Déqué M, Jones RG, Wild M et al (2005) Global high resolution versus Limited Area Model climate change projections over Europe: quantifying confidence level from PRUDENCE results. Clim Dyn 25:653–670. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-005-0052-1

Dole R, Hoerling M, Perlwitz J et al (2011) Was there a basis for antici-
pating the 2010 Russian heat wave? Geophys Res Lett 38:1–5.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL046582

Fantini A (2019) Climate change impact on flood hazard over Italy. Ph.D. thesis, Universita degli Studi di Trieste. http://hdl.handle.net/11368/2940009

Feudale L, Shukla J (2007) Role of Mediterranean SST in enhanc-
ing the European heat wave of summer 2003. Geophys Res Lett
34:2–5. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027991

Findell KL, Eltahir EAB (2003) Atmospheric controls on soil moisture-boundary layer interactions. Part I: Framework development. J Hydrometeorol 4:552–569. https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2003)004

Fischer EM, Schär C (2010) Consistent geographical patterns of changes in high-impact European heatwaves. Nat Geosci 3:398–403. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo866

Fischer EM, Seneviratne SI, Vidale PL et al (2007) Soil moisture-atmosphere interactions during the 2003 European summer heat wave. J Clim 20:5081–5099. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI4288.1

Folwell SS, Taylor CM, Stratton RA (2022) Contrasting contributions of surface hydrological pathways in convection permitting and parameterised climate simulations over Africa and their feedbacks on the atmosphere. Clim Dyn 59:633–648. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-022-06144-0

Fosser G, Khodayar S, Berg P (2017) Climate change in the next 30 years: what can a convection-permitting model tell us that we did not already know? Clim Dyn 48:1987–2003. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3186-4

Furusho-Percot C, Goergen K, Hartick C et al (2022) Groundwater model impacts multiannual simulations of heat waves. Geophys Res Lett. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL096781

Giorgi F, Jones C, Asrar GR (2009) Addressing climate information needs at the regional level : the CORDEX framework. WMO Bull 58:175–183

Graf M, Arnault J, Fersch B, Kunstmann H (2021) Is the soil moisture precipitation feedback enhanced by heterogeneity and dry soils? A comparative study. Hydrol Process. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.14332

Guion A, Turquety S, Polcher J et al (2022) Droughts and heatwaves in the Western Mediterranean : impact on vegetation and wildfires using the coupled WRF-ORCHIDEE regional model (RegIPSL). Clim Dyn 58:2881–2903. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-05938-y

Ha MT, Bastin S, Drobinski P et al (2022) Precipitation frequency in Med-CORDEX and EURO-CORDEX ensembles from 0.44 ° to convection-permitting resolution : impact of model resolution and convection representation. Clim Dyn. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-022-06594-6

Halladay K, Berthou S, Kendon E (2021) Understanding differences in land-atmosphere interactions between pan-European convection-permitting and parametrised climate models. EGU Gen Assembly Conf Abs pp. EGU21-14859. https://doi.org/10.5194/egusp here-egu21-14859

Haylock MR, Hofstra N, Tank K, a. MG, et al (2008) A European daily high-resolution gridded data set of surface temperature and precipitation for 1950–2006. J Geophys Res Atmos. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010201

Hodnebrog O, Marelle L, Alterskjær K et al (2019) Intensification of summer precipitation with shorter time-scales in Europe. Environ Res Lett. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab549c

Hohenegger C, Brockhaus P, Bretherton CS, Schär C (2009) The soil moisture-precipitation feedback in simulations with explicit and parameterized convection. J Clim 22:5003–5020. https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI2604.1

Hong JS, Yeh SW, Seo KH (2018) Diagnosing physical mechanisms leading to pure heat waves versus pure tropical nights over the Korean Peninsula. J Geophys Res Atmos 123:7149–7160. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028360

Horton DE, Johnson NC, Singh D et al (2015) Contribution of changes in atmospheric circulation patterns to extreme temperature trends. Nature 522:465–469. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14550

Imamovic A, Schlemmer L, Schär C (2017) Collective impacts of orography and soil moisture on the soil moisture-precipitation feedback. Geophys Res Lett 44(22):11,682–11,691. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL075657

Isotta FA, Frei C, Weilguni V et al (2014) The climate of daily precipi-
tation in the Alps: Development and analysis of a high-resolution
grid dataset from pan-Alpine rain-gauge data. Int J Climatol
34:1657–1675. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3794

Jiang A, Liu X, Czarnecki E, Zhang C (2019) Hourly weather data projection due to climate change for impact assessment on building and infrastructure. Sustain Cities Soc 50:101688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101688

Kendon EJ, Roberts NM, Senior CA, Roberts MJ (2012) Realism of rainfall in a very high-resolution regional climate model. J Clim 25:5791–5806. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00562.1

Kendon EJ, Ban N, Roberts NM et al (2016) Do convection-permitting regional climate models improve projections of future precipitation change? Bull Am Meteorol Soc 98:79–93. https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-15-0004.1

Kendon EJ, Stratton RA, Tucker S et al (2019) Enhanced future changes in wet and dry extremes over Africa at convection-permitting scale. Nat Commun. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09776-9

Kendon EJ, Prein AF, Senior CA et al (2020) Challenges and outlook for convection-permitting climate modelling. Philos Trans R Soc. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0547

Klein Tank AMG, Wijngaard JB, Können GP et al (2002) Daily dataset of 20th-century surface air temperature and precipitation series for the European Climate Assessment. Int J Climatol 22:1441–1453. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.773

Knist S, Goergen K, Buonomo E et al (2017) Land-atmosphere cou-
pling in EURO-CORDEX evaluation experiments. J Geophys Res
122:79–103. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025476

Knist S, Goergen K, Simmer C (2018) Evaluation and projected changes of precipitation statistics in convection-permitting WRF climate simulations over Central Europe. Clim Dyn. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4147-x

Knist S, Goergen K, Simmer C (2020) Effects of land surface inhomo-
geneity on convection-permitting WRF simulations over central
Europe. Meteorol Atmos Phys 132:53–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00703-019-00671-y

Kornhuber K, Osprey S, Coumou D et al (2019) Extreme weather events in early summer 2018 connected by a recurrent hemispheric wave-7 pattern. Environ Res Lett. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab13bf

Koster RD, Dirmeyer PA, Guo Z et al (2004) Regions of strong cou-
pling between soil moisture and precipitation. Science (80-)
305:1138–1140. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1100217

Koster RD, Schubert SD, Suarez MJ (2009) Analyzing the concurrence of meteorological droughts and warm periods, with implications for the determination of evaporative regime. J Clim 22:3331–3341. https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2178.1

Lenderink G, Belušić D, Fowler HJ et al (2019) Systematic increases in the thermodynamic response of hourly precipitation extremes in an idealized warming experiment with a convection-permitting
Déqué M, Jones RG, Wild M et al (2005) Global high resolution versus Limited Area Model climate change projections over Europe: quantifying confidence level from PRUDENCE results. Clim Dyn 25:653–670. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-005-0052-1

Dole R, Hoerling M, Perlwitz J et al (2011) Was there a basis for antici-
pating the 2010 Russian heat wave? Geophys Res Lett 38:1–5.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL046582

Fantini A (2019) Climate change impact on flood hazard over Italy. Ph.D. thesis, Universita degli Studi di Trieste. http://hdl.handle.net/11368/2940009

Feudale L, Shukla J (2007) Role of Mediterranean SST in enhanc-
ing the European heat wave of summer 2003. Geophys Res Lett
34:2–5. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027991

Findell KL, Eltahir EAB (2003) Atmospheric controls on soil moisture-boundary layer interactions. Part I: Framework development. J Hydrometeorol 4:552–569. https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2003)004

Fischer EM, Schär C (2010) Consistent geographical patterns of changes in high-impact European heatwaves. Nat Geosci 3:398–403. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo866

Fischer EM, Seneviratne SI, Vidale PL et al (2007) Soil moisture-atmosphere interactions during the 2003 European summer heat wave. J Clim 20:5081–5099. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI4288.1

Folwell SS, Taylor CM, Stratton RA (2022) Contrasting contributions of surface hydrological pathways in convection permitting and parameterised climate simulations over Africa and their feedbacks on the atmosphere. Clim Dyn 59:633–648. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-022-06144-0

Fosser G, Khodayar S, Berg P (2017) Climate change in the next 30 years: what can a convection-permitting model tell us that we did not already know? Clim Dyn 48:1987–2003. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3186-4

Furusho-Percot C, Goergen K, Hartick C et al (2022) Groundwater model impacts multiannual simulations of heat waves. Geophys Res Lett. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL096781

Giorgi F, Jones C, Asrar GR (2009) Addressing climate information needs at the regional level : the CORDEX framework. WMO Bull 58:175–183

Graf M, Arnault J, Fersch B, Kunstmann H (2021) Is the soil moisture precipitation feedback enhanced by heterogeneity and dry soils? A comparative study. Hydrol Process. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.14332

Guion A, Turquety S, Polcher J et al (2022) Droughts and heatwaves in the Western Mediterranean : impact on vegetation and wildfires using the coupled WRF-ORCHIDEE regional model (RegIPSL). Clim Dyn 58:2881–2903. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-05938-y

Ha MT, Bastin S, Drobinski P et al (2022) Precipitation frequency in Med-CORDEX and EURO-CORDEX ensembles from 0.44 ° to convection-permitting resolution : impact of model resolution and convection representation. Clim Dyn. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-022-06594-6

Halladay K, Berthou S, Kendon E (2021) Understanding differences in land-atmosphere interactions between pan-European convection-permitting and parametrised climate models. EGU Gen Assembly Conf Abs pp. EGU21-14859. https://doi.org/10.5194/egusp here-egu21-14859

Haylock MR, Hofstra N, Tank K, a. MG, et al (2008) A European daily high-resolution gridded data set of surface temperature and precipitation for 1950–2006. J Geophys Res Atmos. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010201

Hodnebrog O, Marelle L, Alterskjær K et al (2019) Intensification of summer precipitation with shorter time-scales in Europe. Environ Res Lett. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab549c

Hohenegger C, Brockhaus P, Bretherton CS, Schär C (2009) The soil moisture-precipitation feedback in simulations with explicit and parameterized convection. J Clim 22:5003–5020. https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI2604.1

Hong JS, Yeh SW, Seo KH (2018) Diagnosing physical mechanisms leading to pure heat waves versus pure tropical nights over the Korean Peninsula. J Geophys Res Atmos 123:7149–7160. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028360

Horton DE, Johnson NC, Singh D et al (2015) Contribution of changes in atmospheric circulation patterns to extreme temperature trends. Nature 522:465–469. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14550

Imamovic A, Schlemmer L, Schär C (2017) Collective impacts of orography and soil moisture on the soil moisture-precipitation feedback. Geophys Res Lett 44(22):11,682–11,691. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL075657

Isotta FA, Frei C, Weilguni V et al (2014) The climate of daily precipi-
tation in the Alps: Development and analysis of a high-resolution
grid dataset from pan-Alpine rain-gauge data. Int J Climatol
34:1657–1675. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3794

Jiang A, Liu X, Czarnecki E, Zhang C (2019) Hourly weather data projection due to climate change for impact assessment on building and infrastructure. Sustain Cities Soc 50:101688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101688

Kendon EJ, Roberts NM, Senior CA, Roberts MJ (2012) Realism of rainfall in a very high-resolution regional climate model. J Clim 25:5791–5806. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00562.1

Kendon EJ, Ban N, Roberts NM et al (2016) Do convection-permitting regional climate models improve projections of future precipitation change? Bull Am Meteorol Soc 98:79–93. https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-15-0004.1

Kendon EJ, Stratton RA, Tucker S et al (2019) Enhanced future changes in wet and dry extremes over Africa at convection-permitting scale. Nat Commun. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09776-9

Kendon EJ, Prein AF, Senior CA et al (2020) Challenges and outlook for convection-permitting climate modelling. Philos Trans R Soc. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0547

Klein Tank AMG, Wijngaard JB, Können GP et al (2002) Daily dataset of 20th-century surface air temperature and precipitation series for the European Climate Assessment. Int J Climatol 22:1441–1453. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.773

Knist S, Goergen K, Buonomo E et al (2017) Land-atmosphere cou-
pling in EURO-CORDEX evaluation experiments. J Geophys Res
122:79–103. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025476

Knist S, Goergen K, Simmer C (2018) Evaluation and projected changes of precipitation statistics in convection-permitting WRF climate simulations over Central Europe. Clim Dyn. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4147-x

Knist S, Goergen K, Simmer C (2020) Effects of land surface inhomogeneity on convection-permitting WRF simulations over central Europe. Meteorol Atmos Phys 132:53–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-019-00671-y

Kornhuber K, Osprey S, Coumou D et al (2019) Extreme weather events in early summer 2018 connected by a recurrent hemispheric wave-7 pattern. Environ Res Lett. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab13bf

Koster RD, Dirmeyer PA, Guo Z et al (2004) Regions of strong cou-
pling between soil moisture and precipitation. Science (80-)
305:1138–1140. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1100217

Koster RD, Schubert SD, Suarez MJ (2009) Analyzing the concurrence of meteorological droughts and warm periods, with implications for the determination of evaporative regime. J Clim 22:3331–3341. https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2178.1

Lenderink G, Belušić D, Fowler HJ et al (2019) Systematic increases in the thermodynamic response of hourly precipitation extremes in an idealized warming experiment with a convection-permitting
climate model. Environ Res Lett. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab214a

Leutwyler D, Imamovic A, Schär C (2021) The continental-scale soil moisture-precipitation feedback in europe with parameterized and explicit convection. J Clim 34:5303–5320. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0415.1

Milovac J, Warrach-Sagi K, Behrendt A, Späth F, Ingwersen J, Wulfmeyer V (2016) Investigation of PBL schemes combining the WRF model simulations with scanning water vapor differential absorption lidar measurements. J Geophys Res Atmos 121:624–649. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023927

Miralles DG, Van Den Berg MJ, Teuling AJ, De Jeu RAM (2012) Soil moisture-temperature coupling: a multiscale observational analysis. Geophys Res Lett 39:2–7. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012G L053703

Miralles DG, Teuling AJ, Van Heerwaarden CC, De Arellano JVG (2014) Mega-heatwave temperatures due to combined soil desiccation and atmospheric heat accumulation. Nat Geosci 7:345–349. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2141

Miralles DG, Gentine P, Seneviratne SI, Teuling AJ (2019) Land-atmospheric feedbacks during droughts and heatwaves: state of the science and current challenges. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1436:19–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13912

Molina MO, Sánchez E, Gutiérrez C (2020) Future heat waves over the Mediterranean from an Euro-CORDEX regional climate model ensemble. Sci Rep 10(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-65663-0

Muñoz-Sabater J, Dutra E, Agustí-Panareda A et al (2021) ERA5-Land: a state-of-the-art global reanalysis dataset for land applications. Earth Syst Sci Data Discuss. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2021-82

Myhre G, Samset BH, Hodnebrog O et al (2018) Sensible heat has significantly affected the global hydrological cycle over the historical period. Nat Commun. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04307-4

Naz BS, Kollet S, Franssen HJH et al (2020) A 3 km spatially and temporally consistent European daily soil moisture reanalysis from 2000 to 2015. Sci Data 7:111. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-0450-6

Perkins SE (2015) A review on the scientific understanding of heat-waves-Their measurement, driving mechanisms, and changes at the global scale. Atmos Res 164:165:242–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.05.014

Perkins SE, Alexander LV (2013) On the measurement of heat waves. J Clim 26:4500–4517. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00383.1

Perkins SE, Pitman AJ, Holbrook NJ, McAneney J (2007) Evaluation of the AR4 climate models’ simulated daily maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and precipitation over Australia using probability density functions. J Clim 20:4356–4376. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI4253.1

Perkins SE, Alexander LV, Nairn JR (2012) Increasing frequency, intensity and duration of observed global heatwaves and warm spells. Geophys Res Lett 39:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012G L053361

Pichelli E, Coppola E, Sobolowski S et al (2021) The first multi-model ensemble of regional climate simulations at kilometer-scale resolution part 2: historical and future simulations of precipitation. Clim Dyn. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-05657-4

Pielke RA (2001) Influence of the spatial distribution of vegetation and soils on the prediction of cumulus convective rainfall. Rev Geophys 39:151–177

Polcher J, Schrapffer A, Dupont E et al (2022) Hydrological modeling on atmospheric grids; using graphs of sub-grid elements to transport energy and water. Egusphere [preprint]. https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-690

Prein AF, Gobiet A, Suklitsch M et al (2013) Added value of convection permitting seasonal simulations. Clim Dyn 41:2655–2677. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1744-6

Prein AF, Rasmussen RM, Stephens G (2017) Challenges and advances in convection-permitting climate modeling. Bull Am Meteorol Soc. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0263.1

Prein AF, Rasmussen RM, Wang D, Giangrande SE (2021) Sensitivity of organized convective storms to model grid spacing in current and future climates. Philos Trans R Soc A Math Phys Eng Sci. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0546

Ridal, M, Olsson E, Unden P, Zimmermann K, Ohlsson A (2017) Uncertainties in Ensembles of Regional Re-Analyses. Deliverable D2.7 HARMONIE Reanalysis Report of Results and Dataset. Available online: http://www.uerra.eu/component/dpatt achments/?task=attachment.download&id=296. Accessed 10 May 2021

Russo S, Sillmann J, Fischer EM (2015) Top ten European heatwaves since 1950 and their occurrence in the coming decades. Environ Res Lett. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/124003

Santanello JA, Dirmeyer PA, Ferguson CR, Findell KL, Tawfik AB, Berg A, Ek M, Gentine P, Guillod BP, Van Heerwaarden C, Roundy J, Wulfmeyer V (2018) Land-atmosphere interactions the LoCo perspective. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 99(6):1253–1272. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0001.1

Seneviratne SI, Corti T, Davin EL et al (2010) Investigating soil moisture-climate interactions in a changing climate: a review. Earth-Sci Rev 99:125–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.02.004

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Seneviratne SI, Zhang X, Adnan M et al (2021) Weather and climate extreme events in a changing climate. In: Climate change 2021: weather and climate extreme events in a changing climate. In: Masson-Delmotte V, Zhai P, Pirani A, Connors SL, Péan C, Berger S, Caud N, Chen Y, Goldfarb L, Gomis MI, Huang M, Leitzell K, Lonnoy E, Matthews JBR, Maycock TK, Waterfield T, Yelekçi O, Yu R, Zhou B (eds) Contribution of Working Group I to the SIXTH ASSESSMENT REPORT of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press (in press)

Shrestha P, Sulis M, Simmer C, Kollet S (2015) Impacts of grid resolution on surface energy fluxes simulated with an integrated surface-groundwater flow model. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 19:4317–4326. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4317-2015

Soares PMM, Cardoso RM (2018) A simple method to assess the added value using high-resolution climate distributions: application to the EURO-CORDEX daily precipitation. Int J Climatol 38:1484–1498. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5261

Soares PMM, Careto JAM, Cardoso RM et al (2019) Land-atmosphere coupling regimes in a future climate in Africa: from model evaluation to projections based on CORDEX-Africa. J Geophys Res Atmos 124:11118–11142. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029473

Soares PMM, Careto JAM, Cardoso RM et al (2022) The added value of km-scale simulations to describe temperature over complex orography: the CORDEX FPS-Convection multi-model ensemble runs over the Alps. Clim Dyn. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-022-06593-7

Sousa PM, Barriopedro D, García-Herrera R et al (2020) Distinct influences of large-scale circulation and regional feedbacks in two exceptional 2019 European heatwaves. Commun Earth Environ 1:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-020-00048-9

Taylor CM, Parker DJ, Harris PP (2007) An observational case study of mesoscale atmospheric circulations induced by soil moisture. Geophys Res Lett 34:2–7. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030572
climate model. Environ Res Lett. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab214a

Leutwyler D, Imamovic A, Schär C (2021) The continental-scale soil moisture-precipitation feedback in europe with parameterized and explicit convection. J Clim 34:5303–5320. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0415.1

Milovac J, Warrach-Sagi K, Behrendt A, Späth F, Ingwersen J, Wulfmeyer V (2016) Investigation of PBL schemes combining the WRF model simulations with scanning water vapor differential absorption lidar measurements. J Geophys Res Atmos 121:624–649. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023927

Miralles DG, Van Den Berg MJ, Teuling AJ, De Jeu RAM (2012) Soil moisture-temperature coupling: a multiscale observational analysis. Geophys Res Lett 39:2–7. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012G L053703

Miralles DG, Teuling AJ, Van Heerwaarden CC, De Arellano JVG (2014) Mega-heatwave temperatures due to combined soil desiccation and atmospheric heat accumulation. Nat Geosci 7:345–349. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2141

Miralles DG, Gentine P, Seneviratne SI, Teuling AJ (2019) Land-atmospheric feedbacks during droughts and heatwaves: state of the science and current challenges. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1436:19–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13912

Molina MO, Sánchez E, Gutiérrez C (2020) Future heat waves over the Mediterranean from an Euro-CORDEX regional climate model ensemble. Sci Rep 10(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-65663-0

Muñoz-Sabater J, Dutra E, Agustí-Panareda A et al (2021) ERA5-Land: a state-of-the-art global reanalysis dataset for land applications. Earth Syst Sci Data Discuss. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2021-82

Myhre G, Samset BH, Hodnebrog O et al (2018) Sensible heat has significantly affected the global hydrological cycle over the historical period. Nat Commun. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04307-4

Naz BS, Kollet S, Franssen HJH et al (2020) A 3 km spatially and temporally consistent European daily soil moisture reanalysis from 2000 to 2015. Sci Data 7:111. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-0450-6

Perkins SE (2015) A review on the scientific understanding of heat-waves-Their measurement, driving mechanisms, and changes at the global scale. Atmos Res 164:165:242–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.05.014

Perkins SE, Alexander LV (2013) On the measurement of heat waves. J Clim 26:4500–4517. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00383.1

Perkins SE, Pitman AJ, Holbrook NJ, McAneney J (2007) Evaluation of the AR4 climate models’ simulated daily maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and precipitation over Australia using probability density functions. J Clim 20:4356–4376. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI4253.1

Perkins SE, Alexander LV, Nairn JR (2012) Increasing frequency, intensity and duration of observed global heatwaves and warm spells. Geophys Res Lett 39:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012G L053361

Pichelli E, Coppola E, Sobolowski S et al (2021) The first multi-model ensemble of regional climate simulations at kilometer-scale resolution part 2: historical and future simulations of precipitation. Clim Dyn. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-05657-4

Pielke RA (2001) Influence of the spatial distribution of vegetation and soils on the prediction of cumulus convective rainfall. Rev Geophys 39:151–177

Polcher J, Schrapffer A, Dupont E et al (2022) Hydrological modeling on atmospheric grids; using graphs of sub-grid elements to transport energy and water. Egusphere [preprint]. https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-690

Prein AF, Gobiet A, Suklitsch M et al (2013) Added value of convection permitting seasonal simulations. Clim Dyn 41:2655–2677. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1744-6

Prein AF, Rasmussen RM, Stephens G (2017) Challenges and advances in convection-permitting climate modeling. Bull Am Meteorol Soc. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0263.1

Prein AF, Rasmussen RM, Wang D, Giangrande SE (2021) Sensitivity of organized convective storms to model grid spacing in current and future climates. Philos Trans R Soc A Math Phys Eng Sci. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0546

Ridal, M, Olsson E, Unden P, Zimmermann K, Ohlsson A (2017) Uncertainties in Ensembles of Regional Re-Analyses. Deliverable D2.7 HARMONIE Reanalysis Report of Results and Dataset. Available online: http://www.uerra.eu/component/dpatt achments/?task=attachment.download&id=296. Accessed 10 May 2021

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Wouters H, Demuzere M, Blahak U, Fortuniak K, Maiheu B, Camps J, Tielemans D, van Lipzig NPM (2016) The efficient urban canopy dependency parametrization (SURY) v1.0 for atmospheric modeling: Description and application with the COSMO-CLM model for a Belgian summer. Geosci Model Dev 9:3027–3054

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Zscheischler J, Westra S, Van Den Hurk BJJM et al (2018) Future climate risk from compound events. Nat Clim Chang 8:469–477. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0156-3

**Publisher's Note** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

## Authors and Affiliations

L. Sangelantoni<fnref n="1" />,<fnref n="2" /> ID · S. Sobolowski<fnref n="3" /> · T. Lorenz<fnref n="3" /> · Ø. Hodnebrog<fnref n="4" /> · R. M. Cardoso<fnref n="5" /> · P. M. M. Soares<fnref n="5" /> · R. Ferretti<fnref n="2" /> ·

A. Lavín-Gullón<fnref n="6" /> · J. Fernandez<fnref n="6" /> · K. Goergen<fnref n="7" />,<fnref n="8" /> · J. Milovac<fnref n="6" /> · E. Katragkou<fnref n="9" /> · S. Kartsios<fnref n="9" /> · E. Coppola<fnref n="10" /> · E. Pichelli<fnref n="10" /> ·

M. Adinolfi<fnref n="11" /> · P. Mercogliano<fnref n="11" /> · S. Berthou<fnref n="12" /> · H. de Vries<fnref n="13" /> · A. Dobler<fnref n="14" /> · D. Belušić<fnref n="15" />,<fnref n="20" /> · H. Feldmann<fnref n="16" /> ·

M. H. Tölle<fnref n="17" />,<fnref n="18" /> · S. Bastin<fnref n="19" />

<footnote n="1">¹ Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change (CMCC), CSP division, Bologna, Italy</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² CETEMPS, Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³ NORCE Norwegian Research Centre AS, The Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway</footnote>

<footnote n="4">⁴ Center for International Climate Research (CICERO), Oslo, Norway</footnote>

<footnote n="5">⁵ Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, Instituto Dom Luiz, Lisbon, Portugal</footnote>

<footnote n="6">⁶ Instituto de Física de Cantabria (IFCA), CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain</footnote>

<footnote n="7">⁷ Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-3, Agrosphere), Research Centre Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany</footnote>

<footnote n="8">⁸ Centre for High-Performance Scientific Computing in Terrestrial Systems, Geoverbund ABC/J, Jülich, Germany</footnote>

<footnote n="9">⁹ Department of Meteorology and Climatology, School of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloníki, Greece</footnote>

<footnote n="10">¹⁰ International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Trieste, Italy</footnote>

<footnote n="11">¹¹ Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate change (CMCC), REMHI division, Caserta, Italy</footnote>

<footnote n="12">¹² Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, UK</footnote>

<footnote n="13">¹³ Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), De Bilt, The Netherlands</footnote>

<footnote n="14">¹⁴ Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway</footnote>

<footnote n="15">¹⁵ Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI), Norrköping, Sweden</footnote>

<footnote n="16">¹⁶ Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Strasse 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany</footnote>

<footnote n="17">¹⁷ CESR (Center for Environmental Systems Research), University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany</footnote>

<footnote n="18">¹⁸ Former JLU, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany</footnote>

<footnote n="19">¹⁹ Laboratoire Atmospheres Observations Spatiales (LATMOS)/Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL)/, UVSQ Université Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Guyancourt, France</footnote>

<footnote n="20">²⁰ University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia</footnote>
Taylor CM, De Jeu RAM, Guichard F et al (2012) Afternoon rain more likely over drier soils. Nature 489:423–426. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11377

Taylor CM, Birch CE, Parker DJ et al (2013) Modeling soil moisture-precipitation feedback in the Sahel: Importance of spatial scale versus convective parameterization. Geophys Res Lett 40:6213–6218. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL058511

van der Linden P, Mitchell JFB (eds) (2009). Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter

Vanden Broucke S, Wouters H, Demuzere M, van Lipzig NPM (2019) The influence of convection-permitting regional climate modeling on future projections of extreme precipitation: dependency on topography and timescale. Clim Dyn 52:5303–5324. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4454-2

Vautard R, Gobiet A, Jacob D et al (2013) The simulation of European heat waves from an ensemble of regional climate models within the EURO-CORDEX project. Clim Dyn 41:2555–2575. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1714-z

Warrach-Sagi K, Ingwersen J, Schwitalla T et al (2022) Noah-MP with the generic crop growth model gecros in the wrf model: effects of dynamic crop growth on land-atmosphere interaction. J Geophys Res Atmos. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JD036518

Wehrli K, Guillod BP (2019) Identifying key driving processes of major recent heat waves. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030635

Woollings T, Barriopedro D, Methven J et al (2018) Blocking and its response to climate change. Curr Clim Chang Reports 4:287–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-018-0108-z

Wouters H, Demuzere M, Blahak U, Fortuniak K, Maiheu B, Camps J, Tielemans D, van Lipzig NPM (2016) The efficient urban canopy dependency parametrization (SURY) v1.0 for atmospheric modeling: Description and application with the COSMO-CLM model for a Belgian summer. Geosci Model Dev 9:3027–3054

Yang L, Sun G, Zhi L, Zhao J (2018) Negative soil moisture-precipitation feedback in dry and wet regions. Sci Rep 8:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-22394-7

Zhou S, Park Williams A, Berg AM et al (2019) Land–atmosphere feedbacks exacerbate concurrent soil drought and atmospheric aridity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 116:18848–18853. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1904955116

Zscheischler J, Westra S, Van Den Hurk BJJM et al (2018) Future climate risk from compound events. Nat Clim Chang 8:469–477. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0156-3

**Publisher's Note** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

## Authors and Affiliations

L. Sangelantoni<fnref n="1" />,<fnref n="2" /> ID · S. Sobolowski<fnref n="3" /> · T. Lorenz<fnref n="3" /> · Ø. Hodnebrog<fnref n="4" /> · R. M. Cardoso<fnref n="5" /> · P. M. M. Soares<fnref n="5" /> · R. Ferretti<fnref n="2" /> ·

A. Lavín-Gullón<fnref n="6" /> · J. Fernandez<fnref n="6" /> · K. Goergen<fnref n="7" />,<fnref n="8" /> · J. Milovac<fnref n="6" /> · E. Katragkou<fnref n="9" /> · S. Kartsios<fnref n="9" /> · E. Coppola<fnref n="10" /> · E. Pichelli<fnref n="10" /> ·

M. Adinolfi<fnref n="11" /> · P. Mercogliano<fnref n="11" /> · S. Berthou<fnref n="12" /> · H. de Vries<fnref n="13" /> · A. Dobler<fnref n="14" /> · D. Belušić<fnref n="15" />,<fnref n="20" /> · H. Feldmann<fnref n="16" /> ·

M. H. Tölle<fnref n="17" />,<fnref n="18" /> · S. Bastin<fnref n="19" />

<footnote n="1">¹ Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change (CMCC), CSP division, Bologna, Italy</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² CETEMPS, Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³ NORCE Norwegian Research Centre AS, The Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway</footnote>

<footnote n="4">⁴ Center for International Climate Research (CICERO), Oslo, Norway</footnote>

<footnote n="5">⁵ Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, Instituto Dom Luiz, Lisbon, Portugal</footnote>

<footnote n="6">⁶ Instituto de Física de Cantabria (IFCA), CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain</footnote>

<footnote n="7">⁷ Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-3, Agrosphere), Research Centre Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany</footnote>

<footnote n="8">⁸ Centre for High-Performance Scientific Computing in Terrestrial Systems, Geoverbund ABC/J, Jülich, Germany</footnote>

<footnote n="9">⁹ Department of Meteorology and Climatology, School of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloníki, Greece</footnote>

<footnote n="10">¹⁰ International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Trieste, Italy</footnote>

<footnote n="11">¹¹ Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate change (CMCC), REMHI division, Caserta, Italy</footnote>

<footnote n="12">¹² Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, UK</footnote>

<footnote n="13">¹³ Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), De Bilt, The Netherlands</footnote>

<footnote n="14">¹⁴ Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway</footnote>

<footnote n="15">¹⁵ Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI), Norrköping, Sweden</footnote>

<footnote n="16">¹⁶ Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Strasse 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany</footnote>

<footnote n="17">¹⁷ CESR (Center for Environmental Systems Research), University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany</footnote>

<footnote n="18">¹⁸ Former JLU, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany</footnote>

<footnote n="19">¹⁹ Laboratoire Atmospheres Observations Spatiales (LATMOS)/Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL)/, UVSQ Université Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Guyancourt, France</footnote>

<footnote n="20">²⁰ University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia</footnote>