# Application of genetic and Spatially Explicit Capture-Recapture analyses to design adaptive feral cat control in a large inhabited island

Claire-Cécile Juhasz, Naïs Avargues, Laurence Humeau, David Ringler, Patrick Pinet, Clémence Hollinger, Richard Beaulieu, Lucie Faulquier, Arthur Choeur, Sophie Bureau, et al.

► To cite this version:

Claire-Cécile Juhasz, Naïs Avargues, Laurence Humeau, David Ringler, Patrick Pinet, et al. Application of genetic and Spatially Explicit Capture-Recapture analyses to design adaptive feral cat control in a large inhabited island. NeoBiota, 2022, 79, pp.51 - 85. 10.3897/neobiota.79.87726. hal-04047191

HAL Id: hal-04047191

https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04047191

Submitted on 27 Mar 2023

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access
archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-
entific research documents, whether they are pub-
lished or not. The documents may come from
teaching and research institutions in France or
abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est
destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents
scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non,
émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de
recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires
publics ou privés.

<figure><img src="image_1.png" /></figure>

Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
# Application of genetic and Spatially Explicit Capture-Recapture analyses to design adaptive feral cat control in a large inhabited island

Claire-Cécile Juhasz¹, Naïs Avargues¹, Laurence Humeau², David Ringler³, Patrick Pinet⁴, Clémence Hollinger⁴, Richard Beaulieu⁵, Lucie Faulquier¹, Arthur Choeur¹, Sophie Bureau¹, Denis Da Silva², Jérôme Dubos¹, Yahaia Soulaimana-Mattoir¹, Matthieu Le Corre¹

1 UMR ENTROPIE (Université de La Réunion, IRD, CNRS, IFREMER, Université de Nouvelle-Calédonie), 15 Avenue René Cassin, CS 92003, 97744 Saint Denis Cedex 9, Ile de La Réunion, France 2 UMR PVBMT, Université de La Réunion, CIRAD, 15 Avenue René Cassin, CS 92003, 97744 Saint Denis Cedex 9, Ile de La Réunion, France 3 Kiore Services, La Castillerie, 44360 St Etienne de Montluc, France 4 Parc National de La Réunion, 258 rue de la République, 97431 La Plaine des Palmistes, Ile de la Réunion, France 5 Association pour la Valorisation de l'Entre deux Monde (AVE2M), 13 rue Josémont Lauret, 97418 La Plaine des Cafres, Ile de La Réunion, France

Corresponding author: Claire-Cécile Juhasz (clrcljuhasz@gmail.com)

Academic editor: Sandro Bertolino | Received 14 June 2022 | Accepted 28 November 2022 | Published 23 December 2022

**Citation:** Juhasz C-C, Avargues N, Humeau L, Ringler D, Pinet P, Hollinger C, Beaulieu R, Faulquier L, Choeur A, Bureau S, Da Silva D, Dubos J, Soulaimana-Mattoir Y, Le Corre M (2022) Application of genetic and Spatially Explicit Capture-Recapture analyses to design adaptive feral cat control in a large inhabited island. NeoBiota 79: 51–85. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.79.87726

## Abstract

Faunas of oceanic islands have a high proportion of endemic species which contribute to the uniqueness of island communities. Island species are particularly naïve and vulnerable to alien predators, such as cats (*Felis catus*). On large, inhabited islands, where the complete eradication of feral cat populations is not considered feasible, control represents the best management option to lower their detrimental effects on native fauna. The first objective of our study was to investigate population genetics of feral cats of Réunion Island. The second objective was to understand the space use of feral cats established near the breeding colonies of the two endemic and endangered seabirds of Réunion Island, the Barau's Petrel (*Pterodroma baraui*) and the Mascarene Petrel (*Pseudobulweria aterrima*). We evaluated genetic diversity, population structure and gene flow amongst six groups of feral cats located at a maximum of 10 km from known petrel colonies. We also analysed the behaviour and space use of one of these feral cat groups using camera-trap data and Spatially Explicit Capture-Recapture (SECR) models. Genetic analyses revealed that feral cats were structured in three genetic clusters explained mostly by the island topography. Two clusters were observed at five sampled sites, suggesting high connectivity amongst these sites. The last cluster was found
in only one site, suggesting high isolation. This site was a remote mountain area located in the vicinity
of one of the main Barau's Petrel colonies. The behavioural study was conducted on this isolated feral cat
population. Mark recapture analysis suggested that feral cats were present at low density and had large
home ranges, which is probably explained by reduced food availability. Finally, we make several recom-
mendations for refining feral cat management programmes on inhabited islands.

Keywords

camera trapping, endemic seabird conservation, *Felis catus*, genetic tools, invasive species control, oceanic island, SECR model

**Introduction**

One third of the terrestrial biodiversity hot-spots includes oceanic islands and most of them are in the tropics (Myers et al. 2000). Oceanic islands are characterised by a high proportion of endemic species (Carlquist 1974; Myers et al. 2000; Kier et al. 2009) contributing to the uniqueness of island communities (see Burlakova et al. 2011). Insular species are particularly naive and vulnerable to the introduction of exotic predators (Moors and Atkinson 1984; Medina et al. 2011; Legge et al. 2017), which are known to be the main drivers of species extinction and biodiversity loss on islands (Moors and Atkinson 1984; Courchamp et al. 2003; Leclerc et al. 2018; Russell and Kueffer 2019). Domestic cats (*Felis catus*) have established feral populations on many islands worldwide (hereafter referred to as feral cats; Nogales et al. 2013). They present a high invasive ability (Van Aarde 1986) and are one of the most damaging species introduced on islands (Fitzgerald 1988; Courchamp et al. 1999b; 2003, Medina et al. 2011; Nogales et al. 2013; Jones et al. 2016). This generalist and opportunist predator has caused numerous extinctions of insular species and particularly of endemic vertebrates (Nogales et al. 2004; Nogales and Medina 2009; Doherty et al. 2016). There is an urgent need to counteract the biodiversity loss due to feral cat predation by optimising methods to eradicate or regulate this invasive predator (Myers et al. 2000; Kier et al. 2009; Burlakova et al. 2011).

Feral cat eradications, which consist of a complete and definitive removal of the fe-
ral cats, have been frequently conducted on islands (see Medina et al. 2011). However,
their implementation on large, inhabited islands remains challenging. The main dif-
ficulties to eradicate feral cats from large inhabited islands are low social acceptability,
inappropriate legislation, lack of long-term political commitment, important financial
cost and reduced technical feasibility of such large-scale operations (Oppel et al. 2010;
Glen et al. 2013; Russell et al. 2018). The situation is even more complicated by the
presence of domestic cats which can be accidentally culled and which permanently
supplement the feral cat population through breeding (Choeur et al. 2022). One alter-
native to eradication is long-term control of feral cats in key areas, in order to maintain
the population below a threshold that results in a low and acceptable impact on bio-
diversity (Doherty et al. 2017; Palmas et al. 2020). However, in most cases, controlled
areas are not isolated from nearby uncontrolled areas and are continuously re-invaded by cats (Lazenby et al. 2015; Palmas et al. 2020). The re-invasion rate depends on various factors, such as the density of cats in uncontrolled nearby areas, the connectivity between controlled and uncontrolled areas and the dispersive behaviour of the cats (Palmas et al. 2020; Choeur et al. 2022). When cat control is implemented in key areas, there is a strong need to understand the individual dispersion (Pulliam 1988; Hanski 1999) and space use at global and local scales to estimate the rate of re-invasion and to optimise the cost-effectiveness of control campaigns (Palmas et al. 2020).

Population genetics is an efficient tool for informing the management of invasive mammalian species (Browett et al. 2020). Genetic-based techniques can be used to identify the origin of the invaders, to trace the invasion pathways and to appropriately target a population of manageable size with low re-colonisation risk (Robertson and Gemmell 2004; Abdelkrim et al. 2005; Rollins et al. 2006, 2009). This information can be used to design the best strategy for successful control campaign. For instance, introduced feral cats on the main island of the Kerguelen Archipelago are now well established over the entire island, suggesting that a complete eradication would be extremely difficult (Simberloff 2003; Pontier et al. 2005; Barbraud et al. 2021). However genetic analyses highlighted limited connections between sites, indicating that local control may have long-term benefits (Pontier et al. 2005). On the island of Hawai'i, the genetics of feral cat populations indicated high genetic diversity, population expansion and weak, but significant structure amongst three sites (Hansen et al. 2007). These results indicated that the most isolated site could be targeted for control (Hansen et al. 2007). On Christmas Island (Indian Ocean), no genetic structure was detected amongst feral cat populations, suggesting high connectivity and higher risk of re-invasion after local control. This indicates that, in this case, feral cats of the entire island should be removed or simultaneously controlled (Koch et al. 2020).

Camera trapping and Spatially Explicit Capture-Recapture (SECR) are effective tools to understand species behaviour and spatial ecology (Bridges and Noss 2011; Rovero et al. 2013; Royle 2015). SECR models are hierarchical models that account for both the spatial organisation and movement of individuals in relation to the placement and effectiveness of the detection devices (Kane et al. 2015). This method provides key information for designing effective feral cat control and for optimising management techniques (Robley et al. 2010; Lazenby et al. 2015; McGregor et al. 2015). Palmas et al. (2020) tested the feasibility and efficiency of an intensive control of feral cats in a semi-isolated peninsula in New Caledonia. SECR modelling suggested that feral cats recolonised the controlled area in three months, recovering to the same density as the one determined before the culling (Palmas et al. 2020). Recolonisation by feral cats was faster than expected despite the favourable geographical situation of the peninsula. In such cases, genetic studies may offer a strong benefit to management actions by highlighting the connectivity between controlled and uncontrolled populations.

Réunion Island (21°00'S, 55°39'E) is a large (2512 km²), young (about two million years) inhabited (861,200 people in 2021) volcanic island of the Mascarene Archipelago, western Indian Ocean. The topography is extremely rough with a maximum
elevation of 3,071 m a.s.l., several summits above 2,500 m and three massive eroded calderas surrounded by huge vertical cliffs (of 1 km high). This topography has generated an important ecological heterogeneity (Strasberg et al. 2005). Réunion Island is part of the biodiversity hotspot of Madagascar and surrounding islands (Myers et al. 2000; Roberts et al. 2002; Mittermeier et al. 2005; Kier et al. 2009). Since the colonisation of the Island by humans in the late 1600s, this biodiversity has been strongly impacted by habitat loss, unregulated hunting and invasive species. A total of 57% (17 of the 30 species) of the native vertebrates of the Island are now extinct (Gargominy et al. 2020). One of the most problematic alien predators is the feral cat. This species was introduced in 1702 (Cheke and Hume 2010) and is known to prey upon several endemic species including the endangered Barau's Petrel (*Pterodroma baraui*; Faulquier et al. 2009) and the critically endangered Mascarene Petrel (*Pseudobulweria aterrima*; Riethmuller et al. 2012).

The objectives of our study were to estimate the genetic connectivity and space use of feral cat populations near the breeding colonies of the two endemic petrels. Based on 10 polymorphic microsatellite markers, we evaluated genetic diversity, population structure and gene flow amongst six groups of feral cats located at a maximum of 10 km from known petrel colonies. We used feral cat capture-mark-recapture (CMR) data and SECR models to estimate the density and the home range of feral cats near the well-studied Barau's Petrel breeding colony of Grand Bénare. We determined their density and general activity (movements and detection probabilities) in relation to the types of habitat used (trail vs. vegetation cover). Finally, genetic data and behavioural data were combined to propose an adapted feral cat control strategy.

# Materials and methods

## The endemic petrels of Réunion Island

The population size of Barau's Petrel is estimated between 10,000 and 30,000 breeding pairs (Virion et al. 2020). The first breeding colony was discovered in 1995 (Probst 1995; Probst et al. 2000). Several breeding sites have been discovered since then and two of them are monitored annually: Bras des Etangs (west side of Piton des Neiges, 2,400 m a.s.l.) and Grand Bénare (2,600 m a.s.l.). The breeding habitat is characterised by steep cliffs between 2,200 and 2,800 m a.s.l. mainly covered by endemic shrubs, such as *Erica reunionensis*, *Stoebe passerinoides* and *Sophora denudata* (Cadet 1977; Probst et al. 2000; Strasberg et al. 2005). Barau's Petrels breed seasonally between September and April. They completely leave their colonies after breeding. Feral cats have been reported at all known colonies. Faulquier et al. (2009) showed that feral cats established at Barau's Petrel colonies prey intensively upon adults, inducing a strong negative impact on populations, as this long-lived species is particularly sensitive to any additive mortality on adults (Russell et al. 2009; Dumont et al. 2010). Rats and mice are also present at Barau's Petrel colonies, at low density, probably because these altitudinal habitats are suboptimal for these species (authors' unpubl. data).
The population size of Mascarene Petrel is estimated at 250 breeding pairs (Attie et al. 1997). Two breeding colonies were discovered in 2016 and 2017 (Virion et al. 2020; Juhasz et al., in press) and have been monitored annually since. Burrows are located on steep cliffs from 650 to 1,200 m a.s.l. where the habitat is dominated by shrubs, such as the indigenous *Olea lancea* and the endemic *Monimia rotundifolia* (Juhasz et al., in press). The Mascarene Petrel breeds seasonally between August and March. They completely leave their colonies after breeding. Preliminary studies conducted at the breeding colonies suggest that predation by exotic mammals (rats and cats) and habitat loss constitute the main threats for this critically-endangered seabird species (Juhasz et al. in press; authors’ unpubl. data).

## Genetic sampling of feral cats

We sampled feral cats from July 2015 to December 2016 at six sites. Five of these sites are included in the National Park of Réunion Island and located in native mountain forests (Fig. 1A, B). The site of Cilaos is in the southernmost massive caldera of the Piton des Neiges volcano (called “Cirque de Cilaos”). The site of Les Makes is located 9 km to the southwest of Cilaos. Dimitile and Grand Bassin are located respectively at 6 and 8 km to the southeast of Cilaos. These four sites are located between 1,200 and

B

<figure><img src="image_2.png" /></figure>

**Figure 1.** Maps illustrating **A** the locality of Réunion Island **B** genetic sampling sites, in 2015–2016 and **C** camera trapping sites in 2016. Each colour of dots corresponds to a different geographical area. Area codes and sample sizes are indicated in parentheses. The grey area corresponds to the National Park and the orange areas correspond to the presence of Barau’s and Mascarene Petrels. Triangles correspond to the localities of camera traps on trails (yellow triangles) and under vegetation cover (black triangles). The black lines show the trails.
<table><caption>**Table 1.** Estimates ± standard errors of genetic diversity for 10 microsatellite loci of feral cats (total N<sub>sample</sub> = 158 individuals) in six geographical areas in Réunion Island, 2015–2016.</caption><thead><tr><th>Area</th><th>Code</th><th>N<sub>sample</sub></th><th>N</th><th>AL</th><th>PA</th><th>AR</th><th>H<sub>O</sub></th><th>H<sub>E</sub></th><th>F<sub>IS</sub></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Maïdo</td><td>MAI</td><td>23</td><td>22.80±0.20</td><td>5.20±0.53</td><td>1</td><td>4.68±0.45 a</td><td>0.58±0.05</td><td>0.58±0.04</td><td>-0.02±0.03</td></tr><tr><td>Makes</td><td>MAK</td><td>31</td><td>30.30±0.37</td><td>7.20±0.47</td><td>4</td><td>6.11±0.35 b</td><td>0.65±0.04</td><td>0.70±0.02</td><td>0.06±0.04</td></tr><tr><td>Cilaos</td><td>CIL</td><td>22</td><td>21.60±0.31</td><td>6.90±0.41</td><td>3</td><td>6.35±0.38 b</td><td>0.68±0.03</td><td>0.70±0.03</td><td>0.01±0.03</td></tr><tr><td>Dimitile</td><td>DIM</td><td>46</td><td>45.30±0.40</td><td>6.90±0.53</td><td>4</td><td>5.49±0.36 ab</td><td>0.68±0.04</td><td>0.66±0.04</td><td>-0.05±0.04</td></tr><tr><td>Grand Bassin</td><td>GB</td><td>16</td><td>15.70±0.15</td><td>6.00±0.47</td><td>3</td><td>5.90±0.45 ab</td><td>0.58±0.06</td><td>0.65±0.04</td><td>0.08±0.05</td></tr><tr><td>Grande Anse</td><td>GA</td><td>20</td><td>19.80±0.13</td><td>6.50±0.27</td><td>2</td><td>6.20±0.24 b</td><td>0.74±0.03</td><td>0.71±0.03</td><td>-0.07±0.03</td></tr></tbody></table>

For each area, we give the mean number of genotyped individuals (N), the mean number of alleles per locus (AL), the mean allelic richness per locus, based on minimum sample size of 15 diploid individuals (AR; means followed by the same lower case letter are not significantly different [i.e. P > 0.05] according to the pairwise Wilcoxon's signed rank tests with Bonferroni correction), the private allelic richness (AP), the observed heterozygosity over all loci ($H_O$), the unbiased expected heterozygosity ($H_E$) and the fixation index ($F_{IS}$; Weir and Cockerham 1984).

1,400 m a.s.l. The fifth site, named Maïdo, is a volcanic plateau sloping to the west and located 9 km to the northwest of Cilaos. Maïdo lies between 1,500 and 2,850 m a.s.l. and is characterised by subalpine shrubland. The sixth study site, Grande Anse, is a coastal peri-urban area located 20 km to the south of all other sites at 0 to 110 m a.s.l. (Fig. 1B). All sampled sites are located at less than 10 km from a breeding colony of Barau's Petrel or Mascarene Petrel (Fig. 1B) and four of them (Cilaos, Dimitile, Grand Bassin and Maïdo) are located less than 3 km from the nearest petrel colony.

Cats were live-trapped with Tomahawk cage traps baited with sardines and brought to the veterinary clinic for sanitary inspection. The veterinarian checked for individual pit-tags and tattoos to identify potential owned cats. The behavioural profile of the cat was then evaluated to estimate the possibility to adopt it. If adoption was impossible because the cat was too wild, the cat was euthanised after the legal guard period of four days. The euthanasia was made by intra-venal injection of pentobarbital. Kidney tissue samples were collected from each euthanised cat and stored in 70% ethanol at -80 °C until laboratory analysis. The protocol was approved by the CYROI institutional ethical committee, certified by the French Ministry of Higher Education and Research (NoAPAFIS#6916-20151 00213267087 v.6). A total of 158 feral cats were trapped including 87 males, 67 females and 4 indeterminate (Table 1). None of them was identified as an owned or adoptable cat.

## Microsatellite genotyping

Total DNA was extracted from a small piece of kidney tissue using the QIAmp Blood and Tissue kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). Genotyping was conducted for 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci (described in Menotti-Raymond and O'Brien 1995 for Fca43 and Fca96, Menotti-Raymond et al. 1999 for Fca31, Fca69, Fca76, Fca173, Fca275, Fca441 and Fca531 and Menotti-Raymond et al. 2003 for Fca1027) on DNA extracts from 158 individuals. A 3-primer PCR approach, using a M13 tail for the forward primer, was used for microsatellite loci amplification following Schuelke (2000).
Four different dyes (6-FAM, PET, VIC, NED) were used for the universal M13 forward primer to enable fragment analysis multiplexing. Simple PCR amplifications were performed using a GeneAmp PCR System 9700 (Applied Biosystems, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA) in 10 µl reaction volume containing 5 µl of MasterMix Applied 2x (Applied Biosystems, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA), 0.3 µl of the forward primer with M13 5'-tail (1 µM), 0.3 µl of the reverse primer (10 µM), 0.3 µl of dyes (10 µM), 2.1 µl of sterile deionised water and 2 µl of genomic DNA (20–40 ng/µl). PCR amplifications were carried out under the following conditions: an initial denaturing step at 95 °C for 5 min, followed by 40 cycles of 95 °C for 30 sec, 56 °C for 30 sec and 72 °C for 30 sec and a final elongation at 72 °C for 20 min. Up to four different simplex PCR plates, each with a different dye, were mixed and PCR product sizes were determined, using a 3730XL DNA analyser (Applied Biosystems, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA) at the Gentyane platform (Clermont-Ferrand, France) and were sized with LIZ(500) standard using GeneMapper (Applied Biosystems, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA).

## Genetic diversity

Evidence of null alleles, large-allele dropout and stutter peaks in all microsatellites was examined using MicroChecker 2.2.3 (Van Oosterhout et al. 2004). Each locus-pair combination was tested for linkage disequilibrium with GenePop 4.7.5 (Rousset 2008). The *P*-values were corrected using the Benjamini and Yekutieli (2001) method for multiple comparisons (Narum 2006). The mean observed number of alleles per locus (AL) and the number of private alleles per area (AP) were computed using GenAlEx 6.5 (Peakall and Smouse 2012). Allelic richness (AR; El Mousadik and Petit 1996), adjusted for discrepancies in sample size by incorporating a rarefaction method as implemented using FSTAT 2.9.3 (Goudet 2001), was used to make comparisons of the mean number of alleles amongst areas. The means of allelic richness amongst areas were compared using pairwise Wilcoxon's signed rank tests with Bonferroni correction. Observed heterozygosity (*H*<sub>O</sub>), unbiased expected heterozygosity estimated according to Nei (1978) (*H*<sub>E</sub>) and Wright's F-statistics (*F*<sub>IS</sub>) according to the method of Weir and Cockerham (1984) were calculated for all and each population using GenAlEx 6.5 (Peakall and Smouse 2012). Deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (*HWE*) were tested for each of the six areas using the package pegas 0.13 (Paradis 2010) using R 3.2.0 (R Core Team 2021), with the exact test based on 10<sup>3</sup> Monte Carlo permutations.

## Genetic differentiation and structuring

Assignment tests, based on multi-locus microsatellite genotypes, were evaluated using two different clustering approaches. First, we used a Bayesian genotype clustering procedure in STRUCTURE 2.3.3 (Pritchard et al. 2000). The admixture model was used with the LOCPRIOR setting, which considers sample location and allows structure to be detected when genetic structure is weak or when the number of loci is small (< 20; Hubisz et al. 2009). The *r*-index was also used to determine the relevance
of the sampling location (LOCPRIOR), with low values of *r* indicating that sampling locations are informative to the overall model (Falush et al. 2003). Correlated allele frequencies were assumed (Pritchard et al. 2000). For each value (1–10) of the number of independent genetic clusters (K), we ran 10⁶ iterations 10 times (after a burn-in of 10⁵ steps). For choosing the optimal number of clusters, two criteria were used; the log likelihood given K (L(K); Pritchard et al. 2000) and the second-order rate of change of mean log-likelihood (ΔK; Evanno et al. 2005). Both criteria were calculated using STRUCTURE HARVESTER online Web server (Earl and vonHoldt 2012). CLUMPAK software (Kopelman et al. 2015) was used to find the optimal individual alignments of replicated cluster analyses and to visualise the results.

Population structure was also explored by integrating spatial coordinates of samples using a Bayesian model executed in a Markov Chain Monte Carlo, as implemented in the R package Geneland 4.0.5 (Guillot et al. 2005, 2008). The geographical information was used to detect spatial delineation of genetic discontinuities, where the number of area units is treated as an unknown parameter. We ran the MCMC ten times independently to verify the consistency of the results. We used K from 1 to 10, 10⁵ iterations with 100 burn-in generations, an uncertainty attached to spatial coordinates fixed to 200 m (i.e. the precision of our sample locations) and the maximum number of nuclei in the Poisson–Voronoi tessellation fixed to 300. The analysis was run with correlated allele frequency models, true spatial and no null allele models. Finally, all runs were examined for consistency.

Genetic differentiation amongst all pairs of areas was assessed by calculating pairwise *F*<sub>ST</sub> values following Meirmans (2006) and pairwise Nei's *G*'<sub>ST</sub> distances (Nei 1978). Statistical significance was tested by 10⁴ permutations of genotypes amongst areas under Bonferroni's correction, using GenoDive 3.04 (Meirmans and Van Tien deren 2004).

Pairwise genetic and geographic distances amongst sampling locations were used to test patterns of isolation by distance (IBD) using a Mantel test (Mantel 1967). We used the scaleGen function in adegenet 2.1.3 package (Jombart 2008) to calculate the Euclidean genetic distances amongst samples. Euclidian geographical distances between each pair of samples were calculated. The significance of the correlation coefficient between sample pairs was estimated using a Mantel test with 10,000 randomisations in R. In addition, we repeated IBD analyses using only the subset of natural areas to investigate the effect of geographic distance of Grande Anse peri-urban area from other areas, which might disproportionately contribute to IBD patterns.

## Estimates of recent gene flow

To determine possible source populations that could be targeted for control (Rollins et al. 2006), we estimated recent migration rates amongst areas using two methods. First, we used Bayesian assignment tests with BIMr 1.0 (Bayesian Inference of Migration rates, Faubet and Gaggiotti 2008). BIMr infers the proportion of recent immigrants in a population from their genotypes and calculates corresponding asymmetrical
migration rates amongst pairs of populations. BIMr determines recent migration even amongst weakly-differentiated populations (i.e. $F_{ST} > 0.01$) with unequal sample sizes (Faubet and Gaggiotti 2008). Due to overlapping generations in feral cats, BIMr estimates were interpreted as a relative index of recent gene flow rather than a precise estimate of gene flow in the previous generation. A burn-in period of 20,000 iterations followed by $10^5$ iterations for each run was used. The default values were used for all other parameter settings. Migration rate estimates were obtained by choosing the run with lowest Bayesian deviance, measured by the assignment values (Dassign; Faubet and Gaggiotti 2008). Posterior mean and mode migration rates and 95% high density predictive interval (HDPI) were estimated using the package HDInterval (Kruschke 2011) in R.

Estimates of recent migration rates and approximate 95% confidence interval (CI) were also explored by the Bayesian approach as implemented in BayesAss 3.0.4 (Wilson and Rannala 2003). Five runs were first performed by changing the number of seeds ($s = 10, 100, 500, 750$ and $1000$) to obtain a suitable convergence. The number of iterations was $10^6$, of which $10^5$ were burn-in and the sampling frequency was 100. Mixing parameters were 0.6 for allele frequencies, 0.9 for inbreeding coefficients and 0.5 for migration rates. The final run consisted of the same mixing parameters and 100 numbers of seeds.

## Spatially explicit capture-recapture study

CMR data of feral cats were obtained during a single season of camera trap survey at Maïdo (Fig. 1C). This site was selected for: (i) the presence of scats and direct observations of feral cats, (ii) its proximity to a monitored Barau's Petrel colony (about 5 km) where feral cat predation is known to occur (Faulquier et al. 2009), (iii) the proximity of trails which were supposed to maximise the feral cat detection probability (Meek et al. 2014; McGregor et al. 2015) and (iv) the technical feasibility. We deployed and geo-referenced with GPS (Garmin 64 s; 5 m accuracy) 20 camera-traps (9 Scoutguard-MG882K-12mHD, 10 Bushnell Trophy Cam HD and 1 Reconyx HC600 Hyperfire) from 17 February to 25 April 2016 (68 days). Camera-traps were first placed along trails (17 Feb – 23 March), then under vegetation cover (23 March – 25 April). This study period encompassed the second half of the chick rearing and the beginning of the fledging period of Barau's Petrels. The mean distance ($\pm$ sd) between cameras was 2,114.0 $\pm$ 1,273.0 m (min = 49 m, max = 5,626 m). Neither bait nor lure was used, to maintain homogeneous detection probabilities. Devices were set using a high-sensitivity trigger to capture three images per event at rapid-fire interval (0.13 s), with no delay between trigger events, to maximise feral cat identification. During the first week, half of the capture stations were equipped with two cameras placed on the opposing side of trails to capture both flanks of passing animals. Each observed feral cat was identified, based on natural marking such as spots, stripes and ocelli on both sides when possible (Bengsen et al. 2012; McGregor et al. 2015; Lavery et al. 2020; Palmas et al. 2020). A sampling occasion lasted one day (24 h, hereafter named “trap-night”;
Otis et al. 1978; Wang and Macdonald 2009). For each sampling occasion, individu-
als were photographed (“captured”), identified (“marked”) and “released”. All feral cats
previously identified and re-sighted were considered as a recapture. A capture event was
defined as all pictures of unique individuals within a 30-min time period (Di Bitetti
et al. 2006). Cameras were checked every 10 days to download data from memory
cards and replace batteries. No feral cats were captured for the genetic study in the
CMR study area during and 6 months before the behavioural study. However, from
September to December 2015, four feral cats were captured at 5.9 to 7.8 km from the
nearest camera trap.

The trapping effort (in trap-nights) was calculated by adding for each camera the number of days where each camera was active over the study period. The capture efficiency (in number of capture events/100 trap-nights) was calculated by dividing the number of feral cat capture events for all cameras divided by the total trapping effort and multiplied by 100 (Palmas et al. 2020).

Since we designed a short study period (to avoid emigration, immigration or mortality) and we did not consider kitten pictures in the dataset (to avoid recruitment), we applied SECR models that require a demographically closed population. These models assume no emigration or immigration, no mortality and no recruitment during each trap session (Otis et al. 1978; Efford 2004). The matrix of spatially explicit histories of capture-recaptures was constructed for each feral cat by linking each capture of each individual with the coordinates of the camera and with the occasion. Each camera was associated with a spatial covariate (trail vs. under vegetation) to check if trap location affects the detection probability. Data analyses were performed using the SECR package (Borchers and Efford 2008; Efford et al. 2009) in R 4.0.3. First, we estimated the mean maximum distance moved (MMDM) by the individuals between captures. Then, we implemented SECR models. The trap detector type « count » was chosen for the analysis, allowing more than one detection per animal. A habitat mask was used with a buffer width of 3,000 m around each camera-trap (determined with the SECR package; Efford 2021), but excluding the deep cliffs considered as inaccessible for feral cats. This resulted in a sampling area of 60.55 km². We assumed that home ranges of feral cats were distributed following a homogeneous spatial Poisson process during the trapping period (Efford 2004; Borchers and Efford 2008; Efford et al. 2009). The half-normal detection function was selected as the most appropriate for our models. This detection function is defined by two parameters: the animal detection probability considering that the camera-trap is located at its home range centre (g0) and the movement parameter, i.e. the distance scale of the detection function (σ). Models were used to investigate the effects of camera locations (on trail vs. under vegetation) on g0 and σ. Model performances were compared using the difference in Akaike Information Criterion modified for small sample size (AICc). Each model presenting a ΔAICc < 2 was considered a competing best model. Finally, based on the estimates of the best model, we determined: (1) the site-specific population density *D*; in number of cats/km² and (2) the home range (HR₀) and core area (HR₅₀) in km² of feral cats (see Ringler et al. 2014).
# Results

## Genetic diversity

No null alleles, large-allele dropout nor stutter peaks were detected for the 10 microsatellite loci. The percentage of missing data was 1.58%. Linkage disequilibrium amongst loci was detected for four of the 45 loci pairs (*P* < 0.05), but no significant linkage disequilibrium was observed amongst any of the loci after the Benjamini and Yekutieli (2001) correction for multiple tests, suggesting that all loci were independent. The mean allelic richness (*AR*), based on a minimum sample size of 15 individuals, ranged from 4.7 (Maïdo) to 6.4 (Cilaos) alleles per locus and was relatively similar amongst areas, except for the less variable Maïdo area (Table 1). All areas contained one (Maïdo) to four (Makes, Dimitile) private alleles (Table 1). Observed heterozygosity for Maïdo (*H*<sub>O</sub> = 0.58) was similar to Grand Bassin, but it was lower than all other areas (*H*<sub>O</sub> range 0.65–0.74; Table 1). Deviations from *HWE* were not significant for all areas (all *P* < 0.05). The raw microsatellite genotypes of the 158 individual feral cats are available in the supporting information (Appendix 1).

## Genetic structuration and gene flow

Clustering of microsatellite genotypes using STRUCTURE analysis indicated that mean values of the r-index used to determine the relevance of the sampling location in the clustering analysis was low (0.31 ± 0.14), suggesting that sampling locations are informative to the model. Analysis clearly showed that the best-supported model contained three genetic clusters (maximum value of Evanno's likelihood at K = 3, maximum value of L(K) and minimum standard deviation of L(K) at K = 3, Appendix 2). The first genetic cluster was almost exclusively detected for samples from Maïdo (91% of the genetic pool from Maïdo samples). The second cluster was detected amongst samples from Dimitile (77% of Dimitile's samples), Grand Bassin (38%) and Cilaos (25%). The third cluster was shared between Makes and Grand Bassin (more than 90% of samples), then Cilaos and Grand Bassin (about 70% of samples) and finally Dimitile (about 18% of samples; Fig. 2, Appendix 2).

Analysis using Geneland yielded a modal number of populations with a higher proportion of three putative genetic groups (K = 3; Appendix 3: Fig. A2F). The run with the highest average posterior density was selected. Sampled feral cats were clustered into five groups. Two inferred groups (part of Cilaos and Grande Anse) had very low posterior probabilities (Appendix 3: Fig. A2D and E, respectively) and the areas of these groups were already represented in groups with strong posterior probabilities (Appendix 3: Fig. A2A–C). The last three putative groups roughly corresponded to the areas defined using the topography of Réunion Island (Appendix 3: Fig. A2A–C); Maïdo, Dimitile, and the other areas, and corresponded to the results obtained using non-spatial analysis with STRUCTURE.
<figure><img src="image_3.png" /></figure>

**Figure 2.** Distribution of microsatellite clusters based on Bayesian clustering analysis using STRUC-TURE (pies) and Geneland (coloured areas) and map of the migratory pathways suggested by BIMr and BayesAss (black arrows, the thickness is proportional to the amount of gene flow) of the feral cats (N = 158 individuals) in Réunion Island, 2015-2016. Area codes: MAI for Maïdo, CIL for Cilaos, MAK for Makes, GB for Grand Bassin, DIM for Dimitile and GA for Grande Anse.

Pairwise *F*<sub>ST</sub> values ranged between 0.011 and 0.149 with a global *F*<sub>ST</sub> of 0.026 (*P* < 0.001). The highest values were for the comparison of Maïdo to the other areas. *Nei* distances showed the same pattern. For both indexes, 8 of the 10 loci showed p-values less than 0.001. Based on the two differentiation index values, three groups were distinguishable: (1) Maïdo, (2) Dimitile and (3) all other areas, suggesting an isolation of Maïdo particularly and Dimitile to a lesser extent, as previously suggested by the clustering analysis (Appendix 4).

Genetic distance amongst individuals showed no significant relationship with geographic distance either at the global scales (Mantel r-test, *P* = 0.189) or after excluding Grande Anse (Mantel r-test, *P* = 0.385).

Recent mean migration rates determined using BIMr ranged from nearly zero amongst most pairs of areas to nearly 0.05 between Grand Bassin and Dimitile
(Appendix 5). Based on non-overlapping 95% HPDIs, we only recorded significant asymmetric dispersal between Dimitile and Cilaos, with clearly highest migration from Dimitile to Cilaos (Appendix 5). Globally similar results were obtained using Bayes-Ass, suggesting asymmetric dispersal between these two areas. Moreover, all the mean values of recent migration rate were clearly higher compared to those from BIMr and six values had a confidence interval not including zero (Appendix 5), suggesting the migratory pathways presented in Fig. 2.

## Camera trapping and SECR results

During the camera-trapping survey, we collected 41,905 pictures including 376 (0.9%) pictures of feral cats. All photographed feral cats were identified and included in the study. Ten individuals were identified. There was no picture capturing more than one feral cat simultaneously (see details in Table 2).

<table><caption>**Table 2.** Summary of the results obtained from both camera trapping sessions of feral cats, 2016, Réunion Island. For each session, the trapping effort corresponds to the product of the number of occasions per session and the number of active cameras. The capture efficiency is the number of detections divided by 100 trap-days.</caption><thead><tr><th>Location</th><th>Period (days)</th><th>Date</th><th>Number of cameras</th><th>Trapping effort (trap-day)</th><th>Number of pictures</th><th>Number of cat pictures (%)</th><th>Total number of cats</th><th>Total number of recaptures</th><th>Capture efficiency (detections/100 trap-days)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Trail</td><td>35</td><td>17 Feb – 23 Mar</td><td>20</td><td>550</td><td>21,524</td><td>114 (0.5%)</td><td>6</td><td>34</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>Vegetation</td><td>33</td><td>23 Mar – 25 Apr</td><td>20</td><td>532</td><td>20,381</td><td>262 (1.3%)</td><td>8</td><td>12</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td></td><td><strong>68</strong></td><td><strong>17 Feb – 25 Apr</strong></td><td><strong>20</strong></td><td><strong>1082</strong></td><td><strong>41,905</strong></td><td><strong>376 (0.9%)</strong></td><td><strong>10</strong></td><td><strong>50</strong></td><td><strong>5.5</strong></td></tr></tbody></table>

In total, we obtained 60 feral cat detections between 17 February and 25 April 2016, corresponding to 10 captures and 50 recaptures for 10 individuals. For cameras on trails, we obtained six captures and 34 recaptures of five individuals at 14 of the 20 cameras. When camera traps were placed under vegetation, eight feral cats were first detected (including four feral cats previously identified on trails) and five of them were recaptured (12 detections) at eight of the 20 cameras (Table 2; Appendix 6). The global trapping effort was 1,082 trap-nights with a capture efficiency of 5.5 detections/100 trap-nights. The mean maximum distance moved (MMDM ± se) by feral cat was 1,926 ± 589 m. We tested the effect of camera types and the linear time trend over occasions on the detection probability g0. No effect was detected.

The model with the greatest support was the null model (Table 3). This model had a maximum detection probability at each camera trap (g0) of 0.06 (95% CI [0.03; 0.09]) and a spatial scale of movement (σ) of 971 m (95% CI [791; 1,193]; Appendix 7). The estimated population density of feral cats was 0.25 feral cats/km² (95%CI [0.12; 0.47]). The mean home range was estimated at 15.0 km² (HR95) with a core area of 2.5 km² (HR50).
<table><caption>**Table 3.** Model selection testing the spatial effect of camera trap location (on trail vs. under vegetation) on the detection parameters (g0 and σ) on Réunion Island, 2016. D is the density, g0 is for the probability of feral cat detection at the home range centre and σ is the scale parameter of the detection function. Models are ranked by their AICc values. The best model (ΔAICc < 2) is in bold.</caption><thead><tr><th></th><th>D</th><th>g0</th><th>σ</th><th>Npar</th><th>AICc</th><th>ΔAICc</th><th>W (%)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1.</td><td>~ 1</td><td>~ 1</td><td>~ 1</td><td>3</td><td>639.25</td><td>0.00</td><td>76</td></tr><tr><td>2.</td><td>~ 1</td><td>~ location</td><td>~ 1</td><td>5</td><td>641.60</td><td>2.35</td><td>24</td></tr><tr><td>3.</td><td>~ 1</td><td>~ 1</td><td>~ location</td><td>5</td><td>649.70</td><td>10.45</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>4.</td><td>~ 1</td><td>~ location</td><td>~ location</td><td>7</td><td>680.84</td><td>41.59</td><td>0</td></tr></tbody></table>

Npar: number of estimated parameters, AICc: Akaike Information Criterion modified for small sample size, ΔAICc: difference in AICc values in relation to the most parsimonious model, W: model AICc weight.

# Discussion and conclusion

## Genetic diversity, structure and gene flow in feral cat populations

The genetic diversity of feral cats on Réunion Island is similar to that observed on cat populations recently introduced on other islands (Kerguelen, Pontier et al. 2005; Hawai'i, Hansen et al. 2007; Christmas & Cocos Island, Spencer et al. 2016). It is also similar to the diversity observed in non-insular contexts, in isolated populations with low dispersal rates (France, Say et al. 2003; Australia, Cowen et al. 2019). It is assumed that most feral cats of Réunion Island are descendants of cats introduced from France (Dreux 1990). Interestingly the genetic diversity of feral cats on Réunion Island is lower than that observed in Europe (Pierpaoli et al. 2003), which may be explained by a founding effect leading to a genetic drift as expected in such isolated contexts (Slatkin and Excoffier 2012; Bélouard et al. 2019).

Microsatellite analysis and Bayesian clustering analysis suggested significant structuring amongst studied populations. Genetic structure was strong compared to populations of Hawai'i (three sampled sites, $F_{ST} < 0.05$; Hansen et al. 2007) and the Kerguelen Archipelago (four sampled sites, $F_{ST} \le 0.09$; Pontier et al. 2005). We found three genetic clusters amongst which, one was observed only at our highest sample site, Maïdo. This suggests very low gene flow between this site and other lower populations. The isolation of Maïdo was also supported by a lower allelic richness compared to other areas, as expected in isolated populations (Frankham 1996; Peter and Slatkin 2015). This pattern is probably due to the very rough topography of the island. Indeed, Maïdo is separated from other sites by a vertical cliff of more than 1 km, which probably represents a geographical obstacle for feral cat dispersal.

The second and third genetic clusters were detected in the five other areas (Dimitile, Cilaos, Grand Bassin, Makes, Grande Anse, Fig. 2). Although differentiation indexes indicated an isolation of Dimitile, feral cats sampled in this area were mostly assigned to a genetic group that was also detected in the four other areas. The low $F_{ST}$ and Nei distance estimates, coupled with a lack of isolation by distance, suggest that Grande Anse, Makes, Cilaos and Grand Bassin areas were weakly isolated from each other, despite large geographical distances between Grande Anse and the others (minimum of 20 km). This result suggests either or both natural and human-mediated
dispersal of feral cats amongst these areas. The human-mediated dispersal hypothesis is reinforced by the lack of genetic isolation through geographical distances, which would be expected if a progressive colonisation process occurred amongst neighbouring sites (Kimura and Weiss 1964; Slatkin 1993).

## Density and home range of feral cats

Comparing home range of feral cats from the literature is challenging because of the large diversity of the methods used, ranging from GPS tracking to SECR modelling (Jones and Coman 1982; Nogales et al. 2004; Bengsen et al. 2012; McGregor et al. 2015). However, our results suggest that feral cats at Maïdo are present at low density (0.25 feral cat/km²) with large home ranges (15 km²). To our knowledge, the only cases where feral cats live in such low densities in the tropics are also in mountainous habitats (Hawai'i, Smucker et al. 2000; Goltz et al. 2008). This suggests that some bottom-up limitation due to low densities of prey are occurring in these extreme habitats, resulting in a low carrying capacity for feral cats (see Liberg et al. 2000; see Bengsen et al. 2016). Furthermore, in the case of feral cats living at seasonal seabird breeding colonies (which is the case of both petrel species), the carrying capacity of their habitats fluctuate in relation to the phenology of the petrels.

This space use strongly contrasts to that observed in a low altitude area of Réunion Island transformed by human activities. A recent study has shown that, at sea level, cat density can reach 27 ± 2 cats/km² (Choeur 2021), with an average home range of 0.12 km² (Choeur et al. 2022). This peri-urban habitat is characterised by extremely abundant food resources for cats including anthropogenic food wastes, supplemental feeding and introduced prey such as mice, rats and lizards.

## Management implications and perspectives

The combined results of the genetic and behavioural studies of feral cats indicate that, in mountainous habitats of Réunion Island, such as Maïdo, harbouring Barau's Petrel colonies, cats are likely to be isolated and at low density. This is favourable for long term feral cat control. The genetic isolation implies there might be a low re-colonisation rate from surrounding cat populations (e.g. Lieury et al. 2015; Millon et al. 2019; Palmas et al. 2020).

In terms of feral cat control optimisation, the CMR study produced results that can be used to design the operations. First, in order to increase the number of feral cats exposed to control devices while minimising the number of devices, we propose to use the estimated sigma to optimise the spatial arrangement of the trapping grid (Goltz et al. 2008; Bengsen et al. 2012). In our case, with such an arrangement, each trap should be set every 950 to 1,000 m. This method minimises the number of cages to deploy (which minimises the human effort) while maximising the chance of a cat encountering at least one cage in its home range. Second, we suggest deploying traps near trails as the maximum detection probability has no variation between trail and vegetation cover for this site. This grid design presents the advantage of reducing the workload and
the time spent in the field by facilitating the access and maintenance of the traps. Of course, this recommendation is limited to habitats that have trails nearby. This design of device deployment can also be used after an intensive cat control to deploy camera traps for early detection of any re-invasive cats.

In addition to these recommendations, we propose trapping operations be con-
ducted before the breeding season of Barau's Petrels (i.e. in austral winter, July and
August, which correspond to the period when food availability for cats is the lowest,
because of the absence of petrels). We also recommend the implementation of an early
detection protocol, based on a network of camera traps to detect any re-invasion by
cats and to respond with appropriate control actions.

For other sites located at lower altitudes, the absence of genetic isolation indicates
strong connectivity between feral cat populations and, thus, a high risk of re-invasion
after a feral cat control. Other strategies should be adopted to prevent or limit feral cat
impact: 1) permanent feral cat control at colonies and in their vicinity and 2) predator-
proof fences around bird colonies (Smith et al. 2020). However, the technical feasibili-
ty and financial costs of such operations may limit their implementation on the Island.

Feral cats are known to also prey upon other introduced mammals, such as rats or
mice (Faulquier et al. 2009). Thus, in theory, a control of cats may result in the release
of these prey, which in turn may impact birds, the so-called “mesopredator release
effect” (Courchamp et al. 1999a). However, for such a release to occur, rat or mice
populations must be controlled by feral cat predation (top-down control) rather than
by their resources (bottom-up control; Courchamp et al. 1999a; Russell et al. 2009;
Dumont et al. 2010). In the tropical context, it has been shown that rat and mice
populations are controlled mostly by their resources through rain seasonality (Russell
et al. 2011), which reduces the risk of a meso-predator release in case of feral cat con-
trol (Russell et al. 2011; Ringler et al. 2015). Furthermore, for long-lived animals,
like seabirds, the population growth rate is more sensitive to change in adult survival
than in breeding success (Le Corre 2008; Russell et al. 2009; Dumont et al. 2010).
Feral cats prey upon adults and fledglings, whereas rats prey exclusively on eggs or
chicks (Faulquier et al. 2009; authors’ comm. pers.). Thus, even if rat population were
released as a consequence of cat control, this would have less impact on the popula-
tion growth of petrels than the impact of cats. Thus, we recommend to implement cat
control at petrel colonies wherever possible.

Another more general recommendation would be to improve the public awareness
and sensitisation at the scale of the entire island to stop human-mediated displacement
of cats, to stop abandonment of domestic cats or kitten in the wild and to sterilise as
many domestic cats as possible (Dias et al. 2017; Russell et al. 2018; Choeur et al. 2022).

Acknowledgements

This study was funded by the SMAC programme, Seabird Multidisciplinary Ap-
plied Research for Conservation, co-funded by the European Union (ERDF) and the
Région Réunion. This study is a production of the European project LIFE + Petrels (grant number: LIFE13 BIO/FR/000075) co-led by the National Park of Réunion Island, the Réunion University, the Société d'Etudes Ornithologiques de La Réunion (SEOR) and the Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, with financial support from the European Union, the Direction de l'Environnement l'Aménagement et du Logement (DEAL) and the Conseil Départemental of Réunion Island. We thank Ségolène Praud for her help in the lab.

## References

Abdelkrim J, Pascal M, Calmet C, Samadi S (2005) Importance of assessing population genetic structure before eradication of invasive species: Examples from insular Norway rat populations. Conservation Biology 19: 1509–1518. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00206.x

Attie C, Stahl JC, Bretagnolle V (1997) New data on the endangered mascarene petrel *Pseu-dobulweria aterrima*: A third twentieth century specimen and distribution. Colonial Water-birds 20(3): 406–412. https://doi.org/10.2307/1521590

Barbraud C, des Monstiers B, Chaigne A, Marteau C, Weimerskirch H, Delord K (2021) Predation by feral cats threatens great albatrosses. Biological Invasions 23(8): 2389–2405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-021-02512-9

Bélouard N, Paillisson JM, Oger A, Besnard AL, Petit EJ (2019) Genetic drift during the spread phase of a biological invasion. Molecular Ecology 28(19): 4375–4387. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.15238

Bengsen AJ, Butler JA, Masters P (2012) Applying home-range and landscape-use data to design effective feral-cat control programs. Wildlife Research 39(3): 265. https://doi.org/10.1071/WR11097

Bengsen AJ, Algar D, Ballard G, Buckmaster T, Comer S, Fleming PJS, Friend JA, Johnston M, McGregor H, Moseby K, Zewe F (2016) Feral cat home-range size varies predictably with landscape productivity and population density. Journal of Zoology 298(2): 112–120. https://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.12290

Benjamini Y, Yekutieli D (2001) The control of the false discovery rate in multiple testing under dependency. Annals of Statistics 24: 1165–1188. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2674075?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents

Borchers DL, Efford MG (2008) Spatially explicit maximum likelihood methods for capture-recapture studies. Biometrics 64(2): 377–385. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0420.2007.00927.x

Bridges AS, Noss AJ (2011) Behavior and activity patterns. In: O'Connell AF, Nichols JD, Karanth KU (Eds) Camera traps in animal ecology: Methods and analyses. Springer Japan, Tokyo, 57–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-99495-4_5

Browett SS, O'Meara DB, McDevitt AD (2020) Genetic tools in the management of invasive mammals: Recent trends and future perspectives. Mammal Review 50(2): 200–210. https://doi.org/10.1111/mam.12189
Burlakova LE, Karatayev AY, Karatayev VA, May ME, Bennett DL, Cook MJ (2011) Endemic species: Contribution to community uniqueness, effect of habitat alteration, and conservation priorities. Biological Conservation 144(1): 155–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.08.010

Cadet LJT (1977) La végétation de l'Ile de La Réunion: Etude phytoécologique et phytosociologique [dissertation]. Université Aix-Marseille III, Marseille.

Carlquist S (1974) Island biology. Colombia University Press, 656 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl title.63768

Cheke A, Hume JP (2010) Lost land of the dodo: An ecological history of Mauritius, Réunion & Rodrigues. Bloomsbury Publishing, 273 pp. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781472597656

Choeur A (2021) Conservation du gecko vert de Manapany (*Phelsuma inexpectata*) et du puffin du Pacifique (*Ardenna pacifica*). Approche multispécifique pour la conservation des falaises littorales du sud de l'île de La Réunion. Université de La Réunion, 341 pp.

Choeur A, Faulquier L, Orlowski S, Dijoux J, Potin G, Bureau S, Guilhaumon F, Le Corre M (2022) Impacts and management of unowned and owned cats at a seabird colony on Reunion Island (Western Indian Ocean). Biological Invasions 24(8): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-022-02774-x

Courchamp F, Langlais M, Sugihara G (1999a) Cats protecting birds: Modelling the mesopredator release effect. Journal of Animal Ecology 68(2): 282–292. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2656.1999.00285.x

Courchamp F, Langlais M, Sugihara G (1999b) Control of rabbits to protect island birds from cat predation. Biological Conservation 89(2): 219–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00131-1

Courchamp F, Chapuis J-L, Pascal M (2003) Mammal invaders on islands: Impact, control and control impact. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 78(3): S1464793102006061. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1464793102006061

Cowen S, Clausen L, Algar D, Comer S (2019) Using genetics to evaluate the success of a feral cat (*Felis catus*) control program in north-western Australia. Animals 9(12): 1050. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9121050

Di Bitetti MS, Paviolo A, De Angelo C (2006) Density, habitat use and activity patterns of ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) in the Atlantic Forest of Misiones, Argentina. Journal of Zoology 270(1): 153–163. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00102.x

Dias RA, Abrahão CR, Micheletti T, Mangini PR, de Oliveira Gasparotto VP, de Jesus Pena HF, Ferreira F, Russell JC, Silva JCR (2017) Prospects for domestic and feral cat management on an inhabited tropical island. Biological Invasions 19(8): 2339–2353. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-017-1446-9

Doherty TS, Glen AS, Nimmo DG, Ritchie EG, Dickman CR (2016) Invasive predators and global biodiversity loss. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113(40): 11261–11265. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1602480113

Doherty TS, Dickman CR, Johnson CN, Legge SM, Ritchie EG, Woinarski JCZ (2017) Impacts and management of feral cats *Felis catus* in Australia. Mammal Review 47(2): 83–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/mam.12080
Dreux P (1990) Cat population genetics of Réunion Island. Genetics, Selection, Evolution 22: 367. https://doi.org/10.1051/gse:19900310

Dumont Y, Russell JC, Lecomte V, Le Corre M (2010) Conservation of endangered endemic seabirds within a multi-predator context: The barau's petrel in Réunion Island. Natural Resource Modeling 23(3): 381-436. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-7445.2010.00068.x

Earl DA, vonHoldt BM (2012) STRUCTURE HARVESTER: A website and program for visualizing Structure output and implementing the Evanno method. Conservation Genetics Resources 4(2): 359-361. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12686-011-9548-7

Efford MG (2004) Density estimation in live-trapping studies. Oikos 106(3): 598-610. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.13043.x

Efford MG (2021) secr: Spatially explicit capture-recapture models. R package version 4.4.5. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=secr

Efford MG, Borchers DL, Byrom AE (2009) Density estimation by Spatially Explicit Capture-Recapture: Likelihood-Based methods. In: Thomson DL (Ed.) Modeling Demographic Processes in Marked Populations, Environmental and Ecollogical Statistics 3. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-78151-8_11

El Mousadik A, Petit RJ (1996) High level of genetic differentiation for allelic richness among populations of the argan tree [Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels] endemic to Morocco. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 92(7): 832-839. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00221895

Evanno G, Regnaut S, Goudet J (2005) Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software structure: A simulation study. Molecular Ecology 14(8): 2611-2620. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02553.x

Falush D, Stephens M, Pritchard JK (2003) Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data: Linked loci and correlated allele frequencies. Genetics 164(4): 1567-1587. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/164.4.1567

Faubet P, Gaggiotti OE (2008) A new bayesian method to identify the environmental factors that influence recent migration. Genetics 178(3): 1491-1504. https://doi.org/10.1534/Genetics.107.082560

Faulquier L, Fontaine R, Vidal E, Salamolard M, Le Corre M (2009) Feral cats Felis catus threaten the endangered endemic Barau's petrel *Pterodroma baraui* at Réunion Island (Western Indian Ocean). Waterbirds 32(2): 330-336. https://doi.org/10.1675/063.032.0213

Fitzgerald BM (1988) Diet of domestic cats and their impact on prey populations. In: Turner DC, Bateson P (Eds) Domestic cat: The biology of its behavior, Cambridge University Press, 123-144.

Frankham R (1996) Relationship of genetic variation to population size in wildlife. Conservation Biology 10: 1500-1508. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10061500.x

Gargominy O, Tercerie S, Régnier C, Ramage T, Dupont P, Daszkiewicz P, Poncet L (2020) TAXREF v14, référentiel taxonomique pour la France: Méthodologie, mise en oeuvre et diffusion. Paris.

Glen AS, Atkinson R, Campbell KJ, Hagen E, Holmes ND, Keitt BS, Parkes JP, Saunders A, Sawyer J, Torres H (2013) Eradicating multiple invasive species on inhabited islands: The next big step in island restoration? Biological Invasions 15(12): 2589-2603. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-013-0495-y
Goltz DM, Hess SC, Brinck KW, Banko PC, Danner RM (2008) Home range and movements of Feral cats on Mauna Kea, Hawai'i. Pacific Conservation Biology 14: 177–184. https://doi.org/10.1071/PC080177

Goudet J (2001) FSTAT, a program to estimate and test gene diversities and fixation indices, version 2.9.3. http://www2.unil.ch/popgen/softwares/fstat.htm

Guillot G, Mortier F, Estoup A (2005) Geneland: A computer package for landscape genetics. Molecular Ecology Notes 5(3): 712–715. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2005.01031.x

Guillot G, Santos F, Estoup A (2008) Analysing georeferenced population genetics data with Geneland: A new algorithm to deal with null alleles and a friendly graphical user interface. Bioinformatics 24(11): 1406–1407. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btn136

Hansen H, Hess SC, Cole D, Banko PC (2007) Using population genetic tools to develop a control strategy for feral cats (*Felis catus*) in Hawai'i. Wildlife Research 34(8): 587. https://doi.org/10.1071/WR07043

Hanski I (1999) Habitat connectivity, habitat continuity, and metapopulations in dynamic landscapes. Oikos 87(2): 209. https://doi.org/10.2307/3546736

Hubisz MJ, Falush D, Stephens M, Pritchard JK (2009) Inferring weak population structure with the assistance of sample group information. Molecular Ecology Resources 9(5): 1322–1332. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2009.02591.x

Jombart T (2008) adegenet: A R package for the multivariate analysis of genetic markers. Bioinformatics 24(11): 1403–1405. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btn129

Jones E, Coman BJ (1982) Ecology of the feral cat, *Felis catus* (L.), in South-Eastern Australia III.* Home ranges and population ecology in semiarid North-West Victoria. Wildlife Research 9(3): 409–420. https://doi.org/10.1071/WR9820409

Jones HP, Holmes ND, Butchart SHM, Tershy BR, Kappes PJ, Corkery I, Aguirre-Muñoz A, Armstrong DP, Bonnaud E, Burbidge AA, Campbell K, Courchamp F, Cowan PE, Cuthbert RJ, Ebbert S, Genovesi P, Howald GR, Keitt BS, Kress SW, Miskelly CM, Oppel S, Poncet S, Rauzon MJ, Rocamora G, Russell JC, Samaniego-Herrera A, Seddon PJ, Spatz DR, Towns DR, Croll DA (2016) Invasive mammal eradication on islands results in substantial conservation gains. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113(15): 4033–4038. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1521179113

Juhasz CC, Dubos J, Pinet P, Soulaimana Mattoir Y, Souharce P, Caumes C, Riethmuller M, Jan F, Le Corre M (in press) Discovery of the breeding colonies of a critically endangered and elusive seabird, the Mascarene Petrel (*Pseudobulweria aterrima*). Journal of Field Ornithology.

Kane MD, Morin DJ, Kelly MJ (2015) Potential for camera-traps and spatial mark-resight models to improve monitoring of the critically endangered West African lion (Panthera leo). Biodiversity and Conservation 24(14): 3527–3541. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-015-1012-7

Kier G, Kreft H, Lee TM, Jetz W, Ibisch PL, Nowicki C, Mutke J, Barthlott W (2009) A global assessment of endemism and species richness across island and mainland regions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106(23): 9322–9327. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0810306106

Kimura M, Weiss GH (1964) The stepping stone model of population structure and the decrease of genetic correlation with distance. Genetics 49(4): 561–576. https://doi.org/10.1093/geneset/49.4.561
Koch K, Pink C, Hamilton N, Algar D (2020) A population genetic study of feral cats on Christmas Island. Australian Journal of Zoology 68(3): 120–125. https://doi.org/10.1071/ZO20081

Kopelman NM, Mayzel J, Jakobsson M, Rosenberg NA, Mayrose I (2015) CLUMPAK: A program for identifying clustering modes and packaging population structure inferences across K. Molecular Ecology Resources 15(5): 1179–1191. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12387

Kruschke JK (2011) Section 3.3.5. Doing Bayesian data analysis: A tutorial with R and BUGS. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Lavery TH, Alabai M, Holland P, Qaqara C, Vatohi N (2020) Feral cat abundance, density and activity in tropical island rainforests. Wildlife Research 47(8): 660. https://doi.org/10.1071/WR19205

Lazenby BT, Mooney NJ, Dickman CR (2015) Effects of low-level culling of feral cats in open populations: A case study from the forests of southern Tasmania. Wildlife Research 41(5): 407. https://doi.org/10.1071/WR14030

Le Corre M (2008) Cats, rats and seabirds. Nature 451(7175): 134–135. https://doi.org/10.1038/451134a

Leclerc C, Courchamp F, Bellard C (2018) Insular threat associations within taxa worldwide. Scientific Reports 8(1): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-24733-0

Legge S, Murphy BP, McGregor H, Woinarski JCZ, Augusteyn J, Ballard G, Baseler M, Buckmaster T, Dickman CR, Doherty T, Edwards G, Eyre T, Fancourt BA, Ferguson D, Forsyth DM, Geary WL, Gentle M, Gillespie G, Greenwood L, Hohnen R, Hume S, Johnson CN, Maxwell M, McDonald PJ, Morris K, Moseby K, Newsome T, Nimmo D, Paltridge R, Ramsey D, Read J, Rendall A, Rich M, Ritchie E, Rowland J, Short J, Stokeld D, Sutherland DR, Wayne AF, Woodford L, Zewe F (2017) Enumerating a continental-scale threat: How many feral cats are in Australia? Biological Conservation 206: 293–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.11.032

Liberg O, Sandell M, Pontier D, Natoli E (2000) Density, spatial organisation and reproductive tactics in the domestic cat and other felids. The domestic cat: The biology of its behavior. Cambridge University Press, 119–147.

Lieury N, Ruette S, Devillard S, Albaret M, Drouyer F, Baudoux B, Millon A (2015) Compensatory immigration challenges predator control: An experimental evidence-based approach improves management. The Journal of Wildlife Management 79(3): 425–434. https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.850

Mantel N (1967) Ranking procedures for arbitrarily restricted observation. Biometrics 23(1): 65–78. https://doi.org/10.2307/2528282

McGregor HW, Legge S, Potts J, Jones ME, Johnson CN (2015) Density and home range of feral cats in north-western Australia. Wildlife Research 42(3): 223–231. https://doi.org/10.1071/WR14180

Medina FM, Bonnaud E, Vidal E, Tershy BR, Zavaleta ES, Donlan CJ, Keitt BS, Le Corre M, Horwath SV, Nogales M (2011) A global review of the impacts of invasive cats on island endangered vertebrates. Global Change Biology 17(11): 3503–3510. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02464.x

Meek PD, Ballard G, Claridge A, Kays R, Moseby K, O’Brien T, O’Connell A, Sanderson J, Swann DE, Tobler M, Townsend S (2014) Recommended guiding principles for reporting
on camera trapping research. Biodiversity and Conservation 23(9): 2321–2343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-014-0712-8

Meirmans PG (2006) Using the AMOVA framework to estimate a standardized genetic differentiation measure. Evolution 60(11): 2399–2402. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2006.tb01874.x

Meirmans PG, Van Tienderen PH (2004) Genotype and genodive: Two programs for the analysis of genetic diversity of asexual organisms. Molecular Ecology Notes 4(4): 792–794. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2004.00770.x

Menotti-Raymond MA, O'Brien SJ (1995) Evolutionary conservation of ten microsatellite loci in four species of Felidae. The Journal of Heredity 86(4): 319–322. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111594

Menotti-Raymond M, David VA, Lyons LA, Schäffer AA, Tomlin JF, Hutton MK, O'Brien SJ (1999) A genetic linkage map of microsatellites in the domestic cat (*Felis catus*). Genomics 57(1): 9–23. https://doi.org/10.1006/geno.1999.5743

Menotti-Raymond MA, David VA, Agarwala R, Schäffer AA, Stephens R, O'Brien SJ, Murphy WJ (2003) Radiation hybrid mapping of 304 novel microsatellites in the domestic cat genome. Cytogenetic and Genome Research 102(1–4): 272–276. https://doi.org/10.1159/000075762

Millon A, Lambin X, Devillard S, Schaub M (2019) Quantifying the contribution of immigration to population dynamics: A review of methods, evidence and perspectives in birds and mammals. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 94(6): 2049–2067. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12549

Mittermeier RA, Hawkins F, Rajaobelina S, Langrand O (2005) Wilderness conservation in a biodiversity hotspot. International Journal of Wilderness: 42–46.

Moors PJ, Atkinson IAE (1984) Predation on seabirds by introduced animals, and factors affecting its severity. In: Croxall PJ, Evans PGH, Schreiber RW (Eds) Status and Conservation of the World's Seabirds. International Council for Bird Preservation, 667–690. https://library.sprep.org/content/predation-seabirds-introduced-animals-and-factors-affecting-its-severity-pj-moors-and-iae

Myers N, Mittermeler RA, Mittermeler CG, Da Fonseca GAB, Kent J (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403(6772): 853–858. https://doi.org/10.1038/35002501

Narum SR (2006) Beyond Bonferroni: Less conservative analyses for conservation genetics. Conservation Genetics 7(5): 783–787. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-005-9056-y

Nei M (1978) Estimation of average heterozygosity and genetic distance from a small number of individuals. Genetics 89(3): 583–590. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/89.3.583

Nogales M, Medina FM (2009) Trophic ecology of feral cats (*Felis silvestris f. catus*) in the main environments of an oceanic archipelago (Canary Islands): An updated approach. Mammalian Biology 74(3): 169–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mambio.2008.10.002

Nogales M, Martin A, Tershy BR, Donlan CJ, Veitch D, Puerta N, Wood B, Alonso J (2004) A review of feral cat eradication on islands. Conservation Biology 18(2): 310–319. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00442.x

Nogales M, Vidal E, Medina FM, Bonnaud E, Tershy BR, Campbell KJ, Zavaleta ES (2013) Feral cats and biodiversity conservation: The urgent prioritization of island management. Bioscience 63(10): 804–810. https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2013.63.10.7
Oppel S, Beaven BM, Bolton M, Vickery J, Bodey TW (2010) Eradication of invasive mammals on islands inhabited by humans and domestic animals. Conservation Biology 25(2): 232–240. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01601.x

Otis DL, Burnham KP, White GC, Anderson DR (1978) Statistical inference from capture data on closed animal populations. Wildlife Monographs 62: 1–135.

Palmas P, Gouyet R, Oedin M, Millon A, Jean-Jérôme C, Kowi J, Bonnaud E, Vidal E (2020) Rapid recolonisation of Feral Cats following intensive culling in a semi-isolated context. NeoBiota 63: 177–200. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.63.58005

Paradis E (2010) pegas: An R package for population genetics with an integrated-modular approach. Bioinformatics 26(3): 419–420. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btp696

Peakall R, Smouse PE (2012) GenALEx 6.5: Genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research-an update. Bioinformatics 28(19): 2537–2539. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bts460

Peter BM, Slatkin M (2015) The effective founder effect in a spatially expanding population. Evolution 69(3): 734. https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.12609

Pierpaoli M, Birò ZS, Herrmann M, Hupe K, Fernandes M, Ragni B, Szemethy L, Randi E (2003) Genetic distinction of wildcat (*Felis silvestris*) populations in Europe, and hybridization with domestic cats in Hungary. Molecular Ecology 12(10): 2585–2598. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01939.x

Pontier D, Say L, Devillard S, Bonhomme F (2005) Genetic structure of the feral cat (*Felis catus* L.) introduced 50 years ago to a sub-Antarctic island. Polar Biology 28(4): 268–275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-004-0692-3

Pritchard JK, Stephens M, Donnelly P (2000) Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics 155(2): 945–959. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/155.2.945

Probst J-M (1995) The discovery of the first known colony of Barau's Petrel (*Pterodroma barai*) on La Réunion. Working Group on Birds in the Madagascar Region Newsletter 5: 10–11.

Probst J-M, Le Corre M, Thébaud C (2000) Breeding habitat and conservation priorities in *Pterodroma barai*, an endangered gadfly petrel of the Mascarene archipelago. Biological Conservation 93(1): 135–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(99)00114-7

Pulliam HR (1988) Sources, sinks and population regulation. American Naturalist 132(5): 652–661. https://doi.org/10.1086/284880

R Core Team (2021) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna. https://www.R-project.org/

Riethmuller M, Jan F, Giloux Y, Saliman M (2012) Plan national d'actions en faveur du Pétrel noir de Bourbon *Pseudobulweria aterrima* (2012–2016). Ministère de l'Ecologie, du développement durable et de l'Energie, Direction de l'Environnement de l'Aménagement et du Logement de La Réunion.

Ringler D, Russell J, Jaeger A, Pinet P, Bastien M, Le Corre M (2014) Invasive rat space use on tropical islands: Implications for bait broadcast. Basic and Applied Ecology 15(2): 179–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2014.01.005

Ringler D, Russell JC, Le Corre M (2015) Trophic roles of black rats and seabird impacts on tropical islands: Mesopredator release or hyperpredation? Biological Conservation 185: 75–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2014.12.014
Roberts CM, McClean CJ, Veron JEN, Hawkins JP, Allen GR, McAllister DE, Mittermeier CG, Schueler FW, Spalding M, Wells F, Vynne C, Werner TB (2002) 295 Science Marine biodiversity hotspots and conservation priorities for tropical reefs. Science 295(5558): 1280–1284. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1067728

Robertson BC, Gemmell NJ (2004) Defining eradication units to control invasive pests. Journal of Applied Ecology 41(6): 1042–1048. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-8901.2004.00984.x

Robley A, Gormley A, Woodford L, Lindeman M, Whitehead B, Albert R, Bowd M, Smith A (2010) 201 Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research Technical Report Series Evaluation of camera trap sampling designs used to determine change in occupancy rate and abundance of feral cats.

Rollins LA, Woolnough AP, Sherwin WB (2006) Population genetic tools for pest management: A review. Wildlife Research 33(4): 251. https://doi.org/10.1071/WR05106

Rollins LA, Woolnough AP, Wilton AN, Sinclair R, Sherwin WB (2009) Invasive species can't cover their tracks: Using microsatellites to assist management of starling (*Sturnus vulgaris*) populations in western Australia. Molecular Ecology 18(8): 1560–1573. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04132.x

Rousset F (2008) *Genepop'007: A complete re-implementation of the Genepop software* for Windows and Linux. Molecular Ecology Resources 8(1): 103–106. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01931.x

Rovero F, Zimmermann F, Berzi D, Meek P (2013) “Which camera trap type and how many do I need?” A review of camera features and study designs for a range of wildlife research applications. Hystrix the Italian Journal of Mammalogy 24: 148–156. https://doi.org/10.4404/hystrix-24.2-6316

Royle JA, Chandler RB, Sollmann R, Gardner B (2015) Spatial Capture-recapture with partial identity. In: Royle JA, Chandler RB, Sollmann R, Gardner B (Eds) Spatial Capture-Recapture. Academic Press, 125–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-405939-9.00005-0

Russell JC, Kueffer C (2019) Island biodiversity in the Anthropocene. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 44(1): 31–60. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-101718-033245

Russell JC, Lecomte V, Dumont Y, Le Corre M (2009) Intraguild predation and mesopredator release effect on long-lived prey. Ecological Modelling 220(8): 1098–1104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.01.017

Russell JC, Ringler D, Trombini A, Le Corre M (2011) The island syndrome and population dynamics of introduced rats. Oecologia 167(3): 667–676. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-011-2031-z

Russell JC, Abrahão CR, Silva JCR, Dias RA (2018) Management of cats and rodents on inhabited islands: An overview and case study of Fernando de Noronha, Brazil. Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation 16(4): 193–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecon.2018.10.005

Say L, Bonhomme F, Desmarais E, Pontier D (2003) Microspatial genetic heterogeneity and gene flow in stray cats (*Felis catus* L.): A comparison of coat colour and microsatellite loci. Molecular Ecology 12(6): 1669–1674. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01824.x
Schuelke M (2000) An economic method for the fluorescent labeling of PCR fragments. *Nature Biotechnology* 18(2): 233–234. https://doi.org/10.1038/72708

Simberloff D (2003) How much information on population biology is needed to manage introduced species? *Conservation Biology* 17(1): 83–92. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.02028.x

Slatkin M (1993) Isolation by distance in equilibrium and non-equilibrium populations. *Evolution* 47(1): 264. https://doi.org/10.2307/2410134

Slatkin M, Excoffier L (2012) Serial founder effects during range expansion: A spatial analog of genetic drift. *Genetics* 191(1): 171–181. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.112.139022

Smith D, King R, Allen BL (2020) Impacts of exclusion fencing on target and non-target fauna: A global review. *Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society* 95(6): 1590–1606. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12631

Smucker TD, Lindsey GD, Mosher SM (2000) Home range and diet of feral cats in Hawaii forests. *Pacific Conservation Biology* 6: 229–237. https://doi.org/10.1071/PC000229

Spencer PBS, Yurchenko AA, David VA, Scott R, Koepfli K-P, Driscoll C, O’Brien SJ, Menotti-Raymond M (2016) The population origins and expansion of feral cats in Australia. *The Journal of Heredity* 107(2): 104–114. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esv095

Strasberg D, Rouget M, Richardson DM, Baret S, Dupont J, Cowling RM (2005) An assessment of habitat diversity and transformation on La Réunion Island (Mascarene Islands, Indian Ocean) as a basis for identifying broad-scale conservation priorities. *Biodiversity and Conservation* 14(12): 3015–3032. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-004-0258-2

Van Aarde RJ (1986) A case study of an alien predator (*Felis catus*) introduced on Marion Island: Selective advantages. *South African Antarctic Research* 3: 113–114.

Van Oosterhout C, Hutchinson WF, Wills DPM, Shipley P (2004) Micro-Checker: Software for identifying and correcting genotyping errors in microsatellite data. *Molecular Ecology* Notes 4(3): 535–538. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2004.00684.x

Virion M-C, Faulquier L, Le Corre M, Couzi F-X, Salamolard M, Lequette B, Pinet P, Dubos J, Riethmuller M, Soulaimanana Mattoir Y, Verbeke G, Lefeuvre A, Payet C, Caceres S, Caumes C, Souharces P, Humeau L, Jaeger A (2020) Plan National d’Action en faveur des pétrels endémiques de La Réunion 2020–2029. Ministère de l’Ecologie, du développement durable et de l’Energie, Direction de l’Environnement de l’Aménagement et du Logement de La Réunion.

Wang SW, Macdonald DW (2009) The use of camera traps for estimating tiger and leopard populations in the high altitude mountains of Bhutan. *Biological Conservation* 142(3): 606–613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2008.11.023

Weir BS, Cockerham CC (1984) Estimating F-statistics for the analysis of population structure. *Evolution* 38(6): 1358–1370. https://doi.org/10.2307/2408641

Wilson GA, Rannala B (2003) Bayesian inference of recent migration rates using multilocus genotypes. *Genetics* 163(3): 1177–1191. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/163.3.1177
<table><caption>Table A1. Raw microsatellite genotypes for 158 individuals of feral cats from six geographical areas, in Réunion Island, 2015–2016. Area codes are described in Fig. 1.</caption><thead><tr><th>Samples</th><th>Area</th><th>531</th><th>173</th><th>173</th><th>43</th><th>43</th><th>1027</th><th>1027</th><th>76</th><th>76</th><th>441</th><th>96</th><th>96</th><th>69</th><th>69</th><th>275</th><th>275</th><th>31</th><th>X</th><th>Y</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>LP0004</td><td>CIL</td><td>137</td><td>143</td><td>137</td><td>145</td><td>148</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>174</td><td>182</td><td>226</td><td>230</td><td>110</td><td>124</td><td>156</td><td>156</td><td>251</td><td>253</td><td>339151</td><td>7664054</td></tr><tr><td>LP0005</td><td>CIL</td><td>143</td><td>145</td><td>145</td><td>147</td><td>148</td><td>150</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>174</td><td>182</td><td>236</td><td>244</td><td>110</td><td>110</td><td>156</td><td>158</td><td>235</td><td>255</td><td>338905</td><td>7664691</td></tr><tr><td>LP0008</td><td>CIL</td><td>137</td><td>141</td><td>137</td><td>137</td><td>136</td><td>148</td><td>258</td><td>262</td><td>150</td><td>152</td><td>174</td><td>182</td><td>226</td><td>226</td><td>110</td><td>126</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>235</td><td>251</td><td>338905</td><td>7664691</td></tr><tr><td>LP0009</td><td>CIL</td><td>133</td><td>133</td><td>137</td><td>137</td><td>148</td><td>150</td><td>262</td><td>262</td><td>154</td><td>154</td><td>170</td><td>182</td><td>238</td><td>244</td><td>110</td><td>128</td><td>156</td><td>160</td><td>235</td><td>235</td><td>342891</td><td>7664514</td></tr><tr><td>LP0012</td><td>CIL</td><td>133</td><td>133</td><td>137</td><td>145</td><td>148</td><td>148</td><td>256</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>174</td><td>178</td><td>242</td><td>244</td><td>110</td><td>126</td><td>156</td><td>156</td><td>235</td><td>251</td><td>342962</td><td>7664490</td></tr><tr><td>LP0013</td><td>CIL</td><td>133</td><td>137</td><td>141</td><td>149</td><td>148</td><td>148</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>150</td><td>154</td><td>174</td><td>182</td><td>230</td><td>244</td><td>110</td><td>126</td><td>156</td><td>162</td><td>235</td><td>239</td><td>342912</td><td>7664572</td></tr><tr><td>LP0014</td><td>CIL</td><td>137</td><td>139</td><td>137</td><td>139</td><td>148</td><td>148</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>150</td><td>152</td><td>174</td><td>182</td><td>226</td><td>226</td><td>110</td><td>126</td><td>156</td><td>156</td><td>251</td><td>251</td><td>339151</td><td>7664054</td></tr><tr><td>LP0016</td><td>CIL</td><td>145</td><td>145</td><td>125</td><td>131</td><td>140</td><td>150</td><td>250</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>154</td><td>174</td><td>186</td><td>226</td><td>230</td><td>110</td><td>126</td><td>156</td><td>156</td><td>255</td><td>255</td><td>341653</td><td>7663152</td></tr><tr><td>LP0019</td><td>CIL</td><td>133</td><td>133</td><td>137</td><td>149</td><td>148</td><td>150</td><td>258</td><td>262</td><td>154</td><td>154</td><td>174</td><td>182</td><td>242</td><td>244</td><td>110</td><td>126</td><td>156</td><td>156</td><td>235</td><td>239</td><td>342891</td><td>7664514</td></tr><tr><td>LP0020</td><td>CIL</td><td>143</td><td>147</td><td>137</td><td>145</td><td>148</td><td>148</td><td>258</td><td>268</td><td>138</td><td>152</td><td>174</td><td>182</td><td>226</td><td>226</td><td>110</td><td>110</td><td>154</td><td>156</td><td>235</td><td>235</td><td>338669</td><td>7662701</td></tr><tr><td>LP0040</td><td>CIL</td><td>133</td><td>137</td><td>139</td><td>149</td><td>148</td><td>148</td><td>258</td><td>262</td><td>150</td><td>154</td><td>182</td><td>182</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>110</td><td>110</td><td>156</td><td>156</td><td>235</td><td>239</td><td>342891</td><td>7664514</td></tr><tr><td>LP0041</td><td>CIL</td><td>143</td><td>143</td><td>141</td><td>141</td><td>148</td><td>148</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>154</td><td>178</td><td>182</td><td>236</td><td>244</td><td>110</td><td>118</td><td>156</td><td>158</td><td>235</td><td>235</td><td>343834</td><td>7664954</td></tr><tr><td>LP0089</td><td>CIL</td><td>133</td><td>143</td><td>125</td><td>125</td><td>138</td><td>148</td><td>258</td><td>268</td><td>148</td><td>152</td><td>174</td><td>174</td><td>226</td><td>238</td><td>110</td><td>128</td><td>156</td><td>164</td><td>243</td><td>255</td><td>343614</td><td>7660602</td></tr><tr><td>LP0092</td><td>CIL</td><td>133</td><td>147</td><td>137</td><td>145</td><td>148</td><td>150</td><td>258</td><td>262</td><td>154</td><td>154</td><td>178</td><td>182</td><td>226</td><td>226</td><td>124</td><td>124</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>235</td><td>243</td><td>341651,884</td><td>7663464,38</td></tr><tr><td>LP0094</td><td>CIL</td><td>133</td><td>147</td><td>137</td><td>143</td><td>150</td><td>150</td><td>258</td><td>262</td><td>138</td><td>154</td><td>174</td><td>174</td><td>226</td><td>238</td><td>118</td><td>124</td><td>156</td><td>164</td><td>249</td><td>255</td><td>341651,884</td><td>7663464,38</td></tr><tr><td>LP0120</td><td>CIL</td><td>133</td><td>143</td><td>145</td><td>138</td><td>148</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>150</td><td>152</td><td>174</td><td>182</td><td>232</td><td>244</td><td>110</td><td>128</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>251</td><td>253</td><td>343614</td><td>7660602</td></tr><tr><td>LP0125</td><td>CIL</td><td>137</td><td>143</td><td>137</td><td>147</td><td>148</td><td>150</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>144</td><td>154</td><td>178</td><td>182</td><td>234</td><td>244</td><td>118</td><td>126</td><td>156</td><td>156</td><td>235</td><td>235</td><td>343614</td><td>7660602</td></tr><tr><td>LP0146</td><td>CIL</td><td>133</td><td>133</td><td>143</td><td>147</td><td>148</td><td>148</td><td>262</td><td>268</td><td>148</td><td>152</td><td>182</td><td>194</td><td>226</td><td>232</td><td>124</td><td>126</td><td>156</td><td>158</td><td>235</td><td>255</td><td>341826</td><td>7660378</td></tr><tr><td>LP0150</td><td>CIL</td><td>143</td><td>143</td><td>137</td><td>145</td><td>148</td><td>150</td><td>256</td><td>256</td><td>148</td><td>152</td><td>174</td><td>186</td><td>232</td><td>244</td><td>126</td><td>126</td><td>162</td><td>162</td><td>235</td><td>253</td><td>342568</td><td>7660656</td></tr><tr><td>LP0153</td><td>CIL</td><td>143</td><td>143</td><td>145</td><td>145</td><td>142</td><td>150</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>124</td><td>152</td><td>174</td><td>178</td><td>226</td><td>244</td><td>110</td><td>110</td><td>156</td><td>158</td><td>235</td><td>253</td><td>341874</td><td>7660450</td></tr><tr><td>LP0181</td><td>CIL</td><td>133</td><td>143</td><td>143</td><td>145</td><td>140</td><td>148</td><td>258</td><td>262</td><td>144</td><td>152</td><td>182</td><td>182</td><td>226</td><td>230</td><td>110</td><td>126</td><td>152</td><td>156</td><td>235</td><td>255</td><td>342917</td><td>7663413</td></tr><tr><td>LP0182</td><td>CIL</td><td>143</td><td>143</td><td>125</td><td>141</td><td>148</td><td>154</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>178</td><td>186</td><td>226</td><td>110</td><td>126</td><td>156</td><td>170</td><td>243</td><td>249</td><td>340204,556</td><td>7658931,34</td></tr><tr><td>LP0006</td><td>DIM</td><td>133</td><td>133</td><td>141</td><td>145</td><td>148</td><td>148</td><td>256</td><td>262</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>186</td><td>186</td><td>226</td><td>226</td><td>110</td><td>126</td><td>156</td><td>158</td><td>235</td><td>235</td><td>343194</td><td>7656559</td></tr><tr><td>LP0007</td><td>DIM</td><td>133</td><td>143</td><td>125</td><td>145</td><td>148</td><td>148</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>154</td><td>174</td><td>174</td><td>226</td><td>244</td><td>110</td><td>122</td><td>156</td><td>162</td><td>235</td><td>255</td><td>344251</td><td>7656100</td></tr><tr><td>LP0010</td><td>DIM</td><td>137</td><td>145</td><td>145</td><td>145</td><td>148</td><td>150</td><td>262</td><td>262</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>174</td><td>182</td><td>226</td><td>226</td><td>110</td><td>126</td><td>162</td><td>162</td><td>251</td><td>255</td><td>342242</td><td>7656286</td></tr><tr><td>LP0011</td><td>DIM</td><td>137</td><td>143</td><td>145</td><td>145</td><td>148</td><td>150</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>186</td><td>186</td><td>232</td><td>238</td><td>124</td><td>126</td><td>156</td><td>158</td><td>235</td><td>251</td><td>345322,17</td><td>7657642,09</td></tr><tr><td>LP0028</td><td>DIM</td><td>133</td><td>143</td><td>143</td><td>145</td><td>148</td><td>150</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>174</td><td>174</td><td>226</td><td>236</td><td>110</td><td>126</td><td>156</td><td>158</td><td>235</td><td>253</td><td>344056,112</td><td>7658441,64</td></tr><tr><td>LP0029</td><td>DIM</td><td>137</td><td>147</td><td>145</td><td>145</td><td>148</td><td>152</td><td>258</td><td>260</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>174</td><td>174</td><td>226</td><td>226</td><td>110</td><td>126</td><td>156</td><td>158</td><td>235</td><td>255</td><td>344251</td><td>7656100</td></tr><tr><td>LP0032</td><td>DIM</td><td>143</td><td>143</td><td>141</td><td>141</td><td>150</td><td>152</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>178</td><td>182</td><td>226</td><td>232</td><td>110</td><td>126</td><td>156</td><td>158</td><td>235</td><td>249</td><td>343844</td><td>7655518</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th>Samples</th><th>Area</th><th>531</th><th>173</th><th>173</th><th>43</th><th>43</th><th>43</th><th>1027</th><th>1027</th><th>76</th><th>76</th><th>441</th><th>441</th><th>96</th><th>96</th><th>69</th><th>69</th><th>275</th><th>275</th><th>31</th><th>31</th><th>X</th><th>Y</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>LP0034</td><td>DIM</td><td>137</td><td>143</td><td>145</td><td>147</td><td>138</td><td>148</td><td>256</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>174</td><td>178</td><td>226</td><td>236</td><td>126</td><td>126</td><td>156</td><td>156</td><td>235</td><td>255</td><td>343974</td><td>7655595</td></tr><tr><td>LP0036</td><td>DIM</td><td>137</td><td>143</td><td>145</td><td>147</td><td>148</td><td>148</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>182</td><td>186</td><td>232</td><td>236</td><td>124</td><td>124</td><td>156</td><td>158</td><td>235</td><td>253</td><td>345322,17</td><td>7657642,09</td></tr><tr><td>LP0046</td><td>DIM</td><td>133</td><td>137</td><td>125</td><td>145</td><td>148</td><td>148</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>154</td><td>174</td><td>186</td><td>232</td><td>236</td><td>110</td><td>128</td><td>156</td><td>162</td><td>235</td><td>253</td><td>345311,993</td><td>7660541,02</td></tr><tr><td>LP0052</td><td>DIM</td><td>143</td><td>143</td><td>125</td><td>145</td><td>148</td><td>150</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>154</td><td>174</td><td>182</td><td>226</td><td>244</td><td>110</td><td>122</td><td>156</td><td>158</td><td>235</td><td>235</td><td>344025</td><td>7656863</td></tr><tr><td>LP0053</td><td>DIM</td><td>133</td><td>143</td><td>125</td><td>145</td><td>148</td><td>148</td><td>256</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>154</td><td>174</td><td>182</td><td>226</td><td>230</td><td>122</td><td>124</td><td>162</td><td>170</td><td>235</td><td>237</td><td>344251</td><td>7656100</td></tr><tr><td>LP0056</td><td>DIM</td><td>139</td><td>145</td><td>137</td><td>137</td><td>140</td><td>150</td><td>258</td><td>262</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>178</td><td>178</td><td>232</td><td>232</td><td>110</td><td>124</td><td>156</td><td>160</td><td>235</td><td>235</td><td>349353</td><td>7655725</td></tr><tr><td>LP0057</td><td>DIM</td><td>143</td><td>143</td><td>145</td><td>147</td><td>148</td><td>148</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>154</td><td>174</td><td>178</td><td>226</td><td>236</td><td>124</td><td>124</td><td>156</td><td>182</td><td>235</td><td>253</td><td>343660</td><td>7656525</td></tr><tr><td>LP0058</td><td>DIM</td><td>147</td><td>147</td><td>145</td><td>145</td><td>148</td><td>150</td><td>256</td><td>258</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>174</td><td>178</td><td>236</td><td>238</td><td>114</td><td>118</td><td>156</td><td>158</td><td>243</td><td>251</td><td>344001</td><td>7655866</td></tr><tr><td>LP0060</td><td>DIM</td><td>133</td><td>143</td><td>145</td><td>145</td><td>148</td><td>150</td><td>256</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>174</td><td>174</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>124</td><td>126</td><td>158</td><td>170</td><td>235</td><td>253</td><td>344109</td><td>7656689</td></tr><tr><td>LP0072</td><td>DIM</td><td>145</td><td>145</td><td>145</td><td>145</td><td>148</td><td>150</td><td>258</td><td>262</td><td>152</td><td>154</td><td>182</td><td>182</td><td>236</td><td>244</td><td>110</td><td>110</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>235</td><td>255</td><td>344551,001</td><td>7657867</td></tr><tr><td>LP0074</td><td>DIM</td><td>143</td><td>145</td><td>145</td><td>145</td><td>148</td><td>150</td><td>256</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>174</td><td>174</td><td>240</td><td>110</td><td>124</td><td>156</td><td>158</td><td>251</td><td>251</td><td>345312,053</td><td>7660387,19</td></tr><tr><td>LP0075</td><td>DIM</td><td>137</td><td>145</td><td>145</td><td>145</td><td>148</td><td>150</td><td>256</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>154</td><td>182</td><td>186</td><td>232</td><td>236</td><td>124</td><td>128</td><td>156</td><td>158</td><td>235</td><td>253</td><td>344064,189</td><td>7658444,27</td></tr><tr><td>LP0076</td><td>DIM</td><td>137</td><td>143</td><td>145</td><td>145</td><td>148</td><td>150</td><td>258</td><td>260</td><td>152</td><td>154</td><td>178</td><td>186</td><td>226</td><td>236</td><td>114</td><td>126</td><td>156</td><td>158</td><td>235</td><td>251</td><td>344553,72</td><td>7657861,89</td></tr><tr><td>LP0085</td><td>DIM</td><td>133</td><td>143</td><td>139</td><td>145</td><td>148</td><td>150</td><td>258</td><td>262</td><td>138</td><td>152</td><td>174</td><td>178</td><td>242</td><td>244</td><td>126</td><td>130</td><td>156</td><td>160</td><td>235</td><td>255</td><td>345452,189</td><td>7660727,29</td></tr><tr><td>LP0086</td><td>DIM</td><td>143</td><td>143</td><td>137</td><td>137</td><td>140</td><td>148</td><td>258</td><td>260</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>174</td><td>178</td><td>226</td><td>236</td><td>110</td><td>110</td><td>156</td><td>162</td><td>235</td><td>235</td><td>344056</td><td>7653594</td></tr><tr><td>LP0087</td><td>DIM</td><td>137</td><td>145</td><td>125</td><td>147</td><td>148</td><td>148</td><td>260</td><td>262</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>174</td><td>174</td><td>226</td><td>226</td><td>120</td><td>122</td><td>156</td><td>162</td><td>255</td><td>255</td><td>344056</td><td>7653594</td></tr><tr><td>LP0088</td><td>DIM</td><td>137</td><td>143</td><td>141</td><td>147</td><td>148</td><td>152</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>174</td><td>178</td><td>226</td><td>232</td><td>124</td><td>126</td><td>158</td><td>158</td><td>235</td><td>235</td><td>344086</td><td>7653441</td></tr><tr><td>LP0096</td><td>DIM</td><td>133</td><td>143</td><td>139</td><td>145</td><td>148</td><td>148</td><td>258</td><td>262</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>170</td><td>186</td><td>226</td><td>236</td><td>118</td><td>120</td><td>156</td><td>158</td><td>235</td><td>235</td><td>344064,189</td><td>7658444,27</td></tr><tr><td>LP0103</td><td>DIM</td><td>133</td><td>145</td><td>125</td><td>145</td><td>148</td><td>148</td><td>256</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>178</td><td>186</td><td>234</td><td>236</td><td>110</td><td>124</td><td>158</td><td>162</td><td>235</td><td>235</td><td>343762</td><td>7654114</td></tr><tr><td>LP0109</td><td>DIM</td><td>143</td><td>145</td><td>145</td><td>145</td><td>148</td><td>148</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>174</td><td>182</td><td>242</td><td>244</td><td>110</td><td>110</td><td>158</td><td>170</td><td>235</td><td>251</td><td>343711</td><td>7652783</td></tr><tr><td>LP0110</td><td>DIM</td><td>137</td><td>137</td><td>141</td><td>143</td><td>148</td><td>152</td><td>258</td><td>260</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>174</td><td>174</td><td>226</td><td>226</td><td>124</td><td>126</td><td>162</td><td>162</td><td>235</td><td>255</td><td>344401</td><td>7653628</td></tr><tr><td>LP0114</td><td>DIM</td><td>137</td><td>147</td><td>145</td><td>145</td><td>138</td><td>148</td><td>260</td><td>262</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>174</td><td>174</td><td>226</td><td>226</td><td>110</td><td>126</td><td>158</td><td>162</td><td>235</td><td>255</td><td>343662</td><td>7653716</td></tr><tr><td>LP0115</td><td>DIM</td><td>133</td><td>137</td><td>143</td><td>147</td><td>138</td><td>148</td><td>258</td><td>268</td><td>138</td><td>152</td><td>174</td><td>182</td><td>226</td><td>236</td><td>124</td><td>128</td><td>156</td><td>162</td><td>235</td><td>255</td><td>344169</td><td>7653841</td></tr><tr><td>LP0117</td><td>DIM</td><td>143</td><td>143</td><td>139</td><td>147</td><td>148</td><td>150</td><td>258</td><td>262</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>174</td><td>182</td><td>232</td><td>236</td><td>110</td><td>110</td><td>156</td><td>158</td><td>249</td><td>257</td><td>344400</td><td>7653782</td></tr><tr><td>LP0119</td><td>DIM</td><td>143</td><td>145</td><td>145</td><td>147</td><td>148</td><td>150</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>154</td><td>186</td><td>186</td><td>226</td><td>238</td><td>124</td><td>126</td><td>156</td><td>158</td><td>235</td><td>253</td><td>343946</td><td>7654171</td></tr><tr><td>LP0122</td><td>DIM</td><td>143</td><td>143</td><td>145</td><td>145</td><td>148</td><td>150</td><td>258</td><td>260</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>174</td><td>182</td><td>226</td><td>244</td><td>124</td><td>128</td><td>156</td><td>158</td><td>235</td><td>253</td><td>343488</td><td>7654539</td></tr><tr><td>LP0123</td><td>DIM</td><td>143</td><td>143</td><td>141</td><td>141</td><td>148</td><td>152</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>178</td><td>178</td><td>226</td><td>236</td><td>110</td><td>126</td><td>158</td><td>162</td><td>235</td><td>249</td><td>343745</td><td>7654812</td></tr><tr><td>LP0124</td><td>DIM</td><td>13</td><td>13</td><td>145</td><td>147</td><td>147</td><td>150</td><td>258</td><td>260</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>174</td><td>178</td><td>232</td><td>236</td><td>110</td><td>110</td><td>156</td><td>158</td><td>235</td><td>235</td><td>344169</td><td>7653841</td></tr><tr><td>LP0133</td><td>DIM</td><td>133</td><td>143</td><td>145</td><td>145</td><td>148</td><td>152</td><td>258</td><td>262</td><td>150</td><td>152</td><td>178</td><td>182</td><td>226</td><td>244</td><td>110</td><td>124</td><td>162</td><td>170</td><td>235</td><td>235</td><td>343745</td><td>7654812</td></tr><tr><td>LP0138</td><td>DIM</td><td>137</td><td>145</td><td>145</td><td>145</td><td>148</td><td>150</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>174</td><td>174</td><td>232</td><td>238</td><td>110</td><td>110</td><td>154</td><td>156</td><td>235</td><td>235</td><td>344400</td><td>7653782</td></tr><tr><td>LP0144</td><td>DIM</td><td>143</td><td>143</td><td>125</td><td>148</td><td>150</td><td>256</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>174</td><td>174</td><td>226</td><td>244</td><td>110</td><td>122</td><td>156</td><td>162</td><td>235</td><td>235</td><td>343776</td><td>7654707</td></tr><tr><td>LP0147</td><td>DIM</td><td>143</td><td>143</td><td>145</td><td>148</td><td>150</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>174</td><td>182</td><td>226</td><td>244</td><td>110</td><td>118</td><td>162</td><td>170</td><td>235</td><td>253</td><td>343711</td><td>7652783</td></tr><tr><td>LP0151</td><td>DIM</td><td>143</td><td>143</td><td>141</td><td>145</td><td>148</td><td>148</td><td>246</td><td>262</td><td>152</td><td>154</td><td>174</td><td>182</td><td>226</td><td>226</td><td>110</td><td>110</td><td>156</td><td>158</td><td>251</td><td>253</td><td>343660</td><td>7655007</td></tr><tr><td>LP0158</td><td>DIM</td><td>137</td><td>145</td><td>145</td><td>148</td><td>150</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>174</td><td>186</td><td>232</td><td>238</td><td>124</td><td>126</td><td>156</td><td>158</td><td>235</td><td>251</td><td>344901,611</td><td>7657760,99</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th>Samples</th><th>Area</th><th>531</th><th>173</th><th>173</th><th>43</th><th>43</th><th>43</th><th>1027</th><th>1027</th><th>76</th><th>76</th><th>441</th><th>441</th><th>96</th><th>96</th><th>69</th><th>69</th><th>275</th><th>275</th><th>31</th><th>31</th><th>X</th><th>Y</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>LP0164</td><td>DIM</td><td>143</td><td>145</td><td>145</td><td>150</td><td>154</td><td>150</td><td>262</td><td>268</td><td>130</td><td>150</td><td>182</td><td>182</td><td>226</td><td>234</td><td>124</td><td>126</td><td>156</td><td>158</td><td>255</td><td>255</td><td>343899</td><td>7654209</td></tr><tr><td>LP0165</td><td>DIM</td><td>143</td><td>145</td><td>141</td><td>147</td><td>148</td><td>150</td><td>246</td><td>258</td><td>138</td><td>152</td><td>174</td><td>182</td><td>202</td><td>224</td><td>124</td><td>126</td><td>156</td><td>156</td><td>235</td><td>243</td><td>344056</td><td>7653594</td></tr><tr><td>LP0175</td><td>DIM</td><td>137</td><td>143</td><td>145</td><td>147</td><td>148</td><td>148</td><td>256</td><td>260</td><td>150</td><td>152</td><td>178</td><td>182</td><td>236</td><td>238</td><td>110</td><td>124</td><td>156</td><td>158</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>343776</td><td>7654707</td></tr><tr><td>LP0177</td><td>DIM</td><td>143</td><td>145</td><td>141</td><td>147</td><td>148</td><td>150</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>150</td><td>152</td><td>174</td><td>182</td><td>226</td><td>236</td><td>110</td><td>114</td><td>156</td><td>192</td><td>243</td><td>249</td><td>3449052</td><td>7657584</td></tr><tr><td>LP0179</td><td>DIM</td><td>143</td><td>147</td><td>141</td><td>145</td><td>148</td><td>148</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>150</td><td>154</td><td>174</td><td>174</td><td>226</td><td>238</td><td>114</td><td>124</td><td>156</td><td>158</td><td>243</td><td>251</td><td>343427</td><td>7655879</td></tr><tr><td>LP0042</td><td>GA</td><td>143</td><td>143</td><td>145</td><td>147</td><td>148</td><td>148</td><td>256</td><td>258</td><td>148</td><td>152</td><td>178</td><td>182</td><td>226</td><td>232</td><td>124</td><td>124</td><td>156</td><td>156</td><td>235</td><td>243</td><td>350858.198</td><td>7636083.08</td></tr><tr><td>LP0043</td><td>GA</td><td>133</td><td>139</td><td>145</td><td>147</td><td>148</td><td>148</td><td>246</td><td>262</td><td>130</td><td>154</td><td>174</td><td>174</td><td>226</td><td>122</td><td>124</td><td>126</td><td>158</td><td>158</td><td>235</td><td>255</td><td>350858.198</td><td>7636083.08</td></tr><tr><td>LP0045</td><td>GA</td><td>133</td><td>133</td><td>141</td><td>145</td><td>148</td><td>148</td><td>258</td><td>262</td><td>138</td><td>152</td><td>174</td><td>178</td><td>230</td><td>244</td><td>124</td><td>126</td><td>162</td><td>166</td><td>235</td><td>255</td><td>350858.198</td><td>7636083.08</td></tr><tr><td>LP0047</td><td>GA</td><td>143</td><td>145</td><td>145</td><td>145</td><td>148</td><td>150</td><td>258</td><td>262</td><td>146</td><td>150</td><td>178</td><td>178</td><td>226</td><td>230</td><td>120</td><td>128</td><td>156</td><td>156</td><td>235</td><td>255</td><td>350858.198</td><td>7636083.08</td></tr><tr><td>LP0048</td><td>GA</td><td>137</td><td>143</td><td>141</td><td>143</td><td>138</td><td>150</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>182</td><td>186</td><td>230</td><td>238</td><td>110</td><td>126</td><td>156</td><td>162</td><td>235</td><td>251</td><td>350858.198</td><td>7636083.08</td></tr><tr><td>LP0050</td><td>GA</td><td>143</td><td>143</td><td>145</td><td>147</td><td>148</td><td>150</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>154</td><td>182</td><td>182</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>126</td><td>126</td><td>156</td><td>158</td><td>235</td><td>243</td><td>350858.198</td><td>7636083.08</td></tr><tr><td>LP0064</td><td>GA</td><td>143</td><td>145</td><td>143</td><td>147</td><td>140</td><td>154</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>146</td><td>152</td><td>174</td><td>178</td><td>226</td><td>226</td><td>120</td><td>124</td><td>156</td><td>156</td><td>249</td><td>249</td><td>350858.198</td><td>7636083.08</td></tr><tr><td>LP0065</td><td>GA</td><td>143</td><td>143</td><td>145</td><td>145</td><td>142</td><td>148</td><td>256</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>178</td><td>178</td><td>232</td><td>236</td><td>124</td><td>126</td><td>156</td><td>156</td><td>243</td><td>249</td><td>350858.198</td><td>7636083.08</td></tr><tr><td>LP0067</td><td>GA</td><td>143</td><td>147</td><td>145</td><td>145</td><td>138</td><td>148</td><td>254</td><td>268</td><td>152</td><td>162</td><td>178</td><td>178</td><td>228</td><td>230</td><td>110</td><td>110</td><td>156</td><td>158</td><td>235</td><td>245</td><td>350858.198</td><td>7636083.08</td></tr><tr><td>LP0070</td><td>GA</td><td>133</td><td>143</td><td>125</td><td>141</td><td>138</td><td>150</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>154</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>226</td><td>236</td><td>118</td><td>120</td><td>156</td><td>162</td><td>235</td><td>245</td><td>350858.198</td><td>7636083.08</td></tr><tr><td>LP0071</td><td>GA</td><td>133</td><td>143</td><td>141</td><td>145</td><td>148</td><td>148</td><td>258</td><td>262</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>174</td><td>182</td><td>236</td><td>244</td><td>110</td><td>126</td><td>156</td><td>166</td><td>235</td><td>245</td><td>350858.198</td><td>7636083.08</td></tr><tr><td>LP0073</td><td>GA</td><td>133</td><td>143</td><td>125</td><td>145</td><td>148</td><td>154</td><td>258</td><td>262</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>178</td><td>178</td><td>226</td><td>236</td><td>110</td><td>124</td><td>156</td><td>162</td><td>239</td><td>243</td><td>350858.198</td><td>7636083.08</td></tr><tr><td>LP0078</td><td>GA</td><td>133</td><td>143</td><td>125</td><td>137</td><td>138</td><td>146</td><td>246</td><td>262</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>162</td><td>178</td><td>226</td><td>226</td><td>124</td><td>126</td><td>134</td><td>156</td><td>235</td><td>255</td><td>350858.198</td><td>7636083.08</td></tr><tr><td>LP0079</td><td>GA</td><td>133</td><td>143</td><td>125</td><td>145</td><td>142</td><td>148</td><td>258</td><td>268</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>178</td><td>182</td><td>226</td><td>226</td><td>110</td><td>124</td><td>156</td><td>156</td><td>239</td><td>243</td><td>350858.198</td><td>7636083.08</td></tr><tr><td>LP0080</td><td>GA</td><td>133</td><td>143</td><td>125</td><td>137</td><td>146</td><td>150</td><td>258</td><td>262</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>162</td><td>182</td><td>226</td><td>236</td><td>118</td><td>126</td><td>156</td><td>156</td><td>235</td><td>235</td><td>350858.198</td><td>7636083.08</td></tr><tr><td>LP0081</td><td>GA</td><td>143</td><td>143</td><td>143</td><td>147</td><td>138</td><td>150</td><td>254</td><td>258</td><td>148</td><td>152</td><td>178</td><td>178</td><td>230</td><td>232</td><td>120</td><td>128</td><td>156</td><td>158</td><td>235</td><td>255</td><td>350858.198</td><td>7636083.08</td></tr><tr><td>LP0082</td><td>GA</td><td>143</td><td>147</td><td>125</td><td>147</td><td>140</td><td>146</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>154</td><td>174</td><td>178</td><td>226</td><td>232</td><td>124</td><td>126</td><td>156</td><td>166</td><td>235</td><td>243</td><td>350858.198</td><td>7636083.08</td></tr><tr><td>LP0083</td><td>GA</td><td>143</td><td>145</td><td>137</td><td>145</td><td>148</td><td>148</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>146</td><td>152</td><td>178</td><td>182</td><td>236</td><td>236</td><td>110</td><td>126</td><td>156</td><td>162</td><td>235</td><td>255</td><td>350858.198</td><td>7636083.08</td></tr><tr><td>LP0084</td><td>GA</td><td>143</td><td>143</td><td>137</td><td>141</td><td>138</td><td>150</td><td>246</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>154</td><td>178</td><td>182</td><td>226</td><td>226</td><td>120</td><td>126</td><td>134</td><td>156</td><td>235</td><td>235</td><td>350858.198</td><td>7636083.08</td></tr><tr><td>LP0015</td><td>GB</td><td>143</td><td>147</td><td>137</td><td>145</td><td>148</td><td>150</td><td>256</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>154</td><td>178</td><td>182</td><td>226</td><td>244</td><td>110</td><td>124</td><td>164</td><td>168</td><td>235</td><td>235</td><td>348970</td><td>7658171</td></tr><tr><td>LP0022</td><td>GB</td><td>143</td><td>147</td><td>137</td><td>147</td><td>148</td><td>148</td><td>258</td><td>266</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>174</td><td>182</td><td>236</td><td>236</td><td>110</td><td>116</td><td>152</td><td>156</td><td>235</td><td>253</td><td>349484</td><td>7658622</td></tr><tr><td>LP0030</td><td>GB</td><td>143</td><td>137</td><td>143</td><td>145</td><td>154</td><td>154</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>174</td><td>174</td><td>226</td><td>244</td><td>110</td><td>110</td><td>156</td><td>235</td><td>251</td><td>347824</td><td>7653384</td></tr><tr><td>LP0051</td><td>GB</td><td>141</td><td>143</td><td>125</td><td>145</td><td>142</td><td>142</td><td>256</td><td>262</td><td>150</td><td>152</td><td>174</td><td>182</td><td>226</td><td>236</td><td>124</td><td>128</td><td>156</td><td>156</td><td>253</td><td>255</td><td>349880</td><td>7659100</td></tr><tr><td>LP0059</td><td>GB</td><td>143</td><td>147</td><td>147</td><td>147</td><td>148</td><td>148</td><td>256</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>174</td><td>174</td><td>242</td><td>244</td><td>110</td><td>120</td><td>156</td><td>158</td><td>235</td><td>253</td><td>349720</td><td>7658792</td></tr><tr><td>LP0062</td><td>GB</td><td>145</td><td>147</td><td>141</td><td>145</td><td>148</td><td>150</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>174</td><td>174</td><td>242</td><td>244</td><td>110</td><td>120</td><td>156</td><td>158</td><td>251</td><td>251</td><td>349608</td><td>7658645</td></tr><tr><td>LP0063</td><td>GB</td><td>143</td><td>125</td><td>147</td><td>148</td><td>256</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>182</td><td>182</td><td>236</td><td>244</td><td>110</td><td>120</td><td>158</td><td>162</td><td>235</td><td>245</td><td>349483</td><td>7658437</td></tr><tr><td>LP0111</td><td>GB</td><td>143</td><td>143</td><td>137</td><td>137</td><td>140</td><td>148</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>174</td><td>186</td><td>226</td><td>236</td><td>114</td><td>126</td><td>156</td><td>156</td><td>253</td><td>255</td><td>347935</td><td>7658920.11</td></tr><tr><td>LP0112</td><td>GB</td><td>145</td><td>145</td><td>131</td><td>137</td><td>148</td><td>150</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>174</td><td>182</td><td>236</td><td>244</td><td>110</td><td>126</td><td>156</td><td>156</td><td>235</td><td>255</td><td>349481</td><td>7658623</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th>Samples</th><th>Area</th><th>531</th><th>531</th><th>173</th><th>173</th><th>43</th><th>43</th><th>1027</th><th>1027</th><th>76</th><th>76</th><th>441</th><th>441</th><th>96</th><th>96</th><th>69</th><th>69</th><th>275</th><th>275</th><th>31</th><th>31</th><th>X</th><th>Y</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>LP0142</td><td>GB</td><td>143</td><td>143</td><td>145</td><td>147</td><td>148</td><td>148</td><td>258</td><td>266</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>174</td><td>178</td><td>236</td><td>236</td><td>110</td><td>114</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>253</td><td>255</td><td>347932</td><td>7661950</td></tr><tr><td>LP0145</td><td>GB</td><td>143</td><td>143</td><td>145</td><td>137</td><td>147</td><td>148</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>174</td><td>174</td><td>226</td><td>244</td><td>110</td><td>110</td><td>156</td><td>156</td><td>235</td><td>255</td><td>349883</td><td>7659101</td></tr><tr><td>LP0148</td><td>GB</td><td>143</td><td>143</td><td>137</td><td>145</td><td>150</td><td>150</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>146</td><td>152</td><td>174</td><td>182</td><td>226</td><td>226</td><td>110</td><td>110</td><td>156</td><td>156</td><td>235</td><td>255</td><td>348429</td><td>7661450</td></tr><tr><td>LP0167</td><td>GB</td><td>133</td><td>143</td><td>145</td><td>145</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>150</td><td>150</td><td>178</td><td>182</td><td>232</td><td>234</td><td>114</td><td>126</td><td>156</td><td>156</td><td>235</td><td>255</td><td>348116</td><td>7655939</td></tr><tr><td>LP0168</td><td>GB</td><td>133</td><td>143</td><td>125</td><td>145</td><td>144</td><td>148</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>150</td><td>152</td><td>174</td><td>174</td><td>226</td><td>230</td><td>110</td><td>110</td><td>158</td><td>162</td><td>235</td><td>243</td><td>350872</td><td>7658655</td></tr><tr><td>LP0169</td><td>GB</td><td>133</td><td>145</td><td>131</td><td>141</td><td>148</td><td>150</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>174</td><td>174</td><td>226</td><td>246</td><td>110</td><td>110</td><td>156</td><td>158</td><td>235</td><td>255</td><td>349045</td><td>7660365</td></tr><tr><td>LP0183</td><td>GB</td><td>139</td><td>145</td><td>145</td><td>138</td><td>150</td><td>256</td><td>262</td><td>262</td><td>150</td><td>150</td><td>178</td><td>178</td><td>202</td><td>234</td><td>124</td><td>124</td><td>156</td><td>156</td><td>235</td><td>255</td><td>349824,913</td><td>7658843,05</td></tr><tr><td>LP0027</td><td>MAI</td><td>133</td><td>143</td><td>145</td><td>145</td><td>144</td><td>148</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>154</td><td>174</td><td>182</td><td>230</td><td>236</td><td>110</td><td>120</td><td>156</td><td>162</td><td>235</td><td>255</td><td>333677,367</td><td>7654975,52</td></tr><tr><td>LP0037</td><td>MAI</td><td>133</td><td>143</td><td>137</td><td>145</td><td>148</td><td>148</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>178</td><td>178</td><td>226</td><td>244</td><td>120</td><td>124</td><td>134</td><td>156</td><td>235</td><td>255</td><td>332819,755</td><td>7667694,89</td></tr><tr><td>LP0044</td><td>MAI</td><td>143</td><td>143</td><td>145</td><td>145</td><td>148</td><td>148</td><td>258</td><td>262</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>182</td><td>182</td><td>236</td><td>236</td><td>118</td><td>124</td><td>156</td><td>158</td><td>235</td><td>255</td><td>336242,024</td><td>7664056</td></tr><tr><td>LP0054</td><td>MAI</td><td>133</td><td>133</td><td>137</td><td>145</td><td>142</td><td>148</td><td>250</td><td>260</td><td>148</td><td>152</td><td>178</td><td>178</td><td>226</td><td>230</td><td>112</td><td>118</td><td>156</td><td>158</td><td>235</td><td>255</td><td>334019,61</td><td>765858,33</td></tr><tr><td>LP0068</td><td>MAI</td><td>133</td><td>133</td><td>145</td><td>145</td><td>140</td><td>148</td><td>250</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>154</td><td>182</td><td>182</td><td>230</td><td>236</td><td>118</td><td>124</td><td>158</td><td>158</td><td>235</td><td>235</td><td>336340,044</td><td>7663521,99</td></tr><tr><td>LP0069</td><td>MAI</td><td>133</td><td>143</td><td>145</td><td>145</td><td>148</td><td>148</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>174</td><td>178</td><td>230</td><td>236</td><td>110</td><td>118</td><td>156</td><td>156</td><td>235</td><td>235</td><td>336330,619</td><td>7663582,43</td></tr><tr><td>LP0093</td><td>MAI</td><td>133</td><td>143</td><td>137</td><td>145</td><td>145</td><td>148</td><td>250</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>154</td><td>178</td><td>182</td><td>226</td><td>230</td><td>114</td><td>128</td><td>156</td><td>156</td><td>235</td><td>235</td><td>330867,51</td><td>7669268,36</td></tr><tr><td>LP0104</td><td>MAI</td><td>143</td><td>143</td><td>145</td><td>147</td><td>140</td><td>150</td><td>250</td><td>258</td><td>138</td><td>152</td><td>174</td><td>182</td><td>226</td><td>236</td><td>110</td><td>128</td><td>156</td><td>158</td><td>243</td><td>255</td><td>330737,89</td><td>7668030,97</td></tr><tr><td>LP0105</td><td>MAI</td><td>133</td><td>133</td><td>137</td><td>147</td><td>148</td><td>148</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>154</td><td>174</td><td>178</td><td>226</td><td>244</td><td>110</td><td>110</td><td>156</td><td>162</td><td>235</td><td>235</td><td>330404,71</td><td>7669412,77</td></tr><tr><td>LP0106</td><td>MAI</td><td>133</td><td>133</td><td>137</td><td>137</td><td>148</td><td>152</td><td>250</td><td>260</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>178</td><td>178</td><td>228</td><td>230</td><td>110</td><td>124</td><td>156</td><td>156</td><td>235</td><td>235</td><td>333532</td><td>7662357</td></tr><tr><td>LP0107</td><td>MAI</td><td>143</td><td>143</td><td>145</td><td>145</td><td>148</td><td>148</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>178</td><td>178</td><td>226</td><td>244</td><td>120</td><td>128</td><td>134</td><td>156</td><td>235</td><td>235</td><td>331878</td><td>7668510</td></tr><tr><td>LP0113</td><td>MAI</td><td>133</td><td>143</td><td>137</td><td>145</td><td>148</td><td>148</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>178</td><td>178</td><td>226</td><td>230</td><td>112</td><td>118</td><td>156</td><td>156</td><td>235</td><td>235</td><td>333532</td><td>7662357</td></tr><tr><td>LP0126</td><td>MAI</td><td>133</td><td>133</td><td>137</td><td>137</td><td>148</td><td>148</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>182</td><td>182</td><td>226</td><td>230</td><td>110</td><td>124</td><td>156</td><td>156</td><td>235</td><td>235</td><td>333532</td><td>7662357</td></tr><tr><td>LP0131</td><td>MAI</td><td>133</td><td>143</td><td>137</td><td>145</td><td>144</td><td>148</td><td>258</td><td>262</td><td>150</td><td>154</td><td>178</td><td>182</td><td>230</td><td>244</td><td>120</td><td>124</td><td>162</td><td>162</td><td>235</td><td>235</td><td>330867,51</td><td>7669268,36</td></tr><tr><td>LP0132</td><td>MAI</td><td>133</td><td>143</td><td>135</td><td>145</td><td>144</td><td>148</td><td>256</td><td>258</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>178</td><td>182</td><td>226</td><td>226</td><td>110</td><td>120</td><td>156</td><td>162</td><td>235</td><td>235</td><td>330537,86</td><td>7670690,27</td></tr><tr><td>LP0134</td><td>MAI</td><td>143</td><td>143</td><td>135</td><td>145</td><td>148</td><td>148</td><td>258</td><td>262</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>182</td><td>182</td><td>226</td><td>244</td><td>110</td><td>124</td><td>156</td><td>158</td><td>235</td><td>255</td><td>333532</td><td>7662357</td></tr><tr><td>LP0136</td><td>MAI</td><td>133</td><td>143</td><td>145</td><td>147</td><td>148</td><td>148</td><td>258</td><td>260</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>174</td><td>174</td><td>226</td><td>236</td><td>110</td><td>110</td><td>156</td><td>156</td><td>235</td><td>253</td><td>329934,94</td><td>7667151,6</td></tr><tr><td>LP0137</td><td>MAI</td><td>133</td><td>143</td><td>145</td><td>145</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>154</td><td>174</td><td>178</td><td>226</td><td>236</td><td>110</td><td>120</td><td>156</td><td>158</td><td>235</td><td>255</td><td>330668,26</td><td>7667098,23</td></tr><tr><td>LP0143</td><td>MAI</td><td>133</td><td>143</td><td>137</td><td>145</td><td>150</td><td>152</td><td>250</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>178</td><td>182</td><td>226</td><td>236</td><td>110</td><td>110</td><td>156</td><td>156</td><td>235</td><td>235</td><td>333609</td><td>7665697</td></tr><tr><td>LP0152</td><td>MAI</td><td>133</td><td>133</td><td>137</td><td>145</td><td>144</td><td>148</td><td>258</td><td>262</td><td>130</td><td>154</td><td>182</td><td>182</td><td>226</td><td>230</td><td>110</td><td>110</td><td>156</td><td>162</td><td>235</td><td>235</td><td>333532</td><td>7662357</td></tr><tr><td>LP0154</td><td>MAI</td><td>133</td><td>143</td><td>135</td><td>145</td><td>148</td><td>148</td><td>258</td><td>262</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>182</td><td>182</td><td>226</td><td>234</td><td>110</td><td>126</td><td>156</td><td>156</td><td>235</td><td>235</td><td>336242</td><td>7664056</td></tr><tr><td>LP0173</td><td>MAI</td><td>137</td><td>143</td><td>135</td><td>145</td><td>148</td><td>148</td><td>256</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>178</td><td>182</td><td>228</td><td>230</td><td>110</td><td>110</td><td>156</td><td>160</td><td>235</td><td>235</td><td>329454,482</td><td>766667,97</td></tr><tr><td>LP0185</td><td>MAI</td><td>133</td><td>143</td><td>135</td><td>145</td><td>148</td><td>148</td><td>260</td><td>260</td><td>144</td><td>152</td><td>178</td><td>182</td><td>228</td><td>234</td><td>128</td><td>128</td><td>156</td><td>158</td><td>235</td><td>235</td><td>330668,259</td><td>7667098,23</td></tr><tr><td>LP0017</td><td>MAK</td><td>143</td><td>143</td><td>127</td><td>139</td><td>148</td><td>150</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>174</td><td>182</td><td>226</td><td>236</td><td>110</td><td>110</td><td>156</td><td>158</td><td>235</td><td>255</td><td>336631</td><td>7657560</td></tr><tr><td>LP0018</td><td>MAK</td><td>133</td><td>133</td><td>127</td><td>147</td><td>146</td><td>148</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>154</td><td>178</td><td>182</td><td>230</td><td>232</td><td>112</td><td>128</td><td>156</td><td>158</td><td>235</td><td>243</td><td>337083</td><td>7656762</td></tr><tr><td>LP0021</td><td>MAK</td><td>143</td><td>143</td><td>145</td><td>145</td><td>148</td><td>148</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>150</td><td>152</td><td>174</td><td>182</td><td>230</td><td>230</td><td>124</td><td>126</td><td>156</td><td>158</td><td>255</td><td>255</td><td>337476</td><td>7654771</td></tr><tr><td>LP0023</td><td>MAK</td><td>143</td><td>147</td><td>145</td><td>145</td><td>148</td><td>150</td><td>256</td><td>258</td><td>132</td><td>132</td><td>162</td><td>170</td><td>236</td><td>236</td><td>110</td><td>110</td><td>156</td><td>158</td><td>235</td><td>251</td><td>336649</td><td>7657420</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><thead><tr><th>Samples</th><th>Area</th><th>531</th><th>173</th><th>173</th><th>43</th><th>43</th><th>1027</th><th>1027</th><th>76</th><th>76</th><th>441</th><th>441</th><th>96</th><th>96</th><th>69</th><th>69</th><th>275</th><th>275</th><th>31</th><th>31</th><th>X</th><th>Y</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>LP0031</td><td>MAK</td><td>143</td><td>143</td><td>137</td><td>147</td><td>148</td><td>150</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>150</td><td>150</td><td>178</td><td>186</td><td>226</td><td>238</td><td>110</td><td>126</td><td>156</td><td>168</td><td>239</td><td>255</td><td>335467</td><td>7658028</td></tr><tr><td>LP0033</td><td>MAK</td><td>133</td><td>147</td><td>145</td><td>145</td><td>140</td><td>148</td><td>258</td><td>268</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>182</td><td>182</td><td>226</td><td>232</td><td>110</td><td>110</td><td>156</td><td>156</td><td>235</td><td>235</td><td>336325</td><td>7657861</td></tr><tr><td>LP0035</td><td>MAK</td><td>133</td><td>145</td><td>125</td><td>131</td><td>138</td><td>148</td><td>256</td><td>262</td><td>150</td><td>152</td><td>182</td><td>182</td><td>226</td><td>226</td><td>110</td><td>124</td><td>154</td><td>154</td><td>243</td><td>243</td><td>336325</td><td>7657861</td></tr><tr><td>LP0038</td><td>MAK</td><td>133</td><td>143</td><td>139</td><td>145</td><td>148</td><td>148</td><td>258</td><td>262</td><td>150</td><td>154</td><td>178</td><td>182</td><td>226</td><td>232</td><td>110</td><td>124</td><td>156</td><td>168</td><td>235</td><td>243</td><td>337056</td><td>7656624</td></tr><tr><td>LP0039</td><td>MAK</td><td>143</td><td>143</td><td>137</td><td>145</td><td>138</td><td>142</td><td>256</td><td>262</td><td>138</td><td>154</td><td>174</td><td>182</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>110</td><td>128</td><td>156</td><td>156</td><td>235</td><td>235</td><td>335342</td><td>7658063</td></tr><tr><td>LP0055</td><td>MAK</td><td>143</td><td>143</td><td>145</td><td>147</td><td>148</td><td>150</td><td>258</td><td>268</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>174</td><td>182</td><td>226</td><td>236</td><td>110</td><td>124</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>235</td><td>243</td><td>334516,79</td><td>7657580,56</td></tr><tr><td>LP0061</td><td>MAK</td><td>143</td><td>137</td><td>147</td><td>148</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>148</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>172</td><td>186</td><td>226</td><td>226</td><td>110</td><td>110</td><td>156</td><td>162</td><td>235</td><td>255</td><td>336881,726</td><td>7655700,6</td></tr><tr><td>LP0066</td><td>MAK</td><td>143</td><td>143</td><td>137</td><td>147</td><td>138</td><td>148</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>150</td><td>152</td><td>172</td><td>178</td><td>226</td><td>226</td><td>110</td><td>126</td><td>156</td><td>162</td><td>243</td><td>251</td><td>337778,677</td><td>7656129,04</td></tr><tr><td>LP0091</td><td>MAK</td><td>143</td><td>143</td><td>137</td><td>145</td><td>138</td><td>150</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>150</td><td>152</td><td>178</td><td>182</td><td>226</td><td>238</td><td>126</td><td>126</td><td>156</td><td>168</td><td>239</td><td>251</td><td>334840,713</td><td>7657807,07</td></tr><tr><td>LP0095</td><td>MAK</td><td>133</td><td>143</td><td>131</td><td>141</td><td>148</td><td>148</td><td>262</td><td>262</td><td>132</td><td>154</td><td>174</td><td>182</td><td>234</td><td>236</td><td>118</td><td>124</td><td>134</td><td>156</td><td>235</td><td>251</td><td>336879,698</td><td>7656881,21</td></tr><tr><td>LP0097</td><td>MAK</td><td>143</td><td>145</td><td>145</td><td>142</td><td>246</td><td>246</td><td>262</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>182</td><td>182</td><td>232</td><td>232</td><td>124</td><td>126</td><td>156</td><td>156</td><td>235</td><td>255</td><td>335364</td><td>7658061</td></tr><tr><td>LP0098</td><td>MAK</td><td>133</td><td>143</td><td>131</td><td>145</td><td>148</td><td>148</td><td>258</td><td>262</td><td>150</td><td>154</td><td>174</td><td>174</td><td>226</td><td>236</td><td>110</td><td>124</td><td>156</td><td>156</td><td>235</td><td>255</td><td>336879,698</td><td>7656881,21</td></tr><tr><td>LP0099</td><td>MAK</td><td>133</td><td>133</td><td>127</td><td>137</td><td>148</td><td>148</td><td>246</td><td>256</td><td>150</td><td>154</td><td>178</td><td>182</td><td>226</td><td>232</td><td>114</td><td>128</td><td>156</td><td>162</td><td>235</td><td>235</td><td>337446</td><td>7656509</td></tr><tr><td>LP0100</td><td>MAK</td><td>133</td><td>133</td><td>137</td><td>141</td><td>138</td><td>148</td><td>256</td><td>262</td><td>130</td><td>152</td><td>174</td><td>182</td><td>224</td><td>236</td><td>110</td><td>110</td><td>134</td><td>134</td><td>235</td><td>235</td><td>337758</td><td>7656424</td></tr><tr><td>LP0101</td><td>MAK</td><td>139</td><td>147</td><td>127</td><td>141</td><td>148</td><td>150</td><td>256</td><td>262</td><td>152</td><td>154</td><td>174</td><td>178</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>110</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>235</td><td>251</td><td>336694</td><td>7655803</td></tr><tr><td>LP0102</td><td>MAK</td><td>133</td><td>147</td><td>137</td><td>141</td><td>148</td><td>148</td><td>262</td><td>262</td><td>152</td><td>154</td><td>178</td><td>182</td><td>230</td><td>232</td><td>110</td><td>124</td><td>156</td><td>158</td><td>235</td><td>251</td><td>335104</td><td>7658028</td></tr><tr><td>LP0108</td><td>MAK</td><td>133</td><td>133</td><td>137</td><td>137</td><td>138</td><td>148</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>162</td><td>178</td><td>236</td><td>236</td><td>110</td><td>126</td><td>134</td><td>168</td><td>235</td><td>235</td><td>336970,406</td><td>7657053,94</td></tr><tr><td>LP0116</td><td>MAK</td><td>143</td><td>145</td><td>141</td><td>149</td><td>148</td><td>150</td><td>258</td><td>262</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>172</td><td>174</td><td>202</td><td>238</td><td>124</td><td>124</td><td>158</td><td>164</td><td>247</td><td>255</td><td>337788</td><td>7656044</td></tr><tr><td>LP0118</td><td>MAK</td><td>143</td><td>143</td><td>137</td><td>139</td><td>150</td><td>150</td><td>258</td><td>262</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>174</td><td>178</td><td>226</td><td>226</td><td>110</td><td>114</td><td>156</td><td>156</td><td>235</td><td>255</td><td>337890</td><td>7655551</td></tr><tr><td>LP0121</td><td>MAK</td><td>133</td><td>139</td><td>137</td><td>147</td><td>146</td><td>148</td><td>256</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>152</td><td>178</td><td>182</td><td>232</td><td>232</td><td>110</td><td>110</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>235</td><td>243</td><td>337402</td><td>7655051</td></tr><tr><td>LP0128</td><td>MAK</td><td>133</td><td>143</td><td>127</td><td>145</td><td>148</td><td>150</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>152</td><td>154</td><td>178</td><td>182</td><td>226</td><td>230</td><td>110</td><td>120</td><td>156</td><td>156</td><td>235</td><td>243</td><td>334840,713</td><td>7657807,07</td></tr><tr><td>LP0130</td><td>MAK</td><td>139</td><td>143</td><td>145</td><td>145</td><td>148</td><td>154</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>150</td><td>152</td><td>174</td><td>186</td><td>226</td><td>236</td><td>110</td><td>110</td><td>164</td><td>164</td><td>235</td><td>255</td><td>337758</td><td>7656424</td></tr><tr><td>LP0139</td><td>MAK</td><td>133</td><td>143</td><td>145</td><td>147</td><td>142</td><td>142</td><td>258</td><td>258</td><td>150</td><td>152</td><td>162</td><td>182</td><td>226</td><td>226</td><td>126</td><td>128</td><td>156</td><td>156</td><td>235</td><td>255</td><td>337568</td><td>7656070</td></tr><tr><td>LP0140</td><td>MAK</td><td>143</td><td>145</td><td>125</td><td>148</td><td>150</td><td>258</td><td>262</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>174</td><td>174</td><td>226</td><td>226</td><td>110</td><td>110</td><td>158</td><td>158</td><td>243</td><td>251</td><td>337758</td><td>7656424</td></tr><tr><td>LP0141</td><td>MAK</td><td>133</td><td>143</td><td>131</td><td>141</td><td>148</td><td>148</td><td>262</td><td>262</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>174</td><td>182</td><td>226</td><td>226</td><td>110</td><td>124</td><td>156</td><td>156</td><td>251</td><td>255</td><td>336970,406</td><td>7657053,94</td></tr><tr><td>LP0149</td><td>MAK</td><td>143</td><td>143</td><td>137</td><td>145</td><td>148</td><td>150</td><td>246</td><td>258</td><td>132</td><td>152</td><td>174</td><td>182</td><td>226</td><td>226</td><td>110</td><td>118</td><td>156</td><td>156</td><td>251</td><td>255</td><td>336970,406</td><td>7657053,94</td></tr><tr><td>LP0166</td><td>MAK</td><td>143</td><td>145</td><td>125</td><td>137</td><td>148</td><td>148</td><td>246</td><td>268</td><td>150</td><td>152</td><td>182</td><td>186</td><td>226</td><td>234</td><td>110</td><td>110</td><td>156</td><td>156</td><td>235</td><td>253</td><td>337069</td><td>7656738</td></tr></tbody></table>
**Appendix 2**

A

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /></figure>

B

<figure><img src="image_5.png" /></figure>

**Figure A1.** Cluster analysis of 158 feral cats from six geographical areas, on Réunion Island, 2015–2016
A detection of the number of genetic clusters K using the log-likelihood mean values L(K) (black circles; ± standard deviation) and ΔK statistic (black triangles; Evanno et al. 2005) as derived from STRUC-TURE with K ranging from 1 to 10 with each value obtained by averaging the posterior probabilities over 10 independent runs B proportional membership probability to a given genetic cluster. Colours correspond to genetic clusters. Area codes are detailed in Fig. 1.
## Appendix 3

<figure><img src="image_6.png" /></figure>

**Figure A2.** Spatial distribution of each group defined by Geneland for sampled feral cats (n = 158), on Réunion Island, 2015–2016. Black dots represent sample locations **A**, **B**, **C**, **D** and **E** are maps of posterior probability to belong to each group. Clusters are indicated by areas with different intensities of colour. Probability of population membership increases as shading intensity decreases (values of probability are indicated on each contour line) **F** shows the mode map of the posterior probability to belong to each group (see Table 1 for area codes). Unit of axis is metre.

## Appendix 4

<table><caption>**Table A2.** Pairwise F<sub>ST</sub> (above diagonal) and Nei distance estimates (below diagonal) for 6 areas where feral cats were sampled (n = 158) on Réunion Island, 2015–2016. Area codes are described in Fig. 1.</caption><thead><tr><th>Area/Area</th><th>MAI</th><th>MAK</th><th>CIL</th><th>DIM</th><th>GB</th><th>GA</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>MAI</td><td>—</td><td>0.120***</td><td>0.132***</td><td>0.145***</td><td>0.149***</td><td>0.136***</td></tr><tr><td>MAK</td><td>0.043***</td><td>—</td><td>0.011<sup>NS</sup></td><td>0.096***</td><td>0.036<sup>NS</sup></td><td>0.049<sup>NS</sup></td></tr><tr><td>CIL</td><td>0.047***</td><td>0.003<sup>NS</sup></td><td>—</td><td>0.100***</td><td>0.055<sup>NS</sup></td><td>0.093<sup>NS</sup></td></tr><tr><td>DIM</td><td>0.055***</td><td>0.030***</td><td>0.032***</td><td>—</td><td>0.056<sup>NS</sup></td><td>0.096***</td></tr><tr><td>GB</td><td>0.057***</td><td>0.012<sup>NS</sup></td><td>0.018<sup>NS</sup></td><td>0.019<sup>NS</sup></td><td>—</td><td>0.097<sup>NS</sup></td></tr><tr><td>GA</td><td>0.048***</td><td>0.015<sup>NS</sup></td><td>0.028*</td><td>0.030***</td><td>0.031<sup>NS</sup></td><td>—</td></tr></tbody></table>
Appendix 5

<table><caption>**Table A3.** Posterior mean and mode migration rates over the last generations amongst the six geographical groups of sampled feral cats on Réunion Island, 2015–2016. 95% high density predictive interval (HDPI) estimated by software BIMR and means of the posterior distributions of the migration rate (with 95% confidence intervals) using BayesAss are indicated. Asymmetric immigration is shown in bold text. Means values using BayesAss with a confident interval not including zero are in italic. Area codes are described in Fig. 1.</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">From-Into</th><th colspan="2">BIMr</th><th colspan="2">BayesAss</th></tr><tr><th>mean, mode</th><th>HDPI 95CI</th><th>mean</th><th>95CI</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>CIL-CIL</td><td>1, 1</td><td>[1;1]</td><td>0.681</td><td>[0.653;0.709]</td></tr><tr><td>CIL-DIM</td><td><strong>6.90e-09, 1.05e-08</strong></td><td><strong>[2.41e-13;1.79e-08]</strong></td><td><strong>0.016</strong></td><td><strong>[-0.006;0.037]</strong></td></tr><tr><td>CIL-GA</td><td>1.27e-08, 1.32e-08</td><td>[4.27e-13;3.35e-08]</td><td>0.014</td><td>[-0.012;0.040]</td></tr><tr><td>CIL-GB</td><td>2.70e-08, 2.94e-08</td><td>[4.56e-13;8.12e-08]</td><td>0.015</td><td>[-0.013;0.044]</td></tr><tr><td>CIL-MAI</td><td>4.60e-09, 1.13e-08</td><td>[3.37e-13;1.23e-08]</td><td>0.012</td><td>[-0.011;0.035]</td></tr><tr><td>CIL-MAK</td><td>3.19e-09, 5.80e-09</td><td>[1.09e-13;8.41e-09]</td><td>0.012</td><td>[-0.011;0.036]</td></tr><tr><td>DIM-CIL</td><td><strong>0.020, 0.101</strong></td><td><strong>[2.08e-12;0.126]</strong></td><td><strong>0.186</strong></td><td><strong>[0.098;0.275]</strong></td></tr><tr><td>DIM-DIM</td><td>0.903, 1</td><td>[0.50;1]</td><td>0.913</td><td>[0.859;0.967]</td></tr><tr><td>DIM-GA</td><td>1.29e-08, 1.21e-08</td><td>[1.06e-12;3.40e-08]</td><td>0.088</td><td>[-0.005;0.179]</td></tr><tr><td>DIM-GB</td><td>2.67e-08, 2.91e-08</td><td>[1.56e-13;8.02e-08]</td><td><strong>0.203</strong></td><td><strong>[0.130;0.276]</strong></td></tr><tr><td>DIM-MAI</td><td>4.66e-09, 9.99e-10</td><td>[1.98e-13;1.23e-08]</td><td>0.048</td><td>[-0.017;0.113]</td></tr><tr><td>DIM-MAK</td><td>3.17e-09, 3.73e-09</td><td>[3.47e-13;8.36e-09]</td><td><strong>0.133</strong></td><td><strong>[0.015;0.250]</strong></td></tr><tr><td>GA-CIL</td><td>6.80e-09, 2.28e-09</td><td>[3.96e-13;1.79e-08]</td><td>0.012</td><td>[-0.011;0.035]</td></tr><tr><td>GA-DIM</td><td>0.009, 1.16e-08</td><td>[1.23e-12;0.065]</td><td>0.007</td><td>[-0.007;0.022]</td></tr><tr><td>GA-GA</td><td>1, 1</td><td>[1;1]</td><td>0.680</td><td>[0.655;0.705]</td></tr><tr><td>GA-GB</td><td>2.67e-08, 1.42e-08</td><td>[5.34e-13;8.00e-08]</td><td>0.015</td><td>[-0.013;0.044]</td></tr><tr><td>GA-MAI</td><td>4.58e-09, 1.11e-08</td><td>[9.69e-14;1.21e-08]</td><td>0.012</td><td>[-0.011;0.035]</td></tr><tr><td>GA-MAK</td><td>3.20e-09, 1.24e-09</td><td>[1.09e-13;8.36e-09]</td><td><strong>0.011</strong></td><td><strong>[-0.011;0.032]</strong></td></tr><tr><td>GB-CIL</td><td>6.73e-09, 1.31e-08</td><td>[9.26e-13;1.79e-08]</td><td>0.012</td><td>[-0.011;0.034]</td></tr><tr><td>GB-DIM</td><td>0.047, 0.176</td><td>[1.18e-12;0.291]</td><td><strong>0.007</strong></td><td><strong>[-0.006;0.020]</strong></td></tr><tr><td>GB-GA</td><td>1.28e-08, 1.03e-08</td><td>[2.21e-13;3.38e-08]</td><td>0.013</td><td>[-0.012;0.038]</td></tr><tr><td>GB-GB</td><td>1, 1</td><td>[1;1]</td><td>0.682</td><td>[0.653;0.711]</td></tr><tr><td>GB-MAI</td><td>4.59e-09, 2.31e-09</td><td>[3.24e-13;1.22e-08]</td><td>0.012</td><td>[-0.010;0.033]</td></tr><tr><td>GB-MAK</td><td>3.20e-09, 1.58e-09</td><td>[1.52e-13;8.43e-09]</td><td>0.010</td><td>[-0.008;0.027]</td></tr><tr><td>MAI-CIL</td><td>6.78e-09, 2.40e-09</td><td>[4.07e-14;1.77e-08]</td><td>0.075</td><td>[-0.007;0.157]</td></tr><tr><td>MAI-DIM</td><td>0.008, 1.83e-08</td><td>[3.09e-12;0.051]</td><td>0.024</td><td>[-0.012;0.059]</td></tr><tr><td>MAI-GA</td><td>1.27e-08, 1.01e-08</td><td>[9.34e-13;3.36e-08]</td><td>0.054</td><td>[-0.023;0.130]</td></tr><tr><td>MAI-GB</td><td>2.64e-08, 1.23e-08</td><td>[2.92e-12;8.00e-08]</td><td>0.019</td><td>[-0.016;0.055]</td></tr><tr><td>MAI-MAI</td><td>1, 1</td><td>[1;1]</td><td>0.894</td><td>[0.818;0.970]</td></tr><tr><td>MAI-MAK</td><td>3.17e-09, 1.87e-09</td><td>[1.81e-13;8.33e-09]</td><td><strong>0.089</strong></td><td><strong>[0.011;0.166]</strong></td></tr><tr><td>MAK-CIL</td><td>6.72e-09, 2.31e-09</td><td>[6.59e-14;1.77e-08]</td><td>0.036</td><td>[-0.024;0.091]</td></tr><tr><td>MAK-DIM</td><td>0.013, 1.23e-08</td><td>[3.97e-13;0.085]</td><td>0.034</td><td>[-0.006;0.073]</td></tr><tr><td>MAK-GA</td><td>1.29e-08, 1.22e-08</td><td>[6.76e-13;3.423e-08]</td><td><strong>0.152</strong></td><td><strong>[0.047;0.257]</strong></td></tr><tr><td>MAK-GB</td><td>2.63e-08, 1.34e-08</td><td>[2.83e-12;7.89e-08]</td><td><strong>0.065</strong></td><td><strong>[0.004;7.0126]</strong></td></tr><tr><td>MAK-MAI</td><td>4.63e-09, 3.98e-09</td><td>[9.623e-14;1.23e-08]</td><td>0.022</td><td>[-0.016;0.060]</td></tr><tr><td>MAK-MAK</td><td>[9.623e-14;1.23e-08]</td><td>[9.623e-14;1.23e-08]</td><td>0.747</td><td>[0.619;0.875]</td></tr></tbody></table>
**Appendix 6**

<figure><img src="image_7.png" /><figcaption>**Figure A3.** Plot of detection histories of feral cat over the detector maps during the study period, in Réunion Island, 2015-2016. Red crosses are for camera-trap locations and each dot represents a capture event (one colour per individual).</figcaption></figure>
**Appendix 7**

<figure><img src="image_8.png" /></figure>

**Figure A4.** Variation of the detection probability with the distance of the home range centre. The dark grey mark is for the value of the spatial scale of the movement parameter for a half-normal detection function.