Bara F, Gentaz E, Colé P, Sprenger-Charolles L. 2004. The visuo-haptic and haptic exploration of letters increases the kindergarten-children's understanding of the alphabetic principle. *Cognitive Development* **19**:433-449.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2004.05.003

Barttfeld P, Abboud S, Lagercrantz H, Adén U, Padilla N, Edwards AD, Cohen L, Sigman M, Dehaene S, Dehaene-Lambertz G. 2018. A lateral-to-mesial organization of human ventral visual cortex at birth. *Brain Structure and Function* **223**:3107-3119. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-018-1676-3

Blau V, van Atteveldt N, Ekkebus M, Goebel R, Blomert L. 2009. Reduced neural integration of letters and speech sounds links phonological and reading deficits in adult dyslexia. *Current Biology* **19**:503-508.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2009.01.065, PMID: 19285401

Bolger DJ, Perfetti CA, Schneider W. 2005. Cross-cultural effect on the brain revisited: universal structures plus writing system variation. *Human Brain Mapping* **25**:92-104. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20124, PMID: 15846818

Bolger DJ, Hornickel J, Cone NE, Burman DD, Booth JR. 2008. Neural correlates of orthographic and phonological consistency effects in children. *Human Brain Mapping* **29**:1416-1429. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20476

Boros M, Anton JL, Pech-Georgel C, Grainger J, Szwed M, Ziegler JC. 2016. Orthographic processing deficits in developmental dyslexia: beyond the ventral visual stream. *NeuroImage* **128**:316-327. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.01.014, PMID: 26774610

Bouhali F, Thiebaut de Schotten M, Pinel P, Poupon C, Mangin JF, Dehaene S, Cohen L. 2014. Anatomical connections of the visual word form area. *Journal of Neuroscience* **34**:15402-15414. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4918-13.2014, PMID: 25392507

Cao F, Lee R, Shu H, Yang Y, Xu G, Li K, Booth JR. 2010. Cultural constraints on brain development: evidence from a developmental study of visual word processing in mandarin chinese. *Cerebral Cortex* **20**:1223-1233.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhp186, PMID: 19773547

Cao F, Brennan C, Booth JR. 2014. The brain adapts to orthography with experience: evidence from english and chinese. *Developmental Science* **18**:12245. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12245

Cao F, Perfetti CA. 2016. Neural signatures of the Reading-Writing connection: greater involvement of writing in chinese reading than english reading. *PLOS ONE* **11**:e0168414. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168414, PMID: 27992505

Centanni TM, Norton ES, Park A, Beach SD, Halverson K, Ozernov-Palchik O, Gaab N, Gabrieli J. 2018. Early development of letter specialization in left fusiform is associated with better word reading and smaller fusiform face area. *Developmental Science* **21**:e12658. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12658, PMID: 29504651

Chee MW, Caplan D, Soon CS, Sriram N, Tan EW, Thiel T, Weekes B. 1999. Processing of visually presented sentences in mandarin and english studied with fMRI. *Neuron* **23**:127-137. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80759-X, PMID: 10402199

Cohen L, Lehéricy S, Chochon F, Lemer C, Rivaud S, Dehaene S. 2002. Language-specific tuning of visual cortex? functional properties of the visual word form area. *Brain* **125**:1054-1069. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awf094, PMID: 11960895

Cohen L, Dehaene S, Vinckier F, Jobert A, Montavont A. 2008. Reading normal and degraded words: contribution of the dorsal and ventral visual pathways. *NeuroImage* **40**:353-366. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.11.036, PMID: 18182174

Daniels PT, Share DL. 2018. Writing system variation and its consequences for reading and dyslexia. *Scientific Studies of Reading* **22**:101-116. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1088438.2017.1379082

Davranche K, Nazarian B, Vidal F, Coull J. 2011. Orienting attention in time activates left intraparietal sulcus for both perceptual and motor task goals. *Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience* **23**:3318-3330. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00030

Dehaene S, Pegado F, Braga LW, Ventura P, Nunes Filho G, Jobert A, Dehaene-Lambertz G, Kolinsky R, Morais J, Cohen L. 2010. How learning to read changes the cortical networks for vision and language. *Science* **330**:1359-1364. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1194140, PMID: 21071632

Dehaene S, Cohen L, Morais J, Kolinsky R. 2015. Illiterate to literate: behavioural and cerebral changes induced by reading acquisition. *Nature Reviews Neuroscience* **16**:234-244. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3924

Dehaene S, Cohen L. 2007. Cultural recycling of cortical maps. *Neuron* **56**:384-398. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.10.004, PMID: 17964253

Dehaene-Lambertz G, Dehaene S, Hertz-Pannier L. 2002. Functional neuroimaging of speech perception in infants. *Science* **298**:2013-2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1077066, PMID: 12471265

Dehaene-Lambertz G, Hertz-Pannier L, Dubois J, Mériaux S, Roche A, Sigman M, Dehaene S. 2006. Functional organization of perisylvian activation during presentation of sentences in preverbal infants. *PNAS* **103**:14240-14245. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0606302103, PMID: 16968771

Dehaene-Lambertz G, Monzalvo K, Dehaene S. 2018. The emergence of the visual word form: longitudinal evolution of category-specific ventral visual Areas during reading acquisition. *PLOS Biology* **16**:e2004103.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2004103

Dehaene-Lambertz G, Spelke ES. 2015. The infancy of the human brain. *Neuron* **88**:93-109. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2015.09.026, PMID: 26447575

Downing PE, Chan AW, Peelen MV, Dodds CM, Kanwisher N. 2006. Domain specificity in visual cortex. *Cerebral Cortex* **16**:1453-1461. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhj086, PMID: 16339084

Friedmann N, Kerbel N, Shvimer L. 2010. Developmental attentional dyslexia. *Cortex* **46**:1216-1237.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2010.06.012, PMID: 20832785
Bara F, Gentaz E, Colé P, Sprenger-Charolles L. 2004. The visuo-haptic and haptic exploration of letters increases the kindergarten-children's understanding of the alphabetic principle. *Cognitive Development* **19**:433-449.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2004.05.003

Barttfeld P, Abboud S, Lagercrantz H, Adén U, Padilla N, Edwards AD, Cohen L, Sigman M, Dehaene S, Dehaene-Lambertz G. 2018. A lateral-to-mesial organization of human ventral visual cortex at birth. *Brain Structure and Function* **223**:3107-3119. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-018-1676-3

Blau V, van Atteveldt N, Ekkebus M, Goebel R, Blomert L. 2009. Reduced neural integration of letters and speech sounds links phonological and reading deficits in adult dyslexia. *Current Biology* **19**:503-508.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2009.01.065, PMID: 19285401

Bolger DJ, Perfetti CA, Schneider W. 2005. Cross-cultural effect on the brain revisited: universal structures plus writing system variation. *Human Brain Mapping* **25**:92-104. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20124, PMID: 15846818

Bolger DJ, Hornickel J, Cone NE, Burman DD, Booth JR. 2008. Neural correlates of orthographic and phonological consistency effects in children. *Human Brain Mapping* **29**:1416-1429. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20476

Boros M, Anton JL, Pech-Georgel C, Grainger J, Szwed M, Ziegler JC. 2016. Orthographic processing deficits in developmental dyslexia: beyond the ventral visual stream. *NeuroImage* **128**:316-327. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.01.014, PMID: 26774610

Bouhali F, Thiebaut de Schotten M, Pinel P, Poupon C, Mangin JF, Dehaene S, Cohen L. 2014. Anatomical connections of the visual word form area. *Journal of Neuroscience* **34**:15402-15414. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4918-13.2014, PMID: 25392507

Cao F, Lee R, Shu H, Yang Y, Xu G, Li K, Booth JR. 2010. Cultural constraints on brain development: evidence from a developmental study of visual word processing in mandarin chinese. *Cerebral Cortex* **20**:1223-1233.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhp186, PMID: 19773547

Cao F, Brennan C, Booth JR. 2014. The brain adapts to orthography with experience: evidence from english and chinese. *Developmental Science* **18**:12245. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12245

Cao F, Perfetti CA. 2016. Neural signatures of the Reading-Writing connection: greater involvement of writing in chinese reading than english reading. *PLOS ONE* **11**:e0168414. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168414, PMID: 27992505

Centanni TM, Norton ES, Park A, Beach SD, Halverson K, Oznov-Palchik O, Gaab N, Gabrieli J. 2018. Early development of letter specialization in left fusiform is associated with better word reading and smaller fusiform face area. *Developmental Science* **21**:e12658. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12658, PMID: 29504651

Chee MW, Caplan D, Soon CS, Sriram N, Tan EW, Thiel T, Weekes B. 1999. Processing of visually presented sentences in mandarin and english studied with fMRI. *Neuron* **23**:127-137. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80759-X, PMID: 10402199

Cohen L, Lehéricy S, Chochon F, Lemer C, Rivaud S, Dehaene S. 2002. Language-specific tuning of visual cortex? functional properties of the visual word form area. *Brain* **125**:1054-1069. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awf094, PMID: 11960895

Cohen L, Dehaene S, Vinckier F, Jobert A, Montavont A. 2008. Reading normal and degraded words: contribution of the dorsal and ventral visual pathways. *NeuroImage* **40**:353-366. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.11.036, PMID: 18182174

Daniels PT, Share DL. 2018. Writing system variation and its consequences for reading and dyslexia. *Scientific Studies of Reading* **22**:101-116. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1088438.2017.1379082

Davranche K, Nazarian B, Vidal F, Coull J. 2011. Orienting attention in time activates left intraparietal sulcus for both perceptual and motor task goals. *Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience* **23**:3318-3330. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00030

Dehaene S, Pegado F, Braga LW, Ventura P, Nunes Filho G, Jobert A, Dehaene-Lambertz G, Kolinsky R, Morais J, Cohen L. 2010. How learning to read changes the cortical networks for vision and language. *Science* **330**:1359-1364. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1194140, PMID: 21071632

Dehaene S, Cohen L, Morais J, Kolinsky R. 2015. Illiterate to literate: behavioural and cerebral changes induced by reading acquisition. *Nature Reviews Neuroscience* **16**:234-244. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3924

Dehaene S, Cohen L. 2007. Cultural recycling of cortical maps. *Neuron* **56**:384-398. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.10.004, PMID: 17964253

Dehaene-Lambertz G, Dehaene S, Hertz-Pannier L. 2002. Functional neuroimaging of speech perception in infants. *Science* **298**:2013-2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1077066, PMID: 12471265

Dehaene-Lambertz G, Hertz-Pannier L, Dubois J, Mériaux S, Roche A, Sigman M, Dehaene S. 2006. Functional organization of perisylvian activation during presentation of sentences in preverbal infants. *PNAS* **103**:14240-14245. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0606302103, PMID: 16968771

Dehaene-Lambertz G, Monzalvo K, Dehaene S. 2018. The emergence of the visual word form: longitudinal evolution of category-specific ventral visual Areas during reading acquisition. *PLOS Biology* **16**:e2004103.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2004103

Dehaene-Lambertz G, Spelke ES. 2015. The infancy of the human brain. *Neuron* **88**:93-109. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2015.09.026, PMID: 26447575

Downing PE, Chan AW, Peelen MV, Dodds CM, Kanwisher N. 2006. Domain specificity in visual cortex. *Cerebral Cortex* **16**:1453-1461. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhj086, PMID: 16339084

Friedmann N, Kerbel N, Shvimer L. 2010. Developmental attentional dyslexia. *Cortex* **46**:1216-1237.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2010.06.012, PMID: 20832785
Frost SJ, Landi N, Mencl WE, Sandak R, Fulbright RK, Tejada ET, Jacobsen L, Grigorenko EL, Constable RT, Pugh KR. 2009. Phonological awareness predicts activation patterns for print and speech. *Annals of Dyslexia* **59**:78–97. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11881-009-0024-y, PMID: 19306061

Gabay Y, Dundas E, Plaut D, Behrmann M. 2017. Atypical perceptual processing of faces in developmental dyslexia. *Brain and Language* **173**:41–51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2017.06.004, PMID: 28624595

Gandour J, Wong D, Lowe M, Dzemidzic M, Satthamnuwong N, Tong Y, Li X. 2002. A Cross-Linguistic fMRI study of spectral and temporal cues underlying phonological processing. *Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience* **14**:1076–1087. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/089892902320474526

Golarai G, Ghahremani DG, Whitfield-Gabrieli S, Reiss A, Eberhardt JL, Gabrieli JD, Grill-Spector K. 2007. Differential development of high-level visual cortex correlates with category-specific recognition memory. *Nature Neuroscience* **10**:512–522. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1865, PMID: 17351637

Golarai G, Liberman A, Grill-Spector K. 2015. Experience shapes the development of neural substrates of face processing in human ventral temporal cortex. *Cerebral Cortex* **35**:bhv314. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhv314

Gomez J, Barnett MA, Natu V, Mezer A, Palomero-Gallagher N, Weiner KS, Amunts K, Zilles K, Grill-Spector K. 2017. Microstructural proliferation in human cortex is coupled with the development of face processing. *Science* **355**:68–71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aag0311, PMID: 28059764

Goswami U. 2008. Reading, complexity and the brain. *Literacy* **42**:67–74. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-4369.2008.00484.x

Goswami U, Wang H-LS, Cruz A, Fosker T, Mead N, Huss M. 2011. Language-universal sensory deficits in developmental dyslexia: english, Spanish, and chinese. *Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience* **23**:325–337. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21453

Hannagan T, Amedi A, Cohen L, Dehaene-Lambertz G, Dehaene S. 2015. Origins of the specialization for letters and numbers in ventral occipitotemporal cortex. *Trends in Cognitive Sciences* **19**:374–382. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2015.05.006, PMID: 26072689

Hervais-Adelman A, Kumar U, Mishra RK, Tripathi VN, Guleria A, Singh JP, Eisner F, Huettig F. 2019. Learning to read recycles visual cortical networks without destruction. *Science Advances* **5**:eaax0262. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax0262, PMID: 31555732

Hu W, Lee HL, Zhang Q, Liu T, Geng LB, Seghier ML, Shakeshaft C, Twomey T, Green DW, Yang YM, Price CJ. 2010. Developmental dyslexia in chinese and english populations: dissociating the effect of dyslexia from language differences. *Brain* **133**:1694–1706. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awq106, PMID: 20488886

Hulme C, Hatcher PJ, Nation K, Brown A, Adams J, Stuart G. 2002. Phoneme awareness is a better predictor of early reading skill than onset-rime awareness. *Journal of Experimental Child Psychology* **82**:2–28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/jecp.2002.2670, PMID: 12081455

Hulme C, Bowyer-Crane C, Carroll JM, Duff FJ, Snowling MJ. 2012. The causal role of phoneme awareness and letter-sound knowledge in learning to read: combining intervention studies with mediation analyses. *Psychological Science* **23**:572–577. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611435921, PMID: 22539335

Jobard G, Crivello F, Tzourio-Mazoyer N. 2003. Evaluation of the dual route theory of reading: a metanalysis of 35 neuroimaging studies. *NeuroImage* **20**:693–712. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-8119(03)00343-4, PMID: 14568445

Kersey AJ, Wakim KM, Li R, Cantlon JF. 2019. Developing, mature, and unique functions of the child's brain in reading and mathematics. *Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience* **39**:100684. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100684, PMID: 31398551

Krafnick AJ, Tan LH, Flowers DL, Luetje MM, Napoliello EM, Siok WT, Perfetti C, Eden GF. 2016. Chinese character and english word processing in children's ventral occipitotemporal cortex: fMRI evidence for script invariance. *NeuroImage* **133**:302–312. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.03.021, PMID: 27012502

Landerl K, Ramus F, Moll K, Lyytinen H, Leppänen PH, Lohvansuu K, O'Donovan M, Williams J, Bartling J, Bruder J, Kunze S, Neuhoff N, Tóth D, Honbolygó F, Csépe V, Bogliotti C, Iannuzzi S, Chaix Y, Démonet JF, Longeras E, et al. 2013. Predictors of developmental dyslexia in european orthographies with varying complexity. *Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry* **54**:686–694. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12029, PMID: 23227813

Lefavrais P. 1967. Test De L'Alouette, *Manuel Et Tests: Éditions du Centre de Psychologie Appliquée* (ECPA).

Li H, Shu H, McBride-Chang C, Liu H, Peng H. 2012. Chinese children's character recognition: Visuo-orthographic, phonological processing and morphological skills. *Journal of Research in Reading* **35**:287–307. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9817.2010.01460.x

Li S, Lee K, Zhao J, Yang Z, He S, Weng X. 2013. Neural competition as a developmental process: early hemispheric specialization for word processing delays specialization for face processing. *Neuropsychologia* **51**: 950–959. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.02.006, PMID: 23462239

Li H, Booth JR, Bélanger NN, Feng X, Tian M, Xie W, Zhang M, Gao Y, Ang C, Yang X, Liu L, Meng X, Ding G. 2018. Structural correlates of literacy difficulties in the second language: evidence from Mandarin-speaking children learning english. *NeuroImage* **179**:288–297. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.06.037

Linkersdörfer J, Lonnemann J, Lindberg S, Hasselhorn M, Fiebach CJ. 2012. Grey matter alterations co-localize with functional abnormalities in developmental dyslexia: an ALE meta-analysis. *PLOS ONE* **7**:e43122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0043122, PMID: 22916214

Liu L, Tao R, Wang W, You W, Peng D, Booth JR. 2013. Chinese dyslexics show neural differences in morphological processing. *Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience* **6**:40–50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2013.06.004, PMID: 23872198
Frost SJ, Landi N, Mencl WE, Sandak R, Fulbright RK, Tejada ET, Jacobsen L, Grigorenko EL, Constable RT, Pugh KR. 2009. Phonological awareness predicts activation patterns for print and speech. *Annals of Dyslexia* **59**:78–97. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11881-009-0024-y, PMID: 19306061

Gabay Y, Dundas E, Plaut D, Behrmann M. 2017. Atypical perceptual processing of faces in developmental dyslexia. *Brain and Language* **173**:41–51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2017.06.004, PMID: 28624595

Gandour J, Wong D, Lowe M, Dzemidzic M, Satthamnuwong N, Tong Y, Li X. 2002. A Cross-Linguistic fMRI study of spectral and temporal cues underlying phonological processing. *Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience* **14**:1076–1087. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/089892902320474526

Golarai G, Ghahremani DG, Whitfield-Gabrieli S, Reiss A, Eberhardt JL, Gabrieli JD, Grill-Spector K. 2007. Differential development of high-level visual cortex correlates with category-specific recognition memory. *Nature Neuroscience* **10**:512–522. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1865, PMID: 17351637

Golarai G, Liberman A, Grill-Spector K. 2015. Experience shapes the development of neural substrates of face processing in human ventral temporal cortex. *Cerebral Cortex* **35**:bhv314. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhv314

Gomez J, Barnett MA, Natu V, Mezer A, Palomero-Gallagher N, Weiner KS, Amunts K, Zilles K, Grill-Spector K. 2017. Microstructural proliferation in human cortex is coupled with the development of face processing. *Science* **355**:68–71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aag0311, PMID: 28059764

Goswami U. 2008. Reading, complexity and the brain. *Literacy* **42**:67–74. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-4369.2008.00484.x

Goswami U, Wang H-LS, Cruz A, Fosker T, Mead N, Huss M. 2011. Language-universal sensory deficits in developmental dyslexia: english, Spanish, and chinese. *Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience* **23**:325–337. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21453

Hannagan T, Amedi A, Cohen L, Dehaene-Lambertz G, Dehaene S. 2015. Origins of the specialization for letters and numbers in ventral occipitotemporal cortex. *Trends in Cognitive Sciences* **19**:374–382. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2015.05.006, PMID: 26072689

Hervais-Adelman A, Kumar U, Mishra RK, Tripathi VN, Guleria A, Singh JP, Eisner F, Huettig F. 2019. Learning to read recycles visual cortical networks without destruction. *Science Advances* **5**:eaax0262. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax0262, PMID: 31555732

Hu W, Lee HL, Zhang Q, Liu T, Geng LB, Seghier ML, Shakeshaft C, Twomey T, Green DW, Yang YM, Price CJ. 2010. Developmental dyslexia in chinese and english populations: dissociating the effect of dyslexia from language differences. *Brain* **133**:1694–1706. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awq106, PMID: 20488886

Hulme C, Hatcher PJ, Nation K, Brown A, Adams J, Stuart G. 2002. Phoneme awareness is a better predictor of early reading skill than onset-rime awareness. *Journal of Experimental Child Psychology* **82**:2–28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/jecp.2002.2670, PMID: 12081455

Hulme C, Bowyer-Crane C, Carroll JM, Duff FJ, Snowling MJ. 2012. The causal role of phoneme awareness and letter-sound knowledge in learning to read: combining intervention studies with mediation analyses. *Psychological Science* **23**:572–577. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611435921, PMID: 22539335

Jobard G, Crivello F, Tzourio-Mazoyer N. 2003. Evaluation of the dual route theory of reading: a metanalysis of 35 neuroimaging studies. *NeuroImage* **20**:693–712. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-8119(03)00343-4, PMID: 14568445

Kersey AJ, Wakim KM, Li R, Cantlon JF. 2019. Developing, mature, and unique functions of the child's brain in reading and mathematics. *Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience* **39**:100684. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100684, PMID: 31398551

Krafnick AJ, Tan LH, Flowers DL, Luetje MM, Napoliello EM, Siok WT, Perfetti C, Eden GF. 2016. Chinese character and english word processing in children's ventral occipitotemporal cortex: fMRI evidence for script invariance. *NeuroImage* **133**:302–312. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.03.021, PMID: 27012502

Landerl K, Ramus F, Moll K, Lyytinen H, Leppänen PH, Lohvansuu K, O'Donovan M, Williams J, Bartling J, Bruder J, Kunze S, Neuhoff N, Tóth D, Honbolygó F, Csépe V, Bogliotti C, Iannuzzi S, Chaix Y, Démonet JF, Longeras E, et al. 2013. Predictors of developmental dyslexia in european orthographies with varying complexity. *Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry* **54**:686–694. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12029, PMID: 23227813

Lefavrais P. 1967. Test De L'Alouette, *Manuel Et Tests: Éditions du Centre de Psychologie Appliquée* (ECPA).

Li H, Shu H, McBride-Chang C, Liu H, Peng H. 2012. Chinese children's character recognition: Visuo-orthographic, phonological processing and morphological skills. *Journal of Research in Reading* **35**:287–307. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9817.2010.01460.x

Li S, Lee K, Zhao J, Yang Z, He S, Weng X. 2013. Neural competition as a developmental process: early hemispheric specialization for word processing delays specialization for face processing. *Neuropsychologia* **51**: 950–959. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.02.006, PMID: 23462239

Li H, Booth JR, Bélanger NN, Feng X, Tian M, Xie W, Zhang M, Gao Y, Ang C, Yang X, Liu L, Meng X, Ding G. 2018. Structural correlates of literacy difficulties in the second language: evidence from Mandarin-speaking children learning english. *NeuroImage* **179**:288–297. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.06.037

Linkersdörfer J, Lonnemann J, Lindberg S, Hasselhorn M, Fiebach CJ. 2012. Grey matter alterations co-localize with functional abnormalities in developmental dyslexia: an ALE meta-analysis. *PLOS ONE* **7**:e43122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0043122, PMID: 22916214

Liu L, Tao R, Wang W, You W, Peng D, Booth JR. 2013. Chinese dyslexics show neural differences in morphological processing. *Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience* **6**:40–50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2013.06.004, PMID: 23872198
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Paulesu E, McCrory E, Fazio F, Menoncello L, Brunswick N, Cappa SF, Cotelli M, Cossu G, Corte F, Lorusso M, Pesenti S, Gallagher A, Perani D, Price C, Frith CD, Frith U. 2000. A cultural effect on brain function. *Nature Neuroscience* **3**:91-96. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/71163, PMID: 10607401

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Martin A, Schurz M, Kronbichler M, Richlan F. 2015. Reading in the brain of children and adults: a meta-analysis of 40 functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. *Human Brain Mapping* **36**:1963-1981. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.22749, PMID: 25628041

Martin A, Kronbichler M, Richlan F. 2016. Dyslexic brain activation abnormalities in deep and shallow orthographies: a meta-analysis of 28 functional neuroimaging studies. *Human Brain Mapping* **37**:2676-2699. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.23202, PMID: 27061464

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Moll K, Ramus F, Bartling J, Bruder J, Kunze S, Neuhoff N, Streiftau S, Lyytinen H, Leppänen PHT, Lohvansuu K, Tóth D, Honbolygó F, Csépe V, Bogliotti C, Iannuzzi S, Démonet J-F, Longeras E, Valdois S, George F, Soares-Boucaud I, et al. 2014. Cognitive mechanisms underlying reading and spelling development in five european orthographies. *Learning and Instruction* **29**:65-77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j. learninstruc.2013.09.003

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Olulade OA, Flowers DL, Napoliello EM, Eden GF. 2013. Developmental differences for word processing in the ventral stream. *Brain and Language* **125**:134-145. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2012.04.003, PMID: 22564748

Ossmy O, Ben-Shachar M, Mukamel R. 2014. Decoding letter position in word reading. *Cortex* **59**:74-83. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2014.07.002, PMID: 25133927

Paulesu E, McCrory E, Fazio F, Menoncello L, Brunswick N, Cappa SF, Cotelli M, Cossu G, Corte F, Lorusso M, Pesenti S, Gallagher A, Perani D, Price C, Frith CD, Frith U. 2000. A cultural effect on brain function. *Nature Neuroscience* **3**:91-96. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/71163, PMID: 10607401

Paulesu E, Danelli L, Berlingeri M. 2014. Reading the dyslexic brain: multiple dysfunctional routes revealed by a new meta-analysis of PET and fMRI activation studies. *Frontiers in Human Neuroscience* **8**:830. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00830, PMID: 25426043

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Perfetti CA, Liu Y, Tan LH. 2005. The lexical constituency model: some implications of research on chinese for general theories of reading. *Psychological Review* **112**:43-59. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.112.1.43, PMID: 15631587

Planton S, Jucla M, Roux FE, Démonet JF. 2013. The "handwriting brain": a meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies of motor versus orthographic processes. *Cortex* **49**:2772-2787. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2013.05.011, PMID: 23831432

Pugh KR, Shaywitz BA, Shaywitz SE, Constable RT, Skudlarski P, Fulbright RK, Bronen RA, Shankweiler DP, Katz L, Fletcher JM, Gore JC. 1996. Cerebral organization of component processes in reading. *Brain* **119** (*Pt 4*): 1221-1238. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/119.4.1221, PMID: 8813285

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Rueckl JG, Paz-Alonso PM, Molfese PJ, Kuo W-J, Bick A, Frost SJ, Hancock R, Wu DH, Mencl WE, Duñabeitia JA, Lee J-R, Oliver M, Zevin JD, Hoeft F, Carreiras M, Tzeng OJL, Pugh KR, Frost R. 2015. Universal brain signature of proficient reading: evidence from four contrasting languages. *PNAS* **112**:15510-15515. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1509321112

Saygin ZM, Osher DE, Norton ES, Youssoufian DA, Beach SD, Feather J, Gaab N, Gabrieli JD, Kanwisher N. 2016. Connectivity precedes function in the development of the visual word form area. *Nature Neuroscience* **19**:1250-1255. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4354, PMID: 27500407

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Siok WT, Niu Z, Jin Z, Perfetti CA, Tan LH. 2008. A structural-functional basis for dyslexia in the cortex of chinese readers. *PNAS* **105**:5561-5566. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0801750105, PMID: 18391194

Siok WT, Spinks JA, Jin Z, Tan LH. 2009. Developmental dyslexia is characterized by the co-existence of visuospatial and phonological disorders in chinese children. *Current Biology* **19**:R890-R892. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2009.08.014, PMID: 19825347

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Richlan F, Kronbichler M, Wimmer H. 2013. Structural abnormalities in the dyslexic brain: a meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometry studies. *Human Brain Mapping* **34**:3055-3065. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.22127

Rueckl JG, Paz-Alonso PM, Molfese PJ, Kuo W-J, Bick A, Frost SJ, Hancock R, Wu DH, Mencl WE, Duñabeitia JA, Lee J-R, Oliver M, Zevin JD, Hoeft F, Carreiras M, Tzeng OJL, Pugh KR, Frost R. 2015. Universal brain signature of proficient reading: evidence from four contrasting languages. *PNAS* **112**:15510-15515. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1509321112

Saygin ZM, Osher DE, Norton ES, Youssoufian DA, Beach SD, Feather J, Gaab N, Gabrieli JD, Kanwisher N. 2016. Connectivity precedes function in the development of the visual word form area. *Nature Neuroscience* **19**:1250-1255. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4354, PMID: 27500407

Scherf KS, Behrmann M, Humphreys K, Luna B. 2007. Visual category-selectivity for faces, places and objects emerges along different developmental trajectories. *Developmental Science* **10**:F15-F30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00595.x, PMID: 17552930

Seymour PH, Aro M, Erskine JM. 2003. Foundation literacy acquisition in european orthographies. *British Journal of Psychology* **94**:143-174. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1348/000712603321661859, PMID: 12803812

Shu H, Chen X, Anderson RC, Wu N, Xuan Y. 2003. Properties of school chinese: implications for learning to read. *Child Development* **74**:27-47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00519, PMID: 12625434

Siok WT, Perfetti CA, Jin Z, Tan LH. 2004. Biological abnormality of impaired reading is constrained by culture. *Nature* **431**:71-76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02865, PMID: 15343334

Siok WT, Niu Z, Jin Z, Perfetti CA, Tan LH. 2008. A structural-functional basis for dyslexia in the cortex of chinese readers. *PNAS* **105**:5561-5566. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0801750105, PMID: 18391194

Siok WT, Spinks JA, Jin Z, Tan LH. 2009. Developmental dyslexia is characterized by the co-existence of visuospatial and phonological disorders in chinese children. *Current Biology* **19**:R890-R892. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2009.08.014, PMID: 19825347

Stevens WD, Kravitz DJ, Peng CS, Tessler MH, Martin A. 2017. Privileged functional connectivity between the visual word form area and the language system. *The Journal of Neuroscience* **37**:5288-5297. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0138-17.2017, PMID: 28450544

Su M, Peyre H, Song S, McBride C, Tardif T, Li H, Zhang Y, Liang W, Zhang Z, Ramus F, Shu H. 2017. The influence of early linguistic skills and family factors on literacy acquisition in chinese children: follow-up from age 3 to age 11. *Learning and Instruction* **49**:54-63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j. learninstruc.2016.12.003

Szwed M, Qiao E, Jobert A, Dehaene S, Cohen L. 2014. Effects of literacy in early visual and occipitotemporal Areas of chinese and french readers. *Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience* **26**:459-475. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00499

Tan LH, Laird AR, Li K, Fox PT. 2005a. Neuroanatomical correlates of phonological processing of chinese characters and alphabetic words: a meta-analysis. *Human Brain Mapping* **25**:83-91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20134, PMID: 15846817

Tan LH, Spinks JA, Eden GF, Perfetti CA, Siok WT. 2005b. Reading depends on writing, in chinese. *PNAS* **102**:8781-8785. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0503523102, PMID: 15939871

Turkeltaub PE, Gareau L, Flowers DL, Zeffiro TA, Eden GF. 2003. Development of neural mechanisms for reading. *Nature Neuroscience* **6**:767-773. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1065, PMID: 12754516

Valdois S, Lassus-Sangosse D, Lobier M. 2012. Impaired letter-string processing in developmental dyslexia: what visual-to-phonology code mapping disorder? *Dyslexia* **18**:77-93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/dys.1437, PMID: 22434589

van der Mark S, Bucher K, Maurer U, Schulz E, Brem S, Buckelmüller J, Kronbichler M, Loenneker T, Klaver P, Martin E, Brandeis D. 2009. Children with dyslexia lack multiple specializations along the visual word-form (VWF) system. *NeuroImage* **47**:1940-1949. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.05.021, PMID: 19446640

Vandermosten M, Correia J, Vanderauwera J, Wouters J, Ghesquière P, Bonte M. 2020. Brain activity patterns of phonemic representations are atypical in beginning readers with family risk for dyslexia. *Developmental Science* **23**:12857. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12857

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Wydell TN, Butterworth B. 1999. A case study of an English-Japanese bilingual with monolingual dyslexia. *Cognition* **70**:273-305. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-0277(99)00016-5

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You H, Gaab N, Wei N, Cheng-Lai A, Wang Z, Jian J, Song M, Meng X, Ding G. 2011. Neural deficits in second language reading: fmri evidence from chinese children with english reading impairment. *NeurolImage* **57**:760-770. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.12.003, PMID: 21146615

Zhu L, Nie Y, Chang C, Gao JH, Niu Z. 2014. Different patterns and development characteristics of processing written logographic characters and alphabetic words: an ALE meta-analysis. *Human Brain Mapping* **35**:2607-2618. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.22354, PMID: 24105858

Ziegler JC, Perry C, Ma-Wyatt A, Ladner D, Schulte-Körne G. 2003. Developmental dyslexia in different languages: language-specific or universal? *Journal of Experimental Child Psychology* **86**:169-193. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0965(03)00139-5, PMID: 14559203

Ziegler JC. 2006. Do differences in brain activation challenge universal theories of dyslexia? *Brain and Language* **98**:341-343. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2005.05.002, PMID: 16040110

Ziegler JC, Goswami U. 2005. Reading acquisition, developmental dyslexia, and skilled reading across languages: a psycholinguistic grain size theory. *Psychological Bulletin* **131**:3-29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.131.1.3, PMID: 15631549