Appendix: Numismatic and Sigillary Evidence

<table><tr><td>pha? (Brahmi character unclear)</td><td>40</td></tr><tr><td>pi</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>pilaca</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>piluca</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>piroso</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>pūrvāditya</td><td>92</td></tr><tr><td>pūrvvaditya</td><td>88</td></tr><tr><td>pūrvvaditya</td><td>88A</td></tr><tr><td>pūrvvaditya</td><td>91</td></tr><tr><td>pūrvvaditya</td><td>93</td></tr><tr><td>ra</td><td>172</td></tr><tr><td>ra</td><td>GC-K 7</td></tr><tr><td>raja lakhāna udayāditya</td><td>79</td></tr><tr><td>raja lakhāna</td><td>80</td></tr><tr><td>rāṣṭrapālana</td><td>150 var.4</td></tr><tr><td>(remnant)</td><td>GC-K 32</td></tr><tr><td>rudra</td><td>160</td></tr><tr><td>ṣa ... latya? (P reads ṣāhi [ ] madu (?))</td><td>145</td></tr><tr><td>ṣā</td><td>118A</td></tr><tr><td>ṣa (P reads ṣāhi)</td><td>139</td></tr><tr><td>ṣā</td><td>14</td></tr><tr><td>ṣa</td><td>23</td></tr><tr><td>śa</td><td>46B var.8</td></tr><tr><td>sa</td><td>GC-K 11</td></tr><tr><td>ṣa</td><td>GC-K 15–3</td></tr><tr><td>sa</td><td>GC-K 30</td></tr><tr><td>śa</td><td>GC-K 31–5</td></tr><tr><td>sa</td><td>GC-K 4</td></tr><tr><td>ṣaha dapa</td><td>GC-K 15–2</td></tr><tr><td>ṣaha ja</td><td>143B</td></tr><tr><td>ṣāha ja (P reads ṣāhi)</td><td>326</td></tr><tr><td>ṣaha jaūkha</td><td>51</td></tr><tr><td>ṣaha javukha</td><td>50</td></tr><tr><td>ṣāha jaya</td><td>325</td></tr><tr><td>ṣaha ki</td><td>141A</td></tr><tr><td>ṣaha mahama</td><td>316</td></tr><tr><td>ṣaha manapya nada</td><td>GC-K 6</td></tr><tr><td>ṣaha</td><td>90</td></tr><tr><td>ṣāhi ha (P reads ṣāhi [ ] madu(?))</td><td>56</td></tr><tr><td>ṣāhi javukha</td><td>140</td></tr><tr><td>ṣāhi javukha</td><td>49</td></tr><tr><td>ṣāhi javūkhaḥ</td><td>117</td></tr><tr><td>ṣāhi javūkhaḥ</td><td>118</td></tr><tr><td>ṣāhi jaya</td><td>77</td></tr><tr><td>ṣāhi jaya</td><td>78</td></tr></table>
Appendix: Numismatic and Sigillary Evidence

<table><tr><td>ṣāhi lakha (?)</td><td>145A</td></tr><tr><td>ṣāhi me</td><td>71A</td></tr><tr><td>ṣahi mirakula</td><td>147A</td></tr><tr><td>ṣāhi trilo</td><td>116</td></tr><tr><td>ṣahi</td><td>142A</td></tr><tr><td>ṣahi</td><td>143A</td></tr><tr><td>ṣahi</td><td>143C</td></tr><tr><td>ṣahi</td><td>144A</td></tr><tr><td>ṣahi</td><td>165</td></tr><tr><td>ṣāhi (P reads ṣāhi [ Jmadu (?))</td><td>305</td></tr><tr><td>ṣāhi</td><td>69</td></tr><tr><td>ṣāhi</td><td>69A</td></tr><tr><td>ṣapaba (P says is unclear)</td><td>73</td></tr><tr><td>sato</td><td>GC-A 2</td></tr><tr><td>śe</td><td>43</td></tr><tr><td>śri (t?) mala</td><td>46B var.7</td></tr><tr><td>śrī jara</td><td>128</td></tr><tr><td>śrī jayatu narendra</td><td>174 var.a</td></tr><tr><td>śri ku</td><td>156</td></tr><tr><td>śri mā</td><td>46B var.1</td></tr><tr><td>śri mihirakula</td><td>152</td></tr><tr><td>śrī narendra</td><td>171</td></tr><tr><td>śrī pragupta</td><td>307B</td></tr><tr><td>śrī raṇa</td><td>323</td></tr><tr><td>śrī ṣapiro</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>śrī tora</td><td>126</td></tr><tr><td>śrī trloka (G67 gives Sri Vaysara)</td><td>111</td></tr><tr><td>śrī trloka (P reads bhaloka)</td><td>113</td></tr><tr><td>śrī vapata (V)//śri sahi tora</td><td>150 var.1</td></tr><tr><td>śrī varma</td><td>13A</td></tr><tr><td>śrī varma</td><td>GC-K 22</td></tr><tr><td>śrī varma</td><td>GC-K 23</td></tr><tr><td>śri varmasya</td><td>46A</td></tr><tr><td>śrī varysi[ra]</td><td>130A</td></tr><tr><td>śrī vāsudevaḥ</td><td>212</td></tr><tr><td>śrī vāsudevaḥ</td><td>213</td></tr><tr><td>śrī vāsudevaḥ</td><td>214</td></tr><tr><td>śrī vāsudevaḥ</td><td>215</td></tr><tr><td>śrī vaysāra</td><td>130</td></tr><tr><td>śrī</td><td>150 var.2</td></tr><tr><td>śrī</td><td>150 var.3</td></tr><tr><td>śrī</td><td>150 var.4</td></tr><tr><td>śrī</td><td>173</td></tr><tr><td>śruta</td><td>124</td></tr><tr><td>śruta</td><td>125A</td></tr></table>
Appendix: Numismatic and Sigillary Evidence

<table><tr><td>thai?</td><td>41</td></tr><tr><td>tora</td><td>120</td></tr><tr><td>tora</td><td>121A</td></tr><tr><td>tora</td><td>122</td></tr><tr><td>tora</td><td>122B</td></tr><tr><td>tora</td><td>123</td></tr><tr><td>tora</td><td>27</td></tr><tr><td>tora</td><td>GC-A 23</td></tr><tr><td>toramāṇa</td><td>133</td></tr><tr><td>trilo</td><td>114</td></tr><tr><td>tu</td><td>122</td></tr><tr><td>tu</td><td>122B</td></tr><tr><td>tu</td><td>123</td></tr><tr><td>uditāditya</td><td>127</td></tr><tr><td>varo ṣāha</td><td>16</td></tr><tr><td>varo ṣāha</td><td>17</td></tr><tr><td>vijitāvanir avanipati śrī toramāṇa deva jayati</td><td>119</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Corrupt, unclear or unread inscriptions:<br>12A, 31, 44A, 46B var.2–6&9, 76B, 150A, GC-A 12, GC-K 10, GC-K 15–1</td></tr></table>
List 4. Pahlavi inscriptions

<table><tr><td>as</td><td>pre-287</td></tr><tr><td>bg xwt'p</td><td>249</td></tr><tr><td>dlc</td><td>262</td></tr><tr><td>d't</td><td>261</td></tr><tr><td>GDH 'pzwt</td><td>303</td></tr><tr><td>GDH/'pzwt'</td><td>272</td></tr><tr><td>HWRA ššst'</td><td>274A</td></tr><tr><td>hwslwb 'pzwt</td><td>295 var.1</td></tr><tr><td>hwslwb 'pzwt</td><td>295 var.2</td></tr><tr><td>hwslwb 'pzwt</td><td>295 var.3</td></tr><tr><td>hwslwb 'pzwt</td><td>295A</td></tr><tr><td>kd' wrhr'n d kwš 'n</td><td>28A</td></tr><tr><td>ky varhran k... (P dissents reading kdy wlhl'n ZY k-wš'n MLK(A))</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>ky varhran k... (P dissents reading kdy wlhl'n ZY k-wš'n MLK(A))</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>ky varhran k... (P dissents reading kdy wlhl'n ZY k-wš'n MLK(A))</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>ky varhran Kushan malka</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td>ky varhran Kushan malka (P dissents reading kdy wlhl'n ZY k-wš'n MLK(A))</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>ky varhran Kushan malka (P dissents reading kdy wlhl'n ZY k-wš'n MLK(A))</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>M[alka] Pyrwcy (P notes additional unclear characters on the reverse)</td><td>1A</td></tr><tr><td>M[alka] Pyrwcy</td><td>1B</td></tr><tr><td>'n MLK'</td><td>22</td></tr><tr><td>nspk MLK</td><td>202</td></tr><tr><td>nwšst' MRW'</td><td>281</td></tr><tr><td>nycky MLK ā</td><td>198</td></tr><tr><td>nycky MLK š</td><td>217</td></tr><tr><td>nycky MLK š</td><td>218</td></tr><tr><td>nycky MLK š</td><td>218A</td></tr><tr><td>nycky MLK š</td><td>219A</td></tr><tr><td>nycky MLK š</td><td>220</td></tr><tr><td>nycky MLK š</td><td>221</td></tr><tr><td>nycky MLK š</td><td>222 (early)</td></tr><tr><td>nycky MLK š</td><td>222 (late)</td></tr><tr><td>nycky MLK š</td><td>224A</td></tr><tr><td>nycky MLK š</td><td>224B</td></tr><tr><td>'p MLK'</td><td>265</td></tr><tr><td>P'' šmr't' spwr bg hwt'p' whm'n'c mrt'n MLK' GDH 'pzwt spwr hwt'p</td><td>212</td></tr><tr><td>P'' šmr't' spwr bg hwt'p' whm'n'c mrt'n MLK' GDH 'pzwt spwr hwt'p</td><td>213</td></tr><tr><td>P'' šmr't' spwr bg hwt'p' whm'n'c mrt'n MLK' GDH 'pzwt spwr hwt'p</td><td>214</td></tr><tr><td>P'' šmr't' spwr bg hwt'p' whm'n'c mrt'n MLK' GDH 'pzwt spwr hwt'p</td><td>215</td></tr><tr><td>P'' šmr't' spwr bg hwt'p' whm'n'c mrt'n MLK' GDH 'pzwt spwr hwt'p</td><td>211</td></tr><tr><td>'p</td><td>270</td></tr><tr><td>'p</td><td>270A</td></tr><tr><td>'pd spwr'n TMWH' z'wl</td><td>211</td></tr></table>
Appendix: Numismatic and Sigillary Evidence

<table><tr><td>pnčwyst (truncated)</td><td>295 var.3</td></tr><tr><td>pnčwyst</td><td>295 var.1</td></tr><tr><td>pyrwc</td><td>260</td></tr><tr><td>Pyrwc</td><td>261</td></tr><tr><td>'pzwn ššst'</td><td>273</td></tr><tr><td>'pzwt ' GDH</td><td>273</td></tr><tr><td>RH</td><td>262</td></tr><tr><td>r'st'</td><td>28A</td></tr><tr><td>sh</td><td>248</td></tr><tr><td>Spyr</td><td>248</td></tr><tr><td>syp krm'nš'n TŠ' z'wlst'n</td><td>214</td></tr><tr><td>syp krm'nš'n TŠ' z'wlst'n</td><td>215</td></tr><tr><td>syp krm'nš'n TŠ' z'wlst'n</td><td>212</td></tr><tr><td>syp krm'nš'n TŠ' z'wlst'n</td><td>213</td></tr><tr><td>ybgw bhlkn</td><td>265</td></tr><tr><td>zl</td><td>261A</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Unclear, traces or unread:</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">22, 29, 30, 33, 36, 261A, 262290, GC-S 2</td></tr></table>

Countermarks

A range of countermarks are frequently associated with Hunnic coinages. Many of these appear on coins not originally issued by the Hunnic rulers, especially Sasanian types. There is no complete listing of these but see for example V (pp. 428, 436, 438–441) and types 282–286.
Images of Hunnic type coins

The coins in this section are selected because they represent recognisably distinct visual types to a non-numismatist. Images are shown at 200% except for particularly small coins (shown at 300 or 400%). Western Turk style coinage is not included. Vols. III-IV of G67 and Vol II of V provide much more extensive plates though there is no comprehensive set of images.

Appendix.001. Kidarite issues

<figure><img src="image_28.png" /><figcaption>[No Number; Göbl (1984) #736; C #6A]
Kidara issue in Kushanshah style. BM 1847,1201.265
(34 mm, 7.69 g)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_29.png" /><figcaption>Type 16
Kidarite silver issue in Sasanian style (see types 1 to 24 and discussion in C).
BM 1922,0424.3738
(3.74 g, 28 mm)</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_30.png" /><figcaption>Type 23 (see also prefix GC-K)
Kidarite copper with frontal Sasanian bust. BM 1921,0331.50
(0.84 g, 12 mm)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_31.png" /><figcaption>[No number]
Kidarite issue (inscription *kshana kirada gadara*) in Kushan style. BM IOC.562</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_32.png" /><figcaption>[No number]
Silver coin of Samarkand in Sogdia. The Sogdian inscription appears to name Kidara and these coins were issued at approximately the same period as Kidarite issues. BM 1894,0506.1756</figcaption></figure>
Appendix.002. Alchon issues

Appendix.002/A. Gold coinage continuing Kushanshah tradition

<figure><img src="image_33.png" /><figcaption>Type 85A</figcaption></figure>

Bactrian Inscription ΑΔΟΜΑΝΟ ΜΙΙΡΟ ΣΑΝΟ ΡΑΟ, ‘Adomo, King of the East’ – see types 84 through 85 for related Kidarite and Alchon gold. BM IOC.2354

<figure><img src="image_34.png" /><figcaption>Type 36</figcaption></figure>

Sasanian style bust with Alchon inscription, early issues see also types 39. BM 1894,0506.199,

<figure><img src="image_35.png" /><figcaption>Type 34 (see also 34–35 and 37–38)</figcaption></figure>

Sasanian style crown busts probably issued under the Alchons with *tamga* reverses. BM1949,0707.1
<figure><img src="image_36.png" /><figcaption>Type 41
Bare-headed busts replace Sasanian crowns on Alchon coinage
(see generally types 40 through 80). BM 1894,0506.254</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_37.png" /><figcaption>Type 54 (See also 43A & B, 44A-C, 45 through 48, – 45, 54 to 55, 72, 165, 309, 309A)
Issued by Khiṅgila, inscription *khiṅgi*, Alchon copper with bust as silver coins and *tamga*,
symbol, or inscription on reverse. BM 1894,0507.2006</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_38.png" /><figcaption>Type GC-A 15 (?)
V divides the copper into groups, one issued centrally by mints possibly also responsible for sil-
ver, and the second by local authorities including the substantial material found at Kashmir
Smast. These types are less likely to feature an inscription, and often smaller (see those types pre-
fixed GC-A). BM 1922,0213.67.</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_39.png" /><figcaption>Type 61, Alchon type with diadems which V assigns to the later stages of Alchon coinage. (for other Khingila see 44, 59A, 61, 66, 81) OR.476</figcaption></figure>

Appendix.002/B. Horseman types

The horseman types go on to become the standard iconography for the successor Turkish Shahis.

<figure><img src="image_40.png" /><figcaption>Type 105, Horseman type, Javukha. (see also 106A, 107, 117, 118) BM 1896,0506.200</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_41.png" /><figcaption>Kashmir Horseman type with Ardochsho reverse. BM 1894,0506.244</figcaption></figure>
Appendix.002/C. Toramāņa and Mihirakula

<figure><img src="image_42.png" /><figcaption>Type 120, Toramāņa Copper.
(see types 120 through 123 and possibly the Ksatrap Tarika types, 25–28).
BM 1894,0506.1177</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_43.png" /><figcaption>Type 135, Silver coinage in Alchon style in the name of Mihirakula
(see types 135 through 137).
BM IOC.2372</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_44.png" /><figcaption>Copper of Mihirakula 152, 153.
BM 1894,0506.1178</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_45.png" /><figcaption>No Hunnic number</figcaption></figure>

Gold Issues in Gupta style with title Prakashaditya issued by Toramāņa.<fnref n="1" /> BM IOC.615

<figure><img src="image_46.png" /><figcaption>Type 119</figcaption></figure>

Silver issues in Gupta style naming Toramāņa. BM 1874,1003.1

<figure><img src="image_47.png" /><figcaption>Type 192</figcaption></figure>

Copper coin with inscription *jişnu*. BM 1855,0708.91

<footnote n="1">¹ Pankaj Tandon (forthcoming; 2015).</footnote>
<figure><img src="image_48.png" /></figure>

[No number?]

Types with standing figures are only lightly covered in G67 and subsequent lists
(see types 154–155, 192). BM 1920,0617.62.

<figure><img src="image_49.png" /></figure>

Type 176

Types with seated king (Gupta model?) and goddess (see also type 156).
BM 1894,0506.287.

<figure><img src="image_50.png" /></figure>

[No number]

Alchon copper coins with various Brahmi inscriptions including Mihirakula,
following designs on late Kushan gold coins.
BM 1894,0506.250
Appendix.003. Tobazini, Hephthalite, and Nezak silver

The Tobazini and Hephthalite coinage probably minted north of the Hindu Kush are distinct from
the Alchon types, usually following more closely Sasanian prototypes.

<figure><img src="image_51.png" /><figcaption>Type 32
Tobazini coins borrow designs from the Sasanian Wahram IV (388–399).
BM 1894,0506.200</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_52.png" /><figcaption>Type 287
Hephthalite Coin based on designs of the Sasanian king Peroz [Internet Image]</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_53.png" /><figcaption>Type 198
Nezak coins are divided into two groups based on inscriptions.
BM 1894,0506.314</figcaption></figure>

Appendix.004. Sind series

Issued in Sind or Multan from the late fourth until the early sixth century. The designs imitate those of Sasanian coins and are taken to be a Sasanian mint by Alram, Schindel and others. The exclusive use of gold; and choice of symbols before face indicate they are probably not Sasanian and the most likely alternative is a Hunnic polity related to the Alchon and Nezak.

<figure><img src="image_54.png" /><figcaption>Shapur II style bust. Baldwin 37 Lot 519 ex-Sunrise Coll.; Triton VII Lot 618; Nelson 860; SNS C2.
7.33/7.32 g, 20 mm</figcaption></figure>

<footnote>i It is likely that base metal coins at least were issued in the area but are not known because of the relative lack of ex-
ploration, and a silver series at least partly overlaps with the end of these gold coins. However this does not alter the
basic observation that large silver coins dominate the issues of all official Sasanian mints and are entirely absent here.</footnote>
Appendix: Numismatic and Sigillary Evidence

<figure><img src="image_55.png" /><figcaption>Ardashir II style bust. BM 1894,0507.1296 (COC26585); SNS C5
7.32 g, 20 mm, SG18.35</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_56.png" /><figcaption>Shapur III style bust. Baldwin 37 Lot 577 ex-Sunrise Coll. (where it is noted as SNS III pl. 145 C11(?)); Nelson 880
7.14 g, 19 mm</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_57.png" /><figcaption>Yazdegerd I style bust (type A). BM 1922,0424.24 (COC27588); Fig. 1 no. 1 of the Lakhana hoard as given in Cousens; SNS C11
7.18 g, 21 mm, SG 14.12</figcaption></figure>
Appendix: Numismatic and Sigillary Evidence

<figure><img src="image_58.png" /><figcaption>Yazdegerd I style bust (type B). Tandon collection</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_59.png" /><figcaption>Bahram V style bust (early type). BM 1991,0416.1 (COC326260); Senior 1990 no. 4; SNS C12
7.14 g, 21 mm, 3 h</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_60.png" /><figcaption>Bahram V style bust (late type).CNG 100 Lot 182 ex-Adams (purch. M Riuz Rihz 1997)
7.02 g, 18 mm, 1 h</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_61.png" /><figcaption>Peroz style bust (double crenelated crown). BM 1991,0101.3 (COC326476)
7.03 g, 15 mm, 3 h</figcaption></figure>
Appendix: Numismatic and Sigillary Evidence

<figure><img src="image_62.png" /><figcaption>Peroz style bust (single crenelated crown). CNG 100 Lot 194 Ex-Adams (Purch. 1997)
7.03 g, 16 mm, 9 h</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_63.png" /><figcaption>Balash style bust (with unread Brahmi inscription). CNG 100 Lot 200 ex-Adams (purch. Pars
Coins 2007)
6.99 g, 18, mm, 12 h</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_64.png" /><figcaption>Imitation of Peroz types with Brahmi inscription. Aman ur Rahman; CNG mailbid 82 lot 817
7.18/7.14 g, 5 h</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_65.png" /><figcaption>Mihirakula issue in style of the imitations of Peroz group. Classical Numismatic Gallery Auction
23 (2015) Lot 66
7.07 g</figcaption></figure>
Appendix.005. Seals without recorded provenance

Large collections of unprovenanced seals have been assembled in recent years. That of Aman ur Rahman has been published in two volumes (Lerner and Sims-Williams 2011; Rahman and Falk 2011). The former of these volumes covers seals from the fourth to the eight century, almost all of which are presumed to have been made/used in the Hunnic period. The most significant of these is a set of sealings belonging to Ularg (Text V.008).

While other seals belong to the Hunnic period, it is hard to see them as specifically ‘Hunnic’ in nature. A particular mail portrait seems to be associated with the Northwest in this period and could be described as ‘Gandharan/Alchon.’

<figure><img src="image_66.png" /><figcaption>Figure 6. AB 7.4, a typical specimen of the ‘Gandharan/Alchon’ style portraits with the Brahmi inscription *laha*.</figcaption></figure>

But it is not clear if this is simply a stylistic shift with chronological implications or an ethnic identifier. In some cases portraits might wear crowns with an apparent Hunnic connection.

<figure><img src="image_67.png" /><figcaption>Figure 7. 01.02.59 (Rahman & Falk, 2011), inscriptions in Bactrian (Al[...]shag) and Brahmi ((śrī)-pā(:r:)ṭhiva).</figcaption></figure>

The crown resembles that on Göbl coin types 206 and 208. The possibility that seals AA 6.3 and AA 6.4 might be associated with Bactrian documents *ea* and *ed* (CE 461/2 and 474/5) which mention “Meyam, the king of the people of Kadag” and with the silver drachms (Göbl types 62, 63 71, 73) is also briefly discussed on p. 53.

Lerner and Sims-Williams (2011) cover portraits with crowns from pp. 72ff and portraits of a Göbl/Alchon type on pp. 123ff.

Some have titles which indicate they represent some form of official in the Hunnic period.
<figure><img src="image_68.png" /><figcaption>Figure 8. Ab 8.3, two impressions with the same inscription (Hc071, Hc152), referring in Bactrian to San, the army commander.</figcaption></figure>

Script is broadly an indicator of the period of issue: Greek inscriptions are pre-127 CE, Kharosthi before the fourth century, with cursive Bactrian and Brahmi associated with the Hunnic period. There are also a large number of Pahlavi seals described as “unread middle Persian” published by Rahman and Falk (2011), for example this.

<figure><img src="image_69.png" /><figcaption>Figure 9. 10.04.3</figcaption></figure>

The period of these is unclear, but the use of Pahlavi on some Hunnic coins suggests these unread seals may relate to the period.

Several of these Pahlavi inscriptions (15.06.3 to 15.06.7) feature a central *tamga*, symbols commonly associated with the Hunnic rulers.

<figure><img src="image_70.png" /><figcaption>Figure 10. 15.06.4</figcaption></figure>

See also J1.3 and J1.4 for examples of *tamgas*, and AA 13.3 (Hc030–032 inscriptions) which has a *tamga* usually associated with Alchon coins

Seals from the region are extensively published by Rahman and Falk (2011), and Lerner and Sims-Williams (2011), as well as the earlier publication by Callieri (1997).
References

Bibliography

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Throughout the Index, transcriptions of proper names into diverse source languages (and their diverse Romanisations) have been aggregated under a single headword wherever there is scarcely any doubt that these various forms refer to the same person, nation or thing. Many names and terms, however, are presented separately in the index even if there is a fair likelihood that they in fact refer to the same thing in at least some of the sources where they appear.

Abdel. *See* Hephthalites

Ādityavardhana, 331–332

Afushiqie/Afushiju, 43

Afuzhiluo, 74–76

Agathias of Myrina, 223

Agou Qiang, 38

Aḳṣonvār, 125, 197, 203–205, 210

Alakhāna, 307

Alamoundaras, 268, 270

Alans, 32, 185, 228, 233–235
gates of the ~, 150, 164, 168

Albanians (Caucasian), 150, 159, 164–165

Alchon, 106, 124, *See also* Alakhāna; Chionites;
Hūṇas; Lakhāna
coinage, 396
expelled from central India, 343, 352, 355
in central India, 280, 339, 346
in northwestern India, 73, 277, 319
in western India, 337
seals, 407

Altziagiri, 226

Ałuank‘. *See* Albanians (Caucasian)

Amida, 179, 267
besieged by Kawād, 182
besieged by Shapur II, 241

Ammianus Marcellinus, 222, 223

Amu Darya. *See* Oxus

Anagui, 80, 81

Anastasius, 176, 182–183, 189, 217, 264, 265, 267

Anlesadan, 89

Anonymous Chronicle to 1234, 189

Anōšag-ruwān/Anuširwān. *See* Қosrow I Anuširwān

Anxi, 14, 107
subject to the Yeda, 65, 92

Areobindus, 179, 180, 267

Armenians, 150, 179
allied with Georgians, 162, 163
allied with Honk‘, 159–162, 172
allied with Persia, 170
conflict with Albanians, 159
conflict with Honk‘, 150–154
conflict with Persia, 154, 170, 269

Arrian, 267

Aršakuni house, 151, 154, 155

Arthašāstra, 276

Attila. *See* Huns, of Attila

Aulikara dynasty, 341, 355

Avarayr, battle of ~, 160

Avars, 5, 186, 221, 271, 272
pseudo-, 273

Azerbaijan, 194, 199, 201, 216

Azhiluo, 80, *See also* Afuzhiluo; Gaoju

Babik, 166

Bactria, 29, 62, 134, 276, 277

Badakhshan, 27, 37, 102

Badghis, 50, 186

Badiyan, 41–42, 49, 91

Bagrat Bagratuni, 154

Bahrām IV, 402

Bahrām V Gōr, 205, 215
at war with Qaghan, 28, 194, 199, 210, 216

Baiti, 42, 73
descended from Xiongnu, 73
tribute to China, 46

Balaam, 7, 27, 29, 247

Bālāditya, 94

Balāš, 176, 197, 207, 213

Balasagan, 185

Baliyan, 77

Balkh, 42, 49, 52, 150, 154–155, 186, 196, 201, 209,
276, *See also* Badiyan; Baiti; Balaam; Boti; Boluo;
Jianshi

Bāņa. *See* Harşacarita

Barhebraeus, 190

Beishi, 7

Betwā Valley, 280, 346, 352

Bhānugupta, 294, 338

Bhūta, 334–335

Blases. *See* Balāš

Bo Fuzhun, 104–107

Bofaduo. *See* Parvata country

Bohe
subject to the Yeda, 66

Bolu(le), 29, 39, 67

Boluo, 26–28
tribute to China, 86

Bomao, 37

Book of Zambasta, 114

Bosi, 65, 74
conquered by the Hua, 51, 52
the king of ~, 35
tribute to China, 84–86

Boti, 41, 42

Bozhi, 67, 85

British Museum silver bowl, 279, 320

Budhagupta, 330

Cabades/Cavades. *See* Kawād I
Cefu Yuangui, 7

Chagan. *See* Qaghan

Chang’an, 8, 130

Chen dynasty, 9

Chenab river, 278

Cherson, 226, 261

Chile, 65, 70, 72, 110, *See also* Gaoju

Chionites, 5, 6, 124, 241
allied with Persia, 241, 243
Chiqin, 64, 70–72
Chosroes. *See Kosrow*
Chounu, 78–80
*Chronicle of Arbela*, 182
*Chronicon Ecclesiasticum*, 190
*Chu sanzang jiji*, 8
Chunni, 221, 272
*Cīnas*, 276, 282, 284, 285, 289
Claudius Ptolemy. *See* Ptolemy
Colchis, 245
Congling. *See* Pamirs
Constantius II, 240, 241
Constantius, ambassador to Pērōz I, 246
Cosmas Indicopleustes, 222, 223
Ctesiphon, 150, 205
*Da Tang xiyuji*, 11
Da Yuezhi. *See* Yuezhi, Great
Dai, 26
*Dāmodaragupta*, 359
Daoyao, 44, 72
Daqin, 14, 108
Dara, battle of ~, 187
Daśapura, 334, 343
  ruled by Ādityavardhana, 331–332
Dengshuzi, 83
Dhanyaviṣṇu, 329
Dharmavikrama. *See* Tanwujie
DONG Wan, 3, 21–24, 27, 32
Doulun, 74–75, 80
Duhuoluo. *See* Tuhuluo
Dunhuang, 120, 130
Edessa, 179, 180, 246
Ephthalanus, 75
Ephthalitae. *See* Hephthalites
Eran, 352
  first battle of ~, 330
  second battle of ~, 294, 339
Eshkingil, 146
ethnogenesis, 221
Eusebius, 249, 250
Eustathius of Apamea, 184, 185, 188, 189, 191
Fanyang, 40, 41, 42
Fāxiān, 8, 15, 20, *See also* SHI Fāxiàn
Fayrūz/Firuz. *See* Pērōz I
Fayrūz-Duḥt, 125, 177, 197, 206, 207
Ferghana, 13, 22–24, 85, 199, 209
From Kesar, 104, 106
*Fu fazang yinyuan zhuan*, 97
Fudisha, 27, 37
Fudiye, 42
Fufuluo, 74, 75, 80
Fuhuo, 43
Fujialuo, 18
Fulin Jipo/Jisuo. *See* From Kesar
Fulousha, 29, 30, 31
Futu, 50, 78, 79, 80
Gandhāra, 17, 20, 28, 35
  occupied by Alchon, 97, 277, 280
  occupied by Kidarites, 20, 21, 26, 31
  occupied by Yeda, 33, 50, 70, 73
  seals from, 407
  tribute to China, 84, 85
  visited by SONG Yun, 73
Gaṇeśa, inscribed statue. *See* Gardez inscription

Ganges, 294, 354
GAO Hui, 24–25
GAO Ming, 22–23, *See also* DONG Wan
Gaochang, 14, 51, 54, 78, 79
  tribute to China, 86
Gaoju, 65
  conflict with the Rouran, 50, 51, 78–81
  conflict with the Yeda, 77
  in the Weishu, 110
  include the Yeda, 45, 48, 90
  origin story, 110
  recognised by the Northern Wei, 79
  secession from the Rouran, 74, 76
  subject to the Yeda, 79
  tribute to China, 77
Gaoseng Faxian zhuan, 8
Gaoseng zhuan, 8
Gaozong, 32, 45
Gaozu, 75
Gardez inscription, 106, 361
Gauri, 331–333
Gedaluozhi, Geluodazhi, 105
Gelani, 241
Geloni, 233
Geluodazhi Tele, 104
Georgians, 150, 162, 163
Gollas. *See* Mihirakula
Gonandīya dynasty, 297, 298
Gopagiri. *See* Gwalior
Goparāja, 294, 338
Graha. *See* Mihirakula
Grumbates, 147, 222, 241, 243
Gujarat, 337
Gupta dynasty, 291, 293, 310, 317–318, 354
Guptas of Magadha, 359
Gurambad, 147
Gūrjara, 307
Gwalior, 280, 339
Hālahūnas. *See* Hārahūṇas
Halani. *See* Alans
Han dynasty, 28, 30
Hanlou, 41
Hanshu, 8
Haphtrāyē. *See* Hephthalites
Hāqān. *See* Qaghan
Haraha Inscription, 357
Hārahūṇas, 124, 276, 283–287, 314, 315
Harigupta, 278, 310
Harran, 180
Harṣa, 277, 297, 306
Harṣacarita, 309
Hayatyla. *See* Hephthalites
Heda. *See* Yeda
Hedaluozhi, 105, 108
Hēftāl. *See* Hephthalites
heinā-khoca, 115
Helenayeshe, 98
Hematāla, 100, 289, *See also* Ximodaluo
Hephthalites, 27, 114, 116, 125, 277, *See also* Huns,
  white; Yeda
Abdel, 185, 186, 271
  aiding Kawād, 177–182, 198, 207, 213–255, 259
  aiding Pērōz, 196, 202
  allied with Yazdegerd I, 211
at war with Pērōz, 170, 197, 202–205, 212, 248, 251, 257

at war with Yazdegerd II, 156–157

Christianity, 183

coinage, 402

conquering Gandhāra, 19, 35

conquering Tokharistan, 35

defeated by Kōsrow, 125, 199, 209, 217, 270

defeated by Sinjibu, 209, 271

defeated by Sukrā, 197, 202, 205, 207

defeating Pērōz, 125, 182, 197, 204–206, 217, 253, 254–257

dominating Sasanian Persia, 164, 254

Haphtrāyē, 183

Hēftāl in the Bundahišn, 125

in Bactria, 62, 134, 142, 143

Kafrathnatan, 188, 211

Nephthalitai, 45

Simeon Stylites, 181

Heсан the Hon, 161

Herat, 47, 163

Herodotus, 220

Hexiezhi, 104–106

Himatala. See Ximodaluo

Hindu Kush, 28, 279

Hindu Sāhi dynasty, 306, 362

Hiranya, 296, 297, 306

Hiranyakula, 297

Hiuen Tsiang. See Xuanzang

Hiung-nu. See Xiongnu

Honagur, 166, 167

Honk', 158, 160, 164, 168

allied with Armenians, 159–162

allied with Georgians, 162–163

allied with Persia, 170

conflict with Albanians, 164

conflict with Armenians, 165–166

conflict with Śāpur II, 167

defeated by Armenians, 151, 154

ruled by Sanēsan, 151, 153

Hormozd III, 196, 202, 217, 259

Hormozd IV, 199

Hou Hanshu, 8

Hua, 4, 44, 48, See also Yeda

conquering neighbouring countries, 51, 52

controlled by the Rouran, 47

related to the Jushi, 46, 48

tribute to China, 6, 46, 73, 89, 90

Huichao. See Hyecho

huna-, hūna-, 115

as an umbrella term, 114

for Uighurs, 117, 118, 121

in the Book of Zambasta, 116

Hūṇadarvas, 287

Hūṇas, 276, 277, 281–289, 310, See also Alchon;

Hārahūṇas

defeated by Aulikara rulers, 341, 354

defeated by Jarta, 311

defeated by Maukhari rulers, 360

persecuted by the Vardhanas, 277, 309

ruling in India, 290, 291

script, 312, 314

seals from India, 363

war with Skandagupta, 318

women cutting cheeks in mourning, 308

Huni, 6, 32, 33

Huns, 261, 263, 264, See also Chionites; Xiongnu; etc.

allied with Persia, 269, 270

as an umbrella term, 150, 184, 185, 188, 221–223, 229, 236

at war with Persia, 184, 188, 191, 264, 269

Caucasian, 171, 271

crossing the Maeotis, 228, 229, 244

customs, 228–232, 236

homeland, 185, 226–229, 260

in Ptolemy, 222, 226

of Attila, 220, 221, 244

origin, 226, 227, 260

portrayed as subhuman, 227–228, 230

red, 124

tactics, 231, 236, 237

white (śveta-hūņa, spēd-hyōn), 124, 182, 263, 277, 289

Hunsekhan, 147

Hunuguri, 227

Hūrāsān. See Khorasan

Hurmazd/Hurmuz. See Hormozd

Husraw. See Kōsrow

Hyecho, 42

hyōn, 124

Hyrcania, 266

Iberia (Caucasian), 260–261

iltābär, 80, 81, 105

Indus, 17, 21, 308–309

Ioannes. See John

Iordanes, 224

Īśānavarman, 356, 358–359, See also Haraha inscription

Isdegerdes. See Yazdegerd II

Ishtemi. See Sinjibu

Īśvaravarman, 356, 358

Jāmāsf/Jāmāsp. See Zāmāsp

Javūkha, 280, 297, 324, 326

coinage, 280, 398

Jalauka(s), 296, 298–299, 302

Jau(v/h)kha in a sealing, 364

jaūhkha (title), 327, 328, See also yabghu

Jazdgerd. See Yazdegerd II

Jianshi, 27, 41

Jibin, 39, 104, 108, See also Kashmir

at war with the Yeda, 70, 71

conquered by the Hua, 51, 52

ruled by Mihirakula?, 98–99

ruled by the descendants of Xinnie, 103

tribute to China, 85, 103, 104

visited by Tanwujie, 21

Jiduoluo/Juduoluo, 5, 26–28, 35, 52, See also Kidāra;

Kidarites; Yuezhi, smaller

chased by the ‘Xiongnu’, 29, 30

conquests of, 26, 31

tribute to China, 34

Jinshu, 9

Jiu Tangshu, 9

John of Antioch, 224

John of Asia (Ephesus), 187

John the Chionite, 190

John the Lydian, 224

Joshua the Stylite (pseudo-), 174
Juchang, 34
Juduoluo. See Jiduoluo
Jushi, 14, 46, 48
  Further, 14
  Nearer, 50, 75
  tribute to China, 22
Justinian, 217, 267–272
Justinus, 217, 261, 270
K'ušan. See also Hephthalites
  at war with Šāpur II, 154–155
Kabades. See Kawād I
Kabul region, 196, 199, 208, 276, 315, 362
Kābulshāh dynasty. See Hindu Ṣāhi; Turk Ṣāhi
Kadisheans, 186
Kafrathnatan. See Hephthalites
Kalhaṇa, 296, 302
Kālidāsa, 277
kaliyuga, 296, 353, 358
Kalki(n), 291–293
Kangju, 14, 48, 109
  subject to the Yeda, 65, 92
Kaniška, 19, 100
Kapiša/Kāpiśī. See Kabul region
Karashahr. See Yanqi
Kashgar, 13, 117, See also Shule
Kashmir, 280, 296, See also Jibin
  coinage, 368, 398
  dynastic history, 298
  Mihirakula withdrawing to, 96, 97
  visited by Xuanzang, 100
Kashmir Smast, 297, 397
Kaušāmbī, 363
Kawād I, 125, 170, 197, 214, 217, 252, 254
  allied with Hephthalites, 177–182, 267
  at war with Rome, 176, 185, 189–191
  deposed in Persia, 198, 255, 258
  hostage of the Hephthalites, 175
  sister of ~. See Fayrūz-Duḥt
  taking refuge with the Hephthalites, 177, 198, 207, 213, 214, 255, 259
Kepantuo, 22, 51, 66, 85
Kesra. See Kōsrow I Anuširwān
Khalaj, 105
Khaqan. See Qaghan
Khazars, 124, 125, 209
Khiṅgila. See also Eshkingil; Xinnie
  coinage, 106, 280, 321, 362, 397
Khiṅgi on a silver bowl, 280, 321
Khinkhil, 106
Khiṅkhila Narendrāditya. See Narendrāditya I
  mahāṣāhi Khīṅgīla, 106, 297, 324, 326
  ṣāhi Khiṅgāla, 106, 360
Khiṅgilābād, 106
Khorasan, 194, 199, 201, 205, 209, 210, 216
Khorāsān Tegin Shāh, 104, 107
Khosrow. See Kōsrow
Khotan, 53, 114–117, 120, See also Yutian
Khunghas. See Kunchas
Khusraw. See Kōsrow
Kidāra, 35, See also Jiduoluo
Kidarites, 27, 33, 52, 245, 320, 366, See also Jiduoluo;
  Kushanshah; Yuezhi, smaller
  at war with Pērōz, 245, 246
  coinage, 31, 36, 307, 366–367, 394

in Gandhāra, 20, 21, 35, 319
in Inner Asia, 244
Kisra. See Kōsrow I Anuširwān
Koms, 155
Košnavāz. See Akšonvār
Kōsrow. See also Xosrov
Kōsrow I Anuširwān, 182, 214, 265
  allied with Sinjibu, 209
  at war with Justinian, 268–270
  besieges Dara, 187
  defeating the Hephthalites, 125, 198, 208, 210, 217, 270
  sending gift to ‘barbarians’, 187
Kōsrow II Parvēz, 150
Kouncha. See Kunchas
Kucha, 13, 105
  conquered by the Hua, 51, 52
  tribute to China, 22
Kumāragupta I, 318
Kumārajīva, 17
Kunchas, 33, 35, 246
Kushans, 15, 27, 35, 280, See also K'ušan; Yuezhi
  coinage, 367
Kushanshah, 27, 52, 146
  coinage, 394, 396
Kuvalayamālā, 278, 310
Lakhāna. See also Alakhāna
  Lākhāna in a sealing, 364
  Lākhāna Narendrāditya. See Narendrāditya II
  Lakhāna Udayāditya on coinage, 280, 297, 307, 364
Later Aulikara dynasty. See Aulikara dynasty
Later Wei dynasty. See Northern Wei dynasty
Liang dynasty. See XIAO Liang dynasty
Liang zhigong tu, 4, 6, 12
Liangshu, 4, 9
Liangzhou, 53, 81, 109
LIU Song dynasty, 8, 9, 53
Luoyang, 9, 26, 82, 128, 130
Luoyang qielanji, 9
Magadha, 94, 294
Mahābhārata, 276
Maitraka dynasty, 297
Mamikonean house, 153, 155, 170
Mānavāyaṇi dynasty, 331–332
Mandasor. See Daśapura
Mañjuśrīmūlakalpa, 293
Mar Aba I, 182, 215
Martyropolis, 265
Marw. See Merv
Massagetes (as an umbrella term), 150–153, 164, 168, 233
Mātrceṭa, 280, 345
Mātrdāsa, 336
Mātrviṣṇu, 329
Maukhari dynasty, 295, 351, 356, 359, 363
Mauricius, author (pseudo-), 224
Mauricius, emperor, 271, 273
Mazdak, 125, 198, 213
Mazk‘ut‘k‘. See Massagetes
Medes, 235, 244, 248, 250–252
Mehama, 280, 297, 324, 326
  coinage, 280
  Meghama on 6th/7th-century coinage, 297
  Meghavāhana, 297
Meyam of Kadag, 407
Menander Protector, 224
Merv, 28, 65, 195, 210
Mi'etu, 74–79
Michael the Great /the Syrian, 188–189
Mihirakula, 33, 73, 293, 337, 352, *See also* Kalki(n)
alleged seal of ~, 363
coinage, 368, 399, 401, 406
defeated by İśānavarman, 360
defeated by Yaśodharman, 354
Gollas, 263
Gwalior inscription of ~, 280
implied by Graha?, 295
in the Rājataraṅgīnī, 296, 303
Meizhiheluojuluo, 99
Miluojue, 98
Moxiluojuluo, 93
occupying Gwalior, 280, 339, 345
Milas. *See* Balāš
Miluojue. *See* Mihirakula
Mioukesheju. *See* Poluomen
Mithra, 280
*mleccha*, 284, 293, 296, 319–320
MOQI Chounu, 84, 92
Moxian, 47
Mugan, 83
Nagai, 50, 75, 78, 80
Naigama family, 349, 351
Nālandā, 363
*Nanshi*, 9
Narendrāditya I Khinkhila, 106, 305
Narendrāditya II Lāhkhaṇa, 297, 307
Narseh, 194, 200, 201, 216
Nephthalitai. *See* Hephthalites
Nezak coinage, 106, 403
Nisibis, 176, 177, 179, 187
Northern Qui dynasty, 10, 12, 54
Northern Wei dynasty, 7, 9, 10, 47, 80, 116
embassies to, 4, 34, 43, 77, 80, 84
envoys to the west, 21–22
Northern Zhou dynasty, 12, 87–88
Nušerwan. *See* Kōsrow I Anuširwān
Opanda, 280, 324
Oxus, 41, 49, 90, 277, 280, 308
Pahlavas, 115, 277, 282, 289
Pamirs, 13, 16, 21, 25, 53
Parvata country, 278
Pāṭaliputra, 292, 293, 294
Pavvaīyā, 278, 310
Pērōz I, 183, 200, 208
aided by Hephthalites, 196, 201–202
at war with Albania, 164
at war with Armenians, 170
at war with Hephthalites, 197, 202–205, 212, 248,
251, 257
at war with Huns, 184, 188, 191
at war with Kidarites, 174, 245–246
daughter of ~. *See* Fayrūz-Duḥt
ethnography, 248
killed by Hephthalites, 125, 164, 170, 175, 182, 185,
189–191, 197, 204, 206, 210, 212, 217, 248,
253–257
Peshawar. *See* Puruṣapura
Peter the Iberian, 182

Poluoadieduo. *See* Bālāditya
Poluomen, 74, 81, 82
Poluona. *See* Ferghana
Prabhākaravardhana, 277, 297, 309
Prakāśadharman, 343
defeating Toramāṇa, 341
Prakāśāditya. *See* Toramāṇa
Prakaṭāditya, 294
Pratāpāditya I, 302
Pravarasena I of Kashmir. *See* Tuñjīna II
Pravarasena II of Kashmir, 297, 306
Pravarasena II of Vidarbha, 318, 320
Priscus of Panium, 222, 224
Procopius of Caesarea, 224
pseudo-. *See the name without prefix*
Ptolemy, 222, 223
Punjab, 277, 279, 355
Purāṇas, 277, 285, 288, 290, 314
Purusapura, 21, 30
Qabad. *See* Kawād I
Qadishaye, 177, 179
Qaghan. *See also* Aḳṣonvār, Sinjibu
Bahrām V's adversary, 28, 194, 199, 210, 216
Qi dynasty. *See* Northern Qi; Southern Qi
Qian Hanshu. *See* Hanshu
Qiang, 29, 30, 38
Qiantuo(luo). *See* Gandhāra
Qielanji. *See* Luoyang Qielanji
Qiongqi, 74, 76
Qiuci. *See* Kucha
Qu Jia, 50, 51, 79
Qubāḍ. *See* Kawād I
Rājataraṅgīnī, 106, 296
Rājyavardhana, 277, 309
Raṇāditya. *See* Tuñjīna III
Red-faces/Red Khocas. *See* heinā-khoca
Rob, 143, 146
Rouran, 5, 52, 54, 76, 78, 114, 116
capturing Chinese envoys, 22
conflict with the Fufuluo, 74, 75
conflict with the Gaoju, 50, 51, 79, 81, 112
dominating the Hua, 47
invading the Great Yuezhi, 26, 28
invading Wusun, 21
relations with the Yueban, 109, 110
scattered by the Wei, 74
tribute to China, 87
Sabirs, 186, 221, 226, 272
Sādavīkha, 324
Ṣāhi dynasty. *See* Hindu Ṣāhi; Turk Ṣāhi
Ṣākala, 93, 277, 279, 285, 307
Ṣakas, 115, 276, 282–284, *See also* Scythians
Samarkand, 40, 47, 128, 130, 146, 199
Ṣaṃkaravarman, 307
Sanēsan, 151–154
Sanguozhi, 9
Sanjeli, 336
Ṣāpur I, 211
Ṣāpur II, 154–155, 167, 240
Ṣārdīysa, 280, 325, 326
Schøyen Copper Scroll, 106, 279–280
Scythian logos, 220, 221
Scythians, 220, 244, *See also* Ṣakas
as an umbrella term, 229, 236, 271
Shapur. See Šapur
Shelun, 22, 112
Shemi, 67
SHI Fāxiàn, 52, 54
Shiji, 10
Shizi, 98
Shizong, 77, 79
Shizu, 22, 26, 110
Shule, 13, 51, See also Kashgar
Sialkot. See Šākala
Sijin, 83, See also Sinjibu
Šīlāditya, 297, 306
silver bowl. See British Museum silver bowl
Sindh, 276, 277
coinage, 368, 403
Sindhu. See Indus
Sinjibu, 199, 209, 271–273, See also Sijin
Si-yu-ki. See Da Tang xiyuji
Skandagupta, 311, 316–320
Bhitari inscription of ~, 318
Junagadh inscription of ~, 35, 318–319
Sogdiana, 31, 132, See also Sute
SONG Yun, 4, 67
departure, 25
in Gandhāra, 71, 73
in Wuchang, 69
Southern Qui dynasty, 47, 53–54
Šreşţhasena. See Tuñjīna II
šūdra, 294, 295
Šūhar. See Sukrā
Sui dynasty, 47, 59, 63, 88
Suishu, 10
Sukrā, 197, 202, 205
Sute, 31, 33, See also Sogdiana
Suzong, 25, 79
śvetahūna. See White Huns
Taiping Huanyuji, 8
Taiping yulan, 11
Taishō Tripiṭaka, 10
Taizong, 103
Taizu, 112
Ṭakka, 93, 279, 307
Tālagāna, 326
Tamsapor, 240–241
Tang dynasty, 7, 8, 9, 10, 47, 59
Tang Huiyao, 10
Tanwujie, 20
Tarim Basin, 55, 115
Tashkurgan. See Kepantuo
Taugast, 272
Theodosius, 175, 264, 267
Theophanes Confessor, 224
Theophilus, 165
Theophylact Simocatta, 225
Tianshan, 13
Tibetans, 115, 117, 124, 125
Tobazini coinage, 402
Tokharistan, 17, 30, 35, 52, 144, 146, 187, 276, See
also Tuhuluo/Tuhuoluo/Duhuoluo
controlled by Hephthalites, 196, 202
controlled by Persia, 36, 199, 208
Tongdian, 3, 10
Tongzhi, 10
Toramāṇa, 33, 328, 345

as one of a quadrumvirate, 279, 297, 324, 326
coinage, 297, 332, 399–400
connection to Ādityavardhana, 332
defeated by Prakāśadharman, 341
in Pavvaïyā, 278, 310
in the Rājataraṅgīnī, 296–297, 305
Kurā inscription of ~, 278, 326
ruling in central India, 329
ruling in western India, 334
ruling to the northwest of India, 327–328
seal, 363
war in India, 294, 346
Trdat III, 151, 168
Tuhuluo/Tuhuoluo/Duhuoluo, 40, 48, 59–60, 105,
107, See also Tokharistan
ruled by Ximodaluo, 100, 102
tribute to China, 43
Tujue, 82, 83, 102
Tuñjīna I, 302
Tuñjīna II Šreşţhasena/Pravarasena, 297, 302
Tuñjīna III Ranāditya, 297, 302
Turfan, 50, 54–55, 75, See also Gaochang; Jushi
Turk Šāhi dynasty, 106, 107, 362, 398
Turks, 120, 124, 125, 199, 221, 366, See also Tujue
as an umbrella term, 188, 194, 197, 212, 214, 216
Tuysīna, 297
Tuyuhun, 52, 78, 114, 116
translating for the Yeda, 62, 89
tribute to China, 86
Uḍḍiyāna, 15, 53, See also Wuchang
Uighurs, 114, 117–121
Ujjayinī, 280, 310, 334, 338
Ularg/Uglarg, 146
Uliyāḥin, 188, 211
Vačʻē, 153, 164
Vahan Amatuni, 154, 158
Vahan Mamikonean, 159, 162–164, 169–170
Vahrām/Varhārān. See Bahrām V Gōr
Vākāṭaka dynasty, 318
Vałarš, 167
Valas. See Balāš
Vaṅkṣu. See Oxus
Var, 30, 272
Varāhamihira, 277
Vardan Mamikonean, 158, 170–171
Vasak Siwni, 158–161
Vasukula, 297
Vidiśā, 280, 318, 339
Viṣṇuwardhana. See Yaśodharman
Vnasep Surhap, 167
W.r.z., king of the Hephthalites, 209
Wei dynasty. See Northern Wei; Western Wei
Weilüe, 10
Weishu, 3, 10
Wencheng, 32–33, 45
Wennasha, 5, 31–33
Wenxian tongkao, 11
Wenxuan, 53, 54
Western Wei dynasty, 12, 87
Wuchang, 17, 54, 68, 85, See also Uḍḍiyāna
conquered by the Hua, 52
Wusun, 14, 21–24, 47
tribute to China, 22
Xašnawāz. See Aḳṣonvār
Xaylandurk', 157, 164
Xi'an stele, 186
Xianbei, 22, 30, 112
XIAO Liang dynasty, 9, 12, 53, 88
Xiao Yuezhi. See Yuezhi, Smaller
Xihou, five, 28, 36, 37
Ximodaluo, 17, 100
Xin Tangshu, 11
Xinnie, 6, 103, 105, 106
Xiongnu, 5, 29, 30, 111, 116, 128, 276
conquering Sogdiana, 31, 33
Xiuxian, 104, 105, 107, 108
Xiyuji. See Da Tang xiyuji
Xosrov II of Armenia, 150
Xosrov III of Armenia, 153
Xuanzang, 11, 306
  about Moxiluojuluo, 93
  about Ţakka, 93, 279
  about Ximodaluo, 100
xwn, 128, 130, 131
  as a personal name, 131
  for Turks, 132
yabghu, 107, 144–146, 280, See also Javūkha

Yancai, 14, 31–33
Yandaiyilituo, 88–89

Yanqi, 13, 50, 51, 54
  conquered by the Hua, 51
  tribute to China, 22

Yaśodharman, 311, 348, 353
  allied with the Maukharis, 351, 357
  at war with Mihirakula, 352
  defeating Mihirakula, 354

Yavanas, 115, 282, 284, 290–291

Yazdbozid, 186

Yazdegerd I
  allied with Hephthalites, 211

Yazdegerd II, 196
  at war with Hephthalites, 156, 266

Ye, 128, 130

Yebo(luo), 70, 71, 72

Yeda/Yida, 4, 6, 44, 55, 72, 78, See also Hua; Yitian
capital, 49, 90, 108
conflict with Jiduoluo, 52
conquered by the Tujue, 82–83, 88
descended from the Great Yuezhi, 45, 47, 48, 90

destroying Yanqi, 51
ethnography, 56–59, 63–64, 68, 91–92
language, 61, 91
occupying Gandhāra, 33, 50, 70–71
originally the name of a ruler, 48
related to the Gaoju, 45, 48, 90
related to the Jushi, 48
relations with the Ruanruan, 65, 82, 92
states controlled by ~, 64–66, 92
subjugating the Gaoju, 79–80
supporting Mi'etu, 76
tribute to China, 84
visited by GAO Hui, 24

Yifu, 74, 79–81

Yitian, 48

Youyang zazu, 11
Yudhiṣthira II of Kashmir, 297, 307

Yueban, 5, 108
  in the Weishu, 108
  tribute to China, 22

Yuezhi, 14–18, 107, 280, See also Kushans
Great, 15–18, 26, 45, 47
Smaller, 17, 19, 29–30, 35, See also
  Jiduoluo/Juduoluo; Kidarites
Xi, 20

Yutian, 53, 64, 90, See also Khotan
conquered by the Hua, 51, 52
subject to the Yeda, 65, 92
tribute to China, 85, 86

Zabulistan, 105, 199, 208

Zachariah Rhetor, pseudo-, 183

Zāmāsp, 177, 198, 214, 255

Zeno, 175–176, 188, 191, 247, 249

Zhangye, 29, 120

Zhantan Huli, 107

Zhejia. See Ţakka

Zheshe, 22, 23

Zhimeng, 44, 52

Zhou dynasty. See Northern Zhou
Zhoushu, 12

Zhuju, 85, 86
  subject to the Yeda, 66

Zihe, 15, 16

Zuqnin Chronicle, 174
Hunnic Peoples in
Central and South Asia

— Sources for their Origin and History —

This volume is a comprehensive compilation of primary textual sources pertaining to the history of Hunnic peoples in the vast area encompassing Central and South Asia. Sources in nearly a dozen languages have been carefully selected by scholars with a specialisation in the particular language and relevant research experience. Each excerpt in the chrestomathy is presented in the original language, accompanied by an authoritative translation into a modern European language to make it accessible to specialists of other fields. Many texts are, moreover, accompanied by a commentary highlighting crucial points of interest, problematic issues and connections to the information revealed in other sources. The Sourcebook is the outcome of an interdisciplinary workshop held at Eötvös Loránd University (Budapest, Hungary) in August 2017, organised by the project Beyond Boundaries and funded by the European Research Council. The initial compilation of source texts was selectively presented, analysed and discussed at this workshop, culminating in the present volume, whose publication has also been supported by the ERC.

The authors and the editor present the book to the community of scholars and enthusiasts in hopes that, by making pertinent primary sources accessible, it will serve as a solid foundation on which to base future research. The included commentaries are thus not intended to be exhaustive, but to instigate further enquiry. For in-depth discussion of many issues raised here, a Companion series is planned to follow the Sourcebook. The first companion volume, a study of the Alkhan by Hans Bakker, is released simultaneously by Barkhuis, Groningen.

ISBN 978-94-93194-01-4

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9 789493 194014

www.barkhuis.nl