Initially, the start in Gbotoye of the fish farming activities is boosted in 2002 by a scheme implemented by APDRA (Oswald, 2013). The evolution at the beginning is slow : in 2006, only 13 fish farmers have built up at least one pond. But Gbotoye's fish producers were able to quickly appropriate and adapt to the technical referential frame promoted. Even if no more schemes have directly operated inside the village since 2009, the number of fish producers is still increasing. In 2015, 10 new producers are building their ponds and soon should join the 41 that already produce, that means about one farming system among five has integrated a fish-farming system depending on our estimation. Most of the low-lands suitable for setting up a fish farm that is those in the upstream areas, are already converted (cf. Map). Up to 2009, fish production was orientated to the village fish market and self consumption. But since 2009, a growing share has been orientated towards the fish market of N'Zerekore. In this town, like elsewhere in this country, frozen or smoked fish is distributed and contributes to the main protein intake of the population. Frozen Fish is supplied from Conakry, and the capacity of the cold-storage warehouse has doubled from 153 tons in 2001 (Keita, 2001) to 298 tons in 2015 (according to the Direction préfectorale de la pêche et de l'aquaculture). A supply network for farmed fish has been set up, professional sale-women have gathered inside the Association des Vendeuses de Poissons de Pisciculture (AVPP). This evolution is not specific to Gbotoye, the network drains all the area and the sales-women go up to 50 km far to buy fish near ponds taking track-roads of poor quality. The complexity and adaptability of those fish selling chains give them their efficiency, similar to those described by Chaléard (1996) that enable the rise of the food-production for commercial purpose in West Africa.

Fish breeding cycles present a great heterogeneity. Fish stocking density and the duration of the fish cycle vary respectively from 0,1 to 2 fish/m² and from 3 to 12 month. That enables producers to produce the targeted size for fish depend on their purpose, the market and their cash-flow availability. Rather than increasing the size of the growth pond, farmers tend to multiply the number of serviceponds for reproduction, fingerling production or stocking in order to increase the number of harvests per year. Floating-rice cultivation inside ponds, planting when ponds are drained, fixes major dates of the agricultural calendar. The success of the integration of fishfarming explains for Simon et al. (2009), the contribution of the fish farming to the forested Guinea. Fish producers have also taken advantage of the evolution inside the palm oil processing chain. Relative price increase leads to the use of the light= mecanization, palm kernel crushers have spread off. Palm kernel cake, a by-product of this process, has been use to feed pigs. Pig farming quickly develops all other the area. In their great majority, fish producers have combined pig farming to their pond. In a second stage the way of planning ponds was revisited in order to better the valorisation of pig manure.

## 4 Conclusions

In this case, the local fish market was not a constraint for the development of fish farming in Gbotoye, and more broadly among the Region of N'Zérékoré. In the first stage the local market of the village has allowed the setting up of an increasing efficiency by enforcing fishfarmers to cooperate with proximity services (like the supply of fish for stocking or the monitoring of pond building). Thanks to the technical referential frame which targets to give all the lever of the management to the producers, combined with the pragmatic and flexibility management of familial farming systems, the local fish market accompanied a true dynamic of intensification of the fish farming. In fact those fish producers consider fish as a commercial crop In this Region which quickly changes and endures major stresses, the fish farming evolution attests of a remarkable sustainability. In this agrarian system where perennial crops dominate, fish farming introduces an interesting diversification based on producing food for commercial purposes. Contributing to enabling those numerous producers in their family farming system to produce large amounts of fish is a realistic challenge, attested by the present study.

*Acknowledgements.* Authors want to thank Sidiki Keita and Mohamed Bob Diaby for their support and the AFD. and European Union for their commitment to fund schemes of which the purpose is to promote a fish-farming rural development in Africa.

## References

Bangoura D., Bangoura M.T. et Diop M., 2006. *Quelle Transition politique pour la Guinée?*. Paris : L'Harmattan, 423 p.

Brummet R., Lazard J. And Moehl J, 2007. African aquaculture: Realizing the potential. *Food Policy* 33 (2008) 371–385

Cai, J., Jolly, C., Hishamunda, N., Ridler, N., Ligeon, C. & Leung, P. 2012. Review on aquaculture's contribution to socio-economic development: enabling policies, legal framework and partnership for improved benefits. In Proceedings of the Global Conference on Aquaculture 2010, Phuket, Thailand. FAO, Rome and NACA, Bangkok. 22–25 September 2010. pp. 265–302. http://www.fao.org/docrep/015/i2734e/i2734e.pdf

Chaléard J.-L., 1996.Temps des villes, temps des vivres : l'essor du vivrier marchand en Côte d'Ivoire. Karthala (*Hommes et Sociétés*), Paris : 661 p.

Chaléard J.L., Moustier P., Leplaideur A. 2002. L'approvisionnement vivrier des villes en Guinée. *Autrepart* (23) : 5-23.

Cochet H., 2012. The systeme agraire concept in francophone peasant studies". *Geoforum* 43 (2012) 128–136

Keita S. 2001 : rapport de l'étude sur la commercialisation des poissons », PPGF/AFVP N'Zérékoré, 69 pp . available DNP Conakry or APDRA, Massy, France.,

Marchal R. et al., « Liberia, Sierra Leone et Guinée : une guerre sans frontières ? », *Politique africaine* 2002/4 (N° 88), p. 5-12.

Oswald M., 2013. La pisciculture extensive, une diversification complémentaire des économies de plantation, pp 165-183 In Ruf F. et Schroth G. (Eds), Cultures pérennes tropicales enjeux économiques et écologiques de la diversification. Quae - France. 301 pp.

Simon D. et Benhamou J.F., 2009 : "Rice-fish farming in Guinée Forestière - outcome of a rural development project », Field Actions Sci. Rep., 2, 49-56, 2009 ; www.field-actionssci-rep.net/2/49/2009/
# Ré-SyPiEx

## Research and development network on Extensive Fish farming in Western and Central Africa

Ibrahim Imorou Toko *±<fnref n="1" />*, Celestin Telecony Ble <fnref n="2" />, Olivier Mikolasek <fnref n="3" />, Minette Tomedi Eyango <fnref n="4" />, Antoine Chikou <fnref n="5" />, Thomas Efole Ewoukem <fnref n="6" />, Dominique Ombredane <fnref n="7" />, Adja Ferdinand Vanga <fnref n="8" /> & Jacob Afouda Yabi <fnref n="1" />

## 1 Introduction

Extensive fish farming has proven to be an advantage for small-scale farms. Requiring little cash, this activity better valorizes the existing production factors and agricultural byproducts. It also reduces the food expenses, increases the farm income and improves the diet of rural households. In Africa, the economic impact of this fish farming system in rural area tends to be under-estimated and insufficiently taken into account by the national development plans where financial and human resources are predominantly targeted at the medium or large-scale commercial aquaculture. Without questioning these choices, a more balanced perspective is needed.

The main objective of the RéSyPiEx project is to make policy-makers aware that the "traditional" or extensive systems can be also driven by the market. Supported by PARRAF (Programme Supporting Research Networks in Africa), this network of various West and Central African research institutions involved in aquaculture has been initiated in 2011 by the research project "Ecological intensification of extensive family fish farming systems in West and Central Africa by the analysis of the innovation processes - extensive fish farming systems" (SyPiEx) - funded by the CORAF / WECARD. The research studies have been anchored in the development through NGO partnerships, including the APDRA - Pisciculture paysanne NGO. This presentation outlines the activities conducted by the research network and the stakes for the development of rural fish farming

## 2 Activities

The network teams involved in the network have strengthened their AIR4D capacity. They conducted a first literature review of previous and ongoing work to analyze the social, environmental and economic impacts of family fish farming systems in Western and Central Africa. The network also promoted the implementation of regional research and education collaborative programmes, leading to students, researchers and teachers exchanges.

### Better describe to better promote the SyPiEx

The classic fish culture introduced in sub-Saharan Africa for decades has difficulty develop despite the efforts of the technical and financial partners on the continent. However, systems worn by family farms adopted by most local producers play an important role in the diversification of production and provide additional income to farmers. However, this form of farming in rural areas and in particular, the extensive aquaculture systems are poorly described. The regional literature reviews on SyPiEx in each country (Table 1), will help to publish policy notes in order to facilitate decision making in the fields of SyPiEx in West Africa and Central.

<table><caption>**Table 1.** Literature review on pisciculture and training in aquaculture in different countries of the network in West and Central Africa</caption><thead><tr><td></td><td>Literature Review</td><td>Description</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1</td><td>National syntheses of extensive fish farming systems</td><td>National Study Report (Benin, Cameroon and Ivory Coast)</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>National syntheses of aquaculture training in different network countries</td><td>Database countries (Benin, Cameroon and Ivory Coast)</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>Regional synthesis on extensive fish farming systems</td><td>Regional Study Report on extensive fish farming systems in West and Central Africa</td></tr></tbody></table>

<footnote n="1">¹Faculté d'Agronomie (FA), Université de Parakou (UP), Benin</footnote>

<footnote n="2">²Département Aquaculture, Centre de Recherches Océanologiques d'Abidjan (CRO), Côte d'Ivoire</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³UMR ISEM, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), France</footnote>

<footnote n="4">⁴Institut des Sciences Halieutiques (ISH), Université de Douala (UD), Cameroon</footnote>

<footnote n="5">⁵Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Université d'Abomey-Calavi (FSA-UAC), Benin</footnote>

<footnote n="6">⁶Faculté d'Agronomie et des Sciences Agricoles (FASA), Université de Dschang (UDs), Cameroon</footnote>

<footnote n="7">⁷UMR ESE, Agrocampus Ouest, France</footnote>

<footnote n="8">⁸Université Peleforo Gon Coulibaly de Korogho (UPGC), Côte d'Ivoire</footnote>

<footnote>* Speaker</footnote>

<footnote>± Corresponding author: iimorou_toko@hotmail.com</footnote>
## Research and development in extensive fish farming systems: AIR4D approach

Diversity of choices and practices both in terms of the organization, breeding systems and their integration modalities have enabled the development of spontaneous innovation by fish farmers. Technical choices are made by producers from innovations that have demonstrated their efficiency in the local context. On this basis, the actual constraints to overcome to successfully lead intensification are identified and assumptions are developed with producers and all stakeholders in the innovation platform. The prioritization of constraints led to the identification three major researches related to (1): Access to property in the context of SyPiEx; (2): Farm and economic optimization of SyPiEx (3): Optimized fingerlings production in SyPiEx.

## Promote the training of students through south-south mobility

Students involved in the different motilities are supervised by supervisors from different teams (for sending and receiving) thus improving the level of training of students and facilitates research partnerships between different laboratories. During 2014, 10 students involved in the network teams have benefited from mobility grants for realization of courses related to one of three cross-cutting themes identified in West Africa and Central Regions (Table 2).

<table><caption>**Table 2.** Mobility of students in different network laboratories</caption><thead><tr><td>Countries</td><td>Numbers of students</td><td>Study level</td><td>Coming Laboratory</td><td>Country home for mobility</td><td>Home Laboratories</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Benin</td><td>5</td><td>Master</td><td>URAEAq/FA (03) and FSA-UAC (02)</td><td>Cameroun (03)- Ivory Coast (02)</td><td>C.R.O (02) and UR SPGA/UPGC (01)</td></tr><tr><td>Cameroun</td><td>2</td><td>Master</td><td>ISH-UD (01) and FASA-UDs (01)</td><td>Benin</td><td>URAEAq/FA</td></tr><tr><td>Ivory Coast</td><td>3</td><td>Master</td><td>C.R.O (02) and UPGC (01)</td><td>Benin</td><td>URAEAq/FA</td></tr></tbody></table>

*Acknowledgements.* This paper was developed in the implementation framework of the project "Ecological intensification of extensive family fish farming systems in West and Central Africa by the analysis of the innovation processes - extensive fish farming systems" (SyPiEx)". The authors thank CORAF / WECARD, the European Union and Canada and all the SyPiEx team for their financial and technical support.

## Reference related to the network

Tomedi Eyango Tabi,M., Tekounegning Tiogue,C, Ewoukem Efole,T., Kenfack,M. & Tchoumboué, J. (2014). Population Structure, Condition Factor, Length-weight and Length-age Relationships of *Labeobarbus batesii* (Boulenger, 1903) in Mbô Flood Plain in Western Region of Cameroon. International Journal of Aquaculture, 2014, Vol.4, No.19, 113-117; http://ija.biopublisher.ca

Nguivoum Thea,C.; Bime,M.J.; Efole Ewoukem,T., Mikolasek,O., Tomedi Eyango,M. Nyamsi Tchatcho,N. L. & Tchoumbougnang, F. (2014). Analyse de la chaîne de valeur poisson des pisciculteurs familiaux de la Région de l'Est (Cameroun). 4ième journée des sciences et de la vie, 7 et 8 Août 2014, Université de Dschang, Cameroun (poster).

Ndongo,B., Efole Ewoukem,T., Tchana Nkwessi,R., Ngu Jiofack,L., Mikolasek,O., Tomedi Eyango Tabi,M. & Pouomogne,V., (2014). Diagnosis of water losses by infiltration and clogging in fish ponds in the Western Highlands of Cameroon. 4eme journée des sciences et de la vie, 7 et 8 Août 2014, Université de Dschang, Cameroun (poster).

Efole Ewoukem,T., Robin,P., Hassouna,M., Mikolasek,O.,Aubin,J.& Ombredane D. (2014). Management of tropical fish pond, ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions: a measured indicator4eme journée des sciences et de la vie, 7 et 8 Août 2014, Université de Dschang, Cameroun (poster).

Efole Ewoukem,T., Aubin,J., Mikolasek,O., Corson, S.M., van der Werf,H. & Ombredane,D. (2014). Life cycle assessment of integrated fish pond aquaculture of household farms in sub-Saharan Africa 4eme journée des sciences et de la vie, 7 et 8 Août 2014, Université de Dschang, Cameroun (Communication orale).

Aulanier,F., Koibamy,F., Efole Ewoukem,T., Mikolasek,O. & Oswald, M. (2014).Que choisir pour le Développement de la Pisciculture paysanne au Cameroun : inaction ou subvention ? Quatrièmes Journées Recherche Filière Piscicole 2, 3 et 4 Juillet 2014 – Paris (communication orale).

Oswald, M., Efolé Ewoukem, T. & Mikolasek,O. (2013). Approach and conceptual framework of smallholder fish farming intensification: example of dam pond fish polyculture based on all-male tilapia culture (*Oreochromis niloticus*) in Cameroon, International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture, October 6-10, 2013, Jerusalem, Israel (communication orale).
Lessons learnt from a review of extensive fish farming inside family plantations
economie through West Africa and of their contribution to the local value chain.

Marc Oswald *±1,2, Olivier Mikolasek 2,3, Pierre Meké 4, Celestin Telecony Ble 5, Thomas Efole Ewoukem 6,
Adja Ferdinand Vanga 7, Ibrahim Imorou Toko 8, Minette Tomedi Eyango 4

**1 Introduction**

For more than a decade, integration of extensive fish farming inside smallholder's farming has been noticed as an
alternative way to promote aquaculture development. Inside the plantation economies area of Western Africa, various
developments have occurred. The present study analyses and compares situations from Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon and
Benin, thanks to a regional project (SYPIEX) through field data collected in those countries during 2013.

**2 Materials and Methods**

132 inquiries of fish farming producers were conducted in Central-West and South-West of Côte d'Ivoire and 125 in Central Region and Eastern Region of Cameroon in order to get an up to date description of rough technical and socio-economic characteristics. Inquiries and Value Chain Analyze were carried out in the three countries.

**3 Results**

The collected data show an interesting convergence between the two fish farming developments. The declared average
ponds area is 0,67 ha for one fish farmer in Cameroon and 1,12 ha in Côte d'Ivoire, that illustrate the central function of
the dam-pond which make the management of large areas easy, often associated with little derivating ponds. The pond
average area is 0,30 ha in Cameroon and 0,28 ha in Côte d'Ivoire (RCI). Fish farmers combine production of various
ponds: 3,65 ponds in RCI and 2,35 ponds in Cameroon. Polyculture based on *Oreochromis niloticus* is the most
common practice and for the second species used, *Heterotis*, is the most favourite one. This fish farming has first a
commercial function and a significant part of the producers reports fish farming as their main activity: in Côte d'Ivoire
23%, in Cameroon 24% (and in this country for Eastern and Central Region, respectively 32% and 0%). Fish farmers
are mostly farmers (92% in RCI, 61% in Cameroon). Logically the production requires mostly family workforce and
the ponds have been essentially built with the household's resources. Those two characters indicate the reality of the
integration of this type of fish farming that has most often an important place in the farming system. Education level
fluctuates, it can be noticed that in RCI, most of the fish farmers who manage the fish farms are illiterate (63%), in
Cameroon, 75% stopped their education training before the A levels. Inquiries point out a high percentage of fish
farmers belonging to local professional organizations. The rate of women as fish farm managers is low, but they are
involved in the fish management and often in charge of the sales. This type of fish farming concerns most of the ethnic
or religious components of the local population. The average number of years of fish farming experience shows its
dynamic: it is 10,17 in RCI, 10,8 in Cameroon; however this figure hides a significant difference (p < 0,05) inside this
country, 11,4 and 6,5 for respectively the Eastern and the Central Regions ; this indicates different maturity and also a
dynamism with new settings. Compilation of technical criteria (yearly production, yield) is always risky with inquiries.
The quoted « yearly production » has respectively an average of 552 kg and of 353 kg in RCI and Cameroon. However,
strong contradictions subsist. The declared fish breeding practices were collected and are summarized in table 1, below.
The value chain analysis indicates that a large share of the added value is created in the fish production step, even if
data vary and a described tendency is to supply stocking fingerlings inside local networks which is the best economic
answer facing the potential high cost of the fish seeds. The fish produced is first sold on local markets, prices fluctuate
around 1000 F CFA/kg in Ivory Coast to 1500 F CFA in Cameroon. When urban markets are accessible, farmed fish is
preferred to other fish substitutes because of its quality. In Côte d'Ivoire and Cameroon, the added value generated by
fish processor nearly doubles the one realized by the producers.

**4 Discussion**

Firstly, this fish farming type has become strongly settled for more than a decade and shows a dynamic. Surprisingly,
this type cuts loose some clichés broadly admitted in Africa: small ponds (most often < 400 m<fnref n="2" />), fish density above 2,

<footnote n="1">¹ ISTOM, Cergy, 32 Bd. du port., 95094 Cergy-Pontoise cedex, France.</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² APDRA Pisciculture paysanne, Massy, 9 avenue de France, 91300 Massy, France</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³ UMR ISEM, Cirad, 34090 Montpellier, FRANCE</footnote>

<footnote n="4">⁴ Institut des Sciences Halieutiques (ISH), Université de Douala (UD), Cameroon</footnote>

<footnote n="5">⁵ Département Aquaculture, Centre de Recherches Océanologiques d'Abidjan (CRO), Côte d'Ivoire</footnote>

<footnote n="6">⁶ Faculté d'Agronomie et des Sciences Agricoles (FASA), Université de Dschang (UDs), Cameroon</footnote>

<footnote n="7">⁷ Université Péléforo Gon Coulibaly de Korogho (UPGC), Côte d'Ivoire</footnote>

<footnote n="8">⁸ Faculté d'Agronomie (FA), Université de Parakou (UP), Benin</footnote>

<footnote>* Speaker</footnote>

<footnote>± Corresponding author: m.oswald@istom.net</footnote>
small fish produced, the key need of the catfish etc. It is not confronted with a question of bad fish growth, table 1 indicates from the fish farmers' declarations that the *Oreochromis* daily growth exceeds 1g/j thanks to the use of a police fish or their natural profusion (for example, *Parachanna obscura* in the Eastern Region). Fish polyculture presents a sturdy model although it is not always understood like in the Eastern Region and with a size of the ponds similar to that of the traditional Chinese one. That underlines the need to consider that this type of fish farming generates a specific alternative path with its own research-development questioning depending of its development. Secondly, this kind of fish farming is oriented by commercial purposes. Spontaneously, products integrate the surrounding urban markets, farmed fish are easily integrated in the fish consumption supply network.

<caption>**Table 1.** Declared fish breeding practices of *Oreochromis niloticus*. (stocking density, duration, and initial and final average weight).

*O. n.* means *Oreochromis niloticus*. In each case, the average and the standard deviation is on the first row and the median and the number of answer is on the second</caption>

<table><thead><tr><th>Country or Region</th><th>RCI</th><th>Cameroon</th><th>Eastern Region - Cameroon</th><th>Central Region - Cameroon</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="2">Density O. n (fish/m²)</td><td>1,45 (1,75)</td><td>0,75 (0,65)</td><td>0,88 (0,67)</td><td>0,32 (0,66)</td></tr><tr><td>1,00 (37)</td><td>0,60 (119)</td><td>0,75 (90)</td><td>0,15 (29)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Initial weight O.n (g/fish)</td><td>17,8 (9,2)</td><td>20,9 (18,9)</td><td>14,2 (6,9)</td><td>40,7 (19,3)</td></tr><tr><td>15 (93)</td><td>15 (118)</td><td>12,3 (88)</td><td>30 (30)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Duration. (month/cycle)</td><td>7,9 (2,7)</td><td>15,3 (6,4)</td><td>17,2 (6,1)</td><td>9,9 (6,5)</td></tr><tr><td>7 (116)</td><td>12 (105)</td><td>16 (77)</td><td>12 (28)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Final weight O.n (g/fish)</td><td>283,0 (81,7)</td><td>505,4 (263,1)</td><td>564,5 (272,5)</td><td>333,3 (259,5)</td></tr><tr><td>285,7 (107)</td><td>450 (102)</td><td>500 (76)</td><td>333,3 (26)</td></tr></tbody></table>

The results show also contrasted situations between the Eastern and the Central Region of Cameroon. In the Central Region, the activity is new and it has developed smaller pond areas, fish cycles are shorter. A significant difference (p<0,05) appears in the size of the fingerlings stocked (Table 1). In the Eastern Region, increasing the production of fish in the pond dams depends on the integration of nurseries production inside the fish farm or improving supply through collaborative contracts with neighbours. Analysis elements and comparison with other descriptions (PDCE, 2015), tend to indicate that even if production is smaller than in the Eastern Region, yield is higher depending on the use of bigger fingerlings and lower stocking densities. It must be underlined that intensive models in Benin, that have often benefited from subsidies, generate less added value than the traditional systems and do not resist to the suspension of subsidies' (Odjoumani, 2014). At a larger scale, kinetics of adoption are varied and depend on the local conditions (endogenous evolution in Eastern Region) but also on the technical reference and the local political frame promoted. The various field reports attest of a willingness to intensify in Côte d'Ivoire; this ongoing process is linked to local socio-economic contexts. Lessons from China are interesting with fish in ponds yield improving from 724 to 5 217 kg/ha between 1979 and 2003 (FAO, 2005).

## 5 Conclusions

We want to insist on two difficulties met trough this study. Only an understanding of the fish breeding system including all the fish and the ponds managed, and seeking how each fish cycle fits in the global management of the producer is in capacity to provide reliable fish production data which are also needed to provide relevant economic data. This point difficult to investigate through that kind of approach and needs to be deepened. In spite of the little interest given by the governments, (Nguivoum 2014, Odjoumani, 2013), governments appeal for intensive technologies, the described extensive fish farming discreetly evolves with interesting contributions to sustainable development and poverty alleviation, especially in post-forested areas. This review confirms the resiliency of these models, their ability to supply farmed fish, at an affordable price for vulnerable populations and preferred to other fish supplied. With the reinforcement of their production, fish farming products integrate longer value chains generating higher added value and lots of multiplicative positive effects.

*Acknowledgements.* This paper was developed in the implementation framework of the project "Ecological intensification of extensive family fish farming systems in West and Central Africa by the analysis of the innovation processes - extensive fish farming systems" (SyPiEx)". The authors thank CORAF / WECARD, the European Union and Canada and all the SyPiEx team for their financial and technical support.

## References

* FAO, 2005: Vue générale du secteur aquacole national Chine. Country review profile, FAO. Rome. http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_china/fr, consulted 30/06/2015)

* Nguivoum Thea C., 2014 : « Analyse de valeur de la chaîne de valeur poisson des petits pisciculteurs familiaux dans la Region de l'Est (Cameroun) ; cas du département du Lom et Djerem ». Mémoire de diplôme d'Ingénieur. Department of agricultural economics, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Dschang, Cameroon. 98p.

* Odjoumani A., 2014 : "Analyse de la chaîne de valeur ajoutée poisson frais pour les ménages urbains dans la vallée de l'Ouémé. » Thèse pour l'obtention du diplôme d'ingénieur Agronome, option Economie et Sociologie Rurales, Faculté d'Agronomie de Parakou, Bénin, 91 p.

* PDCE, 2015 : « Rapport annuel d'activité 2014, Projet de Développement de la Pisciculture dans les Régions Centre et Est du Cameroun », APDRA, Massy France. 76 p.
# A food systems approach to aquaculture: re-orienting farming systems for improving nutritional outcomes

Andrew Thorne-Lyman, Sven Genschick, Michael J. Phillips, Shakuntala H. Thilsted & Patrick Dugan

## 1 Introduction

The global nutrition community has shown increasing interest in harnessing agriculture to maximize benefits for the nutritional status of populations, particularly the poor and vulnerable. Often termed "nutrition-sensitive agriculture", the momentum for this movement comes largely from the recognition that: (1) rising incomes alone do not necessarily translate into improvement in dietary quality or reduction in the prevalence of under nutrition; (2) health systems alone are poorly equipped to address a multi-causal problem with deep and wide roots that include social and gender inequality, lack of ability to afford the foods that are richest in essential nutrients; and (3) large numbers of poor, smallholder farmers in countries in which under nutrition is most prevalent represent an under-utilized opportunity for sustainable improvements in under nutrition. In order to reduce under nutrition while at the same time avoiding rapid rises in over nutrition and non-communicable diseases observed in many parts of the world, greater multi-sectoral coordination that bridges the agriculture, health, and nutrition sectors is needed.

To date, however, little of the momentum of "nutrition-sensitive agriculture" has carried over into the aquaculture and fisheries sector, despite the promising nutritional content and known health benefits of fish. We argue that conventional approaches to agriculture and aquaculture in aquatic agricultural systems limit the scope for improving round the year availability of nutrient-rich foods for poor populations and that changes to existing approaches could improve the benefits. This paper explores the use of a food systems framework to identify opportunities to modify conventional approaches to aquaculture in order to lead to beneficial outcomes for human nutrition.

## 2. The need to revise agricultural policies to better address modern nutritional problems

Historically, agricultural policies focusing on increasing the productivity of staple foods have been highly successful in increasing the availability of energy. But as noted by Pingali (2015), a revision of those policies is needed to better address the nutritional problems of today. Dietary risk factors are the top contributor to the global burden of disease, and include (among others) low intake of fruit, vegetables, nuts and omega-3 fatty acids (IHME, 2014). While the Green Revolution led to a marked decrease in the price of staple grains over time, the real price of foods rich in micronutrients increased during that same period, and it is plausible that these increased prices have led to reduced dietary quality (Herforth and Ahmed, 2015). Recent reviews of own-price elasticity versus cross-price elasticity suggest that the most effective way of increasing access to foods of high nutritional quality by poor populations is to increase production of those specific foods, rather than making staple foods cheaper (Herforth and Ahmed, 2015).

Aquatic agricultural systems are diverse fishing and farming systems in which the annual production dynamics of fresh water and/or coastal ecosystems provide unique possibilities for crop diversity, fish diversity, and ultimately, dietary diversity of humans. Particularly in Asia, fish produced in such settings is an important contributor of animal-source foods and micronutrients in the diet: from 1950 to 2012, the annual supply of fish for food per capita more than tripled from 6 kg/capita/year to 19.2 kg/capita/year (HLPE, 2014). Since 1990, most of this growth came from aquaculture. While greater fish supply can be seen as a step in a positive direction, the shift from wild fish to farmed fish may have adverse implications for nutrition, given differences in nutrient composition and lower duration of availability of farmed fish, under conventional approaches to aquaculture (Thilsted, 2012). New innovations are needed to optimize the potential for aquaculture and agriculture to lead to nutritional benefits.

## 3. Expanding ‘classical’ views on the role of food production: the food systems approach

Taking a food systems approach to aquaculture helps to expand the classical view of production systems as isolated entities encompassing inputs, processes and outputs. It embeds production systems into a wider context of mutually, influencing interrelations with the environment, food utilization and consumption (Herforth et al., 2015). Given that nutrition is the result of multiple interlinked factors spanning across sectors, systems frameworks can be particularly useful in helping to understand how different dimensions of food systems interact and influence outcomes. For example, great attention has been placed on the role of women in food systems, and how their participation in agriculture can have positive benefits on control of income and assets derived from agriculture. At the same time, engagement in agricultural activities can influence women's health or that of their infants, by virtue of increased energy expenditure or increased labor burden and reduced capacity to feed and care for their infants. Understanding these types of implications is important for harnessing the potential of agriculture and aquaculture to have nutritional benefits.

<footnote>* Speaker</footnote>

<footnote>± Corresponding author:</footnote>
## 4. Opportunities in aquaculture farming design for improved nutrition: examples from Bangladesh

Having outlined the key characteristics of a food system approach, some examples of ways to redesign farming systems in aquatic systems are given below:

**Opportunity 1: Pond polyculture with micronutrient-rich, small fish to increase fish availability and access for nutrition**
The inclusion of micronutrient-rich, small fish ('mola', *Amblypharyngodon mola*) in homestead pond polyculture systems in Bangladesh provides more fish for consumption and sale. Usually, in polyculture systems, a number of different species of similar large size and with a long rearing time are cultivated. In Bangladesh, research has shown that the simultaneous cultivation of micronutrient-rich, small and large fish, mainly native carp species leads to an overall increase in total production of a higher nutritional quality, without use of additional inputs. This results in a sustainable intensification and as small fish breed in ponds and their harvest period is shorter than for large fish; multiple, frequent harvests are possible, thereby increasing access to critical nutrients, as well as providing regular additional income (Thilsted and Wahab, 2014).

**Opportunity 2: Pond dyke farming as integrated aquaculture-agriculture systems**

For diversifying production and thus diets of rural households in Bangladesh, the cultivation of vegetables (e.g. orange sweet potato) and fruit on pond dykes is being promoted by WorldFish as an integrated, multifunctional farming system. This results in increased availability of non-staple foods that provide complementary nutrients to those from fish and greater dietary diversity, year-round (Islam et al. 2011).

**Opportunity 3: 'Gender-sensitive' gill net for empowering women in aquaculture and improving their access to fish**

A gender transformative approach aims to empower women through participation in aquaculture production. Considering cultural norms, a gill net, designed in the World Fish USAID-funded project: Aquaculture for Income and Nutrition (AIN) enables women to catch fish from the pond dyke, without having to enter the pond. This has eliminated the constraint which women faced in harvesting fish and thereby empowered them to take an active role in aquaculture and increase their control over access to fish, on a regular basis (Islam et al., 2015).

## 5. Conclusion

Food systems approaches can help to unlock the potential of agriculture and aquaculture for nutrition. As indicated by the above examples, small modifications in farming design can have large impacts on the performance of production systems and enhance their potential to benefit nutritional outcomes.

## References

* Herforth, A., Lidder, P., and Gill, M. (2015): Strengthening the links between nutrition and health outcomes and agricultural research. Food Security, 7(3), pp. 457-461.

* Herforth, A. and Ahmed, S. (2015): The food environment, its effects on dietary consumption, and potential for measurement within agriculture-nutrition interventions. Food Security, pp. 1-16.

* HLPE (2014): Sustainable fisheries and aquaculture for food security and nutrition. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security, Rome.

* Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). GBD Database. Seattle, WA: IHME, University of Washington, 2014

* Islam, M., Rahman, H., and Rahman, M.M. (2011): Cereal Systems Initiative for South Asia in Bangladesh (CSISA-Bangladesh), WorldFish Center.

* Islam, N., Mostafiz, M., Sunny, A. and Hossain, M.Z. (2015): Development of women friendly mola (Amblypharyngodon mola) harvesting techniques for improvement of nutrition, income and livelihoods. Unpublished manuscript.

* Pingali, P. (2015): Agriculture policy and nutrition outcomes – getting beyond the preoccupation with staple grains. Food Security, 7(3), pp. 583-591.

* Thilsted, S.H. (2012): The potential of nutrient-rich small fish species in aquaculture to improve human nutrition and health. In: R.P. Subasinghe, J.R. Arthur, D.M. Bartley, S.S. De Silva, M. Halwart, N. Hishamunda, C.V. Mohan, P. Sorgeloos, eds. *Farming the Waters for People and Food*. Proceedings of the Global Conference on Aquaculture 2010, Phuket, Thailand. 22-25 September 2010. pp 57-73. FAO, Rome and NACA, Bangkok.

* Thilsted, S.H. and Wahab, M.A. (2014): Nourishing Bangladesh with micronutrient-rich small fish. CGIAR Research Program on Aquatic Agricultural Systems. Penang, Malaysia, Policy Brief: AAS-2014-08.
# Authors Index

## A

Aboudou, F., 465
Abraham, K., 377
Adebola, A., 489
Affholder, F., 131
Aguerre, V., 269, 283, 345
Akkal-Corfini, N., 51
Alam, S.J., 161
Alary, V., 133
Albertazzi, S., 45
Albicette, M.M., 283, 345
Albín, A., 327
Albrecht, A., 173, 467
Alig, M., 83
Allen, T.s, 149
Alliaume, F., 27
Allinne, C., 127, 447, 449
Almekinders, C., 263
Alomia, V., 359
Alvarez, S., 19
Anders, E., 189
Andersen, E., 229
Andres-Domenech, P., 435
Andrieux, P., 437
Angeon, V., 277, 285, 435
Angevin, F., 385
Appel, F., 11
Aranguren, C.I., 255
Armand, R., 185
Aubertot, J.N., 447
Aubin, J., 259
Auburger, S., 211
Avelino, J., 127, 447
Aviron, S., 21
Ayerdi-Gotor, A., 185

## B

Babin, R., 445
Bachinger, J., 163, 183
BagnyBeilhé, L., 445
Bah, A., 503
Bahrs, E., 37, 211
Bakker, M.M., 161
Baldoni, G., 45
Ballot, R., 213, 509
Balmann, A., 11, 23
Baranger, E., 29
Barataud, F., 417
Barbier, J.M., 203, 375, 437
Barbottin, A., 241, 247
Barbu, C., 445
Barillet, F., 353
Barkaoui, K., 117
Baron, C., 239
Barrantes, O., 209
Barros, C., 119

Bartosik, R.E., 71
Bassirou-Sané, C.A., 453
Bates, S., 435
Baudron, F., 377
Beaudoin, N., 399
Begg, G., 343
Bégué, A., 239
Beillouin, D., 371
Bekele, A., 471
Bekunda, M., 177, 189
Belhouchette, H., 117, 131, 133, 149, 491
Bell, L.W., 225
Bell, M., 35
Belliard, P., 487
Bellotti, B., 13, 397
Ben-Ari, T., 187
Bénagabou, O.I., 361
Benbrahim, M., 69
Bengtsson, J., 429
Benoît, M., 17, 245, 255, 339
BenZekri, Y., 117
Bergez, J.E., 17, 107, 433
Bergkvist, G., 49, 183, 429
Berland, J., 209
Berre, D., 143, 473
Berrueta, C., 119
Bertrand, N., 109
Bettinelli, C., 359
Bewsell, D., 293
Beye, A., 477
Beza, E., 233
Bianchi, F., 377
Biarnès, A., 437
Biggs, J., 123, 217
Bijttebier, J., 281, 421
Biradar, S., 393
Bizot, E., 387
Blanchard, M., 361, 467
Blancheton, J.P., 259
Blanco, M., 131
Blazy, J.M., 137, 201, 223
Bloch, R., 163
Blumetto, O., 261
Bocchi, S., 375
Bockstaller, C., 43, 51, 69
Boissinot, F., 43
Bonari, E., 441
Bonjean, I., 23
Bonnal, P., 133
Bonnal, V., 439
Borges, A., 119
Borremans, L., 271
Bortagaray, I., 283
Bos, J., 135
Boschetti, M., 375
Bougouma, V., 351, 361
Bourgoin, J., 503
Bourlet, C., 181
Boussard, H., 21
Boussios, D., 145
Bouty, C., 241, 247
Bowran, D., 167
Braconnier, S., 379
Brandsæter, L.O., 49
Brauer-Siebrecht, W., 211
Braunschweig, M., 427
Bravo, G., 97, 249, 319
Bregaglio, S., 375
Brescia, V., 249
Bretagnolle, V., 43
Breune, I., 401
Britz, W., 155
Brivio, P.A., 375
Brulard, N., 147
Bystricky, M., 427

C

Caccetta, P., 243, 501
Cadoux, S., 385, 387
Caillat, H., 355
Callier, M., 259
Camara, A.D., 477
Campbell, C., 409
Canet, A., 457
Capelli, G., 375
Capillon, A., 149
Capitaine, M., 321
Cardillo, C., 45
Cardozo, G., 261, 269, 349
Carkner, M., 423
Carlsson, G., 181
Carmona, N.E., 19
Carof, M., 215
Carracelas, G., 53
Carriere, F., 339
Carroué, B., 385
Caruso, D., 259
Casagrande, M., 321
Cassman, K.G., 111
Castagna, A., 261
Castañeda-Vera, A., 125
Castets, M., 239
Castro, A., 267
Cattan, P., 439
Catusse, N., 147
Cellier, V., 395
Cerda, R., 127, 447
Cerf, M., 15
Cernay, C., 187
Chai, Q., 31, 409
Chambaut, H., 83
Chang-Lian, G., 409
Chantre, E., 213
Charlesworth, P., 41, 159
Charreyron, M., 399
Chave, M., 277
Chavez, M.D., 97, 249
Chen, F., 5, 33, 121

Chenoune, R., 131, 149
Chia, E., 259, 285, 435
Chibwana-Gama, A., 157
Chikou, A., 525
Chikowo, R., 177, 189, 191, 495
Chimedtseren, K., 365
Choi, J., 59
Cholez, C., 195
Chongtham, I.R., 429
Chopin, P., 137, 201, 223
Chouaki, S., 307
Choudhury, A., 13
Christen, O., 211
Chu, Q.Q., 5
Cilas, C., 455
Cittadini, E.D., 255, 323
Cittadini, R.A., 255
Claessens, L., 157
Clarkson, G., 299
Clavier, H., 479
Clément, E., 127, 447
Clermont-Dauphin, C., 487
Cocks, B., 89, 243
Cohan, J.P., 29, 63
Colnago, P., 95
Colnenne-David, C., 403
Compagnone, C., 437
Comtois, S., 325
Confalonieri, R., 375
Coquil, X., 407
Corbeels, M., 81, 133, 143, 473
Corniaux, C., 467
Corre-Hellou, G., 195
Corson, M.S., 51
Coteur, I., 99
Cotinet, P., 395
Couderc, V., 203, 375
Coulibaly, K., 239
Cournac, L., 487
Couture, S., 91
Crane, T., 235
Crespo, O., 157
Crimp, S.J., 167
Cung, V.D., 147

D

D'Haene, K., 39, 55
Dabbadie, L., 521
Dabire, D., 313
Dago, N.D., 455
Dalemans, F., 99
Dalgliesh, N.P., 41, 159
Daniel, A.C., 101
Dave, B., 237
Daydé, C., 91
De Antoni-Migliorati, M., 35
De Boer, I.J.M., 9
DeBoissieu, C., 353
Debolini, M., 77, 231
De Bon, H., 453
Debruyne, L., 99
Declerck, F., 19
Delagarde, R., 357
Delmotte, S., 203, 375
Delpuech, X., 437
Demestihas, C., 399
deNeergaard, A., 173
DeNeve, S., 39
Desai, B., 393
Descheemaeker, K., 157, 235, 263, 485
Desilles, A., 435
deVoil, P., 309, 369, 471, 481
deVries, W., 155, 161
DeWaele, J., 39
Deytieux, V., 387, 395
Diame, L., 453
Diarra, K., 453
Diatta, P., 453
Diby, H., 455
Diby, L., 455
Diehl, K.E., 311
Diman, J.L., 435
Dimes, J., 493
Dixit, P.N., 145
Djoukeng, H.G., 511
DoCarmo, M., 349
Dogliotti, S., 27, 81, 95, 119, 269
Donatelli, M., 107
Doré, T., 137, 121, 223, 403
Dorward, P., 299
Douls, S., 339
Douzet, J.M., 487
Drogué, S., 131
Dugan, P., 529
Dumbrell, N., 123
Dupraz, C., 449
Dupuy, S., 239
Durand, M.H., 435
Durant, D., 391
Duru, M., 17, 207, 303
Duval, R., 385

E

Ebanyat, P., 263
Edwards, A.C., 343
Edwards, P., 293
EIDin, E.Z., 255, 323
ElGhali, L., 245
Elisa, M., 77
Elloumi, M., 307
Elmourid, M., 307
Emile, J.C., 357
Enrico, B., 77
Entz, M., 423
Ewert, F., 107, 155
Ewoukem, T.E., 525, 527
Eyango, M.T., 525, 527
Eyre, J., 481

F

Falconnier, G.N., 485
Fanchone, A., 435

Fargue-Lelièvre, A., 101
Farruggia, A., 357
Favretto, G., 95
Feike, T., 37, 219
Félix, G.F., 487
Fernandès, P., 301
Filippini, R., 77, 441
Fiorelli, J.L., 357
Fitriatin, B.N., 59
Flenet, F., 385
Flichman, G., 131, 149
Fok, M., 465
Fontaine, P., 259
Fonte, S., 267
Fonteny, C., 387
Forey, O., 459
Foulquier, D., 339
Fréguin-Gresh, S., 451
Freguin, S., 317
Fukai, S., 497
Furlan, T., 509

G

Gabb, S., 299
Gaillard, G., 341, 427
Gaiser, T., 155
Gan, Y., 31, 409
Gangwar, B., 139
García, E., 79
García, F., 261
García, M., 119
García de Cortázar-Atauri, I., 399
Gariépy, S., 325
Garrido, A., 125
Gary, C., 127, 437, 447, 449
Gate, P., 47, 63, 385
Gaudino, S., 337
Gauffreteau, A., 371
Gavaland, A., 389
Gellynck, X., 87
Geloen, M., 291, 387
Génard, M., 399
Genschick, S., 529
Gentil, C., 439
Gerard, F., 133
Ghahramani, A., 165, 167
Ghanem, M.E., 491
Ghida-Daza, C., 249
Gidoin, C., 445
Giller, K.E., 235, 263, 485
Giménez, G., 119
Giteau, J.L., 395
Godinot, O., 215
Gosme, M., 445
Götze, P., 211
Grace, P.R., 35
Grandeau, G., 403
Grasselly, D., 399
Grassini, P., 111
Grechi, I., 453
Grignion, J., 69
Grillot, M., 503

Groot, J.C.J., 19, 275, 359

Guerif, M., 231

Guharay, F., 267, 317

Guibert, H., 479

Guichard, L., 179, 213, 265, 357, 509

Guilpart, N., 111

Guindé, L., 137, 223

Guinet, M., 109

Guy, T., 305

Gwenambira, C., 177, 191

## H

Ha, N., 37

Hainzelin, E., 505

Hamadeh, S.K., 311

Hanegraaf, M., 209

Hanssens, J., 87

Harvey, C.A., 447

Hassoun, P., 353

Havard, M., 479

Hawczak, A., 217

Hawkins, J., 131

Hecker, J.M., 183

Hennig, L., 301

Henseler, M., 219

Herbommez, J.F., 371

Hermans, F., 11

Herrero, M., 309, 471

Hilderink, H., 475

Hily, Y., 389

Hochman, Z., 153

Hoffmann, H., 155

Hofman, G., 39, 55

Holzworth, D., 107

HongPhan, T.T., 193

Hoogenboom, G., 107

Hossard, L., 203, 375

Houdart, M., 77

Hu, F., 31

Huat, J., 509

Hubert-Moy, L., 245

Hufnagel, J., 65, 169

Hutchings, T., 153

Huth, N., 89, 243, 501

Huyghe, C., 47

## I

Imorou-Toko, I., 525, 527

Inés-Mínguez, M., 125

## J

Jackson, R.D., 331

Jackson, T., 327

Jacobs, A., 211

Jacquet, F., 213

Jadhav, R.L., 279

Jahel, C., 239

Jaleta, M., 497

Jankowski, F., 503

Janssen, P., 475

Jat, M.L., 279

Jaurena, M., 349

Jestin, A., 301

Jéthro-Delma, B., 351

Jeuffroy, M.H., 7, 15, 17, 63, 179, 181, 195, 213, 287, 289, 371, 403, 445

Jézéquel, S., 29

Joannon, A., 21

Jost, J., 355

Jourdain, D., 133

Journet, E.P., 181

Jouven, M., 339

Justes, E., 17, 181, 389

## K

Kamaruddin, N., 253

Kanellopoulos, A., 161, 337

Kang, S., 67

Karambiri, M., 239

Kataria, K., 11

Kebede, Y., 377

Kenne, P., 479

Kennedy, G., 19

Khumairoh, U., 275

Kim, H.K., 481

Kim, K., 59

Kim, M., 59

Kim, S., 59

Kim, Y., 67

Knotova, D., 197

Koch, H.J., 211

Kok, M., 475

Kokic, P.N., 165

Komarek, A., 131, 397

Koné, S., 465

König, B., 311

Kooistra, L., 233, 377

Kopecky, M., 423

Kouame, C., 455

Kragt, M., 123

Kriticos, D., 115

Kroes, J., 373

Krolczyk, L., 127, 447

Kros, J., 161

Ku, B., 67

Kumar, A., 13

Kumar, S., 141, 499

## L

Laborte, A., 113

Labreuche, J., 29

Lahmar, R., 487

Lalaoui, R.Y.f., 307

Lalou, R., 503

Lambe, N., 335

Lang, J., 197

Langenfeld, A., 69

Lantinga, E.A., 275

Larade, A., 285, 435

Lardon, S., 441

Launay, M., 399
Laurent, A., 265, 291
Lauri, P.E., 413
Lauwers, L., 97, 281, 421
Lavecchia, A., 53
Lavigne, C., 425
Le, Q.B., 85, 221, 469
LeBail, M., 439
LeBellec, F., 413
Leblanc, P., 417
Lechenet, M., 43
Lechevallier, E., 127
Leclercq, C., 185
Lecomte, C., 181
Lecomte, P., 215, 361, 467
LeCoq, J.F., 451
Ledesma, S.E., 255, 323
Lee, C., 59
Lee, H., 67
Lee, J., 67
Leenhardt, D., 273
Lefèvre, A., 7, 405, 411
Lefèvre, V., 321
LeGal, P.Y., 425
Legendre, M., 259
Léger, F., 93
Légère, R., 29
Lemke, R., 409
LeNon, L., 41
LePage, C., 305
Lescourret, F., 399
Lesueur-Jannoyer, M., 413, 439
Lesur-Dumoulin, C., 265, 405
Levavasseur, F., 241, 247
Levesque, A., 379
Ley, L., 69
Li, L., 397
Li, X., 73
Liagre, F., 357
Liang, W., 5, 33, 121
Liu, Z., 171
Lopez-Bellido, R.J., 181
Lopez-Ridaura, S., 79, 143, 205, 279, 375, 473
Loranger-Merciris, G., 435
LoSeen, D., 239
Loyce, C., 265, 291
Lurette, A., 353
Lv, H., 33
Ly, A., 523
Lynch, D., 423

M

MacDonald, C., 369
MacLeod, N., 369
Madamombe, S., 483
Magne, M.A., 207
Magnuski, E., 49
Magrini, M.B., 7, 195
Mahamoudou, K., 313
Mainassara, Z.A., 481
Makowski, D., 187
Manfron, G., 375

Mangerud, K., 49
Maraux, F., 505
Marchand, F., 87, 99, 281, 421, 431
Marchesi, C., 53
Mari, J.F., 245
Marion-Wuillemin, M., 51
Märländer, B., 211
Marraccini, E., 185, 441
Marrou, H., 117, 491
Marstorp, H., 429
Martel, G., 21
Martens, G., 423
Martin-Clouaire, R., 17, 91
Martin, G., 17, 295
Martin, P., 241, 247
Marton, S.M.R.R., 209, 341
Mashingaidze, N., 19
Masikati, P., 157
Masse, D., 467, 503
Masson, A., 315
Masson, G., 259
Mathé, S., 259, 313
Mathijs, E., 23
Mathiot, C., 127, 447
Mauline, M., 195
Maximo, C., 291
McDonald, A., 359
McAlpine, S., 123
McClelland, T., 153
McCracken, D., 335
McLaren, A., 335
Mehdizadeh, M., 61
Meier, E., 123
Meké, P., 527
Mekki, I., 117
Melecony-Ble, C., 525, 527
Mena, M., 267, 317
Mendoza, R., 267
Merlot, B., 285, 435
Merot, A., 419, 449
Metay, A., 437, 451, 459, 519
Metral, R., 449
Meynard, J.M., 7, 17, 15, 63, 187, 383, 405
Mézière, D., 449
Mhango, W., 189
Michon, C., 7
Mielenz, H., 35
Mignolet, C., 179, 417
Mikolasek, O., 521, 525, 527
Miller, R.G., 327, 347
Mills, A.A.S., 401
Minette, S., 387
Mischler, P., 83
Mkuhlani, S., 369, 483
Modernel, P., 81
Moeller, C., 491
Mohammed, C., 315
Moore, A.D., 165, 167, 225
Moraine, M., 207, 303
Moreau, S., 519
Morel, K., 93
Morgan-Davies, C., 335
Morin, E., 353
Mortlock, M., 493
Mosciaro, M., 249
Motelica-Heino, M., 461
Moulin, C.H., 353, 363
Moupou, M., 513
Mouret, J.C., 203, 375
Moussaoui, M., 307
Mpeketula, P., 177
Mrabet, R., 307
Msangi, S., 131
Munier-Jolain, N.M., 43, 51
Munier-Jolain, N.S., 51
Mupangwa, W., 369, 483
Murgue, C., 273, 303
Mußhoff, O., 211
Mutenje, M., 143

N

N'Guessan, M.P., 455
Nacro, H.B., 351, 361
Nakai, Y., 365
Narain, N., 13
Nasim, W., 131
Nassr, N., 69
Nataraja Pillai, S., 139
Naudin, K., 133
Nelson, R., 315
Nemecek, T., 427
Nesme, T., 209
Ngamié, I., 479
NgoBieng, M.A., 445
Nhantumbo, N., 493
Nkurunziza, L., 429
Nolot, J.M., 389
Noronha, C., 401
Notaro, M., 451
Novak, S., 357
Nozieres, M.O., 363
Sangeeta, N.P., 393
Nyagumbo, I., 369, 483, 493
Nyiraneza, J., 401

O

Oates, L.G., 331
Öborn, I., 429
Odendos, M., 309
Oelofse, M., 173
Ollenburger, M., 235
Ombredane, D., 525
Oosting, S.J., 9
Ordoñez, J., 475
Orlando, F., 375
Oro, Z.F., 455
Ortiz-Gonzalo, D., 173
Ortiz-Monasterio, I., 279
Osborne, S.J., 217
Ostermeyer, A., 11
Oswald, M., 519, 523, 527
Ouédraogo, M., 487
Ozier-Lafontaine, H., 17, 435

P

Paas, W., 161
Pallière, A., 523
Pampolino, M., 495
Paparambora, I., 347
Paravano, L., 213
Parent, G., 401
Park, H., 67
Park, K., 59
Parrot, L., 301
Parsons, D., 315
Pasquier, C., 457
Paul, B., 379
Pedroza, M.X.F., 517
Peigné, J., 321
Pelka, N., 211
Pellerin, S., 209
Pelzer, E., 179, 181, 187, 195
Perrin, B., 405
Perrot, C., 371
Petit, C., 417
Petit, M.S., 43, 395, 387
Petit, S., 43
Petithuguenin, P., 505
Phillips, M.J., 529
Picasso, V., 81
Pierson, P., 385
Pinxterhuis, I.J.B., 293
Pissonnier, S., 425
Pizarro-Munoz, A.E., 517
Plassin, S., 251
Plaza-Bonilla, D., 389
Plénet, D., 399, 413
Poccard-Chapuis, R., 251, 467
Podolsky, K., 423
Pongchai, D., 305
Porcile, V., 327
Porro, A., 375
Poulton, P.L., 41, 89, 159, 243
Power, B., 309, 471
Preckel, P.V., 145
Pristeri, A., 183
Prost, L., 15, 17, 213, 287, 289
Purevdorj, N.O., 365

Q

Queste, J., 227
Quirion, P., 133

R

Raffaillac, D., 389
Raimbault, M., 439
Ramilan, T., 141, 499
Ramsay, G., 13
Raneri, J., 19
Rangé, C., 523
Rao, N., 141
Rao, S., 393
Rapidel, B., 17, 449, 451
Ratye, F., 301
Ravier, C., 63, 213
Raynal, H., 107
Reau, R., 213, 291, 265, 387, 395
Reckling, M., 65, 183
Regan, J., 209
Reherman, F., 119
Reidsma, P., 113, 161, 233, 337, 373
Reine, R., 209
Remans, R., 19
Ren, T.Z., 5
Reubens, B., 271
Rey-Valette, H., 259
Rey, J.Y., 453
Ridaura, S.L., 203
Rietema, J., 373
Rizzo, D., 45, 245
Robert, M., 433
Robin, M.H., 399
Roca-Torrent, A., 333
Roche, B., 21
Roda, J.M., 253
Rodriguez, D., 309, 369, 471, 481, 493, 497, 507
Roesch, A., 427
Ronner, E., 263
Rosenstock, T., 173
Rosner, G., 65
Rossing, W.A.H., 27, 81, 269
Roulenc, M., 339
Rousseau, L., 267
Roux, E., 301
Roux, S., 109
Roxburgh, C., 507
Ruane, E., 209
Rücknagel, J., 211
Ruf, F., 313
Rufino, M., 173, 309, 471
Ruget, F., 375
Ruggia, A., 261, 269, 283, 345
Ruiz, J., 325
Rusinamhodzi, L., 143, 473, 483
Ryschawy, J., 207, 303
Ryu, J., 59

S

Saavedra, M., 255
Sabatier, R., 331
Sacco, D., 337
Sadras, V.O., 111
Saint-Pierre, P., 435
Salembier, C., 405, 411
Salomez, J., 39
Samalca, E., 89
Sang, W., 67
Sarthou, J.P., 17, 207
Sauer, T., 65
Scarlato, M., 119, 283
Scarlato, S., 261, 269, 283, 345
Schaub, A., 291, 387, 395
Scheer, C., 35
Scheurer, O., 185
Scholberg, J., 487
Schott, C., 179

Schotte, L., 87, 431
Scopel, E., 133
Scott, R., 153
Seidenglanz, M., 181
Shanwad, U.K., 279
Shehrawat, P.S., 297
Shi, G.W.P., 103
Shon, J., 67
Sicard, J., 417
Sietz, D., 475
Siles, P., 79, 267, 317, 451
Simon, S., 399, 413
Sinclair, T.R., 491
Singh, J., 139
Slembrouck, J., 259
Smith, A.P., 225
Snapp, S., 177, 189, 191
Soulie, M., 179, 195, 265
Squire, G., 343
Sreenivas, A.G., 279
Staver, C., 317
Steen-Jensen, E., 181
Stoate, C., 217
Stockle, C., 107
Stoddard, F., 183
Strer, M., 169
Strubbe, M., 421
Sun, Z., 11
Suprayogo, D., 275
Svoboda, N., 169
Sylvie, L., 79
Szczur, J., 217

T

Tada, C., 365
Tailliez-Lefebvre, D., 47
Takada, M., 365
Tanneau, V., 403
Tarekegne, A., 481
Tchieudjo, C., 513
Téllez, O., 79, 267
Temesgen, A., 497
Temple, L., 313, 379
tenBerge, H., 135
tenHoopen, G.M., 445
Teno, G., 363
Termote, C., 19
Théa, M., 523
Therond, O., 17, 207, 273, 303
Thierfelder, C., 143
Thiessen-Martens, J., 423
Thilsted, S.H., 529
Thiollet-Scholtus, M., 69, 407
Thiombiano, B.A., 221, 469
Thomas, A., 433
Thomas, D.T., 225
Thompson, J., 115
Thorburn, P.J., 35, 123
Thored, K., 429
Thorne-Lyman, A., 529
Thorup-Kristensen, K., 193
Tiscornia, G., 261
Tittonell, P.A., 27, 81, 205, 269, 275, 359, 377, 487
Tixier, P., 127, 447
Tobias, R.P., 253
Tocqueville, A., 259
Toffolini, Q., 17, 287, 289
Toillier, A., 313
Toncea, I., 183
Topp, C.F.E., 343
Toque, C., 385, 387
Toubon, J.F., 425
Toupet, A.L., 385, 387
Tourrand, J.F., 251
TousdeSousa, C., 333
Triomphe, B., 313
Tui, S.H.K., 157
Turmel, M., 317
Turmuktini, T., 57

## U

Ubhale, P., 393
Urcola, H.A., 71, 249
Urruty, N., 47

## V

Vaast, P., 173
Valantin-Morison, M., 445
Valbuena, D., 79, 267
Valdivia, R., 157
Valentinov, V., 11
Valet, S., 461
Vall, E., 239, 351, 361, 467
Valladão-Flores, R.M., 517
Van Den Bosch, M.E., 249
Van der Hoek, R., 267, 317
Van der Linden, A., 9
Van de Ven, G.W.J., 9
VanDijk, H., 475
Vang, S., 159
Vanga, A.F., 525, 527
Van Ittersum, M.K., 9, 113, 135, 337
Van Meensel, J., 421
Van Mourik, T.A., 485
Van Rees, H., 153
Vantard, L., 301
Van Wijk, M.T., 79, 309, 471
Vasco-Silva, J., 113, 233, 373
Vayssières, J., 361, 467, 503
Veasna, T., 159
Verhagen, J., 135
Véricel, G., 389
Vernon-Rodd, A., 401
Verret, V., 241
Vertès, F., 215
Vezinet, F., 339
Vigne, M., 361, 467
Vitale, J.A., 255
Vitali, G., 45
Vivier, C., 387
Voisin, A.S., 181
Voltz, M., 437

## W

Waha, K., 501
Walker, R., 183
Wallace, J., 243
Wang, E., 501
Wang, G., 33, 121
Wassenaar, T., 227
Waterhouse, T., 335
Watson, C.A., 183, 343
Wauters, E., 87, 271, 431
Webbe, H., 155
Wery, J., 3, 109, 117, 201, 223, 457, 459
Whish, J., 115
Whitbread, A., 141, 499
Wilfart, A., 259
Wishart, H., 335
Wolf, J., 155
Woyessa, K.L., 377
Wu, D., 33
Wu, X., 243

## X

Xia, A., 121
Xiao, H., 37
Yabi, J.A., 525

## Y

Yan, Y., 373
Yang, R.Y., 19
Yang, W., 67
Yang, X., 171
Yigezu, Y., 145, 149
Yin, W., 31
Yoshihara, Y., 365
Yu, J., 31
Yuniarti, A., 57

## Z

Zander, P., 183
Zentner, R., 409
Zhang, D., 73
Zhang, H., 5, 33
Zhang, R., 397
Zhao, C., 31
Zhao, G., 155
Zheng, B., 165
Zimmermann, A., 341
Zingore, S., 495
Zingraff, V., 325
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