# Responsible AI and Analytics for an Ethical and Inclusive Digitized Society

Denis Dennehy, Anastasia Griva, Nancy Pouloudi, Yogesh K. Dwivedi, Ilias O. Pappas, Matti Mäntymäki

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Denis Dennehy, Anastasia Griva, Nancy Pouloudi, Yogesh K. Dwivedi, Ilias O. Pappas, et al. Respon- sible AI and Analytics for an Ethical and Inclusive Digitized Society: 20th IFIP WG 6.11 Conference on e-Business, e-Services and e-Society, I3E 2021, Galway, Ireland, September 1–3, 2021, Proceedings. Springer International Publishing, LNCS-12896, 2021, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 978-3-030- 85446-1. 10.1007/978-3-030-85447-8 . hal-03648105

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<figure><img src="image_1.png" /></figure>
Founding Editors

Gerhard Goos

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany

Juris Hartmanis

Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA

Editorial Board Members

Elisa Bertino

Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA

Wen Gao

Peking University, Beijing, China

Bernhard Steffen

TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany

Gerhard Woeginger

RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany

Moti Yung

Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
More information about this subseries at http://www.springer.com/series/7409
Denis Dennehy · Anastasia Griva · Nancy Pouloudi · Yogesh K. Dwivedi · Ilias Pappas · Matti Mäntymäki (Eds.)

Responsible AI and Analytics
for an Ethical and Inclusive
Digitized Society

20th IFIP WG 6.11 Conference on
e-Business, e-Services and e-Society, I3E 2021
Galway, Ireland, September 1–3, 2021
Proceedings

<figure><img src="image_2.png" /></figure>
Editors

Denis Dennehy

National University of Ireland, Galway
Galway, Ireland

Nancy Pouloudi

Athens University of Economics
and Business
Athens, Greece

Ilias Pappas

University of Agder
Kristiansand, Norway

Norwegian University of Science
and Technology
Trondheim, Norway

Anastasia Griva

National University of Ireland, Galway
Galway, Ireland

Yogesh K. Dwivedi

Swansea University
Swansea, UK

Symbiosis Institute of Business Management
Pune
Pune, India

Matti Mäntymäki

University of Turku
Turku, Finland

ISSN 0302-9743

ISSN 1611-3349 (electronic)

Lecture Notes in Computer Science

ISBN 978-3-030-85446-1

ISBN 978-3-030-85447-8 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85447-8

LNCS Sublibrary: SL3 – Information Systems and Applications, incl. Internet/Web, and HCI

© IFIP International Federation for Information Processing 2021, corrected publication 2021

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.

The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface

This book presents the proceedings of the 20th International Federation of Information Processing (IFIP) Conference on e-Business, e-Services, and e-Society (I3E), which was hosted in Galway, Ireland, 1–3 September 2021. The annual I3E conference is a core part of Working Group 6.11, which aims to organize and promote exchange of information and co-operation related to all aspects of e-business, e-services, and e-society (the three Es). The I3E conference series is truly interdisciplinary and welcomes contributions from both academics and practitioners alike.

The central theme of the 2021 conference was Responsible AI and Analytics for an Ethical and Inclusive Digitized Society although, in line with the inclusive nature of the I3E series, all papers related to e-Business, e-Services, and e-Society were welcome. Digital technologies (e.g., AI, Blockchain, Big Data Analytics), and ICT in general, create opportunities and unintended or negative consequences for individuals and society (Gupta et al., 2021; Majchrzak et al., 2016). These opportunities and consequences have not been evenly distributed. Therefore, the aim of the conference was to bring together a community for the advancement of knowledge regarding the adoption, use, impact, and value of digital technologies across e-business, e-services, and e-society.

Despite the many personal, economic, and societal benefits offered by AI and analytics (Dennehy, 2020; Pappas et al., 2018), their use raises a variety of ethical concerns that need to be addressed in order to create a “good AI society” (Fossa Wamba et al., 2021). Ethics permeates the entire analytics process, from what data to use, to how to represent the extracted knowledge and exploit the insights to create economic and social value. Ethical concerns (e.g., illegitimate surveillance, invasion of privacy, unemployment, malicious use, etc.) are frequently used to portray AI and other digital technologies as a danger to humanity. For example, digital exclusion is part of the overall challenge of exclusion, a growing phenomenon which carries with it a series of deteriorations in life paths (e.g., poor lifelong earnings and an increased risk of marginalization). There are many who are currently excluded for reasons of low income and education, location, culture, trust and confidence levels or various disabilities. These concerns warrant the attention of the academic community to ensure the information society is built on a foundation in which integrity and rigor for good science will promote quality systems, and good ethics will promote good professional practice (Calzarossa et al., 2009). Hence, in order to be able to practice in an ethical manner, professionals must see vistas beyond technology (Stoodley et al., 2010).

At the same time, we acknowledge that AI and other digital technologies can offer transformational power across sectors, namely, public (Alshahrani et al., 2021), private (Mikalef and Gupta, 2021), and not-for-profit (Dennehy et al., 2021), ranging from enhanced business operations and supply chains (Cadden et al., 2021) to reinventing business models (Duan et al., 2019) to decision-making (Paschen et al., 2020) to
changing the nature of work (Schwartz et al., 2019) to enhanced human capabilities (e.g., AI-enabled recruiting) (Dwivedi et al., 2021).

The Call for Papers solicited submissions in two main categories: full research papers and short research-in-progress papers. Each submission was reviewed by at least two knowledgeable academics in the field, in a double-blind process. The 2021 conference received submissions from more than 33 countries across the world, including China, Mexico, India, Pakistan, Japan, Kenya, Ghana, Morocco, South Africa, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Greece, the Netherlands, the UK, Papua New Guinea, Canada, and the USA to name a few. The best papers were selected for inclusion in a special issue of Information Systems Frontiers or their authors were given the opportunity to enhance the manuscript for fast-track review and publication in International Journal of Information Management and Journal of Decision Systems. The final set of 57 full papers and 8 short papers submitted to I3E 2021 and appearing in these proceedings were clustered into twelve groups, each of which are outlined below.

Part I encapsulates a core theme of the conference, with nine manuscripts that address the adoption and diffusion of AI for digital transformation and public good.

Part II contains five manuscripts relating to AI and analytics for decision making.

Part III continues the core theme of the conference, drawing together seven manuscripts related AI philosophy, ethics, and governance.

Part IV complements the previous clusters, with five manuscripts related to privacy and transparency in a digitized society.

Part V captures five manuscripts focused on digitally enabled sustainable organizations and societies.

Part VI dovetails with the theme of the previous cluster, with five manuscripts that address digital technologies and organizational capabilities.

Part VII consists of four manuscripts that investigate the role of AI and analytics in digitizing supply chains.

Part VIII contains five manuscripts that address customer behavior and e-business.

Part IX is made up of four manuscripts that examine the opportunities afforded by blockchain technology.

Part X consists of three manuscripts that explore the growing use of AI and analytics in the context of information systems development.

Part XI draws together eight manuscripts that explore social media analytics in a variety of contexts.

Part XII is the final cluster of these proceedings, with five manuscripts focused on AI and analytics in the context of teaching and learning.

In addition to the above papers, we were delighted to welcome Professor Katina Michael, Professor H. Raghav Rao, and Professor Dinesh Kumar as our keynote speakers.

Katina Michael has recently moved to Arizona State University, holding a joint appointment in the School for the Future of Innovation in Society and the School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering. She is also the director of the Centre for Engineering, Policy, and Society. Katina Michael is also affiliated with the School of Computing and Information Technology at the University of Wollongong. Until recently she was the Associate Dean – International, in the Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences. Katina was formerly the long-standing IEEE
Technology and Society Magazine editor-in-chief (2012–2017), and is presently an IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine senior editor. Since 2008 she has been a board member of the Australian Privacy Foundation, and was formerly the Vice-Chair. Her research focuses on the socio-ethical implications of emerging technologies. She has written and edited six books, guest edited numerous special issue journals on themes related to radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags, supply chain management, location-based services, innovation, and surveillance/uberveillance. In 2017, Katina was awarded the prestigious Brian M. O’Connell Award for Distinguished Service to the IEEE Society on the Social Implications of Technology (IEEESSIT).

H. Raghav Rao was named the AT&T Distinguished Chair in Infrastructure Assurance and Security at The University of Texas at San Antonio College of Business in January 2016. He also holds a courtesy appointment as full professor in the UTSA Department of Computer Science. Prior to working at UTSA, H. R. Rao was the SUNY Distinguished Service Professor at the University at Buffalo. He graduated from Krannert Graduate School of Management at Purdue University. His interests are in the areas of management information systems, decision support systems, e-business, emergency response management systems, and information assurance. He has chaired sessions at international conferences and presented numerous papers. He also has co-edited four books, including Information Assurance Security and Privacy Services and Information Assurance in Financial Services. He has authored or co-authored more than 200 technical papers, of which more than 125 are published in archival journals. H. R. Rao was the inaugural recipient of The Bright Internet Award for his contributions to the information systems discipline by KMIS, the Korea Society of Management Information Systems. In 2018, H. R. Rao was awarded the International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP) Outstanding Service Award for significant service contributions to the field of information systems and information systems security. In November 2016, H. R. Rao received the prestigious Information Systems Society Distinguished Fellow Award (Class of 2016) for outstanding intellectual contributions to the information systems discipline. Rao’s work has received best paper and best paper runner up awards at ISR, AMCIS, and ICIS. He has received funding for his research from the National Science Foundation, the Department of Defense, and the Canadian Embassy. He also received the Fulbright fellowship in 2004. Rao is a past chair of IFIP WG 8.11/11.13, the working group for Information Systems Security Research. He is co-editor-in-chief of Information Systems Frontiers, advisory editor of Decision Support Systems, associate editor of ACM TMIS, and senior editor at MIS Quarterly.

U Dinesh Kumar is a professor in decision sciences area and also the chairperson of DCAL at the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore (IIMB). Dinesh Kumar holds a Ph.D. in Mathematics from IIT Bombay and has over two decades of teaching and consulting experience. He has been recognized as one of the top 10 most prominent analytics academicians in India for his extensive research in big data analytics. He has spearheaded the analytics education industry in India. IIMB was one of the first education institutes in the country to offer a regular long-duration certification program on Business Analytics & Intelligence (BAI) in the year 2010. U. Dinesh Kumar is also the Programme Director of the Big Data Analytics certification program. He has published several research articles in reputed academic journals such as the European Journal of
Operational Research, Annals of Operations Research, the International Journal of Production Economics, The Journal of Operational Research Society, Computers and Operations Research, IEEE Transactions on Reliability, and the International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering. He has also published more than 30 case studies on business analytics and machine learning algorithms based on Indian and multinational organizations at Harvard Business Publishing. He has authored 3 books and his most recent book titled "Business Analytics - The Science of Data Driven Decision Making" has been recommended by the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE). He is the Founder-President of the Analytics Society of India (ASI). U. Dinesh Kumar regularly conducts corporate training programs in analytics and has trained many professionals in the field of analytics in the last 11 years. He has provided analytics consulting services to organizations such as Boston Consulting Group, GE Healthcare, General Motors, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Indian Army, TVS Motors, Wipro, and so on. He has conducted in-house training programs on analytics for several organizations including Accenture, Aditya Birla Group, Allianz Benelux, Ashok Leyland, Bank of America, CISCO, Fidelity, Honeywell, and ITC Infotech.

The conference schedule included the IFIP 6.11 Committee Meeting (day 1), live traditional Irish Sean-nós (old style) dancing (day 1), virtual coffee house meet ups (days 1-3), Dr. John Oredo chaired a panel discussion with renowned academics and practitioners on the topic of ethical AI (day 2), Best Paper award (day 2), and the conference concluded with a closing ceremony that included a presentation about I3E 2022 (day 3). Supplementary to the conference was a one-day doctoral symposium that involved presentations from 10 Ph.D. candidates and discussions with the symposium committee.

The success of the 20th IFIP I3E conference was a result of the enormous effort of numerous people and organizations. Firstly, this conference was only made possible by the continued support of WG 6.11 for this conference series and for selecting Galway to host I3E 2021, and for this we are extremely grateful. We are privileged to have received so many good quality submissions from authors across the globe and the biggest thank you must go to them for choosing I3E 2021 as the outlet for their current research. We are indebted to the Program Committee who generously gave up their time to provide constructive reviews and facilitate enhancement of the manuscripts submitted. Finally, we extend our sincere gratitude to everyone involved in organizing the conference, to our esteemed keynote speakers, and to Springer LNCS as the publisher of these proceedings, which we hope will be of use for continued development of research related to the three Es and social media in particular.

## References

* Cadden, T., Dennehy, D., Mantymaki, M., Treacy, R.: Understanding the influential and mediating role of cultural enablers of AI integration to supply chain. Int. J. Prod. Res. (2021)

* Calzarossa, M. C., De Lotto, I., Rogerson, S.: Ethics and information systems—guest editors’ introduction. Inf. Syst. Front. **12**(4), 357–359 (2010)
Dennehy, D., Oredo, J., Spanaki, K., Despoudi, S., Fitzgibbon, M.: Supply chain resilience in mindful humanitarian aid organizations: the role of big data analytics. *Int. J. Oper. Prod. Manag.* (2021)

Dennehy, D.: Ireland after the pandemic: utilising AI to kick-start a sustainable economic recovery. *Cutter Bus. Technol. J.* **33**(11), 22–27 (2020)

Dwivedi, Y.K., et al.: Artificial intelligence (AI): multidisciplinary perspectives on emerging challenges, opportunities, and agenda for research, practice and policy. *Int. J. Inf. Manag.* **57**, 101994 (2021)

Gupta, M., Parra, C., Dennehy, D.: Questioning racial and gender bias in AI recommendations: do individual-level cultural values matter? *Inf. Syst. Front.* 1–17 (2021)

Wamba, S.F., Bawack, R.E., Guthrie, C., Queiroz, M.M., Carillo, K.D.A.: Are we preparing for a good AI society? A bibliometric review and research agenda. *Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change* **164**, 120482 (2021)

Mikalef, P., Gupta, M.: Artificial intelligence capability: conceptualization, measurement calibration, and empirical study on its impact on organizational creativity and firm performance. *Inf. Manag.* **58**(3), 103434 (2021)

Pappas, I.O., Mikalef, P., Giannakos, M.N., Krogstie, J., Lekakos, G.: Big data and business analytics ecosystems: paving the way towards digital transformation and sustainable societies. *Inf. Syst. e-Bus. Manag.* **16**(3), 479–491 (2018)

Paschen, J., Wilson, M., Ferreira, J.J.: Collaborative intelligence: how human and artificial intelligence create value along the B2B sales funnel. *Bus. Horiz.* **63**(3), 403–414 (2020)

Stoodley, I., Bruce, C., Edwards, S.: Expanding ethical vistas of IT professionals. *Inf. Syst. Front.* **12**(4), 379–387 (2010)

Majchrzak, A., Markus, M.L., Wareham, J.: Designing for digital transformation: lessons for information systems research from the study of ICT and societal challenges. *MIS Q.* **40**(2), 267–277 (2016)

September 2021

Denis Dennehy
Anastasia Griva
Nancy Pouloudi
Yogesh K. Dwivedi
Ilias Pappas
Matti Mäntymäki
## Organization

### Conference Chairs

Denis Dennehy National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland

Anastasia Griva National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland

### Conference Co-chairs

Yogesh K. Dwivedi Swansea University, UK

Matti Mäntymäki University of Turku, Finland

Ilias Pappas University of Agder and NTNU, Norway

Nancy Pouloudi Athens University of Economics and Business, Greece

### Program Co-chairs and Co-editors of Conference Proceedings

Denis Dennehy National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland

Anastasia Griva National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland

Nancy Pouloudi Athens University of Economics and Business, Greece

Yogesh K. Dwivedi Swansea University, UK

Matti Mäntymäki University of Turku, Finland

Ilias Pappas University of Agder and NTNU, Norway

### I3E 2021 Keynote Speakers

Katina Michael Arizona State University, USA

H. Raghav Rao The University of Texas San Antonio, USA

Dinesh Kumar Indian Institute of Management Bangalore, India

### Doctoral Consortium Co-chairs

Kieran Conboy National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland

Nancy Pouloudi Athens University of Economics and Business, Greece

Cleopatra Bardaki Harokopio University, Greece

### I3E 2021 Program Committee

Aishvarya Indian Institute of Management Bangalore, India

Ali Tarhini Sultan Qaboos University, Oman

Ali Intezari Harsini University of Queensland, Australia

Alta Van der Merwe University of Pretoria, South Africa

Amit Anand Tiwari Indian Institute of Management Rohtak, India

Andreas D. Landmark SINTEF, Norway
<table>
  <tr>
    <td>Angeliki Karagiannaki</td>
    <td>Athens University of Economics and Business, Greece</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Antoine Harfouche</td>
    <td>Université Paris Dauphine, France</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Aparna Gonibeed</td>
    <td>Manchester Metropolitan University, UK</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Ariana Polyviou</td>
    <td>University of Nicosia, Cyprus</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Arif Wibisono</td>
    <td>Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) Surabaya, Indonesia</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Arisa Shollo</td>
    <td>Copenhagen Business School, Denmark</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Arpan Kar</td>
    <td>Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Bernard Quinio</td>
    <td>Université Paris Nanterre, France</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Brenda Scholtz</td>
    <td>Nelson Mandela University, South Africa</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Brendan Keegan</td>
    <td>Manchester Metropolitan University, UK</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Caleb Amankwaa Kumi</td>
    <td>Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Carina De Villiers</td>
    <td>University of Pretoria, South Africa</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Cathal Doyle</td>
    <td>Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Chris Barry</td>
    <td>National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Christian Janiesch</td>
    <td>Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Germany</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Christoph Peters</td>
    <td>University of Saint Gallen, Switzerland</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Christos Douligeris</td>
    <td>University of Piraeus, Greece</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Cleopatra Bardaki</td>
    <td>Harokopio University, Greece</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Conn Smyth</td>
    <td>National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Corné Van Staden</td>
    <td>UNISA, South Africa</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Cristina Paupini</td>
    <td>Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>David Asamoah</td>
    <td>Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Davit Marikyan</td>
    <td>Newcastle University, UK</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Debora Jeske</td>
    <td>University College Cork, Ireland</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Devinder Bahadur Thapa</td>
    <td>University of Agder, Norway</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Dimitris Papakiriakopoulos</td>
    <td>University of West Attica, Greece</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Dimosthenis Kotsopoulos</td>
    <td>Athens University of Economics and Business, Greece</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Dinara Davlembayeva</td>
    <td>Newcastle University, UK</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Djamal Benslimane</td>
    <td>Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, France</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Dora Trachana</td>
    <td>Athens University of Economics and Business, Greece</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Douglas Parry</td>
    <td>Stellenbosch University, South Africa</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Sandip Mukhopadhyay</td>
    <td>Institute of Management Technology, India</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Parijat Upadhyay</td>
    <td>IMT Nagpur, India</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Edward Bernroider</td>
    <td>Vienna University of Economics and Business, Austria</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Efpraxia D. Zamani</td>
    <td>University of Sheffield, UK</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Ekaterina Glebova</td>
    <td>University of Paris-Saclay, France</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Eleftherios Manousakis</td>
    <td>Athens University of Economics and Business, Greece</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Elena Parmiggiani</td>
    <td>Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Eleni Zampou</td>
    <td>Athens University of Economics and Business, Greece</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Elias Polytarchos</td>
    <td>Athens University of Economics and Business, Greece</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Elli Diakanastasi</td>
    <td>Athens University of Economics and Business, Greece</td>
  </tr>
</table>
<table>
  <tr>
    <td>Emanuele Gabriel Margherita</td>
    <td>University of Tuscia, Italy</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Fred Creedon</td>
    <td>Munster Technological University, Ireland</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Georgios Zois</td>
    <td>Athens University of Economics and Business, Greece</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Gustavo Velasco-Hernandez</td>
    <td>Munster Technological University, Ireland</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hafiz Imtiaz Ahmad</td>
    <td>Higher Colleges of Technology, UAE</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hanlie Smuts</td>
    <td>University of Pretoria, South Africa</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hans Weigand</td>
    <td>Tilburg University, The Netherlands</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hans-Dieter Zimmermann</td>
    <td>Eastern Switzerland University of Applied Sciences, Switzerland</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hassan Dennaoui</td>
    <td>University of Balamand, Lebanon</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hiroshi Yoshiura</td>
    <td>The University of Electro-Communications, Japan</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hongxiu Li</td>
    <td>Tampere University, Finland</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Hugo Lotriet</td>
    <td>University of South Africa, South Africa</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Jamil Arida</td>
    <td>Saint Joseph University, Lebanon</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Jan H. Kroeze</td>
    <td>UNISA, South Africa</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Janis Gogan</td>
    <td>Bentley University, Massachusetts, USA</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Jari Veijalainen</td>
    <td>University of Jyvaskyla, Finland</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Jaspreet Kaur</td>
    <td>Georgia State University, USA</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Jean-Paul Van Belle</td>
    <td>University of Cape Town, South Africa</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Jennifer Ferreira</td>
    <td>Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Jenny Eriksson Lundström</td>
    <td>Uppsala University, Sweden</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John Oredo</td>
    <td>University of Nairobi, Kenya</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>John Barry</td>
    <td>Munster Technological University, Ireland</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Joseph Walsh</td>
    <td>Munster Technological University, Ireland</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Katina Michael</td>
    <td>Arizona State University, USA</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Katja Bley</td>
    <td>TU Dresden, Germany</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Khalid Benali</td>
    <td>Université de Lorraine, France</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Konstantina Spanaki</td>
    <td>Loughborough University, UK</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Laleh Kasraian</td>
    <td>De Montfort University, UK</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Lisa Seymour</td>
    <td>University of Cape Town, South Africa</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Lynette Barnard</td>
    <td>Nelson Mandela University, South Africa</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Machdel Matthee</td>
    <td>University of Pretoria, South Africa</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Manas Paul</td>
    <td>Institute of Management Technology, India</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Manjul Gupta</td>
    <td>Florida International University, Miami, USA</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Markus Zimmer</td>
    <td>University of Turku, Finland</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Michael Lang</td>
    <td>National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Mohammad Merhi</td>
    <td>Indiana University South Bend, USA</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Morteza Namvar</td>
    <td>University of Queensland, Australia</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Nandini Seth</td>
    <td>Indian Institute of Management Bangalore, India</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Natasha Evers</td>
    <td>Trinity College Dublin, Ireland</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Niki Panteli</td>
    <td>Royal Holloway University of London, UK</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Ola Ogunbodede</td>
    <td>Newcastle University, UK</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Omotolani Olowosule</td>
    <td>Loughborough University, UK</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Muhammad Ovais Ahmad</td>
    <td>Karlstad University, Sweden</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Paidi O'Reilly</td>
    <td>Cork University Business School, Ireland</td>
  </tr>
</table>
<table>
  <tr>
    <td>Pat Doody</td>
    <td>Munster Technological University, Ireland</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Patrick Mikalef</td>
    <td>Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Peter Saba</td>
    <td>EMLV Business School Paris, France</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Pieter Toussaint</td>
    <td>Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Polyxeni Vassilakopoulou</td>
    <td>University of Agder, Norway</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Rakhi Tripathi</td>
    <td>FORE School of Management, India</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Randsome Bawack</td>
    <td>Toulouse Business School, France</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Rennie Naidoo</td>
    <td>University of Pretoria, South Africa</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Rob Gleasure</td>
    <td>Copenhagen Business School, Denmark</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Rogier Van de Wetering</td>
    <td>Open University, The Netherlands</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Rónán Kennedy</td>
    <td>National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Saad Alshahrani</td>
    <td>University of Tabuk, South Arabia</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Sachin Modgil</td>
    <td>International Management Institute, Kolkata</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Samrat Gupta</td>
    <td>Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, India</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Samuli Laato</td>
    <td>University of Turku, Finland</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Sarah Sabbaghan</td>
    <td>London South Bank University, UK</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Savvas Papagiannidis</td>
    <td>Newcastle University, UK</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Shang Gao</td>
    <td>Örebro University, Sweden</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Sobah Abbas Petersen</td>
    <td>Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Sofia Papavlasopoulou</td>
    <td>Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Stavros Lounis</td>
    <td>Athens University of Economics and Business, Greece</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Stephen McCarthy</td>
    <td>Cork University Business School, Ireland</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Stratos Baloutsos</td>
    <td>Athens University of Economics and Business, Greece</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Sunet Eybers</td>
    <td>University of South Africa, South Africa</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Sven Laumer</td>
    <td>Otto-Friedrich-University Bamberg, Germany</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Tania Prinsloo</td>
    <td>University of Pretoria, South Africa</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Tendani Mawela</td>
    <td>University of Pretoria, South Africa</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Trevor Cadden</td>
    <td>University of Ulster, UK</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Umair Ul Hassan</td>
    <td>Maynooth University, Ireland</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Vasiliki Chronaki</td>
    <td>Athens University of Economics and Business, Greece</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Vasiliki Koniakou</td>
    <td>University of Turku, Finland</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Vasilis Stavrou</td>
    <td>Athens University of Economics and Business, Greece</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Vigneswara Ilavarasan</td>
    <td>Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Vincent Dutot</td>
    <td>Ipag Business School, France</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Yashoda Karki</td>
    <td>University of South-Eastern Norway</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Ying Tueanrat</td>
    <td>Newcastle University, UK</td>
  </tr>
</table>
Data-Driven Collaborative Human-AI Decision Making. Gregoris Mentzas, Katerina Lepenioti, Alexandros Bousdekis, and Dimitris Apostolou 120

Always Trust the Advice of AI in Difficulties? Perceptions Around AI in Decision Making. Amit Kumar Kushwaha, Ruchika Pharswan, and Arpan Kumar Kar 132

Big Data Analytics Affordances for Social Innovation: A Theoretical Framework. Ilias O. Pappas and Devinder Thapa 144

COVID-19 Discrepancies Rising from Population Density Political Polarization Exacerbates Policy Gap. Mouwafac Sidaoui, Nicholas Abrams, and Abhishruti Adhikari 150

AI Philosophy, Ethics and Governance

Ethics and AI Issues: Old Container with New Wine?. Fred Niederman and Elizabeth White Baker 161

Governing Artificial Intelligence and Algorithmic Decision Making: Human Rights and Beyond. Vasiliki Koniakou 173

Analysing AI via Husserl and Kuhn How a Phenomenological Approach to Artificial Intelligence Imposes a Paradigm Shift. Daire Boyle 185

The Ethical Implications of Lawtech. Rónán Kennedy 198

Deploying AI Governance Practices: A Revelatory Case Study. Emmanouil Papagiannidis, Ida Merete Enholm, Chirstian Dremel, Patrick Mikalef, and John Krogstie 208

Towards Ecosystems for Responsible AI: Expectations on Sociotechnical Systems, Agendas, and Networks in EU Documents. Matti Minkkinen, Markus Philipp Zimmer, and Matti Mäntymäki 220

Ethics in AI: A Software Developmental and Philosophical Perspective. Tanay Chowdhury and John Oredo 233
## Privacy and Transparency in a Digitised Society

Stop Ordering Machine Learning Algorithms by Their Explainability!
An Empirical Investigation of the Tradeoff Between Performance and Explainability
Jonas Wanner, Lukas-Valentin Herm, Kai Heinrich, and Christian Janiesch
245

Gender Bias in AI: Implications for Managerial Practices.
Ayesha Nadeem, Olivera Marjanovic, and Babak Abedin
259

A Systematic Review of Fairness in Artificial Intelligence Algorithms
Khensani Xivuri and Hossana Twinomurinzi
271

Is Downloading This App Consistent with My Values?: Conceptualizing a Value-Centered Privacy Assistant
Sarah E. Carter
285

Operationalization of a Glass Box Through Visualization: Applied to a Data-Driven Profiling Approach
Niels Netten, Arjen Suijker, Mortaza S. Bargh, and Sunil Choenni
292

## Digital Enabled Sustainable Organisations and Societies

Artificial Intelligence and the Evolution of Managerial Skills:
An Exploratory Study
Laurent Giraud, Ali Zaher, Selena Hernandez, and Akram Al Ariss
307

The Diffusion of Innovation Experience: Leveraging the Human Factor to Improve Technological Adoption Within an Organisation
Gustav du Plessis and Hanlie Smuts
318

Exploring the Link Between Digitalization and Sustainable Development:
Research Agendas
Yashoda Karki and Devinder Thapa
330

Research Trends, Theories and Concepts on the Utilization of Digital Platforms in Agriculture: A Scoping Review
Abraham Kuuku Sam and Sara Saartjie Grobbelaar
342

The Impact of Industry 4.0 on the Business Models of Small and Medium Enterprises: A Systematic Literature Review
Abdul Qadir Soondka and Hanlie Smuts
356
## Digital Technologies and Organisational Capabilities

### BIM as a Boundary Object in Construction Projects:

A Knowledge-as-PracticePerspective.................................................. 371
Jing Wang, Pamela Y. Abbott, and Efpraxia D. Zamani

Understanding How Enterprise Architecture Contributes
to Organizational Alignment................................................................. 383
Hong Guo, Jingyue Li, Shang Gao, and Darja Smite

How EA-Driven Dynamic Capabilities Enable Agility: The Mediating
Role of Digital Project Benefits.................................................... 397
Rogier van de Wetering

ICT-Based Inter-organisational Knowledge Exchange: A Narrative
Literature Review Approach................................................................. 411
Yuzhen Zhu, Efpraxia D. Zamani, Jorge Tiago Martins,
and Ana Cristina Vasconcelos

Industry 4.0 and Organisations: Key Organisational Capabilities............ 423
Stefan Smuts, Alta van der Merwe, and Hanlie Smuts

## Digitised Supply Chains

How Does IOS-Enabled Business Intelligence Enhance Supply
Chain Performance? ................................................................ 441
Caleb Amankwaa Kumi, David Asamoah, and Benjamin Agyei-Owusu

A Review of AI in the Supply Chain Industry: Preliminary Findings........ 454
Conn Smyth, Denis Dennehy, and Samuel Fosso-Wamba

Dynamic Capability Theory as a Lens to Investigate Big Data Analytics
and Supply Chain Agility................................................................. 467
Trevor Cadden, Guangming Cao, Raymond Treacy, Ying Yang,
and George Onofrei

The Effect of Data Driven Culture on Customer Development and Firm
Performance: The Role of Supply Chain Information Sharing and Supply
Chain Information Quality ............................................................ 481
Benjamin Agyei-Owusu, Mawuli Kobla Amedofu, David Asamoah,
and Caleb Amankwaa Kumi

## Customer Behavior and E-business

The Use of Elaboration Likelihood Model in eWOM Research: Literature
Review and Weight-Analysis ............................................................ 495
Elvira Ismagilova, Yogesh K. Dwivedi, and Nripendra Rana
Explaining the Network of Factors that Influence the Timing of and Decision to Upgrade Enterprise Systems
Candice Petersen and Lisa F. Seymour
506

An Overview of the Application of Sentiment Analysis in Quality Function Deployment
Blessed Sarema and Stephen Matope
519

Cash is King, Isn't It? Payment Preferences and Switching Intentions of German Customers
Matthias Murawski, Serena Scomparin, and Markus Bick
532

Mining Segmentation Patterns Using e-Commerce Retail Data: An Experience Report
Anastasia Griva and Denis Dennehy
545

## Blockchain

Blockchain in a Business Model: Exploring Benefits and Risks
Davit Marikyan, Savvas Papagiannidis, Omer Rana, and Rajiv Ranjan
555

Key Characteristics to Create Optimized Blockchain Consensus Algorithms
J. Leo and M. J. Hattingh
567

A Systematic Literature Review of Blockchain Consensus Protocols
Sikho Luzipo and Aurona Gerber
580

Blockchain's Impact on Consumer's Perspective in the Luxury Fashion Industry: A Position Paper
Jean Noonan and Patrick Doran
596

## Information Systems Development

Digital Transformation of Software Development: Implications for the Future of Work
Samuli Laato, Matti Mäntymäki, Teemu Birkstedt, A. K. M. Najmul Islam, and Sami Hyrynsalmi
609

Business Analytics Continuance in Software Development Projects – A Preliminary Analysis
Muhammad Ovais Ahmad, Iftikhar Ahmad, and Iqra Sadaf Khan
622

Artificial Intelligence (AI) Capabilities, Trust and Open Source Software Team Performance
Babu Veeresh Thummadi
629
## Social Media and Analytics

Modeling Malicious Behaviors and Fake News Dissemination on Social Networks
Kento Yoshikawa, Masatsugu Ichino, and Hiroshi Yoshiura
643

Developing Machine Learning Model for Predicting Social Media Induced Fake News
David Langley, Caoimhe Reidy, Mark Towey, Manisha, and Denis Dennehy
656

A Deep Multi-modal Neural Network for the Identification of Hate Speech from Social Media
Gunjan Kumar, Jyoti Prakash Singh, and Abhinav Kumar
670

Influencer is the New Recommender: Insights for Enhancing Social Recommender Systems
Ransome Epie Bawack and Emilie Bonhoure
681

Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on E-participation of Fans in Sports Events
Vishal Mehra, Pooja Sarin, Prabhsimran Singh, Ravinder Singh Sawhney, and Arpan Kumar Kar
692

Investigating the Dynamics of Polarization in Online Discourse During COVID-19 Pandemic
Samrat Gupta, Gaurav Jain, and Amit Anand Tiwari
704

Ecosystem of Social Media Listening Practices for Crisis Management
Lucia Castro Herrera, Tim A. Majchrzak, and Devinder Thapa
710

\#SDG13: Understanding Citizens Perspective Regarding Climate Change on Twitter
Prabhsimran Singh, Surleen Kaur, Yogesh K. Dwivedi, Sandeep Sharma, and Ravinder Singh Sawhney
723

## Teaching and Learning

A Multi-level Analysis of Mistrust/Trust Formation in Algorithmic Grading
Stephen Jackson and Niki Panteli
737

Computational Numeracy (CN) for Under-Prepared, Novice Programming Students
Carla Coetzee and Machdel Matthee
744
<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>Contents</th><th>xxi</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Using Data Analytics to Detect Possible Collusion in a Multiple Choice Quiz Test. Michael Lang</td><td>757</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Perceptions of Students for a Gamification Approach: Cities Skylines as a Pedagogical Tool in Urban Planning Education Tayyeb Ahmed Khan and Xin Zhao</td><td>763</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Social Exclusion in Gamified Information Systems Arthur E. van der Poll, Izak van Zyl, and Jan H. Kroeze</td><td>774</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Correction to: Responsible AI and Analytics for an Ethical and Inclusive Digitized Society. Denis Dennehy, Anastasia Griva, Nancy Pouloudi, Yogesh K. Dwivedi, Ilias Pappas, and Matti Mäntymäki</td><td>C1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Author Index</td><td>787</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>