<figure><img src="image_43.png" /></figure>

259 D. Clases and R. Gonzalez de Vega, Facets of ICP-MS and their potential in the medical sciences—Part 2: nanomedicine, immunochemistry, mass cytometry, and bioassays, *Anal. Bioanal. Chem.*, 2022, **414**(25), 7363–7386, DOI: **10.1007/s00216-022-04260-8**.

260 Y. Liu, G. Xiao and R. L. Jones, High-Throughput Determination of Ultratrace Actinides in Urine by In-Line Extraction Chromatography Combined with Quadrupole Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (EC-ICP-MS), *Anal. Chem.*, 2022, **94**(51), 18042–18049, DOI: **10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04458**.

261 G. Xiao and J. Button, Rapid determination of 235U/238U in urine using Q-ICP-MS by a simple dilute-and-shoot approach, *J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.*, 2023, **332**(1), 185–191, DOI: **10.1007/s10967-022-08713-3**.

262 B. C. Russell, P. E. Warwick, H. Mohamud, O. Pearson, Y. Yu, H. Thompkins, et al., Development of a single method for direct measurement of multiple radionuclides using ICP-MS/MS, *J. Anal. At. Spectrom.*, 2023, **38**(1), 97–110. Available from: http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=D2JA00174H.

263 V. N. Epov, K. Benkhedda, R. J. Cornett and R. D. Evans, Rapid determination of plutonium in urine using flow injection on-line preconcentration and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, *J. Anal. At. Spectrom.*, 2005, **20**(5), 424–430.

264 P. Schramel, I. Wendler, P. Roth and E. Werner, Method for the determination of thorium and uranium in urine by ICP-MS, *Mikrochim. Acta*, 1997, **126**(3–4), 263–266, DOI: **10.1007/BF01242331**.

265 R. S. Pappas, B. G. Ting, J. M. Jarrett, D. C. Paschal, S. P. Caudill and D. T. Miller, Determination of uranium-235, uranium-238 and thorium-232 in urine by magnetic sector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, *J. Anal. At. Spectrom.*, 2002, **17**(2), 131–134. Available from: http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=b108414c.

266 J. W. Ejnik, T. I. Todorov, F. G. Mullick, K. Squibb, M. A. McDiarmid and J. A. Centeno, Uranium analysis in urine by inductively coupled plasma dynamic reaction cell mass spectrometry, *Anal. Bioanal. Chem.*, 2005, **382**(1), 73–79, DOI: **10.1007/s00216-005-3173-9**.

267 J. Qiao, X. Hou, P. Roos and M. Miró, Bead injection extraction chromatography using high-capacity lab-on-valve as a front end to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for urine radiobioassay, *Anal. Chem.*, 2013, **85**(5), 2853–2859.

268 S. Baghdadi, G. Cote, C. Beyaert, B. Mane, A. Peroux, L. Masclet, et al., Coupling between a calix[6]arene-based chromatography column and ICP-MS for on-line actinide analysis, *J. Anal. At. Spectrom.*, 2016, **31**(7), 1406–1413. Available from: http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C6JA00063K.

269 G. Yang, J. Zheng, E. Kim, S. Zhang, H. Seno, M. Kowatari, et al., Rapid analysis of 237Np and Pu isotopes in small volume urine by SF-ICP-MS and ICP-MS/MS, *Anal. Chim. Acta*, 2021, **1158**, 338431, DOI: **10.1016/j.aca.2021.338431**.

270 D. Larivière, T. A. Cumming, S. Kiser, C. Li and R. J. Cornett, Automated flow injection system using

extractionchromatography for the determination of plutonium in urine by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, *J. Anal. At. Spectrom.*, 2008, **23**(3), 352–360. Available from: http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=B714135A.

271 H. Wang, Y. Ni, J. Zheng, Z. Huang, D. Xiao and T. Aono, Low-temperature fusion using NH4HSO4 and NH4HF2 for rapid determination of Pu in soil and sediment samples, *Anal. Chim. Acta*, 2019, **1050**, 71–79, DOI: **10.1016/j.aca.2018.10.065**.

272 D. Clases, M. Birka, M. Sperling, A. Faust and U. Karst, Isobaric dilution analysis as a calibration tool for long lived radionuclides in ICP-MS, *J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol.*, 2017, **40**, 97–103, DOI: **10.1016/j.jtemb.2017.01.002**.

273 D. L. Arbova, S. Y. Tolmachev and J. D. Brockman, ICP-MS analysis of actinides in brain tissue of an occupationally exposed individual, *J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.*, 2022, **331**(12), 5147–5151, DOI: **10.1007/s10967-022-08460-5**.

274 D. M. Bunk, Reference materials and reference measurement procedures: an overview from a national metrology institute, *Clin. Biochem. Rev.*, 2007, **28**(4), 131–137. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18392127%0Ahttp://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC2282405.

275 C. Venchiarutti, R. Jakopič, C. Hennessy and K. Toth, Preparation and characterisation of uranium and plutonium quality control samples for isotope dilution mass spectrometry measurements and uncertainty estimation, *J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.*, 2021, **327**(3), 1305–1316, DOI: **10.1007/s10967-020-07593-9**.

276 M. Crozet, D. Roudil, C. Maillard, C. Rivier, R. Jakopič, A. Fankhauser, et al., Contribution of an interlaboratory comparison to the certification of the STAM/IRMM-0243 243Am reference material, *J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.*, 2019, **319**(3), 717–725, DOI: **10.1007/s10967-018-06404-6**.

277 C. Venchiarutti, C. Hennessy, R. Jakopič, Y. Aregbe, S. Richter and U. Jacobsson, Preparation and certification of a new batch of 242Pu spike IRMM-049e, *JRC Ref. Mater. Rep.*, 2017, DOI: **10.2760/115196**.

278 S. Richter, J. Truyens, C. Venchiarutti, Y. Aregbe, R. Middendorp, S. Neumeier, et al., Certification of the First Uranium Oxide micro-particle reference materials for Nuclear Safety and Security, IRMM-2329P and IRMM-2331P, *J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.*, 2022, 1–5, DOI: **10.1007/s10967-022-08255-8**.

279 K. J. Mathew, F. E. Stanley, M. R. Thomas, K. J. Spencer, L. P. Colletti and L. Tandon, Critical need for plutonium and uranium isotopic standards with lower uncertainties, *Anal. Methods*, 2016, **8**, 7289–7305.

280 A. A. Specht and D. Beauchemin, Automated On-Line Isotope Dilution Analysis with ICP-MS Using Sandwich Flow Injection, *Anal. Chem.*, 1998, **70**(5), 1036–1040, DOI: **10.1021/ac9710691**.

281 K. G. Heumann, S. M. Gallus, G. Raedlinger and J. Vogl, Accurate determination of element species by on-line coupling of chromatographic systems with ICP-MS using
<figure><img src="image_45.png" /></figure>

259 D. Clases and R. Gonzalez de Vega, Facets of ICP-MS and their potential in the medical sciences—Part 2: nanomedicine, immunochemistry, mass cytometry, and bioassays, *Anal. Bioanal. Chem.*, 2022, **414**(25), 7363–7386, DOI: **10.1007/s00216-022-04260-8**.

260 Y. Liu, G. Xiao and R. L. Jones, High-Throughput Determination of Ultratrace Actinides in Urine by In-Line Extraction Chromatography Combined with Quadrupole Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (EC-ICP-MS), *Anal. Chem.*, 2022, **94**(51), 18042–18049, DOI: **10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04458**.

261 G. Xiao and J. Button, Rapid determination of 235U/238U in urine using Q-ICP-MS by a simple dilute-and-shoot approach, *J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.*, 2023, **332**(1), 185–191, DOI: **10.1007/s10967-022-08713-3**.

262 B. C. Russell, P. E. Warwick, H. Mohamud, O. Pearson, Y. Yu, H. Thompkins, et al., Development of a single method for direct measurement of multiple radionuclides using ICP-MS/MS, *J. Anal. At. Spectrom.*, 2023, **38**(1), 97–110. Available from: http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=D2JA00174H.

263 V. N. Epov, K. Benkhedda, R. J. Cornett and R. D. Evans, Rapid determination of plutonium in urine using flow injection on-line preconcentration and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, *J. Anal. At. Spectrom.*, 2005, **20**(5), 424–430.

264 P. Schramel, I. Wendler, P. Roth and E. Werner, Method for the determination of thorium and uranium in urine by ICP-MS, *Mikrochim. Acta*, 1997, **126**(3–4), 263–266, DOI: **10.1007/BF01242331**.

265 R. S. Pappas, B. G. Ting, J. M. Jarrett, D. C. Paschal, S. P. Caudill and D. T. Miller, Determination of uranium-235, uranium-238 and thorium-232 in urine by magnetic sector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, *J. Anal. At. Spectrom.*, 2002, **17**(2), 131–134. Available from: http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=b108414c.

266 J. W. Ejnik, T. I. Todorov, F. G. Mullick, K. Squibb, M. A. McDiarmid and J. A. Centeno, Uranium analysis in urine by inductively coupled plasma dynamic reaction cell mass spectrometry, *Anal. Bioanal. Chem.*, 2005, **382**(1), 73–79, DOI: **10.1007/s00216-005-3173-9**.

267 J. Qiao, X. Hou, P. Roos and M. Miró, Bead injection extraction chromatography using high-capacity lab-on-valve as a front end to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for urine radiobioassay, *Anal. Chem.*, 2013, **85**(5), 2853–2859.

268 S. Baghdadi, G. Cote, C. Beyaert, B. Mane, A. Peroux, L. Masclet, et al., Coupling between a calix[6]arene-based chromatography column and ICP-MS for on-line actinide analysis, *J. Anal. At. Spectrom.*, 2016, **31**(7), 1406–1413. Available from: http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C6JA00063K.

269 G. Yang, J. Zheng, E. Kim, S. Zhang, H. Seno, M. Kowatari, et al., Rapid analysis of 237Np and Pu isotopes in small volume urine by SF-ICP-MS and ICP-MS/MS, *Anal. Chim. Acta*, 2021, **1158**, 338431, DOI: **10.1016/j.aca.2021.338431**.

270 D. Larivière, T. A. Cumming, S. Kiser, C. Li and R. J. Cornett, Automated flow injection system using

extractionchromatography for the determination of plutonium in urine by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, *J. Anal. At. Spectrom.*, 2008, **23**(3), 352–360. Available from: http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=B714135A.

271 H. Wang, Y. Ni, J. Zheng, Z. Huang, D. Xiao and T. Aono, Low-temperature fusion using NH4HSO4 and NH4HF2 for rapid determination of Pu in soil and sediment samples, *Anal. Chim. Acta*, 2019, **1050**, 71–79, DOI: **10.1016/j.aca.2018.10.065**.

272 D. Clases, M. Birka, M. Sperling, A. Faust and U. Karst, Isobaric dilution analysis as a calibration tool for long lived radionuclides in ICP-MS, *J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol.*, 2017, **40**, 97–103, DOI: **10.1016/j.jtemb.2017.01.002**.

273 D. L. Arbova, S. Y. Tolmachev and J. D. Brockman, ICP-MS analysis of actinides in brain tissue of an occupationally exposed individual, *J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.*, 2022, **331**(12), 5147–5151, DOI: **10.1007/s10967-022-08460-5**.

274 D. M. Bunk, Reference materials and reference measurement procedures: an overview from a national metrology institute, *Clin. Biochem. Rev.*, 2007, **28**(4), 131–137. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18392127%0Ahttp://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC2282405.

275 C. Venchiarutti, R. Jakopič, C. Hennessy and K. Toth, Preparation and characterisation of uranium and plutonium quality control samples for isotope dilution mass spectrometry measurements and uncertainty estimation, *J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.*, 2021, **327**(3), 1305–1316, DOI: **10.1007/s10967-020-07593-9**.

276 M. Crozet, D. Roudil, C. Maillard, C. Rivier, R. Jakopič, A. Fankhauser, et al., Contribution of an interlaboratory comparison to the certification of the STAM/IRMM-0243 243Am reference material, *J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.*, 2019, **319**(3), 717–725, DOI: **10.1007/s10967-018-06404-6**.

277 C. Venchiarutti, C. Hennessy, R. Jakopič, Y. Aregbe, S. Richter and U. Jacobsson, Preparation and certification of a new batch of 242Pu spike IRMM-049e, *JRC Ref. Mater. Rep.*, 2017, DOI: **10.2760/115196**.

278 S. Richter, J. Truyens, C. Venchiarutti, Y. Aregbe, R. Middendorp, S. Neumeier, et al., Certification of the First Uranium Oxide micro-particle reference materials for Nuclear Safety and Security, IRMM-2329P and IRMM-2331P, *J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.*, 2022, 1–5, DOI: **10.1007/s10967-022-08255-8**.

279 K. J. Mathew, F. E. Stanley, M. R. Thomas, K. J. Spencer, L. P. Colletti and L. Tandon, Critical need for plutonium and uranium isotopic standards with lower uncertainties, *Anal. Methods*, 2016, **8**, 7289–7305.

280 A. A. Specht and D. Beauchemin, Automated On-Line Isotope Dilution Analysis with ICP-MS Using Sandwich Flow Injection, *Anal. Chem.*, 1998, **70**(5), 1036–1040, DOI: **10.1021/ac9710691**.

281 K. G. Heumann, S. M. Gallus, G. Raedlinger and J. Vogl, Accurate determination of element species by on-line coupling of chromatographic systems with ICP-MS using
isotope dilution technique, *Spectrochim. Acta Part B At. Spectrosc.*, 1998, **53**(2), 273-287.

282 G. Centineo, P. Rodríguez-González, E. B. González, J. I. García Alonso, A. Sanz-Medel, N. F. Cardona, et al., Isotope dilution GC-MS routine method for the determination of butyltin compounds in water, *Anal. Bioanal. Chem.*, 2006, **384**(4), 908-914, DOI: **10.1007/s00216-005-0061-2**.

283 N. Tretyakova, M. Goggin, D. Sangaraju and G. Janis, Quantitation of DNA Adducts by Stable Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry, *Chem. Res. Toxicol.*, 2012, **25**(10), 2007-2035, DOI: **10.1021/tx3002548**.

284 S. F. Boulyga, D. Desideri, M. A. Meli, C. Testa and J. S. Becker, Plutonium and americium determination in mosses by laser ablation ICP-MS combined with isotope dilution technique, *Int. J. Mass Spectrom.*, 2003, **226**(3), 329-339. Available from: [https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1387380603000241](https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1387380603000241).

285 S. Paul, A. Sarkar, D. Alamelu, R. V. Shah and S. K. Aggarwal, Isotope dilution gamma spectrometry for Pu using low energy photons, *Radiochim. Acta*, 2012, **100**(5), 291-296, DOI: **10.1524/ract.2012.1919/html**.

286 M. H. Ramsey, S. L. R. Ellison, H. Czichos, W. Hässelbarth, H. Ischi, W. Wegscheider, et al., Quality in Measurement and Testing, In *Springer Handbook of Metrology and Testing*, Berlin, Heidelberg, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011, pp. 39-141. Available from: DOI: **10.1007/978-3-642-16641-9_3**.

287 ISO/CASCO Committee on conformity assessment, *General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories*, ISO/IEC 17025:2017, 2017.

288 IAEA, *Technical Meeting on Nuclear Material Round Robin*, [cited 2023 Oct 3], Available from: [https://nucleus.iaea.org/sites/SGAS-TM/SGASTMS/NMRORO](https://nucleus.iaea.org/sites/SGAS-TM/SGASTMS/NMRORO).
isotope dilution technique, *Spectrochim. Acta Part B At. Spectrosc.*, 1998, **53**(2), 273-287.

282 G. Centineo, P. Rodríguez-González, E. B. González, J. I. García Alonso, A. Sanz-Medel, N. F. Cardona, et al., Isotope dilution GC-MS routine method for the determination of butyltin compounds in water, *Anal. Bioanal. Chem.*, 2006, **384**(4), 908-914, DOI: **10.1007/s00216-005-0061-2**.

283 N. Tretyakova, M. Goggin, D. Sangaraju and G. Janis, Quantitation of DNA Adducts by Stable Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry, *Chem. Res. Toxicol.*, 2012, **25**(10), 2007-2035, DOI: **10.1021/tx3002548**.

284 S. F. Boulyga, D. Desideri, M. A. Meli, C. Testa and J. S. Becker, Plutonium and americium determination in mosses by laser ablation ICP-MS combined with isotope dilution technique, *Int. J. Mass Spectrom.*, 2003, **226**(3), 329-339. Available from: [https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1387380603000241](https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1387380603000241).

285 S. Paul, A. Sarkar, D. Alamelu, R. V. Shah and S. K. Aggarwal, Isotope dilution gamma spectrometry for Pu using low energy photons, *Radiochim. Acta*, 2012, **100**(5), 291-296, DOI: **10.1524/ract.2012.1919/html**.

286 M. H. Ramsey, S. L. R. Ellison, H. Czichos, W. Hässelbarth, H. Ischi, W. Wegscheider, et al., Quality in Measurement and Testing, In *Springer Handbook of Metrology and Testing*, Berlin, Heidelberg, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011, pp. 39-141. Available from: DOI: **10.1007/978-3-642-16641-9_3**.

287 ISO/CASCO Committee on conformity assessment, *General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories*, ISO/IEC 17025:2017, 2017.

288 IAEA, *Technical Meeting on Nuclear Material Round Robin*, [cited 2023 Oct 3], Available from: [https://nucleus.iaea.org/sites/SGAS-TM/SGASTMS/NMRORO](https://nucleus.iaea.org/sites/SGAS-TM/SGASTMS/NMRORO).