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216. Cuscito, O.; Clochard, M.-C.; Esnouf, S.; Betz, N.; Lairez, D. Nanoporous β-PVDF membranes with selectively functionalized pores. *Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. Mater.* At. **2007**, *265*, 309-313. [CrossRef]

217. Barsbay, M.; Güven, O.; Bessbousse, H.; Wade, T.L.; Beuneu, F.; Clochard, M.-C. Nanopore size tuning of polymeric membranes using the RAFT-mediated radical polymerization. *J. Memb. Sci.* **2013**, *445*, 135-145. [CrossRef]

218. Bessbousse, H.; Nandhakumar, I.; Decker, M.; Barsbay, M.; Cuscito, O.; Lairez, D.; Clochard, M.-C.; Wade, T.L. Functionalized nanoporous track-etched β-PVDF membrane electrodes for lead(ii) determination by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry. *Anal. Methods.* **2011**, *3*, 1351-1359. [CrossRef]

219. Pinaeva, U.; Lairez, D.; Oral, O.; Faber, A.; Clochard, M.-C.; Wade, T.L.; Moreau, P.; Ghestem, J.-P.; Vivier, M.; Ammor, S.; et al. Early warning sensors for monitoring mercury in water. *J. Hazard. Mater.* **2019**, *376*, 37-47. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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222. Funke, W.; Okay, O.; Joos-Müller, B. Microgels—Intramolecularly crosslinked macromolecules with a globular structure. *Adv. Polym. Sci.* **1998**, *136*, 139-234.

223. Oh, J.K.; Drumright, R.; Siegwart, D.J.; Matyjaszewski, K. The development of microgels/nanogels for drug delivery applications. *Prog. Polym. Sci.* **2008**, *33*, 448-477. [CrossRef]

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225. Dispenza, C.; Spadaro, G.; Jonsson, M. Radiation Engineering of Multifunctional Nanogels. *Top.Curr. Chem.* **2016**, *374*. [CrossRef]

226. Sabatino, M.A.; Ditta, L.A.; Conigliaro, A.; Dispenza, C. A multifunctional nanop platform for drug targeted delivery based on radiation-engineered nanogels. *Radiat. Phys. Chem.* **2020**, *169*, 108059. [CrossRef]

227. Kabanov, A.V.; Vinogradov, S.V. Nanogels as pharmaceutical carriers: Finite networks of infinite capabilities. *Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.* **2009**, *48*, 5418-5429. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

228. Zha, L.; Banik, B.; Alexis, F. Stimulus responsive nanogels for drug delivery. *Soft Matter* **2011**, *7*, 5908-5916. [CrossRef]

229. Chacko, R.T.; Ventura, J.; Zhuang, J.; Thayumanavan, S. Polymer nanogels: A versatile nanoscopic drug delivery platform. *Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev.* **2012**, *64*, 836-851. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

230. Jiang, Y.; Chen, J.; Deng, C.; Suuronen, E.J.; Zhong, Z. Click hydrogels, microgels and nanogels: Emerging platforms for drug delivery and tissue engineering. *Biomaterials* **2014**, *35*, 4969-4985. [CrossRef]

231. Karg, M.; Pich, A.; Hellweg, T.; Hoare, T.; Lyon, L.A.; Crassous, J.J.; Suzuki, D.; Gumerov, R.A.; Schneider, S.; Potemkin, I.I.; et al. Nanogels and microgels: From model colloids to applications, recent developments, and future trends. *Langmuir* **2019**, *35*, 6231-6255. [CrossRef]

232. Pich, A.; Richtering, W. Polymer Nanogels and Microgels. In *Polymer Science: A Comprehensive Reference*; Matyjaszewski, K., Moeller, M., Eds.; Elsevier Science: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2012; Volume 6, pp. 309-350, ISBN 978-0-08-087862-1.

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246. Krzeminski, M.; Molinari, M.; Troyon, M.; Coqueret, X. Calorimetric characterization of the heterogeneities produced by the radiation-induced cross-linking polymerization of aromatic diacrylates. *Macromolecules* **2010**, *43*, 3757–3763. [CrossRef]

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253. Teo, B.M.; Suh, S.K.; Hatton, T.A.; Ashokkumar, M.; Grieser, F. Sonochemical synthesis of magnetic Janus nanoparticles. *Langmuir* **2011**, *27*, 30–33. [CrossRef]

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257. Barsbay, M.; Güven, O.; Davis, T.P.; Barner-Kowollik, C.; Barner, L. RAFT-mediated polymerization and grafting of sodium 4-styrenesulfonate from cellulose initiated via γ-radiation. *Polymer* **2009**, *50*, 973–982. [CrossRef]

258. Kiraç, F.; Güven, O. Gamma radiation induced synthesis of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) mediated by Reversible Addition–Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT) process. *Radiat. Phys. Chem.* **2015**, *112*, 76–82. [CrossRef]

259. Barsbay, M.; Güven, O. Nanostructuring of polymers by controlling of ionizing radiation-induced free radical polymerization, copolymerization, grafting and crosslinking by RAFT mechanism. *Radiat. Phys. Chem.* **2020**, *169*, 107816. [CrossRef]
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311. Adamo, G.; Grimaldi, N.; Campora, S.; Sabatino, M.A.; Dispenza, C.; Ghersi, G. Glutathione-sensitive nanogels for drug release. *Chem. Eng. Trans.* **2014**, *38*, 457-462. [CrossRef]

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313. Matusiak, M.; Kadlubowski, S.; Ulanski, P. Radiation-induced synthesis of poly(acrylic acid) nanogels. *Radiat. Phys. Chem.* **2018**, *142*, 125-129. [CrossRef]

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321. Khutoryanskiy, V.V.; Staikos, G. *Hydrogen-Bonded Interpolymer Complexes*; World Scientific: Singapore, 2009; ISBN 978-981-270-785-7.

322. Henke, A.; Kadlubowski, S.; Wolszczak, M.; Ulański, P.; Boyko, V.; Schmidt, T.; Arndt, K.-F.; Rosiak, J.M. The structure and aggregation of hydrogen-bonded interpolymer complexes of poly(acrylic acid) with poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) in dilute aqueous solution. *Macromol. Chem. Phys.* **2011**, *212*, 2529-2540. [CrossRef]

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329. Ghaffarlou, M.; Sütekin, S.D.; Güven, O. Preparation of nanogels by radiation-induced cross-linking of interpolymer complexes of poly (acrylic acid) with poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) in aqueous medium. *Radiat. Phys. Chem.* **2018**, *142*, 130–136. [CrossRef]

330. Rattanawongwiboon, T.; Ghaffarlou, M.; Sütekin, S.D.; Pasanphan, W.; Güven, O. Preparation of multifunctional poly(acrylic acid)-poly(ethylene oxide) nanogels from their interpolymer complexes by radiation-induced intramolecular crosslinking. *Colloid Polym. Sci.* **2018**, *296*, 1599–1608. [CrossRef]

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335. Neamtu, I.; Rusu, A.G.; Diaconu, A.; Nita, L.E.; Chiriac, A.P. Basic concepts and recent advances in nanogels as carriers for medical applications. *Drug Deliv.* **2017**, *24*, 539–557. [CrossRef]

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327. Nurkeeva, Z.S.; Khutoryanskiy, V.V.; Mun, G.A.; Bitekenova, A.B.; Kadlubowski, S.; Zhilina, Y.A.; Ulanski, P.; Rosiak, J.M. Interpolymer complexes of poly(acrylic acid) nanogels with some non-ionic polymers in aqueous solutions. *Colloid Surf. A* **2004**, *236*, 141–146. [CrossRef]

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329. Ghaffarlou, M.; Sütekin, S.D.; Güven, O. Preparation of nanogels by radiation-induced cross-linking of interpolymer complexes of poly (acrylic acid) with poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) in aqueous medium. *Radiat. Phys. Chem.* **2018**, *142*, 130–136. [CrossRef]

330. Rattanawongwiboon, T.; Ghaffarlou, M.; Sütekin, S.D.; Pasanphan, W.; Güven, O. Preparation of multifunctional poly(acrylic acid)-poly(ethylene oxide) nanogels from their interpolymer complexes by radiation-induced intramolecular crosslinking. *Colloid Polym. Sci.* **2018**, *296*, 1599–1608. [CrossRef]

331. El-Hag Ali, A.; Shawky, H.A.; Abd El Rehim, H.A.; Hegazy, E.A. Synthesis and characterization of PVP/AAc copolymer hydrogel and its applications in the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution. *Eur.Polym.J.* **2003**, *39*, 2337–2344. [CrossRef]

332. Abd El-Rehim, H.A.; Hegazy, E.A.; Khalil, F.H.; Hamed, N.A. Radiation preparation of drug carriers based polyacrylic acid (PAAc) using poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) as a template polymer. *Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. Mater. At.* **2007**, *254*, 105–112. [CrossRef]

333. Abd El-Rehim, H.A.; Hegazy, E.S.A.; Hamed, A.A.; Swilem, A.E. Controlling the size and swellability of stimuli-responsive polyvinylpyrrolidone-poly(acrylic acid) nanogels synthesized by gamma radiation-induced template polymerization. *Eur. Polym. J.* **2013**, *49*, 601–612. [CrossRef]

334. Abd El-Rehim, H.A.; Swilem, A.E.; Klingner, A.; Hegazy, E.S.A.; Hamed, A.A. Developing the potential ophthalmic applications of pilocarpine entrapped into polyvinylpyrrolidone-poly(acrylic acid) nanogel dispersions prepared by γ radiation. *Biomacromolecules* **2013**, *14*, 688–698. [CrossRef]

335. Neamtu, I.; Rusu, A.G.; Diaconu, A.; Nita, L.E.; Chiriac, A.P. Basic concepts and recent advances in nanogels as carriers for medical applications. *Drug Deliv.* **2017**, *24*, 539–557. [CrossRef]

336. Shah, S.; Rangaraj, N.; Laxmikeshav, K.; Sampathi, S. Nanogels as drug carriers—Introduction, chemical aspects, release mechanisms and potential applications. *Int. J. Pharm.* **2020**, *581*, 119268. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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345. Lin, X.; Guan, X.; Wu, Y.; Zhuang, S.; Wu, Y.; Du, L.; Zhao, J.; Rong, J.; Zhao, J.; Tu, M. An alginate/poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-based composite hydrogel dressing with stepwise delivery of drug and growth factor for wound repair. *Mater. Sci. Eng. C* **2020**, *115*, 111123. [CrossRef]

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359. Yoshii, F.; Zhao, L.; Wach, R.A.; Nagasawa, N.; Mitomo, H.; Kume, T. Hydrogels of polysaccharide derivatives crosslinked with irradiation at paste-like condition. *Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. Mater. At.* **2003**, *208*, 320–324. [CrossRef]

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361. LaVerne, J.A.; Driscoll, M.S.; Al-Sheikhly, M. Radiation stability of lignocellulosic material components. *Radiat. Phys. Chem.* **2020**, *171*, 108716. [CrossRef]

362. Linhardt, R.J. Polysaccharides I: Structure, Characterization and Use. Advances in Polymer Science, 186. *J. Am. Chem. Soc.* **2006**, *128*, 6268. [CrossRef]

363. Klemm, D. *Polysaccharides II*; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2006.

364. Liu, J.; Willför, S.; Xu, C. A review of bioactive plant polysaccharides: Biological activities, functionalization, and biomedical applications. *Bioact. Carbohydr. Diet. Fibre.* **2015**, *5*, 31–61. [CrossRef]

365. Ye, J.; Pei, Y. Degradation of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) in solid state by electron beams. *He Jishu/Nucl. Tech.* **2012**, *35*, 512–514.
344. Zhu, J.; Li, F.; Wang, X. Hyaluronic acid and polyethylene glycol hybrid hydrogel encapsulating nanogel with hemostasis and sustainable antibacterial property for wound healing. *ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces* **2018**, *10*, 13304–13316. [CrossRef]

345. Lin, X.; Guan, X.; Wu, Y.; Zhuang, S.; Wu, Y.; Du, L.; Zhao, J.; Rong, J.; Zhao, J.; Tu, M. An alginate/poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-based composite hydrogel dressing with stepwise delivery of drug and growth factor for wound repair. *Mater. Sci. Eng. C* **2020**, *115*, 111123. [CrossRef]

346. Liu, Z.; Qiao, J.; Nagy, T.; Xiong, M.P. ROS-triggered degradable iron-chelating nanogels: Safely improving iron elimination in vivo. *J Control. Release* **2018**, *283*, 84–93. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

347. Gattu, S.; Crihfield, C.L.; Holland, L.A. Microscale measurements of Michaelis–Menten constants of neuraminidase with nanogel capillary electrophoresis for the determination of the sialic acid linkage. *Anal. Chem* **2017**, *89*, 929–936. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

348. Wang, Y.; Liu, Z.; Luo, F.; Peng, H.; Zhang, S.; Xie, R.; Ju, X.; Wang, W.; Faraj, Y.; Chu, L. A novel smart membrane with ion-recognizable nanogels as gates on interconnected pores for simple and rapid detection of trace lead(II) ions in water. *J. Membr. Sci.* **2019**, *575*, 28–37. [CrossRef]

349. Shi, H.; Liu, Y.; Qu, R.; Li, Y.; Ma, R.; An, Y.; Shi, L. A facile one-pot method to prepare peroxidase-like nanogel artificial enzymes for highly efficient and controllable catalysis. *Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces* **2019**, *174*, 352–359. [CrossRef]

350. Molina, M.; Asadian-Birjand, M.; Balach, J.; Bergueiro, J.; Miceli, E.; Calderón, M. Stimuli-responsive nanogel composites and their application in nanomedicine. *Chem. Soc. Rev.* **2015**, *44*, 6161. [CrossRef]

351. Eslami, P.; Rossi, F.; Fedeli, S. Hybrid Nanogels: Stealth and biocompatible structures for drug delivery applications. *Pharmaceutics* **2019**, *11*, 71. [CrossRef]

352. Das, R.P.; Gandhi, V.V.; Singh, B.G.; Kunwar, A. Passive and active drug targeting: Role of nanocarriers in rational design of anticancer formulations. *Curr. Pharm. Des.* **2019**, *25*, 3034. [CrossRef]

353. Swain, S.; Sahu, P.K.; Beg, S.; Babu, S.M. Nanoparticles for Cancer Targeting: Current and Future Directions. *Curr. Drug Deliv.* **2016**, *13*, 1290. [CrossRef]

354. Pérez-Herrero, E.; Fernández-Medarde, A. Advanced targeted therapies in cancer: Drug nanocarriers, the future of chemotherapy. *Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm.* **2015**, *93*, 52–79. [CrossRef]

355. Lehner, R.; Wang, X.; Marsch, S.; Hunziker, P. Intelligent nanomaterials for medicine: Carrier platforms and targeting strategies in the context of clinical application. *Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med.* **2013**, *9*, 742–757. [CrossRef]

356. Zilkowski, I.; Theodorou, I.; Albrecht, K.; Ducongé, F.; Groll, J. Subtle changes in network composition impact the biodistribution and tumor accumulation of nanogels. *Chem. Commun.* **2018**, *54*, 11777–11780. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

357. Zhao, F.; Zhao, Y.; Liu, Y.; Chang, X.; Chen, C. Cellular uptake, intracellular trafficking, and cytotoxicity of nanomaterials. *Small* **2011**, *7*, 1322–1337. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

358. Kaushik, A.; Vashist, A.; Shah, P.; Tiwari, S.; Jayant, R.D.; Nair, M. Scale-up and current clinical trials for nanogels in therapeutics Chapter 14. In *Nanogels for Biomedical Applications*; Vashist, A., Kaushik, A.K., Ahmad, S., Nair, M., Eds.; Royal Society of Chemistry: London, UK, 2017. [CrossRef]

359. Yoshii, F.; Zhao, L.; Wach, R.A.; Nagasawa, N.; Mitomo, H.; Kume, T. Hydrogels of polysaccharide derivatives crosslinked with irradiation at paste-like condition. *Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. Mater. At.* **2003**, *208*, 320–324. [CrossRef]

360. Al-Assaf, S. Polysaccharides: Origin, Source and Properties. In *The Radiation Chemistry of Polysaccharides*; Al-Assaf, S., Coqueret, X., Zaman, K., Sen, M., Ulanski, P., Eds.; International Atomic Energy Agency: Vienna, Austria, 2016.

361. LaVerne, J.A.; Driscoll, M.S.; Al-Sheikhly, M. Radiation stability of lignocellulosic material components. *Radiat. Phys. Chem.* **2020**, *171*, 108716. [CrossRef]

362. Linhardt, R.J. Polysaccharides I: Structure, Characterization and Use. Advances in Polymer Science, 186. *J. Am. Chem. Soc.* **2006**, *128*, 6268. [CrossRef]

363. Klemm, D. *Polysaccharides II*; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2006.

364. Liu, J.; Willför, S.; Xu, C. A review of bioactive plant polysaccharides: Biological activities, functionalization, and biomedical applications. *Bioact. Carbohydr. Diet. Fibre.* **2015**, *5*, 31–61. [CrossRef]

365. Ye, J.; Pei, Y. Degradation of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) in solid state by electron beams. *He Jishu/Nucl. Tech.* **2012**, *35*, 512–514.
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374. Driscoll, M.S.; Stipanovic, A.J.; Cheng, K.; Barber, V.A.; Manning, M.; Smith, J.L.; Sundar, S. Ionizing radiation and a wood-based biorefinery. *Radiat. Phys. Chem.* **2014**, *94*. [CrossRef]

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376. Fei, B.; Wach, R.A.; Mitomo, H.; Yoshii, F.; Kume, T. Hydrogel of biodegradable cellulose derivatives. *I. Radiation-induced crosslinking of CMC. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.* **2000**, *78*, 278–283. [CrossRef]

377. Wach, R.A.; Mitomo, H.; Nagasawa, N.; Yoshii, F. Radiation crosslinking of methylcellulose and hydroxyethylcellulose in concentrated aqueous solutions. *Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. Mater. At.* **2003**, *211*, 533–544. [CrossRef]

378. Wach, R.A.; Mitomo, H.; Yoshii, F.; Kume, T. Hydrogel of Biodegradable Cellulose Derivatives Radiation-Induced Crosslinking of HPC, Japan. 2002. Available online: http://jolisf.tokai-sc.jaea.go.jp/pdf/conf/JAERI-Conf-2002-003.pdf (accessed on 22 September 2020).

379. Blouin, F.A.; Arthur, J.C. The effects of gamma radiation on cotton: Part I: Some of the properties of purified cotton irradiated in oxygen and nitrogen atmospheres. *Text. Res. J.* **1958**, *28*, 198–204. [CrossRef]

380. Shin, S.; Sung, Y.-J. Improving enzymatic saccharification of hybrid poplar by electron beam irradiation pretreatment. *J. Biobased Mater. Bioenergy* **2010**, *4*, 23–26. [CrossRef]

381. Takacs, E.; Wojnárovits, L.; Borsa, J.; Földváry, C.; Hargittai, P.; Zöld, O. Effect of γ-irradiation on cotton-cellulose. *Radiat. Phys. Chem.* **1999**, *55*, 663–666. [CrossRef]

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406. Zhang, Y.; Zhang, X.; Xu, L.; Wei, S.; Zhai, M. Radiation cross-linked collagen/dextran dermal scaffolds: Effects of dextran on cross-linking and degradation. *J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed.* **2015**, *26*, 162–180. [CrossRef]

407. Zegota, H. Some quantitative aspects of hydroxyl radical induced reactions in γ-irradiated aqueous solutions of pectins. *Food Hydrocoll.* **2002**, *16*, 353–361. [CrossRef]

408. Tenchurin, T.; Pavlovsky, M.; Shepelev, A.; Mamagulashvilli, V.; Gomzyak, V.; Sedush, N.; Krasheninnikov, S.; Puchkov, A.; Malakhov, S.; Sharikov, R.; et al. Modification of non-woven materials based on sodium alginate for tissue-engineering. *J. Phys. Conf. Ser.* **2019**, *1347*, 12072. [CrossRef]

409. Kovalev, G.; Bugaenko, L. On the crosslinking of cellulose under exposure to radiation. *High Energy Chem.* **2003**, *37*, 209–215. [CrossRef]

410. Yang, J.; Medronho, B.; Lindman, B.; Norgren, M. Simple one pot preparation of chemical hydrogels from cellulose dissolved in cold LiOH/urea. *Polymers* **2020**, *12*, 373. [CrossRef]

411. Abou Taleb, M.F.; Alkahtani, A.; Mohamed, S.K. Radiation synthesis and characterization of sodium alginate/chitosan/hydroxyapatite nanocomposite hydrogels: A drug delivery system for liver cancer. *Polym. Bull.* **2015**, *72*, 725–742. [CrossRef]

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404. Uddin, I.; Islam, J.M.M.; Haque, A.; Zubair, A.; Barua, R.; Rahaman, S.; Rahman, L.; Khan, M.A. Significant influence of gamma-radiation-treated chitosan and Alginate on increased productivity as well as improved taste and flavor of pineapple. *Int. J. Fruit Sci.* **2020**, 1–15. [CrossRef]

405. Ahmad, B.; Jahan, A.; Sadiq, Y.; Shabbir, A.; Jaleel, H.; Khan, M.M.A. Radiation-mediated molecular weight reduction and structural modification in carrageenan potentiates improved photosynthesis and secondary metabolism in peppermint (*Mentha piperita* L.). *Int. J. Biol. Macromol.* **2019**, *124*, 1069–1079. [CrossRef]

406. Zhang, Y.; Zhang, X.; Xu, L.; Wei, S.; Zhai, M. Radiation cross-linked collagen/dextran dermal scaffolds: Effects of dextran on cross-linking and degradation. *J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed.* **2015**, *26*, 162–180. [CrossRef]

407. Zegota, H. Some quantitative aspects of hydroxyl radical induced reactions in γ-irradiated aqueous solutions of pectins. *Food Hydrocoll.* **2002**, *16*, 353–361. [CrossRef]

408. Tenchurin, T.; Pavlovsky, M.; Shepelev, A.; Mamagulashvilli, V.; Gomzyak, V.; Sedush, N.; Krasheninnikov, S.; Puchkov, A.; Malakhov, S.; Sharikov, R.; et al. Modification of non-woven materials based on sodium alginate for tissue-engineering. *J. Phys. Conf. Ser.* **2019**, *1347*, 12072. [CrossRef]

409. Kovalev, G.; Bugaenko, L. On the crosslinking of cellulose under exposure to radiation. *High Energy Chem.* **2003**, *37*, 209–215. [CrossRef]

410. Yang, J.; Medronho, B.; Lindman, B.; Norgren, M. Simple one pot preparation of chemical hydrogels from cellulose dissolved in cold LiOH/urea. *Polymers* **2020**, *12*, 373. [CrossRef]

411. Abou Taleb, M.F.; Alkahtani, A.; Mohamed, S.K. Radiation synthesis and characterization of sodium alginate/chitosan/hydroxyapatite nanocomposite hydrogels: A drug delivery system for liver cancer. *Polym. Bull.* **2015**, *72*, 725–742. [CrossRef]

412. Katayama, T.; Nakauma, M.; Todoriki, S.; Phillips, G.; Tada, M. Radiation-induced polymerization of gum arabic (*Acacia senegal*) in aqueous solution. *Food Hydrocoll.* **2006**, 983–989. [CrossRef]
413. Al-Assaf, S.; Phillips, G.O.; Williams, P.A.; du Plessis, T.A. Application of ionizing radiations to produce new polysaccharides and proteins with enhanced functionality. *Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. Mater.* **2007**, *265*, 37–43. [CrossRef]

414. Al-Assaf, S.; Phillips, G.O.; Williams, P.A. Controlling the molecular structure of food hydrocolloids. *Food Hydrocoll.* **2006**, *20*, 369–377. [CrossRef]

415. Hayrabulu, H.; Şen, M.; Çelik, G.; Kavaklı, P.A. Synthesis of carboxylated locust bean gum hydrogels by ionizing radiation. *Radiat. Phys. Chem.* **2014**, *94*, 240–244. [CrossRef]

416. Gulrez, S.; Al-Assaf, S. Phillips, G. Hydrogels: Methods of Preparation, Characterisation and Applications. In *Progress in Molecular and Environmental Bioengineering*; IntechOpen: Rijeka, Croatia, 2011. [CrossRef]

417. Matsuda, K.; Nagai, S. Studies on the radiation-induced coloration mechanism of the cellulose triacetate film dosimeter. *Int. J. Radiat. Appl. Instrum. Part A. Appl. Radiat. Isot.* **1991**, *42*, 1215–1221. [CrossRef]

418. Blouin, F.A.; Ott, V.J.; Mares, T.; Arthur, J.C. The effects of gamma radiation on the chemical properties of methyl cellulose. *Text. Res. J.* **1964**, *34*, 153–158. [CrossRef]

419. Hegazy, E.-S.; Abdel-Rehim, H.; Diaa, D.A.; Elbarbary, A. Controlling of degradation effects in radiation processing of polymers. In *Controlling of Degradation Effects in Radiation Processing of Polymers*; International Atomic Energy Agency: Vienna, Austria, 2009; pp. 67–84.

420. Drábková, K.; Ďurovič, M.; Kučerová, I. Influence of gamma radiation on properties of paper and textile fibres during disinfection. *Radiat. Phys. Chem.* **2018**, *152*, 75–80. [CrossRef]

421. Rosiak, J.; Ulański, P.; Kucharska, M.; Dutkiewicz, J.; Judkiewicz, L. Radiation sterilization of chitosan sealant for vascular prostheses. *J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.* **1992**, *159*, 87–96. [CrossRef]

422. Piroonpan, T.; Katemake, P.; Panritdam, E.; Pasanphan, W. Alternative chitosan-based EPR dosimeter applicable for a relatively wide range of gamma radiation doses. *Radiat. Phys. Chem.* **2017**, *141*, 57–65. [CrossRef]

423. Pearl, I.W. *The Chemistry of Lignin*; Marcel Dekker: New York, NY, USA, 1967.

424. Lanzalunga, O.; Bietti, M. Photo- and radiation chemical induced degradation of lignin model compounds. *J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol.* **2000**, *56*, 85–108. [CrossRef]

425. Skvortsov, S.V. Radiation degradation of lignin. *Chem. Nat. Compd.* **1990**, *26*, 1–9. [CrossRef]

426. Ponomarev, A.V.; Ershov, B.G. Radiation-thermal decomposition of lignin: Products and the mechanism of their formation (Review). *High Energy Chem.* **2018**, *52*, 58–70. [CrossRef]

427. Rajeswara Rao, N.; Venkatappa Rao, T.; Ramana Reddy, S.V.S.; Sanjeeva Rao, B. The effect of gamma irradiation on physical, thermal and antioxidant properties of kraft lignin. *J. Radiat. Res. Appl. Sci.* **2015**, *8*, 621–629. [CrossRef]

428. Wu, X.; Chen, L.; Chen, J.; Su, X.; Liu, Y.; Wang, K.; Qin, W.; Qi, H.; Deng, M. The effect of 60Co γ-irradiation on the structure and thermostability of alkaline lignin and its irradiation derived degradation products. *Waste Biomass Valorization.* **2019**, *10*, 3025–3035. [CrossRef]

429. Glazer, A.W.; Nikaido, H. *Microbial Biotechnology: Fundamentals of Applied Microbiology*; W.H. Freeman: San Francisco, CA, USA, 1995.

430. Newton, E.B. Method of Vulcanizing Rubber. U.S. Patent US1906402A, 2 May 1933.

431. Haque, M.D.E.; Makuuchi, K.; Mitomo, H.; Yoshii, F.; Ikeda, K. A new trend in radiation vulcanization of natural rubber latex with a low energy electron beam. *Polym. J.* **2005**, *37*, 333–339. [CrossRef]

432. Hunt, J.D.; Alliger, G. Rubber—Application of radiation to tire manufacture. *Radiat. Phys. Chem.* **1979**, *14*, 39–53. [CrossRef]

433. Chirinos, H.; Yoshii, F.; Makuuchi, K.; Lugao, A. Radiation vulcanization of natural rubber latex using 250 keV electron beam machine. *Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. Mater.* **At 2003**, *208*, 256–259. [CrossRef]

434. Makuuchi, K.; Yoshii, F.; Gunewardena, J.A.G.S.G. Radiation vulcanization of NR latex with low energy electron beams. *Radiat. Phys. Chem.* **1995**, *46*, 979–982. [CrossRef]

435. Moustafa, A.B.; Mounir, R.; El Miligy, A.A.; Mohamed, M.A. Effect of gamma irradiation on the properties of natural rubber/styrene butadiene rubber blends. *Arab. J. Chem.* **2016**, *9*, S124–S129. [CrossRef]

436. Essawy, H.; El-Nashar, D. The use of montmorillonite as a reinforcing and compatibilizing filler for NBR/SBR rubber blend. *Polym. Test.* **2004**, *23*, 803–807. [CrossRef]

437. Kim, H.J.; Hamed, G.R. On the reason that passenger tire sidewalls are based on blends of natural rubber and cis-polybutadiene. *Rubber Chem. Technol.* **2000**, *73*, 743–752. [CrossRef]
413. Al-Assaf, S.; Phillips, G.O.; Williams, P.A.; du Plessis, T.A. Application of ionizing radiations to produce new polysaccharides and proteins with enhanced functionality. *Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. Mater.* **2007**, *265*, 37–43. [CrossRef]

414. Al-Assaf, S.; Phillips, G.O.; Williams, P.A. Controlling the molecular structure of food hydrocolloids. *Food Hydrocoll.* **2006**, *20*, 369–377. [CrossRef]

415. Hayrabulu, H.; Şen, M.; Çelik, G.; Kavaklı, P.A. Synthesis of carboxylated locust bean gum hydrogels by ionizing radiation. *Radiat. Phys. Chem.* **2014**, *94*, 240–244. [CrossRef]

416. Gulrez, S.; Al-Assaf, S. Phillips, G. Hydrogels: Methods of Preparation, Characterisation and Applications. In *Progress in Molecular and Environmental Bioengineering*; IntechOpen: Rijeka, Croatia, 2011. [CrossRef]

417. Matsuda, K.; Nagai, S. Studies on the radiation-induced coloration mechanism of the cellulose triacetate film dosimeter. *Int. J. Radiat. Appl. Instrum. Part A. Appl. Radiat. Isot.* **1991**, *42*, 1215–1221. [CrossRef]

418. Blouin, F.A.; Ott, V.J.; Mares, T.; Arthur, J.C. The effects of gamma radiation on the chemical properties of methyl cellulose. *Text. Res. J.* **1964**, *34*, 153–158. [CrossRef]

419. Hegazy, E.-S.; Abdel-Rehim, H.; Diaa, D.A.; Elbarbary, A. Controlling of degradation effects in radiation processing of polymers. In *Controlling of Degradation Effects in Radiation Processing of Polymers*; International Atomic Energy Agency: Vienna, Austria, 2009; pp. 67–84.

420. Drábková, K.; Ďurovič, M.; Kučerová, I. Influence of gamma radiation on properties of paper and textile fibres during disinfection. *Radiat. Phys. Chem.* **2018**, *152*, 75–80. [CrossRef]

421. Rosiak, J.; Ulański, P.; Kucharska, M.; Dutkiewicz, J.; Judkiewicz, L. Radiation sterilization of chitosan sealant for vascular prostheses. *J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.* **1992**, *159*, 87–96. [CrossRef]

422. Piroonpan, T.; Katemake, P.; Panritdam, E.; Pasanphan, W. Alternative chitosan-based EPR dosimeter applicable for a relatively wide range of gamma radiation doses. *Radiat. Phys. Chem.* **2017**, *141*, 57–65. [CrossRef]

423. Pearl, I.W. *The Chemistry of Lignin*; Marcel Dekker: New York, NY, USA, 1967.

424. Lanzalunga, O.; Bietti, M. Photo- and radiation chemical induced degradation of lignin model compounds. *J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol.* **2000**, *56*, 85–108. [CrossRef]

425. Skvortsov, S.V. Radiation degradation of lignin. *Chem. Nat. Compd.* **1990**, *26*, 1–9. [CrossRef]

426. Ponomarev, A.V.; Ershov, B.G. Radiation-thermal decomposition of lignin: Products and the mechanism of their formation (Review). *High Energy Chem.* **2018**, *52*, 58–70. [CrossRef]

427. Rajeswara Rao, N.; Venkatappa Rao, T.; Ramana Reddy, S.V.S.; Sanjeeva Rao, B. The effect of gamma irradiation on physical, thermal and antioxidant properties of kraft lignin. *J. Radiat. Res. Appl. Sci.* **2015**, *8*, 621–629. [CrossRef]

428. Wu, X.; Chen, L.; Chen, J.; Su, X.; Liu, Y.; Wang, K.; Qin, W.; Qi, H.; Deng, M. The effect of 60Co γ-irradiation on the structure and thermostability of alkaline lignin and its irradiation derived degradation products. *Waste Biomass Valorization.* **2019**, *10*, 3025–3035. [CrossRef]

429. Glazer, A.W.; Nikaido, H. *Microbial Biotechnology: Fundamentals of Applied Microbiology*; W.H. Freeman: San Francisco, CA, USA, 1995.

430. Newton, E.B. Method of Vulcanizing Rubber. U.S. Patent US1906402A, 2 May 1933.

431. Haque, M.D.E.; Makuuchi, K.; Mitomo, H.; Yoshii, F.; Ikeda, K. A new trend in radiation vulcanization of natural rubber latex with a low energy electron beam. *Polym. J.* **2005**, *37*, 333–339. [CrossRef]

432. Hunt, J.D.; Alliger, G. Rubber—Application of radiation to tire manufacture. *Radiat. Phys. Chem.* **1979**, *14*, 39–53. [CrossRef]

433. Chirinos, H.; Yoshii, F.; Makuuchi, K.; Lugao, A. Radiation vulcanization of natural rubber latex using 250 keV electron beam machine. *Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. Mater.* **At 2003**, *208*, 256–259. [CrossRef]

434. Makuuchi, K.; Yoshii, F.; Gunewardena, J.A.G.S.G. Radiation vulcanization of NR latex with low energy electron beams. *Radiat. Phys. Chem.* **1995**, *46*, 979–982. [CrossRef]

435. Moustafa, A.B.; Mounir, R.; El Miligy, A.A.; Mohamed, M.A. Effect of gamma irradiation on the properties of natural rubber/styrene butadiene rubber blends. *Arab. J. Chem.* **2016**, *9*, S124–S129. [CrossRef]

436. Essawy, H.; El-Nashar, D. The use of montmorillonite as a reinforcing and compatibilizing filler for NBR/SBR rubber blend. *Polym. Test.* **2004**, *23*, 803–807. [CrossRef]

437. Kim, H.J.; Hamed, G.R. On the reason that passenger tire sidewalls are based on blends of natural rubber and cis-polybutadiene. *Rubber Chem. Technol.* **2000**, *73*, 743–752. [CrossRef]
438. Stephen, R.; Jose, S.; Joseph, K.; Thomas, S.; Oommen, Z. Thermal stability and ageing properties of sulphur and gamma radiation vulcanized natural rubber (NR) and carboxylated styrene butadiene rubber (XSBR) latices and their blends. *Polym. Degrad. Stab.* **2006**, *91*, 1717–1725. [CrossRef]

439. Aoshuang, Y.; Zhengtao, G.; Li, L.; Ying, Z.; Peng, Z. The mechanical properties of radiation-vulcanized NR/BR blending system. *Radiat. Phys. Chem.* **2002**, *63*, 497–500. [CrossRef]

440. Manaila, E.; Craciun, G.; Stelescu, M.-D.; Ighigeanu, D.; Ficai, M. Radiation vulcanization of natural rubber with polyfunctional monomers. *Polym. Bull.* **2014**, *71*, 57–82. [CrossRef]

441. Bhowmick, A.K.; Vijayabaskar, V. Electron beam curing of elastomers. *Rubber Chem. Technol.* **2006**, *79*, 402–428. [CrossRef]

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443. Haines, J.; Bansal, N.; Qian, J.; Zhao, W.; Furdui, C. Effects of ionizing radiation on biological molecules—Mechanisms of damage and emerging methods of detection. *Antioxid. Redox Signal.* **2014**, *21*, 260–292. [CrossRef]

444. Kempner, E.S. Effects of high-energy electrons and gamma rays directly on protein molecules. *J. Pharm. Sci.* **2001**, *90*, 1637–1646. [CrossRef]

445. Wang, W.; Yu, Z.; Su, W. Ion irradiation induced direct damage to proteins and their components. *arXiv* **2008**, arXiv:0807.0084.

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438. Stephen, R.; Jose, S.; Joseph, K.; Thomas, S.; Oommen, Z. Thermal stability and ageing properties of sulphur and gamma radiation vulcanized natural rubber (NR) and carboxylated styrene butadiene rubber (XSBR) latices and their blends. *Polym. Degrad. Stab.* **2006**, *91*, 1717–1725. [CrossRef]

439. Aoshuang, Y.; Zhengtao, G.; Li, L.; Ying, Z.; Peng, Z. The mechanical properties of radiation-vulcanized NR/BR blending system. *Radiat. Phys. Chem.* **2002**, *63*, 497–500. [CrossRef]

440. Manaila, E.; Craciun, G.; Stelescu, M.-D.; Ighigeanu, D.; Ficai, M. Radiation vulcanization of natural rubber with polyfunctional monomers. *Polym. Bull.* **2014**, *71*, 57–82. [CrossRef]

441. Bhowmick, A.K.; Vijayabaskar, V. Electron beam curing of elastomers. *Rubber Chem. Technol.* **2006**, *79*, 402–428. [CrossRef]

442. Henning, S. The Use of Coagents in the Radical Cure of Elastomers. In *Proceedings of the 56th IWCS Conf.—Proc. Int. Wire Cable Symp. Inc.*, 11 November 2007; IWCS: Annandale, VA, USA, 2007.

443. Haines, J.; Bansal, N.; Qian, J.; Zhao, W.; Furdui, C. Effects of ionizing radiation on biological molecules—Mechanisms of damage and emerging methods of detection. *Antioxid. Redox Signal.* **2014**, *21*, 260–292. [CrossRef]

444. Kempner, E.S. Effects of high-energy electrons and gamma rays directly on protein molecules. *J. Pharm. Sci.* **2001**, *90*, 1637–1646. [CrossRef]

445. Wang, W.; Yu, Z.; Su, W. Ion irradiation induced direct damage to proteins and their components. *arXiv* **2008**, arXiv:0807.0084.

446. Garrison, W.M. Reaction mechanisms in the radiolysis of peptides, polypeptides, and proteins. *Chem. Rev.* **1987**, *87*, 381–398. [CrossRef]

447. Chapelier, A.; Desmadril, M.; Houée-Levin, C. Gamma radiation effects on α-lactalbumin: Structural modifications. *Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol.* **2001**, *79*, 154–157. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

448. Weik, M.; Bergès, J.; Raves, M.; Gros, P.; McSweeney, S.; Silman, I.; Sussman, J.; Houée-Levin, C.; Ravelli, R. Evidence for the formation of disulfide radicals in protein crystals upon X-ray irradiation. *J. Synchrotron Radiat.* **2002**, *9*, 342–346. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

449. Weik, M.; Ravelli, R.; Kryger, G.; McSweeney, S.; Raves, M.; Harel, M.; Gros, P.; Silman, I.; Kroon, J.; Sussman, J. Specific chemical and structural damage to proteins produced by synchrotron radiation. *Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA* **2000**, *97*, 623–628. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

450. Biaglow, J.E.; Varnes, M.E.; Epp, E.R.; Clark, E.P.; Tuttle, S.W.; Held, K.D. Role of glutathione in the aerobic radiation response. *Int. J. Radiat. Oncol.* **1989**, *16*, 1311–1314. [CrossRef]

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