couraged from offering more detail about their study than
was presented in the talk.

* When an article is soon to be published, editors should help the media prepare accurate reports by providing news releases, answering questions, supplying advance copies of the journal, or referring reporters to the appropriate experts. This assistance should be contingent on the media's cooperation in timing the release of a story to coincide with publication of the article.

* Editors, authors, and the media should apply the above-stated principles to material released early in electronic versions of journals.

### III. J. Obligation to Register Clinical Trials

The ICMJE believes that it is important to foster a comprehensive, publicly available database of clinical trials. The ICMJE defines a clinical trial as any research project that prospectively assigns human subjects to intervention or concurrent comparison or control groups to study the cause-and-effect relationship between a medical intervention and a health outcome. Medical interventions include drugs, surgical procedures, devices, behavioral treatments, process-of-care changes, and the like.

The ICMJE member journals will require, as a condition of consideration for publication in their journals, registration in a public trials registry. The details of this policy are contained in a series of editorials (see Editorials, under Frequently Asked Questions). The ICMJE encourages editors of other biomedical journals to adopt similar policy.

The ICMJE does not advocate one particular registry, but its member journals will require authors to register their trial in a registry that meets several criteria. The registry must be accessible to the public at no charge. It must be open to all prospective registrants and managed by a not-for-profit organization. There must be a mechanism to ensure the validity of the registration data, and the registry should be electronically searchable. Trial registration with missing fields or fields that contain uninformative terminology is inadequate.

It is important to note that the ICMJE requires registration of trial methodology but does not require registration of trial results; it recognizes the potential problems that could arise from the posting of research results that have not been subjected to an independent peer-review process. However, the ICMJE understands that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act of 2007 (FDAAA) does require researchers to register results. The ICMJE will not consider results to be previous publication if they are posted in the same primary clinical trial registry as the initial registration and if the results are posted in the tabular form dictated by the FDAAA. Researchers should be aware that editors of journals that follow the ICMJE recommendations may consider more detailed description of trial results and results published in registries other than the primary registry (in the case of FDAAA, ClinicalTrials.gov) to be prior publication. The ICMJE anticipates that

the climate for results registration will change dramatically over coming years and the ICMJE may need to amend these recommendations as additional agencies institute other mandates related to results registration.

The ICMJE recommends that journals publish the trial registration number at the end of the abstract. The ICMJE also recommends that, whenever a registration number is available, authors list this number the first time they use a trial acronym to refer to either the trial they are reporting or to other trials that they mention in the manuscript.

## IV. MANUSCRIPT PREPARATION AND SUBMISSION

### IV. A. Preparing a Manuscript for Submission to a Biomedical Journal

Editors and reviewers spend many hours reading manuscripts, and therefore appreciate receiving manuscripts that are easy to read and edit. Much of the information in a journal's Instructions to Authors is designed to accomplish that goal in ways that meet each journal's particular editorial needs. The following information provides guidance in preparing manuscripts for any journal.

#### IV. A. 1. a. General Principles

The text of observational and experimental articles is usually (but not necessarily) divided into the following sections: Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion. This so-called "IMRAD" structure is not an arbitrary publication format but rather a direct reflection of the process of scientific discovery. Long articles may need subheadings within some sections (especially Results and Discussion) to clarify their content. Other types of articles, such as case reports, reviews, and editorials, probably need to be formatted differently.

Electronic formats have created opportunities for adding details or whole sections, layering information, crosslinking or extracting portions of articles, and the like only in the electronic version. Authors need to work closely with editors in developing or using such new publication formats and should submit supplementary electronic material for peer review.

Double-spacing all portions of the manuscript—including the title page, abstract, text, acknowledgments, references, individual tables, and legends—and generous margins make it possible for editors and reviewers to edit the text line by line and add comments and queries directly on the paper copy. If manuscripts are submitted electronically, the files should be double-spaced to facilitate printing for reviewing and editing.

Authors should number all of the pages of the manuscript consecutively, beginning with the title page, to facilitate the editorial process.
#### IV. A. 1. b. Reporting Guidelines for Specific Study Designs

Research reports frequently omit important information. Reporting guidelines have been developed for a number of study designs that some journals may ask authors to follow. Authors should consult the Information for Authors of the journal they have chosen.

The general requirements listed in the next section relate to reporting essential elements for all study designs. Authors are encouraged also to consult reporting guidelines relevant to their specific research design. A good source of reporting guidelines is the EQUATOR Network (http://www.equator-network.org/home/).

#### IV. A. 2. Title Page

The title page should have the following information:

1. Article title. Concise titles are easier to read than long, convoluted ones. Titles that are too short may, however, lack important information, such as study design (which is particularly important in identifying randomized, controlled trials). Authors should include all information in the title that will make electronic retrieval of the article both sensitive and specific.

2. Authors' names and institutional affiliations. Some journals publish each author's highest academic degree(s), while others do not.

3. The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed.

4. Disclaimers, if any.

5. Contact information for corresponding authors. The name, mailing address, telephone and fax numbers, and e-mail address of the author responsible for correspondence about the manuscript (the "corresponding author:" this author may or may not be the "guarantor" for the integrity of the study). The corresponding author should indicate clearly whether his or her e-mail address can be published.

6. The name and address of the author to whom requests for reprints should be addressed or a statement that reprints are not available from the authors.

7. Source(s) of support in the form of grants, equipment, drugs, or all of these.

8. A running head. Some journals request a short running head or footnote, usually no more than 40 characters (including letters and spaces) at the foot of the title page. Running heads are published in most journals, but are also sometimes used within the editorial office for filing and locating manuscripts.

9. Word counts. A word count for the text only (excluding abstract, acknowledgments, figure legends, and references) allows editors and reviewers to assess whether the information contained in the paper warrants the amount of space devoted to it, and whether the submitted manuscript fits within the journal's word limits. A separate word count for the Abstract is useful for the same reason.

10. The number of figures and tables. It is difficult for editorial staff and reviewers to determine whether the figures and tables that should have accompanied a manuscript were actually included unless the numbers of figures and tables are noted on the title page.

#### IV. A. 3. Conflict-of-interest Notification Page

To prevent potential conflicts of interest from being overlooked or misplaced, this information needs to be part of the manuscript. The ICMJE has developed a uniform disclosure form for use by ICMJE member journals (http://www.icmje.org/coi_disclosure.pdf). Other journals are welcome to adopt this form. Individual journals may differ in where they include this information, and some journals do not send information on conflicts of interest to reviewers. (See Section II. D. Conflicts of Interest.

#### IV. A. 4. Abstract

Structured abstracts are preferred for original research and systematic reviews. The abstract should provide the context or background for the study and should state the study's purpose, basic procedures (selection of study subjects or laboratory animals, observational and analytical methods), main findings (giving specific effect sizes and their statistical significance, if possible), principal conclusions, and funding sources. It should emphasize new and important aspects of the study or observations. Articles on clinical trials should contain abstracts that include the items that the CONSORT group has identified as essential (http://www.consort-statement.org/? =1190 ).

Because abstracts are the only substantive portion of the article indexed in many electronic databases, and the only portion many readers read, authors need to be careful that they accurately reflect the content of the article. Unfortunately, the information contained in many abstracts differs from that in the text (7). The format required for structured abstracts differs from journal to journal, and some journals use more than one format: authors need to prepare their abstracts in the format specified by the journal they have chosen.

The ICMJE recommends that journals publish the trial registration number at the end of the abstract. The ICMJE also recommends that, whenever a registration number is available, authors list that number the first time they use a trial acronym to refer to either the trial they are reporting or to other trials that they mention in the manuscript.

#### IV. A. 5. Introduction

Provide a context or background for the study (that is, the nature of the problem and its significance). State the specific purpose or research objective of, or hypothesis tested by, the study or observation; the research objective is often more sharply focused when stated as a question. Both the main and secondary objectives should be clear, and any
prespecified subgroup analyses should be described. Pro-
vide only directly pertinent references, and do not include
data or conclusions from the work being reported.

IV. A. 6. Methods

The Methods section should include only information
that was available at the time the plan or protocol for the
study was being written; all information obtained during
the study belongs in the Results section.

IV. A. 6. a. *Selection and Description of Participants*

Describe your selection of the observational or exper-
imental participants (patients or laboratory animals, in-
cluding controls) clearly, including eligibility and exclusion
criteria and a description of the source population. Because
the relevance of such variables as age and sex to the object
of research is not always clear, authors should explain their
use when they are included in a study report—for example,
authors should explain why only participants of certain
ages were included or why women were excluded. The
guiding principle should be clarity about how and why a
study was done in a particular way. When authors use such
variables as race or ethnicity, they should define how they
measured these variables and justify their relevance.

IV. A. 6. b. Technical Information

Identify the methods, apparatus (give the manufactur-
er's name and address in parentheses), and procedures in
sufficient detail to allow others to reproduce the results.
Give references to established methods, including statistical
methods (see below); provide references and brief descrip-
tions for methods that have been published but are not
well-known; describe new or substantially modified meth-
ods, give the reasons for using them, and evaluate their
limitations. Identify precisely all drugs and chemicals
used, including generic name(s), dose(s), and route(s) of
administration.

Authors submitting review manuscripts should include
a section describing the methods used for locating, select-
ing, extracting, and synthesizing data. These methods
should also be summarized in the abstract.

IV. A. 6. c. Statistics

Describe statistical methods with enough detail to en-
able a knowledgeable reader with access to the original data
to verify the reported results. When possible, quantify find-
ings and present them with appropriate indicators of mea-
surement error or uncertainty (such as confidence inter-
vals). Avoid relying solely on statistical hypothesis testing,
such as *P* values, which fail to convey important informa-
tion about effect size. References for the design of the study
and statistical methods should be to standard works when
possible (with pages stated). Define statistical terms, abbre-
viations, and most symbols. Specify the computer software
used.

IV. A. 7. Results

Present your results in logical sequence in the text,
tables, and illustrations, giving the main or most important
findings first. Do not repeat all the data in the tables or
illustrations in the text: emphasize or summarize only the
most important observations. Extra or supplementary ma-
terials and technical detail can be placed in an appendix
where they will be accessible but will not interrupt the flow
of the text, or they can be published solely in the electronic
version of the journal.

When data are summarized in the Results section, give
numeric results not only as derivatives (for example, per-
centages) but also as the absolute numbers from which the
derivatives were calculated, and specify the statistical meth-
ods used to analyze them. Restrict tables and figures to
those needed to explain the argument of the paper and to
assess supporting data. Use graphs as an alternative to ta-
bles with many entries; do not duplicate data in graphs and
tables. Avoid nontechnical uses of technical terms in statis-
tics, such as "random" (which implies a randomizing de-
vice), "normal," "significant," "correlations," and "sample."

Where scientifically appropriate, analyses of the data
by such variables as age and sex should be included.

IV. A. 8. Discussion

Emphasize the new and important aspects of the study
and the conclusions that follow from them in the context
of the totality of the best available evidence. Do not repeat
in detail data or other information given in the Introduc-
tion or the Results section. For experimental studies, it is
useful to begin the discussion by briefly summarizing the
main findings, then explore possible mechanisms or expla-
nations for these findings, compare and contrast the results
with other relevant studies, state the limitations of the
study, and explore the implications of the findings for fu-
ture research and for clinical practice.

Link the conclusions with the goals of the study but
avoid unqualified statements and conclusions not ade-
quately supported by the data. In particular, avoid making
statements on economic benefits and costs unless the
manuscript includes the appropriate economic data and
analyses. Avoid claiming priority or alluding to work that
has not been completed. State new hypotheses when war-
ranted, but label them clearly as such.

IV. A. 9. References

IV. A. 9. a. General Considerations Related to
References

Although references to review articles can be an effi-
cient way to guide readers to a body of literature, review
articles do not always reflect original work accurately.
Readers should therefore be provided with direct references
to original research sources whenever possible. On the
other hand, extensive lists of references to original work on
a topic can use excessive space on the printed page. Small numbers of references to key original papers often serve as well as more exhaustive lists, particularly since references can now be added to the electronic version of published papers, and since electronic literature searching allows readers to retrieve published literature efficiently.

Avoid using abstracts as references. References to papers accepted but not yet published should be designated as "in press" or "forthcoming"; authors should obtain written permission to cite such papers as well as verification that they have been accepted for publication. Information from manuscripts submitted but not accepted should be cited in the text as "unpublished observations" with written permission from the source.

Avoid citing a "personal communication" unless it provides essential information not available from a public source, in which case the name of the person and date of communication should be cited in parentheses in the text. For scientific articles, obtain written permission and confirmation of accuracy from the source of a personal communication.

Some but not all journals check the accuracy of all reference citations: thus, citation errors sometimes appear in the published version of articles. To minimize such errors, references should be verified using either an electronic bibliographic source, such as PubMed or print copies from original sources. Authors are responsible for checking that none of the references cite retracted articles except in the context of referring to the retraction. For articles published in journals indexed in MEDLINE, the ICMJE considers PubMed the authoritative source for information about retractions. Authors can identify retracted articles in MEDLINE by using the following search term, where pt in square brackets stands for publication type: Retracted publication [pt] in PubMed.

### IV. A. 9. b. Reference Style and Format

The Uniform Requirements style for references is based largely on an American National Standards Institute style adapted by the NLM for its databases. Authors should consult NLM's Citing Medicine for information on its recommended formats for a variety of reference types. Authors may also consult sample references, a list of examples extracted from or based on Citing Medicine for easy use by the ICMJE audience; these sample references are maintained by NLM.

References should be numbered consecutively in the order in which they are first mentioned in the text. Identify references in text, tables, and legends by Arabic numerals in parentheses. References cited only in tables or figure legends should be numbered in accordance with the sequence established by the first identification in the text of the particular table or figure. The titles of journals should be abbreviated according to the style used in the list of

Journals Indexed for MEDLINE, posted by the NLM on the Library's Web site. Journals vary on whether they ask authors to cite electronic references within parentheses in the text or in numbered references following the text. Authors should consult with the journal to which they plan to submit their work.

### IV. A. 10. Tables

Tables capture information concisely and display it efficiently; they also provide information at any desired level of detail and precision. Including data in tables rather than text frequently makes it possible to reduce the length of the text.

Type or print each table with double-spacing on a separate sheet of paper. Number tables consecutively in the order of their first citation in the text and supply a brief title for each. Do not use internal horizontal or vertical lines. Give each column a short or an abbreviated heading. Authors should place explanatory matter in footnotes, not in the heading. Explain all nonstandard abbreviations in footnotes, and use the following symbols, in sequence:

* , † , ‡ , § , ¶ , § , ** , †† , ‡‡ , §§ , |||| , §§ , etc.

Identify statistical measures of variations, such as standard deviation and standard error of the mean.

Be sure that each table is cited in the text.

If you use data from another published or unpublished source, obtain permission and acknowledge that source fully.

Additional tables containing backup data too extensive to publish in print may be appropriate for publication in the electronic version of the journal, deposited with an archival service, or made available to readers directly by the authors. An appropriate statement should be added to the text to inform readers that this additional information is available and where it is located. Submit such tables for consideration with the paper so that they will be available to the peer reviewers.

### IV. A. 11. Illustrations (Figures)

Figures should be either professionally drawn and photographed, or submitted as photographic-quality digital prints. In addition to requiring a version of the figures suitable for printing, some journals now ask authors for electronic files of figures in a format (for example, JPEG or GIF) that will produce high-quality images in the Web version of the journal; authors should review the images of such files on a computer screen before submitting them to be sure they meet their own quality standards.

For x-ray films, scans, and other diagnostic images, as well as pictures of pathology specimens or photomicrographs, send sharp, glossy, black-and-white or color photographic prints, usually 127 × 173 mm (5 × 7 inches). Although some journals redraw figures, many do not. Letters, numbers, and symbols on figures should therefore be clear and consistent throughout, and large enough to re-
main legible when the figure is reduced for publication. Figures should be made as self-explanatory as possible, since many will be used directly in slide presentations. Tites and detailed explanations belong in the legends—not on the illustrations themselves.

Photomicrographs should have internal scale markers. Symbols, arrows, or letters used in photomicrographs should contrast with the background.

Photographs of potentially identifiable people must be accompanied by written permission to use the photograph.

Figures should be numbered consecutively according to the order in which they have been cited in the text. If a figure has been published previously, acknowledge the original source and submit written permission from the copyright holder to reproduce the figure. Permission is required irrespective of authorship or publisher except for documents in the public domain.

For illustrations in color, ascertain whether the journal requires color negatives, positive transparencies, or color prints. Accompanying drawings marked to indicate the region to be reproduced might be useful to the editor. Some journals publish illustrations in color only if the author pays the additional cost.

Authors should consult the journal about requirements for figures submitted in electronic formats.

### IV. A. 12. Legends for Illustrations (Figures)

Type or print out legends for illustrations using double spacing, starting on a separate page, with Arabic numerals corresponding to the illustrations. When symbols, arrows, numbers, or letters are used to identify parts of the illustrations, identify and explain each one clearly in the legend. Explain the internal scale and identify the method of staining in photomicrographs.

### IV. A. 13. Units of Measurement

Measurements of length, height, weight, and volume should be reported in metric units (meter, kilogram, or liter) or their decimal multiples.

Temperatures should be in degrees Celsius. Blood pressures should be in millimeters of mercury, unless other units are specifically required by the journal.

Journals vary in the units they use for reporting hematologic, clinical chemistry, and other measurements. Authors must consult the Information for Authors of the particular journal and should report laboratory information in both local and International System of Units (SI). Editors may request that authors add alternative or non-SI units, since SI units are not universally used. Drug concentrations may be reported in either SI or mass units, but the alternative should be provided in parentheses where appropriate.

### IV. A. 14. Abbreviations and Symbols

Use only standard abbreviations: use of nonstandard abbreviations can be confusing to readers. Avoid abbreviations in the title of the manuscript. The spelled-out abbreviation followed by the abbreviation in parenthesis should be used on first mention unless the abbreviation is a standard unit of measurement.

### IV. B. Sending the Manuscript to the Journal

An increasing number of journals now accept electronic submission of manuscripts, whether on disk, as an e-mail attachment, or by downloading directly onto the journal's Web site. Electronic submission saves time and money and allows the manuscript to be handled in electronic form throughout the editorial process (for example, when it is sent out for review). For specific instructions on electronic submission, authors should consult the journal's Instructions for Authors.

If a paper version of the manuscript is submitted, send the required number of copies of the manuscript and figures; they are all needed for peer review and editing, and the editorial office staff cannot be expected to make the required copies.

Manuscripts must be accompanied by a cover letter, which should include the following information.

* A full statement to the editor about all submissions and previous reports that might be regarded as redundant publication of the same or very similar work. Any such work should be referred to specifically and referenced in the new paper. Copies of such material should be included with the submitted paper to help the editor address the situation.

* A statement of financial or other relationships that might lead to a conflict of interest, if that information is not included in the manuscript itself or in an authors' form.

* A statement that the manuscript has been read and approved by all the authors, that the requirements for authorship as stated earlier in this document have been met, and that each author believes that the manuscript represents honest work if that information is not provided in another form (see below).

* The name, address, and telephone number of the corresponding author, who is responsible for communicating with the other authors about revisions and final approval of the proofs, if that information is not included in the manuscript itself.

The letter should give any additional information that may be helpful to the editor, such as the type or format of article in the particular journal that the manuscript represents. If the manuscript has been submitted previously to another journal, it is helpful to include the previous editor's and reviewers' comments with the submitted manuscript, along with the authors' responses to those comments. Editors encourage authors to submit these previous
communications. Doing so may expedite the review process.

Many journals now provide a presubmission checklist to help the author ensure that all the components of the submission have been included. Some journals now also require that authors complete checklists for reports of certain study types (for example, the CONSORT checklist for reports of randomized, controlled trials). Authors should look to see if the journal uses such checklists, and send them with the manuscript if they are requested.

Letters of permission to reproduce previously published material, use previously published illustrations, report information about identifiable persons, or to acknowledge people for their contributions must accompany the manuscript.

## V. REFERENCES

### A. References Cited in This Document

1. Davidoff F, for the CSE Task Force on Authorship. Who's the author? Problems with biomedical authorship, and some possible solutions. Science Editor. 2000;23:111-9.

2. Yank V, Rennie D. Disclosure of researcher contributions: a study of original research articles in *The Lancet*. Ann Intern Med. 1999;130:661-70.

3. Flanagin A, Fontanarosa PB, DeAngelis CD. Authorship for research groups. JAMA. 2002;288:3166-8.

4. Godlee F, Jefferson T. Peer Review in Health Sciences. London: BMJ Books; 1999.

5. http://www.wma.net/e/policy/b3.htm (accessed June 26, 2009).

6. Rochon PA, Gurwitz JH, Cheung CM, Hayes JA, Chalmers TC. Evaluating the quality of articles published in journal supplements compared with the quality of those published in the parent journal. JAMA. 1994;272:108-13.

7. Pitkin RM, Branagan MA, Burmeister LF. Accuracy of data in abstracts of published research articles. JAMA. 1999;281:1110-1.

### B. Other Sources of Information Related to Biomedical Journals

World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)

Council of Science Editors (CSE)

European Association of Science Editors (EASE)

Cochrane Collaboration

Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)

EQUATOR NETWORK http://www.equator-network.org

## VI. ABOUT THE INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF MEDICAL JOURNAL EDITORS

The ICMJE is a group of general medical journal editors whose participants meet annually and fund their work on the Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts. The

ICMJE invites comments on this document and suggestions for agenda items.

## VII. AUTHORS OF THE UNIFORM REQUIREMENTS FOR MANUSCRIPTS SUBMITTED TO BIOMEDICAL JOURNALS

The ICMJE participating journals and organizations and their representatives who approved the revised Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts in April 2010 include *Annals of Internal Medicine*, *British Medical Journal*, *Canadian Medical Association Journal*, *China Medical Journal*, *Croatian Medical Journal*, *Journal of the American Medical Association*, *Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde* (*The Dutch Medical Journal*), *New England Journal of Medicine*, *New Zealand Medical Journal*, *The Lancets*, *The Medical Journal of Australia*, *Revisia Médica de Chile*, *Tidsskrift for Den Norske Legeforening* (*The Journal of the Norwegian Medical Association*), *Ugeskrift for Laeger* (*Journal of the Danish Medical Association*), the U.S. NLM, and the World Association of Medical Editors.

## VIII. USE, DISTRIBUTION, AND TRANSLATION OF THE UNIFORM REQUIREMENTS

Users may print, copy, and distribute this document without charge for not-for-profit, educational purpose. The ICMJE does not stock paper copies (reprints) of this document.

The ICMJE policy is for interested organizations to link to the official English language document at www.ICMJE.org. The ICMJE does not endorse posting of the document on Web sites other than that of the ICMJE.

The ICMJE welcomes organizations to reprint or translate this document into languages other than English for nonprofit purposes. However, the ICMJE does not have the resources to translate, back-translate, or approve reprinted or translated versions of the document. Thus, any translations should prominently include the following statement: "This is a (reprint /insert name of language name) language translation) of the ICMJE Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals. (insert name of organization) prepared this translation with support from (insert name of funding source, if any). The ICMJE has neither endorsed nor approved the contents of this reprint/translation. The ICMJE periodically updates the Uniform Requirements, so this reprint/translation prepared on (insert date) may not accurately represent the current official version at www.ICMJE.org. The official version of the Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals is located at www.ICMJE.org."

We do not require individuals or organizations that reprint or translate the Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals to obtain formal, written permission from the ICMJE. However, the ICMJE requests that such individuals or organizations provide the ICMJE secretariat with the citation for that reprint or
translation so that the ICMJE can keep a record of such
versions of the document.

IX. INQUIRIES

Before sending an inquiry, please consult Frequently
Asked Questions at www.icmje.org, as this section of the
Web site provides answers to the most commonly asked
questions.

Inquiries about the Uniform Requirements should be
sent to the ICMJE Secretariat office by using the "Contact
ICMJE" link on the home page of www.icmje.org. Please
do not direct inquiries about individual studies, individual
journal styles, or individual journal policies to the ICMJE
secretariat office. The ICMJE does not archive individual
journal contact information. Manuscripts intended for
submission to a journal must be sent directly to the jour-
nal, not to the ICMJE.
ANNEXE 5
GLOSSAIRE

<table><tr><td>ADS</td><td>Astrophysics Data System</td></tr><tr><td>AERES</td><td>Agence d'Évaluation de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur</td></tr><tr><td>CNRS</td><td>Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique</td></tr><tr><td>CEA</td><td>Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique</td></tr><tr><td>CHU</td><td>Centre Hospitalier Universitaire</td></tr><tr><td>CNU</td><td>Conseil National des Universités</td></tr><tr><td>CoNRS</td><td>Comité National de la Recherche Scientifique</td></tr><tr><td>CPU</td><td>Conférence des Présidents d'Université</td></tr><tr><td>CR (2, 1)</td><td>Chargé de Recherche</td></tr><tr><td>CREST</td><td>Centre de Recherche en Économie et Statistiques</td></tr><tr><td>DR (2,1,E)</td><td>Directeur de Recherches (classe 2, 1, exceptionnelle)</td></tr><tr><td>EPIC</td><td>Établissement Public à caractère Industriel et Commercial</td></tr><tr><td>EPST</td><td>Établissement Public à caractère Scientifique et Technologique</td></tr><tr><td>ERC</td><td>European Research Council</td></tr><tr><td>ESO</td><td>European Southern Observatory</td></tr><tr><td>FI</td><td>Facteur d'Impact</td></tr><tr><td>G</td><td>Indicateur de Eghhe</td></tr><tr><td>H</td><td>Indicateur de Hirsch</td></tr><tr><td>INIST</td><td>Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique</td></tr><tr><td>INRA</td><td>Institut National de Recherche Agronomique</td></tr><tr><td>INSERM</td><td>Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale</td></tr><tr><td>IRD</td><td>Institut de Recherche pour le Développement</td></tr><tr><td>ISI</td><td>Institute for Scientific Information</td></tr><tr><td>IUF</td><td>Institut Universitaire de France</td></tr><tr><td>JCR</td><td>Journal Citation Reports</td></tr><tr><td>LRU</td><td>Loi relative aux Libertés et Responsabilités des Universités</td></tr><tr><td>MdC ou MCF</td><td>Maître de Conférences</td></tr><tr><td>NASA</td><td>National Aeronautics and Spatial Administration</td></tr><tr><td>OST</td><td>Observatoire des Sciences et des Techniques</td></tr><tr><td>PNAS</td><td>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</td></tr><tr><td>PR (2,1,E)</td><td>Professeur (classe 2, 1, exceptionnelle)</td></tr><tr><td>SCOPUS</td><td>Base de données Elsevier</td></tr><tr><td>SHS</td><td>Sciences Humaines et Sociales</td></tr><tr><td>UFR</td><td>Unité de Formation et de Recherche</td></tr><tr><td>UMR</td><td>Unité Mixte de Recherche</td></tr></table>