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## SUPPORTING INFORMATION

Additional supporting information can be found online in the Supporting Information section at the end of this article.

**How to cite this article:** Haubrock, P. J., Soto, I., Ahmed, D. A., Ansari, A. R., Tarkan, A. S., Kurtul, I., Macêdo, R. L., Lázaro-Lobo, A., Toutain, M., Parker, B., Błońska, D., Guareschi, S., Cano-Barbacil, C., Dominguez Almela, V., Andreou, D., Moyano, J., Akalin, S., Kaya, C., Bayçelebi, E., ... Cuthbert, R. N. (2024). Biological invasions are a population-level rather than a species-level phenomenon. *Global Change Biology*, 30, e17312. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.17312
<figure><img src="image_19.png" /></figure>

F. Miniat, D. C. Hayes, & V. M. Lopez (Eds.), *Invasive species in forests and rangelands of the United States: A comprehensive science synthesis for the United States Forest Sector* (pp. 111–131). Heidelberg Germany: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45367-1_6

Viechtbauer, W. (2010). Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. *Journal of Statistical Software*, 36, 1–48. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v036.i03

Vilizzi, L., Copp, G. H., Hill, J. E., Adamovich, B., Aislabie, L., Akin, D., al-Faisal, A. J., Almeida, D., Azmai, M. N. A., Bakiu, R., Bellati, A., Bernier, R., Bies, J. M., Bilge, G., Branco, P., Bui, T. D., Canning-Clode, J., Cardoso Ramos, H. A., Castellanos-Galindo, G. A., ... Clarke, S. (2021). A global-scale screening of non-native aquatic organisms to identify potentially invasive species under current and future climate conditions. *Science of the Total Environment*, 788, 147868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147868

Vilizzi, L., Hill, J. E., Piria, M., & Copp, G. H. (2022). A protocol for screening potentially invasive non-native species using weed risk assessment-type decision-support tools. *Science of the Total Environment*, 832, 154966. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154966

Westcott, D. A., & Fletcher, C. S. (2011). Biological invasions and the study of vertebrate dispersal of plants: Opportunities and integration. *Acta Oecologica*, 37, 650–656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2011.04.007

Wilson, J. R. U., Dormontt, E. E., Prentis, P. J., Lowe, A. J., & Richardson, D. M. (2009). Biogeographic concepts define invasion biology.

Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 24, 586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2009.07.004

Zhang, L., Rohr, J., Cui, R., Xin, Y., Han, L., Yang, X., Gu, S., du, Y., Liang, J., Wang, X., Wu, Z., Hao, Q., & Liu, X. (2022). Biological invasions facilitate zoonotic disease emergences. *Nature Communications*, 13, 1762. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-29378-2

## SUPPORTING INFORMATION

Additional supporting information can be found online in the Supporting Information section at the end of this article.

**How to cite this article:** Haubrock, P. J., Soto, I., Ahmed, D. A., Ansari, A. R., Tarkan, A. S., Kurtul, I., Macêdo, R. L., Lázaro-Lobo, A., Toutain, M., Parker, B., Błońska, D., Guareschi, S., Cano-Barbacil, C., Dominguez Almela, V., Andreou, D., Moyano, J., Akalin, S., Kaya, C., Bayçelebi, E., ... Cuthbert, R. N. (2024). Biological invasions are a population-level rather than a species-level phenomenon. *Global Change Biology*, 30, e17312. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.17312