# A common future for coastal peoples and seabirds facing extreme climatic events

Tristan Martin, Dominique Henri, Laura-Maria Martinez, Marie Chandelier, Fabrice Ardhuin, David Grémillet

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Tristan Martin, Dominique Henri, Laura-Maria Martinez, Marie Chandelier, Fabrice Ardhuin, et al.  
A common future for coastal peoples and seabirds facing extreme climatic events. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 2025, 82 (1), pp.fsae198. 10.1093/icesjms/fsae198. hal-05344669

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# A common future for coastal peoples and seabirds facing extreme climatic events

Tristan Martin ID<fnref n="1" />,*, Dominique A. Henri ID<fnref n="2" />, Laura-Maria Martinez<fnref n="2" />, Marie Chandelier ID<fnref n="3" />,
Fabrice Ardhuin ID<fnref n="4" />, David Grémillet ID<fnref n="1" />,<fnref n="5" />

## Abstract

Extreme climatic events (ECEs) are increasing in frequency and severity due to climate change. These events disrupt coastal ecosystems and the livelihoods of >2.5 billion coastal peoples around the world. Very few studies assess the combined impacts of ECEs on wildlife and people in coastal socio-ecosystems. Yet, such research is key to understanding and mitigating the effects of ECEs along the world's coastlines. Seabirds are conspicuous and charismatic, and unite marine and terrestrial biomes. They are unique intermediaries of these socio-ecological systems and key ecological indicators of the broader social-ecological consequences of ECEs across coastal areas. As humans and seabirds will share a common future in the context of major environmental changes, we advocate for interdisciplinary research on the combined effects of ECEs on marine birds and coastal peoples. By incorporating climatological, ecological, social, cultural, and economic perspectives inclusive of multiple knowledge systems, the framework we provide aims to inform holistic and equitable conservation planning for resilient coastal socio-ecological systems in the context of ECEs.

**Keywords:** coastal social-ecological systems; common future for wildlife and peoples; global changes; interdisciplinary and participatory science; birds

Climate change is modifying the frequency, intensity, and spatiotemporal extent of extreme climatic events (ECEs) (Poértner and Roberts 2022), and coastal ecosystems are among the most impacted by ECEs (Babcock et al. 2019). These transitional zones influenced by terrestrial and aquatic processes are also among the most productive global ecosystems. They are essential both for biodiversity and humanity, with over 2.5 billion people living within 100 km of a coastline (Martínez et al. 2007). In the current context of major climate forcing on coastal ecosystems, humans and wildlife share a common future (Reed et al. 2022). To underline this shared future, we propose to explore ECE impacts on coastal socio-ecological systems through the eyes of seabirds (Lescroël et al. 2016). Indeed, seabirds have strong cultural links, both past and present, with coastal populations. Because of their conspicuous nature and near-worldwide distribution, their role as qualitative ecological indicators, and their sensitivity to a wide range of ECEs, they represent the ideal group of species within marine megafauna to study the shared future between coastal wildlife and peoples. In this context, interdisciplinary seabird research using Indigenous and Western knowledge systems should become the benchmark to improve the resilience of coastal social-ecological systems (Berkes et al. 2015) and support biocultural diversity (Bridgewater and Roterham 2019).

## Extreme climatic events in coastal social-ecological systems

ECEs are periods of statistically extreme weather that alter social-ecological systems structure and function beyond usual spatiotemporal variability (Smith 2011). ECEs challenge the resilience of coastal social-ecological systems (Berkes et al. 2015, Ummenhofer and Meehl 2017, Laino and Iglesias 2023) and act as wake-up calls attracting stakeholder attention (Giordono et al. 2020, Lima and Bonetti 2020), especially in the current context of rapid environmental change. Coastal zones, which span from the edge of the continental shelf to adjacent land within 100 km of the coastline, are home to ecosystems shaped by strong gradients of physical energy, sediment, and nutrient fluxes (Martínez et al. 2007). From pelagic and demersal environments to beaches, cliffs, forests, and prairies, from mangroves to reefs, coastal zones represent a critical interface and continuum of habitats, which play a vital role for ecosystem services to human communities across all latitudes (Martínez et al. 2007). ECEs can cause significant and long-lasting alterations to coastal ecosystems (e.g. rapid erosion and habitat loss, wildlife reproductive failures, mass-mortality events, changes in population, and species distribution) with direct consequences for human populations. Such ECE impacts have already been assessed for most coastal areas of the world (Wernberg et al. 2013, Maxwell et al. 2019, Poértner et

<footnote n="1">¹CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, 34090, Montpellier, France</footnote>

<footnote n="2">²Environment and Climate Change Canada, J8X4C6, Montréal, Québec, Canada</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³Bases, Corpus, Language Laboratory, 06357, Nice, France</footnote>

<footnote n="4">⁴Physical and Space Oceanography Laboratory, LOPS, IFREMER, 29280, Plouzane, France</footnote>

<footnote n="5">⁵Department of Biological Sciences, FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa</footnote>

<footnote>*Corresponding author. Tristan Martin, CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, 34090, Montpellier, France. E-mail: tristan.martin@cefe.cnrs.fr</footnote>
<figure><img src="image_2.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 1.** Various forms of ECEs affecting both seabirds and humans, highlighting their shared future in the context of global change. Examples of extreme climatic events affecting coastal peoples and seabirds: **Extreme wave**: In June 2016, the “East Coast Low Event” led to severe shoreline erosion in Australia, resulting in substantial structural and economic damages. Synoptically, this event caused the destruction of little penguin (*Eudyptula minor*) nesting sites. **Storm**: Hurricane Katrina resulted in $110 billion in additional federal spending in the USA in August 2005 and in breeding seabird population declines for >20 species at 16 federal wildlife refuges. **Snow storm**: In Antarctica, 2021/2022 snowstorms forced a temporary halt of scientific activities, and caused massive breeding failures in Antarctic petrels (*Thalassioica antarctica*). **Marine heatwave**: In the North Pacific Ocean, the 2015/2016 marine heat wave “the Blob” affected fish stocks, with major consequences for commercial fisheries, as well as for seabird survival and reproduction.</figcaption></figure>

al. 2022, Laino and Iglesias 2023, Smith et al. 2023); however, these studies rarely consider joint ECEs impacts on people and wildlife (Fig. 1).

## Seeing extreme climatic events through the eyes of seabirds

Studying seabird responses to ECEs provides metrics for potential impacts on other species and whole ecosystems, making them ideal sentinel species for monitoring coastal social-ecological systems in the context of global change (Lescroël et al. 2016, Hazen et al. 2019, Velarde et al. 2019). Seabirds raise their young on land but forage and often winter at sea, thereby inhabiting a wide range of coastal habitats. Seabirds are sensitive to ECEs, such as extreme winds, temperatures, and precipitation, which can impact their survival or reproductive success at individual and population scales (Fig. 1). For example, ECEs have caused complete breeding failures following snowstorms in Antarctica (Descamps et al. 2015, Descamps et al. 2023), relocation of nesting sites after intense storms (Bonter et al. 2014), starvation and mass mortalities as a result of marine heatwaves (Jones et al. 2018, Piatt et al. 2020), widespread mortality triggered by cyclones (Lavers et al. 2024), and complete breeding failures due to rainstorms in northern Greenland (Yannick et al. 2014). As top predators, seabirds also function as qualitative ecological indicators and reflect the impact of ECEs on lower trophic levels via bottom-up effects (Dunphy et al. 2020, Pistorius et al. 2023). Further, they play a crucial role in coastal nutrient cycling, transporting marine nutrients to nesting sites and transforming terrestrial vegetation (Ellis 2005). These nutrient inputs enhance adjacent ecosystems, significantly increasing key ecological processes such as grazing and bioerosion on coral reefs, thereby boosting productivity and ecosystem functioning (Graham et al. 2018). Consequently, significant changes in seabird populations can have profound impacts on plant communities and broadly on entire coastal landscapes. Hence, seabird functional, physiological, or populational responses are extremely useful to understand and predict ECEs

impacts on co-occurring species, including humans. Numerous multi-decadal seabird monitoring programs are underway globally, providing a foundation for studying ECEs impacts on coastal social-ecological systems (Sydeman et al. 2021). Many seabirds are migratory, and roam across entire ocean basins. For example, the Arctic Tern (*Sterna paradisaea*) holds the record for the longest bird migration. Each year, it travels between the Arctic and Antarctic, covering up to 70 000 km (Egevang et al. 2010). Other species, like the Sooty Shearwater (*Ardenna grisea*) or the Long-tailed Skua (*Stercorarius longicaudus*), travel tens of thousands of kilometers (Shaffer et al. 2006, Gilg et al. 2013). This adds complexity to the attribution of ECE impacts on their populations, yet biologging technologies now allow tracking seabird movements across their life cycles, and help study ECE impacts at wider spatiotemporal scales, notably through carry-over effects on fitness indices such as survival and breeding performance (Grémillet et al. 2022). Further, seabirds are charismatic species, making them excellent candidates for participatory (or citizen) science projects. Finally, as “boundary objects”; defined as any object that is part of multiple social worlds and facilitates communication between them (Star and Griesemer 1989), seabirds are powerful ambassadors promoting dialogue and knowledge exchange among coastal stakeholders and between nations, even in the context of international tensions (Lescroël et al. 2016).

## Coastal peoples and seabirds, a shared future

Throughout human history, coastal populations have relied on seabirds for subsistence and inspiration. Across the globe, many Indigenous and local coastal communities harvest seabirds for their meat, eggs, and feathers (Feare 1976, Lefèvre 1997, Meharg et al. 2006, Geary et al. 2019). Hunting and harvesting of seabirds have often led to significant declines in their populations (Montevecchi et al. 2007, Chen et al. 2015), prompting the implementation of numerous management plans worldwide, many of which are informed by Indigenous knowledge and practices aimed at ensuring sus-
<figure><img src="image_3.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 2.** Arctic coastal social-ecological system featuring the common future of coastal peoples and seabirds facing extreme summer storms.</figcaption></figure>

tainable use and conservation (Moller et al. 2004, Naves et al. 2019). Seabirds also hold symbolic and spiritual significance. Notably, according to Rapa Nui culture in the southeastern Pacific Ocean, the first man to bring back a Sooty Tern (*Onychoprion fuscatus*) egg after a ritual race was granted the title of birdman. This honorary title conferred elevated social status and facilitated a deeper spiritual connection with deities (Marín 2023). Complex and diverse relationships between coastal communities and seabirds have evolved across all maritime cultures. In Greenland, the Inuit traditionally practiced subsistence hunting during the summer season, capturing seabirds that are only present for a short period while breeding. They sometimes preserved these birds by fermenting them in the form of Kiviak, a traditional preparation used to store them for consumption during winter. Nowadays, seabird hunting remains a recreational activity, keeping its cultural

importance for Greenland's coastal communities (Gotfredsen 1997).

In the context of ECEs, seabirds and coastal peoples face shared threats and opportunities (Figs 1 and 2). For instance, the North-East Pacific heatwave of 2014–2016 led to substantial seabird population declines. It also caused losses to the regional fishing industry and ecosystem services, estimated at US$103 million per year (Smith et al. 2021). Similarly, storms Lothar and Martin of December 1999 devastated French Atlantic coastal ecosystems, directly through waves and wind, and indirectly through the Erika oil spill. These events sent shockwaves through public opinion, notably because they resulted in the mortality of an estimated 200 000 seabirds from numerous species, including conservation icons such as the Atlantic puffin, *Fratercula arctica* (Le Drean-Quenec'Hdu and Hostis 2005). This episode generated a collective awareness of
<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 3.** Conceptual framework.</figcaption></figure>

the challenges posed by global changes in France, highlighting the importance of studying ECEs as wake-up calls for climate forcing. Such combined impacts of ECEs on seabirds and humans are universal, affecting coastlines and the populations living along them. Notably, the increasingly frequent summer storms in the Arctic basin (Zhang et al. 2023) disrupt the activities of local populations, such as those in the town of Ittoqqortoormiit on the east coast of Greenland (Fig. 2). Here, economic activities such as ecotourism are greatly disrupted by summer lows. Subsistence or recreational hunting activities also stop completely during these storms. Concurrently, these ECEs jeopardize the breeding success of little auk (*Alle alle*), the most abundant arctic seabird and a key coastal ecosystem engineer (González-Bergonzoni et al. 2017). Similarly, in the Bay of Bengal, global changes are leading to an increase in ECEs (Rajalakshmi and Hema 2021).

In the southern part of Bangladesh, tropical storms and cyclones force fishing communities to migrate to other regions, thereby transforming not only their way of life but also the social and economic structures of their communities (Islam et al. 2022). During these events, nesting sites of numerous seabird species are also destroyed by violent waves and winds and the associated erosion. However, few, if any, studies address the consequences of these ECEs on seabirds in this region (Montreti et al. 2013). This reality underscores the importance of implementing research programs that consider both human needs and the conservation of natural ecosystems inhabited by seabirds. Overall, these examples illustrate how ECEs can

have a profound effect on seabirds, as ecological indicators and flagship species within coastal social-ecological systems. They also highlight interdependencies between coastal peoples and seabirds, within a shared future under the incidence of ECEs (Figs 2 and 3). Understanding and mainstreaming these joint trajectories can greatly enhance human environmental awareness and improve risk management strategies by considering the mutual needs of peoples and seabirds. This should lead to public policies that promote the joint resilience of humans, seabirds, and other wildlife within sustainable coastal social-ecological systems.

**The way forward—thinking across boundaries**

We advocate for enhanced interdisciplinary studies that consider the combined effects of ECEs on marine birds and coastal peoples (Fig. 3) to build a comprehensive understanding of how coastal social-ecological systems respond to ECEs and promote holistic, equitable conservation planning. In this context, the power of interdisciplinary studies lies not only in their ability to help us understand the impacts of ECEs from various angles—such as physical, ecological, social, cultural, and economic perspectives—but also in their capacity to facilitate collaborative exploration of potential solutions and management approaches for coastal conservation and sustainable use. Interdisciplinary studies can thereby capitalize on remote sensing and modeling systems to characterize the physicochemical parameters of ECEs; this information can then be com-
bined with seabird ecological data from large-scale biologging (Bernard et al. 2021) and long-term monitoring programs to assess the impact of ECEs on marine birds at different spa-tiotemporal scales (Sydeman et al. 2021). Ecological data can be further explored in relation to traditional and local knowl-edge, which offers unique local-scale observations that can rapidly detect ecological change, such as seabird mortality events or changes in seabird abundance (Henri et al. 2018). As such, the interweaving of traditional and local knowledge and Western sciences, as well as the creation of participatory science programs, will not only strengthen research processes and outcomes but also raise public awareness of the interde-pendence of seabirds and coastal peoples in the face of ECEs. Combining this knowledge also promotes socio-cultural prac-tices that support biocultural diversity and strengthen the re-silience of coastal social-ecological systems in this context of major climate forcing. Additionally, mobilizing social sciences can bring a better understanding of the relationships between seabirds and humans to help explore the role that knowledge, innovation, and stewardship practices of Indigenous peoples and local communities can play in building a sustainable tra-jectory for marine birds and coastal peoples (Vierros et al. 2020). Political sciences further offer valuable frameworks for understanding productive action pathways in decision-making.

An interdisciplinary approach to advance understanding of seabirds and coastal peoples could be implemented by build-ing on or complementing existing programs. For example, the Arctic Eider Society's Community-Driven Research Net-work (Arctic Eider Society 2024) bridges Indigenous knowl-edge and scientific methods to address Arctic environmental issues (Chételat et al. 2024). As the organization highlights, "it all started with a community-driven research project filming eider ducks diving under the Arctic Sea ice in winter," demon-strating the value of seabirds in the management of coastal social-ecological systems. Social media are also key to sharing information and connecting people. For example, SIKU: In-digenous Knowledge Social Network platform (Crump 2023, SIKU 2024), a mobile app and online platform, was developed by and for Inuit across the Canadian Arctic. SIKU mobilizes a wide variety of Indigenous knowledge and observations that can help identify ecologically and culturally important areas based on Inuit observations and travel routes while promot-ing education, local leadership, and cross-sector partnerships (Proulx et al. 2021). Leveraging these existing programs could provide an opportunity to raise awareness and better under-stand the impacts of ECEs on coastal social-ecological systems while promoting interdisciplinary research practices. By fos-tering an understanding rooted in multiple ways of knowing (Tengö et al. 2014), we can put in place coastal planning and conservation measures aimed at strengthening the resilience of seabird populations and human communities.

## Acknowledgments

We are grateful for decades of interactions with the peo-ple of Greenland and local communities around the Arctic. We acknowledge support from the GDR OMER and long-term funding from the French Polar Institute (IPEV) to the ADACLIM program (388) administered by D. Grémillet and J. Fort. This work also contributes to the SEE-life program funded by CNRS.

## Author contributions

T.M. and D.G. conceptualized the study; T.M. wrote the manuscript with contributions and reviews from all co-authors, and all authors approved the submitted version.

*Conflict of interest:* None declared.

## Data availability

No new data were generated or analyzed in support of this research.

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Handling Editor: Stephen Votier