# Gold, Green, Diamond: What you should know about Open Access publishing models?

Françoise Gouzi

► To cite this version:

Françoise Gouzi. Gold, Green, Diamond: What you should know about Open Access publishing models?. Master. UNESCO Chair "Digital Methods for the Humanities and the Social Sciences", Athens, Greece. 2025, pp.18. halshs-05101027

HAL Id: halshs-05101027

https://shs.hal.science/halshs-05101027v1

Submitted on 6 Jun 2025

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DARIAH-EU

Digital Research Infrastructure
for the Arts and Humanities

# Gold, Green, Diamond:
What you should know
about Open Access
publishing models

UNESCO Chair ‘Digital Methods for the
Humanities and the Social Sciences’

AUEB, Athens, May 9, 2025

Françoise Gouzi, DARIAH-EU

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# Learning Objectives!

- Understand the historical development of the Open Access movement, including key milestones and pioneers;

- Differentiate between different Open Access models and comprehend their associated terminology and concepts;

- Scrutinise international Open Access policies and strategies, and assess their implications for both readers and authors;

- Apply best practices for Open Access publishing to your research and institutional environments.
# Knowledge clubs and commons

1950-1980

40% of global scientific publishing market

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# The foundations of Open Access
## 1990-2000

* Online publishing

* Hyper-inflation of subscription prices

* <u>Open Journal Systems</u> available in 2000 - > significant expansion of non-commercial OA journals by facilitating the creation and the administration of journal websites and the digital conversion of existing journals

* DOAJ: Increasing of Journals (without APC): 100 (end of 90's) and 800 (2000')
<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>The diagram gives you an overview of the four publishing models of Open Access. Source: Nählinder, J. (2019) Presentation at the course SCAIRE, Linköping University, October 25 th 2019. Translated into English and some text modified by Peter Berkesand</figcaption></figure>
Open access commons

2003–2012

Open access publications categorised into 2 different editorial forms:
→ open access articles made immediately available by the publisher
→ pre-published articles hosted on an online archive (either as a pre-print or post-print)

**Stevan Harnad:** journal's publisher= "gold" open access and online archives = "green" open access.

**Peter Suber:** the "gold" model= both APCs journals and volunteer-run journals
# Diamond model

2012 - until TODAY

The term "diamond open access" was coined later in 2012 by
**Marie Farge** "I have proposed to call this third way 'Diamond OA' by
outbidding the 'Gold OA' terminology chosen by the publishers"

2013, **Fuchs and Sandoval** published one of the first systematic definition of
diamond open access:

"Diamond open access Model, not-for-profit, non-commercial organizations, associations or networks publish material that is made available online in digital format, is free of charge for readers and authors and does not allow commercial and for-profit re-use."
*Collaborative OA Diamond ecosystem serving Bibliodiversity and Multilingualism*

→ The Study gives an estimation of > 29,000 Diamond OA journals.

→ **Diamond journals make up for 73%** of the OA journals registered on the DOAJ.
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Plan S

Making full & immediate
Open Access a reality

→ Only 4.3% of Diamond OA journals are fully compliant with all **Plan S** criteria;

→ Only 55% of Diamond OA journals provide **DOI numbers** for their articles;

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Business models and international
distribution of DIAMOND OA

Majority of DiamondOA journals are produced
in _Latin America_ (25%) and _Europe_ (45%)

Model prevalent in Latin America: 95% of
Open Access journals registered in DOAJ,
and in _Eastern Europe_ (81%).

SciELO

UAEM re&alyc.org
<figure><img src="image_9.png" /><figcaption>DOAJ - APC-based journals (n=4,090) from GOA(5)</figcaption></figure>

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Preservation Issues

57% of the journals "state that, to the best of their knowledge, they have no preservation policy in place"

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PKP

PUBLIC
KNOWLEDGE
PROJECT

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JASPER:
JOURNALS
PRESERVED

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INTERNET
ARCHIVE

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CLOCKSS
# Scientific and institutional recognition

The 2021 <u>UNESCO</u> recommendation calls for "supporting not-for-profit, academic and scientific community-driven publishing models as a common good"

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ACTION PLAN FOR
**DIAMOND**
**OPEN ACCESS**
MARCH 2022

> "expand a sustainable, community-driven
> Diamond scholarly communication ecosystem"
> (Action Plan for Diamond OA, 2022)

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# Position of DARIAH in this landscape
(position on PlanS)

1. Foster diversification in the Open Access business models

2. Secure and maintain multiple funding channels to cover Open Access publishing costs

3. Integrate support for consortial Open Access publishing models

4. Break down the technical barriers of Open Access by focussing on long-term

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MENTI code 5350 8864

https://www.menti.com/alxbyk3kehfm

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Gold, Green, Diamond: What you should know
about Open Access (OA) publishing models

**Diamond Open Access Model**
corresponds to not-for-profit organisations and academic/ public institutions. It is free of charge for readers and authors and does not allow commercial and for-profit re-use.

Model prevalent in **Latin America**: 95% of Open Access journals registered in DOAJ, and in **Eastern Europe** (81%).

DIAMOND Open Access

* Free for authors and readers

* Community driven journals

GOLD Open Access

* Requires APC* paid by the author

* Requires Subscription paid by Institutions (Hybrid)

GREEN Open Access

* Free to publish

* Free to read

* Open Repositories

* Post print

*Article Processing Charges

1950-1980

Big 5' commercial presses (1990)

1990-2000

Subscription costs increase + expansion of non-commercial OA journals

2003-2012

Budapest OAI (2001)

(P. Ginspard & S. Harnad)

2 OA routes: GREEN /GOLD

2012-2022

M. Farge: DIAMOND model
Free of charge for authors & readers

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WORKING GROUP SESSION!

What would be the different steps
(technical, legal, editorial, scientific)
to take to publish your future
project/work?

https://www.ouvrirlascience.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/24-02-22-PSO-EN-WEB.pdf

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Sources

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_open_access#Debates_over_the_identity_of_the_open_accessCommons (2003%E2%80%932012)

* Towards a Plan(HS)S: DARIAH's position on PlanS, https://www.dariah.eu/2018/10/25/towards-a-planHS-dariahs-position-on-plans/

* Action Plan for Diamond Open Access, https://www.ouvrirlascience.fr/action-plan-for-diamond-open-access/

* The OA Diamond Journals Study, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4562790

* Martin Paul Eve, Diamond Mining, cOAlition S, 2021

* https://oaaustralasia.org

* Françoise Gouzi and Toma Tasovac (2025). Gold, Green, Diamond: What You Should Know About Open Access Publishing Models. Version 1.0.0. DARIAH Campus [Training module]. https://hdl.handle.net/21.11159/019595c5-1922-733c-a95d-d3234d104345