and [CII]158 µm line. In addition, some far-infrared clumps (e.g., W1, W2, W8, and E1) are not detected in near-infrared light. Other stellar clumps detected with MIRI (e.g., ED and EE) do show UV emission (HST) but not far-infrared emission. This complex morphology is likely due to the combination of an intrinsic clumpy stellar structure with several independent clumps forming stars at different rates (i.e. different sSFR) and a patchy dust distribution producing internal differential extinction effects, very similar to what is observed in low-z ultra-luminous infrared galaxies at (sub)kpc scales.

- The ionised interstellar medium is traced by the Paα emission line present in the two galaxies of the system, with no detection of Hα. This implies a large internal nebular extinction in the two galaxies with lower limits of 4.2 mag and 3.9 mag in the visual (A<sub>V</sub>) for the E and W galaxies, respectively. These large extinctions agree with values measured in low- and intermediate-z ultra-luminous galaxies. Nebular extinction based on SED fitting provides larger values, A<sub>V</sub> = 5.6 (E) and 10.0 (W). The SED-based extinction towards stars older than 10 Myr is lower and amounts to 1.3 and 5 visual magnitudes.

- The lower limits of the ongoing SFR traced by the extinction corrected Paα line corresponds to 383 and 230 M<sub>☉</sub> yr<sup>-1</sup> for the E and W galaxies. This represents 50% and 13% of the SFR derived from the [CII]158 µm line. These amounts are similar to those measured in typical low-z LIRGs (E) and in extreme dust-enshrouded ULIRGs (W).

- The sSFR in the stellar clumps ranges from 25 to 60 Gyr⁻¹ and is three to ten times larger than the predicted values for main-sequence star-forming galaxies of similar mass at redshifts 6 to 8 in cosmological simulations of dusty galaxies (Di Cesare et al. 2022) and recently detected by JWST. Thus, SPT0311-58 is a starburst system even when compared with typical massive star-forming galaxies at such high redshifts.

The stellar mass and spatial distribution of several massive star-forming clumps within a few kpc in each of the galaxies that form the SPT0311-58 system is consistent with the scenario of the formation of massive clumps in high-z gas-rich discs. The dynamical evolution of the system should be very fast, with the clumps moving inwards in less than 100 Myr and producing a massive spheroid (Dekel et al. 2009). In addition, a central BH could be activated and produce a luminous AGN very similar to most of the quasi-stellar objects at redshifts above 6 where a luminous AGN coexists with a powerful starburst in the nucleus. Thus, SPT0311-58 could be exhibiting the evolutionary phase immediately previous to the infrared phase of a luminous quasi-stellar object. Alternative scenarios predicting the formation and evolution of massive clumps as a consequence of interaction and merger can also be relevant in this galaxy. The combination of high angular resolution JWST and ALMA data and hydrodynamical cosmological simulations of massive structures in the early Universe are required to further illuminate the formation and subsequent evolution of systems like SPT0311-58 during the first Gyr after the Big Bang.

**Acknowledgements.** The authors thank to the anonymous referee for useful comments. J.A.-M., A.C.G., L.C., A.L. acknowledge support by grant PIB2021-127718NB-100, P.P.-G. by grant PGC2018-093499-B-I00. A.A.-H. by grant PID2021-124665NB-I00 from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation/State Agency of Research MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by "ERDF A way of making Europe". F.W. and M.N. acknowledge support from the ERC Advanced Grant 740246 (Cosmic_Gas), A.B. and G.O. acknowledge support from the Swedish National Space Administration (SNSA). O.I. acknowledges the funding of the French Agence Nationale de la Recherche for the project iIMAGE (grant ANR-22-CE31-0007), J.H. was supported by a VILLUM

FONDEN Investigator grant (project number 16599). K.I.C. acknowledges funding from the Netherlands Research School for Astronomy (NOVA) and the Dutch Research Council (NWO) through the award of the Vici Grant V.I.C.212.036. J.P.P. acknowledges financial support from the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council, and the UK Space Agency. T.P.R. would like to acknowledge support from the ERC under advanced grant 743029 (EASY). The Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN) is funded by the Danish National Research Foundation under grant No. 140 The work presented is the effort of the entire MIRI team and the enthusiasm within the MIRI partnership is a significant factor in its success. MIRI draws on the scientific and technical expertise of the following organisations: Ames Research Center, USA; Airbus Defence and Space, UK; CEA-Irfu, Saclay, France; Centre Spatial de Liège, Belgium; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Spain; Carl Zeiss Optronics, Germany; Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden; Danish Space Research Institute, Denmark; Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, Ireland; European Space Agency, Netherlands; ETCA, Belgium; ETH Zurich, Switzerland; Goddard Space Flight Center, USA; Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, France; Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial, Spain; Institute for Astronomy, Edinburgh, UK; Jet Propulsion Laboratory, USA; Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), France; Leiden University, Netherlands; Lockheed Advanced Technology Center (USA); NOVA Opt-IR group at Dwingeloo, Netherlands; Northrop Grumman, USA; Max-Planck Institut für Astronomie (MPIA), Heidelberg, Germany; Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), France; Paul Scherrer Institut, Switzerland; Raytheon Vision Systems, USA; RUAG Aerospace, Switzerland; Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL Space), UK; Space Telescope Science Institute, USA; Toegepast- Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek (TNO-TPD), Netherlands; UK Astronomy Technology Centre, UK; University College London, UK; University of Amsterdam, Netherlands; University of Arizona, USA; University of Cardiff, UK; University of Cologne, Germany; University of Ghent; University of Groningen, Netherlands; University of Leicester, UK; University of Leuven, Belgium; University of Stockholm, Sweden; Utah State University, USA. A portion of this work was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. We would like to thank the following National and International Funding Agencies for their support of the MIRI development: NASA; ESA; Belgian Science Policy Office; Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES); Danish National Space Centre; Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft-und Raumfahrt (DLR); Enterprise Ireland; Ministerio De Economía y Competitividad; Netherlands Research School for Astronomy (NOVA); Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO); Science and Technology Facilities Council; Swiss Space Office; Swedish National Space Board; UK Space Agency. This work is based on observations made with the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope. The data were obtained from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes at the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-03127 for JWST; and from the European JWST archive (eJWST) operated by the ESDC. This paper makes use of the following ALMA data: ADS/JAO.ALMA#2016.1.01293.S and ADS/JAO.ALMA#2017.1.01493.S. ALMA is a partnership of ESO (representing its member states), NSF (USA) and NINS (Japan), together with NRC (Canada), MOST and ASIAA (Taiwan), and KASI (Republic of Korea), in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by ESO, AUI/NRAO and NAOJ. The National Radio Astronomy Observatory is a facility of the National Science Foundation operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc. This research made use of Photovoltaics, an Astropy package for detection and photometry of astronomical sources (Bradley et al. 2022).

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¹ Centro de Astrobiología (CAB), CSIC-INTA, Ctra. de Ajalvir km 4, Torrejón de Ardoz 28850, Madrid, Spain
e-mail: jalvarez@cab.inta-csic.es

2 Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany

3 Telespazio UK for the European Space Agency, ESAC, Camino Bajo del Castillo s/n, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain

4 Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, Oscar Klein-Centre, AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden

5 Cosmic Dawn Center, DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark

6 UK Astronomy Technology Centre, Royal Observatory Edinburgh, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK

7 Centro de Astrobiología (CAB), CSIC-INTA, Camino Viejo del Castillo s/n, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain

8 Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, Astronomy & Astrophysics Section, 31 Fitzwilliam Place, Dublin 2, Ireland

9 Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands

10 Cosmic Dawn Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark

11 I.Physikalisches Institut der Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Str. 77, 50937 Köln, Germany

12 Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, LAM (Laboratoire d'Astro-
physique de Marseille) UMR 7326, 13388 Marseille, France

13 European Space Agency, Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, Maryland, USA

14 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Place, London WC1E 6BT, UK

15 DARK, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 128, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark

16 School of Physics & Astronomy, Space Research Centre, Space Park Leicester, University of Leicester, 92 Corporation Road, Leicester LE4 5SP, UK

17 Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands

18 Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK

19 University of Vienna, Department of Astrophysics, Türkenschanz-
trasse 17, 1180 Vienna, Austria

20 AIM, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France

21 Institute of Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D bus 2401, 3001 Leuven, Belgium

22 Institute of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 27, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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¹ Centro de Astrobiología (CAB), CSIC-INTA, Ctra. de Ajalvir km 4, Torrejón de Ardoz 28850, Madrid, Spain
e-mail: jalvarez@cab.inta-csic.es

2 Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany

3 Telespazio UK for the European Space Agency, ESAC, Camino Bajo del Castillo s/n, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain

4 Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, Oscar Klein-Centre, AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden

5 Cosmic Dawn Center, DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark

6 UK Astronomy Technology Centre, Royal Observatory Edinburgh, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK

7 Centro de Astrobiología (CAB), CSIC-INTA, Camino Viejo del Castillo s/n, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain

8 Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, Astronomy & Astrophysics Section, 31 Fitzwilliam Place, Dublin 2, Ireland

9 Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands

10 Cosmic Dawn Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark

11 I.Physikalisches Institut der Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Str. 77, 50937 Köln, Germany

12 Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, LAM (Laboratoire d'Astro-
physique de Marseille) UMR 7326, 13388 Marseille, France

13 European Space Agency, Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, Maryland, USA

14 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Place, London WC1E 6BT, UK

15 DARK, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 128, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark

16 School of Physics & Astronomy, Space Research Centre, Space Park Leicester, University of Leicester, 92 Corporation Road, Leicester LE4 5SP, UK

17 Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands

18 Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK

19 University of Vienna, Department of Astrophysics, Türkenschanz-
trasse 17, 1180 Vienna, Austria

20 AIM, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France

21 Institute of Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D bus 2401, 3001 Leuven, Belgium

22 Institute of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 27, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland