></tr><tr><td>Higher Landbirds</td><td>0.547</td><td>0.147</td><td>0.953</td></tr><tr><td>Mongooses</td><td>0.539</td><td>0.141</td><td>0.949</td></tr><tr><td>Felids</td><td>0.525</td><td>0.130</td><td>0.942</td></tr><tr><td>Afro-Eurasian Monkeys</td><td>0.520</td><td>0.125</td><td>0.938</td></tr><tr><td>Aquatic and Semiaquatic birds</td><td>0.491</td><td>0.105</td><td>0.922</td></tr><tr><td>Amphibians</td><td>0.489</td><td>0.105</td><td>0.922</td></tr><tr><td>Hyenas</td><td>0.409</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.873</td></tr><tr><td>Fowls</td><td>0.387</td><td>0.053</td><td>0.859</td></tr><tr><td>Insects</td><td>0.351</td><td>0.042</td><td>0.835</td></tr><tr><td>Bats</td><td>0.345</td><td>0.039</td><td>0.829</td></tr><tr><td>Lizards</td><td>0.317</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.809</td></tr><tr><td>Pythons and Boas</td><td>0.229</td><td>0.017</td><td>0.725</td></tr><tr><td>Colubroids</td><td>0.214</td><td>0.014</td><td>0.705</td></tr><tr><td>Crocodilians</td><td>0.177</td><td>0.009</td><td>0.652</td></tr><tr><td>Arachnids</td><td>0.156</td><td>0.008</td><td>0.616</td></tr></tbody></table>

46

47
48 **Table S7**

Median predicted probabilities for a picture (i.e. the Picture 2) to be selected during picture matches along 95% credible intervals (highest posterior density interval) for each danger level of the two pictures in a match. Danger levels combinations are sorted by median, from highest to lowest.

<table><thead><tr><th>Danger level of the Picture 2</th><th>Danger level of the Picture 1</th><th>Median</th><th>Lower</th><th>Upper</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Predator risk</td><td>Less risk</td><td>0.824</td><td>0.434</td><td>0.996</td></tr><tr><td>Predator risk</td><td>Least risk</td><td>0.804</td><td>0.401</td><td>0.995</td></tr><tr><td>Predator risk</td><td>Greater risk</td><td>0.709</td><td>0.280</td><td>0.985</td></tr><tr><td>Greater risk</td><td>Least risk</td><td>0.670</td><td>0.240</td><td>0.976</td></tr><tr><td>Greater risk</td><td>Less risk</td><td>0.665</td><td>0.235</td><td>0.975</td></tr><tr><td>Predator risk</td><td>Predator risk</td><td>0.518</td><td>0.110</td><td>0.901</td></tr><tr><td>Less risk</td><td>Least risk</td><td>0.516</td><td>0.108</td><td>0.899</td></tr><tr><td>Greater risk</td><td>Greater risk</td><td>0.501</td><td>0.099</td><td>0.890</td></tr><tr><td>Less risk</td><td>Less risk</td><td>0.500</td><td>0.099</td><td>0.890</td></tr><tr><td>Least risk</td><td>Least risk</td><td>0.492</td><td>0.094</td><td>0.884</td></tr><tr><td>Least risk</td><td>Less risk</td><td>0.476</td><td>0.085</td><td>0.873</td></tr><tr><td>Less risk</td><td>Greater risk</td><td>0.329</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.764</td></tr><tr><td>Least risk</td><td>Greater risk</td><td>0.326</td><td>0.033</td><td>0.762</td></tr><tr><td>Greater risk</td><td>Predator risk</td><td>0.292</td><td>0.026</td><td>0.729</td></tr><tr><td>Least risk</td><td>Predator risk</td><td>0.197</td><td>0.012</td><td>0.609</td></tr><tr><td>Less risk</td><td>Predator risk</td><td>0.184</td><td>0.010</td><td>0.589</td></tr></tbody></table>

53

54
55 Table S8

Median decision times and 95% credible intervals (highest posterior density interval) of the predicted values distribution of each category as the winner (picture selected during a match).

Categories are sorted by median, from lowest to highest.

<table><thead><tr><td>Stimulus category as the winner</td><td>Median</td><td>Lower</td><td>Upper</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Crocodilians</td><td>2.926</td><td>1.865</td><td>4.643</td></tr><tr><td>Pythons and Boas</td><td>2.937</td><td>1.872</td><td>4.659</td></tr><tr><td>Colubroids</td><td>2.947</td><td>1.878</td><td>4.674</td></tr><tr><td>Arachnids</td><td>3.024</td><td>1.933</td><td>4.803</td></tr><tr><td>Lizards</td><td>3.361</td><td>2.141</td><td>5.331</td></tr><tr><td>Hyenas</td><td>3.459</td><td>2.211</td><td>5.495</td></tr><tr><td>Fowls</td><td>3.461</td><td>2.212</td><td>5.497</td></tr><tr><td>Bats</td><td>3.524</td><td>2.255</td><td>5.600</td></tr><tr><td>Insects</td><td>3.561</td><td>2.279</td><td>5.658</td></tr><tr><td>Felids</td><td>3.609</td><td>2.303</td><td>5.728</td></tr><tr><td>Amphibians</td><td>3.614</td><td>2.308</td><td>5.737</td></tr><tr><td>Higher Landbirds</td><td>3.640</td><td>2.321</td><td>5.774</td></tr><tr><td>Hoofed mammals</td><td>3.658</td><td>2.336</td><td>5.807</td></tr><tr><td>Glires and Tenrecs</td><td>3.686</td><td>2.350</td><td>5.849</td></tr><tr><td>Basal Landbirds</td><td>3.703</td><td>2.365</td><td>5.879</td></tr><tr><td>Afro-Eurasian Monkeys</td><td>3.705</td><td>2.362</td><td>5.878</td></tr><tr><td>Tortoises</td><td>3.705</td><td>2.359</td><td>5.879</td></tr><tr><td>Bears and Seals</td><td>3.709</td><td>2.369</td><td>5.889</td></tr><tr><td>Aquatic and Semiaquatic birds</td><td>3.736</td><td>2.380</td><td>5.926</td></tr><tr><td>Canids</td><td>3.746</td><td>2.388</td><td>5.943</td></tr><tr><td>Australaves</td><td>3.747</td><td>2.394</td><td>5.950</td></tr><tr><td>Mongooses</td><td>3.810</td><td>2.434</td><td>6.050</td></tr><tr><td>Lorisiformes, Lemuriformes and Tarsiiformes</td><td>3.812</td><td>2.432</td><td>6.050</td></tr><tr><td>Pan-American Monkeys</td><td>3.836</td><td>2.451</td><td>6.091</td></tr><tr><td>Apes</td><td>3.876</td><td>2.470</td><td>6.149</td></tr><tr><td>Marsupials</td><td>3.886</td><td>2.485</td><td>6.173</td></tr><tr><td>Musteloids</td><td>3.964</td><td>2.527</td><td>6.289</td></tr><tr><td>Xenarthrans</td><td>4.123</td><td>2.634</td><td>6.547</td></tr></tbody></table>

59

60
61 Table S9

Median decision times and 95% credible intervals (highest posterior density interval) of the predicted values distribution of each category as the loser (picture not selected during a match).

Categories are sorted by median, from lowest to highest.

<table><thead><tr><td>Stimulus category as the loser</td><td>Median</td><td>Lower</td><td>Upper</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Apes</td><td>3.311</td><td>2.008</td><td>5.289</td></tr><tr><td>Afro-Eurasian Monkeys</td><td>3.316</td><td>2.017</td><td>5.303</td></tr><tr><td>Marsupials</td><td>3.369</td><td>2.049</td><td>5.388</td></tr><tr><td>Hoofed mammals</td><td>3.375</td><td>2.047</td><td>5.392</td></tr><tr><td>Australaves</td><td>3.382</td><td>2.050</td><td>5.402</td></tr><tr><td>Bears and Seals</td><td>3.414</td><td>2.071</td><td>5.454</td></tr><tr><td>Hyenas</td><td>3.438</td><td>2.087</td><td>5.499</td></tr><tr><td>Pan-American Monkeys</td><td>3.440</td><td>2.091</td><td>5.501</td></tr><tr><td>Basal Landbirds</td><td>3.454</td><td>2.090</td><td>5.514</td></tr><tr><td>Lorisiformes, Lemuriformes and Tarsiiformes</td><td>3.457</td><td>2.101</td><td>5.527</td></tr><tr><td>Musteloids</td><td>3.463</td><td>2.096</td><td>5.528</td></tr><tr><td>Gliridae and Tenrecs</td><td>3.478</td><td>2.106</td><td>5.553</td></tr><tr><td>Higher Landbirds</td><td>3.490</td><td>2.118</td><td>5.576</td></tr><tr><td>Canids</td><td>3.492</td><td>2.119</td><td>5.580</td></tr><tr><td>Felids</td><td>3.501</td><td>2.130</td><td>5.599</td></tr><tr><td>Mongooses</td><td>3.529</td><td>2.140</td><td>5.638</td></tr><tr><td>Tortoises</td><td>3.536</td><td>2.140</td><td>5.645</td></tr><tr><td>Aquatic and Semiaquatic birds</td><td>3.566</td><td>2.162</td><td>5.697</td></tr><tr><td>Amphibians</td><td>3.604</td><td>2.177</td><td>5.749</td></tr><tr><td>Xenarthrans</td><td>3.605</td><td>2.187</td><td>5.760</td></tr><tr><td>Fowls</td><td>3.736</td><td>2.263</td><td>5.967</td></tr><tr><td>Bats</td><td>3.846</td><td>2.329</td><td>6.141</td></tr><tr><td>Lizards</td><td>3.877</td><td>2.354</td><td>6.196</td></tr><tr><td>Colubroids</td><td>3.939</td><td>2.394</td><td>6.299</td></tr><tr><td>Insects</td><td>4.035</td><td>2.447</td><td>6.446</td></tr><tr><td>Crocodilians</td><td>4.046</td><td>2.451</td><td>6.471</td></tr><tr><td>Pythons and Boas</td><td>4.048</td><td>2.453</td><td>6.466</td></tr><tr><td>Arachnids</td><td>4.240</td><td>2.572</td><td>6.776</td></tr></tbody></table>

65

66
67 Table S10

Median decision times and 95% credible intervals (highest posterior density interval) of the predicted values distribution of each danger level as the winner (picture selected during a match) and as the loser (picture not selected during a match). Danger levels combinations are sorted by median, from lowest to highest.

<table><thead><tr><th>Danger level of the winning picture</th><th>Danger level of the losing picture</th><th>Median</th><th>Lower</th><th>Upper</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Predator risk</td><td>Less risk</td><td>3.070</td><td>1.874</td><td>4.879</td></tr><tr><td>Predator risk</td><td>Least risk</td><td>3.122</td><td>1.906</td><td>4.962</td></tr><tr><td>Less risk</td><td>Predator risk</td><td>3.328</td><td>2.031</td><td>5.291</td></tr><tr><td>Least risk</td><td>Predator risk</td><td>3.369</td><td>2.055</td><td>5.354</td></tr><tr><td>Predator risk</td><td>Greater risk</td><td>3.455</td><td>2.105</td><td>5.486</td></tr><tr><td>Greater risk</td><td>Least risk</td><td>3.489</td><td>2.139</td><td>5.554</td></tr><tr><td>Greater risk</td><td>Less risk</td><td>3.502</td><td>2.132</td><td>5.559</td></tr><tr><td>Least risk</td><td>Greater risk</td><td>3.643</td><td>2.231</td><td>5.797</td></tr><tr><td>Greater risk</td><td>Predator risk</td><td>3.665</td><td>2.238</td><td>5.826</td></tr><tr><td>Greater risk</td><td>Greater risk</td><td>3.693</td><td>2.254</td><td>5.869</td></tr><tr><td>Less risk</td><td>Greater risk</td><td>3.750</td><td>2.295</td><td>5.965</td></tr><tr><td>Least risk</td><td>Less risk</td><td>3.780</td><td>2.302</td><td>6.001</td></tr><tr><td>Least risk</td><td>Least risk</td><td>3.781</td><td>2.307</td><td>6.007</td></tr><tr><td>Less risk</td><td>Least risk</td><td>3.830</td><td>2.335</td><td>6.084</td></tr><tr><td>Less risk</td><td>Less risk</td><td>3.937</td><td>2.405</td><td>6.258</td></tr><tr><td>Predator risk</td><td>Predator risk</td><td>4.316</td><td>2.631</td><td>6.858</td></tr></tbody></table>

72

73

74

75
76 Table S11

Median predicted probabilities for a picture (i.e. the Picture 2) to be selected during picture matches along 95% credible intervals (highest posterior density interval) for each geographical region of the participant. Combinations between Picture 2 category and participants' geographical region are sorted by median, from highest to lowest. In the case of multimodal (predicted) distributions, multiple intervals for one level can occur.

<table><thead><tr><th>Geographic region</th><th>Category of Picture 2</th><th>Median</th><th>Lower</th><th>Upper</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="18">Africa</td><td>Arachnids</td><td>0.863</td><td>0.412</td><td>0.998</td></tr><tr><td>Colubroids</td><td>0.782</td><td>0.298<br>0.302</td><td>0.300<br>0.991</td></tr><tr><td>Lizards</td><td>0.747</td><td>0.278</td><td>0.981</td></tr><tr><td>Bats</td><td>0.735</td><td>0.263</td><td>0.977</td></tr><tr><td>Crocodilians</td><td>0.708</td><td>0.194</td><td>0.983</td></tr><tr><td>Pythons and Boas</td><td>0.707</td><td>0.198</td><td>0.988</td></tr><tr><td>Insects</td><td>0.694</td><td>0.225</td><td>0.973</td></tr><tr><td>Amphibians</td><td>0.567</td><td>0.134</td><td>0.935</td></tr><tr><td>Fowls</td><td>0.543</td><td>0.106</td><td>0.935</td></tr><tr><td>Mongooses</td><td>0.515</td><td>0.097</td><td>0.900</td></tr><tr><td>Pan-American Monkeys</td><td>0.498</td><td>0.089</td><td>0.887</td></tr><tr><td>Hyenas</td><td>0.487</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.906</td></tr><tr><td>Glires and Tenrecs</td><td>0.463</td><td>0.069</td><td>0.864</td></tr><tr><td>Lorisiformes, Lemuriformes and Tarsiiformes</td><td>0.460</td><td>0.069</td><td>0.865</td></tr><tr><td>Aquatic and Semiaquatic birds</td><td>0.452</td><td>0.063</td><td>0.861</td></tr><tr><td>Hoofed mammals</td><td>0.434</td><td>0.052<br>0.762</td><td>0.755<br>0.845</td></tr><tr><td>Afro-Eurasian Monkeys</td><td>0.425</td><td>0.053</td><td>0.839</td></tr><tr><td>Higher Landbirds</td><td>0.421</td><td>0.050<br>0.739</td><td>0.736<br>0.831</td></tr><tr><td>Felids</td><td>0.412</td><td>0.040<br>0.819</td><td>0.801<br>0.853</td></tr><tr><td>Basal Landbirds</td><td>0.411</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.836</td></tr><tr><td>Musteloids</td><td>0.407</td><td>0.035</td><td>0.819</td></tr><tr><td>Marsupials</td><td>0.393</td><td>0.032<br>0.742<br>0.756</td><td>0.735<br>0.751<br>0.815</td></tr><tr><td>Apes</td><td>0.386</td><td>0.030</td><td>0.797</td></tr><tr><td>Xenarthrans</td><td>0.386</td><td>0.027</td><td>0.815</td></tr><tr><td>Bears and Seals</td><td>0.376</td><td>0.023</td><td>0.815</td></tr><tr><td>Canids</td><td>0.375</td><td>0.027</td><td>0.791</td></tr><tr><td>Australaves</td><td>0.324</td><td>0.017</td><td>0.741</td></tr><tr><td>Tortoises</td><td>0.299</td><td>0.011</td><td>0.762</td></tr><tr><td>Asia</td><td>Arachnids</td><td>0.869</td><td>0.423</td><td>0.428</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tbody><tr><td></td><td></td><td>0.429</td><td>0.998</td></tr><tr><td>Pythons and Boas</td><td>0.808</td><td>0.302</td><td>0.995</td></tr><tr><td>Colubroids</td><td>0.800</td><td>0.321</td><td>0.327</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>0.328</td><td>0.992</td></tr><tr><td>Lizards</td><td>0.740</td><td>0.270</td><td>0.980</td></tr><tr><td>Crocodilians</td><td>0.732</td><td>0.211</td><td>0.989</td></tr><tr><td>Insects</td><td>0.713</td><td>0.240</td><td>0.976</td></tr><tr><td>Bats</td><td>0.677</td><td>0.210</td><td>0.967</td></tr><tr><td>Fowls</td><td>0.563</td><td>0.119</td><td>0.946</td></tr><tr><td>Mongooses</td><td>0.523</td><td>0.101</td><td>0.905</td></tr><tr><td>Hyenas</td><td>0.522</td><td>0.072</td><td>0.927</td></tr><tr><td>Pan-American Monkeys</td><td>0.518</td><td>0.099</td><td>0.900</td></tr><tr><td>Amphibians</td><td>0.507</td><td>0.094</td><td>0.903</td></tr><tr><td>Lorisiformes, Lemuriformes and Tarsiiformes</td><td>0.500</td><td>0.091</td><td>0.893</td></tr><tr><td>Glires and Tenrecs</td><td>0.467</td><td>0.071</td><td>0.867</td></tr><tr><td>Aquatic and Semiaquatic birds</td><td>0.456</td><td>0.067</td><td>0.867</td></tr><tr><td>Higher Landbirds</td><td>0.435</td><td>0.060</td><td>0.844</td></tr><tr><td>Tortoises</td><td>0.432</td><td>0.038</td><td>0.864</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>0.043</td><td>0.808</td></tr><tr><td>Felids</td><td>0.419</td><td>0.823</td><td>0.857</td></tr><tr><td>Xenarthrans</td><td>0.415</td><td>0.035</td><td>0.839</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>0.036</td><td>0.738</td></tr><tr><td>Hoofed mammals</td><td>0.413</td><td>0.755</td><td>0.830</td></tr><tr><td>Basal Landbirds</td><td>0.410</td><td>0.033</td><td>0.835</td></tr><tr><td>Canids</td><td>0.410</td><td>0.040</td><td>0.823</td></tr><tr><td>Musteloids</td><td>0.386</td><td>0.029</td><td>0.804</td></tr><tr><td>Apes</td><td>0.368</td><td>0.026</td><td>0.784</td></tr><tr><td>Afro-Eurasian Monkeys</td><td>0.354</td><td>0.022</td><td>0.773</td></tr><tr><td>Marsupials</td><td>0.352</td><td>0.023</td><td>0.772</td></tr><tr><td>Bears and Seals</td><td>0.333</td><td>0.014</td><td>0.780</td></tr><tr><td>Australaves</td><td>0.290</td><td>0.014</td><td>0.711</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>0.474</td><td>0.475</td></tr><tr><td>Arachnids</td><td>0.890</td><td>0.480</td><td>0.998</td></tr><tr><td>Colubroids</td><td>0.784</td><td>0.301</td><td>0.990</td></tr><tr><td>Pythons and Boas</td><td>0.762</td><td>0.251</td><td>0.992</td></tr><tr><td>Crocodilians</td><td>0.750</td><td>0.238</td><td>0.987</td></tr><tr><td>Lizards</td><td>0.723</td><td>0.253</td><td>0.977</td></tr><tr><td>Insects</td><td>0.710</td><td>0.240</td><td>0.976</td></tr><tr><td>Bats</td><td>0.706</td><td>0.235</td><td>0.972</td></tr><tr><td>Fowls</td><td>0.648</td><td>0.182</td><td>0.971</td></tr><tr><td>Amphibians</td><td>0.553</td><td>0.124</td><td>0.926</td></tr><tr><td>Hyenas</td><td>0.522</td><td>0.077</td><td>0.924</td></tr><tr><td>Aquatic and Semiaquatic birds</td><td>0.516</td><td>0.104</td><td>0.907</td></tr><tr><td>Mongooses</td><td>0.477</td><td>0.074</td><td>0.869</td></tr><tr><td>Basal Landbirds</td><td>0.464</td><td>0.060</td><td>0.875</td></tr><tr><td>Higher Landbirds</td><td>0.455</td><td>0.070</td><td>0.857</td></tr><tr><td>Glires and Tenrecs</td><td>0.452</td><td>0.064</td><td>0.854</td></tr></tbody></table>

Europe
<table><tbody><tr><td>Pan-American Monkeys</td><td>0.444</td><td>0.051<br>0.064</td><td>0.052<br>0.848</td></tr><tr><td>Lorisiformes, Lemuriformes and Tarsiiformes</td><td>0.439</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.850</td></tr><tr><td>Afro-Eurasian Monkeys</td><td>0.433</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.846</td></tr><tr><td>Hoofed mammals</td><td>0.418</td><td>0.035<br>0.758</td><td>0.735<br>0.834</td></tr><tr><td>Felids</td><td>0.410</td><td>0.039<br>0.820</td><td>0.796<br>0.856</td></tr><tr><td>Canids</td><td>0.391</td><td>0.032</td><td>0.803</td></tr><tr><td>Marsupials</td><td>0.374</td><td>0.026<br>0.736</td><td>0.712<br>0.807</td></tr><tr><td>Tortoises</td><td>0.357</td><td>0.018</td><td>0.801</td></tr><tr><td>Xenarthrans</td><td>0.354</td><td>0.019</td><td>0.786</td></tr><tr><td>Australaves</td><td>0.349</td><td>0.022<br>0.674</td><td>0.671<br>0.764</td></tr><tr><td>Bears and Seals</td><td>0.347</td><td>0.018<br>0.768<br>0.785<br>0.791</td><td>0.762<br>0.775<br>0.787<br>0.813</td></tr><tr><td>Apes</td><td>0.339</td><td>0.021<br>0.698</td><td>0.684<br>0.770</td></tr><tr><td>Musteloids</td><td>0.333</td><td>0.019</td><td>0.756</td></tr><tr><td>Arachnids</td><td>0.867</td><td>0.418</td><td>0.998</td></tr><tr><td>Pythons and Boas</td><td>0.792</td><td>0.281</td><td>0.995</td></tr><tr><td>Colubroids</td><td>0.747</td><td>0.258</td><td>0.987</td></tr><tr><td>Bats</td><td>0.732</td><td>0.261</td><td>0.977</td></tr><tr><td>Lizards</td><td>0.695</td><td>0.226</td><td>0.972</td></tr><tr><td>Insects</td><td>0.687</td><td>0.217</td><td>0.971</td></tr><tr><td>Crocodilians</td><td>0.653</td><td>0.151</td><td>0.976</td></tr><tr><td>Fowls</td><td>0.621</td><td>0.159</td><td>0.965</td></tr><tr><td>Amphibians</td><td>0.614</td><td>0.163</td><td>0.951</td></tr><tr><td>Hyenas</td><td>0.538</td><td>0.082</td><td>0.938</td></tr><tr><td>Basal Landbirds</td><td>0.498</td><td>0.078</td><td>0.900</td></tr><tr><td>Aquatic and Semiaquatic birds</td><td>0.493</td><td>0.088</td><td>0.894</td></tr><tr><td>Glires and Tenrecs</td><td>0.479</td><td>0.077</td><td>0.876</td></tr><tr><td>Mongooses</td><td>0.465</td><td>0.068</td><td>0.865</td></tr><tr><td>Lorisiformes, Lemuriformes and Tarsiiformes</td><td>0.439</td><td>0.059</td><td>0.850</td></tr><tr><td>Hoofed mammals</td><td>0.430</td><td>0.051<br>0.760</td><td>0.754<br>0.842</td></tr><tr><td>Higher Landbirds</td><td>0.429</td><td>0.056</td><td>0.837</td></tr><tr><td>Afro-Eurasian Monkeys</td><td>0.418</td><td>0.046</td><td>0.831</td></tr><tr><td>Marsupials</td><td>0.408</td><td>0.039<br>0.758</td><td>0.754<br>0.824</td></tr><tr><td>Felids</td><td>0.402</td><td>0.036<br>0.814</td><td>0.795<br>0.847</td></tr><tr><td>Canids</td><td>0.384</td><td>0.029</td><td>0.799</td></tr><tr><td>Australaves</td><td>0.371</td><td>0.026</td><td>0.787</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tbody><tr><td></td><td>Bears and Seals</td><td>0.350</td><td>0.018</td><td>0.795</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Apes</td><td>0.349</td><td>0.022</td><td>0.767</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Pan-American Monkeys</td><td>0.328</td><td>0.019</td><td>0.749</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Musteloids</td><td>0.315</td><td>0.016</td><td>0.741</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Xenarthrans</td><td>0.280</td><td>0.011</td><td>0.724</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Tortoises</td><td>0.229</td><td>0.006</td><td>0.692</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="20">North America</td><td>Arachnids</td><td>0.878</td><td>0.445</td><td>0.998</td></tr><tr><td>Bats</td><td>0.741</td><td>0.269</td><td>0.978</td></tr><tr><td>Colubroids</td><td>0.724</td><td>0.235</td><td>0.984</td></tr><tr><td>Insects</td><td>0.707</td><td>0.235</td><td>0.975</td></tr><tr><td>Crocodilians</td><td>0.687</td><td>0.178</td><td>0.980</td></tr><tr><td>Pythons and Boas</td><td>0.655</td><td>0.160</td><td>0.982</td></tr><tr><td>Lizards</td><td>0.651</td><td>0.190</td><td>0.962</td></tr><tr><td>Fowls</td><td>0.580</td><td>0.132</td><td>0.951</td></tr><tr><td>Hyenas</td><td>0.514</td><td>0.069</td><td>0.923</td></tr><tr><td>Pan-American Monkeys</td><td>0.497</td><td>0.088</td><td>0.887</td></tr><tr><td>Afro-Eurasian Monkeys</td><td>0.481</td><td>0.080</td><td>0.880</td></tr><tr><td>Aquatic and Semiaquatic birds</td><td>0.475</td><td>0.078</td><td>0.881</td></tr><tr><td>Basal Landbirds</td><td>0.472</td><td>0.064</td><td>0.883</td></tr><tr><td>Higher Landbirds</td><td>0.472</td><td>0.077</td><td>0.869</td></tr><tr><td>Mongooses</td><td>0.470</td><td>0.073</td><td>0.871</td></tr><tr><td>Lorisiformes, Lemuriformes and Tarsiiformes</td><td>0.456</td><td>0.066</td><td>0.861</td></tr><tr><td>Amphibians</td><td>0.449</td><td>0.059</td><td>0.860</td></tr><tr><td>Hoofed mammals</td><td>0.442</td><td>0.062</td><td>0.850</td></tr><tr><td>Glires and Tenrecs</td><td>0.436</td><td>0.055</td><td>0.843</td></tr><tr><td>Canids</td><td>0.417</td><td>0.044</td><td>0.829</td></tr><tr><td>Apes</td><td>0.413</td><td>0.043</td><td>0.824</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Marsupials</td><td>0.395</td><td>0.033</td><td>0.744</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Felids</td><td>0.379</td><td>0.029</td><td>0.780</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Musteloids</td><td>0.374</td><td>0.027</td><td>0.793</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Bears and Seals</td><td>0.370</td><td>0.022</td><td>0.799</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Australaves</td><td>0.334</td><td>0.019</td><td>0.753</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Tortoises</td><td>0.324</td><td>0.014</td><td>0.780</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Xenarthrans</td><td>0.234</td><td>0.008</td><td>0.673</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="10">Oceania</td><td>Arachnids</td><td>0.855</td><td>0.384</td><td>0.388</td></tr><tr><td>Fowls</td><td>0.769</td><td>0.284</td><td>0.990</td></tr><tr><td>Bats</td><td>0.730</td><td>0.256</td><td>0.978</td></tr><tr><td>Colubroids</td><td>0.719</td><td>0.230</td><td>0.984</td></tr><tr><td>Pythons and Boas</td><td>0.719</td><td>0.204</td><td>0.990</td></tr><tr><td>Insects</td><td>0.702</td><td>0.230</td><td>0.976</td></tr><tr><td>Lizards</td><td>0.656</td><td>0.192</td><td>0.966</td></tr><tr><td>Crocodilians</td><td>0.653</td><td>0.147</td><td>0.980</td></tr><tr><td>Pan-American Monkeys</td><td>0.542</td><td>0.115</td><td>0.919</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tbody><tr><td>Higher Landbirds</td><td>0.521</td><td>0.101</td><td>0.899</td></tr><tr><td>Tortoises</td><td>0.504</td><td>0.073</td><td>0.920</td></tr><tr><td>Basal Landbirds</td><td>0.484</td><td>0.069</td><td>0.894</td></tr><tr><td>Hyenas</td><td>0.484</td><td>0.051</td><td>0.906</td></tr><tr><td>Mongooses</td><td>0.481</td><td>0.078</td><td>0.884</td></tr><tr><td>Aquatic and Semiaquatic birds</td><td>0.470</td><td>0.073</td><td>0.877</td></tr><tr><td>Lorisiformes, Lemuriformes and Tarsiiformes</td><td>0.470</td><td>0.074</td><td>0.873</td></tr><tr><td>Afro-Eurasian Monkeys</td><td>0.469</td><td>0.073</td><td>0.874</td></tr><tr><td>Felids</td><td>0.444</td><td>0.832</td><td>0.866</td></tr><tr><td>Hoofed mammals</td><td>0.434</td><td>0.056</td><td>0.844</td></tr><tr><td>Apes</td><td>0.430</td><td>0.051</td><td>0.842</td></tr><tr><td>Amphibians</td><td>0.417</td><td>0.038</td><td>0.835</td></tr><tr><td>Glires and Tenrecs</td><td>0.414</td><td>0.042</td><td>0.824</td></tr><tr><td>Marsupials</td><td>0.414</td><td>0.045</td><td>0.831</td></tr><tr><td>Canids</td><td>0.404</td><td>0.037</td><td>0.818</td></tr><tr><td>Bears and Seals</td><td>0.400</td><td>0.028</td><td>0.835</td></tr><tr><td>Musteloids</td><td>0.368</td><td>0.024</td><td>0.788</td></tr><tr><td>Australaves</td><td>0.313</td><td>0.017</td><td>0.739</td></tr><tr><td>Xenarthrans</td><td>0.218</td><td>0.007</td><td>0.656</td></tr></tbody></table>

82

83

84
85 Table S12

Median predicted probabilities for a picture (i.e. the Picture 2) to be selected during picture matches along 95% credible intervals (highest posterior density interval) for each sex of the participant. Combinations between Picture 2 category and participants' sex are sorted by median, from highest to lowest. In the case of multimodal (predicted) distributions, multiple intervals for one level can occur.

<table><thead><tr><th colspan="4">Woman</th></tr><tr><th>Category of Picture 2</th><th>Median</th><th>Lower</th><th>Upper</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Arachnids</td><td>0.871</td><td>0.427</td><td>0.998</td></tr><tr><td>Colubroids</td><td>0.769</td><td>0.279</td><td>0.990</td></tr><tr><td>Pythons and Boas</td><td>0.765</td><td>0.244</td><td>0.994</td></tr><tr><td>Crocodilians</td><td>0.726</td><td>0.206</td><td>0.987</td></tr><tr><td>Lizards</td><td>0.722</td><td>0.249</td><td>0.978</td></tr><tr><td>Insects</td><td>0.716</td><td>0.244</td><td>0.977</td></tr><tr><td>Bats</td><td>0.712</td><td>0.240</td><td>0.975</td></tr><tr><td>Fowls</td><td>0.643</td><td>0.167</td><td>0.976</td></tr><tr><td>Amphibians</td><td>0.503</td><td>0.086</td><td>0.906</td></tr><tr><td>Hyenas</td><td>0.494</td><td>0.059</td><td>0.911</td></tr><tr><td>Aquatic and Semiaquatic birds</td><td>0.483</td><td>0.082</td><td>0.887</td></tr><tr><td>Mongooses</td><td>0.480</td><td>0.077</td><td>0.878</td></tr><tr><td>Pan-American Monkeys</td><td>0.473</td><td>0.072</td><td>0.884</td></tr><tr><td>Lorisiformes, Lemuriformes and Tarsiiformes</td><td>0.472</td><td>0.074</td><td>0.873</td></tr><tr><td>Basal Landbirds</td><td>0.460</td><td>0.057</td><td>0.877</td></tr><tr><td>Higher Landbirds</td><td>0.453</td><td>0.066</td><td>0.859</td></tr><tr><td>Glires and Tenrecs</td><td>0.446</td><td>0.062</td><td>0.854</td></tr><tr><td>Afro-Eurasian Monkeys</td><td>0.427</td><td>0.047</td><td>0.840</td></tr><tr><td>Hoofed mammals</td><td>0.424</td><td>0.044<br>0.758</td><td>0.747<br>0.837</td></tr><tr><td>Felids</td><td>0.396</td><td>0.034<br>0.813</td><td>0.794<br>0.841</td></tr><tr><td>Marsupials</td><td>0.384</td><td>0.030<br>0.742</td><td>0.738<br>0.804</td></tr><tr><td>Canids</td><td>0.374</td><td>0.027</td><td>0.789</td></tr><tr><td>Apes</td><td>0.371</td><td>0.026</td><td>0.788</td></tr><tr><td>Musteloids</td><td>0.353</td><td>0.021</td><td>0.778</td></tr><tr><td>Bears and Seals</td><td>0.347</td><td>0.017</td><td>0.793</td></tr></tbody></table>

<table><thead><tr><th colspan="4">Man</th></tr><tr><th>Category of Picture 2</th><th>Median</th><th>Lower</th><th>Upper</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Arachnids</td><td>0.870</td><td>0.423<br>0.428</td><td>0.426<br>0.998</td></tr><tr><td>Colubroids</td><td>0.751</td><td>0.259</td><td>0.988</td></tr><tr><td>Bats</td><td>0.728</td><td>0.255</td><td>0.977</td></tr><tr><td>Pythons and Boas</td><td>0.721</td><td>0.203</td><td>0.991</td></tr><tr><td>Insects</td><td>0.689</td><td>0.219</td><td>0.972</td></tr><tr><td>Lizards</td><td>0.683</td><td>0.212</td><td>0.971</td></tr><tr><td>Crocodilians</td><td>0.669</td><td>0.162</td><td>0.979</td></tr><tr><td>Fowls</td><td>0.601</td><td>0.138</td><td>0.965</td></tr><tr><td>Amphibians</td><td>0.531</td><td>0.103</td><td>0.923</td></tr><tr><td>Hyenas</td><td>0.528</td><td>0.078</td><td>0.932</td></tr><tr><td>Mongooses</td><td>0.495</td><td>0.085</td><td>0.889</td></tr><tr><td>Aquatic and Semiaquatic birds</td><td>0.471</td><td>0.074</td><td>0.878</td></tr><tr><td>Glires and Tenrecs</td><td>0.457</td><td>0.066</td><td>0.861</td></tr><tr><td>Pan-American Monkeys</td><td>0.455</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.870</td></tr><tr><td>Basal Landbirds</td><td>0.452</td><td>0.053</td><td>0.871</td></tr><tr><td>Higher Landbirds</td><td>0.452</td><td>0.066</td><td>0.858</td></tr><tr><td>Lorisiformes, Lemuriformes and Tarsiiformes</td><td>0.448</td><td>0.062</td><td>0.856</td></tr><tr><td>Hoofed mammals</td><td>0.432</td><td>0.056<br>0.761</td><td>0.759<br>0.843</td></tr><tr><td>Afro-Eurasian Monkeys</td><td>0.428</td><td>0.048</td><td>0.841</td></tr><tr><td>Felids</td><td>0.426</td><td>0.046<br>0.829</td><td>0.817<br>0.859</td></tr><tr><td>Canids</td><td>0.421</td><td>0.047</td><td>0.833</td></tr><tr><td>Marsupials</td><td>0.393</td><td>0.032<br>0.755</td><td>0.752<br>0.810</td></tr><tr><td>Apes</td><td>0.387</td><td>0.029</td><td>0.801</td></tr><tr><td>Bears and Seals</td><td>0.378</td><td>0.023</td><td>0.817</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tr><td>Australaves</td><td>0.341</td><td>0.020</td><td>0.762</td><td>Musteloids</td><td>0.373</td><td>0.025</td><td>0.794</td></tr><tr><td>Tortoises</td><td>0.331</td><td>0.012</td><td>0.806</td><td>Tortoises</td><td>0.372</td><td>0.017</td><td>0.836</td></tr><tr><td>Xenarthrans</td><td>0.302</td><td>0.011</td><td>0.762</td><td>Australaves</td><td>0.316</td><td>0.017</td><td>0.739</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Xenarthrans</td><td>0.316</td><td>0.012</td><td>0.775</td></tr></table>

91

92

93
94 **Table S13**

Median predicted probabilities for a picture (i.e. the Picture 2) to be selected during picture matches along 95% credible intervals (highest posterior density interval) for each age class of the participant. Combinations between Picture 2 category and participants' age are sorted by median, from highest to lowest. In the case of multimodal (predicted) distributions, multiple intervals for one level can occur.

<table><thead><tr><th>Age category</th><th>Category of Picture2</th><th>Median</th><th>Lower</th><th>Upper</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="12">Young children<br/>(<= 5 years old)</td><td>Arachnids</td><td>0.912</td><td>0.529<br/>0.535</td><td>0.530<br/>0.998</td></tr><tr><td>Lizards</td><td>0.734</td><td>0.256</td><td>0.982</td></tr><tr><td>Insects</td><td>0.732</td><td>0.262</td><td>0.977</td></tr><tr><td>Bats</td><td>0.676</td><td>0.208</td><td>0.969</td></tr><tr><td>Colubroids</td><td>0.668</td><td>0.191</td><td>0.977</td></tr><tr><td>Fowls</td><td>0.661</td><td>0.182</td><td>0.975</td></tr><tr><td>Basal Landbirds</td><td>0.646</td><td>0.182</td><td>0.962</td></tr><tr><td>Crocodilians</td><td>0.625</td><td>0.115</td><td>0.990</td></tr><tr><td>Pythons and Boas</td><td>0.537</td><td>0.091</td><td>0.945</td></tr><tr><td>Mongooses</td><td>0.534</td><td>0.112</td><td>0.922</td></tr><tr><td>Amphibians</td><td>0.530</td><td>0.103</td><td>0.921</td></tr><tr><td>Tortoises</td><td>0.523</td><td>0.080</td><td>0.933</td></tr><tr><td>Lorisiformes, Lemuriformes and Tarsiiformes</td><td>0.500</td><td>0.089</td><td>0.890</td></tr><tr><td>Glires and Tenrecs</td><td>0.480</td><td>0.081</td><td>0.882</td></tr><tr><td>Aquatic and Semiaquatic birds</td><td>0.461</td><td>0.067</td><td>0.864</td></tr><tr><td>Xenarthrans</td><td>0.449</td><td>0.049</td><td>0.872</td></tr><tr><td>Higher Landbirds</td><td>0.442</td><td>0.060</td><td>0.847</td></tr><tr><td>Afro-Eurasian Monkeys</td><td>0.435</td><td>0.051</td><td>0.849</td></tr><tr><td>Musteloids</td><td>0.419</td><td>0.042</td><td>0.832</td></tr><tr><td>Australaves</td><td>0.411</td><td>0.038</td><td>0.824</td></tr><tr><td>Pan-American Monkeys</td><td>0.397</td><td>0.031</td><td>0.824</td></tr><tr><td>Apes</td><td>0.375</td><td>0.026</td><td>0.794</td></tr><tr><td>Canids</td><td>0.374</td><td>0.026</td><td>0.791</td></tr><tr><td>Marsupials</td><td>0.351</td><td>0.022</td><td>0.772</td></tr><tr><td>Hoofed mammals</td><td>0.342</td><td>0.021<br/>0.692</td><td>0.685<br/>0.764</td></tr><tr><td>Felids</td><td>0.316</td><td>0.018<br/>0.660<br/>0.668</td><td>0.653<br/>0.665<br/>0.742</td></tr><tr><td>Hyenas</td><td>0.263</td><td>0.007</td><td>0.721</td></tr><tr><td>Bears and Seals</td><td>0.189</td><td>0.006</td><td>0.596</td></tr><tr><td>Children (6 to<br/>12 years old)</td><td>Arachnids</td><td>0.919</td><td>0.569<br/>0.573</td><td>0.570<br/>0.998</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tbody><tr><td>Insects</td><td>0.796</td><td>0.341</td><td>0.985</td></tr><tr><td>Fowls</td><td>0.784</td><td>0.312</td><td>0.990</td></tr><tr><td>Bats</td><td>0.781</td><td>0.319</td><td>0.983</td></tr><tr><td>Lizards</td><td>0.728</td><td>0.255</td><td>0.978</td></tr><tr><td>Pythons and Boas</td><td>0.723</td><td>0.228</td><td>0.989</td></tr><tr><td>Colubroids</td><td>0.710</td><td>0.230</td><td>0.982</td></tr><tr><td>Amphibians</td><td>0.597</td><td>0.150</td><td>0.948</td></tr><tr><td>Aquatic and Semiaquatic birds</td><td>0.559</td><td>0.123</td><td>0.918</td></tr><tr><td>Basal Landbirds</td><td>0.526</td><td>0.105</td><td>0.907</td></tr><tr><td>Lorisiformes, Lemuriformes and Tarsiiformes</td><td>0.521</td><td>0.099</td><td>0.895</td></tr><tr><td>Glires and Tenrecs</td><td>0.515</td><td>0.097</td><td>0.894</td></tr><tr><td>Higher Landbirds</td><td>0.505</td><td>0.090</td><td>0.887</td></tr><tr><td>Crocodilians</td><td>0.497</td><td>0.080</td><td>0.906</td></tr><tr><td>Mongooses</td><td>0.485</td><td>0.081</td><td>0.883</td></tr><tr><td>Pan-American Monkeys</td><td>0.470</td><td>0.070</td><td>0.879</td></tr><tr><td>Hoofed mammals</td><td>0.444</td><td>0.062</td><td>0.846</td></tr><tr><td>Tortoises</td><td>0.385</td><td>0.023</td><td>0.827</td></tr><tr><td>Afro-Eurasian Monkeys</td><td>0.380</td><td>0.027</td><td>0.795</td></tr><tr><td>Hyenas</td><td>0.373</td><td>0.024</td><td>0.797</td></tr><tr><td>Canids</td><td>0.362</td><td>0.024</td><td>0.775</td></tr><tr><td>Musteloids</td><td>0.357</td><td>0.024</td><td>0.774</td></tr><tr><td>Felids</td><td>0.346</td><td>0.020</td><td>0.663</td></tr><tr><td>Xenarthrans</td><td>0.340</td><td>0.018</td><td>0.780</td></tr><tr><td>Apes</td><td>0.339</td><td>0.020</td><td>0.757</td></tr><tr><td>Marsupials</td><td>0.313</td><td>0.017</td><td>0.665</td></tr><tr><td>Bears and Seals</td><td>0.310</td><td>0.017</td><td>0.732</td></tr><tr><td>Australaves</td><td>0.296</td><td>0.015</td><td>0.718</td></tr><tr><td>Arachnids</td><td>0.888</td><td>0.478</td><td>0.483</td></tr><tr><td>Bats</td><td>0.768</td><td>0.302</td><td>0.981</td></tr><tr><td>Colubroids</td><td>0.748</td><td>0.267</td><td>0.986</td></tr><tr><td>Insects</td><td>0.730</td><td>0.259</td><td>0.259</td></tr><tr><td>Pythons and Boas</td><td>0.708</td><td>0.215</td><td>0.987</td></tr><tr><td>Lizards</td><td>0.703</td><td>0.231</td><td>0.973</td></tr><tr><td>Fowls</td><td>0.664</td><td>0.193</td><td>0.972</td></tr><tr><td>Crocodilians</td><td>0.651</td><td>0.177</td><td>0.968</td></tr><tr><td>Amphibians</td><td>0.577</td><td>0.134</td><td>0.938</td></tr><tr><td>Aquatic and Semiaquatic birds</td><td>0.546</td><td>0.114</td><td>0.911</td></tr><tr><td>Lorisiformes, Lemuriformes and Tarsiiformes</td><td>0.524</td><td>0.100</td><td>0.895</td></tr><tr><td>Hyenas</td><td>0.522</td><td>0.100</td><td>0.914</td></tr><tr><td>Pan-American Monkeys</td><td>0.503</td><td>0.090</td><td>0.901</td></tr><tr><td>Basal Landbirds</td><td>0.483</td><td>0.081</td><td>0.881</td></tr><tr><td>Higher Landbirds</td><td>0.477</td><td>0.077</td><td>0.869</td></tr><tr><td>Glires and Tenrecs</td><td>0.472</td><td>0.075</td><td>0.867</td></tr></tbody></table>

Adolescent (13 to 17 years old)
<table><tbody><tr><td></td><td>Mongooses</td><td>0.456</td><td>0.064</td><td>0.860</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Tortoises</td><td>0.452</td><td>0.046</td><td>0.875</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Hoofed mammals</td><td>0.448</td><td>0.065</td><td>0.849</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Marsupials</td><td>0.438</td><td>0.059</td><td>0.844</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Afro-Eurasian Monkeys</td><td>0.411</td><td>0.040</td><td>0.822</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Felids</td><td>0.367</td><td>0.023<br>0.705</td><td>0.680<br>0.791</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Canids</td><td>0.350</td><td>0.022<br>0.691</td><td>0.685<br>0.769</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Apes</td><td>0.339</td><td>0.020</td><td>0.756</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Bears and Seals</td><td>0.324</td><td>0.018</td><td>0.744</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Australaves</td><td>0.296</td><td>0.015</td><td>0.716</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Musteloids</td><td>0.293</td><td>0.015</td><td>0.713</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Xenarthrans</td><td>0.277</td><td>0.010</td><td>0.722</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="25">Young adults<br>(18 to 24 years<br>old)</td><td>Arachnids</td><td>0.846</td><td>0.398</td><td>0.996</td></tr><tr><td>Colubroids</td><td>0.757</td><td>0.278</td><td>0.987</td></tr><tr><td>Crocodilians</td><td>0.753</td><td>0.273</td><td>0.984</td></tr><tr><td>Pythons and Boas</td><td>0.748</td><td>0.255</td><td>0.991</td></tr><tr><td>Bats</td><td>0.711</td><td>0.242</td><td>0.972</td></tr><tr><td>Insects</td><td>0.661</td><td>0.199</td><td>0.961</td></tr><tr><td>Lizards</td><td>0.657</td><td>0.192</td><td>0.963</td></tr><tr><td>Fowls</td><td>0.652</td><td>0.185</td><td>0.969</td></tr><tr><td>Hyenas</td><td>0.541</td><td>0.114</td><td>0.922</td></tr><tr><td>Amphibians</td><td>0.536</td><td>0.113</td><td>0.922</td></tr><tr><td>Aquatic and Semiaquatic birds</td><td>0.512</td><td>0.096</td><td>0.892</td></tr><tr><td>Higher Landbirds</td><td>0.485</td><td>0.080</td><td>0.873</td></tr><tr><td>Afro-Eurasian Monkeys</td><td>0.474</td><td>0.078</td><td>0.877</td></tr><tr><td>Pan-American Monkeys</td><td>0.474</td><td>0.075</td><td>0.882</td></tr><tr><td>Mongooses</td><td>0.473</td><td>0.075</td><td>0.871</td></tr><tr><td>Lorisiformes, Lemuriformes and Tarsiiformes</td><td>0.466</td><td>0.072</td><td>0.860</td></tr><tr><td>Hoofed mammals</td><td>0.459</td><td>0.070</td><td>0.856</td></tr><tr><td>Basal Landbirds</td><td>0.447</td><td>0.064</td><td>0.855</td></tr><tr><td>Felids</td><td>0.440</td><td>0.062</td><td>0.843</td></tr><tr><td>Glires and Tenrecs</td><td>0.438</td><td>0.059</td><td>0.842</td></tr><tr><td>Marsupials</td><td>0.426</td><td>0.054</td><td>0.834</td></tr><tr><td>Apes</td><td>0.424</td><td>0.050</td><td>0.834</td></tr><tr><td>Bears and Seals</td><td>0.420</td><td>0.048</td><td>0.831</td></tr><tr><td>Canids</td><td>0.397</td><td>0.034<br>0.735</td><td>0.730<br>0.808</td></tr><tr><td>Musteloids</td><td>0.322</td><td>0.019<br>0.668</td><td>0.667<br>0.742</td></tr><tr><td>Australaves</td><td>0.320</td><td>0.018<br>0.674</td><td>0.668<br>0.744</td></tr><tr><td>Tortoises</td><td>0.289</td><td>0.011</td><td>0.744</td></tr><tr><td>Xenarthrans</td><td>0.253</td><td>0.008</td><td>0.695</td></tr><tr><td>Arachnids</td><td>0.842</td><td>0.391</td><td>0.996</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tbody><tr><td></td><td>Colubroids</td><td>0.797</td><td>0.329</td><td>0.991</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Pythons and Boas</td><td>0.781</td><td>0.292</td><td>0.993</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Crocodilians</td><td>0.742</td><td>0.261</td><td>0.982</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Bats</td><td>0.697</td><td>0.229</td><td>0.969</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Lizards</td><td>0.670</td><td>0.203</td><td>0.966</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Insects</td><td>0.638</td><td>0.182</td><td>0.955</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Hyenas</td><td>0.592</td><td>0.145</td><td>0.943</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Fowls</td><td>0.580</td><td>0.133</td><td>0.945</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Felids</td><td>0.488</td><td>0.082</td><td>0.874</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Aquatic and Semiaquatic birds</td><td>0.485</td><td>0.082</td><td>0.875</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Amphibians</td><td>0.477</td><td>0.076</td><td>0.885</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Higher Landbirds</td><td>0.469</td><td>0.073</td><td>0.863</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Mongooses</td><td>0.469</td><td>0.074</td><td>0.868</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Afro-Eurasian Monkeys</td><td>0.462</td><td>0.072</td><td>0.869</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Pan-American Monkeys</td><td>0.461</td><td>0.067</td><td>0.873</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5">Adults (25 to 44 adults)</td><td>Bears and Seals</td><td>0.455</td><td>0.065</td><td>0.859</td></tr><tr><td>Hoofed mammals</td><td>0.454</td><td>0.068</td><td>0.853</td></tr><tr><td>Canids</td><td>0.425</td><td>0.054</td><td>0.836</td></tr><tr><td>Glires and Tenrecs</td><td>0.419</td><td>0.040<br>0.749</td><td>0.736<br>0.829</td></tr><tr><td>Lorisiformes, Lemuriformes and Tarsiiformes</td><td>0.419</td><td>0.037<br>0.742</td><td>0.724<br>0.827</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Apes</td><td>0.413</td><td>0.042</td><td>0.821</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Basal Landbirds</td><td>0.403</td><td>0.041</td><td>0.816</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Marsupials</td><td>0.396</td><td>0.030<br>0.732</td><td>0.716<br>0.811</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Musteloids</td><td>0.340</td><td>0.021<br>0.688</td><td>0.684<br>0.761</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Australaves</td><td>0.313</td><td>0.017<br>0.658</td><td>0.651<br>0.738</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Tortoises</td><td>0.282</td><td>0.010</td><td>0.737</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Xenarthrans</td><td>0.216</td><td>0.007</td><td>0.649</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Arachnids</td><td>0.841</td><td>0.389</td><td>0.996</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Colubroids</td><td>0.809</td><td>0.345</td><td>0.992</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Pythons and Boas</td><td>0.809</td><td>0.329</td><td>0.995</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Crocodilians</td><td>0.755</td><td>0.275</td><td>0.984</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Lizards</td><td>0.711</td><td>0.239</td><td>0.975</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Bats</td><td>0.699</td><td>0.231</td><td>0.970</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="8">Middle-aged adults (45 to 64 years old)</td><td>Insects</td><td>0.668</td><td>0.205</td><td>0.963</td></tr><tr><td>Hyenas</td><td>0.612</td><td>0.159</td><td>0.952</td></tr><tr><td>Felids</td><td>0.513</td><td>0.094</td><td>0.888</td></tr><tr><td>Fowls</td><td>0.508</td><td>0.085</td><td>0.905</td></tr><tr><td>Mongooses</td><td>0.490</td><td>0.084</td><td>0.881</td></tr><tr><td>Amphibians</td><td>0.478</td><td>0.077</td><td>0.886</td></tr><tr><td>Pan-American Monkeys</td><td>0.464</td><td>0.070</td><td>0.876</td></tr><tr><td>Bears and Seals</td><td>0.459</td><td>0.068</td><td>0.862</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tbody><tr><td>Canids</td><td>0.454</td><td>0.067</td><td>0.857</td></tr><tr><td>Afro-Eurasian Monkeys</td><td>0.453</td><td>0.067</td><td>0.862</td></tr><tr><td>Glires and Tenrecs</td><td>0.444</td><td>0.062</td><td>0.847</td></tr><tr><td>Aquatic and Semiaquatic birds</td><td>0.438</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.844</td></tr><tr><td>Hoofed mammals</td><td>0.438</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.749</td></tr><tr><td>Higher Landbirds</td><td>0.422</td><td>0.043</td><td>0.047</td></tr><tr><td>Lorisiformes, Lemuriformes and Tarsiiformes</td><td>0.412</td><td>0.033</td><td>0.719</td></tr><tr><td>Apes</td><td>0.408</td><td>0.038</td><td>0.816</td></tr><tr><td>Marsupials</td><td>0.406</td><td>0.035</td><td>0.727</td></tr><tr><td>Musteloids</td><td>0.406</td><td>0.035</td><td>0.819</td></tr><tr><td>Basal Landbirds</td><td>0.382</td><td>0.030</td><td>0.732</td></tr><tr><td>Australaves</td><td>0.343</td><td>0.021</td><td>0.681</td></tr><tr><td>Xenarthrans</td><td>0.275</td><td>0.010</td><td>0.718</td></tr><tr><td>Tortoises</td><td>0.254</td><td>0.008</td><td>0.708</td></tr><tr><td>Pythons and Boas</td><td>0.830</td><td>0.359</td><td>0.996</td></tr><tr><td>Arachnids</td><td>0.813</td><td>0.342</td><td>0.994</td></tr><tr><td>Crocodilians</td><td>0.806</td><td>0.334</td><td>0.990</td></tr><tr><td>Colubroids</td><td>0.805</td><td>0.339</td><td>0.992</td></tr><tr><td>Lizards</td><td>0.716</td><td>0.243</td><td>0.975</td></tr><tr><td>Bats</td><td>0.711</td><td>0.242</td><td>0.972</td></tr><tr><td>Insects</td><td>0.693</td><td>0.228</td><td>0.970</td></tr><tr><td>Hyenas</td><td>0.682</td><td>0.211</td><td>0.971</td></tr><tr><td>Felids</td><td>0.528</td><td>0.101</td><td>0.145</td></tr><tr><td>Mongooses</td><td>0.510</td><td>0.094</td><td>0.895</td></tr><tr><td>Fowls</td><td>0.503</td><td>0.081</td><td>0.903</td></tr><tr><td>Pan-American Monkeys</td><td>0.487</td><td>0.082</td><td>0.892</td></tr><tr><td>Bears and Seals</td><td>0.461</td><td>0.069</td><td>0.865</td></tr><tr><td>Musteloids</td><td>0.447</td><td>0.062</td><td>0.854</td></tr><tr><td>Canids</td><td>0.444</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.850</td></tr><tr><td>Hoofed mammals</td><td>0.434</td><td>0.059</td><td>0.838</td></tr><tr><td>Lorisiformes, Lemuriformes and Tarsiiformes</td><td>0.431</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.837</td></tr><tr><td>Amphibians</td><td>0.427</td><td>0.046</td><td>0.844</td></tr><tr><td>Marsupials</td><td>0.420</td><td>0.051</td><td>0.830</td></tr><tr><td>Glires and Tenrecs</td><td>0.416</td><td>0.041</td><td>0.733</td></tr><tr><td>Higher Landbirds</td><td>0.397</td><td>0.030</td><td>0.708</td></tr><tr><td>Afro-Eurasian Monkeys</td><td>0.393</td><td>0.032</td><td>0.805</td></tr><tr><td>Aquatic and Semiaquatic birds</td><td>0.391</td><td>0.030</td><td>0.713</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th></th><th></th><th>0.726</th><th>0.806</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td></td><td>Xenarthrans</td><td>0.391</td><td>0.822</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Apes</td><td>0.370</td><td>0.783</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Basal Landbirds</td><td>0.366</td><td>0.780</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>0.021</td><td>0.683</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Australaves</td><td>0.339</td><td>0.759</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Tortoises</td><td>0.334</td><td>0.785</td></tr></tbody></table>

100

101

102
103 Table S14

Median predicted probabilities for a picture (i.e. the Picture 2) to be selected during picture matches along 95% credible intervals (highest posterior density interval) for each animal phobia of the participant. Combinations between Picture 2 category and participants' animal phobia are sorted by median, from highest to lowest. In the case of multimodal (predicted) distributions, multiple intervals for one level can occur.

<table><thead><tr><th>Animal phobia</th><th>Category of Picture 2</th><th>Median</th><th>Lower</th><th>Upper</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="20">No animal phobia</td><td>Arachnids</td><td>0.819</td><td>0.364</td><td>0.992</td></tr><tr><td>Crocodilians</td><td>0.739</td><td>0.219</td><td>0.988</td></tr><tr><td>Colubroids</td><td>0.716</td><td>0.242</td><td>0.976</td></tr><tr><td>Pythons and Boas</td><td>0.679</td><td>0.185</td><td>0.976</td></tr><tr><td>Bats</td><td>0.666</td><td>0.201</td><td>0.964</td></tr><tr><td>Lizards</td><td>0.653</td><td>0.191</td><td>0.961</td></tr><tr><td>Insects</td><td>0.645</td><td>0.176</td><td>0.177</td></tr><tr><td>Insects</td><td>0.645</td><td>0.187</td><td>0.960</td></tr><tr><td>Fowls</td><td>0.623</td><td>0.151</td><td>0.969</td></tr><tr><td>Hyenas</td><td>0.559</td><td>0.097</td><td>0.945</td></tr><tr><td>Mongooses</td><td>0.509</td><td>0.093</td><td>0.896</td></tr><tr><td>Aquatic and Semiaquatic birds</td><td>0.484</td><td>0.084</td><td>0.888</td></tr><tr><td>Amphibians</td><td>0.476</td><td>0.070</td><td>0.886</td></tr><tr><td>Pan-American Monkeys</td><td>0.471</td><td>0.071</td><td>0.881</td></tr><tr><td>Hoofed mammals</td><td>0.470</td><td>0.060<br>0.077</td><td>0.060<br>0.867</td></tr><tr><td>Higher Landbirds</td><td>0.464</td><td>0.071</td><td>0.865</td></tr><tr><td>Afro-Eurasian Monkeys</td><td>0.459</td><td>0.068</td><td>0.866</td></tr><tr><td>Basal Landbirds</td><td>0.455</td><td>0.054</td><td>0.872</td></tr><tr><td>Lorisiformes, Lemuriformes and Tarsiiformes</td><td>0.449</td><td>0.063</td><td>0.857</td></tr><tr><td>Glires and Tenrecs</td><td>0.436</td><td>0.057</td><td>0.845</td></tr><tr><td>Canids</td><td>0.433</td><td>0.056</td><td>0.846</td></tr><tr><td>Felids</td><td>0.432</td><td>0.050<br>0.828</td><td>0.816<br>0.865</td></tr><tr><td>Apes</td><td>0.415</td><td>0.042</td><td>0.825</td></tr><tr><td>Marsupials</td><td>0.405</td><td>0.037<br>0.755</td><td>0.748<br>0.823</td></tr><tr><td>Bears and Seals</td><td>0.403</td><td>0.032<br>0.811</td><td>0.795<br>0.852</td></tr><tr><td>Musteloids</td><td>0.387</td><td>0.028</td><td>0.804</td></tr><tr><td>Australaves</td><td>0.349</td><td>0.021</td><td>0.766</td></tr><tr><td>Tortoises</td><td>0.313</td><td>0.011</td><td>0.789</td></tr><tr><td>Xenarthrans</td><td>0.282</td><td>0.009</td><td>0.740</td></tr><tr><td>Snakes</td><td>Pythons and Boas</td><td>0.883</td><td>0.452</td><td>0.453</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th></th><th></th><th>0.457</th><th>0.996</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Colubroids</td><td>0.867</td><td>0.457</td><td>0.993</td></tr><tr><td>Arachnids</td><td>0.840</td><td>0.400</td><td>0.993</td></tr><tr><td>Lizards</td><td>0.779</td><td>0.315</td><td>0.983</td></tr><tr><td>Bats</td><td>0.732</td><td>0.260</td><td>0.977</td></tr><tr><td>Crocodilians</td><td>0.689</td><td>0.176</td><td>0.982</td></tr><tr><td>Insects</td><td>0.676</td><td>0.210</td><td>0.968</td></tr><tr><td>Fowls</td><td>0.623</td><td>0.152</td><td>0.971</td></tr><tr><td>Amphibians</td><td>0.550</td><td>0.116</td><td>0.932</td></tr><tr><td>Mongooses</td><td>0.492</td><td>0.083</td><td>0.886</td></tr><tr><td>Hyenas</td><td>0.468</td><td>0.046</td><td>0.893</td></tr><tr><td>Aquatic and Semiaquatic birds</td><td>0.464</td><td>0.070</td><td>0.872</td></tr><tr><td>Lorisiformes, Lemuriformes and Tarsiiformes</td><td>0.456</td><td>0.066</td><td>0.863</td></tr><tr><td>Glires and Tenrecs</td><td>0.455</td><td>0.065</td><td>0.858</td></tr><tr><td>Basal Landbirds</td><td>0.450</td><td>0.052</td><td>0.870</td></tr><tr><td>Pan-American Monkeys</td><td>0.448</td><td>0.055</td><td>0.862</td></tr><tr><td>Higher Landbirds</td><td>0.442</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.850</td></tr><tr><td>Tortoises</td><td>0.423</td><td>0.030</td><td>0.868</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>0.041</td><td>0.801</td></tr><tr><td>Felids</td><td>0.413</td><td>0.817</td><td>0.822</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>0.822</td><td>0.853</td></tr><tr><td>Hoofed mammals</td><td>0.403</td><td>0.029</td><td>0.721</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>0.750</td><td>0.824</td></tr><tr><td>Canids</td><td>0.399</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.809</td></tr><tr><td>Afro-Eurasian Monkeys</td><td>0.392</td><td>0.030</td><td>0.804</td></tr><tr><td>Musteloids</td><td>0.368</td><td>0.024</td><td>0.788</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>0.024</td><td>0.713</td></tr><tr><td>Marsupials</td><td>0.357</td><td>0.723</td><td>0.785</td></tr><tr><td>Apes</td><td>0.346</td><td>0.021</td><td>0.764</td></tr><tr><td>Xenarthrans</td><td>0.329</td><td>0.013</td><td>0.783</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>0.015</td><td>0.742</td></tr><tr><td>Bears and Seals</td><td>0.325</td><td>0.764</td><td>0.796</td></tr><tr><td>Australaves</td><td>0.305</td><td>0.016</td><td>0.727</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>0.695</td><td>0.698</td></tr><tr><td>Arachnids</td><td>0.948</td><td>0.700</td><td>0.998</td></tr><tr><td>Insects</td><td>0.758</td><td>0.290</td><td>0.982</td></tr><tr><td>Bats</td><td>0.714</td><td>0.243</td><td>0.974</td></tr><tr><td>Colubroids</td><td>0.702</td><td>0.229</td><td>0.973</td></tr><tr><td>Lizards</td><td>0.682</td><td>0.215</td><td>0.968</td></tr><tr><td>Crocodilians</td><td>0.669</td><td>0.161</td><td>0.979</td></tr><tr><td>Pythons and Boas</td><td>0.654</td><td>0.167</td><td>0.972</td></tr><tr><td>Fowls</td><td>0.632</td><td>0.158</td><td>0.973</td></tr><tr><td>Hyenas</td><td>0.534</td><td>0.083</td><td>0.935</td></tr><tr><td>Amphibians</td><td>0.519</td><td>0.098</td><td>0.916</td></tr><tr><td>Mongooses</td><td>0.490</td><td>0.081</td><td>0.884</td></tr><tr><td>Aquatic and Semiaquatic birds</td><td>0.488</td><td>0.086</td><td>0.891</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tbody><tr><td>Basal Landbirds</td><td>0.473</td><td>0.064</td><td>0.887</td></tr><tr><td>Afro-Eurasian Monkeys</td><td>0.455</td><td>0.066</td><td>0.864</td></tr><tr><td>Higher Landbirds</td><td>0.455</td><td>0.066</td><td>0.858</td></tr><tr><td>Pan-American Monkeys</td><td>0.453</td><td>0.059</td><td>0.867</td></tr><tr><td>Lorisiformes, Lemuriformes and Tarsiiformes</td><td>0.451</td><td>0.064</td><td>0.859</td></tr><tr><td>Glires and Tenrecs</td><td>0.446</td><td>0.061</td><td>0.852</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>0.036</td><td>0.038</td></tr><tr><td>Hoofed mammals</td><td>0.428</td><td>0.043</td><td>0.743</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>0.765</td><td>0.841</td></tr><tr><td>Apes</td><td>0.395</td><td>0.033</td><td>0.807</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>0.031</td><td>0.785</td></tr><tr><td>Felids</td><td>0.388</td><td>0.0807</td><td>0.838</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>0.031</td><td>0.735</td></tr><tr><td>Marsupials</td><td>0.388</td><td>0.744</td><td>0.811</td></tr><tr><td>Canids</td><td>0.380</td><td>0.030</td><td>0.795</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>0.023</td><td>0.775</td></tr><tr><td>Bears and Seals</td><td>0.370</td><td>0.792</td><td>0.828</td></tr><tr><td>Musteloids</td><td>0.356</td><td>0.022</td><td>0.779</td></tr><tr><td>Tortoises</td><td>0.334</td><td>0.013</td><td>0.806</td></tr><tr><td>Australaves</td><td>0.325</td><td>0.017</td><td>0.746</td></tr><tr><td>Xenarthrans</td><td>0.309</td><td>0.012</td><td>0.766</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>0.544</td><td>0.547</td></tr><tr><td>Arachnids</td><td>0.905</td><td>0.549</td><td>0.997</td></tr><tr><td>Colubroids</td><td>0.818</td><td>0.366</td><td>0.989</td></tr><tr><td>Pythons and Boas</td><td>0.781</td><td>0.281</td><td>0.989</td></tr><tr><td>Bats</td><td>0.755</td><td>0.286</td><td>0.981</td></tr><tr><td>Insects</td><td>0.735</td><td>0.265</td><td>0.978</td></tr><tr><td>Lizards</td><td>0.729</td><td>0.258</td><td>0.977</td></tr><tr><td>Crocodilians</td><td>0.688</td><td>0.173</td><td>0.982</td></tr><tr><td>Fowls</td><td>0.586</td><td>0.127</td><td>0.960</td></tr><tr><td>Amphibians</td><td>0.529</td><td>0.103</td><td>0.921</td></tr><tr><td>Hyenas</td><td>0.510</td><td>0.067</td><td>0.920</td></tr><tr><td>Mongooses</td><td>0.469</td><td>0.070</td><td>0.870</td></tr><tr><td>Snakes and Spiders</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lorisiformes, Lemuriformes and Tarsiiformes</td><td>0.468</td><td>0.072</td><td>0.871</td></tr><tr><td>Pan-American Monkeys</td><td>0.460</td><td>0.064</td><td>0.874</td></tr><tr><td>Aquatic and Semiaquatic birds</td><td>0.444</td><td>0.059</td><td>0.856</td></tr><tr><td>Basal Landbirds</td><td>0.441</td><td>0.047</td><td>0.862</td></tr><tr><td>Higher Landbirds</td><td>0.438</td><td>0.058</td><td>0.847</td></tr><tr><td>Glires and Tenrecs</td><td>0.437</td><td>0.057</td><td>0.846</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>0.030</td><td>0.722</td></tr><tr><td>Hoofed mammals</td><td>0.406</td><td>0.751</td><td>0.826</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>0.032</td><td>0.788</td></tr><tr><td>Felids</td><td>0.392</td><td>0.808</td><td>0.840</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>0.033</td><td>0.735</td></tr><tr><td>Marsupials</td><td>0.392</td><td>0.738</td><td>0.809</td></tr><tr><td>Afro-Eurasian Monkeys</td><td>0.388</td><td>0.031</td><td>0.804</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tbody><tr><td></td><td>Tortoises</td><td>0.368</td><td>0.017</td><td>0.831</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Canids</td><td>0.367</td><td>0.025</td><td>0.783</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Xenarthrans</td><td>0.351</td><td>0.017</td><td>0.801</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Apes</td><td>0.350</td><td>0.021</td><td>0.767</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Bears and Seals</td><td>0.324</td><td>0.015<br>0.753</td><td>0.737<br>0.790</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Musteloids</td><td>0.322</td><td>0.017</td><td>0.749</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Australaves</td><td>0.311</td><td>0.016</td><td>0.733</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="20">Another animal</td><td>Arachnids</td><td>0.797</td><td>0.332</td><td>0.990</td></tr><tr><td>Bats</td><td>0.735</td><td>0.263</td><td>0.977</td></tr><tr><td>Crocodilians</td><td>0.705</td><td>0.188</td><td>0.984</td></tr><tr><td>Insects</td><td>0.699</td><td>0.228</td><td>0.971</td></tr><tr><td>Pythons and Boas</td><td>0.680</td><td>0.185</td><td>0.977</td></tr><tr><td>Lizards</td><td>0.670</td><td>0.205</td><td>0.965</td></tr><tr><td>Colubroids</td><td>0.667</td><td>0.199</td><td>0.966</td></tr><tr><td>Fowls</td><td>0.649</td><td>0.169</td><td>0.976</td></tr><tr><td>Amphibians</td><td>0.511</td><td>0.091</td><td>0.910</td></tr><tr><td>Aquatic and Semiaquatic birds</td><td>0.505</td><td>0.095</td><td>0.901</td></tr><tr><td>Pan-American Monkeys</td><td>0.490</td><td>0.083</td><td>0.896</td></tr><tr><td>Glires and Tenrecs</td><td>0.488</td><td>0.082</td><td>0.881</td></tr><tr><td>Hyenas</td><td>0.485</td><td>0.054</td><td>0.905</td></tr><tr><td>Mongooses</td><td>0.478</td><td>0.074</td><td>0.875</td></tr><tr><td>Lorisiformes, Lemuriformes and Tarsiiformes</td><td>0.477</td><td>0.076</td><td>0.877</td></tr><tr><td>Higher Landbirds</td><td>0.465</td><td>0.071</td><td>0.866</td></tr><tr><td>Basal Landbirds</td><td>0.461</td><td>0.056</td><td>0.876</td></tr><tr><td>Afro-Eurasian Monkeys</td><td>0.452</td><td>0.063</td><td>0.860</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>0.054</td><td>0.058</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Hoofed mammals</td><td>0.449</td><td>0.069<br>0.767</td><td>0.764<br>0.853</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Felids</td><td>0.429</td><td>0.048<br>0.828</td><td>0.815<br>0.862</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Canids</td><td>0.411</td><td>0.042</td><td>0.824</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Marsupials</td><td>0.403</td><td>0.036<br>0.757</td><td>0.752<br>0.820</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Apes</td><td>0.396</td><td>0.034</td><td>0.808</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Bears and Seals</td><td>0.386</td><td>0.027<br>0.802</td><td>0.788<br>0.838</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Musteloids</td><td>0.384</td><td>0.028</td><td>0.802</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Australaves</td><td>0.358</td><td>0.023</td><td>0.775</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Tortoises</td><td>0.324</td><td>0.012</td><td>0.799</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Xenarthrans</td><td>0.280</td><td>0.008</td><td>0.738</td></tr></tbody></table>

109

110

111
112 **Table S15**

Median decision times and 95% credible intervals (highest posterior density interval) of the predicted values distribution of each age class of the participant. Age classes are sorted by median, from lowest to highest.

<table><thead><tr><td>Age class of the participant</td><td>Median</td><td>Lower</td><td>Upper</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Adolescents</td><td>3.215</td><td>2.113</td><td>4.508</td></tr><tr><td>Young adults</td><td>3.280</td><td>2.157</td><td>4.600</td></tr><tr><td>Adults</td><td>3.334</td><td>2.190</td><td>4.674</td></tr><tr><td>Middle-aged adults</td><td>3.485</td><td>2.292</td><td>4.888</td></tr><tr><td>Children</td><td>3.608</td><td>2.372</td><td>5.060</td></tr><tr><td>Older adults</td><td>3.844</td><td>2.528</td><td>5.392</td></tr><tr><td>Young children</td><td>5.168</td><td>3.397</td><td>7.252</td></tr></tbody></table>

116

117

118

119
120 **Table S16**

121 Median decision times and 95% credible intervals (highest posterior density interval) of the predicted values distribution of each match number. Match numbers are sorted by median, from lowest to highest.

123

<table><thead><tr><td>Match number</td><td>Median</td><td>Lower</td><td>Upper</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>25</td><td>2.864</td><td>1.926</td><td>4.491</td></tr><tr><td>24</td><td>2.917</td><td>1.963</td><td>4.576</td></tr><tr><td>23</td><td>2.971</td><td>1.999</td><td>4.660</td></tr><tr><td>22</td><td>3.025</td><td>2.036</td><td>4.746</td></tr><tr><td>21</td><td>3.081</td><td>2.076</td><td>4.836</td></tr><tr><td>20</td><td>3.138</td><td>2.114</td><td>4.924</td></tr><tr><td>19</td><td>3.196</td><td>2.153</td><td>5.016</td></tr><tr><td>18</td><td>3.255</td><td>2.194</td><td>5.109</td></tr><tr><td>17</td><td>3.315</td><td>2.231</td><td>5.200</td></tr><tr><td>16</td><td>3.376</td><td>2.272</td><td>5.295</td></tr><tr><td>15</td><td>3.438</td><td>2.318</td><td>5.397</td></tr><tr><td>14</td><td>3.501</td><td>2.360</td><td>5.496</td></tr><tr><td>13</td><td>3.566</td><td>2.402</td><td>5.596</td></tr><tr><td>12</td><td>3.632</td><td>2.447</td><td>5.700</td></tr><tr><td>11</td><td>3.698</td><td>2.492</td><td>5.805</td></tr><tr><td>10</td><td>3.767</td><td>2.537</td><td>5.911</td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td>3.836</td><td>2.580</td><td>6.016</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td>3.907</td><td>2.629</td><td>6.128</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>3.979</td><td>2.677</td><td>6.240</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td>4.052</td><td>2.730</td><td>6.359</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>4.127</td><td>2.779</td><td>6.475</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>4.203</td><td>2.831</td><td>6.595</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>4.280</td><td>2.882</td><td>6.716</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>4.359</td><td>2.937</td><td>6.841</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>4.440</td><td>2.991</td><td>6.967</td></tr></tbody></table>

124

125
126 Text A

127 Explanations of the two categorizations of the 184 species of the first part of the survey.

128

129 Zoological categorisation: We categorised the 184 species of the first part of the survey
130 according to broad taxonomic classifications. Groups only required a minimum of two species.

131 We started with six classes: Mammals (N=99 species), Reptiles (N=27), Birds (N=39),
132 Amphibians (N=5), Arachnids (N=5) and Insects (N=9). As the imbalance in species numbers
133 could cause high variance in results, complicating interpretations, we divided groups with
134 many species (Mammals, Reptiles and Birds) using finer taxonomic resolution, such as Orders,
135 while keeping species number per group below an arbitrarily set limit of 15, resulting in the
136 formation of 28 groups. For Mammals, we subdivided Carnivorans (N=39) into seven coherent
137 groups in terms of morphological similarities such as height, weight, and general appearance
138 (particularly from the point of view of portrait photos) while following the Carnivore family
139 Tree from Hunter (2018): Felids (N=15), Mongooses (N=4), Hyenas (N=2), Canids (N=6),
140 Bears and Seals (N=6) and Musteloids (N=6). For example, we incorporated the New Zealand
141 fur seal with bears to form the Bears and Seals group. Following the same reasoning, we
142 subdivided the Primates group into four groups following the categorization used by Setchell
143 (2019) and updated in Bezanson et al. (2024): Pan-American monkeys (i.e. Platyrrhines, N=5),
144 Apes (i.e Hominoidea, N=5), Afro-Eurasian monkeys (i.e. Cercopithecoida, N=7) and
145 Lorisiformes, Lemuriformes and Tarsiiformes (N=9). We determined that, given the general
146 morphology of the Philippine tarsier, inclusion with the Lorisiformes and Lemuriformes was
147 most appropriate (although taxonomically questionable). Following the terminology of
148 Mittermeier & Wilson (2011), we combined the African bush elephant with perissodactyls and
149 artiodactyls species, forming the category of Hoofed mammals (N=12). Xenarthrans included
150 two species of armadillo and the Linnaeus's two-toed sloth (N=3). Marsupials included
diprotodonts, the Tasmanian devil, and the Virginia opossum (N=6). Glires and Tenrecs (N=7) included the European rabbit, rodents, and the lowland streaked tenrec. Bats formed a separate category (N=6). For Reptiles, we created 5 groups: Tortoises (N=2), Crocodilians (N=2) and Squamates that were subdivided into Colubroids (N=11), Pythons and Boas (N=5) and “Lizards” (N=7). We divided Birds into five groups following the classification from Kuhl et al. (2021): Aquatic and Semiaquatic birds (N=10), Australaves (N=6), Higher Landbirds (in which we added the common ostrich based on morphological similarities, N=14), Basal Landbirds (N=5), and Fowls (or Galloanserae, N=3).

*Dangerousness categorization:* We classified the 184 species using the Hazardous Animal Categorization from the Secretary of State's Standard of Modern Zoo Practice (www.defra.gov.uk) into three risk levels: Greater risk (serious injury or life threat), Less risk (injury but not life-threatening) and Least risk (not listed in the other categories). Domesticated animals (i.e. the dog, the horse, the cat and the rabbit) were not included in this list, which forced us to propose a classification for those species. We decided to classify the dog as Greater risk based on numerous reports of serious injuries and death caused from attack bites (Ozanne-Smith et al., 2001). We classified the cat and the horse as Less risk because the injuries they can inflict, sometimes fatal in case of horses, are almost always inflicted in a defensive context. Finally, we classified the rabbit as Least risk. To align with our hypothesis that fear is more intense towards predators, we added a Predator risk category. This included species known for predatory behaviors towards humans (Bombieri et al., 2023; Caldicott et al., 2005; Fell et al., 2014; García-Grajales & Buenrostro, 2019): the lion, the jaguar, the leopard, the puma, the polar bear, the grizzly bear, the wolf, the spotted hyena and the saltwater crocodile.
174 References

175 Bezanson, M., Cortés-Ortiz, L., Bicca-Marques, J. C., Boonratana, R., Carvalho, S., Cords,

176 M., de la Torre, S., Hobaiter, C., Humle, T., Izar, P., Lynch, J. W., Matsuzawa, T.,

177 Setchell, J. M., Zikusoka, G. K., & Strier, K. B. (2024). News and Perspectives :

178 Words matter in primatology. *Primates*, 65(1), 33-39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-

179 023-01104-6

180 Bombieri, G., Penteriani, V., Almasieh, K., Ambarlı, H., Ashrafzadeh, M. R., Das, C. S.,

181 Dharaiya, N., Hoogesteijn, R., Hoogesteijn, A., Ikanda, D., Jędrzejewski, W., Kaboli,

182 M., Kirilyuk, A., Jangid, A. K., Sharma, R. K., Kushnir, H., Lamichhane, B. R.,

183 Mohammadi, A., Monroy-Vilchis, O., ... Delgado, M. del M. (2023). A worldwide

184 perspective on large carnivore attacks on humans. *PLOS Biology*, 21(1), e3001946.

185 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001946

186 Caldicott, D. G. E., Croser, D., Manolis, C., Webb, G., & Britton, A. (2005). Crocodile

187 Attack in Australia: An Analysis of Its Incidence and Review of the Pathology and

188 Management of Crocodilian Attacks in General. *Wilderness & Environmental

189 *Medicine*, 16(3), 143-159. https://doi.org/10.1580/1080-

190 6032(2005)16[143:CAIAAA]2.0.CO;2

191 Fell, M. J., Ayalew, Y., McClenaghan, F. C., & McGurk, M. (2014). Facial injuries following

192 hyena attack in rural eastern Ethiopia. *International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial*

193 *Surgery*, 43(12), 1459-1464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2014.07.006

194 García-Grajales, J., & Buenrostro, A. (2019). Assessment of human–crocodile conflict in

195 Mexico: Patterns, trends and hotspots areas. *Marine and Freshwater Research*.

196 https://doi.org/10.1071/MF18150

197 Hunter, L. (2018). *Carnivores of the World: Second Edition*. Princeton University Press.
198 Kuhl, H., Frankl-Vilches, C., Bakker, A., Mayr, G., Nikolaus, G., Boerno, S. T., Klages, S.,

199 Timmermann, B., & Gahr, M. (2021). An Unbiased Molecular Approach Using 3'-

200 UTRs Resolves the Avian Family-Level Tree of Life. *Molecular Biology and*

201 *Evolution*, 38(1), 108-127. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa191

202 Mittermeier, R. A., & Wilson, D. E. (2011). *Handbook of the Mammals of the World, vol. 2 :*

203 *Hoofed mammals*. Lynx Edicions. https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/9976

204 Ozanne-Smith, J., Ashby, K., & Stathakis, V. Z. (2001). Dog bite and injury prevention—

205 Analysis, critical review, and research agenda. *Injury Prevention*, 7(4), 321-326.

206 https://doi.org/10.1136/ip.7.4.321

207 Setchell, J. M. (2019). *Studying Primates : How to Design, Conduct and Report*

208 *Primatological Research*. Cambridge University Press.

209
Survey;Class;Order;Family;Species;Name_Picture;Vernacular;Category;Danger;Mean_EloScore;Rank
FirstPart;R 638;1
FirstPart;R 028;2
FirstPart;R 749;3
FirstPart;R 882;4
FirstPart;R 966;5
FirstPart;R 762;6
FirstPart;R 985;7
FirstPart;R 912;8
FirstPart;Ar 814;9
FirstPart;R 965;10
FirstPart;R 141;11
FirstPart;R 591;12
FirstPart;Ar 39;13
FirstPart;R 924;14
FirstPart;R 878;15
FirstPart;R 507;16
FirstPart;R 584;17
FirstPart;M 351;18
FirstPart;R 886;19
FirstPart;R 804;20
FirstPart;R 755;21
FirstPart;Ar 445;22
FirstPart;M 988;23
FirstPart;M 532;24
FirstPart;M 152;25
FirstPart;R 996;26
FirstPart;M 587;27
FirstPart;M 31;28
FirstPart;M 235;29
FirstPart;M 903;30
FirstPart;Ar 43;31
FirstPart;M 805;32
FirstPart;M 857;33
FirstPart;M 288;34
FirstPart;M 542;35
FirstPart;M 764;36
FirstPart;Ar 887;37
FirstPart;M 229;38
FirstPart;M 422;39
FirstPart;M 296;40
FirstPart;M 446;41
FirstPart;M 136;42
FirstPart;M 922;43
FirstPart;M 255;44
FirstPart;In 297;45
FirstPart;R 467;46
FirstPart;M 973;47
FirstPart;M 971;48
FirstPart;M 638;49
FirstPart;M 339;50
FirstPart;M 511;51
FirstPart;M 206;52
FirstPart;M 504;53
FirstPart;M 937;54
FirstPart;M 466;55
FirstPart; R 38;56
FirstPart; In: 955;57
FirstPart; M: 086;58
FirstPart; M: 504;59
FirstPart; M: 936;60
FirstPart; A: 987;61
FirstPart; M: 106;62
FirstPart; M: 647;63
FirstPart; R: 465;64
FirstPart; M: 157;65
FirstPart; M: 092;66
FirstPart; M: 942;67
FirstPart; R: 761;68
FirstPart; M: Lemuriform 324;69
FirstPart; M: 712;70
FirstPart; M: 922;71
FirstPart; M: 596;72
FirstPart; A: 46;73
FirstPart; A: 117;74
FirstPart; M: 299;75
FirstPart; R: 582;76
FirstPart; A: 505;77
FirstPart; A: 279;78
FirstPart; In: 247;79
FirstPart; A: 182;80
FirstPart; A: 162;81
FirstPart; R: 629;82
FirstPart; In: 007;83
FirstPart; M: 154;84
FirstPart; M: 655;85
FirstPart; M: 991;86
FirstPart; M: 203;87
FirstPart; M: 722;88
FirstPart; M: 909;89
FirstPart; In: 678;90
FirstPart; A: 683;91
FirstPart; M: 711;92
FirstPart; A: 751;93
FirstPart; M: 838;94
FirstPart; In: 974;95
FirstPart; M: 208;96
FirstPart; A: 126;97
FirstPart; In: 082;98
FirstPart; In: 856;99
FirstPart; M: 155;100
FirstPart; A: 916;101
FirstPart; M: 423;102
FirstPart; M: 742;103
FirstPart; M: 671;104
FirstPart; M: 884;105
FirstPart; A: 861;106
FirstPart; M: 339;107
FirstPart; M: 934;108
FirstPart; A: 003;109
FirstPart; A: 474;110
FirstPart; A: 774;111
FirstPart; M 529; 112
FirstPart; A 087; 113
FirstPart; R 922; 114
FirstPart; A 161; 115
FirstPart; M 284; 116
FirstPart; In 887; 117
FirstPart; A 039; 118
FirstPart; M 231; 119
FirstPart; R 103; 120
FirstPart; A 538; 121
FirstPart; A 69; 122
FirstPart; In 39; 123
FirstPart; A 189; 124
FirstPart; A 803; 125
FirstPart; M 515; 126
FirstPart; A 227; 127
FirstPart; A 258; 128
FirstPart; A 63; 129
FirstPart; M 552; 130
FirstPart; M 595; 131
FirstPart; M 286; 132
FirstPart; A 139; 133
FirstPart; M 515; 134
FirstPart; M 931; 135
FirstPart; M 1; 136
FirstPart; A 867; 137
FirstPart; M 626; 138
FirstPart; M 892; 139
FirstPart; M 29; 140
FirstPart; M 518; 141
FirstPart; M 509; 142
FirstPart; M Lemuriform 206; 143
FirstPart; M 479; 144
FirstPart; A 648; 145
FirstPart; M 891; 146
FirstPart; M 509; 147
FirstPart; M 274; 148
FirstPart; M Lemuriform 472; 149
FirstPart; M Lemuriform 613; 150
FirstPart; M 891; 151
FirstPart; M 887; 152
FirstPart; A 167; 153
FirstPart; A 954; 154
FirstPart; M 966; 155
FirstPart; M 629; 156
FirstPart; M 11; 157
FirstPart; M 293; 158
FirstPart; M 88; 159
FirstPart; M 993; 160
FirstPart; M 687; 161
FirstPart; A 761; 162
FirstPart; M 941; 163
FirstPart; M 657; 164
FirstPart; M 506; 165
FirstPart; M 321; 166
FirstPart; M Lemuriform 266; 167
FirstPart;A 383;168

FirstPart;M 601;169

FirstPart;A 9;170

FirstPart;M 155;171

FirstPart;M 856;172

FirstPart;M 88;173

FirstPart;M Lemuriform 406;174

FirstPart;M 159;175

FirstPart;M 139;176

FirstPart;M 387;177

FirstPart;M 431;178

FirstPart;M Lemuriform 327;179

FirstPart;A 435;180

FirstPart;A 063;181

FirstPart;M 525;182

FirstPart;M 707;183

FirstPart;M 088;184

FirstPart;M 955;185

FirstPart;A 737;186

FirstPart;A 576;187

FirstPart;M Lemuriform 263;188

FirstPart;A 278;189

FirstPart;R 358;190

FirstPart;A 404;191

FirstPart;A 003;192

FirstPart;M Lemuriform 406;193

FirstPart;A 826;194

FirstPart;A 3;195

FirstPart;A 496;196

FirstPart;M Lemuriform 242;197

FirstPart;M 302;198

FirstPart;A 837;199

FirstPart;A 485;200

FirstPart;M 932;201

FirstPart;A 305;202

FirstPart;A 151;203

FirstPart;M 188;204

FirstPart;A 226;205

FirstPart;M 475;206

FirstPart;M 789;207

FirstPart;M 319;208

FirstPart;M Lemuriform 036;209

FirstPart;M 446;210

FirstPart;M 995;211

FirstPart;M 269;212

FirstPart;M 019;213

FirstPart;R 873;214

FirstPart;M 988;215

FirstPart;A 263;216

FirstPart;M 943;217

FirstPart;M 983;218

FirstPart;M 24;219

FirstPart;A 095;220

FirstPart;M 709;221

ThirdPart;Reptilia;Squamata;Viperidae;Bitis_gabonica;Bitis_gabonica;Gaboon viper;X;Greater_risk;X;X

ThirdPart;Mammalia;Carnivora;Canidae;Canis_rufus;Canis_rufus;Red wolf;X;Less_risk;X;X
ThirdPart;Mammalia;Chiroptera;Hipposideridae;Hipposideros_speoris;Hipposideros_speoris;Schneider'

ThirdPart;Arachnida;Araneae;Lycosoidea;Lycosidae_sp.;Lycosidae_sp.;Wolf spider;X;Least_risk;X;X

ThirdPart;Mammalia;Primates;Cercopithecidae;Mandrillus_leucophaeus;Mandrillus_leucophaeus;Drill;>X

ThirdPart;Mammalia;Carnivora;Felidae;Panthera_tigris;Panthera_tigris;Tiger;X;Predator_risk;X;X

ThirdPart;Aves;Accipitriformes;Accipitridae;Pithecophaga_jefferyi;Pithecophaga_jefferyi;Philippine eagle

ThirdPart;Mammalia;Carnivora;Ursidae;Ursus_americanus;Ursus_americanus;American black bear;X;F
's roundleaf bat;X;Least_risk;X;X

k;Greater_risk;X;X

le;X;Greater_risk;X;X

Predator_risk;X;X