# Non-Interference Patterns Evolving to Interference Patterns in Classical Wave Experiments

Hui Peng

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## To cite this version:

Hui Peng. Non-Interference Patterns Evolving to Interference Patterns in Classical Wave Experiments. 2023. [https://hal.science/hal-04180753](https://hal.science/hal-04180753).

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https://hal.science/hal-04180753

Preprint submitted on 13 Aug 2023

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# Non-Interference Patterns Evolving to Interference Patterns in Classical Wave Experiments

Hui Peng

James Peng's Lab, 35964 Vivian PL, Fremont, CA 94536, USA

Davidpeng1749@yahoo.com

**Abstract:** We experimentally show a universal phenomenon that, within macroscopic distances from diaphragm, patterns are non-interference and gradually evolve to the interferent patterns near the screen in the same wave experiment. Challenge is to consistently interpret, in the same classical wave experiment, the non-interference patterns, the interference patterns, and the non-interference patterns evolving to the interference patterns.

## 1. Introduction

We have shown the universal phenomena that, in classical wave experiments, the nature and the characteristics of the patterns are dependent on distance from the diaphragms, e.g., within certain macroscopic distances from the diaphragm (called Zone-1), the patterns are Particle patterns (non-interference patterns) [1]; near the screen (called Zone-3), the patterns are Interference patterns; while between Zone-1 and Zone-3 (called Zone-2), the patterns are Transition patterns (non-interference patterns). Namely, in the same classical wave experiment (such as Experiment-1 to -7 below), the non-interference patterns evolve to the interference patterns [2]. This fundamental phenomenon can be utilized to study both the nature of the light and the concepts of the coherence.

## 2. Experiments: setups and observations

### 2.1. Postulates on Lens in wave experiments

In the classical wave experiments, the light passing through the diaphragm of the slits has the certain pattern. But the pattern changes with the distance from the diaphragm, i.e., the patterns are evolving with distance. To study the evolution of the patterns, we place the convex lens at different positions and thus, the light patterns arriving at the input surface of the convex lens are different. The patterns arriving at the input surface of the convex lens change.

To utilize the convex lens to study the evolution of patterns, we propose new Postulates of convex lens.

**Postulates [2]:** (1) the convex lens enlarges the input image that arrives at the input surface; (2) The convex lens breaks the evolution of the patterns; (3) The convex lens does not change the nature of the input pattern.

Experiments in this article confirm Postulates.

### 2.2. Experiments

**Experiment-1: Single slit experiment:** Figure 1 shows the experimental setup and standard pattern.

<figure><img src="image_3.png" /><figcaption>Figure 1. Left: experimental setup; Right: Single slit and its pattern without lens</figcaption></figure>
The lens is placed at the distance L from the single slit. The L changes from 10 mm to 1000 mm.

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>Figure 2. Evolution of pattern of single slit experiment</figcaption></figure>

**Observation:** We observe the evolution of the patterns. Namely, the patterns are distance-dependent. Figure 2 shows the cross-section views of the evolution of the patterns, which show how the horizontal non-interference patter (start from L = 10 mm) evolves to the orthogonal interference pattern at (L ≥ 1000 mm). The pattern at L = 50 mm is typical Particle pattern which is the image of the single slit. Between L = 150 mm – 700 mm, we call the patterns “Transition pattern”. When L > 700 mm, the patterns evolve to Diffraction/Interference patterns

**Note:** (1) the evolution is gradually taking place, there is no clear cut between Particle patterns and Transition patterns and between Transition patterns and Interference patterns; (2) approximately, from L = 10 mm to L = 100 mm, the patterns are all Particle patterns.

**Experiment-2: Double slit experiment:** the left of Figure 3 shows the experimental setup.

<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>Figure 3. Left: experimental setup; Right: double slits and its standard pattern without lens
When placing the lens at different positions L, we have the following patterns that shows the evolution of patterns.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_6.png" /><figcaption>Figure 4. Evolution of patterns of double slit experiment</figcaption></figure>
**Observation:** When $L = 75$ mm, the vertical pattern is the typical image of double-slit (referred as Particle pattern), which is the non-interference patterns. When $L = 350$ mm, we referred the patterns as Transition patterns. When $L \ge 750$ mm, the patterns are the interference patterns. The vertical Particle patterns gradually evolve to the orthogonal interference patterns.

**Note:** from $L = 10$ mm to $L = 150$ mm, the patterns are all Particle patterns.

### Experiment-3: Orthogonal cross double slit

<figure><img src="image_7.png" /><figcaption>Figure 5. Left: experimental setup; Right: Cross double slits and its standard pattern without lens Placing the convex lens at different distances L from the diaphragm, we observe the evolution of the patterns.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_8.png" /><figcaption>Figure 6. Evolution of patterns of cross double slit experiment</figcaption></figure>

**Observation** (Figure 6): When $L = 70$ mm, the pattern is the typical image of double-slit, which is the non-interference patterns. When $L = 100$ to $500$ mm, we referred the patterns as Transition patterns. When $L \ge 700$ mm, the patterns are the interference patterns. The Particle patterns gradually evolve to the interference patterns.

**Note:** from $L = 10$ mm to $L = 30$ mm, the patterns are more complex than Particle patterns, we refer them as Pre-Particle patterns. Pre-Particle patterns are non-interference patterns.

### Experiment-4: Tilt cross double slit experiment.
The left of Figure 7 shows the experimental setup.

<figure><img src="image_9.png" /><figcaption>Figure 7. Left: experimental setup; Right: Tilt cross double slits and its interference pattern without lens</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_10.png" /><figcaption>Figure 8. Evolution of patterns of tilt cross double slit experiment</figcaption></figure>

**Observation:** Figure 8 shows the evolution of the patterns. When $L = 50$ mm, the pattern is the typical image of the tilt cross double-slit, which is the non-interference patterns. When $L = 100 - 400$ mm, we referred the patterns as Transition patterns. The vertical Particle patterns gradually evolve to the orthogonal interference patterns at $L \ge 700$ mm.

**Note:** from $L = 10$ mm to $L = 30$ mm, the patterns are Pre-Particle patterns.

**Experiment-5: Multi-Cross Double slit experiment:** the left of Figure 9 shows the experimental setup.

<figure><img src="image_11.png" /><figcaption>Figure 9. Left: experimental setup; Right: Multi-cross double slits and its cross pattern without lens</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_12.png" /><figcaption>Figure 10. Evolution of patterns of multi cross double slit experiment</figcaption></figure>

**Observation:** When $L=50$ mm, the pattern is the typical particle pattern that is the image of the diaphragm. The Pre-Particle patterns gradually evolve to Transition patterns and finally to Interference patterns at $L \ge 1200$ mm

**Note:** from $L = 10$ mm to $L = 40$ mm, the patterns are Pre-Particle patterns.

**Experiment-6: Disc-Ring experiment:** Figure 11 shows the Experimental setup.
<figure><img src="image_13.png" /><figcaption>Figure 11. Left: experimental setup; Right: Disc ring and its pattern without lens</figcaption></figure>

Figure 12 shows the evolution of the patterns

<figure><img src="image_14.png" /><figcaption>Figure 12. Evolution of patterns of disc ring experiment</figcaption></figure>

**Observation** (Figure 12): When L=60 mm, the pattern is the typical Particle pattern that is the image of the diaphragm of the disc ring.

**Note:** from L = 10 mm to L = 40 mm, the patterns are Pre-Particle patterns.

**Experiment-7: 1D grating experiment:** Figure 13 shows the Experimental setup.

<figure><img src="image_15.png" /><figcaption>Figure 13. Left: experimental setup; Right: 1D grating and its pattern without lens</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_16.png" /><figcaption>Figure 14. Evolution of patterns of 1D grating experiment</figcaption></figure>
**Observation** (Figure 14): At $L = 50$ mm, the pattern is the typical Particle pattern, the non-interference pattern. Then, when $L > 150$ mm, the pattern gradually evolves to the interference pattern.
**Note:** at $L = 10$ mm, the pattern is Particle patterns. There is no Pre-Particle pattern.

**Experiment-8: 2D grating experiment:** Figure 15 shows the Experimental setup.

<figure><img src="image_17.png" /><figcaption>Figure 15. Left: experimental setup; Right: 2D grating and its pattern without lens</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_18.png" /><figcaption>Figure 16. Evolution of patterns of 2D grating experiment</figcaption></figure>

**Observation:** Figure 16 shows the evolution of the patterns. The pattern at $L = 50$ mm is the typical Particle pattern.
**Note:** at $L = 10$ mm, the patterns are Pre-Particle patterns.

**3.Summary:** The phenomena of wave Experiment-1 to -8 are consistent. The phenomena of the non-interference patterns evolving to the interference patterns is universal.

Challenges are:

(1) to interpret consistently the evolution phenomena;

(2) there is a phenomenon that: for a double slit and a 1D grating, for which all slits are in the same orientation, there is no Pre-Particle pattern; however, for tilt cross double slit, multi-cross double slit and 2D grating, for which the slits are in different orientations, there are Pre-Particle patterns, which is complex to interpret.

We show the novel experimental phenomena for theoretically restudying the nature of the light and the concepts of both coherence/incoherence and wave function collapse.

Reference

[1] Hui Peng, "Non-Wave Pattern Near Double Slit (1) --- Standard Double Slit Experiment Violating Wave Interpretations". TechRxiv. Preprint. https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.21507237.v1 Nov. (2022).

[2] Hui Peng, "Non-interference patterns evolving to interference patterns --- Universal phenomena of single slit, double slit, cross double slit, triple slit, disc ring, 1D grating and 2D grating experiments". TechRxiv. Preprint. https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.21820155.v1 Jan. (2023).