1088

1089

<caption>**Table 5:** mRNA levels of liver genes of rainbow trout fed with the high or low-starch diet</caption>

1090

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>High-starch</th><th>Low-starch</th><th>P value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Glucose transporter</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>glut2a</td><td>1.31 ± 0.23</td><td>0.94 ± 1.02</td><td>NS</td></tr><tr><td>glut2b</td><td>1.09 ± 0.38</td><td>1.01 ± 0.35</td><td>NS</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Glycolysis</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>gcka</td><td>5.0 ± 4.07</td><td>0.39 ± 0.29</td><td>***</td></tr><tr><td>gckb</td><td>1.76 ± 0.79</td><td>0.74 ± 0.54</td><td>**</td></tr><tr><td>pfk1a</td><td>1.15 ± 0.62</td><td>1.19 ± 0.56</td><td>NS</td></tr><tr><td>pfklb</td><td>1.10 ± 0.44</td><td>1.2 ± 0.45</td><td>NS</td></tr><tr><td>pk</td><td>0.90 ± 0.28</td><td>1.42 ± 0.33</td><td>***</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Gluconeogenesis</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pck1</td><td>0.59 ± 0.36</td><td>4.76 ± 5.95</td><td>*</td></tr><tr><td>pck2</td><td>1.28 ± 0.96</td><td>1.21 ± 0.52</td><td>NS</td></tr><tr><td>fbp1b1</td><td>0.93 ± 0.41</td><td>1.48 ± 0.62</td><td>*</td></tr><tr><td>g6pca</td><td>1.01 ± 0.28</td><td>1.12 ± 0.48</td><td>NS</td></tr><tr><td>g6pcb2a</td><td>2.26 ± 1.91</td><td>0.79 ± 0.51</td><td>*</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Lipogenesis</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>aclya</td><td>1.03 ± 0.74</td><td>1.82 ± 1.57</td><td>NS</td></tr><tr><td>aca-aa</td><td>1.76 ± 2.00</td><td>1.50 ± 1.45</td><td>NS</td></tr><tr><td>fasna</td><td>2.25 ± 2.08</td><td>1.45 ± 0.94</td><td>NS</td></tr><tr><td>fasnb</td><td>1.47 ± 1.53</td><td>1.34 ± 0.65</td><td>NS</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Beta oxidation</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>hadh</td><td>0.91 ± 0.31</td><td>1.47 ± 0.56</td><td>**</td></tr><tr><td>cpt1a</td><td>1.08 ± 0.52</td><td>1.23 ± 0.57</td><td>NS</td></tr><tr><td>acox3</td><td>0.91 ± 0.35</td><td>1.48 ± 0.68</td><td>*</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Cholesterol synthesis</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>srebp2a</td><td>0.89 ± 0.48</td><td>1.51 ± 0.83</td><td>**</td></tr><tr><td>hmgcs</td><td>0.85 ± 0.51</td><td>1.70 ± 0.77</td><td>**</td></tr><tr><td>cyp51a</td><td>0.86 ± 0.47</td><td>1.66 ± 0.73</td><td>**</td></tr></tbody></table>

1091

1092

1093

1094

1095
1088

1089

<caption>**Table 5:** mRNA levels of liver genes of rainbow trout fed with the high or low-starch diet</caption>

1090

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>High-starch</th><th>Low-starch</th><th>P value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Glucose transporter</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>glut2a</td><td>1.31 ± 0.23</td><td>0.94 ± 1.02</td><td>NS</td></tr><tr><td>glut2b</td><td>1.09 ± 0.38</td><td>1.01 ± 0.35</td><td>NS</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Glycolysis</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>gcka</td><td>5.0 ± 4.07</td><td>0.39 ± 0.29</td><td>***</td></tr><tr><td>gckb</td><td>1.76 ± 0.79</td><td>0.74 ± 0.54</td><td>**</td></tr><tr><td>pfkla</td><td>1.15 ± 0.62</td><td>1.19 ± 0.56</td><td>NS</td></tr><tr><td>pfklb</td><td>1.10 ± 0.44</td><td>1.2 ± 0.45</td><td>NS</td></tr><tr><td>pk</td><td>0.90 ± 0.28</td><td>1.42 ± 0.33</td><td>***</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Gluconeogenesis</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pck1</td><td>0.59 ± 0.36</td><td>4.76 ± 5.95</td><td>*</td></tr><tr><td>pck2</td><td>1.28 ± 0.96</td><td>1.21 ± 0.52</td><td>NS</td></tr><tr><td>fbp1b1</td><td>0.93 ± 0.41</td><td>1.48 ± 0.62</td><td>*</td></tr><tr><td>g6pca</td><td>1.01 ± 0.28</td><td>1.12 ± 0.48</td><td>NS</td></tr><tr><td>g6pcb2a</td><td>2.26 ± 1.91</td><td>0.79 ± 0.51</td><td>*</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Lipogenesis</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>acya</td><td>1.03 ± 0.74</td><td>1.82 ± 1.57</td><td>NS</td></tr><tr><td>aca-aa</td><td>1.76 ± 2.00</td><td>1.50 ± 1.45</td><td>NS</td></tr><tr><td>fasna</td><td>2.25 ± 2.08</td><td>1.45 ± 0.94</td><td>NS</td></tr><tr><td>fasnb</td><td>1.47 ± 1.53</td><td>1.34 ± 0.65</td><td>NS</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Beta oxidation</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>hadh</td><td>0.91 ± 0.31</td><td>1.47 ± 0.56</td><td>**</td></tr><tr><td>cpt1a</td><td>1.08 ± 0.52</td><td>1.23 ± 0.57</td><td>NS</td></tr><tr><td>acox3</td><td>0.91 ± 0.35</td><td>1.48 ± 0.68</td><td>*</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Cholesterol synthesis</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>srebp2a</td><td>0.89 ± 0.48</td><td>1.51 ± 0.83</td><td>**</td></tr><tr><td>hmgcs</td><td>0.85 ± 0.51</td><td>1.70 ± 0.77</td><td>**</td></tr><tr><td>cyp51a</td><td>0.86 ± 0.47</td><td>1.66 ± 0.73</td><td>**</td></tr></tbody></table>

1091

1092

1093

1094

1095
1096 Data are presented as mean ± SD (n=12 fish). statistical differences are calculated by one-ways ANOVA
1097 (P<0.05). NS not significant. P<0.05 *. P<0.01 **. P<0.001 ***. glut2a and glut2b: glucose transporter
1098 2 paralogs. gcka and gckb: glucokinase paralogs. pfkla and pfklb: 6-phosphofructokinase. pk: pyruvate
1099 kinase. pck1 and pck2: phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase paralogs. fbp1b1: fructose 1.6-
1100 bisphosphatase. g6pca. g6pcb2a: glucose-6-phosphatase paralogs. aclya: adenosine triphosphate
1101 citrate lyase. aca-aa: acetylcoA carboxylase alpha. fasna and fasnb: fatty acid synthase paralogs. hadh:
1102 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. cpt1a: carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1. acox3: acylcoA oxidase.
1103 srebp-2: sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2. hmgcs: hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase.
1104 cyp51a: Lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase. abca1a: ATP-binding cassette transporter A1

1105

1106

1107

1108

1109
1096 Data are presented as mean ± SD (n=12 fish). statistical differences are calculated by one-ways ANOVA
1097 (P<0.05). NS not significant. P<0.05 *. P<0.01 **. P<0.001 ***. glut2a and glut2b: glucose transporter
1098 2 paralogs. gcka and gckb: glucokinase paralogs. pfkla and pfklb: 6-phosphofructokinase. pk: pyruvate
1099 kinase. pck1 and pck2: phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase paralogs. fbp1b1: fructose 1.6-
1100 bisphosphatase. g6pca. g6pcb2a: glucose-6-phosphatase paralogs. aclya: adenosine triphosphate
1101 citrate lyase. aca-aa: acetylcoA carboxylase alpha. fasna and fasnb: fatty acid synthase paralogs. hadh:
1102 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. cpt1a: carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1. acox3: acylcoA oxidase.
1103 srebp-2: sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2. hmgcs: hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase.
1104 cyp51a: Lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase. abca1a: ATP-binding cassette transporter A1

1105

1106

1107

1108

1109
High-starch

<figure><img src="image_2.png" /></figure>

Plant-based
diet

Starch
(20%)

Low-starch

<figure><img src="image_3.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_5.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_6.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_7.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_8.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_9.png" /></figure>

12 weeks of
rearing

<figure><img src="image_10.png" /></figure>

Plasma

<figure><img src="image_11.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_12.png" /></figure>

Liver

<figure><img src="image_13.png" /></figure>

Intestines

<figure><img src="image_14.png" /></figure>

Whole-body
composition

<figure><img src="image_15.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_16.png" /></figure>
High-starch

<figure><img src="image_3.png" /></figure>

Plant-based
diet

Starch
(20%)

Low-starch

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_5.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_6.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_7.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_8.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_9.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_10.png" /></figure>

12 weeks of
rearing

<figure><img src="image_11.png" /></figure>

Plasma

<figure><img src="image_12.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_13.png" /></figure>

Liver

<figure><img src="image_14.png" /></figure>

Intestines

<figure><img src="image_15.png" /></figure>

Whole-body
composition

<figure><img src="image_16.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_17.png" /></figure>
Digesta

A

<figure><img src="image_17.png" /></figure>

C

<figure><img src="image_18.png" /></figure>

P value : **

Mucosa

B

<figure><img src="image_19.png" /></figure>

D

<figure><img src="image_20.png" /></figure>

P value : NS
Digesta

A

<figure><img src="image_18.png" /></figure>

C

<figure><img src="image_19.png" /></figure>

P value : **

Mucosa

B

<figure><img src="image_20.png" /></figure>

D

<figure><img src="image_21.png" /></figure>

P value : NS
A

Digesta - LS

Mucosa - HS

<figure><img src="image_21.png" /></figure>

B

<figure><img src="image_22.png" /></figure>
A

Digesta - LS

Mucosa - HS

<figure><img src="image_22.png" /></figure>

B

<figure><img src="image_23.png" /></figure>
Mucosa

<figure><img src="image_23.png" /><figcaption>D</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_24.png" /><figcaption>G</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_25.png" /></figure>

Digesta

<figure><img src="image_26.png" /><figcaption>C</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_27.png" /><figcaption>E</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_28.png" /><figcaption>F</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_29.png" /><figcaption>H</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_30.png" /><figcaption>I</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_31.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_32.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_33.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_34.png" /></figure>
Mucosa

<figure><img src="image_24.png" /><figcaption>D</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_25.png" /><figcaption>G</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_26.png" /></figure>

Digesta

<figure><img src="image_27.png" /><figcaption>C</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_28.png" /><figcaption>E</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_29.png" /><figcaption>F</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_30.png" /><figcaption>H</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_31.png" /><figcaption>I</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_32.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_33.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_34.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_35.png" /></figure>
Digesta

A

<figure><img src="image_35.png" /></figure>

B

<figure><img src="image_36.png" /></figure>
Digesta

A

<figure><img src="image_36.png" /></figure>

B

<figure><img src="image_37.png" /></figure>
A

<figure><img src="image_37.png" /><figcaption>Butyric acid</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_38.png" /><figcaption>Propionic acid</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_39.png" /><figcaption>Valeric acid</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_40.png" /></figure>

D

<figure><img src="image_41.png" /><figcaption>Lactate</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_42.png" /></figure>

B

<figure><img src="image_43.png" /><figcaption>Full scan analysis by SIFT-MS on precursor ions H3O+, NO+, and O2+</figcaption></figure>

C

<figure><img src="image_44.png" /><figcaption>Most discriminating ions by SIFT-MS</figcaption></figure>
A

<figure><img src="image_38.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_39.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_40.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_41.png" /></figure>

D

<figure><img src="image_42.png" /></figure>

B

<figure><img src="image_43.png" /></figure>

C

<figure><img src="image_44.png" /><figcaption>Most discriminating ions by SIFT-MS</figcaption></figure>
A. Glucokinase

<figure><img src="image_45.png" /></figure>

B. Pyruvate kinase

<figure><img src="image_46.png" /></figure>

C. Glucose-6-phosphatase

<figure><img src="image_47.png" /></figure>

D. Fatty acid synthase

<figure><img src="image_48.png" /></figure>
A. Glucokinase

<figure><img src="image_45.png" /></figure>

B. Pyruvate kinase

<figure><img src="image_46.png" /></figure>

C. Glucose-6-phosphatase

<figure><img src="image_47.png" /></figure>

D. Fatty acid synthase

<figure><img src="image_48.png" /></figure>
A

<figure><img src="image_49.png" /></figure>

B

<figure><img src="image_50.png" /></figure>
A

<figure><img src="image_49.png" /></figure>

B

<figure><img src="image_50.png" /></figure>