Martín, C., Gudmundsson, G. H., and King, E. C.: Modelling of Kealey Ice Rise, Antarctica, reveals stable ice-flow conditions in East Ellsworth Land over millennia, J. Glaciol., 60, 139–146, https://doi.org/10.3189/2014JoG13J089, 2014.

Martín, C., Hindmarsh, R. C. A., and Navarro, F. J.: Dating ice flow change near the flow divide at Roosevelt Island, Antarctica, by using a thermomechanical model to predict radar stratigraphy, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 111, F01011, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JF000326, 2006.

Martín, C., Hindmarsh, R. C. A., and Navarro, F. J.: On the effects of divide migration, along-ridge flow, and basal sliding on isochrones near an ice divide, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 114, F02006, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JF001025, 2009.

Matsuoka, K., Furukawa, T., Fujita, S., Maeno, H., Uratsuka, S., Naruse, R., and Watanabe, O.: Crystal-orientation fabrics within the Antarctic Ice Sheet revealed by a multipolarization plane and dual-frequency radar survey, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 108, 2499, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002425, 2003.

Matsuoka, K., Gades, A., Conway, H., Catania, G., and Raymond, C. F.: Radar signatures beneath a surface topographic lineation near the outlet of Kamb Ice Stream and Engelhardt Ice Ridge, West Antarctica, Ann. Glaciol., 50, 98–104, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756409789097595, 2009.

Matsuoka, K., Hindmarsh, R. C. A., Moholdt, G., Bentley, M. J., Pritchard, H. D., Brown, J., Conway, H., Drews, R., Durand, G., Goldberg, D., Hattermann, T., Kingslake, J., Lenaerts, J. T. M., Martín, C., Mulvaney, R., Nicholls, K. W., Pattyn, F., Ross, N., Scambos, T., and Whitehouse, P. L.: Antarctic ice rises and rumps: Their properties and significance for ice-sheet dynamics and evolution, Earth-Sci. Rev., 150, 724–745, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.09.004, 2015.

Matsuoka, K., MacGregor, J. A., and Pattyn, F.: Predicting radar attenuation within the Antarctic Ice Sheet, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 359/360, 173–183, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.10.018, 2012.

Mayewski, P. A., Frezzotti, M., Bertler, N., van Ommen, T., Hamilton, G., Jacka, T. H., Welch, B., Frey, M., Dahe, Q., Jiawen, R., Simões, J., Fily, M., Oerter, H., Nishio, F., Isaksson, E., Mulvaney, R., Holmund, P., Lipenkov, V., and Goodwin, I.: The International Trans-Antarctic Scientific Expendition (ITASE): an overview, Ann. Glaciol., 41, 180–185, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756405781813159, 2005.

McConnell, J. R., Burke, A., Dunbar, N. W., Köhler, P., Thomas, J. L., Arienzo, M. M., Chellman, N. J., Maselli, O. J., Sigl, M., Adkins, J. F., Baggенstos, D., Burkhart, J. F., Brook, E. J., Buizert, C., Cole-Dai, J., Fudge, T. J., Knorr, G., Graf, H.-F., Grieman, M. M., Iverson, N., McGwire, K. C., Mulvaney, R., Paris, G., Rhodes, R. H., Saltzman, E. S., Severinghaus, J. P., Steffensen, J. P., Taylor, K. C., and Winckler, G.: Synchronous volcanic eruptions and abrupt climate change ~17.7 ka plausibly linked by stratospheric ozone depletion, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 114, 10035–10040, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1705595114, 2017.

Medley, B., Joughin, I., Das, S. B., Steig, E. J., Conway, H., Gogineni, S., Criscitiello, A. S., McConnell, J. R., Smith, B. E., van den Broeke, M. R., Lenaerts, J. T. M., Bromwich, D. H., and Nicolas, J. P.: Airborne-radar and ice-core observations of annual snow accumulation over Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica, confirm the spatiotemporal variability of global and regional atmospheric models, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 3649–3654, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50706, 2013.

Medley, B., Joughin, I., Smith, B. E., Das, S. B., Steig, E. J., Conway, H., Gogineni, S., Lewis, C., Criscitiello, A. S., McConnell, J. R., van den Broeke, M. R., Lenaerts, J. T. M., Bromwich, D. H., Nicolas, J. P., and Leuschen, C.: Constraining the recent mass balance of Pine Island and Thwaites glaciers, West Antarctica, with airborne observations of snow accumulation, The Cryosphere, 8, 1375–1392, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1375-2014, 2014.

Millar, D. H. M.: Radio-echo layering in polar ice sheets and past volcanic activity, Nature, 292, 441–443, https://doi.org/10.1038/292441a0, 1981.

Millar, D. H. M.: Acidity levels in ice sheets from radio echo-sounding, Ann. Glaciol., 3, 199–203, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0260305500002779, 1982.

Miners, W. D., Hildebrand, A., Gerland, S., Blindow, N., Steinhage, D., and Wolff, E. W.: Forward modeling of the internal layers in radio-echo sounding using electrical and density measurements from ice cores, J. Phys. Chem. B, 101, 6201–6204, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp963218+, 1997.

Mojtabavi, S., Eisen, O., Franke, S., Jansen, D., Steinhage, D., Paden, J., Dahl-Jensen, D., Weikusat, I., Eichler, J., and Wilhelms, F.: Origin of englacial stratigraphy at three deep ice core sites of the Greenland Ice Sheet by synthetic radar modelling, J. Glaciol., 68, 799–811, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2021.137, 2022.

Moqadam, H. and Eisen, O.: Review article: Feature tracing in radio-echo sounding products of terrestrial ice sheets and planetary bodies, The Cryosphere, 19, 2159–2196, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-2159-2025, 2025.

Moqadam, H., Steinhage, D., Wilhelm, A., and Eisen, O.: Going deeper with deep learning: Automatically tracing internal reflection horizons in ice sheets – methodology and benchmark dataset, Mach. Learn. Comput., 2, e2024JH000493, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JH000493, 2025.

Morgan, V., Jacka, T., Akerman, G., and Clarke, A.: Outlet glacier and mass-budget studies in Enderby, Kemp, and Mac. Robertson Lands, Antarctica, Ann. Glaciol., 3, 204–210, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0260305500002780, 1982.

Morlighem, M.: MEaSURES BedMachine Antarctica, Version 2 [data set], https://doi.org/10.5067/E1QL9HFQ7A8M, 2020.

Moss, G., Višnjević, V., Eisen, O., Oraschewski, F. M., Schröder, C., Macke, J. H., and Drews, R.: Simulation-based inference of surface accumulation and basal-melt rates of an Antarctic ice shelf from isochronal layers, J. Glaciol., 71, e44, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2025.13, 2025.

Moussessian, A., Jordan, R. L., Rodriguez, E., Safaeinili, A., Akins, T. L., Edelstein, W. N., Kim, Y., and Gogineni, S. P.: A new coherent radar for ice sounding in Greenland, International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARRS) Proceedings, 24–28 July 2000, Vol. 482, 484–486, https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2000.861604, 2000.

Muldoon, G. R., Jackson, C. S., Young, D. A., and Blankenship, D. D.: Bayesian estimation of englacial radar chronology in Central West Antarctica, Dynam. Stat. Clim. Syst., 3, dzy004, https://doi.org/10.1093/climatesystem/dzy004, 2018.

Naish, T., Powell, R., Levy, R., Wilson, G., Scherer, R., Talarico, F., Krissek, L., Niessen, F., Pompilio, M., Wilson, T., Carter, L.,
DeConto, R., Huybers, P., McKay, R., Pollard, D., Ross, J., Winter, D., Barrett, P., Browne, G., Cody, R., Cowan, E., Crampton, J., Dunbar, G., Dunbar, N., Florindo, F., Gebhardt, C., Graham, I., Hannah, M., Hansaraj, D., Harwood, D., Helling, D., Henrys, S., Hinnov, L., Kuhn, G., Kyle, P., Läufer, A., Maffioli, P., Mangens, D., Mandernack, K., McIntosh, W., Millan, C., Morin, R., Ohneiser, C., Paulsen, T., Persico, D., Raine, I., Reed, J., Riesselman, C., Sagnotti, L., Schmitt, D., Sjunneskog, C., Strong, P., Taviani, M., Vogel, S., Wilch, T., and Williams, T.: Obliquity-paced Pliocene West Antarctic ice sheet oscillations, Nature, 458, 322–328, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07867, 2009.

Narcisi, B. and Petit, J. R.: Englacial tephras of East Antarctica, Geological Society, London, Memoirs, 55, 649–664, https://doi.org/10.1144/M55-2018-86, 2021.

NEEM Community Members: Eemian interglacial reconstructed from a Greenland folded ice core, Nature, 493, 489–494, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11789, 2013.

Nereson, N. A., Raymond, C. F., Jacobel, R. W., and Waddington, E. D.: The accumulation pattern across Siple Dome, West Antarctica, inferred from radar-detected internal layers, J. Glaciol., 46, 75–87, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756500781833449, 2000.

Nereson, N. A., Raymond, C. F., Waddington, E. D., and Jacobel, R. W.: Migration of the Siple Dome ice divide, West Antarctica, J. Glaciol., 44, 643–652, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000002148, 1998.

Neumann, T. A., Conway, H., Price, S. F., Waddington, E. D., Catania, G. A., and Morse, D. L.: Holocene accumulation and ice-sheet dynamics in central West Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 113, F02018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JF000764, 2008.

Ng, F. and Conway, H.: Fast-flow signature in the stagnated Kamb Ice Stream, West Antarctica, Geology, 32, 481–484, https://doi.org/10.1130/g20317.1, 2004.

Ng, F. and King, E. C.: Kinematic waves in polar firn stratigraphy, J. Glaciol., 57, 1119–1134, https://doi.org/10.3189/002214311798843340, 2011.

Nicholls, K. W., Corr, H. F. J., Stewart, C. L., Lok, L. B., Brennan, P. V., and Vaughan, D. G.: A ground-based radar for measuring vertical strain rates and time-varying basal melt rates in ice sheets and shelves, J. Glaciol., 61, 1079–1087, https://doi.org/10.3189/2015JoG15J073, 2015.

Nye, J.: The distribution of stress and velocity in glaciers and ice sheets, P. Roy. Soc. A-Math. Phy., 239, 113–133, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1957.0026, 1957.

Obase, T., Abe-Ouchi, A., Saito, F., Tsutaki, S., Fujita, S., Kawamura, K., and Motoyama, H.: A one-dimensional temperature and age modeling study for selecting the drill site of the oldest ice core near Dome Fuji, Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 17, 2543–2562, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2543-2023, 2023.

Oppenheimer, M., Glavovic, B. C., Hinkel, J., van de Wal, R., Magnan, A. K., Abd-Elgawad, A., Cai, R., Cifuentes-Jara, M., DeConto, R. M., Ghosh, T., Hay, J., Isla, F., Marzeion, B., Meyssignac, B., and Sebesvari, Z.: Sea-level rise and implications for low-lying islands, coasts and communities, in: IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate, edited by: Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D. C., Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E., Mintenbeck, K., Alegría, A., Nicolai, M., Okem, A., Petzold, J., Rama, B., and

Weyer, N. M., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 321–445, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157964.006, 2019.

Oraschewski, F. M., Koch, I., Ershadi, M. R., Hawkins, J., Eisen, O., and Drews, R.: Layer-optimized synthetic aperture radar processing with a mobile phase-sensitive radar: A proof of concept for detecting the deep englacial stratigraphy of Colle Gnifetti, Switzerland and Italy, The Cryosphere, 18, 3875–3889, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3875-2024, 2024.

Otosaka, I. N., Shepherd, A., Ivins, E. R., Schlegel, N. J., Amory, C., van den Broeke, M. R., Horwath, M., Joughin, I., King, M. D., Krinner, G., Nowicki, S., Payne, A. J., Rignot, E., Scambos, T., Simon, K. M., Smith, B. E., Sørensen, L. S., Velicogna, I., Whitehouse, P. L., A. G., Agosta, C., Ahlstrøm, A. P., Blazquez, A., Colgan, W., Engdahl, M. E., Fettweis, X., Forsberg, R., Gallée, H., Gardner, A., Gilbert, L., Gourmelen, N., Groh, A., Gunter, B. C., Harig, C., Helm, V., Khan, S. A., Kittel, C., Konrad, H., Langen, P. L., Lecavalier, B. S., Liang, C. C., Loomis, B. D., McMillan, M., Melini, D., Mernild, S. H., Mottram, R., Mouginot, J., Nilsson, J., Noël, B., Pattle, M. E., Peltier, W. R., Pie, N., Roca, M., Sasgen, I., Save, H. V., Seo, K. W., Scheuchl, B., Schrama, E. J. O., Schröder, L., Simonsen, S. B., Slater, T., Spada, G., Suterley, T. C., Vishwakarma, B. D., van Wessem, J. M., Wiese, D., van der Wal, W., and Wouters, B.: Mass balance of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets from 1992 to 2020, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 1597–1616, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1597-2023, 2023.

Paden, J., Tinto, K., Young, D., Christianson, K., Schroeder, D., Rahnemoonfar, M., Li, J., Talasila, H. M., Eisen, O., and Jordan, T.: Open Polar Radar software and services to standardize radar echograms and integrate into a geospatial database, AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2021AGUFM.C2051A.2008P, https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021AGUFM.C51A..08P/abstract (last access: 25 September 2025), 2021.

Panton, C.: Automated mapping of local layer slope and tracing of internal layers in radio echograms, Ann. Glaciol., 55, 71–77, https://doi.org/10.3189/2014AoG67A048, 2014.

Panton, C. and Karlsson, N. B.: Automated mapping of near-bed radio-echo layer disruptions in the Greenland Ice Sheet, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 432, 323–331, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.10.024, 2015.

Parrenin, F., Cavitte, M. G. P., Blankenship, D. D., Chappellaz, J., Fischer, H., Gagliardini, O., Masson-Delmotte, V., Passalacqua, O., Ritz, C., Roberts, J., Siegert, M. J., and Young, D. A.: Is there 1.5-million-year-old ice near Dome C, Antarctica?, The Cryosphere, 11, 2427–2437, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2427-2017, 2017.

Parrenin, F. and Hindmarsh, R.: Influence of a non-uniform velocity field on isochrone geometry along a steady flowline of an ice sheet, J. Glaciol., 53, 612–622, https://doi.org/10.3189/002214307784409298, 2007.

Passalacqua, O., Ritz, C., Parrenin, F., Urbini, S., and Frezzotti, M.: Geothermal flux and basal melt rate in the Dome C region inferred from radar reflectivity and heat modelling, The Cryosphere, 11, 2231–2246, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2231-2017, 2017.

Pattyn, F.: Antarctic subglacial conditions inferred from a hybrid ice-sheet/ice-stream model, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 295, 451–461, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.04.025, 2010.
Pauling, A. G., Bitz, C. M., and Steig, E. J.: Linearity of the climate-system response to raising and lowering West Antarctic and coastal Antarctic topography, J. Clim., 36, 6195–6212, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-22-0416.1, 2023.

Peters, M. E., Blankenship, D. D., Carter, S. P., Kempf, S. D., Young, D. A., and Holt, J. W.: Along-track focusing of airborne radar sounding data from West Antarctica for improving basal reflection analysis and layer detection, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote Sens., 45, 2725–2736, https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2007.897416, 2007.

Peters, M. E., Blankenship, D. D., and Morse, D. L.: Analysis techniques for coherent airborne radar sounding: Application to West Antarctic ice streams, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 110, B06303, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004jb003222, 2005.

Pettit, E. C., Thorsteinsson, T., Jacobson, H. P., and Waddington, E. D.: The role of crystal fabric in flow near an ice divide, J. Glaciol., 53, 277–288, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756507782202766, 2007.

Pettit, E. C. and Waddington, E. D.: Ice flow at low deviatoric stress, J. Glaciol., 49, 359–369, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756503781830584, 2003.

Pettit, E. C., Waddington, E. D., Harrison, W. D., Thorsteinsson, T., Elsberg, D., Morack, J., and Zumberge, M. A.: The crossover stress, anisotropy and the ice flow law at Siple Dome, West Antarctica, J. Glaciol., 57, 39–52, https://doi.org/10.3189/002214311795306619, 2011.

Pittard, M. L., Whitehouse, P. L., Bentley, M. J., and Small, D.: An ensemble of Antarctic deglacial simulations constrained by geological observations, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 298, 107800, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107800, 2022.

Pollard, D. and DeConto, R. M.: Modelling West Antarctic Ice Sheet growth and collapse through the past five million years, Nature, 458, 329–332, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07809, 2009.

Popov, S.: Fifty-five years of Russian radio-echo sounding investigations in Antarctica, Ann. Glaciol., 61, 14–24, https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2020.4, 2020.

Popov, S.: Ice cover, subglacial landscape, and estimation of bottom melting of Mac. Robertson, Princess Elizabeth, Wilhelm II, and western Queen Mary Lands, East Antarctica, Remote Sens., 14, 241, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14010241, 2022.

Pratap, B., Dey, R., Matsuoka, K., Moholdt, G., Lindbäck, K., Goel, V., Laluraj, C. M., and Thamban, M.: Three-decade spatial patterns in surface mass balance of the Nivlisen Ice Shelf, central Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica, J. Glaciol., 68, 174–186, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2021.93, 2022.

Pritchard, H. D., Fretwell, P. T., Frémand, A. C., Bodart, J. A., Kirkham, J. D., Aitken, A., Bamber, J., Bell, R., Bianchi, C., Bingham, R. G., Blankenship, D. D., Casassa, G., Christianson, K., Conway, H., Corr, H. F. J., Cui, X., Damaske, D., Damm, V., Dorschel, B., Drews, R., Eagles, G., Eisen, O., Eisermann, H., Ferraccioli, F., Field, E., Forsberg, R., Franke, S., Goel, V., Gogineni, S. P., Greenbaum, J., Hills, B., Hindmarsh, R. C. A., Hoffman, A. O., Holschuh, N., Holt, J. W., Humbert, A., Jacobel, R. W., Jansen, D., Jenkins, A., Jokat, W., Jong, L., Jordan, T. A., King, E. C., Kohler, J., Krabill, W., Maton, J., Kusk Gillespie, M., Langley, K., Lee, J., Leitchenkov, G., Leuschen, C., Luyendyk, B., MacGregor, J. A., MacKie, E., Moholdt, G., Matsuoka, K., Morlighem, M., Mouginot, J., Nitsche, F. O., Nost,

O. A., Paden, J., Pattyn, F., Popov, S., Rignot, E., Rippin, D. M., Rivera, A., Roberts, J. L., Ross, N., Ruppel, A., Schroeder, D. M., Siegert, M. J., Smith, A. M., Steinhage, D., Studinger, M., Sun, B., Tabacco, I., Tinto, K. J., Urbini, S., Vaughan, D. G., Wilson, D. S., Young, D. A., and Zirizzotti, A.: Bedmap3 updated ice bed, surface and thickness gridded datasets for Antarctica, Sci. Data, 12, 414, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-04672-y, 2025.

Rahnemoonfar, M., Yari, M., Paden, J., Koenig, L., and Ibikunle, O.: Deep multi-scale learning for automatic tracking of internal layers of ice in radar data, J. Glaciol., 67, 39–48, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2020.80, 2021.

Raymond, C. F.: Deformation in the vicinity of ice divides, J. Glaciol., 29, 357–373, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000030288, 1983.

Reeh, N., Oerter, H., and Thomsen, H. H.: Comparison between Greenland ice-margin and ice-core oxygen-18 records, Ann. Glaciol., 35, 136–144, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756402781817365, 2002.

Retzlaff, R., Lord, N., and Bentley, C. R.: Airborne-radar studies: Ice Streams A, B and C, West Antarctica, J. Glaciol., 39, 495–506, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000016397, 1993.

Rieckh, T., Born, A., Robinson, A., Law, R., and Gülle, G.: Design and performance of ELSA v2.0: an isochronal model for ice-sheet layer tracing, Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6987–7000, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6987-2024, 2024.

Rignot, E., Mouginot, J., and Scheuchl, B.: MEaSUREs InSAR-Based Antarctica Ice Velocity Map, Version 2 [data set], https://doi.org/10.5067/D7GK8F5J8M8R., 2017.

Rignot, E., Thomas, R. H., Kanagaratnam, P., Casassa, G., Frederick, E., Gogineni, S., Krabill, W., Rivera, A., Russell, R., Sonntag, J., Swift, R., and Yungel, J.: Improved estimation of the mass balance of glaciers draining into the Amundsen Sea sector of West Antarctica from the CECS/NASA 2002 campaign, Ann. Glaciol., 39, 231–237, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756404781813916, 2004.

Rippin, D. M., Siegert, M. J., and Bamber, J. L.: The englacial stratigraphy of Wilkes Land, East Antarctica, as revealed by internal radio-echo sounding layering, and its relationship with balance velocities, Ann. Glaciol., 36, 189–196, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756403781816356, 2003.

Rippin, D. M., Siegert, M. J., Bamber, J. L., Vaughan, D. G., and Corr, H. F. J.: Switch-off of a major enhanced ice-flow unit in East Antarctica, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L15501, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026648, 2006.

Rix, J., Mulvaney, R., Hong, J., and Ashurst, D. A. N.: Development of the British Antarctic Survey Rapid-Access Isotope Drill, J. Glaciol., 65, 288–298, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2019.9, 2019.

Robin, G. de Q., Evans, S., and Bailey, J. T.: Interpretation of radio echo sounding in polar ice sheets, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Ser. A-Math. Phys. Sci., 265, 437–505, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1969.0063, 1969.

Robin, G. de Q. and Millar, D. H. M.: Flow of ice sheets in the vicinity of subglacial peaks, Ann. Glaciol., 3, 290–294, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0260305500002949, 1982.

Rodriguez-Morales, F., Gogineni, S., Leuschen, C. J., Paden, J. D., Li, J., Lewis, C. C., Panzer, B., Gomez-Garcia Alvestegui, D., Patel, A., Byers, K., Crowe, R., Player, K., Hale, R. D., Arnold, E. J., Smith, L., Gifford, C. M., Braaten, D., and Pan- ton, C.: Advanced multifrequency radar instrumentation for po-
lar research, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote Sens., 52, 2824–2842,
https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2013.2266415, 2013.

Ross, N., Corr, H., and Siegert, M.: Large-scale englacial folding and deep-ice stratigraphy within the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, The Cryosphere, 14, 2103–2114, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2103-2020, 2020.

Ross, N. and Siegert, M.: Basal melting over Subglacial Lake Ellsworth and its catchment: Insights from englacial layering, Ann. Glaciol., 61, 198–205, https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2020.50, 2020.

Ross, N., Siegert, M. J., Woodward, J., Smith, A. M., Corr, H. F. J., Bentley, M. J., Hindmarsh, R. C. A., King, E. C., and Rivera, A.: Holocene stability of the Amundsen-Weddell ice divide, West Antarctica, Geology, 39, 935–938, https://doi.org/10.1130/G31920.1, 2011.

Rowell, I. F., Mulvaney, R., Rix, J., Tetzner, D. R., and Wolff, E. W.: Viability of chemical and water isotope ratio measurements of RAID ice chippings from Antarctica, J. Glaciol., 69, 623–638, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2022.94, 2023.

Sanderson, R. J., Ross, N., Winter, K., Bingham, R. G., Callard, S. L., Jordan, T. A., and Young, D. A.: Dated radar-stratigraphy between Dome A and South Pole, East Antarctica: Old-ice potential and ice-sheet history, J. Glaciol., 70, e74, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2024.60, 2024.

Sanderson, R. J., Winter, K., Callard, S. L., Napoleoni, F., Ross, N., Jordan, T. A., and Bingham, R. G.: Englacial architecture of Lambert Glacier, East Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 17, 4853–4871, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4853-2023, 2023.

Scambos, T. A., Bell, R. E., Alley, R. B., Anandakrishnan, S., Bromwich, D. H., Brunt, K., Christianson, K., Creyts, T., Das, S. B., DeConto, R., Dutrieux, P., Fricker, H. A., Holland, D., MacGregor, J., Medley, B., Nicolas, J. P., Pollard, D., Siegfried, M. R., Smith, A. M., Steig, E. J., Trusel, L. D., Vaughan, D. G., and Yager, P. L.: How much, how fast?: A science review and outlook for research on the instability of Antarctica’s Thwaites Glacier in the 21st century, Glob. Planet. Change, 153, 16–34, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2017.04.008, 2017.

Scanlan, K. M., Rutishauser, A., Young, D. A., and Blankenship, D. D.: Interferometric discrimination of cross-track bed clutter in ice-penetrating radar sounding data, Ann. Glaciol., 61, 68–73, https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2020.20, 2020.

Schannwell, C., Drews, R., Ehlers, T. A., Eisen, O., Mayer, C., and Gillet-Chaulet, F.: Kinematic response of ice-rise divides to changes in ocean and atmosphere forcing, The Cryosphere, 13, 2673–2691, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2673-2019, 2019.

Schroeder, D. M., Bingham, R. G., Blankenship, D. D., Christianson, K., Eisen, O., Flowers, G. E., Karlsson, N. B., Koutnik, M. R., Paden, J. D., and Siegert, M. J.: Five decades of radioglaciology, Ann. Glaciol., 61, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2020.11, 2020.

Schroeder, D. M., Broome, A. L., Conger, A., Lynch, A., Mackie, E. J., and Tarzona, A.: Radiometric analysis of digitized Z-scope records in archival radar sounding film, J. Glaciol., 68, 733–740, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2021.130, 2022.

Schroeder, D. M., Dowdeswell, J. A., Siegert, M. J., Bingham, R. G., Chu, W. N., MacKie, E. J., Siegfried, M. R., Vega, K. I., Emmons, J. R., and Winstein, K.: Multidecadal observations of the Antarctic Ice Sheet from restored analog

radar records, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 116, 18867–18873,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1821646116, 2019.

Schwander, J., Stocker, T. F., Walther, R., and Marending, S.: Progress of the RADIX (Rapid Access Drilling and Ice extraction) fast-access drilling system, The Cryosphere, 17, 1151–1164, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1151-2023, 2023.

Seroussi, H., Nowicki, S., Payne, A. J., Goelzer, H., Lipscomb, W. H., Abe-Ouchi, A., Agosta, C., Albrecht, T., Asay-Davis, X., Barthel, A., Calov, R., Cullather, R., Dumas, C., Galton-Fenzi, B. K., Gladstone, R., Golledge, N. R., Gregory, J. M., Greve, R., Hattermann, T., Hoffman, M. J., Humbert, A., Huybrechts, P., Jourdain, N. C., Kleiner, T., Larour, E., Leguy, G. R., Lowry, D. P., Little, C. M., Morlighem, M., Pattyn, F., Pelle, T., Price, S. F., Quiquet, A., Reese, R., Schlegel, N. J., Shepherd, A., Simon, E., Smith, R. S., Straneo, F., Sun, S., Trusel, L. D., Van Breedam, J., van de Wal, R. S. W., Winkelmann, R., Zhao, C., Zhang, T., and Zwinger, T.: ISMIP6 Antarctica: a multi-model ensemble of the Antarctic Ice Sheet evolution over the 21st century, The Cryosphere, 14, 3033–3070, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3033-2020, 2020.

Seroussi, H., Pelle, T., Lipscomb, W. H., Abe-Ouchi, A., Albrecht, T., Alvarez-Solas, J., Asay-Davis, X., Barre, J.-B., Berends, C. J., Bernales, J., Blasco, J., Caillet, J., Chandler, D. M., Coulon, V., Cullather, R., Dumas, C., Galton-Fenzi, B. K., Garbe, J., Gillet-Chaulet, F., Gladstone, R., Goelzer, H., Golledge, N., Greve, R., Gudmundsson, G. H., Han, H. K., Hillebrand, T. R., Hoffman, M. J., Huybrechts, P., Jourdain, N. C., Klose, A. K., Langebroek, P. M., Leguy, G. R., Lowry, D. P., Mathiot, P., Montoya, M., Morlighem, M., Nowicki, S., Pattyn, F., Payne, A. J., Quiquet, A., Reese, R., Robinson, A., Saraste, L., Simon, E. G., Sun, S., Twarog, J. P., Trusel, L. D., Urruty, B., Van Breedam, J., van de Wal, R. S. W., Wang, Y., Zhao, C., and Zwinger, T.: Evolution of the Antarctic Ice Sheet Over the Next Three Centuries From an ISMIP6 Model Ensemble, Earth's Future, 12, e2024EF004561, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EF004561, 2024.

Siegert, M. J.: Glacial-interglacial variations in central East Antarctic ice accumulation rates, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 22, 741–750, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(02)00191-9, 2003.

Siegert, M. J., Ellis-Evans, J. C., Tranter, M., Mayer, C., Petit, J.-R., Salamatin, A., and Priscu, J. C.: Physical, chemical and biological processes in Lake Vostok and other Antarctic subglacial lakes, Nature, 414, 603–609, https://doi.org/10.1038/414603a, 2001.

Siegert, M. J., Hindmarsh, R. C. A., and Hamilton, G. S.: Evidence for a large surface ablation zone in central East Antarctica during the last Ice Age, Quaternary Res., 59, 114–121, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0033-5894(02)00014-5, 2003a.

Siegert, M. J. and Hodgkins, R.: A stratigraphic link across 1100 km of the Antarctic Ice Sheet between the Vostok ice-core site and Titan Dome (near South Pole), Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 2133–2136, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000gl008479, 2000.

Siegert, M. J., Hodgkins, R., and Dowdeswell, J. A.: A chronology for the Dome C deep ice-core site through radio-echo layer correlation with the Vostok Ice Core, Antarctica, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 1019–1022, https://doi.org/10.1029/98GL00718, 1998.

Siegert, M. J., Kwok, R., Mayer, C., and Hubbard, B.: Water exchange between the subglacial Lake Vostok and the overlying ice sheet, Nature, 403, 643–646, https://doi.org/10.1038/35001049, 2000.
Siegert, M. J. and Payne, A. J.: Past rates of accumulation in central West Antarctica, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L12403, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gl020290, 2004.

Siegert, M. J., Payne, A. J., and Joughin, I.: Spatial stability of Ice Stream D and its tributaries, West Antarctica, revealed by radio-echo sounding and interferometry, Ann. Glaciol., 37, 377–382, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756403781816022, 2003b.

Siegert, M., Ross, N., Corr, H., Kingslake, J., and Hindmarsh, R.: Late Holocene ice-flow reconfiguration in the Weddell Sea sector of West Antarctica, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 78, 98–107, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.08.003, 2013.

Siegert, M. J., Welch, B., Morse, D., Vieli, A., Blankenship, D. D., Joughin, I., King, E. C., Leysinger Vieli, G. J.-M. C., Payne, A. J., and Jacobel, R.: Ice-flow direction change in interior West Antarctica, Science, 305, 1948–1951, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1101072, 2004.

Sigl, M., Toohey, M., McConnell, J. R., Cole-Dai, J., and Sev-eri, M.: Volcanic stratospheric sulfur injections and aerosol op- tical depth during the Holocene (past 11500 years) from a bipolar ice-core array, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 3167–3196, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3167-2022, 2022.

Sime, L. C., Hindmarsh, R. C. A., and Corr, H.: Au- tomated processing to derive dip angles of englacial radar reflectors in ice sheets, J. Glaciol., 57, 260–266, https://doi.org/10.3189/002214311796405870, 2011.

Sime, L. C., Karlsson, N. B., Paden, J. D., and Gogineni, S. P.: Isochronous information in a Greenland ice sheet radio echo sounding data set, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 1593–1599, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL057928, 2014.

Smith, B. E., Lord, N. E., and Bentley, C. R.: Crevasse ages on the northern margin of Ice Stream C, West Antarctica, Ann. Glaciol., 34, 209–216, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756402781817932, 2002.

Spaulding, N. E., Higgins, J. A., Kurbatov, A. V., Bender, M. L., Arcone, S. A., Campbell, S., Dunbar, N. W., Chimiak, L. M., Introne, D. S., and Mayewski, P. A.: Climate archives from 90 to 250 ka in horizontal and vertical ice cores from the Allan Hills Blue Ice Area, Antarctica, Quaternary Res., 80, 562–574, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2013.07.004, 2013.

Steinhage, D., Kipfstuhl, S., Nixdorf, U., and Miller, H.: Internal structure of the ice sheet between Kohnen station and Dome Fuji, Antarctica, revealed by air-borne radio-echo sounding, Ann. Glaciol., 54, 163–167, https://doi.org/10.3189/2013AoG64A113, 2013.

Steinhage, D., Nixdorf, U., Meyer, U., and Miller, H.: Sub- glacial topography and internal structure of central and west- ern Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, determined from air- borne radio-echo sounding, J. Appl. Geophys., 47, 183–189, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0926-9851(01)00063-5, 2001.

Stone, J. O., Balco, G. A., Sugden, D. E., Caffee, M. W., Sass, L. C., Cowdery, S. G., and Siddoway, C.: Holocene deglacia- tion of Marie Byrd Land, West Antarctica, Science, 299, 99–102, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1077998, 2003.

Sutter, J., Fischer, H., and Eisen, O.: Investigating the internal struc- ture of the Antarctic Ice Sheet: The utility of isochrones for spatiotemporal ice-sheet model calibration, The Cryosphere, 15, 3839–3860, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3839-2021, 2021.

Sutter, J., Fischer, H., Grosfeld, K., Karlsson, N. B., Kleiner, T., Van Liefferinge, B., and Eisen, O.: Modelling the Antarctic Ice Sheet

across the mid-Pleistocene transition: Implications for Oldest Ice, The Cryosphere, 13, 2023–2041, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc- 13-2023-2019, 2019.

Svensson, A., Bigler, M., Blunier, T., Clausen, H. B., Dahl-Jensen, D., Fischer, H., Fujita, S., Goto-Azuma, K., Johnsen, S. J., Kawa- mura, K., Kipfstuhl, S., Kohno, M., Parrenin, F., Popp, T., Ras- mussen, S. O., Schwander, J., Seierstad, I., Severi, M., Stef- fensen, J. P., Udisti, R., Uemura, R., Vallelonga, P., Vinther, B. M., Wegner, A., Wilhelms, F., and Winstrup, M.: Direct linking of Greenland and Antarctic ice cores at the Toba eruption (74 ka BP), Clim. Past, 9, 749–766, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-749- 2013, 2013.

Swithinbank, C.: Airborne radio-echo sounding by the British Antarctic Survey, Geogr. J., 135, 551–553, https://doi.org/10.2307/1795100, 1969.

Tabacco, I., Bianchi, C., Baskaradas, J., Cafarella, L., Umberto, S., Zirizzotti, A., and Zuccheretti, E.: Italian RES investigation in Antarctica: The new radar system, Terra Ant. Reports, 14, 213– 216, 2008.

Tang, X., Luo, K., Dong, S., Zhang, Z., and Sun, B.: Quantifying basal roughness and internal-layer continuity index of ice sheets by an integrated means with radar data and deep learning, Re- mote Sens., 14, 4507, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14184507, 2022.

Tarasov, L. and Peltier, W. R.: Greenland glacial history, borehole constraints, and Eemian extent, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 108, 2143, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB001731, 2003.

Teisberg, T. O. and Schroeder, D. M.: Digital tools for analog data: Reconstructing the first ice-penetrating radar surveys of Antarctica and Greenland, International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARRS) Proceedings, 16–21 July 2023, 44–47, https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS52108.2023.10281876, 2023.

Teisberg, T. O., Schroeder, D. M., Broome, A. L., Lurie, F., and D., W.: Development of a UAV-borne pulsed ice-penetrating radar system, IGARSS 2022 – 2022 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 17–22 July 2022, 7405–7408, https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS46834.2022.9883583, 2022.

Thyssen, F. and Grosfeld, K.: Ekström Ice Shelf, Antarctica, Ann. Glaciol., 11, 180–183, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0260305500006510, 1988.

Traversa, G., Fugazza, D., and Frezzotti, M.: Megadunes in Antarctica: Migration and characterization from remote and in situ observations, The Cryosphere, 17, 427–444, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-427-2023, 2023.

Tsutaki, S., Fujita, S., Kawamura, K., Abe-Ouchi, A., Fukui, K., Motoyama, H., Yu, H., Nakazawa, F., Obase, T., Ohno, H., Oy- abu, I., Saito, F., Sugiura, K., and Suzuki, T.: High-resolution subglacial topography around Dome Fuji, Antarctica, based on ground-based radar surveys over 30 years, The Cryosphere, 16, 2967–2983, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2967-2022, 2022.

Ulaby, F. and Lang, D. B. (Eds.): A Strategy for Ac- tive Remote Sensing Amid Increased Demand for Radio Spectrum, The National Academies Press, Washington DC, https://doi.org/10.1109/USNC-URSI.2015.7303547, 2015.

Van Liefferinge, B. and Pattyn, F.: Using ice-flow models to evaluate potential sites of million year-old ice in Antarctica, Clim. Past, 9, 2335–2345, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-2335- 2013, 2013.
Van Liefferinge, B., Taylor, D., Tsutaki, S., Fujita, S., Gogi-
neni, P., Kawamura, K., Matsuoka, K., Moholdt, G., Oy-
abu, I., Abe-Ouchi, A., Awasthi, A., Buizert, C., Gallet, J.-
C., Isaksson, E., Motoyama, H., Nakazawa, F., Ohno, H.,
O'Neill, C., Pattyn, F., and Sugiura, K.: Surface mass bal-
ance controlled by local surface slope in inland Antarctica:
Implications for ice-sheet mass balance and Oldest Ice delin-
eation in Dome Fuji, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2021GL094966,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL094966, 2021.

Vaughan, D. G., Corr, H. F. J., Doake, C. S. M., and Wadding-
ton, E. D.: Distortion of isochronous layers in ice re-
vealed by ground-penetrating radar, Nature, 398, 323–326,
https://doi.org/10.1038/18653, 1999.

Višnjević, V., Drews, R., Schannwell, C., Koch, I., Franke, S., Jansen, D., and Eisen, O.: Predicting the steady-state isochronal stratigraphy of ice shelves using observations and modeling, The Cryosphere, 16, 4763–4777, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4763-2022, 2022.

Waddington, E. D., Neumann, T. A., Koutnik, M. R., Marshall, H.-P., and Morse, D. L.: Inference of accumulation-rate patterns from deep layers in glaciers and ice sheets, J. Glaciol., 53, 694–712, https://doi.org/10.3189/002214307784409351, 2007.

WAIS Divide Project Members: Precise interpolar phasing of abrupt climate change during the last ice age, Nature, 520, 661–665, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14401, 2015.

Wang, T. T., Sun, B., Tang, X. Y., Pang, X. P., Cui, X. B., Guo, J. X., and Wang, H.: Spatio-temporal variability of past accumulation rates inferred from isochronous layers at Dome A, East Antarctica, Ann. Glaciol., 57, 87–93, https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2016.28, 2016.

Wang, Z., Chung, A., Steinhage, D., Parrenin, F., Freitag, J., and Eisen, O.: Mapping age and basal conditions of ice in the Dome Fuji region, Antarctica, by combining radar internal-layer stratigraphy and flow modeling, The Cryosphere, 17, 4297–4314, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4297-2023, 2023.

Wearing, M. G. and Kingslake, J.: Holocene formation of Henry Ice Rise, West Antarctica, inferred from ice-penetrating radar, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 124, 2224–2240, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JF004988, 2019.

Weertman, J.: Sliding-no sliding zone effect and age de-
termination of ice cores, Quaternary Res., 6, 203–207,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(76)90050-8, 1976.

Welch, B. C. and Jacobel, R. W.: Analysis of deep-penetrating radar surveys of West Antarctica, US-ITASE 2001, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1444, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017210, 2003.

Welch, B. C. and Jacobel, R. W.: Bedrock topography and wind erosion sites in East Antarctica: observations from the 2002 US-ITASE traverse, Ann. Glaciol., 41, 92–96, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756405781813258, 2005.

Welch, B. C., Jacobel, R. W., and Arcone, S. A.: First results from radar profiles collected along the US-ITASE traverse from Taylor Dome to South Pole (2006–2008), Ann. Glaciol., 50, 35–41, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756409789097496, 2009.

Wilkinson, M. D., Dumontier, M., Aalbersberg, I. J., Appleton, G., Axton, M., Baak, A., Blomberg, N., Boiten, J.-W., da Silva Santos, L. B., Bourne, P. E., Bouwman, J., Brookes, A. J., Clark, T., Crosas, M., Dillo, I., Dumon, O., Edmunds, S., Evelo, C. T., Finkers, R., Gonzalez-Beltran, A., Gray, A. J. G., Groth, P., Goble, C., Grethe, J. S., Heringa, J., 't Hoen, P. A. C., Hooft,

R., Kuhn, T., Kok, R., Kok, J., Lusher, S. J., Martone, M. E., Mons, A., Packer, A. L., Persson, B., Rocca-Serra, P., Roos, M., van Schaik, R., Sansone, S.-A., Schultes, E., Sengstag, T., Slater, T., Strawn, G., Swertz, M. A., Thompson, M., van der Lei, J., van Mulligen, E., Velterop, J., Waagmeester, A., Wittenburg, P., Wolstencroft, K., Zhao, J., and Mons, B.: The FAIR guiding principles for scientific data management and stewardship, Sci. Data, 3, 160018, https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.18, 2016.

Winski, D. A., Fudge, T. J., Ferris, D. G., Osterberg, E. C., Fe-
gyveresi, J. M., Cole-Dai, J., Thundercloud, Z., Cox, T. S.,
Kreutz, K. J., Ortman, N., Buizert, C., Epifanio, J., Brook, E. J.,
Beaudette, R., Severinghaus, J., Sowers, T., Steig, E. J., Kahle,
E. C., Jones, T. R., Morris, V., Aydin, M., Nicewonger, M. R.,
Casey, K. A., Alley, R. B., Waddington, E. D., Iverson, N. A.,
Dunbar, N. W., Bay, R. C., Souney, J. M., Sigl, M., and Mc-
Connell, J. R.: The SP19 chronology for the South Pole Ice Core
– Part 1: volcanic matching and annual layer counting, Clim.
Past, 15, 1793–1808, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1793-2019,
2019.

Winter, A., Steinhage, D., Arnold, E. J., Blankenship, D. D., Cavitte, M. G. P., Corr, H. F. J., Paden, J. D., Urbini, S., Young, D. A., and Eisen, O.: Comparison of measurements from different radio-echo sounding systems and synchronization with the ice core at Dome C, Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 11, 653–668, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-653-2017, 2017.

Winter, A., Steinhage, D., Creyts, T. T., Kleiner, T., and Eisen, O.: Age stratigraphy in the East Antarctic Ice Sheet inferred from radio-echo sounding horizons, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 1069–1081, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1069-2019, 2019a.

Winter, K., Woodward, J., Dunning, S. A., Turney, C. S. M., Fogwill, C. J., Hein, A. S., Golledge, N. R., Bingham, R. G., Marrero, S. M., Sugden, D. E., and Ross, N.: Assessing the continuity of the blue-ice climate record at Patriot Hills, Horseshoe Valley, West Antarctica, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 2019–2026, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015gl066476, 2016.

Winter, K., Woodward, J., Ross, N., Dunning, S. A., Bing-
ham, R. G., Corr, H. F. J., and Siegert, M. J.: Airborne-
radar evidence for tributary flow switching in Institute Ice
Stream, West Antarctica: Implications for ice-sheet configura-
tion and dynamics, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 120, 1611–1625,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jf003518, 2015.

Winter, K., Woodward, J., Ross, N., Dunning, S. A., Hein, A. S., Westoby, M. J., Culberg, R., Marrero, S. M., Schroeder, D. M., Sugden, D. E., and Siegert, M. J.: Radar-detected englacial debris in the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 10454–10462, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019gl084012, 2019b.

Wolovick, M. J. and Creyts, T. T.: Overturned folds in ice sheets: Insights from a kinematic model of traveling sticky patches and comparisons with observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 121, 1065–1083, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jf003698, 2016.

Wolovick, M. J., Creyts, T. T., Buck, W. R., and Bell, R. E.: Traveling slippery patches produce thickness-scale folds in ice sheets, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 8895–8901, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL062248, 2014.

Wolovick, M. J., Moore, J. C., and Zhao, L.: Joint in-
version for surface accumulation rate and geothermal heat
flow from ice-penetrating radar observations at Dome A,
East Antarctica, Part II: Ice-sheet state and geophysi-
cal analysis, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 126, e2020JF005936,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JF005936, 2021a.

Wolovick, M. J., Moore, J. C., and Zhao, L.: Joint inversion for surface accumulation rate and geothermal heat flow from ice-penetrating radar observations at Dome A, East Antarctica. Part I: Model description, data constraints, and inversion results, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 126, e2020JF005937, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JF005937, 2021b.

Woodward, J. and King, E. C.: Radar surveys of the Rutford Ice Stream onset zone, West Antarctica: Indications of flow (in)stability?, Ann. Glaciol., 50, 57–62, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756409789097469, 2009.

Wrona, T., Wolovick, M. J., Ferraccioli, F., Corr, H., Jordan, T., and Siegert, M. J.: Position and variability of complex structures in the central East Antarctic Ice Sheet, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 461, 113–129, https://doi.org/10.1144/sp461.12, 2018.

Xiong, S., Muller, J.-P., and Carretero, R. C.: A new method for automatically tracing englacial layers from MCoRDS data in NW Greenland, Remote Sens., 10, 43, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10010043, 2018.

Xu, B., Lang, S., Cui, X., Li, L., Liu, X., Guo, J., and Sun, B.: Focused synthetic-aperture-radar processing of ice-sounding data collected over East Antarctic Ice Sheet via spatial-correlation-based algorithm using fast back projection, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote Sens., 60, 5233009, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2022.3198432, 2022.

Yan, S., Koutnik, M. R., Blankenship, D. D., Greenbaum, J. S., Young, D. A., Roberts, J. L., van Ommen, T., Sun, B., and Siegert, M. J.: Holocene hydrological evolution of subglacial Lake Snow Eagle, East Antarctica implied by englacial radiostratigraphy, J. Glaciol., 71, e29, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2025.15, 2025.

Yan, Y., Brook, E. J., Kurbatov, A. V., Severinghaus, J. P., and Hig-
gins, J. A.: Ice-core evidence for atmospheric oxygen decline
since the Mid-Pleistocene Transition, Sci. Adv., 7, eabj9341,
https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abj9341, 2021.

Yari, M., Ibikunle, O., Varshney, D., Chowdhury, T., Sarkar, A., Paden, J., Li, J., and Rahnemoonfar, M.: Airborne snow-radar data simulation with deep learning and physics-driven methods, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl., 14, 12035–12047, https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2021.3126547, 2021.

Yilmaz, Ö.: Seismic Data Analysis: Processing, Inversion, and Interpretation of Seismic Data, Society of Exploration Geophysicists, Tulsa, The Leading Edge, 20, 1305–1306, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.9781560801580, 2001.

Young, D. A., Schroeder, D. M., Blankenship, D. D., Kempf, S. D., and Quartini, E.: The distribution of basal water between Antarctic subglacial lakes from radar sounding, Philos. T. R. Soc. A, 374, 20140297, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0297, 2016.

Zeising, O., Gerber, T. A., Eisen, O., Ershadi, M. R., Stoll, N., Weikusat, I., and Humbert, A.: Improved estimation of the bulk ice-crystal-fabric asymmetry from polarimetric phase co-registration, The Cryosphere, 17, 1097–1105, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1097-2023, 2023.

Zhao, L. Y., Moore, J. C., Sun, B., Tang, X. Y., and Guo, X. R.: Where is the 1-million-year-old ice at Dome A?, The Cryosphere, 12, 1651–1663, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1651-2018, 2018.

Zirizzotti, A., Baskaradas, J. A., Bianchi, C., Sciacca, U., Tobacco, I. E., and Zuccheretti, E.: Glacio RADAR system and results, 2008 IEEE Radar Conference, 26–30 May 2008, 1–3, https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2008.4720993, 2008.