# Building Information Modeling (BIM) for Facilities Management – Literature Review and Future Needs

Mehmet Yalcinkaya, Vishal Singh

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Mehmet Yalcinkaya, Vishal Singh. Building Information Modeling (BIM) for Facilities Management – Literature Review and Future Needs. 11th IFIP International Conference on Product Lifecycle Management (PLM), Jul 2014, Yokohama, Japan. pp.1-10, 10.1007/978-3-662-45937-9_1. hal-01386469

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BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING (BIM)
FOR FACILITIES MANAGEMENT – LITERATURE
REVIEW AND FUTURE NEEDS

Mehmet Yalcinkaya¹ and Vishal Singh²

Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Aalto University, Finland
{mehmet.yalcinkaya, vishal.singh}@aalto.fi

**Abstract** Facilities management (FM) is a discipline comprising of various operations, activities and maintenance services to support the main functions of an in-use building or facility. It demands comprehensive sets of information about the facility. While various FM information systems are currently being used to manage such information, the multifarious graphical and non-graphical information stored in Building Information Models (BIM) from the pre-use phase have not been sufficiently integrated in existing FM systems. BIM, with its visualization, interoperability and information exchange capabilities, can streamline FM activities. Hence, use of BIM for FM has gained global research interest. This paper analyzes this trend based on qualitative analysis of the state-of-art literature on the topic. In particular, this paper scrutinizes the nature of BIM and FM within their variety of functions and interactions. The analysis concentrates on the value-adding potential of BIM and reports the findings to designate the benefits of BIM for FM, and assess potential challenges that are hindering the effective use of BIM in FM.

**Keywords:** Building information modeling (BIM), facilities management (FM), asset management (AM)

# 1. Introduction and Background

The operation and maintenance phase of a construction project is the main trigger that increases the total life-cycle cost. Studies show that the total life-cycle cost of a project is five to seven times higher than the initial investment costs [1] and three times higher than the construction cost [2]. According to National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), the lack of interoperability among various model-based applications cost $15.8 billion, of which, $10.6 billion (two-thirds) of this cost is attributed to O&M phase [3]. The majority of building information traditionally comes from paper based documents. The handover of information takes several weeks for collection of relevant and up-to-date information [5]. Another NIST report states that "an inordinate amount of time is spent locating and verifying specific facility and project information from previous activities. Much valuable data associated with the design, construction, and operation of a facility is lost
during its life span” [9]. Therefore, information is the most emerging necessity for FM [4], since it requires tremendous amount of information for efficient O&M of the facilities [5, 6, 7]. Further, facility managers encounter the issue of quality and timely-access to information for O&M activities [8], and the need for more efficient methods to manage the information [5].

In BIM a digital representation of the building process can be used to facilitate the exchange and interoperability of information in digital format [10]. It is expected that the BIM data is captured and used across the entire project life-cycle. While BIM has been predominantly used in design and construction purposes for many years due to its visualization and coordination capabilities, there is an ascending interest in professionals to use BIM in FM activities. Whatever graphical and non-graphical data of the facility is collected in BIM during the project life-cycle can be used for various FM activities such as commissioning and close out, quality control, energy management, and maintenance and repair [11]. While there are other computer aided facilities management (CAFM) applications in which various data related with space management, assets, move management, O&M is created, updated, and pushed for FM activities, the sources of information in these systems vary during the project life-cycle, leaving information handover processes inefficient [11]. BIM, in that case, has the potential to be a catalyst to improve efficiency by establishing the relationships between FM and other disciplines.

Although BIM is emerging and gaining acceptance in design and construction phases [11, 12], a recent survey of UK construction industry [13] suggests that only 39% of construction professionals are using BIM, only 54% are aware of BIM, three quarters of people believe that industry is not clear enough about BIM, and only 27% of people trust BIM. Moreover, a recent global market research shows that 36% of the BIM-using contractors are currently in the low and medium level BIM engagement whilst 11% are at a very high BIM engagement level [14]. There are some pioneering organizations that push the usage of BIM for FM. However, people still have been unable to recognize and quantify the benefits of BIM for FM [13]. The requirements for successfully utilizing BIM for FM are not clearly understood [11] in terms of interactions and interrelations between BIM and FM. This paper reviews BIM and FM literature to understand their functions, interrelations and interactions. The review focuses on identifying the gaps, and assessing the value adding potential and potential challenges in using of BIM for FM.

## 2. Data Collection and Research Methodology

The source of research data is the collection of academic papers from various construction science, information technologies, and facilities management journals; technical reports from research institutes; book chapters; theses and dissertation studies; conference proceedings, and; white papers and newsletters from leading BIM software companies. These papers and articles were classified in terms of BIM, FM and BIM based FM (BIM&FM) literature. Therefore the interactions of the papers from different backgrounds were identified during the qualitative anal-
ysis. A sample tabular representation of literature tracking is presented in Table.1. The findings reported in this paper are based on qualitative analysis. Keywords were assigned to the reviewed papers based on their focus and main contents. The analysis should highlight which BIM issues come more often for FM? What are the gaps? And, what are the key concepts and potential research areas?

<table><caption>**Table 1.** Sample tabular representation of literature tracking and review</caption><thead><tr><th>Number</th><th>Document Type</th><th>Keywords</th><th>BIM</th><th>FM</th><th>BIM&FM</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1</td><td>Journal Paper</td><td>Lifecycle, Benefits of BIM, Building Design, etc.</td><td></td><td></td><td>•</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>Book Chapter</td><td>Early Integration, FM Practices, etc.</td><td></td><td>•</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

The second step of the analysis is classification of the keywords with respect to the assigned paper's discipline (BIM, FM or BIM&FM), Table 2. Therefore, the frequency of each assigned keywords is distributed for each discipline. This step of the analysis would show the associated subjects of papers and missing gaps of BIM implementation in FM.

<table><caption>**Table 2.** Distribution of keywords across different subjects.</caption><thead><tr><th>Keywords/Frequency</th><th>Total</th><th>BIM</th><th>FM</th><th>BIM&FM</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Information Exchange/Sharing</td><td>23</td><td>3</td><td>2</td><td>18</td></tr><tr><td>Lifecycle</td><td>14</td><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td><td>...</td></tr></tbody></table>

### 3. Results from the analysis

Initially 98 documents were reviewed under disciplines of BIM, FM and BIM&FM. After the completion of review, the documents were re-evaluated and 11 of them were eliminated as they contributed very little to the topic. Thus the content analysis was performed on 87 papers. During the review, 57 keywords were identified and assigned to the papers.

**Distribution of keywords based on Table 1:** Figure 1 shows the frequency of occurrence of keywords across all disciplines. As shown in Figure 1, information exchange/sharing, life-cycle, data integration/interoperability, maintenance practices, early integration to facility design and decision support are the most frequently discussed keywords in the reviewed literature. Most frequent keywords were determined by percentile assessment, and the keywords with less than 50 percentile were not considered for discussion in this paper.
<figure><img src="image_2.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 1. Frequency of assigned keywords to the documents</figcaption></figure>

**Keywords vs. Discipline based on Table 2:** Based on the analysis using Table 2, the frequency of assigned keywords and interrelations between each discipline is presented in Figure 2.

<figure><img src="image_3.png" /><figcaption>Figure 2. Keywords and interrelations with each discipline</figcaption></figure>
Table 3 shows the overlap of keywords across these disciplines. The numbers shown in parentheses represent the frequency of the keywords. For example “Data Integration/Interoperability (4-2)” in row two, column three, indicates that the keyword “Data Integration/Interoperability” was assigned four times to BIM based papers, and two times to FM based paper.

<table><caption>Table 3. Interrelations of different disciplines for assigned keywords</caption><thead><tr><th></th><th>BIM</th><th>FM</th><th>BIM & FM</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>BIM</th><td></td><td>Data Integration/Interoperability (4-2)<br>Decision Support (1-7)<br>Information Exchange/Sharing (3-2)<br>Life-Cycle (2-2)</td><td>Data Integration/Interoperability (4-8)<br>Decision Support (1-4)<br>Information Exchange/Sharing (3-18)<br>Life-Cycle (2-10)</td></tr><tr><th>FM</th><td></td><td></td><td>Data Integration/Interoperability (2-8)<br>Decision Support (5-4)<br>Early Integration to Facility Design (9-3)<br>Information Exchange/Sharing (1-18)<br>Life-Cycle (2-10)<br>Maintenance Practices (6-6)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">BIM&FM</td></tr></tbody></table>

As shown in Table 3 when BIM and FM literature is compared, the keywords “data integration/interoperability” (4) in BIM; and “decision support” (7) in FM are the most frequent ones. When BIM and BIM&FM literature is compared, the keywords “data integration/interoperability” (4) in BIM; and “information exchange/sharing” (18) in BIM&FM are the most frequent ones. Finally when FM and BIM&FM literature is compared, the keywords “early integration to facility design” (9) in FM; and “information exchange/sharing” (18) in BIM&FM are the most frequent ones.

## 4. Keywords and the reported issues

### Information exchange and transfer: interoperability and decision making

BIM can be considered as a product, a process and a FM life-cycle management tool. Therefore, it is important for organizations to look at what they want out from BIM, and how. For an organization that implements FM functions and wants to use BIM in FM practices, it needs to consider several aspects connected to processes and usage of BIM prior to implementation. The findings of this review are directed towards identifying the basic minimum requirements to facilitate BIM for FM.

The data integration and information exchange for FM is mostly based on the integration of different IT tools. CAFM systems commonly use and integrate various building information. However, the re-usability of data in CAFM systems and the fragmented nature of construction industry make the information transfer challenging [18]. To overcome this problem, such systems which can integrate 3D BIM models and FM information in a database are being developed [18] as a
knowledge-based BIM system [19] that enables better decision making. Since ex-
istng CAFM systems have inadequate capabilities and functions for collecting the
building information pushed from various stakeholders and different phases of the
project life-cycle, BIM based applications are being developed to simultaneously
collect the data from different stakeholders and transfer this information to the fa-
cility manager in a cloud environment [20] to enable the mobility of facility man-
ager during the FM activities. For such FM functions, BIM can act as a virtual da-
tabase application. However, BIM is not enough by itself to collect and transfer
the facility data simultaneously. To overcome this BIM systems need to integrate
and communicate with technologies such as radio frequency identification (RFID).
RFID provides wireless sensor technology to track and monitor the assets and
building environment. The integration of RFID systems with BIM applications
[21] through database servers and cloud services [22] provides access to the run-
time data of the assets in a facility via either desktop or mobile devices.

A construction project involves different applications for various tasks such as ar-
chitectural modeling, engineering analysis, and construction management. Despite
technological advancements, the existing BIM systems or other IT based software
applications are mostly implemented in isolation. There is also a lack of interoper-
ability between systems. Therefore, sharing the data in such a heterogeneous envi-
ronment becomes complicated. In addition, it is still not clear which facility data
should be transferred by whom, when the related data should be transferred, and
how [11]. To overcome this problem in terms of technology and strategy, several
studies have been reported in the literature. A common interoperable computa-
tional environment such as extensible markup language (XML) has been proposed
to facilitate the exchange, transfer, archival and re-usability of facility data
through different database and software systems, and web-based environments
[23]. However, XML may not be adequate for the all practices of construction in-
dustry which rely on several processes, people and products. The development of
industry foundation classes (IFC) began in 1990s and it is still on going. IFC pro-
vides a framework for the digital representation of building design, engineering,
construction, and operation data to facilitate information exchange between differ-
ent BIM software. However, the information that is transferred with IFC contains
lots of other information which are not needed for FM activities. Therefore, it
should be filtered and modified for FM purposes. In response to this need to filter
the information, the COBie (construction buildings information exchange) specifi-
cation was developed to provide a structure for the lifecycle capture and delivery
of facility information needed for FM purposes [24].

COBie is a simplified non-geometric subset of IFC [14] and can be created in IFC
format or Excel [25]. COBie data includes rooms (spaces) and zones of the facili-
ty, equipment and its location, submittals, instructions, tests, certificates, mainte-
nance, safety and emergency plans, start-up and shut-down procedure and re-
source data for the related activities [11]. Although there is an agreement about the
requirement of COBie for structuring the facility data [26], COBie does not pro-
vide details on what information is to be provided, when, and by whom [27], and
it has been found to be complex and unclear to use [28, 29]. At the same time,
FMie (facility management information exchange) specifications are being devel-
oped by buildingSMART to link and exchange facility information more efficient-
ly with the latest version of IFC [30].

Traditionally, the focus has been on the data that is created or updated during de-
sign and construction phases, but for effective FM practices, as-built data is need-
ed. An accurate as-built model of the existing facility meets the owner's require-
ments and provides the best value [31]. The technology to produce as-built data
(e.g. 3D laser scanning) needs to be integrated with other FM technologies and
transferred through BIM process. Most existing technologies are not able to satisfy
the integration and interoperability requirements between different systems.

Early integration to facilities design

Successful implementation of FM functions depends on the identification of major requirements, functions and communications of the development at the earliest possible time [32]. Facilities design comprises the details of structural, architectural and MEP disciplines which elicit graphical and non-graphical information about the related facility. Considering the principle “begin with the final process in mind”; and FM needs and integration of owner/end-user and facility manager at the early design could potentially be worthwhile for the FM activities [33].

Another common subject mentioned in literature is the early integration of FM
process to facilities design. Early engagement of FM could potentially reduce the
needs for major repairs and alterations that will otherwise occur at the operational
phase [34, 35]. Facility managers have to identify the components’ location and
get access to the relevant documents and maintenance information. However, due
to difficulty of altering the main structure and core service areas in the operational
phase, it is hard to implement design process by considering operational condi-
tions; and also most of the time designers do not care much about the factors in
building maintenance [36]. Facility managers should also provide past mainte-
nance information of facilities for the design team as a feedback. Since facility
managers have a daily contact with users and obtain in-depth knowledge about the
special needs for the facility, a knowledge transfer framework should be devel-
oped based on a combination of knowledge push from building operation,
knowledge pull from building design [37]; and assumptions and specific facility
requirements that are used as the input of design process [38]. BIM can be used as
a potential tool. Implementation of BIM throughout design and construction stag-
es, with the owners’ and facility managers’ data requirements in mind could pro-
vide an opportunity for facility managers [11]. However, one of the biggest chal-
lenges for BIM enabled FM practices is to define these data requirements, and to
identify by whom and when the data should be provided through the project
lifecycle. Although the data requirements are defined in the early phases, it is hard
to follow these requirements due to dynamic and fragmented nature of a construc-
tion project. In addition to data requirements, interoperability and automated elec-
tronic data delivery are important for leveraging BIM in FM. Recent studies have
attempted to clarify the information requirements and information transfer frame-
works for facilities and asset management [39, 40]. However, the companies should configure and adopt their existing management strategies with respect to these frameworks for the individual projects. Recent developments such as COBie [26] and FMie [30] facilitate and provide solutions to transfer up-to-date facility information from different phases of the project lifecycle. Apart from them, CAD technologies, building automation systems (BAS) and CAFM tools are other potential systems to collect and transfer the required FM information between maintenance and operation, and design phases [41].

**5. Conclusion**

BIM practices for planning, design and construction phases have been discussed and researched in the literature. Understanding the existing status of BIM for FM with the challenges and value-adding potential is fundamental at the early stage of a project. In this paper, the challenges and important aspects of BIM for FM are analyzed through a literature review. The findings from the review provide evidence that there is an agreement about the value and potential of BIM in FM. This research shows that the value of BIM in FM practices are mainly for:

* Automated data process and information transfer from the early stages of the project to the operation and maintenance phases,

* Increasing the efficiency of work orders and decision making process by access to real-time as well as previously stored graphical and non-graphical data.

However, there are several challenges that are hindering the effective use of BIM in FM. These include:

* The interoperability between BIM and different FM (CAFM, BAS, etc.) technologies

* The lack of clear requirements for the implementation of BIM in FM through early stages of the project

* Despite the documentation in [39] and [40], challenges exist in identifying clear roles, responsibilities and collaboration requirements of project team to provide and exchange the necessary information due to the traditional implementation practices and the adoption process

* Integration of as-built information with BIM and FM technologies

* Complexity and limitations of information exchange frameworks such as COBie that need to be clearer and more usable.

Among the other issues, due to the evolving nature of the BIM for FM field, and the different structures in the existing FM technologies, organizations should not fit their FM processes to suit a particular technology for decision making which would otherwise result in a continuous effort of adaptation. Instead, they should define the dynamics of their FM strategies and adapt the related specifications of BIM aspects, which suit their individual organizational and operational strategies.
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