# The second generation of ecological economics: How far has the apple fallen from the tree

Gaël Plumecocq

<figure><img src="image_1.png" /></figure>

## To cite this version:

Gaël Plumecocq. The second generation of ecological economics: How far has the apple fallen from the tree. EcoEco, Oct 2013, Barcelone, Spain. 41 p. hal-01603730

HAL Id: hal-01603730

https://hal.science/hal-01603730

Submitted on 6 Jun 2020

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<figure><img src="image_2.png" /></figure>
# The Second Generation of Ecological Economics: How far has the apple fallen from the tree?

## Why Should we analyze EE?

* breaking-up with traditional disciplines (economics and ecology)

* intend to impact decision-making

How do the EE discourse have evolved within a generation period of time

Proposal: growing importance of ES and monetary valuation

Discourse analysis method applied to abstracts published between 1989 and 2013 in 5 academic journals

<figure><img src="image_3.png" /></figure>

Gael Plumecocq

Fellow researcher - INRA (UMR AGIR)

EcoEco Seminar in Barcelona - 16-10-2013
# The Second Generation of Ecological Economics: How far has the apple fallen from the tree?

## Why Should we analyze EE?

* breaking-up with traditional disciplines (economics and ecology)

* intend to impact decision-making

How do the EE discourse have evolved within a generation period of time

Proposal: growing importance of ES and monetary valuation

Discourse analysis method applied to abstracts published between 1989 and 2013 in 5 academic journals

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /></figure>

Gael Plumecocq

Fellow researcher - INRA (UMR AGIR)

EcoEco Seminar in Barcelona - 16-10-2013
# In what ways EE produces a discourse?

<figure><img src="image_5.png" /></figure>
# Post-Normality

EE is breaking with positive science

This comes with an ontology: at least, truth is influenced by problem structuring and pre-analytical choices

Account for the ways in which scientific knowledge are communicated

-> scientific discourses
What is this discourse
about?

Discourse is (also) about power

<figure><img src="image_6.png" /></figure>

in the conferences

David Pearce :
founding member and
associated-editor of
EE (1999)

<figure><img src="image_7.png" /></figure>

ESEE conference in Versailles (1996) :
"EE is a subdiscipline of Environmental
Economics"

internal discussions

in the journal

<figure><img src="image_8.png" /></figure>

Not every discourse is
admissible within EE

Clive Spash :
member of the
editorial board of
the journal in 2002

<figure><img src="image_9.png" /></figure>

Few month afterward:
Cutler Cleveland is
appointed editor-in-chief

<figure><img src="image_10.png" /></figure>

external discussions

=> Rhetorical discourse
# Conferences

David Pearce :
founding member and
associated-editor of
EE (1989)

<figure><img src="image_11.png" /></figure>

ESEE conference in Versailles (1996) :
"EE is a subdiscipline of Environmental
Economics"
# the journal

Clive Spash :
member of the
editorial board of
the journal in 2002

<figure><img src="image_12.png" /></figure>

Few month afterward:
Cutler Cleveland is
appointed editor-in-chief

<figure><img src="image_13.png" /></figure>
What is this discourse
about?

Discourse is (also) about power

<figure><img src="image_14.png" /></figure>

in the conferences

David Pearce :
founding member and
associated-editor of
EE (1999)

<figure><img src="image_15.png" /></figure>

ESEE conference in Versailles (1996) :
"EE is a subdiscipline of Environmental
Economics"

internal discussions

in the journal

<figure><img src="image_16.png" /></figure>

Not every discourse is
admissible within EE

Clive Spash :
member of the
editorial board of
the journal in 2002

<figure><img src="image_17.png" /></figure>

Few month afterward:
Cutler Cleveland is
appointed editor-in-chief

<figure><img src="image_18.png" /></figure>

external discussions

=> Rhetorical discourse
GENERAL INFORMATION

**Aims and scope.** Ecological Economics is concerned with extending and integrating the study and management of "nature's household" (ecology) and "mankind's household" (economics). This integration is necessary because conceptual and professional isolation have led to economic and environmental policies which are mutually destructive rather than reinforcing in the long term. The journal is transdisciplinary in spirit and methodologically open.

Specific research areas covered include: valuation of natural resources, sustainable agriculture and development, ecologically integrated technology, integrated ecologic-economic modelling at scales from local to regional to global, implications of thermodynamics for economics and ecology, renewable resource management and conservation, critical assessments of the basic assumptions underlying current economic and ecological paradigms and the implications of alternative assumptions, economic and ecological consequences of genetically engineered organisms, and gene pool inventory and management.

Submission of articles. Manuscripts should be submitted in triplicate to the Editor-in-Chief, Dr. R.

"Aims and scope" have not changed since 1989

Very few changes in the editorial core team
(Costanza (89-02) ; Cleveland (02-07) ; Horwarth
(07-...), excepted for 2009
Data and method

Sample

Five journals (AJAE, EE, EM, JEEM, JEM)
Period: 1989-2013 (April)
Abstracts (15,241)

<figure><img src="image_19.png" /></figure>

Comparability of data
- range of discourses (25, 15, 3)
- number of abstracts published

What are these journals all about?

Network of words used in the abstracts (if two words are used in the same abstract, they are linked)

<figure><img src="image_20.png" /></figure>

Five journals representing three complementary trends

The Alceste method

Compressing information contained in large texts
Grouping of co-occurrent words in semantic classes (ie words used in the same context)

<figure><img src="image_21.png" /></figure>

Grouping of abstracts - chi²

Encoding of
abstracts
according to
journals and
years
Sample

Five journals (AJAE, EE, EM, JEEM, JEM)

Period : 1989-2013 (April)

Abstracts (15.241)

<figure><img src="image_22.png" /></figure>

Comparability of data

- range of discourses (2.5 < IF < 3)

- number of abstracts published
<figure><img src="image_23.png" /></figure>

Comparability of data
- range of discourses (2.5、IF、3)
- number of abstracts published
What are these journals all about?

Network of words used in the abstracts (if two words are used in the same abstract, they are linked)

<figure><img src="image_24.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_25.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_26.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_27.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_28.png" /></figure>

Five journals representing three complementary trends
<figure><img src="image_29.png" /><figcaption>AJAE</figcaption></figure>
EM

<figure><img src="image_30.png" /></figure>
EE

<figure><img src="image_31.png" /></figure>
<figure><img src="image_32.png" /><figcaption>JEEM</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_33.png" /><figcaption>JEM</figcaption></figure>
What are these journals all about?

Network of words used in the abstracts (if two words are used in the same abstract, they are linked)

<figure><img src="image_34.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_35.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_36.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_37.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_38.png" /></figure>

Five journals representing three complementary trends
# The Alceste method

## Compressing information contained in large texts

## Grouping of co-occurrent words in semantic classes (ie words used in the same context)

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>Word</th><th>Word</th><th>Word</th><th>...</th><th>Word</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Abstract 1/ Variable 1</td><td>9</td><td>6</td><td>0</td><td></td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Abstract 2</td><td>6</td><td>7</td><td>1</td><td></td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>...</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Abstract n</td><td>2</td><td>0</td><td>9</td><td></td><td>10</td></tr></tbody></table>

Grouping of abstracts -> chi²

## Encoding of abstracts according to journals and years
<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>word</th><th>word</th><th>word</th><th>...</th><th>word</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Abstract 1/ Variable 1</td><td>9</td><td>6</td><td>0</td><td></td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Abstract 2</td><td>6</td><td>7</td><td>1</td><td></td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>...</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Abstract n</td><td>2</td><td>0</td><td>9</td><td></td><td>10</td></tr></tbody></table>

Grouping of abstracts → chi²
# Results

## Evolution of EE in regard to the context

### Factor analysis:
the distance of the discourses of journals (1990-2013)

<figure><img src="image_39.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_40.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_41.png" /></figure>

Discourses in EE and in Environmental economics tend to get closer

## How is the EE discourse evolving?

Textual processing on the EE abstracts (1989 - 2013)

Definition of 7 periods (1989-1993; 1994-2000; 2001-2005; 2006-2007; 2008-2009; 2010-2011; 2012-2013)

Vocabulary associated to each period

<figure><img src="image_42.png" /></figure>
Evolution of EE in regard
to the context

Factor analysis:
the distance of the discourses of journals
(1990-2013)

<figure><img src="image_43.png" /></figure>

Discourses in EE and in Environmental
economics tend to get closer
<figure><img src="image_44.png" /></figure>

1990

*SO_EM

*SO_AJAE

*SO_JEEM

*SO_JEM

*SO_EE
2013

*SO_JEM

*SO_EE

*SO_AJAE

*SO_JEEM

*SO_EM
*SO_EE

*SO_JEEM

*SO_AJAE

*SO_JEM

*SO_EM

2010
Evolution of EE in regard
to the context

Factor analysis:
the distance of the discourses of journals
(1990-2013)

<figure><img src="image_45.png" /></figure>

Discourses in EE and in Environmental
economics tend to get closer
How is the EE discourse evolving?

Textual processing on the EE abstracts
(1989 - 2013)

Definition of 7 periods

(1989-1993 ; 1994-2000 ; 2001-2005 ; 2006-2007 ;
2008-2009 ; 2010-2011 ; 2012-2013)

Vocabulary associated to each period

<table><thead><tr><th colspan="3">Conceptualizing<br>1999-1995</th><th colspan="3">Economic<br>positioning<br>1994-2000</th><th colspan="3">Ecological<br>positioning<br>2001-2005</th><th colspan="3">Settlement<br>2006-2013</th></tr><tr><th>Words</th><th>Khi12</th><th>Words</th><th>Khi12</th><th>Words</th><th>Khi12</th><th>Words</th><th>Khi12</th><th>Words</th><th>Khi12</th><th>Words</th><th>Khi12</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>"I"</td><td>90.3</td><td>"I"</td><td>90.3</td><td>"I"</td><td>90.3</td><td>"I"</td><td>90.3</td><td>"I"</td><td>90.3</td><td>"I"</td><td>90.3</td></tr><tr><td>congy</td><td>32</td><td>congy</td><td>32</td><td>congy</td><td>32</td><td>congy</td><td>32</td><td>congy</td><td>32</td><td>congy</td><td>32</td></tr><tr><td>chemodacique</td><td>46</td><td>chemodacique</td><td>46</td><td>chemodacique</td><td>46</td><td>chemodacique</td><td>46</td><td>chemodacique</td><td>46</td><td>chemodacique</td><td>46</td></tr><tr><td>conver</td><td>41</td><td>conver</td><td>41</td><td>conver</td><td>41</td><td>conver</td><td>41</td><td>conver</td><td>41</td><td>conver</td><td>41</td></tr><tr><td>conver</td><td>40</td><td>conver</td><td>40</td><td>conver</td><td>40</td><td>conver</td><td>40</td><td>conver</td><td>40</td><td>conver</td><td>40</td></tr><tr><td>conver</td><td>30</td><td>conver</td><td>30</td><td>conver</td><td>30</td><td>conver</td><td>30</td><td>conver</td><td>30</td><td>conver</td><td>30</td></tr><tr><td>conver</td><td>35</td><td>conver</td><td>35</td><td>conver</td><td>35</td><td>conver</td><td>35</td><td>conver</td><td>35</td><td>conver</td><td>35</td></tr><tr><td>conver</td><td>33</td><td>conver</td><td>33</td><td>conver</td><td>33</td><td>conver</td><td>33</td><td>conver</td><td>33</td><td>conver</td><td>33</td></tr><tr><td>conver</td><td>32</td><td>conver</td><td>32</td><td>conver</td><td>32</td><td>conver</td><td>32</td><td>conver</td><td>32</td><td>conver</td><td>32</td></tr><tr><td>conver</td><td>30</td><td>conver</td><td>30</td><td>conver</td><td>30</td><td>conver</td><td>30</td><td>conver</td><td>30</td><td>conver</td><td>30</td></tr><tr><td>conver</td><td>30</td><td>conver</td><td>30</td><td>conver</td><td>30</td><td>conver</td><td>30</td><td>conver</td><td>30</td><td>conver</td><td>30</td></tr><tr><td>conver</td><td>30</td><td>conver</td><td>30</td><td>conver</td><td>30</td><td>conver</td><td>30</td><td>conver</td><td>30</td><td>conver</td><td>30</td></tr><tr><td>conver</td><td>30</td><td>conver</td><td>30</td><td>conver</td><td>30</td><td>conver</td><td>30</td><td>conver</td><td>30</td><td>conver</td><td>30</td></tr><tr><td>conver</td><td>34</td><td>conver</td><td>34</td><td>conver</td><td>34</td><td>conver</td><td>34</td><td>conver</td><td>34</td><td>conver</td><td>34</td></tr><tr><td>conver</td><td>34</td><td>conver</td><td>34</td><td>conver</td><td>34</td><td>conver</td><td>34</td><td>conver</td><td>34</td><td>conver</td><td>34</td></tr><tr><td>conver</td><td>35</td><td>conver</td><td>35</td><td>conver</td><td>35</td><td>conver</td><td>35</td><td>conver</td><td>35</td><td>conver</td><td>35</td></tr><tr><td>conver</td><td>33</td><td>conver</td><td>33</td><td>conver</td><td>33</td><td>conver</td><td>33</td><td>conver</td><td>33</td><td>conver</td><td>33</td></tr><tr><td>conver</td><td>32</td><td>conver</td><td>32</td><td>conver</td><td>32</td><td>conver</td><td>32</td><td>conver</td><td>32</td><td>conver</td><td>32</td></tr><tr><td>conver</td><td>31</td><td>conver</td><td>31</td><td>conver</td><td>31</td><td>conver</td><td>31</td><td>conver</td><td>31</td><td>conver</td><td>31</td></tr><tr><td>conver</td><td>31</td><td>conver</td><td>31</td><td>conver</td><td>31</td><td>conver</td><td>31</td><td>conver</td><td>31</td><td>conver</td><td>31</td></tr></tbody></table>
Conceptualizing
1989-1993

Economics
positioning
1994-2000

<table><thead><tr><th>Words</th><th>Khi2</th><th>Words</th><th>Khi2</th><th>W</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>*P_1</td><td>9533</td><td>*P_2</td><td>9135</td><td>*P_3</td></tr><tr><td>entropy</td><td>126</td><td>econom</td><td>58</td><td>cop</td></tr><tr><td>thermodynamic</td><td>48</td><td>mangrove</td><td>52</td><td>bre</td></tr><tr><td>resource</td><td>47</td><td>natural</td><td>38</td><td>pre</td></tr><tr><td>equivalent</td><td>40</td><td>sustainable_devel</td><td>35</td><td>bio</td></tr><tr><td>think</td><td>39</td><td>argument</td><td>32</td><td>aba</td></tr><tr><td>ecolog</td><td>33</td><td>sustain</td><td>32</td><td>ger</td></tr><tr><td>man</td><td>33</td><td>ocean</td><td>30</td><td>co2</td></tr><tr><td>deterior</td><td>32</td><td>ethic</td><td>29</td><td>div</td></tr><tr><td>natural</td><td>30</td><td>ecolog</td><td>25</td><td>tec</td></tr><tr><td>neoclassical</td><td>30</td><td>problem</td><td>25</td><td>ani</td></tr><tr><td>wetland</td><td>30</td><td>environment</td><td>23</td><td>bas</td></tr></tbody></table>
Economies positioning 1993

Economics positioning 1994-2000

Ecological positioning 2001-2005

<table><thead><tr><th>Khi2</th><th>Words</th><th>Khi2</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>9533</td><td>*P_2</td><td>9135</td></tr><tr><td>126</td><td>cconom</td><td>58</td></tr><tr><td>48</td><td>mangrove</td><td>52</td></tr><tr><td>47</td><td>natural</td><td>38</td></tr><tr><td>40</td><td>sustainable_devel</td><td>35</td></tr><tr><td>39</td><td>argument</td><td>32</td></tr><tr><td>33</td><td>sustain</td><td>32</td></tr><tr><td>33</td><td>ocean</td><td>30</td></tr><tr><td>32</td><td>ethic</td><td>29</td></tr><tr><td>30</td><td>ecolog</td><td>25</td></tr><tr><td>30</td><td>problem</td><td>25</td></tr><tr><td>30</td><td>environment</td><td>23</td></tr></tbody></table>

<table><thead><tr><th>Khi2</th><th>Words</th><th>Khi2</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>9135</td><td>*P_3</td><td>9135</td></tr><tr><td>52</td><td>copper</td><td>52</td></tr><tr><td>47</td><td>breed</td><td>47</td></tr><tr><td>44</td><td>predator</td><td>44</td></tr><tr><td>39</td><td>biolog</td><td>39</td></tr><tr><td>32</td><td>abatement</td><td>32</td></tr><tr><td>25</td><td>genetic</td><td>25</td></tr><tr><td>23</td><td>co2</td><td>23</td></tr><tr><td>21</td><td>divers</td><td>21</td></tr><tr><td>21</td><td>technolog</td><td>21</td></tr><tr><td>20</td><td>animal</td><td>20</td></tr><tr><td>18</td><td>basi</td><td>18</td></tr></tbody></table>

<table><thead><tr><th>Khi2</th><th>Words</th><th>Khi2</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>*P_4</td><td>disaster</td><td>disaster</td></tr><tr><td>ntfp</td><td>ntfp</td><td>ntfp</td></tr><tr><td>account</td><td>account</td><td>account</td></tr><tr><td>data</td><td>data</td><td>data</td></tr><tr><td>cover</td><td>cover</td><td>cover</td></tr><tr><td>service</td><td>service</td><td>service</td></tr><tr><td>migration</td><td>migration</td><td>migration</td></tr><tr><td>car</td><td>car</td><td>car</td></tr><tr><td>method</td><td>method</td><td>method</td></tr><tr><td>state</td><td>state</td><td>state</td></tr><tr><td>magnit</td><td>magnit</td><td>magnit</td></tr></tbody></table>
Settlement
2006-2013

<table><thead><tr><th>Words</th><th>Khi2</th><th>Words</th><th>Khi2</th><th>Words</th><th>Khi2</th><th>Words</th><th>Khi2</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>*P_4</td><td>9135</td><td>*P_5</td><td>9135</td><td>*P_6</td><td>9135</td><td>*P_7</td><td>9549</td></tr><tr><td>disaster</td><td>38</td><td>biomass</td><td>35</td><td>reserv</td><td>156</td><td>wtp</td><td>179</td></tr><tr><td>ntfp</td><td>32</td><td>case</td><td>27</td><td>pes</td><td>77</td><td>cities</td><td>40</td></tr><tr><td>account</td><td>20</td><td>npp</td><td>27</td><td>right</td><td>53</td><td>transact</td><td>34</td></tr><tr><td>data</td><td>18</td><td>climate</td><td>25</td><td>ecosystem_service</td><td>45</td><td>heterogeneity</td><td>30</td></tr><tr><td>cover</td><td>17</td><td>dairy</td><td>25</td><td>coevolution</td><td>40</td><td>resili</td><td>30</td></tr><tr><td>service</td><td>17</td><td>water</td><td>21</td><td>irrigation</td><td>26</td><td>payment</td><td>25</td></tr><tr><td>migration</td><td>15</td><td>occur</td><td>18</td><td>justice</td><td>26</td><td>boundaries</td><td>24</td></tr><tr><td>car</td><td>13</td><td>pes</td><td>18</td><td>china</td><td>25</td><td>climate</td><td>24</td></tr><tr><td>method</td><td>13</td><td>result</td><td>18</td><td>payment</td><td>24</td><td>challenge</td><td>23</td></tr><tr><td>state</td><td>13</td><td>eco</td><td>16</td><td>logit</td><td>22</td><td>findings</td><td>20</td></tr><tr><td>magnitude</td><td>12</td><td>basin</td><td>15</td><td>location</td><td>21</td><td>urban</td><td>19</td></tr><tr><td>wtp</td><td>12</td><td>footprint</td><td>14</td><td>help</td><td>17</td><td>fee</td><td>17</td></tr><tr><td>coastal</td><td>11</td><td>outcome</td><td>14</td><td>origin</td><td>17</td><td>chain</td><td>16</td></tr><tr><td>province</td><td>11</td><td>payment</td><td>14</td><td>climate</td><td>16</td><td>norm</td><td>16</td></tr><tr><td>valuation</td><td>11</td><td>average</td><td>13</td><td>common</td><td>16</td><td>infrastructure</td><td>15</td></tr><tr><td>catchment</td><td>10</td><td>spain</td><td>13</td><td>communic</td><td>16</td><td>literature</td><td>15</td></tr><tr><td>measur</td><td>10</td><td>year</td><td>13</td><td>effect</td><td>16</td><td>bound</td><td>14</td></tr><tr><td>criteria</td><td>9</td><td>financial</td><td>12</td><td>experiment</td><td>16</td><td>communic</td><td>14</td></tr><tr><td>identify</td><td>9</td><td>predict</td><td>12</td><td>mitigation</td><td>15</td><td>services</td><td>14</td></tr></tbody></table>
# Interpretations and implications

<figure><img src="image_46.png" /></figure>
"Mainstreaming" EE

Double (?) trend

<figure><img src="image_47.png" /></figure>

Rise of the ES notion

<figure><img src="image_48.png" /></figure>

Increase in monetary
valuation

Trend illustrated by the trajectory
of R. Costanza

Architect, land and urban planning, ecologist,
complex system theory

Designer of the journal (1969-2002) and of the
ISEE (1968-1998)

PhD Supervised by H.T. Odum

-> at first : eMergy evaluations

But he is pragmatic:
facing the emergency of the environmental crisis,
how should we (as researchers) produce knowledge to
improve and impact decision-making (as quickly as
possible) -> monetary valuation

<figure><img src="image_49.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_50.png" /></figure>
of R. Costanza

Architect, land and urban planning, ecologist,
complex system theory

Designer of the journal (1989-2002) and of the
ISEE (1988-1998)

PhD supervised by H.T. Odum

-> at first : eMergy evaluations

But he is pragmatic:

facing the emergency of the environmental crisis,
how should we (as researchers) produce knowledge to
improve and impact decision-making (as quickly as
possible) -> monetary valuation

<figure><img src="image_51.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_52.png" /></figure>
Implication n°1

<figure><img src="image_53.png" /></figure>

Applied
research

Transdisciplinarity
and methods -
Natural scientists who
describe ES and
mathematicians who
specialize in

Transdiscipli-
narity

initial purposes of EE

Methodological
pluralism
Applied
research

Transdisciplinarity
and methods =

Natural scientists who
characterize ES and
economists who
monetarize them
Implication n°2

1. define a unique language ("contra principia negantem non est disputandum")

2. lead to regulation mechanisms that created the ecological economics crisis but also tend to reduce the meaning of monetary values

3. impose a representation of individuals (utilitarian rationality) that is "wrong"

4. contribute to the rhetoric of monetary in decision-making (decision-makers need monetary valuation)

5. annihilate political choice
<figure><img src="image_54.png" /></figure>

# Conclusions

The apple is blowing in the wind

* EE is more and more concentrated on ES monetary valuation

* Main reason for this: have an impact on decision-making

Questions the relationships between ecologists and economists within EE but also outside of the community

Gracias por su atencion

<figure><img src="image_55.png" /></figure>

Any comments or critiques
Please send to:
gael.plumecocq@toulouse.inra.fr
Gracias por su atencion

<figure><img src="image_56.png" /></figure>

Any comments or critiques
Please send to:
gael.plumecocq@toulouse.inra.fr