# Epitaxial La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 thin films on silicon with excellent magnetic and electric properties by combining physical and chemical methods

José Manuel Vila-Fungueiriño, Jaume Gázquez, Cesar Magen, Guillaume Saint-Girons, Romain Bachelet, Adrián Carretero-Genevrier

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José Manuel Vila-Fungueiriño, Jaume Gázquez, Cesar Magen, Guillaume Saint-Girons, Romain Bachelet, et al.. Epitaxial La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 thin films on silicon with excellent magnetic and electric properties by combining physical and chemical methods. Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2018, 19 (1), pp.702 - 710. 10.1080/14686996.2018.1520590. hal-01896867

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# Epitaxial La<sub>0.7</sub>Sr<sub>0.3</sub>MnO<sub>3</sub> thin films on silicon with excellent magnetic and electric properties by combining physical and chemical methods

José Manuel Vila-Fungueiriño, Jaume Gázquez, César Magén, Guillaume Saint-Girons, Romain Bachelet & Adrián Carretero-Genevrier

To cite this article: José Manuel Vila-Fungueiriño, Jaume Gázquez, César Magén, Guillaume Saint-Girons, Romain Bachelet & Adrián Carretero-Genevrier (2018) Epitaxial La<sub>0.7</sub>Sr<sub>0.3</sub>MnO<sub>3</sub> thin films on silicon with excellent magnetic and electric properties by combining physical and chemical methods, Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 19:1, 702-710, DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2018.1520590

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/14686996.2018.1520590

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# Epitaxial La<sub>0.7</sub>Sr<sub>0.3</sub>MnO<sub>3</sub> thin films on silicon with excellent magnetic and electric properties by combining physical and chemical methods

José Manuel Vila-Fungueiriño<sup>ID a</sup>, Jaume Gázquez<sup>b</sup>, César Magén<sup>ID c,d</sup>, Guillaume Saint-Girons<sup>e</sup>, Romain Bachelet<sup>ID e</sup> and Adrián Carretero-Genevrier<sup>ID a</sup>

<sup>a</sup>Institut d'Électronique et des Systèmes (IES), UMR 5214, CNRS – Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France;

<sup>b</sup>Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona ICMAB, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas CSIC, Catalonia, Spain;

<sup>c</sup>Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain;

<sup>d</sup>Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón (INA), Universidad de Zaragoza, Mariano Esquillor, Edificio I+D, Zaragoza, Spain;

<sup>e</sup>Institut des Nanotechnologies de Lyon (INL) CNRS - Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Ecully, France

## ABSTRACT

Half-metallic ferromagnetic La<sub>0.7</sub>Sr<sub>0.3</sub>MnO<sub>3</sub> (LSMO) represents an appealing candidate to be integrated on silicon substrates for technological devices such as sensors, data storage media, IR detectors, and so on. Here, we report high-quality epitaxial LSMO thin films obtained by an original combination of chemical solution deposition (CSD) and molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). A detailed study of the thermal, chemical, and physical compatibility between SrTiO<sub>3</sub> (STO)/Si buffer layers and LSMO films, grown by MBE and CSD, respectively, enables a perfect integration of both materials. Importantly, we show a precise control of the coercive field of LSMO films by tuning the mosaicity of the STO/Si buffer layer. These results demonstrate the enormous potential of combining physical and chemical processes for the development of low-cost functional oxide-based devices compatible with the complementary metal oxide semiconductor technology.

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## ARTICLE HISTORY

Received 29 June 2018
Revised 3 September 2018
Accepted 4 September 2018

## KEYWORDS

Thin-films; functional oxides;
silicon integration; chemical
solution deposition;
molecular beam epitaxy

## CLASSIFICATION

10 Engineering and
Structural materials; 306
Thin film / Coatings; 102
Porous / Nanoporous /
Nanostructured materials;
203 Magnetics / Spintronics
/ Superconductors; 503 TEM,
STEM, SEM; 301 Chemical
syntheses / processing

## Introduction

Transition metal oxides are robust materials that can exhibit outstanding electric, magnetic, optical,

mechanical, and thermic properties [1]. Among them, magnetoresistance (MR) oxides are an interesting family in which the electrical transport can be modified by applying an external magnetic field. In particular,

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half-metallic ferromagnetic La<sub>0.7</sub>Sr<sub>0.3</sub>MnO<sub>3</sub> (LSMO) manganite oxide [2] exhibits colossal MR (CMR) [3]. In this case, the CMR is induced by the concomitance of a metal-insulator and a ferromagnetic-to-paramagnetic phase transition in a perovskite atomic structure [4]. Interestingly, CMR and Curie temperature (T<sub>c</sub>) can be improved in manganite oxides by a fine-tuning of chemical composition and structure [5], which bestows a rich magnetic and electronic phase diagram [6] and makes them very appealing for fundamental research and technological applications such as sensing, data storage, IR detectors, catalysis, and so on [7]. To fully exploit these functionalities into future devices, the integration of functional oxides into conventional semiconductor substrates is essential [8–10]. However, the epitaxial growth of LSMO and functional complex oxides on silicon substrates needs to be further developed due to the dissimilarities of these materials in chemical reactivity, structural parameters, and thermal stability [11]. Commonly, these growth challenges result in a lower crystalline quality of oxide thin films if compared with those grown on top of typical oxide perovskite single-crystal substrates such as SrTiO<sub>3</sub> (STO), LaAlO<sub>3</sub>, and so on [12]. Hence, epitaxial functional oxide thin films on silicon are exclusively grown by physical methods in ultra-high vacuum conditions, which require a perfect control of the partial oxygen pressure during the synthesis, to prevent the formation of an amorphous SiO<sub>2</sub> layer or undesirable crystalline silicates. In this line, McKee et al. demonstrated the possibility to grow crystalline STO films on Si, setting the basis of oxide integration by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) [13]. As a result, ultra-high vacuum methods became an exclusive technique to integrate functional oxide materials with application fields like harvesting energy, photonics, sensors, and so on, on silicon using this STO film as a buffer layer [14–17], on yttria-stabilized zirconia buffered substrates [18] or by complex domain matching epitaxy of at least three buffer layers [19,20]. On the other hand, chemical solution deposition (CSD) is a direct and low-cost bottom-up approach to grow complex functional oxides with a perfect control over the stoichiometry and microstructure [21–23], in large area coatings [24–26]. Unfortunately, the direct chemical solution integration on silicon of epitaxial LSMO ultrathin films is not possible [27] owing to the chemical reactivity of Sr alkaline-earth ions that act as a melting agent of the amorphous SiO<sub>2</sub> native layer [28]. As a result, an interfacial α-quartz layer crystallizes at high temperature stabilizing a novel epitaxial 1D LaSr-2 × 4 hollandite phase prior to the perovskite LSMO manganite [29,30]. In this work, we developed an innovative methodology that combines MBE and CSD techniques to ensure the epitaxial growth of perovskite LSMO ultrathin films on silicon. Among CSD techniques, we selected polymer-assisted deposition (PAD) [31–33] because it is one of

the most suitable processes to produce high-quality epitaxial complex and multilayer structured films [34]. In particular, high-quality epitaxial LSMO thin films were synthetized on single crystal-substrates by PAD [35,36] with a perfect control of the thickness [37] to prepare multilayers controlling their magnetoresistive response [38] and tunnel junctions [39]. PAD is a soft-chemistry technique that uses branched polymers to coordinate and stabilize different cations in an aqueous solution, which is therefore homogeneously spin-coated on a substrate [40]. We show that PAD constitutes an affordable and complementary technique to high-vacuum-based physical methods [41–43] simplifying the experimental setup and reducing cost for the integration of high-quality LSMO thin films on silicon. Moreover, we demonstrate a precise tune of the magnetic properties of LSMO thin films when combining PAD with MBE. Therefore, our growth strategy demonstrates the enormous potential of combining physical and chemical processes for the development of lower-cost functional LSMO-based devices compatible with standard microfabrication technologies.

## Experimental details

LSMO thin films were grown by PAD on silicon using a buffer layer of STO deposited by MBE. Firstly, 15 nm-thick epitaxial STO thin films were grown on a 2 in diameter (001) silicon wafer by MBE [44,45]. The native SiO<sub>2</sub> surface layer on silicon substrate was removed in 40% vol. hydrofluoric acid solution before introducing the wafer in the reaction chamber. Subsequently, a pure SiO<sub>2</sub> layer was reformed under UV-O<sub>3</sub> and finally removed during the Sr-catalyzed desorption procedure at 770 °C. A half monolayer of Sr was formed at 500 °C evaporating Sr with a Knudsen effusion cell. After that, the substrate was cooled down to 360 °C and exposed to an O<sub>2</sub> partial pressure of 5 × 10<sup>-8</sup> Torr for ~1 min. The excess of Sr allows stabilizing the STO at early growing stages before co-deposition of Sr and Ti. At that moment, a partially amorphous STO layer was obtained, so it was annealed at 460 °C in order to be crystallized. Finally, the growth was ended at 420 °C under an O<sub>2</sub> partial pressure of 5 × 10<sup>-7</sup> Torr.

LSMO layers on sliced 10 × 10 mm<sup>2</sup> substrates were grown by PAD process from individual ICP-analyzed precursor solutions of La, Sr, and Mn containing a polymer (polyethylenimine, PEI) and a chelating agent (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, EDTA). Lanthanum nitrate (La(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub> · 6H<sub>2</sub>O, *Fluka*, 99.0 %), strontium nitrate (Sr(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> · 4H<sub>2</sub>O, *Fluka*, 99.0 %), and manganese nitrate (Mn(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> · 6H<sub>2</sub>O, *Alpha Aesar*, 98.0 %) were employed as precursors salts. The individual solutions were mixed in the appropriate proportions (La:Sr:Mn 0.7:0.3:1) to obtain the correct stoichiometry and concentrated by
evaporating water until a final value of 0.2 M. The 0.2 M La0.7Sr0.3Mn:EDTA:PEI solution was spin-coated on 900 °C-thermally treated (001) STO/Si substrates at 4,500 rpm during 20 s. The polymeric layer containing the cations was annealed at 950 °C for 2 h in air to depolymerize the organic components and to crystallize the inorganic thin film.

The thickness of the layers was determined by X-ray reflectivity (XRR) in a PANalytical Empyrean (Almelo, Netherlands) diffractometer with an Euler cradle and using a copper source with an incidence wavelength of 1.540598 Å. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) analysis of cross-section lamellae was carried out with an FEI Titan 60-300 microscope (Hillsboro, OR, USA) equipped with a high-brightness field emission gun (X-FEG), a CETCOR probe corrector and a Gatan energy filter TRIDIEM 866 ERS operated in STEM at 300 kV. STO layers grown on Si were studied using an aber-ration corrected NION UltraSTEM 100 operated at 100 kV, at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA. The crystalline structure and the epitaxial relation-ship of the layers were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) in the same diffractometer, both in symmetric and in asymmetric configurations. Pole figure mea-surements were carried out using a Bruker AXS dif-fractometer model D8 Advance (Billerica, MA, USA) with GADDS-2D detector. The surface quality of the films was verified by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED).

The magnetic properties were studied in a super-conducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer type Magnetic Property Measurement System EverCool from Quantum Design (San Diego, CA, USA). Electrical resistivity and MR measure-ments were performed with the sample in a Van der Pauw configuration, placing the contacts at the cor-ners of the films. To achieve a good ohmic contact, Cr/Au (5 nm/20 nm) pads were coated over the corners by sputtering in a Gatan (Pleasanton, CA, USA) Precision Etching and Coating System at 200 µA and 6 keV before soldering gold wires. The MR (with the magnetic field applied parallel to the electric current) is expressed as

$$ \%MR = \frac{\rho(H) - \rho(0)}{\rho(0)} \times 100 \quad (1) $$

where ρ(H) and ρ(0) are the electrical resistivity under field and without magnetic field, respectively.

## Results and discussion

The compatibility between MBE and PAD growth pro-cesses was first investigated by performing annealing

treatments in air atmosphere at different temperatures, that is, 600 °C, 700 °C, 800 °C, and 900 °C, of 15 nm thick STO/Si buffer layers. XRR results (Figure S1a and Table S1) show no substantial roughness variations of STO films, therefore exhibiting a remarkable stability at high temperature as previously observed in thicker films (~ 100 nm) [46]. AFM measurements confirm the low roughness of the STO/Si buffer layer for each annealing temperature (see Table S1). The high planar-ity of the STO buffer layer is critical to achieve a homo-geneous nucleation from the precursor solution and a flat conformal continuous LSMO layer [47].

Epitaxial LSMO ultrathin films were grown in two stages, as illustrated in Figure 1: 1) growth of 15-nm-thick epitaxial STO (001) layer on Sr-passivated Si (001) substrates by MBE (Figure S1.b); and 2) deposi-tion of 20-nm-thick epitaxial LSMO (001) by PAD process. The high surface quality of LSMO films was evidenced in Figure 1 by RHEED measurements, which are extremely sensitive to the surface roughness. Moreover, the existence of fringes in the XRR curves of the LSMO layers (Figure S2) implies very low interface and surface roughness values, similar to the STO buffer layer grown by MBE. It should be remarked that XRR fringes in CSD-derived thin films are not common.

The chemical compatibility between STO/Si and LSMO layers was also studied in order to prevent cations intermixing effects [48]. This phenomenon can be attributed to the formation of oxygen vacan-cies in the STO layer during MBE deposition [49,50]. As a result, residual oxygen vacancies were removed by performing a preannealing treatment of the STO/ Si buffer layer at 900 °C during 2 h. This annealing process at 900 °C optimizes, consolidates, and oxyge-nates the crystal structure of PAD-derived LSMO layers, and therefore the LSMO-STO interface exhi-bits a restricted cation intermixing and a better crys-tal quality, as shown in Figure S3. Note that under air growth conditions at high temperature, oxygen diffu-sion forms an amorphous SiO₂ layer between the STO film and Si substrate that does not affect the final epitaxial growth of the LSMO film (Figure S4) on top of STO. The presence of a SiO₂ layer in epitaxial heterostructures on silicon is difficult to prevent even in ultra-high vacuum MBE [43].

Figure 2 presents STEM characterization of the atomic and chemical structure of the LSMO<sub>PAD</sub>/ STO<sub>MBE</sub>/Si interface. Atomic-resolution Z-contrast images of the LSMO/STO/Si interface confirm an optimal epitaxial growth of LSMO ultra-thin films with a perfect crystalline coherence onto the STO/ Si buffer layer. EELS measurements with atomic resolution (Figure 2 right and Figure S3) show that cation intermixing is restricted to the first two unit cells, in agreement with the sharp contrast observed in the Z-contrast image. It is worth
<figure><img src="image_21.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 1.** Top. Schematic diagram showing the novel synthetic route combining MBE and PAD to obtain epitaxial (001) LSMO thin films on (001) STO/Si buffer layers. Bottom. Left: RHEED image along the [100] and [110] azimuths of the STO film grown by MBE. Right: RHEED image along the [100] and [110] azimuths of the LSMO film deposited by PAD on STO/Si at 950 °C during 2 h.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_22.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 2.** Atomic resolution Z-contrast image of LSMO<sub>PAD</sub>/STO<sub>MBE</sub>/Si heterostructure viewed along the [100]-crystallographic direction. Detail of the Z-contrast image showing the coherent interface between the LSMO and the STO/Si buffer layers (left image). EELS image (right): color elemental mapping produced by overlaying the Mn L2,3 (green), Ti L2,3 (blue), Sr M4,5 (red), and La M4,5 (orange) elemental maps, displaying a high-quality chemical interface between STO and LSMO layer, the structure of which is sketched in the left of the image, respectively.</figcaption></figure>

mentioning that chemical abrupt interfaces are difficult to obtain by CSD methods in ultrathin films, even onto single-crystal substrates [51]. Therefore, the interface quality obtained for the epitaxial

LSMO film on silicon is comparable to those of physical methods.

X-rays scattering techniques confirm the structural quality of the LSMO<sub>PAD</sub>/STO<sub>MBE</sub>/Si heterostructure.
<figure><img src="image_23.png" /><figcaption>Figure 3. a) XRD pattern of the LSMO<sub>PAD</sub>/STO<sub>MBE</sub>/Si film in a θ-2θ configuration. b) XRD pattern around the (002) Bragg reflection of the perovskite with 2.5 times more time per step. c) Pole figure with a 45° tilt of χ (Chi) containing both (202) reflections for LSMO/STO and silicon. d) Real space representation from reciprocal space mapping (RSM) around the (−204) Bragg peak of the perovskite containing both the STO<sub>MBE</sub> as the LSMO<sub>PAD</sub> layers.</figcaption></figure>

Figure 3(a) shows a long range θ-2θ XRD pattern with a perfect texture of the (00l) LSMO crystallographic phase. A detailed XRD measurement in Figure 3(b) clearly distinguishes both (002) Bragg reflection peaks of STO and LSMO phases. The pole figure of the (202) reflection (Figure 3(c)) demonstrates that the LSMO perovskite layer is 45° rotated in azimuth from the silicon due to the large lattice mismatch between Si and STO [10]. No additional peaks from other reflections or polycrystallinity signals appear in the θ-2θ scan (Figure S5). The in-plane epitaxial relationship between STO and LSMO films was studied in detail by analyzing the asymmetric (−204) Bragg reflection in grazing detection configuration. The real space representation of the in- and out-of-plane lattice parameters (Figure 3(d)) clearly shows that the LSMO ultrathin film is fully strained by the STO buffer layer due to the similar in-plane lattice parameter (a), that is, a<sup>PC</sup><sub>LSMO</sub> = 3.881 Å and a<sub>STO</sub> = 3.905 Å, and the low mismatch, only −0.6% (tensile strain), defined as

$$ \epsilon = (a_{\text{Film}} - a_{\text{Substrate}})/a_{\text{Substrate}} \times 100 \quad (2) $$

Therefore, the epitaxial relationships of the hetero-structure can be resumed as LSMO (001) || STO (001) || Si (001) and LSMO [100] || STO [100] || Si [110].

The structural quality is also reflected in the magnetoelectric properties of the films. We found that non-annealed STO buffer layers modify the physical properties of PAD-derived LSMO films. This was evidenced by a degradation of the electric transport,

where the metal-to-insulator transition (MIT) occurs below room temperature. Contrarily, temperature dependence of the resistivity in LSMO on 900 °C-annealed STO substrates shows a MIT around 340 K with a metallic behavior (dp/dT> 0) (Figure 4(a)). The temperature dependence of the in-plane magnetization LSMO film under an applied magnetic field of 1000 Oe shows a T<sub>C</sub> around 320 K (Figure 4(b)) close to the bulk value (T<sub>C</sub> ≈ 350 K), and in good agreement with LSMO ultrathin films grown by physical methods [41,52,53]. This result demonstrates the stoichiometric control of the films deposited by PAD on annealed STO buffer layers. Moreover, the magnetic hysteresis loops of the LSMO<sub>PAD</sub>/STO<sub>MBE</sub>/Si confirm the ferromagnetic behavior also at 300 K. Saturation of the magnetization occurs at H ≈ 1500 Oe, and the coercive field (H<sub>c</sub>) is ≈ 200 Oe (Figure 4(c)). Note that this H<sub>c</sub> value is larger than in LSMO films obtained by PLD [54] due to stress relaxation mechanism of quasi thermodynamic PAD process, and more importantly, similar to LSMO films grown on STO single crystals by PAD technique [37].

We performed a detailed characterization of the MR around the MIT (Figure S6) that showed a value greater than 10% at 1 T at room temperature (Figure 4(d)). This low-field magnetoresistance (LFMR) effect in thin films can be attributed to grain boundaries [55], texture [56,57], and epitaxial strain [58]. We ascribe the enhancement of the MR to the mosaicity of the STO buffer layer, with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) larger than in a
<figure><img src="image_24.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 4.** a) Temperature dependence of the resistivity measured in N₂ up to 400 K in a Van der Pauw configuration for LSMO films deposited on top of non-annealed (cyan) and annealed (blue) STO-buffered Si substrates. b) Field-cooled temperature dependence of the magnetization (Bohr magneton per atom of manganese) in an applied in-plane magnetic field of 1000 Oe for the LSMO<sub>PAD</sub>/STO<sub>MBE</sub>/Si film. c) In-plane field dependence (Bohr magneton per atom of manganese at 10 K and 300 K) of the magnetization. d) Magnetoresistance at 300 K. Data corresponds to LSMO films deposited on STO/Si substrate with a mosaicity value of 1°.</figcaption></figure>

single crystal, and to the stress relaxation mechanism of the tensile strain imposed over the LSMO in PAD method [37]. This result opens the possibility to tune the MR at low fields and, thus, could be useful for the development of magnetoresistive sensors at room temperature [59] in silicon-based devices.

Likewise, the mosaicity of the STO layer, that is, the spreading degree of crystal plane orientations, can also modify other magnetic properties of the epitaxial LSMO layer. Figure 5(a) shows the evolution of different STO-buffer layers according the FWHM values where the more misaligned (001) planes correspond to higher mosaicity samples. This feature is controlled by the Sr excess during the MBE growth at early deposition stages that produces arrays of slightly misaligned STO grains, yielding a high mosaicity [44]. This phenomenon can be clearly observed through atomic-resolution Z-contrast image of two extreme cases: (0.6°), with a crystallinity close to single-crystal, and (3.0°) (Figure 5(b)). While the more crystalline STO/Si film is continuous, the 3.0°-STO/Si has different domains that affect the magnetic properties of epitaxial LSMO films. Indeed, we found a direct dependence of the coercivity on the mosaicity of the STO-buffer layer (Figure 6). In this case, STO buffered Si substrates with higher values of mosaicity, that is, smaller grain size and higher nanostructuration [60], induce larger coercivity fields, which results from the strong dependence of the coercive field on

the microstructure of the material (such as size of crystal grains and film roughness) [61]. LSMO samples with mosaicity values ranging from 0.5° to 1° exhibit the optimum Hc value, which is similar to LSMO films grown on single-crystal substrates. Therefore, the mosaicity of STO/Si buffer substrate combined with PAD methodology is an effective tool to control the magnetic anisotropy in LSMO ferromagnetic thin films integrated in silicon technology.

## Conclusions

The thermal and chemical stability exhibited by STO layers grown on silicon substrates by MBE allowed chemical deposition of high-quality epitaxial LSMO ultrathin films using PAD process at 950 °C in air atmosphere within 2 h on STO/Si buffer layers preannealed at 900 °C. Magnetic and electric properties of epitaxial LSMO films confirmed the compatibility between PAD and MBE processes. LSMO films with mosaicity values ranging from 0.5° to 1° exhibit the optimum Hc value, which is similar to LSMO films grown on STO single-crystal substrates and a low-field magnetoresistance effect. A precise control of the coercive field of LSMO films can be achieved by tuning the mosaicity of the STO/Si buffer layer. Our growth strategy demonstrates the enormous potential of combining
<figure><img src="image_25.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 5.** a) FWHM values, obtained from rocking curves of the (002) peak of STO for STO/Si buffer layers with different mosaicity degrees. b) Atomic resolution Z-contrast image viewed along the [100]-crystallographic direction to compare two STO/Si samples with 0.6° (bottom) and 3.0° (up) FWHM values.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_26.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 6.** a) Hysteresis loops at 10 K for LSMO/STO/Si films as a function of the mosaicity from single-crystal up to FWHM of 3°. b) Evolution of the LSMO coercivity as a function of mosaicity of the STO-buffered silicon substrates.</figcaption></figure>

physical and chemical processes for the develop-
ment of low-cost functional oxide-based devices
compatible with standard microfabrication technol-
ogies on silicon substrates.

Acknowledgments

ACG acknowledges the financial support from the French
Agence Nationale pour la Recherche (ANR), project
Q-NOSS ANR-16-CE09-0006-01 and École Centrale de
Lyon under the BQR 2016 project. The research leading to
these results has received funding from the European Union
Seventh Framework Program under Grant Agreement
312483 - ESTEEM2 (Integrated Infrastructure Initiative–I3).
This project has received funding from the EU-H2020
research and innovation Program under grant agreement
No 654360 having benefitted from the access provided by

ICMAB-CSIC in Barcelona within the framework of the NFFA-Europe Transnational Access Activity. Fruitful discussions with Pr. F. Rivadulla from USC are highly acknowledged. INL authors acknowledge the European Commission for funding the project TIPS (H2020-ICT-02-2014-1-644453). We thank P. Regreny, C. Botella, and J. B. Goure for the MBE technical assistance on the Nanolyon technological platform. The HRTEM microscopy work was conducted in "Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas" at the Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón-Universidad de Zaragoza. Authors acknowledge the LMA-INA for offering access to their instruments and expertise.

**Disclosure statement**

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the
authors.
## Funding

This work was supported by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche [ANR-16-CE09-0006-01]; European Commission [TIPS (H2020-ICT-02-2014-1-644453)]; EU H2020 [No 654360]; École Centrale de Lyon [BQR 2016]; Seventh Framework Program [312483 - ESTEEM2].

## ORCID

José Manuel Vila-Fungueiriño http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1839-0495

César Magén http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6761-6171

Romain Bachelet http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2910-0449

Adrián Carretero-Genevrier http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0488-9452

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