Low, P., Davies, T., Kelly, P., and Farmer, G.: Trends in surface ozone at Hohenpeissenberg and Arkona, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 22441–22453, 1990.

LRTAP: Mapping critical levels for vegetation, in: Manual on Methodologies and Criteria for Mapping Critical Loads and Levels and Air Pollution Effects, Risks and Trends. Revision of 2009, edited by Mills, G., UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, International Cooperative Programme on Effects of Air Pollution on Natural Vegetation and Crops, updated version available at: http://www.rivm.nl/en/themasites/icpmm, 2009.

Mareckova, K., Wankmüller, R., Wiesser, M., Poupa, S., Anderl, M., and Muik, B.: Inventory review 2009. Emission data reported under the LRTAP Convention and NEC Directive. Stage 1 and 2 review. Status of gridded data, EMEP/CEIP Technical Report 1/2009, EEA/CEIP Vienna, 2009.

Mårtensson, E., Nilsson, E., de Leeuw, G., Cohen, L., and Hansson, H.-C.: Laboratory simulations and parameterisation of the primary marine aerosol production, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4297, doi:10.1029/2002JD002263, 2003.

Marticorena, B. and Bergametti, G.: Modelling the atmospheric dust cycle: 1. Design of a soil driven dust emission scheme., J. Geophys. Res., 100, 16415–16430, doi:10.1029/95jd00690, 1995.

Marticorena, B., Bergametti, G., Aumont, B., Callot, Y., N'Doumé, C., and Legrand, M.: Modelling the atmospheric dust cycle: 2. Simulation of Saharan dust sources, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 4387–4404, 1997.

Martin, L. R. and Damschen, D. E.: Aqueous oxidation of sulphur dioxide by hydrogen peroxide at low p, Atmos. Environ., 15, 1615–1621, 1981.

Mason, P.: The formation of areally-averaged roughness lengths, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 114, 399–420, 1988.

Massad, R.-S., Nemitz, E., and Sutton, M. A.: Review and parameterisation of bi-directional ammonia exchange between vegetation and the atmosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 10359–10386, doi:10.5194/acp-10-10359-2010, 2010.

Mastin, L. G., Guffanti, M., Ewert, J. E., and Spiegel, J.: Preliminary spreadsheet of eruption source parameters for volcanoes of the world, Open-File Report 2009–1133, U.S. Geological Survey, http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1133/, 2009a.

Mastin, L. G., Guffanti, M., Servranckx, R., Webley, P., Barsotti, S., Dean, K., Durant, A., Ewert, J. W., Neri, A., Rose, W. I., Schneider, D., Siebert, L., Stunder, B., Swanson, G., Tupper, A., Volentik, A., and Waythomas, C. F.: A multidisciplinary effort to assign realistic source parameters to models of volcanic ash-cloud transport and dispersion during eruptions, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 186, 10–21, doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.01.008, 2009b.

Mentel, T. F., Sohn, M., and Wahner, A.: Nitrate effect in the heterogeneous hydrolysis of dinitrogen pentoxide on aqueous aerosols, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 1, 5451–5457, 1999.

Menut, L., Goussebaile, A., Bessagnet, B., Khvorostiyanov, D., and Ung, A.: Impact of realistic hourly emissions profiles on air pollutants concentrations modelled with CHIMERE, Atmos. Environ., 49, 233–244, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.11.057, 2012.

Metzger, S.: Gas/Aerosol partitioning: a simplified method for global modelling, Ph.D. thesis, University Utrecht, 2000.

Metzger, S. M., Dentener, F. J., Lelieveld, J., and Pandis, S. N.: Gas/Aerosol Partitioning 1. A computationally efficient model, J.

Geophys. Res., 107, ACH 16, doi:10.1029/2001JD001102, 2002.

Miller, G. R., Baldocchi, D. D., Law, B. E., and Meyers, T.: An analysis of soil moisture dynamics using multi-year data from a network of micrometeorological observation sites, Adv. Water Resour., 30, 1065–1081, doi:10.1016/j.advwatres.2006.10.002, 2007.

Millet, D. B., Guenther, A., Siegel, D. A., Nelson, N. B., Singh, H. B., de Gouw, J. A., Warneke, C., Williams, J., Eerdekens, G., Sinha, V., Karl, T., Flocke, F., Apel, E., Riemer, D. D., Palmer, P. I., and Barkley, M.: Global atmospheric budget of acetaldehyde: 3-D model analysis and constraints from in-situ and satellite observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 3405–3425, doi:10.5194/acp-10-3405-2010, 2010.

Mills, G., Hayes, F., Simpson, D., Emberson, L., Norris, D., Harmens, H., and Büker, P.: Evidence of widespread effects of ozone on crops and (semi-)natural vegetation in Europe (1990-2006) in relation to AOT40- and flux-based risk maps, Glob. Change Biol., 17, 592–613, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02217.x, 2011a.

Mills, G., Pleijel, H., Braun, S., Büker, P., Bermejo, V., Calvo, E., Danielsson, H., Emberson, L., Grünhage, L., Fernández, I. G., Harmens, H., Hayes, F., Karlsson, P.-E., and Simpson, D.: New stomatal flux-based critical levels for ozone effects on vegetation, Atmos. Environ., 45, 5064–5068, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.06.009, 2011b.

Möller, D.: Kinetic model of atmospheric SO₂ oxidation based on published data, Atmos. Environ., 14, 1067–1076, 1980.

Monahan, E., Spiel, D., and Davidson, K.: A model of marine aerosol generation via white caps and wave disruption, in: Oceanic whitecaps, edited by: Monahan, E. and MacNiochaill, G., 167–193, Dordrecht: Reidel, The Netherlands, 1986.

Monks, P., Granier, C., Fuzzi, S., Stohl, A., Williams, M., Akimoto, H., Amman, M., Baklanov, A., Baltensperger, U., Bey, I., Blake, N., Blake, R., Carslaw, K., Cooper, O., Dentener, F., Fowler, D., Fragkou, E., Frost, G., Generoso, S., Ginoux, P., Grewe, V., Guenther, A., Hansson, H., Henne, S., Hjorth, J., Hofzumahaus, A., Huntrieser, H., Isaksen, I., Jenkin, M., Kaiser, J., Kanakidou, M., Klimont, Z., Kulmala, M., Laj, P., Lawrence, M., Lee, J., Liousse, C., Maione, M., McFiggans, G., Metzger, A., Mieville, A., Moussiopoulos, N., Orlando, J., O'Dowd, C., Palmer, P., Parish, D., Petzold, A., Platt, U., Poeschl, U., Prévôt, A., Reeves, C., Reimann, S., Rudich, Y., Sellegri, K., Steinbrecher, R., Simpson, D., ten Brink, H., Theloke, J., van der Werf, G., Vautard, R., Vestreng, V., Vlachokostas, C., and vonGlasow, R.: Atmospheric Composition Change – Global and Regional Air Quality, Atmos. Environ., 43, 5268–5350, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.08.021, 2009.

Nemitz, E., Milford, C., and Sutton, M. A.: A two-level canopy compensation point model for describing bi-directional biosphere-atmosphere exchange of ammonia, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 127, 815–833, 2001.

Nemitz, E., Sutton, M. A., Wyers, G. P., Otjes, R. P., Mennen, M. G., van Putten, E. M., and Gallagher, M. W.: Gas-particle interactions above a Dutch heathland: II. Concentrations and surface exchange fluxes of atmospheric particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 1007–1024, doi:10.5194/acp-4-1007-2004, 2004.

Ng, N. L., Canagaratna, M. R., Zhang, Q., Jimenez, J. L., Tian, J., Ulbrich, I. M., Kroll, J. H., Docherty, K. S., Chhabra, P. S., Bahreini, R., Murphy, S. M., Seinfeld, J. H., Hildebrandt, L.,
Donahue, N. M., DeCarlo, P. F., Lanz, V. A., Prevot, A. S. H., Dinar, E., Rudich, Y., and Worsnop, D. R.: Organic aerosol components observed in Northern Hemispheric datasets from Aerosol Mass Spectrometry, Atmos. Chem. Physics, 10, 4625–4641, doi:10.5194/acp-10-4625-2010, 2010.

Norman, J.: Modeling the complete crop canopy, 249–277, Am. Soc. Agric. Engr. St. Joseph, MI, 1979.

Norman, J.: Simulation of microclimates, 65–99, Academic Press, New York, USA, 1982.

O'Brien, J. J.: A Note on the vertical structure of the eddy exchange coefficient in the planetary boundary layer, J. Atmos. Sci., 27, 1213–1215, 1970.

Pakkanen, T. A., Kerminen, V. M., Hillamo, R. E., Makinen, M., Makela, T., and Virkkula, A.: Distribution of nitrate over sea-salt and soil derived particles – Implications from a field study, J. Atmos. Chem., 24, 189–205, 1996.

Papale, D., Reichstein, M., Aubinet, M., Canfora, E., Bernhofer, C., Kutsch, W., Longdoz, B., Rambal, S., Valentini, R., Vesala, T., and Yakir, D.: Towards a standardized processing of Net Ecosystem Exchange measured with eddy covariance technique: algorithms and uncertainty estimation, Biogeosciences, 3, 571–583, doi:10.5194/bg-3-571-2006, 2006.

Passant, N.: Speciation of UK emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds, Report ENV-0545 ENV-0545, 2002.

Penkett, S., Blake, N., Lightman, P., Marsh, A., Anwyl, P., and Butcher, G.: The seasonal variation of nonmethane hydrocarbons in the free troposphere over the North Atlantic ocean: possible evidence for extensive reaction of hydrocarbons with the nitrate radical, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 2865–2885, 1993.

Petroff, A., Mailliat, A., Amielh, M., and Anselmet, F.: Aerosol dry deposition on vegetative canopies. Part I: Review of present knowledge, Atmos. Environ., 42, 3625–3653, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.09.043, 2008a.

Petroff, A., Mailliat, A., Amielh, M., and Anselmet, F.: Aerosol dry deposition on vegetative canopies. Part II: A new modelling approach and applications, Atmos. Environ., 42, 3654–3683, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.12.060, 2008b.

Pielke, R.: Mesoscale meteorological modelling. Second Edition, Academic Press, 2002.

Pierce, T. and Waldruff, P.: PC-BEIS: a personal computer version of the biogenic emissions inventory system, J. Air Waste Management. Assoc., 41, 937–941, 1991.

Pilegaard, K., Skiba, U., Ambus, P., Beier, C., Brüggemann, N., Butterbach-Bahl, K., Dick, J., Dorsey, J., Duyzer, J., Gallagher, M., Gasche, R., Horvath, L., Kitzler, B., Leip, A., Pihlatie, M. K., Rosenkranz, P., Seufert, G., Vesala, T., Westrate, H., and Zechmeister-Boltenstern, S.: Factors controlling regional differences in forest soil emission of nitrogen oxides (NO and N₂O), Biogeosciences, 3, 651–661, doi:10.5194/bg-3-651-2006, 2006.

Posch, M., Slootweg, J., and J.-P. H. (Eds.): European critical loads and dynamic modelling: CCE Status Report 2005, Mnp report 259101016, Coordination Centre for Effects, RIVM, Bilthoven, Netherlands, www.rivm.nl/cce, 2005.

Pregger, T. and Friedrich, R.: Effective pollutant emission heights for atmospheric transport modelling based on real-world information, Environ. Poll., 157, 552–560, doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2008.09.027, 2009.

Pryor, S. C., Barthelmie, R. J., Sorensen, L. L., Larsen, S. E., Sempreviva, A. M., Gronholm, T., Rannik, U., Kulmala,

M., and Vesala, T.: Upward fluxes of particles over forests: when, where, why?, Tellus, 60, 372–380, doi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00341.x, 2008a.

Pryor, S. C., Gallagher, M., Sievering, H., Larsen, S. E., Barthelmie, R. J., Birsan, F., Nemitz, E., Rinne, J., Kulmala, M., Groenholm, T., Taipale, R., and Vesala, T.: A review of measurement and modelling results of particle atmosphere-surface exchange, Tellus, 60, 42–75, doi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2007.00298.x, 2008b.

Reis, S., Simpson, D., Friedrich, R., Jonson, J., Unger, S., and Obermeier, A.: Road traffic emissions – predictions of future contributions to regional ozone levels in Europe, Atmos. Environ., 34, 4701–4710, 2000.

Riemer, N., Vogel, H., Vogel, B., Schell, B., Ackermann, I., Kessler, C., and Hass, H.: Impact of the heterogenous hydrolysis of N₂O₅ on chemistry and nitrate formation in the lower troposphere under photosmog conditions, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4144, 10.1029/2002JD002436,

Riemer, N., Vogel, H., Vogel, B., Anttila, T., Kiendler-Scharr, A., and Mentel, T. F.: Relative importance of organic coatings for the heterogeneous hydrolysis of N₂O₅ during summer in Europe, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D17307, 10.1029/2008JD011369 2009.

Robertson, L., Langner, J., and Engardt, M.: An Eulerian limited-area atmospheric transport model, J. Appl. Met., 38, 190–210, 1999.

Robinson, A. L., Donahue, N. M., Shrivastava, M. K., Weitkamp, E. A., Sage, A. M., Grieshop, A. P., Lane, T. E., Pierce, J. R., and Pandis, S. N.: Rethinking Organic Aerosols: Semivolatile Emissions and Photochemical Aging, Science, 315, 1259–1262, doi:10.1126/science.1133061, 2007.

Rolland, M. N., Gabrielle, B., Laville, P., Serca, D., Cortinovis, J., Larmanou, E., Lehuger, S., and Cellier, P.: Modeling of nitric oxide emissions from temperate agricultural soils, Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys., 80, 75–93, doi:10.1007/s10705-007-9122-6, 2008.

Rolland, M. N., Gabrielle, B., Laville, P., Cellier, P., Beekmann, M., Gilliot, J. M., Michelin, J., Hadjar, D., and Curci, G.: High-resolution inventory of NO emissions from agricultural soils over the Ile-de-France region, Environ. Poll., 158, 711–722, doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2009.10.017, 2010.

Salzen, K. V., Claussen, M., and Schlünzen, K.: Application of the Concept of Blending Height to the Calculation of Surface Fluxes in a Mesoscale Model, Meteorol. Zeitschrift, 5, 60–66, 1996.

Schaufler, G., Kitzler, B., Schindlbacher, A., Skiba, U., Sutton, M. A., and Zechmeister-Boltenstern, S.: Greenhouse gas emissions from European soils under different land use: effects of soil moisture and temperature, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 61, 683–696, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01277.x, 2010.

Scott, B. C.: Parameterization of sulphate removal by precipitation, J. Appl. Met., 17, 11375–11389, 1979.

Seibert, P., Beyrich, F., Gryning, S.-E., Joffre, S., Rasmussen, A., and Tercier, P.: Review and intercomparison of operational methods for the determination of the mixing height, Atmos. Environ., 34, 1001–1027, 2000.

Seinfeld, J. and Pandis, S.: Atmospheric chemistry and physics. From air pollution to climate change, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, USA, 1998.

Shapiro, R.: Smoothing, filtering and boundary effects., Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 8, 359–387, 1970.

Shrivastava, M. K., Lane, T. E., Donahue, N. M., Pandis, S. N., and Robinson, A. L.: Effects of gas particle partitioning
and aging of primary emissions on urban and regional organic aerosol concentrations, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D18301, doi:10.1029/2007JD009735, 2008.

Simpson, D.: Long period modelling of photochemical oxidants in Europe. Calculations for July 1985, Atmos. Environ., 26A, 1609–1634, 1992.

Simpson, D.: Photochemical model calculations over Europe for two extended summer periods: 1985 and 1989, Model results and comparisons with observations, Atmos. Environ., 27A, 921–943, 1993.

Simpson, D.: Biogenic emissions in Europe 2: Implications for ozone control strategies, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 22891–22906, 1995.

Simpson, D., Andersson-Sköld, Y., and Jenkin, M. E.: Updating the chemical scheme for the EMEP MSC-W oxidant model: current status, EMEP MSC-W Note 2/93, The Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway, 1993.

Simpson, D., Guenther, A., Hewitt, C., and Steinbrecher, R.: Biogenic emissions in Europe 1. Estimates and uncertainties, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 22875–22890, 1995.

Simpson, D., Winiwarter, W., Börjesson, G., Cinderby, S., Ferreiro, A., Guenther, A., Hewitt, C. N., Janson, R., Khalil, M. A. K., Owen, S., Pierce, T. E., Puxbaum, H., Shearer, M., Skiba, U., Steinbrecher, R., Tarrasón, L., and Öquist, M. G.: Inventorying emissions from Nature in Europe, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 8113–8152, 1999.

Simpson, D., Tuovinen, J.-P., Emberson, L., and Ashmore, M.: Characteristics of an ozone deposition module, Water Air Soil Pollut.: Focus, 1, 253–262, 2001.

Simpson, D., Fagerli, H., Jonson, J., Tsyro, S., Wind, P., and Tuovinen, J.-P.: The EMEP Unified Eulerian Model. Model Description, EMEP MSC-W Report 1/2003, The Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway, 2003a.

Simpson, D., Tuovinen, J.-P., Emberson, L., and Ashmore, M.: Characteristics of an ozone deposition module II: sensitivity analysis, Water Air Soil Pollut., 143, 123–137, 2003b.

Simpson, D., Butterbach-Bahl, K., Fagerli, H., Kesik, M., Skiba, U., and Tang, S.: Deposition and Emissions of Reactive Nitrogen over European Forests: A Modelling Study, Atmos. Environ., 40, 5712–5726, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.04.063, 2006a.

Simpson, D., Fagerli, H., Hellsten, S., Knulst, J. C., and Westling, O.: Comparison of modelled and monitored deposition fluxes of sulphur and nitrogen to ICP-forest sites in Europe, Biogeosciences, 3, 337–355, doi:10.5194/bg-3-337-2006, 2006b.

Simpson, D., Emberson, L., Ashmore, M., and Tuovinen, J.: A comparison of two different approaches for mapping potential ozone damage to vegetation. A model study, Environ. Poll., 146, 715–725, doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2006.04.013, 2007a.

Simpson, D., Yttri, K., Klimont, Z., Kupiainen, K., Caseiro, A., Gelencsér, A., Pio, C., and Legrand, M.: Modeling Carbonaceous Aerosol over Europe. Analysis of the CARBOSOL and EMEP EC/OC campaigns, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D23S14, doi:10.1029/2006JD008158, 2007b.

Singh, H. B., Salas, L. J., Chatfield, R. B., Czech, E., Fried, A., Walega, J., Evans, M. J., Field, B. D., Jacob, D. J., Blake, D., Heikes, B., Talbot, R., Sachse, G., Crawford, J. H., Avery, M. A., Sandholm, S., and Fuelberg, H.: Analysis of the atmospheric distribution, sources, and sinks of oxygenated volatile organic chemicals based on measurements over the

Pacific during TRACE-P, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D15S07, doi:10.1029/2003JD003883, 2004.

Skamarock, W. C. and Klemp, J. B.: A time-split non-hydrostatic atmospheric model for weather research and forecasting applications, J. Comp. Phys., 227, 3465–3485, doi:10.1016/j.jcp.2007.01.037, 2008.

Skålin, R., Lie, I., and Berge, E.: A parallel algorithm for simulation of long range transport of air pollution, in: High performance computing in the geosciences, edited by: Dimet, F.-X. L., 175–185, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1995.

Slinn, W. G. N.: Predictions for particle deposition to vegetative canopies, Atmos. Environ., 16, 1785–1794, 1982.

Smith, R., Fowler, D., Sutton, M. A., Flechard, C., and Coyle, M.: Regional estimation of pollutant gas dry deposition in the UK: model description, sensitivity analyses and outputs, Atmos. Environ., 34, 3757–3777, 2000.

Smith, R., Fowler, D., and Sutton, M. A.: The external surface resistance in the EMEP Eulerian model, Technical note to EMEP MSC-W, 2003.

Sofiev, M., Vankevich, R., Lotjonen, M., Prank, M., Petukhov, V., Ermakova, T., Koskinen, J., and Kukkonen, J.: An operational system for the assimilation of the satellite information on wild-land fires for the needs of air quality modelling and forecasting, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 6833–6847, doi:10.5194/acp-9-6833-2009, 2009.

Solberg, S., Dye, C., Schmidbauer, N., Herzog, A., and Gehrig, R.: Carbonyls and nonmethane hydrocarbons at rural European sites from the Mediterranean to the Arctic, J. Atmos. Chem., 25, 33–66, 1996.

Solberg, S., Dye, C., Walker, S., and Simpson, D.: Long-term measurements and model calculations of formaldehyde at rural European monitoring sites, Atmos. Environ., 35, 195–207, 2001.

Stevenson, D., Dentener, F., Schultz, M., Ellingsen, K., van Noije, T., Wild, O., Zeng, G., Amann, M., Atherton, C., Bell, N., Bergmann, D., Bey, I., Butler, T., Cofala, J., Collins, W., Derwent, R., Doherty, R., Drevet, J., Eskes, H., Fiore, A., Gauss, M., Hauglustaine, D., Horowitz, L., Isaksen, I., Krol, M., Lamarque, J., Lawrence, M., Montanaro, V., Muller, J., Pitari, G., Prather, M., Pyle, J., Rast, S., Rodriguez, J., Sanderson, M., Savage, N., Shindell, D., Strahan, S., Sudo, K., and Szopa, S.: Multimodel ensemble simulations of present-day and near-future tropospheric ozone, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D08301, doi:10.1029/2005JD006338, 2006.

Stordal, F., Isaksen, I. S. A., and Horntveth, K.: A diabatic circulation two-dimensional model with photochemistry: simulations of ozone and long-lived tracers with surface sources, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 5757–5776, 1985.

Stull, R.: An introduction to Atmospheric Boundary Layer Meteorology, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1988.

Sundet, J.: Model studies with a 3-d global CTM using ECMWF data, Ph.D. thesis, Department of Geophysics, University of Oslo, Norway, 1997.

Sutton, M. A., Nemitz, E., Milford, C., Fowler, D., Moreno, J., San Jose, R., Wyers, G. P., Otjes, R. P., Harrison, R., Husted, S., and Schjoerring, J. K.: Micrometeorological measurements of net ammonia fluxes over oilseed rape during two vegetation periods, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 105, 351–369, 2000.
Tang, Y., Simmons, I., van Dijk, N., Marco, C. D., Nemitz, E., Dämmgen, U., Gilke, K., Djuricic, V., Vidic, S., Gliha, Z., Borovecki, D., Mitosinkova, M., Hanssen, J., Uggerud, T., Sanz, M., Sanz, P., Chorda, J., Flechard, C., Fauvel, Y., Ferm, M., Per- rino, C., and Sutton, M.: European scale application of atmo- spheric reactive nitrogen measurements in a low-cost approach to infer dry deposition fluxes, Agr. Ecosys. Environ., 133, 183– 195, doi:10.1016/j.agee.2009.04.027, 2009.

Tarrasón, L., Turner, S., and Floisand, I.: Estimation of seasonal dimethyl sulphide fluxes over the North Atlantic Ocean and their contribution to European pollution levels, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 11623–11639, 1995.

Tiedtke, M.: A Comprehensive Mass Flux Scheme For Cumulus Pa- rameterization In Large-Scale Models, Mon. Weather Rev., 117, 1779–1800, 1989.

Torseth, K., Semb, A., Schaug, J., Hanssen, J., and Aamlid, D.: Processes affecting deposition of oxidised nitrogen and associ- ated species in the coastal areas of Norway, Atmos. Environ., 34, 207–217, 2000.

Tørseth, K., Aas, W., Breivik, K., Fjæraa, A. M., Fiebig, M., Hjellbrekke, A. G., Lund Myhre, C., Solberg, S., and Yttri, K. E.: Introduction to the European Monitoring and Evalua- tion Programme (EMEP) and observed atmospheric composition change during 1972–2009, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 5447–5481, doi:10.5194/acp-12-5447-2012, 2012.

Travnikov, O., Jonson, J. E., Andersen, A. S., Gauss, M., Gusev, A., Rozovskaya, O., Simpson, D., Sokovyh, V., Valiyaveetil, S., and Wind, P.: Development of the EMEP global modelling frame- work: Progress report, EMEP/MSC-E Technical Report 7/2009, Meteorological Synthesizing Centre – East (MSC-E), Moscow, Russia, 2009.

Tsyro, S. G.: To what extent can aerosol water explain the dis- crepancy between model calculated and gravimetric PM₁₀ and PM₂.₅?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 515–532, doi:10.5194/acp-5- 515-2005, 2005.

Tsyro, S.: Regional Model for Formation, Dynamics, and Long- range Transport of Atmospheric Aerosol: Study of Atmospheric Aerosol Properties in Europe, Russ. Meteorol. Hydrol., 33, 300– 309, doi:10.3103/S106837390805004X, 2008.

Tsyro, S., Simpson, D., Tarrasón, L., Kupiainen, K., Klimont, Z., Yttri, K., and Pio, C.: Modelling of black carbon over Europe, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D23S19, doi:10.1029/2006JD008164, 2007.

Tsyro, S., Aas, W., Soares, J., Sofiev, M., Berge, H., and Spindler, G.: Modelling of sea salt concentrations over Europe: key uncer- tainties and comparison with observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 10367–10388, doi:10.5194/acp-11-10367-2011, 2011.

Tuovinen, J.-P.: Assessing vegetation exposure to ozone: properties of the AOT40 index and modifications by deposition modelling, Environ. Poll., 109, 361–372, 2000.

Tuovinen, J.-P. and Simpson, D.: An aerodynamic correction for the European ozone risk assessment methodology, Atmos. Environ., 42, 8371–8381, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.08.008, 2008.

Tuovinen, J.-P., Simpson, D., Mikkelsen, T., Emberson, L., M., M. R. A., Aurela, Cambridge, H. M., Hovmand, M. F., Jensen, N. O., Laurila, T., Pilegaard, K., and Ro-Poulsen, H.: Comparisons of measured and modelled ozone deposition to forests in Northern Europe, Water Air Soil Poll. Focus, 1, 263–274, 2001.

Tuovinen, J.-P., Ashmore, M., Emberson, L., and Simpson, D.: Test- ing and improving the EMEP ozone deposition module, Atmos.

Environ., 38, 2373–2385, 2004.

Tuovinen, J.-P., Emberson, L., and Simpson, D.: Modelling ozone fluxes to forests for risk assessment: status and prospects, Ann. For. Sci., 66, 401, doi:10.1051/forest/2009024, 2009.

Uddling, J., Pleijel, H., and Karlsson, P. E.: Measuring and mod- elling leaf diffusive conductance in juvenile silver birch, Betula pendula, Trees-Structure And Function, 18, 686–695, 2004.

UN-ECE: International Co-operative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests. Manual on methods and criteria for harmonized sampling, assessment, mon- itoring and analysis of the effects of air pollution on forests, http://icp-forests.net, 1998.

Undén, P., Rontu, L., Järvinen, H., Lynch, P., Calvo, J., Cats, G., Cuxart, J., Eerola, K., Fortelius, C., Garcia-Moya, A., Jones, C., Lenderink, G., McDonald, A., McGrath, R., Navascues, B., Nielsen, N., Ødegaard, V., Rodriguez, E., Rummukainen, M., Rõõm, R., Sattler, K., Sass, B., Savijärvi, H., B.W., S., Sigg, R., The, H., and Tijm, A.: HIRLAM-5 Scientific Documentation De- cember 2002, http://hirlam.org/, 2002.

Valdebenito, Á. and Benedictow, A.: EMEP – Products, Qual- ity and Background Information, MACC deliverable report D.R-ENS.1.2.4, Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate (MACC) consortium, http://www.gmes-atmosphere.eu/ documents/deliverables/r-ens-dossiers/, 2011.

van der Gon, H. D., Visschedijk, A., Droge, R., Mulder, M., Johans- son, C., and Klimont, Z.: A high resolution emission inventory of particulate elemental carbon and organic carbon for Europe in 2005, paper presented at 7th International Conference on Air Quality – Science and Application (Air Quality 2009), Istanbul, 24–27 March 2009, 2009.

van der Werf, G. R., Randerson, J. T., Giglio, L., Collatz, G. J., Mu, M., Kasibhatla, P. S., Morton, D. C., DeFries, R. S., Jin, Y., and van Leeuwen, T. T.: Global fire emissions and the contribution of deforestation, savanna, forest, agricultural, and peat fires (1997– 2009), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11707–11735, doi:10.5194/acp- 10-11707-2010, 2010.

van Loon, M., Vautard, R., Schaap, M., Bergstrom, R., Bessagnet, B., Brandt, J., Builtjes, P., Christensen, J., Cuvelier, C., Graff, A., Jonson, J., Krol, M., Langner, J., Roberts, P., Rouil, L., Stern, R., Tarrason, L., Thunis, P., Vignati, E., White, L., and Wind, P.: Evaluation of long-term ozone simulations from seven re- gional air quality models and their ensemble, Atmos. Environ., 41, 2083–2097, 2007.

Venkatram, A. and Pleim, J.: The electrical analogy does not ap- ply to modeling dry deposition of particles, Atmos. Environ., 33, 3075–3076, 1999.

Verwer, J. and Simpson, D.: Explicit methods for stiff ODEs from atmospheric chemistry, Appl. Numer. Math., 18, 413–430, 1995.

Verwer, J. G., Blom, J. G., and Hundsdorfer, W.: An implicit explicit approach for atmospheric transport-chemistry problems, Appl. Numer. Math., 20, 191–209, 1996.

Vidic, S.: Frequency distributions of effective plume height, Internal technical note, EMEP, 10 September 2002, Croatian Meteorolog- ical and Hydrological Service, Zagreb, Croatia, 2002.

Vieno, M., Dore, A. J., Wind, P., Marco, C. D., Nemitz, E., Phillips, G., Tarrason, L., and Sutton, M. A.: Application of the EMEP Unified Model to the UK with a horizontal resolution of 5×5 km², in: Atmospheric Ammonia. Detecting Emissions Changes and Environmental Impacts, edited by Sutton, M. A., Reis, S.,
and Baker, S. M., 367–372, Springer, 2009.

Vieno, M., Dore, A. J., Stevenson, D. S., Doherty, R., Heal, M. R., Reis, S., Hallsworth, S., Tarrason, L., Wind, P., Fowler, D., Simpson, D., and Sutton, M. A.: Modelling surface ozone during the 2003 heat-wave in the UK, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 7963–7978, doi:10.5194/acp-10-7963-2010, 2010.

Volz, A. and Kley, D.: Evaluation of the Montsouris series of ozone measurements made in the nineteenth century, Nature, 332, 240–242, 1988.

Watson, L. A., Shallcross, D. E., Utembe, S. R., and Jenkin, M. E.: A Common Representative Intermediates (CRI) mechanism for VOC degradation. Part 2: Gas phase mechanism reduction, Atmos. Environ., 42, 7196–7204, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.07.034, 2008.

Wesely, M.: Parameterization of surface resistances to gaseous dry deposition in regional scale numerical models, Atmos. Environ., 23, 1293–1304, 1989.

Wesely, M. L., Cook, D. R., Hart, R. L., and Speer, R. E.: Measurements and Parameterization of Particulate Sulfur Dry Deposition over Grass, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 2131–2143, 1985.

Wiedinmyer, C., Akagi, S. K., Yokelson, R. J., Emmons, L. K., Al-Saadi, J. A., Orlando, J. J., and Soja, A. J.: The Fire INventory from NCAR (FINN): a high resolution global model to estimate the emissions from open burning, Geosci. Model Dev., 4, 625–641, doi:10.5194/gmd-4-625-2011, 2011.

Willett, M. R., Bechtold, P., Williamson, D. L., Petch, J. C., Milton, S. F., and Woolnough, S. J.: Modelling suppressed and active convection: Comparisons between three global atmospheric models, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 134, 1881–1896, doi:10.1002/qj.317, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.317, 2008.

Wind, P., Tarrasón, L., Berge, E., Slørdal, L., Solberg, S., and Walker, S.-E.: Development of a modeling system able to link hemispheric-regional and local air pollution problems, EMEP MSC-W Note 5/2002, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway, 2002.

Winiwarter, W., Haberl, H., and Simpson, D.: On the boundary between man-made and natural emissions: Problems in defining European ecosystems, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 8153–8159, 1999.

Wolff, V., Trebs, I., Foken, T., and Meixner, F. X.: Exchange of reactive nitrogen compounds: concentrations and fluxes of total ammonium and total nitrate above a spruce canopy, Biogeosciences, 7, 1729–1744, doi:10.5194/bg-7-1729-2010, 2010.

Yarwood, G., Rao, S., Yocke, M., and Whitten, G.: Updates to the Carbon Bond chemical mechanism: CB05, Final report to the US EPA, RT-0400675, 8 December 2005, Yocke and Company, www.camx.com/Files/CB05_Final_Report_120805.aspx, 2005.

Zaehle, S., Ciais, P., Friend, A. D., and Prieur, V.: Carbon benefits of anthropogenic reactive nitrogen offset by nitrous oxide emissions, Nat. Geosci., 4, 601–605, doi:10.1038/ngeo1207, 2011.

Zander, R., Demoulin, P., and Ehhalt, D. H., and Schmidt, U.: Secular increase of the total vertical column abundance of methane derived from IR solar spectra recorded at the Jungfraujoch station, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 11029–11039, 1989a.

Zander, R., Demoulin, P., Ehhalt, D. H., Schmidt, U., and Rinsland, C.: Secular increase of the total vertical column abundance of carbon dioxide above central Europe since 1950, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 11021–11028, 1989b.

Zender, C., Bian, H., and Newman, D.: Mineral Dust Entrainment and Deposition (DEAD) model: Description and 1990s dust climatology, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4416–4437, doi:10.1029/2002jd002775, 2003.

Zhang, L., Gong, S., Padro, J., and Barrie, L.: A size-segregated particle dry deposition scheme for an atmospheric aerosol module, Atmos. Environ., 35, 549–560, 2001.

Zhang, L., Brook, J. R., and Vet, R.: A revised parameterization for gaseous dry deposition in air-quality models, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 2067–2082, doi:10.5194/acp-3-2067-2003, 2003.

Zhao, C., Wang, Y., Choi, Y., and Zeng, T.: Summertime impact of convective transport and lightning NOₓ production over North America: modeling dependence on meteorological simulations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 4315–4327, doi:10.5194/acp-9-4315-2009, 2009.