<figure><img src="image_1.png" /></figure>

Phys. Rep. 1116 (2025) 261-300
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2024.09.010

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CERN-EP-2024-056
25th April 2025

# The quest to discover supersymmetry at the ATLAS experiment

The ATLAS Collaboration

The search for supersymmetry with the ATLAS experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider intensified after the discovery of the Higgs boson in 2012. The search programme expanded in both breadth and depth, profiting from the increased integrated luminosity and higher centre-of-mass energy for the collision data collected between 2015 and 2018, and gaining new sensitivity to unexplored areas of supersymmetry parameter space through the use of novel experimental signatures and innovative analysis techniques. This report summarises the supersymmetry searches at ATLAS using up to 140 fb⁻¹ of *pp* collisions at √s = 13 TeV, including the limits set on the production of gluinos, squarks, and electroweakinos for scenarios with or without R-parity conservation, and including models where some of the supersymmetric particles are long-lived.
# Contents

<table><tr><td>1</td><td>Introduction</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>Supersymmetric models</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>The ATLAS detector</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>Analysis strategy</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>Strongly produced supersymmetric particles</td><td>11</td></tr><tr><td>5.1</td><td>Gluino pair production</td><td>11</td></tr><tr><td>5.2</td><td>Squark pair production</td><td>14</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td>Weakly produced supersymmetric particles</td><td>18</td></tr><tr><td>6.1</td><td>Slepton pair production</td><td>18</td></tr><tr><td>6.2</td><td>Electroweakino pair production</td><td>19</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>R-parity-violating decays</td><td>23</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td>Long-lived supersymmetric particles</td><td>25</td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td>Beyond simplified models</td><td>29</td></tr><tr><td>10</td><td>Discussion and conclusions</td><td>31</td></tr></table>

## 1 Introduction

One of the most significant contributions of the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) [1] to high-energy physics comes through the particles that the ATLAS [2] and CMS [3] collaborations have not found. Both collaborations have pursued an unprecedented programme of searches for phenomena not predicted by the Standard Model (SM). The wide variety of signatures explored, and the richness of the models considered, has had a powerful influence on community's paradigms of physics beyond the SM.

Among these paradigms, supersymmetry (SUSY) [4–9] is one of the most closely examined. The approach of imposing symmetries on Lagrangians led to the construction of electroweak theory, the unification of the weak and electromagnetic interaction and, eventually, the development of the SM. The phenomenology of SUSY stems from requiring the Lagrangian to be invariant under an operator that maps fermionic fields into bosonic ones, and vice versa. It was found that only additional space-time symmetry could be added to the Poincaré group [5]. To impose this symmetry, one needs to add new *superpartners* of each SM particle. The much richer particle content, and some of the free parameters that one needs to add to make SUSY a broken symmetry (for example, it is known that there is no scalar partner of the electron with its same mass), makes SUSY an ideal framework to accommodate many of the shortcomings of the SM. The quantum corrections to the Higgs boson mass coming from the fermions are counterbalanced by those coming from their superpartners, stabilising the mass to a value near the electroweak scale in a more natural way. On top of that, the modified particle content changes the evolution of the running gauge couplings of the SM, potentially allowing them to converge to a common value, a necessary condition for unification
of the electroweak and strong interactions. The additional particles come with new mixing parameters, possibly introducing additional sources of CP violation and thus paving the way for an explanation of the cosmological matter-antimatter asymmetry. SUSY even offers the attractive possibility of generating electroweak symmetry breaking dynamically. Finally, there may be room for one or more dark-matter candidates among the particles introduced in the model.

Because of its elegance and flexibility, SUSY has received significant theoretical and experimental attention in the past decades. The generic prediction of the existence of SUSY particles at the TeV scale created widespread expectations for experimental results from the LHC collaborations in the early 2000s. The ATLAS Collaboration rose to these expectations by developing a thorough, robust and extensive experimental effort to search for SUSY in data from Run 1 (2010 to 2013), at $\sqrt{s} = 7$ and 8 TeV, and Run 2 (2015-2018), at $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV. The aim of this paper is to review and summarise this effort using data collected during Run 2 of the LHC. Section 2 gives a quick overview of the main theoretical and phenomenological aspects of supersymmetry, introducing the approach ATLAS used to explore the vast SUSY parameter space. Section 3 provides a brief description of the ATLAS detector before Section 4 discusses generic aspects related to the design of SUSY searches, the background estimation, and the statistical approach used to interpret the search results and set constraints on sparticle masses, couplings, and production cross-sections.

The searches described in this paper covered a large variety of experimental signatures arising from models featuring a stable weakly interacting particle (the R-parity-conserving, or RPC, models) and from models without such a potential dark-matter candidate (R-parity-violating, or RPV, models). Both types of models are described in Section 2. Sections 5 and 6 review the analyses targeting the production of SUSY particles via strong or electroweak interactions, respectively, when using RPC SUSY models: generically speaking, the common feature of these searches is the presence of missing transverse momentum $p_T^{\text{miss}}$ (with magnitude $E_T^{\text{miss}}$) in signal events, arising from the presence of a dark-matter candidate, which goes undetected. Section 7 discusses RPV SUSY searches, where an $E_T^{\text{miss}}$ signature is typically absent. Experimental signatures involving long-lived particles arise quite naturally in some regions of the parameter space: Section 8 focuses on the effort to target such signatures with unconventional experimental techniques.

Each of the searches discussed in these sections makes use of simplified models (discussed in Section 2) to optimise the analysis and interpret the results. While the simplified-model approach gives a direct connection to the signal topologies, it has the drawback of yielding mass limits that rarely generalise to more complex/complete SUSY models. Section 9 focuses on reinterpreting the analyses designed using simplified models in the more general phenomenological Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (pMSSM), with the aim of giving an overall picture of the actual impact of ATLAS on the supersymmetric landscape.

The authors hope that this paper will serve as a useful introduction to the field for those wanting to take an active role in research activities connected to SUSY. At the same time, it may be a handy collection of information and references for the HEP community, either for easy access to ATLAS research on the subject or simply as an overview of the searches performed.
## 2 Supersymmetric models

To make the SM supersymmetric,<fnref n="1" /> one has first to postulate the existence of an extended Higgs field sector: two complex doublets provide the minimum number of fields that can give mass to the up-type and down-type particles without spoiling gauge invariance. The next step is to introduce the supersymmetric partners of each SM field: for each fermion $f$ (characterised by a left-handed and a right-handed component, $f_L$ and $f_R$, respectively), one introduces two supersymmetric scalar fields $\tilde{f}_L$ and $\tilde{f}_R$. Although the subscripts L and R have nothing to do with chirality at this point, one often refers to these scalar fields as the *left-* and *right-chiral sfermions*.<fnref n="2" /> These two fields mix to yield the mass eigenstates $\tilde{f}_1$ and $\tilde{f}_2$, with $m(\tilde{f}_1) < m(\tilde{f}_2)$ by convention. For the electroweak boson fields, one starts from 16 spin degrees of freedom before electroweak symmetry breaking (two each for the $B$ and $W$ massless spin-1 fields, eight corresponding to the two complex Higgs doublets). This requires the introduction of eight supersymmetric fermionic partners: one bino, three winos and four higgsinos. The electroweak symmetry breaking results in the usual three massive vector bosons $W^\pm$ and $Z$, and the massless $\gamma$ (11 degrees of freedom), plus five spin-0 bosons ($h, H, A, H^\pm$; often, $h$ is used to denote the SM-like 125 GeV Higgs boson). The bino, winos and higgsinos mix, yielding eight fermionic mass eigenstates (the neutralinos $\tilde{\chi}_1^0$, with $i = [1, 4]$, and the charginos $\tilde{\chi}_1^\pm$ and $\tilde{\chi}_2^\pm$, with the subscript increasing with increasing mass), corresponding to 16 degrees of freedom. Finally, the fermionic gluino, $\tilde{g}$, is introduced as a superpartner of the gluon, and in models where local SUSY is broken by the superHiggs mechanism, the gravitino, $\tilde{G}$, is the fermionic superpartner of the hypothetical graviton.

The particle content of the SM is therefore more than doubled by its supersymmetrisation. Supersymmetry requires that the couplings of the SUSY partners are identical to the corresponding ones in the SM (after accounting for the extended Higgs sector). If supersymmetry were an exact symmetry of nature, then the SUSY particle masses would be equal to those of the corresponding SM partners. The absence, so far, of any observed SUSY particle implies that SUSY must be a broken symmetry. The SUSY breaking mechanism, although unknown, can modify the phenomenology and mass spectrum of the SUSY sector. For example, conventional theories of gravity-mediated SUSY breaking, ‘supergravity’ (SUGRA) theories, include massive gravitinos due to the superHiggs mechanism. Gauge-mediated SUSY breaking (GMSB) theories usually have a nearly massless gravitino as the lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP), while anomaly-mediated SUSY breaking (AMSB) models usually feature long-lived $\tilde{\chi}_1^\pm$ decays to pure-wino $\tilde{\chi}_1^0$ LSPs. The scale at which SUSY is broken is inherently tied to the breaking mechanism, and also impacts naturalness arguments that favour light top squarks, higgsinos, and moderately light gluinos to avoid excessive tuning of the weak scale. The complexity of defining the mechanism and scale of SUSY breaking is usually avoided by incorporating effective *soft-SUSY-breaking* terms in the model. They include many parameters: 105, including supersymmetric particle masses and field phases that cannot be absorbed by a redefinition of the fields. The model sketched so far is called the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) [10].

Vast regions of the MSSM parameter space are not consistent with the observed particle physics phenomenology. Further assumptions motivated by experimental results are often made. To prevent the proton from decaying too quickly [11], conservation of a multiplicative quantum number called R-parity is

<footnote n="1">¹ Non-minimal extensions of the SM can be obtained by first extending the SM and then completing it by introducing the supersymmetric partners of the SM fields, or by considering multiple versions of the SUSY operators applied to the SM fields.</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² The supersymmetric scalars (partners of SM fermions) take the name of the SM partner with an ‘s’ prepended. For example, the electron has two partner *selectrons*. The supersymmetric fermions (partners of SM bosons) take the name of their SM partner with an ‘ino’ suffix. For example, the supersymmetric partner of the gluon is the *gluino*.</footnote>
often assumed. The R-parity of a particle is a function of its baryon number B, the lepton number L, and the spin S, and is defined as

$$R = (-1)^{3(B-L)+2S},$$

giving a value of -1 for SUSY particles and +1 for SM particles. Its conservation has important phenomenological consequences because an even number of SUSY particles must always appear at a Feynman vertex. This implies that SUSY particles must be produced in pairs, and that the LSP is stable. A necessary condition for the LSP to be a good dark-matter candidate is that it interacts with ordinary matter only through weak interactions, which implies that LSPs produced (either directly or from the decay of a SUSY particle) in $pp$ collisions do not interact with the detector, and $p_T^{\text{miss}}$ becomes a characteristic event signature.

While R-parity conservation gives rise to a compelling phenomenology, it is not dictated by any fundamental principle. R-parity-violating (RPV) couplings are allowed, as long as their magnitude is not incompatible with existing observations. Because of this constraint, RPV couplings are typically small enough to be neglected in the production of SUSY particles, but they can have important consequences for SUSY particle decays: in particular, the LSP can decay into SM particles. This eliminates, in general, the possibility of retaining a dark-matter candidate, and opens many options for the identity of the LSP, which can essentially be any SUSY particle. Since the LSP can decay, there is no expectation of having significant $p_T^{\text{miss}}$ in the final state. RPV SUSY delivers very different event topologies than RPC SUSY.

Other assumptions can be made in order to reduce the volume of parameter space to be explored in the MSSM. Relatively general and well-motivated assumptions [12–14] about the flavour and mass structures of the MSSM allow the number of free parameters to be reduced to 19 or 20 (depending on the nature of the LSP): this so-called phenomenological MSSM (pMSSM) was investigated extensively during Run 1 of the LHC by both ATLAS [15] and CMS [16].

The strategy chosen by ATLAS to map its search programme to such a vast parameter space was to make use of simplified models [17–19]. In a simplified model, one assumes that only a handful of SUSY particles are relevant for the phenomenology of $pp$ collisions. It is often assumed that a single type of SUSY particle is produced, with its decay involving only a few SUSY particles, or only the LSP. Designing an analysis for a specific simplified model means targeting a specific event topology. The limits obtained for simplified models hold whenever the assumed particle mass hierarchy and decays are realised in a fully developed SUSY model (either the MSSM or some more complex model). The main drawback of this approach is that it is often difficult to generalise a mass exclusion limit obtained for a SUSY particle<fnref n="3" />. In a general SUSY model, many production processes and decay chains often compete with each other, and sometimes interference structures need to be taken into account when computing cross-sections. In short, the complexity of the actual model clashes with the clean and simple assumptions of the simplified models, so the simplified-model limits should always be presented along with caveats due to the assumptions made in designing the models, namely the (typically single) production process and decay mode.

The production cross-sections for strongly interacting SUSY particles hardly depend on any SUSY model parameter beside the sparticle masses. This is a consequence of the $SU(3)$ gauge interaction driving the process. The Feynman diagrams involved in strong production are the equivalent of those for production of gluons and quarks in the SM. At the next-to-leading order in the strong coupling constant $\alpha_s$ and beyond,

<footnote n="3">³ A danger of simplified models is that they may lead to neglect constraints arising from other sectors of the theory. For example, GMSB models lead to sets of viable simplified models with a gravitino LSP, but require stops with very large masses to yield $m(h) = 125$ GeV.</footnote>
<figure><img src="image_3.png" /><figcaption>Figure 1: Simplified models of (a) gluino pair production followed by $\tilde{g} \to q\bar{q}\tilde{\chi}_1^0$; (b) squark pair production followed by $\tilde{q} \to q\tilde{\chi}_1^0$; and (c) top squark (stop) pair production followed by $\tilde{t} \to t^{(*)}\tilde{\chi}_1^0$. No distinction between particle and antiparticle is done in these diagrams.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>Figure 2: Direct pair-production cross-sections for a few processes mediated by the strong or electroweak processes. The width of the line represents the theoretical uncertainty. The values of the cross-sections and uncertainties are those agreed upon by the LHC SUSY Cross Section Working Group [20].</figcaption></figure>

interference between diagrams containing squarks and gluinos makes the production cross-section for each of the relevant processes ($\tilde{g}\tilde{g}$, $\tilde{g}\tilde{q}$, $\tilde{q}\tilde{q}$) dependent on the specific mass spectrum of the model. For example, destructive interference between $t$-channel exchange of $\tilde{g}$ and $\tilde{q}$ makes the $\tilde{g}\tilde{g}$ production cross-section dependent on the $\tilde{q}$ masses. However, if the other SUSY particles are assumed not to take part (not even virtually) in the production process, then the production cross-sections depend only on the sparticle mass. These are the assumptions typically made in simplified models of gluino or squark pair production, shown in Figures 1(a) and 1(b) respectively, and in Figure 1(c) if the squark is a top squark (or ‘stop’).

The production cross-sections for squarks and gluinos with simplified-model assumptions are shown in Figure 2. The cross-section shown for squark production assumes that the 10 squarks corresponding to the u, d, c, s, and b flavours (and two chirality states) are all degenerate in mass. The cross-section scales linearly with the number of squark types that can be produced.

For example, the production cross-section for a pair of gluinos with $m(\tilde{g}) = 2$ TeV is about 1 fb, assuming
<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>Figure 3: Simplified models of (a) $\tilde{\chi}_1^\pm \tilde{\chi}_2^0$ production followed by $\tilde{\chi}_1^\pm \to W^\pm \tilde{\chi}_1^0, \tilde{\chi}_2^0 \to h/Z \tilde{\chi}_1^0$; (b) $\tilde{\chi}_1^0 \tilde{\chi}_1^0$ production followed by $\tilde{\chi}_1^0 \to h/Z \tilde{G}$; (c) direct slepton pair production followed by $\tilde{\ell} \to \ell \tilde{\chi}_1^0$. No distinction between particle and antiparticle is made in these diagrams.</figcaption></figure>

that the mass of all other SUSY particles is large enough for them to be irrelevant in the cross-section evaluation. Consequently, between 100 and 200 gluinos with $m_{\tilde{g}} = 2$ TeV would have been produced at the ATLAS interaction point during Run 2. The production of SUSY particles with such a large mass typically results in a quite distinctive event topology, so that the event selection can achieve sufficient background rejection while retaining relatively large signal acceptance and efficiency. It is therefore not surprising that ATLAS is typically sensitive to gluinos in the mass range up to $m_{\tilde{g}} = 2$ TeV or somewhat higher, unless specific mass hierarchies are realised such that event selections with very small acceptance and/or efficiency need to be deployed. Following the same logic, one sees that the sensitivity of ATLAS to tenfold-degenerate squark pair production reaches masses approximately 0.5 TeV lower than those corresponding to gluino pair production.

The electroweak interaction couples SUSY particles to the SM quarks in the protons with a strength that depends specifically on the model parameters affecting the electroweak sector. Therefore, the production cross-section for electroweakinos (Figures 3(a) and 3(b)), for example, depends on the mixing in terms of wino, higgsino and (for neutralinos) bino states. Thus the production cross-section for a $\tilde{\chi}_1^\pm \tilde{\chi}_2^0$ pair is larger if each is a pure wino state, and smaller if each is a pure higgsino state, as shown in Figure 2. Likewise, the production cross-section for a $\tilde{\chi}_1^0 \tilde{\chi}_1^0$ pair vanishes if the $\tilde{\chi}_1^0$ is a pure higgsino. Similarly, the production cross-section for slepton pairs (Figure 3(c)) depends on the weak-isospin structure of the sleptons, i.e. on the mixing of the slepton in terms of right- and left-handed chirality.

Because of the number of mass eigenstates available and the variety of possible electroweak parameter-space configurations, families of simplified models of electroweakino production have been defined. They stem from specific electroweakino mass hierarchies that arise in limit cases of the electroweak-sector mass parameters. In the MSSM, the soft SUSY-breaking mass term for the bino, winos and higgsinos are indicated with $M_1, M_2$ and $\mu$, respectively. The structure of the electroweakino mass matrices is such that a well-defined hierarchy of these parameters translates into a clear mass-eigenstate structure. If, for example, $M_1 < M_2 \ll \mu$, one has a bino-like $\tilde{\chi}_1^0$ LSP with $m(\tilde{\chi}_1^0) \sim M_1$, and nearly degenerate $\tilde{\chi}_2^0$ and $\tilde{\chi}_1^\pm$ with masses of the order of $M_2$. If $\mu \ll M_1, M_2$, then the first four electroweakinos ($\tilde{\chi}_1^0, \tilde{\chi}_2^0$ and two charginos $\tilde{\chi}_1^\pm, \tilde{\chi}_2^\pm$) will all have almost degenerate masses of the order of $\mu$, leading to a very compressed scenario. Such a higgsino LSP case will yield event topologies with soft decay products emitted in transitions
between the electroweakino states. Similarly, $M_2 \ll \mu, M_1$ (wino LSP) yields $m(\tilde{\chi}_1^0) \sim m(\tilde{\chi}_1^\pm) \sim M_2$. Most of the SUSY scenarios that inspire the models described in Sections 6 and 8 refer to one of these paradigms.

## 3 The ATLAS detector

The ATLAS experiment [2] is a multipurpose particle detector with a forward-backward symmetric cylindrical geometry and nearly $4\pi$ coverage in solid angle.<fnref n="4" /> It is designed to identify a wide variety of particles and measure their momenta and energies. These particles include electrons, muons, $\tau$-leptons and photons, as well as gluons and quarks, which produce collimated jets of particles in the detector. It consists of an inner tracking detector surrounded by a thin superconducting solenoid providing a 2 T axial magnetic field to measure charged-particle trajectories and momenta, followed by electromagnetic (EM) and hadron calorimeters that are used in the identification of particles and in the measurement of their energies, and a muon spectrometer (MS) for measuring the trajectories and momenta of muons. A two-level trigger system is used to select events [21]. The first-level trigger is implemented in hardware and uses a subset of the detector information to accept events at a rate below 100 kHz from the LHC's 40 MHz proton bunch crossings. This is followed by a software-based trigger that reduces the accepted event rate to 1 kHz on average depending on the data-taking conditions. An extensive software suite [22] is used in data simulation, in the reconstruction and analysis of real and simulated data, in detector operations, and in the trigger and data acquisition systems of the experiment.

## 4 Analysis strategy

The analyses that produced the SUSY mass exclusion limits discussed in Sections 5 to 8 were designed to be complementary, and target many different event topologies that can arise from the production and decay of SUSY particles. They employ a variety of tools and techniques, which makes each of them largely unique in terms of analysis strategy and, of course, sensitivity to the SUSY parameter space. However, all the analyses discussed apply similar strategies for background estimation, and they all share a common statistical approach in testing, first of all, for compatibility with the SM background prediction (and, therefore, whether the analysis observed a SUSY signal or not), and, in absence of a signal, in setting limits on SUSY production cross-sections, and eventually on sparticle masses.

The design of the analysis starts from the definition of one or more selections determining the signal region(s) (SR). Typically, the SR are designed by maximising the significance of the targeted signal process relative to the SM background as predicted by a Monte Carlo (MC) simulation. Actual collision data are not used in regions with a large expected signal contribution, to avoid any bias while defining the selection. This first phase identifies the set of variables to be used for the selection. They are typically employed in a multivariate analysis, using either a boosted decision tree (BDT) or a neural network (NN), or varied to identify a set of selection criteria to be applied to each of them, sometimes referred to as a 'cut-and-count'

<footnote n="4">⁴ ATLAS uses a right-handed coordinate system with its origin at the nominal interaction point (IP) in the center of the detector and the z-axis along the beam pipe. The x-axis points from the IP to the center of the LHC ring, and the y-axis points upwards. Cylindrical coordinates $(r, \phi)$ are used in the transverse plane, $\phi$ being the azimuthal angle around the z-axis. The pseudorapidity is defined in terms of the polar angle $\theta$ as $\eta = -\ln \tan(\theta/2)$. Angular distance is measured in units of $\Delta R \equiv \sqrt{(\Delta\eta)^2 + (\Delta\phi)^2}$.</footnote>
approach. The full background estimation procedure often includes the use of data in control regions as described below: the final background level in the SR might be different from that predicted by the MC: the final selection criteria (for the BDT or NN discriminant, or for the individual variables) are therefore adjusted after the final background estimation is in place.

The preliminary SR definition allows the identification of the relevant SM background processes for the analysis. Reducible background processes pass the signal region selection despite not having the signal characteristics at particle level. Reducible backgrounds are relevant when some events from a high-cross-section SM process (e.g. multijet, W+jets, or Z+jets production) ‘fake’ one or several of the SR criteria. The faking probabilities are typically small, but the high cross-section may make the process relevant. Reducible backgrounds are often estimated by using techniques that strongly rely on the use of data from real collisions, since the faking mechanisms are not always reproduced reliably by the detector simulation. Some of the most common contexts where estimation of reducible background is relevant are as follows:

* In analyses where signal events have many leptons, or lepton pairs of the same charge (‘same-sign’, or SS leptons), backgrounds contributions can become relevant, from jets faking leptons, ‘fake’ leptons from photon conversions, and non-prompt leptons from hadron decays. Contributions from fake and non-prompt (FNP) leptons are typically estimated using a loose-to-tight method [23]: the FNP contribution to the ‘tight’ leptons used in the selection is estimated from ‘loose’ leptons by using scale factors estimated in a dedicated FNP-lepton-dominated selection. Similar techniques are employed to estimate fake-$\tau$-lepton contributions to SR selecting events containing hadronic $\tau$-lepton decays [24].

* Analyses using SS leptons may be subject to backgrounds arising from processes involving leptons with opposite charges (‘opposite-sign’, or OS leptons), where one of the two lepton charges is misidentified. The charge-flip probability is estimated by comparing yields in OS and SS regions where a $Z \to \ell\ell$ peak is clearly visible. Obviously, $Z \to \ell^+\ell^+$ arises from $Z \to \ell^+\ell^-$ with a charge-flip. Charge-flip probabilities are typically negligible for muons.

* The background affecting analyses looking for signals from long-lived particles is almost always reducible. For example, one of the main backgrounds when looking for high-track-multiplicity displaced secondary vertices from the decays of long-lived particles arises from random crossings of tracks that the detector is not able to resolve: the strategy is to determine the probability to have a random crossing from a set of dedicated control regions, and then apply it to events with lower track-multiplicity vertices to estimate the background contribution.

Irreducible backgrounds are those that have the same event topology as the signal. They are typically estimated by relying on MC predictions for their kinematic distributions. Sometimes the overall normalisation of the process is determined in a fit with the help of dedicated control regions (CR), i.e. regions where event rates are dominated by the process whose normalisation needs to be estimated. In addition, validation regions (VR) can be defined, with a topology as similar as possible to the SR, but with only a small expected signal contamination: they are used to verify that the background prediction agrees with the data before looking at the yields in the SR. Validation regions are not used in the statistical interpretation of the results. A sketch of a possible generic analysis set-up for an analysis using two variables (for example, two output nodes of a multiclass NN classifier) as the final discriminant, highlighting generic expectations for the signal and background yields, relative background (statistical and systematic) uncertainty, and signal significance, is shown in Figure 4.
<figure><img src="image_6.png" /><figcaption>Figure 4: Illustrative set-up for an analysis using two variables as the final discriminant. The definition of mutually exclusive signal, control and validation regions is sketched, and indicative values for the signal and background yields, relative uncertainty and signal significance in each region are shown (on an arbitrary scale).</figcaption></figure>

For the interpretation of the results, a likelihood function is built as the product of Poisson probability functions $P(n_i^{\text{obs}}, n_i^{\text{exp}})$, describing the probability of observing $n_i^{\text{obs}}$ events in region i (where i is any CR or SR) when $n_i^{\text{exp}}$ are expected. Here $n_i^{\text{exp}}$ depends on free-floating normalisation parameters for the signal $\mu_s$ and for the relevant irreducible background processes $\mu_b$. These free-floating parameters are defined so that the yield corresponding to the nominal cross-section is obtained for $\mu = 1$. Systematic uncertainties are treated as nuisance parameters and are constrained with normal distributions $G(\theta_j^0 - \theta_j)$, where $\theta_j^0$ is the expected value of the nuisance parameter corresponding to the jth systematic uncertainty. The parameters $\mu_s$, $\mu_b$ and $\theta$ are determined by maximum-likelihood fits. The resulting likelihood is:

$$ \mathcal{L}(\mathbf{n}^{\text{obs}}, \theta^0 | \mu_s, \mu_b, \theta) = \prod_{i \in \text{SR,CR}} P(n_i^{\text{obs}}, n_i^{\text{exp}}(\mu_s, \mu_b, \theta^0, \theta)) \times \prod_{j \in \text{syst. unc.}} G(\theta_j^0 - \theta_j). $$

The test statistic used to test whether new physics is observed or to determine exclusion limits is the profile likelihood ratio [25]. No significant excess above the SM expectation has been observed at the LHC so far, so this paper concentrates on the resulting exclusion limits. A quantity $\hat{\mu}_s$ is defined as the $\mu_s$ value corresponding to a CL$_s$ [26] of 0.05 for the profile-likelihood-ratio test statistic obtained under the signal-plus-background hypothesis. Models for which $\hat{\mu}_s \le 1$ are said to be excluded at 95% confidence level (CL). All limits described in this paper are at 95% CL.
<figure><img src="image_7.png" /><figcaption>Figure 5: Exclusion limits from 13 TeV data in the $m(\tilde{g})-m(\tilde{\chi}_1^0)$ plane for different simplified models featuring the decay of the gluino to the lightest supersymmetric particle (lightest neutralino or gravitino) either directly or through a cascade chain featuring other SUSY particles with intermediate masses. For each line, the gluino decay mode is reported in the legend and it is assumed to proceed with 100% branching fraction. Some limits depend on additional assumptions about the masses of intermediate states, as described in the references cited in the plot. Where more than one reference is given for each line, the total exclusion limit from multiple analyses is shown.</figcaption></figure>

# 5 Strongly produced supersymmetric particles

Squarks and gluinos are produced with couplings that are proportional to the strong coupling constant $\alpha_s$. Therefore, their production cross-sections are significantly larger than for sleptons and electroweakinos of the same mass. This also implies that squark and gluino production were the first sparticle production processes to which ATLAS achieved sensitivity: for example, gluino were probed up to masses well in the TeV range already by the end of LHC Run 1.

## 5.1 Gluino pair production

The sensitivity of ATLAS to gluino pair production followed by RPC decays of the $\tilde{g}$ is shown in Figure 5. All the limits shown were obtained by assuming a simplified signal model and the cross-sections shown in Figure 2: in particular, the production cross-section is a function of the gluino mass only, and it therefore decreases strongly at increasing values along the $m(\tilde{g})$-axis. In all cases, the limits are presented as a function of the gluino mass and lightest neutralino mass. Different curves represent either different assumptions about the gluino decay chain, or different analysis results.

Focusing on the limit intercepts with the $m(\tilde{g})$-axis, i.e. those for $m(\tilde{\chi}_1^0) = 0$ GeV, the first observation is that the 2 TeV range predicted from simple cross-section considerations in Section 2 is indeed realised. The second observation is that the limits on the gluino mass obtained with dedicated optimised analyses depend significantly on the assumed gluino decay, and on $m(\tilde{\chi}_1^0)$. This is readily understood as a consequence of the total energy available in the decay being determined by the mass difference $m(\tilde{g}) - m(\tilde{\chi}_1^0)$. A small value of this quantity corresponds to smaller values of the momenta of the final-state objects, and, therefore, to signal topologies that are more difficult to separate from the SM background.
The different models in Figure 5 correspond to scenarios that assume different RPC gluino decays. Together, they give a very good overview of the extent of the effort made in the search for this sparticle.

The simplest RPC Feynman vertex that can be considered is one where the gluino couples to a squark and a quark. The flavour of the squark, and the way it couples to the electroweak sector determines the complexity of the final state. In one of the simplest simplified models, the squarks and all electroweakino states but one ($\tilde{\chi}_1^0$) have a very large mass. The first case considered is one where the squark is not the stop. The gluino decay chain is $\tilde{g} \rightarrow \tilde{q}^* q \rightarrow qq\tilde{\chi}_1^0$. The case where the virtuality of the $\tilde{q}^*$ is such that the $\tilde{g}$ becomes long-lived is phenomenologically compelling and theoretically very interesting (arising from models of split-SUSY [27, 28]), and it is discussed in Section 8. Here the discussion is limited to the case where the $\tilde{g}$ decay is prompt. The analysis that drives the sensitivity [29] to this scenario targets both direct gluino and direct squark pair production by requiring no leptons in the final state and significant $E_T^{\text{miss}}$, which is also exploited for triggering purposes: the corresponding limit is indicated by the red line in Figure 5. The analysis selection is based on the jet multiplicity in the event ($N_{\text{jet}}$), the significance of the missing transverse momentum $E_T^{\text{miss}}/H_T$, and $m_{\text{eff}} = H_T + E_T^{\text{miss}}$. Here $H_T$ denotes the scalar sum of the transverse momenta ($p_T$) of the jets in the event. The dominant background process in the considered signal regions is $Z(\rightarrow v\bar{v}) + \text{jets}$. This is estimated using simulated events corrected with auxiliary measurements of the $\gamma + \text{jets}$ and $Z(\rightarrow \ell^+\ell^+) + \text{jets}$ processes in a similar phase-space region. Other relevant background processes are $W + \text{jets}$ and $t\bar{t}$ production, with a $W \rightarrow \ell v$ decay to satisfy the $E_T^{\text{miss}}$ requirement. For the latter class of processes, the lepton either fails the identification requirements or is a hadronically decaying $\tau$-lepton. A small contribution from multijet production is estimated with the jet smearing method, where the background prediction is seeded from simulated events corrected to account for the detector's response to jets as measured in data [30]. Gluino masses up to about 2.2 TeV are excluded for massless $\tilde{\chi}_1^0$. For gluinos decaying to $\tilde{\chi}_1^0$ LSPs, there is no sensitivity to gluinos with masses above about 1.3 TeV if the masses of the gluino and $\tilde{\chi}_1^0$ are similar. It is important to always bear in mind that the obtained limits assume a branching fraction of 100% for the particular decay. Also, the assumption that squarks do not affect the gluino production cross-sections can be quite a strong one, requiring squarks with masses of tens of TeV. Further interpretations in Ref. [29] address some of these points, providing limits in models where the gluino and squark masses are similar.

If the assumptions about the electroweak sector are modified, and a richer spectrum of relatively light electroweakino states is allowed, then the phenomenology becomes more complex, with different squark decays potentially competing with each other. ATLAS has considered various benchmark gluino decays, especially focusing on models involving longer gluino decay chains. In some cases, the gluino decay chain may lead to the production of vector bosons, which opens up possibilities for final states containing leptons, possibly with same-sign charges. Additionally, longer gluino decay chains with hadronic vector-boson decays can result in final states with a higher jet multiplicity or involve hadronic resonances. Figure 5 shows some of the limits obtained in these scenarios in different shades of blue. In one scenario (light blue line in Figure 5, also shown in Figure 6), the squark is assumed to decay as $\tilde{q}^* \rightarrow q\tilde{\chi}_1^\pm \rightarrow qW\tilde{\chi}_1^0$, leading to $\tilde{g} \rightarrow q\tilde{q}'W\tilde{\chi}_1^0$. This scenario is targeted both by Ref. [29], already discussed, and by an analysis requiring the presence of one lepton from the $W$ decay [31]. The latter applies a selection that rejects background processes containing one $W$ boson decaying leptonically by requiring large values of the transverse mass $m_T$ of the lepton and $p_T^{\text{miss}}$. The selection is optimised for different the jet multiplicities. The rest of the selection exploits the topology of the expected final state by using variables such as $E_T^{\text{miss}}$, $N_{\text{jet}}$, and $m_{\text{eff}}$ (including the lepton $p_T$ in the scalar sum of transverse momenta). The two analyses selecting events with either no or one lepton in the final state have dedicated selections for models where the $\tilde{g}$ and $\tilde{\chi}_1^0$ masses
<figure><img src="image_8.png" /></figure>

Figure 6: Exclusion limits from 13 TeV data in the $m(\tilde{g})-m(\tilde{\chi}_1^0)$ plane for the simplified model where a pair of gluinos are produced, and each decays promptly via an on-shell chargino into a pair of quarks, a W boson, and the lightest neutralino. The chargino mass is assumed to be midway between the gluino and neutralino masses. Theoretical signal cross-section uncertainties are not included in the limits shown.

are similar, resulting in improved exclusion limits for such compressed mass-difference scenarios. The resulting exclusion limits from the two analyses in this simplified model are similar, with each excluding a range up to $m(\tilde{g}) = 2.2$ TeV for $m(\tilde{\chi}_1^0) = 0$. The limit is reduced by about 1 TeV in the compressed scenario.

Other cases considered explicitly in Figure 5 are those with $\tilde{q}^* \to q\tilde{\chi}_2^0 \to qZ\tilde{\chi}_1^0$, targeted by an analysis requiring an opposite-sign same-flavour (OS SF) lepton pair compatible with a Z boson in association with $E_T^{\text{miss}}$ and jets [32], and those arising from a longer decay chain such as $\tilde{q}^* \to q\tilde{\chi}_1^\pm \to q\tilde{\chi}_2^0W \to qWZ\tilde{\chi}_1^0$, targeted by multiple analyses requiring either large jet multiplicities [33] or SS leptons in addition to jets [34]. Scenarios involving intermediate electroweakino decays via sleptons have also been considered.

The yellow line in Figure 5 displays a behaviour completely different from the others. It applies to scenarios inspired by General Gauge Mediation (GGM) [35], where the LSP is often a light gravitino with a mass around 1 GeV or less. The phenomenology in these scenarios is determined by the nature of the next-to-lightest supersymmetric particle (NLSP). The case shown here is one where the NLSP is a neutralino that decays to the LSP with photon or Z boson emissions, and the resulting topology includes photons in the final state, yielding a distinctive $\gamma + E_T^{\text{miss}}$ + jets final-state signature. The amount of $E_T^{\text{miss}}$ in the event largely determines the analysis acceptance: in this case it is proportional to $m(\tilde{\chi}_1^0) - m(\tilde{G})$, so the maximum acceptance is obtained for large neutralino masses. Overall, the limits on the gluino mass are in line with those of the other analyses.

The cases where the virtual squark produced in the gluino decay is a third-generation squark are singled out in pink and purple in Figure 5. The physics reason to single them out is connected with naturalness considerations and is discussed in Section 5.2. The topological reason to single them out comes from the presence of b-quarks in the final state, yielding a powerful experimental handle with the application of b-tagging techniques [36] to identify b-jets. Neglecting potential flavour-violating decays of the stop or sbottom, the decay of a gluino pair via a third-generation squark with a branching fraction of 100% yields four b-jets in the final state. An analysis selecting events with three or more b-jets [37] dominates
<figure><img src="image_9.png" /></figure>

Figure 7: Exclusion limits from 13 TeV data in the $m(\tilde{g})-m(\tilde{\chi}_1^0)$ plane for a simplified model where a pair of gluinos decay promptly via off-shell top squarks into four top quarks and two lightest neutralinos. The SS lepton analysis sensitivity covers $m(\tilde{g}) < m(\tilde{\chi}_1^0) + 2m(t)$ due to the off-shell top quark contribution. Theoretical signal cross-section uncertainties are not included in the limits shown. Where more than one reference is given for each line, the total exclusion limit from multiple analyses is shown.

the sensitivity to these scenarios. The selection is based on a neural network that uses the kinematic variables of the jets, b-jets, leptons and $p_T^{\text{miss}}$ as input. The network was trained to separate the $\tilde{g} \to t\bar{t}\tilde{\chi}_1^0$ and $\tilde{g} \to b\bar{b}\tilde{\chi}_1^0$ decays from the SM background, dominated by $t\bar{t}$, single top and $Z+\text{jets}$ production. A different selection, which did not make use of multivariate techniques, was optimised to target mixed final states such as those arising from scenarios where both the stop and the sbottom take part in gluino decay, leading to final states with variable numbers of b- and t-quarks.

Summary limits on the model of gluino pair production yielding four top quarks and $E_T^{\text{miss}}$ are shown in Figure 7. The richness of the topology of the final state makes it a target of many analyses. In particular, SS analyses achieve sensitivity to regions of the parameter space where the top quarks emitted in the decay are virtual.

## 5.2 Squark pair production

The search for pair production of squarks is closely connected with that of gluinos. A summary of the mass exclusion limits is shown in Figure 8, assuming an eightfold mass degeneracy for the squarks (two chirality states for each of the four lightest SM flavours). Depending on the structure and mass hierarchy of the electroweak sector, the squarks will have decay chains that resemble those already discussed for the gluino pair production. If the only electroweak state that couples to the quark is a neutralino LSP, then the squark decay chain is $\tilde{q} \to q\tilde{\chi}_1^0$. The final state will contain jets and $E_T^{\text{miss}}$, and the analysis discussed in Ref. [29] has good sensitivity for most values of the mass difference $\Delta m(\tilde{q}, \tilde{\chi}_1^0) = m(\tilde{q}) - m(\tilde{\chi}_1^0)$. For small $\Delta m(\tilde{q}, \tilde{\chi}_1^0)$, the final state contains very small $E_T^{\text{miss}}$, unless one focuses on the production of squarks recoiling against substantial QCD initial-state radiation (ISR). This case is explicitly targeted in Ref. [38]: the analysis searches for an excess of events with large $E_T^{\text{miss}}$ recoiling against substantial hadronic activity. After a number of selections aimed at making sure that the events under investigation do not arise from jet
<figure><img src="image_10.png" /></figure>

Figure 8: Exclusion limits from 8 TeV and 13 TeV data in the $m(\tilde{q})-m(\tilde{\chi}_1^0)$ plane for different simplified models featuring the decay of squarks to the lightest supersymmetric particle (lightest neutralino or gravitino) either directly or through a cascade chain featuring other SUSY particles with intermediate masses. For each line, the squark decay mode is reported in the legend and it is assumed to proceed with 100% branching fraction. The limits on $\tilde{q}_L \to qW\tilde{\chi}_1^0$ assume the chargino mass to be midway between the squark and neutralino masses. The other $\tilde{q}_L$ interpretations assume the first intermediate particle to be midway between the squark and neutralino masses, and the second intermediate particle to be midway between the first intermediate particle and neutralino masses. The additional assumptions about the masses of the intermediate states are described in the references cited in the plot. Where more than one reference is given for each line, the total exclusion limit from multiple analyses is shown.

energy mismeasurement or beam backgrounds, the dominant background processes are $W(\to \ell v) + \text{jets}$ (where the $\ell$ is lost or is a hadronically decaying $\tau$-lepton) and $Z(\to v\bar{v}) + \text{jets}$ production. A sophisticated background estimation procedure exploits the similarity of these processes with $Z(\to \ell^\pm \ell^\mp) + \text{jets}$ and $\gamma + \text{jets}$. As in the gluino case, a richer electroweak spectrum leads to longer decay chains, producing one-step $\tilde{q} \to qW\tilde{\chi}_1^0$ [29, 31] or $\tilde{q} \to qZ^{(*)}\tilde{\chi}_1^0$ [32] decays, or two-step $\tilde{q} \to qWZ\tilde{\chi}_1^0$ [34] decays. Similarly to the gluino case, scenarios involving sleptons in the electroweak-state decays, or GGM-like scenarios with a gravitino LSP, were also considered and targeted by specific analyses.

Overall, mass exclusion limits for eightfold-degenerate squarks range from 1.3 TeV to 1.8–1.9 TeV for $m(\tilde{\chi}_1^0) = 0$ GeV, and worsen with decreasing values of $\Delta m(\tilde{q}, \tilde{\chi}_1^0)$. For $\Delta m(\tilde{q}, \tilde{\chi}_1^0)$ of the order of a few GeV, the exclusion limit is about 900 GeV. These limits were obtained assuming simplified models.

The production cross-section for squarks scales linearly with the assumed degeneracy. For example, the limit in Ref. [29] for $m(\tilde{\chi}_1^0) = 0$ GeV decreases from about 1.85 TeV to about 1.2 TeV if the production of a single $\tilde{q}$ chirality state is assumed.

Third-generation squarks ($\tilde{b}$ and $\tilde{t}$), and to some extent the $\tilde{c}$, have been targeted by dedicated analyses. The presence of b-jets (or c-jets) in the final state offers an additional experimental handle for improving the background rejection. The third-generation squarks are also constrained to be at the TeV scale by naturalness considerations: because of the large Yukawa coupling, stop loops are the main contribution to the first-order corrections to the lightest Higgs boson's mass in the MSSM [39]. Naturalness requirements place constraints on the stop masses and mixing between $\tilde{t}_L$ and $\tilde{t}_R$. They also constrain the $\tilde{b}_L$ because it belongs to the same weak-isospin doublet as the $\tilde{t}_L$ and therefore shares the same SUSY mass parameter.
<figure><img src="image_11.png" /></figure>

Figure 9: Exclusion limits in the $m(\tilde{b})-m(\tilde{\chi}_1^0)$ plane for direct sbottom production. The lightest neutralino $(\tilde{\chi}_1^0)$ is assumed to be the LSP. Several different decay scenarios are shown, along with different parameterisations of the intermediate particles in the models. Where more than one reference is given for each line, the total exclusion limit from multiple analyses is shown.

A summary of the $\tilde{b}$ mass exclusion limits is shown in Figure 9. The limit in blue corresponds to the simplest decay chain, involving only a $\tilde{\chi}_1^0$ LSP. The analysis targeting this final state [40] requires the presence of b-jets and $E_T^{miss}$, and exploits the presence of kinematical endpoints in transverse mass [41] for the dominant $t\bar{t}$ production background. Compressed scenarios are targeted by an analysis exploiting ISR hadronic activity and using dedicated techniques for tagging low-$p_T$ b-jets [42]. Longer $\tilde{b}$ decay chains are targeted by analyses explicitly looking for the presence of a Higgs boson in the $\tilde{\chi}_2^0 \to h\tilde{\chi}_1^0$ decay [43, 44].

Dedicated training of neural networks using input variables sensitive to the displaced decays of b-hadrons can produce relatively efficient c-jet tagging algorithms, which can be used effectively in the search for $\tilde{c} \to c\tilde{\chi}_1^0$. The analysis [45] was performed with a fraction of the available Run 2 integrated luminosity and follows a logic similar to that in Ref. [40].

Stop pair production was the target of an extensive search campaign as early as Run 1 [46], and Run 2 saw further development of the search strategy, with a variety of new final states being targeted. The popularity of stop searches is due to the stop's connection with the naturalness problem. From an experimental point of view, the phenomenology of the stop decay is very rich because of the large top quark mass: assuming the simplest electroweak-sector configuration (a $\tilde{\chi}_1^0$ LSP), the kinematics of the decay is determined not only by the $\tilde{\tau}_1$ and $\tilde{\chi}_1^0$ masses, but also by how their difference $\Delta m(\tilde{\tau}_1, \tilde{\chi}_1^0)$ compares to the top quark and W boson masses. If $\Delta m(\tilde{\tau}_1, \tilde{\chi}_1^0) > m(t)$, then the $\tilde{\tau}_1$ will experience a two-body decay $\tilde{\tau}_1 \to t\tilde{\chi}_1^0$, followed by an on-shell decay of the top quark into an on-shell W boson and a b-quark. If $m(W)+m(b) < \Delta m(\tilde{\tau}_1, \tilde{\chi}_1^0) < m(t)$, the stop will decay into three bodies, $\tilde{\tau}_1 \to bW\tilde{\chi}_1^0$, via an off-shell top. Finally, if $m(b) < \Delta m(\tilde{\tau}_1, \tilde{\chi}_1^0) < m(W)+m(b)$, the decay will be into four bodies, $\tilde{\tau}_1 \to bff'\tilde{\chi}_1^0$, with f representing a generic fermion. These different regions are clearly displayed in Figure 10. The parameter space is targeted with a suite of analyses looking for different lepton (electron and muon) multiplicities. Depending on the decay of the $W^{(*)}$, the final state can contain zero [47], one [48] or two [49] leptons.
<figure><img src="image_12.png" /><figcaption>Figure 10: Summary of the dedicated ATLAS searches for top squark (stop) pair production based on pp collision data taken at √s = 13 TeV. Exclusion limits are shown in the $m(\tilde{t}_1)-m(\tilde{\chi}_1^0)$ plane. The dashed and solid lines show the expected and observed limits, respectively, including all uncertainties except the theoretical signal cross-section uncertainty (PDF and scale). Three decay modes are considered separately with 100% branching fraction: $\tilde{t}_1 \to t+\tilde{\chi}_1^0$ (where the $\tilde{t}_1$ is mostly $\tilde{t}_R$), $\tilde{t}_1 \to Wb\tilde{\chi}_1^0$ (three-body decay for $m(\tilde{t}_1) < m(t)+m(\tilde{\chi}_1^0)$), and $\tilde{t}_1 \to f f' b\tilde{\chi}_1^0$ (four-body decay). Where more than one reference is given for each line, the total exclusion limit from multiple analyses is shown.</figcaption></figure>

The zero-lepton analysis defines a series of different signal regions based on the number of top quark and W boson decays that can be tagged by making use of large-radius jets to collect all the decay products. Depending on the region, the selection is completed by using additional variables such as $E_T^{\text{miss}}$ and the transverse mass of the $E_T^{\text{miss}}$ and b-jets to reject the dominant background from $t\bar{t}$ and $Z+\text{jets}$ production. As in Ref. [40], the compressed region is targeted with dedicated tools to tag low-$p_T$ b-jets.

The one-lepton analysis also utilises a set of signal regions targeting the two-, three- and four-body decays separately. A challenging background process is $t\bar{t}$ production where both top quarks decay leptonically, and one lepton is lost or is a hadronically decaying $\tau$-lepton. This background process is targeted by making use of a variable called *topness* [50], which yields an estimate of how much a given event with one lepton in the final state resembles a dileptonic $t\bar{t}$ decay, based on expected detector resolutions and mass constraints present in such events. An updated result (shown in red in Figure 10) is obtained by separating events into mutually exclusive categories based on the number of reconstructed large-radius jets, and the number of those compatible with arising from the decay of a top quark: for each category, dedicated neural networks are trained to disentangle the signal from the background. This improves the sensitivity, especially at intermediate stop masses and large neutralino masses.

A challenging mass hierarchy is the one where $\Delta m(\tilde{t}_1, \tilde{\chi}_1^0) \approx m(t)$: the final state and kinematics of $\tilde{t}_1\tilde{t}_1 \to t\bar{t}\tilde{\chi}_1^0\tilde{\chi}_1^0$ closely resemble those from $t\bar{t}$ production, especially if $m(\tilde{\chi}_1^0) \approx 0$. In this case, precision measurements of SM $t\bar{t}$ production can come to the rescue, as indicated in the inset plot of Figure 10: a precise measurement of spin correlations in $t\bar{t}$ events [51] allows constraints to be placed on the additional
stop pair production.

Figure 10 shows that stop pair production is excluded (for the decays considered) up to stop masses of about 1.25 TeV for $m(\tilde{\chi}_1^0) = 0$. The limit drops to about $m(\tilde{\tau}_1) \sim 600$ GeV in the compressed region.

If a more complex electroweak sector is considered, for example one allowing $\tilde{\tau}_1 \to b\tilde{\chi}_1^+$ and $\tilde{\tau}_1 \to t\tilde{\chi}_2^0$, then additional kinematic configurations and particles become possible. Typically, the analyses discussed have good sensitivity to these scenarios. Additional analyses explicitly looking for the presence of a Higgs or Z boson in the final state have also been developed [52], achieving interesting sensitivities. The case of a stop decay explicitly involving a $\tilde{\tau}$ has also been explored [53]. Finally, the flavour-changing decay of a stop into a charm quark and a neutralino LSP was targeted in Ref. [54].

# 6 Weakly produced supersymmetric particles

The electroweak production of SUSY particles leads to cross sections that are orders of magnitude smaller than those for strong production (for a given sparticle mass - see Figure 2), with final-state signatures that are difficult to separate from SM processes. The ATLAS search programme aims to exploit all channels – from the clean, but rare, leptonic final states to the higher branching-fraction hadronic decays – in the quest to discover SUSY.

## 6.1 Slepton pair production

First- and second-generation slepton production, with decays into a charged lepton and a $\tilde{\chi}_1^0$ LSP ($\tilde{\ell}\tilde{\ell}$, with $\tilde{\ell} \to \ell\tilde{\chi}_1^0$) with 100% branching fraction, results in a clean final state of two OS SF leptons ($e^+e^-$ or $\mu^+\mu^-$) and $E_T^{\text{miss}}$. A Run 2 search [55] considering general slepton production scenarios with large mass splittings between the $\tilde{\ell}$ and the $\tilde{\chi}_1^0$ improved the sensitivity to higher slepton and neutralino masses with respect to Run 1 searches. A more recent search was more targeted and focused on the more compressed slepton production scenarios with $m(\tilde{\ell}) - m(\tilde{\chi}_1^0) < 100$ GeV [56], dividing the search between signatures with or without an ISR jet to exploit the boosted topology of $\tilde{\ell}\tilde{\ell}$ production with ISR. Both approaches use multiple bins in transverse mass, $m_{T2}$ [57], which are optimised for mass exclusion potential in $\tilde{\ell}\tilde{\ell}$ production. SM backgrounds containing Z boson or low-mass resonances are suppressed by discarding OS SF lepton pairs with compatible invariant mass, while $t\bar{t}$ production is suppressed by discarding events containing b-tagged jets. At least moderate $E_T^{\text{miss}}$ significance is required in order to suppress backgrounds with misreconstructed $E_T^{\text{miss}}$.

The most compressed slepton scenarios are targeted using a tailored analysis requiring two low-$p_T$ leptons, an ISR jet, and high $E_T^{\text{miss}}$ [58]. Low $m_{T2}$ is used for signal-background discrimination, along with $R_{\text{ISR}}$, the ratio of the $E_T^{\text{miss}}$ to the $p_T$ of the ISR system. A novel muon identification working point is used to recover some of the efficiency otherwise lost as $3 \text{ GeV} < p_T < 6 \text{ GeV}$ muons traverse the calorimeters.

The three searches see no significant excesses in the data compared to the SM background expectation, allowing limits to be set in simplified SUSY models, as shown in Figure 11. For mass-degenerate left- and right-handed slepton pair production, $\tilde{\ell}$ masses up to 700 GeV are excluded for massless $\tilde{\chi}_1^0$. For the very compressed scenarios with $m(\tilde{\ell}) - m(\tilde{\chi}_1^0) \sim 10$ GeV, sleptons are excluded up to masses of 250 GeV. The so-called ‘slepton-gap’ between the LEP and LHC limits is now closed with the results from the
<figure><img src="image_13.png" /><figcaption>Figure 11: Exclusion limits in the $m(\tilde{\ell})-m(\tilde{\chi}_1^0)$ plane for different analyses probing the direct production of sleptons with decays into a lepton and neutralino. The type of sleptons (flavour and coupling) included in each search is specified in the legend.</figcaption></figure>

latest slepton search, excluding sleptons up to 150 GeV for $m(\tilde{\ell}) - m(\tilde{\chi}_1^0) \sim 50$ GeV. This still leaves an interesting parameter-space region to explore between the sensitivities in Ref. [58] and Refs. [55, 56].

Searches for third-generations sleptons, the staus, use final states with two hadronically decaying $\tau$-leptons and high $E_T^{\text{miss}}$. The analysis in Ref. [59] uses a cut-and-count approach with two signal regions. The more recent analysis in Ref. [60] improves upon this by using four overlapping BDTs targeting different $\tilde{\tau}-\tilde{\chi}_1^0$ mass regimes. All four BDT signal regions show a $0.7\sigma-1.3\sigma$ deficit – a common deficit since the signal regions partially overlap. The exclusion limits for mass-degenerate left- and right-handed staus are shown in Figure 11, where stau masses up to 475 GeV are excluded. When considering the production of purely right-handed staus, which has a lower cross-section, staus masses up to 350 GeV are excluded (not shown in the plot). There is little sensitivity to the more compressed $\tilde{\tau}-\tilde{\chi}_1^0$ mass scenarios, because the searches rely on high-$p_T$ hadronically decaying $\tau$-leptons to trigger the event.

## 6.2 Electroweakino pair production

Sleptons may also be produced as intermediate states in chargino and neutralino decay chains. The production of chargino pairs or chargino-neutralino pairs decaying via sleptons results in two-lepton or three-lepton final states, respectively, along with $E_T^{\text{miss}}$. The exclusion limits in these models set by the searches in Refs. [55, 60, 61] are shown in Figure 12, where chargino production is excluded for chargino masses up to 1 TeV and chargino-neutralino production is excluded for masses up to 1.15 TeV.

Charginos and neutralinos will decay via SM W, Z or h bosons if decays via sleptons are not kinematically allowed. The decays from the SM bosons include a rich array of hadronic and leptonic final states, allowing searches to be performed using jets only, or one, two or three leptons in the final state. The same two-lepton search described above for slepton production is also used to search for the production of low-mass chargino pairs decaying via W bosons [55], with further searches improving sensitivity to the $\Delta m(\tilde{\chi}_1^{\pm}, \tilde{\chi}_1^0) \sim m(W)$
<figure><img src="image_14.png" /></figure>

Figure 12: The exclusion limits on $\tilde{\chi}_1^+\tilde{\chi}_1^-$ and $\tilde{\chi}_1^+\tilde{\chi}_2^0$ production with $\tilde{\ell}$-mediated decays, as a function of the $\tilde{\chi}_1^+, \tilde{\chi}_2^0$ and $\tilde{\chi}_1^0$ masses. The production cross-section is for pure-wino $\tilde{\chi}_1^+\tilde{\chi}_1^-$ and $\tilde{\chi}_1^+\tilde{\chi}_2^0$. Where more than one reference is given for each line, the total exclusion limit from multiple analyses is shown.

scenarios [56]. The all-hadronic search [62] makes use of the large hadronic branching fraction of SM boson decays to target very high-mass chargino production with large $\Delta m(\tilde{\chi}_1^+, \tilde{\chi}_1^0)$. The large mass splittings lead to boosted topologies, motivating the use of large-radius jets and boson-tagging algorithms to identify potential signal from boosted SM boson decays. Finally, a one-lepton, two-jet final state search targets the intermediate chargino mass scenarios [63], which are not covered by the all-hadronic and two-lepton searches. No significant excesses were observed in the searches for chargino pair production, and a statistical combination of the three channels is performed in Ref. [64] and shown in Figure 13 for pure-wino charginos. Chargino masses up to 780 GeV are excluded for massless $\tilde{\chi}_1^0$, and $\tilde{\chi}_1^0$ masses up to 170 GeV are excluded for $\tilde{\chi}_1^\pm$ masses of ~400–600 GeV.

The all-hadronic channel is also powerful in the search for chargino-neutralino production and dominates the sensitivity to high-mass, large-$\Delta m(\tilde{\chi}_1^+, \tilde{\chi}_2^0, \tilde{\chi}_1^0)$ scenarios with decays via SM bosons, as seen in Figures 14(a) and 14(b). A two-lepton, two-jet search [32] selecting $Z \to \ell\ell$ and $W \to qq$ events with large $E_T^{\text{miss}}$ is sensitive to moderately high-mass $\tilde{\chi}_1^+\tilde{\chi}_2^0$ scenarios with decays via W and Z bosons. A few of the two-lepton, two-jet signal regions with closely spaced jets observed $2\sigma$ deficits, resulting in a stronger observed limit than expected. The sensitivity to moderately low-mass $\tilde{\chi}_1^+\tilde{\chi}_2^0 \to WZ\tilde{\chi}_1^0\tilde{\chi}_1^0$ scenarios is dominated by the three-lepton channel [65], which selects for decays of on- and off-shell W/Z bosons, with signal regions binned in OS SF lepton invariant mass, $E_T^{\text{miss}}$, $m_T$, and hadronic activity. Finally, the two-lepton compressed analysis [56] is sensitive to $\tilde{\chi}_1^+\tilde{\chi}_2^0$ WZ scenarios with the smallest mass splittings.

When the $\tilde{\chi}_2^0$ decays via a Higgs boson, the one-lepton plus two-$b$-jet channel [66] is almost as powerful as the all-hadronic channel, and has unique sensitivity to moderate-mass scenarios. Here, pairs of $b$-tagged jets consistent with a $h \to b\bar{b}$ decay, as well as high $E_T^{\text{miss}}$, $m_T$ and $m_{CT}$, are used to suppress SM processes. Leptonic final states are also used to search for these scenarios, but the sensitivity is limited to low masses due to the low branching fraction of the Higgs boson decay to leptons (possibly via SM bosons) [60, 65, 67]. A statistical combination of all the channels targeting chargino-neutralino production is performed in Ref. [64] and shown in Figures 14(a) and 14(b). Pure-wino chargino-neutralino production is excluded up
<figure><img src="image_15.png" /></figure>

Figure 13: The exclusion limits on $\tilde{\chi}_1^+\tilde{\chi}_1^-$ production with W-boson-mediated decays, as a function of the $\tilde{\chi}_1^+$ and $\tilde{\chi}_1^0$ masses. The production cross-section is for pure-wino $\tilde{\chi}_1^+\tilde{\chi}_1^-$. The labels with L and J denote the number of leptons and jets in the search, respectively. Where more than one reference is given for each line, the total exclusion limit from multiple analyses is shown.

<figure><img src="image_16.png" /></figure>

Figure 14: The exclusion limits on $\tilde{\chi}_1^\pm\tilde{\chi}_2^0$ production with $\tilde{\chi}_1^\pm \to \tilde{\chi}_1^0W^\pm$ and (a) $\tilde{\chi}_2^0 \to \tilde{\chi}_1^0Z$ or (b) $\tilde{\chi}_2^0 \to \tilde{\chi}_1^0h$, as a function of the $\tilde{\chi}_1^\pm$, $\tilde{\chi}_2^0$ and $\tilde{\chi}_1^0$ masses. The production cross-section is for pure-wino $\tilde{\chi}_1^+$ and $\tilde{\chi}_2^0$. The labels with L and J denote the number of leptons and jets in the search, respectively.

to $\tilde{\chi}_1^\pm/\tilde{\chi}_2^0$ masses of ~1000 GeV for massless $\tilde{\chi}_1^0$, and up to $\tilde{\chi}_1^0$ masses of ~400 GeV for $\tilde{\chi}_1^\pm/\tilde{\chi}_2^0$ masses of ~800 GeV, independently of the $\tilde{\chi}_2^0$ decay into a Z or a Higgs boson. For decays solely through W and Z bosons, $\tilde{\chi}_1^\pm/\tilde{\chi}_2^0$ masses up to 300 GeV are excluded for $\Delta m(\tilde{\chi}_1^\pm/\tilde{\chi}_2^0, \tilde{\chi}_1^0) \sim m(Z)$, decreasing to 240 GeV for $\Delta m(\tilde{\chi}_1^\pm/\tilde{\chi}_2^0, \tilde{\chi}_1^0) = 10$ GeV.

The higgsino mass parameter $\mu$ enters into the MSSM expression for the light Higgs boson's mass at tree level [39]. Therefore, a relatively low $\mu$ (of the order of a few hundred GeV at most) is one of the firm predictions of naturalness arguments applied to SUSY [68]. The search for pure-higgsino
<figure><img src="image_17.png" /><figcaption>Figure 15: Exclusion limits for higgsino pair production $\tilde{\chi}_1^+\tilde{\chi}_1^-$, $\tilde{\chi}_1^+\tilde{\chi}_1^0$, $\tilde{\chi}_1^+\tilde{\chi}_2^0$, and $\tilde{\chi}_1^0\tilde{\chi}_2^0$ with off-shell SM-boson-mediated decays to the lightest neutralino, $\tilde{\chi}_1^0$, as a function of the $\tilde{\chi}_1^\pm$ and $\tilde{\chi}_1^0$ masses. The production cross-section is for pure higgsinos. Where more than one reference is given for each line, the total exclusion limit from multiple analyses is shown. The LEP2 $\tilde{\chi}_1^\pm$ exclusion is taken from Ref. [71].</figcaption></figure>

chargino-neutralino production is driven by the two-lepton compressed [58] and three-lepton analyses [65] described above, as well as the disappearing-track analysis<fnref n="5" /> [69] (see Section 8). The off-shell regions of the three-lepton analysis provide sensitivity to the larger mass splittings between the produced higgsinos and the LSP, $\Delta m(\tilde{\chi}_1^\pm, \tilde{\chi}_1^0) > 15$ GeV, while the more compressed analysis covers the smaller mass splittings down to about 1 GeV. A statistical combination of the two-lepton compressed analysis and three-lepton analysis is performed in Ref. [65], excluding pure-higgsino production of charginos with masses up to 180 GeV (190 GeV) for $\Delta m(\tilde{\chi}_1^\pm, \tilde{\chi}_1^0) \sim 30$ GeV (5 GeV). This decreases to 135 GeV for the intermediate mass splittings, where the combination has the most impact compared to the individual analyses. For $\Delta m(\tilde{\chi}_1^\pm, \tilde{\chi}_1^0) < 1$ GeV, the pair-produced higgsinos start to have a flight path of a fraction of a mm, and their decay products are mildly displaced with respect to the primary vertex. An innovative analysis, exploiting the presence of a low-$p_T$, isolated, good-quality track with only loose requirements on its impact parameter targets the prompt decay of the produced charginos and neutralinos into $\tilde{\chi}_1^0$, achieving sensitivity up to chargino masses of about 170 GeV for mass splittings 0.3 GeV < $\Delta m(\tilde{\chi}_1^\pm, \tilde{\chi}_1^0)$ < 0.9 GeV [70]. For the smallest mass splittings, the chargino is long-lived and is targeted by the disappearing-track analysis, where chargino masses below 210 GeV are excluded for $\Delta m(\tilde{\chi}_1^\pm, \tilde{\chi}_1^0) \le 0.3$ GeV. All these results are summarised in Figure 15.

Higgsino GGM scenarios are targeted by numerous ATLAS SUSY analyses selecting for either the leptonic or hadronic decays of the Z boson, or Higgs boson decays to b-quarks. A statistical combination of the channels targeting higgsino GGM models is performed in Ref. [64] and shown in Figure 16. For high $\tilde{\chi}_1^0 \to Z\tilde{G}$ branching fractions, the four-lepton search [72] and all-hadronic search [62] both select for two Z candidates and high $E_T^{\text{miss}}$, and dominate the sensitivity to low and high higgsino masses, respectively. The two-lepton, two-jet channel [32] spans the intermediate higgsino mass range and extends to the lowest $\tilde{\chi}_1^0 \to Z\tilde{G}$ branching fraction in the searches involving a Z boson. The multi-$b$-jet search [73] and two-$\gamma$ two-$b$-jet search [74] target GGM scenarios with high $\tilde{\chi}_1^0 \to h\tilde{G}$ branching fractions. The multi-$b$-jet

<footnote n="5">⁵ To obtain long-lived higgsinos, unnaturally high values of $M_1, M_2$ need to be invoked: the disappearing track analysis was initially designed to target scenarios with a wino-like LSP multiplet of electroweakinos.</footnote>
<figure><img src="image_18.png" /><figcaption>Figure 16: Exclusion limits in a General Gauge Mediation model from 13 TeV data. The model assumes a pure-higgsino NLSP that promptly decays into either a Z boson and gravitino or a Higgs boson and gravitino. The limits are displayed as a function of the mass of the nearly mass-degenerate higgsino multiplet and the branching fraction of the lightest higgsino into a Higgs boson and gravitino.</figcaption></figure>

channel makes use of the common Higgs boson decay into $b\bar{b}$, with signal regions binned in $E_T^{\text{miss}}$ and $m_{\text{eff}}$ for low-mass scenarios, or selecting on a BDT parameterized in higgsino mass for high-mass scenarios. The $\tilde{\chi}_1^0$ branching fraction into either $Z\tilde{G}$ or $h\tilde{G}$ is fully covered by the individual searches, with higgsino masses up to 960 GeV excluded for the two extreme branching fraction scenarios. The sensitivity drops to masses of 850 GeV for the mixed branching fraction scenarios, where the combination has the most impact.

## 7 R-parity-violating decays

The MSSM superpotential includes terms that violate the conservation of baryon number and lepton number,

$$ \frac{1}{2}\lambda_{ijk}L_iL_j\bar{E}_k + \lambda'_{ijk}L_iQ_j\bar{D}_k + \frac{1}{2}\lambda''_{ijk}\bar{U}_i\bar{D}_j\bar{D}_k + \kappa_iL_iH_2, $$

where $L_i$ and $Q_i$ are the lepton and quark SU(2)-doublet superfields, respectively, and $\bar{E}_i$, $\bar{U}_i$ and $\bar{D}_i$ are the corresponding singlet superfields. The fermion generations are denoted by the indices i, j and k, while the Higgs field that couples to up-type quarks is represented by the Higgs SU(2)-doublet superfield $H_2$. The $\lambda_{ijk}$, $\lambda'_{ijk}$ and $\lambda''_{ijk}$ parameters are three sets of new Yukawa couplings, while the $\kappa_i$ parameters have dimensions of mass. Consistency with limits on barion and lepton number conservation impose severe constraints on many of these couplings, nevertheless leaving the possibility that the least constrained ones (typically connected with the third fermion generations) are sizeable. In this section, RPV couplings are assumed to be large enough to allow decays to be prompt. In the case of very small RPV couplings, SUSY particles could be long-lived, leading to rather different experimental signatures which are discussed in Section 8.
The nine $\lambda_{ijk}$ couplings violate lepton number conservation via interactions between the three generations of leptons and sleptons, allowing a $\tilde{\chi}_1^0$ LSP to decay via virtual sleptons into $\ell_k^\pm \ell_{i/j}^\mp \nu_{j/i}$. Pair production of a promptly decaying NLSP is assumed, potentially producing four or more charged leptons from the two $\tilde{\chi}_1^0$ decays in the event. These scenarios were explored with the four-lepton final state in Ref. [72], selecting electrons, muons and hadronically decaying $\tau$-leptons for sensitivity to the $\lambda_{12k}$ and $\lambda_{i33}$ couplings, where $i, k = 1, 2$. Since the electron and muon reconstruction efficiencies at the ATLAS experiment are similarly high, the sensitivities to $\lambda_{121}$ and $\lambda_{122}$ scenarios are nearly identical [75] and can be considered simply as $\lambda_{12k}$ (and similarly for $\lambda_{i33}$). The $\lambda_{12k} \neq 0$ couplings are targeted using electrons and muons only, while sensitivity to the $\lambda_{i33} \neq 0$ couplings is increased by including up to two hadronically decaying $\tau$-leptons among the four leptons. For each coupling scenario, three different NLSP production processes are considered: wino pair production ($\tilde{\chi}_1^\pm/\tilde{\chi}_2^0/\tilde{\chi}_1^+\tilde{\chi}_1^-$), slepton pair production ($\tilde{\ell}\tilde{\ell}/\tilde{\nu}\tilde{\nu}/\tilde{\ell}\tilde{\nu}$), or gluino pair production ($\tilde{g}\tilde{g}$). The strongest limits are set on $\tilde{g}\tilde{g}$ production with $\lambda_{12k} \neq 0$ as shown in Figure 17, where gluino masses up to 2.5 TeV are excluded. This mass limit decreases to 1.9 TeV for $\lambda_{i33} \neq 0$ scenarios (not shown in Figure 17), due to the lower reconstruction efficiency for hadronic $\tau$-lepton decays. Lower mass exclusion limits of 1.6 TeV and 1.2 TeV (1.1 TeV and 0.9 TeV) are set on $\lambda_{12k} \neq 0$ ($\lambda_{i33} \neq 0$) scenarios of wino pair production and slepton pair production, respectively, due to the lower cross-sections. The sensitivity to other $\lambda_{ijk}$ scenarios is expected to fall between the two extremes of the $\lambda_{12k}$ and $\lambda_{i33}$ scenarios studied.

The 27 $\lambda'_{ijk}$ couplings violate lepton and baryon number conservation with interactions between leptons, squarks, and squarks, allowing a $\tilde{\chi}_1^0$ LSP to now decay via virtual squarks into $\ell_k^\pm q_i \bar{q}_j/\nu_k q_i q_j$, where $q_i$ and $\bar{q}_j$ may be up-type or down-type quarks as needed to conserve charge. The lepton from one or each $\tilde{\chi}_1^0$ decay, along with several jets, is used to probe models of gluino pair production. The one-lepton analysis [76] divides the search regions according to the number of jets and number of b-tagged jets, as well as the charge of the lepton. Increasing thresholds are set on the $p_T$ of the counted jets to obtain sensitivity to a wide range of scenarios. A second search selects two leptons with same-sign charges [34], multiple jets and high $m_{\text{eff}}$, benefiting from a lower SM background than in the one-lepton search. Figure 17 shows that the two searches set similar mass limits in the gluino production models, excluding gluinos with masses below ~2.2 TeV. The two-lepton search has less reliance on reconstructing the jet from the gluino decay ($\tilde{g} \to qq\tilde{\chi}_1^0$) and has a slight advantage if $m(\tilde{g}) - m(\tilde{\chi}_1^0)$ is small.

Finally, the nine $\lambda''_{ijk}$ couplings violate baryon number conservation with interactions between quarks and squarks, allowing a $\tilde{\chi}_1^0$ LSP to now decay via virtual squarks into $q_k q_i q_j$, where $q_k$ is an up-type quark and $q_{i/j}$ are down-type quarks. The one-lepton analysis already mentioned [76] also sets (for the first time) limits on higgsino pair production followed by their decay via $\lambda''$ couplings into third-generation quarks. The multijet search [77] selects events with a large number of high-$p_T$ jets, allowing the presence of b-tagged jets to increase the sensitivity to b-quarks from the RPV $\tilde{\chi}_1^0$ decay. Again, gluinos with masses below ~2.2 TeV are excluded in Figure 17, but the sensitivity drops off rapidly for high and low $\tilde{\chi}_1^0$ masses where the jets are either too low in momentum or too collimated to be reconstructed. The analysis uses an approach similar to that of the one-lepton search described above [76], which itself is also sensitive to the $\lambda''_{ijk} \neq 0$ scenarios when leptons are produced in top quark decays. The one-lepton signal regions with many b-tagged jets have good sensitivity to the $\tilde{g} \to t\bar{t}\tilde{\chi}_1^0$, $\tilde{\chi}_1^0 \to t\bar{b}s$ scenarios, excluding gluinos with masses below ~2.35 TeV as shown in Figure 17. A second approach in Ref. [77] uses a neural network with an architecture based on transformers to group jets together in order to help deal with the large combinatorial problem caused by the large number of jets in the final state, and search for a mass resonance
<figure><img src="image_19.png" /></figure>

Figure 17: Exclusion limits at 95% CL based on 13 TeV data in the $(\tilde{g}, \tilde{\chi}_1^0)$ mass plane for different simplified models featuring the decay of the gluino to the lightest supersymmetric particle $(\tilde{\chi}_1^0)$ which in turn decays via R-parity-violating couplings to SM particles. For each line, the decay mode is reported in the legend and it is assumed to proceed with 100% branching fraction. Some limits depend on additional assumptions, as described in the references cited in the plot.

from the two gluinos decaying directly via the $\lambda''_{ijk}$ coupling, $\tilde{g} \to q\bar{q}q$. In this case, gluinos with masses below ~1.8 TeV are excluded (not shown in Figure 17).

Less simple RPV SUSY scenarios have also been explored by the ATLAS Collaboration. For example, an MSSM scenario explored in Ref. [78] adds $B-L$ symmetry breaking with right-handed sneutrinos that is small enough to satisfy proton decay constraints, and also adds $L$ symmetry breaking at tree level. The latter gives rise to charginos and neutralinos that decay into a SM boson and a lepton, e.g. $\tilde{\chi}_1^{\pm} \to Z\ell$, where a fully leptonic decay of the $Z$ boson allows the chargino mass resonance to be fully reconstructed. The invariant mass of the three leptons is binned to achieve good sensitivity to a wide range of these $B-L$ SUSY scenarios, and the presence of additional leptons can be used to identify the presence of SM boson decays from the second produced sparticle. With no significant excess seen in the data, chargino masses up to 1.1 TeV are excluded for $\mathcal{B}(\tilde{\chi}_1^{\pm} \to Z\mu) = 100\%$, with lower mass exclusion limits obtained with different assumptions.

No direct limits have yet been placed on the size of the RPV couplings. However, if the coupling is not particularly small, the prompt sparticle decay is allowed and its effect is included in the limits set here. When the RPV coupling becomes very small, the sparticle becomes long-lived and experimental signatures are rather different – these are the topic of Section 8.

# 8 Long-lived supersymmetric particles

As is the case for SM particles, SUSY particles produced at the LHC may be long-lived and travel a significant distance before decaying. Longer lifetimes may be due to weak couplings to their decay products, decays through heavy mediator particles, or small mass differences between the particle and the decay products. The experimental signatures of long-lived new particles can be unconventional and depend on where and how the SUSY particle decays. A long-lived SUSY particle could travel from the ATLAS
interaction point, through the inner-detector tracking system and then the calorimeters, and even through
the muon spectrometer (or decay at any point along the way), leaving different signatures along its path
depending on its properties. A charged particle decaying in the inner detector to a nearly degenerate stable
neutral particle will manifest itself as a disappearing (or kinked) track, while a neutral particle's decay
in the inner detector to charged and neutral particles would appear as tracks pointing back to a displaced
vertex. The calorimeters may also be used for long-lived particle signatures, with photons that do not point
back to the original interaction point ('non-pointing' photons), or strongly interacting long-lived particles
that are stopped in the calorimeters by ionisation energy loss and nuclear scattering. Finally, if a SUSY
particle is charged and very long-lived, the experimental signature would be similar to that of a muon,
albeit with high mass. A neutral, weakly interacting long-lived new particle traversing the ATLAS detector
would not be detected and would appear as a contribution to $p_T^{\text{miss}}$.

A long-lived charged SUSY particle, such as a slepton or chargino, may be produced directly in $pp$
collisions, or from prompt decays of other SUSY particles, such as a gluino. If its lifetime is ~0.1–10 ns
because it is nearly degenerate with the invisible LSP, the charged SUSY particle would leave a track in the
inner detector until the point of decay, where that track then disappears (the emitted charged decay products
typically have momenta which are too low for their tracks to be reconstructed efficiently by the standard
algorithm, although there is enough activity to reconstruct the additional decay products with a dedicated
technique [79]). The backgrounds to such a signature include badly measured tracks, leptons undergoing
large bremsstrahlung or scattering, and high-momentum charged hadrons interacting with material in the
inner detector, and all are estimated directly from data using smeared tracks in control regions. Additional
objects in the events, such as large $E_T^{\text{miss}}$, are usually selected to improve sensitivity to particular SUSY
scenarios. The disappearing-track analysis [69] excludes pure-wino charginos with masses up to ~850 GeV
for lifetimes of about 1 ns, as shown in Figure 18. The mass sensitivity for lower lifetimes is limited by
the requirement of a minimum number of hits on the different layers of the inner detector, while the veto
on track extensions imposed to satisfy the ‘disappearing track’ criterion limits the sensitivity at longer
lifetimes.

If a charged particle has a longer lifetime, it may propagate beyond the inner detector before decaying. The track it leaves would be rather distinctive, with high ionisation energy loss since the expected high mass of the SUSY particle dictates it must be moving slowly, with $\beta = v/c \ll 1$. An analysis selecting tracks with large ionisation energy loss ($dE/dx$) in the pixel detector, instead of disappearing tracks, is used to search for longer-lived charged SUSY particles [80]. Careful corrections to the measured $dE/dx$ and reconstructed mass are made to account for the tracker's decreasing charge collection efficiency due to radiation damage as the integrated luminosity increases. The sensitivity offered by the large-$dE/dx$ analysis is complementary to that of the disappearing-track analysis, covering the longer-lifetime scenarios. Wino-like charginos with masses up to ~1050 GeV are excluded for lifetimes longer than 10 ns, as shown in Figure 18. The observed limits are weaker than the expected ones because the number of observed events exceeds the background prediction, quantified by a global Z significance of 3.3. This excess was investigated in a more recent analysis [81] which considered measurements of time-of-flight to the calorimeter as well as $dE/dx$ in the pixel detector, and found compatibility with the background prediction.

An alternative approach, sensitive to neutral long-lived SUSY particles leaving no tell-tale track in the
inner detector, is to reconstruct the long-lived particle's decay products. Charged decay products leave
tracks that can be traced back to a common displaced vertex, with those from SUSY decays easily
distinguishable from SM decays by their large invariant mass. A specialised track reconstruction algorithm
optimised for tracks with large impact parameters was used to improve the efficiency of displaced-vertex
reconstruction [82]. Random track combinations and merged vertices mimicking a high-mass displaced
<figure><img src="image_20.png" /></figure>

Figure 18: Constraints on the $\tilde{\chi}^{\pm}$ mass as a function of its lifetime for an AMSB model with $\tan \beta = 5$ and $\mu > 0$. The wino-like $\tilde{\chi}^{\pm}$ is pair-produced and decays into a wino-like $\tilde{\chi}_1^0$ and a very soft charged pion. The solid lines indicate the observed limits, while the dashed lines indicate the expected limits. The area below the curves is excluded. “Calo” and “MS” refer to the ATLAS calorimeter and muon spectrometer systems, respectively. The analyses also have sensitivity at lifetimes other than those shown, but only the limits at tested lifetimes are shown. The three markers at large lifetime represent results for which the particle is assumed to be stable. In this context, stable means escaping the detector. The exclusion contours from the pixel $dE/dx$ search are each extrapolated to the stable regime with a straight line.

vertex typically dominate the backgrounds. A smaller component comes from hadronic interactions with detector material that are usually concentrated in regions with high matter density and are vetoed. However, those occurring in less dense regions can also appear as a high-mass displaced vertex. The searches for long-lived SUSY particles using displaced vertices [83] have excluded gluino masses up to 2400 GeV for lifetimes of ~0.1 ns, as shown in Figure 19. Prompt-decay SUSY analyses are typically more sensitive to gluino lifetimes below 0.01 ns, while the large-$dE/dx$ and stopped-gluino searches cover the longer lifetimes above ~5 ns.

A long-lived gluino may form an R-hadron with a SM vacuum quark, travel part way through the detector, and then stop in the calorimeter due to energy losses via ionisation and nuclear scattering. It may decay at a much later time, from about 100 ns to one year later, so a search for hadronic activity in the absence of collisions, while empty LHC beam bunches pass through ATLAS, is used [84]. The efficiency of R-hadron detection depends on the fraction that stop in the detector, the probability of R-hadron decay during empty bunches, and the efficiency of hadronic-activity reconstruction [85]. The cosmic-ray muon background is taken from low-luminosity data-taking periods, while the beam-halo background is estimated from unpaired crossings. Long-lived gluinos with masses up to 1400 GeV are excluded for lifetimes of $10^4-10^{12}$ ns, as shown in Figure 19.

Reconstructed objects, such as electrons, muons, and photons, can also be used to search for long-lived SUSY particles. In these cases, the leptons and photons should point back to the decay vertex of the
<figure><img src="image_21.png" /><figcaption>Figure 19: Constraints on the gluino mass as a function of its lifetime lifetime for a split-supersymmetry model with the gluino R-hadron decaying into a gluon or light quarks and a neutralino with a mass of 100 GeV. The solid lines indicate the observed limits, while the dashed lines indicate the expected limits. The regions below the curves are excluded. “Calo” and “MS” refer to the ATLAS calorimeter and muon spectrometer systems, respectively, while “ToF” refers to the use of time of flight measurements. The expected and observed lines coincide for the Pixel dE/dx, calo ToF search. The markers at large lifetime represent results for which the particle is assumed to be stable. In this context, stable means escaping the detector.</figcaption></figure>

SUSY particle rather than the interaction point, i.e. their tracks should be displaced. The specialised tracking procedure in Ref. [82] reconstructs electrons and muons with large transverse impact parameters, $10 \text{ mm} < |d_0| < 300 \text{ mm}$. The signature is very simple, requiring two large impact parameter ($|d_0| > 3 \text{ mm}$) leptons as expected from the decay of a pair of sleptons [86]. With no significant excess observed in the data, long-lived selectrons and smuons with masses up to about 700 GeV are excluded for lifetimes of about 0.1 ns (or, equivalently, co-NSLP electron/smuon masses up to 820 GeV), while long-lived staus with masses up to about 340 GeV are excluded for the same lifetime. Another analysis, in Ref. [87], covers shorter-lifetime slepton scenarios, in an attempt to cover any sensitivity gap between long-lived and promptly decaying sleptons: in this case, the analysis uses standard tracking algorithms to select ‘micro-displaced’ leptons with $0.1 \text{ mm} < |d_0| < 3 \text{ mm}$ forming high-mass pairs. With this approach, smuon masses up to 520 GeV are excluded for lifetimes of about $10^{-2}$ ns.

Despite the lack of tracking information, the flight path of a photon can be traced back to a location other than the collision vertex by using the spatial measurement and timing capabilities of the ATLAS detector’s liquid-argon EM calorimeter. A photon from a long-lived particle decay will have delayed timing compared to promptly produced photons, and the longitudinal shape of the shower will point back to a displaced vertex instead of the collision vertex. Two such non-pointing photons forming a high-mass displaced vertex are selected (assumed to be from the same decay) in Ref. [88], and these non-pointing photons may also be interpreted as displaced electrons since only EM calorimeter information is used. The background is estimated from data by exploiting the non-correlation in timing and pointing for photons from SM processes. Long-lived neutralinos that decay into a Z boson and gravitino and have lifetimes of 0.2 ns and
<figure><img src="image_22.png" /><figcaption>Figure 20: Fraction of models passing external constraints but excluded by ATLAS, depending on the mass of the electroweakinos for the EWKino samples. Bins in grey indicate that no model passes external constraints, while for bins in cream (black) all models are (not) excluded.</figcaption></figure>

masses below about 700 GeV are excluded.

In summary, an array of unconventional signatures in the ATLAS detector have been used to search for long-lived SUSY particles. From the implementation of specialised tracking algorithms, to searching for activity in the absence of collisions, the effort extends beyond the boundaries of typical SUSY searches at ATLAS and sets stringent limits on the masses of SUSY particles with lifetimes spanning many orders of magnitude.

# 9 Beyond simplified models

Having summarised and discussed in Sections 5 to 8 the main exclusion limits obtained from ATLAS Run 2 data when using simplified models, the obvious question is: how do these limits change when more realistic SUSY models are considered?

At the end of Run 1, ATLAS produced two papers trying to answer this question using slightly different methodologies. Reference [15] used a general 19-parameter pMSSM [13, 89] and sampled the parameter space while assuming a flat prior within the chosen parameter range. The models were checked to see if they were excluded by any of the ATLAS analyses available at the time. Results were quoted in terms of the fraction of models excluded at a given sparticle mass. A further study was performed [90] by varying only the pMSSM parameters affecting the electroweak sector (tan $\beta$, $M_1$, $M_2$, $\mu$, and $M_A$) and evaluating a global likelihood for models relevant for an explanation of the dark-matter relic density.

A similar study was repeated at the end of Run 2 [91]. The emphasis was again on the electroweak sector, with the gluino, squarks, and sleptons having very high masses. The five parameters mentioned above were varied (along with other parameters to satisfy constraints connected with the Higgs sector). Two
samplings were performed: the ‘EWKino’ sample started from 20 000 models randomly sampled with uniform priors, while the ‘Bino-DM’ sample started with 437 500 models with a bino-like LSP that satisfy a requirement on the observed dark-matter relic density as an upper limit. The ability of several ATLAS Run 2 analyses targeting electroweak production to exclude each of the models considered was assessed. A model is declared “excluded by ATLAS” if the analysis yielding the lowest expected CLs (among those considered) excludes it. The impact of additional constraints from electroweak precision measurements, flavour observables and dark-matter direct detection experiments was also considered. The technical aspects of processing the large number of models are a testament to the evolution of the reinterpretation and recasting tools that the ATLAS Collaboration produced during Run 2 [92–94], but their discussion is beyond the scope of this paper.

Figure 20 shows, as a function of the electroweakino mass, the fraction of models in the EWKino sample that pass all external constraints but are excluded by ATLAS. In general, the excluded fraction decreases with increasing sparticle mass. About 50% of the models featuring a neutralino LSP with a mass of 500 GeV are excluded by ATLAS. This fraction increases to about 80% for masses of 200 GeV. Heavier electroweakinos with large masses are excluded in a significant fraction of the models: this is often the effect of correlations with the lighter states. For example, in models with a long-lived wino-like lightest chargino, its lifetime is determined by the mass of $\tilde{\chi}_2^0$.

A complementary view is given in Figure 21: here the Bino-DM sample is considered, and the fraction of models excluded is given in the format usually used by experiments doing direct searches for dark matter, i.e. in the plane of the Weakly Interacting Massive Particle (WIMP)–nucleon spin-independent scattering cross-section versus the mass of the WIMP. ATLAS excludes a very large fraction of the Z/h funnel, where the WIMP mass is close to half the mass of one of the bosons, so that the WIMP self-interaction is regulated by an enhanced cross-section for annihilation via boson exchange. A large fraction of the models are generally excluded for WIMP masses up to about 150 GeV, while the exclusion is progressively more limited above this WIMP mass.

A very useful by-product of studies like the one in Ref. [91] is the identification of classes of models that are not excluded by ATLAS, despite the masses of the involved sparticles being well within the exclusion limits provided by the simplified models. This information was used at the end of Run 1 to design some of the simplified models for Run 2, and will be used again to guide the evolution of the research programme in Run 3 and beyond.
<figure><img src="image_23.png" /><figcaption>Figure 21: Fraction of models passing all non-DM external constraints but excluded by ATLAS. The y-axis shows the WIMP-nucleon spin-independent scattering cross-section $\sigma_{SI}$, while the x-axis shows the mass of the neutralino LSP $m(\tilde{\chi}_1^0)$. Bins in grey indicate that no model passes external constraints, while for bins in cream (black) all models are (not) excluded.</figcaption></figure>

# 10 Discussion and conclusions

The main results of searches for direct production of supersymmetric particles by the ATLAS Collaboration using the Run 2 dataset are summarised in this paper. The authors hope that the material will provide a useful overview for the casual reader, and a handy collection of references for those actively interested in the subject.

The achievements of the ATLAS Collaboration (and of its counterpart, CMS) are remarkable, and exclude important regions of the parameter space. The question that anyone reading this paper is likely to have in mind at this point is: where does this experimental effort leave the community in terms of the existence of SUSY in nature?

In this form, the question is simply too wide to be answered in a convincing way. Since it is probably impossible to prove that the mass of the photon is exactly zero, it is experimentally impossible to prove that the superpartners of the SM particles do not exist, not even at some very large mass scale. However, the community has concluded that the mass of the photon is small enough to not have any phenomenological consequences for a large variety of phenomena at a cosmological scale. Likewise, one can try to provide answers to specific questions once they are asked in the framework of a supersymmetric theory.

The pre-LHC SUSY landscape was dominated by a relatively small number of frameworks arising from specific top-down approaches to the way SUSY was broken. Models that belong to this family are the constrained MSSM (cMSSM, or mSUGRA), anomaly-mediated SUSY breaking (AMSB), and gauge-mediated SUSY breaking (GMSB). In their minimal forms, the predictions of these models were already under very severe pressure by the end of Run 1. The limits on the masses of the gluinos and squarks (already in the TeV regime at the time) excluded a vast amount of the parameter space for the cMSSM [95]. The limits on pure-wino dark matter imposed by the disappearing-track results severely constrained the existence of long-lived charginos, and the difficulty in accommodating a Higgs boson with
a mass of 125 GeV strongly excluded AMSB as a viable framework [96]. Similarly, minimal GMSB needs top squarks with very high mass to obtain a Higgs boson mass compatible with that observed [97]. Beyond the need to connect searches to specific topologies, the rise of simplified models in Run 2 is also partly due to the heavy pressure of the Run 1 searches and Higgs boson results on mainstream SUSY-breaking models. In short, the Run 1 results changed the theoretical thinking and opened up the parameter space.

The Run 2 research programme was driven by a more agnostic approach – the big questions (such as: Is SUSY the way nature has chosen to stabilise the Higgs boson mass at the electroweak scale? Is SUSY the reason for the existence of dark matter?) were still used as a guideline, but the approach was much closer to ‘turn every stone’ than in the past. The classical paradigm of SUSY as a solution to the little hierarchy problem<fnref n="6" /> [98, 99] requires higgsinos with masses of at most a few hundred GeV, top squarks at the TeV scale, and gluinos not too far above that. The current limits, well into the few-TeV region for gluinos and a TeV for top squarks, exceed the expectations for classical naturalness definitions, although more modern reanalysis of the arguments relaxes the constraints [100]. For the first time, hadron collider experiments started to surpass the LEP limits on higgsinos – and further investigations into the existence of higgsinos will be a highlight of Run 3 and beyond. As discussed in Section 9, many scenarios that include viable dark-matter candidates have been severely constrained by the LHC results, most notably the Z/h funnels for bino dark matter (those models where the self-annihilation cross-section for binos is enhanced by the proximity of the neutralino mass to half that of the Z or h boson). First sensitivity to the existence of a light stau was achieved during Run 2, although the interesting region for probing the stau funnel as a dark-matter regulation mechanism is still beyond experimental reach.

These results have led to a culture shift in the experimental and phenomenology communities: from being the prime candidate as a framework for physics beyond the SM, SUSY at the electroweak scale seems now to be perceived as a somewhat disfavoured candidate mechanism to extend the SM. Is this shift fully justified? The question is subject of an active debate in the theory community (scenarios arising from the string landscape agree well with the current LHC null result [101]). Regardless of the community's perception, the MSSM scans presented here and independently performed by the phenomenology community clearly show that SUSY still has a lot to offer, both as a source of viable models of new physics and as a spectacular tool for generating new signatures, and is thus a source of new ideas for searches. Hopefully, one of the benefits of reviews like this one is to help the average high-energy physicist to put the experimental effort in the right context: despite its main incarnations having been severely impacted by data from the LHC, the framework of electroweak-scale SUSY still offers viable extensions of the SM.

Together with those from the CMS Collaboration, the results summarised in this paper represent the state of the art (at the time of writing) in the worldwide experimental search for SUSY. No large increase in the centre-of-mass energy of the collisions is foreseen (in the ongoing Run 3, protons are collided at $\sqrt{s} = 13.6$ TeV). While it will take a long time for the size of the available dataset to increase substantially, the authors are confident that the creativity and skill of the experimentalists will improve the sensitivity of ATLAS to SUSY particles at a rate well beyond simple integrated luminosity scaling, as has happened so many times in the past. Therefore, while the results discussed in this paper are based on much of the overall capability of the LHC to probe unexplored territory in the SUSY parameter space, experimental breakthroughs will open new sensitivity windows, and, hopefully, start to shed some light on the questions that still today, more than ever, call for an extension of the Standard Model of particle physics.

<footnote n="6">⁶ SUSY removes the quadratic sensitivity of the weak scale to the presence of a significantly higher energy scale coupling to it (big hierarchy). The residual tuning required between the parameters of a SUSY model to yield the observed weak scale is referred to as the little hierarchy problem.</footnote>
Acknowledgements

We thank CERN for the very successful operation of the LHC and its injectors, as well as the support staff at CERN and at our institutions worldwide without whom ATLAS could not be operated efficiently.

The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowledged gratefully, in particular from CERN, the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF/SFU (Canada), NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC-IN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), RAL (UK) and BNL (USA), the Tier-2 facilities worldwide and large non-WLCG resource providers. Major contributors of computing resources are listed in Ref. [102].

We gratefully acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; ANID, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; Minciencias, Colombia; MEYS CR, Czech Republic; DNRF and DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS and CEA-DRF/IRFU, France; SRNSFG, Georgia; BMBF, HGF and MPG, Germany; GSRI, Greece; RGC and Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MEiN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARIS and MVZI, Slovenia; DSI/NRF, South Africa; MICIU/AEI, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; NSTC, Taipei; TENMAK, Türkiye; STFC/UKRI, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America.

Individual groups and members have received support from BCKDF, CANARIE, CRC and DRAC, Canada; CERN-CZ, PRIMUS 21/SCI/017 and UNCE SCI/013, Czech Republic; COST, ERC, ERDF, Horizon 2020, ICSC-NextGenerationEU and Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d'Avenir Labex, Investissements d'Avenir Idex and ANR, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF, Greece; BSF-NSF and MINERVA, Israel; Norwegian Financial Mechanism 2014-2021, Norway; NCN and NAWA, Poland; La Caixa Banking Foundation, CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya and PROMETEO and GenT Programmes Generalitat Valenciana, Spain; Göran Gustafssons Stiftelse, Sweden; The Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom.

In addition, individual members wish to acknowledge support from CERN: European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN PJAS); Chile: Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (FONDECYT 1190886, FONDECYT 1210400, FONDECYT 1230812, FONDECYT 1230987); China: National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC - 12175119, NSFC 12275265, NSFC-12075060); Czech Republic: PRIMUS Research Programme (PRIMUS/21/SCI/017); EU: H2020 European Research Council (ERC - 101002463); European Union: European Research Council (ERC - 948254, ERC 101089007), Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (MUCCA - CHIST-ERA-19-XAI-00), European Union, Future Artificial Intelligence Research (FAIR-NextGenerationEU PE00000013), Italian Center for High Performance Computing, Big Data and Quantum Computing (ICSC, NextGenerationEU); France: Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-20-CE31-0013, ANR-21-CE31-0013, ANR-21-CE31-0022, ANR-22-EDIR-0002), Investissements d'Avenir Labex (ANR-11-LABX-0012); Germany: Baden-Württemberg Stiftung (BW Stiftung-Postdoc Eliteprogramme), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG - 469666862, DFG - CR 312/5-2); Italy: Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (ICSC, NextGenerationEU), Ministero dell'Università e della Ricerca (PRIN - 20223N7F8K - PNRR M4.C2.1.1); Japan: Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS KAKENHI JP21H05085, JSPS KAKENHI JP22H01227, JSPS KAKENHI JP22H04944, JSPS KAKENHI JP22KK0227); Netherlands: Netherlands Organisation for
Scientific Research (NWO Veni 2020 - VI.Veni.202.179); Norway: Research Council of Norway (RCN-314472); Poland: Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange (PPN/PPO/2020/1/00002/U/00001), Polish National Science Centre (NCN 2021/42/E/ST2/00350, NCN OPUS nr 2022/47/B/ST2/03059, NCN UMO-2019/34/E/ST2/00393, UMO-2020/37/B/ST2/01043, UMO-2021/40/C/ST2/00187, UMO-2022/47/O/ST2/00148); Slovenia: Slovenian Research Agency (ARIS grant J1-3010); Spain: BBVA Foundation (LEO22-1-603), Generalitat Valenciana (Artemisa, FEDER, IDIFEDER/2018/048), La Caixa Banking Foundation (LCF/BQ/PI20/11760025), Ministry of Science and Innovation (MCIN & NextGenEU PCI2022-135018-2, MICIN & FEDER PID2021-125273NB, RYC2019-028510-I, RYC2020-030254-I, RYC2021-031273-I, RYC2022-038164-I), PROMETEO and GenT Programmes Generalitat Valenciana (CIDEGENT/2019/023, CIDEGENT/2019/027); Sweden: Swedish Research Council (VR 2018-00482, VR 2022-03845, VR 2022-04683, VR grant 2021-03651), Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (KAW 2017.0100, KAW 2018.0157, KAW 2018.0458, KAW 2019.0447, KAW 2022.0358); Switzerland: Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF - PCEFP2_194658); United Kingdom: Leverhulme Trust (Leverhulme Trust RPG-2020-004); United States of America: U.S. Department of Energy (ECA DE-AC02-76SF00515), Neubauer Family Foundation.

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The ATLAS Collaboration

G. Aad¹⁰³, E. Aakvaag¹⁶, B. Abbott¹²¹, K. Abeling⁵⁵, N.J. Abicht⁴⁹, S.H. Abidi²⁹,
M. Aboelela⁴⁴, A. Aboulhorma³⁵, H. Abramowicz¹⁵², H. Abreu¹⁵¹, Y. Abulaiti¹¹⁸,
B.S. Acharya⁶⁹a,⁶⁹b,¹, A. Ackermann⁶³a, C. Adam Bourdarios⁴, L. Adamczyk⁸⁶a,
S.V. Addepalli²⁶, M.J. Addison¹⁰², J. Adelman¹¹⁶, A. Adiguzel²¹c, T. Adye¹³⁵,
A.A. Affolder¹³⁷, Y. Afik³⁹, M.N. Agaras¹³, J. Agarwala⁷³a,⁷³b, A. Aggarwal¹⁰¹,
C. Agheorghieseï²⁷c, A. Ahmad³⁶, F. Ahmadov³⁸,², W.S. Ahmed¹⁰⁵, S. Ahuja⁹⁶, X. Ai⁶²e,
G. Aielli⁷⁶a,⁷⁶b, A. Aikot¹⁶⁴, M. Ait Tamlihat³⁵e, B. Aitbenchikh³⁵a, I. Aizenberg¹⁷⁰,
M. Akbiyik¹⁰¹, T.P.A. Åkesson⁹⁹, A.V. Akimov³⁷, D. Akiyama¹⁶⁹, N.N. Akolkar²⁴,
S. Aktas²¹a, K. Al Khoury⁴¹, G.L. Alberghi²³b, J. Albert¹⁶⁶, P. Albicocco⁵³, G.L. Albouy⁶⁰,
S. Alderweireldt⁵², Z.L. Alegria¹²², M. Aleksa³⁶, I.N. Aleksandrov³⁸, C. Alexa²⁷b,
T. Alexopoulos¹⁰, F. Alfonsi²³b, M. Algren⁵⁶, M. Alhroob¹⁴², B. Ali¹³³, H.M.J. Ali⁹²,
S. Ali¹⁴⁹, S.W. Alibocus⁹³, M. Aliev³³c, G. Alimonti⁷¹a, W. Alkakhi⁵⁵, C. Allaire⁶⁶,
B.M.M. Allbrooke¹⁴⁷, J.F. Allen⁵², C.A. Allendes Flores¹³⁸f, P.P. Allport²⁰, A. Aloisio⁷²a,⁷²b,
F. Alonso⁹¹, C. Alpigiani¹³⁹, M. Alvarez Estevez¹⁰⁰, A. Alvarez Fernandez¹⁰¹,
M. Alves Cardoso⁵⁶, M.G. Alviggi⁷²a,⁷²b, M. Aly¹⁰², Y. Amaral Coutinho⁸³b, A. Ambler¹⁰⁵,
C. Amelung³⁶, M. Amerl¹⁰², C.G. Ames¹¹⁰, D. Amidei¹⁰⁷, K.J. Amirie¹⁵⁶,
S.P. Amor Dos Santos¹³¹a, K.R. Amos¹⁶⁴, S. An⁸⁴, V. Ananiev¹²⁶, C. Anastopoulos¹⁴⁰,
T. Andeen¹¹, J.K. Anders³⁶, S.Y. Andrean⁴⁷a,⁴⁷b, A. Andreazza⁷¹a,⁷¹b, S. Angelidakis⁹,
A. Angerami⁴¹,ab, A.V. Anisenkov³⁷, A. Annovi⁷⁴a, C. Antel⁵⁶, M.T. Anthony¹⁴⁰,
E. Antipov¹⁴⁶, M. Antonelli⁵³, F. Anulli⁷⁵a, M. Aoki⁸⁴, T. Aoki¹⁵⁴, J.A. Aparisi Pozo¹⁶⁴,
M.A. Aparo¹⁴⁷, L. Aperio Bella⁴⁸, C. Appelt¹⁸, A. Apyan²⁶, S.J. Arbiol Val⁸⁷,
C. Arcangeletti⁵³, A.T.H. Arce⁵¹, E. Arena⁹³, J-F. Arguin¹⁰⁹, S. Argyropoulos⁵⁴,
J.-H. Arling⁴⁸, O. Arnaez⁴, H. Arnold¹¹⁵, G. Artoni⁷⁵a,⁷⁵b, H. Asada¹¹², K. Asai¹¹⁹,
S. Asai¹⁵⁴, N.A. Asbah³⁶, K. Assamagan²⁹, R. Astalos²⁸a, K.S.V. Astrand⁹⁹, S. Atashi¹⁶⁰,
R.J. Atkin³³a, M. Atkinson¹⁶³, H. Atmani³⁵f, P.A. Atmasiddha¹²⁹, K. Augsten¹³³,
S. Auricchio⁷²a,⁷²b, A.D. Auriol²⁰, V.A. Austrup¹⁰², G. Avolio³⁶, K. Axiotis⁵⁶,
G. Azuelos¹⁰⁹,af, D. Babal²⁸b, H. Bachacou¹³⁶, K. Bachas¹⁵³,p, A. Bachiu³⁴,
F. Backman⁴⁷a,⁴⁷b, A. Badea³⁹, T.M. Baer¹⁰⁷, P. Bagnaia⁷⁵a,⁷⁵b, M. Bahmani¹⁸,
D. Bahner⁵⁴, K. Bai¹²⁴, A.J. Bailey¹⁶⁴, J.T. Baines¹³⁵, L. Baines⁹⁵, O.K. Baker¹⁷³,
E. Bakos¹⁵, D. Bakshi Gupta⁸, V. Balakrishnan¹²¹, R. Balasubramanian¹¹⁵, E.M. Baldin³⁷,
P. Balek⁸⁶a, E. Ballabene²³b,²³a, F. Balli¹³⁶, L.M. Baltes⁶³a, W.K. Balunas³², J. Balz¹⁰¹,
E. Banas⁸⁷, M. Bandieramonte¹³⁰, A. Bandyopadhyay²⁴, S. Bansal²⁴, L. Barak¹⁵²,
M. Barakat⁴⁸, E.L. Barberio¹⁰⁶, D. Barberis⁵⁷b,⁵⁷a, M. Barbero¹⁰³, M.Z. Barel¹¹⁵,
K.N. Barends³³a, T. Barillari¹¹¹, M-S. Barisits³⁶, T. Barklow¹⁴⁴, P. Baron¹²³,
D.A. Baron Moreno¹⁰², A. Baroncelli⁶²a, G. Barone²⁹, A.J. Barr¹²⁷, J.D. Barr⁹⁷,
F. Barreiro¹⁰⁰, J. Barreiro Guimarães da Costa¹⁴a, U. Barron¹⁵², M.G. Barros Teixeira¹³¹a,
S. Barsov³⁷, F. Bartels⁶³a, R. Bartoldus¹⁴⁴, A.E. Barton⁹², P. Bartos²⁸a, A. Basan¹⁰¹,
M. Baselga⁴⁹, A. Bassalat⁶⁶b, M.J. Basso¹⁵⁷a, R.L. Bates⁵⁹, S. Batlamous³⁵e, B. Batool¹⁴²,
M. Battaglia¹³⁷, D. Battulga¹⁸, M. Bauce⁷⁵a,⁷⁵b, M. Bauer³⁶, P. Bauer²⁴,
L.T. Bazzano Hurrell³⁰, J.B. Beacham⁵¹, T. Beau¹²⁸, J.Y. Beaucamp⁹¹, P.H. Beauchemin¹⁵⁹,
P. Bechtle¹²⁴, H.P. Beck¹⁹,⁰, K. Becker¹⁶⁸, A.J. Beddall⁸², V.A. Bednyakov³⁸, C.P. Bee¹⁴⁶,
L.J. Beemster¹⁵, T.A. Beermann³⁶, M. Begalli⁸³d, M. Begel²⁹, A. Behera¹⁴⁶, J.K. Behr⁴⁸,
J.F. Beirer³⁶, F. Beisiegel¹²⁴, M. Belfkir¹¹⁷b, G. Bella¹⁵², L. Bellagamba²³b, A. Bellerive³⁴,
P. Bellos²⁰, K. Beloborodov³⁷, D. Benchekroun³⁵a, F. Bendebba³⁵a, Y. Benhammou¹⁵²,
K.C. Benkendorfer (61), L. Beresford (48), M. Beretta (53), E. Bergeaas Kuutmann (162), N. Berger (4), B. Bergmann (133), J. Beringer (17a), G. Bernardi (5), C. Bernius (144), F.U. Bernlochner (24), F. Bernon (36,103), A. Berrocal Guardia (13), T. Berry (96), P. Berta (134), A. Berthold (50), S. Bethke (111), A. Betti (75a,75b), A.J. Bevan (95), N.K. Bhalla (54), M. Bhamjee (33c), S. Bhatta (146), D.S. Bhattacharya (167), P. Bhattarai (144), K.D. Bhide (54), V.S. Bhopatkar (122), R.M. Bianchi (130), G. Bianco (23b,23a), O. Biebel (110), R. Bielski (124), M. Biglietti (77a), C.S. Billingsley (44), M. Bindi (55), A. Bingul (21b), C. Bini (75a,75b), A. Biondini (93), C.J. Birch-sykes (102), G.A. Bird (32), M. Birman (170), M. Biros (134), S. Biryukov (147), T. Bisanz (49), E. Bisceglie (43b,43a), J.P. Biswal (135), D. Biswas (142), K. Bjørke (126), I. Bloch (48), A. Blue (59), U. Blumenschein (95), J. Blumenthal (101), V.S. Bobrovnikov (37), M. Boehler (54), B. Boehm (167), D. Bogavac (36), A.G. Bogdanchikov (37), C. Bohm (47a), V. Boisvert (96), P. Bokan (36), T. Bold (86a), M. Bomben (5), M. Bona (95), M. Boonekamp (136), C.D. Booth (96), A.G. Borbély (59), I.S. Bordulev (37), H.M. Borecka-Bielska (109), G. Borissov (92), D. Bortoletto (127), D. Boscherini (23b), M. Bosman (13), J.D. Bossio Sola (36), K. Bouaouda (35a), N. Bouchhar (164), J. Boudreau (130), E.V. Bouhova-Thacker (92), D. Boumediene (40), R. Bouquet (57b,57a), A. Boveia (120), J. Boyd (36), D. Boye (29), I.R. Boyko (38), J. Bracinik (20), N. Brahimi (4), G. Brandt (172), O. Brandt (32), F. Braren (48), B. Brau (104), J.E. Brau (124), R. Brener (170), L. Brenner (115), R. Brenner (162), S. Bressler (170), D. Britton (59), D. Britzger (111), I. Brock (24), R. Brock (108), G. Brooijmans (41), E. Brost (29), L.M. Brown (166), L.E. Bruce (61), T.L. Bruckler (127), P.A. Bruckman de Renstrom (87), B. Brüers (48), A. Bruni (23b), G. Bruni (23b), M. Bruschi (23b), N. Bruscino (75a,75b), T. Buanes (16), Q. Buat (139), D. Buchin (111), A.G. Buckley (59), O. Bulekov (37), B.A. Bullard (144), S. Burdin (93), C.D. Burgard (49), A.M. Burger (36), B. Burghgrave (8), O. Burlayenko (54), J.T.P. Burr (32), C.D. Burton (11), J.C. Burzynski (143), E.L. Busch (41), V. Büscher (101), P.J. Bussey (59), J.M. Butler (25), C.M. Buttar (59), J.M. Butterworth (97), W. Buttinger (135), C.J. Buxo Vazquez (108), A.R. Buzykaev (37), S. Cabrera Urbán (164), L. Cadamuro (66), D. Caforio (58), H. Cai (130), Y. Cai (14a,14e), Y. Cai (14c), V.M.M. Cairo (36), O. Cakir (3a), N. Calace (36), P. Calafiura (17a), G. Calderini (128), P. Calfayan (68), G. Callea (59), L.P. Caloba (83b), D. Calvet (40), S. Calvet (40), M. Calvetti (74a,74b), R. Camacho Toro (128), S. Camarda (36), D. Camarero Munoz (26), P. Camarri (76a,76b), M.T. Camerlingo (72a,72b), D. Cameron (36), C. Camincher (166), M. Campanelli (97), A. Camplani (42), V. Canale (72a,72b), A.C. Canbay (3a), E. Canonero (96), J. Cantero (164), Y. Cao (163), F. Capocasa (26), M. Capua (43b,43a), A. Carbone (71a,71b), R. Cardarelli (76a), J.C.J. Cardenas (8), F. Cardillo (164), G. Carducci (43b,43a), T. Carli (36), G. Carlino (72a), J.I. Carlotto (13), B.T. Carlson (130,q), E.M. Carlson (166,157a), L. Carminati (71a,71b), A. Carnelli (136), M. Carnesale (75a,75b), S. Caron (114), E. Carquin (138f), S. Carrá (71a), G. Carratta (23b,23a), A.M. Carroll (124), T.M. Carter (52), M.P. Casado (13,i), M. Caspar (48), F.L. Castillo (4), L. Castillo Garcia (13), V. Castillo Gimenez (164), N.F. Castro (131a,131e), A. Catinaccio (36), J.R. Catmore (126), T. Cavaliere (4), V. Cavaliere (29), N. Cavalli (23b,23a), Y.C. Cekmecelioglu (48), E. Celebi (21a), S. Cella (36), F. Celli (127), M.S. Centonze (70a,70b), V. Cepaitis (56), K. Cerny (123), A.S. Cerqueira (83a), A. Cerri (147), L. Cerrito (76a,76b), F. Cerutti (17a), B. Cervato (142), A. Cervelli (23b), G. Cesarini (53), S.A. Cetin (82), D. Chakraborty (116), J. Chan (17a), W.Y. Chan (154), J.D. Chapman (32), E. Chapon (136), B. Chargeishvili (150b), D.G. Charlton (20), M. Chatterjee (19), C. Chauhan (134), Y. Che (14c), S. Chekanov (6), S.V. Chekulaev (157a), G.A. Chelkov (38a), A. Chen (107), B. Chen (152), B. Chen (166), H. Chen (14c), H. Chen (29), J. Chen (62c), J. Chen (143), M. Chen (127), S. Chen (154), S.J. Chen (14c), X. Chen (62c,136), X. Chen (14b,ae), Y. Chen (62a), C.L. Cheng (171), H.C. Cheng (64a), S. Cheong (144), A. Cheplakov (38), E. Cheremushkina (48), E. Cherepanova (115), R. Cherkaoui El Moursli (35e), E. Cheu (7), K. Cheung (65), L. Chevalier (136), V. Chiarella (53), G. Chiarelli (74a), N. Chiedde (103), G. Chiodini (70a), A.S. Chisholm (20), A. Chitan (27b), M. Chitishvili (164), M.V. Chizhov (38,r), K. Choi (11), Y. Chou (139),
E.Y.S. Chow [114], K.L. Chu [170], M.C. Chu [64a], X. Chu [14a,14e], J. Chudoba [132],
J.J. Chwastowski [87], D. Cieri [111], K.M. Ciesla [86a], V. Cindro [94], A. Ciocio [17a], F. Cirotto [72a,72b],
Z.H. Citron [170], M. Citterio [71a], D.A. Ciubotaru [27b], A. Clark [56], P.J. Clark [52], C. Clarry [156],
J.M. Clavijo Columbie [48], S.E. Clawson [48], C. Clement [47a,47b], J. Clercx [48], Y. Coadou [103],
M. Cobal [69a,69c], A. Coccaro [57b], R.F. Coelho Barrue [131a], R. Coelho Lopes De Sa [104],
S. Coelli [71a], B. Cole [41], J. Collot [60], P. Conde Muiño [131a,131g], M.P. Connell [33c],
S.H. Connell [33c], E.I. Conroy [127], F. Conventi [72a,ag], H.G. Cooke [20], A.M. Cooper-Sarkar [127],
A. Cordeiro Oudot Choi [128], L.D. Corpe [40], M. Corradi [75a,75b], F. Corriveau [105,x],
A. Cortes-Gonzalez [18], M.J. Costa [164], F. Costanza [4], D. Costanzo [140], B.M. Cote [120],
G. Cowan [96], K. Cranmer [171], D. Cremonini [23b,23a], S. Crépé-Renaudin [60], F. Crescioli [128],
M. Cristinziani [142], M. Cristoforetti [78a,78b], V. Croft [115], J.E. Crosby [122], G. Crosetti [43b,43a],
A. Cueto [100], H. Cui [14a,14e], Z. Cui [7], W.R. Cunningham [59], F. Curcio [164], J.R. Curran [52],
P. Czodrowski [36], M.M. Czurylo [36], M.J. Da Cunha Sargedas De Sousa [57b,57a],
J.V. Da Fonseca Pinto [83b], C. Da Via [102], W. Dabrowski [86a], T. Dado [49], S. Dahbi [149],
T. Dai [107], D. Dal Santo [19], C. Dallapiccola [104], M. Dam [42], G. D'amen [29], V. D'Amico [110],
J. Damp [101], J.R. Dandoy [34], M. Danninger [143], V. Dao [36], G. Darbo [57b], S.J. Das [29,ah],
F. Dattola [48], S. D'Auria [71a,71b], A. D'Avanzo [72a,72b], C. David [33a], T. Davidek [134],
B. Davis-Purcell [34], I. Dawson [95], H.A. Day-hall [133], K. De [8], R. De Asmundis [72a],
N. De Biase [48], S. De Castro [23b,23a], N. De Groot [114], P. de Jong [115], H. De la Torre [116],
A. De Maria [14c], A. De Salvo [75a], U. De Sanctis [76a,76b], F. De Santis [70a,70b], A. De Santo [147],
J.B. De Vivie De Regie [60], D.V. Dedovich [38], J. Degens [93], A.M. Deiana [44], F. Del Corso [23b,23a],
J. Del Peso [100], F. Del Rio [63a], L. Delagrange [128], F. Deliot [136], C.M. Delitzsch [49],
M. Della Pietra [72a,72b], D. Della Volpe [56], A. Dell'Acqua [36], L. Dell'Asta [71a,71b], M. Delmastro [4],
P.A. Delsart [60], S. Demers [173], M. Demichev [38], S.P. Denisov [37], L. D'Eramo [40],
D. Derendarz [87], F. Derue [128], P. Dervan [93], K. Desch [24], C. Deutsch [24], F.A. Di Bello [57b,57a],
A. Di Ciaccio [76a,76b], L. Di Ciaccio [4], A. Di Domenico [75a,75b], C. Di Donato [72a,72b],
A. Di Girolamo [36], G. Di Gregorio [36], A. Di Luca [78a,78b], B. Di Micco [77a,77b], R. Di Nardo [77a,77b],
M. Diamantopoulou [34], F.A. Dias [115], T. Dias Do Vale [143], M.A. Diaz [138a,138b],
F.G. Diaz Capriles [24], M. Didenko [164], E.B. Diehl [107], S. Díez Cornell [48], C. Diez Pardos [142],
C. Dimitriadi [162,24], A. Dimitrievska [17a], J. Dingfelder [24], I-M. Dinu [27b], S.J. Dittmeier [63b],
F. Dittus [36], M. Divisek [134], F. Djama [103], T. Djobava [150b], C. Doglioni [102,99], A. Dohnalova [28a],
J. Dolejsi [134], Z. Dolezal [134], K.M. Dona [39], M. Donadelli [83c], B. Dong [108], J. Donini [40],
A. D'Onofrio [72a,72b], M. D'Onofrio [93], J. Dopke [135], A. Doria [72a], N. Dos Santos Fernandes [131a],
P. Dougan [102], M.T. Dova [91], A.T. Doyle [59], M.A. Draguet [127], E. Dreyer [170],
I. Drivas-koulouris [10], M. Drnevich [118], M. Drozdova [56], D. Du [62a], T.A. du Pree [115],
F. Dubinin [37], M. Dubovsky [28a], E. Duchovni [170], G. Duckeck [110], O.A. Ducu [27b], D. Duda [52],
A. Dudarev [36], E.R. Duden [26], M. D'uffizi [102], L. Duflot [66], M. Dührssen [36], I. Duminica [27g],
A.E. Dumitriu [27b], M. Dunford [63a], S. Dungs [49], K. Dunne [47a,47b], A. Duperrin [103],
H. Duran Yildiz [3a], M. Düren [58], A. Durglishvili [150b], B.L. Dwyer [116], G.I. Dyckes [17a],
M. Dyndal [86a], B.S. Dziedzic [87], Z.O. Earnshaw [147], G.H. Eberwein [127], B. Eckerova [28a],
S. Eggebrecht [55], E. Egidio Purcino De Souza [128], L.F. Ehrke [56], G. Eigen [16], K. Einsweiler [17a],
T. Ekelof [162], P.A. Ekman [99], S. El Farkh [35b], Y. El Ghazali [35b], H. El Jarrari [36],
A. El Moussaouy [109], V. Ellajosyula [162], M. Ellert [162], F. Ellinghaus [172], N. Ellis [36],
J. Elmsheuser [29], M. Elsawy [117a], M. Elsing [36], D. Emeliyanov [135], Y. Enari [154], I. Ene [17a],
S. Epari [13], P.A. Erland [87], M. Errenst [172], M. Escalier [66], C. Escobar [164], E. Etzion [152],
G. Evans [131a], H. Evans [68], L.S. Evans [96], A. Ezhilov [37], S. Ezzarqtouni [35a], F. Fabbri [23b,23a],
L. Fabbri [23b,23a], G. Facini [97], V. Fadeyev [137], R.M. Fakhrutdinov [37], D. Fakoudis [101],
S. Falciano<sup>75a</sup>, L.F. Falda Ulhoa Coelho<sup>36</sup>, P.J. Falke<sup>24</sup>, J. Faltova<sup>134</sup>, C. Fan<sup>163</sup>, Y. Fan<sup>14a</sup>, Y. Fang<sup>14a,14e</sup>, M. Fanti<sup>71a,71b</sup>, M. Faraj<sup>69a,69b</sup>, Z. Farazpay<sup>98</sup>, A. Farbin<sup>8</sup>, A. Farilla<sup>77a</sup>, T. Farooque<sup>108</sup>, S.M. Farrington<sup>52</sup>, F. Fassi<sup>35e</sup>, D. Fassouliotis<sup>9</sup>, M. Fauci Giannelli<sup>76a,76b</sup>, W.J. Fawcett<sup>32</sup>, L. Fayard<sup>66</sup>, P. Federic<sup>134</sup>, P. Federicova<sup>132</sup>, O.L. Fedin<sup>37a</sup>, M. Feickert<sup>171</sup>, L. Feligioni<sup>103</sup>, D.E. Fellers<sup>124</sup>, C. Feng<sup>62b</sup>, M. Feng<sup>14b</sup>, Z. Feng<sup>115</sup>, M.J. Fenton<sup>160</sup>, L. Ferencz<sup>48</sup>, R.A.M. Ferguson<sup>92</sup>, S.I. Fernandez Luengo<sup>138f</sup>, P. Fernandez Martinez<sup>13</sup>, M.J.V. Fernoux<sup>103</sup>, J. Ferrando<sup>92</sup>, A. Ferrari<sup>162</sup>, P. Ferrari<sup>115,114</sup>, R. Ferrari<sup>73a</sup>, D. Ferrere<sup>56</sup>, C. Ferretti<sup>107</sup>, F. Fiedler<sup>101</sup>, P. Fiedler<sup>133</sup>, A. Filipčič<sup>94</sup>, E.K. Filmer<sup>1</sup>, F. Filthaut<sup>114</sup>, M.C.N. Fiolhais<sup>131a,131c,c</sup>, L. Fiorini<sup>164</sup>, W.C. Fisher<sup>108</sup>, T. Fitschen<sup>102</sup>, P.M. Fitzhugh<sup>136</sup>, I. Fleck<sup>142</sup>, P. Fleischmann<sup>107</sup>, T. Flick<sup>172</sup>, M. Flores<sup>33d,ac</sup>, L.R. Flores Castillo<sup>64a</sup>, L. Flores Sanz De Acedo<sup>36</sup>, F.M. Follega<sup>78a,78b</sup>, N. Fomin<sup>16</sup>, J.H. Foo<sup>156</sup>, A. Formica<sup>136</sup>, A.C. Forti<sup>102</sup>, E. Fortin<sup>36</sup>, A.W. Fortman<sup>17a</sup>, M.G. Foti<sup>17a</sup>, L. Fountas<sup>9j</sup>, D. Fournier<sup>66</sup>, H. Fox<sup>92</sup>, P. Francavilla<sup>74a,74b</sup>, S. Francescato<sup>61</sup>, S. Franchellucci<sup>56</sup>, M. Franchini<sup>23b,23a</sup>, S. Franchino<sup>63a</sup>, D. Francis<sup>36</sup>, L. Franco<sup>114</sup>, V. Franco Lima<sup>36</sup>, L. Franconi<sup>48</sup>, M. Franklin<sup>61</sup>, G. Frattari<sup>26</sup>, W.S. Freund<sup>83b</sup>, Y.Y. Frid<sup>152</sup>, J. Friend<sup>59</sup>, N. Fritzsche<sup>50</sup>, A. Froch<sup>54</sup>, D. Froidevaux<sup>36</sup>, J.A. Frost<sup>127</sup>, Y. Fu<sup>62a</sup>, S. Fuenzalida Garrido<sup>138f</sup>, M. Fujimoto<sup>103</sup>, K.Y. Fung<sup>64a</sup>, E. Furtado De Simas Filho<sup>83e</sup>, M. Furukawa<sup>154</sup>, J. Fuster<sup>164</sup>, A. Gabrielli<sup>23b,23a</sup>, A. Gabrielli<sup>156</sup>, P. Gadow<sup>36</sup>, G. Gagliardi<sup>57b,57a</sup>, L.G. Gagnon<sup>17a</sup>, S. Galantzan<sup>152</sup>, E.J. Gallas<sup>127</sup>, B.J. Gallop<sup>135</sup>, K.K. Gan<sup>120</sup>, S. Ganguly<sup>154</sup>, Y. Gao<sup>52</sup>, F.M. Garay Walls<sup>138a,138b</sup>, B. Garcia<sup>29</sup>, C. García<sup>164</sup>, A. Garcia Alonso<sup>115</sup>, A.G. Garcia Caffaro<sup>173</sup>, J.E. García Navarro<sup>164</sup>, M. Garcia-Sciveres<sup>17a</sup>, G.L. Gardner<sup>129</sup>, R.W. Gardner<sup>39</sup>, N. Garelli<sup>159</sup>, D. Garg<sup>80</sup>, R.B. Garg<sup>144,m</sup>, J.M. Gargan<sup>52</sup>, C.A. Garner<sup>156</sup>, C.M. Garvey<sup>33a</sup>, P. Gaspar<sup>83b</sup>, V.K. Gassmann<sup>159</sup>, G. Gaudio<sup>73a</sup>, V. Gautam<sup>13</sup>, P. Gauzzi<sup>75a,75b</sup>, I.L. Gavrilenko<sup>37</sup>, A. Gavrilyuk<sup>37</sup>, C. Gay<sup>165</sup>, G. Gaycken<sup>48</sup>, E.N. Gazis<sup>10</sup>, A.A. Geanta<sup>27b</sup>, C.M. Gee<sup>137</sup>, A. Gekow<sup>120</sup>, C. Gemme<sup>57b</sup>, M.H. Genest<sup>60</sup>, A.D. Gentry<sup>113</sup>, S. George<sup>96</sup>, W.F. George<sup>20</sup>, T. Geralis<sup>46</sup>, P. Gessinger-Befurt<sup>36</sup>, M.E. Geyik<sup>172</sup>, M. Ghani<sup>168</sup>, K. Ghorbanian<sup>95</sup>, A. Ghosal<sup>142</sup>, A. Ghosh<sup>160</sup>, A. Ghosh<sup>7</sup>, B. Giacobbe<sup>23b</sup>, S. Giagu<sup>75a,75b</sup>, T. Giani<sup>115</sup>, P. Giannetti<sup>74a</sup>, A. Giannini<sup>62a</sup>, S.M. Gibson<sup>96</sup>, M. Gignac<sup>137</sup>, D.T. Gil<sup>86b</sup>, A.K. Gilbert<sup>86a</sup>, B.J. Gilbert<sup>41</sup>, D. Gillberg<sup>34</sup>, G. Gilles<sup>115</sup>, L. Ginabat<sup>128</sup>, D.M. Gingrich<sup>2,af</sup>, M.P. Giordani<sup>69a,69c</sup>, P.F. Giraud<sup>136</sup>, G. Giugliarelli<sup>69a,69c</sup>, D. Giugni<sup>71a</sup>, F. Giulì<sup>36</sup>, I. Gkialas<sup>9,j</sup>, L.K. Gladilin<sup>37</sup>, C. Glasman<sup>100</sup>, G.R. Gledhill<sup>124</sup>, G. Glemža<sup>48</sup>, M. Glisic<sup>124</sup>, I. Gnesi<sup>43b,f</sup>, Y. Go<sup>29</sup>, M. Goblirsch-Kolb<sup>36</sup>, B. Gocke<sup>49</sup>, D. Godin<sup>109</sup>, B. Gokturk<sup>21a</sup>, S. Goldfarb<sup>106</sup>, T. Golling<sup>56</sup>, M.G.D. Gololo<sup>33g</sup>, D. Golubkov<sup>37</sup>, J.P. Gombas<sup>108</sup>, A. Gomes<sup>131a,131b</sup>, G. Gomes Da Silva<sup>142</sup>, A.J. Gomez Delegido<sup>164</sup>, R. Gonçalo<sup>131a,131c</sup>, L. Gonella<sup>20</sup>, A. Gongadze<sup>150c</sup>, F. Gonnella<sup>20</sup>, J.L. Gonski<sup>144</sup>, R.Y. González Andana<sup>52</sup>, S. González de la Hoz<sup>164</sup>, R. Gonzalez Lopez<sup>93</sup>, C. Gonzalez Renteria<sup>17a</sup>, M.V. Gonzalez Rodrigues<sup>48</sup>, R. Gonzalez Suarez<sup>162</sup>, S. Gonzalez-Sevilla<sup>56</sup>, L. Goossens<sup>36</sup>, B. Gorini<sup>36</sup>, E. Gorini<sup>70a,70b</sup>, A. Gorišek<sup>94</sup>, T.C. Gosart<sup>129</sup>, A.T. Goshaw<sup>51</sup>, M.I. Gostkin<sup>38</sup>, S. Goswami<sup>122</sup>, C.A. Gottardo<sup>36</sup>, S.A. Gotz<sup>110</sup>, M. Gouighri<sup>35b</sup>, V. Goumarre<sup>48</sup>, A.G. Goussiou<sup>139</sup>, N. Govender<sup>33c</sup>, I. Grabowska-Bold<sup>86a</sup>, K. Graham<sup>34</sup>, E. Gramstad<sup>126</sup>, S. Grancagnolo<sup>70a,70b</sup>, C.M. Grant<sup>1,136</sup>, P.M. Gravila<sup>27f</sup>, F.G. Gravili<sup>70a,70b</sup>, H.M. Gray<sup>17a</sup>, M. Greco<sup>70a,70b</sup>, C. Grefe<sup>24</sup>, I.M. Gregor<sup>48</sup>, K.T. Greif<sup>160</sup>, P. Grenier<sup>144</sup>, S.G. Grewe<sup>111</sup>, A.A. Grillo<sup>137</sup>, K. Grimm<sup>31</sup>, S. Grinstein<sup>131,t</sup>, J.-F. Grivaz<sup>66</sup>, E. Gross<sup>170</sup>, J. Grosse-Knetter<sup>55</sup>, J.C. Grundy<sup>127</sup>, L. Guan<sup>107</sup>, C. Gubbels<sup>165</sup>, J.G.R. Guerrero Rojas<sup>164</sup>, G. Guerrieri<sup>69a,69c</sup>, F. Guescini<sup>111</sup>, R. Gugel<sup>101</sup>, J.A.M. Guhit<sup>107</sup>, A. Guida<sup>18</sup>, E. Guilloton<sup>168</sup>, S. Guindon<sup>36</sup>, F. Guo<sup>14a,14e</sup>, J. Guo<sup>62c</sup>, L. Guo<sup>48</sup>, Y. Guo<sup>107</sup>, R. Gupta<sup>48</sup>, R. Gupta<sup>130</sup>, S. Gurbuz<sup>24</sup>, S.S. Gurdasani<sup>54</sup>,
G. Gustavino (121), M. Guth (56), P. Gutierrez (102), L.F. Gutierrez Zagazeta (129), M. Gutsche (50), C. Gutschow (97), C. Gwenlan (127), C.B. Gwilliam (93), E.S. Haaland (126), A. Haas (118), M. Habedank (48), C. Haber (17a), H.K. Hadavand (8), A. Hadef (50), S. Hadzic (111), A.I. Hagan (92), J.J. Hahn (142), E.H. Haines (97), M. Haleem (167), J. Haley (122), J.J. Hall (140), G.D. Hallewell (103), L. Halser (19), K. Hamano (166), M. Hamer (24), G.N. Hamity (52), E.J. Hampshire (96), J. Han (62b), K. Han (62a), L. Han (14c), L. Han (62a), S. Han (17a), Y.F. Han (156), K. Hanagaki (84), M. Hance (137), D.A. Hangal (41), H. Hanif (143), M.D. Hank (129), J.B. Hansen (42), P.H. Hansen (42), K. Hara (158), D. Harada (56), T. Harenberg (172), S. Harkusha (37), M.L. Harris (104), Y.T. Harris (127), J. Harrison (13), N.M. Harrison (120), P.F. Harrison (168), N.M. Hartman (111), N.M. Hartmann (110), Y. Hasegawa (141), S. Hassan (16), R. Hauser (108), C.M. Hawkes (20), R.J. Hawkings (36), Y. Hayashi (154), S. Hayashida (112), D. Hayden (108), C. Hayes (107), R.L. Hayes (115), C.P. Hays (127), J.M. Hays (95), H.S. Hayward (93), F. He (62a), M. He (14a,14e), Y. He (155), Y. He (48), Y. He (97), N.B. Heatley (95), V. Hedberg (99), A.L. Heggelund (126), N.D. Hehir (95,*), C. Heidegger (54), K.K. Heidegger (54), W.D. Heidorn (81), J. Heilman (34), S. Heim (48), T. Heim (17a), J.G. Heinlein (129), J.J. Heinrich (124), L. Heinrich (111,ad), J. Hejbal (132), A. Held (171), S. Hellesund (16), C.M. Helling (165), S. Hellman (47a,47b), R.C.W. Henderson (92), L. Henkelmann (32), A.M. Henriques Correia (36), H. Herde (99), Y. Hernández Jiménez (146), L.M. Herrmann (24), T. Herrmann (50), G. Herten (54), R. Hertenberger (110), L. Hervas (36), M.E. Hesping (101), N.P. Hessey (157a), E. Hill (156), S.J. Hillier (20), J.R. Hinds (108), F. Hinterkeuser (24), M. Hirose (125), S. Hirose (158), D. Hirschbuehl (172), T.G. Hitchings (102), B. Hiti (94), J. Hobbs (146), R. Hobincu (27e), N. Hod (170), M.C. Hodgkinson (140), B.H. Hodkinson (127), A. Hoecker (36), D.D. Hofer (107), J. Hofer (48), T. Holm (24), M. Holzbock (111), L.B.A.H. Hommels (32), B.P. Honan (102), J. Hong (62c), T.M. Hong (130), B.H. Hooberman (163), W.H. Hopkins (6), Y. Horii (112), S. Hou (149), A.S. Howard (94), J. Howarth (59), J. Hoya (6), M. Hrabovsky (123), A. Hrynevich (48), T. Hryn'ova (4), P.J. Hsu (65), S.-C. Hsu (139), M. Hu (17a), Q. Hu (62a), S. Huang (64b), X. Huang (14a,14e), Y. Huang (140), Y. Huang (14a), Z. Huang (102), Z. Hubacek (133), M. Huebner (24), F. Huegging (24), T.B. Huffman (127), C.A. Hugli (48), M. Huhtinen (36), S.K. Huiberts (16), R. Hulsken (105), N. Huseynov (12), J. Huston (108), J. Huth (61), R. Hyneman (144), G. Iacobucci (56), G. Iakovidis (29), I. Ibragimov (142), L. Iconovidou-Fayard (66), J.P. Iddon (36), P. Iengo (72a,72b), R. Iguchi (154), T. Iizawa (127), Y. Ikegami (84), N. Ilic (156), H. Imam (35a), M. Ince Lezki (56), T. Ingebretsen Carlson (47a,47b), G. Introzzi (73a,73b), M. Iodice (77a), V. Ippolito (75a,75b), R.K. Irwin (93), M. Ishino (154), W. Islam (171), C. Issever (18,48), S. Istin (21a,aj), H. Ito (169), R. Iuppa (78a,78b), A. Ivina (170), J.M. Izen (45), V. Izzo (72a), P. Jacka (132,133), P. Jackson (1), B.P. Jaeger (143), C.S. Jagfeld (110), G. Jain (157a), P. Jain (54), K. Jakobs (54), T. Jakoubek (170), J. Jamieson (59), K.W. Janas (86a), M. Javurkova (104), L. Jeanty (124), J. Jejelava (150a,aa), P. Jenni (54,g), C.E. Jessiman (34), C. Jia (62b), J. Jia (146), X. Jia (61), X. Jia (14a,14e), Z. Jia (14c), S. Jiggins (48), J. Jimenez Pena (13), S. Jin (14c), A. Jinaru (27b), O. Jinnouchi (155), P. Johansson (140), K.A. Johns (7), J.W. Johnson (137), D.M. Jones (147), E. Jones (48), P. Jones (32), R.W.L. Jones (92), T.J. Jones (93), H.L. Joos (55,36), R. Joshi (120), J. Jovicevic (15), X. Ju (17a), J.J. Junggeburth (104), T. Junkermann (63a), A. Juste Rozas (131), M.K. Juzek (87), S. Kabana (138e), A. Kaczmarska (87), M. Kado (111), H. Kagan (120), M. Kagan (144), A. Kahn (41), A. Kahn (129), C. Kahra (101), T. Kaji (154), E. Kajomovitz (151), N. Kakati (170), I. Kalaitzidou (54), C.W. Kalderon (29), N.J. Kang (137), D. Kar (33g), K. Karava (127), M.J. Kareem (157b), E. Karentzos (54), I. Karkanias (153), O. Karkout (115), S.N. Karpov (38), Z.M. Karpova (38), V. Kartvelishvili (92), A.N. Karyukhin (37), E. Kasimi (153), J. Katzy (48), S. Kaur (34), K. Kawade (141), M.P. Kawale (121), C. Kawamoto (88), T. Kawamoto (62a), E.F. Kay (36), F.I. Kaya (159), S. Kazakos (108), V.F. Kazanin (37), Y. Ke (146), J.M. Keaveney (33a), R. Keeler (166), G.V. Kehris (61), J.S. Keller (34), A.S. Kelly (97), J.J. Kempster (147), P.D. Kennedy (101), O. Kepka (132), B.P. Kerridge (135), S. Kersten (172), B.P. Kerševan (94), L. Keszeghova (28a),
S. Ketabchi Haghighat ¹⁵⁶, R.A. Khan ¹³⁰, A. Khanov ¹²², A.G. Kharlamov ³⁷, T. Kharlamova ³⁷,
E.E. Khoda ¹³⁹, M. Kholodenko ³⁷, T.J. Khoo ¹⁸, G. Khoriauli ¹⁶⁷, J. Khubua ¹⁵⁰b,
Y.A.R. Khwaira ⁶⁶, B. Kibirige³³g, A. Kilgallon ¹²⁴, D.W. Kim ⁴⁷a,⁴⁷b, Y.K. Kim ³⁹,
N. Kimura ¹⁹⁷, M.K. Kingston ⁵⁵, A. Kirchhoff ⁵⁵, C. Kirfel ²⁴, F. Kirfel ²⁴, J. Kirk ¹³⁵,
A.E. Kiryunin ¹¹¹, C. Kitsaki ¹⁰, O. Kivernyk ²⁴, M. Klassen ⁶³a, C. Klein ³⁴, L. Klein ¹⁶⁷,
M.H. Klein ⁴⁴, S.B. Klein ⁵⁶, U. Klein ⁹³, P. Klimek ³⁶, A. Klimentov ²⁹, T. Klioutchnikova ³⁶,
P. Kluit ¹¹⁵, S. Kluth ¹¹¹, E. Kneringer ⁷⁹, T.M. Knight ¹⁵⁶, A. Knue ⁴⁹, R. Kobayashi ⁸⁸,
D. Kobylianskii ¹⁷⁰, S.F. Koch ¹²⁷, M. Kocian ¹⁴⁴, P. Kodyš ¹³⁴, D.M. Koeck ¹²⁴,
P.T. Koenig ²⁴, T. Koffas ³⁴, O. Kolay ⁵⁰, I. Koletsou ⁴, T. Komarek ¹²³, K. Köneke ⁵⁴,
A.X.Y. Kong ¹, T. Kono ¹¹⁹, N. Konstantinidis ⁹⁷, P. Kontaxakis ⁵⁶, B. Konya ⁹⁹,
R. Kopeliansky ⁴¹, S. Koperny ⁸⁶a, K. Korcyl ⁸⁷, K. Kordas ¹⁵³e, A. Korn ⁹⁷, S. Korn ⁵⁵,
I. Korolkov ¹³, N. Korotkova ³⁷, B. Kortman ¹¹⁵, O. Kortner ¹¹¹, S. Kortner ¹¹¹,
W.H. Kostecka ¹¹⁶, V.V. Kostyukhin ¹⁴², A. Kotsokechagia ¹³⁶, A. Kotwal ⁵¹, A. Koulouris ³⁶,
A. Kourkoumeli-Charalampidi ⁷³a,⁷³b, C. Kourkoumelis ⁹, E. Kourlitis ¹¹¹ad, O. Kovanda ¹²⁴,
R. Kowalewski ¹⁶⁶, W. Kozanecki ¹³⁶, A.S. Kozhin ³⁷, V.A. Kramarenko ³⁷, G. Kramberger ⁹⁴,
P. Kramer ¹⁰¹, M.W. Krasny ¹²⁸, A. Krasznahorkay ³⁶, J.W. Kraus ¹⁷², J.A. Kremer ⁴⁸,
T. Kresse ⁵⁰, J. Kretzschmar ⁹³, K. Kreul ¹⁸, P. Krieger ¹⁵⁶, S. Krishnamurthy ¹⁰⁴,
M. Krivos ¹³⁴, K. Krizka ²⁰, K. Kroeninger ⁴⁹, H. Kroha ¹¹¹, J. Kroll ¹³², J. Kroll ¹²⁹,
K.S. Krowpman ¹⁰⁸, U. Kruchonak ³⁸, H. Krüger ²⁴, N. Krumnack ⁸¹, M.C. Kruse ⁵¹,
O. Kuchinskaia ³⁷, S. Kuday ³a, S. Kuehn ³⁶, R. Kuesters ⁵⁴, T. Kuhl ⁴⁸, V. Kukhtin ³⁸,
Y. Kulchitsky ³⁷a, S. Kuleshov ¹³⁸d,¹³⁸b, M. Kumar ³³g, N. Kumari ⁴⁸, P. Kumari ¹⁵⁷b,
A. Kupco ¹³², T. Kupfer ⁴⁹, A. Kupich ³⁷, O. Kuprash ⁵⁴, H. Kurashige ⁸⁵, L.L. Kurchaninov ¹⁵⁷a,
O. Kurdysh ⁶⁶, Y.A. Kurochkin ³⁷, A. Kurova ³⁷, M. Kuze ¹⁵⁵, A.K. Kvam ¹⁰⁴, J. Kvita ¹²³,
T. Kwan ¹⁰⁵, N.G. Kyriacou ¹⁰⁷, L.A.O. Laatu ¹⁰³, C. Lacasta ¹⁶⁴, F. Lacava ⁷⁵a,⁷⁵b,
H. Lacker ¹⁸, D. Lacour ¹²⁸, N.N. Lad ⁹⁷, E. Ladygin ³⁸, A. Lafarge ⁴⁰, B. Laforge ¹²⁸,
T. Lagouri ¹⁷³, F.Z. Lahbabi ³⁵a, S. Lai ⁵⁵, I.K. Lakomiec ⁸⁶a, N. Lalloue ⁶⁰, J.E. Lambert ¹⁶⁶,
S. Lammers ⁶⁸, W. Lampl ⁷, C. Lampoudis ¹⁵³e, G. Lamprinoudis ¹⁰¹, A.N. Lancaster ¹¹⁶,
E. Lançon ²⁹, U. Landgraf ⁵⁴, M.P.J. Landon ⁹⁵, V.S. Lang ⁵⁴, O.K.B. Langrekken ¹²⁶,
A.J. Lankford ¹⁶⁰, F. Lanni ³⁶, K. Lantzsch ²⁴, A. Lanza ⁷³a, A. Lapertosa ⁵⁷b,⁵⁷a,
J.F. Laporte ¹³⁶, T. Lari ⁷¹a, F. Lasagni Manghi ²³b, M. Lassnig ³⁶, V. Latonova ¹³²,
A. Laudrain ¹⁰¹, A. Laurier ¹⁵¹, S.D. Lawlor ¹⁴⁰, Z. Lawrence ¹⁰², R. Lazaridou ¹⁶⁸,
M. Lazzaroni ⁷¹a,⁷¹b, B. Le ¹⁰², E.M. Le Boulicaut ⁵¹, L.T. Le Pottier ¹⁷a, B.aban ²³b,²³a,
A. Lebedev ⁸¹, M. LeBlanc ¹⁰², F. Ledroit-Guillon ⁶⁰, A.C.A. Lee ⁹⁷, S.C. Lee ¹⁴⁹, S. Lee ⁴⁷a,⁴⁷b,
T.F. Lee ⁹³, L.L. Leeuw ³³c, H.P. Lefebvre ⁹⁶, M. Lefebvre ¹⁶⁶, C. Leggett ¹⁷a,
G. Lehmann Miotto ³⁶, M. Leigh ⁵⁶, W.A. Leight ¹⁰⁴, W. Leinonen ¹¹⁴, A. Leisos ¹⁵³s,
M.A.L. Leite ⁸³c, C.E. Leitgeb ¹⁸, R. Leitner ¹³⁴, K.J.C. Leney ⁴⁴, T. Lenz ²⁴, S. Leone ⁷⁴a,
C. Leonidopoulos ⁵², A. Leopold ¹⁴⁵, C. Leroy ¹⁰⁹, R. Les ¹⁰⁸, C.G. Lester ³²,
M. Levchenko ³⁷, J. Levêque ⁴, L.J. Levinson ¹⁷⁰, G. Levrini ²³b,²³a, M.P. Lewicki ⁸⁷,
D.J. Lewis ⁴, A. Li ⁵, B. Li ⁶²b, C. Li ⁶²a, C-Q. Li ¹¹¹, H. Li ⁶²a, H. Li ⁶²b, H. Li ¹⁴c,
H. Li ¹⁴b, H. Li ⁶²b, J. Li ⁶²c, K. Li ¹³⁹, L. Li ⁶²c, M. Li ¹⁴a,¹⁴e, Q.Y. Li ⁶²a, S. Li ¹⁴a,¹⁴e,
S. Li ⁶²d,⁶²c,d, T. Li ⁵, X. Li ¹⁰⁵, Z. Li ¹²⁷, Z. Li ¹⁵⁴, Z. Li ¹⁴a,¹⁴e, S. Liang ¹⁴a,¹⁴e,
Z. Liang ¹⁴a, M. Liberatore ¹³⁶, B. Liberti ⁷⁶a, K. Lie ⁶⁴c, J. Lieber Marin ⁸³b, H. Lien ⁶⁸,
K. Lin ¹⁰⁸, R.E. Lindley ⁷, J.H. Lindon ², E. Lipeles ¹²⁹, A. Lipniacka ¹⁶, A. Lister ¹⁶⁵,
J.D. Little ⁴, B. Liu ¹⁴a, B.X. Liu ¹⁴³, D. Liu ⁶²d,⁶²c, E.H.L. Liu ²⁰, J.B. Liu ⁶²a, J.K.K. Liu ³²,
K. Liu ⁶²d, K. Liu ⁶²d,⁶²c, M. Liu ⁶²a, M.Y. Liu ⁶²a, P. Liu ¹⁴a, Q. Liu ⁶²d,¹³⁹,⁶²c, X. Liu ⁶²a,
X. Liu ⁶²b, Y. Liu ¹⁴d,¹⁴e, Y.L. Liu ⁶²b, Y.W. Liu ⁶²a, J. Llorente Merino ¹⁴³, S.L. Lloyd ⁹⁵,
E.M. Lobodzinska ⁴⁸, P. Loch ⁷, T. Lohse ¹⁸, K. Lohwasser ¹⁴⁰, E. Loiacono ⁴⁸,
M. Lokajicek ¹³²,*, J.D. Lomas ²⁰, J.D. Long ¹⁶³, I. Longarini ¹⁶⁰, L. Longo ⁷⁰a,⁷⁰b,
R. Longo ¹⁶³, I. Lopez Paz ⁶⁷, A. Lopez Solis ⁴⁸, N. Lorenzo Martinez ⁴, A.M. Lory ¹¹⁰,
G. Löschcke Centeno ¹⁴⁷, O. Loseva ³⁷, X. Lou ⁴⁷a,⁴⁷b, X. Lou ¹⁴a,¹⁴e, A. Lounis ⁶⁶,
P.A. Love ⁹², G. Lu ¹⁴a,¹⁴e, M. Lu ⁶⁶, S. Lu ¹²⁹, Y.J. Lu ⁶⁵, H.J. Lubatti ¹³⁹, C. Luci ⁷⁵a,⁷⁵b,
F.L. Lucio Alves ¹⁴c, F. Luehring ⁶⁸, I. Luise ¹⁴⁶, O. Lukianchuk ⁶⁶, O. Lundberg ¹⁴⁵,
B. Lund-Jensen ¹⁴⁵,*, N.A. Luongo ⁶, M.S. Lutz ³⁶, A.B. Lux ²⁵, D. Lynn ²⁹, R. Lysak ¹³²,
E. Lytken ⁹⁹, V. Lyubushkin ³⁸, T. Lyubushkina ³⁸, M.M. Lyukova ¹⁴⁶, H. Ma ²⁹, K. Ma ⁶²a,
L.L. Ma ⁶²b, W. Ma ⁶²a, Y. Ma ¹²², D.M. Mac Donell ¹⁶⁶, G. Maccarrone ⁵³,
J.C. MacDonald ¹⁰¹, P.C. Machado De Abreu Farias ⁸³c, R. Madar ⁴⁰, T. Madula ⁹⁷, J. Maeda ⁸⁵,
T. Maeno ²⁹, H. Maguire ¹⁴⁰, V. Maiboroda ¹³⁶, A. Maio ¹³¹a,¹³¹b,¹³¹d, K. Maj ⁸⁶a,
O. Majersky ⁴⁸, S. Majewski ¹²⁴, N. Makovec ⁶⁶, V. Maksimovic ¹⁵, B. Malaescu ¹²⁸,
Pa. Malecki ⁸⁷, V.P. Maleev ³⁷, F. Malek ⁶⁰n, M. Mali ⁹⁴, D. Malito ⁹⁶, U. Mallik ⁸⁰,*,
S. Maltezos¹⁰, S. Malyukov³⁸, J. Mamuzic ¹³, G. Mancini ⁵³, M.N. Mancini ²⁶, G. Manco ⁷³a,⁷³b,
J.P. Mandalia ⁹⁵, I. Mandić ⁹⁴, L. Manhaes de Andrade Filho ⁸³a, I.M. Maniatis ¹⁷⁰,
J. Manjarres Ramos ⁹⁰, D.C. Mankad ¹⁷⁰, A. Mann ¹¹⁰, S. Manzoni ³⁶, L. Mao ⁶²c,
X. Mapekula ³³c, A. Marantis ¹⁵³s, G. Marchiori ⁵, M. Marcisovsky ¹³², C. Marcon ⁷¹a,
M. Marinescu ²⁰, S. Marium ⁴⁸, M. Marjanovic ¹²¹, M. Markovitch ⁶⁶, E.J. Marshall ⁹²,
Z. Marshall ¹⁷a, S. Marti-Garcia ¹⁶⁴, T.A. Martin ¹⁶⁸, V.J. Martin ⁵², B. Martin dit Latour ¹⁶,
L. Martinelli ⁷⁵a,⁷⁵b, M. Martinez ¹³t, P. Martinez Agullo ¹⁶⁴, V.I. Martinez Outschoorn ¹⁰⁴,
P. Martinez Suarez ¹³, S. Martin-Haugh ¹³⁵, G. Martinovicova ¹³⁴, V.S. Martoiu ²⁷b,
A.C. Martyniuk ⁹⁷, A. Marzin ³⁶, D. Mascione ⁷⁸a,⁷⁸b, L. Masetti ¹⁰¹, T. Mashimo ¹⁵⁴,
J. Masik ¹⁰², A.L. Maslennikov ³⁷, P. Massarotti ⁷²a,⁷²b, P. Mastrandrea ⁷⁴a,⁷⁴b,
A. Mastroberardino ⁴³b,⁴³a, T. Masubuchi ¹⁵⁴, T. Mathisen ¹⁶², J. Matousek ¹³⁴, N. Matsuzawa ¹⁵⁴,
J. Maurer ²⁷b, A.J. Maury ⁶⁶, B. Maček ⁹⁴, D.A. Maximov ³⁷, R. Mazini ¹⁴⁹, I. Maznas ¹¹⁶,
M. Mazza ¹⁰⁸, S.M. Mazza ¹³⁷, E. Mazzeo ⁷¹a,⁷¹b, C. Mc Ginn ²⁹, J.P. Mc Gowan ¹⁶⁶,
S.P. Mc Kee ¹⁰⁷, C.C. McCracken ¹⁶⁵, E.F. McDonald ¹⁰⁶, A.E. McDougall ¹¹⁵,
J.A. Mcfayden ¹⁴⁷, R.P. McGovern ¹²⁹, G. Mchedlidze ¹⁵⁰b, R.P. Mckenzie ³³g,
T.C. Mclachlan ⁴⁸, D.J. Mclaughlin ⁹⁷, S.J. McMahon ¹³⁵, C.M. Mcpartland ⁹³,
R.A. McPherson ¹⁶⁶x, S. Mehlhase ¹¹⁰, A. Mehta ⁹³, D. Melini ¹⁶⁴, B.R. Mellado Garcia ³³g,
A.H. Melo ⁵⁵, F. Meloni ⁴⁸, A.M. Mendes Jacques Da Costa ¹⁰², H.Y. Meng ¹⁵⁶, L. Meng ⁹²,
S. Menke ¹¹¹, M. Mentink ³⁶, E. Meoni ⁴³b,⁴³a, G. Mercado ¹¹⁶, C. Merlassino ⁶⁹a,⁶⁹c,
L. Merola ⁷²a,⁷²b, C. Meroni ⁷¹a,⁷¹b, J. Metcalfe ⁶, A.S. Mete ⁶, C. Meyer ⁶⁸, J-P. Meyer ¹³⁶,
R.P. Middleton ¹³⁵, L. Mijović ⁵², G. Mikenberg ¹⁷⁰, M. Mikestikova ¹³², M. Mikuž ⁹⁴,
H. Mildner ¹⁰¹, A. Milic ³⁶, D.W. Miller ³⁹, E.H. Miller ¹⁴⁴, L.S. Miller ³⁴, A. Milov ¹⁷⁰,
D.A. Milstead⁴⁷a,⁴⁷b, T. Min ¹⁴c, A.A. Minaenko ³⁷, I.A. Minashvili ¹⁵⁰b, L. Mince ⁵⁹,
A.I. Mincer ¹¹⁸, B. Mindur ⁸⁶a, M. Mineev ³⁸, Y. Mino ⁸⁸, L.M. Mir ¹³, M. Miralles Lopez ⁵⁹,
M. Mironova ¹⁷a, A. Mishima ¹⁵⁴, M.C. Missio ¹¹⁴, A. Mitra ¹⁶⁸, V.A. Mitsou ¹⁶⁴,
Y. Mitsumori ¹¹², O. Miu ¹⁵⁶, P.S. Miyagawa ⁹⁵, T. Mkrtchyan ⁶³a, M. Mlinarevic ⁹⁷,
T. Mlinarevic ⁹⁷, M. Mlynarikova ³⁶, S. Mobius ¹⁹, P. Mogg ¹¹⁰, M.H. Mohamed Farook ¹¹³,
A.F. Mohammed ¹⁴a,¹⁴e, S. Mohapatra ⁴¹, G. Mokgatitswane ³³g, L. Moleri ¹⁷⁰, B. Mondal ¹⁴²,
S. Mondal ¹³³, K. Mönig ⁴⁸, E. Monnier ¹⁰³, L. Monsonis Romero ¹⁶⁴, J. Montejo Berlingen ¹³,
M. Montella ¹²⁰, F. Montereali ⁷⁷a,⁷⁷b, F. Monticelli ⁹¹, S. Monzani ⁶⁹a,⁶⁹c, N. Morange ⁶⁶,
A.L. Moreira De Carvalho ¹³¹a, M. Moreno Llácer ¹⁶⁴, C. Moreno Martinez ⁵⁶, P. Morettini ⁵⁷b,
S. Morgenstern ³⁶, M. Morii ⁶¹, M. Morinaga ¹⁵⁴, F. Morodei ⁷⁵a,⁷⁵b, L. Morvaj ³⁶,
P. Moschovakos ³⁶, B. Moser ³⁶, M. Mosidze ¹⁵⁰b, T. Moskalets ⁵⁴, P. Moskvitina ¹¹⁴,
J. Moss ³¹k, A. Moussa ³⁵d, E.J.W. Moyse ¹⁰⁴, O. Mtintsilana ³³g, S. Muanza ¹⁰³,
J. Mueller ¹³⁰, D. Muenstermann ⁹², R. Müller ¹⁹, G.A. Mullier ¹⁶², A.J. Mullin³², J.J. Mullin¹²⁹,
D.P. Mungo <sup>156</sup>, D. Munoz Perez <sup>164</sup>, F.J. Munoz Sanchez <sup>102</sup>, M. Murin <sup>102</sup>, W.J. Murray <sup>168,135</sup>, M. Muškinja <sup>94</sup>, C. Mwewa <sup>29</sup>, A.G. Myagkov <sup>37,a</sup>, A.J. Myers <sup>8</sup>, G. Myers <sup>107</sup>, M. Myska <sup>133</sup>, B.P. Nachman <sup>17a</sup>, O. Nackenhorst <sup>49</sup>, K. Nagai <sup>127</sup>, K. Nagano <sup>84</sup>, J.L. Nagle <sup>29,ah</sup>, E. Nagy <sup>103</sup>, A.M. Nairz <sup>36</sup>, Y. Nakahama <sup>84</sup>, K. Nakamura <sup>84</sup>, K. Nakkalil <sup>5</sup>, H. Nanjo <sup>125</sup>, R. Narayan <sup>44</sup>, E.A. Narayanan <sup>113</sup>, I. Naryshkin <sup>37</sup>, M. Naseri <sup>34</sup>, S. Nasri <sup>117b</sup>, C. Nass <sup>24</sup>, G. Navarro <sup>22a</sup>, J. Navarro-Gonzalez <sup>164</sup>, R. Nayak <sup>152</sup>, A. Nayaz <sup>18</sup>, P.Y. Nechaeva <sup>37</sup>, F. Nechansky <sup>48</sup>, L. Nedic <sup>127</sup>, T.J. Neep <sup>20</sup>, A. Negri <sup>73a,73b</sup>, M. Negrini <sup>23b</sup>, C. Nellist <sup>115</sup>, C. Nelson <sup>105</sup>, K. Nelson <sup>107</sup>, S. Nemecek <sup>132</sup>, M. Nessi <sup>36,h</sup>, M.S. Neubauer <sup>163</sup>, F. Neuhaus <sup>101</sup>, J. Neundorf <sup>48</sup>, R. Newhouse <sup>165</sup>, P.R. Newman <sup>20</sup>, C.W. Ng <sup>130</sup>, Y.W.Y. Ng <sup>48</sup>, B. Ngair <sup>117a</sup>, H.D.N. Nguyen <sup>109</sup>, R.B. Nickerson <sup>127</sup>, R. Nicolaidou <sup>136</sup>, J. Nielsen <sup>137</sup>, M. Niemeyer <sup>55</sup>, J. Niermann <sup>55</sup>, N. Nikiforou <sup>36</sup>, V. Nikolaenko <sup>37,a</sup>, I. Nikolic-Audit <sup>128</sup>, K. Nikolopoulos <sup>20</sup>, P. Nilsson <sup>29</sup>, I. Ninca <sup>48</sup>, H.R. Nindhito <sup>56</sup>, G. Ninio <sup>152</sup>, A. Nisati <sup>75a</sup>, N. Nishu <sup>2</sup>, R. Nisius <sup>111</sup>, J-E. Nitschke <sup>50</sup>, E.K. Nkadimeng <sup>33g</sup>, T. Nobe <sup>154</sup>, D.L. Noel <sup>32</sup>, T. Nommensen <sup>148</sup>, M.B. Norfolk <sup>140</sup>, R.R.B. Norisam <sup>97</sup>, B.J. Norman <sup>34</sup>, M. Noury <sup>35a</sup>, J. Novak <sup>94</sup>, T. Novak <sup>48</sup>, L. Novotny <sup>133</sup>, R. Novotny <sup>113</sup>, L. Nozka <sup>123</sup>, K. Ntekas <sup>160</sup>, N.M.J. Nunes De Moura Junior <sup>83b</sup>, J. Ocariz <sup>128</sup>, A. Ochi <sup>85</sup>, I. Ochoa <sup>131a</sup>, S. Oerdeک <sup>48,u</sup>, J.T. Offermann <sup>39</sup>, A. Ogrodnik <sup>134</sup>, A. Oh <sup>102</sup>, C.C. Ohm <sup>145</sup>, H. Oide <sup>84</sup>, R. Oishi <sup>154</sup>, M.L. Ojeda <sup>48</sup>, Y. Okumura <sup>154</sup>, L.F. Oleiro Seabra <sup>131a</sup>, S.A. Olivares Pino <sup>138d</sup>, G. Oliveira Correa <sup>13</sup>, D. Oliveira Damazio <sup>29</sup>, D. Oliveira Goncalves <sup>83a</sup>, J.L. Oliver <sup>160</sup>, Ö.O. Öncel <sup>54</sup>, A.P. O'Neill <sup>19</sup>, A. Onofre <sup>131a,131e</sup>, P.U.E. Onyisi <sup>11</sup>, M.J. Oreglia <sup>39</sup>, G.E. Orellana <sup>91</sup>, D. Orestano <sup>77a,77b</sup>, N. Orlando <sup>13</sup>, R.S. Orr <sup>156</sup>, V. O'Shea <sup>59</sup>, L.M. Osojnak <sup>129</sup>, R. Ospanov <sup>62a</sup>, G. Otero y Garzon <sup>30</sup>, H. Otono <sup>89</sup>, P.S. Ott <sup>63a</sup>, G.J. Ottino <sup>17a</sup>, M. Ouchrif <sup>35d</sup>, F. Ould-Saada <sup>126</sup>, T. Ovsiannikova <sup>139</sup>, M. Owen <sup>59</sup>, R.E. Owen <sup>135</sup>, K.Y. Oyulmaz <sup>21a</sup>, V.E. Ozcan <sup>21a</sup>, F. Ozturk <sup>87</sup>, N. Ozturk <sup>8</sup>, S. Ozturk <sup>82</sup>, H.A. Pacey <sup>127</sup>, A. Pacheco Pages <sup>13</sup>, C. Padilla Aranda <sup>13</sup>, G. Padovano <sup>75a,75b</sup>, S. Pagan Griso <sup>17a</sup>, G. Palacino <sup>68</sup>, A. Palazzo <sup>70a,70b</sup>, J. Pampel <sup>24</sup>, J. Pan <sup>173</sup>, T. Pan <sup>64a</sup>, D.K. Panchal <sup>11</sup>, C.E. Pandini <sup>115</sup>, J.G. Panduro Vazquez <sup>96</sup>, H.D. Pandya <sup>1</sup>, H. Pang <sup>14b</sup>, P. Pani <sup>48</sup>, G. Panizzo <sup>69a,69c</sup>, L. Panwar <sup>128</sup>, L. Paolozzi <sup>56</sup>, S. Parajuli <sup>163</sup>, A. Paramonov <sup>6</sup>, C. Paraskevopoulos <sup>53</sup>, D. Paredes Hernandez <sup>64b</sup>, A. Pareti <sup>73a,73b</sup>, K.R. Park <sup>41</sup>, T.H. Park <sup>156</sup>, M.A. Parker <sup>32</sup>, F. Parodi <sup>57b,57a</sup>, E.W. Parrish <sup>116</sup>, V.A. Parrish <sup>52</sup>, J.A. Parsons <sup>41</sup>, U. Parzefall <sup>54</sup>, B. Pascual Dias <sup>109</sup>, L. Pascual Dominguez <sup>152</sup>, E. Pasqualucci <sup>75a</sup>, S. Passaggio <sup>57b</sup>, F. Pastore <sup>96</sup>, P. Patel <sup>87</sup>, U.M. Patel <sup>51</sup>, J.R. Pater <sup>102</sup>, T. Pauly <sup>36</sup>, C.I. Pazos <sup>159</sup>, J. Pearkes <sup>144</sup>, M. Pedersen <sup>126</sup>, R. Pedro <sup>131a</sup>, S.V. Peleganchuk <sup>37</sup>, O. Penc <sup>36</sup>, E.A. Pender <sup>52</sup>, G.D. Penn <sup>173</sup>, K.E. Penski <sup>110</sup>, M. Penzin <sup>37</sup>, B.S. Peralva <sup>83d</sup>, A.P. Pereira Peixoto <sup>139</sup>, L. Pereira Sanchez <sup>144</sup>, D.V. Perepelitsa <sup>29,ah</sup>, E. Perez Codina <sup>157a</sup>, M. Perganti <sup>10</sup>, H. Pernegger <sup>36</sup>, O. Perrin <sup>40</sup>, K. Peters <sup>48</sup>, R.F.Y. Peters <sup>102</sup>, B.A. Petersen <sup>36</sup>, T.C. Petersen <sup>42</sup>, E. Petit <sup>103</sup>, V. Petousis <sup>133</sup>, C. Petridou <sup>153,e</sup>, T. Petru <sup>134</sup>, A. Petrukhin <sup>142</sup>, M. Pettee <sup>17a</sup>, N.E. Pettersson <sup>36</sup>, A. Petukhov <sup>37</sup>, K. Petukhova <sup>134</sup>, R. Pezoa <sup>138f</sup>, L. Pezzotti <sup>36</sup>, G. Pezzullo <sup>173</sup>, T.M. Pham <sup>171</sup>, T. Pham <sup>106</sup>, P.W. Phillips <sup>135</sup>, G. Piacquadio <sup>146</sup>, E. Pianori <sup>17a</sup>, F. Piazza <sup>124</sup>, R. Piegaia <sup>30</sup>, D. Pietreanu <sup>27b</sup>, A.D. Pilkington <sup>102</sup>, M. Pinamonti <sup>69a,69c</sup>, J.L. Pinfold <sup>2</sup>, B.C. Pinheiro Pereira <sup>131a</sup>, A.E. Pinto Pinoargote <sup>101,136</sup>, L. Pintucci <sup>69a,69c</sup>, K.M. Piper <sup>147</sup>, A. Pirttikoski <sup>56</sup>, D.A. Pizzi <sup>34</sup>, L. Pizzimento <sup>64b</sup>, A. Pizzini <sup>115</sup>, M.-A. Pleier <sup>29</sup>, V. Plesanovs <sup>54</sup>, V. Pleskot <sup>134</sup>, E. Plotnikova <sup>38</sup>, G. Poddar <sup>95</sup>, R. Poettgen <sup>99</sup>, L. Poggioli <sup>128</sup>, I. Pokharel <sup>55</sup>, S. Polacek <sup>134</sup>, G. Polesello <sup>73a</sup>, A. Poley <sup>143,157a</sup>, A. Polini <sup>23b</sup>, C.S. Pollard <sup>168</sup>, Z.B. Pollock <sup>120</sup>, E. Pompa Pacchi <sup>75a,75b</sup>, D. Ponomarenko <sup>114</sup>, L. Pontecorvo <sup>36</sup>, S. Popa <sup>27a</sup>, G.A. Popeneciu <sup>27d</sup>, A. Poreba <sup>36</sup>, D.M. Portillo Quintero <sup>157a</sup>, S. Pospisil <sup>133</sup>, M.A. Postill <sup>140</sup>, P. Postolache <sup>27c</sup>, K. Potamianos <sup>168</sup>, P.A. Potepa <sup>86a</sup>,
I.N. Potrap ¹³⁸, C.J. Potter ³², H. Potti ¹, J. Poveda ¹⁶⁴, M.E. Pozo Astigarraga ³⁶,
A. Prades Ibanez ¹⁶⁴, J. Pretel ⁵⁴, D. Price ¹⁰², M. Primavera ⁷⁰a, M.A. Principe Martin ¹⁰⁰,
R. Privara ¹²³, T. Procter ⁵⁹, M.L. Proffitt ¹³⁹, N. Proklova ¹²⁹, K. Prokofiev ⁶⁴c, G. Proto ¹¹¹,
J. Proudfoot ⁶, M. Przybycien ¹⁸⁶a, W.W. Przygoda ¹⁸⁶b, A. Psallidas ⁴⁶, J.E. Puddefoot ¹⁴⁰,
D. Pudzha ³⁷, D. Pyatiizbyantseva ³⁷, J. Qian ¹⁰⁷, D. Qichen ¹⁰², Y. Qin ¹³, T. Qiu ⁵²,
A. Quadt ⁵⁵, M. Queitsch-Maitland ¹⁰², G. Quetant ⁵⁶, R.P. Quinn ¹⁶⁵, G. Rabanal Bolanos ⁶¹,
D. Rafanoharana ⁵⁴, F. Ragusa ⁷¹a, ⁷¹b, J.L. Rainbolt ³⁹, J.A. Raine ⁵⁶, S. Rajagopalan ²⁹,
E. Ramakoti ³⁷, I.A. Ramirez-Berend ³⁴, K. Ran ⁴⁸, ¹⁴e, N.P. Rapheeha ³³g, H. Rasheed ²⁷b,
V. Raskina ¹²⁸, D.F. Rassloff ⁶³a, A. Rastogi ¹⁷a, S. Rave ¹⁰¹, B. Ravina ⁵⁵, I. Ravinovich ¹⁷⁰,
M. Raymond ³⁶, A.L. Read ¹²⁶, N.P. Readioff ¹⁴⁰, D.M. Rebuzzi ⁷³a, ⁷³b, G. Redlinger ²⁹,
A.S. Reed ¹¹¹, K. Reeves ²⁶, J.A. Reidelsturz ¹⁷², D. Reikher ¹⁵², A. Rej ⁴⁹, C. Rembser ³⁶,
M. Renda ²⁷b, M.B. Rendel¹¹¹, F. Renner ⁴⁸, A.G. Rennie ¹⁶⁰, A.L. Rescia ⁴⁸, S. Resconi ⁷¹a,
M. Ressegotti ⁵⁷b, ⁵⁷a, S. Rettie ³⁶, J.G. Reyes Rivera ¹⁰⁸, E. Reynolds ¹⁷a, O.L. Rezanova ³⁷,
P. Reznicek ¹³⁴, H. Riani ³⁵d, N. Ribaric ⁹², E. Ricci ⁷⁸a, ⁷⁸b, R. Richter ¹¹¹, S. Richter ⁴⁷a, ⁴⁷b,
E. Richter-Was ⁸⁶b, M. Ridel ¹²⁸, S. Ridouani ³⁵d, P. Rieck ¹¹⁸, P. Riedler ³⁶, E.M. Riefel ⁴⁷a, ⁴⁷b,
J.O. Rieger ¹¹⁵, M. Rijssenbeek ¹⁴⁶, M. Rimoldi ³⁶, L. Rinaldi ²³b, ²³a, T.T. Rinn ²⁹,
M.P. Rinnagel ¹¹⁰, G. Ripellino ¹⁶², I. Riu ¹³, J.C. Rivera Vergara ¹⁶⁶, F. Rizatdinova ¹²²,
E. Rizvi ⁹⁵, B.R. Roberts ¹⁷a, S.H. Robertson ¹⁰⁵,x, D. Robinson ³², C.M. Robles Gajardo¹³⁸f,
M. Robles Manzano ¹⁰¹, A. Robson ⁵⁹, A. Rocchi ⁷⁶a, ⁷⁶b, C. Roda ⁷⁴a, ⁷⁴b, S. Rodriguez Bosca ³⁶,
Y. Rodriguez Garcia ²²a, A. Rodriguez Rodriguez ⁵⁴, A.M. Rodríguez Vera ¹¹⁶, S. Roe³⁶,
J.T. Roemer ¹⁶⁰, A.R. Roepe-Gier ¹³⁷, J. Roggel ¹⁷², O. Røhne ¹²⁶, R.A. Rojas ¹⁰⁴,
C.P.A. Roland ¹²⁸, J. Roloff ²⁹, A. Romaniouk ³⁷, E. Romano ⁷³a, ⁷³b, M. Romano ²³b,
A.C. Romero Hernandez ¹⁶³, N. Rompotis ⁹³, L. Roos ¹²⁸, S. Rosati ⁷⁵a, B.J. Rosser ³⁹,
E. Rossi ¹²⁷, E. Rossi ⁷²a, ⁷²b, L.P. Rossi ⁶¹, L. Rossini ⁵⁴, R. Rosten ¹²⁰, M. Rotaru ²⁷b,
B. Rottler ⁵⁴, C. Rougier ⁹⁰, D. Rousseau ⁶⁶, D. Rousso ³², A. Roy ¹⁶³, S. Roy-Garand ¹⁵⁶,
A. Rozanov ¹⁰³, Z.M.A. Rozario ⁵⁹, Y. Rozen ¹⁵¹, A. Rubio Jimenez ¹⁶⁴, A.J. Ruby ⁹³,
V.H. Ruelas Rivera ¹⁸, T.A. Ruggeri ¹, A. Ruggiero ¹²⁷, A. Ruiz-Martinez ¹⁶⁴, A. Rummler ³⁶,
Z. Rurikova ⁵⁴, N.A. Rusakovich ³⁸, H.L. Russell ¹⁶⁶, G. Russo ⁷⁵a, ⁷⁵b, J.P. Rutherford ⁷,
S. Rutherford Colmenares ³², K. Rybacki ⁹², M. Rybar ¹³⁴, E.B. Rye ¹²⁶, A. Ryzhov ⁴⁴,
J.A. Sabater Iglesias ⁵⁶, P. Sabatini ¹⁶⁴, H.F.-W. Sadrozinski ¹³⁷, F. Safai Tehrani ⁷⁵a,
B. Safarzadeh Samani ¹³⁵, S. Saha ¹, M. Sahinsoy ¹¹¹, A. Saibel ¹⁶⁴, M. Saimpert ¹³⁶,
M. Saito ¹⁵⁴, T. Saito ¹⁵⁴, A. Sala ⁷¹a, ⁷¹b, D. Salamani ³⁶, A. Salnikov ¹⁴⁴, J. Salt ¹⁶⁴,
A. Salvador Salas ¹⁵², D. Salvatore ⁴³b, ⁴³a, F. Salvatore ¹⁴⁷, A. Salzburger ³⁶, D. Sammel ⁵⁴,
E. Sampson ⁹², D. Sampsonidis ¹⁵³e, D. Sampsonidou ¹²⁴, J. Sánchez ¹⁶⁴,
V. Sanchez Sebastian ¹⁶⁴, H. Sandaker ¹²⁶, C.O. Sander ⁴⁸, J.A. Sandesara ¹⁰⁴, M. Sandhoff ¹⁷²,
C. Sandoval ²²b, D.P.C. Sankey ¹³⁵, T. Sano ⁸⁸, A. Sansoni ⁵³, L. Santi ⁷⁵a, ⁷⁵b, C. Santoni ⁴⁰,
H. Santos ¹³¹a, ¹³¹b, A. Santra ¹⁷⁰, K.A. Saoucha ¹⁶¹, J.G. Saraiva ¹³¹a, ¹³¹d, J. Sardain ⁷,
O. Sasaki ⁸⁴, K. Sato ¹⁵⁸, C. Sauer ⁶³b, F. Sauerburger ⁵⁴, E. Sauvan ⁴, P. Savard ¹⁵⁶af,
R. Sawada ¹⁵⁴, C. Sawyer ¹³⁵, L. Sawyer ⁹⁸, I. Sayago Galvan ¹⁶⁴, C. Sbarra ²³b, A. Sbrizzi ²³b, ²³a,
T. Scanlon ⁹⁷, J. Schaarschmidt ¹³⁹, U. Schäfer ¹⁰¹, A.C. Schaffer ⁶⁶, ⁴⁴, D. Schaile ¹¹⁰,
R.D. Schamberger ¹⁴⁶, C. Scharf ¹⁸, M.M. Schefer ¹⁹, V.A. Schegelsky ³⁷, D. Scheirich ¹³⁴,
F. Schenck ¹⁸, M. Schernau ¹⁶⁰, C. Scheulen ⁵⁵, C. Schiavi ⁵⁷b, ⁵⁷a, M. Schioppa ⁴³b, ⁴³a,
B. Schlag ¹⁴⁴m, K.E. Schleicher ⁵⁴, S. Schlenker ³⁶, J. Schmeing ¹⁷², M.A. Schmidt ¹⁷²,
K. Schmieden ¹⁰¹, C. Schmitt ¹⁰¹, N. Schmitt ¹⁰¹, S. Schmitt ⁴⁸, L. Schoeffel ¹³⁶,
A. Schoening ⁶³b, P.G. Scholer ³⁴, E. Schopf ¹²⁷, M. Schott ¹⁰¹, J. Schovancova ³⁶,
S. Schramm ⁵⁶, T. Schroer ⁵⁶, H-C. Schultz-Coulon ⁶³a, M. Schumacher ⁵⁴, B.A. Schumm ¹³⁷,
Ph. Schune ¹³⁶, A.J. Schuy ¹³⁹, H.R. Schwartz ¹³⁷, A. Schwartzman ¹⁴⁴, T.A. Schwarz ¹⁰⁷,
Ph. Schwemling <sup>136</sup>, R. Schwienhorst <sup>108</sup>, A. Sciandra <sup>137</sup>, G. Sciolla <sup>26</sup>, F. Scuri <sup>74a</sup>, C.D. Sebastiani <sup>93</sup>, K. Sedlaczek <sup>116</sup>, P. Seema <sup>18</sup>, S.C. Seidel <sup>113</sup>, A. Seiden <sup>137</sup>, B.D. Seidlitz <sup>41</sup>, C. Seitz <sup>48</sup>, J.M. Seixas <sup>83b</sup>, G. Sekhniaidze <sup>72a</sup>, L. Selem <sup>60</sup>, N. Semprini-Cesari <sup>23b,23a</sup>, D. Sengupta <sup>56</sup>, V. Senthilkumar <sup>164</sup>, L. Serin <sup>66</sup>, L. Serkin <sup>69a,69b</sup>, M. Sessa <sup>76a,76b</sup>, H. Severini <sup>121</sup>, F. Sforza <sup>57b,57a</sup>, A. Sfyrla <sup>56</sup>, Q. Sha <sup>14a</sup>, E. Shabalina <sup>55</sup>, A.H. Shah <sup>32</sup>, R. Shaheen <sup>145</sup>, J.D. Shahinian <sup>129</sup>, D. Shaked Renous <sup>170</sup>, L.Y. Shan <sup>14a</sup>, M. Shapiro <sup>17a</sup>, A. Sharma <sup>36</sup>, A.S. Sharma <sup>165</sup>, P. Sharma <sup>80</sup>, P.B. Shatalov <sup>37</sup>, K. Shaw <sup>147</sup>, S.M. Shaw <sup>102</sup>, A. Shcherbakova <sup>37</sup>, Q. Shen <sup>62c,5</sup>, D.J. Sheppard <sup>143</sup>, P. Sherwood <sup>97</sup>, L. Shi <sup>97</sup>, X. Shi <sup>14a</sup>, C.O. Shimmin <sup>173</sup>, J.D. Shinner <sup>96</sup>, I.P.J. Shipsey <sup>127</sup>, S. Shirabe <sup>89</sup>, M. Shiyakova <sup>38,v</sup>, J. Shlomi <sup>170</sup>, M.J. Shochet <sup>39</sup>, J. Shojaii <sup>106</sup>, D.R. Shope <sup>126</sup>, B. Shrestha <sup>121</sup>, S. Shrestha <sup>120,ai</sup>, E.M. Shrif <sup>33g</sup>, M.J. Shroff <sup>166</sup>, P. Sicho <sup>132</sup>, A.M. Sickles <sup>163</sup>, E. Sideras Haddad <sup>33g</sup>, A. Sidoti <sup>23b</sup>, F. Siegert <sup>50</sup>, Dj. Sijacki <sup>15</sup>, F. Sili <sup>91</sup>, J.M. Silva <sup>52</sup>, M.V. Silva Oliveira <sup>29</sup>, S.B. Silverstein <sup>47a</sup>, S. Simion <sup>66</sup>, R. Simoniello <sup>36</sup>, E.L. Simpson <sup>59</sup>, H. Simpson <sup>147</sup>, L.R. Simpson <sup>107</sup>, N.D. Simpson <sup>99</sup>, S. Simsek <sup>82</sup>, S. Sindhu <sup>55</sup>, P. Sinervo <sup>156</sup>, S. Singh <sup>156</sup>, S. Sinha <sup>48</sup>, S. Sinha <sup>102</sup>, M. Sioli <sup>23b,23a</sup>, I. Siral <sup>36</sup>, E. Sitnikova <sup>48</sup>, J. Sjölin <sup>47a,47b</sup>, A. Skaf <sup>55</sup>, E. Skorda <sup>20</sup>, P. Skubic <sup>121</sup>, M. Slawinska <sup>87</sup>, V. Smakhtin <sup>170</sup>, B.H. Smart <sup>135</sup>, S.Yu. Smirnov <sup>37</sup>, Y. Smirnov <sup>37</sup>, L.N. Smirnova <sup>37,a</sup>, O. Smirnova <sup>99</sup>, A.C. Smith <sup>41</sup>, E.A. Smith <sup>39</sup>, H.A. Smith <sup>127</sup>, J.L. Smith <sup>102</sup>, R. Smith <sup>144</sup>, M. Smizanska <sup>92</sup>, K. Smolek <sup>133</sup>, A.A. Snesarev <sup>37</sup>, S.R. Snider <sup>156</sup>, H.L. Snoek <sup>115</sup>, S. Snyder <sup>29</sup>, R. Sobie <sup>166,x</sup>, A. Soffer <sup>152</sup>, C.A. Solans Sanchez <sup>36</sup>, E.Yu. Soldatov <sup>37</sup>, U. Soldevila <sup>164</sup>, A.A. Solodkov <sup>37</sup>, S. Solomon <sup>26</sup>, A. Soloshenko <sup>38</sup>, K. Solovieva <sup>54</sup>, O.V. Solovyanov <sup>40</sup>, V. Solovyev <sup>37</sup>, P. Sommer <sup>36</sup>, A. Sonay <sup>13</sup>, W.Y. Song <sup>157b</sup>, A. Sopczak <sup>133</sup>, A.L. Sopio <sup>97</sup>, F. Sopkova <sup>28b</sup>, J.D. Sorenson <sup>113</sup>, I.R. Sotarriva Alvarez <sup>155</sup>, V. Sothilingam <sup>63a</sup>, O.J. Soto Sandoval <sup>138c,138b</sup>, S. Sottocornola <sup>68</sup>, R. Soualah <sup>161</sup>, Z. Soumaimi <sup>35e</sup>, D. South <sup>48</sup>, N. Soybelman <sup>170</sup>, S. Spagnolo <sup>70a,70b</sup>, M. Spalla <sup>111</sup>, D. Sperlich <sup>54</sup>, G. Spigo <sup>36</sup>, S. Spinali <sup>92</sup>, D.P. Spiteri <sup>59</sup>, M. Spousta <sup>134</sup>, E.J. Staats <sup>34</sup>, R. Stamen <sup>63a</sup>, A. Stampekis <sup>20</sup>, M. Standke <sup>24</sup>, E. Stanecka <sup>87</sup>, W. Stanek-Maslouska <sup>48</sup>, M.V. Stange <sup>50</sup>, B. Stanislaus <sup>17a</sup>, M.M. Stanitzki <sup>48</sup>, B. Stapf <sup>48</sup>, E.A. Starchenko <sup>37</sup>, G.H. Stark <sup>137</sup>, J. Stark <sup>90</sup>, P. Staroba <sup>132</sup>, P. Starovoitov <sup>63a</sup>, S. Stärz <sup>105</sup>, R. Staszewski <sup>87</sup>, G. Stavropoulos <sup>46</sup>, J. Steentoft <sup>162</sup>, P. Steinberg <sup>29</sup>, B. Stelzer <sup>143,157a</sup>, H.J. Stelzer <sup>130</sup>, O. Stelzer-Chilton <sup>157a</sup>, H. Stenzel <sup>58</sup>, T.J. Stevenson <sup>147</sup>, G.A. Stewart <sup>36</sup>, J.R. Stewart <sup>122</sup>, M.C. Stockton <sup>36</sup>, G. Stoicea <sup>27b</sup>, M. Stolarski <sup>131a</sup>, S. Stonjek <sup>111</sup>, A. Straessner <sup>50</sup>, J. Strandberg <sup>145</sup>, S. Strandberg <sup>47a,47b</sup>, M. Stratmann <sup>172</sup>, M. Strauss <sup>121</sup>, T. Strebler <sup>103</sup>, P. Strizenec <sup>28b</sup>, R. Ströhmer <sup>167</sup>, D.M. Strom <sup>124</sup>, R. Stroynowski <sup>44</sup>, A. Strubig <sup>47a,47b</sup>, S.A. Stucci <sup>29</sup>, B. Stugu <sup>16</sup>, J. Stupak <sup>121</sup>, N.A. Styles <sup>48</sup>, D. Su <sup>144</sup>, S. Su <sup>62a</sup>, W. Su <sup>62d</sup>, X. Su <sup>62a</sup>, D. Suchy <sup>28a</sup>, K. Sugizaki <sup>154</sup>, V.V. Sulin <sup>37</sup>, M.J. Sullivan <sup>93</sup>, D.M.S. Sultan <sup>127</sup>, L. Sultananiyeva <sup>37</sup>, S. Sultansoy <sup>3b</sup>, T. Sumida <sup>88</sup>, S. Sun <sup>107</sup>, S. Sun <sup>171</sup>, O. Sunneborn Gudnadottir <sup>162</sup>, N. Sur <sup>103</sup>, M.R. Sutton <sup>147</sup>, H. Suzuki <sup>158</sup>, M. Svatos <sup>132</sup>, M. Swiatlowski <sup>157a</sup>, T. Swirski <sup>167</sup>, I. Sykora <sup>28a</sup>, M. Sykora <sup>134</sup>, T. Sykora <sup>134</sup>, D. Ta <sup>101</sup>, K. Tackmann <sup>48,u</sup>, A. Taffard <sup>160</sup>, R. Tafirout <sup>157a</sup>, J.S. Tafoya Vargas <sup>66</sup>, Y. Takubo <sup>84</sup>, M. Talby <sup>103</sup>, A.A. Talyshev <sup>37</sup>, K.C. Tam <sup>64b</sup>, N.M. Tamir <sup>152</sup>, A. Tanaka <sup>154</sup>, J. Tanaka <sup>154</sup>, R. Tanaka <sup>66</sup>, M. Tanasini <sup>57b,57a</sup>, Z. Tao <sup>165</sup>, S. Tapia Araya <sup>138f</sup>, S. Tapprogge <sup>101</sup>, A. Tarek Abouelfadl Mohamed <sup>108</sup>, S. Tarem <sup>151</sup>, K. Tariq <sup>14a</sup>, G. Tarna <sup>103,27b</sup>, G.F. Tartarelli <sup>71a</sup>, P. Tas <sup>134</sup>, M. Tasevsky <sup>132</sup>, E. Tassi <sup>43b,43a</sup>, A.C. Tate <sup>163</sup>, G. Tateno <sup>154</sup>, Y. Tayalati <sup>35e,w</sup>, G.N. Taylor <sup>106</sup>, W. Taylor <sup>157b</sup>, A.S. Tee <sup>171</sup>, R. Teixeira De Lima <sup>144</sup>, P. Teixeira-Dias <sup>96</sup>, J.J. Teoh <sup>156</sup>, K. Terashi <sup>154</sup>, J. Terron <sup>100</sup>, S. Terzo <sup>13</sup>, M. Testa <sup>53</sup>, R.J. Teuscher <sup>156,x</sup>, A. Thaler <sup>79</sup>, O. Theiner <sup>56</sup>, N. Themistokleous <sup>52</sup>, T. Theveneaux-Pelzer <sup>103</sup>, O. Thielmann <sup>172</sup>, D.W. Thomas <sup>96</sup>, J.P. Thomas <sup>20</sup>, E.A. Thompson <sup>17a</sup>, P.D. Thompson <sup>20</sup>, E. Thomson <sup>129</sup>,
R.E. Thornberry ¹D⁴⁴, Y. Tian ¹D⁵⁵, V. Tikhomirov ¹D³⁷, a, Yu.A. Tikhonov ¹D³⁷, S. Timoshenko ³⁷,
D. Timoshyn ¹D¹³⁴, E.X.L. Ting ¹D¹, P. Tipton ¹D¹⁷³, S.H. TLou ¹D³³g, K. Todome ¹D¹⁵⁵,
S. Todorova-Nova ¹D¹³⁴, S. Todt⁵⁰, M. Togawa ¹D⁸⁴, J. Tojo ¹D⁸⁹, S. Tokár ¹D²⁸a, K. Tokushuku ¹D⁸⁴,
O. Toldaiev ¹D⁶⁸, R. Tombs ¹D³², M. Tomoto ¹D⁸⁴, ¹D¹¹², L. Tompkins ¹D¹⁴⁴, m, K.W. Topolnicki ¹D⁸⁶b,
E. Torrence ¹D¹²⁴, H. Torres ¹D⁹⁰, E. Torró Pastor ¹D¹⁶⁴, M. Toscani ¹D³⁰, C. Tosciri ¹D³⁹, M. Tost ¹D¹¹,
D.R. Tovey ¹D¹⁴⁰, A. Traeet¹⁶, I.S. Trandafir ¹D²⁷b, T. Trefzger ¹D¹⁶⁷, A. Tricoli ¹D²⁹, I.M. Trigger ¹D¹⁵⁷a,
S. Trincaz-Duvoid ¹D¹²⁸, D.A. Trischuk ¹D²⁶, B. Trocmé ¹D⁶⁰, L. Truong ¹D³³c, M. Trzebinski ¹D⁸⁷,
A. Trzupek ¹D⁸⁷, F. Tsai ¹D¹⁴⁶, M. Tsai ¹D¹⁰⁷, A. Tsiamis ¹D¹⁵³, e, P.V. Tsiarshka³⁷, S. Tsigaridas ¹D¹⁵⁷a,
A. Tsirigotis ¹D¹⁵³, s, V. Tsiskaridze ¹D¹⁵⁶, E.G. Tskhadadze ¹D¹⁵⁰a, M. Tsopoulou ¹D¹⁵³, Y. Tsujikawa ¹D⁸⁸,
I.I. Tsukerman ¹D³⁷, V. Tsulaia ¹D¹⁷a, S. Tsuno ¹D⁸⁴, K. Tsuri ¹D¹¹⁹, D. Tsybychev ¹D¹⁴⁶, Y. Tu ¹D⁶⁴b,
A. Tudorache ¹D²⁷b, V. Tudorache ¹D²⁷b, A.N. Tuna ¹D⁶¹, S. Turchikhin ¹D⁵⁷b, ⁵⁷a, I. Turk Cakir ¹D³a,
R. Turra ¹D⁷¹a, T. Turtuvshin ¹D³⁸, y, P.M. Tuts ¹D⁴¹, S. Tzamarias ¹D¹⁵³, e, E. Tzovara ¹D¹⁰¹, F. Ukegawa ¹D¹⁵⁸,
P.A. Ulloa Poblete ¹D¹³⁸c, ¹³⁸b, E.N. Umaka ¹D²⁹, G. Unal ¹D³⁶, A. Undrus ¹D²⁹, G. Unel ¹D¹⁶⁰, J. Urban ¹D²⁸b,
P. Urquijo ¹D¹⁰⁶, P. Urrejola ¹D¹³⁸a, G. Usai ¹D⁸, R. Ushioda ¹D¹⁵⁵, M. Usman ¹D¹⁰⁹, Z. Uysal ¹D⁸²,
V. Vacek ¹D¹³³, B. Vachon ¹D¹⁰⁵, K.O.H. Vadla ¹D¹²⁶, T. Vafeiadis ¹D³⁶, A. Vaitkus ¹D⁹⁷, C. Valderanis ¹D¹¹⁰,
E. Valdes Santurio ¹D⁴⁷a, ⁴⁷b, M. Valente ¹D¹⁵⁷a, S. Valentinetti ¹D²³b, ²³a, A. Valero ¹D¹⁶⁴,
E. Valiente Moreno ¹D¹⁶⁴, A. Vallier ¹D⁹⁰, J.A. Valls Ferrer ¹D¹⁶⁴, D.R. Van Arneman ¹D¹¹⁵,
T.R. Van Daalen ¹D¹³⁹, A. Van Der Graaf ¹D⁴⁹, P. Van Gemmeren ¹D⁶, M. Van Rijnbach ¹D¹²⁶,
S. Van Stroud ¹D⁹⁷, I. Van Vulpen ¹D¹¹⁵, P. Vana ¹D¹³⁴, M. Vanadia ¹D⁷⁶a, ⁷⁶b, W. Vandelli ¹D³⁶,
E.R. Vandewall ¹D¹²², D. Vannicola ¹D¹⁵², L. Vannoli ¹D⁵³, R. Vari ¹D⁷⁵a, E.W. Varnes ¹D⁷, C. Varni ¹D⁷b,
T. Varol ¹D¹⁴⁹, D. Varouchas ¹D⁶⁶, L. Varriale ¹D¹⁶⁴, K.E. Varvell ¹D¹⁴⁸, M.E. Vasile ¹D²⁷b, L. Vaslin ⁸⁴,
G.A. Vasquez ¹D¹⁶⁶, A. Vasyukov ¹D³⁸, R. Vavricka ¹D¹⁰¹, F. Vazeille ¹D⁴⁰, T. Vazquez Schroeder ¹D³⁶,
J. Veatch ¹D³¹, V. Vecchio ¹D¹⁰², M.J. Veen ¹D¹⁰⁴, I. Veliscek ¹D²⁹, L.M. Veloce ¹D¹⁵⁶, F. Veloso ¹D¹³¹a, ¹³¹c,
S. Veneziano ¹D⁷⁵a, A. Ventura ¹D⁷⁰a, ⁷⁰b, S. Ventura Gonzalez ¹D¹³⁶, A. Verbytskyi ¹D¹¹¹,
M. Verducci ¹D⁷⁴a, ⁷⁴b, C. Vergis ¹D²⁴, M. Verissimo De Araujo ¹D⁸³b, W. Verkerke ¹D¹¹⁵,
J.C. Vermeulen ¹D¹¹⁵, C. Vernieri ¹D¹⁴⁴, M. Vessella ¹D¹⁰⁴, M.C. Vetterli ¹D¹⁴³, af, A. Vgenopoulos ¹D¹⁵³, e,
N. Viaux Maira ¹D¹³⁸f, T. Vickey ¹D¹⁴⁰, O.E. Vickey Boeriu ¹D¹⁴⁰, G.H.A. Viehhauser ¹D¹²⁷, L. Vigani ¹D⁶³b,
M. Villa ¹D²³b, ²³a, M. Villaplana Perez ¹D¹⁶⁴, E.M. Villhauer ⁵², E. Vilucchi ¹D⁵³, M.G. Vincter ¹D³⁴,
G.S. Virdee ¹D²⁰, A. Vishwakarma ¹D⁵², A. Visibile ¹¹⁵, C. Vittori ¹D³⁶, I. Vivarelli ¹D²³b, ²³a,
E. Voevodina ¹D¹¹¹, F. Vogel ¹D¹¹⁰, J.C. Voigt ¹D⁵⁰, P. Vokac ¹D¹³³, Yu. Volkotrub ¹D⁸⁶b, J. Von Ahnen ¹D⁴⁸,
E. Von Toerne ¹D²⁴, B. Vormwald ¹D³⁶, V. Vorobel ¹D¹³⁴, K. Vorobev ¹D³⁷, M. Vos ¹D¹⁶⁴, K. Voss ¹D¹⁴²,
M. Vozak ¹D¹¹⁵, L. Vozdecky ¹D¹²¹, N. Vranjes ¹D¹⁵, M. Vranjes Milosavljevic ¹D¹⁵, M. Vreeswijk ¹D¹¹⁵,
N.K. Vu ¹D⁶²d, ⁶²c, R. Vuillermet ¹D³⁶, O. Vujinovic ¹D¹⁰¹, I. Vukotic ¹D³⁹, S. Wada ¹D¹⁵⁸, C. Wagner ¹Dⁱ⁰⁴,
J.M. Wagner ¹D¹⁷a, W. Wagner ¹D¹⁷², S. Wahdan ¹D¹⁷², H. Wahlberg ¹D⁹¹, M. Wakida ¹D¹¹², J. Walder ¹D¹³⁵,
R. Walker ¹D¹¹⁰, W. Walkowiak ¹D¹⁴², A. Wall ¹D¹²⁹, E.J. Wallin ¹D⁹⁹, T. Wamorkar ¹D⁶, A.Z. Wang ¹D¹³⁷,
C. Wang ¹D¹⁰¹, C. Wang ¹D¹¹, H. Wang ¹D¹⁷a, J. Wang ¹D⁶⁴c, R.-J. Wang ¹D¹⁰¹, R. Wang ¹D⁶¹, R. Wang ¹D⁶,
S.M. Wang ¹D¹⁴⁹, S. Wang ¹D⁶²b, T. Wang ¹D⁶²a, W.T. Wang ¹D⁸⁰, W. Wang ¹D¹⁴a, X. Wang ¹D¹⁴c,
X. Wang ¹D¹⁶³, X. Wang ¹D⁶²c, Y. Wang ¹D⁶²d, Y. Wang ¹D¹⁴c, Z. Wang ¹D¹⁰⁷, Z. Wang ¹D⁶²d, ⁵¹, ⁶²c,
Z. Wang ¹D¹⁰⁷, A. Warburton ¹D¹⁰⁵, R.J. Ward ¹D²⁰, N. Warrack ¹D⁵⁹, S. Waterhouse ¹D⁹⁶, A.T. Watson ¹D²⁰,
H. Watson ¹D⁵⁹, M.F. Watson ¹D²⁰, E. Watton ¹D⁵⁹, ¹³⁵, G. Watts ¹D¹³⁹, B.M. Waugh ¹D⁹⁷, C. Weber ¹D²⁹,
H.A. Weber ¹D¹⁸, M.S. Weber ¹D¹⁹, S.M. Weber ¹D⁶³a, C. Wei ¹D⁶²a, Y. Wei ¹D¹²⁷, A.R. Weidberg ¹D¹²⁷,
E.J. Weik ¹D¹¹⁸, J. Weingarten ¹D⁴⁹, M. Weirich ¹D¹⁰¹, C. Weiser ¹D⁵⁴, C.J. Wells ¹D⁴⁸, T. Wenaus ¹D²⁹,
B. Wendland ¹D⁴⁹, T. Wengler ¹D³⁶, N.S. Wenke ¹¹¹, N. Wermes ¹D²⁴, M. Wessels ¹D⁶³a, A.M. Wharton ¹D⁹²,
A.S. White ¹D⁶¹, A. White ¹D⁸, M.J. White ¹D¹, D. Whiteson ¹D¹⁶⁰, L. Wickremasinghe ¹D¹²⁵,
W. Wiedenmann ¹D¹⁷¹, M. Wielers ¹D¹³⁵, C. Wiglesworth ¹D⁴², D.J. Wilbern ¹D¹²¹, H.G. Wilkens ¹D³⁶,
J.J.H. Wilkinson ¹D³², D.M. Williams ¹D⁴¹, H.H. Williams ¹D²⁹, S. Williams ¹D³², S. Willocq ¹D¹⁰⁴,
B.J. Wilson ¹D¹⁰², P.J. Windischhofer ¹D³⁹, F.I. Winkel ¹D³⁰, F. Winklmeier ¹D¹²⁴, B.T. Winter ¹D⁵⁴,
J.K. Winter (102), M. Wittgen (144), M. Wobisch (98), Z. Wolffs (115), J. Wollrath (160), M.W. Wolter (87), H. Wolters (131a,131c), M.C. Wong (137), E.L. Woodward (41), S.D. Worm (48), B.K. Wosiek (87), K.W. Woźniak (87), S. Wozniewski (55), K. Wraight (59), C. Wu (20), M. Wu (14d), M. Wu (114), S.L. Wu (171), X. Wu (56), Y. Wu (62a), Z. Wu (4), J. Wuerzinger (111,ad), T.R. Wyatt (102), B.M. Wynne (52), S. Xella (42), L. Xia (14c), M. Xia (14b), J. Xiang (64c), M. Xie (62a), X. Xie (62a), S. Xin (14a,14e), A. Xiong (124), J. Xiong (17a), D. Xu (14a), H. Xu (62a), L. Xu (62a), R. Xu (129), T. Xu (107), Y. Xu (14b), Z. Xu (52), Z. Xu (14c), B. Yabsley (148), S. Yacoob (33a), Y. Yamaguchi (155), E. Yamashita (154), H. Yamauchi (158), T. Yamazaki (17a), Y. Yamazaki (85), J. Yan (62c), S. Yan (59), Z. Yan (104), H.J. Yang (62c,62d), H.T. Yang (62a), S. Yang (62a), T. Yang (64c), X. Yang (36), X. Yang (14a), Y. Yang (44), Y. Yang (62a), Z. Yang (62a), W-M. Yao (17a), H. Ye (14c), H. Ye (55), J. Ye (14a), S. Ye (29), X. Ye (62a), Y. Yeh (97), I. Yeletskikh (38), B. Yeo (17b), M.R. Yexley (97), P. Yin (41), K. Yorita (169), S. Younas (27b), C.J.S. Young (36), C. Young (144), C. Yu (14a,14e), Y. Yu (62a), M. Yuan (107), R. Yuan (62b), L. Yue (97), M. Zaazoua (62a), B. Zabinski (87), E. Zaid (52), Z.K. Zak (87), T. Zakareishvili (164), N. Zakharchuk (34), S. Zambito (56), J.A. Zamora Saa (138d,138b), J. Zang (154), D. Zanzi (54), O. Zapplatilek (133), C. Zeitnitz (172), H. Zeng (14a), J.C. Zeng (163), D.T. Zenger Jr (26), O. Zenin (37), T. Ženiš (28a), S. Zenz (95), S. Zerradi (35a), D. Zerwas (66), M. Zhai (14a,14e), D.F. Zhang (140), J. Zhang (62b), J. Zhang (6), K. Zhang (14a,14e), L. Zhang (14c), P. Zhang (14a,14e), R. Zhang (171), S. Zhang (107), S. Zhang (44), T. Zhang (154), X. Zhang (62c), X. Zhang (62b), Y. Zhang (62c,5), Y. Zhang (97), Y. Zhang (14c), Z. Zhang (17a), Z. Zhang (66), H. Zhao (139), T. Zhao (62b), Y. Zhao (137), Z. Zhao (62a), Z. Zhao (62a), A. Zhemchugov (38), J. Zheng (14c), K. Zheng (163), X. Zheng (62a), Z. Zheng (144), D. Zhong (163), B. Zhou (107), H. Zhou (7), N. Zhou (62c), Y. Zhou (14c), Y. Zhou (7), C.G. Zhu (62b), J. Zhu (107), Y. Zhu (62c), Y. Zhu (62a), X. Zhuang (14a), K. Zhukov (37), N.I. Zimine (38), J. Zinsser (63b), M. Ziolkowski (142), L. Živković (15), A. Zoccoli (23b,23a), K. Zoch (61), T.G. Zorbas (140), O. Zormpa (46), W. Zou (41), L. Zwalinski (36).

<footnote n="1">¹Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide; Australia.</footnote>

<footnote n="2">²Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB; Canada.</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³(a)Department of Physics, Ankara University, Ankara; (b)Division of Physics, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara; Türkiye.</footnote>

<footnote n="4">⁴LAPP, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, Annecy; France.</footnote>

<footnote n="5">⁵APC, Université Paris Cité, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris; France.</footnote>

<footnote n="6">⁶High Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne IL; United States of America.</footnote>

<footnote n="7">⁷Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ; United States of America.</footnote>

<footnote n="8">⁸Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington TX; United States of America.</footnote>

<footnote n="9">⁹Physics Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens; Greece.</footnote>

<footnote n="10">¹⁰Physics Department, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou; Greece.</footnote>

<footnote n="11">¹¹Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX; United States of America.</footnote>

<footnote n="12">¹²Institute of Physics, Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences, Baku; Azerbaijan.</footnote>

<footnote n="13">¹³Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona; Spain.</footnote>

<footnote n="14">¹⁴(a)Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; (b)Physics Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing; (c)Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing; (d)School of Science, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University; (e)University of Chinese Academy of Science (UCAS), Beijing; China.</footnote>

<footnote n="15">¹⁵Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade; Serbia.</footnote>

<footnote n="16">¹⁶Department for Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen; Norway.</footnote>

<footnote n="17">¹⁷(a)Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley CA; (b)University of California,</footnote>
Berkeley CA; United States of America.

<sup>18</sup>Institut für Physik, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin; Germany.

<sup>19</sup>Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics and Laboratory for High Energy Physics, University of Bern, Bern; Switzerland.

<sup>20</sup>School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham; United Kingdom.

<sup>21(a)</sup>Department of Physics, Bogazici University, Istanbul; <sup>(b)</sup>Department of Physics Engineering, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep; <sup>(c)</sup>Department of Physics, Istanbul University, Istanbul; Türkiye.

<sup>22(a)</sup>Facultad de Ciencias y Centro de Investigaciónes, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá; <sup>(b)</sup>Departamento de Física, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá; Colombia.

<sup>23(a)</sup>Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia A. Righi, Università di Bologna, Bologna; <sup>(b)</sup>INFN Sezione di Bologna; Italy.

<sup>24</sup>Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Bonn; Germany.

<sup>25</sup>Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston MA; United States of America.

<sup>26</sup>Department of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham MA; United States of America.

<sup>27(a)</sup>Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov; <sup>(b)</sup>Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest; <sup>(c)</sup>Department of Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Iasi; <sup>(d)</sup>National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Physics Department, Cluj-Napoca; <sup>(e)</sup>National University of Science and Technology Politechnica, Bucharest; <sup>(f)</sup>West University in Timisoara, Timisoara; <sup>(g)</sup>Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, Bucharest; Romania.

<sup>28(a)</sup>Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, Bratislava; <sup>(b)</sup>Department of Subnuclear Physics, Institute of Experimental Physics of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Kosice; Slovak Republic.

<sup>29</sup>Physics Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton NY; United States of America.

<sup>30</sup>Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Física, y CONICET, Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires (IFIBA), Buenos Aires; Argentina.

<sup>31</sup>California State University, CA; United States of America.

<sup>32</sup>Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge; United Kingdom.

<sup>33(a)</sup>Department of Physics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town; <sup>(b)</sup>iThemba Labs, Western Cape; <sup>(c)</sup>Department of Mechanical Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg; <sup>(d)</sup>National Institute of Physics, University of the Philippines Diliman (Philippines); <sup>(e)</sup>University of South Africa, Department of Physics, Pretoria; <sup>(f)</sup>University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa; <sup>(g)</sup>School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg; South Africa.

<sup>34</sup>Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa ON; Canada.

<sup>35(a)</sup>Faculté des Sciences Ain Chock, Université Hassan II de Casablanca; <sup>(b)</sup>Faculté des Sciences, Université Ibn-Tofail, Kénitra; <sup>(c)</sup>Faculté des Sciences Semlalia, Université Cadi Ayyad, LPHEA-Marrakech; <sup>(d)</sup>LPMR, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohamed Premier, Oujda; <sup>(e)</sup>Faculté des sciences, Université Mohammed V, Rabat; <sup>(f)</sup>Institute of Applied Physics, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir; Morocco.

<sup>36</sup>CERN, Geneva; Switzerland.

<sup>37</sup>Affiliated with an institute covered by a cooperation agreement with CERN.

<sup>38</sup>Affiliated with an international laboratory covered by a cooperation agreement with CERN.

<sup>39</sup>Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago IL; United States of America.

<sup>40</sup>LPC, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS/IN2P3, Clermont-Ferrand; France.

<sup>41</sup>Nevis Laboratory, Columbia University, Irvington NY; United States of America.

<sup>42</sup>Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen; Denmark.

<sup>43(a)</sup>Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, Rende; <sup>(b)</sup>INFN Gruppo Collegato di Cosenza, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati; Italy.
<sup>44</sup>Physics Department, Southern Methodist University, Dallas TX; United States of America.

<sup>45</sup>Physics Department, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson TX; United States of America.

<sup>46</sup>National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Agia Paraskevi; Greece.

<sup>47(a)</sup>Department of Physics, Stockholm University;<sup>(b)</sup>Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm; Sweden.

<sup>48</sup>Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg and Zeuthen; Germany.

<sup>49</sup>Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund; Germany.

<sup>50</sup>Institut für Kern- und Teilchenphysik, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden; Germany.

<sup>51</sup>Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham NC; United States of America.

<sup>52</sup>SUPA - School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh; United Kingdom.

<sup>53</sup>INFN e Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati; Italy.

<sup>54</sup>Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg; Germany.

<sup>55</sup>II. Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen; Germany.

<sup>56</sup>Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Université de Genève, Genève; Switzerland.

<sup>57(a)</sup>Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Genova;<sup>(b)</sup>INFN Sezione di Genova; Italy.

<sup>58</sup>II. Physikalisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen; Germany.

<sup>59</sup>SUPA - School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow; United Kingdom.

<sup>60</sup>LPSC, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, Grenoble INP, Grenoble; France.

<sup>61</sup>Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA; United States of America.

<sup>62(a)</sup>Department of Modern Physics and State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei;<sup>(b)</sup>Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science and Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation (MOE), Shandong University, Qingdao;<sup>(c)</sup>School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MOE), SKLPPC, Shanghai;<sup>(d)</sup>Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai;<sup>(e)</sup>School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University; China.

<sup>63(a)</sup>Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg;<sup>(b)</sup>Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg; Germany.

<sup>64(a)</sup>Department of Physics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong;<sup>(b)</sup>Department of Physics, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong;<sup>(c)</sup>Department of Physics and Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong; China.

<sup>65</sup>Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu; Taiwan.

<sup>66</sup>IJCLab, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, 91405, Orsay; France.

<sup>67</sup>Centro Nacional de Microelectrónica (IMB-CNM-CSIC), Barcelona; Spain.

<sup>68</sup>Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington IN; United States of America.

<sup>69(a)</sup>INFN Gruppo Collegato di Udine, Sezione di Trieste, Udine;<sup>(b)</sup>ICTP, Trieste;<sup>(c)</sup>Dipartimento Politecnico di Ingegneria e Architettura, Università di Udine, Udine; Italy.

<sup>70(a)</sup>INFN Sezione di Lecce;<sup>(b)</sup>Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università del Salento, Lecce; Italy.

<sup>71(a)</sup>INFN Sezione di Milano;<sup>(b)</sup>Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Milano, Milano; Italy.

<sup>72(a)</sup>INFN Sezione di Napoli;<sup>(b)</sup>Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Napoli, Napoli; Italy.

<sup>73(a)</sup>INFN Sezione di Pavia;<sup>(b)</sup>Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pavia, Pavia; Italy.

<sup>74(a)</sup>INFN Sezione di Pisa;<sup>(b)</sup>Dipartimento di Fisica E. Fermi, Università di Pisa, Pisa; Italy.

<sup>75(a)</sup>INFN Sezione di Roma;<sup>(b)</sup>Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma; Italy.

<sup>76(a)</sup>INFN Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata;<sup>(b)</sup>Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma; Italy.

<sup>77(a)</sup>INFN Sezione di Roma Tre;<sup>(b)</sup>Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università Roma Tre, Roma; Italy.

<sup>78(a)</sup>INFN-TIFPA;<sup>(b)</sup>Università degli Studi di Trento, Trento; Italy.