# MATLAB based modeling to study the performance of bifacial solar PV system under various operating conditions

hassen ayed chraiga, Othman Jeddi, Zaher Khantouch

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hassen ayed chraiga, Othman Jeddi, Zaher Khantouch. MATLAB based modeling to study the performance of bifacial solar PV system under various operating conditions. International Conference on Mechanics and Energy, association international en mécanique et Energie, Dec 2023, sousse, Tunisia. hal-04709785

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# MATLAB based modeling to study the performance of bifacial solar PV system under various operating conditions

Hassen ayed chraiga ¹*, Othman jeddi ², zaher khantouch²

**Abstract:** the aim of this study is to distinguish the influence of several parameters (temperature, sunshine, etc.) used to characterize the performance of conventional photovoltaic installations, in order to see their influences on a new solar panel technology (the bifacial), the measurements taken from the existing weather station at ISET Tozeur will be imitated in the simulation on MATLAB SIMULINK

**Keywords:** energy, power, bifacial PV, MATLAB Simulink.... (3-8 keywords are required.)

<figure><img src="image_1.png" /><figcaption>Graphical abstract (source: ISET Tozeur-super PV)</figcaption></figure>

<footnote n="12">¹² high institute of technology study, mechanical department, tozeur, Tunisia B.P:2100 road to nefta, Tozeur, Tunisia</footnote>

<footnote>*Corresponding author: Hassen ayed chraiga
E-mail: hassen.chraiga@isett.rnu.tn</footnote>
# 1. Introduction

In this complex world that is emerging before us. We are more than ever determined to decipher and analyze all the major phenomena that shake our societies. If we take a step back from the environmental state of our planet, something quickly becomes obvious: the majority of global ecological problems are energy problems [1]. The energies we use are responsible for air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions and climate change [2]. Therefore, it is crucial to find sustainable and environmentally friendly energy solutions to minimize these problems and preserve our planet for future generations.

According to the recently released 2022 International Technology Roadmap for Photovoltaic (ITRPV) [3], the implementation of bifacial technology would rise over the following ten years, reaching 85% by 2023. As a result, it makes use of direct, reflected, and diffused solar irradiance. Bifacial technology has the advantage of producing energy from both the front and back sides of the module. As a result, bifacial technology outperforms monofacial technology in terms of energy yield and levelized cost of electricity, depending on the climate zone [4,5]. Several studies have demonstrated a bifacial gain of up to 20% when compared to monofacial technology [4,5,6,7], and it has been closely connected with a variety of criteria, such as the kind of installation [8], the observed ground reflectance (albedo) [8,9].

The simulated testing of monofacial and bifacial PV modules conducted with the aid of MATLAB software is discussed in this study. Where the current-voltage characteristics at various temperatures were compared. The bifacial module produced a 20% better energy yield than the monofacial module, according to our major findings [10]. As a result, the bifacial module may be able to lower the cost of Operation and Maintenance (O&M) as well as the frequency of cleaning. As was already indicated, the bifacial gain

reported here is particular to the height of the test bench's installation and its measured albedo.

# 2. Materials and Methods

Bifacial solar panels, also called double-sided solar panels, are a relatively new technology in the solar industry. Unlike traditional solar panels, which only capture direct sunlight, bifacial solar panels can also convert light reflected from surrounding surfaces, such as the ground, walls or roofs [11]. This unique feature allows bifacial solar panels to capture up to 20% more energy, making them a very promising option for the solar industry.

The operation of bifacial solar panels is quite simple. Like traditional solar panels, they are made up of solar cells that are connected together to form a module. However, bifacial solar panels have solar cells on both sides allowing them to capture more sun light [12,13].

## 2.1 bifacial solar panels work

The operation of bifacial solar panels is based on the capture of photons, light particles that transport energy. When a photon hits a photovoltaic cell, it can be absorbed by an electron in the semiconductor material [14]. When this happens, the electron gains enough energy to break free from the atom and flow freely through the material. This flow of electrons is then captured by the conductive wires of the solar panel, creating an electric current. In the case of bifacial solar panels, the photovoltaic surface on the back side is protected by a layer of transparent material, which allows light to pass through and be absorbed by the photovoltaic cells on the back side [15]. This means that bifacial panels can produce energy even when light is reflected off surrounding surfaces, such as walls, roofs or the ground [16].

In short, bifacial solar panels have a structure that allows them to collect light from both sides, giving them an advantage over monocrystalline or polycrystalline solar panels. This feature allows an
increase in the efficiency of these panels and a more flexible use for different types of applications [17].

<figure><img src="image_2.png" /><figcaption>Fig.1 Operating principle of the bifacial panel.</figcaption></figure>

## 2.2 Electrical characteristics of the bifacial solar cell

The equivalent electrical diagram of a bifacial solar cell is illustrated in the following figure:

<figure><img src="image_3.png" /><figcaption>Fig.2: The equivalent electrical circuit of the bifacial solar cell</figcaption></figure>

The different characteristic parameters of the bifacial solar cell are as follows:

* The short-circuit current $I_{cc}$:

This is the current obtained by short-circuiting the terminals of the bifacial solar cell. It is equal to the sum of the photo current generated due to the absorption of light by the front face and the photo current generated due to the absorption of light by the rear face [18]. The short-circuit current of the bifacial solar cell is given by the following relationship:

$$I_{cc} = I_{ph} = I_{ph1} + I_{ph2} (1)$$

**With:**

$I_{ph1} = I_{cc}$. front: the photo current produced by the bifacial solar cell illuminated by its front face.

$I_{ph2} = I_{cc}$. rear: the photo current produced by the bifacial solar cell illuminated by its rear face.

$I_{ph}$: the total photo current produced by the bifacial solar cell.

* The open circuit voltage:

This is the voltage for which the bifacial cell provides no current [19]. We can calculate the open circuit voltage ($V_{co.bif}$) of the bifacial solar cell from its equivalent electrical circuit shown above.

$$V_{co} = \frac{(KT)}{q} l n \left( \frac{I_{ph}}{I_{s}} + 1 \right) (2)$$

**With:**

$I_{s}$: the saturation current of the diode.

* The FF form factor:

It defines the efficiency of the solar cell, it is the ratio between the maximum power output and the ideal power [19], it is obtained as follows:

For the illuminance of the bifacial solar cell illuminated from the front face only, the form factor is obtained from the following equation:

$$FF = \frac{IM_{rear} \times VM_{rear}}{I_{cc}.rear \times V_{co.rear}} (3)$$

**With:**

$IM_{rear}$, $VM_{rear}$: The current and the voltage respectively and the product of which corresponds to the maximum power provided by the bifacial solar cell illuminated by its rear face.

* Energy conversion efficiency $\eta$:

It is the ratio between the maximum power generated and the power of the solar radiation incident on the illuminated surface [20].
For illumination of the bifacial solar cell from the front face, the conversion efficiency η$_{front}$ is calculated by the following relationship:

$$ \eta_{front} = \frac{IM_{front} \times VM_{front}}{P_{0,front}} \quad (4) $$

**With:**

P$_{0,front}$: The power of the solar radiation incident on the front face of the bifacial solar cell.

By analogy we can calculate the conversion efficiency η$_{rear}$ for the illumination of the bifacial solar cell from the rear face, it is calculated by the following relationship:

$$ \eta_{rear} = \frac{IM_{rear} \times VM_{rear}}{P_{0,rear}} \quad (5) $$

**With:**

P$_{0,rear}$: The power of the solar radiation incident on the rear face of the bifacial solar cell.

• The power delivered by the bifacial cell:

The total power generated by the bifacial solar cell is equal to the sum of the two powers produced [21]. that is to say the power delivered by the illumination of the front face and the power delivered by the illumination of the rear face because in fact, from the figure and the preceding equation, the bifacial solar cell is considered as two conventional solar cells connected in parallel. Thus, the total power is equal to the sum of the two cells considered. For the illumination of the bifacial solar cell from its front face, the maximum power is calculated by the following relationship:

$$ P_{front} = IM_{front} \times VM_{front} \quad (6) $$

**With:**

P$_{front}$: The maximum power generated by the bifacial cell illuminated by its front face.

For the illumination of the bifacial solar cell from its rear face, the maximum power is calculated by the following relationship:

$$ P_{rear} = IM_{rear} \times VM_{rear} \quad (7) $$

**With:**

P$_{rear}$: The maximum power generated by the bifacial solar cell illuminated by its rear side.

The total maximum power generated by the BSF bifacial cell, illuminated by both front and rear faces (P$_{tot}$) is calculated by the following equation:

$$ P_{tot} = P_{front} + P_{rear} \quad (8) $$

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>Fig.3 The equivalent electrical circuit of a bifacial module.</figcaption></figure>

### 3. Modeling of a bifacial photovoltaic system on MATLAB

In this section a study of the modeling of a bifacial photovoltaic system using physical models will be made. The main objective is to analyze the behavior of solar cells, highlighting the differences between conventional and bifacial solar cells.

Particular attention is paid to the effects of solar radiation and temperature, two major factors that have a considerable impact on the performance of solar cells. By understanding these effects, the effect of understanding the energy production of the photovoltaic system has become feasible.
To achieve this objective, a presentation of the photovoltaic (PV) solar panel model which will make it possible to evaluate and quantify power variations depending on environmental conditions [22] is put into effect. Then, the study will be focused on the design of a boost converter for the PV panel. This converter, positioned between the panel and the load, will be controlled using a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm.

More specifically, an examination of the operation of a conductance-based MPPT algorithm. However, this technique has limitations when it comes to accurately responding to a sudden increase in solar radiation. To address this, another accredited modified incremental conductance technique demonstrating its effectiveness in reducing steady-state oscillations.

In summary, this section will make it possible to understand and model the behavior of a bifacial photovoltaic system, taking into account the effects of solar radiation, temperature and the MPPT algorithm. This knowledge will be essential to optimize solar energy production under variable conditions and thus improve the efficiency of bifacial photovoltaic systems.

### 3.1. Climatic conditions

The meteorological station installed at High Institute of Technology of Tozeur is connected via an interface to the monitoring system, which allows integration of meteorological data with performance data from the solar panels. This makes it possible to assess the impact of weather conditions on solar energy production and to detect possible problems linked to weather variations.

Using these devices and instruments, we can get a complete overview of the performance of solar panels, taking into account both dirt conditions, temperature and weather factors. This allows us to monitor and

detect potential electrical malfunctions and optimize the performance of the solar PV system.

<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>Image1: weather Channel (source: ISET Tozeur)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_6.png" /><figcaption>Image: albedometer (source: ISET Tozeur)</figcaption></figure>

Meteorological data for the area selected for the installation of the photovoltaic plant is shown in the figures below. This figure illustrates the variation of incident and reflected irradiation as a function of time.

<figure><img src="image_7.png" /><figcaption>Fig.4 variation of incident and reflected irradiation as a function of time (source: ISET Tozeur weather station)</figcaption></figure>
The location chosen to install the photovoltaic plant is rich in solar radiation, which favors the exploitation of solar energy in many areas, the most important of which is the production of electricity. From the figure, we see that the irradiation of the front face (600w/m²) is three times greater than the irradiation of the rear face(200w/m²).

<figure><img src="image_8.png" /><figcaption>**Fig.5 Variation of air temperature as a function of time.**
(source: ISET Tozeur weather station)</figcaption></figure>

increasing the temperature of the photovoltaic cell negatively affects its performance. As the cell temperature increases, the current increases slightly and the cell voltage decreases even more, and therefore the production capacity of the PV decreases and the efficiency decreases [23].

Therefore, it is recommended to always provide the photovoltaic system with special cooling technology in summer in order to maintain the performance of the photovoltaic system used, and the receiving surface of the photovoltaic panels should be constantly cleaned to ensure that the largest amount of solar radiation reaches it.

Photovoltaic power plants should install windbreaks and dust barriers to prevent wind load from damaging the support system of the photovoltaic power plant to ensure the normal operation of the solar power plant, and also to avoid the deposition of dust on the surfaces of photovoltaic panels because the dust deposited on their surfaces frankly reduces their performance [24]. The figure shows the variation of wind speed as a

function of time. The Tozeur region is characterized by active air movement from February to April, when northerly winds blow. As for summer, the sirocco winds (SHAHILI wind) sometimes blow from the south. As with the rest of the months, the air movement is mainly a cool breeze.

<figure><img src="image_9.png" /><figcaption>**Fig.6 variation of wind speed as a function of time.** (source: ISET Tozeur weather station)</figcaption></figure>

## 4. simulation diagram of a monofacial and bifacial photovoltaic cell

two photovoltaic solar cells are considered in this study to make the comparison between two different monofacial and bifacial technologies.

Both cells are placed under the same standard test conditions (E=1000w/m2, Tc=25°C, AM: 1.5)

Both are taken at the same power, while for the bifacial we will finish the production surplus under such measurement conditions.

The following simulation plan accomplished in MATLAB Simulink;

<figure><img src="image_10.png" /><figcaption>**Fig.7 Equivalent model of conventional bifacial solar cells.**</figcaption></figure>
## 4.1 Result and discussion

The simulation results are given in the following:

### 4.1.1 I(V) and P(V) characteristics of conventional and bifacial solar cells

To obtain the characteristics I(V) and P(V), we used the equivalent electrical circuit represented by fig7, the results obtained are represented in fig8:

<figure><img src="image_11.png" /><figcaption>Fig.8 I(V) and P(V) characteristics of monofacial and bifacial solar cells.</figcaption></figure>

Simulation results indicate a power gain difference of 20% between a monofacial cell and a bifacial one. This conclusion highlights the significant advantage of the bifacial cell in terms of energy performance.

When compared to the monofacial, the bifacial cell is able to capture not only direct solar radiation on its front side, but also reflected radiation from the environment. This allows the bifacial cell to harness a greater amount of sunlight, thereby increasing its electricity production [25].

### 4.1.2 Influence of the series resistance Rs:

The figures represent the I(V) characteristics of solar cells as a function of different values of the series resistance: Rs=0-ohm, 0.5-ohm, 1 ohm, 2 ohm and 10 ohm.

We recall that all other cell parameters are kept fixed in order to see the influence of the series resistance:

$Rsh = 10^6$ ohm, Temperature T=25°C, Illumination G=1000w/m², The quality factor Y =1.4

<figure><img src="image_12.png" /><figcaption>Fig.9 I-V characteristics of a monofacial solar cell as a function of series resistance</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_13.png" /><figcaption>Fig.10 I-V characteristics of a bifacial solar cell as a function of series resistance</figcaption></figure>

The figures show that the series resistance acts on the slope of the I(V) characteristic in the area where the photodiode behaves as a voltage generator. It does not modify the open circuit voltage, but when it is high, it can decrease the values of the short circuit current, the efficiency and the form factor of the cell. Thus, we see that the series resistance is one of the parameters which influences the I(V) characteristics of the solar cell. In other words, to obtain good results, the value of this resistance must be minimized [26,27].

we also observe a similarity in the rate of variation of the curves for different values of series resistance between the monofacial cell and the bifacial one.
### 4.1.3 Influence of parallel resistance (shunt)

The figures below represent the I(V) characteristics of solar cells as a function of different values of the shunt resistance:

Rsh=10⁶ ohm, 400 ohm, 100 ohm and 50 ohm. We recall that all other cell parameters are kept fixed.

Rs=0.012ohm, temperature T=25°C, illuminance G=1000 w/m², quality factor Y=1.4.

<figure><img src="image_14.png" /><figcaption>Fig.10 I-V characteristics of a monofacial solar cell as a function of the shunt resistance.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_15.png" /><figcaption>Fig.11 I-V characteristics of a bifacial solar cell as a function of the shunt resistance.</figcaption></figure>

It is observed that the shunt resistance acts on the slope of the I(V) characteristic near the short-circuit current point. A shunt resistance that is too low will have an impact on the open circuit voltage of the photocell. Because of this, a photocell whose shunt resistance is too low will no longer provide voltage under low illumination. Thus, the shunt resistance is generally taken very high [26,27].

we also observe a similarity in the rate of variation of the curves for different values of shunt resistance between the monofacial cell and the bifacial one.

## 5. Operation under variable environmental conditions

the study will now be carried out on a chain of bifacial solar panels, the chain includes 10 identical panels connected in series giving a total power of 3000W, a series voltage and a current at the maximum operating point of Vmpp=320V and Impp=9.5A

the block diagram of the following study is carried out on matlab simulink where all the parameters influencing the operation will be simulated on the chain to finally give an approach of similarity with real operation.

P&O MPPT is commonly used in many commercial PV solar charge controllers and small and medium voltage grid-connected inverters due to its tracking efficiency and ease of implementation. The MPPT algorithm tracks the maximum power of the PV array and sends its duty cycle corresponding to the maximum power tracked to the battery charge controller [28].

The algorithm observes power changes and perturbs the operating voltage of the photovoltaic panel by changing the duty cycle of the converter's switching device, which in turn changes the effective input resistance of the buck converter. He then observes again whether he reaches maximum power. [28,29].
<figure><img src="image_16.png" /><figcaption>Fig.12 MATLAB-SIMULINK schematic with an MPPT control (P&O) and a converter (DC/DC).</figcaption></figure>

### 5.1. Operation under constant standard conditions

The objective of this series of simulations is concentrated and focused on the ripples at the level of the power and the voltage conceded the parameters T and G are kept constantly equal to the standard conditions which are respectively T= 25C° and G= 1000W/m² for 10 seconds.

<figure><img src="image_17.png" /><figcaption>Fig.13: Power output of bifacial model</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_18.png" /><figcaption>Fig.14 Bifacial model output voltage.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_19.png" /><figcaption>Fig.15 Bifacial model output current.</figcaption></figure>

Based on the experimental results of the simulation, it was found that the electrical quantities at the output stabilize around the expected values.

After the transient regime lasting 0.04s, the MPPT command returns to search for the optimal operating point. This command is called maximum power point follower.

The increase in power and voltage at the converter output is matched and the steady-state oscillation has been completely eliminated in the case. The P&O MPPT improves by the MPPT control in comparison with the output power and voltage of the PV generator.

### 5.2 Operation under variable environmental conditions

#### 5.2.1 Variable lighting and constant temperature

in this simulation we maintain a constant temperature for different illuminances 1000, 800, 600 and 400 w/m² for 10 seconds, with a constant temperature T= 25C°.

<figure><img src="image_20.png" /><figcaption>Fig.16 Variation of illuminance as a function of time</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_21.png" /><figcaption>Fig.17 converter output power for variable illuminance</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_22.png" /><figcaption>Fig.18 converter Output voltage for variable illuminance</figcaption></figure>

In this study, we observe that for low solar irradiations, the power produced by the module was relatively low. For example, at 400 W/m² sunshine, the power was around 600W. When the sunshine increased to 600 W/m², the power also increased to around 1300W. At 800 W/m² of sunshine, the power continued to increase and reached a value of 2250W. In these sunny conditions, the margin for error was relatively small.

However, when there was a significant increase in sunshine, the power produced by the module reached a remarkable value of 3000 W, under favorable climatic conditions.

The study carried out focused on the variation of illuminance and took into account the speed of tracking the maximum power point and the oscillations around the optimal operating point through the MPPT P&O control.

### 5.2.2 Variable temperature and constant illumination

this simulation study consists of maintaining a constant illumination $G= 1000W/m^2$ for different temperatures 25, 50, 70, 100 for 10s and the variation time takes a second 1s using sequence repetition.

<figure><img src="image_23.png" /><figcaption>Fig.19 Temperature variation as a function of time by slow profile.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_24.png" /><figcaption>Fig.20 Converter output power for variable temperature</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_25.png" /><figcaption>Fig.20 Converter output voltage for variable temperature.</figcaption></figure>

Following the simulation results for a variable temperature and a constant illumination, we note an inverse proportional relationship between the temperature and the power of the photovoltaic panel. This relationship is explained by the drop in open circuit voltage which results in a reduction in the electrical efficiency of the panel.

We observe that when the temperature is high, the power produced by the module is relatively low. For example, at a temperature of 100°C, the power is approximately 1700 W. On the other hand, at a temperature of 70°C, this power increases to approximately 2250 W. Furthermore, at a temperature of 50°C, the power continues to increase to reach the value of 2600 W. When the temperature decreases to
25°C, the power produced by the module reaches the value of 3000 W in favorable climatic conditions.

These results highlight the significant impact of temperature on the performance of the bifacial photovoltaic panel. High temperatures cause a decrease in electrical efficiency, which results in a reduction in power produced. It is therefore essential to take temperature variation into account when designing and operating photovoltaic systems with bifacial panels in order to optimize their performance.

## 6.Conclusion:

The electrical dysfunction detection project studied focused on different solar panel technologies, with emphasis on monofacial and bifacial panels, as well as modeling and maintenance approaches for super PV fields.

This electrical dysfunction detection project in PV systems allowed the exploration and understanding of different solar panel technologies, with a focus on monofacial and bifacial panels. The modeling of bifacial panels has been studied to evaluate their performance, which leads to think about an adequate maintenance approach to guarantee their proper functioning. This work contributes to the advancement of knowledge in the field of solar photovoltaic energy innovation and provides practical guidance for the implementation and management of PV fields.

## Acknowledgments

At the end of this work, I would like to thank all colleagues in the mechanical engineering department at ISET in Tozeur for their collaboration, advice and support during the development of this work.

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