Kuntashula E, Mafongoya PL, Sileshi G, Lungu S (2004) Potential of biomass transfer technologies in sustaining vegetable production in the wetlands (DAMBO S) of Eastern Zambia. Ex Agric 40:37–51. https://doi.org/10.1017/S001447970300142X

Kurgat BK, Stöber S, Mwonga S et al (2018) Livelihood and climate trade-offs in Kenyan peri-urban vegetable production. Agric Syst 160:79–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2017.10.003

Lamine C, Dawson J (2018) The agroecology of food systems: reconnecting agriculture, food, and the environment. Agroecol Sustain Food Syst 42:629–636. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2018.1432517

Magcale-Macandog DB, Rañola FM, Rañola RF et al (2010) Enhancing the food security of upland farming households through agroforestry in Claveria, Misamis Oriental, Philippines. Agroforest Syst 79:327–342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-009-9267-1

Martinelli do GC, Schlindwein MM, Padovan MP, Gimenes RMT (2019) Decreasing uncertainties and reversing paradigms on the economic performance of agroforestry systems in Brazil. Land Use Policy 80:274–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.09.019

Mekonnen M, Worku T, Yitaferu B et al (2021) Economics of agroforestry land use system, Upper Blue Nile Basin, northwest Ethiopia. Agroforest Syst. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-021-00612-y

Migliorini P, Bärberi P, Bellon S et al (2020) Controversial topics in agroecology: a European perspective. IJANR 47:159–173. https://doi.org/10.7764/ijanr.v47i3.2265

Milheiras SG, Sallu SM, Loveridge R et al (2022) Agroecological practices increase farmers' well-being in the agricultural growth corridor in Tanzania. Agron Sustain Dev 42:56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-022-00789-1

Mouratiadou I, Latka C, van der Hilst F et al (2021) Quantifying sustainable intensification of agriculture: the contribution of metrics and modelling. Ecological Indicators 129:107870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107870

Munisse P, Jensen BD, Quilambo OA et al (2012) Watermelon intercropped with cereals under semi-arid conditions: an on-farm study. Ex Agric 48:388–398. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0014479712000051

Ngwira AR, Aune JB, Mkwinda S (2012) On-farm evaluation of yield and economic benefit of short term maize legume intercropping systems under conservation agriculture in Malawi. Field Crops Res 132:149–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2011.12.014

Ngwira AR, Thierfelder C, Eash N, Lambert DM (2013) Risk and maize-based cropping systems for smallholder Malawi farmers using conservation agriculture technologies. Ex Agric 49:483–503. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0014479713000306

Nicholls CI, Altieri MA (2016) Agroecology: principles for the conversion and redesign of farming systems. J Ecosyst Ecolr S 5:010. https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7625.S5-010

Nicholls CI, Altieri MA (2018) Pathways for the amplification of agroecology. Agroecol Sustain Food Syst 42:1170–1193. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2018.1499578

Nunoo I, Owusu V (2017) Comparative analysis on financial viability of cocoa agroforestry systems in Ghana. Environment, Development and Sustainability 19:83–98. https://doi-org.ezproxy.library.wur.nl/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-015-9733-z

Nyamangara J, Mashingaidze N, Masvaya EN et al (2014) Weed growth and labor demand under hand-hoe based reduced tillage in smallholder farmers' fields in Zimbabwe. Agric Ecosyst Environ 187:146–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2013.10.005

Ong TWY, Liao W (2020) Agroecological transitions: a mathematical perspective on a transdisciplinary problem. Front Sustain Food Syst 4:91. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2020.00001

Owusu V, Akoto-Adjepong V, Acheampong E, Barnes VR (2021) Farmer perceptions and economic performance of cocoa agroforestry shade levels in Ghana. J Sustain Forest 41:1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2021.1883444

Panneerselvam P, Hermansen JE, Halberg N (2010) Food security of small holding farmers: comparing organic and conventional systems in India. J Sustain Agric 35:48–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/10440046.2011.530506

Paracchini M-L, Justes E, Wezel A et al (2020) Agroecological practices supporting food production and reducing food insecurity in developing countries: a study on scientific literature in 17 countries. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg

Paracchini M, Wezel A, Madsen S et al (2022) Agroecological practices supporting food production and reducing food insecurity in developing countries -, vol 2. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg

Peeters A, Škorjanc K, Wezel A, Migliorini P (2021) OASIS, the Original Agroecological Survey Indicator System. A simple and comprehensive system for agroecological transition assessment. Agroecology Europe, Corbais, Belgium

Pretty J (1995) Regenerating agriculture. World Resources Institute, Washington, DC

Pretty JN, Noble AD, Bossio D et al (2006) Resource-conserving agriculture increases yields in developing countries. Environ Sci Technol 40:1114–1119. https://doi.org/10.1021/es051670d

Rahman S, Rahman M, Codilan A, Farhana K (2007) Analysis of the economic benefits from systematic improvements to shifting cultivation and its evolution towards stable continuous agroforestry in the upland of Eastern Bangladesh. Int Forest Rev 9:536–547. https://doi.org/10.1505/ifor.9.1.536

Salam MA, Sarker MNI, Sharmin S (2021) Do organic fertilizer impact on yield and efficiency of rice farms? Empirical evidence from Bangladesh. Heliyon 7:e07731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07731

Sánchez AC, Kamau HN, Grazioli F, Jones SK (2022) Financial profitability of diversified farming systems: a global meta-analysis. Ecol Econ 201:107595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2022.107595

Schuler J, Voss AK, Ndah HT et al (2016) A socioeconomic analysis of the zaïfarming practice in northern Burkina Faso. Agroecol Sustain Food Syst 40:988–1007. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2016.1221018

Segre H, Carmel Y, Segoli M et al (2019) Cost-effectiveness of unculivated field-margins and semi-natural patches in Mediterranean areas: a multi-taxa, landscape scale approach. Biol Conservation 240:108262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocen.2019.108262

Serrat O (2017) The sustainable livelihoods approach. In: Serrat O (ed) Knowledge solutions: tools, methods, and approaches to drive organizational performance. Springer, Singapore, pp 21–26

Severini S, Castellari M, Cavalli D, Pecetti L (2021) Economic sustainability and riskiness of cover crop adoption for organic production of corn and soybean in Northern Italy. Agronomy 11:766. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040766

Sogoba B, Traoré B, Safia A et al (2020) On-farm evaluation on yield and economic performance of cereal-cowpea intercropping to support the smallholder farming system in the Soudano-Sahelian Zone of Mali. Agriculture 10:214. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10060214

Srinivasa Rao M, Rama Rao CA, Srinivas K et al (2012) Intercropping for management of insect pests of castor, Ricinus communis, in the semi-arid tropics of India. J Insect Sci 12:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1673/031.012.1401

Stevens A, Garritty C, Hersi M, Moher D (2018) Developing PRISMA-RR, a reporting guideline for rapid reviews of primary studies (protocol). https://www.equator-network.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/PRISMA-RR-protocol.pdf

Stratton AE, Wittman H, Blesh J (2021) Diversification supports farm income and improved working conditions during

<figure><img src="image_19.png" /></figure>
Kuntashula E, Mafongoya PL, Sileshi G, Lungu S (2004) Potential of biomass transfer technologies in sustaining vegetable production in the wetlands (DAMBO S) of Eastern Zambia. Ex Agric 40:37–51. https://doi.org/10.1017/S001447970300142X

Kurgat BK, Stöber S, Mwonga S et al (2018) Livelihood and climate trade-offs in Kenyan peri-urban vegetable production. Agric Syst 160:79–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2017.10.003

Lamine C, Dawson J (2018) The agroecology of food systems: reconnecting agriculture, food, and the environment. Agroecol Sustain Food Syst 42:629–636. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2018.1432517

Magcale-Macandog DB, Rañola FM, Rañola RF et al (2010) Enhancing the food security of upland farming households through agroforestry in Claveria, Misamis Oriental, Philippines. Agroforest Syst 79:327–342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-009-9267-1

Martinelli do GC, Schlindwein MM, Padovan MP, Gimenes RMT (2019) Decreasing uncertainties and reversing paradigms on the economic performance of agroforestry systems in Brazil. Land Use Policy 80:274–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.09.019

Mekonnen M, Worku T, Yitaferu B et al (2021) Economics of agroforestry land use system, Upper Blue Nile Basin, northwest Ethiopia. Agroforest Syst. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-021-00612-y

Migliorini P, Bärberi P, Bellon S et al (2020) Controversial topics in agroecology: a European perspective. IJANR 47:159–173. https://doi.org/10.7764/ijanr.v47i3.2265

Milheiras SG, Sallu SM, Loveridge R et al (2022) Agroecological practices increase farmers' well-being in the agricultural growth corridor in Tanzania. Agron Sustain Dev 42:56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-022-00789-1

Mouratiadou I, Latka C, van der Hilst F et al (2021) Quantifying sustainable intensification of agriculture: the contribution of metrics and modelling. Ecological Indicators 129:107870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107870

Munisse P, Jensen BD, Quilambo OA et al (2012) Watermelon intercropped with cereals under semi-arid conditions: an on-farm study. Ex Agric 48:388–398. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0014479712000051

Ngwira AR, Aune JB, Mkwinda S (2012) On-farm evaluation of yield and economic benefit of short term maize legume intercropping systems under conservation agriculture in Malawi. Field Crops Res 132:149–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2011.12.014

Ngwira AR, Thierfelder C, Eash N, Lambert DM (2013) Risk and maize-based cropping systems for smallholder Malawi farmers using conservation agriculture technologies. Ex Agric 49:483–503. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0014479713000306

Nicholls CI, Altieri MA (2016) Agroecology: principles for the conversion and redesign of farming systems. J Ecosyst Ecolr S 5:010. https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7625.S5-010

Nicholls CI, Altieri MA (2018) Pathways for the amplification of agroecology. Agroecol Sustain Food Syst 42:1170–1193. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2018.1499578

Nunoo I, Owusu V (2017) Comparative analysis on financial viability of cocoa agroforestry systems in Ghana. Environment, Development and Sustainability 19:83–98. https://doi-org.ezproxy.library.wur.nl/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-015-9733-z

Nyamangara J, Mashingaidze N, Masvaya EN et al (2014) Weed growth and labor demand under hand-hoe based reduced tillage in smallholder farmers' fields in Zimbabwe. Agric Ecosyst Environ 187:146–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2013.10.005

Ong TWY, Liao W (2020) Agroecological transitions: a mathematical perspective on a transdisciplinary problem. Front Sustain Food Syst 4:91. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2020.00001

Owusu V, Akoto-Adjepong V, Acheampong E, Barnes VR (2021) Farmer perceptions and economic performance of cocoa agroforestry shade levels in Ghana. J Sustain Forest 41:1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2021.1883444

Panneerselvam P, Hermansen JE, Halberg N (2010) Food security of small holding farmers: comparing organic and conventional systems in India. J Sustain Agric 35:48–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/10440046.2011.530506

Paracchini M-L, Justes E, Wezel A et al (2020) Agroecological practices supporting food production and reducing food insecurity in developing countries: a study on scientific literature in 17 countries. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg

Paracchini M, Wezel A, Madsen S et al (2022) Agroecological practices supporting food production and reducing food insecurity in developing countries -, vol 2. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg

Peeters A, Škorjanc K, Wezel A, Migliorini P (2021) OASIS, the Original Agroecological Survey Indicator System. A simple and comprehensive system for agroecological transition assessment. Agroecology Europe, Corbais, Belgium

Pretty J (1995) Regenerating agriculture. World Resources Institute, Washington, DC

Pretty JN, Noble AD, Bossio D et al (2006) Resource-conserving agriculture increases yields in developing countries. Environ Sci Technol 40:1114–1119. https://doi.org/10.1021/es051670d

Rahman S, Rahman M, Codilan A, Farhana K (2007) Analysis of the economic benefits from systematic improvements to shifting cultivation and its evolution towards stable continuous agroforestry in the upland of Eastern Bangladesh. Int Forest Rev 9:536–547. https://doi.org/10.1505/ifor.9.1.536

Salam MA, Sarker MNI, Sharmin S (2021) Do organic fertilizer impact on yield and efficiency of rice farms? Empirical evidence from Bangladesh. Heliyon 7:e07731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07731

Sánchez AC, Kamau HN, Grazioli F, Jones SK (2022) Financial profitability of diversified farming systems: a global meta-analysis. Ecol Econ 201:107595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2022.107595

Schuler J, Voss AK, Ndah HT et al (2016) A socioeconomic analysis of the zaïfarming practice in northern Burkina Faso. Agroecol Sustain Food Syst 40:988–1007. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2016.1221018

Segre H, Carmel Y, Segoli M et al (2019) Cost-effectiveness of unculivated field-margins and semi-natural patches in Mediterranean areas: a multi-taxa, landscape scale approach. Biol Conservation 240:108262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108262

Serrat O (2017) The sustainable livelihoods approach. In: Serrat O (ed) Knowledge solutions: tools, methods, and approaches to drive organizational performance. Springer, Singapore, pp 21–26

Severini S, Castellari M, Cavalli D, Pecetti L (2021) Economic sustainability and riskiness of cover crop adoption for organic production of corn and soybean in Northern Italy. Agronomy 11:766. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040766

Sogoba B, Traoré B, Safia A et al (2020) On-farm evaluation on yield and economic performance of cereal-cowpea intercropping to support the smallholder farming system in the Soudano-Sahelian Zone of Mali. Agriculture 10:214. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10060214

Srinivasa Rao M, Rama Rao CA, Srinivas K et al (2012) Intercropping for management of insect pests of castor, Ricinus communis, in the semi-arid tropics of India. J Insect Sci 12:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1673/031.012.1401

Stevens A, Garritty C, Hersi M, Moher D (2018) Developing PRISMA-RR, a reporting guideline for rapid reviews of primary studies (protocol). https://www.equator-network.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/PRISMA-RR-protocol.pdf

Stratton AE, Wittman H, Blesh J (2021) Diversification supports farm income and improved working conditions during

<figure><img src="image_20.png" /></figure>
agroecological transitions in southern Brazil. Agron Sustain
Dev 41:35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-021-00688-x

Sumberg J, Giller KE (2022) What is ‘conventional’ agriculture? Global Food Sec 32:100617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2022.100617

TerAvest D, Wandschneider PR, Thierfelder C, Reganold JP (2019) Diversifying conservation agriculture and conventional tillage cropping systems to improve the wellbeing of smallholder farmers in Malawi. Agric Syst 171:23–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2019.01.004

Thevs N, Aliev K, Lleshi R (2021) Water productivity of tree wind break agroforestry systems in irrigated agriculture – an example from Ferghana Valley, Kyrgyzstan. Trees, Forests and People 4:100085. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2021.100085

Thuy P, Niem L, Ho T et al (2018) Economic analysis of peren-
nial crop systems in Dak Lak Province Vietnam. Sustainability
11:81. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11010081

Tilahun Y (2021) The cost and benefit analysis of climate change adaptation strategies among smallholder crop producers in the case of Sekela district, West Gojjam zone Ethiopia. Cogent Econ Finance 9:1999590. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2021.1999590

Tittonell P, Piñeiro G, Garibaldi LA et al (2020) Agroecology in large scale farming—a research agenda. Front Sustain Food Syst 4:584–605. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2020.584605

Tricco AC, Antony J, Zarin W et al (2015) A scoping review of rapid review methods. BMC Medicine 13:224. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-015-0465-6

UN Food Systems Summit (2021) A coalition for food systems trans-
formation through agroecology. https://foodsystems.community/
emerging_coalition/a-coalition-for-food-systems-transformation-
through-agroecology/

United Nations (2021) Secretary-general’s chair summary and statement of action on the UN Food Systems Summit

van der Ploeg JD, Barjolle D, Bruil J et al (2019) The economic potential of agroecology: empirical evidence from Europe. J Rural Stud 71:46–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2019.09.003

van Dinter R, Tekinerdogan B, Catal C (2021) Automation of system-
atic literature reviews: a systematic literature review. Inf Softw
Technol 136:106589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infsof.2021.106589

Wezel A, Casagrande M, Celette F et al (2014) Agroecological practices for sustainable agriculture. A review. Agron Sustain Dev 34:1–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-013-0180-7

Wezel A, Herren BG, Kerr RB et al (2020) Agroecological principles and elements and their implications for transitioning to sustainable food systems. A review. Agron Sustain Dev 40:40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-020-00646-z

Yost J, Dobbins M, Traynor R et al (2014) Tools to support evidence-
informed public health decision making. BMC Public Health
14:728. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-728

**Publisher's Note** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

<figure><img src="image_20.png" /></figure>
agroecological transitions in southern Brazil. Agron Sustain
Dev 41:35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-021-00688-x

Sumberg J, Giller KE (2022) What is ‘conventional’ agriculture? Global Food Sec 32:100617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2022.100617

TerAvest D, Wandschneider PR, Thierfelder C, Reganold JP (2019) Diversifying conservation agriculture and conventional tillage cropping systems to improve the wellbeing of smallholder farmers in Malawi. Agric Syst 171:23–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2019.01.004

Thevs N, Aliev K, Lleshi R (2021) Water productivity of tree wind break agroforestry systems in irrigated agriculture – an example from Ferghana Valley, Kyrgyzstan. Trees, Forests and People 4:100085. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2021.100085

Thuy P, Niem L, Ho T et al (2018) Economic analysis of peren-
nial crop systems in Dak Lak Province Vietnam. Sustainability
11:81. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11010081

Tilahun Y (2021) The cost and benefit analysis of climate change adaptation strategies among smallholder crop producers in the case of Sekela district, West Gojjam zone Ethiopia. Cogent Econ Finance 9:1999590. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2021.1999590

Tittonell P, Piñeiro G, Garibaldi LA et al (2020) Agroecology in large scale farming—a research agenda. Front Sustain Food Syst 4:584–605. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2020.584605

Tricco AC, Antony J, Zarin W et al (2015) A scoping review of rapid review methods. BMC Medicine 13:224. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-015-0465-6

UN Food Systems Summit (2021) A coalition for food systems trans-
formation through agroecology. https://foodsystems.community/
emerging_coalition/a-coalition-for-food-systems-transformation-
through-agroecology/

United Nations (2021) Secretary-general’s chair summary and statement of action on the UN Food Systems Summit

van der Ploeg JD, Barjolle D, Bruil J et al (2019) The economic potential of agroecology: empirical evidence from Europe. J Rural Stud 71:46–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2019.09.003

van Dinter R, Tekinerdogan B, Catal C (2021) Automation of system-
atic literature reviews: a systematic literature review. Inf Softw
Technol 136:106589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infsof.2021.106589

Wezel A, Casagrande M, Celette F et al (2014) Agroecological practices for sustainable agriculture. A review. Agron Sustain Dev 34:1–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-013-0180-7

Wezel A, Herren BG, Kerr RB et al (2020) Agroecological principles and elements and their implications for transitioning to sustainable food systems. A review. Agron Sustain Dev 40:40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-020-00646-z

Yost J, Dobbins M, Traynor R et al (2014) Tools to support evidence-
informed public health decision making. BMC Public Health
14:728. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-728

**Publisher's Note** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.