# DAPP IT – Multipurpose ID Card System for Universities

C. Harshini, J. Vishal Ananth, B. Ahmad, C. K. Thejeswari, V. Sumathy

► To cite this version:

C. Harshini, J. Vishal Ananth, B. Ahmad, C. K. Thejeswari, V. Sumathy. DAPP IT – Multipurpose ID Card System for Universities. 6th International Conference on Computational Intelligence in Data Science (ICCIDS), Feb 2023, Chennai, India. pp.34-49, 10.1007/978-3-031-38296-3_4. http-05466056

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# DAPP IT – Multipurpose ID Card System for Universities

C. Harshini¹(✉), J. Vishal Ananth¹, B. Abdul Rahman Arshad Ahmad¹, C. K. Thejeswari², and V. Sumathy²

¹ Department of Computer Science & Business Systems, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

harshinichandrabose34@gmail.com, imvishal2002@gmail.com, abdularshadb.16@gmail.com

² Department of CSE, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
thejeswarimadhan@gmail.com, sumathy6780@gmail.com

**Abstract.** Universities massively depend on identity cards for the identification of students, faculties, and staff. For the longest time identity cards haven't seen much of an upgrade apart from the ability to record attendance using them. We propose a cashless payment model through identity cards that will make transactions anywhere within a university campus very quick and simple. This will be implemented by using RFID tags with antennas in the identity card and RFID sensors that enable the user to make cashless payment by tapping the identity card onto the sensor to perform the necessary action. Additionally, actions like marking attendance at various spots in the campus and functioning like an e-library card can also be performed with this system. This system will also include additional software to perform functions of a library card, manage the monetary transactions and keep track of attendance of all the people on campus. This will make the identity card a multipurpose tag adding more value and functionality to it.

**Keywords:** RFID tags · RFID sensors · cashless payment · identity card(s) · attendance · e-library card

## 1 Introduction

In modern times with the increasing number of people joining universities the number of overall people visiting a university has increased drastically. Now this increases the overall crowd in the university campus, this makes it harder to manage students in an orderly manner. Places like canteen end up crowding quickly during peak hours and the traditional cash system at the canteen for payments doesn't help in clearing the crowd quickly. Managing attendance of students at various spots. With a larger population being on campus managing a library can also become a problem.

Identity cards in modern university campuses serve very few fundamental roles. Identity cards help categories students based on the colour of the identity card tag and
the identity card itself contains data about the person wearing it. Not many improvements were made to them until very recently where chips have been integrated into the identity cards to collect and organize attendance in organizations. Now to add on more functionality to the identity cards we can use RFID chips in them and use sensor to perform various functions such as perform cashless transactions at canteens (Lia Lissa'idah* 2019) and places that sell products, mark attendance at places such as labs, hostels, libraries and other amenities on campus, Even the implementation of a smart library card is possible to implement into identity cards making it easy to maintain record of books borrowed and so on.

## 2 Existing System

In the existing models, a separate card with a RFID tag is used to make payments within a place, we can take the case of food courts in shopping malls as an example. The user must top up the card physically at a counter in the food court. Then use the same card at different food stations in that food court to buy food. This technology is currently being implemented all over the world right now.

In the case of attendance register, it is done physically by noting it down into a register and later updating the same into a database for the most part, but recording attendance is also done using identity cards and Biometrics (Sanjay kumar Khakhil 2020).

The library card system is still primitive. When the user wants to borrow a book, a small card is inserted into a pocket in the library card and this serves as an identification for what book the user have borrowed, the rest of the data organization and calculation is done manually by hand.

## 3 Proposed System

### 3.1 Description of the Proposed System

The system proposed in this paper involves around creating a completely integrated system for institutions involving employees and students. A single RFID chip will be embedded into Identity Cards. This RFID chip will contain the unique ID given to the student or faculty and will act as a universal card for almost all purposes inside the campus. This card will enable attendance management within the campus and will also hold the ability to act as a gateway for payments within the campus. The overall effect of introducing such a card would be a highly efficient crowd management system making sure all employee and student are being tracked in the campus for their own safety. Adding a layer of payment gateway will give more purpose to the Identity Card hence making it really important to people inside the campus, this gives the identity card a new purpose that it seems to have lost in the recent ages.

### 3.2 Novelty of the Proposed System

The highlight of this proposed system is that the RFID tags are integrated into the ID card hence the students need not carry a separate card to use. The system also comes with
a mobile application which allows the students to keep track of several things. Another potential area of interest is the implementation of this system in several developing countries or rural areas of India where access to modern payment technologies may be limited. This will impact the lives of those students in these regions very much. It also eases the work of the management to keep track of the students in terms of attendance or library management. The proposed system not only makes campus life easier but also more secure in terms of payments and other aspects such as attendance monitoring, library books monitoring, etc.

# 4 Hardware Involved

The hardware components used are RFID tags, Antenna and RFID reader.

## 4.1 RFID Tags

RFID tags are small devices which have an electronic microchip in it along with an antenna. These chips have a unique identification number which is used to identify the RFID tags shown in Fig. 1. These tags are powered by the radio signals transmitted from the RFID reader. The activation of the tags occurs when it is brought to a proximity of the reader. The antenna in these tags acts as the medium to transfer data to the reader.

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 1. RFID tag</figcaption></figure>

There are 3 types of tags:

*   **Passive tags:** Uses only the transmitted power from the reader to operate.

*   **Battery Assisted Tags:** The circuit chip has its own battery, but it needs a RF signal from the reader to activate and function.

*   **Active Tags:** Uses its own power source(battery). It does not require power from any source like a reader.

## 4.2 Antenna

Antennas of the tags are used to transfer data to the receiver. These operate only at a specific frequency range set by us.
## 4.3 RFID Reader

The component which activates the RFID tags and reads the data in it is the RFID reader. The reader is connected to the system to which the data is sent and processed (Rajiv 2022).

Table 1 below shows the various types of RFID readers classified based on their frequency band. According to the appropriate data rate required we can choose the RFID reader for that particular location on campus, and this will help us receive data from the RFID tag placed on the Identity card (Chew 2015).

<table><caption>**Table 1. Specifications of RFID reader**</caption><thead><tr><td>Frequency Band</td><td>Range</td><td>Data Rate</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>LF: 120–150 kHz</td><td>10 cm</td><td>Low</td></tr><tr><td>HF: 13.56 MHz</td><td>0.1–1 m</td><td>Low to moderate</td></tr><tr><td>UHF: 433 MHz</td><td>1–100 m</td><td>Moderate</td></tr><tr><td>UHF: 865–868 MHz</td><td>1–12 m</td><td>Moderate to high</td></tr><tr><td>902–928 MHz</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>microwave: 2450–5800 MHz</td><td>1–2 m</td><td>High</td></tr><tr><td>microwave: 3.1–10 GHz</td><td>up to 200 m</td><td>High</td></tr></tbody></table>

# 5 Working of Hardware

Radio Frequency Identification Technology (RFID). RFID uses electromagnetic fields to identify and track the tags attached to any objects (Kobkiat Saraubon 2019). RFID works on the principle of inductive coupling which includes 2 antennas i.e., source antenna and receiver antenna. Each RFID tag contains a microchip which has a unique identification number and all other essential details such as model, manufacturing date, access information etc.

There are 3 main steps involved in the working.

* Reading: The process of accessing data stored in a RFID tag using a reader.

* Activation: The reader sends radio frequency signals through the antenna. The antenna on the RFID tag catches the signal from the reader and activates the tag (passive tag) by activating it.

* Transmission: Once the tag is activated, the data transmission begins. The data is transmitted to the reader using the same antenna through which the tag was activated (Rajiv 2022).

Once the tag is activated the data transmitted to the reader is then sent to the software-based application for the canteen system and the database for recording attendance. And hence the process is carried over by the admin in that application. After the data is processed by the admin, the data stored in the tag is updated by transmitting the data from the application to the reader and from reader to the tag. The tag must be in contact with the reader throughout the process of data transmission.
# 6 Mobile Application Development

Since the identity card performs various tasks, a mobile application will have to be developed to carry out and maintain these tasks and organize data. The key functions that must be maintained and performed by the application are:

* Implement login

* Organize Transaction History

* Attendance Register

* Library card system integration

* Dashboard to organize data

## 6.1 Implement Login

<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 2. Registration page</figcaption></figure>

The first step to access all information related to the user and the identity card is for the user to register themselves onto the mobile application as seen in Fig. 2. Here in the registration section the user has to fill in details such as unique user id (provided by the university), user name, mobile number, university email, password and all other necessary details.

After filling in all the important details required the user can then submit it to complete signing up with the app. Once this is done the user can login using either his unique user id as shown in Fig. 3, if the user forgot their password to sign in, there is an option given to change their password as shown in Fig. 4.

Once the user is logged in, he will be able to access all related info from the a, information such as attendance, transactions, library details and so on can now be accessed and the id card chip will be synced with the user now (Fig. 5).
<figure><img src="image_6.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 3. Login page</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_7.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 4. Forgot password page</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_8.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 5. Home page</figcaption></figure>

## 6.2 Home Page

Once the user is signed in/logged in with the application the RFID chip in their Identity card will by synced with the user using the unique ID given to them. Now all data related to the user that the chip posses' can be viewed from the app. Details such as the current balance in his card, the current attendance percentage of the user, the hostel
status of the user (if relevant to the user), library related details will be displayed here. All information displayed on the home page is just going to be a summary/overview. Each attribute associated will have its own page where the information can be viewed in detail to provide better clarity to the user.

<figure><img src="image_9.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 6. Profile Page</figcaption></figure>

## 6.3 Profile Page

The profile page as seen in Fig. 6 is where the user gets to edit personal account related information and enables the user to correct mistakes that might have been made during registration, changes made here will be reflected onto our server to ensure uniformity of information and for proper functioning of the system. Additionally, transaction history, the current balance in the account, the attendance of the user and library details of the user can also be verified here.

## 6.4 Account Page

The Fig. 7 shows the student's past transactions in the shops regardless of what they sell within the campus with the transaction ID, Item bought and the money spent.
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CURRENT BALANCE

197.0

Your Orders

<figure><img src="image_11.png" /></figure>

Vada Pav Station

₹110.00

ITEMS

1 x Pav Bhaji with Gravy

ORDERED ON

02 Nov 2019 at 2:16 PM

Rejected

<figure><img src="image_12.png" /></figure>

Repeat Order

<figure><img src="image_13.png" /></figure>

The Waffle

₹129.00

ITEMS

1 x Nutella Ferrero Milkshake

ORDERED ON

20 Oct 2019 at 6:00 PM

Delivered

<figure><img src="image_14.png" /></figure>

Repeat Order

<figure><img src="image_15.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_16.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_17.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_18.png" /></figure>

ACCOUNT

<figure><img src="image_19.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 7. Account page</figcaption></figure>

ATTENDANCE

TOTAL PERCENTAGE

92%

LABS

<table><thead><tr><td>SUBJECT CODE</td><td>PERCENTAGE</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>MC1090</td><td>87%</td></tr><tr><td>BS1235</td><td>97%</td></tr><tr><td>FC3455</td><td>92%</td></tr><tr><td>BS2346</td><td>92%</td></tr></tbody></table>

HOSTEL

STATUS

23. January 2022

check out

08:14:26

check in

pending

<figure><img src="image_20.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_21.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_22.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_23.png" /></figure>

ACCOUNT

<caption>Fig. 8. Attendance page</caption>

## 6.5 Tracking Attendance On-the-Go

The attendance tab as seen in Fig. 8, is where the attendance details of the user will be recorded and monitored, as soon as the RFID tag on the identification cards corresponding to the user communicates with the RFID sensor the details such as date, time, user details, room number etc. will be sent over to the Node.js database where the data will
be stored. Further this data from the database will be displayed onto the attendance page in the format shown in Fig. 8.

<figure><img src="image_24.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 9. Bill page</figcaption></figure>

## 6.6 Transactions Made Easy

The way the transaction system works will be explained is explained in Fig. 9. The user first tops up the initial amount into his account via the admin application available in the college campus, after the money has been manually topped up at the server side then the changes made will be reflected back onto the user application. After this the user can now make seamless transactions by using the RFID tag placed in the identification card. When the user places his card onto the RFID reader placed at the location where he wants to make the transaction the RFID sensor will read the chip and pass on the appropriate information accordingly, the computation will happen on the server side and the money from the users account will be debited accordingly. These transactions can be viewed in the application using the transaction history page as shown in Fig. 10.

## 6.7 E-receipts for Every Transaction

When the user makes a transaction using the RFID tag in the identification card and the RFID sensor, computation happens on the server side and the transaction is reflected on the user application like in Fig. 9. On the admin side application of the shop in the university campus the shop can generate a bill for the transaction about to occur, this bill will be sent over to the user on his application once the transaction is completed. These E-receipts can be further viewed in the transactions tab as shown in the Fig. 9.
<figure><img src="image_25.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 10. Transaction history page</figcaption></figure>

## 6.8 Library Tab

The identification card can also work as a library card and all the data related to the library card can be viewed in the library page as seen in Fig. 11. The library tab will contain information regarding the history of books the user has borrowed, the current book in the user possession, the date and time when borrowed, the data and time when the book was returned by the user, the fees payment made to the library, the due and all other library card related information. All this data will be monitored on the admin side application in the library.

## 7 Workflow of the Ecosystem

The way the dataflow occurs is shown above in Fig. 12. The RFID tag placed into the identification card will connect to the admin side server when it is placed on the corresponding RFID sensors. Data such as the attendance will be sent to the server database first where it will then be classified into labs, amenities and hostels corresponding to where the RFID sensor was placed in the campus. The transaction related details similarly will first be sent over to the server database and from there the data such as the
<figure><img src="image_26.png" /></figure>

LIBRARY

<table><thead><tr><td>CODE</td><td>NAME</td><td>DUE</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>0687</td><td>Artificial Intelligence - An Overview</td><td>08/02/2022</td></tr><tr><td>07934</td><td>The neural networks</td><td>02/02/2022</td></tr></tbody></table>

<figure><img src="image_27.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_28.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_29.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_30.png" /></figure>

ACCOUNT

<figure><img src="image_31.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 12. Workflow</figcaption></figure>

balance in the user account, transaction history, bills generated will be computed on the server end and will then be reflected back to the user via the user end application. Similarly, for the library management details such as the history of books borrowed, current book, due amount, amount paid, borrowed date, return date etc. will be first sent over to the database and then is further linked over to the user's card. All changes that
will be made on the server side will be reflected onto both, the user application and the server-side application.

The data flow diagram depicted in Fig. 13 gives an elaborate view of how the data flows through the application.

<figure><img src="image_32.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 13. Data flow diagram.</figcaption></figure>
# 8 Implementation:

## 8.1 Tech Stack Used

This system is built using the MERN tech stack (mongodb n.d.). MERN stands for MongoDB, ExpressJS, ReactJS and Node.js. This is a very popular tech stack which is used to build various web applications and also mobile applications.

MongoDB: MongoDB is a cross platform document-oriented database program. It uses JSON documents along with schema to store the data. The main advantage of using MongoDB is that it is scalable. That is, the amount of data stored and the attributes of the schema can be updated at any time of use. It also supports the ACID properties which ensures the consistency and correctness of the database.

ExpressJS: ExpressJS is a minimalized extension of Node.js web application framework which has a huge set of features for web and mobile applications. ExpressJS is a popular choice for creating applications along with node.js as it helps us with creating simple and flexible APIs to handle HTTP requests and responses.

ReactJS: ReactJS is an open-source JavaScript library which is used for frontend development. It is very helpful in developing interactive web or mobile applications. One of the main advantages of using reactJS is that it is easy to integrate it with the MERN stack. It is also easy to modify the UI components in ReactJS.

Node.js: Node.js is an open-source cross platform runtime environment used to develop and maintain the backend of an application. It can run JavaScript code outside the web browser. Node.js is built using V8 JavaScript engine which makes it faster and more scalable. It has a large ecosystem which helps in the development of applications efficiently (mongodb, n.d.).

## 8.2 Implementation Method:

1. Firstly, the tech stack is analysed completely and by what all ways the tech stack can be used to build this project is noted.

2. The UI of the application (shown in Sect. 6) is built using ReactJS in a development environment.

3. The API for the backend of the application is built using ExpressJS which is used for further development in the Node.js environment.

4. Further the API is integrated with the MongoDB database in which all the data is stored and all the transactions take place.

5. Security features such as SSL/TLS encryption, token-based authentication are implemented to ensure the security of the transactions.

6. The RFID hardware is later integrated with the application using the hardware platform and the RESTful API created before.

7. The product is then tested to ensure the correct functioning and the efficiency of the system is checked. Further improvements will be made if required in the future.
# 9 Security and Privacy

The major area where RFID tags are used today is in credit/debit cards, these chips contain crucial information about the user and hence must be very secure. Since we use the RFID chip integrated into the identification card for transactional purposes, we should pay attention to security and privacy concerns that might occur when the system is set in place and functioning. A few concerns related to security are listed down below (Hoffman n.d.).

* Snooping Attacks

* Replay Attacks

* Tracking

* Denial of service

## 9.1 Snooping Attacks

RFID works based on radio frequencies making these frequencies prone to attack. An attacker could disguise himself as a legitimate user and access these frequencies and have the backdoor to the database open for him to enter, alternatively the attacker could listen to the radio frequencies and monitor it. As seen in (Pedro Peris-Lopez 2011), past attacks have shown antennas placed near the RFID scanner of monetary transaction systems where the antennas can listen to the particular radio frequency and then convert this information to a human readable form. This shows that snooping attacks are extremely dangerous and must be handled with care.

## 9.2 Replay Attacks

RFID tags are prone to replay attacks as well, A replay attack is when an attacker intercepts communication message communicated between the RFID reader and the RFID tags, and he records the tag's response (Wing n.d.). This response can further be used to reply to requests at the attackers will, giving him access to crucial information in the database.

To deal with replay attacks the key values of the system and user related info must be cryptically make the numbers pseudo random, making the potential information being extracted completely null unless the attacker knows how to decipher the cryptic method used (Medeiros 2007). The way the pseudo random data is generated must be unique to every scanner on premise to ensure maximum security.

## 9.3 Tracking

An attacker can make use of the RFID tag and track a person's activity and location. Though RFID tags do not possess any sort of GPS features the attacker can however spend a reasonable amount of time studying a person's movement and understand the underlying pattern of usage and make use of this information to plan his attack (Mohamed El Beqqal* 2017; Medeiros 2007). The RFID tag attached to the person's ID can further come under the influence of a nearby magnetic field from the scanners on campus, this
window of opportunity along with the already available information regarding the user's activity is enough for a skilled attacker to extract valuable user related information and make manipulations to it. If the attacker wishes he can perform a remote root as well with all the information, he possesses. Now this attack can be prevented making a few key values a pseudo random value and make these values seem random to an attacker, keeping these values pseudo random and uniform is the challenge (Mohamed El Beqqal* 2017; Pedro Peris-Lopez 2011).

## 9.4 Denial of Service

Denial of service is when the rendering device or equipment is unavailable in a particular RFID system. When a specific reader is spammed with a specific request for a specific card then this will make the reader out of service (Medeiros 2007). This is when the attacker will be able to accept the said request by entering the system and can make use of this request information to enter the database and extract information relating to the user. Distribute denial of service also known as DDOS can be used to bombard the system with unauthorised requests and force the system to shutdown which can be extremely detrimental to the overall system (Pedro Peris-Lopez 2011).

# 10 Result and Validation

For the proper functioning of any management system working with real-time data with maximum efficiency is a must. To handle the high volumes of data for the database we have ACID properties stands for atomicity, consistency, isolation and durability. In our system, when a student makes a transaction, the transaction takes place at a time on both ends. That is, the values are updated on the card and the database at the same time of the transaction. This ensures the atomicity of the system. The system is designed in such a way that there is no data redundancy or void data to ensure the consistency of the system during a transaction. The system is capable of handling multiple transactions at a time which makes each transaction isolated. In the case of a system failure, the changes made during the transaction are recorded and it is ensured that the changes are reflected in the database later on. This makes our system durable.

By considering all the data and the depiction of the working of the system given above, the system will function as expected since the working of these RFID tags are already proven. Hence these ID cards with RFID tags can record attendance, record books borrowed and make cash less hassle-free payments within the campus. The app provided with this ID card will help the students to keep track of the attendance percentage period wise, library books borrowed and late fee (if any) and the transactions made using the card.

# 11 Conclusion and Future Works

This multipurpose ID card system intends to make the life of students easier in a campus. The Attendance and the library systems can make the work of the institution staffs easier to record attendance and to keep track of books borrowed. Since all the details are
digitalized in this system, it makes it easier to access these details anytime and anywhere by authorised people. The payment system can make the transactions cash free within the campus. This also helps the canteen to keep track of all the transactions made and the money can be transferred in a secured way. With this RFID system, the details in the card can be secured easily. As a whole the system described in this paper will be very helpful to both students and the staffs in the campus.

In the future, we intend to add a face recognition system in order to improve the attendance recording system. The face recognition system can prevent the misuse of the ID card by others. The low frequency RFID tags can be replaced with Active high frequency Tags to improve the performance. The high frequency tags also come in handy when the system is combined with Face recognition system.

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