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Spencer, P. S., Palmer, V., and Ludolph, A. (2005). On the decline and etiology of high-incidence motor system disease in West Papua (southwest New Guinea). *Mov. Disord.* 20 Suppl, S119–S126. doi: 10.1002/mds.20552

Spencer, P. S., Salama, M., and Kisby, G. (2022b). "Mechanisms underlying long-latency neurodegenerative disease of environmental origin," in *Handbook of Neurotoxicity*, ed. R. Kostrzewa (Cham: Springer). doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-15080-7_184

Spencer, P. S., Lagrange, E., Palmer, V., Reis, J., Steele, J., and Román, G. (2022a). Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis from genotoxins alone? *Lancet Neurol.* 21, 771–772. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(22)00305-2

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Sagiraju, H., Živkoviæ, S., VanCott, A., and Patwa, H. (2020). Gimeno Ruiz de Porras D. Amuan ME, Pugh MJV. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis among veterans deployed in support of post-9/11 U.S. conflicts. *Mil. Med.* 185, e501–e509. doi: 10.1093/milmed/usz350

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Schlesselman, J. (1982). *Case-control studies: design, conduct, analysis*. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Schoene, L., and Hoffman, O. (1949). Maleic hydrazide, a unique growth regulant. *Science* 109, 588–590. doi: 10.1126/science.109.2841.588-a

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Schwartz, G., and Klug, M. (2016). Motor neuron disease mortality rates in U.S. states are associated with well water use. *Amyotroph. Lateral Scler. Frontotemporal Degener.* 17, 528–534. doi: 10.1080/21678421.2016.1195409

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Scrivenand, B., and Winter, T. (1978). Chemical oxygen scavengers: use of hydrazine and tannins for boiler water treatment. *Anti Corrosion Methods Mater.* 25, 10–11. doi: 10.1108/eb007075

Seals, R., Kioumourtzoglou, M., Gredal, O., Hansen, J., and Weisskopf, M. (2017). Occupational formaldehyde and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. *Eur. J. Epidemiol.* 32, 893–899. doi: 10.1007/s10654-017-0249-8

Shank, R., and Magee, P. (1967). Similarities between the biochemical actions of cycasin and dimethylnitrosamine. *Biochem. J.* 105, 521–527. doi: 10.1042/bj1050521

Shimizu, T., Yasuda, N., Kono, I., Yagi, F., Tadera, K., and Kobayashi, A. (1986). Hepatic and spinal lesions in goats chronically intoxicated with cycasin. *Nihon Juigaku Zasshi.* 48, 1291–1295. doi: 10.1292/jvms1939.48.1291

Sieber, S., Correa, P., Dalgard, D., McIntire, K., and Adamson, R. (1980). Carcinogenicity and hepatotoxicity of cycasin and its aglycone methylazoxymethanol acetate in nonhuman primates. *J. Natl. Cancer Inst.* 65, 177–189.

Sienko, D., Davis, J., Taylor, J., and Brooks, B. (1990). Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A case control study following detection of a cluster in a small Wisconsin community. *Arch. Neurol.* 47, 38–41. doi: 10.1001/archneur.1990.0053001004 6017

Sierra, A., and Valverde-Valera, A. (2019). Contribution to the knowledge of the fungi of the Natural Park of the Muntanya de Montserrat (Catalonia). *Rev. Catalan Micol.* 40:2019.

Smukowski, S., Maioli, H., Latimer, C., Bird, T., Jayadev, S., and Valdmanis, P. (2022). Progress in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis gene discovery: Reflecting on classic approaches and leveraging emerging technologies. *Neurol. Genet.* 8:e669. doi: 10.1212/NXG.0000000000000669

Spencer, P. S. (2019). Hypothesis: Etiologic and molecular mechanistic leads for sporadic neurodegenerative diseases based on experience with Western Pacific ALS/PDC. *Front. Neurol.* 10:754. doi: 10.3389/neur.2019.00754

Spencer, P. S. (2020). Etiology of retinal and cerebellar pathology in Western Pacific Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Parkinsonism-Dementia Complex. *Eye Brain* 12, 97–104. doi: 10.2147/EB.S260823

Spencer, P. S. (2018). Formaldehyde, DNA damage, ALS and related neurodegenerative diseases. *J. Neurol. Sci.* 391, 141–142. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2018.05.017

Spencer, P. S., and Kisby, G. (2021). Role of hydrazine-related chemicals in cancer and neurodegenerative disease. *Chem. Res. Toxicol.* 34, 1953–1969. doi: 10.1021/acs. chemrestox.1c00150

Spencer, P. S., and Palmer, V. (2021). Direct and indirect neurotoxic potential of metal/metalloids in plants and fungi used for food, dietary supplements, and herbal medicine. *Toxics* 9:57. doi: 10.3390/toxics9030057

Spencer, P., Fry, R., and Kisby, G. (2012). Unraveling 50-year-old clues linking neurodegeneration and cancer to cycad toxins: Are microRNAs common mediators? *Front. Genet.* 3:192. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00192

Spencer, P. S., Garner, E., Palmer, V., and Kisby, G. (2015). "Environmental neurotoxins linked to a prototypical neurodegenerative disease," in *Environmental Factors in Neurodevelopment and Neurodegenerative Disorders*, eds M. Aschner and L. Costa (Amsterdam: Elsevier), 212–237. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-800228-5.00011-X

Spencer, P. S., Kisby, G., and Ludolph, A. (1991). Slow toxins, biologic markers, and long-latency neurodegenerative disease in the western Pacific region. *Neurology* 41, 62–66. doi: 10.1212/WNL.41.5_Suppl_2.62

Spencer, P. S., Lagrange, E., and Camu, W. (2019). ALS and environment: Clues from spatial clustering? *Rev. Neurol.* 175, 652–663. doi: 10.1016/j.neurol.2019.04.007

Spencer, P. S., Palmer, V., Herman, A., and Asmedi, A. (1987b). Cycad use and motor neurone disease in Irian Jaya. *Lancet* 2, 1273–1274. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(87)91883-6

Spencer, P. S., Ohta, M., and Palmer, V. (1987a). Cycad use and motor neurone disease in Kii Peninsula of Japan. *Lancet* 2, 1462–1463. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(87)91159-7

Spencer, P. S., Palmer, V., and Kisby, G. (2020). Western Pacific ALS-PDC: Evidence implicating cycad genotoxins. *J. Neurol. Sci.* 419;117185. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.117185

Spencer, P. S., Palmer, V., and Ludolph, A. (2005). On the decline and etiology of high-incidence motor system disease in West Papua (southwest New Guinea). *Mov. Disord.* 20 Suppl, S119–S126. doi: 10.1002/mds.20552

Spencer, P. S., Salama, M., and Kisby, G. (2022b). "Mechanisms underlying long-latency neurodegenerative disease of environmental origin," in *Handbook of Neurotoxicity*, ed. R. Kostrzewa (Cham: Springer). doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-15080-7_184

Spencer, P. S., Lagrange, E., Palmer, V., Reis, J., Steele, J., and Román, G. (2022a). Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis from genotoxins alone? *Lancet Neurol.* 21, 771–772. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(22)00305-2

Su, F., Sa, C. S., Mukherjee, B., Callaghan, B., Batterman, S., and Feldman, E. (2016). Association of environmental toxins with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. *JAMA Neurol.* 73, 803–811. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurrol.2016.0594

Suggs, H., Luskus, L., Kilian, H., and Mokry, J. (1979). *Exhaust Gas Composition of the F-16 Emergency Power Unit. SAM-TR-79-2, USAF School of Aerospace Medicine*. San Antonio, TX: Brooks Air Force Base. doi: 10.21236/ADA065595

Svanberg, I., and Lindh, H. (2019). Mushroom hunting and consumption in twenty-first century post-industrial Sweden. *J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed.* 15:42. doi: 10.1186/s13002-019-0318-z

Taguchi, Y., and Wang, H. (2017). Genetic association between amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and cancer. *Genes* 8:243. doi: 10.3390/genes8100243

Tähkäpää, A., Terhi Jämsä, T., Soininen, L., and Parry, M. (2020). "Mushroom poisonings in Finland: a 15-year retrospective study," in *Paper Presented at the 40th International Congress of the European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists (EAPCCT)*, Tallinn.

Talbott, E., Malek, A., and Lacomis, D. (2016). The epidemiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. *Handb. Clin. Neurol.* 138, 225–238. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-802973-2.00013-6

Tamiz, A., Koroshetz, W., Dhruv, N., and Jett, D. A. (2022). A focus on the neural exposome. *Neuron* 110, 1286–1289. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.03.019

Tandan, R., and Bradley, W. (1985). Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Part 2. Etiopathogenesis. *Ann. Neurol.* 18, 419–431. doi: 10.1002/ana.410180402

Tarr, I., McCann, E., Benyamin, B., Peters, T., Twine, N., Zhang, K., et al. (2019). Monozygotic twins and triplets discordant for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis display differential methylation and gene expression. *Sci. Rep.* 9:8254. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-44765-4

Taylor, D. A. (2008). *False Morel fungus Gyromitra esculenta* in mossy woodland A second one behind. Limousin: Alamy.

Taylor, J., and Davis, J. (1989). Evidence for clustering of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Wisconsin. *J. Clin. Epidemiol.* 42, 569–575. doi: 10.1016/0895-4356(89)90153-4

Tokí, T., Koyanagi, T., Yoshida, K., Yamamoto, K., and Morita, M. (1994). *Hydrazine compounds useful as pesticides*. U.S. patent US5304657A. Osaka: Ishihara Sangyo Kaisha Ltd.

Toth, B. (1991). Carcinogenic fungal hydrazines. *In *Vivo* 5, 95–100.

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Wilson, J., Khabazian, I., Wong, M., Seyedalikhani, A., Bains, J., Pasqualotto, B., et al. (2002). Behavioral and neurological correlates of ALS-parkinsonism dementia complex in adult mice fed washed cycad flour. *Neuromolecular Med.* 1, 207–221. doi: 10.1385/NMM:1:3:207

Wiser (2022). *Hydrazine CAS 302-01-02*. Bethesda, MD: NIH.

World Health Organization (1987). *Hydrazine, environmental health criteria 68*. Geneva: World Health Organization.

Yoshida, S., Uebayashi, Y., Kihira, T., Kohmoto, J., Wakayama, I., Taguchi, S., et al. (1998). Epidemiology of motor neuron disease in the Kii Peninsula of Japan, 1989–1993: Active or disappearing focus? *J. Neurol. Sci.* 155, 146–155. doi: 10.1016/S0022-510X(97)00300-6

Yu, Y., Su, F., Callaghan, B., Goutman, S., Batterman, S., and Feldman, E. (2014). Environmental risk factors and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): a case-control study of ALS in Michigan. *PLoS One*. 9:e101186. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101186

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