371; revenues, 157, 309; Singapore, 176

Teamworking, 352–353

TechBru Solution, 265

Technical, barriers to trade, 166; capacity, 302, 319; challenges, 333; expertise, 184, 252, 369; knowledge, 5, 128, 252, 373; services, 79

Technological, advances, 49n7, 146, 246, 252–253, 341; content, 34; development, 5, 330, 373; improvement, 174; innovation, 160, 372; know-how, 45; revolution, 1–2; spillover, 62, 146

Technology, and innovation, 4–5, 160, 176, 343, 372; digital, 146, 251, 340; foreign direct investment, 34; and productivity, 7; spillover, 33, 62, 146; transformation, 147; upgrading, 82, 367

Telecommunications, 91, 225

Telekom Brunei (TelBru), 330

Temburong, 185, 202, 227, 228

Temporary workforce, 210

Tenth National Development Plan, 29–30, 58, 306

Textile(s), 60, 143; industry, 161–162; China, 162; product(s), 143

Thailand, 111–115; agritourism in, 200; exports to, 167, 167; GDP per capita, 6; Global Competitiveness Index, 329; imports from, 168; labour underutilisation, 77; offshore services, 373; performance management, 300, 300, 319; public administration, 299; resources, 52, 55; trading partner, 137, 138, 167, 168; women and employment, 82, 83, 83

Thelen, Kathleen, 26

Theory, applied economic, 5; contract, 5; Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson, 158; new public management, 333; regulation, 5; Ricardian, 158

Third National Development Plan, 6

Thuraya Farhana Said, 14, 297–325, 371

Timmer, Marcel P., 129, 160

Timothy, Dallen J., 220–221

Tirole, Jean, 258

TMRW, 119

Total quality management, 332–333, 342; implementation, 328; and public services, 327–328

Tourism, agency, 211; Association of Southeast Asian Nations, 199, 201, 211, 220, 222; business, 220, 226; Cambodia, 207; Cameron Highlands, 212; China, 221; community-based, 200–201, 205, 210–211, 226; cross-border, 12–13, 219–222, 223, 224–227, 228, 230, 232–233, 369; and culture, 207, 222, 227, 232, 373; cultural, 200; East Malaysia, 12, 220, 225, 226; and economic growth, 221; ethnic, 208; farm, 200, 213; food, 207; *halal*, 373; Malaysia, 207, 212, 221; plans, 209; product(s), 208–209, 373; rural, 200; strategy, 205, 207, 211, 213

Tourism Development Department, 373

Toyota, 328, 331

Toys 'R' Us, 230

Trade, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, 167–168, 368; bilateral, 147, 159–160, 169–170; blocs, 129, 170; China, 32, 137, 138, 155, 160, 166, 165–167, 167, 168, 168–169, 169, 170, 171–172, 175–176; cross-border, 142; diversification, 12; East Asia, 159; and economic growth, 55, 156, 166, 173; Europe, 159; flows, 129, 160, 168, 172; global, 11, 32, 156, 368; global value chain(s), 130, 132, 156; goods, 159, 170; India, 138, 167; Indonesia, 137; integration, 156; with Japan, 138; liberalisation, 156, 166; linkages, 12, 96, 155, 160–161, 169–170, 173; partnership(s), 12; policy, 309; protection, 48; regional, 11, 146, 368; relations, 169; spillover, 156; structure(s), 88, 147, 161; United States, 165; war, 97; and welfare, 159

Trade agreement(s), 137, 146, 165, 368; Asia, 97; Association of Southeast Asian Nations, 97–98, 121, 137, 146, 165–166; Australia, 97, 137–138, 146, 166; bilateral, 373; Brazil, 146; Canada, 146; China, 97, 137, 146, 165–166; and global value chains, 368; India, 146, 166; Japan, 97, 137, 146, 165–166; Mexico, 146; multilateral, 373; New Zealand, 97, 137, 166; regional, 146, 368;
South Korea, 12, 97, 137, 146, 165–166; United States, 146

Trade liberalisation, 166; and free trade agreements, 166; policy, 156

Trading partner(s), 132, 137, 155, 169; ASEAN Plus Three, 155; Association of Southeast Asian Nations, 137, 139, 139; Australia, 137, 138, 167; Britain, 168; China, 32, 137, 138, 166, 167, 168, 171; Germany, 168; India, 138, 167; Indonesia, 137, 167, 168; Japan, 137, 138, 167, 168, 171; Kazakhstan, 168; Malaysia, 137, 138, 167, 168, 171; New Zealand, 137, 167; Nigeria, 168; Philippines, 137, 138, 167; Singapore, 137, 138, 167, 168, 171; South Asia, 167; South Korea, 12, 137, 138, 166, 167, 168; Taiwan, 138; Thailand, 137, 138, 167, 168; United Arab Emirates, 168; United States, 168; Vietnam, 137, 138

Training management, system, 333; programme(s), 192–193, 369

Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), 32, 166

Transaction cost(s), 13, 251, 254–257, 260

Transfer, knowledge, 339; technology, 156, 174; skills, 339

Transformation, digital, 146, 254; economic, 40, 47, 127, 372; financial, 13; financial services, 119; global economy, 1–2; innovation, 341; models of, 3; public service, 333; structural, 40, 64, 127, 145, 365–366; technology, 147

Transformational leadership, 337

Transition, demographic, 71–72; economic, 3, 366, 369, 372; economics of, 2; energy, 90–91, 365–367

Transportation, 48n5, 64, 212, 225, 246, 254, 262–263

Treasury Accounting and Financial Information System, 332

Trends, demographic, 10, 69–70

TripAdvisor, 210

Trump, Donald, 32

Turnbull, Peter, 356

Tutong (district), 185, 201–202, 227, 228, 231

Tutong (ethnic group), 202, 207

2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Goals, 1–2

Tyasti, Avia Enggar, 328

## U

Ubaidillah Masli, 305

Ukraine, 97; conflict, 128; Russian invasion of, 127–128, 131, 139, 145

Umma, 262

UN Tourism, 219–220

Underemployed worker(s), 70

Underutilisation, employment, 368; labour, 69–70, 76, 76n5, 77, 367

Unemployment, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, 10, 10n4, 75, 75, 76, 185; Cambodia, 185; Indonesia, 10n4; Philippines, 10n4; youth, 184–185

Uniqlo, 230

United Arab Emirates, 111; employment, 78; imports from, 165, 168; resource endowment, 47; trading partner, 168; women and employment, 83

United Malayan Banking Corporation, 239, see also Rashid Hussein Bank

United Nations (UN), 23, 43, 71, 147

United Nations Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 43, 61, 88, 367

United Nations World Tourism Organisation, see UN Tourism

United Overseas Bank (UOB), 105–106, 119

United States, 32, 91; cross-border tourism, 220–221, 232; economy, 255; financial literacy, 273; foreign direct investment, 174; global value chains, 143; imports from, 168; performance management, 299; resource boom, 49n7; trade, 165; trade agreement(s), 146; trade war, 97; trading partner, 168

Universiti Brunei Darussalam, 330

Universiti Teknologi Brunei, 330

UOB Asset Management, 108

Upgrading, institutional, 33; technology, 82, 367

Utility, infrastructure, 49

## V

Value(s), change(s), 341; congruence, 327, 329, 334, 337, 339–341, 343, 372; cultural, 336; network, 254, 258–259; organisational, 334, 336, 339–343; social, 76; work, 335, 340
Value-added, 143; accounting framework, 130, 130; enterprises, 47; exports, 139; goods, 176; industries, 33; product(s), 203, 210–211; sectors, 34; small- and medium-sized enterprises, 64

Value chains, 96, 134, 143; manufacturing, 146, see also Global value chains

Value system, 341; organisational, 338–339

Van Alstyne, Marshall W., 258

Venables, Anthony J., 49, 52

Verdoorn, P.J., 159

Vietnam, 111–112, 114–115; agritourism, 200; exports to, 167, 167; foreign direct investment, 174; GDP per capita, 6; labour underutilisation, 77; trading partner, 137, 138

Visit ASEAN, 211

Visit Brunei 2025, 373

Vocational, education, 185; skills, 193

Volatility, commodity price, 58; fiscal, 50; macroeconomic, 40, 48n4, 50, 52, 57; oil price, 6–7, 41, 52, 57, 127, 145; price, 61, 86

## W

Wage gap, 81–82, 90, 367

Walke, Adam G., 232

Wang, Zhi, 129, 141–142, 149

Waqf (endowment), 237, 243, 246, 248

Wardah Azimah Sumardi, 14, 349–363, 372

Warehouse, 266

Warner, Andrew M., 50–51

Warner, Mildred E., 330

Washington Consensus, 4

Watson, 230

Wawasan Brunei 2035, 1, 6, 28, 90n16, 157, 276, 304, 305, 308, 365; and Economic Blueprint, 140; and economic diversification, 39–40, 97, 119, 140, 146, 370; and economy, 58, 63, 97, 174, 373; and Financial Sector Blueprint, 97, 102; and global value chains, 146; goals, 9, 11–12, 14, 30, 176, 185, 330, 372, 374; implementation, 95; and innovation, 90, 367; and micro, small and medium enterprise(s), 112; and performance management, 297, 311, 314; and public sector, 306; public service delivery, 14

Wealth, accumulation, 273; fund, 49–50, 58; redistribution, 245

Weidenfeld, Adi, 232

Weitzman, Martin L., 3

Welfare, 247, 272, 275, 289; benefits, 55, 159, 365, 367; and economic growth, 96, 120; services, 60, 61; social, 157; sustainability, 289; system(s), 23, 31, 39, 47, 157; and trade, 159

Welfare regime(s), East Asian, 77; Islamic, 77

Welfare state, 22, 28, 77, 367; in Asia, 28; Islamic, 77, 367

Well-being, 273–274; economic, 24; employees, 191; financial, 276; social, 24

Western, countries, 352

Western Europe, 349–350

Western Foods and Packaging, 46

WhatsApp, 260, 265

Wilkinson, Adrian, 351–353, 355, 372

Williamson, Oliver, 256–257

Women, Hispanic, 275; and labour force, 72; in private sector, 82; and work, 82; worker(s), 82

Women and employment, 83; Indonesia, 83; Kuwait, 83; Oman, 83; in private sector, 82; Qatar, 83; Saudi Arabia, 83; Singapore, 83; Thailand, 83; United Arab Emirates, 83, see also Females workers

Wood, Geoffrey, 360

Work, 75–77, 81, 184, 186, 192, 203, 241, 298, 303, 329–330, 336–339, 349–350, 352–354; culture, 308, 341; domestic, 72; environment, 337, 339, 352; and innovation, 308, 331; intensification, 355; manual, 304; private sector, 78; processes, 371; public sector, 331; social, 83, 143; values, 335, 340; and women, 82

Worker(s), 72n3; agricultural, 81; agriculture, 70; domestic, 81, 83; employability, 12, 189, 191; experience, 187–188, 189, 190, 191; female, 82–83, 91; foreign, 72, 75, 75n4, 80, 80–81, 81, 82–83; industrial, 70; local, 80, 81; migrant, 367; performance management, 318; private sector, 80; public sector, 79; representation, 351; service, 70;
South Asian, 80; underemployed,
70; women, 82; young, 194

Workforce, 58, 175, 184, 193–194, 225,
352–353; educated, 33;
environment, 185; skilled, 12, 146,
158, 174, 185, 241; state, 79;
temporary, 210, see also Labour
market

Works councils, 352

World Bank, 4, 29–30, 43, 44–45, 51, 308

World Customs Organisation, 161

World market(s), 61, 96

*World population prospects 2022 (UN)*, 71

World Trade Organisation (WTO), 166, 172

World Wide Web, 254

Worldwide Governance Indicators, 29, 30

Wright, Gavin, 47

Wynen, Jan, 330, 333

X

Xing Yuqing, 172

Y

Youth, and agritourism, 199, 208, 211–212;
and education, 33; dependency ratio,
73, 74; employability, 12, 183–188,
190–194, 369; knowledge, 369;
marketplace, 183–184, 187;
population, 373; unemployment,
184–185

Youth Development Centre, 245

Youth unemployment, 30, 184–185;
Cambodia, 185; Indonesia, 185;
Malaysia, 185; Singapore, 185

Yuda, Tauchid Komara, 77

Z

Zakat (alms), 237, 243, 245–246, 248

Zalora, 253, 261–262, 267

Zhejiang Hengyi Group, 32, 42, 174

Zhejiang Hengyi Industries, 134

Zhi Wang, 129, 141

Zoega, Gylfi, 51