# Tropical Forests. Regional Paths of Destruction and Regeneration in the Late Twentieth Century, by Thomas K. Rudel. Book Review

Edmond Dounias

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Edmond Dounias. Tropical Forests. Regional Paths of Destruction and Regeneration in the Late Twentieth Century, by Thomas K. Rudel. Book Review. Conservation and Society, 2007. hal-03126655

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*Tropical Forests. Regional Paths of Destruction and Regeneration in the Late Twentieth Century*

Thomas K. Rudel, *Tropical Forests. Regional Paths of Destruction and Regeneration in the Late Twentieth Century*, Columbia University Press, New York, 2005, 231+xvi pages, US $ 76.50, Hardcover, ISBN: 0-231-13194-1, US $ 34.50, Paperback ISBN: 0-231-13195-X.

The major goal of *Tropical Forests* is to alert researchers to the danger of overgeneralisation surrounding the dramatic issue of tropical deforestation. The problems of deforestation in a particular tropical rain forest can hardly be extended to the broader region or to other forested places of the world. This book by Thomas K. Rudel is an astounding plea against the presumed idea that the conditions at play in the destruction of a tropical forest should apply to all other places in the tropical realm.

In a very well documented introduction, Rudel provides an overview of the major scientific studies dealing with tropical deforestation and points out their strengths and weaknesses. He raises the primary difficulties in evaluating this abundant literature, and he underlines the bias caused by inaccurate estimates of deforestation rates in most agency reports that are repeatedly cited. He comes to the conclusion—which arguably justifies this book—that the many studies published provide poor descriptions of regional processes and seldom serve as guidelines for efficient conservation strategies. He proposes however to use these factual sources of information as a point of departure to elaborate a more extended analysis of regional variations in deforestation processes.

The second chapter of *Tropical Forests* lays the innovative conceptual groundwork that the author has implemented for the analysis of these regional differences. Scientists who investigate individual cases sometimes resort to complex models of conjoint causation that account only for deforestation processes in the case under study. However, extrapolation of this plethora of models to other cases remains a recurrent difficulty. To get beyond the trivial juxtaposition of individual case studies that would not contribute to the analytical potential of a comparative historical approach, Rudel proposes to combine it with a method for arraying and analysing data from multiple case studies.

A major source of influence of Rudel's book is the remarkable effort by the Geosphere-Biosphere Programme to go beyond 'case by case' data. The meeting called in 2000 by H. Geist and E. Lambin has served as a basis for the
elaboration of a deforestation process model published in 2001 and which is
now referred to as a fundamental tentative meta-analysis. Whereas Geist and
Lambin report regional differences in a wide-ranging discussion of the differ-
ent forces that drive deforestation, Rudel defines the regions differently and
focuses the analysis on the different regional combinations of driving forces.
If both studies meet each other around the idea of conjoint causation, Rudel
uses a singular method—a qualitative comparative approach—to identify the
particular combinations of forces that drive forest cover change in places. The
author seeks simplicity by focusing on specific situations and tries to explain
ecologically significant events. His meta-analysis—composed of 270 case
studies that were published before 2004—includes studies of forest regenera-
tion as well as forest destruction and pays particular attention to the historical
dimension, distinguishing between forest cover changes occurring during the
1970s and 1980s from those occurring during the 1990s.

The iterative process of analysis has outlined the boundaries of seven regional patterns of deforestation: Central America and the Caribbean, the Amazon Basin, West Africa, Central Africa, East Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. In chapters 3 to 9, Rudel explores each of these regional patterns successively and in the tenth and last chapter of his book, he attempts a summary of the different regional patterns and synthesises the major commonalities that arise from the meta-analysis. A systematic undervaluation of environmental services provided by primary forest in market studies, a degrading impact of migration from rural to urban areas on rural enterprise and a renouncement of colonisation projects due to the growing importance of urban political agendas, are some of the main policy-relevant processes of deforestation exposed in this book, that seem to be pertinent in all regions. Rudel also convincingly points out that adaptive co-management strategies that bring indigenous in-holders together with concession holders might provide an appropriate institutional framework for a significantly improved management of these concessions.

But the impact of other large scale factors like globalisation vary signifi-
cantly from region to region and generate drivers of change that accentuate
the difference in forest cover between the seven regions analysed. Rudel sug-
gests that the optimal mix of policies for advancing biodiversity conservation
will vary substantially across the seven rain forest regions he analysed sepa-
rately, and he advocates for a better recognition of variable human ecological
conditions by policies, which would gain to build on the variability of these
contextual factors that are rarely clarified in academic discussions.

Rudel's meta-analysis shares major conclusions with the study by Geist and
Lambin when it identifies distinctive regional configurations of causes – cattle
raising complexes in Latin America, logging-initiated processes of deforesta-
tion in Southeast Asia, and smallholder agriculture in Africa. The two studies
also converge in showing that population increase has been overemphasised
as a causal force of deforestation. Nevertheless, Rudel's study looks more at
historical trends in the causal configurations and the qualitative comparative
analysis he uses appears to be more sensitive to sub-regional variations in
causal configurations than the Geist and Lambin studies that federate cases by
continent.

*Tropical Forests* shows clearly that new conservation policies make sense only in remote and poorly populated forest zones and it is a persuasive demonstration that criteria for assessing conservation efforts should also vary across regions. The author encourages scientists to more middle-range research on change in tropical rain forests as such research is likely to have a better chance of influencing conservation policy-making than research conducted at either global or local scales. The receptiveness of policy makers to policies derived from middle-range analyses may have a geographic basis, because the boundaries of middle-range investigations often coincide with the geographically defined domains of policy makers.

The full-bodied comparative analysis of the assembled case studies is the main achievement of this book. It appropriately contextualises descriptions of tropical forest-change and can contribute to policies relating to tropical forest conservation that fit a particular time and place. The book is further enhanced by an abundant list of nearly 400 bibliographic references– many of which refer to studies carried out by scientists working for the Center for International Forestry Research – and by a long appendix describing each of the case studies that served for the qualitative comparative analysis. This appendix is aimed at readers who may want to inquire into which case studies in particular were included in the analysis and how the causal forces they describe were finally coded for the purpose of the meta-analysis.

Readers interested in this stimulating book are strongly advised to previ-
ously consult the report published in 2001 by Helmut Geist and Eric Lambin:
*What Drives Tropical Deforestation? A Meta-analysis of Proximate and Un-
derlying Causes of Deforestation based on Sub-national Case Study Evidence.*
Land Use and Cover Change (LUCC), Report #4, Louvain-la-Neuve, Bel-
gium.

Edmond Dounias

Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)
Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive (CEFE)
1919, route de Mende
34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France
E-mail: edmond.dounias@ird.fr

Copyright: © Edmond Dounias 2007. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use and distribution of the article, provided the original work is cited.