# Live bird market in Bangladesh: Regulatory systems and operations

Nusrat Irin, Syeda Munira Dilshad, Abdullah Al Sattar, Nurun Nahar Chisty, Afsana Sultana, Mahmudul Hasan, Rashed Mahmud, Syed Shahid Abbas, Guillaume Fournié, Md Ahasanul Hoque

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## To cite this version:

Nusrat Irin, Syeda Munira Dilshad, Abdullah Al Sattar, Nurun Nahar Chisty, Afsana Sultana, et al. Live bird market in Bangladesh: Regulatory systems and operations. Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research, 2021, 8 (4), pp.1. 10.5455/javar.2021.h559. hal-04596622

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# Live bird market in Bangladesh: Regulatory systems and operations

Nusrat Irin, Syeda Munira Dilshad, Abdullah Al Sattar, Nurun Nahar Chisty, Afsana Sultana, Mahmudul Hasan, Rashed Mahmud, Syed Shahid Abbas, Guillaume Fournié, Md Ahasanul Hoque

<figure><img src="image_1.png" /></figure>

## To cite this version:

Nusrat Irin, Syeda Munira Dilshad, Abdullah Al Sattar, Nurun Nahar Chisty, Afsana Sultana, et al. Live bird market in Bangladesh: Regulatory systems and operations. Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research, 2021, 8 (4), pp.1. 10.5455/javar.2021.h559. hal-04596622

HAL Id: hal-04596622

https://hal.science/hal-04596622v1

Submitted on 31 May 2024

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

<figure><img src="image_2.png" /></figure>
ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Live bird market in Bangladesh: Regulatory systems and operations

Nusrat Irin<fnref n="1" /> ID, Syeda Munira Dilshad<fnref n="1" /> ID, Abdullah Al Sattar<fnref n="1" /> ID, Nurun Nahar Chisty<fnref n="1" /> ID, Afsana Sultana<fnref n="2" /> ID,

Mahmudul Hasan<fnref n="2" /> ID, Rashed Mahmud<fnref n="1" /> ID, Syed Shahid Abbas<fnref n="3" /> ID, Guillaume Fournie<fnref n="4" /> ID, Md. Ahasanul Hoque<fnref n="1" /> ID

ABSTRACT

**Objective:** In developing countries, such as Bangladesh, the live bird market (LBM) is a vital location for the trading of live poultry. The study was carried out in nine LBMs located around Bangladesh to ascertain the present regulations and procedures governing their operation. Additionally, the responsibilities and levels of engagement of the stakeholders were determined.

**Materials and Methods:** The data were gathered through the use of a semi-structured interview guide. Thematic analysis was used to code the interview transcripts iteratively.

**Results:** The findings indicated that the government was directly and indirectly involved in the leasing process of the markets. A market in this country is divided into numerous sectors, including LBM, fish market, vegetable market, and grocery stores. A market's hygienic condition is highly dependent on market authority's decisions. In some markets, market officials conducted routine sanitary inspections. Veterinarians played a little role in the inspection procedure.

**Conclusion:** There is no adequate, functional monitoring system to ensure that LBMs adhere to cleanliness and adequate and functional biosecurity. Biosecurity enhancements, effective cleaning programs, and regular monitoring by relevant authorities are critical for LBMs in Bangladesh.

ARTICLE HISTORY

Received June 04, 2021

Revised September 16, 2021

Accepted October 07, 2021

Published November 06, 2021

KEYWORDS

Live bird market; policy; regulation; stakeholders

<figure><img src="image_3.png" /></figure>

© The authors. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)

Introduction

The final node in the poultry production and distribution network (PDN) is the live bird market (LBM). Diverse PDNs collaborate to supply live birds, meat, and eggs for human consumption [1]. Most of the poultry in Bangladesh is marketed through LBMs [2]. These LBMs serve as important points of interaction between humans and live chickens, making them critical sources of viral infection [3,4]. Low biosecurity requirements [5] are also thought to play a role in the establishment and spread of zoonotic diseases to humans [6–8]. Indeed, zoonotic pathogens such as avian influenza viruses (AIV), *Campylobacter*, and *Salmonella* have been detected in Bangladeshi LBMs frequently [9–13]. *Salmonella* infection can occur during the preparation of poultry carcasses or in close contact with live poultry [8]. Untreated water collected from tube wells or ponds

is stored in open containers and used for poultry drinking water. Personal protective equipment is not used; hand washing, cleaning, and disinfection of LBM equipment and the surrounding environment are rarely practiced. These factors are almost certainly involved in the survival and spread of health hazards [14]. Monitoring the LBM properly may be a solution to this problem [15].

While various studies have been conducted in Bangladesh to investigate the health concerns associated with LBMs [4,7,10], there is a dearth of knowledge regarding the regulatory environment and problems confronting LBMs. As a result, this paper examines Bangladesh's existing policies and regulations governing LBMs, as well as their implementation. Additionally, the parties engaged in operating LBMs were identified, as were their roles in their governance. The outcomes of this study will aid in

**Correspondence** Nusrat Irin **nusratirin80@gmail.com** Department of Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh.

**How to cite:** Irin N, Dilshad SM, Sattar AA, Chisty NN, Sultana A, Hasan M, et al. Live bird market in Bangladesh: Regulatory systems and operations. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2021; 8(4):671–678.

<footnote n="1">¹Department of Medicine and Surgery, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh</footnote>

<footnote n="2">²Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex Falmer, Brighton, UK</footnote>

<footnote n="4">⁴Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, UK</footnote>
ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Live bird market in Bangladesh: Regulatory systems and operations

Nusrat Irin<fnref n="1" /> ID, Syeda Munira Dilshad<fnref n="1" /> ID, Abdullah Al Sattar<fnref n="1" /> ID, Nurun Nahar Chisty<fnref n="1" /> ID, Afsana Sultana<fnref n="2" /> ID,

Mahmudul Hasan<fnref n="2" /> ID, Rashed Mahmud<fnref n="1" /> ID, Syed Shahid Abbas<fnref n="3" /> ID, Guillaume Fournie<fnref n="4" /> ID, Md. Ahasanul Hoque<fnref n="1" /> ID

ABSTRACT

**Objective:** In developing countries, such as Bangladesh, the live bird market (LBM) is a vital location for the trading of live poultry. The study was carried out in nine LBMs located around Bangladesh to ascertain the present regulations and procedures governing their operation. Additionally, the responsibilities and levels of engagement of the stakeholders were determined.

**Materials and Methods:** The data were gathered through the use of a semi-structured interview guide. Thematic analysis was used to code the interview transcripts iteratively.

**Results:** The findings indicated that the government was directly and indirectly involved in the leasing process of the markets. A market in this country is divided into numerous sectors, including LBM, fish market, vegetable market, and grocery stores. A market's hygienic condition is highly dependent on market authority's decisions. In some markets, market officials conducted routine sanitary inspections. Veterinarians played a little role in the inspection procedure.

**Conclusion:** There is no adequate, functional monitoring system to ensure that LBMs adhere to cleanliness and adequate and functional biosecurity. Biosecurity enhancements, effective cleaning programs, and regular monitoring by relevant authorities are critical for LBMs in Bangladesh.

ARTICLE HISTORY

Received June 04, 2021

Revised September 16, 2021

Accepted October 07, 2021

Published November 06, 2021

KEYWORDS

Live bird market; policy; regulation; stakeholders

<figure><img src="image_3.png" /></figure>

© The authors. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)

Introduction

The final node in the poultry production and distribution network (PDN) is the live bird market (LBM). Diverse PDNs collaborate to supply live birds, meat, and eggs for human consumption [1]. Most of the poultry in Bangladesh is marketed through LBMs [2]. These LBMs serve as important points of interaction between humans and live chickens, making them critical sources of viral infection [3,4]. Low biosecurity requirements [5] are also thought to play a role in the establishment and spread of zoonotic diseases to humans [6–8]. Indeed, zoonotic pathogens such as avian influenza viruses (AIV), *Campylobacter*, and *Salmonella* have been detected in Bangladeshi LBMs frequently [9–13]. *Salmonella* infection can occur during the preparation of poultry carcasses or in close contact with live poultry [8]. Untreated water collected from tube wells or ponds

is stored in open containers and used for poultry drinking water. Personal protective equipment is not used; hand washing, cleaning, and disinfection of LBM equipment and the surrounding environment are rarely practiced. These factors are almost certainly involved in the survival and spread of health hazards [14]. Monitoring the LBM properly may be a solution to this problem [15].

While various studies have been conducted in Bangladesh to investigate the health concerns associated with LBMs [4,7,10], there is a dearth of knowledge regarding the regulatory environment and problems confronting LBMs. As a result, this paper examines Bangladesh's existing policies and regulations governing LBMs, as well as their implementation. Additionally, the parties engaged in operating LBMs were identified, as were their roles in their governance. The outcomes of this study will aid in

**Correspondence** Nusrat Irin **nusratirin80@gmail.com** Department of Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh.

**How to cite:** Irin N, Dilshad SM, Sattar AA, Chisty NN, Sultana A, Hasan M, et al. Live bird market in Bangladesh: Regulatory systems and operations. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2021; 8(4):671–678.

<footnote n="1">¹Department of Medicine and Surgery, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh</footnote>

<footnote n="2">²Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex Falmer, Brighton, UK</footnote>

<footnote n="4">⁴Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, UK</footnote>
our understanding of LBM governance and will assist in
the establishment of new regulations that can be effec-
tively implemented.

# Materials and Methods

Ethical approval

The study was conducted under the following research
approval no: CVASU/Dir (R&E) EC/2020/165 (2), dated:
09/03/2020. We obtained oral consent from each partic-
ipant before the interview.

Data collection

From 18 to 29 November 2020, we carried out a study to
understand better the regulatory processes and opera-
tions of LBMs in Bangladesh. We chose nine LBMs at ran-
dom from five districts: Chattogram (four), Dhaka (one),
Cumilla (one), Jashore (two), and Bogura (one) (Fig. 1).
Although the Hat-Bazar rules and regulations [16] apply
to all markets (including LBMs) in Bangladesh, its imple-
mentation may vary according to geographical locations,
market size, ownership, and management. As a result, we
chose nine markets from five districts to examine the coun-
try's commonalities and differences.

We interviewed members of market committees (n = 3), market authorities or local government (n = 2), and vendors (n = 4) in each market. The market committee comprises members who are accountable for the market's management and regulation. Each market is required to follow its own set of regulations [16]. Vendors are traders who offer their wares to market clients. They can be the stall's owner, lease, or private tenant. These very knowledgeable and experienced stakeholders were purposefully chosen for their expertise, experience, and impression. The data were gathered using a semi-structured pre-developed interview guide. We scheduled meetings with study participants. Face-to-face interviews were carried out, with some follow-up information acquired via phone where necessary. Each interview lasted between 20 and 25 min. While the interview guide was written in English, local speakers did the interviews themselves in Bengali. The following topics were investigated: market ownership, leasing, and taxation, market hygiene and waste management, and the technical person's role in the market. Physical observations of the LBMs were also made to elicit information about the market environment and actor behavior.

Data analysis

Transcripts of the raw data were created. For accuracy, tran-
scripts were read and re-read. The thematic analysis provides

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>Figure 1. Spatial distribution of nine LBMs across Bangladesh [17,18].</figcaption></figure>
our understanding of LBM governance and will assist in
the establishment of new regulations that can be effec-
tively implemented.

Materials and Methods

Ethical approval

The study was conducted under the following research
approval no: CVASU/Dir (R&E) EC/2020/165 (2), dated:
09/03/2020. We obtained oral consent from each partic-
ipant before the interview.

Data collection

From 18 to 29 November 2020, we carried out a study to
understand better the regulatory processes and opera-
tions of LBMs in Bangladesh. We chose nine LBMs at ran-
dom from five districts: Chattogram (four), Dhaka (one),
Cumilla (one), Jashore (two), and Bogura (one) (Fig. 1).
Although the Hat-Bazar rules and regulations [16] apply
to all markets (including LBMs) in Bangladesh, its imple-
mentation may vary according to geographical locations,
market size, ownership, and management. As a result, we
chose nine markets from five districts to examine the coun-
try's commonalities and differences.

We interviewed members of market committees (n = 3), market authorities or local government (n = 2), and vendors (n = 4) in each market. The market committee comprises members who are accountable for the market's management and regulation. Each market is required to follow its own set of regulations [16]. Vendors are traders who offer their wares to market clients. They can be the stall's owner, lease, or private tenant. These very knowledgeable and experienced stakeholders were purposefully chosen for their expertise, experience, and impression. The data were gathered using a semi-structured pre-developed interview guide. We scheduled meetings with study participants. Face-to-face interviews were carried out, with some follow-up information acquired via phone where necessary. Each interview lasted between 20 and 25 min. While the interview guide was written in English, local speakers did the interviews themselves in Bengali. The following topics were investigated: market ownership, leasing, and taxation, market hygiene and waste management, and the technical person's role in the market. Physical observations of the LBMs were also made to elicit information about the market environment and actor behavior.

Data analysis

Transcripts of the raw data were created. For accuracy, tran-
scripts were read and re-read. The thematic analysis provides

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>Figure 1. Spatial distribution of nine LBMs across Bangladesh [17,18].</figcaption></figure>
a versatile framework for organizing qualitative data, iden-
tifying patterns, and conducting interpretations. We inter-
preted the data using theme analysis [19]. Each transcript was
assigned an initial code. The primary author then reviewed
the codes in order to develop themes. Prior to finishing the
codes and themes, a senior researcher reviewed them.

Results

We found that several actors were involved in running the markets, namely i) government (city corporation, district council, Upazilla Porishod and municipality); ii) market committee; iii) leaseholders; iv) private owners; v) stall owners; vi) food inspector; vii) veterinarian; viii) cleaner; and ix) consumers.

Three broad themes (Supplementary Tables 1 and 2) were identified in relation to the objectives of the study. They were:

i) Administration and legislation system of LBMs;

ii) Hygiene and waste management system;

iii) Inspection and supervision of LBMs.

Each of the themes is described below.

Administration and legislation system of LBMs

Two of the nine selected LBMs were privately owned,
namely the Karnafuli Complex in Chattogram and the
Wireless Kacha Bazar in Dhaka. Each LBM shall adhere
to the legislative system's government Hat-Bazar norms
[16]. The local government directly administered only one
market (Jashore municipality). The city corporation or
municipality held the remaining seven markets. The city
corporation or municipality leased the remaining six mar-
kets to a market committee.

Lease terms and duration varied according to the mar-
ket. Leases can be renewed annually, 3/5 years, or for
longer periods of time. Leaseholders may be the market
committee, individual stallholders (grouped together), or
a single authority (who are not involved in any market
committee or a group). The leaseholder is chosen through
a competitive process. The leaseholder is selected based
on the highest bid. The city corporation/municipality
publishes the tender notice and specifies the deadline for
submissions. A lease's baseline amount was determined
by the average amount collected from the market over the
preceding 3 years. To apply for a lease, applicants must
purchase a "schedule." The schedule's price is deter-
mined by the lead's price. 30% of the lease should be paid
as a deposit—25% of the lease should be paid as a guar-
antee—and 5% should be paid as a guarantee. Following
receipt of applications from qualified candidates, the
municipality/city corporation convenes a tender com-
mittee meeting to assess the bids. As previously stated,

the municipality/city corporation rents the market to the
highest bidder. The lease is required to pay the remaining
75% in installments.

Markets adhere to government tax regulations. Vendors rent stalls and pay daily rent to the market leaseholder. Rent is determined by the size of the stall and its location within the market.

Hygiene and waste management system

We discovered some intriguing differences in the man-
ner in which markets conduct cleaning and hygiene
programs. Only the local government (i.e., city corpora-
tion or municipality) or leaseholders are responsible
for cleaning five out of nine markets. The local govern-
ment employs a small number of people who clean the
market once or twice daily. They clean the market with
detergent, soap, and other household cleaners. Stall own-
ers were responsible for cleaning and disinfecting their
markets around twice/thrice a week in each of the three
markets. However, the cleaning process and frequency
are determined by the vendors. At one market, the
Chittagong Development Authority (CDA) Karnafuli mar-
ket in Chattogram, both the market authority (a private
owner) and stall owners are responsible for maintaining
the market's cleanliness. Generally, waste is deposited in
a receptacle outside the marketplace and collected daily
by city corporation staff.

Markets where the authority does not monitor or super-
vise management and cleaning activities regularly appeared
to be dirtier than markets where the authority, or both
the authority and sellers, participates in cleaning efforts.
For example, sellers in Chattogram's Reazuddin Bazar and
Dewanhat market cleaned their markets once or twice a
week; cages were filthy and overflowing with trash debris.

We included an additional question to get further
information about the participant's LBMs. We discov-
ered several difficulties as a result of this. The sellers at
Chattogram's CDA Karnafully market complained about a
lack of water supply and advised installing deep tube wells
for improved cleaning. On the other hand, stall owners in
Cumilla and Bogura urged extending the space. The trad-
ers in Wireless Kancha Bazar in Dhaka stated that they suf-
fered a significant loss during coronavirus disease 2019.
As a result, nearly two-thirds of live bird sellers ceased
operations. In Jashore, the slaughtering area's hygiene was
poor and required improvement.

Inspection and supervision of LBMs

Five of the nine LBMs carried out routine checks. The market authority assigned an officer. This inspection served a variety of functions, including ensuring adequate hygiene, food safety, and the pricing of various commodities. These inspections did not take place at a
a versatile framework for organizing qualitative data, iden-
tifying patterns, and conducting interpretations. We inter-
preted the data using theme analysis [19]. Each transcript was
assigned an initial code. The primary author then reviewed
the codes in order to develop themes. Prior to finishing the
codes and themes, a senior researcher reviewed them.

Results

We found that several actors were involved in running the markets, namely i) government (city corporation, district council, Upazilla Porishod and municipality); ii) market committee; iii) leaseholders; iv) private owners; v) stall owners; vi) food inspector; vii) veterinarian; viii) cleaner; and ix) consumers.

Three broad themes (Supplementary Tables 1 and 2)
were identified in relation to the objectives of the study.
They were:

i) Administration and legislation system of LBMs;

ii) Hygiene and waste management system;

iii) Inspection and supervision of LBMs.

Each of the themes is described below.

Administration and legislation system of LBMs

Two of the nine selected LBMs were privately owned,
namely the Karnafuli Complex in Chattogram and the
Wireless Kacha Bazar in Dhaka. Each LBM shall adhere
to the legislative system's government Hat-Bazar norms
[16]. The local government directly administered only one
market (Jashore municipality). The city corporation or
municipality held the remaining seven markets. The city
corporation or municipality leased the remaining six mar-
kets to a market committee.

Lease terms and duration varied according to the mar-
ket. Leases can be renewed annually, 3/5 years, or for
longer periods of time. Leaseholders may be the market
committee, individual stallholders (grouped together), or
a single authority (who are not involved in any market
committee or a group). The leaseholder is chosen through
a competitive process. The leaseholder is selected based
on the highest bid. The city corporation/municipality
publishes the tender notice and specifies the deadline for
submissions. A lease's baseline amount was determined
by the average amount collected from the market over the
preceding 3 years. To apply for a lease, applicants must
purchase a "schedule." The schedule's price is deter-
mined by the lead's price. 30% of the lease should be paid
as a deposit—25% of the lease should be paid as a guar-
antee—and 5% should be paid as a guarantee. Following
receipt of applications from qualified candidates, the
municipality/city corporation convenes a tender com-
mittee meeting to assess the bids. As previously stated,

the municipality/city corporation rents the market to the
highest bidder. The lease is required to pay the remaining
75% in installments.

Markets adhere to government tax regulations. Vendors rent stalls and pay daily rent to the market leaseholder. Rent is determined by the size of the stall and its location within the market.

Hygiene and waste management system

We discovered some intriguing differences in the man-
ner in which markets conduct cleaning and hygiene
programs. Only the local government (i.e., city corpora-
tion or municipality) or leaseholders are responsible
for cleaning five out of nine markets. The local govern-
ment employs a small number of people who clean the
market once or twice daily. They clean the market with
detergent, soap, and other household cleaners. Stall own-
ers were responsible for cleaning and disinfecting their
markets around twice/thrice a week in each of the three
markets. However, the cleaning process and frequency
are determined by the vendors. At one market, the
Chittagong Development Authority (CDA) Karnafuli mar-
ket in Chattogram, both the market authority (a private
owner) and stall owners are responsible for maintaining
the market's cleanliness. Generally, waste is deposited in
a receptacle outside the marketplace and collected daily
by city corporation staff.

Markets where the authority does not monitor or super-
vise management and cleaning activities regularly appeared
to be dirtier than markets where the authority, or both
the authority and sellers, participates in cleaning efforts.
For example, sellers in Chattogram's Reazuddin Bazar and
Dewanhat market cleaned their markets once or twice a
week; cages were filthy and overflowing with trash debris.

We included an additional question to get further
information about the participant's LBMs. We discov-
ered several difficulties as a result of this. The sellers at
Chattogram's CDA Karnafully market complained about a
lack of water supply and advised installing deep tube wells
for improved cleaning. On the other hand, stall owners in
Cumilla and Bogura urged extending the space. The trad-
ers in Wireless Kancha Bazar in Dhaka stated that they suf-
fered a significant loss during coronavirus disease 2019.
As a result, nearly two-thirds of live bird sellers ceased
operations. In Jashore, the slaughtering area's hygiene was
poor and required improvement.

Inspection and supervision of LBMs

Five of the nine LBMs carried out routine checks. The market authority assigned an officer. This inspection served a variety of functions, including ensuring adequate hygiene, food safety, and the pricing of various commodities. These inspections did not take place at a
predetermined time. It occurred on average once or twice a week. The markets where the examination took place appeared to be more orderly and tidy than other markets. Although this was not part of the inspection procedure, a veterinarian took biological samples from LBMs in three markets.

A surprise mobile court operation was conducted in the market to investigate commodity prices and quality, consumer rights, hygiene, and management systems. At the time this article was written, it was discovered that two markets did not have mobile court operations. However, mobile court operations had occurred in the remaining seven markets. Experts guide the court in investigating illegal and detrimental market activity and taking effective action against them. Typically, the mobile court includes representatives from the city corporation, district administration, and law and enforcement agency, as well as a technical expert from another government organization (Department of Livestock Services, Fisheries, and Environment), as well as representatives from the Consumers Association of Bangladesh and the market committee [20].

Discussion

The leasing mechanism was one of the most distinguishing characteristics of the evaluated LBMs. The local government (city corporation and municipality) has a direct or indirect stake in the market through the lease. The lease is awarded to the candidate or group with the highest financial capacity. Additionally, the leaseholder is responsible for the markets' administrative and hygienic maintenance. It is critical to assess the leaseholders' regulatory capacity and potential to ensure consistent management of the LBMs. The inspection system contributes to the preservation of market hygiene and biosecurity. The engagement of all market participants is necessary for the LBMs to operate. Who controls the market, what they do, and other affiliated partners all contribute to the market's environment.

It was shown that almost all LBMs lacked adequate hygiene and sanitation, posing a risk of disease transmission. The birds were overcrowded, creating ideal conditions for multiplying and sustaining virus circulation, and so posing the risk of becoming viral reservoirs themselves [1]. Due to the low cleaning frequency of LBMs, they may operate as drivers of viral evolution, favoring the generation of novel variations [5]. Consumption of meat from these markets is becoming more well recognized as a possible cause of Salmonellosis [10]. Physical assessment of the market revealed two marketplaces with inadequate hygiene in the slaughter area; this could be a source of Salmonella infection for the human population [8].

*Salmonella* sp. contamination of chicken workers indicated a possible failure of personal hygiene during the handling and processing of chickens [7]. The majority (50%-80%) of human cases of Campylobacteriosis are caused by the eating of chicken products [21]. Overcrowding and a constant supply of susceptible birds of various types and breeds may foster the silent transmission of AIVs in these marketplaces [11,22]. In the LBMs, the poultry-to-poultry transmission of avian influenza is widespread. Birds entering the LBM system via wholesale markets may be susceptible to influenza infection due to crowded conditions, travel stress, and housing in a contaminated environment [23]. On LBM, hygiene is required because infected live birds harbor and spread *Salmonella* to other birds by lateral transmission, primarily via feces, soil, litter, feeds, water, dust, and feathers [24].

According to the study, an effective surveillance system and appropriate regulation of the live bird industry will minimize disease persistence and transmission. The market's competent authority must ensure that the market is administered effectively. This paper analyzed nine LBMs in Bangladesh, which appears insufficient to acquire a comprehensive picture of the regulatory structure and administration. It has, however, uncovered numerous exciting ideas that will act as a springboard for further inquiry.

The study encompassed nine local Live Bird Markets (LBMs) in five districts, with Chattogram alone covering four markets (Table 1). Due to time and resource constraints, the remaining places included only one or two markets. As a result, the sample size was insufficient to form a conclusive idea. However, markets with varying features included in the study aided in determining the involvement of various stakeholders and demonstrating the market's regulatory framework.

<table><caption>**Table 1.** Percentage and frequency for legislation system of market (n = 9).</caption><thead><tr><th>Rules/documents</th><th>Percentage</th><th>Frequency</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Only Government Hat-Bazar rules</td><td>66.7</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Written private document as well as<br>Government Hat-Bazar rules</td><td>33.3</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>Lease system</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>City corporation/municipality provides lease to<br>market committee/individual authority</td><td>66.7</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Take lease from Bangladesh Railway Authority<br>for 99 years</td><td>11.1</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Private owner provides lease to the market<br>committee</td><td>11.1</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>City corp/municipality directly controls the<br>market</td><td>11.1</td><td>1</td></tr></tbody></table>

n = Number of LBMs.
predetermined time. It occurred on average once or twice a week. The markets where the examination took place appeared to be more orderly and tidy than other markets. Although this was not part of the inspection procedure, a veterinarian took biological samples from LBMs in three markets.

A surprise mobile court operation was conducted in the market to investigate commodity prices and quality, consumer rights, hygiene, and management systems. At the time this article was written, it was discovered that two markets did not have mobile court operations. However, mobile court operations had occurred in the remaining seven markets. Experts guide the court in investigating illegal and detrimental market activity and taking effective action against them. Typically, the mobile court includes representatives from the city corporation, district administration, and law and enforcement agency, as well as a technical expert from another government organization (Department of Livestock Services, Fisheries, and Environment), as well as representatives from the Consumers Association of Bangladesh and the market committee [20].

Discussion

The leasing mechanism was one of the most distinguishing characteristics of the evaluated LBMs. The local government (city corporation and municipality) has a direct or indirect stake in the market through the lease. The lease is awarded to the candidate or group with the highest financial capacity. Additionally, the leaseholder is responsible for the markets' administrative and hygienic maintenance. It is critical to assess the leaseholders' regulatory capacity and potential to ensure consistent management of the LBMs. The inspection system contributes to the preservation of market hygiene and biosecurity. The engagement of all market participants is necessary for the LBMs to operate. Who controls the market, what they do, and other affiliated partners all contribute to the market's environment.

It was shown that almost all LBMs lacked adequate hygiene and sanitation, posing a risk of disease transmission. The birds were overcrowded, creating ideal conditions for multiplying and sustaining virus circulation, and so posing the risk of becoming viral reservoirs themselves [1]. Due to the low cleaning frequency of LBMs, they may operate as drivers of viral evolution, favoring the generation of novel variations [5]. Consumption of meat from these markets is becoming more well recognized as a possible cause of Salmonellosis [10]. Physical assessment of the market revealed two marketplaces with inadequate hygiene in the slaughter area; this could be a source of Salmonella infection for the human population [8].

*Salmonella* sp. contamination of chicken workers indicated a possible failure of personal hygiene during the handling and processing of chickens [7]. The majority (50%-80%) of human cases of Campylobacteriosis are caused by the eating of chicken products [21]. Overcrowding and a constant supply of susceptible birds of various types and breeds may foster the silent transmission of AIVs in these marketplaces [11,22]. In the LBMs, the poultry-to-poultry transmission of avian influenza is widespread. Birds entering the LBM system via wholesale markets may be susceptible to influenza infection due to crowded conditions, travel stress, and housing in a contaminated environment [23]. On LBM, hygiene is required because infected live birds harbor and spread *Salmonella* to other birds by lateral transmission, primarily via feces, soil, litter, feeds, water, dust, and feathers [24].

According to the study, an effective surveillance system and appropriate regulation of the live bird industry will minimize disease persistence and transmission. The market's competent authority must ensure that the market is administered effectively. This paper analyzed nine LBMs in Bangladesh, which appears insufficient to acquire a comprehensive picture of the regulatory structure and administration. It has, however, uncovered numerous exciting ideas that will act as a springboard for further inquiry.

The study encompassed nine local Live Bird Markets (LBMs) in five districts, with Chattogram alone covering four markets (Table 1). Due to time and resource constraints, the remaining places included only one or two markets. As a result, the sample size was insufficient to form a conclusive idea. However, markets with varying features included in the study aided in determining the involvement of various stakeholders and demonstrating the market's regulatory framework.

<table><caption>**Table 1.** Percentage and frequency for legislation system of market (n = 9).</caption><thead><tr><td>Rules/documents</td><td>Percentage</td><td>Frequency</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Only Government Hat-Bazar rules</td><td>66.7</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Written private document as well as Government Hat-Bazar rules</td><td>33.3</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>Lease system</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>City corporation/municipality provides lease to market committee/individual authority</td><td>66.7</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Take lease from Bangladesh Railway Authority for 99 years</td><td>11.1</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Private owner provides lease to the market committee</td><td>11.1</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>City corp/municipality directly controls the market</td><td>11.1</td><td>1</td></tr></tbody></table>

n = Number of LBMs.
## Conclusion

LBMs are the heart of the poultry trading industry, bringing together numerous merchants from various places to sell birds. Nonetheless, risks of disease introduction and strain evolution continue to rise as a result of insufficient oversight by policymakers, inspectors, and hygiene and sanitation. As a result, to conduct a complete study of the current situation, we need to obtain further information about the operation of LBMs in various areas of Bangladesh. Additionally, each stakeholder's precise duties must be examined to create a vendor-customer-friendly policy structure and provide a consistent operating procedure in the LBMs.

* For instance, we can investigate the aspects of linked stakeholders' views, attitudes, and perceptions in order to ascertain their demands and responsibilities.

* The variables contribute to the formation of a specific attitude or perception, as well as their decision-making processes.

* The difficulties they encountered in their service and operation systems, as well as strategies for improving the system and developing a sound policy.

## List of abbreviations

AIV, Avian influenza virus; CDA, Chittagong Development Authority; LBM, Live bird market; PDN, Poultry Production and Distribution Network.

## Acknowledgments

The authors would like to express their gratitude to all the participants for their contribution to the study. They also acknowledge the effort of the field staff involved in data collection.

## Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

## Authors' contributions

NI analyzed and coded the data, developed the themes and analysis, interpreted the data, and wrote the manuscript. SMD supported NI with data collection and writing. MAH conceived of the study, supervised NI during data analysis, interpretation, and manuscript writing, and critically assessed the manuscript. NNC assisted in the design and critical assessment of maps. AAS, AS GF, MH, RM, and SSA contributed to the manuscript's critical evaluation and finalization.

## References

[1] Fournié G, Guitian FJ, Mangtani P, Ghani AC. Impact of the implementation of rest days in live bird markets on the dynamics of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza. J R Soc Interface 2011; 8:1079-89; https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2010.0510

[2] Islam MA. Poultry products processing and marketing system in Bangladesh. Pak J Biol Sci 2003; 6(10):883-6; https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2003.883.886

[3] Capua I, Mutinelli F, Marangon S. Alexander DJ. H7N1 avian influenza in Italy (1999-2000) in intensively reared chicken and turkeys. Avian Pathol 2006; 29:537-43; https://doi.org/10.1080/03079450020016779

[4] Fielding R, Lam WW, Ho EY, Lam TH, Hedley AJ, Leung GM. Avian influenza risk perception, Hong Kong. Emerg Infect Dis 2005; 11(5):677-82; https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1105.041225

[5] Fournié G, Guitian J, Desvaux S, Mangtani P, Ly S, Vu CC, et al. Identifying live bird markets with the potential to act as reservoirs of avian influenza A (H5N1) virus: a survey in northern Viet Nam and Cambodia. PLOS One 2012; 7(6):e37986; https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0037986

[6] Cardona C, Yee K, Carpenter T. Are live bird markets reservoirs of avian influenza? Poult Sci 2009; 88:856-9; https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2008-00338

[7] Hoque NM, Mohiuddin RM, Khan MMH, Hannan A, Alam MJ. Outbreak of *Salmonella* in poultry of Bangladesh and possible remedy. J Adv Biotechnol Exp Ther 2019; 2(2):87-97; https://doi.org/10.5455/jabet.2019.d30

[8] Naurin S, Islam MA, Khatun MM. Prevalence of *Salmonella* in apparently healthy chickens in Mymensingh. Microbes Health 2012; 1(1):30-3; https://doi.org/10.3329/mh.v1i1.13711

[9] Chowdhury S, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Kile JC, Hoque MA, Rahman MZ, Hossain ME, et al. Association of biosecurity and hygiene practices with environmental contamination with influenza a virus in live bird markets, Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26(9):2087-96; https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2609.191029

[10] Imanishi M, Anderson TC, Routh J, Brown C, Conidi G, Glenn L, et al. Salmonellosis and meat purchased at live-bird and animal-slaughtering markets, United States, 2007-2012. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 20(1):167-9; https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2001.131179

[11] Indriani R, Samaan G, Gultom A, Loth L, Indryani S, Adjid R, et al. Environmental sampling for avian influenza virus A (H5N1) in live-bird markets, Indonesia. Emerg Infect Dis 2010b; 16:1889-95; https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100402

[12] Kim Y, Biswas PK, Giasuddin M, Hasan M, Mahmud R, Chang YM, et al. Prevalence of avian influenza A (H5) and A (H9) viruses in live bird markets, Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 24(12):2309-16; https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2412.180879

[13] Nordqvist C. *Salmonella*: causes, diagnosis, and treatment. In: Medical news today. MediLexicon International, 2017. Available via www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/160942 (Accessed 1 June 2021).

[14] Neogi SB, Islam MM, Islam SKS, Akhter AHMT, Sikder MMH, Yamasaki S, et al. Risk of multi-drug resistant *Campylobacter* spp. and residual antimicrobials at poultry farms and live bird markets in Bangladesh. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 278:11; https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-05006-6

[15] Biswas PK, Giasuddin M, Chowdhury P, Barua H, Debnath NC, Yamage M. Incidence of contamination of live bird markets in Bangladesh with influenza A virus and subtypes H5, H7 and H9. Transb Emerg Dis 2018; 65(3):687-95; https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12788

[16] LGRDC. Rules of government hat-bazar: management, leasing procedure, and distribution of income generation from it. Department of Local Government under the Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2011.
## Conclusion

LBMs are the heart of the poultry trading industry, bringing together numerous merchants from various places to sell birds. Nonetheless, risks of disease introduction and strain evolution continue to rise as a result of insufficient oversight by policymakers, inspectors, and hygiene and sanitation. As a result, to conduct a complete study of the current situation, we need to obtain further information about the operation of LBMs in various areas of Bangladesh. Additionally, each stakeholder's precise duties must be examined to create a vendor-customer-friendly policy structure and provide a consistent operating procedure in the LBMs.

* For instance, we can investigate the aspects of linked stakeholders' views, attitudes, and perceptions in order to ascertain their demands and responsibilities.

* The variables contribute to the formation of a specific attitude or perception, as well as their decision-making processes.

* The difficulties they encountered in their service and operation systems, as well as strategies for improving the system and developing a sound policy.

## List of abbreviations

AIV, Avian influenza virus; CDA, Chittagong Development Authority; LBM, Live bird market; PDN, Poultry Production and Distribution Network.

## Acknowledgments

The authors would like to express their gratitude to all the participants for their contribution to the study. They also acknowledge the effort of the field staff involved in data collection.

## Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

## Authors' contributions

NI analyzed and coded the data, developed the themes and analysis, interpreted the data, and wrote the manuscript. SMD supported NI with data collection and writing. MAH conceived of the study, supervised NI during data analysis, interpretation, and manuscript writing, and critically assessed the manuscript. NNC assisted in the design and critical assessment of maps. AAS, AS GF, MH, RM, and SSA contributed to the manuscript's critical evaluation and finalization.

## References

[1] Fournié G, Guitian FJ, Mangtani P, Ghani AC. Impact of the implementation of rest days in live bird markets on the dynamics of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza. J R Soc Interface 2011; 8:1079-89; https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2010.0510

[2] Islam MA. Poultry products processing and marketing system in Bangladesh. Pak J Biol Sci 2003; 6(10):883-6; https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2003.883.886

[3] Capua I, Mutinelli F, Marangon S. Alexander DJ. H7N1 avian influenza in Italy (1999-2000) in intensively reared chicken and turkeys. Avian Pathol 2006; 29:537-43; https://doi.org/10.1080/03079450020016779

[4] Fielding R, Lam WW, Ho EY, Lam TH, Hedley AJ, Leung GM. Avian influenza risk perception, Hong Kong. Emerg Infect Dis 2005; 11(5):677-82; https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1105.041225

[5] Fournié G, Guitian J, Desvaux S, Mangtani P, Ly S, Vu CC, et al. Identifying live bird markets with the potential to act as reservoirs of avian influenza A (H5N1) virus: a survey in northern Viet Nam and Cambodia. PLOS One 2012; 7(6):e37986; https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0037986

[6] Cardona C, Yee K, Carpenter T. Are live bird markets reservoirs of avian influenza? Poult Sci 2009; 88:856-9; https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2008-00338

[7] Hoque NM, Mohiuddin RM, Khan MMH, Hannan A, Alam MJ. Outbreak of *Salmonella* in poultry of Bangladesh and possible remedy. J Adv Biotechnol Exp Ther 2019; 2(2):87-97; https://doi.org/10.5455/jabet.2019.d30

[8] Naurin S, Islam MA, Khatun MM. Prevalence of *Salmonella* in apparently healthy chickens in Mymensingh. Microbes Health 2012; 1(1):30-3; https://doi.org/10.3329/mh.v1i1.13711

[9] Chowdhury S, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Kile JC, Hoque MA, Rahman MZ, Hossain ME, et al. Association of biosecurity and hygiene practices with environmental contamination with influenza a virus in live bird markets, Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26(9):2087-96; https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2609.191029

[10] Imanishi M, Anderson TC, Routh J, Brown C, Conidi G, Glenn L, et al. Salmonellosis and meat purchased at live-bird and animal-slaughtering markets, United States, 2007-2012. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 20(1):167-9; https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2001.131179

[11] Indriani R, Samaan G, Gultom A, Loth L, Indryani S, Adjid R, et al. Environmental sampling for avian influenza virus A (H5N1) in live-bird markets, Indonesia. Emerg Infect Dis 2010b; 16:1889-95; https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100402

[12] Kim Y, Biswas PK, Giasuddin M, Hasan M, Mahmud R, Chang YM, et al. Prevalence of avian influenza A (H5) and A (H9) viruses in live bird markets, Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 24(12):2309-16; https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2412.180879

[13] Nordqvist C. *Salmonella*: causes, diagnosis, and treatment. In: Medical news today. MediLexicon International, 2017. Available via www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/160942 (Accessed 1 June 2021).

[14] Neogi SB, Islam MM, Islam SKS, Akhter AHMT, Sikder MMH, Yamasaki S, et al. Risk of multi-drug resistant *Campylobacter* spp. and residual antimicrobials at poultry farms and live bird markets in Bangladesh. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 278:11; https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-05006-6

[15] Biswas PK, Giasuddin M, Chowdhury P, Barua H, Debnath NC, Yamage M. Incidence of contamination of live bird markets in Bangladesh with influenza A virus and subtypes H5, H7 and H9. Transb Emerg Dis 2018; 65(3):687-95; https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12788

[16] LGRDC. Rules of government hat-bazar: management, leasing procedure, and distribution of income generation from it. Department of Local Government under the Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2011.
[17] ArcMap 10.8. Available via https://arcgis.software.informer.com/10.8 (Accessed 26 March 2021).

[18] DIVA-GIS. Available via http://www.diva-gis.org/gData (Accessed 26 March).

[19] Boyatzis RE. Transforming qualitative information: thematic analysis and code development. SAGE Publications, Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, 1998.

[20] Mobile Court. Available via http://www.ecourt.gov.bd/citizen_public_view/aboutmcms. (Accessed 1 April 2021).

[21] Skarp CPA, Hänninen ML, Rautelin H. Camylobacteriosis: the role of poultry meat. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016; 22(2):103-9; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2015.11.019

[22] Sayeed MA, Smallwood C, Imam T, Mahmud R, Hasan RB, Hasan M, et al. Assessment of hygienic conditions of live bird markets on avian influenza in Chittagong metro, Bangladesh. Prev Vet Med 2017; 142(2017):7-15; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.04.009

[22] Turner JCM, Feeroz MM, Hasan MK, Akhtar S, Walker D, Seiler P, et al. Insight into live bird markets of Bangladesh: an overview of the dynamics of transmission of H5N1 and H9N2 avian influenza viruses, Emerg Microbes Infect 2017; 1:1-8; https://doi.org/10.1038/emi.2016.142

[24] Nidaullah H, Abirami N, Shamila-Syuhada AK, Chuah LO, Nurul H, Tan TP, et al. Prevalence of *Salmonella* in poultry processing environments in wet markets in Penang and Perlis, Malaysia. Vet World 2017; 10(3):286-92; https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2017.286-292
[17] ArcMap 10.8. Available via https://arcgis.software.informer.com/10.8 (Accessed 26 March 2021).

[18] DIVA-GIS. Available via http://www.diva-gis.org/gData (Accessed 26 March).

[19] Boyatzis RE. Transforming qualitative information: thematic analysis and code development. SAGE Publications, Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, 1998.

[20] Mobile Court. Available via http://www.ecourt.gov.bd/citizen_public_view/aboutmcms. (Accessed 1 April 2021).

[21] Skarp CPA, Hänninen ML, Rautelin H. Camylobacteriosis: the role of poultry meat. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016; 22(2):103-9; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2015.11.019

[22] Sayeed MA, Smallwood C, Imam T, Mahmud R, Hasan RB, Hasan M, et al. Assessment of hygienic conditions of live bird markets on avian influenza in Chittagong metro, Bangladesh. Prev Vet Med 2017; 142(2017):7-15; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.04.009

[22] Turner JCM, Feeroz MM, Hasan MK, Akhtar S, Walker D, Seiler P, et al. Insight into live bird markets of Bangladesh: an overview of the dynamics of transmission of H5N1 and H9N2 avian influenza viruses, Emerg Microbes Infect 2017; 1:1-8; https://doi.org/10.1038/emi.2016.142

[24] Nidaullah H, Abirami N, Shamila-Syuhada AK, Chuah LO, Nurul H, Tan TP, et al. Prevalence of *Salmonella* in poultry processing environments in wet markets in Penang and Perlis, Malaysia. Vet World 2017; 10(3):286-92; https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2017.286-292
Supplementary Materials

<table><caption>Supplementary Table 1. Frequency and percentage of the market under theme (n = 9).</caption><thead><tr><th>Theme</th><th>Sub-theme</th><th>Code</th><th>Frequency</th><th>Percentage</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="11">1. Administration and legislation system of LBMs</td><td rowspan="2">1.1. Authority/ownership</td><td>Private ownership</td><td>2</td><td>22.22</td></tr><tr><td>Government ownership (city corporation/municipality/ others)</td><td>7</td><td>77.78</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">1.1. Rules/documents</td><td>Written private document as well as government Hat- Bazar rules</td><td>3</td><td>33.33</td></tr><tr><td>Only government Hat-Bazar rules</td><td>6</td><td>66.67</td></tr><tr><td>City corp./municipality provides lease to market committee/individual authority</td><td>6</td><td>66.67</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">1.2. Lease system</td><td>Take lease from Bangladesh Railway Authority for 99 years</td><td>1</td><td>11.11</td></tr><tr><td>Private owner provides lease to market committee</td><td>1</td><td>11.11</td></tr><tr><td>City corp/municipality directly controls the market</td><td>1</td><td>11.11</td></tr><tr><td>Depends on stall holders income followed by govt. rules</td><td>9</td><td>100</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">1.3. Taxation and rent system</td><td>Pay a daily rent to the leaseholder/market committee based on stall size and others</td><td>9</td><td>100</td></tr><tr><td>Only authority (city cop/municipality/market committee/ private owner/leaseholder)is responsible for cleaning the market</td><td>5</td><td>55.56</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">2. Hygiene and waste management program/ function</td><td rowspan="2">2.1. Hygiene and cleaning</td><td>Only stall owners in a group are responsible for cleaning the market</td><td>3</td><td>33.33</td></tr><tr><td>Both authority and stall owners, respectively, clean the market</td><td>1</td><td>11.11</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">2.2. Waste management</td><td>City corporation/municipality collects the wastage</td><td>9</td><td>100</td></tr><tr><td>Use dustbin that is located outside of the market</td><td>9</td><td>100</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">3. Inspection and supervision of LBMS</td><td rowspan="2">3.1. Inspection system</td><td>Authority (city crop/municipality/owner) sends market inspector in regular basis</td><td>5</td><td>55.56</td></tr><tr><td>No inspection system</td><td>4</td><td>44.44</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">3.2. Technical person involvement (vet)</td><td>Local livestock and fisheries officer visits sometimes (but not as a part of inspection team</td><td>3</td><td>33.33</td></tr><tr><td>No involvement/visit of vet</td><td>6</td><td>66.67</td></tr><tr><td>Frequent mobile court operation</td><td>7</td><td>77.78</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>3.3. Mobile court</td><td>No mobile court operation occurs till now</td><td>2</td><td>22.22</td></tr></tbody></table>

n = Number of LBMs.
Supplementary Materials

<table><caption>Supplementary Table 1. Frequency and percentage of the market under theme (n = 9).</caption><thead><tr><th>Theme</th><th>Sub-theme</th><th>Code</th><th>Frequency</th><th>Percentage</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="12">1. Administration and legislation system of LBMs</td><td rowspan="2">1.1. Authority/ownership</td><td>Private ownership</td><td>2</td><td>22.22</td></tr><tr><td>Government ownership (city corporation/municipality/ others)</td><td>7</td><td>77.78</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">1.1. Rules/documents</td><td>Written private document as well as government Hat- Bazar rules</td><td>3</td><td>33.33</td></tr><tr><td>Only government Hat-Bazar rules</td><td>6</td><td>66.67</td></tr><tr><td>City corp./municipality provides lease to market committee/individual authority</td><td>6</td><td>66.67</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">1.2. Lease system</td><td>Take lease from Bangladesh Railway Authority for 99 years</td><td>1</td><td>11.11</td></tr><tr><td>Private owner provides lease to market committee</td><td>1</td><td>11.11</td></tr><tr><td>City corp/municipality directly controls the market</td><td>1</td><td>11.11</td></tr><tr><td>Depends on stall holders income followed by govt. rules</td><td>9</td><td>100</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">1.3. Taxation and rent system</td><td>Pay a daily rent to the leaseholder/market committee based on stall size and others</td><td>9</td><td>100</td></tr><tr><td>Only authority (city cop/municipality/market committee/ private owner/leaseholder)is responsible for cleaning the market</td><td>5</td><td>55.56</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">2. Hygiene and waste management program/ function</td><td rowspan="2">2.1. Hygiene and cleaning</td><td>Only stall owners in a group are responsible for cleaning the market</td><td>3</td><td>33.33</td></tr><tr><td>Both authority and stall owners, respectively, clean the market</td><td>1</td><td>11.11</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">2.2. Waste management</td><td>City corporation/municipality collects the wastage</td><td>9</td><td>100</td></tr><tr><td>Use dustbin that is located outside of the market</td><td>9</td><td>100</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">3. Inspection and supervision of LBMS</td><td rowspan="2">3.1. Inspection system</td><td>Authority (city crop/municipality/owner) sends market inspector in regular basis</td><td>5</td><td>55.56</td></tr><tr><td>No inspection system</td><td>4</td><td>44.44</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">3.2. Technical person involvement (vet)</td><td>Local livestock and fisheries officer visits sometimes (but not as a part of inspection team</td><td>3</td><td>33.33</td></tr><tr><td>No involvement/visit of vet</td><td>6</td><td>66.67</td></tr><tr><td>Frequent mobile court operation</td><td>7</td><td>77.78</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>3.3. Mobile court</td><td>No mobile court operation occurs till now</td><td>2</td><td>22.22</td></tr></tbody></table>

n = Number of LBMs.
<table><caption>**Supplementary Table 2.** Distribution of the markets according to sub-theme and coding (n = 9).</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Sub-theme</th><th rowspan="2">Code</th><th rowspan="2">CDA<br>Karnafuli</th><th colspan="3">Chattogram LBMs</th><th>Dhaka</th><th>Cumilla</th><th>Bagura</th><th>Jashore</th><th rowspan="2">Frequency</th></tr><tr><th>Karnafuli<br>complex</th><th>Reazuddin<br>bazar</th><th>Dewanhat<br>bazar</th><th>Wireless<br>Kacha<br>bazar</th><th>Ranir<br>bazar</th><th>Uposhohor<br>bazar</th><th>Boro<br>bazar</th><th>Hat-<br>bazar</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Authority</td><td>Private ownership<br>Government ownership (city<br>corporation/pauroshova/others)</td><td>1</td><td></td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td>1</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>Rules/<br>documents</td><td>Written private document as well<br>as government Hat-Bazar rules<br>Only government Hat-Bazar rules</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Lease<br>system</td><td>City corp./municipality provides<br>lease to market committee/<br>individual authority/any group<br>Take lease from Bangladesh<br>Railway Authority for 99 years<br>Private owner provides lease to<br>market committee<br>City corp/municipality directly<br>controls the market</td><td>1</td><td></td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td></td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Taxation and<br>rent system</td><td>Depends on stallholders income<br>followed by govt. rules<br>Pay a daily rent to the<br>leaseholder/market committee<br>based on stall size and others</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>Hygiene and<br>cleaning</td><td>Only authority (city cop/<br>municipality/market committee/<br>private owner/leaseholder) is<br>responsible for cleaning the<br>market<br>Only stall owners in a group are<br>responsible for cleaning the<br>market<br>Both authority and stall owners,<br>respectively, clean the market</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Waste<br>management</td><td>City corporation/municipality<br>collects the wastage<br>Use dustbin that is located far<br>outside of the market (definition<br>of far-needs to be defined)<br>Use dustbin that is located near<br>to the market (definition of near-<br>needs to be defined)</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Inspection<br>system</td><td>Authority (city crop/municipality/<br>owner) sends market inspector in<br>regular basis<br>No inspection system</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>Technical<br>person<br>involvement<br>(vet)</td><td>Local livestock and fisheries<br>officer visits sometimes (but not<br>as a part of inspection team)<br>No involvement/visit of vet</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Mobile court</td><td>Frequent mobile court operation<br>No mobile court operation occurs<br>till now</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td></td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2</td></tr></tbody></table>

LBM = Live bird market.

n = Number of LBMs.
<table><caption>**Supplementary Table 2.** Distribution of the markets according to sub-theme and coding (n = 9).</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Sub-theme</th><th rowspan="2">Code</th><th rowspan="2">CDA<br>Karnafuli</th><th colspan="3">Chattogram LBMs</th><th>Dhaka</th><th>Cumilla</th><th>Bagura</th><th>Jashore</th><th rowspan="2">Frequency</th></tr><tr><th>Karnafuli<br>complex</th><th>Reazuddin<br>bazar</th><th>Dewanhat<br>bazar</th><th>Wireless<br>Kacha<br>bazar</th><th>Ranir<br>bazar</th><th>Uposhohor<br>bazar</th><th>Boro<br>bazar</th><th>Hat-<br>bazar</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Authority</td><td>Private ownership<br>Government ownership (city<br>corporation/pauroshova/others)</td><td>1</td><td></td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>Rules/<br>documents</td><td>Written private document as well<br>as government Hat-Bazar rules<br>Only government Hat-Bazar rules</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Lease<br>system</td><td>City corp./municipality provides<br>lease to market committee/<br>individual authority/any group<br>Take lease from Bangladesh<br>Railway Authority for 99 years<br>Private owner provides lease to<br>market committee<br>City corp/municipality directly<br>controls the market</td><td>1</td><td></td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td></td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Taxation and<br>rent system</td><td>Depends on stallholders income<br>followed by govt. rules<br>Pay a daily rent to the<br>leaseholder/market committee<br>based on stall size and others</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>Hygiene and<br>cleaning</td><td>Only authority (city cop/<br>municipality/market committee/<br>private owner/leaseholder) is<br>responsible for cleaning the<br>market<br>Only stall owners in a group are<br>responsible for cleaning the<br>market<br>Both authority and stall owners,<br>respectively, clean the market</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>Waste<br>management</td><td>City corporation/municipality<br>collects the wastage<br>Use dustbin that is located far<br>outside of the market (definition<br>of far-needs to be defined)<br>Use dustbin that is located near<br>to the market (definition of near-<br>needs to be defined)</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Inspection<br>system</td><td>Authority (city crop/municipality/<br>owner) sends market inspector in<br>regular basis<br>No inspection system</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>Technical<br>person<br>involvement<br>(vet)</td><td>Local livestock and fisheries<br>officer visits sometimes (but not<br>as a part of inspection team)<br>No involvement/visit of vet</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Mobile court</td><td>Frequent mobile court operation<br>No mobile court operation occurs<br>till now</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td>1</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2</td></tr></tbody></table>

LBM = Live bird market.

n = Number of LBMs.