This study investigated the barriers hindering service quality enhancement in Omani government institutions, using the Ministry of Endowments and Religious Affairs as a case study. Employing a descriptive analytical method, data were gathered from 315 employees across various administrative levels. The research focused on five categories of obstacles—organizational, human, technological, cultural, and resource-related—and found that these ranged from moderate to high in severity. Human-related challenges had the most significant impact, followed by organizational and cultural factors, while technological and financial issues were less influential. Regression analysis indicated that these combined obstacles accounted for 72.4% of the variance in service quality. The study highlighted weak employee empowerment and training, centralized decision-making, and resistance to cultural change as key impediments, recommending strategies such as enhanced training, digital transformation, and fostering a quality-driven institutional culture aligned with Oman Vision 2040.