Chen Y, Dong L, Miao J, Wang J et al (2019) Hydrothermal liquefaction of corn straw with mixed catalysts for the production of bio-oil and aromatic compounds. *Bioresour Technol.* https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122148

Cheng X, Huang Z, Wang Z, Ma C, Chen S (2019) A novel on-site wheat straw pretreatment method: enclosed torrefaction. *Bioresour Technol* 281:48–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.02.075

Darmokoesoemo H, Setianingsih FR, Putranto TW, Kusuma HS (2016) Horn snail (*Telescopium* sp.), and mud crab (*Scylla* sp.) shells were used as low-cost adsorbents for the removal of Cu²⁺ from synthetic wastewater. *Rasayan J Chem* 9:550–555

de Muhammad H, Wei T, Cao G, Yu SH, Ren XH, Jia HL (2021) Study of soil microorganisms modified wheat straw and biochar for reducing Cd leaching potential and bioavailability. *Chemosphere*. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129644

de Silva Medeiros DC, Nzediegwu C, Benally C, Messele SA, Kwak C, Naeth C (2022) Pristine and engineered biochar for the removal of contaminants co-existing in several types of industrial wastewaters: a critical review. *Sci Total Environ*. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151120

Dong H, Deng J, Xie Y, Zhang C, Jiang Z, Cheng Y (2017) Stabilization of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) with modified biochar for Cr(VI) removal from aqueous solution. *J Hazard Mater* 332:79–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.03.002

dos Reis Ferreira RA, da Silva Meireles C, Assunção RM, Barrozo MA, Soares RR (2020) Optimization of the oxidative fast pyrolysis process of sugarcane straw by TGA and DSC analyses. *Biomass Bioenergy*. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2019.105456

Du Y, Lian F, Zhu L (2011) Biosorption of divalent Pb, Cd, and Zn onto aragonite and calcite mollusk shells. *Environ Pollut* 159(7):1763–1768

Fan J, Cai C, Chi H, Reid BJ, Coulon F, Zhang Y (2020) Remediation of Cd- and lead-polluted soil using thiol-modified biochar. *J Hazard Mater*. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122037

Fang J, Gao B, Zimmerman AR, Ro KS, Chen J (2016) Physically (CO₂) activated hydrochar from hickory and peanut hulls: preparation, characterization, and sorption of methylene blue, lead, copper, and cadmium. *RSC Adv* 6:24906–24911. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ra01644h

Foong SY, Chan YH, Chin BLF, Lock SSM, Yee CY, Yiin CL (2022) Production of biochar from rice straw and its application for wastewater remediation. *Bioresour Technol*. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127588

Galinato SP, Yoder JK, Granatstein D (2011) The economic value of biochar in crop production and carbon sequestration. *Energy Policy* 39:6344–6350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.07.035

Gao LY, Deng JH, Huang GF, Li K, Cai KZ, Liu Y (2019) Relative distribution of Cd2⁺ adsorption mechanisms on biochar derived from rice straw and sewage sludge. *Chem Biosour Technol* 272:114–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.09.138

Gürkan EH, Berkay I, Yusuf T (2022) Adsorption of Cu(II) ve Zn(II) ions by alginate-based composites: full factorial design approach. *Fuller Nano-tub Carbon Nanostruct* 30(8):787–800. https://doi.org/10.1080/1536383X.2021.2021891

Gürkan EH, Berkay I, Yusuf T (2023a) Adsorption performance of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions by a waste biomass based hydrogel: comparison of isotherm and kinetic models. *Int J of Environ Analyt Chem* 103(6):1343–1360. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2021.1873314

Gürkan EH, Rasim B, Akyol SÇ (2023b) Kinetic, isotherm modeling analyses of the adsorption of phenol on activated carbon/alginate composites. *Int J Phytorem* 25(7):832–839. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2022.2112936

Haeldermans T, Campion L, Kuppens T, Vanreppelen K, Cuypers A, Schreurs S (2020) Comparative technoeconomic assessment of biochar production from different residue streams using conventional and microwave pyrolysis. *Bioresour Technol* 318:124083. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124083

Hamid Y, Liu L, Usman M, Naidu R, Haris M, Lin Q (2022) Functionalized biochars: synthesis, characterization, and applications for removing trace elements from water. *J Hazard Mater*. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129337

Han TU, Kim J, Kim K (2020) Freezing-accelerated removal of chromate by biochar synthesized from waste rice husk. *Sep Puri Technol*. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117233

Haris M, Hamid Y, Usman M, Wang L, Saleem A, Su F (2021) Crop-residue-derived biochar: synthesis, properties, characterization, and application for the removal of trace elements in soils. *J Hazard Mater*. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126212

Haris M, Hamid Y, Wang L, Wang M, Yashir N, Su F (2022a) Cd diminution through microbial-mediated degraded lignocellulose maize straw: batch adsorption and bioavailability trials. *J Environ Manage*. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114042

Haris M, Usman M, Su F, Lei W et al (2022b) Programmable synthesis of exfoliated biochar nanosheets for selective and highly efficient adsorption of thallium. *Chem Eng J*. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.134842

Haris M, Usman M, Saleem A (2023a) Synthesis of conch-like layered carbon nanosheets by ball-milling-assisted ultrasonic exfoliation for highly selective removal of Cd(II) from multiple water matrices. *Sep Purif Technol*. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2023.124756

Haris M, Hamid Y, Saleem A, Guo J (2023b) Pristine- and engineered wood-derived biochar for abating toxic metal contamination in the soil environment. In: Li P, Elumalai V (eds) Recent advances in environmental sustainability. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 271–301. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34783-2

Harisankar S, Vishnu Mohan R, Choudhary V, Vinu R (2022) Effect of water quality on the yield and quality of the products from hydrothermal liquefaction and carbonization of rice straw. *Bioresour Technol*. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127031

He Z, Li Y, Wang Y (2023) Insufficient desorption of ions in constant-current membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI): problems and solutions. *Water Res*. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2023.120273

Hina K, Hedley M, Camps-Arbestain M, Hanly J (2015) Comparison of pine bark, biochar and zeolite as sorbents for NH₄⁺-N removal from water. *Clean* (weinh) 43:86–91. https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.201300682

Hizal J, Tutem E, Guclu K, Hugul M, Ayhan S, Apak R (2013) Heavy metal removal from water by red mud and coal fly ash: an integrated adsorption-solidification/stabilization process. *Desalin Water Treat* 51:7181–7193. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2013.771289

Hong Z, Zhong F, Niu W, Zhang K, Su J, Liu J (2020) Effects of temperature and particle size on the composition, energy conversion, and structural characteristics of pyrolysis products from different crop residues. *Energy*. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.116413

Huang G, Zhang M, Liu C, Li L, Chen Z (2018) Heavy metal(loid)s and organic contaminants in groundwater in the Pearl River Delta that has undergone three decades of urbanization and industrialization: distribution, sources, and driving forces. *Sci Total Environ* 635:913–925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.210

Huang D, Liu C, Zhang C, Deng R, Wang R, Xue W (2019) Cr(VI) removal from aqueous solution using biochar modified with Mg/Al layered double hydroxide intercalated with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. *Bioresour Technol* 276:127–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.12.114

Ifa L, Yani S, Nurjannah N (2020) Techno-economic analysis of bio-briquettes from cashew nutshell waste. *Heliyon*. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05009

Intani K, Latif S, Kabir AKMR, Müller J (2016) Effect of self-purging pyrolysis on yield of biochar from maize cobs, husks and leaves. *Bioresour Technol* 218:541–551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.06.114

Jabar JM, Odusote YA, Ayinde YT, Yılmaz M (2022) African almond (*Terminalia catappa* L.) leaves biochar prepared through pyrolysis using H3PO4 as chemical activator for sequestration of methylene blue dye. *Results Eng*. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2022.100385

Ji M, Wang X, Usman M, Liu F et al (2022) Effects of different feedstock-based biochar on soil remediation: a review. *Environ Pollut*. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118655

Jia Y, Zhang Y, Fu J, Yuan L, Li Z, Liu C (2019) A Novel magnetic biochar/MgFe-layered double hydroxide composite removing Pb²⁺ from aqueous solution: isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamics. *Colloid Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp* 567:278–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcolsurfa.2019.01.064

Jindo K, Mizumoto H, Sawada Y, Sanchez-Monedero MA, Sonoki T (2014) Physico-cal and chemical characterization of biochars derived from different
Chen Y, Dong L, Miao J, Wang J et al (2019) Hydrothermal liquefaction of corn straw with mixed catalysts for the production of bio-oil and aromatic compounds. *Bioresour Technol.* https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122148

Cheng X, Huang Z, Wang Z, Ma C, Chen S (2019) A novel on-site wheat straw pretreatment method: enclosed torrefaction. *Bioresour Technol* 281:48–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.02.075

Darmokoesoemo H, Setianingsih FR, Putranto TW, Kusuma HS (2016) Horn snail (*Telescopium* sp.), and mud crab (*Scylla* sp.) shells were used as low-cost adsorbents for the removal of Cu²⁺ from synthetic wastewater. *Rasayan J Chem* 9:550–555

de Muhammad H, Wei T, Cao G, Yu SH, Ren XH, Jia HL (2021) Study of soil microorganisms modified wheat straw and biochar for reducing Cd leaching potential and bioavailability. *Chemosphere*. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129644

de Silva Medeiros DC, Nzediegwu C, Benally C, Messele SA, Kwak C, Naeth C (2022) Pristine and engineered biochar for the removal of contaminants co-existing in several types of industrial wastewaters: a critical review. *Sci Total Environ*. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151120

Dong H, Deng J, Xie Y, Zhang C, Jiang Z, Cheng Y (2017) Stabilization of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) with modified biochar for Cr(VI) removal from aqueous solution. *J Hazard Mater* 332:79–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.03.002

dos Reis Ferreira RA, da Silva Meireles C, Assunção RM, Barrozo MA, Soares RR (2020) Optimization of the oxidative fast pyrolysis process of sugarcane straw by TGA and DSC analyses. *Biomass Bioenergy*. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2019.105456

Du Y, Lian F, Zhu L (2011) Biosorption of divalent Pb, Cd, and Zn onto aragonite and calcite mollusk shells. *Environ Pollut* 159(7):1763–1768

Fan J, Cai C, Chi H, Reid BJ, Coulon F, Zhang Y (2020) Remediation of Cd- and lead-polluted soil using thiol-modified biochar. *J Hazard Mater*. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122037

Fang J, Gao B, Zimmerman AR, Ro KS, Chen J (2016) Physically (CO₂) activated hydrochar from hickory and peanut hulls: preparation, characterization, and sorption of methylene blue, lead, copper, and cadmium. *RSC Adv* 6:24906–24911. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ra01644h

Foong SY, Chan YH, Chin BLF, Lock SSM, Yee CY, Yiin CL (2022) Production of biochar from rice straw and its application for wastewater remediation. *Bioresour Technol*. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127588

Galinato SP, Yoder JK, Granatstein D (2011) The economic value of biochar in crop production and carbon sequestration. *Energy Policy* 39:6344–6350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.07.035

Gao LY, Deng JH, Huang GF, Li K, Cai KZ, Liu Y (2019) Relative distribution of Cd2⁺ adsorption mechanisms on biochar derived from rice straw and sewage sludge. *Chem Biosour Technol* 272:114–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.09.138

Gürkan EH, Berkay I, Yusuf T (2022) Adsorption of Cu(II) ve Zn(II) ions by alginate-based composites: full factorial design approach. *Fuller Nano-tub Carbon Nanostruct* 30(8):787–800. https://doi.org/10.1080/1536383X.2021.2021891

Gürkan EH, Berkay I, Yusuf T (2023a) Adsorption performance of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions by a waste biomass based hydrogel: comparison of isotherm and kinetic models. *Int J of Environ Analyt Chem* 103(6):1343–1360. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2021.1873314

Gürkan EH, Rasim B, Akyol SÇ (2023b) Kinetic, isotherm modeling analyses of the adsorption of phenol on activated carbon/alginate composites. *Int J Phytorem* 25(7):832–839. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2022.2112936

Haeldermans T, Campion L, Kuppens T, Vanreppelen K, Cuypers A, Schreurs S (2020) Comparative technoeconomic assessment of biochar production from different residue streams using conventional and microwave pyrolysis. *Bioresour Technol* 318:124083. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124083

Hamid Y, Liu L, Usman M, Naidu R, Haris M, Lin Q (2022) Functionalized biochars: synthesis, characterization, and applications for removing trace elements from water. *J Hazard Mater*. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129337

Han TU, Kim J, Kim K (2020) Freezing-accelerated removal of chromate by biochar synthesized from waste rice husk. *Sep Puri Technol*. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117233

Haris M, Hamid Y, Usman M, Wang L, Saleem A, Su F (2021) Crop-residue-derived biochar: synthesis, properties, characterization, and application for the removal of trace elements in soils. *J Hazard Mater*. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126212

Haris M, Hamid Y, Wang L, Wang M, Yashir N, Su F (2022a) Cd diminution through microbial-mediated degraded lignocellulose maize straw: batch adsorption and bioavailability trials. *J Environ Manage*. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114042

Haris M, Usman M, Su F, Lei W et al (2022b) Programmable synthesis of exfoliated biochar nanosheets for selective and highly efficient adsorption of thallium. *Chem Eng J*. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.134842

Haris M, Usman M, Saleem A (2023a) Synthesis of conch-like layered carbon nanosheets by ball-milling-assisted ultrasonic exfoliation for highly selective removal of Cd(II) from multiple water matrices. *Sep Purif Technol*. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2023.124756

Haris M, Hamid Y, Saleem A, Guo J (2023b) Pristine- and engineered wood-derived biochar for abating toxic metal contamination in the soil environment. In: Li P, Elumalai V (eds) Recent advances in environmental sustainability. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 271–301. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34783-2

Harisankar S, Vishnu Mohan R, Choudhary V, Vinu R (2022) Effect of water quality on the yield and quality of the products from hydrothermal liquefaction and carbonization of rice straw. *Bioresour Technol*. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127031

He Z, Li Y, Wang Y (2023) Insufficient desorption of ions in constant-current membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI): problems and solutions. *Water Res*. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2023.120273

Hina K, Hedley M, Camps-Arbestain M, Hanly J (2015) Comparison of pine bark, biochar and zeolite as sorbents for NH₄⁺-N removal from water. *Clean* (weinh) 43:86–91. https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.201300682

Hizal J, Tutem E, Guclu K, Hugul M, Ayhan S, Apak R (2013) Heavy metal removal from water by red mud and coal fly ash: an integrated adsorption-solidification/stabilization process. *Desalin Water Treat* 51:7181–7193. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2013.771289

Hong Z, Zhong F, Niu W, Zhang K, Su J, Liu J (2020) Effects of temperature and particle size on the composition, energy conversion, and structural characteristics of pyrolysis products from different crop residues. *Energy*. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.116413

Huang G, Zhang M, Liu C, Li L, Chen Z (2018) Heavy metal(loid)s and organic contaminants in groundwater in the Pearl River Delta that has undergone three decades of urbanization and industrialization: distribution, sources, and driving forces. *Sci Total Environ* 635:913–925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.210

Huang D, Liu C, Zhang C, Deng R, Wang R, Xue W (2019) Cr(VI) removal from aqueous solution using biochar modified with Mg/Al layered double hydroxide intercalated with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. *Bioresour Technol* 276:127–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.12.114

Ifa L, Yani S, Nurjannah N (2020) Techno-economic analysis of bio-briquettes from cashew nutshell waste. *Heliyon*. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05009

Intani K, Latif S, Kabir AKMR, Müller J (2016) Effect of self-purging pyrolysis on yield of biochar from maize cobs, husks and leaves. *Bioresour Technol* 218:541–551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.06.114

Jabar JM, Odusote YA, Ayinde YT, Yılmaz M (2022) African almond (*Terminalia catappa* L.) leaves biochar prepared through pyrolysis using H3PO4 as chemical activator for sequestration of methylene blue dye. *Results Eng*. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2022.100385

Ji M, Wang X, Usman M, Liu F et al (2022) Effects of different feedstock-based biochar on soil remediation: a review. *Environ Pollut*. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118655

Jia Y, Zhang Y, Fu J, Yuan L, Li Z, Liu C (2019) A Novel magnetic biochar/MgFe-layered double hydroxide composite removing Pb²⁺ from aqueous solution: isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamics. *Colloid Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp* 567:278–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcolsurfa.2019.01.064

Jindo K, Mizumoto H, Sawada Y, Sanchez-Monedero MA, Sonoki T (2014) Physico-cal and chemical characterization of biochars derived from different
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Nidheesh PV, Gopinath A, Ranjith N, Praveen Akre A, Sreedharan V, Suresh Kumar M (2021) Potential role of biochar in advanced oxidation processes: a sustainable approach. Chem Eng J. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. cej.2020.126582

Nkoh JN, Ajibade FO, Atakpa EO, Baquy MA-A, Mia S, Odii EC (2022) Reduction of heavy metal uptake from polluted soils and associated health risks through biochar amendment: a critical synthesis. J Hazard Mat Adv 6:100086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazadv.2022.100086

Noreen M, Shahid M, Iqbal M, Nisar J, Abbas M (2017) Measurement of cytotoxicity and heavy metal load in drain water receiving textile effluents and drinking water in the vicinity of drains. Measurement (length) 109:88–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2017.05.030

Otero N, Vitòria L, Soler A, Canals A (2005) Fertilizer characterization: major, trace and rare earth elements. Appl Geochem 20:1473–1488. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.apgechem.2005.04.002

Pan J, Jiang J, Xu R (2013a) Removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions by Na₂SO₄/FeSO₄ combined with peanut straw biochar. Chemosphere 101:71–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.026

Pan J, Jiang J, Xu R (2013b) Adsorption of Cr(III) from acidic solutions by crop straw-derived biochars. J Environ Sci 25:1957–1965. https://doi.org/10. 1016/S1001-0742(12)60305-2

Pan JJ, Jiang J, Qian W, Xu RK (2015) Arsenate adsorption from aqueous solution onto Fe(III)-modified crop straw biochars. Environ Eng Sci 32:922–929. https://doi.org/10.1089/ees.2014.0540

Pariyar P, Kumari K et al (2020) Evaluation of change in biochar properties derived from different feedstock and pyrolysis temperatures for environmental and agricultural applications. Sci Total Environ. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136433

Putranto T, Darmokoesoemo H, Putranto T, Kusuma H (2016) Telescope snail (Telescopium spp.) and mangrove crabs (Scylla spp.) as adsorbents for the removal of Pb2+ from aqueous solutions. Rasayan J Chem 9:680

Qian L, Zhang W, Yan J, Han L, Gao W, Liu R (2016) Effective removal of heavy metals by biochar colloids at different pyrolysis temperatures. Bioresour Technol 206:217–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.01.065

Qu J, Wang Y, Tian X, Jiang Z, Deng F, Tao Y (2021) KOH-activated porous biochar with high specific surface area for adsorptive removal of chromium (VI) and naphthalene from water: affecting factors, mechanisms, and reusability exploration. J Hazard Mater. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jhazmat.2020.123292

Qu J, Che N, Niu G, Liu L, Li C, Liu Y (2022) Iron/Manganese binary metal oxide-biochar nanocomposites with high adsorption capacities of Cd²⁺: Preparation and adsorption mechanisms. J Water Process Eng. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2022.103332

Ramanayaka S, Vithanage M, Alessi DS, Liu WJ, Jayasundera ACA, Ok YS (2017) Nanobiochar: production, properties, and multifunctional applications. Environ Sci Nano 7:3279–3302. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0en00486c

Rizwan M, Lin Q, Chen X, Li Y, Li G, Zhao X (2020) Synthesis, characterization, and application of magnetic and acid-modified biochars following alkaline pretreatment of rice and cotton straw. Sci Total Environ. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136532

Rosales E, Meijide J, Pazos M, Sanromán MA (2017) Challenges and recent advances in biochar as a low-cost biosorbent: from batch assays to continuous-flow systems. Bioresour Technol 246:176–192. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.06.084

Samsuri AW, Sadegh-Zadeh F, Seh-Bardan BJ (2013) Adsorption of As(III) and As(V) by Fe-coated biochars and biochars produced from empty fruit bunches and rice husks. J Environ Chem Eng 1:981–988. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jece.2013.08.009

Shackley S, Hammond J, Gaunt J, Ibarrola R (2011) Feasibility and costs of biochar application in the UK. Carbon Manag 2:335–356. https://doi. org/10.4155/cmt.11.22

Shaheen SM, Eissa FI, Ghanem KM, Gamal El-Din HM, Al Anany FS (2013) Heavy metals removal from aqueous solutions and wastewaters by using various by products. J Environ Manage 128:514–521. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.jenvman.2013.05.06

Shakoor MB, Niazi NK, Bibi I, Murtaza G, Kunhikrishnan A, Seshadri B (2016) Remediation of arsenic-contaminated water using agricultural wastes as biosorbents. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 46:467–499. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/10643389.2015.1109910

Shan R, Shi Y, Gu J, Wang Y, Yuan H (2020) Single and competitive adsorption affinity of heavy metals toward peanut shell-derived biochar and its mechanisms in aqueous systems. Chin J Chem Eng 28:1375–1383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjche.2020.02.012

Singh E, Kumar A, Mishra R, You S, Singh L, Kumar S (2021) Pyrolysis of waste biomass and plastics for production of biochar and its use for removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions. Bioresour Technol. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124278

Singha B, Das SK (2013) Adsorptive removal of Cu(II) from aqueous solution and industrial effluent using natural and agricultural waste. Colloid Surfaces B Inter interfaces 107:97–106

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Wei Y, Wei S, Liu C, Chen T, Tang Y, Ma J, Yin K, Luo S (2019) Efficient removal of as from groundwater using iron oxide nanoneedle array-decorated biochar fibers with high fe utilization and fast adsorption kinetics. Water Res 167:115107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115107

World Health Organization (WHO) (2011) Guidelines for drinking water quality. 4 recommendations, 3rd edn. World Health Organization, Geneva

Wu J, Huang D, Liu X, Meng J, Tang C, Xu J (2018) Remediation of As(III) and Cd(II) co-contamination and its mechanism in aqueous systems by a novel calcium-based magnetic biochar. J Hazard Mater 348:10–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.01.011

Xia S, Song Z, Jeyakumar P, Shaheen SM, Rinklebe J, Ok YS, Bolan N, Wang H (2019) A critical review on bioremediation technologies for Cr(VI)-contaminated soils and wastewater. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 49(12):1027–1078. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2018.1564526

Xiao X, Chen B, Chen Z, Zhu L, Schnoor JL (2018) Insight into multiple and multilevel structures of biochars and their potential environmental applications: a critical review. Environ Sci Technol 52:5027–5047. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.esb.7b06487

Xiao Z, Zhang L, Wu L, Chen D (2019) Adsorptive removal of Cu(II) from aqueous solutions using a novel macroporous bead adsorbent based on poly(vinyl alcohol)/sodium alginate/KMnO₄ modified biochar. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 102(2019):110–117

Xiao B, Jia J, Wang W, Zhang B, Ming H, Ma S (2023) A review on magnetic bio-
char for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils: prepara-
tion, application, and microbial response. J Hazard Mat Adv 10:100254.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazadv.2023.100254

Xiaorui L, Longji Y, Xudong Y (2021) Evolution of chemical functional groups during torrefaction of rice straw. Bioresour Technol. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.biortech.2020.124328

Xie Y, Wang L, Li H, Westholm LJ et al (2022) A critical review on production, modification, and utilization of biochar. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2021.105405

Xiong J, Koopal LK, Tan W, Fang L, Wang M, Zhao W (2013) Lead binding to soil fulvic and humic acids: NICA-Donnan modeling and XAFS spectroscopy. Environ Sci Technol 47:11634–11642. https://doi.org/10.1021/es402123v

Xu X, Cao X, Zhao L (2013) Comparison of rice husk and dairy manure-derived biochars for simultaneously removing heavy metals from aqueous solutions: role of mineral components in biochars. Chemosphere 92:955–961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.03.009

Xu X, Schierz A, Xu N, Cao X (2016) Comparison of the characteristics and mechanisms of Hg(II) sorption by biochar and activated carbon. J Colloid Interface Sci 463:55–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2015.10.003

Xue Y, Gao B, Yao Y, Inyang M, Zhang D, Zimmerman AR (2012) Hydrogen peroxide modification enhances the ability of biochar (hydrochar) produced from hydrothermal carbonization of peanut hull to remove aqueous heavy metals: batch and column tests. Chem Eng J 200–202:673–680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2012.06.116

Yang S, Wu Y, Aierken A, Zhang M, Fang P, Fan Y, Ming Z (2016) Mono-competitive adsorption of As (III) and Ni (II) using modified green tea waste. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 60:213–221

Yang F, Zhang S, Li H, Li S, Cheng K, Li JS (2018) Corn straw-derived biochar impregnated with A-FeOOH nanorods for highly effective copper removal. Chem Eng J 348:191–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018. 04.161

Yang L, He L, Xue J, Wu L, Ma Y, Li H, Peng P, Li M, Zhang Z (2019) Highly efficient nickel (II) removal by sewage sludge biochar supported α-Fe2O3 and α-FeOOH: sorption characteristics and mechanisms. PLoS ONE 14:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218114

Yang D, Wang L, Li Z, Tang X, He M, Yang S, Liu X, Xu J (2020) Simultaneous adsorption of Cd(II) and As(III) by a novel biochar-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron in aqueous systems. Total Environ 708:134823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134823

Yang L, Hu W, Chang Z, Liu T, Fang D, Shao P (2021) Electrochemical recovery and high value-added reutilization of heavy metal ions from wastewater: recent advances and future trends. Environ Int. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.106512

Yi Y, Tu G, Zhao D, Tsang PE, Fang Z (2019) Biomass waste components significantly influence the removal of Cr(VI) using magnetic biochar derived from four types of feedstock and steel pickling waste liquor. Chem Eng J 360:212–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.11.205

Yuan JH, Xu RK, Zhang H (2011) The forms of alkali in the biochar produced from crop residues at different temperatures. Bioresour Technol 102:3488–3497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.11.018

Zama EF, Zhu YG, Reid BJ, Sun GX (2017) The role of biochar properties in influencing the sorption and desorption of Pb(II), Cd(II), and As(III) in aqueous solutions. J Clean Prod 148:127–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jclepro.2017.01.125

Zhang M (2011) Adsorption study of Pb(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) from simulated acid mine drainage using dairy manure compost. Chem Eng J 172:361–368

Zhang M, Gao B, Varnoosfaderani S, Hebard A, Yao Y, Inyang M (2013) Prepara-
tion and characterization of a novel magnetic biochar for arsenic
removal. Bioresour Technol 130:457–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.11.132

Zhang X, Fu W, Yin Y, Chen Z, Qiu R, Simonnot MO (2018) Adsorption-reduction removal of Cr(VI) by tobacco petiole pyrolytic biochar: batch experiment, kinetic and mechanism studies. Bioresour Technol 268:149–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.07.125

Zhang Y, Yue X, Xu W (2019a) Amino modification of rice straw-derived biochar to enhance its Cd (II) ion adsorption from water. J Hazard Mater. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120783

Zhang L, Tang S, He F, Liu Y, Mao W, Guan Y (2019b) Highly efficient and selec-
tive capture of heavy metals by poly(acrylic acid)-grafted chitosan and
biochar composite for wastewater treatment. Chem Eng J. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.122215

Zhao X, Song Z, Liu H, Li Z, Li L, Ma C (2010) Microwave pyrolysis of cornstalk bale: a promising method for direct utilization of large-sized biomass and syngas production. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 89:87–94

Zhao JJ, Shen XJ, Domene X, Alcañiz JM, Palet C (2019) Comparison of bio-
chars derived from different types of feedstock and their potential for
heavy metal removal in multiple metal solutions. Sci Rep. https://doi.
org/10.1038/s41598-019-46234-4

Zheng C, Yang Z, Si M, Zhu F, Yang W, Zhao F (2021) Application of biochars in the remediation of chromium contamination: fabrication, mechanisms, and interfering species. J Hazard Mater. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124376

Zhou L, Liu Y, Liu S, Yin Y, Zeng G, Tan X (2016) Investigation of the adsorption-reduction mechanisms of hexavalent chromium by ramie biochars at different pyrolytic temperatures. Bioresour Technol 218:351–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.06.102

Zhou Q, Liao B, Lin L, Qiu W, Song Z (2018a) Adsorption of Cu(II) and Cd(II) from aqueous solutions by ferromanganese binary oxide–biochar composites. Sci Total Environ 615:115–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.220

Zhou X, Zhou J, Liu Y, Guo J, Ren J, Zhou F (2018b) Preparation of IA-modified magnetic biochar by carbonization magnetization and functional modification for Cd(II)removal from water. Fuel 233:469–479

Zhou W, Wu P, Zhang L, Zhu D, Zhao X, Cai Y (2022) Heavy metal ions and particulate pollutants can be effectively removed by a gravity-driven ceramic foam filter optimized by carbon nanotube implantation. J Hazard Mater 421:126721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126721

Zong Y, Xiao Q, Lu S (2021) Biochar derived from cadmium-contaminated rice straw at various pyrolysis temperatures: cadmium immobilization mechanisms and environmental implications. Bioresour Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124459
Wang Z, Luo P, Zha X, Xu C, Kang S, Zhou M, Nover D, Wang Y (2022) Overview assessment of risk evaluation and treatment technologies for heavy metal pollution of water and soil. J Clean Prod. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.jclepro.2022.134043

Wei Y, Wei S, Liu C, Chen T, Tang Y, Ma J, Yin K, Luo S (2019) Efficient removal of as from groundwater using iron oxide nanoneedle array-decorated biochar fibers with high fe utilization and fast adsorption kinetics. Water Res 167:115107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115107

World Health Organization (WHO) (2011) Guidelines for drinking water quality. 4 recommendations, 3rd edn. World Health Organization, Geneva

Wu J, Huang D, Liu X, Meng J, Tang C, Xu J (2018) Remediation of As(III) and Cd(II) co-contamination and its mechanism in aqueous systems by a novel calcium-based magnetic biochar. J Hazard Mater 348:10–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.01.011

Xia S, Song Z, Jeyakumar P, Shaheen SM, Rinklebe J, Ok YS, Bolan N, Wang H (2019) A critical review on bioremediation technologies for Cr(VI)-contaminated soils and wastewater. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 49(12):1027–1078. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2018.1564526

Xiao X, Chen B, Chen Z, Zhu L, Schnoor JL (2018) Insight into multiple and multilevel structures of biochars and their potential environmental applications: a critical review. Environ Sci Technol 52:5027–5047. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.esb.7b06487

Xiao Z, Zhang L, Wu L, Chen D (2019) Adsorptive removal of Cu(II) from aqueous solutions using a novel macroporous bead adsorbent based on poly(vinyl alcohol)/sodium alginate/KMnO₄ modified biochar. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 102(2019):110–117

Xiao B, Jia J, Wang W, Zhang B, Ming H, Ma S (2023) A review on magnetic bio-
char for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils: prepara-
tion, application, and microbial response. J Hazard Mat Adv 10:100254.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazadv.2023.100254

Xiaorui L, Longji Y, Xudong Y (2021) Evolution of chemical functional groups during torrefaction of rice straw. Bioresour Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124328

Xie Y, Wang L, Li H, Westholm LJ et al (2022) A critical review on production, modification, and utilization of biochar. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2021.105405

Xiong J, Koopal LK, Tan W, Fang L, Wang M, Zhao W (2013) Lead binding to soil fulvic and humic acids: NICA-Donnan modeling and XAFS spectroscopy. Environ Sci Technol 47:11634–11642. https://doi.org/10.1021/es402123v

Xu X, Cao X, Zhao L (2013) Comparison of rice husk and dairy manure-derived biochars for simultaneously removing heavy metals from aqueous solutions: role of mineral components in biochars. Chemosphere 92:955–961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.03.009

Xu X, Schierz A, Xu N, Cao X (2016) Comparison of the characteristics and mechanisms of Hg(II) sorption by biochar and activated carbon. J Colloid Interface Sci 463:55–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2015.10.003

Xue Y, Gao B, Yao Y, Inyang M, Zhang D, Zimmerman AR (2012) Hydrogen peroxide modification enhances the ability of biochar (hydrochar) produced from hydrothermal carbonization of peanut hull to remove aqueous heavy metals: batch and column tests. Chem Eng J 200–202:673–680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2012.06.116

Yang S, Wu Y, Aierken A, Zhang M, Fang P, Fan Y, Ming Z (2016) Mono-competitive adsorption of As (III) and Ni (II) using modified green tea waste. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 60:213–221

Yang F, Zhang S, Li H, Li S, Cheng K, Li JS (2018) Corn straw-derived biochar impregnated with A-FeOOH nanorods for highly effective copper removal. Chem Eng J 348:191–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.04.161

Yang L, He L, Xue J, Wu L, Ma Y, Li H, Peng P, Li M, Zhang Z (2019) Highly efficient nickel (II) removal by sewage sludge biochar supported α-Fe2O3 and α-FeOOH: sorption characteristics and mechanisms. PLoS ONE 14:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218114

Yang D, Wang L, Li Z, Tang X, He M, Yang S, Liu X, Xu J (2020) Simultaneous adsorption of Cd(II) and As(III) by a novel biochar-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron in aqueous systems. Total Environ 708:134823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134823

Yang L, Hu W, Chang Z, Liu T, Fang D, Shao P (2021) Electrochemical recovery and high value-added reutilization of heavy metal ions from wastewater: recent advances and future trends. Environ Int. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.106512

Yi Y, Tu G, Zhao D, Tsang PE, Fang Z (2019) Biomass waste components significantly influence the removal of Cr(VI) using magnetic biochar derived from four types of feedstock and steel pickling waste liquor. Chem Eng J 360:212–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/jcej.2018.11.205

Yuan JH, Xu RK, Zhang H (2011) The forms of alkali in the biochar produced from crop residues at different temperatures. Bioresour Technol 102:3488–3497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.11.018

Zama EF, Zhu YG, Reid BJ, Sun GX (2017) The role of biochar properties in influencing the sorption and desorption of Pb(II), Cd(II), and As(III) in aqueous solutions. J Clean Prod 148:127–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.01.125

Zhang M (2011) Adsorption study of Pb(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) from simulated acid mine drainage using dairy manure compost. Chem Eng J 172:361–368

Zhang M, Gao B, Varnoosfaderani S, Hebard A, Yao Y, Inyang M (2013) Preparation and characterization of a novel magnetic biochar for arsenic removal. Bioresour Technol 130:457–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.11.132

Zhang X, Fu W, Yin Y, Chen Z, Qiu R, Simonnot MO (2018) Adsorption-reduction removal of Cr(VI) by tobacco petiole pyrolytic biochar: batch experiment, kinetic and mechanism studies. Bioresour Technol 268:149–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.07.125

Zhang Y, Yue X, Xu W (2019a) Amino modification of rice straw-derived biochar to enhance its Cd (II) ion adsorption from water. J Hazard Mater. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120783

Zhang L, Tang S, He F, Liu Y, Mao W, Guan Y (2019b) Highly efficient and selective capture of heavy metals by poly(acrylic acid)-grafted chitosan and biochar composite for wastewater treatment. Chem Eng J. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.122215

Zhao X, Song Z, Liu H, Li Z, Li M, Ma C (2010) Microwave pyrolysis of cornstalk bale: a promising method for direct utilization of large-sized biomass and syngas production. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 89:87–94

Zhao JJ, Shen XJ, Domene X, Alcañiz JM, Palet C (2019) Comparison of bio-
chars derived from different types of feedstock and their potential for
heavy metal removal in multiple metal solutions. Sci Rep. https://doi.
org/10.1038/s41598-019-46234-4

Zheng C, Yang Z, Si M, Zhu F, Yang W, Zhao F (2021) Application of biochars in the remediation of chromium contamination: fabrication, mechanisms, and interfering species. J Hazard Mater. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124376

Zhou L, Liu Y, Liu S, Yin Y, Zeng G, Tan X (2016) Investigation of the adsorption-reduction mechanisms of hexavalent chromium by ramie biochars at different pyrolytic temperatures. Bioresour Technol 218:351–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.06.102

Zhou Q, Liao B, Lin L, Qiu W, Song Z (2018a) Adsorption of Cu(II) and Cd(II) from aqueous solutions by ferromanganese binary oxide-biochar composites. Sci Total Environ 615:115–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.220

Zhou X, Zhou J, Liu Y, Guo J, Ren J, Zhou F (2018b) Preparation of IA-modified magnetic biochar by carbonization magnetization and functional modification for Cd(II)removal from water. Fuel 233:469–479

Zhou W, Wu P, Zhang L, Zhu D, Zhao X, Cai Y (2022) Heavy metal ions and particulate pollutants can be effectively removed by a gravity-driven ceramic foam filter optimized by carbon nanotube implantation. J Hazard Mater 421:126721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126721

Zong Y, Xiao Q, Lu S (2021) Biochar derived from cadmium-contaminated rice straw at various pyrolysis temperatures: cadmium immobilization mechanisms and environmental implications. Bioresour Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124459