# Northern Barbarians and the Later Roman Empire's Pontic Border

Michel M Kazanski

► To cite this version:

Michel M Kazanski. Northern Barbarians and the Later Roman Empire's Pontic Border. Niezabitowska- Wiśniewska B., Łuczkiewicz P., Sadowski S., Stasiak- Cyran M., Erdrich M. (dir.). Studia barbarica. Profesorowi Andrzejowi Kokowskiemu w 65. rocznicę urodzin., Instytut Archeologii UMCS, pp.206-220, 2018, 978-83-7885-044-9. hal-03939010

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Submitted on 14 Jan 2023

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STUDIA
BARBARICA

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PROFESOROWI ANDRZEJOWI KOKOWSKIEMU
W 65. ROCZNICĘ URODZIN

FOR PROFESSOR ANDRZEJ KOKOWSKI
ON HIS 65TH BIRTHDAY

TOM II

REDAKCJA

BARBARA NIEZABITOWSKA-WIŚNIEWSKA

PIOTR ŁUCZKIEWICZ

SYLWESTER SADOWSKI

MARTA STASIAK-CYRAN

MICHAEL ERDRICH

<figure><img src="image_2.png" /></figure>

LUBIN 2018
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## WSPÓŁNA EUROPA

@MMON EUROPE

12 ANDRZEJ BRONICKI
SIEKIERA WSCHODNIOBAŁTYJSKA Z MIEJS@WOŚĆ ŻÓŁTAŃCE-KOLONIA, STAN. 9, POW. CHEŁMSKI, WOJ. LUBELSKIE

34 MARCIN BIBORSKI, MICHAŁ GRYGIEL
UWAGI O ZRÓŻNI@WANIU MIECZY LUDNOŚĆ EUROPEJSKIEGO BARBARICUM NA PRÓGU NOWEJ ERY

52 JÁN RAJTÁR
DIE FIBELN VOM TYP ALMGREN 43

74 EDUARD DROBERJAR
EINE VÖGELFIBEL MIT HOSEM NADELHALTER VOM TYP MASŁOMĘCZ AUS VRBOVÁ LHOTA (MITTELBÖHMEN)

86 AGNIESZKA PÜLPÁNOVÁ-RESZCZYŃSKA
CMENTARZYSKO W NEZABYLCACH (OKR. CHOMUTOV, ÚSTECKÝ KRAJ) – NOWE MATERIAŁY DO POZNANIA OBRZĄDKU PORZEBOWEGO NA OBSZARZE PÓŁNOCNO-ZACHODNICH CZECH W OKRESIE RZYMSKIM

100 JÓRG KLEEMANN
KÜSTEN SIND OFFENE GRENZEN

118 JAN SCHUSTER
EIN BESCHLAG UND ZWEI FIBELN. SEITENE RÖMISCHE OBJEKTE AUS NORDWESTPOLEN

130 KALINA SKÓRA, BARBARA NIEZABITOWSKA-WIŚNIEWSKA
FLABELLUM CZY CALAMISTRUM? I JESZCZE JEDEN, NIEZWYKLE INTRYGUJĄCY ZABYTEK... Z DRATOWA

182 MAXIM LEVADA
ZWEI „BESTATTUNGEN” VOM GRÄBERFELD HANSCA-LUTÄRIE

206 MICHEL KAZANSKI
NORTHERN BARBARIANS AND THE LATER ROMAN EMPIRE’S PONTIC BORDER

222 KYRYLO MYZGIN, ISTVÁN VIDA, TOMASZ WIĘCEK
GOLD IMITATIONS OF ROMAN INS FROM THE COLLECTION OF HUNGARIAN NATIONAL MUSEUM IN BUDAPEST

248 ALEKSANDER BURSCHE, BARBARA NIEZABITOWSKA-WIŚNIEWSKA
TWO ANTIQUE GOLD INS FROM ULÓW IN ROZTOCZE

268 PIOTR ŁUCZKIEWICZ
JUBILER ZE SPICZYNA? UNIKATOWY POCHÓWEK Z OKOLIC LUBLINA

282 BARTEOMIEJ BARTECKI
SREBRNY NASZYJNIK Z MIEJS@WOŚĆ PODHORCE

300 ANNA V. MASTYKOVA
IMITATIO IMPERII: ORNAMENTS WITH ZOOMORPHIC ELEMENTS OF THE MIGRATION EPOCH AMONG BARBARIAN NOBILITY OF SOUTHERN SCANDINAVIA AND THE PONTIC-DANUBE REGION

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## ARCHEOLOGIA ARCHIWALNA

ARCHIVE ARCHAEOLOGY

308 ANNA JUGA-SZYMAŃSKA, PAWEŁ SZYMAŃSKI
ZABYTKI Z KREIS FLATOW W KARTOTECE MARTY SCHMIEDEHELM

320 IGNACY SKRZYPEK
ZABYTKI ZE SCHYŁKU STAROŻYTNOŚĆ W ZBIORACH MUZEUM REGIONALNEGO W SZCZEBCU NA POMORZU ZACHODNIM

330 MAŁGORZATA KURZYŃSKA
ARCHIWALNE CMENTARZYSKO KULTURY OKSYWSKIEJ I WIELBARSKIEJ W MARUSZY (MARUSCH), POW. GRUDZIĄDZKI

354 ADAM CIEŚLIŃSKI, AGNIESZKA JARZEC
KARTOTEKA MARTY SCHMIEDEHELM JAKO ŹRÓDŁO DO POZNANIA CMENTARZYSKA W KROŚNIE, POW. ELBLĄSKI NA PRZYKŁADZIE INWENTARZA GROBU 24

368 IRENEUSZ JAKUBCZYK
ZAGADKI ODKRYCĄA NIEKTÓRYCH BOGATYCH GROBÓW Z OKRESU RZYMSKIEGO W POLSCE ŚRODKOWEJ

382 JACEK ANDRZEJOWSKI
KRĘGI KAMIENNE Z CZARČCH KOŚCOŁÓW W OSIECKU

406 TADEUSZ GRABARCZYK
CZŁOWIEK, KTÓRY UMIAŁ SŁUCHAĆ

410 ANNA BITNER-WRÓBLEWSKA, WOJCIECH WRÓBLEWSKI
NUDNO NAM BEZ MAMY! ZAPOMNIANI MIŁOŚNICY STAROŻYTNOŚĆ Z INFLANT POLSKICH

422 VLADIMÍR SALAČ
DIE QUADEN IN BÖHMEN UND PHILIPP CLÜVER

432 HEINO NEUMAYER
EIN GRABFUND AUS LENS IN DER SAMMLUNG DES FREIHERRN JOHANNES VON DIERGARDT?
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WCZESNE ŚREDNIOWIECZE

EARLY MIDDLE AGES

456
IWONA FLORKIEWICZ, MARCIN WOŁOSZYN
POTRZĄSAJĄC JABŁONIA,
CZYILI ROGOWY POJEMNIK Z CZERMNA
(BADANIA DAVNE)

470
TOMASZ DZIEŃKOWSKI
ŚREDNIOWIECZNA ARCHITEKTURA MUROWANA
NA PORANICZU POLSKO-RUSKIM W REJONIE CHEŁMA.
UWAGI ARCHEOLOGA

VARIA ARCHAEOLOGICA

482
JES MARTENS
WHEN IT COMES TO THE POINT...
ON THE WOODEN DOUBLE PONTED SPIKES FROM BORREMOSE

492
ANDRZEJ MICHAŁOWSKI, ANDRZEJ SIKORSKI, MILENA TESKA, PATRYCJA KACZMARSKA
WILK OGNIOWY Z ODISKIEM TKANINY PŁÓCENNEJ
Z MIEJSWOŚC DANISZEW, GM. KOŚCELEC, POW. KOLSKI, STAN. 18

502
GABRIELE RASBACH
WALGIRMES - A CASE OF IGNOCASM (BILDERSTURM)
AND ITS DOCUMENTATION IN THE GROUND

512
MAGDALENA NATUNIEWICZ-SEKULA, MICHAŁ SEKULA
KOLEJNE ODKRYCE WISIORKA W KSZTAŁCE MINIATUROWEGO TOPORA
Z MIEJSWOŚC MAJDAN, STAN. 8, GM. WIĄZOWNA,
POW. OTWOKI, WOJ. MAZOWIECKIE

522
HENRYK MACHAJEWSKI, IGNACY SKRZYPEK
TRZY ZAPINKI BRĄZOWE Z MIRCONIEWA,
POW. CZŁUCHOWSKI, WOJ. ZACHODNIOPOMORSKIE

530
RADOSŁAW PROCHOWICZ
OSTROGI Z KOMPLEKSU OSADNICZEGO W PRZERADWIE

536
ANDRZEJ KASPRZAK, ROBERT KRASZCZUK
DZIOBOWATE OKUCZE KOŃCA PASA
Z MIEJSWOŚC RADOLIN NAD ŚRODKOWĄ NOTECĄ

542
ANDRZEJ SZELA
SKROMY ZESPÓŁ GROBOWY Z BRUDNIC,
PRZYCZYNIKIEM DO NOWEGO SPOJRZENIA
NA NIEKTÓRE OBIEKTY Z OKRESU WĘDRÓWEK LUDÓW

550
ALEKSANDRA RZESZOTARSKA-NOWAKIEWICZ
ZAPINKA PIĘCOPALCZASTA Z OKOLIC PŁĄTKOWA
KOŁO CHOĆIWLA NA POJEZIERZU IŃSKIM (POMORZE ZACHODNIE)

560
CHRISTIAN LEIBER
ZUR ENTDECKUNG VON ZWEI GLASWARENLAGERN
AUS DEM 17. JAHRHUNDERT AN DER WALGLASHÜTTE UNTER
DEM HILSBORN BEI GRÜNENPLAN IM HILS,
LANDKREIS HOLZMINDEN, NIEDERSACHSEN

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AD MULIOS ANNOS, PANIE PROFESORZE!

AD MULIOS ANNOS PROFESSOR!

MARIUSZ MIELCZAREK
572 BURSZTYN, JEDWAB I ROZPUSTNY CESARZ HELIOGABAL (218-222)

JUDYTA RODZIŃSKA-NOWAK
580 NAPOJE ALKOHOLOWE MIESZKAŃCÓW BARBARICUM

590 NOTA OD REDAKCJI

591 A NOTE FROM THE EDITORS

592 WYKAZ SKRÓTÓW

592 ABBREVIATIONS

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MICHEL KAZANSKI

NORTHERN BARBARIANS
AND THE LATER ROMAN EMPIRE'S
PONTIC BORDER

**Michel Kazanski**
CNRS - UMR 8167 « Orient et Méditerranée », Collège de France
52, rue du cardinal Lemoine
FR 75005-Paris
michel.kazanski53@gmail.com

It is generally accepted that the contacts between Northern Europe and the Black Sea area in the Roman Period followed trans-European routes connecting the Baltic basin and the Pontus, primarily via the basins of the Vistula, the Western Bug, and the rivers in the Black Sea area. This interpretation is based on a tale of Gothic migration told by Jordanes (Jordanis, *Getica*, 27–29), archaeological evidence of the Wielbark culture expansion along the ‘Vistula-Volhynia’ axis (Û. V. Kuharenko 1980; R. Wołagiewicz 1986; M. B. Śukin 1994, 246, 247, 347; 2005, 93–97, 103–108; A. Kokowski 2008, 159–162), and, finally, a distribution map of archaeological artefacts in this area (see e.g.: M. B. Śukin 1977, fig. 4; J. Werner 1988; A. Kokowski 1997, 704–735; M. Ščukin 2000, fig. 3; M. Shchukin *et alii* 2006, 32, fig. 19).

In general, archaeological data confirm Jordanes' account and, doubtlessly, reflect a real picture, that the Germans, who found themselves in the northern Black Sea area in the third century AD, or at least the major part of them, came there by the continental corridor between the Baltic and the Black Sea, via the Vistula basin, and

whence to the east of the Carpathians. However, there are some archaeological finds suggesting other ways in which the barbarians came to the

Pontus, primarily if they were deported by the Romans. This alternative view will be analysed in this paper.

NORTHERN EUROPEAN FINDS IN THE BLACK SEA AREA

There is a well-known group of artefacts of clear northern, Balto-Scandinavian origin, which penetrated to the northern Black Sea area through Central Europe. Among them are, for example, brooches, of the types such as *Monstruoso* (Fig. 1:1), *Schildfibeln* of Mattpes type VI.2–4/B2, metal

combs, and masks of the *Illerup-Kishpek* type (see a corpus at: M. E. Levada 2006; 2012). For a long time, the distribution of such artefacts in the Pontic area has been related to the migration of different northern peoples of non-Gothic origin to the south (e.g. A. K. Ambroz 1969; M. E. Levada

<figure><img src="image_12.png" /><figcaption>■ Fig. 1. Artefacts of supposed 'northern' and 'western' origin in the northern Black Sea area. 1 – Nejzac/Неїзау; 2 – Chersonese; 3 – Lučistoe/Лучистое; 4 – Gavrilivka/Гаврилівка; 5 – Rusàny/Русяны.
After: M. Levada 2012 (1, 2); A. I. Ajbabin, È. A. Hajredinova 2010 (3); È. A. Symonovič 1973 (4); È. A. Rikman 1975 (5).</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_13.png" /></figure>
<figure><img src="image_14.png" /></figure>

2006; M. B. Šukin 2005, 148). The participation of varied barbarians who were not Goths was underlined by the appearance in the Kuban' area and in the Crimea of buckles having a rectangular platform on the tongue, which were related to Western Balts' cultural tradition. Their chronology is within the Period B₂/C₁ (AD 150/160–200/210) of the European *Barbaricum* timeline (O. V. Šarov 2013, 143, fig. 12).

However, it should be taken into account that many artefacts previously identified as Northern European were not actually so. This way, buckles with a rectangular panel, rectangular frame, and two tongues (for recent studies see: J. Andrzejowski, R. Madyda-Legutko 2013; O. V. Šarov 2013, 137, 143, fig. 10, 11), often interpreted as originated from the *Barbaricum*, could in fact reflect a Roman influence, common for the Pontic area and for the Central European *Barbaricum* (cf. M. Sommer 1984, pl. 13:3). A brooch with ring decoration from Chersonese in Taurica (Fig. 1:2), although it has a 'northern' morphology, A. K. Ambroz 1966, 68; M. Levada 2012, fig. 1:2), finds no parallels in Scandinavia.

Generally, there are a few Scandinavian finds in the northern Black Sea area, as it has already been mentioned (M. Levada 2012). Among them are *Monstruoso* brooches (M. E. Levada 2006, 199, 200; 2012, 143, 144, fig. 2; U. Lund Hansen, M. J. Przybyła 2010; M. J. Przybyła 2011, fig. 17), particularly known in the Crimea, at the cemetery of Nejzac/Нейзац (Fig. 1:1). Especially demonstrative are brooches of Group 6, known in Bornholm, Gotland, in the Vistula estuary, in the Sambian Peninsula, and Kursh coast, as well as in the areas of the Wielbark and Chernyakhov cultures (U. Lund Hansen, M. J. Przybyła 2010, fig. 36)<fnref n="1" />.

Another northern element in the Pontic region are spears with a long 'sword-shaped' head, of diamond cross-section, and a relatively short,

often ribbed socket, of the *Dresden-Dobritz/Gübs* type (R. Birch Iversen 2010, 48–51, fig. 24) and their derivatives (Fig. 2:B/1–3, 5–7). These spears are known in Abkhazia, in graves from Stages II and III of the Abkhazian timeline, i.e. AD 320/330–440/450 (Šapka-Cerkovnyj Holm-4/Шапка-Церковный Холм, grave 6; Šapka-Ah”å-carahu/Шапка-Ахъяцараху, graves 6 and 20; Tsibilium/Цибилиум, graves 171, 190, 363, 383, 419, 420) (M. M. Kazanskij 2015, 46), and also in the Crimean cemeteries of Čatyr-Dag/Чатыр-Даг, graves 2 and 3 (G. A. Voznesenskaâ, M. E. Levada 1999, 254–256, fig. 3:2, 5:2; V. L. Myc et alii 2006, 119–121, fig. 6:3, 7:1), and Suvlu-Kaâ/Сувлу-Кая (A. A. Vološinov, V. V. Masâkin 2016, 121, fig. 2:1). The date of these burials could be within the Period C₂–C₃, that is from about AD 250/260 to 350/370. In the Late Roman Period and in the Early Great Migration Period, these spears were known in Southern Scandinavia, in Denmark, Southern Sweden, and in the Upper and Middle Elbe basin (Fig. 2:A). Analogous spears of the V. Kazakâvičûs type 3 are also known in Eastern Lithuania, where they dated back from the fifth to seventh centuries (V. Kazakâvičûs 1988, 41, 42, Map VII). Although close forms of spears rarely appear in Central Europe both in the Later Roman and Great Migration Periods, and in the British isles, at continental Saxes, their number in the Baltic area is the biggest (for details see: V. L. Myc et alii 2006, 121, 148; G. A. Voznesenskaâ, M. E. Levada 1999, 255, 256; M. M. Kazanskij 2015, 46).

Socketed lances of tetrahedral cross-section are perhaps also of north European origin (Fig. 2:B/4, 8, 9). These lance-heads are also well known in the cemeteries of the Tsibilium culture in Abkhazia, such as Tsibilium graves 77, 248, 50, 251, 362 Šapka-Ah”åcarahu, grave 6, 25; Šapka-Abgydzrahu/Шапка-Абгыдзраху, grave 14, dated from Stages I/2 to IV/9 (i.e. from 290 to 550 AD) (M. M. Kazanskij 2015, 48, 50). In the Crimea, these lanc-

A

<figure><img src="image_15.png" /><figcaption>■ Fig. 2. Spears and lances of 'northern' origin from the southern Crimea and Abkhazia. A. Distribution map for the spears of the *Dresden-Dobritz/Gübs* type in southern Scandinavia and in the Elba basin. After: R. Birch Iversen. 1 – offering sites; 2 – settlements and hoards; 3 – graves.</figcaption></figure>

B. Weapons from the Crimea and Abkhazia. 1 – Čatyr-Dag/Чатыр-Даг, grave 3; 2 – Čatyr-Dag, grave 3; 3 – Čatyr-Dag, grave 20; 4 – Čatyr-Dag, grave 12; 5, 6 – Šapka-Cerkovnyj Holm-4/Шапка-Церковный Холм-4, grave 67; 7 – Šapka/Шапка, outside a grave; 8 – Tsibilium, grave 362; 9 – Lar-1/Лар-1.

After: V. L. Myc et alii 2006 (1–4); M. M. Kazanskij 2015 (5, 6, 8); Ü. N. Voronov, N. K. Šenkao 1982 (7, 9).

<figure><img src="image_16.png" /></figure>

es occurred in the cemetery of Čatyr-Dag, grave 12, from Periods C₂–C₃, i.e. 250/260–350/370 AD (G. A. Voznesenskaâ, M. E. Levada 1999, 255, 256,

fig. 4:1; V. L. Myc et alii 2006, 121, fig. 7:6). Far to the east, in the Black Sea coast of the Northern Caucasus, there is a lancet from the materials

<figure><img src="image_17.png" /></figure>

<footnote n="1">¹ In my opinion, supposed relation between the finds of 'monstrous' brooch in the Chernyakhov culture area and the Heruli (M. B. Šukin 2005, 148) needs more arguments. These brooches were actually distributed mostly in Moldavia (M. B. Šukin 2005, fig. 50) and Right-Bank Ukraine (M. E. Levada 2006, 199, 200), or in the areas where the Heruli were not documented by written sources. Besides, these brooches are not known in the Don and Azov Sea basin, where it would be logical to expect archaeological finds related to the said people (see below).</footnote>
<figure><img src="image_18.png" /><figcaption>■ Fig. 3. Grave 697 of the cemetery of Wederath, on the Rhine.</figcaption></figure>

After: G. Waurick 1994.

<figure><img src="image_19.png" /></figure>

of Raevskaâ/Раевская (RU) fortified settlement (G. A. Voznesenskaâ, M. E. Levada 1999, 255).

Similar lances are well-known at Scandinavian antiquities. There are Ilkjaer 5 and 11 types, from Period C₃-D₁ (300/320-400/410 AD) or B₂/C₁ (160-180 AD), if one considers the chronology of the bog finds at Illerup (J. Ilkjaer 1990, 53-59, 79-84; G. A. Voznesenskaâ, M. E. Levada 1999, 255; V. L. Myc et alii 2006, 121, 156). In Central and Eastern Europe, the finds of this type of

weapons from the Later Roman and Great Migration Periods are not very often. In the Chernyakhov culture area, there are isolated finds of such lances in the zone between the Dniester and Siret, where other artefacts of northern European origin concentrated. Simultaneously, these lancets are well known among the Roman auxiliaries on the Rhine (G. A. Voznesenskaâ, M. E. Levada 1999, 256). Researchers consider that these lancets found their way to the Pontic region primarily

accompanying the Roman army (V. L. Myc et alii 2006, 156), therefore the northern European origin of these weapons found in Abkhazia and the Crimea is disputable.

There is one more find of a 'northern' lance originating from the settlement of Rusâny/Русяны

(Moldova) of the Chernyakhov culture (È. A. Rikman 1975, fig. 20:17). This is a two-spiked head with a long socket (Fig. 1:5), certainly of the Ilkjaer 10/Applerum type, dating from Stage C₂ and C₃, which was widespread in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden (J. Ilkjaer 1990, 230, 231).

## ANCIENT WRITERS' ACCOUNTS OF THE NORTHERN BARBARIANS NEAR THE BLACK SEA

First and foremost, it is necessary to mention German place-names in the Pontic basin, which meets with parallels in Northern Europe. First, there is a well-known case of the *Heruli/Eruli*. This people broke through to the Black and Aegean Seas from the Maiotis in 267 AD (M. Shchukin et alii 2006, 31-34). Almost simultaneously, in 289, the panegyric of Mamertinus mentions the *Eruli* in the same list with the peoples of the Rhine, who acted at the Empire's western front, such as the *Alamanni*, *Burgundiones*, and certain *Chaibones* (cited through: A. Ellegård 1987, 19). The barbarian invasion mentioned by Mamertinus could certainly happen in the Upper Danube, for example in the Raetia and Noricum, which were in the western zone of imperial commandment (A. Ellegård 1987, 19), but this interpretation makes it unclear why the peoples of the Danube did not participate. Later on, Ammianus Marcellinus' account of the events of 360 AD in Gallia informed that the *Heruli* were recruited to the Gallic army somewhere behind the Rhine, together with the *Batavi*, a people of the North See; both peoples hired themselves with the condition that they will not be sent to the south of the Alps, that is outside Gallia (Ammian Marcellin, *Histoires*, XX.4.2-4). Danubian or Pontic barbarians could hardly lay down such conditions. Although *Laterculus Veronensis* (supposedly about 314 AD) (E. Demougeot 1979) placed the *Heruli* between the *Rugi* and the *Saxones*, i.e. between the Southern Baltic and the North Sea peoples, this list also mentioned them for the second time, together with the *Rugi*, between the *Uandali* and the *Sarmatae* on the

one hand and the *Sciri*, the *Carpi*, and the *Scitae* on the other hand, i.e. much far to the south, somewhere in the Carpathian-Danubian region.

Almost in the same time, in the age of Hermanarichus, i.e. in the second third of the fourth century, the Gothic tradition stated that some *Eluri* lived in the Maiotis (Jordanis, *Getica*, 117). Finally, in 454/455 AD, the same Gothic tradition informed that the *Heruli* fought in the famous battle of Nedao (Jordanis, *Getica*, 261), and, according to Hydatius' account, the *Heruli* made sea raids to the Atlantic coast of the Pyrenean Peninsula in 455 AD (400 warriors with seven ships) and in 459 (A. Ellegård 1987, 23). It is known from Procopius of Caesarea that in the early sixth century a group of the Heruli migrated from the Middle Danube to Scandinavia (Procopius, *Bel. Got. II*.15). Jordanes' famous account how the *Heruli* left Scandinavia (Jordanis, *Getica* 23) in very ancient times and because of the Danes' pressure is anachronistic: the Danes are a later union which appeared as late as the Great Migration Period, therefore the Roman and Greek writers do not know them (A. Ellegård 1987, 9,10). Although the problem of sameness or relationship of the *Heruli/Eruli* living on the Maiotis, in the Danube, and Northern Europe is certainly under discussion (see A. Ellegård 1987), the similarity of ethnic names is doubtless and, perhaps, reflects certain connections of these barbarian groups<fnref n="2" />. Be that as it may, all the researchers consider that the Heruli broke through to the Pontus independently, and most likely via the traditional transcontinental route from the Baltic to the Black Sea.

<figure><img src="image_20.png" /></figure>

<footnote n="2">² One should also take into account the hypothesis that the appellative *Heruli/Eruli* was not an ethnonym but a name of professional groups of 'noble' warriors of most diverse origins (A. Ellegård 1987, 24, 25, 28-30).</footnote>
<figure><img src="image_21.png" /></figure>

The same is true for the northern people of the *Borani*, who plundered the Pontic coast together with the Ostrogoths in 253–256 AD. Their ambi-
tion on the sea testifies to that they were a settled people. The Borani’s ethnic identity has not been discovered yet. All the guesses of their German-
ic, Sarmatian, or even Slavic origin are based on selectable interpretation of consonances of oth-
er ancient ethnonyms. However, it is worth men-
tioning that the given ethnic name resembles the name of a Germanic people of the *Varini* (I. S. Pio-
ro 1990, 39; M. E. Levada 2006, 217, 218), who lived somewhere at the stem of the Jutland Peninsu-
la in the roman Period (Tacite, *Germanie*, XL). Their appearance in the Black Sea with the Os-
trogoths suggests that their migration, similarly to the Gothic one, followed the continental route.

More complicated is the question of the peo-
ple of the *Eudosianoi* (*Eυδονσιανοι*), known from
Pseudo-Arrian's *Periplous* (sixth century) as resi-
dents of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, most
likely in the vicinity of modern Novorossiysk,
speaking Gothic language (A. Baschmakoff 1948:
*Codex Londinensis* 22). From the comparison with
the account of Procopius (*Bel. Got*. IV.4,5) we have
every reason to conclude that in the sixth centu-
ry the Eudosianoi were known as the Tetraxitai
Goths, who migrated from the Crimea<fnref n="3" /> to the
Caucasus because of the Hunnic pressure (M. Ka-
zanski 1991, 498). There was a Germanic people
bearing a very similar name of the *Eudoses*, who
lived in Jutland in the first century AD (Tacite,
*Germanie*, XL). Quite plausibly, Scandinavian and
Pontic *Eudoses/Eudosianoi* were the same people.
It is not clear how they found the way to the Black
Sea, though they are supposed to come there with

the Heruli (H. Wolfram 1990, 34). Although it is
still possible that their migration through Central
Europe remained unnoticed to sources, there are
also other possible interpretations.

In this connection interesting are the adven-
tures of the Francs. About 280 AD, the Francs
were defeated by Emperor Probus in the Low-
er Rhine area and deported whence to the oth-
er end of the empire, somewhere in the Pontus
(Panégyrique de Constance, XVIII)<fnref n="4" />. It was rath-
er a widespread practice in the Empire, suffice
it to recall the relocation of the Sarmatians to
Britain (I. Lebedynsky 2014, 106). However, in
the case under analysis the barbarians rebelled
and broke through to their homeland by the sea.
Using numerous ships taken from the Romans,
they defeated Greece, attacked the city of Syra-
cuse in Sicily, and were repelled from the walls
of Carthage in Africa (Zosime, Histoire novel-
le, I.LXXI.2; Panégyrique de Constance, XVIII)
(E. Gibbon 1983, 248, 249; W. J. De Boone 1981,
10; P. Périn, L.-Ch. Feffer 1997, 44). From this
story there are reasons to suppose another way
in which the northern barbarians came from the
European Barbaricum to the Black Sea: their de-
portation and settling there by Roman authori-
ties in order to enhance the defensive capacity of
the Pontic border.

Let us analyse now archaeological sites that
could testify to such an action undertaken by
Rome. From the late second to the fourth century
AD, there were two areas in the Empire's Pontic
borderland with increasing number of weapon
graves, in addition to several definitely northern
features: the southern coast of the Crimea, and
Abkhazia.

<figure><img src="image_22.png" /></figure>

SOUTHERN CRIMEA: SITES OF THE *Aj-TODOR/Aй-ТОДОР* TYPE

Northern elements in barbaric population of the South-Western Crimea occurred in the materials of two cemeteries in the southern coast, *Aj-Todor/Aŭ-Тодор* and Čatyr-Dag, which make a particular group of sites called the *Aj-Todor* type (M. Kazanski 1991, 494–499; 2002, 409–414; M. M. Kazanskij 2006, 29–32; M Shchukin *et alii* 2006, 81–83). According to O. V. Šarov, these cemeteries appeared about 200 AD, after the Marcomannic Wars (O. V. Šarov 2013, 144, 148). These monuments belonged to a population stationed in strategically important places, perhaps military settlers, allied to the Empire (M. Kazanski 1991, 494–499; M. B. Šukin 2005, 435, 437; V. L. Myc *et alii* 2006, 179).

Although funeral rite of the cemeteries in the
southern coast of the Crimea is similar to East
Germanic, the combination of elements in this
area is not typical of the Wielbark, Przeworsk, and
Chernyakhov cultures, which are usually com-
pared to the sites of the *Aj-Todor* type. For exam-
ple, weapons, particularly ritually kinked, rarely
occurred in cemeteries of the Chernyakhov cul-
ture, and almost not known in graves of the Wiel-
bark culture. Farming tools, horse bits, and axes
also did not occur in the Wielbark cemeteries
and appear as a very few pieces in the Chernyak-
hov cemeteries. Graves of the Przeworsk culture
contained a great deal of weapons, including rit-
ually broken pieces, though they missed stone
constructions, horse bits and sickles, and a con-
siderable number of axes occurred only in the
cemetery of Chorula (PL). The same is valid for
Germanic cemeteries located to the east of the
Elbe, where there are cremations accompanied
with sickles and axes, but no parallel stone con-
structions, as well as horse-bits and secondary
fired (on a funeral pyre) ceramics (M. Kazanski
1991, 494–499; 2002, 409–414; M. M. Kazanskij
2006, 29–32; M. Shchukin *et alii* 2006, 81–83).
Far smaller is the similarity of southern Crime-
an graves and cremations of Baltic cultures and
Finnish cultures in the Baltic Sea area, despite
they contained some fragments of military equip-
ment, particularly intentionally damaged pieces,

and a few farming tools and horse bits (O. Sharov
2010, 126).

Quite unexpectedly, parallels to the cemeteries
in the southern Crimean coast were found in the
opposite corner of the *Barbaricum*, in the west-
ern area of the Scandinavian Peninsula, where
cremations with stone structures and weapons
were widely distributed through the Roman Peri-
od. Specific construction of urn and urnless cre-
mations in cists or covered with accumulations
of stones are in South and Middle Norway. There
are well-known cremations with stone construc-
tions (in cists, under stone pavements, heaps of
stones, etc.), containing weapons, such as swords,
spears, javelins, shields with metal bosses and
grips, and rarely spurs. Often these weapons are
intentionally broken. The inhumations in Norway
contained sickles and axes. There also are cre-
mations covered with an overturned vessel, like
in Aj-Todor. In Later Roman Norway, there also
were inhumations covered with stone heaps or in
graves with the walls lined with slabs, like in Aj-
-Todor (M. Kazanski 1991, 494–499; 2002, 409–
414; M. M. Kazanskij 2006, 29–32; M. Shchukin
et alii 2006, 81–83).

Naturally there are also differences. This way,
Norwegian graves are covered with barrows, their
grave goods are more rich and varied, graves con-
tained other types of goods, and inhumations
were as popular as cremations. However, it would
be naïve to expect a simple transplantation of all
the features of Scandinavian Germans' archaeo-
logical culture to the other corner of Europe. In
barbarian societies, material and spiritual cul-
ture of a group of migrants unavoidably changed,
particularly due to the inclusion of foreign ele-
ments to this group (incorporation of warriors,
mixed marriages, taking captives, hostages, etc.)
(see B. Kontny 2013).

F.-A. Stylegar justly underlined that, although
the listed features really existed in Norway, they
never occurred in such a combination as in the
Crimea within the same assemblages, and, be-
sides, their distribution envelopes the entire
Roman Period (F.-A. Stylegar 2011, 230–232).

<footnote n="3">³ It is important to remember another name of the Tetraxitai Goths, the 'Trapezitai', which, in historians' opinion, was related to the name of a mountain of Trapezus in the southern Crimea, now known as Čatyr-Dag, perhaps the area where these Trapezitai initially lived (A. A. Vasil'ev 1921, 363-368).</footnote>

<footnote n="4">⁴ There is a hypothesis that the Francs were settled in the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus (see e.g.: T. Dundua, L. Tavadze 2007), but the panyegyric does not support it, since it talks about the Pontus only: (...) *Recursabat quippe in animos illa sub diuo Probo paucorum ex Francis captiuorum incredibilis audacia et indigna felicitas, qui a Ponto usque correptis nauibus Graeciam Asiamque populati nec impune plerisque Libyae litoribus appulsi ipsas postremo naualibus quondam uictoriis nobiles ceperant Syracusas et immenso itinere peruecti oceanum, qua terras irrumpit, intrauerant atque ita euentu temeritatis ostenderant nihil esse clausum piraticae desperationi, quo nauigiis pateret accessus (...).*</footnote>
<figure><img src="image_23.png" /></figure>

Therefore, these parallels could not be evidence that certain groups of Germans migrated from Norway to the Crimea. Anyway, the appearance of the whole set of features in these two regions of Europe and only there could not be accidental.

## ABKHAZIA

In Abkhazia, from the second century AD on, there was the so-called Tsibilium culture, typical of high militarization of the population and a visible concentration of Roman imports (a recent study: *Tsibilium* 2007). The researchers have also pointed out the appearance of some Germanic elements to relate it with Germanic expansion. However, some of these features were known in the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus long before historical Germans appeared there, and therefore they did not have any relation to them. All the features of the funeral rite of the Tsibilium culture, often understood as Germanic, actually have wider parallels, projecting outside the Germanic world, and what is more important, they appeared in the eastern Black Sea area long before the arrival of historical Germans. This concerns particularly the rite of cremation, which was documented in Abkhazia and Colchis as long as the Early Iron Age and was well represented in the Tsibilium culture cemeteries from its very beginning (Stage I/1: 170/200–260/270 AD). The rite of funeral weapons damaging occurred among the population of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus from the first and second centuries AD. The placement of chain mail fragments in graves is also typical not only of the Germans, appearing in the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus in the second half of the second century AD, e.g. before the appearance of the Germans in the Pontus according to written sources' (M. M. Kazanskij 2015). Some types of weapons initially misinterpreted as Germanic were not so, and were widespread among different peoples, in no small measure in the Roman imperial territory. Among them were in particular axes of the types which occurred in Abkhazia, *scramasaxes*, several types of shield bosses and grips (M. M. Kazanskij 2015).

It is also important to note that barbarians living in the southern Crimean coast were included into the system of defence of the Pontic border of the Empire (M. Kazanski 1991).

Actually, doubtless Germanic features of the material culture of Abkhazia from the Roman Period and the Early Great Migration Period include several types of shield bosses, such asKRONEń in 260/270–330/340 AD, or Libenau and Zieling K2, known in Abkhazian graves from 380/400–440/450 AD, as well as several types of shield grips from the Roman Period, and already mentioned spears and lances (see above). There also are specific types of woman's ornaments of Germanic origin (Fig. 4:1–3, 9), such as amber mushroom-shaped pendants (for them see: A. V. Mastykova 1999), amber beads with carved decoration (for them see: A. Mastykova 2001), metal bucket-shaped pendants, and, finally, particular daily life artefacts, such as fire lighters (Fig. 4:6) (Ju. Voronov 2007, fig. 91:21; cf. J. Schuster 2011). These types of goods are abundant in Eastern Germanic antiquities, such as the Przeworsk, Chernyakhov, and Wielbark cultures. No other particularly Germanic feature exists in the Tsibilium culture, though weapons and ornaments of Germanic appearance in this period widely distributed in the Later Roman Empire, especially in the military environment. Perhaps the appearance of 'western' cultural elements in Abkhazia was rather the influence from barbarized Roman army, which occupied the strongholds in the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, or that from veterans of the Roman army, who settled in Abkhazia and were mentioned by Procopius (Procopius, *Bel. Got.*, IV.9). It is important to mention that the appearance of reliable Germanic elements in the culture of Abkhazian population was not a single event. The earliest goods of Germanic appearance date from 260/270–330/349 AD, when, following the Gothic Wars, the Roman Empire re-established control over the Pontic border.

The period of maximum distribution of the cultural features of Germanic appearance in Abkhazia corresponds to 380/400–440/450 AD. Simultaneously, in the late fourth and first half of the fifth century, more elements of foreign origin appeared in equipment of Abkhazian warriors, such as *scramasaxes*, Iranian daggers, and trilobate 'Hunnic' arrowheads. Most likely, this international arsenal developed due to a certain event or process which resulted in sending of new barbarian contingents to the Pontic border of the Eastern Roman Empire. Several types of shield bosses, rare in the Central and Eastern European *Barbaricum*, testify to the presence among these soldiers of the natives of Northern and Western Europe (for details concerning Germanic elements in Abkhazia see: M. M. Kazanskij 2015).

<figure><img src="image_24.png" /></figure>

Hence, there were two groups of militarized populations that shaped up in the northern and eastern Black Sea coasts simultaneously, engaged in the military sphere of Rome, and possessed some Germanic features of their material culture. There are common elements of their military equipment underlining their relation, such as a few types of shield bosses and grips, which were distributed both among the barbarians and in the Roman army (e.g. shield bosses of the *Aj-Todor/Zieling* H2 types, Zieling K2, and shield grips of the Zieling X type) (Fig. 5:1, 2, 7, 8, 11, 12) (M. Kazanski 1994, 438, 439, 440, 451, 452), tetrahedral lances (Fig. 5:5, 6), spears of the *Dresden-Dobritz/Gübs* type, and axes-picks (Fig. 5:9, 10) (for their Roman parallels see e.g.: M. C. Bishop, C. N. Coulston 1993, fig. 63:2–5) (Fig. 5:3, 4).

Autochthonous origin of the people of the Tsibilium culture is beyond any reasonable doubt, though the Germans who created the small-number sites of *Aj-Todor* type were clearly a newly arrived element. Taking into account their northern parallels, there are reasons to suggest a working hypothesis that at least some of these Germans were moved from the western part of

the Empire. The episode with the Francs mentioned above could serve as an example.

There are certain archaeological facts testifying to the probability of this suggestion. Southern Crimean cremations accompanied with shield bosses, lances, and picks resemble graves of the western allies of Rome (see for example Fig. 3).

<figure><img src="image_25.png" /><figcaption>■ Fig. 4. Ornaments and daily life artefacts of Germanic origin from the graves in Abkhazia. 1, 2 – Tsibilium-1, grave 209; 3 – Tsibilium-2, grave 351; 4–6 – Tsibilium-1, grave 186; 7–9 – Tsibilium-1, grave 184. After: M. M. Kazanskij 2015.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_26.png" /></figure>
<figure><img src="image_27.png" /></figure>

■ Fig. 5. Weapons common for the southern coast of the Crimea and Abkhazia.

1 – Tsibilium-1, grave 61; 2, 10, 12 – Čatyr-Dag/Чатыр-Даг, grave 2; 3 – Čatyr-Dag, grave 2; 4 – Šapka-Cerkovnyj Holm-4/Шапка-Церковный Холм-4, grave 7; 5 – Čatyr-Dag, grave 12; 6 – Tsibilium-2, grave 362; 7 – Aj-Todor/Aŭ-Toŭor, grave 11; 8, 11 – Tsibilium-1, grave 127; 9 – Tsibilium-1, grave 54.

After: *Tsibilium* 2007 (1, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11); V. L. Myc et alii 2006 (2, 3, 5, 10, 12); M Shchukin et alii 2006 (7).

<figure><img src="image_28.png" /></figure>

In the southern Crimea (Chersonese, Aj-Todor, and Partenit/Партенит) there are coins of Gallic 'Emperors' Tetricus (270–271 AD) and Lollienus (268–269 AD) (V. A. Sidorenko 1987). Coins of Gallic usurpers also occurred in the Chernyakhov culture area (V. V. Kropotkin 2005, nos. 782, 905, 1115). These coins could hardly circulate in the Empire officially, though they appeared among the Germans who served to the usurpers in Galia (M. B. Ŝukin 2005, 142, 143, 423; M. Shchukin et alii 2006, 30). It is worth mentioning Crime-

an finds of precious Roman imports, of Gallic origin, such as a third-century enamelled *pух-іsis* from the so-called Mesaksudi's Grave discovered in Kerch in 1918 (V. V. Kropotkin 1970, no. 832; F. Beck et alii 1988, 77–79), cauldron of Westland type from the Crimea, the main concentration of which is in Gallia, Northern Germany, and Jutland (M. E. Levada 2006, 212, 213, fig. 21), or bronze Gallo-Roman vessels from the cemeteries of Aj-Todor, Černaŭ Rečka (River)/Черная Речка and Sovhoz-10/Совхоз-10 in Crimea (V. V. Kro-

potkin 1970, nos. 824, 834, 835), as well as a shape of a Roman sword from Chersonese, of the *No vaesum* type (middle or second half of the third century), which was widespread both in the Rhine limes and in the *Barbaricum*, between the Elbe and the Rheine, and in Jutland (M. E. Levada 2006, 211, 212), and finally horse trappings from Kazanskaŭ/Казанская (RU) in the Kuban area, which meets with parallels in Illerup in modern Denmark (O. V. Šarov 2013, 143, 144, fig. 13–15). It is also worth mentioning an iron pin, measuring 27.6 cm in length, which originated from the Chernyakhov cemetery of Gavrilivka/Гаврилівка (UA), and was related to the Balts' pins by Ĕ. A. Symonovič (Ē. A. Symonovič 1973, 30, fig. 11:7) (Fig. 1:3). However, the pins of Northern Germans seem more similar, particularly the *Fécamp* type, which dates from the last third of the fourth and early fifth centuries and occurs in

northern Gallia and the *Barbaricum*, especially in between of the Weser and the Rhine, that is on the Franks' territory (H. W. Böhme 1974, 35, Fundliste 9, Karte 9; 2007, 10, fig. 4, liste n° 3)<fnref n="5" />. It is worth mentioning a unique for the Black Sea buckle form a Roman 'military' belt (Fig. 1:3), typical of Gallia and Roman Germany in the late fourth and first half of the fifth century, which originates from burial vault 173 of the cemetery of Lučistoe/Лучистое, in Crimea (A. I. Ajbabin, Ĕ. A. Hajredinova 2010, 514, fig. 2; cf. M. Sommer 1984, 25–27, pl. 6).

All these archaeological and numismatic accounts could testify to the appearance of Northern European barbarians in the Black Sea, via the western territory of the Roman Empire, most likely as military settlers on the Pontic border.

Translation: Nikita Khrapunov

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*Histoires. Livres XX-XXII* (eds. J. Fontaine, E. Frézouls, J.-D. Berger), *Paris* 1996.

### JORDANIS

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### PANÉGYRIQUE DE CONSTANCE

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### TACITE

*La Germanie* (ed. J. Perret), *Paris* 1983.

### ZOSIME

*Histoire nouvelle*. T. 1 (ed. F. Paschoud), *Paris* 2003.

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<figure><img src="image_30.png" /></figure>

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## NOTA OD REDAKCJI

Przygotowując do druku dwutomową Księgę poświęconą Profesorowi Andrzejowi Kokowskiemu przyjęliśmy następujący zasady:

* łaścińską transliterację cyrylicy zgodną z normą międzynarodową ISO 9 we wszystkich tekstach w językach polskim, angielskim i niemieckim

* w tekstach w językach polskim, angielskim i niemieckim nie transliterowano jedynie nazw własnych kultur, krain geograficznych i rzek pozostawiając zapis powszechnie stosowany w każdym z tych języków

* w tekstach w językach polskim, angielskim i niemieckim wszystkie cyryliczne pozycje bibliograficzne zapisano w postaci transliterowanej, umieszczając poniżej także zapis oryginalny

* w tekstach w językach polskim i rosyjskim zwyj jednostek administracyjnych Polski, Rosji i Ukrainy (np. powiatów, województw, rajonów, oblasti) zapisano w formie przymiotnkowej, obowiązującej w tych krajach

* w tekstach w językach angielskim i niemieckim, w tym w streszczeniach w tych językach, nazwy jednostek administracyjnych Polski, Rosji i Ukrainy zapisano w formie rzeczownikowej, podając także, najczęściej przy pierwszym użyciu, oryginalny zapis cyryliczny nazw rosyjskich i ukraińskich

* w tekstach w języku polskim nazwy jednostek administracyjnych Rosji i Ukrainy zapisano w formie rzeczownikowej, podając także, najczęściej przy pierwszym użyciu, oryginalny zapis cyryliczny

* w skróconym zapisie nazw państw, z małymi wyjątkami, zastosowano zalecany, dwuliterowy kod ISO (ISO 3166 alpha-2).

Oczywiście w uzasadnionych wypadkach pozwołiliśmy sobie na pewne odstępstwa od powyższych reguł.

Redakcja

<figure><img src="image_35.png" /></figure>

## A NOTE FROM THE EDITORS

When preparing this two-volume Festschrift for Professor Andrzej Kokowski we have adopted the following rules:

* Latin transliteration of the Cyrillic script following the international norm ISO 9 in all the texts in Polish, English and German

* in the Polish, English and German texts, only the proper names of cultures, geographical places and rivers were not transliterated, leaving the commonly used notation in each of the languages in question

* in the Polish, English and German texts all the Cyrillic bibliographical entries were transliterated, leaving the original notation below

* in the Polish and Russian texts, the names of administrative units of Poland, Russia and Ukraine (e.g. districts, voivodships, regions and oblasts) were written in the adjectival form which is in force in the respective countries

* in the texts in English and German, including the summaries of the texts, the names of the administrative units of Poland, Russia and Ukraine are given in the nominal form, providing also, upon first use, the original Cyrillic notation of Russian and Ukrainian names

* in the texts in Polish, the names of administrative units of Russia and Ukraine are given in the nominal form, providing also, upon first use, the original Cyrillic notation

* in the contractions of country names, with small exceptions, the recommended two-letter ISO code (ISO 3166 alpha-2) was used.

In justified cases we allowed for certain deviations from the above rules

The Editors
<figure><img src="image_36.png" /></figure>

WYKAZ SKRÓTÓW
ABBREVIATIONS

AA ↩ Acta Archaeologica

AAC ↩ Acta Archaeologica Carpathica

AarbKøb ↩ Aarbøger for Nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie

AAustr ↩ Archaeologia Austriaca

ActaArchHung ↩ Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae

ActaPraehistA ↩ Acta Praehistorica et Archaeologica

AiBB ↩ Archäologie in Berlin und Brandenburg

AIHV ↩ Annales du Congrès de l'Association Internationale pour l'Histoire du Verre", Liège

AL ↩ Archaeologia Lituana

APolski ↩ Archeologia Polski

APŚ ↩ Archeologia Polski Środkowowschodniej, Lublin

Arbeitsber. Bodendenkmalpfl. Brandenburg ↩ Arbeitsberichte zur Bodendenkmalpflege in Brandenburg

ArbFBerSächs ↩ Arbeits- und Forschungsberichte zur Sächsischen Badendenkmalpflege

Arch.Baltica ↩ Archaeologia Baltica

Arch. Korbl. ↩ Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt

ARozhl ↩ Archeologické Rozhledy

BARIntSer ↩ British Archaeological Reports, International Series, Oxford

Beiträge zu römischer und barbarischer

Bewaffnung ↩ C. von Carnap-Bornheim (ed.), Beiträge zu römischer und barbarischer Bewaffnung in den ersten vier nachchristlichen Jahrhunderten. Akten des 2. Internationalen Kolloquiums in Marburg a. d. Lahn, 20. bis 24. Februar 1994, Veröffentlichungen des Vorgeschichtlichen Seminars Marburg, Sonderband 8, Marburg-Lublin 1994

BerRGK ↩ Bericht der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission

EAZ ↩ Ethnographisch-Archäologische Zeitschrift

Europa barbarica ↩ P. Łuczkiewicz, M. Gładysz-Juścińska, M. Juściński, B. Niezabitowska, S. Sadowski (eds.), Europa barbarica.

Ćwierć wieku archeologii w Masłomęczu, Monumenta Studia Gothica IV, Lublin 2005

FPP ↩ Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia

Goci i ich sąsiedzi ↩ W. Nowakowski (ed.), Goci i ich sąsiedzi na Pomorzu. Materiały z konferencji „Goci na Pomorzu Środkowym”, Koszalin 28–29 października 2005, Koszalińskie Zeszyty Muzealne, Seria A: Studia Archaeologica Pomeranica II, Koszalin 2006

HS ↩ Hersonesskij Sbornik / Херсонесский Сборник (=ХС)

100 Jahre Fibelformen ↩ J. Kunov (ed.), 100 Jahre Fibelformen nach Oscar Almgren, Internationaler Arbeitstagung 25.–28. Mai 1997 Kleinmachnow, Land Brandenburg, Forschungen zur Archäologie im Land Brandenburg 5, Wünsdorf 1998

IAK ↩ Izvestiå Imperatorskoj Arheologičeskoj Komissii / Известия Императорской Археологической Комиссии (=ИАК)

InvArch ↩ Inventaria Archaeologica, Pologne

JbRGZM ↩ Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz

Kontakt-Kooperation-Konflikt ↩ C. von Carnap-Bornheim (ed.), Kontakt – Kooperation – Konflikt. Internationales Kolloquium des Vorgeschichtlichen Seminars der Philipps-Universität Marburg, 12.–16. Februar 1998, Neumünster 2003

Kontakty ponadregionalne... ↩ M. Fudziński, H. Paner (eds.), Kontakty ponadregionalne kultury wielbarskiej. Przemiany kulturowe w okresie wpływów rzymskich na Pomorzu, Gdańsk 2015

KSIA ↩ Kratkie soobŝeniå Instituta arheologii / Краткие сообщения Института археологии (=КСИА)

<figure><img src="image_37.png" /></figure>

Kultura bogaczewska ↩ A. Bitner-Wróblewska (ed.), Kultura bogaczewska w 20 lat później. Materiały z konferencji, Warszawa, 26–27 marca 2003, Seminarium Bałtyjskie I, Warszawa 2007

Kultura wielbarska ↩ J. Gurba, A. Kokowski (eds.), Kultura wielbarska w młodszym okresie rzymskim, t. I 1988, II 1989, Lublin

KZM ↩ Koszalińskie Zeszyty Muzealne

LA ↩ Lietuvos archeologija

MAIET ↩ Materiały po arheologii, istorii i èt-nografii Tavrii / Материалы по археологии, истории и этнографии Таврии (= МАИЭТ), Simferopol’-Kerč / Симферополь-Керч

MANH ↩ Materiały Archeologiczne Nowej Huty

MatArch ↩ Materiały Archeologiczne

MIA ↩ Materiały i issledovaniå po arheologii SSSR / Материалы и исследования по археологии СССР (=МИА), Moskva / Москва

Mon.Arch. Barbarica ↩ Monumenta Archaeologica Barbarica, Kraków-Warszawa

Mon. Stud. Gothica ↩ A. Kokowski (ed.), Monumenta Studia Gothica, Lublin

Monographien RGZM ↩ Monographien des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums, Mainz

MSROA ↩ Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego

MS ↩ Materiały Starożytne, Warszawa

MSiW ↩ Materiały Starożytne i Wczesnośrednowieczne, Warszawa

Nachrbl.Dt.Vorzeit ↩ Nachrichtenblatt für deutsche Vorzeit

Nowe materiały kultury wielbarskiej ↩ M. Fudziński, H. Paner (eds.), Nowe materiały i interpretacje. Stan dyskusji na temat kultury wielbarskiej, Gdańsk 2007

Officina archaeologica optima ↩ W. Nowakowski, A. Szela (eds.), Officina archaeologica optima. Studia ofiarowane Jerzemu Okuliczowi-Kozarynowi w siedemdziesiątą rocznicę urodzin, Światowit Supplement Series P: Prehistory and Middle Ages VII, Warszawa 2001

Orbis Barbarorum ↩ J. Andrzejowski, C. von Carnap-Bornheim, A. Cieśliński, B. Kontny (eds.), Orbis Barbarorum. Studia ad archaeologiam Germanorum et Baltorum temporibus

Imperii Romani pertinentia Adalberto Nowakowski dedicata, Mon.Arch. Barbarica, Series Gemina VI, Warszawa-Schleswig 2017

PamA ↩ Památky Archeologické

PArch ↩ Przegląd Archeologiczny

PMMAiE ↩ Prace i Materiały Muzeum Archeologicznego i Etnograficznego w Łodzi, Seria archeologiczna

Pogranicze trzech światów ↩ W. Nowakowski, A. Szela (eds.), Pogranicze trzech światów. Kontakty kultur przeworskiej, wielbarskiej i bogaczewskiej w świetle materiałów z badań i poszukiwań archeologicznych, Światowit Supplement Series P: Prehistory and Middle Ages XIV, Warszawa 2006

PomAnt ↩ Pomorania Antiqua

Prussia ↩ Siztungsberichte der Altertumsgesellschaft Prussia (Prussia. Zeitschrift für Heimatkunde)

PZ ↩ Praehistorische Zeitschrift

RArch. ↩ Recherches Archéologiques

RA ↩ Rossijskaå arheologiå / Российская археология (=PA)

RB ↩ Rocznik Białostocki

RGA ↩ J. Hoops. I–IV (ed.), Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, Straßburg 1911–1919;

H. Beck, D. Geuenich, H. Steuer (eds.), Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, Berlin, New York

RGF ↩ Römisch-Germanische Forschungen, Berlin-Leipzig-Mainz

SA ↩ Sovetskaå arheologiå / Советская археология (= CA)

SaalbJb ↩ Saalburg-Jahrbuch

SAI ↩ Arheologiå SSSR, Svod Arheologičeskikh Istočnikov / Свод археологических источников (=САИ), Moskva / Москва

SCIVA ↩ Studii şi cercetări de istorie veche şi arheologie

SGD N.F. ↩ Schriften der naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Danzig N.F.

Sil.Ant. ↩ Silesia Antiqua

SlovA ↩ Slovenská Archeológia

Spisy Brno ↩ Spisy Archeologického Ústavu AV ČR Brno, Brno
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SprArch. Sprawozdania Archeologiczne

StudArch Studia Archeologiczne, Wrocław

Studia Gothica A. Kokowski (ed.), Studia Gothica, Lublin

Stud.Sachsenforsch. Studien zur Sachsenforschung

Štud. Zvěsti Študijné Zvěsti Archeologického Ústavu SAV (Slovenskej Akadémie Ved)

Terra Barbarica A. Urbaniak, R. Procho-
wicz, I. Jakubczyk, M. Levada, J. Schuster (eds.),
Terra Barbarica. Studia ofiarowane Magdalenie
Mączyńskiej w 65. rocznicę urodzin, Monumen-
ta Archaeologica Barbarica, Series Gemina, II,
Łódź-Warszawa 2010

WA Wiadomości Archeologiczne

ZNUJ PA Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ja-
giellońskiego, Prace Archeologiczne, Kraków

БГУ Брянский Государственный
университет

ВГУ Воронежский Государственный
университет

ГИМ Государственный Исторический
музей, Москва

ИАК Известия Императорской
Археологической Комиссии (=IAK)

ИА РАН Институт археологии Российской
академии наук

ИИМК РАН Институт истории
материальной культуры Российской
академии наук

КВАЭ Камско-Вятская археологическая
экспедиция

КСИА Краткие сообщения Института
археологии (=KSIA)

МАИЭТ Материалы по археологии,
истории и этнографии Таврии (=MAIET)

МЗКП Музей-заповедник «Куликово поле»,
Тула

МИА Материалы и исследования по
археологии СССР, Москва (=MIA)

ММ Музей Москвы

МНИИЯЛИЭ Мордовский научно-
-исследовательский институт язык,
литературы истории, экономики

РА Российская археология (=RA)

СА Советская археология (=SA)

САИ Свод археологических источников
(=SAI)

ХС Херсонесский Сборник (=HS)

<figure><img src="image_39.png" /></figure>