SUBJECTIVE GLOBAL ASSESSMENT FOR THE
DIAGNOSIS OF PROTEIN-ENERGY WASTING IN
PERITONEAL DIALYSIS PATIENTS

(1)Hung-Lien, Wu; (2)Ming-Cheng, Wang; (3)Yu-Wei, Wang; (4)Chin-Chung, Tseng; (2)Junne-Ming, Sung.

(1)PhD. Nutritionist. Department of Nutrition. National Cheng Kung University Hospital. College of Medicine. National Cheng Kung University. Tainan. Taiwan.; (2)MD. Divison of Nephrology. Department of Internal Medicine. National Cheng Kung University Hospital. College of Medicine. National Cheng Kung University. Tainan. Taiwan.; (3)BSc. Nurse. Divison of Nephrology. Department of Internal Medicine. National Cheng Kung University Hospital. College of Medicine. National Cheng Kung University. Tainan. Taiwan.; (4)PhD.MD. Divison of Nephrology. Department of Internal Medicine. National Cheng Kung University Hospital. College of Medicine. National Cheng Kung University. Tainan. Taiwan.

**Background and objectives:** Subjective global assessment (SGA) has been demonstrated to be a reliable method for protein-energy wasting (PEW) in CKD patients. Few data are available on PEW evaluation in chronic peritoneal dialysis (CPD) patients. This study has two purposes, (1) the prevalence of PEW by 7 point SGA; (2) the correlation between SGA and PEW.

**Methods:** This study enrolled 146 patients (71 males and 75 females) from the PD unit of National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan. Patients were divided into a PEW and non-PEW groups. We measured anthropometric, 7-points SGA, biochemical parameters, body composition.

**Results:** PEW was present in 57 (39%) patients, Among the SGA components, the most frequent abnormality in patients with PEW were appetite, GI function, activity, stress, muscle score, and total SGA score (P< 0.0001). Hb, HCT%, serum albumin, potassi-um, uric acid were lower in PEW (P< 0.05). In body composition, lower fat% and higher water % of total body and lean mass in PEW patients (P< 0.05). 32 patients with severe and mild malnutrition (SGA 2~4 score) had 24 (75%) patients with PEW, 46 patients with SGA 5 score had 21(46%) patients with PEW, 68 patients with SGA 6~7 score had12 (18%) with PEW.

**Conclusions:** The prevalence of PEW was 39% in our CPD patients, malnutrition from SGA score can reflect the status of PEW in CPD patients.

**Keywords:** Subjective global assessment, Protein-energy wasting, Chronic peritoneal dialysis.

**Conflict of Interest Disclosure:** Subjective global assessment is a very practical method in assessing overall nutrition and protein-energy wasting. It can be fast and easy diagnosis for protein-energy wasting in dialysis patients. Subjective global assessment is promoted and practical method in peritoneal dialysis patients.

**Further collaborators:**

Li-Li Tung BSc. Nutritec Enjoy Inc. Taipei, Taiwan.

HOW DIFFERENT IS THE DIET OF OBESE PATIENTS COMPARED TO THE NORMAL WEIGHT PEOPLE?

(1)Posea, Mihaela-Cameia; (2)Dragomir, Andreea Diana; (3)Radulian, Gabriela.

(1)Md. Phd. Diabetes Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases. Smart Nutrition Clinic. Bucharest. Romania; (2)MD. 2- MD. Diabetes Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases. University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila ". Bucharest. Romania; (3)3- MD. PhD. Diabetes Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases. National Institute of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases "N. C. Paulescu", Bucharest, Romania.

**Background and objectives:** According to World Obesity Federation, in 2025 there will be 2.7 billion adults suffering from overweight and obesity, up from 2 billion in 2014. We need to see how different is the diet of obese patients compared to normal weight subjects in order to make adequate nutritional advises to obtain or to maintain a healthy weight and diet.

**Methods:** A sample of 199 subjects, 54 normal weight patients and 145 obese people were investigated. Anthropometric and paraclinic data, biological samples and nutritional assessment were made. Using a 7-day food self-recorded questionnaire, we evaluated the nutritional content of food intake: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins A, B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B12, C, D, E, folic acid, and minerals like calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc, copper, manganese, selenium, and sodium. We measured resting metabolic rate using the indirect calorimetry.

**Results:** As we expected, the differences between the two samples were regarding the weight, body mass index, body fat, percent of body fat, the resting metabolic rate, abdominal circumference and blood pressure.

We found plasma HDL cholesterol in normal ranges more frequently in patients with normal body weight compared to obese subjects (78.79% vs 58.47%, p = 0.03). In 3.81% of obese patients we found a small, significant, negative correlation between the HDL cholesterol plasma levels and the intake of iron from diet.

All the patients had a high fat, high protein, low carb diet, without significant differences between the two groups.

Regarding the vitamins, the only significant differences were about the mean intake of B1 (thiamine) and B3 (niacin) vitamins.

Obese subjects consumed higher amounts of phosphorus, iron, copper and selenium.

**Conclusions:** None of the patients, neither normal-weight nor obese, had a balanced diet regarding the intake of macro-nutrients, vitamins and minerals. There are some significant differences between the groups regarding micro-nutrients but not regarding macro-nutrients.

We need to pay more attention to nutritional recommendation in both normal weight and obese people in order to not exceed the recommended daily doses.

**Keywords:** Obese, Diet, Vitamins, Minerals, Normalweight.
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN DIETARY SERINE INTAKES AND TYPE 2 DIABETES AMONG CHINESE ADULTS IN HARBIN, CHINA

(1)Okekunle, Akinkunmi Paul; (2)Hao, Ma; (3)Liu, Liyan; (4)Wu, Xiaoyan;

(3)Li, Yanchuan; (3)Na, Lixin; (3)Li, Songtao; (5)Feng, Rennan; (6)Li, Ying;

(7)Sun, Chang Hao.

(1)Doctoral Student. Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene. Harbin Medical University. China.; (2)Doctoral Student. Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene. College of Public Health. Harbin Medical University. PRC; (3)PhD. Nutritionist. Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene. College of Public Health. Harbin Medical University. PRC; (4)PhD. Statistician and Epidemiologist. Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene. College of Public Health. Harbin Medical University. PRC;
(5)PhD. Senior Scientist. National Key Discipline. Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene. College of Public Health. Harbin Medical University. PRC; (6)Professor/Head. Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene. College of Public Health. Harbin Medical University. PRC; (7)Professor/Dean College of Public Health. Harbin Medical University. PRC.

**Background and objectives:** Serine (Ser) is a non-essential amino acid associated with metabolic disorders. For example, significantly lower levels of serum Ser has been reported among Type 2 diabetes (T2D) subjects. However, the relationship between dietary Ser intakes (DSI) and risk of T2D is scarcely known. In this study, we evaluated DSI and risk of T2D among normal weight Chinese adults.

**Methods:** 3006 adults (BMI<24.00kg/m2 and WC<85cm (men)/< 80cm (women)) from the Harbin Cohort Study on Diet, Nutrition and Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases Study (HDN-NCDS) initiated 2010 in Harbin, China participated after duly informed consent. Socio-demographic and lifestyle characteristics (SLCs), anthropometry, habitual dietary intake in the last 12 months preceding the study and fasting blood samples were assessed using standard methods. Ser and nutrient intakes of food item consumed were evaluated by multiplying the mean daily consumption of each food by Ser content of a specified amount according to the Chinese food composition table and adjusted for total energy intake using the residual method. T2D was defined as respondents self-reporting diagnosis of T2D (or on glucose lowering medications) and/or FBG ≥ 7.0mmol/L or 2h-PG ≥ 11.1mmol/L (ADA criteria). SLCs were compared across quartiles of DSI, odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of T2D status by quartiles of DSI was assessed using logistic regression at P<0.05.

**Results:** Prevalence of T2D among men (13.0%) was significantly higher (χ2=14.8, P=0.000) compared to women (8.0%). Mean age was insignificantly different (F=1.68, p=0.168) across quartiles of DSI. Mean±SD of DSI among men (3.43±1.54g/day) was significantly higher (t=6.04, P=0.000) compared to women (3.01±1.43g/day). With adjustment for potential dietary (energy and protein intakes) and non-dietary (age, education, smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, and family history of T2D) founders, OR (95% CI) of T2D status among subjects in the 4th quartile of DSI (1st quartile as reference) were 1.060(0.358–3.135);

P=0.916 and 2.220 (1.117–4.413); P=0.023 among men and women respectively.

**Conclusions:** Our data suggests higher DSI appears associated with higher prevalence of T2D, especially among women. Further studies are necessary to explore the role DSI in T2D.

**Keywords:** Dietary Serine Intakes, Type 2 Diabetes, Logistic regression, China.

TEST-RETEST REPRODUCIBILITY OF DIETARY PATTERNS ASSESSED WITH A FOOD FREQUENCY QUESTIONNAIRE (KOMPAN): STUDY IN POLISH ADOLESCENTS AND ADULTS

(1)Kowalkowska, Joanna; (2)Wadolowska, Lidia; (3)Czarnocinska, Jolanta; (4)Czlapka-Matyasik, Magdalena; (4)Galinski, Grzegorz;

(5)Jezewska-Zychowicz, Marzena; (6)Bronkowska, Monika; (7)Dlugosz, Anna; (7)Loboda, Dorota; (6)Wyka, Joanna.

(1)MSc. Faculty of Food Science. University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn. Poland.; (2)Prof. Faculty of Food Science. University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn. Poland.; (3)Assoc. Prof. Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition. Poznan University of Life Sciences. Poland.; (4)PhD. Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition. Poznan University of Life Sciences. Poland.; (5)Prof. Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences. Warsaw University of Life Sciences. Poland.; (6)Prof. Faculty of Food Science. Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences. Poland.; (7)PhD. Faculty of Studies Applied. University of Economy. Poland.

**Background and objectives:** Deriving and interpreting dietary patterns (DPs) is a common approach to assess the diet-disease relationship[1,2]. Estimation of the reproducibility of each newly developed questionnaire is necessary. The aim of the study was an assessment of the test-retest reproducibility of dietary patterns assessed with a food frequency questionnaire (KomPAN).

**Methods:** The study involved 517 subjects aged 15-64 years. The self-administered KomPAN was used. The interview was repeated after two weeks. The consumption frequency of 33 food groups was analysed. Dietary patterns (DPs) were derived by PCA.

**Results:** Two major DPs were identified and were similar in both FFQs (test-retest). The Prudent DP was characterized by high frequency of consumption: fermented milk drinks, cottage cheese, vegetables, fruit, cereals, fish, legumes, wholemeal bread, milk, refined grains, water; while the Westernised-Polish DP was characterized by high frequency of consumption: sweetened beverages, instant soups, fried foods, potatoes, energy drinks, cheese, red meat, white bread. Agreement of tertile categorization in test-retest responses was 73.1% for Prudent, 72.0% for Westernised-Polish. Misclassification to the extreme tertile categories for both DPs was 2.1% and 3.5%.

**Conclusions:** We found good test-retest reproducibility of both DPs derived from the FFQ data. The KomPAN questionnaire is an adequate tool to use in nutritional epidemiologic studies among Poles.
References: [1]Hu FB et al. Reproducibility and validity of dietary patterns assessed with a food-frequency questionnaire. Am J Clin Nutr,1999,69:243-249.

[2]Parr CL et al. Test-retest reproducibility of a food frequency questionnaire(FFQ) and estimated effects on disease risk in the Norwegian Women and Cancer Study(NOWAC). Nutr J,2006,5:4.

**Keywords:** KomPAN questionnaire, FFQ, Test-retest reliability, Dietary pattern, Adults.

exercise while 78% boys and 20% girls were microalbuminemic after exercise.

**Conclusions:** Malnutrition prevalence exists amongst the adolescents. Urinalysis results of the adolescents showed some abnormality in the urine before and after the excercise.

**Keywords:** Urinalysis, Adolescents, Anthropometry, Exercise, Effect.

ANTHROPOMETRIC INDICES AND THE EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON SOME URINARY ANALYSIS AMONG ADOLESCENTS IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN NSUKKA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, ENUGU STATE, NIGERIA

(1)Mbah, Obioma; (2)Eme, Paul; (3)Ozoemena, Eyiuche Chinenye.

(1)PhD. Lecturer. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics. University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Nigeria; (2)MSc. School of Public Health. Massey University. New Zealand; (3)B.Sc. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics. University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Nigeria.

**Background and objectives:** Anthropometrics can be a sensitive indicator of health, growth and development in infants and children. Exercise physiology is concerned with the description and explanation of the changes that occur in human body during single or repeated bouts of muscular exercise. This study was aimed at assessing the anthropometric indices and the effect of exercise on some urinary analysis among adolescents in secondary schools in Nsukka Local Government Area.

**Methods:** A cross-sectional survey design was employed. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 200 adolescents aged 10-19 years from 8 (3 boys and 5 girls) secondary schools. They were randomly selected without replacement. Questionnaire was used to obtain information on the socio-economic status, food consumption pattern and physical activity level (PAL) of the subjects. Anthropometric measurements (weight, height, waist and hip circumferences) of the adolescents were obtained using standard procedures. Body Mass Index and waist-hip ratio were used as an indicator of obesity in terms of over fatness. The measurements were calculated and compared with WHO (2007) reference standard. Data obtained were coded and entered into the computer and analyzed using the Statistical Product for Service Solution (SPSS), version 21. Descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviation) were used to examine the anthropometric indices.

**Results:** About 13% of the respondents were overweight, 5% was severely underweight and 1% was obese. More than a quarter (28.5%) of respondents was at risk of abdominal obesity. All of the boys and 96% of girls were hypervolemic before exercise and after exercise. All the respondents had hypernatremia. Only 8% and 4% of girls showed the presence of impairment of renal function and were hypoalbuminemic before and after exercise. Eight percent of boys and 28% of girls were microalbuminemic before

MEASURING ADIPOSITY AMONG WOMEN IN NAROK COUNTY, KENYA: COMPARISON BETWEEN BODY MASS INDEX, WAIST-HIP RATIO, WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE, FAT MASS INDEX AND PERCENTAGE FAT MASS

(1)Keino, Susan; (2)Plasqui, Guy; (3)van den Borne, Bart.

(1)PhD, Nutritionist. Moi University, College of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Department of Human Nutrition, Eldoret, Kenya; (2)PhD, Human Biologist, School for Nutrition, Toxicology & Metabolism. Maastricht University. Maastricht. The Netherlands.; (3)Professor, Health Promotion, Department of Health Education & Promotion. Faculty of Medicine & Life Sciences. Maastricht University. Maastricht. The Netherlands.

**Background and objectives:** There is an increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among women in sub-Saharan Africa and there is need for a reliable and validated measure to provide the policy makers with data for timely intervention. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio (WHR), percentage fat mass (%FM) and fat mass index (FMI) are some of the measures of adiposity. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess overweight using the different measures and to evaluate the association between these measures of adiposity to guide measurements among women in Kenya.

**Methods:** Our study sample was selected randomly among women aged 15-45 years. Anthropometric measurements were taken to assess BMI, WC, WHR and deterium oxide dilution solution was used to measure total body water and to assess body composition (% FM and FMI).

**Results:** Using WC as a measure of adiposity, the numbers of overweight women was high (46.4%) compared to BMI (21.4%) and WHR and FMI which had the same results (28.6%). Overweight was high among married and older women in all measures. Post primary education indicated significantly higher overweight than those with less education using BMI (p<0.05), FM (p<0.01) and FMI (p<0.005). FMI and FM correlated significantly with all the other measures (p<0.001) except WHR. Regression coefficients indicated a stronger association between BMI and all other measures (p< 0.001) except WHR (r2 = .15, p<0.05).

**Conclusions:** More than one measure is needed to assess overweight among women where proper cut-off points are not available.

**Keywords:** Body mass index, Fat mass, Adiposity, Sub-Saharan Africa, Women.
## VALIDATION OF PREDICTION EQUATIONS OF BASAL METABOLIC RATE BY INDIRECT CALORIMETRY IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES

**Background and objectives:** Assessment of basal metabolic rate (BMR) is a fundamental activity in clinical dietetic practice. The aim of this study was to investigate the predictive equations which BMR are the best alternatives to the indirect calorimetry (IC) in patients with Diabetes Mellitus (DM) type 2.

**Methods:** Diagnostic test study in 21 patients with type 2 diabetes [age 62 (48-70) years; diabetes duration 8 (2-36) years; 52.4% of females]. Patients underwent clinical and laboratory evaluations. The body composition was measured by absorptiometry dual X-ray emission and BMR by IC. BMR was also tested by seven equations based on the age, weight, height, fat mass and glycemic control. Statistical analysis included paired t tests, correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman plots.

**Results:** Our results demonstrated a wide variation in the accuracy of BMR predictive equations and the CI. The equations reported by Harris-Benedict, Oxford and FAO / WHO / UNO were the ones with the lowest significant differences in relation to IC and presented a bias <8%. However, the equation that most closely approached the real BMR measured by CI was that proposed by FAO / WHO / UNO, underestimating -5.4% Kcal / day.

**Conclusions:** In patients with type 2 diabetes, the present study indicates that the equation of the FAO / WHO / UNO which includes gender, age and weight in the equation was the one closest to the BMR values measured by CI.

**Keywords:** Indirect Calorimetry; Basal Metabolic Rate; Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

## NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND FUNCTIONAL CAPACITY IN HOSPITALIZED ONCOLOGICAL PATIENTS

**Background and objectives:** Malnutrition is an important and prevalent dysfunction in cancer patients. Methods of nutritional assessment and functional capacity can identify the nutritional status by collaborating for a more adequate and early nutritional therapy in these patients. The aim of study was to evaluate the nutritional status and functional capacity of adults hospitalized oncological patients.

**Methods:** Cross-sectional study in 54 hospitalized patients. Patients were evaluated according to the presence of Solid Tumors (ST) and Hematologic Tumors (HT). The nutritional status was identified by Subjective Global (SGA) and Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) and functional capacity by the Handgrip Strength (HGS) and the Performance Status of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (PS-ECOG). Kappa concordance and Sperman correlation tests were performed to evaluate the results.

**Results:** Patients had 52.3 ± 17 years old and 35.2% female. SGA showed that patients with HT had a higher prevalence of malnutrition when compared to ST patients (71.4 vs. 16.7%, respectively; p = 0.001). On the other hand, PG-SGA identified a high prevalence of malnutrition in both ST patients (51.4%) and HT patients (44.0%). Functional capacity instruments demonstrated that 35.2% of the patients had reduced HGS and that 33.3% had significant functional limitation (PS-ECOG ≥2). The agreement analysis identified a strong and significant agreement between the SGA and PG-SGA nutritional assessment methods (Kappa = 0.634, p <0.001). However, it did not observe agreement of the methods of nutritional evaluation with the HGS. Among the instruments for assessing functional capacity, HGS and PS-ECOG, a statistically significant correlation was found (r = 0,136; p = 0.028).

**Conclusions:** In hospitalized oncological patients, regardless of tumor type, nutritional assessment methods, SGA and PG-SGA, showed strong and significant agreement, demonstrating that the use of any of these instruments can identify nutritional status. The HGS is an efficient tool for evaluating functional capacity and can be complementary in the identification of nutritional status in this group of patients.

**Keywords:** Nutritional status, Functional capacity, Cancer, Hospitalized patients.

<footnote>(1)Steemburgo, Thais; (2)Lazzari, Camila; (3)Pedroso de Paula, Tatiana;</footnote>

<footnote>(4)Vercoza Viana, Luciana; (5)Boufleur Farinha, Juliano; (6)Reischak de</footnote>

<footnote>Oliveira, Alvaro; (7)Jobim de Azevedo, Mirela.</footnote>

<footnote>(1)PhD. Profesor. Department of Nutrition. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul and Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre).</footnote>

<footnote>Brasil; (2)RD. Nutritionist. Department of Nutrition. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Brasil; (3)PhD. Nutritionist.</footnote>

<footnote>Endocrine Division. Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Brasil;</footnote>

<footnote>(4)PhD. Profesor. Medical School. Endocrine Division. Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Brasil; (5)Msc. Physical Educator. Physical Education School.</footnote>

<footnote>Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Brasil; (6)PhD.</footnote>

<footnote>Profesor. Physical Education School. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Brasil; (7)PhD. Medical School. Endocrine Division.</footnote>

<footnote>Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Brasil.</footnote>

<footnote>(1)Steemburgo, Thais; (2)Averbuch, Natalia; (3)Hannah Belin, Christy;</footnote>

<footnote>(4)Beatriz Behling, Estela.</footnote>

<footnote>(1)PhD. Profesor. Department of Nutrition. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre.</footnote>

<footnote>Brasil.; (2)Nutritionist. Department of Nutrition. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Brasil; (3)Nutrition student.</footnote>

<footnote>Department of Nutrition. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Brasil; (4)Profesor. Department of Nutrition. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Brasil.</footnote>
# CONTRIBUTION OF SELECTED TRADITIONAL GREEN LEAFY VEGETABLES TO MICRONUTRIENT INTAKE OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN 2-5 YEARS IN ELERUWA FARMING COMMUNITY, OYO STATE NIGERIA

(¹)Ejoh, Shirley Isibhakhomen; (²)Adepoju, Oladejo Thomas.

(¹)PhD. Lecturer. Department of Human Nutrition. Faculty of Public Health. College of Medicine. University of Ibadan. Nigeria;

(²)PhD. Senior Lecturer. Department of Human Nutrition. Faculty of Public Health. College of Medicine. University of Ibadan. Ibadan. Nigeria.

**Background and objectives:** Traditional green leafy vegetables (TGLVs) are often not considered as sustainable food-based strategy for addressing existing micronutrient malnutrition especially among vulnerable groups in resource poor settings. Their contribution to micronutrient intake is rarely accounted for during dietary surveys and nutrient intake analysis in rural communities. This study investigated the contribution of TGLVs to micronutrient intake of women of reproductive age and children 2-5 years during the pre-planting, planting and harvest seasons in a rural farming community in Oyo State, Nigeria.

**Methods:** A purposively selected population of women of reproductive age (n=43) and children 2-5 years (n=34) who had lived in the community for ≥1year participated in the study. Socio-demographic characteristics and repeated household dietary assessment in pre-planting, planting and harvest seasons was done using food frequency questionnaire and two non-consecutive 24-hour dietary recalls. Adapted Total Dietary Assessment software was used to determine respondents' micronutrient intake. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, and repeated measures ANOVA at p<0.05.

**Results:** Age of women and children were 32.5±8.8 and 3.5±0.9 years respectively, 36.4% of women had no formal education and 63.6% were farmers. Intake of TGLVs in the three seasons (pre-planting: 45.8±29.8 g; planting: 49.9±35.7 g; harvest: 43.4±28.2 g) showed no significant difference for women, but was significantly different for children (pre-planting: 25.2±10.1 g; planting: 31.2±24.1 g; harvest: 26.4±21.2 g, (p<0.05)). Contribution of TGLVs to women's micronutrient intake was higher in pre-planting season for folate (13.1%), iron (8.8%) and calcium (20.4%); planting season for vitamin C (55.1%) and vitamin A (RAE) (3.7%). Contribution of TGLVs to children's micronutrient intake was highest in planting season for vitamin C (45%), folate (10.1%) and iron (13.1%); harvest season for calcium (19.4%) and vitamin A (RAE) (3.5%).

**Conclusions:** Traditional green leafy vegetables contributed the most to micronutrient intakes when overall daily intakes were low: for women, in pre-planting, and planting seasons and for children in planting and harvest seasons.

Adequate consumption of these vegetables should be promoted among the people to meet their essential micronutrients needs through all seasons.

**Keywords:** Micronutrient malnutrition, Traditional vegetables, Rural community, Essential micronutrients, Local diets

# BEVERAGE CONSUMPTION AND BODY MASS INDEX OF ADOLESCENTS IN ODEDA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA

(¹)Oladayinbo, Catherine; (²)Bolajoko, Opeyemi; (³)Akinbule, Oluwafunke; (⁴)Abiodun, Mercy.

(¹)PhD. Nutritionist. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics. Federal University of Agriculture. Abeokuta.; (²)MSc. Dietetian. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics. Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta. Nigeria; (³)MSc. Nutritionist. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics. Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta. Nigeria; (⁴)BSc. Nutritionist. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics. Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta. Nigeria.

**Background and objectives:** The consumption of fructose, a component of table sugar and high fructose syrup has been associated with overweight and obesity with hazardous effect on health. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the relationship between beverage consumption and Body Mass Index of adolescents.

**Methods:** A structured questionnaire was administered to 400 adolescents from eight randomly selected secondary schools to assess their bio-data. Height and weight were measured using standard procedures and body mass index (BMI) for age was determined using WHO anthro plus. Dietary pattern, portion sizes of food consumed and nutrition knowledge were assessed using the semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire and validated nutrition knowledge questionnaire respectively. Respondents physical activity was measured using the WHO global-activity questionnaire. Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Descriptive statistics was used to generate frequencies and percentages while Chi-square tests was used to determine association between variables.

**Results:** About half (51%) of the respondents were males, 52.8% were within the age range of 15-19years and 56% were in the junior secondary school. The prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity were 18.5%, 6.8% and 2.2% respectively. Carbonated and flavored drinks were the most frequently consumed beverage with an average intake of 500ml per portion. However, milk consumption was rather low (28ml per portion). Only 4.3% had poor nutrition knowledge while 47.3% had moderate nutrition knowledge. Most of the respondents (56.2%) were moderately active while 10% had low physical activity level. Respondents in senior classes had significantly higher nutrition knowledge than those in junior classes (p= 0.001). The male adolescents were more physically active than their female counterpart (p=0.012). In addition, consumption of carbonated and flavored drinks contributed significantly to BMI-for-age (p=0.001) however, no association was found between nutrition knowledge and BMI-for-age
(p=0.331). Activity levels was also not found to have significant impact on BMI-for-age of respondents (p=0.390).

**Conclusions:** High consumption of empty calorie carbonated and flavoured drinks of respondents affected to their body mass index-for-age and this may be responsible for the high prevalence of underweight among the respondents.

**Keywords:** Body Mass Index, Adolescents, Beverage Consumption, Physical activity.

## VALIDITY OF REPORTED NIGHT BLINDNESS AS AN INDICATOR OF VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY STATUS DURING PREGNANCY

Gebremicael, Gebremedhin.

Epidemiologist. School of Public and Environmental Health.
Hawassa University. Ethiopia.

**Background and objectives:** Night blindness is considered as a simple and reliable population based indicator of Vitamin A Deficiency (VAD). Nonetheless, empirical evidence regarding its correlation with bio-markers of vitamin A is scarce. The purpose of the study was to assess the sensitivity and specificity of reported night blindness as an indicator of VAD during pregnancy.

**Methods:** The analysis was done based on secondary data collected for assessing the prevalence of VAD among pregnant women in rural Sidama, Southern Ethiopia. Night blindness – inability to see normally after dusk or at night during pregnancy – was determined based on self reporting. Sensitivity and specificity of night blindness were determined by taking serum retinol as the gold standard measure of vitamin A status. Serum retinol was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

**Results:** The data of 700 pregnant women included in the analysis. About 37.9% of the women had VAD (serum retinol <0.7 µmol/l) and 39.7% reported night blindness. The mean (±SD) serum retinol among women with reported night blindness (0.77 ± 0.42 µmol/l) was significantly lower than their counterparts (0.88 ± 0.41 µmol/l) (t =3.704, p<0.000). Night blindness was significantly association with VAD (x2 =19.541, p<0.000). Nevertheless, its sensitivity and specificity to correctly classify the deficiency status were low, 50.2% and 66.7% respectively. Based on Kappa agreement analysis, significant but weak concord observed between the two indices (k= 0.047, p<0.000).

**Conclusions:** Reported night blindness, does not correlate strongly with serum vitamin A level.

**Keywords:** Night blindness, Vitamin A, Serum retinol

## STANDARDIZATION, PROXIMATE AND MINERAL CONTENTS OF SELECTED INDIGENOUS SOUPS IN SOUTH WEST, NIGERIA

(1)Akinbule, Oluwafunke; (2)Oladayinbo, Catherine; (3)Onaneye, Ibrahim; (3)Oloyede, Abibat; (3)Sulaiman, Raji.

(1)M.Sc. Nutritionist. Nutrition and Dietetics Department. Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta. Nigeria; (2)Ph.D. Nutritionist. Nutrition and Dietetics Department. Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta. Nigeria; (3)B.Sc. Nutritionist. Nutrition and Dietetics Department. Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta. Nigeria.

**Background and objectives:** Indigenous soups contribute significantly to the nutrient intake of the population. This study standardized and determined the proximate and mineral contents of indigenous soups commonly consumed in Southwestern Nigeria.

**Methods:** A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 250 housewives in major cities of Lagos, Ogun and Oyo states. Data on the recipe of fifteen selected indigenous soups were obtained from the housewives using a structured questionnaire. The soups were standardized, prepared, homogenized, dried and analyzed for proximate and mineral contents using standard methods of AOAC.

**Results:** The moisture contents of the soups ranged from 16.83 g/100g (ekuku with plain soup) to 64.01 g/100g (cocoyam leaf soup), ash contents of the soups ranged from 3.44 g/100g (gbanunu soup) to 7.99 g/100g (igbo soup), crude fibre ranged from 4.10 g/100g (igbo soup) to 8.65 g/100g (egusi with bitter leaf soup), fat ranged from 6.49 g/100g (cassava leaf soup) to 44.73 g/100g (orunla with plain soup), protein ranged from 4.22 g/100g (efinrin soup) to 6.82 g/100g (cottonseed soup) while carbohydrate content ranged from 9.29g/100g (cottonseed soup) to 52.11g/100g (cassava leaf soup). Also, the calcium contents of the soups ranged from 1.80mg/100g (erimonu soup) to 240.00mg/100g (ekuku with plain soup), sodium ranged from 10.80mg/100g (efinrin soup) to 339.00mg/100g (ilasa with plain soup), potassium ranged from 6.20 mg/100g (gbanunu soup) to 775.00mg/100g (marugbo with plain soup), phosphorus ranged from 1.51mg/100g (ekuku with plain soup) to 97.01mg/100g (igbo soup), iron ranged from 0.11 mg/100g (cassava leaf soup) to 22.15 mg/100g (efinrin soup) while zinc ranged from 0.02 mg/100g (cocoyam leaf soup) to 4.39 mg/100g (marugbo with plain soup).

**Conclusions:** High moisture of these indigenous soups suggest that the soups had low nutrient contents. However, high consumption of some of these indigenous soups may contribute significantly to the micronutrient intake of consumers.

**Keywords:** Indigenous soups, Standardization, Nutrient contents.
(1)Caillavet, Françoise; (2)Darmon, Nicole; (3)Létoile, Flavie; (1)Nichèle, Véronique.

(1)PhD. Economist. Alimentation et Sciences Sociales. National Institute for Agronomic Research. France; (2)PhD. Nutritionist. MOISA. National Institute for Agronomic Research. France; (3)MSc. Statistician. Alimentation et Sciences Sociales. National Institute for Agronomic Research. France.

**Background and objectives:** The evidence of a social gradient in health and food-related diseases shows the crucial role of nutritional quality of diets. However socioeconomic disparities in diet quality have seldom been studied on the long-term. The aim of this study was to analyse the evolution of the nutritional quality of food purchases of French households from 1969 to 2010 and to assess the disparities in nutritional quality according to income and education.

**Methods:** Time series of food purchases for food-at-home were built based on two representative household surveys: INSEE and Kantar. The average quantities purchased per capita each year were calculated for each food item and aggregated into 80 groups. Food quantities were converted in energy and nutrients using CIQUAL food composition database. The nutritional quality of purchases was estimated by the Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR), i.e. the mean percentage of daily recommended intakes for 15 key nutrients calculated on a 2000kcal basis. Socioeconomic disparities were measured by disaggregating the above computations according to the household income quartiles from 1969, and to four educational levels of the household head from 1978. We also computed the MAR by income and education level.

**Results:** All income quartiles showed a similar trend of improvement of the MAR from purchases between 1969 and 2010. However the MAR remains higher for the richest income quartile (75.3 to 86.0) than for the lowest one (66.4 to 80.1) throughout the whole period. By education levels from 1978, we found a higher MAR for higher education level than for lower one (82.5 vs 71.9) but with closer values at the end of the period (83.5 vs 81.5).

**Conclusions:** During the last four decades, households with higher income or higher education have food purchases of better nutritional quality. Disparities of nutritional quality have decreased according to education but not according to income.

**Keywords:** Socioeconomic disparities, Food purchases, Nutritional quality.

(1)Zotor, Francis; (2)Egbi, Godfred; (3)Gbogbo, Samuel; (4)Ofosu, Winfred; (5)Agbozo, Faith; (6)Harrison, Eric.

(1)PhD. Nutritionist. School of Public Health. University of Health and Allied Sciences. Ho. Ghana; (2)PHD. Nutritionist. Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research. College of Health Sciences. University of Ghana. P.O. Box LG 581. Legon. Accra. Ghana.; (3)MPhil. Nutritionist. Department of Nutrition and Food Science. College of Applied and Basic Sciences. University of Ghana. P.O. Box LG 134. Legon. Accra. Ghana.; (4)MD. MPH. Public Health. Regional Health Directorate. Ghana Health Services. P.O. Box 298. Wa. Upper Region. Ghana.; (5)MPhil. Nutritionist. University of Health and Allied Sciences. School of Public Health. PMB 31. Ho. Volta Region. Ghana.; (6)MPhil. Nutritionist. Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research. College of Health Sciences. University of Ghana. P.O. Box LG 581. Legon. Accra. Ghana.

**Background and objectives:** Anaemia is a public health problem among Ghanaian school children. Green Leafy Vegetables are the cheapest and most readily available sources of micro-nutrients and can potentially contribute to reduction of deficiencies and improve human health. This study assessed the effect of Mixed Green Leafy Vegetables Powder (MGLVP) on anaemia status of School Children in Adaklu District in Volta Region.

**Methods:** The study was cross-sectional at baseline and a three month intervention phase. Study participants; school children 4 - 9 years of age were randomised into intervention group (given MGLVP soup or stew) + school lunch) and Control group (school lunch only). Participants were fed five consecutive week days for three months. Data collected at baseline and end-line involved the use of appropriate standard procedures for the following: height and weight measurements; dietary data collected by 24-hour recall and haemoglobin concentrations, by HemoCue Haemoglobinometer. Participants' blood samples were examined for malaria parasitemia and stools for helminthes using Giemsa stain and Kato-Katz techniques. Changes in baseline and end-line within and between groups were compared using paired and independent sample t-tests. Binary logistic regression was used to identify predictors of anaemia.

**Results:** At the end of the study, although the mean haemoglobin concentration increased in both groups, the between group difference (0.3g/dl) was significant, p = 0.021. The prevalence of anaemia at baseline was 41.5 % in the intervention group and 37.3 % in the control group. By the end of the study the intervention group registered 28.3% compared to 36.1% in the control group; p = 0.011. Malaria prevalence increased among both study groups by the close of the study; 35.7% at baseline and 40 % at end-line. The mean prevalence of stunting was 12.3% and 14.7 % in the intervention and control respectively. The control group who consumed no MGLVP were 2.8 times at higher risk of being anaemic than the intervention group (p = 0.036).
**Conclusions:** Mixed Green Leafy Vegetables Powder (stew or soup) improved haemoglobin concentration and minimized the prevalence of anaemia among study participants.

**Keywords:** Anaemia, Mixed green leafy vegetable powder, Micronutrients, Malaria.

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EFFECT OF RED PALM OIL BEANS STEW ON SE-
RUM VITAMIN A AND HAEMOGLOBIN CONCEN-
TRATIONS OF SCHOOL CHILDREN IN GHANA

(1)Zotor, Francis; (2)Egbi, Godfred; (3)Alatiah, Gabriel; (4)Steiner-Asiedu, Matilda.

(1)PhD. Nutritionist. School of Public Health. University of Health and Allied Sciences. Ho. Ghana; (2)PHD. Nutritionist. Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research. College of Health Sciences. University of Ghana. P.O. Box LG 581. Legon. Accra. Ghana.; (3)MPhil. Nutritionist. Department of Nutrition and Food Science. College of Applied and Basic Sciences. University of Ghana. P.O. Box LG 134. Legon. Accra. Ghana.; (4)PhD. Nutritionist. Department of Nutrition and Food Science. College of Applied and Basic Sciences. University of Ghana. P.O. Box LG 134. Legon. Accra. Ghana.

**Background and objectives:** Vitamin A deficiency, anaemia and parasitic infections are among the major nutritional and health problems confronting Ghanaian school children. The study assessed the impact of red palm oil beans stew consumption on the serum retinol and haemoglobin levels of Ghanaian school children in a malaria endemic setting.

**Methods:** This was a pre-post nutrition intervention study. It involved 142 children, six to 12 years old. Participants were selected by simple random sampling. Data was collected at baseline after which participants consumed red palm oil beans stew three times a week for a period of six months and data collection repeated. Dietary data was collected using Food Frequency Questionnaires and 24 hour recall. Serum retinol and haemoglobin were measured with High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Haemocue Haemoglobinomter respectively. Malaria parasitaemia and hookworms were examined by microscopy from blood films and stool samples using the Giemsa-staining and Kato-Katz techniques. Data was analyzed with Statistical Package for Social Sciences version-23. Mean values for outcome variables were compared between baseline and endline using paired t-test.

**Results:** Majority of the participants (82.4%) consumed cereals. Many of them also (98.6%) never consumed dairy or dairy products. Mean serum retinol concentration at baseline and end-line were 12.1 ± 6.6µg/dl and 16.2 ± 6.4µg/dl, respectively. The mean change in retinol concentration within intervention periods at baseline and endline (4.1 µg/dl) was significant at p<0.05. The mean haemoglobin concentration at baseline was 119.4 ± 10.6 g/l and 126.0 ± 9.3 g/l at endline, significant at p<0.05. A reduction of prevalence between baseline and endline with significance of p<0.05 were as follows: vitamin A deficiency (VAD) from 93.6% to

76.2% and anaemia from 30.3% to 11.3% whilst malaria parasitaemia was from 67.6% to 62.7%. The prevalence of anaemia among VAD participants was 36.2% at baseline and 12.1% at endline.

**Conclusions:** Red palm oil beans stew consumption increased the haemoglobin and serum retinol concentrations and minimized prevalence of anaemia and vitamin A deficiency (especially severe vitamin A deficiency) among the study participants.

**Keywords:** Vitamin A deficiency, Anaemia, parasitic infections, School children, Malaria.

144/437

VITAMIN D INSUFFICIENCY AND RISK OF MET-
ABOLIC SYNDROME IN ELDERLY ADULTS WITH
TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS

(1)Ferro, Leticia; (2)Yamaguchi, Analía Verónica; (2)Pieniazek, Diana;

(2)Lerner, Mirta; (2)Stolarza, Zulema.

(1)PhD. Nutritionist.; (2)PhD. Nutritionist. Cesar Milstein Hospital. Buenos Aires' University.

**Background and objectives:** An increase in the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (VD) in the elderly adults (AM) has recently been observed. Various risk factors have been described such as inadequate sun exposure and insufficient calcium intake. This deficiency causes secondary hyperparathyroidism, accelerated bone turnover, bone loss, osteoporosis, and osteomalacia if it is a long-term and severe shortage. Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of VD in neuromuscular function, and its deficiency has been related to functional alterations and risk of falls in the elderly.

**Objective:** to determine the prevalence of deficiency (ID) of VD in the elderly population of the Hospital and its relationship with the Metabolic Syndrome (MS).

**Methods:** We included patients who attended the nutrition service of César Milstein Hospital between March and May of 2016, with Diabetes Mellitus (DM) who were not known their VD value. VD deficiency was defined as values ranging from 20.1 to 29.9 ng/ml, mild deficiency 20 to 10.1 ng/ml, severe deficiency at <10 ng/ml. Overweight was defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 28 kg/m2 and obesity ≥ 32 kg/m2. P <0.05 statistically significant.

**Results:** The sample size was 175 patients, 56% women, the median age was 71 years. The prevalence of VD deficit was 80%, of these 38.6% (N=54) had insufficiency, 47.85% (N=67) mild deficiency and 13.33% (N=19) severe deficit. The sample was divided into 2 subgroups: normal weight and overweight-obesity. Among patients with BMI <27.9, the ID was 32.85% (N=46) and 67.15% (N=94) in the subgroup with BMI> 28 (p of 0.014). No significant differences were found associated with age, sex, or glycosylated hemoglobin.

**Conclusions:** The results suggest that ID of VD would be a prevalent factor in AM, even more in those with overweight and obesity. It would be of fundamental importance the opportune diagnosis and the supplementation of VD, thus we would be pre-
venting the risk of falls and all the complications that this deficit
brings for AM.

**Keywords:** Vitamin D, Metabolic Syndrome, Elderly Adults, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

144/442

VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY IN CHILDREN (6-18
YEARS) RESIDING AT HIGH ALTITUDE REGIONS
OF HIMACHAL PRADESH, INDIA

Kapil, Umesh.

Professor, Public Health Nutrition, Department of Human
Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi,
India.

**Background and objectives:** High prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency (VDD) has been documented from different plain regions of India. Limited data is available on VDD amongst children residing at high altitude region of country. Hence, the present study was undertaken with an objective to assess the prevalence of VDD and associated risk factors amongst children in the age group of 6-18 years residing at an altitude of 1000mts and above.

**Methods:** A community based cross-sectional study was conducted in the year 2015-2016. Three districts (namely: Kangra, Kullu and Shimla) of Himachal Pradesh state, India was selected for the present study. In each district thirty clusters/schools were identified using Population Proportionate to Size (PPS) sampling methodology. In the identified school, all the children in schools were enlisted. Twenty children per school were selected by using random number tables. A total of 1848 children (Kangra: 610; Kullu: 612; Shimla: 626) in the age group of 6-18 years were enrolled. The data on socio economic status, physical activity, sunlight exposure was collected. The blood samples were undertaken and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, intact parathyroid hormone, serum calcium, phosphorous, albumin and alkaline phosphate were assessed using standard procedures.

**Results:** Eighty one percent (Kangra), 80.0% (Kullu) and 93.0% (Shimla) of school age children were found vitamin D deficient as per serum 25(OH) D levels (less than 20ng/ml).

**Conclusions:** A high prevalence of VDD was also found in children residing in high altitude regions of Himachal Pradesh, India.

**Keywords:** Vitamin D deficiency, Parathyroid hormone, Children, India.

**Conflict of Interest Disclosure:** The author whose name is listed, certify that he has NO affiliation with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest (such as honoraria; educational grants; participation in speakers' bureaus; membership, employment, consultancies, stock ownership, or other equity interest; and expert testimony or patent-licensing arrangements), or non-financial interest (such as personal or professional relationships, affiliations, knowledge or beliefs) in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.

144/476

SODIUM BENZOATE IN SOFT DRINKS, A HEALTH
THREAT FOR CHILDREN

(1)Posadas, Marta; (2)Elías, Héctor; (3)Rigalli, Alfredo; (4)Olguin, María Catalina.

(1)PhD. Biochemist. Cátedra de Biología. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Argentina.; (2)BSc. Biochemist. Área Bromatología y Nutrición. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Argentina;

(3)PhD. Laboratorio de Biología Ósea. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Argentina.; (4)MSc. Biochemist. Área Bromatología y Nutrición. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Argentina.

**Background and objectives:** The association between dietary habits -including sugary soft drinks intake- and the increasing obesity epidemics and its co-morbidities has been established worldwide. Argentina has been among the top ten countries with the largest daily intake of both regular and low calorie soft drinks in the last 10 years. The scenario completes with the data that nearly 60% of the adult Argentine population is overweight or obese; 11% presents T2DM and the number of overweight and obese children is constantly growing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence and level of preservatives employed in these beverages since sodium benzoate -present in most of them- has a very low Adequate Daily Intake (ADI), thus representing a serious health risk, particularly for those children who habitually replace water by these products.

**Methods:** The levels of sodium benzoate (INS 211) and potassium sorbate (INS 202) by high performance liquid chromatography and pH (Methrom E 632) were determined in the most frequently regular and low/zero calories consumed drinks (n=30).

**Results:** The concentration of sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate ranked from 120 to 450 mg/l and 80 to 460 mg/l respectively and the rank of pH from 2.29 to 3.93. The preservatives were not detected in the two regular cola drinks in which the values of pH were the lowest neither in the pasteurized fruit juices.

**Conclusions:** Beverages with sodium benzoate as preservative present the risk that children (20-30 kg body weight) may exceed the ADI for sodium benzoate (0-5mg/kg bw) with a daily intake of only two portions (200ml/portion) of the drink.

We conclude that a habitual consumption of soft drinks represents a serious health menace, not only due to the high sugar concentration in the regular ones, the very low acidic pH determined in all of them, but also due to the frequent or daily intake of sodium benzoate present in most of them.

**Keywords:** Sodium benzoate. Soft drinks. ADI.
# ANEMIA PREVALENCE ESTIMATES IN CAMBO-
DIAN WOMEN VARY WIDELY BY METHOD OF
HEMOGLOBIN MEASUREMENT AND TYPE OF
BLOOD SAMPLE COLLECTED

(1)Karakochuk, Crystal; (2)Rappaport, Aviva; (3)Barr, Susan I; (4)Green, Tim.

(1)PhD. RD. Assistant Professor. Food, Nutrition, and Health.
University of British Columbia. Canada.; (2)MSc. Food, Nutrition and Health. University of British Columbia. Canada.; (3)PhD. Food, Nutrition and Health. University of British Columbia. Canada.; (4)PhD.
South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute. Australia.

**Background and objectives:** Hemoglobin (Hb) concentration is often measured in field settings using a portable hemoglobinometer, or in laboratories using a hematology analyzer. Discrepancies in measurement between these methods have been reported, which may be the result of the sample collection method typically employed (capillary vs. venous blood, respectively). Our aims were to compare Hb concentrations in fasting venous blood of Cambodian women using a hemoglobinometer and a hematology analyzer, and further, to non-fasting capillary blood from the same women using the same hemoglobinometer.

**Methods:** Blood was collected in July 2015 from n=28 Cambodian women (18-45 years) in Kampong Chhnang province who were recruited to an iron supplementation trial. Enrolled women had a Hb ≤117 g/L based on a HemoCue® 301. Hb was measured in fasting venous blood using a HemoCue® 301 and a Sysmex XN-1000 hematology analyzer, and in non-fasting capillary blood using the same HemoCue®.

**Results:** Mean Hb concentrations in fasting venous blood were significantly higher with the HemoCue® as compared to the Sysmex analyzer (123 vs. 118 g/L, respectively, P<0.05); and both were higher than mean Hb concentrations in non-fasting capillary blood from the same women using the same HemoCue® (110 g/L, P<0.05, repeated measures ANOVA). Anemia prevalence estimates (Hb <120 g/L) varied widely across methods: 39%, 64%, and 100%, respectively.

**Conclusions:** The 5 g/L bias in Hb concentration in fasting venous blood resulted in a substantial and clinically relevant difference in anemia prevalence (39% vs. 64%). Further, mean Hb concentrations in non-fasting capillary blood from the same women using the same HemoCue® were significantly lower as compared to fasting venous blood (using both methods). Overall, there are three sources of potential variability (capillary vs. venous, hemoglobinometer vs. hematology analyzer, and fasting vs. non-fasting); all may have contributed the observed discrepancy in Hb concentrations in our study. These findings are important for the determination of appropriate recommendations of blood collection procedures for Hb measurement. More research is warranted to investigate the possible discrepancies between hemoglobinometers and automated analyzers, and to examine the extent to which a fasting or non-fasting state can influence Hb concentrations.

**Keywords:** Anemia, Capillary, Hemoglobin, Point-of-care, Venous.

# NUTRITIONAL HEALTH OF UNIVERSITY ADMIN-
ISTRATIVE STAFF: RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES

(1)Swart, Elizabeth Catherina; (2)Kunneke, Ernesta.

(1)PhD. Dietitian. Nutritionist. Department of Dietetics and Nutrition. University of the Western Cape. South Africa; (2)PhD. Dietitian. Department of Dietetics and Nutrition. University of the Western Cape.

**Background and objectives:** Health is a complex state influenced by dynamic individual, social and organizational systems. Non-communicable diseases are leading causes of death among adults and have been increasing in the adult population since 1999 but no information is currently available on the nutritional health status of university employees in South Africa.

The aim of this research was to describe the nutritional health status of university administrative staff.

**Methods:** A descriptive study conducted among all permanent administrative staff of UWC. Participants were recruited via email invitation. Following approval from the Senate Research Ethics Committee, informed written consent was obtained from participants with assurance of anonymity, safe clinical practice and strict confidentiality. Feedback on measurements was given to individual participants and referrals for treatment made were necessary. All interviews and anthropometric assessments were conducted by dietitians trained as fieldworkers. Clinical assessments were obtained by a nurse practitioner with phlebotomist training following standardised operating procedures. SPSS was used for data analysis.

**Results:** Seventy eight staff members participated during the two week period of data collection (52% response rate). Eighty five percent of men and 80% of women were overweight or obese with 28% of men and 67% of women presenting with a waist circumference indicative of a high risk for chronic diseases of lifestyle. Twenty-eight percent men and 15% had a blood pressure greater than 140/90. Only two of the men have been previously diagnosed with hypertension. Thirty-four percent of men and 22% of women reported daily cigarette smoking whilst more than 40% reported that they never do moderate intensity exercise whilst 83% of men and 59% of women watched between 1-3hours television daily. Not surprisingly only 40% of men and women regarded themselves as having optimum health.

**Conclusions:** Risk factors for chronic diseases of lifestyle are highly prevalent. Investment in comprehensive health promotion could be beneficial to individual staff members and the university at large.

**Keywords:** Administrative staff, Obesity, Chronic diseases of lifestyle, Hypertension, Health promotion.
# HYPOCALORIC DIET- A GOOD THING OR A BAD THING?

(1)Mihaela Camelia, Posea; (2)Dragomir, Andreea Diana; (3)Radulian, Gabriela.

(1)1- MD. PhD. Diabetes Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases. Smart Nutrition Clinic. Bucharest. Romania; (2)MD. Diabetes Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases. University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila". Bucharest. Romania; (3)MD. PhD. Diabetes Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases. National Institute of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases "N. C. Paulescu". Bucharest. Romania.

**Background and objectives:** Obesity is associated with highly elevated risks of adverse health outcomes. We evaluated obese patients during a hypocaloric diet to see the nutritional impact assessment regarding macro and micro nutrients and the impact on the health.

**Methods:** A sample of 126 overweight and obese subjects were investigated. Using a 7-day food self-recorded questionnaire, we evaluated the nutritional content of food intake before and after the program: total kilocalories, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, cholesterol, vitamins A, B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B12, C, D, E, folic acid, and minerals like calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc, copper, manganese, selenium, and sodium. We assessed anthropometric data, laboratory data and resting metabolic rate.

**Results:** Data analysis at the end of nutritional intervention program showed significant changes in all parameters except for metabolic rate estimated. 91.18% of men and 85.87% of women recorded overall improved weight while fat percentage decreased. The prevalence of normal intake of protein and carbohydrates decreased significantly after the intervention: 67.95% and 15.38% of patients had adequate protein intake (p <0.001) and, respectively, carbohydrates (p = 0.006).

At the end, only 12 to 30% of patients had recommended nutritional intake, depending on the vitamin evaluated.

80% of patients consumed excessive vitamins B12, B2, B3 and B6. More than 80% of patients had deficient intake of vitamin D and E.

At the end of the intervention we observed to be significantly fewer patients covering the recommended daily allowance for calcium and magnesium.

Although there have been deficient intake of minerals, laboratory parameters such as magnesium, calcium and plasma iron were not significant changed at the end of nutritional intervention.

**Conclusions:** Because of the results regarding anthropometric data which get improved, we can say that hypocaloric diet is a good thing. Considering that the participants in this study were compliant in terms of nutritional recommendations, it can be said that, due to the inefficiency to correct the deficiency and excessive intake of vitamins and minerals, we need to pay more attention to the nutritional recommendations during an interventional program.

**Keywords:** Obese, Diet, Vitamins, Minerals, Overweight.

# EVALUATION OF THE MENUS OFFERED TO PRE-SCHOOL CHILDREN IN THE CITY OF BOTUCATU. SP

(1)Aranha, Flávia; (2)Carvalho, Sandra; (3)Gêa, Meire.

(1)PhD. Department of Education. Institute of Biosciences. UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista. Câmpus Botucatu. Brazil.; (2)BSc. Graduation Course in Nutrition. Institute of Biosciences. UNESP. Univ Estadual Paulista. Brazil.; (3)Nutritionist responsible for the Pilot Kitchen. City Hall of Botucatu.SP. Brazil.

**Background and objectives:** In infancy, children need to receive adequate amounts of nutrients for proper development. The National School Feeding Program (PNAE) aims to collaborate for the development, biopsychosocial growth, income, learning and formation of healthy eating practices of the school. The present study aims to evaluate the supply of nutrients to preschool children, comparing with the parameters established by the PNAE (2009).

**Methods:** Micronutrients and macronutrients were evaluated for 29 days and compared to the values recommended by PNAE, for preschoolers between 4 and 5 years of age who receive two or more meals per day. To evaluate the composition of the meals, each item present in the cooking in kilos and the quantity in kilos of prepared vegetables, already considering the correction factor, was noted. The calculation of calories, macronutrients and micronutrients of the menu was done with the help of the Microsoft Office Excel 2007 program, following the nutritional composition of the Food Composition Chart (UNICAMP, 2011), the Food Composition Chart (UNIFESP, 2016) and the nutritional label of foods used in the preparations.

**Results:** The average results were: 450.9 Kcal; Carbohydrate 68.9g; 19.9g proteins; Lipids 10.0g; Fibers 15.2mg; Ca 774.9mg; Fe 10.0mg; Mg 195.3mg; Zn 5.9mg; Vit A 405.2µg and vitamin C 34.4mg. With respect to macro or micronutrients, all have met the needs proposed by the PNAE. This is due to compliance with the regular supply of fruits and vegetables, milk sources and variation of the menu.

**Conclusions:** It was concluded in this evaluation that the supply of nutrients to preschool children, provided by the Pilucatu Pilot Kitchen, meets the parameters established by the PNAE.

**Keywords:** Legislation; School Feeding; Nutritional needs; Childhood.
## URINARY CALCIUM IN MOROCCAN SCHOOL-CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

(1)Bouziani, Amina; (1)Saeid, Naima; (1)Qandoussi, Latifa; (2)Elmzibri, Mohamed; (2)Taboz, Youness; (3)Elkari, Khalid; (1)Bajit, Habiba; (4)Barkat, Amina; (3)Benkirane, Hasnae; (2)Aguenaou, Hassan.

(1)PhD Student. Joint Research Unit in Nutrition and Food. Ibn Tofail University. National Center of Energy Sciences and Nuclear Techniques. Regional Designated Center of Nutrition (AFRA. IAEA). Rabat. Kenitra. Morocco; (2)PhD. Joint Research Unit in Nutrition and Food. Ibn Tofail University. National Center of Energy Sciences and Nuclear Techniques. Regional Designated Center of Nutrition (AFRA.IAEA). Rabat. Kenitra. Morocco; (3)PhD. Joint Research Unit in Nutrition and Food. Ibn Tofail University. National Center of Energy Sciences and Nuclear Techniques. Regional Designated Center of Nutrition (AFRA.IAEA). Rabat. Kenitra. Morocco; (4)PhD. Health and Nutrition Research Team of the Mother Child Couple. Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy. Mohammed V University of Rabat. Morocco.

**Background and objectives:** Worldwide, deficiency in calcium increases the risk of developing diseases like osteoporosis and fracture risk at the later life. Depending on the World health organization reports, calcium deficiency is one of the most important deficiencies compared to other micronutrients deficiencies. In Morocco, data on calcium deficiency is limited because there are no specific studies in National level that identified the risks associated to this deficiency Thus; the aim of this study is to evaluate the nutritional profile of calcium in a representative sample of Moroccan children and adolescents.

**Methods:** 131 children and adolescents aged between 6 and 18 years were recruited from public schools at Rabat and its regions in the framework of descriptive cross-sectional study. For each participant, socio-economic and morbidity status were assessed, and anthropometric parameters were measured. Calcium assessment was estimated through 24 hour urine measurements by ICP-MS.

**Results:** The findings of this study showed that the mean of urinary calcium was 72.48mg/day. About 73% of children and adolescents present a urinary calcium deficiency. There were no significant differences related to sex towards calcium excretion and its correlation with nutritional status was shown negative.

**Conclusions:** The present study show that children and adolescents in Rabat and regions present serious calcium deficiency. That leads us to reflect on the various tools needed to remedy this deficit and to response to objectives of the national strategy to combat micronutrient deficiencies.

**Keywords:** Calcium deficiency. Children. Adolescents. urinary calcium excretion. Morocco

## PREDICTING STANDING HEIGHT FROM HEIGHT PROXIES FOR THE DETERMINATION OF BODY MASS INDEX (BMI) OF OLDER PERSONS IN ABIA STATE, NIGERIA

(1)Nzeagwu, Ogechi; (2)Eluwa, Austin; (3)Nkwoala, Chiaka Charles.

(1)PhD. Community and Applied Nutrition. Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics. Michael Okpara University of Agriculture. Abia State. Nigeria; (2)PGD. Human Nutrition and Dietetics. Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics. Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike. Abia State. Nigeria; (3)MSc. Community Nutrition. Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics. Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike. Abia State. Nigeria.

**Background and objectives:** Use of BMI to determine nutritional status is limited by height (Ht) measurement, which is often unreliable because of spinal deformities. The study aimed at predicting standing height of older persons using height proxies of arm span, knee and sitting heights and comparing the BMI calculated from the actual standing and predicted standing heights.

**Methods:** This cross sectional study used multi-stage random technique to select 200 older persons aged ≥ 60years living in two Local Government Areas of Abia state, Nigeria. Persons with spinal deformities and osteoporosis were excluded. Weight (kg), standing height, arm span, knee and sitting heights (m) were measured using standard procedures. Linear regression analysis was used to obtain regression equation for predicting standing Ht from each of the Ht proxies. BMI (kg/m2) was calculated using actual standing Ht and the predicted heights. Pearson correlation was used to compare actual standing Ht and BMI from actual standing Ht with predicted standing Hts. Results were expressed as mean and standard deviations. Statistical analyses were done using IBM SPSS Statistics (version 20) and significance judged at P<0.05.

**Results:** Regression equations were obtained for men: standing Ht = 1.23±0.25(arm span); 1.36±0.52(knee Ht); 1.47±0.23(sitting Ht) and for women: standing Ht = 1.35±0.14(arm span); 1.43±0.29(knee Ht); 1.48±0.15(sitting Ht); revealing that in predicting standing height from arm span for men, the expected value of the standing height when the arm span is zero is 1.23 and for every additional meter in arm span, standing height is expected to increase by 0.25m. Standing Ht estimated from arm span in men had the highest correlation value (r= 0.296). Significant relationship (p<0.05) existed between actual standing Ht and the predicted Hts. BMI from actual standing Ht correlated significantly (P<0.05) with those predicted from height proxies in both men and women.

**Conclusions:** Standing heights predicted from height proxies using the regression equation obtained in this study can be used to estimate actual standing height of older persons who may have problem standing for height assessment. BMI calculated from actual standing height significantly and positively correlated with those obtained from predicted heights proxies.

**Keywords:** Height, BMI, Older persons, Prediction, height proxies
DIETARY INTAKE AND NUTRITION KNOWLEDGE
OF COMPETITIVE TABLE TENNIS PLAYERS

**Background and objectives:** A proper diet is important for improving sports performance and health. Athletes may have poor nutrition knowledge, which may negatively impact food behavior. The analysis of athlete's dietary intake may help in the elaboration of nutrition interventions. The objective of the present study was to evaluate and compare the dietary intake and nutrition knowledge between adult and adolescent table tennis players. To our knowledge, this is the first study that assessed the food behavior and nutrition knowledge of table tennis players.

**Methods:** Forty two competitive athletes responded a three-day food diary and a validated nutrition knowledge questionnaire. Body weight and height were also measured. Nutrient and food portions were adjusted for misreporting using the residual method and compared to athletic guidelines. Pearson correlations were performed between nutrition knowledge and dietary intake for each nutrient.

**Results:** Athletes of both groups showed a high prevalence of inadequacy in the ingestion of cereals, vegetables, dairy and sweets and more than a half of the adolescents were inadequate in fruits and legumes. Adolescents showed a lower ingestion of vitamins A, C, B5, B6, calcium, zinc and phosphorus. Both groups showed a high prevalence of inadequacy in the ingestion of nutrients, however, adolescents showed a higher inadequacy in vitamin C, B6, B9 and phosphorus. Between group analysis showed that adults had higher nutrition knowledge than adolescents. Statistical analysis in adults showed significantly negative correlations between basic nutrition knowledge and the ingestion of cereals (r= -577), legumes (r= -796) and vitamin b2 (r= -770). Negative correlations were also found between total nutrition knowledge and sodium intake (r= -485). In adolescents, there was a positive moderate correlation between sports nutrition knowledge and the ingestion of vitamin B5 (r= 0,436).

**Conclusions:** Adolescents showed a higher prevalence of nutrient inadequacies and a lower nutrition knowledge than adults.

**Keywords:** Table tennis, nutrition knowledge, sports nutrition

ANALYSIS OF DIETARY COMPONENTS OF PREGNANT WOMEN WITH UNCOMPLICATED GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION AND GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION COMPLICATED BY HYPOTHYROIDISM

**Background and objectives:** A woman's diet is said to be the most important factor in determining intrauterine growth. In the case of improper diet the hormonal and/or circulation disorders may lead to intrauterine growth restriction. The aim of the study was to determine differences in average daily intake of selected nutrients in women diagnosed with hypertension during pregnancy and women who, in addition to being diagnosed with hypertension, had also been diagnosed with hypothyroidism before pregnancy.

**Methods:** The test subjects were divided into two groups. Group I - women diagnosed with hypertension in the first trimester of pregnancy. Group II - women diagnosed with hypertension in the first tri-mester of pregnancy and diagnosed with hypothyroidism before pregnancy. The women's eating habits and dietary composition were analyzed based on a dietary questionnaire. Portion sizes were verified using "The Album of Photographs of Food Products and Dishes. The questionnaire allowed the researchers to determine daily consumption of each particular dietary component over a one-week period. The DIETA FAO program was used to estimate the quantity of the aforementioned components.

**Results:** Hypertensive women have been observed to have higher BMI values both before pregnancy and during pregnancy, as well as higher daily intake of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids. There was also a significantly higher intake of vitamin A and nearly twice as high intake of tyrosine in the group of women with hypertension. In both groups folate, iodine and vitamin D intake below daily demand was observed.

**Conclusions:** The pregnant women's intake of the dietary components which are important for the fetus was higher in mothers with gestational hypertension without complicated pre-existing hypothyroidism. Women with uncomplicated hypertension or complicated pre-existing hypothyroidism were characterized by lower iodine and vitamin D intake compared to daily requirements. Women with pre-existing hypothyroidism were characterized by lower intake of essential fatty acids which are also important for the nervous system during development of fetus and also in many other metabolic and energy processes. In the group of women with pre-existing hypothyroidism, lower intake of tyrosine, the fatty acid necessary as a substrate in thyroid hormone biosynthesis, was observed.

**Keywords:** pregnancy, hypertension, hypothyroidism

<footnote><sup>(1)</sup>Nascimento, Marcus; <sup>(2)</sup>Argólo, Dayane; <sup>(2)</sup>Borges, Josefa;</footnote>

<footnote><sup>(2)</sup>Cavalcante, Andressa; <sup>(2)</sup>Silva, Gilvana; <sup>(2)</sup>Souza, Matheus.</footnote>

<footnote><sup>(1)</sup>Tiradentes University; <sup>(2)</sup>BSc in Nutrition. Department of Nutrition. Tiradentes University. Brazil.</footnote>

<footnote><sup>(1)</sup>Bobiński, Rafał; <sup>(2)</sup>Pollok-Waksmańska, Wioletta; <sup>(3)</sup>Ulman-Włodarz, Izabela; <sup>(4)</sup>Turbiarz, Agnieszka.</footnote>

<footnote><sup>(1)</sup>Prof. University of Bielsko-Biała, Faculty of Health Sciences, Poland; <sup>(2)</sup>PhD. University of Bielsko-Biała, Faculty of Health Sciences, Poland.; <sup>(3)</sup>Prof. MD. University of Bielsko-Biała, Faculty of Health Sciences, Poland.; <sup>(4)</sup>PhD, University of Bielsko-Biała, Faculty of Health Sciences, Poland.</footnote>
COMPARISON OF DIETARY DIVERSITY SCORE (DDS) ACCORDING TO THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS AMONG RURAL MIDDLE SCHOOL CHILDREN IN THE NORTHWEST OF MOROCCO

(1)Sbaibi, Rachid; (2)Aboussaleh, Youssef; (2)Zeghari, Lotfi; (2)Agoutim, Naima.

(1)PhD.Laboratory of Nutrition Health and Environment.
Department of Biology. Faculty of Sciences. University Ibn Tofail.
Kénitra. Morocco; (2)PhD. Nutritionist. Laboratory of Nutrition
Health and Environment. Department of Biology. Faculty of
Sciences. University Ibn Tofail.Kénitra. Morocco.

**Background and objectives:** Diversity score (DDS) is not associated with the staturo-ponderal status or gender among the rural middle school children (12.3 to 19.74 years), in the north-west of Morocco. The purpose of the present study was to compare the dietary diversity score (DDS) according to the Socio-economic status among these adolescents.

**Methods:** The DDS represents the number of the 11 most frequented food groups (grains, sweet tea, fatty substances, dairy products, vegetables, sweets, poultry, fruits, legumes, red meat, fish) consumed during the preceding 7 days by 300 middle school children (15.45 years± 1.64) of the only middle school in the rural commune of Sidi El Kamel in northwestern Morocco. The general survey was used to record demographic and socio-economic characteristics of subject (age, gender, sibling rank, household size, function of parents, their educational level). The comparison of averages of DDS by socio-economic status, is done by the Mann-Whitney test and the Kruskal-Wallis test at 5% error.

**Results:** 9% of students haven't a diversified feeding (with DDS less than or equal to 7 of 11 food groups), against 91% had DDS strictly greater than 7 of 11 food groups, in average (9.3; ± 1.33) food groups on 11 groups consumed during the preceding 7 days. the diversification of food is only related to the paternal function. (χ² = 2.25; df = 5; P = 0.033 <0.05). The children whose parents are farmers or workers, have a high rate of food diversification of 60% and 13% respectively.

**Conclusions:** The good dietary diversity among adolescents in rural areas is linked to easy access to cereals, vegetables, dairy products via agricultural function of the father.

**Keywords:** Dietary Diversity Scores, socio-economic status, rural middle school children, Morocco.

COMPLEMENTARY FEEDING PRACTICES AND STUNTING AMONG INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN IN THE NORTHERN PROVINCE OF RWANDA

(1)Uwiringiyimana, Vestine; (2)Veldkamp, Antonie; (3)C. Ocké, Marga;

(4)Amer, Sherif.

(1)MSc. PhD Candidate. Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC). University of Twente. The Netherlands/ 2MSc. Assistant Lecturer. School of Food Science and Technology. College of Agriculture Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine. U; (2)PhD. Dean. Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC). University of Twente. The Netherlands.; (3)PhD. Senior Nutritionist. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM). The Netherlands.; (4)PhD. Assistant Professor. Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC). University of Twente. The Netherlands.

**Background and objectives:** Stunting remains a serious challenge in Rwanda despite the success achieved at reducing acute malnutrition. The aim of this research was to study the factors associated with stunting in Musanje District in the Northern Province of Rwanda, with particular focus on assessing anthropometric, dietary intake and the overall complementary feeding practices.

**Methods:** A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2015 with 138 children aged 5 to 30 months. Anthropometric status of children and mothers was assessed using z-scores for height-for-age (HAZ) and body mass index (BMI) respectively. Dietary intakes were estimated using a 24hr recall questionnaire. Multiple linear and logistic regression models were performed to study the predictors and risk factors of stunting respectively.

**Results:** The stunting prevalence in children was 42%. Among children, only half had been exclusively breastfed. Most of the children fell into the low dietary diversity score group (62%) with the majority of children consuming plant-based diet with little to no animal source foods. Overall the nutrient intake was below the dietary recommendations for breastfeeding children. Higher BMI of caregivers and higher intake of dietary zinc positively predicted height-for-age. Age increased the risk of stunting while exclusive breastfeeding and the use of deworming tablets were protective.

**Conclusions:** Encouraging exclusive breastfeeding, the use of deworming tablets and timely introduction of complementary foods rich in bioavailable nutrients can contribute in reducing the risk of stunting in children in the Northern Province of Rwanda. Dietary diversification by including locally available and nutritious products can greatly contribute in increasing the micronutrient intakes in children.

**Keywords:** stunting, dietary intake, complementary feeding practices, exclusive breastfeeding, Rwanda
# PREVALENCE OF ANAEMIA AND ITS ASSOCIATED FACTORS AMONG ADOLESCENT FEMALES IN OKRIKA, RIVERS STATE, NIGERIA

(1)Aderibigbe, Olaide R.; (2)Ukegbu, Patricia.

(1)PhD Nutrition. Product Development Programme. National Horticultural Research Institute Ibadan. Nigeria.; (2)PhD Experimental Nutrition. Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics. Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike. Nigeria.

**Background and objectives:** Unlike children and women of reproductive age, adolescents have not been the focus of anaemia research in sub-Saharan Africa. Adolescence is a vulnerable period in the human life cycle for the development of nutritional anaemia. Girls are more likely to be victims due to added burden of menstrual loss. The study examined the prevalence of anaemia and its associated factors among adolescent females in Okrika, Rivers State, Nigeria.

**Methods:** In a cross-sectional design, 400 adolescent females in secondary schools were recruited using a multistage sampling technique. Validated questionnaires were used to collect data on sociodemographic characteristics and other factors associated with anaemia (malaria occurrence, use of mosquito nets, sources of helminthic infection such as unsafe drinking water and poor toilet facilities and menstrual history). A food frequency questionnaire was used to collect data on food intake. Haemoglobin and packed cell volume were analysed in blood samples of the girls using standard procedures.

**Results:** Mild-moderate anaemia (Hb=7-11.9 g/dl) and severe anaemia (Hb<7g/dl) was found in 77.5% and 1.3% of the girls, respectively. Malaria was reported by 59.3%, 44.8% do not use mosquito nets, 42.2% drink unsafe/untreated water and 67.5% do not have good toilet facility. About 20% of the girls were experiencing irregular menses. More than half of the girls consumed at least one animal source of iron foods daily (meat-67.5%, fish-62.5%, periwinkle-51.5%). Family size correlated negatively (r=-0.336, P<0.05) and mother's occupation correlated positively (r=0.606, P<0.01) with haemoglobin levels of the girls.

**Conclusions:** Anaemia and its associated factors are prevalent among adolescent females in Okrika. Though, the adolescent females consumed adequate representation of iron rich foods, other risk factors of anaemia such as malaria and irregular menses were prevalent. The significant association of family size and mother's occupation with haemoglobin levels suggest a significant effect of these factors on the risk of anaemia in the girls. The results indicate that adolescent females are as vulnerable as under-five children. Therefore, special attention is needed to meet the iron requirement of this group. A holistic intervention is necessary to address these risk factors.

**Keywords:** Anaemia, adolescent females, risk factors, haemoglobin

**Further collaborators:**

Staff of the Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Michael and the school heads and teachers who facilitated our access to their students

# USUAL MICRONUTRIENT INTAKES OF YOUNG CHILDREN IN THE PHILIPPINES ARE SEVERELY INADEQUATE

(1)Denney, Liya; (2)Angeles-Agdeppa, Imelda; (3)Gironella, Glen Melvin; (4)Toledo, Marvim; (5)Carriquiry, Alicia.

(1)PhD, Senior Research Scientist, Institute of Nutritional Science, Nestlé Research Center, Switzerland; (2)PhD, Assistant Scientist, Food and Nutrition Research Institute, Gen. Taguig City, Philippines; (3)Senior Research Specialist, Food and Nutrition Research Institute, Gen. Taguig City, Philippines; (4)Research assistant, Food and Nutrition Research Institute, Gen. Taguig City, Philippines; (5)PhD, Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, United States.

**Background and objectives:** The prevalence of stunting, underweight and micronutrient deficiencies are persistently high among Filipino children. Up to now, age-specific assessments of micronutrient intakes in this population are scarce. The objective of this study was to evaluate usual intakes of selected micronutrients of young children from the 2013 National Nutrition Survey in the Philippines.

**Methods:** Trained interviewers collected 24-hour dietary recalls from caregivers of a nationally representative sample of 2427 children aged 3 to 5 years. A second 24-hour recall was collected from 50% of the sample. Micronutrient intakes were estimated using data from the food composition tables developed by Food and Nutrition Research Institute and usual intake distributions of micronutrients were calculated using the PC-side program from Iowa State University (version 1.0). The distributions were compared with estimated average requirements (EAR) recommended by the Philippine Dietary Reference Intakes 2015. Usual intakes from the following nutrients were estimated: vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin C, iron, calcium and phosphorus.

**Results:** High prevalence of inadequate micronutrient intakes defined as the percentage of children with intakes less than EARs were found for all the vitamins and minerals except for niacin. In an ascending order, the prevalence of inadequate nutrient intakes were 11.3% for niacin, 38.2% for phosphorus, 43.9% for vitamin A, 45.2% for riboflavin, 45.2% for thiamine, 56.7% for vitamin C, 76.7% for iron and 82.8% for calcium.

**Conclusions:** This study demonstrated that usual micronutrient intakes of young children aged 3-5 years in the Philippines were severely inadequate. To gain insights behind the inadequate nutrient intakes and form effective measures to combat the inadequacies, further studies understanding the food sources of nutrients and the regional and socioeconomic disparities in this Filipino population are underway.

**Keywords:** Usual intake, micronutrients, infants, young children, the Philippines

**Conflict of Interest Disclosure:** Liya Denney is an employee of Nestec, S.A. (Nestlé Research Center), Lausanne.

**Further collaborators:**

Alison L Eldridge
DIETARY INTAKE OF ADOLESCENT SOCCER PLAYERS

(1)Carvalho, Felipe; (2)Seabra, Lara; (2)Brit, Layla; (3)Gomes, Luis;

(4)Nascimento, Marcus; (2)Almeida, Monique; (2)Santos, Rafaela;

(2)Santos, Ronyclay; (2)Santos, Valdice.

(1)BSc in Nutrition and physical education. Department of Nutrition. Tiradentes University. Brazil; (2)BSc in Nutrition. Department of Nutrition. Tiradentes University. Brazil; (3)MSc in Nutrition. Department of Physical Education. Tiradentes University. Brazil; (4)MSc in Physical Education. Department of Nutrition. Tiradentes University. Brazil.

**Background and objectives:** A proper diet is important for improving sports performance. However, athletes may have nutritional inadequacies related to the adoption of erroneous feeding strategies. The analysis of athlete's dietary intake may help on the elaboration of nutrition interventions. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the dietary intake of adolescent soccer players.

**Methods:** Fifty-four teenage athletes from three professional clubs answered to a three-day food record. The nutrient intake was estimated and compared with the recommendations for athletes. Body composition was obtained by skin folds.

**Results:** The athletes presented a percentage of fat of 14.5 (5) percent. The analysis of energy and macronutrients showed that athletes had a low intake of calories, carbohydrate, fiber, mono-unsaturated fat and poly-unsaturated. About vitamins, vitamin A, C, E and B6 had the highest percentage of inadequacy. Among the minerals, who stood out on the nutritional inadequacy were calcium, folate and magnesium.

**Conclusions:** The athletes presented a proper body composition, however showed inadequacies both in intake of macronutrients as well as vitamins and minerals.

**Keywords:** Dietary intake, adolescents, soccer

ONE YEAR ADMINISTRATION OF OMEGA-3 SUPPLEMENTS REDUCES ATHEROSCLEROSIS PROGRESSION AND OXIDATIVE STRESS IN OBESE PATIENTS

(1)Dragomir, Andreea Diana; (2)Rusu, Emilia; (3)Pietrisi, Nicoleta;

(4)Alexescu, Alexandra; (5)Radulian, Gabriela.

(1)MD Nutrition and Diabetes. PhD Student Nutrition. University of Medicine Bucharest. Romania. Nutrislim Nutrition Clinic Bucharest. Romania; (2)MD Nutrition and Diabetes. PhD. University of Medicine Bucharest. Romania; (3)MD Nutrition and Diabetes. Nutrislim Nutrition Clinic Bucharest. Romania; (4)MD Nutrition and Diabetes. PhD student. University of Medicine Bucharest. Romania. Nutrislim Nutrition Clinic Bucharest. Romania; (5)MD. PhD. Professor of Nutrition and Diabetes. University of Medicine Bucharest. Romania.

**Background and objectives:** According to studies, obesity and inflammation are related to important cardiovascular and metabolic complications. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of omega-3 supplements on the progression of atherosclerosis and oxidative stress.

**Methods:** 290 obese patients, without clinical evidence of atherosclerosis, aged 65 ± 8.4 years, were assigned to 2 groups: group A (140 patients) received only diet according to American Heart Association recommendations; group B (150 patients) received the same diet plus omega-3 fatty acids supplements (1 g eicosapentanoic acid, 1 g docosahexanoic acid, 0,1 g α-tocopherol acetate). BMI > 30 kg/m2 was used as criteria for obesity. Body fat mass (BFM) and body fat percent (%BF) were measured using bioimpedance analysis (BIA). Oxidative stress was determined using FormOx monitor tests on a blood drop. Intima-media thickness (IMT) was measured for atherosclerosis progression. Patients were evaluated at baseline, after 6 and 12 months.

**Results:** After 12 months, all parameters were significantly improved in group B (diet plus omega-3 supplements) than in group A: LDL-cholesterol was 158 ± 17.4 mg/dl versus 172 ± 18.9 mg/dl (p<0.002), HDL-cholesterol was 59 ± 11 mg/dl versus 50 ± 12 (p<0.05), triglycerides were 121 ± 46 mg/dl versus 136 ± 56 mg/dl (p=0.002) and fasting plasma glucose was 104 ± 12 mg/dl versus 112 ± 14 mg/dl (p<0.0001). FormOx monitor registered decreased Fort units in group B patients 248 ± 48 Fort units versus 270 ± 78 Fort units in group A (p<0.0001).

Progression of atherosclerosis was more delayed in group B, comparative with group A: IMT on left commune carotid artery was 0.608 ± 0.04 versus 0.622 ± 0.068 mm (p=0.001) and IMT on right commune carotid artery was 0.590 ± 0.048 vs. 0.611 ± 0.056 mm (p<0.0001). IMT was also correlated with %BF (p<0.001), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (p=0.002), leptin levels (p<0.001), adiponectin levels (p<0.05), leptin to adiponectin ratio (p<0.001) and oxidative stress (p<0.001).

**Conclusions:** One year administration of omega-3 fatty acids supplements improves cardiovascular and metabolic parameters, decreases oxidative stress and delays progression of atherosclerosis.
**Background and objectives:** The most prevalent micronutrient deficiencies in Sub-Saharan Africa are iron, zinc and vitamin A. Information on food sources rich in provitamin A is readily available, however the efficacy of specific plant foods, used to complement cereal-based diets, to address iron and zinc deficiencies is seriously lacking. The objective was to evaluate the effect of plant foods high in iron and zinc, combined with provitamin A, on the mineral nutritive value of pearl millet instant porridge.

**Methods:** Dried plant crops (moringa leaves, baobab fruit pulp, hibiscus calyces, mango fruit pulp, and carrots) were analysed for mineral, total phenolics, condensed tannin and phytate contents. The effects of adding 30% provitamin A source (49% carrot and 51% mango blend) and 5% & 15% moringa, hibiscus or baobab to whole pearl millet instant porridges on iron and zinc bioaccessibilities (in vitro dialysability) was determined. The iron and zinc contents and bioaccessibilities were compared to the RDA and absolute (physiological) requirements (AR) of children aged 2-5 years, respectively.

**Results:** Instant pearl millet porridge fortified with 15% moringa had the highest iron content and could provide approximately 33% and 15% of the iron and zinc RDA, respectively of 2-5 year old children. However, all plant crops had phytate:iron and phytate:zinc molar ratios above the critical levels (1:1 and 15:1, respectively). Despite the high iron contents of moringa (58.4 ± 4.5 mg/100 g, db), 15% addition to pearl millet decreased the percentage bioaccessible iron. Compared to pearl millet porridge alone, moringa addition (5%) roughly doubled the iron and zinc AR, whereas moringa (15%) had the same contribution to iron and zinc AR of 2-5 year olds. Addition of 15% baobab resulted in the greatest significant (p ≤0.05) increase in percentages and amounts of bioaccessible iron (129% and 225%, respectively) and zinc (154% and 181%, respectively), despite the substantial amounts of condensed tannins (228 ± 270 mg CE/100 g). The addition of baobab increased the contribution towards iron and zinc AR approximately 3 fold, probably due to the high organic acid content.

**Conclusions:** Including baobab in a cereal based diet, shows potential to increase the iron and zinc nutritive values.

**Keywords:** Dialysability Iron Zinc Bioavailability

**Background and objectives:** Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended during the first six months of an infant's life. There is evidence that the early introduction of formula or complementary foods reduce levels of breast milk (BM) intake. The aims of this study were to determine the intake of BM and water from non-breast milk sources (W non-BM) in exclusive breastfed (EBF) and partial breastfed (PBF) infants, and to estimate macronutrient intake in these groups.

**Methods:** This study was performed in 18 mother-infant pairs at 4 months to birth from Entre Ríos and Buenos Aires provinces. Dose- to the mother deuterium-oxide turnover technique (DM-DOT) was used to measure breast milk intake. Mothers received an oral dose of deuterated water and 6 samples of saliva were collected from mother and baby during a period of 15 days. Deuterium enrichment was determined in a Shimadzu FTIR-spectrometer-Affinity to obtain the intake of BM (mL/d) and W non-BM (mL/d). Infants were classified into EBF (n = 11) or PBF (n = 7) categories based on a 24-hour recall to the mother. Macronutrient intake from BM was calculated using WHO data on breast milk composition. We considered that the volume of W non-BM, obtained from the DMDOT technique, was from formula so intake of energy (kcal/day), protein (g/day), fat (g/day), and carbohydrates (g/day) was estimated using the nutritional composition of the commercial infant formula that mothers referred. Energy and protein requirements were calculated according FAO recommendations.

**Results:** Results are expressed as Mean (IC95%). BM intake was significantly different between groups (EBF: 950.2 (818.2-1082.2) vs PBF: 710.0 (570.6-849.4), p<0.05). W non-BM was significantly higher in PBF compare to EBF (170.0 (-17.0-357.0) vs 15.2 (3.1-27.3), p<0.001). Taking into account only BM intake, all EBF infants met their energy and protein requirements as well as 57% of PBF infants.

**Conclusions:** Knowing breast milk intake, obtained by DM-DOT as the reference method, is relevant to investigate the extent to which the breast milk is being replaced by the consumption of other foods and for evaluating infant feeding pattern and nutritional adequacy. Supported by PB04 and OIEA RLA 6071.
**Keywords:** Breast milk intake, deuterium-oxide turnover technique, infant feeding pattern.

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ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN FAT FREE MASS AND MUSCLE STRENGTH AND PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE IN A GROUP OF OLDER WOMEN FROM ARGENTINA

(1)Zarza, Laura; (2)Nápoli, Cristián; (3)Tarducci, Gabriel; (4)Paganini, Amalia; (4)Gargano, Sofía; (4)Gandini, Agustina; (5)Fernandez, Inés; (5)Vidueiros, Silvina Mariela; (5)Pallaro, Anabel N.

(1)Pharmacist. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Cátedra de Nutrición. Argentina.; (2)Pharmacist and biochemical. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Cátedra de Nutrición. Argentina.; (3)PhD. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación. Cátedra de Actividad Física para la Salud. IdHICS CONICET. Argentina.; (4)Lic. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación. Cátedra de Actividad Física para la Salud. IdHICS CONICET. Argentina.; (5)PhD. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Cátedra de Nutrición. Argentina.

**Background and objectives:** Low muscle mass and physical performances occur with advancing age. The aim of this study was to analyze the association between the fat free mass (FFM) and muscle strength and physical performance in older individuals.

**Methods:** 23 older women (60 - 84 years old), who attended recreational centers for elderly in Buenos Aires province, Argentina, were assessed. Body weight (kg) and height (m) were determined and body mass index (BMI) was calculated (kg/m2). %FFM and %Fat mass (FM) were evaluated by deuterium dilution technique. Handgrip strength (HS, kg) was measured using a Jamar * Hydraulic Hand Dynamometer. Physical performance was evaluated by Gait speed (GS, m/s) and Timed get up and go test (TGUG, s).

**Results:** 30% overweight and 50% obesity were observed with %FM = 43.1 ± 4.7 (IC95% = 41.1-45.1). BMI and %FM were associated (r=0.87; p<0.0001). HS, GS and TGUG (mean ± DS (IC95%)) were 20.07 ± 3.50 (18.56-21.59); 1.42 ± 0.33 (1.23-1.57) and 8.73 ± 2.16 (8.01-9.38), respectively. HS significantly decreased with age (p<0.0279) but no significant differences were found neither in GS (p<0.8052) nor TGUG (p< 0.7332); however, TGUG tended to increase in older women. %FFM was associated to GS (r=0.58, p<0.0046) and it was inversely associated to TUGT (r=-0.51, p<0.0163).

**Conclusions:** In this preliminary report, it was found a high obesity degree and associations between FFM and muscle strength and physical performance tests in older women who participate in recreational activities. At present, adult women with greater physical deterioration are being evaluated as these associations could be important risk factors for adverse events like falls, fractures, daily living disabilities and independence loss. Supported by PB04 and IAEA RLA 6073.

**Keywords:** Sarcopenia, fat free mass, deuterium dilution technique, muscle strength, physical performance.

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EFFECT OF MILK ADDED WITH COCOA POWDER ON APPARENT CALCIUM ABSORPTION IN AN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL IN RATS

(1)Weisstaub, Adriana Ruth; (1)Vidueiros, Silvina Mariela;

(2)Fleischman, Silvana; (1)PERRIS, PAULA; (1)Langini, Silvia; (1)Pallaro, Anabel N.

(1)PhD. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Cátedra de Nutrición. Argentina.; (2)Pharmacist. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Cátedra de Nutrición. Argentina.

**Background and objectives:** Calcium (Ca) absorption from foods varies between 30-40%, and is conditioned by the presence of components that stimulate or inhibit it. Low intakes of Ca during childhood and adolescence could condition the subsequent loss of bone mass in adulthood, resulting in a high incidence of osteoporosis. Therefore, Ca bioavailability becomes a key factor to reach or maintain a critical peak bone mass. The addition of chocolate or cocoa powder to milk is a popular nutrition habit. Cocoa powder contains oxalic acid (450-480 mg/100g), an inhibitor of calcium absorption. However, calcium bioavailability studies regarding oxalate impaired effect are contradictory. Therefore, the effect of milk added with cocoa powder on the apparent calcium absorption (ACaA%) was studied in an animal model including young and adult rats.

**Methods:** Thirty-six Wistar rats at weaning (6/group) were fed:1)a control diet prepared according to the American Institute of Nutrition (C); 2) a semisynthetic diet prepared with whole milk powder reduced in lactose (77 mg lactose/g milk) (M), and 3) the milk diet added with cocoa powder (MC). The three diets were isocaloric (4.1 kcal/100g diet) and supplied the same amount of Ca (0.5 g/100g diet). Three groups of rats received control or experimental diet from weaning (age=23 days) up to 33 days old (T1); other three groups of young adult rats (age=49 days) were fed the same diets up to 66 days old (T2). At T1 and T2, food intake was recorded and feces were collected during the last three experimental days to determinate ACaA% = [(CaI - CaF)/CaI] x100. Ca intake (CaI) (mg/d) was calculated from Ca concentration in diets. Microwave acid digestion for Ca diets and Ca feces (CaF, mg/d) was done in Parr Bombs (Parr Instrument Company). Ca concentration was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (Perkin Elmer AA400).

**Results:** At T1, MC had lower ACaA% than M and C: 45.0±3.9 vs 82.9±6.4 vs 69.0±3.3, respectively; at T2 ACaA% was: 21.1±5.5 vs 54.5±9.1 vs 71.1±3.0, respectively (p<0.0001).
**Conclusions:** These results suggest that the addition of cocoa powder to milk may result in a decrease apparent calcium absorption in rats, either earlier or later in life.

**Keywords:** Calcium absorption, milk, cocoa powder, rats.

144/717

DIETARY SUPPLEMENT INTAKES AMONG HIGH SCHOOL MALE ATHLETES

(1)Kanbe, Kinuyo; (2)Muto, Shimako; (3)Koyama, Yuzou; (4)Musha, Yoshiyuki.

(1) PhD. Nihon University; (2) PhD. Kagawa Nutrition University;

(3) PhD. Nihon University; (4) Director at track and field club.

**Background and objectives:** Dietary supplements are intended to make up for nutrient deficiency in daily life and to improve sports performances. We clarified the status of supplement usage, comprehension, and nutrient intakes for high school male athletes from the questionnaires.

**Methods:** In total, we surveyed 239 people with a football club (64 members), a tennis club (75), a baseball club (45) and track-and-field club (55) belonging to the male athletic clubs of N University Highschool. The self-administered questionnaires on supplements and nutrient intakes (food frequency questionnaire) were distributed and collected later.

**Results:** The rate of supplement intake was 35% overall. The track-and-field club was significantly higher with 65.5% than the others and were the same level as top athletes. The main purpose of intake for 60% of all subjects was "increasing muscle and weight", and 40% for "fatigue recovery". 80% of baseball members took supplements for "increasing muscle and weight", and 70% of track-and-field for "fatigue recovery" which was significantly high. The breakdown of "no reason" was 30% for "enough in the usual diet", 20% for "seems to be bad for health" and "bothers to use", and 10% for "expensive", 50% for "not interested in". As for the nutrients, protein intake was 70%, carbohydrates 30%, both amino acids and vitamins were 10%. The track-and-field was significantly high in 30% of amino acids. The timing of intake was "before going to bed" "after exercise" and "during exercise" which were high. 80% of subjects answered "read" or "read and understand" of nutritional labeling of supplements and 50% were careful with "usage quantity" or "intake time". The sources of information are "at a sports store" 40%, "from the Internet" and "from friends or parents" were 30%.

**Conclusions:** In contrast to team play, individual competitive edge is directly connected with the high intake rate of the track-and-field club. Some members took supplements despite the fact that they didn't understand the suitable amount of nutrient intake. Since supplement intake is ultimately based on athletes' self-control, supervisors, and coaches must understand the need of athletes and cooperate with registered dietitians, including correct knowledge for legally prohibited additives or doping substances.

**Keywords:** dietary supplements, high school male athletes, sports performances, nutrient intakes

144/722

DETERMINATION OF NIACIN ACTIVITY IN WHEAT GERM USING QUINOLINATE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE DEFICIENT MICE

(1)Fukuwatari, Tsutomu; (2)Ohara, Chihiro; (3)Miyoshi, Asami.

(1)PhD. Department of Nutrition. The University of Shiga Prefecture. Japan.; (2)Department of Nutrition. The University of Shiga Prefecture. Japan.

**Background and objectives:** Taking enough niacin and tryptophan is important to prevent pellagra and maintain niacin nutrition. Although wheat germ contains tryptophan and high amount of niacin, matured cereal grains generally show low bioavailability of niacin. This is because several factors such as food matrix, chemical structure and presence of bound form affect bioavailability of B-group vitamins in foods. In the present study, we investigated niacin activity including bioavailability of niacin and conversion of tryptophan to nicotinamide in wheat germ using quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase deficient (QPRT-KO) mice, which lack tryptophan-nicotinamide pathway.

**Methods:** Wild type (WT) and QPRT-KO mice were fed a control diet containing 0-30 mg/kg nicotinic acid or 60% wheat germ diet for 28 days. Urine nicotinamide metabolites, and blood and liver NAD and total nicotinamide were measured. These biomarkers were compared between mice fed control diets and wheat germ diets, and niacin activity in wheat germ was determined.

**Results:** Urinary nicotinamide metabolites strongly correlated with nicotinic acid intake in both WT and QPRT-KO mice fed control diets, and the linear regression equation was determined. Bioavailability of niacin in wheat germ was calculated to be 79 ± 10% using the equation and urinary nicotinamide metabolites in QPRT-KO mice fed wheat germ diet. Conversion ratio of tryptophan to nicotinamide was also determined in mice fed wheat germ diet, and was 1.3 ± 0.2%, same ratio as mice fed 20% casein diet. NAD and total nicotinamide in the liver and blood were same in mice fed control diets and 60% wheat germ diet.

**Conclusions:** Wheat germ shows high niacin activity both in bioavailability of niacin and conversion ratio of tryptophan to nicotinamide. When present results apply to human, wheat germ may contain 8 mgNE/100 g of bioavailable niacin which corresponds to 50% of RDA for adult men. Wheat germ can be a good niacin source to prevent pellagra and maintain niacin nutrition.

**Keywords:** vitamin, bioavailability, biomarker, nutritional assessment.
# ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN INTRA-ABDOMINAL FAT, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, DIET, AND BLOOD PRESSURE IN OBESE CHILDREN

(1)PhD. Researcher. Biodynamic and Body Composition Laboratory. University of Malaga. Spain.; (2)PhD. Researcher. Biodynamic and Body Composition Laboratory, University of Malaga. Spain.; (3)PhD. Professor. Department of Family & Community Medicine. Wake Forest School of Medicine. United States of America.; (4)BS. Technician. Internal medicine department. Institute of biomedical researcher in Málaga (IBIMA). Regional University Hospital of Málaga. Spain.; (5)BS. Nurse. Internal medicine department. Institute of biomedical researcher in Málaga (IBIMA). Regional University Hospital of Málaga. Spain.; (6)BS. Nutritionist. Internal medicine department. Institute of biomedical researcher in Málaga (IBIMA). Regional University Hospital of Málaga. Spain.; (7)MD. Doctor. Medical team orientation north Málaga. Spain.; (8)MD. Doctor. Cartama station health center. Spain.; (9)MS. Professor. Internal medicine department. Institute of biomedical researcher in Málaga (IBIMA). Regional University Hospital of Málaga. Spain.; (10)PhD. Researcher. Internal medicine department. Institute of biomedical researcher in Málaga (IBIMA). Regional University Hospital of Málaga. Spain.

**Background and objectives:** Obesity is thought to be an important contributing factor to the development of elevated blood pressure (BP) in children, and intra-abdominal fat (IAF) has been identified as the main determinant of several metabolic disorders. Changes in central adiposity and BP can occur in response to physical activity (PA) and a balanced diet. The aim of this study was to examine the associations among PA, fat distribution, mainly abdominal fat, nutrition and BP in obese children.

**Methods:** Seventy-eight obese children (n = 43 boys, age = 7.8±1.3 years, weight = 46.9±10.3 kg, FMP = 40.8%, BMI = 25.1±3.4 kg/m2) participated. Total body fat and IAF were assessed by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The abdominal region was delineated by an upper horizontal border located at half of the distance between acromion and external end of iliac crests, a lower border determined by the external end of iliac crests and laterally to any trunk soft tissue. PA was objectively assessed on 7 consecutive days by accelerometry (Actigraph TM GT3X). BP was measured using an automated BP monitor. Adherence to a Mediterranean diet was estimated by a modified version of the Trichopoulou questionnaire (removing item 8). Spearman rank correlation coefficient were used to explore associations between variables.

**Results:** No child met PA recommendations (≥60 minutes daily of moderate-to-vigorous PA). The prevalence of elevated systolic BP and diastolic BP was 1.3% and 13.2%, respectively. There were significant associations between systolic BP and IAF (rho =

0.324, p<0.01); MVPA and %IAF (rho = -0.526, p<0.001); and the nutrition questionnaire score and %IAF (rho = -0.298, p<0.01). There was no association between PA and BP.

**Conclusions:** There is a positive relationship between IAF and blood pressure, and a strong negative relationship among PA, diet and IAF in obese children. Adherence to a Mediterranean diet and the performance of MVPA could help to reduce visceral abdominal fat in obese children.

**Keywords:** obesity, childhood, DXA, exercise, nutrition.

**Further collaborators:**

Granted by University of Málaga (Campus of International Excellence Andalucía Tech) and Institute of Health Carlos III, cofinancial by the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional-FEDER (Miguel Servet Type 1 program CP15/00028).

# ANTHROPOMETRIC STUDY BY SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS IN SEMI-URBAN SCHOOLCHILDREN IN KENITRA CITY IN NORTH-WEST MOROCCO

(1)Phd Nutrition, Health and environment. University IBN TOFAIL KENITRA/MOROCCO; (2)Pr.Phd Nutrition, Laboratory of Nutrition. Health and Environment. Department of Biology. Faculty of Sciences. University Ibn Tofail. BPa; (3)Pr.Phd Neurosciences, Behavioral and Cognitive. Laboratory of Neurosciences, Behavioral and Cognitive. University Ibn Tofail, Kénitra, Morocco; (4)Phd Nutrition, Laboratory of Nutrition. Health and Environment. Department of Biology. Faculty of Sciences. University Ibn Tofail. BPa.

**Background and objectives:** The nutritional problem among schoolchildren, in rural and urban areas has been the subject of several studies, while the semi-urban environment remains to be unveiled. The present study aims to evaluate the nutritional status according to the socio-economic status of schoolchildren aged from 6 to 16 years, from Imam Boukhari school in the Kenitra city in northern Morocco.

**Methods:** The anthropometric survey was conducted among 239 schoolchildren of average age (10.22 ± 2.10), weight and height were measured according to the procedure recommended by WHO (World Health Organization), The anthropometric indices adopted are: weight-for-age, and height-for-age and body mass index (BMI), determined by the Z score calculated according to the WHO growth references 2007 (5-19 years). The socio-economic status of schoolchildren was assessed by a questionnaire that refers to age, gender, household size, parental education, and the job of the parents.

**Results:** The finding showed an underweight of 4.3% (<10 years), stunting (6.3%), thinness (3.8%), a low rate of risk of overweight (4.3%) and obesity (0.9%). The socio-economic status of parents is quite low: The size of the household is 5 persons (42.7% of households have more or equal to 5 persons). The illiteracy

<footnote>(1)Benítez Porres, Javier; (2)Romance, Angel Ramón; (3)Moore, Justin B.; (4)Vargas Candela, Antonio; (5)Moya, Paula; (6)Vilches, Alberto;</footnote>

<footnote>(7)Rosales-Jaime, Antonio; (8)Díaz-Ruiz, Juan; (9)Sanchez Vera, Javier;</footnote>

<footnote>(10)Bernal-López, M. Rosa.</footnote>

<footnote>(1)Agoutim, Naima; (2)Aboussaleh, Youssef; (3)Ahami, Ahmed Ot;</footnote>

<footnote>(4)Sbaibi, Rachid.</footnote>
among parents is high 31.5% (25.1% of fathers, 38% of mothers), 58% of fathers have a low monthly income, as well as 79.1% of mothers are not engage in any paid occupation. In addition, a CH2 test of independence at 5% error revealed an independence between the socio-economic factors and the various anthropometric indicators.

**Conclusions:** The sample studied suffers from moderate malnutrition, with no socio-economic effect on nutritional status. The semi-urban environment showed a slight regressive effect on the prevalence of malnutrition in relation to the rural environment.

**Keywords:** schoolchildren, semi-urban, nutritional status, socio-economic status

(1)Benítez, Alejandra; (2)Becerril Alarcón, Yizel; (3)Neri Sánchez, Marisol; (3)Valdes-Ramos, Roxana; (3)Martinez-Carrillo, Beatriz Elina;

(3)Vargas Hernández, Joel Alberto.

(1)PhD. Professor researcher. Medicine School. Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. México.; (2)Master in Health Science. Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. México;

(3)Dr. in Science. Professor researcher. Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. México.

**Background and objectives:** Dietary patterns (DP) are widely used to assess nutrients intake. High sodium intake has been described as a modifiable risk factor for hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Identification of risk factors in healthy populations, makes it possible to propose preventive interventions. The propose of this research was to identify dietary patterns in healthy adults describing its relationship with sodium intake.

**Methods:** Longitudinal study in 130 healthy men and women. DP were identified by principal component analysis (PCA); dietary sodium derived from multiple 24 hour recalls and quantified according to the content of sodium in food.

**Results:** Five DP were identified: DP-I characterized by consumption of cereals and sugars, DP-II by meat and canned food; DP-III by fruits, vegetables, oils-fats, and the lowest amount of sodium (prudent), DP-IV by meat; and DP-V by dairy products. In this healthy subjects, consumption of fruits, vegetables, cereals and legumes explains 69% of the variance, and men exceed daily sodium intake recommendations.

**Conclusions:** Prudent DP is practiced only by 20% of participants. Healthy men in this study consume very high amounts of sodium in their diet. Interventions in DP are necessary in disease prevention and health promotion strategies.

**Keywords:** dietary patterns, principal component analysis, sodium.

(1)Hermes Sales, Cristiane; (2)dos Santos Vieira, Diva Aliete; (3)de Mello Fontanelli, Mariane; (4)Fisberg, Regina.

(1)PhD. Postdoctoral researcher. Department of Nutrition. School of Public Health. University of Sao Paulo.; (2)PhD. Department of Nutrition. School of Public Health. University of Sao Paulo. Brazil.; (3)MSc. PhD Student. Department of Nutrition. School of Public Health. University of Sao Paulo. Brazil.; (4)PhD. Assistant Professor. Department of Nutrition. School of Public Health. University of Sao Paulo. Brazil.

**Background and objectives:** Worldwide, iron has been a target of studies, because of the functional consequences related to its deficiency. In Brazil, since 2004 was introduced the policy to fortify wheat and corn flours with iron for all population, which reinforcing the importance of nutritional iron status monitoring. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of dietary iron inadequacy and its blood status.

**Methods:** Data were obtained from the 2015 Health Survey of Sao Paulo (n 880; age range 12 to 93 years), a cross-sectional population-based study developed among residents from urban area of São Paulo, Brazil. Dietary iron intake was measured using two 24-h dietary recalls, and it was assessed in Nutrition Data System for Research programme. The dietary iron content of foods was checked and when necessary corrected using data from Brazilian food composition tables. Usual iron intake was estimated using the Multiple Source Method programme. Probabilistic approach was used to estimate the prevalence of inadequate intake. Haemoglobin concentrations < 120 g/dL (male adolescents with 12 to 14 years); < 130 g/dL (men with 15 years and older), and < 120 g/dL (all non-pregnant women); and low serum ferritin was defined as serum ferritin concentrations < 15 µg/L.

**Results:** The prevalence of iron inadequacies varied from 1.6% to 13.8% in men, and from 7.3% to 40.5% in women. Otherwise, the prevalence of anaemia was from 0.0% to 10.5% in men, and 0.0% to 13.8% in women, and low serum ferritin varied from 0.0% to 3.0% in men and 1.7% to 18.4% in women.

**Conclusions:** Women showed to be more vulnerable to nutritional iron deficiency. Prevalence of iron inadequacy assessed by dietary intake overestimate iron deficiency when compared to blood status.

**Keywords:** Dietary iron. Iron deficiency. Nutrition survey. Nutritional status.
(1)Sobral, Camille; (2)Santos, Monique; (2)Brito, Layla; (2)Barreto, Anna; (2)Noronha, Danilo; (2)Fernandes, Rúbia; (3)Gomes, Luis; (4)Nascimento, Marcus.

(1)Bsc.Nutritionist. Department of Nutrition. Tiradentes University. Brazil.; (2)BSc in Nutrition. Department of Nutrition. Tiradentes University. Brazil; (3)MSc in Nutrition. Department of Physical Education. Tiradentes University. Brazil; (4)MSc in Physical Education. Department of Nutrition. Tiradentes University. Brazil.

**Background and objectives:** Athlete's Nutrition knowledge may improve food choice and dietary ingestion, however, studies have shown that athletes have poor nutrition knowledge. The analysis of athlete's nutrition knowledge and dietary intake may help in the development of specific nutrition intervention strategies. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the nutrition knowledge and food portions intake of adolescent soccer players.

**Methods:** Fifty-four athletes from three professional clubs responded to a three day food record and a validated questionnaire about nutritional knowledge and sources of information on nutrition. The ingestion of food portions was estimated and compared with the recommendations for the Brazilian population.

**Results:** The athletes had a hit percentage of 44.7 (25.6) percent in the test of knowledge in nutrition. The most commonly used source of nutrition information for athletes was the coach, followed by the internet and friends. The athletes presented a low consumption of vegetables, fruits and a high intake of oils and fats. The main difficulties reported by athletes for the adoption of healthy eating were the and the lack of time and willpower. There was no correlation between knowledge in nutrition and the ingestion of food portions.

**Conclusions:** The athletes presented low knowledge in nutrition and reported using sources of nutrition information of low reliability. In addition, they presented an inadequate food intake.

**Keywords:** Nutrition knowledge, teenagers, soccer

participating in a randomized efficacy trial of double-fortified salt in India.

**Methods:** Participants were 244 women (18-55 y) enrolled in a randomized efficacy trial of double-fortified salt in Darjeeling, India. Iron status [hemoglobin (Hb), serum ferritin (SF), soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), and total body iron (TBI)], inflammatory biomarkers [C-reactive protein (CRP) and -1 acid glycoprotein (AGP)], serum vitamin B12, and serum folate were evaluated at enrollment. Anemia was defined as hemoglobin <120 g/L; iron deficiency was defined as serum ferritin <15.0 µg/L (TBI<0.0 mg/kg, sTfR>8.3 mg/L); and inflammation was defined as CRP >5 mg/L or AGP >1 g/L. Vitamin B12 deficiency and insufficiency were defined as <148 pmol/L and <221 pmol/L; and folate deficiency defined as serum folate <6.8 nmol/L. Linear and binomial regression models were used to examine the associations between micronutrient biomarkers and hemoglobin concentrations and anemia, respectively.

**Results:** At baseline, 52.9% of women were anemic (Hb<120 g/L), 44.3% were iron deficient (SF<15.0 µg/L), and 42.6% had iron deficiency anemia (Hb<120 g/L and SF<15.0 µg/L); 25.0% had elevated CRP or AGP (CRP>5 mg/L or AGP>1 g/L). B-vitamin deficiencies were also common at enrollment: 30.3% of women were vitamin B12 deficient (<148 pmol/L), 63.5% were vitamin B12 insufficient (<221 pmol/L), and 83.2% had folate deficiency (<6.8 nmol/L). Increased serum ferritin, sTfR, and TBI levels were associated with significantly higher hemoglobin concentrations at baseline. Higher total body iron was associated with lower risk of anemia at baseline, while iron deficiency (SF<15.0 µg/L) and inflammation (CRP>5.0 mg/L) were associated with increased risk of anemia; B-vitamin deficiencies were not significantly associated with risk of anemia. The risk of anemia at baseline was 1.6 times higher among women with iron deficiency (SF<15.0 µg/L), compared to women with replete iron status (RR: 1.61; 95% CI: 1.29, 2.01; p<0.0001).

**Conclusions:** The prevalence of iron, vitamin B12, and folate deficiencies and anemia were high in this population. Iron deficiency and inflammation were associated with significantly increased risk of anemia.

**Keywords:** Anemia, micronutrient, iron, B-vitamin, fortification

(1)Fothergill, Amy; (2)Haas, Jere D.; (2)Venkatramanan, Sudha; (3)Finkelstein, Julia.

(1)MPH. Department of Nutritional Sciences. Cornell University. USA.; (2)PhD. Division of Nutritional Sciences. Cornell University. USA; (3)ScD. Division of Nutritional Sciences. Cornell University. USA.

**Background and objectives:** The objective of this analysis was to examine the associations between iron, vitamin B12, and folate biomarkers and anemia among women of reproductive age
## ASSESSMENT OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS, EATING HABITS AND THEIR DETERMINANTS AMONG MAKERERE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS, UGANDA

(1)Ainomugisha, Prudence; (2)Ssenyondo, Muzafaru; (3)Murungi, Solomon; (2)Nyakake, Lynn; (2)Ahumuza, Gracious; (4)Opolot, Phillip.

(1)BSc.Nutritionist. Food Technology And Nutrition. Makerere University. Uganda; (2)BSc.Nutritionist. Food Technology and Nutrition. Makerere University. Uganda.; (3)BSc. information Specialist. Information Technology. Makerere University. Makerere; (4)BSc. Statistician.Statistic and Applied Economics.

**Background and objectives:** Back ground: Eating habits determine the health status of individuals (Walter and willet, 2003). A healthy eating habit involves having at least three main meals a day and healthy snacks in between. WHO recognizes the importance of improving diet and lifestyle for prevention of chronic diseases like diabetes and hypertension. However, increased industrialization, technology and changing lifestyles have led to change in eating habits of students, tending to much lower consumption of vegetables, fruits and whole grains with high consumption of foods high in fats, free sugars or salt that lead to chronic development of diseases. Eating habits and their determinants vary across cultures, while information about these nutrition-related factors would help in the development and implementation of effective nutritional programs in the universities that may act as a deterrent against unhealthy eating habits since universities provide an ideal means for reaching out to a large number of young adults. Objective: To identify the eating habits, their determinants and assess the nutritional status among Makerere university students.

**Methods:** A self-administered questionnaire was filled by 393 students (47.8%) females and (52.2%) males. Eating habits and demographics were recorded while blood pressure, height, weight were measured and BMI calculated. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 16.

**Results:** Most of the respondents had unhealthy eating habits like unhealthy snacking (85% of students) with 42.1% snacking on cookies and very few (1.0%) on vegetables. Their eating habits were mainly influenced by availability of time, accessibility of eating places, availability of food stuffs, tastes and preferences. Most of the students (96.1% and 76.9%) had good nutritional status basing on waist circumference and BMI respectively. According to BMI, 15% of the students were overweight and 8.1% underweight. Basing on WC, 3.9% of the respondents were obese. Most of the students had high blood pressure (46%). Nutritional status (based on waist circumference) was significantly (p<0.005) associated with eating habits.

**Conclusions:** Most University students had unhealthy eating habits. There is a need of nutrition intervention programs that can improve the eating habits of University students.

**Keywords:** Eating habits, health status, snacking, and nutrition intervention.

## PREDICTORS OF SUB-CLINICAL VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY IN SENEGALESE 6 MONTHS LACTATING WOMEN

(1)Idohou-Dossou, Nicole; (2)Agne-Djigo, Anta; (3)Diouf, Adama;

(4)Wade, Salimata.

(1)PhD. Nutritionist. Laboratoire de Nutrition. Faculté des sciences et techniques. Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar. Senegal. BP 5005, Dakar-Fann, Sénégal; (2)PhD. Nutritionnist. Laboratoire de Nutrition. Faculté des Sciences et Techniques. Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar. Sénégal.; (3)PhD. Nutritionnist. Laboratoire de Nutrition. Faculté des Sciences et Techniques. Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar. Sénégal.; (4)PhD. Nutritionist. Laboratoire de Nutrition. Faculté des Sciences et Techniques. Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar. Sénégal.

**Background and objectives:** Plasma retinol (PR) and breast milk retinol (BMR) were indicators recommended by WHO for assessing vitamin A status of lactating women at subclinical level. PR is homeostatically controlled, and was usually affected by infections/inflammation. BMR may reflect recent dietary intake but it is currently unknown if the level was influenced by systemic infections. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the performance of BMR and PR to detect vitamin A deficiency (VAD) among the Senegalese lactating women, and the relationship between BMR and their inflammatory status.

**Methods:** An experimental study was undertaken in 184 non-pregnant lactating women at 6 months post-partum, randomly selected in suburbs of Dakar (Senegal). The indicators measured were: plasma, casual and full breast milk retinol concentrations by HPLC, fat content of fresh milk by creamatocrit, plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) and alpha 1-acid-glycoprotein (AGP) by immuno-turbidimetry. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis was used to compare the performance of BMR (expressed as µmol/L and µg/g fat) and PR to predict VAD among the Senegalese lactating women.

**Results:** PR detected 3.3% of VAD among the women. BMR, expressed by µmol/L (≤1.05 µmol/L) in casual and full milk, detected 22.7% and 21.6% of VAD, respectively. When expressed by µg/g fat, the prevalence of VAD (BMR<8.8 µg/g fat) were 10.3% and 8.2% using casual and full milk, respectively. ROC-analysis showed that the area under the curve of BMR µg/g fat in full milk (AUC=0.949; 95% CI: 0.917-0.981) was higher than the others indicators to predict VAD. No significant relationship was found between CRP/AGP and BMR.

**Conclusions:** PR detected the lowest prevalence of VAD among the women. However, according to WHO, BMR µmol/L indicated moderate VAD while PR as well as BMR µg/g fat suggested that VAD was not a major concern among the Senegalese 6 months lactating's women living in Dakar. None of the predictors was related to systemic inflammation.

**Keywords:** Vitamin A deficiency, breast milk retinol, plasma retinol, lactating women, Senegal.
(1)Soar, Claudia; (2)Altenburg de Assis, Maria Alice; (3)Biazzi Leal, Danielle; (2)Faria Di Pietro, Patrícia; (4)Engel, Raquel.

(1)PhD - Graduate Program in Nutrition, Health Sciences Center. Federal University of Santa Catarina.; (2)PhD - Graduate and Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Health Sciences Center. Postgraduate Program in Physical Education. Sports Center. Federal University of Santa Catarina.; (3)PhD - Postgraduate Program in Physical Education. Sports Center. Federal University of Santa Catarina.; (4)Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Health Sciences Center. Federal University of Santa Catarina.

**Background and objectives:** Waist circumference (WC) is a sensitive marker for abdominal obesity in the pediatric age group. It has emerged as an index of pediatric adiposity that predicts fat mass as well as or better than body mass index (BMI). The purpose this study was to describe trends of the abdominal adiposity among 7-10-year-old children by investigating changes in the prevalence of the risk of abdominal adiposity.

**Methods:** A school-based sample of 7-10-year-old children participated in three cross-sectional studies in 2002 (n=2,936), 2007 (n=1,232) and 2012/13 (n=1,531) in Florianopolis, southern Brazil. The prevalence of the risk of abdominal adiposity was assessed using the 91st centile of the British reference as cut-off points.

**Results:** In 2012/13, 26,3% of the students were identified in risk of abdominal adiposity, with a substantial increase since 2002 (22,1%) and 2007 (24,6%) (p trends=0,001).

In girls, the prevalence of abdominal adiposity was 21% (2002), 21,8% (2007) and 25,9% (2012/13) (p trends=0,001). In boys the prevalence of abdominal adiposity was 23,2% (2002), 27,3% (2007) and 26,8% (2012/2013) (p=0,056).

**Conclusions:** Over the period studied (2002-2012/13) an increase of the risk of abdominal adiposity among schoolchildren was identified. This finding is a concern because of its association with disease risk including clustering of metabolic and cardiovascular disease risk factors. The prevalence of risk of abdominal obesity among children has become a public health problem, which would arouse special attention and an urgent need for school intervention programs.

**Keywords:** abdominal obesity; children; trends

(1)Marchetti, Beatriz S.; (2)Steluti, Josiane; (3)Castilho, Ana C.;

(4)Crispim, Sandra; (5)Araujo, Marina C.; (6)Pereira, Rosangela A.;

(7)Sichieri, Rosely; (8)Yokoo, Edna; (9)Slimani, Nadia; (2)Marchioni, Dirce.

(1)Department of Nutrition. School of Public Health. University of São Paulo; (2)PhD. Department of Nutrition. School of Public Health. University of São Paulo. SP. Brazil.; (3)Department of Nutrition. School of Public Health. University of São Paulo. SP. Brazil.; (4)PhD. Departament of Nutrition. Federal Universidade University of Federal do Paraná. Curitiba. PR. Brazil; (5)PhD. Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health. Oswaldo Cruz Foundation. Ministry of Health. Rio de Janeiro. RJ. Brazil; (6)PhD. Department of Social and Applied Nutrition. Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro. RJ. Brazil; (7)PhD. Department of Epidemiology. Institute of Social Medicine. State University of Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro. RJ. Brazil; (8)PhD. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics. Fluminense Federal University. Niterói. RJ. Brazil; (9)Independent researcher. France.

**Background and objectives:** GloboDiet is a software that conduct the interview of the 24-hour dietary recall (R24h) guided by a standardized routine. The successful experience of adapting this software in different cultural contexts in Europe led to the extension of the project to Latin American countries. Brazil was one of the selected countries to start the LA-DIETA project in collaboration with IARC, and a Brazilian version of the GloboDiet software was developed. Actually, there is a need to evaluate the performance of the Brazilian version of the GloboDiet compared to others software that have being used to estimate the dietary intake in Brazilian studies. The aims of the study were to estimate food consumption using the GloboDiet Brazilian version software and verify the agreement between the estimated intake of energy, carbohydrates, protein. and lipids on the GloboDiet versus Nutrition Data System for Research – NDSR software.

**Methods:** A sub-sample of 100 adult individuals was drawn from a representative sample of the resident population in the urban area of São Paulo - ISA-Capital 2008. A R24h was collected in pencil and paper for all participants and the data obtained was entered using both NDSR and GloboDiet Brazilian version. Bland and Altman analysis and Kappa statistic were used to evaluate the agreement between the software, considering the tertiles of energy and macronutrients.

**Results:** The mean (SD) obtained for energy, protein, carbohydrate and lipids in the NDSR were 2386.47(444.25)kcal, 100.08 (35.33)g, 286.75 (84.02)g, and 87.34(28.32)g, respectively. In comparison, the mean(SD) obtained to GloboDiet of those same variables were 2279.67(655.50)kcal, 92.94(38.35)g, 277.62(93.86)g, and 83.12(33.69)g, respectively. The mean (95%CI) of the differences between two measurements for energy, protein, carbohydrate and lipids were 106.8 (-961.3; 1174.9)kcal, 7.142 (-58.6;72.9)g, 9.1(-128.9;147.2)g and 4.2(-64.0;72.4)g, respectively. From the Kappa
statistic, it is possible to notice a slight and significant agreement(p <0.05) between the data of the software; the obtained values of Kappa were 0.28 for energy and lipids and 0.35 for carbohydrate and protein.

**Conclusions:** The GloboDiet Brazilian version estimated similar dietary intake (energy and macronutrients) compared to NDSR. However, further research is needed to validate the dietary intake assessment obtained using GloboDiet.

**Keywords:** GloboDiet, NDSR, software validation, R24h dietary recall, dietary intake assessment.

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SODIUM EXCRETION IN A GROUP OF YOUNG
ADULTS FROM ARGENTINA: RELATIONSHIP TO
BODY MASS INDEX AND BLOOD PRESSURE

(1)Felipoff, Ana Lía; (1)Weisstaub, Adriana Ruth; (2)Nápoli, Cristián;

(3)Fleischman, Silvana; (4)Sanahuja, María del Carmen; (1)Zago, Liliana; (1)Langini, Silvia; (1)Pallaro, Anabel N.

(1)PhD. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Cátedra de Nutrición. Argentina.; (2)Pharmacist and biochemical. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Cátedra de Nutrición. Argentina.; (3)Pharmacist. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Cátedra de Nutrición. Argentina.; (4)Lic. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Cátedra de Nutrición. Argentina.

**Background and objectives:** Elevated sodium intake has been associated with a number of NCDs. To evaluate sodium intake, 24-h urinary sodium excretion (24-h UNa) was estimated using predictive equations from measured sodium concentrations in a spot urine sample.

**Methods:** 470 students (361 women and 109 men), aged 25.5±3.5 years, from Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina, were studied. Anthropometric measurements and supine blood pressure were determined. A spot urine collection was obtained to determine sodium, potassium and creatinine excretion. To estimate 24-h UNa, the INTERSALT equation was used.

**Results:** The mean estimated 24-h UNa (mg/d) was 2596 (95%CI: 2534 – 2658) and, as expected, was significantly higher in men than in women (3028.5±862 vs. 2465.4±568; p< 0.0001). The 24-h UNa (mg/d) of overweight/obese students was significantly higher than in the normal weight students (2997±660 vs. 2512±662; p< 0.001). The 24-h UNa (mg/d) of pre/hypertensive students was significantly higher than in the normotensive students (2751±811 vs. 2473±545; p = 0.0003).

**Conclusions:** The highest estimated sodium intake was related to overweight/obesity and hypertension. The estimated 24-h UNa pointed out a sodium dietary intake increased in 81% of women and 85% of men, exceeding the current World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation of 2 g sodium per day.

**Keywords:** Urine Sodium, Salt intake, Blood pressure, Overweight, Hypertension.

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USE OF NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS IN NOR-
MAL ADULTS. NEIGHBORHOOD NEW CITY-
ASUNCIÓN-PARAGUAY

(1)Chirife Fernández, Graciela; (2)Amarilla, Maria Rosa.

(1)Md. nutritionist; (2)msc.

**Background and objectives:** When analyzing the diet of the population, nutritional supplements (SN) should be taken into account. Its great free supply, in the market, favors its consumption without Prescription medical, representing risks for the health. There are Evidence that contraindicates its use in normal adults, such as the Preventive Services Task Force, United States, February 24, 2014 (Health Day News); Research by Dr. R. Redondo, Regional Sports Medicine Center, Castilla-León Regional Government. Few scientific studies on the use of NS make it difficult to orientate the problem of its use, misuse and abuse. Paraguay, does not present studies in this regard.

**Objectives:** To know the consumption of nutritional supplements, in adults, Ciudad Nueva-Asunción-Paraguay neighborhood. Knowing age, reason for consumption SN in adults and who indicates.

**Methods:** Method: Observational, descriptive study, transverse cut. Non-probabilistic sampling of consecutive cases, in normal adults, 18 to 70 years, healthy.
Research carried out in October, 2016.

Data were collected by self-completed survey, with informed consent of the respondent.

**Results:** Result: Interviews with 220 adults, men and women. 80% of respondents consume SN. Men 40% to increase muscle mass, the elderly to improve quality of life-sexual vitality.
Women, 60% to decrease body fat, vitality, rejuvenate, prevent cancer, cholesterol, diabetes.

L-carnitine (10%), protein (15%), amino acids (25%), vitamins-minerals (34%), food substitutes (6%), natural leaf products.
They consume NS more than 40 to 60 years, followed by young adults from 18 to 30 years.

60% consume without medical indication; Recommended by friends, coach, media, internet.

Older adults prefer SN in milks, powders, infusions of herbs-seeds or fruits, and the active compounds or their utilities can not be determined.

**Conclusions:**

- The consumption of NS must indicate and supervise a health professional.

- It is not prudent to use them freely, since they are not safe for health.

- People should be educated to get nutrients from a healthy diet, rather than using SN.

**Keywords:** SN :nutritional supplements
## AMINO ACID PROFILE OF DIFFERENT PRODUC-
TIVE LINES OF CHICKEN, TURKEY AND PORK
MEAT

(1)Figueroa, Constanza; (2)Bas, Fernando; (2)Larrain, Rafael; (3)Matilla, Eugenio; (4)Dorta, Eva.

(1)MSc. Nutritionist. Associate Teaching Unit. Faculty of Medicine. Pontifical Catholic University of Chile. Chile.; (2)PhD. Agricultural Engineer. Animals Science Department. Faculty of Agronomy and Forest Engineering. Pontifical Catholic University of Chile. Chile.; (3)Agricultural Engineer. Animals Science Department. Faculty of Agronomy and Forest Engineering. Pontifical Catholic University of Chile. Chile.; (4)Biology. Chemistry-Physics Department. Faculty of Chemistry. Pontifical Catholic University of Chile. Chile.

**Background and objectives:** The nutritional composition of meat has varied through time due to industrialization of production systems, genetic improvement and lean carcasses design experienced by domestic animals.

**Objective:** Compare the amino acid (AA) composition of cuts of chicken, turkey and pork meat with standards utilized for the evaluation of AA of the Chilean diet.

**Methods:** The samples of chicken cuts (wings, breast, thigh, leg, liver and gizzard), turkey (whole, breast, thigh and leg) and pork (veiled chop, ribs, fillet, leg, shoulder, bacon-loin and heart), were given by the company Agrosuper and selected by the investigators. The samples where homogenized and frozen at -20°C before the analysis. A T-Test was performed to estimate the difference between AA analysis and AA composition referred by the FAO 1981.

**Results:** Chicken thigh had less concentration for all AA (p<0,05) according to the standard, meanwhile, fillet and shoulder had higher amount of almost all AA (p=0,05), except for isoleucine, which had lower concentration (p<0,05). All turkey cuts presented a smaller amount in relation to the standard for phenylalanine (p<0,05). The whole turkey presented higher concentration of threonine, leucine, and lysine (p=0,02, 0,01 and <0,0001 respectively); the breast had higher concentration of leucine and lysine (p=0,03 and 0,002) and lower in valine (p=0,03); the thigh had less amount for all AA except for arginine, leucine and lysine (p=0,41, 0,08 and 0,86 respectively); turkey leg had higher concentration of leucine and lysine (p=0,006 and 0,006), and less of proline, valine, methionine, phenylalanine (p=0,02, 0,04, 0,03 and 0,01).

**Conclusions:** There is a difference between the AA composition of some cuts of chicken, turkey and pork meat and the standard. An explanation for this situation could be the genetic and nutrition improvement of these animals that modified their nutritional composition.

**Keywords:** AA: Amino acids

## NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF AUTISTIC CHIL-
DREN

(1)Bagatini Saud Ferro, Élen Lúcia; (2)Manochio Pina, Marina Garcia;

(3)Marçal, Daniela Cristina de Sousa; (1)Haddad Caleiro Pereira, Cláudia; (3)Silva, Maísa Ferreira; (4)Rossi, Camila Manfredi dos Santos.

(1)MD. Nutritionist. Curso de Nutrição. Universidade de Franca. Brasil.; (2)PhD. Nutritionist. Curso de Nutrição. Universidade de Franca. Brasil.; (3)Bel. Nutricionist. Curso de Nutrição. Universidade de Franca. Brasil.; (4)MD. Nutricionist. Curso de Nutrição. Universidade de Franca. Brasil.

**Background and objectives:** Autism is nowadays described by some authors as Autism Spectrum Disorders, a type of neurodevelopmental disorder with different degrees of severity. It is commonly characterized by communication, social interaction and imagination deviances. Regarding nourishment, it is commonly observed food refusal, indiscipline and hyper-selectivity among these children, which may lead to cases of malnutrition. This research aimed to assess the nutritional status of autistic children aged five to fourteen years, who attend a unit of the Association of Parents and Friends of Exceptional Children (APAE), through the Body Mass Index, and verify their dietary characteristics.

**Methods:** It was evaluated 14 children of both sexes, aged between five and fourteen years, who attend a unit of the Association of Parents and Friends of Exceptional Children (APAE). It was applied a survey about children's eating habits and preferences to the parents. By calculating the BMI/age it was measured the nutritional condition of each child. The data obtained from anthropometric measurements were related to the results of the survey about children's eating habits applied.

**Results:** It was observed that 50% of the children had difficulty accepting hard and dry food and in extreme temperatures (hot or cold). Only 50% of them showed a good acceptance of new food. 66.6% of the children who needed assistance to feed themselves were overweight or obese. Concerning the nutritional status, it was observed that the rate of overweight children was very high (57%), which is not common in children with autism spectrum disorders. Parents did not have a correct perception of the nutritional status of their children, since most of the mothers (64.28%) underestimated the children's weight, which may be a factor that causes overweight.

**Conclusions:** The rate of autistic and obese children is very high, following what has been happening with children through out the country. The use of restrictive diets should be weighed and always accompanied by specialized professionals. Most parents did not have an adequate perception of the nutritional status of their offspring, which could result in late diagnosis and intervention and consequently nutritional problems that could be avoided if detected previously.

**Keywords:** autism, eating habits, nutritional status
## VALIDITY OF A FOOD-FREQUENCY QUESTIONNAIRE FOR DIETARY INFLAMMATORY INDEX: THE JPHC FFQ VALIDATION STUDY

(1)Sunami, Ayaka; (2)Ishihara, Junko; (3)Sawada, Norie; (3)Iwasaki, Motoki; (4)Shivappa, Nitin; (4)Hebert, James R.; (5)Inoue, Manami; (3)Tsugane, Shoichiro.

(1)PhD. Nutritionist. Epidemiology and Prevention Group. Center for Public Health Sciences. National Cancer Center. Japan.;

(2)PhD. Division of Nutrition Science. Graduate School of Sagami Women's University. Japan.; (3)PhD. Epidemiology and Prevention Group. Center for Public Health Sciences. National Cancer Center. Japan.; (4)PhD. Cancer Prevention and Control Program. University of South Carolina. USA.; (5)PhD. Graduate School of Medicine. The University of Tokyo. Japan.

**Background and objectives:** Inflammation is related to the development of many cancers and diet plays a central role in the regulation of inflammation. The dietary inflammatory index (DII TM) is a literature-derived dietary index designed to assess the impact of diet on people's inflammation status. All studies validating the DII have been conducted exclusively in Western populations, heretofore not in Eastern populations whose dietary habits are very different from those in the West. Therefore, the aim of this study is to validate, in a Japanese population, DII scores derived from a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) with DII scores calculated from 28-day dietary records (DR) in the Japan Public Health Center-based prospective study (JPHC Study).

**Methods:** Validation studies were conducted in 1994 (Cohort I, n=215) and in 1996 (Cohort II, n=350). In each study the DRs were collected over one year. The FFQ was distributed before and after DR collection. DII scores calculated from both dietary assessment tools were compared. Spearman's rank correlation and weighted kappa coefficients were calculated from energy-adjusted DII. Density method was used for energy adjustment.

**Results:** Median (min, max) energy-adjusted DII for men and women from DR were -1.00 (-4.47, 2.02) and -2.15 (-5.43, 1.16) in Cohort I and -1.61 (-4.86, 2.29) and -2.70 (-5.49, 1.62) in Cohort II, respectively. Correlation coefficients for validation analysis for men and women were 0.35 and 0.39 in Cohort I, and 0.48 and 0.47 in Cohort II, respectively. Weighted kappa coefficients in men and women were 0.82 and 0.85 (Cohort I), and 0.86 and 0.86 (Cohort II), respectively. Correlation coefficients for reproducibility analysis for men and women was 0.63 and 0.59 in cohort I, and 0.63 and 0.62 in cohort II, respectively.

**Conclusions:** DII assessed by FFQ was valid when compared to the DII derived from DRs.

**Keywords:** Validation study; FFQ; DII; inflammation

## NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT AND THE INFLUENCE OF BREASTFEEDING IN PATIENTS WITH DOWN SYNDROME

(1)Bagatini Saud Ferro, Élen Lúcia; (2)Manochio Pina, Marina Garcia;

(3)Furlan, Ester Cristina; (1)Haddad Caleiro Pereira, Cláudia.

(1)MD. Nutritionist. Curso de Nutrição. Universidade de Franca. Brasil.; (2)PhD. Nutritionist. Curso de Nutrição. Universidade de Franca. Brasil.; (3)Bel. Nutricionist. Curso de Nutrição. Universidade de Franca. Brasil.

**Background and objectives:** Studies indicate that most of the children and adolescents with Down Syndrome present overweight or obesity due to genetic, environmental and physiologic aspects. Since the nutritional factors can help the improvement in these individuals' quality of life and prevent pathologies related to the bad feeding, the adaptation of the Down Syndrome bearers to a healthy feeding is fundamental, starting from the breast feeding period. Thus, these are the aims of this research: evaluate the difficulties of the breastfeeding and the occurrence of early weaning in children bearers of Down Syndrome and also verify the influence of the breastfeeding on its nutritional state.

**Methods:** The nutritional evaluation was accomplished in APAE children of a municipal district in the countryside of São Paulo and a questionnaire was the period of breastfeeding. The sample was composed by 16 children with age varying from 3 to 6 years old and the anthropometric evaluation was accomplished through weight/age and height/age which were analyzed through the specific growth curves for the population with Down Syndrome by Mustacchie e Cronk.

**Results:** The classification of the nutritional state showed that all the participants turned eutrophic. In agreement with the obtained results, 83,3% of the mothers who received formal orientations were breastfeeding, as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO -OMS), superior result to those mothers who did not receive that orientation type. Factors such as work, age and primiparous mothers have not influenced the breastfeeding time. The main difficulty relate was getting the baby to breast which is a responsible factor for 71,4% of the breast feeding desertion among the mothers who could not breastfeed for six months or over.

**Conclusions:** Qualified professionals' attendance becomes necessary so that the difficulties are resolved, making exclusive mothers' breast feeding desertion a practice less common in this population.

**Keywords:** Down Syndrome, mother breastfeeding, nutritional state
crease compared to girls who were satisfied with their body image (0.5 kg/m², p < 0.05). There was no association between BID and BMI trajectory for girls from public schools and boys from private or public schools.

**Conclusions:** The findings suggest that BID may be related to BMI trajectory in girls from high socioeconomic status and contribute to comprehend the relation of BMI trajectories and BID during adolescence

**Keywords:** body dissatisfaction, body mass index, adolescents, longitudinal study

ASSESSMENT OF FASTING BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL OF UNDERGRADUATES IN ABEOKUTA OGUN STATE NIGERIA

(1)Olunusi, Abosede; (2)Sunday, Nupo.

(1)PhD. Senior Lecturer at Department of Home Economics and Hotel Management. Tai Solarin University of Education. Nigeria; (2)PhD. Lecturer. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics. Moshood Abiola Polytechnic. Ojere. Abeokuta. Nigeria.

**Background and objectives:** Impaired Fasting Glucose (IFG) is a condition where Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) is above normal but not high enough to be considered diabetic. Impaired fasting glucose is linked with many co-morbid diseases such as obesity, the prevalence of impaired fasting glucose concentration among undergraduates in Ogun state South-West Nigeria.

**Methods:** A purposive sampling technique was used to select three hundred undergraduate students willing and ready participant. A pretested structured questionnaire was used to obtain the socio-economic information of the undergraduates. Fasting blood glucose, weight, height and blood pressure were determined using glucometer, weighing scale, heightometer and sphygmomanometer respectively.

**Results:** The result of the study showed that the prevalence of IFG among undergraduate in South West Nigeria was 11.0% (n=33) of total participants. A higher prevalence of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) was found with females than males. Body mass index of the subject reviewed that (11.0%, n=33) were underweight, (61.0%, n=183) had normal weight, (27.3%, n=82) were overweight and (0.7%, n=2) were obese.

**Conclusions:** In conclusion, some of the participants had abnormal FBG (11%, n=33). Nutritional program/workshop should be organized by the institutions to enable undergraduates make a healthy, responsible lifestyle choices and consume a well-balanced diet.

**Keywords:** None

A BODY SHAPE INDEX (ABSI) AS AN ADIPOSITY MEASURE AND DIET QUALITY IN MEN: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY (MEDISH PROJECT)

(1)Lonnie, Marta; (2)Kowalkowska, Joanna; (3)Wadolowska, Lidia;

(4)Bandurska-Stankiewicz, Elzbieta.

(1)MSc; (2)MSc. Department of Human Nutrition. Faculty of Food Science. University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn. Poland;

(3)Full Professor. Department of Human Nutrition. Faculty of Food Science. University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn. Poland.; (4)Full Professor. Department of Internal Medicine. Faculty of Medical Sciences. University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn. Poland.

**Background and objectives:** Accurate and simple adiposity measures have been in the forefront of research since the controversies around measures utilising only one or two parameters arose. We hypothesised that a new, combined adiposity measure – a body shape index (ABSI) [1] – may be a superior indicator of a diet quality comparing to others. Objective: to assess an association of ABSI and other commonly used adiposity measures with a diet quality in men.

**Methods:** In all, 246 men 19-50 years old participated in the study. Diet quality was assessed using food frequency questionnaire (KomPAN). Two diet quality scores were created: pro-healthy (pHDI) and non-healthy (nHDI) based on KomPAN procedure [2]. Five measures were investigated: ABSI (ABSI=WC/BMI^2/3 multiplied by Height^1/2), body fat percentage (%BF), body mass index (BMI), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and waist circumference (WC). The associations between adiposity measures and diet quality scores were evaluated by multivariate logistic regression, adjusted for age and physical activity.

**Results:** Very high risk (ABSI z-score≥0,798) was found in 18.7% men; obesity (%BF≥25% or BMI>30kg/m^2) in 33.3% or 9.8%, respectively; central obesity (WHtR>0.5 or WC>102cm) in 41.9% or 11.4%, respectively. Men in the upper tertile of pHDI were less likely to be in the top (very high risk) category of ABSI (odds ratio, OR=0.24, 95%CI confidence interval, 95%CI:0.08;0.75; adjusted OR=0.19, 95%CI:0.04;0.90). Men from the upper tertile of nHDI were more likely to be in the obese category of %BF (OR=2.60, 95%CI:1.20;5.62; adjusted OR=3.31, 95%CI:1.32;8.30). No significant associations with diet quality were found in terms of BMI, WHtR and WC.

**Conclusions:** Among all adiposity measures studied, only ABSI and body fat percentage were associated with diet quality, regardless of adjustment for age and physical activity. In the obesity context ABSI can be considered as a good indicator of higher quality diet and body fat percentage as an indicator of a low diet quality in men.

**References:** [1]Krakauer NY, Krakauer JC. A new body shape index predicts mortality hazard independently of body mass index. PLoS One.2012;7(7):e39504. [2]Polish Academy of Sciences: Committee of Human Nutrition Science. KomPAN: Eating Habits and Believes Questionnaire.2016. Available at: http://www.knozc.pan.pl/index.php/wydawnictwa/100-kwestionariusz-do-bada-nia-pogladow-i-zwyczajow-zywieniowych-oraz-procedura-opracowania-danych-kompan. Accessed 21 March 2017.

**Keywords:** ABSI, adiposity, diet quality scores, FFQ, men
## DEUTERIUM COMPARED TO 15N-LABELING TO DETERMINE DIGESTIVE AND METABOLIC FATE OF MILK PROTEINS

(1)Tomé, Daniel; (2)Khodorova, Nadezda; (3)Calvez, Juliane; (4)Tessier, Joseph; (5)Kapel, Romain; (3)Gaudichon, Claire.

(1)Professeur, PhD, AgroParisTech, Paris, France; (2)PhD. Chemist, UMR PNCA, INRA-AgroParisTech-Université Paris Saclay, Paris, France; (3)PhD. Nutritionist, UMR PNCA, INRA-AgroParisTech-Université Paris Saclay, Paris, France; (4)PhD. Nutritionist, UMR MOSAR, INRA-AgroParisTech-Université Paris Saclay, Paris, France; (5)PhD. Chemist, UMR LRGP, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France.

**Background and objectives:** The intrinsic labeling of dietary proteins with 15N is convenient to determine their digestive and metabolic fate. The use of 15N ammonium salts and/or nitric oxide allows the uniform labeling of proteins in ruminant products and plants, but this procedure cannot be used for all protein sources. Deuterated water is an alternative but its accuracy has not been assessed. We aimed to compare the performance of 15N and 2H.

**Methods:** Milk was labelled from 4 goats receiving orally 5g of 15N ammonium sulfate (99%) for 4 consecutive days. Eighty or 160 mL 2H2O (98%) was given in drinking water for 1 or 3 consecutive days. Milk was collected for 5 days. Proteins were purified from milk and their 15N and 2H enrichments determined. Labelled protein digestibility was assessed in twelve rats receiving a single test meal. Rats were sacrificed 4h (n=6) or 6h (n=6) after the meal. Dietary proteins were quantified in gastrointestinal segments (stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum and colon) by elemental analyzer coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometer.

**Results:** The 15N enrichment in milk proteins increased during 3 days to a value of 1%. Whatever the dose of 2H2O, 3 days administration enabled a better 2H enrichment, reaching 0.032 % and 0.051% with 80 and 160 mL, respectively. In rats, the digesta to meal enrichment ratio was strongly correlated between 15N and 2H in the stomach (R=0.94) and in the ileum (R=0.91) but the correlation was lower in the caecum (R=0.64). In the colon, no 2H enrichment was found in contrast to 15N. The recovery of dietary protein was similar with both tracers in the stomach, and tended to be lower in the caecum with 2H (P=0.08). Orofaecal digestibility was slightly higher using 2H than 15N (98.2 ± 0.3% vs 97.6 ±0.1%, P= 0.001) but orocaecal digestibility was similar.

**Conclusions:** Deuterium labeling of dietary protein appears as convenient as 15N to follow the digestive fate of protein sources. The discrepancies between 15N and 2H observed in the colon is probably due to the bacterial metabolism. However, the impact on the determination of digestibility was slight.

**Keywords:** Protein quality, stable isotopes, protein bioavailability, dietary protein, digestibility

## THE EFFECT OF PROTEIN INTAKE AND PROTEIN DISTRIBUTION ON MUSCLE STRENGTH AND MUSCLE FUNCTION IN PHYSICALLY ACTIVE ELDERLY

(1)Ten Haaf, Dominique; (2)Nuijten, Malou; (3)de Vries, Jan; (4)Bongers, Coen; (5)Eijsvogels, Thijs; (6)Hopman, Maria.

(1)PhD. Nutrition scientist. Department of Physiology. Radboud Institute for Health Sciences. Radboud university medical center Nijmegen. The Netherlands.; (2)BSc. Exercise physiologist. Department of Physiology. Radboud Institute for Health Sciences. Radboud university medical center Nijmegen. The Netherlands.; (3)PhD. Nutrition scientist. Division of Human Nutrition. Wageningen University, Wageningen. The Netherlands.; (4)MSc. Exercise physiologist. Department of Physiology. Radboud Institute for Health Sciences. Radboud university medical center Nijmegen. The Netherlands.; (5)PhD. Exercise physiologist. Department of Physiology. Radboud Institute for Health Sciences. Radboud university medical center Nijmegen. The Netherlands. Division of Human Nutrition. Wageningen University, Wageningen. The Netherlands.

**Background and objectives:** The effect of protein intake and protein distribution on muscle strength and functionality has mainly been studied in frail elderly, while physically active elderly show age-related declines in muscle strength as well. Therefore, it is of high interest to study the effects of amount and distribution of protein intake on muscle strength and -function in physically active elderly.

**Methods:** The amount of protein intake and its distribution over the day were assessed using two 24-hr recalls and average values were calculated. Based on protein intake, participants were allocated to a sufficient and non-sufficient protein intake group, based on the cutoff value of ≥1.2 g/kg bw/day or <1.2 g/kg bw/day. Skewness of distribution was calculated as coefficient of variance (CV). Based on the CV participants were divided in tertiles. Muscle strength and function were measured by handgrip strength and the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), respectively.

**Results:** 82 participants (79% male, 84±2 yrs) with a daily physical activity of 11.8±6.5 METhr/day were enrolled in this study. The average SPPB score was 10.3±1.6 and the handgrip strength was 36±8 kg for males and 25±4 kg for females. A sufficient protein intake was associated with higher SPPB score compared to the non-sufficient protein group (11.1±0.9 versus 9.9±1.7, P=0.001). Handgrip strength showed no significant differences between protein intake groups for both sexes (both P>0.05). Regarding protein distribution pattern, no significant differences were found between tertiles for SPPB score or handgrip strength (all P>0.05).

**Conclusions:** Higher protein intake in physically active elderly seems to be related to improved muscle function, but this effect
was not found for muscle strength. Distribution of protein intake had no effect on muscle strength and function in active elderly.

**Keywords:** Protein distribution, physical functionality, muscle mass, sarcopenia.

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BODY COMPOSITION OF THE POLISH SKI JUMPERS

(1)Ostachowska-Gasior, Agnieszka; (2)Kwiatkowski, Jacek.

(1)PhD. Nutritionist. Department of Hygiene and Dietetics. Dietary Lab Counseling. Medical College. Jagiellonian University of Krakow. Poland.; (2)MSc. computer programmer. Department of Hygiene and Dietetics, Dietary Lab. Counseling. Medical College. Jagiellonian University of Krakow. Poland.

**Background and objectives:** The results of the wind tunnel experiments and simulated ski-jumping models suggest that body weight and body composition of ski jumpers have tremendous impact on performing a long ski jump. Lower Body Mass Index (BMI) correlates with longer jump and in a response to this conclusion, controlling body weight and active weight loss have become popular among ski jumpers. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate body composition and body symmetry of Polish elite male ski jumpers and its comparison with non-athletic Polish male of the same age and body height.

**Methods:** For the research a group of ski jumpers (n=18; mean age: 20.1) and non-athletic male volunteers (n=18; mean age: 20.9) as a control group have been chosen. Body composition was assessed using segmental bioelectrical impedance analyzer InBody S10, Biospace. Differences between control group and ski jumpers were tested with the Student t-test and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for the inter-group differences. Statistical analysis was performed with Statistica 10 software package.

**Results:** Ski jumpers were 13.1 kg lighter than controls (95% CI 6.8 to 19.4, P < 0.001). Body Cell Mass and Bone Mineral Content had greater values in a control group but the differences were not significant. Total fat mass and body fat % were 5.2 kg (P < 0.001) and 4.5% units (P < 0.001) lower in ski jumpers. Lean-to-fat mass ratio was 4.5 units greater in ski jumpers (95% CI 2.6 to 6.4, P < 0.001). Ski jumpers' perfect body symmetry (lack of right or left body side domination) appeared to be a feature significantly differentiating - in control group both right arm and right leg turned out to be dominant.

**Conclusions:** Body composition of polish ski jumpers, despite the lower body weight, indicates healthy proportion between fat tissue and lean tissue. It is very likely that perfect body symmetry observed in ski jumpers is an effect of their training specificity, but the possibility that this symmetry is an individual primary feature, influencing a success rate in this sport discipline cannot be ruled out.

**Keywords:** ski jumpers, body composition, BMI, body symmetry

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DIETARY SOURCES OF FREE SUGARS IN EUROPEAN CHILDREN'S DIET: THE IDEFICS STUDY

(1)Mesana Graffe, María Isabel; (2)Pala, Valeria; (3)de Henauw, Stefaan;

(4)Eiben, Gabriele; (5)Hadjigeorgiou, Charalampos; (6)Iacovello, Licia;

(7)Molnar, Denes; (8)Russo, Paola; (9)Veidebaum, Toomas; (10)Moreno, Luis A.

(1)PhD. MD. GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group. University of Zaragoza. Zaragoza. Spain. Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2). Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón). Red SAMID; (2)PhD. Department of Preventive Medicine. Nutritional Epidemiology Unit. Fondazione IRCSS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori. Milan. Italy; (3)Prof. PhD. Department of Public Health. Ghent University. 9000 Ghent. Belgium; (4)PhD. Department of Public Health and Community Medicine. University of Gothenburg. 40530 Gothenburg. Sweden; (5)PhD. Research and Education Institute of Child Health. Strovolos. Cyprus; (6)Prof. PhD. IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed. Pozzilli. Molise. Italy; (7)Prof. PhD. Department of Paediatrics. Medical Faculty. University of Pécs. Pécs. Hungary; (8)PhD. Unit of Epidemiology & Population Genetics. Institute of Food Sciences. National Research Council. Avellino. Italy.; (9)PhD. National Institute for Health Development. Estonian Centre of Behavioral and Health Sciences. Tallinn. Estonia; (10)GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group. University of Zaragoza. Spain. IA2. IIS Aragón. CIBER-obn.

**Background and objectives:** Introduction: The effects of free sugars on health have received worldwide attention in research and public health. Consistent information on sugar content of foods and sugar intake in children is required.

**Objective:** To report dietary free sugars consumption and their different types and food sources in European children.

**Methods:** Design: The present research are results from a multicenter study in children, the IDEFICS (Identification and prevention of dietary and lifestyle induced health effects in children and infants) Study. A total of 8308 children (50.9 % males) of eight survey centers aged 2-9 years were studied. The participants were a subset of the original sample (n=16228) with complete data on dietary data obtained using at least one 24-h recall. Sugars intake was assessed as total sugars, free sugars and energy intake.

**Results:** Mean total energy intake was 1613.1 (SD 452.8) kcal/d for boys and 1489.4 (SD 390.7) kcal/d for girls. The percentage contribution of total sugars to daily energy intake was 23.7%. Free sugars intake provided 15.1% to daily energy intake. Girls had significantly (p < 0.001) lower intakes of energy, carbohydrates, total sugars and free sugars, compared with boys. When examining by age groups, the intake of free sugars was significantly higher in older boys and girls than in younger ones, for all food groups except for coffee, tea, herbal and similars group. The main contributor to free sugars intake was the group of 'Soft drinks' (23 g/d), followed by 'Fruit juices manufactured' (21.1 g/d) and 'Fruit and fruit juices' (13.7 g/d).

The main food contributors to free sugars intake are shown in Figure 1.
The percentage contribution of free sugars to daily energy intake, per countries, is shown in Figure 2.

**Conclusions:** This study provides important information about the pattern of sugar intake in European children. High intake of sugar remains an important nutritional problem in children of many European countries. Continued and coordinated efforts are required at a national, community and individual level to reduce the intake of total sugars.

**Keywords:** sugars, children, intake, Europe, IDEFICS

**Further collaborators:** PhD. Timm Intemann. Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology. Bremen. Germany
PhD. Hannah Jilani. Research Institute of Child Nutrition. Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn. Dortmund. Germany

82.3% of caregivers used the recall-aid; in 43.6% of these cases, the recall-aid captured at least one food/beverage omitted during recall. The mean number of forgotten foods/beverages captured by the recall-aid was 2, with a range of 1-9. Of caregivers with food/beverage omissions, 47.2% forgot candy/chocolates, 36.8% savory snacks (instant noodles/chips), 36.1% biscuits, 34.7% fruits (apple/banana/grape/ orange/pomegranate), 16.0% milk, and 4.9% porridge.

**Conclusions:** Because snacks may be fed spontaneously and by multiple caregivers, these foods/beverages may be omitted in 24-hour recalls for young children. Capturing these items in dietary assessments is important, as they cover food categories relevant for certain IYCF indicators, and their omission may result in misrepresentation of diet quality. Use of a context-specific recall-aid may assist in capturing consumption of these otherwise missed foods/beverages and further validation of such tools is needed.

**Keywords:** diet assessment, IYCF, Nepal, nutrition, 24-hour recall

## 144/1133

# DEVELOPMENT OF A TOOL TO AID CAREGIVERS' RECALL OF SNACKS AMONG CHILDREN 12-23 MONTHS OF AGE IN KATHMANDU VALLEY, NEPAL

**Background and objectives:** Twenty-four hour recalls are commonly conducted with caregivers to measure dietary intake of children. However, recall bias can result in under-reporting of certain foods. This research assessed the accuracy of caregivers' recall of their child's food/beverage consumption in order to develop a recall-aid for use in a dietary assessment of young children in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal.

**Methods:** Ten children 12-23 months of age were observed for 12-hour periods (7am-7pm), with all feeding episodes noted in detail; the following day, a semi-quantitative 24-hour recall was conducted with the primary caregiver. A pictorial recall-aid tool was developed based on these formative research findings, and piloted among caregivers from varying socio-economic backgrounds. A final version was used in a quantitative 24-hour recall of 401 young children.

**Results:** Comparison of what children consumed during observations and what caregivers reported in subsequent 24-hour recalls found that snacks fed to children between meals were commonly omitted; these included: biscuits, fruits, milk, candy, and porridges. Observations also found that multiple caregivers provided snacks to children. Images of these forgotten foods/beverages were compiled in the recall-aid, which was distributed to survey participants 2-3 days prior to interview. Participants were instructed to keep the aid with their child so that anyone feeding could indicate foods/beverages fed. In the quantitative survey,

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# CORRELATIONS BETWEEN SERUM 25(OH)-VITAMIN D AND FAT MASS, FAT-FREE MASS AND TOTAL BODY WATER IN ADULTS OF BOTH SEXES WITH DIFFERENT BODY MASS INDEX

**Background and objectives:** We assessed the correlations of serum vitamin D with body composition parameters.

**Methods:** 109 men and 155 women (20-60 years) participated. Body composition was recorded by bioelectrical impedance (Tanita BC 420 MA, Tanita Inc., Japan): % body fat (% BF); fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), total body water (TBW). The fat mass index (FMI) and fat-free mass index (FFMI) were calculated. Serum 25(OH)Vitamin D Total was measured by electro-hemi-luminescence on an Elecsys 2010 analyzer (Roche Diagnostics, Switzerland).

**Results:** 27.2 % of the participants had normal weight, 24.6 % - overweight, 29.2 % - class I obesity, and 18.9 % - class II or III. 33.3 % had vitamin D deficiency, 40.2 % - insufficiency. Vitamin D was weakly and inversely correlated to most of the variables except for age, height, FFM, FFMI and bone mass. The FM and FFM were correlated to vitamin D only in obesity class II and III. In men the FFM, the FFMI, the TBW and the BM were not correlated to vitamin D, while in women they were.

**Conclusions:** Serum 25(OH)vitamin D is tightly correlated to FM, % FM and %TBW but not to FFM or TBW.

<footnote>(1)Pries, Alissa; (2)Sharma, Nisha; (3)Upadhyay, Atul; (4)Adhikari, Babita;</footnote>

<footnote>(5)Niraula, Pratik; (6)Filteau, Suzanne; (6)Ferguson, Elaine.</footnote>

<footnote>(1)MPH. Technical Advisor. Helen Keller International. USA.;</footnote>

<footnote>(2)MPH. Helen Keller International. Nepal.; (3)PhD. Helen Keller International. Nepal.; (4)MRD. Helen Keller International. Nepal.;</footnote>

<footnote>(5)BND. Helen Keller International. Nepal.; (6)PhD. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. UK.</footnote>

<footnote>(1)Nikolova, Maria; (2)Boyanov, Mihail; (3)Penkov, Alexandar.</footnote>

<footnote>(1)Medical Doctor. Department of Hygiene, Medical Ecology and Nutrition. Medical University of Sofia. Bulgaria; (2)Professor. MD. Phd. Clinic of Endocrinology. Department Internal Medicine. Alexandrovska University Hospital. Medical University of Sofia. Bulgaria; (3)Assoc.Professor. MD. Phd. Department of Hygiene, Medical Ecology and Nutrition. Medical University of Sofia. Bulgaria.</footnote>
(1)Cominetti, Cristiane; (2)Moraes Lobo, Ana; (3)Cristina de Morais, Carla; (3)Morais Alves Machado, Malaine.

(1)Professor and Researcher. Nutritional Genomics Research Group. Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Goias, Goiania-GO, Brazil; (2)Master student. Nutrition and Health Program, Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Goias, Goiania-GO, Brazil; (3)PhD student. Health Science Program, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Goias, Goiania-GO, Brazil.

**Background and objectives:** Dietary and physical activity patterns in Brazil have foment an increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity, which are beginning in the early stages of life. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify dietary patterns of Brazilian adolescents and to determine the associated factors.

**Methods:** It was a cross-sectional study with 446 adolescents aged 10-19 years, enrolled in a public school in Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil. Dietary intake was assessed by a usual food recall. Socioeconomic, anthropometric and lifestyle data were collected through classical protocols. Principal component factor analysis with Varimax rotation was used to identify dietary patterns. Factor scores were calculated and then used in multiple linear regression to evaluate socioeconomic, anthropometric and lifestyle factors associated with the patterns.

**Results:** Four dietary patterns were identified and together explained 38.8% of the food consumption total variance. These patterns were denominated: 1) traditional Brazilian meal (characterized by cereals and roots, legumes, meats, vegetables and sugar-sweetened beverages), 2) traditional snack (which included farinaceous snacks, butter and margarine, dairy and sweets, and was inversely associated with processed meat consumption), 3) processed snacks (processed meat, yellow cheese and farinaceous snacks), and 4) junk food (composed by candies, fatty snacks, sugar-sweetened beverages and pastas, and inversely associated with intake of fruits). The pattern "traditional Brazilian meal" was inversely associated with BMI and female sex. The pattern "traditional snack" was inversely associated with BMI and positively associated with greater time sitting at the weekend. The pattern "junk food" was associated positively with the greater daily time in front of television. Only this latter pattern did not present an inverse association with commuting to school by car.

**Conclusions:** Adolescents' dietary patterns were associated with anthropometric and lifestyle variables, so that a diet based on traditional Brazilian foods is recommended because it seems to favor lower BMI values.

**Keywords:** Factor analysis, Adolescent, Feeding behavior, Food consumption.

(1)Khandelwal, Ritika; (2)Kapil, Umesh.

(1)M Sc. Research Scientist. Department of Human Nutrition Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi, Delhi;

(2)Professor. Human Nutrition Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences.

**Background and objectives:** Nutrition is an important element of health in the geriatric population. Geriatric has an increased risk of malnutrition due to physiological changes such as reduced metabolic rate, loss of appetite, difficulties in chewing, and various co-morbidities. Objective: To assess the nutritional status and its associated risk factors amongst geriatric population aged ≥ 60 years living in high altitude regions of rural Uttarakhand, India.

**Methods:** A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted during 2015-2016 in District Nainital. Thirty clusters were identified using population proportionate to size sampling method; 30 geriatric subjects were selected from each cluster. Study population included 981 geriatric aged 60 years and above. Standard procedures were used to determine the height and weight and the BMI was calculated from the results of the measurements of weight (kg) and height (cm) (kg/m2). Data was entered in MS Excel 2007 and analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. Univariate and multivariate analysis was done to identify factors associated with underweight and overweight.

**Results:** About 26.6% geriatric were underweight, 18.0% were overweight and 4.6% were obese. In univariate analysis male gender, low education, low income, chewing problem, less number of meals was found to be associated with underweight, while overweight/obesity was found to be associated with age, female gender, higher level of education and income.

**Conclusions:** In rural India prevalence of underweight and overweight was found to be high amongst geriatric. There is a need for geriatric nutritional intervention in rural population.

**Keywords:** Geriatric, Nutritional Assessment, Underweight, Overweight.
IN HAITIAN WOMEN AND CHILDREN, IRON ABSORPTION FROM WHEAT FLOUR FORTIFIED WITH NAFEEDTA IS HIGHER THAN FROM FLOUR FORTIFIED WITH FERROUS FUMARATE AND IS NOT AFFECTED BY H. PYLORI INFECTION

(¹)Herter-Aeberli, Isabelle; (²)Eliancy, Kerline; (³)Rathon, Yanick;

(⁴)Loechl, Cornelia; (²)Marhone, Joseline; (⁵)Zimmermann, Michael Bruce.

(¹)Senior Scientist. Human Nutrition Laboratory. ETH Zurich. Switzerland; (²)Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Population. Port au Prince. Haiti.; (³)Laboratoire Nationale de la Santé. Port au Prince. Haiti.; (⁴)International Atomic Energy Agency. Vienna. Austria.; (⁵)Professor. Human Nutrition Laboratory. ETH Zurich. Switzerland.

**Background and objectives:** The prevalence of iron deficiency in Haiti is high and a program of iron fortification of wheat flour has been proposed; however, there are no data on iron bioavailability from iron fortificants in Haitian women or children, two key target groups. We aimed to investigate the bioavailability of ferrous fumarate (FeFum), NaFeEDTA and their combination from fortified wheat flour.

**Methods:** We recruited 22 healthy mother-child pairs in Port au Prince, Haiti for an iron absorption study. We administered stable iron isotopes as FeFum or NaFeEDTA in low-extraction wheat flour bread rolls consumed by all participants in a randomized, cross-over fashion. In a final meal, consumed only by the women, FeFum+NaFeEDTA was administered. The amount of iron used in the test meal was chosen to simulate the fortification level currently discussed by the Haitian government. We measured iron absorption by using erythrocyte incorporation of stable isotopes 14 days after consumption of each meal, and determined iron status, inflammatory markers and H. pylori infection.

**Results:** Iron absorption (geo mean (95% CI) was 9.24 (6.35,13.44) and 9.26 (7.00,12.31) from FeFum and 13.06 (9.23,19.10) and 12.99 (9.18,18.39) from NaFeEDTA in mothers and children, respectively (p<0.05 between compounds). Iron absorption from FeFum+NaFeEDTA was 11.09 (7.45,17.34) and did not differ from the other two meals. H. pylori infection did not influence iron absorption in either group or meal.

**Conclusions:** In conclusion, in Haitian women and children consuming low extraction wheat flour, iron absorption from NaFeEDTA was 40% higher than from FeFum, and the combination FeFum+NaFeEDTA did not significantly increase iron absorption compared to FeFum alone. In the context of Haiti, where the high costs of NaFeEDTA may not be affordable, the use of FeFum at 60 mg Fe/kg flour may be a preferable, cost-effective fortification strategy.

**Keywords:** Iron absorption,ferrous fumarate,NaFeEDTA,-Flour fortification,Haiti

BIOFORTIFIED BEANS WITH IRON REGENERATE HEMOGLOBIN VALUES IN ANEMIC RATS

(¹)Bressan, Josefina; (²)Mara Bigonha, Solange; (³)Grzeskowiak, Lukasz; (⁴)Rodrigues da Luz, José Maria; (⁵)Almeida Oliveira, Maria Goreti; (⁶)Duarte Martino, Hércia; (⁷)Reis Honório, Camilla.

(¹)PhD in Physiology and Nutrition. Nutritionist. Department of Nutrition and Health. Federal University of Viçosa. Brazil.; (²)PhD in Agricultural Biochemistry. Nutritionist. Department of Nutrition and Health. Federal University of Viçosa. Brazil.; (³)PhD in Natural Sciences. Biologist. Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry. University of Turku. Finland.; (⁴)PhD in Agricultural Microbiology. Biologist. Department of Microbiology. Federal University of Viçosa. Brazil.; (⁵)PhD in Biochemistry and Immunology. Biochemistry. Department of Biochemistry. Federal University of Viçosa. Brazil.; (⁶)PhD in Food Science and Technology. Nutritionist. Department of Nutrition and Health. Federal University of Viçosa. Brazil.; (⁷)BSc in Nutrition. Nutritionist. Department of Nutrition and Health. Federal University of Viçosa. Brazil.

**Background and objectives:** Iron deficiency affects more than 2 billion people worldwide, being the most common and serious micronutrient deficiency. Some strategies for preventing iron deficiency anemia include food fortification and iron supplementation. Biofortification has the potential to become a sustainable, inexpensive, and effective solution. The goal was to evaluate the iron bioavailability in rats fed with biofortified beans.

**Methods:** The Iron biofortified beans were developed by the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA) and used as flour for preparing experimental diets. Some analyzes such as chemical composition, mineral quantification and antinutritional factors were performed only with the flour; the iron determination with both, flour and prepared experimental diet. Lastly, the depletion-repletion hemoglobin method was used to evaluate in vivo the iron bioavailability, thus the induction of iron deficiency anemia. The test was conducted with 32 anemic wistar rats. The rats were distributed in 4 groups and fed with diets containing 12 mg iron/kg supplied from ferrous sulfate sources, biofortified beans (Pontal and Agreste), except for the fourth group on the iron-free diet. After 14 days of repletion, hematological parameters such as hemoglobin repletion efficiency, hemoglobin gain and relative biological value were analyzed.

**Results:** At the end of the repletion, parameters such as the iron bioavailability, the hemoglobin gain and the iron gain of hemoglobin of group of biofortified grains did not present significant differences when compared to the group that consumed ferrous sulfate, with respective values of 91%, 2.78 (g/dL) and 1.76 mg. Our biofortified cultivars had iron concentrations 50% higher than the common bean varieties, in which 100 grams of cooked biofortified beans provide between 7.6 to 8.5 mg of bioavailable iron, corresponding to 40% of the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) recommendation for women of childbearing age and 80% of DRI's for 4-to-8-years-old children.
**Conclusions:** Our results confirm that biofortification can be considered a promising strategy in the anemia recovery. However, researches involving humans with iron deficiency anemia are necessary to evaluate the efficacy of biofortified beans, since this is a sustainable and low-cost strategy to be implemented in public health programs.

**Keywords:** biofortified beans; biofortification; iron bioavailability; iron deficiency.

**Further collaborators:**

The CAPES Foundation (Coordination of Improvement of Higher Level Personnel) of the Ministry of Higher Education that provided scholarship grants to graduate students at universities and research centers in Brazil and abroad. CAPES did not participate in the study design. The work was supported by the following foundations: the CAPES, the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) and The National Counsel of Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq).

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ENTERAL NUTRITION IN THE PUBLIC CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL OF CORRIENTES: EVALUATION OF THE PRESCRIPTION CHARACTERISTICS

(1)Romero Vidomlansky, Patricia Ruth; (2)Colussi, Narella Antonina;

(3)Cabral, Agostina Ximena; (4)Aguirre, María Victoria; (5)Gorban de Lapertosa, Silvia.

(1)Food Engineer. Nutrition course. Faculty of Medicine. Northeast University. Argentina; (2)MSc. Nutritionist. Medicine career. Biochemical Research Laboratory. Faculty of Medicine. National Northeastern University. Corrientes. Argentina;

(3)Undergraduate student. Kinesiology and Physiatrics career. Faculty of Medicine. National Northeastern University. Corrientes. Argentina.; (4)PhD. Biochemist. Biochemistry Professor. Medicine career. Biochemical Research Laboratory. Faculty of Medicine. National Northeastern University. Corrientes. Argentina.; (5)MD. Nutrition professor. Kinesiology and Physiatrics career. Nutrition Course. Faculty of Medicine. National Northeastern University. Corrientes. Argentina.

**Background and objectives:** In order to achieve an adequate nutritional intervention in hospitalized children, a diagnosis and monitoring of the nutritional status must be performed before and during hospitalization, and this diagnosis must be known by all health staff. However, there is no yet an integrated system of the clinical histories (CH) data storage in Corrientes, especially concerning to Nutrition Service. The creation of this system would favor a consensual analysis and the elaboration of a specific regulation for the provision of pediatric nutritional support in the public health of the province. Objective: To know the characteristics of Enteral Nutrition (EN) prescribed in hospitalized patients at the Children's Hospital (Corrientes, Argentina) in order to improve the pediatric EN provision system.

**Methods:** A descriptive study in patients hospitalized at Children's Hospital, Corrientes, during September/2016. The EN pre-

scription circuit, CH, Lactarium orders and nutrient ingredients purchase worksheets were analyzed. Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate relationships between demographic, clinical and economic variables.

**Results:** Of a total of 254 hospitalized patients during the study period, were observed 110 childrens with indication of EN (46 females, 64 males), in Interment Room 58%, ICU 28%, Burns 8%, Hemato-oncology 6%. The age was 3.42±4.02 years. The prevalent diagnosis at admission was respiratory disease (24%), while others included: burns, appendicitis, epilepsy, cancer, congenital malformations and accidents, cuts and fractures. During September, the time of internment was: 8.67±7.97 days and consumption of EN: 8.33±7.12 days. Patients received the different formulations from the powder individual ingredients prepared in Lactarium, orally, by nasogastric tube or gastric button. The CH analyses revealed that the attending physicians indicated EN regarding patient weight percentile and basic disease requirements in 80% of the cases, while only 20% of the children had nutritionist indication of an appropriate diet.

**Conclusions:** The clinical histories failed to reflect the necessary data to decide the nutritional support to be supplied, operating according to daily requirements. This research serves as a basis for the development of a pediatric AE provision Program in the Public Health system of Corrientes.

**Keywords:** Enteral Nutrition, Pediatric Nutrition, Public Health Nutrition

**Further collaborators:**

Marcelo A. Gonzalez. Head of Statistics Service. Children's Hospital. Corrientes. Argentina.

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HAND DYNAMOMETRY IN ELDER ADULTS LIVING IN AN URBAN DESTITUTE COMMUNITY IN GUAYAQUIL CITY

(1)Alvarez Cordova, Ludwig Roberto; (2)Fonseca Perez, Diana Maria;

(3)Sierra Nieto, Victor Hugo; (4)Icaza Moran, Jose Andres; (5)Fajardo Salmon, Samantha; (4)Bajana Jurado, Gloria Salome; (4)Matamoros Garcia, Mariela Veronica; (5)Garcia Delgado, Priscila Alejandra;

(5)Lara Moscoso, Liliana Alejandra; (5)Landy Mateo, Claudia Melissa.

(1)Medical doctor, Magister. Institute of Biomedicine. Catholic University of Santiago de Guayaquil. Ecuador.; (2)Nutritionist. Magister. Faculty of Medical Sciences. Catholic University of Santiago de Guayaquil. Ecuador.; (3)Magister. Faculty of Medical Sciences. Catholic University of Santiago de Guayaquil. Ecuador.; (4)Nutritionist. Faculty of Science of life. Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral. Ecuador; (5)Nutritionist. Faculty of Medical Sciences. Catholic University of Santiago de Guayaquil. Ecuador.

**Background and objectives:** Handgrip strength (HGS) reflects both integrity and functionality of skeletal muscle mass (SMM). HSG has been customarily used for detecting loss of active SMM. SMM loss is associated with disability and mortality in elder subjects. Ageing population is rapidly increasing in Ecuador.
A window of opportunity was opened to document HSG values in Ecuadorian elder subjects.

**Methods:** One-hundred-and-one elder subjects (Females: 74,3%; Average age: 70,5 ± 9,0 years) living in an urban destitute community in the city of Guayaquil (Ecuador). HSG was measured on both hemibodies with a mechanical dynamometer (Lafayette Inc., United States). HGS values were distributed according with age. Additional body composition (BC) measurements were performed with a professional bioimpedance machine (BodyStat Inc., United States).

**Results:** Average BMI was 27,5 ± 5,4 Kg.m-2. BC measurements were influenced by subject's sex. Males sustained higher HGS values, regardless of dominant arm. HGS values decreased with age.

**Conclusions:** HGS depends upon sex, dominant arm, and age.

**Keywords:** Muscle Mass; Hand Grip Strength; Dynamometer; Frailty; Sarcopenia; Geriatric Assessment; Aging.

**Further collaborators:** Sergio Santana Porben. Medical doctor, Profesor of Biochemestry. Ciudad de la Habana

# THE INFLUENCE OF MINERAL STATUS ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

Assimi, Daniela.

MSc. Teacher. California Prep International School. Saraburi. Thailand.

**Background and objectives:** A balanced nutrition supplying the right amount of minerals is absolutely essential for the development of the brain, a normal cognitive function, and is a major influencing factor of behavior. This fact is even more important in the school-aged children but little has been studied on the actual extent in which mineral deficiencies actually affect the academic performance.

**Methods:** The study used a very simple non-invasive method observing mineral deficiencies in fingernails in 46 boys and 38 girls age 3-11 from Kindergarten and Elementary, and 33 boys and 21 girls age 12-18 from Middle and High School. Pictures were taken and their GPAs were collected for reference.

**Results:** In the age group 3-11, zinc deficiency was found in 26.09% boys and 23.68% girls, while iron deficiency was present in 13.04% boys and 7.89% girls. In the age group 12-18, 47.62% girls and 36.36% boys were zinc deficient, while 24.24% boys and 9.52% girls showed to be iron deficiency. Selenium and calcium deficiencies were found in isolated cases. Observations of the behavior were found to be concordant with the GPA and some previous ITBS scores addressing particularly the attention spans, concentration and comprehension.

**Conclusions:** Overall, this easy way of identifying eventual mineral deficiencies as early as possible by observing the fingernails proved to be a valuable method to trigger the students with problems and help improve academic performance while promoting the general health and improved behavior, through nutrition

**Keywords:** minerals, academic performance, fingernails

# NUTRITIONAL STATE AND BODY COMPOSITION OF ELDERLY CONSULTANTS IN OUTPATIENT MEDICINE IN CASABLANCA - MOROCCO

(1)El Arabi, Fatine; (2)NEJJAR, BASMA; (3)Bour, Abdellatif.

(1)Fatine El Arabi. MSc. Dietician. Department of Biology. Faculty of Sciences Kenitra. Morocco.; (2)MSc. Department of Biology. Faculty of Sciences Kenitra. Morocco. And. Department of Clinical chemistry. Faculty of medicine of Liège. Belgium.; (3)PhD. Professor. Department of Biology. Faculty of Sciences Kenitra. Morocco.

**Background and objectives:** Senescence represents a public health problem and its management is partly conditioned by assessed nutritional profile of the person. Thus, we have found it useful to conduct a study whose objective is to assess the nutritional state and body composition of the elderly Moroccan consulting in geriatric service in Casablanca region.

**Methods:** This is a cross-sectional survey of 62 elderly subjects: Aged over 60 years, selected from the database of the geriatric service of a Moroccan public hospital, from April to September 2015, in Casablanca. A questionnaire was used to identify socio-demographic characteristics and a grid to identify anthropometric (weight, height, body mass index (BMI), Calf circumference (CC) and brachial (CB)) and body composition indicators (lean mass (LM), fat mass (FM), Total cellular water (TCW), intracellular water (IW) and extracellular water (EW)) for each subject.

**Results:** The 62 subjects in the study represented a sex ratio of 0.5 and mean age, BMI, LM and FM were respectively 65.5 ± 6.8 years, 26.2 ± 4.8 Kg/m2, 64.3 ± 8.6 kg and 34.9 ± 8.7 Kg. 53.2% (n=33) of sample were in overweight (BMI> 18 Kg/m2) affecting women more (p<0.001). Significant differences between male and female subjects were recorded for LM and FM measurements (p <0.001) TCW (p<0.01), and EW (p<0.01). Negatively significant correlations were found between BMI and TCW (r = -0.3, p = 0.003) and EW (r = - 0.3, p = 0.003) and FM (r = -0.6, p<0.001) and positively significant between BMI and CB (r =0.6, p<0.001) and CC (F=0.7, p<0.001) and between TCW and EW (r = 0.7, p <0.001) and LM (r =0.5, p<0.001). The model of the multiple descending linear regression showed that FM is an associated factor with TCW (beta= -0.1, p= 0.05) in the elderly of our study.

**Conclusions:** At the end of this study, we concluded that the evaluation of the nutritional state of elderly was useful to prevent any risk of late complications and to allow early management.

**Keywords:** elderly, nutritional, body composition, Morocco
IRON ABSORPTION FROM BEANS WITH DIFFERENT IRON CONTENTS EVALUATED BY STABLE ISOTOPES

**Background and objectives:** Introduction: Brazil is a major beans producer and consumer and is part of the basic diet of the population. The introduction of biofortified crops such as beans with higher iron content is a useful tool in preventing iron deficiency diseases, as anemia. Thus, the measurement of the absorption of minerals is essential to evaluate the use of biofortified foods. Objective: This study evaluated the iron bioavailability of common beans cultivars BRS Estilo, with low iron content and BRS Pontal, that present intermediate iron content, in man through reliable techniques, not yet used in Brazil. The beans were produced by EMBRAPA.

**Methods:** Subjects and Methods: 29 young adult volunteers were divided into 2 groups: Group CB (13 subjects) received 100g of common beans (BRS Estilo) cooked labeled with iron 58 (58Fe) and Group BB (16 patients) received 100g target to biofortification beans (BRS Pontal), cooked and labeled with iron 58 (58Fe). The next day they receive the reference dose of ferrous sulfate enriched iron-57 (57Fe). After consumption was conducted isotopic evaluation of iron, for measurement of iron incorporation into erythrocyte.

**Results:** The difference between iron absorption from the meal containing common bean and that from the meal containing target to biofortification bean examined by means of a paired t test, were considered significant at P<0.05. The groups CB and BB did not differ in hemoglobin or serum ferritin concentrations. Serum ferritin ranged from 41 to 298 µmol/L. Mean isotopic ratio of iron absorption from the meal with common beans was 0.409% (±0.040%) and mean iron incorporation from the meal with biofortified beans was 0.407% (±0.038%).

**Conclusions:** The iron absorption from the common beans and target to bifortification beans was not significantly different. This study tested a single food; if its results are considered in making programmatic decisions, consideration must be given to the balance between iron absorption enhancers and inhibitors in the whole meal. The multiple meal study is necessary to evaluate the real iron absorption. The challenge for the global health commu-

nity remains how to tackle this efficacious intervention and implement it in a large scale.

**Keywords:** Biofortification, iron bioavailability, beans, iron deficiency.

**Further collaborators:**

Founds Collaborators: This work was supported by grants the National Council of Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq, Brazil) grant #482464/2012-7, FAEPA-HCFMRP-USP, Brazilian company of agricultural research (EMBRAPA) and HarvestPlus for the research financial support; the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personal (CAPES, Brazil)

PSYCHOSOCIAL AND FUNCTIONAL STATUS IN HOSPITALIZED GERIATRIC PATIENTS WITH MALNUTRITION

**Background and objectives:** Malnutrition has been associated with adverse outcomes such as functional disability, morbidity, mortality, and longer stays in the hospital. It is also a risk factor for frailty, particularly in older people. Physical function and psychological factors apparently contribute to dietary condition. Identification of those related status and treatment of malnutrition earlier can lead to improved clinical outcomes. This study was to investigate psychosocial and functional status of hospitalized geriatric patients with malnutrition screened by Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) tool at a regional hospital in Hsinchu, Taiwan.

**Methods:** We screened all hospitalized patients aged 65 years or older by using MNA from April to November of 2014 and excluded patients with confusion, terminal cancer and non-malnutrition caused by hypoalbuminuria. A total of 374 patients were screened and asked for attending the project if they were malnourished from screening. There were 160 patients included and their demographic characteristics, 3-day 24-hour diet recalls, anthropometric and biochemical data, Geriatric Depression Scale Short Form (GDS-SF) and Activities of Daily Living (ADL) scores were collected and analyzed. Statistical analysis for categorical variables was performed by the Chi-Square and t-tests, and Person's correlation test was used for two continuous variables.

**Results:** The mean age of 160 subjects (84 men and 76 women) was 77.0±6.8 years old. According to ADL and GDS-SF results, 43.5% of the patients were functionally dependent and 47.5% of them were with mild to severe depression. The results showed that protein intake was significantly related to body mass index (BMI),

<footnote>(1) Junqueira-Franco, Márcia Varella Morandi; (2) Nutti, Marilia R; (3) de Carvalho, José Luis V; (4) Pereira, Helton Santos; (5) Abrams, Steven A;</footnote>

<footnote>(6) Dutra de Oliveira, José Eduardo; (7) Marchini, Júlio Sérgio.</footnote>

<footnote>(1)PhD. Pharmacyst. Internal Medicine Department, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo; (2) Msc. Food Engenner. Brazilian Company of Agricultural Research (EMBRAPA) Brazil; (3) Food Enginner. Brazilian Company of Agricultural Research (EMBRAPA) Brazil; (4) Agronomist Engineer. Brazilian Company of Agricultural Research (EMBRAPA) Brazil; (5) MD. Dell Medical School –University of Texas Austin, USA;</footnote>

<footnote>(6)PhD. MD Internal Medicine Department, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo. Ribeirão Preto – SP. Brazil; (7)PhD MD Internal Medicine Department, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo. Ribeirão Preto – SP. Brazil.</footnote>

<footnote>(1) Ouyang, Chung-Mei Ouyang; (2) Lin, Yu-Ru; (2) Fan, Ya-Wen; (3) Lai, Hsu-Yun.</footnote>

<footnote>(1)PhD. Dietitian. Department of Dietetics. National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin Chu Branch. Taiwan; (2) MS. Dietitian. Department of Dietetics. National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin Chu Branch. Taiwan; (3) Dr. Department of Family Medicine. National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin Chu Branch. Taiwan.</footnote>