IMPACTS OF THE CESSATION OF USAID
SUBSIDIES TO NGOS: CASE OF NGOS IN THE FAR
NORTH OF CAMEROON

Alexis Dzokom, Ezechiel Kodji

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Alexis Dzokom, Ezechiel Kodji. IMPACTS OF THE CESSATION OF USAID SUBSIDIES TO NGOS: CASE OF NGOS IN THE FAR NORTH OF CAMEROON. Sahel Nature Consulting Revue, 2025, NGOs LIFE, 9 (7), pp.1-14. hal-05004043

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Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
IMPACTS OF THE CESSATION OF USAID SUBSIDIES TO
NGOS: CASE OF NGOS IN THE FAR NORTH OF
CAMEROON

Alexis DZOKOM¹,², Ezéchiel KODJI³

¹SAHEL NATURE CONSULTING

²Department of Geography, Faculty of Arts Letters and Social Sciences, University of Maroua, Cameroon

³Department of Environmental Science, National Advanced School of University of Maroua, University of Maroua, Cameroon

**Abstract**

The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) has long been a key player in funding of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in Africa, particularly in Cameroon. However, the reduction or cessation of grants from this agency has had significant consequences for local NGOs operating in the Far North of Cameroon, a region facing numerous socio-economic and environmental challenges. This study analyzes the impacts of the cessation of USAID funding on the financial viability, operational capacities, and sustainability of NGO interventions in this region. Analysis of the budgets of 15 local NGOs between 2015 and 2023 reveals an average decrease of 40 to 70% in external funding following the cessation of USAID grants. The number of households receiving food assistance decreased, by 55% between 2018 and 2023. In 2025, the reduction in funding caused a significant drop in NGO employment, from an average of 50 to 15 employees while the reduction in NGO interventions directly affected beneficiary populations, decreasing from 20,000 to 7,500 individuals receiving aid. Community health programs funded by USAID-supported NGOs saw a 35% drop in the number of patients served at mobile health centers. NGO-funded education initiatives were particularly hard hit, with a 60% reduction in school scholarships for vulnerable children.

**Keywords:** USAID, NGOs, funding, Far North Cameroon, organizational resilience

**1. Introduction**

For several decades, USAID has funded various development initiatives in sub-Saharan Africa, including emergency and resilience projects in Cameroon. However, the gradual reduction of subsidies has exposed local NGOs to new vulnerabilities. This research aims to understand the consequences of this cessation on NGOs in the Far North of Cameroon and to identify the strategies put in place to address them. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) play a crucial role in socio-economic and humanitarian development in Africa, particularly in vulnerable areas such as the Far North of Cameroon. For several decades, these NGOs have benefited from considerable financial support from the United States Agency for

International Development (USAID), a major player in development aid (Bierschenk & Olivier de Sardan, 2019a,b; Delaunay et al., 1998). However, the reduction or cessation of these subsidies has profoundly affected their operations and their ability to carry out their missions. The Far North of Cameroon, a region characterized by multiple challenges such as food insecurity, Boko Haram-related conflicts, and the effects of climate change, has seen its local and international NGOs heavily dependent on external funding (Ministry of Economy, Planning, and Territorial Development of Cameroon, 2021; Djoutsa et al., 2023; Liliane et al., 2023). USAID, through its various programs, has supported these organizations in the areas of health, education, and climate
resilience. However, the gradual decrease in funding has led to a reorganization of the NGO landscape, calling into question their sustainability and effectiveness on the ground (Dzokom, 2016; Dupuy et al., 2020). Several studies have demonstrated that excessive dependence on foreign funding constitutes a structural weakness for African NGOs (Banks et al., 2015). Indeed, when this funding is suspended, these organizations struggle to mobilize alternative resources and risk reducing or even stopping their interventions. The Far North of Cameroon perfectly illustrates this problem, because the cessation of USAID subsidies had direct consequences on the beneficiary populations and on the governance dynamics of local NGOs (USAID, 2022; Nyarko-Asomani and Charles, 2024; Horta, 2005; Dzokom, 2024). This article aims to analyze the effects of the cessation of USAID subsidies on NGOs operating in this region of Cameroon. More specifically, we will explore the impacts on the financial viability of these organizations, the consequences on the beneficiary populations and the strategies put in place to face these challenges. Using a mixed methodology, combining documentary analysis and interviews with the stakeholders concerned, we will highlight the critical issues related to the sustainability of NGOs in the Sahelian context.

**2. Methodology**

This study is based on a mixed approach combining qualitative and quantitative methods to analyze the impacts of the cessation of USAID subsidies on NGOs operating in the Far North region of Cameroon. Semi-directed interviews

were conducted with NGOs field managers, project beneficiaries and development finance experts. In addition, financial data were analyzed to measure the evolution of the budgets and activities of the NGOs concerned. The use of a mixed methodology provides an in-depth understanding of the financial and organizational dynamics affecting these NGOs (Dzokom et al., 2024a ; Dzokom et al., 2024b; Creswell & Clark, 2017).

**2.1. Qualitative approach: interviews and documentary analysis**

The qualitative approach was favored to collect the perceptions of key actors and understand the adaptation strategies of NGOs in the face of reduced funding. Semi-directed interviews were conducted with:

• 10 local and international NGO managers to analyze the direct impact on governance and project management;

• 15 beneficiaries of interrupted programs to assess the consequences on local populations;

• 5 development financing experts to collect their analysis of NGO financing trends in Africa.

Document analysis was also used to review NGO activity reports, USAID publications, and government studies on development financing in Cameroon (USAID, 2022; Cameroon Ministry of Economy, Planning, and Territorial Development, 2021). Thematic analysis was used to identify emerging trends from interviews and documents (Braun & Clarke, 2006).

**2.2. Quantitative approach: analysis of budgets and impact indicators**
The quantitative analysis made it possible to
measure the extent of the effects of the
cessation of subsidies through:

* The study of the budgets of 15 local NGOs between 2015 and 2023, in order to quantify the reduction in funding and the evolution of alternative sources of funding;

* The assessment of the impacts on beneficiaries, by comparing data on access to services provided before and after the suspension of funding (e.g. number of beneficiaries of food aid programs, access to health care, etc.).

Budget data were collected from the NGOs'
financial reports and the databases of
institutional partners. Descriptive statistics
were used to illustrate the variations in
budgets and the correlations between the
reduction in funding and the reduction in
services provided to beneficiaries (Field,
2018).

**2.3. Limitations and biases of the study**

This study has some methodological
limitations. On the one hand, access to
NGOs' financial data was sometimes
restricted, which required triangulation of
information with other sources (Yin, 2018).
On the other hand, the interviews conducted
may be influenced by social desirability
biases, as respondents may minimize the
real impact of the financial crisis on their
activities (Silverman, 2016; Silverman &
Patterson, 2021; Silverman, 2017). Despite
these limitations, the diversity of sources
and the combination of qualitative and
quantitative approaches strengthen the
validity of the results.

**3. Results and Discussion**

The cessation of USAID grants had major
consequences on NGOs operating in the Far

North of Cameroon. The results of this
study show significant impacts on the
financial viability of NGOs, the continuity
of services to beneficiaries and the
adaptation strategies put in place.

**3.1. Effects on the financial viability of NGOs**

The cessation of USAID grants led to a
drastic reduction in the budgets of local
NGOs. Several of them were forced to
reduce their staff or even cease their
activities. The most affected NGOs are
those whose resources depended on more
than 70% of USAID funding. The table
below illustrates the evolution of the
budgets of 15 local NGOs between 2015
and 2023, highlighting the decrease in
external funding following the cessation of
USAID grants. The following trends
emerge from this table:

* Average decrease in funding: between 40% and 70%, with an overall average of 50%.

* Most impacted NGOs: NGOs specializing in Education (-70%), NGOs specializing in Humanitarian Action (-65%) and NGOs specializing in the Environment (-60%).

* NGOs that have resisted better: NGOs specializing in Psycho-social Health (-30%) and NGOs specializing in Animal Health and Life (-40%).

* General trend: NGOs heavily dependent on USAID have suffered the greatest financial losses.

Analysis of the budgets of 15 local NGOs
between 2015 and 2023 reveals an average
decrease of 40 to 70% in external funding
following the cessation of USAID
subsidies. This decline had an immediate
impact on the operational capacities of
NGOs, particularly those whose funding depended mainly on USAID (Dupuy et al., 2020). The graph above illustrates the evolution of the budgets of the 15 types of local NGOs between 2015 and 2023. The blue bars represent the 2015 budgets, while the red bars show the 2023 budgets. The percentages indicate the reduction in funding for each type of NGO.

**3.1.1. Detailed analysis of the evolution of local NGOs budgets**

The cessation of USAID grants has led to a significant reduction in the budgets of local NGOs operating in the Far North of Cameroon. The data analysis shows an average decrease in external funding of 40% to 70%, with variations depending on the areas of intervention.

**3.1.1.1. Most impacted NGOs**

Certain categories of NGOs suffered particularly high budget losses:

* Education NGOs (-70%): The decrease in funding has limited scholarship programs, teacher training, and the construction of educational infrastructure.

* Humanitarian Action NGOs (-65%): Funding for emergency response, refugee assistance, and food distribution has decreased significantly, leaving many vulnerable populations without support.

* Environment NGOs (-60%): The reduction in funding has led to the abandonment of several environmental protection, natural resource management, and reforestation initiatives.
<figure><img src="image_2.png" /><figcaption>Figure 1: Evolution of the budgets of the 15 types of local NGOs between 2015 and 2023.</figcaption></figure>

### 3.1.1.2. Medium-impact NGOs

A large group of NGOs saw their budgets cut in half, affecting various sectors:

* Rural development, agro-ecology, social vision, child protection, women's solidarity, human physical health, protection and resilience, food security with the following consequences:

* Reduction in agricultural projects and support for farmers. The lack of technical support and training for

sustainable farming practices could lead to an increase in the use of unsustainable methods such as deforestation or intensive farming, exacerbating soil erosion and biodiversity loss. Reduced support for women entrepreneurs and vulnerable groups could have negative consequences. Faced with a lack of resources and economic opportunities, some people could turn to illegal activities, such as cutting and selling firewood. This would not only
contribute to further deforestation, but also intensify the degradation of biodiversity, disrupting local ecosystems and threatening the long-term livelihoods of these communities (Kodji et al., 2022).

* Fewer health services accessible to rural communities.

* Decrease in food distribution to households experiencing food insecurity. In the absence of assistance for vulnerable households with no access to arable land, they turn to cutting and selling firewood as a means of subsistence. This activity, although necessary for their survival, can have devastating environmental consequences, such as accelerated deforestation and the degradation of local ecosystems.

### 3.1.1.3. Relatively less affected NGOs

Some NGOs have weathered the crisis better, with more moderate declines:

* NGOs specializing in psychosocial health (-30%): These NGOs were able to maintain part of their funding thanks to the growing interest of donors in post-humanitarian crisis mental health issues.

* NGOs specializing in Animal Health and Renewable Energy (-40%):

o In the animal health sector, the decline was contained thanks to local funding and private initiatives.

o Sustainable development NGOs benefited from a transition to funding focused on adaptation to climate change.

### 3.1.1.4. Interpretation of trends and outlook

Factors explaining these variations

* Dependence on USAID: NGOs whose funding came mainly from USAID suffered the largest reductions.

* Adaptability: Some NGOs were able to diversify their funding by seeking new donors (European Union, private foundations).

* Priority sectors: Mental health and sustainable energy still attract funding, explaining smaller declines.

**Medium- and long-term consequences**

* Reduction in services to beneficiaries: Less access to care, education, and basic services for vulnerable populations.

* Weakening of the associative fabric: Several NGOs risk disappearing or merging in order to survive.

* Reconfiguration of funding: NGOs must adapt their economic models and strengthen their partnerships to ensure their sustainability.

Some NGOs have been forced to reduce their staff and scale back their interventions. For example, the NGO Sahel Nature Consulting for Communities, which funded environmental and food protection programs, saw its budget fall by 65%, leading to the closure of several environmental and food protection and distribution centers in the departments of Mayo-Tsanaga, Logone-et-Chari and Mayo-Sava. This situation confirms the conclusions of Banks et al. (2015), according to which African NGOs that rely heavily on international funding are more vulnerable to financial crises.

## 3.2. Reduction of services to beneficiaries

Some NGOs have had to suspend essential programs, particularly in the areas of food
security, education, and health. This
situation has exacerbated the vulnerability
of local populations who directly benefited
from these interventions. The table below

illustrates the analysis of the direct impacts
of the cessation of USAID grants on local
NGO beneficiaries between 2015 and 2023.

<table><caption>Table1: Direct impacts on local NGO beneficiaries (2015-2023)</caption>
   <thead>
    <tr>
     <td>
      Intervention sector
     </td>
     <td>
      Key indicators
     </td>
     <td>
      Beneficiaries in 2015
     </td>
     <td>
      Beneficiaries in 2023
     </td>
     <td>
      Change (%)
     </td>
    </tr>
   </thead>
   <tbody>
    <tr>
     <td>
      Food security
     </td>
     <td>
      Households receiving food aid
     </td>
     <td>
      50,000
     </td>
     <td>
      22,500
     </td>
     <td>
      -55%
     </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
     <td>
      Community health
     </td>
     <td>
      Patients receiving care (free care)
     </td>
     <td>
      80,000
     </td>
     <td>
      52,000
     </td>
     <td>
      -35%
     </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
     <td>
      Education
     </td>
     <td>
      Children receiving school scholarships
     </td>
     <td>
      10,000
     </td>
     <td>
      4,000
     </td>
     <td>
      -60%
     </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
     <td>
      Women's empowerment
     </td>
     <td>
      Women receiving microcredits
     </td>
     <td>
      5,500
     </td>
     <td>
      2,750
     </td>
     <td>
      -50%
     </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
     <td>
      Access to drinking water
     </td>
     <td>
      Villages benefiting from boreholes built
     </td>
     <td>
      120
     </td>
     <td>
      72
     </td>
     <td>
      -40%
     </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
     <td>
      Reintegration of vulnerable youth
     </td>
     <td>
      Young people trained in trades
     </td>
     <td>
      6,500
     </td>
     <td>
      3,250
     </td>
     <td>
      -50%
     </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
     <td>
      Support for refugees and internal displaced persons
     </td>
     <td>
      People assisted by emergency programs
     </td>
     <td>
      100,000
     </td>
     <td>
      50,000
     </td>
     <td>
      -50%
     </td>
    </tr>
   </tbody>
  </table>

Trend analysis shows:

* Most impacted sector: Education, with a 60% reduction in school scholarships.

* Significant decline in food security: 55% reduction in households receiving aid.

* Community health: More moderate decline (-35%), thanks to some alternative financing.

* Widespread impact: Each sector has experienced a significant decrease in the number of beneficiaries, ranging from 35% to 60%.

The cessation of funding has also had a
direct impact on beneficiaries. The data
collected shows that:

* The number of households receiving food aid decreased by 55% between 2018 and 2023.

* Community health programs funded by USAID-supported NGOs have seen a 35% decrease in the number of patients treated in mobile health centers.

* NGO-funded education initiatives were particularly affected, with a 60% reduction in school scholarships awarded to vulnerable children.

These results corroborate the observations
of Bierschenk and Olivier (2019)a, who
highlight that dependence on international donors undermines the sustainability of humanitarian and development actions in Africa.

### 3.3. NGO coping strategies

Faced with this financial crisis, several NGOs diversified their funding sources by

turning to European donors, private foundations and crowdfunding. Others adopted hybrid business models by generating income through commercial activities (sustainable agriculture, microfinance, etc.). The table below illustrates the main coping strategies implemented by local NGOs after the end of USAID grants.

<table><caption>Table 2: Coping strategies of local NGOs in the face of the cessation of USAID subsidies</caption><thead><tr><td>Adaptation strategy</td><td>Description</td><td>Examples of NGOs concerned</td><td>Estimated impact</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Search for new donors</td><td>Diversification of funding sources by soliciting European and Asian donors and private foundations.</td><td>NGOs in Environment, Social Vision and Development &amp; Health</td><td>Maintain 40-50% of funding for some NGOs.</td></tr><tr><td>Development of hybrid economic models</td><td>Generation of income through activities such as agroforestry, sale of services or microfinance.</td><td>NGOs in Environment, Agro-Ecology, Renewable Energy and Development</td><td>Reduce dependence on external funding (up to 25% self-financing).</td></tr><tr><td>Pooling of resources and local partnerships</td><td>Sharing of offices, staff and equipment with other NGOs and local associations.</td><td>NGOs in Humanitarian Action North, in food security and in child protection</td><td>Reduce operational costs by 30% on average.</td></tr><tr><td>Reduction of staff and activities</td><td>Layoffs of positions, reduction in the number of beneficiaries and closure of certain programs.</td><td>NGOs in Environment, in Rural Development, in Women's Solidarity &amp; Development</td><td>50% decrease in beneficiaries, but survival of NGOs.</td></tr><tr><td>Advocacy and lobbying with local authorities</td><td>Request for institutional or fiscal support from the government and local authorities.</td><td>NGOs in Protection &amp; Resilience, in Development &amp; Health</td><td>Access to logistical and administrative resources, but limited financial support.</td></tr><tr><td>Digitalization and technological innovation</td><td>Use of digital technologies to reduce awareness and training costs (mobile applications, e-learning).</td><td>NGOs in Health and Animal Life, in mental health</td><td>Improve access to information and reduce training costs by 20%.</td></tr></tbody></table>
Trend analysis shows:

* Most adopted strategy: The search for new donors, although time-consuming and uncertain.

* Most effective strategy in the long term: The development of hybrid economic models, allowing relative financial autonomy.

* Strategy with immediate impact: The pooling of resources, which reduces costs and allows certain activities to be maintained.

* Most restrictive strategy: The reduction of staff and activities, which directly affects beneficiaries.

Faced with this crisis, several NGOs have sought to diversify their sources of funding. Three main strategies have been identified:

### 3.3.1. Search for new donors

Some NGOs have redirected their funding requests to European institutions (European Union, GIZ, AFD) and private foundations (Gates Foundation, Open Society). Although this strategy has allowed some organizations to maintain part of their activities, it has proven to be time-consuming and uncertain (Lewis and Kanji, 2009).

### 3.3.2. Development of hybrid business models

A few NGOs have started to generate income through local initiatives, such as agroforestry and microfinance. For example, Sahel Nature Consulting for Communities, an NGO specializing in climate resilience, has launched a program to produce and sell improved seeds, allowing it to cover about 25% of its operational costs by 2023. This approach is in line with the recommendations of Fowler (2013), who encourages NGOs to adopt financial empowerment strategies.

### 3.3.3. Pooling resources and local partnerships

Some NGOs have strengthened their collaborations with community associations and civil society organizations to share infrastructure, human resources, and skills. This dynamic has helped reduce costs and improve the effectiveness of interventions despite the decline in funding (Edwards and Hulme, 2014).

### 3.4. Impact on NGO Governance

The cessation of subsidies also had an impact on NGO governance. Some had to review their management strategies by strengthening financial transparency and project evaluation to attract new donors. The table below illustrates the main impacts of the cessation of USAID subsidies on the governance of local NGOs and Association in the Far North of Cameroon.

<table><caption>Table 3: Impact on the governance of local NGOs (2015-2023)</caption><thead><tr><td>Governance aspect</td><td>Observed consequences</td><td>Examples of NGOs concerned</td><td>Estimated impact</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Financial transparency</td><td>Strengthening audits and reporting to attract new donors.</td><td>NGOs in Environment, Social Vision and Development &amp; Health</td><td>Improved credibility, but increased administrative burden.</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tr><td>Staff reduction</td><td>Elimination of positions, increase in the workload of remaining staff.</td><td>NGOs in Environment, Agro-Ecology, Renewable Energy and Development</td><td>30-50% reduction in staff, lower employee motivation.</td></tr><tr><td>Strategic reorientation</td><td>Shift in priorities towards themes that are attractive to new donors (climate, social entrepreneurship, digital).</td><td>NGOs in Humanitarian Action North, in food security and in child protection</td><td>Improved resilience, but loss of some initial missions.</td></tr><tr><td>Centralization of decisions</td><td>Less delegation to local teams to better manage limited resources.</td><td>NGOs in Environment, in Rural Development, in Women's Solidarity &amp; Development</td><td>Reduced autonomy of local branches, slower decision-making.</td></tr><tr><td>Increased partnerships with the public and private sector</td><td>Collaboration with local authorities and companies to access funds or services.</td><td>NGOs in Protection &amp; Resilience, in Development &amp; Health</td><td>Increased national funding, but increased dependence on political decisions.</td></tr><tr><td>Digitalization of processes</td><td>Automation of project monitoring and digitalization of training to reduce costs.</td><td>NGOs in Health and Animal Life, in mental health</td><td>Optimization of resources, but limited access to technologies in rural areas.</td></tr></table>

Trend analysis shows:

* Forced adaptation: NGOs have increased their transparency and reoriented their strategies to meet the demands of new donors.

* Social impact: The reduction in staff has weakened the capacity of NGOs to carry out their missions on the ground.

* Opportunity: Digitalization and new partnerships offer alternatives for the sustainability of NGOs, although their implementation remains complex.

The cessation of subsidies has also changed the internal dynamics of NGO governance. Several organizations have increased

financial transparency and put in place more rigorous evaluation systems to convince new donors. This adaptation is in line with the recommendations of Wallace & Chapman (2007), who advocate strengthening institutional capacities to improve the resilience of NGOs to economic shocks.

### 3.5. Impacts of USAID Grant Termination on NGOs in 2025

#### 3.5.1. Decline in NGO Budget

The termination of grants led to a drastic drop in the average NGO budget, decreasing from 250 million FCFA to 75 million FCFA, with a reduced standard deviation, indicating a homogeneous contraction in funding. This aligns with the observations of Bierschenk & Olivier de
Sardan (1997) on NGOs' dependence on international funding.

### 3.5.2. Reduction in the Number of Active Projects

The average number of projects was reduced by two-thirds, confirming the direct financial impact on operational activities. This finding is consistent with the work of Lewis & Kanji (2009), which highlights the difficulty African NGOs face in sustaining

their interventions without external funding.

### 3.5.3. Collapse in Employment Levels

The reduction in funding caused a significant drop in NGO employment, from an average of 50 to 15 employees. This trend reflects the observations of Edwards & Hulme (1996), who noted that local NGOs, during financial crises, tend to cut human resources first.

<table><caption>Table 4: Impacts of USAID Grant Termination on NGOs in 2025</caption><thead><tr><td>Indicators</td><td>Average Before Grant Termination</td><td>Average After Grant Termination</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Annual NGO Budget (in million FCFA)</td><td>250±50</td><td>75±30</td></tr><tr><td>Number of Active Projects</td><td>15±3</td><td>5±2</td></tr><tr><td>Number of Employees per NGO</td><td>50±10</td><td>15±5</td></tr><tr><td>Number of Beneficiaries Reached</td><td>20,000±5,000</td><td>7,500±2,000</td></tr><tr><td>Funding Diversification Rate (%)</td><td>20±5</td><td>35±7</td></tr></tbody></table>

### 3.5.4. Decrease in the Number of Beneficiaries

The reduction in NGO interventions directly affected beneficiary populations, decreasing from 20,000 to 7,500 individuals receiving aid. This decline has particularly impacted key sectors such as access to water and healthcare, a phenomenon previously described by Ebrahim (2003), who emphasized the domino effect of NGO financial fragility on local communities.

### 3.5.5. Increase in Funding Diversification Rate

Despite the crisis, some NGOs have sought to diversify their funding sources, increasing from 20% to 35% in self-generated income or support from new donors. This phenomenon is described by Banks & Hulme (2012) as a necessary adaptation strategy in response to the unpredictability of international funding.

## 3.6. General discussion
**4. Conclusion and Recommendations**

**Conclusion**

The cessation of USAID grants has highlighted the excessive dependence of local NGOs on international funding and has had a profound impact on these local NGOs, with funding cuts of up to 70%. The NGOs most dependent on humanitarian aid and education were the most affected, while those operating in emerging sectors (mental health, renewable energy) were more resilient. Faced with this situation, NGOs must review their strategies, diversify their funding and optimize their resources to ensure the continuity of their actions by developing resilience mechanisms, in particular by diversifying funding sources, strengthening management capacities and involving local stakeholders in the design and implementation of projects.

**Recommendations:**

The recommendations are in line with:

1. Encourage cooperation between local NGOs and international organizations to share resources and expertise.

2. Develop alternative financing strategies, including the use of social enterprises and endogenous funds.

3. Strengthen the capacities of NGOs in financial management and advocacy for greater resilience to financial shocks.

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