Knopf-Marques, H., Pravda, M., Wolfova, L., Levebny, V., Schaaf, P., Vrana, N. E., et al. (2016). Hyaluronic acid and its derivatives in coating and delivery systems: applications in tissue engineering, regenerative medicine and immunomodulation. *Adv. Healthc. Mat.* 5, 2841–2855. doi:10.1002/adhm.201600316

Kobayashi, T., Chanmee, T., and Itano, N. (2020). Hyaluronan: metabolism and function. *Biomolecules* 10 (11), 1525. doi:10.3390/biom01111525

Koivusalo, L., Kauppila, M., Samanta, S., Parihar, V. S., Ilmarinen, T., Miettinen, S., et al. (2019). Tissue adhesive hyaluronic acid hydrogels for sutureless stem cell delivery and regeneration of corneal epithelium and stroma. *Biomaterials* 225, 119516. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119516

Koller, M. (2018). Biodegradable and biocompatible polyhydroxy-alkanoates (PHA): auspicious microbial macromolecules for pharmaceutical and therapeutic applications. *Molecules* 23 (2), 362. doi:10.3390/molecules23020362

Korupalli, C., Li, H., Nguyen, N., Mi, F.-L., Chang, Y., Lin, Y.-J., et al. (2021). Conductive materials for healing wounds: their incorporation in electroactive wound dressings, characterization, and perspectives. *Adv. Healthc. Mater.* 10 (6), 2001384. doi:10.1002/adhm.202001384

Kozai, T. D. Y., Jaquins-Gerstl, A. S., Vazquez, A. L., Michael, A. C., and Cui, X. T. (2015). Brain tissue responses to neural implants impact signal sensitivity and intervention strategies. *ACS Chem. Neurosci.* 6 (1), 48–67. doi:10.1021/cn500256e

Kozlowski, M. T., Crook, C. J., and Ku, H. T. (2021). Towards organoid culture without Matrigel. *Commun. Biol.* 4 (1), 1387. doi:10.1038/s42003-021-02910-8

Kurakula, M., and Rao, G. S. N. K. (2020). Pharmaceutical assessment of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP): as excipient from conventional to controlled delivery systems with a spotlight on COVID-19 inhibition. *J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol.* 60, 102046. doi:10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102046

Kurland, N. E., Dey, T., Kundu, S. C., and Yadavalli, V. K. (2013). Precise patterning of silk microstructures using Photolithography. *Adv. Mater.* 25 (43), 6207–6212. doi:10.1002/adma.201302823

Lee, G., Ray, E., Yoon, H.-J., Genovese, S., Choi, Y. S., Lee, M.-K., et al. (2022). A bioresorbable peripheral nerve stimulator for electronic pain block. *Sci. Adv.* 8 (40), eabp9169. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abp9169

Lee, J., Manoharan, V., Cheung, L., Lee, S., Cha, B.-H., Newman, P., et al. (2019). Nanoparticle-based hybrid scaffolds for deciphering the role of multimodal cues in cardiac tissue engineering. *ACS Nano* 13 (11), 12525–12539. doi:10.1021/acsnano.9b03050

Lei, H., and Fan, D. (2021). Conductive, adaptive, multifunctional hydrogel combined with electrical stimulation for deep wound repair. *Chem. Eng. J.* 421, 129578. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2021.129578

Lei, T., Guan, M., Liu, J., Lin, H.-C., Pfattner, R., Shaw, L., et al. (2017). Biocompatible and totally disintegrable semiconducting polymer for ultrathin and ultralightweight transient electronics. *Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.* 114 (20), 5107–5112. doi:10.1073/pnas.1710478114

Leprince, M., Mailley, P., Choisnard, L., Auzély-Velty, R., and Texier, I. (2023a). Design of hyaluronan-based dopant for conductive and resorbable PEDOT ink. *Carbohydr. Polym.* 301, 120345. doi:10.1016/j.carpol.2022.120345

Leprince, M., Regal, S., Mailley, P., Sauter-Starace, F., Texier, I., and Auzély-Velty, R. (2023b). A cross-linkable and resorbable PEDOT-based ink using a hyaluronic acid derivative as dopant for flexible bioelectronic devices. *Mater. Adv.* 4 (16), 3636–3644. doi:10.1039/d3ma00170a

Li, C., Guan, G., Reif, R., Huang, Z., and Wang, R. K. (2012). Determining elastic properties of skin by measuring surface waves from an impulse mechanical stimulus using phase-sensitive optical coherence tomography. *J. R. Soc. Interface* 9 (70), 831–841. doi:10.1098/rsif.2011.0583

Li, J., Fang, L., Tait, W. R., Sun, L., Zhao, L., and Qian, L. (2017). Preparation of conductive composite hydrogels from carboxymethyl cellulose and polyaniline with a nontoxic crosslinking agent. *RSC Adv.* 7 (86), 54823–54828. doi:10.1039/c7ra10788a

Li, M., Liang, Y., He, J., Zhang, H., and Guo, B. (2020). Two-pronged strategy of biomechanically active and biochemically multifunctional hydrogel wound dressing to accelerate wound closure and wound healing. *Chem. Mater.* 32 (23), 9937–9953. doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c02823

Li, Y., He, J., Zhou, J., Li, Z., Liu, L., Hu, S., et al. (2022). A conductive photothermal non-swelling nanocomposite hydrogel patch accelerating bone defect repair. *Biomaterials Sci.* 10 (5), 1326–1341. doi:10.1039/d1bm01937f

Liang, B., Fang, L., Hu, Y., Yang, G., Zhu, Q., and Ye, X. (2014). Fabrication and application of flexible graphene silk composite film electrodes decorated with spiky Pt nanospheres. *Nanoscale* 6 (8), 4264–4274. doi:10.1039/c3nr06057h

Liang, S., Zhang, Y., Wang, H., Xu, Z., Chen, J., Bao, R., et al. (2018). Paintable and rapidly bondable conductive hydrogels as therapeutic cardiac patches. *Adv. Mater.* 30 (23), 1704235. doi:10.1002/adma.201704235

Liang, Y., Zhao, X., Hu, T., Chen, B., Yin, Z., Ma, P. X., et al. (2019). Adhesive hemostatic conducting injectable composite hydrogels with sustained drug release and photothermal antibacterial activity to promote full-thickness skin regeneration during wound healing. *Small* 15 (12), 1900046. doi:10.1002/smll.201900046

Liu, C., Kim, J. T., Yang, D. S., Cho, D. H., Yoo, S., Madhvapathy, S. R., et al. (2023a). Multifunctional materials strategies for enhanced safety of wireless, skin-interfaced bioelectronic devices. *Adv. Funct. Mater.* 33. doi:10.1002/adfm.202302256

Liu, D., Huyan, C., Wang, Z., Guo, Z., Zhang, X., Torun, H., et al. (2023b). Conductive polymer based hydrogels and their application in wearable sensors: a review. *Mater. Horizons* 10, 2800–2823. doi:10.1039/d3mh00056g

Liu, H., Feng, Y., Che, S., Guan, L., Yang, X., Zhao, Y., et al. (2023c). An electroconductive hydrogel scaffold with injectability and biodegradability to manipulate neural stem cells for enhancing spinal cord injury repair. *Biomacromolecules* 24 (1), 86–97. doi:10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00920

Liu, J., Appaix, F., Bibari, O., Marchand, G., Benabid, A.-L., Sauter-Starace, F., et al. (2011). Control of neuronal network organization by chemical surface functionalization of multi-walled carbon nanotube arrays. *Nanotechnology* 22 (19), 195101. doi:10.1088/0957-4484/22/19/195101

Liu, J., Fu, T.-M., Cheng, Z., Hong, G., Zhou, T., Jin, L., et al. (2015). Syringe-injectable electronics. *Nat. Nanotechnol.* 10 (7), 629–636. doi:10.1038/nnano.2015.115

Liu, J., Xie, C., Dai, X., Jin, L., Zhou, W., and Lieber, C. M. (2013). Multifunctional three-dimensional macroporous nanoelectronic networks for smart materials. *Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.* 110 (17), 6694–6699. doi:10.1073/pnas.1305209110

Lu, Y., Cheng, D., Niu, B., Wang, X., Wu, X., and Wang, A. (2023a). Properties of poly (Lactic-co-Glycolic acid) and progress of poly (Lactic-co-Glycolic acid)-based biodegradable materials in biomedical research. *Pharmaceuticals* 16 (3), 454. doi:10.3390/ph16030454

Ludwig, K. A., Uram, J. D., Yang, J., Martin, D. C., and Kipke, D. R. (2006). Chronic neural recordings using silicon microelectrode arrays electrochemically deposited with a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) film. *J. Neural Eng.* 3 (1), 59–70. doi:10.1088/1741-2560/3/1/007

Luo, J., Yang, J., Zheng, X., Ke, X., Chen, Y., Tan, H., et al. (2020). A highly stretchable, real-time self-healable hydrogel adhesive matrix for tissue patches and flexible electronics. *Adv. Healthc. Mater.* 9 (4), 1901423. doi:10.1002/adhm.201901423

Luo, Y., Fan, L., Liu, C., Wen, H., Wang, S., Guan, P., et al. (2022). An injectable, self-healing, electroconductive extracellular matrix-based hydrogel for enhancing tissue repair after traumatic spinal cord injury. *Bioact. Mater.* 7, 98–111. doi:10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.05.039

Lycke, R., Kim, R., Zolotavin, P., Montes, J., Sun, Y., Koszeghy, A., et al. (2023). Low-threshold, high-resolution, chronically stable intracortical microstimulation by ultraflexible electrodes. *Cell Rep.* 42 (6), 112554. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112554

Ma, B., Martin, C., Kurapati, R., and Bianco, A. (2020). Degradation-by-design: how chemical functionalization enhances the biodegradability and safety of 2D materials. *Chem. Soc. Rev.* 49 (17), 6224–6247. doi:10.1039/c9cs00822e

Manousiouthakis, E., Park, J., Hardy, J. G., Lee, J. Y., and Schmidt, C. E. (2022). Towards the translation of electroconductive organic materials for regeneration of neural tissues. *Acta Biomater.* 139, 22–42. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2021.07.065

Mao, J., and Zhang, Z. (2018). "Polypyrrole as electrically conductive biomaterials: synthesis, biofunctionalization, potential applications and challenges," in *Cutting-edge enabling technologies for regenerative medicine*. Editors H. J. Chun, C. H. Park, I. K. Kwon, and G. Khang (Singapore: Springer Singapore), 347–370.

Mbori, N. J. R., Chuan, X. Y., Feng, Q. X., Alizada, M., and Zhan, J. (2016). Evaluation of the combination of methylprednisolone and transilant after spinal cord injury in rat models. *J. Korean Neurosurg. Soc.* 59 (4), 334–340. doi:10.3340/jkns.2016.59.4.334

Min, J. H., Patel, M., and Koh, W.-G. (2018). Incorporation of conductive materials into hydrogels for tissue engineering applications. *Polymers* 10 (10), 1078. doi:10.3390/polym10101078

Mishra, V., Kesharwani, P., and Jain, N. K. (2018). Biomedical applications and toxicological aspects of functionalized carbon nanotubes. *Crit. Reviews™ Ther. Drug Carr. Syst.* 35 (4), 293–330. doi:10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2018014419

Miyata, S., and Kitagawa, H. (2017). Formation and remodeling of the brain extracellular matrix in neural plasticity: roles of chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronan. *Biochim. Biophys. Acta* 1861 (10), 2420–2434. doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.06.010

Morgan, E. F., Unnikrisnan, G. U., and Hussein, A. I. (2018). Bone mechanical properties in healthy and diseased states. *Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng.* 20 (1), 119–143. doi:10.1146/annurev-bioeng-062117-121139

Morgan, F. L. C., Fernández-Pérez, J., Moroni, L., and Baker, M. B. (2022). Tuning hydrogels by mixing dynamic cross-linkers: enabling cell-instructive hydrogels and advanced bioinks. *Adv. Healthc. Mater.* 11 (1), 2101576. doi:10.1002/adhm.202101576

Morsink, M., Severino, P., Luna-Ceron, E., Hussain, M. A., Sobahi, N., and Shin, S. R. (2022). Effects of electrically conductive nano-biomaterials on regulating cardiomyocyte behavior for cardiac repair and regeneration. *Acta Biomater.* 139, 141–156. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2021.11.022

Mostafavi, E., Medina-Cruz, D., Kalantari, K., Taymoori, A., Soltantabar, P., and Webster, T. J. (2020). Electroconductive nanobiomaterials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. *Bioelectricity* 2 (2), 120–149. doi:10.1089/bioe.2020.0021

Mueller, E., Poulin, I., Bodnaryk, W. J., and Hoare, T. (2022). Click chemistry hydrogels for extrusion bioprinting: progress, challenges, and opportunities. *Biomacromolecules* 23 (3), 619–640. doi:10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01105
Knopf-Marques, H., Pravda, M., Wolfova, L., Levebny, V., Schaaf, P., Vrana, N. E., et al. (2016). Hyaluronic acid and its derivatives in coating and delivery systems: applications in tissue engineering, regenerative medicine and immunomodulation. *Adv. Healthc. Mat.* 5, 2841–2855. doi:10.1002/adhm.201600316

Kobayashi, T., Chanmee, T., and Itano, N. (2020). Hyaluronan: metabolism and function. *Biomolecules* 10 (11), 1525. doi:10.3390/biom01111525

Koivusalo, L., Kauppila, M., Samanta, S., Parihar, V. S., Ilmarinen, T., Miettinen, S., et al. (2019). Tissue adhesive hyaluronic acid hydrogels for sutureless stem cell delivery and regeneration of corneal epithelium and stroma. *Biomaterials* 225, 119516. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119516

Koller, M. (2018). Biodegradable and biocompatible polyhydroxy-alkanoates (PHA): auspicious microbial macromolecules for pharmaceutical and therapeutic applications. *Molecules* 23 (2), 362. doi:10.3390/molecules23020362

Korupalli, C., Li, H., Nguyen, N., Mi, F.-L., Chang, Y., Lin, Y.-J., et al. (2021). Conductive materials for healing wounds: their incorporation in electroactive wound dressings, characterization, and perspectives. *Adv. Healthc. Mater.* 10 (6), 2001384. doi:10.1002/adhm.202001384

Kozai, T. D. Y., Jaquins-Gerstl, A. S., Vazquez, A. L., Michael, A. C., and Cui, X. T. (2015). Brain tissue responses to neural implants impact signal sensitivity and intervention strategies. *ACS Chem. Neurosci.* 6 (1), 48–67. doi:10.1021/cn500256e

Kozlowski, M. T., Crook, C. J., and Ku, H. T. (2021). Towards organoid culture without Matrigel. *Commun. Biol.* 4 (1), 1387. doi:10.1038/s42003-021-02910-8

Kurakula, M., and Rao, G. S. N. K. (2020). Pharmaceutical assessment of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP): as excipient from conventional to controlled delivery systems with a spotlight on COVID-19 inhibition. *J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol.* 60, 102046. doi:10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102046

Kurland, N. E., Dey, T., Kundu, S. C., and Yadavalli, V. K. (2013). Precise patterning of silk microstructures using Photolithography. *Adv. Mater.* 25 (43), 6207–6212. doi:10.1002/adma.201302823

Lee, G., Ray, E., Yoon, H.-J., Genovese, S., Choi, Y. S., Lee, M.-K., et al. (2022). A bioresorbable peripheral nerve stimulator for electronic pain block. *Sci. Adv.* 8 (40), eabp9169. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abp9169

Lee, J., Manoharan, V., Cheung, L., Lee, S., Cha, B.-H., Newman, P., et al. (2019). Nanoparticle-based hybrid scaffolds for deciphering the role of multimodal cues in cardiac tissue engineering. *ACS Nano* 13 (11), 12525–12539. doi:10.1021/acsnano.9b03050

Lei, H., and Fan, D. (2021). Conductive, adaptive, multifunctional hydrogel combined with electrical stimulation for deep wound repair. *Chem. Eng. J.* 421, 129578. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2021.129578

Lei, T., Guan, M., Liu, J., Lin, H.-C., Pfattner, R., Shaw, L., et al. (2017). Biocompatible and totally disintegrable semiconducting polymer for ultrathin and ultralightweight transient electronics. *Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.* 114 (20), 5107–5112. doi:10.1073/pnas.1710478114

Leprince, M., Mailley, P., Choisnard, L., Auzély-Velty, R., and Texier, I. (2023a). Design of hyaluronan-based dopant for conductive and resorbable PEDOT ink. *Carbohydr. Polym.* 301, 120345. doi:10.1016/j.carpol.2022.120345

Leprince, M., Regal, S., Mailley, P., Sauter-Starace, F., Texier, I., and Auzély-Velty, R. (2023b). A cross-linkable and resorbable PEDOT-based ink using a hyaluronic acid derivative as dopant for flexible bioelectronic devices. *Mater. Adv.* 4 (16), 3636–3644. doi:10.1039/d3ma00170a

Li, C., Guan, G., Reif, R., Huang, Z., and Wang, R. K. (2012). Determining elastic properties of skin by measuring surface waves from an impulse mechanical stimulus using phase-sensitive optical coherence tomography. *J. R. Soc. Interface* 9 (70), 831–841. doi:10.1098/rsif.2011.0583

Li, J., Fang, L., Tait, W. R., Sun, L., Zhao, L., and Qian, L. (2017). Preparation of conductive composite hydrogels from carboxymethyl cellulose and polyaniline with a nontoxic crosslinking agent. *RSC Adv.* 7 (86), 54823–54828. doi:10.1039/c7ra10788a

Li, M., Liang, Y., He, J., Zhang, H., and Guo, B. (2020). Two-pronged strategy of biomechanically active and biochemically multifunctional hydrogel wound dressing to accelerate wound closure and wound healing. *Chem. Mater.* 32 (23), 9937–9953. doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c02823

Li, Y., He, J., Zhou, J., Li, Z., Liu, L., Hu, S., et al. (2022). A conductive photothermal non-swelling nanocomposite hydrogel patch accelerating bone defect repair. *Biomaterials Sci.* 10 (5), 1326–1341. doi:10.1039/d1bm01937f

Liang, B., Fang, L., Hu, Y., Yang, G., Zhu, Q., and Ye, X. (2014). Fabrication and application of flexible graphene silk composite film electrodes decorated with spiky Pt nanospheres. *Nanoscale* 6 (8), 4264–4274. doi:10.1039/c3nr06057h

Liang, S., Zhang, Y., Wang, H., Xu, Z., Chen, J., Bao, R., et al. (2018). Paintable and rapidly bondable conductive hydrogels as therapeutic cardiac patches. *Adv. Mater.* 30 (23), 1704235. doi:10.1002/adma.201704235

Liang, Y., Zhao, X., Hu, T., Chen, B., Yin, Z., Ma, P. X., et al. (2019). Adhesive hemostatic conducting injectable composite hydrogels with sustained drug release and photothermal antibacterial activity to promote full-thickness skin regeneration during wound healing. *Small* 15 (12), 1900046. doi:10.1002/smll.201900046

Liu, C., Kim, J. T., Yang, D. S., Cho, D. H., Yoo, S., Madhvapathy, S. R., et al. (2023a). Multifunctional materials strategies for enhanced safety of wireless, skin-interfaced bioelectronic devices. *Adv. Funct. Mater.* 33. doi:10.1002/adfm.202302256

Liu, D., Huyan, C., Wang, Z., Guo, Z., Zhang, X., Torun, H., et al. (2023b). Conductive polymer based hydrogels and their application in wearable sensors: a review. *Mater. Horizons* 10, 2800–2823. doi:10.1039/d3mh00056g

Liu, H., Feng, Y., Che, S., Guan, L., Yang, X., Zhao, Y., et al. (2023c). An electroconductive hydrogel scaffold with injectability and biodegradability to manipulate neural stem cells for enhancing spinal cord injury repair. *Biomacromolecules* 24 (1), 86–97. doi:10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00920

Liu, J., Appaix, F., Bibari, O., Marchand, G., Benabid, A.-L., Sauter-Starace, F., et al. (2011). Control of neuronal network organization by chemical surface functionalization of multi-walled carbon nanotube arrays. *Nanotechnology* 22 (19), 195101. doi:10.1088/0957-4484/22/19/195101

Liu, J., Fu, T.-M., Cheng, Z., Hong, G., Zhou, T., Jin, L., et al. (2015). Syringe-injectable electronics. *Nat. Nanotechnol.* 10 (7), 629–636. doi:10.1038/nnano.2015.115

Liu, J., Xie, C., Dai, X., Jin, L., Zhou, W., and Lieber, C. M. (2013). Multifunctional three-dimensional macroporous nanoelectronic networks for smart materials. *Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.* 110 (17), 6694–6699. doi:10.1073/pnas.130520911

Lu, Y., Cheng, D., Niu, B., Wang, X., Wu, X., and Wang, A. (2023a). Properties of poly (Lactic-co-Glycolic acid) and progress of poly (Lactic-co-Glycolic acid)-based biodegradable materials in biomedical research. *Pharmaceuticals* 16 (3), 454. doi:10.3390/ph16030454

Ludwig, K. A., Uram, J. D., Yang, J., Martin, D. C., and Kipke, D. R. (2006). Chronic neural recordings using silicon microelectrode arrays electrochemically deposited with a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) film. *J. Neural Eng.* 3 (1), 59–70. doi:10.1088/1741-2560/3/1/007

Luo, J., Yang, J., Zheng, X., Ke, X., Chen, Y., Tan, H., et al. (2020). A highly stretchable, real-time self-healable hydrogel adhesive matrix for tissue patches and flexible electronics. *Adv. Healthc. Mater.* 9 (4), 1901423. doi:10.1002/adhm.201901423

Luo, Y., Fan, L., Liu, C., Wen, H., Wang, S., Guan, P., et al. (2022). An injectable, self-healing, electroconductive extracellular matrix-based hydrogel for enhancing tissue repair after traumatic spinal cord injury. *Bioact. Mater.* 7, 98–111. doi:10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.05.039

Lycke, R., Kim, R., Zolotavin, P., Montes, J., Sun, Y., Koszeghy, A., et al. (2023). Low-threshold, high-resolution, chronically stable intracortical microstimulation by ultraflexible electrodes. *Cell Rep.* 42 (6), 112554. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112554

Ma, B., Martin, C., Kurapati, R., and Bianco, A. (2020). Degradation-by-design: how chemical functionalization enhances the biodegradability and safety of 2D materials. *Chem. Soc. Rev.* 49 (17), 6224–6247. doi:10.1039/c9cs00822e

Manousiouthakis, E., Park, J., Hardy, J. G., Lee, J. Y., and Schmidt, C. E. (2022). Towards the translation of electroconductive organic materials for regeneration of neural tissues. *Acta Biomater.* 139, 22–42. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2021.07.065

Mao, J., and Zhang, Z. (2018). “Polypyrrole as electrically conductive biomaterials: synthesis, biofunctionalization, potential applications and challenges,” in *Cutting-edge enabling technologies for regenerative medicine*. Editors H. J. Chun, C. H. Park, I. K. Kwon, and G. Khang (Singapore: Springer Singapore), 347–370.

Mbori, N. J. R., Chuan, X. Y., Feng, Q. X., Alizada, M., and Zhan, J. (2016). Evaluation of the combination of methylprednisolone and tranilast after spinal cord injury in rat models. *J. Korean Neurosurg. Soc.* 59 (4), 334–340. doi:10.3340/jkns.2016.59.4.334

Min, J. H., Patel, M., and Koh, W.-G. (2018). Incorporation of conductive materials into hydrogels for tissue engineering applications. *Polymers* 10 (10), 1078. doi:10.3390/polym10101078

Mishra, V., Kesharwani, P., and Jain, N. K. (2018). Biomedical applications and toxicological aspects of functionalized carbon nanotubes. *Crit. Reviews™ Ther. Drug Carr. Syst.* 35 (4), 293–330. doi:10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2018014419

Miyata, S., and Kitagawa, H. (2017). Formation and remodeling of the brain extracellular matrix in neural plasticity: roles of chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronan. *Biochim. Biophys. Acta* 1861 (10), 2420–2434. doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.06.010

Morgan, E. F., Unnikrisnan, G. U., and Hussein, A. I. (2018). Bone mechanical properties in healthy and diseased states. *Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng.* 20 (1), 119–143. doi:10.1146/annurev-bioeng-062117-121139

Morgan, F. L. C., Fernández-Pérez, J., Moroni, L., and Baker, M. B. (2022). Tuning hydrogels by mixing dynamic cross-linkers: enabling cell-instructive hydrogels and advanced bioinks. *Adv. Healthc. Mater.* 11 (1), 2101576. doi:10.1002/adhm.202101576

Morsink, M., Severino, P., Luna-Ceron, E., Hussain, M. A., Sobahi, N., and Shin, S. R. (2022). Effects of electrically conductive nano-biomaterials on regulating cardiomyocyte behavior for cardiac repair and regeneration. *Acta Biomater.* 139, 141–156. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2021.11.022

Mostafavi, E., Medina-Cruz, D., Kalantari, K., Taymoori, A., Soltantabar, P., and Webster, T. J. (2020). Electroconductive nanobiomaterials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. *Bioelectricity* 2 (2), 120–149. doi:10.1089/bioe.2020.0021

Mueller, E., Poulin, I., Bodnaryk, W. J., and Hoare, T. (2022). Click chemistry hydrogels for extrusion bioprinting: progress, challenges, and opportunities. *Biomacromolecules* 23 (3), 619–640. doi:10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01105
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Pal, R. K., Farghaly, A. A., Collinson, M. M., Kundu, S. C., and Yadavalli, V. K. (2016). Photolithographic micropatterning of conducting polymers on flexible silk matrices. *Adv. Mater.* 28 (7), 1406–1412. doi:10.1002/adma.201504736

Palma, M., Khoshnevis, M., Lion, M., Zenga, C., Kefs, S., Fallegger, F., et al. (2022). Chronic recording of cortical activity underlying vocalization in awake minipigs. *J. Neurosci. Methods* 366, 109427. doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109427

Palmisano, F., Malitesta, C., Centonze, D., and Zambonin, P. G. (1995). Correlation between permselectivity and chemical-structure of overoxidized polypyrrole membranes used in electroproduced enzyme biosensors. *Anal. Chem.* 67, 2207–2211. doi:10.1021/ac00109a046

Palumbo, A., Li, Z., and Yang, E. H. (2022). Trends on carbon nanotube-based flexible and wearable sensors via electrochemical and mechanical stimuli: a review. *IEEE Sensors J.* 22 (21), 20102–20125. doi:10.1109/jsen.2022.3198847

Pan, Z., and Ding, J. (2012). Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) porous scaffolds for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. *Interface Focus* 2 (3), 366–377. doi:10.1098/rsfs.2011.0123

Park, C., Kim, M. S., Kim, H. H., Sunwoo, S. H., Jung, D. J., Choi, M. K., et al. (2022a). Stretchable conductive nanocomposites and their applications in wearable devices. *Appl. Phys. Rev.* 9 (2). doi:10.1063/5.0093261

Park, D.-W., Schendel, A. A., Mikael, S., Brodnick, S. K., Richner, T. J., Ness, J. P., et al. (2014a). Graphene-based carbon-layered electrode array technology for neural imaging and optogenetic applications. *Nat. Commun.* 5 (1), 5258. doi:10.1038/ncomms6258

Park, J., Jeon, J., Kim, B., Lee, M. S., Park, S., Lim, J., et al. (2020). Electrically conductive hydrogel nerve guidance conduits for peripheral nerve regeneration. *Adv. Funct. Mater.* 30 (39), 2003759. doi:10.1002/adfm.202003759

Park, S., Abidian, M. R., and Majd, S. (2017). “Micro-patterned films of bio-functionalized conducting polymers for cellular engineering,” in Proceedings of the 39th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Jeju Island, South Korea, July 11-15, 2017, 1595–1598.

Park, S., Yang, G., Madduri, N., Abidian, M. R., and Majd, S. (2014b). Hydrogel-mediated direct patterning of conducting polymer films with multiple surface chemistries. *Adv. Mater.* 26 (18), 2782–2787. doi:10.1002/adma.201306093

Park, Y., Chung, T. S., Lee, G., and Rogers, J. A. (2022b). Materials chemistry of neural interface technologies and recent advances in three-dimensional systems. *Chem. Rev.* 122 (5), 5277–5316. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00639

Park, Y., Franz, C. K., Ryu, H., Luan, H., Cotton, K. Y., Kim, J. U., et al. (2021). Three-dimensional, multifunctional neural interfaces for cortical spheroids and engineered assembloids. *Sci. Adv.* 7 (12), eabf9153. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abf9153

Piarali, S., Marlinghaus, L., Viebahn, R., Lewis, H., Ryadnov, M. G., Groll, J., et al. (2020). Activated polyhydroxyalkanoate meshes prevent bacterial adhesion and biofilm development in regenerative medicine applications. *Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.* 8, 442. doi:10.3389/fbioe.2020.00442

Puiggalí-Jou, A., Cazorla, E., Ruano, G., Babeli, I., Ginebra, M.-P., Garcia-Torres, J., et al. (2020). Electroresponsive alginate-based hydrogels for controlled release of hydrophobic drugs. *ACS Biomaterials Sci. Eng.* 6 (11), 6228–6240. doi:10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01400

Pyarasani, R. D., Jayaramudu, T., and John, A. (2019). Polyaniline-based conducting hydrogels. *J. Mater. Sci.* 54 (2), 974–996. doi:10.1007/s10853-018-2977-x

Rahimi, R., Shams Es-haghi, S., Chittiboyina, S., Mutlu, Z., Lelièvre, S. A., Cakmak, M., et al. (2018). Laser-enabled processing of stretchable electronics on a hydrolytically degradable hydrogel. *Adv. Healthc. Mater.* 7 (16), 1800231. doi:10.1002/adhm.201800231

Rai, R., Roether, J. A., and Boccaccini, A. R. (2022). Polyaniline based polymers in tissue engineering applications: a review. *Prog. Biomed. Eng.* 4 (4), 042004. doi:10.1088/2516-1091/ac93d3

Rai, R., Tallawi, M., Grigore, A., and Boccaccini, A. R. (2012). Synthesis, properties and biomedical applications of poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS): a review. *Prog. Polym. Sci.* 37 (8), 1051–1078. doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2012.02.001

Ramasamy, S. M., Bhaskar, R., Narayanan, K. B., Purohit, S. D., Park, S. S., Manikkavel, A., et al. (2022). Combination of polydopamine and carbon nanomaterials coating enhances the piezoelectric responses and cytompatibility of biodegradable PLLA nanofiber scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. *Mater. Today Commun.* 33, 104659. doi:10.1016/j.mtcomm.2022.104659

Ravichandran, R., Martinez, J. G., Jager, E. W. H., Phopase, J., and Turner, A. P. F. (2018). Type I collagen-derived injectable conductive hydrogel scaffolds as glucose sensors. *ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces* 10 (19), 16244–16249. doi:10.1021/acsami.8b04091

Richardson-Burns, S. M., Hendricks, J. L., Foster, B., Povlich, L. K., Kim, D.-H., and Martin, D. C. (2007). Polymerization of the conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) around living neural cells. *Biomaterials* 28 (8), 1539–1552. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.11.026

Rivnay, J., Wang, H., Fenno, L., Deisseroth, K., and Malliaras, G. G. (2017). Next-generation probes, particles, and proteins for neural interfacing. *Sci. Adv.* 3 (6), e1601649. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1601649

Robinson, J. T., Jorgolli, M., Shalek, A. K., Yoon, M.-H., Gertner, R. S., and Park, H. (2012). Vertical nanowire electrode arrays as a scalable platform for intracellular interfacing to neuronal circuits. *Nat. Nanotechnol.* 7 (3), 180–184. doi:10.1038/nnano.2011.249

Rogers, Z. J., Zeevi, M. P., Koppes, R., and Bencherif, S. A. (2020). Electroconductive hydrogels for tissue engineering: current status and future perspectives. *Bioelectricity* 2 (3), 279–292. doi:10.1089/bioe.2020.0025

Roshanbinfar, K., Vogt, L., Greber, B., Diecke, S., Boccaccini, A. R., Scheibel, T., et al. (2018). Electroconductive biohybrid hydrogel for enhanced maturation and beating properties of engineered cardiac tissues. *Adv. Funct. Mater.* 28 (42), 1803951. doi:10.1002/adfm.201803951

Rosso, G., and Guck, J. (2019). Mechanical changes of peripheral nerve tissue microenvironment and their structural basis during development. *Apl. Bioeng.* 3 (3), 036107. doi:10.1063/1.5108867

Rousche, P. J., and Normann, R. A. (1998). Chronic recording capability of the Utah Intracortical Electrode Array in cat sensory cortex. *J. Neurosci. Methods* 82 (1), 1–15. doi:10.1016/S0165-0270(98)00031-4

Roy, S., David-Pur, M., and Hanein, Y. (2017). Carbon nanotube-based ion selective sensors for wearable applications. *ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces* 9 (40), 35169–35177. doi:10.1021/acsami.7b07346

Saghebasl, S., Akbarzadeh, A., Gorabi, A. M., Nikzamir, N., SeyedSadjadi, M., and Mostafavi, E. (2022). Biodegradable functional macromolecules as promising scaffolds for cardiac tissue engineering. *Polym. Adv. Technol.* 33 (7), 2044–2068. doi:10.1002/pat.5669

Salehi, M., Naseri-Nosar, M., Ebrahimi-Barough, S., Nourani, M., Khojasteh, A., Hamidieh, A.-A., et al. (2018). Sciatic nerve regeneration by transplantation of Schwann cells via erythropoietin controlled-releasing polylactic acid/multiwalled carbon nanotubes/gelatin nanofibrils neural guidance conduit. *J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B Appl. Biomaterials* 106 (4), 1463–1476. doi:10.1002/jbm.b.33952

Samanta, S., Ylä-Outinen, L., Rangasami, V. K., Narkilahti, S., and Oommen, O. P. (2022). Bidirectional cell-matrix interaction dictates neuronal network formation in a brain-mimetic 3D scaffold. *Acta Biomater.* 140, 314–323. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2021.12.010

Sansiñena, J. M., Olazabal, V., Otero, T. F., Sansiñena, J. M., Polo da Fonseca, C. N., and De Paoli, M. A. (1997). A solid state artificial muscle based on polypyrrole and a solid polymeric electrolyte working in air. *Chem. Commun.*, 2217–2218. doi:10.1039/A705341

Saravanan, S., Sareen, N., Abu-El-Rub, E., Ashour, H., Sequiera, G. L., Ammar, H. I., et al. (2018). Graphene oxide-gold nanosheets containing chitosan scaffold improves ventricular contractility and function after implantation into infarcted heart. *Sci. Rep.* 8 (1), 15069. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-33144-0

Sauter-Starace, F., Torres-Martinez, N., Agache, V., Pudda, C., Dijon, J., Piallat, B., et al. (2011). “Epileptic seizure recordings of a non-human primate using carbon nanotube microelectrodes on implantable silicon shanks,” in 2011 5th International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering, Cancun, Mexico, April 2011.

Schemitsch, E. H. (2017). Size matters: defining critical in bone defect size. *J. Orthop. Trauma* 31, S20–S22. doi:10.1097/bot.0000000000000978

Shafique, H., de Vries, J., Strauss, J., Khorrami Jahromi, A., Siavash Moakhar, R., and Mahshid, S. (2023). Advances in the translation of electrochemical hydrogel-based sensors. *Adv. Healthc. Mater.* 12 (1), 2201501. doi:10.1002/adhm.202201501

Shaner, S., Savelyeva, A., Kvartuh, A., Jedrusik, N., Matter, L., Leal, J., et al. (2023). Bioelectronic microfluidic wound healing: a platform for investigating direct current stimulation of injured cell collectives. *Lab a Chip* 23 (6), 1531–1546. doi:10.1039/d2lc01045

Shin, J., Yan, Y., Bai, W., Xue, Y., Gamble, P., Tian, L., et al. (2019). Bioresorbable pressure sensors protected with thermally grown silicon dioxide for the monitoring of chronic diseases and healing processes. *Nat. Biomed. Eng.* 3 (1), 37–46. doi:10.1038/s41551-018-0300-4

Shou, Y., Teo, X. Y., Wu, K. Z., Bai, B., Kumar, A. R. K., Low, J., et al. (2023). Dynamic stimulations with bioengineered extracellular matrix-mimicking hydrogels
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Onorato, J. W., and Luscombe, C. K. (2019). Morphological effects on polymeric mixed ionic/electronic conductors. *Mol. Syst. Des. Eng.* 4 (2), 310–324. doi:10.1039/c8me00093j

Pal, R. K., Farghaly, A. A., Collinson, M. M., Kundu, S. C., and Yadavalli, V. K. (2016). Photolithographic micropatterning of conducting polymers on flexible silk matrices. *Adv. Mater.* 28 (7), 1406–1412. doi:10.1002/adma.201504736

Palma, M., Khoshnevis, M., Lion, M., Zenga, C., Kefs, S., Fallegger, F., et al. (2022). Chronic recording of cortical activity underlying vocalization in awake minipigs. *J. Neurosci. Methods* 366, 109427. doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109427

Palmisano, F., Malitesta, C., Centonze, D., and Zambonin, P. G. (1995). Correlation between permselectivity and chemical-structure of overoxidized polypyrrole membranes used in electroproduced enzyme biosensors. *Anal. Chem.* 67, 2207–2211. doi:10.1021/ac00109a046

Palumbo, A., Li, Z., and Yang, E. H. (2022). Trends on carbon nanotube-based flexible and wearable sensors via electrochemical and mechanical stimuli: a review. *IEEE Sensors J.* 22 (21), 20102–20125. doi:10.1109/jsen.2022.3198847

Pan, Z., and Ding, J. (2012). Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) porous scaffolds for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. *Interface Focus* 2 (3), 366–377. doi:10.1098/rsfs.2011.0123

Park, C., Kim, M. S., Kim, H. H., Sunwoo, S. H., Jung, D. J., Choi, M. K., et al. (2022a). Stretchable conductive nanocomposites and their applications in wearable devices. *Appl. Phys. Rev.* 9 (2). doi:10.1063/5.0093261

Park, D.-W., Schendel, A. A., Mikael, S., Brodnick, S. K., Richner, T. J., Ness, J. P., et al. (2014a). Graphene-based carbon-layered electrode array technology for neural imaging and optogenetic applications. *Nat. Commun.* 5 (1), 5258. doi:10.1038/ncomms6258

Park, J., Jeon, J., Kim, B., Lee, M. S., Park, S., Lim, J., et al. (2020). Electrically conductive hydrogel nerve guidance conduits for peripheral nerve regeneration. *Adv. Funct. Mater.* 30 (39), 2003759. doi:10.1002/adfm.202003759

Park, S., Abidian, M. R., and Majd, S. (2017). “Micro-patterned films of bio-functionalized conducting polymers for cellular engineering,” in Proceedings of the 39th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Jeju Island, South Korea, July 11-15, 2017, 1595–1598.

Park, S., Yang, G., Madduri, N., Abidian, M. R., and Majd, S. (2014b). Hydrogel-mediated direct patterning of conducting polymer films with multiple surface chemistries. *Adv. Mater.* 26 (18), 2782–2787. doi:10.1002/adma.201306093

Park, Y., Chung, T. S., Lee, G., and Rogers, J. A. (2022b). Materials chemistry of neural interface technologies and recent advances in three-dimensional systems. *Chem. Rev.* 122 (5), 5277–5316. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00639

Park, Y., Franz, C. K., Ryu, H., Luan, H., Cotton, K. Y., Kim, J. U., et al. (2021). Three-dimensional, multifunctional neural interfaces for cortical spheroids and engineered assembloids. *Sci. Adv.* 7 (12), eabf9153. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abf9153

Piarali, S., Marlinghaus, L., Viebahn, R., Lewis, H., Ryadnov, M. G., Groll, J., et al. (2020). Activated polyhydroxyalkanoate meshes prevent bacterial adhesion and biofilm development in regenerative medicine applications. *Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.* 8, 442. doi:10.3389/fbioe.2020.00442

Puiggalí-Jou, A., Cazorla, E., Ruano, G., Babeli, I., Ginebra, M.-P., Garcia-Torres, J., et al. (2020). Electroresponsive alginate-based hydrogels for controlled release of hydrophobic drugs. *ACS Biomaterials Sci. Eng.* 6 (11), 6228–6240. doi:10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01400

Pyarasani, R. D., Jayaramudu, T., and John, A. (2019). Polyaniline-based conducting hydrogels. *J. Mater. Sci.* 54 (2), 974–996. doi:10.1007/s10853-018-2977-x

Rahimi, R., Shams Es-haghi, S., Chittiboyina, S., Mutlu, Z., Lelièvre, S. A., Cakmak, M., et al. (2018). Laser-enabled processing of stretchable electronics on a hydrolytically degradable hydrogel. *Adv. Healthc. Mater.* 7 (16), 1800231. doi:10.1002/adhm.201800231

Rai, R., Roether, J. A., and Boccaccini, A. R. (2022). Polyaniline based polymers in tissue engineering applications: a review. *Prog. Biomed. Eng.* 4 (4), 042004. doi:10.1088/2516-1091/ac93d3

Rai, R., Tallawi, M., Grigore, A., and Boccaccini, A. R. (2012). Synthesis, properties and biomedical applications of poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS): a review. *Prog. Polym. Sci.* 37 (8), 1051–1078. doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2012.02.001

Ramasamy, S. M., Bhaskar, R., Narayanan, K. B., Purohit, S. D., Park, S. S., Manikkavel, A., et al. (2022). Combination of polydopamine and carbon nanomaterials coating enhances the piezoelectric responses and cytompatibility of biodegradable PLLA nanofiber scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. *Mater. Today Commun.* 33, 104659. doi:10.1016/j.mtcomm.2022.104659

Ravichandran, R., Martinez, J. G., Jager, E. W. H., Phopase, J., and Turner, A. P. F. (2018). Type I collagen-derived injectable conductive hydrogel scaffolds as glucose sensors. *ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces* 10 (19), 16244–16249. doi:10.1021/acsami.8b04091

Richardson-Burns, S. M., Hendricks, J. L., Foster, B., Povlich, L. K., Kim, D.-H., and Martin, D. C. (2007). Polymerization of the conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) around living neural cells. *Biomaterials* 28 (8), 1539–1552. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.11.026

Rivnay, J., Wang, H., Fenno, L., Deisseroth, K., and Malliaras, G. G. (2017). Next-generation probes, particles, and proteins for neural interfacing. *Sci. Adv.* 3 (6), e1601649. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1601649

Robinson, J. T., Jorgolli, M., Shalek, A. K., Yoon, M.-H., Gertner, R. S., and Park, H. (2012). Vertical nanowire electrode arrays as a scalable platform for intracellular interfacing to neuronal circuits. *Nat. Nanotechnol.* 7 (3), 180–184. doi:10.1038/nnano.2011.249

Rogers, Z. J., Zeevi, M. P., Koppes, R., and Bencherif, S. A. (2020). Electroconductive hydrogels for tissue engineering: current status and future perspectives. *Bioelectricity* 2 (3), 279–292. doi:10.1089/bioe.2020.0025

Roshanbinfar, K., Vogt, L., Greber, B., Diecke, S., Boccaccini, A. R., Scheibel, T., et al. (2018). Electroconductive biohybrid hydrogel for enhanced maturation and beating properties of engineered cardiac tissues. *Adv. Funct. Mater.* 28 (42), 1803951. doi:10.1002/adfm.201803951

Rosso, G., and Guck, J. (2019). Mechanical changes of peripheral nerve tissue microenvironment and their structural basis during development. *Apl. Bioeng.* 3 (3), 036107. doi:10.1063/1.5108867

Rousche, P. J., and Normann, R. A. (1998). Chronic recording capability of the Utah Intracortical Electrode Array in cat sensory cortex. *J. Neurosci. Methods* 82 (1), 1–15. doi:10.1016/S0165-0270(98)00031-4

Roy, S., David-Pur, M., and Hanein, Y. (2017). Carbon nanotube-based ion selective sensors for wearable applications. *ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces* 9 (40), 35169–35177. doi:10.1021/acsami.7b07346

Saghebasl, S., Akbarzadeh, A., Gorabi, A. M., Nikzamir, N., SeyedSadjadi, M., and Mostafavi, E. (2022). Biodegradable functional macromolecules as promising scaffolds for cardiac tissue engineering. *Polym. Adv. Technol.* 33 (7), 2044–2068. doi:10.1002/pat.5669

Salehi, M., Naseri-Nosar, M., Ebrahimi-Barough, S., Nourani, M., Khojasteh, A., Hamidieh, A.-A., et al. (2018). Sciatic nerve regeneration by transplantation of Schwann cells via erythropoietin controlled-releasing polylactic acid/multiwalled carbon nanotubes/gelatin nanofibrils neural guidance conduit. *J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B Appl. Biomaterials* 106 (4), 1463–1476. doi:10.1002/jbm.b.33952

Samanta, S., Ylä-Outinen, L., Rangasami, V. K., Narkilahti, S., and Oommen, O. P. (2022). Bidirectional cell-matrix interaction dictates neuronal network formation in a brain-mimetic 3D scaffold. *Acta Biomater.* 140, 314–323. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2021.12.010

Sansiñena, J. M., Olazabal, V., Otero, T. F., Sansiñena, J. M., Polo da Fonseca, C. N., and De Paoli, M. A. (1997). A solid state artificial muscle based on polypyrrole and a solid polymeric electrolyte working in air. *Chem. Commun.*, 2217–2218. doi:10.1039/A705341

Saravanan, S., Sareen, N., Abu-El-Rub, E., Ashour, H., Sequiera, G. L., Ammar, H. I., et al. (2018). Graphene oxide-gold nanosheets containing chitosan scaffold improves ventricular contractility and function after implantation into infarcted heart. *Sci. Rep.* 8 (1), 15069. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-33144-0

Sauter-Starace, F., Torres-Martinez, N., Agache, V., Pudda, C., Dijon, J., Piallat, B., et al. (2011). “Epileptic seizure recordings of a non-human primate using carbon nanotube microelectrodes on implantable silicon shanks,” in 2011 5th International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering, Cancun, Mexico, April 2011.

Schemitsch, E. H. (2017). Size matters: defining critical in bone defect size. *J. Orthop. Trauma* 31, S20–S22. doi:10.1097/bot.0000000000000978

Shafique, H., de Vries, J., Strauss, J., Khorrami Jahromi, A., Siavash Moakhar, R., and Mahshid, S. (2023). Advances in the translation of electrochemical hydrogel-based sensors. *Adv. Healthc. Mater.* 12 (1), 2201501. doi:10.1002/adhm.202201501

Shaner, S., Savelyeva, A., Kvartuh, A., Jedrusik, N., Matter, L., Leal, J., et al. (2023). Bioelectronic microfluidic wound healing: a platform for investigating direct current stimulation of injured cell collectives. *Lab a Chip* 23 (6), 1531–1546. doi:10.1039/d2lc01045

Shin, J., Yan, Y., Bai, W., Xue, Y., Gamble, P., Tian, L., et al. (2019). Bioresorbable pressure sensors protected with thermally grown silicon dioxide for the monitoring of chronic diseases and healing processes. *Nat. Biomed. Eng.* 3 (1), 37–46. doi:10.1038/s41551-018-0300-4

Shou, Y., Teo, X. Y., Wu, K. Z., Bai, B., Kumar, A. R. K., Low, J., et al. (2023). Dynamic stimulations with bioengineered extracellular matrix-mimicking hydrogels
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Tran, V. V., Lee, S., Lee, D., and Le, T.-H. (2022). Recent developments and implementations of conductive polymer-based flexible devices in sensing applications. *Polymers* 14 (18), 3730. doi:10.3390/polym14183730

Tringides, C. M., Boulingre, M., Khalil, A., Lungjangwa, T., Jaenisch, R., and Mooney, D. J. (2023). Tunable conductive hydrogel scaffolds for neural cell differentiation. *Adv. Healthc. Mater.* 12 (7), 2202221. doi:10.1002/adhm.202202221

Tringides, C. M., and Mooney, D. J. (2022). Materials for implantable surface electrode arrays: current status and future directions. *Adv. Mater.* 34 (20), 2107207. doi:10.1002/adma.202107207

Tringides, C. M., Vachicouras, N., de Lázaro, I., Wang, H., Trouillet, A., Seo, B. R., et al. (2021). Viscoelastic surface electrode arrays to interface with viscoelastic tissues. *Nat. Nanotechnol.* 16 (9), 1019–1029. doi:10.1038/s41565-021-00926-z

Tropp, J., and Rivnay, J. (2021). Design of biodegradable and biocompatible conjugated polymers for bioelectronics. *J. Mater. Chem. C* 9 (39), 13543–13556. doi:10.1039/d1tc03600a

Turner, B., Ramesh, S., Menegatti, S., and Daniele, M. (2022). Resorbable elastomers for implantable medical devices: highlights and applications. *Polym. Int.* 71 (5), 552–561. doi:10.1002/pi.6349

Ulery, B. D., Nair, L. S., and Laurencin, C. T. (2011). Biomedical applications of biodegradable polymers. *J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys.* 49 (12), 832–864. doi:10.1002/polb.22259

Ullah, M. W., Fu, L., Lamboni, L., Shi, Z., and Yang, G. (2019). “Chapter 3 – current trends and biomedical applications of resorbable polymers,” in *Materials for biomedical engineering*. Editors V. Grumezescu and A. M. Grumezescu (Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier), 41–86.

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Vijayavenkataraman, S. (2020). Nerve guide conduits for peripheral nerve injury repair: a review on design, materials and fabrication methods. *Acta Biomater.* 106, 54–69. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2020.02.003

Vogt, L., Ruther, F., Salehi, S., and Boccaccini, A. R. (2021). Poly(Glycerol sebacate) in biomedical applications—a review of the recent literature. *Adv. Healthc. Mater.* 10 (9), 2002026. doi:10.1002/adhm.202002026

Wang, C., Xia, K., Zhang, Y., and Kaplan, D. L. (2019a). Silk-based advanced materials for soft electronics. *Accounts Chem. Res.* 52 (10), 2916–2927. doi:10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00333

Wang, C., Yokota, T., and Someya, T. (2021). Natural biopolymer-based biocompatible conductors for stretchable bioelectronics. *Chem. Rev.* 121 (4), 2109–2146. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00897

Wang, C. H., Dong, Y. Q., Sengothi, K., Tan, K. L., and Kang, E. T. (1999). *In-vivo* tissue response to polyaniline. *Synth. Met.* 102 (1), 1313–1314. doi:10.1016/S0379-6779(98)01006-6

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Wang, L., Wu, Y., Hu, T., Guo, B., and Ma, P. X. (2017a). Electrospun conductive nanofibrous scaffolds for engineering cardiac tissue and 3D bioactuators. *Acta Biomater.* 59, 68–81. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2017.06.036

Wang, M., Chen, Y., Khan, R., Liu, H., Chen, C., Chen, T., et al. (2019c). A fast self-healing and conductive nanocomposite hydrogel as soft strain sensor. *Colloids Surfaces A Physicochem. Eng. Aspects* 567, 139–149. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.01.034

Wang, Q., Ling, S., Liang, X., Wang, H., Lu, H., and Zhang, Y. (2019d). Self-healable multifunctional electronic tattoos based on silk and graphene. *Adv. Funct. Mater.* 29 (16), 1808695. doi:10.1002/adfm.201808695

Wang, S., Sun, C., Guan, S., Li, W., Xu, J., Ge, D., et al. (2017b). Chitosan/gelatin porous scaffolds assembled with conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) nanoparticles for neural tissue engineering. *J. Mater. Chem. B* 5 (24), 4774–4788. doi:10.1039/c7tb00608j

Wang, Z., Wei, H., Huang, Y., Wei, Y., and Chen, J. (2023). Naturally sourced hydrogels: emerging fundamental materials for next-generation healthcare sensing. *Chem. Soc. Rev.* 52 (5), 2992–3034. doi:10.1039/d2cs00813k

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Won, S. M., Koo, J., Crawford, K. E., Mickle, A. D., Xue, Y., Min, S., et al. (2018). Natural wax for transient electronics. *Adv. Funct. Mater.* 28 (32), 1801819. doi:10.1002/adfm.201801819

Wu, T., Cui, C., Huang, Y., Liu, Y., Fan, C., Han, X., et al. (2020). Coadministration of an adhesive conductive hydrogel patch and an injectable hydrogel to treat myocardial infarction. *ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces* 12 (2), 2039–2048. doi:10.1021/acsami.9b17907

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Ullah, M. W., Fu, L., Lamboni, L., Shi, Z., and Yang, G. (2019). “Chapter 3 – current trends and biomedical applications of resorbable polymers,” in *Materials for biomedical engineering*. Editors V. Grumezescu and A. M. Grumezescu (Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier), 41–86.

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Veletić, M., Apu, E. H., Simić, M., Bergsland, J., Balasingham, I., Contag, C. H., et al. (2022). Implants with sensing capabilities. *Chem. Rev.* 122 (21), 16329–16363. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00005

Vijayavenkataraman, S. (2020). Nerve guide conduits for peripheral nerve injury repair: a review on design, materials and fabrication methods. *Acta Biomater.* 106, 54–69. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2020.02.003

Vogt, L., Ruther, F., Salehi, S., and Boccaccini, A. R. (2021). Poly(Glycerol sebacate) in biomedical applications—a review of the recent literature. *Adv. Healthc. Mater.* 10 (9), 2002026. doi:10.1002/adhm.202002026

Wang, C., Xia, K., Zhang, Y., and Kaplan, D. L. (2019a). Silk-based advanced materials for soft electronics. *Accounts Chem. Res.* 52 (10), 2916–2927. doi:10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00333

Wang, C., Yokota, T., and Someya, T. (2021). Natural biopolymer-based biocompatible conductors for stretchable bioelectronics. *Chem. Rev.* 121 (4), 2109–2146. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00897

Wang, C. H., Dong, Y. Q., Sengothi, K., Tan, K. L., and Kang, E. T. (1999). *In-vivo* tissue response to polyaniline. *Synth. Met.* 102 (1), 1313–1314. doi:10.1016/S0379-6779(98)01006-6

Wang, K., Tian, L., Wang, T., Zhang, Z., Gao, X., Wu, L., et al. (2019b). Electrodeposition of alginate with PEDOT/PSS coated MWCNTs to make an interpenetrating conducting hydrogel for neural interface. *Compos. Interfaces* 26 (1), 27–40. doi:10.1080/09276440.2018.1465766

Wang, L., Wu, Y., Hu, T., Guo, B., and Ma, P. X. (2017a). Electrospun conductive nanofibrous scaffolds for engineering cardiac tissue and 3D bioactuators. *Acta Biomater.* 59, 68–81. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2017.06.036

Wang, M., Chen, Y., Khan, R., Liu, H., Chen, C., Chen, T., et al. (2019c). A fast self-healing and conductive nanocomposite hydrogel as soft strain sensor. *Colloids Surfaces A Physicochem. Eng. Aspects* 567, 139–149. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.01.034

Wang, Q., Ling, S., Liang, X., Wang, H., Lu, H., and Zhang, Y. (2019d). Self-healable multifunctional electronic tattoos based on silk and graphene. *Adv. Funct. Mater.* 29 (16), 1808695. doi:10.1002/adfm.201808695

Wang, S., Sun, C., Guan, S., Li, W., Xu, J., Ge, D., et al. (2017b). Chitosan/gelatin porous scaffolds assembled with conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) nanoparticles for neural tissue engineering. *J. Mater. Chem. B* 5 (24), 4774–4788. doi:10.1039/c7tb00608j

Wang, Z., Wei, H., Huang, Y., Wei, Y., and Chen, J. (2023). Naturally sourced hydrogels: emerging fundamental materials for next-generation healthcare sensing. *Chem. Soc. Rev.* 52 (9), 2992–3034. doi:10.1039/d2cs00813k

Wei, L., Wang, S., Shan, M., Li, Y., Wang, Y., Wang, F., et al. (2023). Conductive fibers for biomedical applications. *Bioact. Mater.* 22, 343–364. doi:10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.10.014

Won, S. M., Koo, J., Crawford, K. E., Mickle, A. D., Xue, Y., Min, S., et al. (2018). Natural wax for transient electronics. *Adv. Funct. Mater.* 28 (32), 1801819. doi:10.1002/adfm.201801819

Wu, T., Cui, C., Huang, Y., Liu, Y., Fan, C., Han, X., et al. (2020). Coadministration of an adhesive conductive hydrogel patch and an injectable hydrogel to treat myocardial infarction. *ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces* 12 (2), 2039–2048. doi:10.1021/acsami.9b17907

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Xu, X., Wang, L., Jing, J., Zhan, J., Xu, C., Xie, W., et al. (2022). Conductive collagen-based hydrogel combined with electrical stimulation to promote neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation. *Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.* 10, 912497. doi:10.3389/fbioe.2022.912497

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Glossary

<table><tr><td>CNT/SWCNT/MWCNT</td><td>carbon nanotube/single-wall CNT/multiwall CNT</td><td>PU</td><td>pol(urethane)</td></tr><tr><td>β-CD</td><td>β-cyclodextrin</td><td>PSS</td><td>poly(styrene sulfonate)</td></tr><tr><td>CVD</td><td>chemical vapor deposition</td><td>PVA</td><td>poly(vinyl alcohol)</td></tr><tr><td>CMC</td><td>carboxymethyl cellulose</td><td>PVP</td><td>polyvinylpyrrolidone</td></tr><tr><td>CMs</td><td>cardiomyocytes</td><td>TI</td><td>tolerable intake</td></tr><tr><td>CP</td><td>conducting polymer</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DNA/RNA</td><td>deoxyribonucleic acid/ribonucleic acid</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DBSA</td><td>dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ECG</td><td>electrocardiography</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ECM</td><td>extracellular matrix</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EDOT/PEDOT</td><td>3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GelMA</td><td>gelatin methacrylate</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GFAP</td><td>glial fibrillary acidic protein</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GO/rGO</td><td>graphene oxide/reduced graphene oxide</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GOx</td><td>glucose oxidase</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HA</td><td>hyaluronic acid</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>iPSC/hiPSC</td><td>induced pluripotent stem cells/human induced pluripotent stem cell</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MEA</td><td>microelectrode array</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MN</td><td>Microneedle</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NP</td><td>Nanoparticle</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NOAEL</td><td>no-observed-adverse-effect limit</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NGCs</td><td>nerve guidance conduits</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NSCs</td><td>neuronal stem cells</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PANI</td><td>poly(aniline)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PBS</td><td>Phosphate-buffered saline</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PCL</td><td>poly(caprolactone)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PDMS</td><td>poly(dimethyl-siloxane)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PEG</td><td>poly(ethylene glycol)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PGA</td><td>poly(glycolic acid)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PGS</td><td>Poly(glycerol sebacate)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PHA</td><td>poly(hydroxyalkanoates)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PHB/PHBV</td><td>poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PLA</td><td>poly(lactic acid)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PLLA</td><td>poly(l-lactide)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PLGA</td><td>poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>POMAC</td><td>Poly(octamethylene maleate anhydride)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PMMA</td><td>poly(methyl methacrylate)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PPy</td><td>poly(pyrrole)</td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>
Glossary

<table><tr><td>CNT/SWCNT/MWCNT</td><td>carbon nanotube/single-wall CNT/multiwall CNT</td><td>PU</td><td>pol(urethane)</td></tr><tr><td>β-CD</td><td>β-cyclodextrin</td><td>PSS</td><td>poly(styrene sulfonate)</td></tr><tr><td>CVD</td><td>chemical vapor deposition</td><td>PVA</td><td>poly(vinyl alcohol)</td></tr><tr><td>CMC</td><td>carboxymethyl cellulose</td><td>PVP</td><td>polyvinylpyrrolidone</td></tr><tr><td>CMs</td><td>cardiomyocytes</td><td>TI</td><td>tolerable intake</td></tr><tr><td>CP</td><td>conducting polymer</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DNA/RNA</td><td>deoxyribonucleic acid/ribonucleic acid</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DBSA</td><td>dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ECG</td><td>electrocardiography</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ECM</td><td>extracellular matrix</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EDOT/PEDOT</td><td>3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GelMA</td><td>gelatin methacrylate</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GFAP</td><td>glial fibrillary acidic protein</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GO/rGO</td><td>graphene oxide/reduced graphene oxide</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GOx</td><td>glucose oxidase</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HA</td><td>hyaluronic acid</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>iPSC/hiPSC</td><td>induced pluripotent stem cells/human induced pluripotent stem cell</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MEA</td><td>microelectrode array</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MN</td><td>Microneedle</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NP</td><td>Nanoparticle</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NOAEL</td><td>no-observed-adverse-effect limit</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NGCs</td><td>nerve guidance conduits</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NSCs</td><td>neuronal stem cells</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PANI</td><td>poly(aniline)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PBS</td><td>Phosphate-buffered saline</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PCL</td><td>poly(caprolactone)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PDMS</td><td>poly(dimethyl-siloxane)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PEG</td><td>poly(ethylene glycol)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PGA</td><td>poly(glycolic acid)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PGS</td><td>Poly(glycerol sebacate)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PHA</td><td>poly(hydroxyalkanoates)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PHB/PHBV</td><td>poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PLA</td><td>poly(lactic acid)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PLLA</td><td>poly(1-lactide)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PLGA</td><td>poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>POMAC</td><td>Poly(octamethylene maleate anhydride)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PMMA</td><td>poly(methyl methacrylate)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PPy</td><td>poly(pyrrole)</td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>