and evaluation standards, alert systems and emergency procedures, qualification of personnel in tissue and cell banks, quality system, import and export of human tissue and cells, relations between tissue and cells banks and third parties.

The Romanian legislation also includes other legal and administrative acts that complete the general legal framework in the matter:

- Law no. 17/2001 on the ratification of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine, the Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine<fnref n="15" />, and the Additional Protocol to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine, on the Prohibition of Cloning Human Beings<fnref n="16" />.

- Law no. 104/2003, republished, on manipulation of human corpses and collection of organs and tissues from corpses for transplantation, and its subsequent amendments and additions.

- Order no. 183/2005 on the approval of the Organization and Functioning Regulation, the organizational chart, the composition of the Scientific Council of the National Transplant Agency, as well as the attributions of the Deputy Strategy and Management Director of the National Transplant Agency, and its subsequent amendments and additions.

- Order no. 477/2009 on the establishment of the National Transplant Registry, the appointment of persons responsible for managing the data in the National Transplant Registry from accredited health establishments for the purpose of carrying out transplantation of organs, tissues and cells of human origin for therapeutic purposes and determining the data necessary for the registration of a person and assigning the unique registration code of the National Transplant Agency, and its subsequent amendments and additions.

- Order no. 860/2013 for approval of the accreditation criteria for transplantation of organs, tissues and cells of human origin, and its subsequent amendments and additions.

- Order no. 1155/2014 for the approval of the Norms on the national implementation of a rapid alert system in the field of transplantation of organs, tissues and cells of human origin.

- Law no. 9/2016 for the ratification of the Additional Protocol to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine, with respect to the transplantation of organs and tissues of human origin, signed at Strasbourg on February 20, 2015.

- Order no. 855/2017 for the approval of therapeutic protocols for the procurement of organs, tissues and cells of human origin from living and/or deceased donors.

### 3. THE EUROPEAN UNION ACTION PLAN ON ORGAN DONATION AND TRANSPLANTATION

We can argue that considerable efforts have been made by the European Commission to support organ transplantation through legal measures, as we have shown above, efforts that have been supported through funding of scientific research projects.

In the same context, the European Commission adopted an *Action plan on Organ Donation and Transplantation (2009-2015): Strengthened Cooperation between Member

<footnote n="15">¹⁵ Concluded at Ovideo on April 4, 1997;</footnote>

<footnote n="16">¹⁶ Signed in Paris on January 12, 1998;</footnote>
*States*<fnref n="17" /> in 2008, which proposed 3 priority actions: increasing organ availability, enhancing the efficiency and accessibility of transplantation systems, and improving the quality and safety of transplant products.

In 2017, the European Commission assessed the effectiveness of the Action Plan through a Study on the uptake and impact of the EU Action Plan on Organ Donation and Transplantation (2009-2015) in the EU Member States. Among the findings of the study, we mainly acknowledge that since the enactment of the Plan, the total number of organ donors increased considerably at EU level;<fnref n="18" /> there was also an increase in the number of transplants<fnref n="19" />.

Most countries shown a steady increase in donations, but fluctuations or even regressions have also been reported, this trend being observed in a few countries that have been more affected by the economic crisis, where the poor results might be a consequence of the financial crisis on the national health systems<fnref n="20" />.

We can safely say that the attitude of the Community institutions and of the Member States has led to significant progress in this area, both in terms of legislation and of health.

<figure><img src="image_6.png" /></figure>

<footnote n="17">¹⁷ Action Plan on Organ Donation and Transplantation (2009-2015): Strengthened Cooperation between Member States
https://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_threats/human_substance/oc_organs/docs/organs_action_ro.pdf</footnote>

<footnote n="18">¹⁸ From 12.3 thousand in 2008 to 14.9 thousand in 2015 (21%), this figure including both the increase of deceased donors of organs (12%) and the living donors of organs (29.5%).</footnote>

<footnote n="19">¹⁹ An increase by 4,641, from 28,066 transplants in 2008 to 32,707 in 2015</footnote>

<footnote n="20">²⁰ R. Bouwell, T. Wiegers, S. van Schoten, R. Coppen, R. Friele, Study on the uptake and impact of the EU Action Plan on Organ Donation and Transplantation (2009-2015) in the EU Member States. European Commission, November, 2017. https://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/health/files/blood_tissues_organs/docs/2017_euactionplan_2009-2015_impact_exe_en.pdf;</footnote>
**Directeur de la publication/Publication Director:**

**Dr. Michel LABORI** – Docteur d'Etat en sciences économiques et Agrégé d'histoire, ancien Professeur Jean Monnet, Université de Besançon, Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur, (France)

Editeur/Editor : Prodifmultimedia Paris ISSN: 0248-2851

**Rédacteur en chef/ Chief Editor:**

**Dr. Simion COSTEA**, Senior Lecturer, ex-Jean Monnet Professor of EU Studies and Contemporary History, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Tirgu-Mures, former advisor in the European Parliament (Brussels)

**Comité de rédaction/ Editorial Board:**

* **Dr. Adrian-Gabriel CORPĂDEAN** – *secrétaire de rédaction*, Lecturer « Babeş-Bolyai » University Cluj-Napoca (Romania);

* **Dr. Mihaela DACIANA NATEA**, Lecturer, Director of the Department of History and Political Science, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Tirgu-Mures (Romania);

* **Dr. Daniel ȘTEFAN**, Senior Lecturer, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Tirgu-Mures (Romania);

* **Dr. Dragoș PĂUN** – Lecturer, « Babeș-Bolyai » University Cluj-Napoca (Romania);

* **Dr. Colin SWATRIDGE**, UK, guest lecturer, Miskolc University (Hungary)

* **Dr. Nicoleta VASILCOVSKI**, Social Studies and Economics Teacher, QiLu Sino-Canadian Program, Shandong (China)

* **Florent VANREMORTERE** – ancien maître de conférences à l'I.E.P. de Lille (France)

* **Dr. Erol KULAHCI**, Agence universitaire de la Francophonie (Bruxelles);

**Conseil scientifique/ Scientific Board**

* **Dr. Eric OLSZAK** – enseignant-chercheur, Faculté Libre de Droit (FLD), Université Catholique de Lille, Membre de l'IDDR (Institut du développement durable et responsable), (France);

* **Dr. Tanel KERIKMÄE**, professeur Jean Monnet, directeur de l'École de droit de Tallinn, Université de technologie de Tallinn (Estonia);

* **Dr. Archil CHOCHIA**, Researcher, Tallinn Law School, Tallinn University of Technology (Estonia)

* **Dr. Licínia SIMÃO** – professeur, Université de Beira Interior, expert, Université de Coimbra (Portugal);

* **Dr. Hedi SAIDI**, Professeur, Université de Lille, Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur et Chevalier des Palmes Académiques (France);

* **Dr. Amelia HADFIELD**, Professor, Canterbury Christ Church University (UK);

* **Dr. Placide MABAKA** -Professeur à l'Institut Catholique de Lille (France);

* **Dr. Nicolae PĂUN** – Professeur Jean Monnet, doyen, Faculté d'études européennes, Université «Babeș-Bolyai» de Cluj-Napoca (Romania);

* **Dr. Didier BLANC**, Professeur, Faculté de Droit, Université de Toulouse (France);

* **Dr. Beatrice BOISSARD** - Maître de conférence à l'Université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin (France);

* **Dr. Cornel SIGMIREAN**, Professeur, Département d'histoire et sciences politiques, l'Université de Medicine, Pharmacie, Sciences et Technologie de Tîrgu-Mureș (Romania);

* **Dr. Simion COSTEA** – Maître de Conférences professeur Jean Monnet à l'Université de Medicine, Pharmacie, Sciences et Technologie de Tîrgu-Mureș (Romania);

* **Dr. Ioannis PANOUSSIS**, Maître de conférences à la Faculté Libre de Droit de Lille (ICL), (France);

* **Dr. Bruno GUERMONPREZ** – Enseignant-chercheur ISA Lille (France);

* **Dr. Boris GRÉSILLON** – Maître de conférences à l'Université de Provence, (France);

L'Europe unie/United Europe is an academic international journal edited in Paris (French ISSN) by:

* Université Catholique de Lille (France)

* Faculté Libre de Droit de Toulouse (Institut Catholique, France)

* Mouvement Européen Nord (Lille, France)

* Association «Confrontations» (Paris, France)

* University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Tirgu-Mureș

* University «Babeș-Bolyai» de Cluj-Napoca (Roumanie)

* École de Droit de Tallin, Université de Technologie de Tallin (Estonie)

* University of Beira Interior (Portugal)

* Jean Monnet Project (EU).

The sole responsibility lies with the authors (not with the EU institutions).
Faculté Libre de Droit Institut Catholique
de Toulouse

31 Rue de la Fonderie BP31068 Toulouse Cedex 7

Tél: 05 61 36 81 22 Fax: 05 61 36 81 37

E-mail: secr.univ2@ict-toulouse.asso.fr

<figure><img src="image_7.png" /></figure>

FACULTÉ
LIBRE DE
DROIT

<figure><img src="image_8.png" /></figure>

Mouvement Européen
France

Nord

Mouvement Européen Nord

219 bis, bd de la Liberté, BP 1134, 59 012 Lille Cedex, France

Tél. : 03 20 52 72 89, Fax : 03 20 97 73 60, E-mail: mouveuropeen@wanadoo.fr

http://www.mouvement-europeen.org/section/

Association «Confrontations» (Paris, France)

4 Place de Valois 75001 Paris, Tel. 0033142605241,

E-mail: courriel@confrontations.fr

www.confrontations.fr

<figure><img src="image_9.png" /></figure>

Confrontations

Association d'Intellectuels Chrétiens

UMSF

UNIVERSITY OF
MEDICINE PHARMACY
SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
OF TARGU MUREŞ

University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Târgu-Mureş,
Gheorghe Marinescu Street no 38, Târgu Mureş, 540139, România

Tel.: +40 265 215.551, Fax: +40 265 210.407

E-mail: rectorat@umftgm.ro, www.umfst.ro/en/home.html

<figure><img src="image_10.png" /></figure>

Babeş-Bolyai University

Faculty of European Studies

1, Mihail Kogalniceanu Street

RO-400084 Cluj-Napoca 0264 40.53.00 0264 59.19.06

www.ubbcluj.ro

<figure><img src="image_11.png" /></figure>

Tallinn Law School at Tallinn University of Technology

Akadeemia tee 3, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia

Tel.: 003726202430 Fax: 003726202429

E-mail: tls@ttu.ee, www.ttu.ee/tallinn-law-school

<figure><img src="image_12.png" /></figure>

1918

TALLINN UNIVERSITY OF
TECHNOLOGY

<figure><img src="image_13.png" /></figure>

TALLINN LAW SCHOOL

<figure><img src="image_14.png" /></figure>

Université de Beira Interior (Portugal)

Convento de Sto. António, 6201-001 Covilha

Tel:+351(275)319700 Fax:+351(275)319057, www.ubi.pt

ISSN: 0248-2851

EAN: 99782749700519

<figure><img src="image_15.png" /></figure>