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List of abbreviations and acronyms

<table><tr><td>4D</td><td>Four-dimensional</td></tr><tr><td>AUV</td><td>Autonomous underwater vehicle</td></tr><tr><td>BBNJ</td><td>Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction</td></tr><tr><td>BCP</td><td>Biological carbon pump</td></tr><tr><td>CBD</td><td>Convention on Biological Diversity</td></tr><tr><td>CCZ</td><td>Clarion-Clipperton Zone</td></tr><tr><td>CFP</td><td>Common Fisheries Policy</td></tr><tr><td>CHM</td><td>Common Heritage of Mankind</td></tr><tr><td>CO<sub>2</sub></td><td>Carbon dioxide</td></tr><tr><td>CTD</td><td>Conductivity, temperature, depth</td></tr><tr><td>DOOS</td><td>Deep Ocean Observing Strategy</td></tr><tr><td>DOSI</td><td>Deep Ocean Stewardship Initiative</td></tr><tr><td>DSBS</td><td>Deep-Sea Biology Society</td></tr><tr><td>DSI</td><td>Digital Sequence Information</td></tr><tr><td>EBM</td><td>Ecosystem-based management</td></tr><tr><td>EEZ</td><td>Exclusive Economic Zone</td></tr><tr><td>EIA</td><td>Environmental Impact Assessments</td></tr><tr><td>EMSO</td><td>European Multidisciplinary Seafloor and water column Observatory</td></tr><tr><td>ENSO</td><td>El Niño–Southern Oscillation</td></tr><tr><td>ERC</td><td>European Research Council</td></tr><tr><td>EU</td><td>European Union</td></tr><tr><td>FAIR</td><td>Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable</td></tr><tr><td>FAO</td><td>Food and Agriculture Organization</td></tr><tr><td>GBIF</td><td>Global Biodiversity Information Facility</td></tr><tr><td>GEBCO</td><td>General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans</td></tr><tr><td>GES</td><td>Good Environmental Status</td></tr><tr><td>GESAMP</td><td>Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection</td></tr><tr><td>GHGs</td><td>Greenhouse gases</td></tr><tr><td>GMOC</td><td>Global Meridional Overturning Circulation</td></tr><tr><td>GMRT</td><td>Global Multi-Resolution Topography</td></tr><tr><td>HOV</td><td>Human Operated Vehicle</td></tr><tr><td>IMO</td><td>International Maritime Organization</td></tr><tr><td>INTERRIDGE</td><td>A non-profit organisation concerned with promoting all aspects of Ocean floor research (its study, use, and protection)</td></tr><tr><td>IOC-UNESCO</td><td>Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization</td></tr><tr><td>IPBES</td><td>Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services</td></tr><tr><td>IPCC</td><td>Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</td></tr><tr><td>IPOS</td><td>International Platform for Ocean Sustainability</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>ISA</td><td>International Seabed Authority</td></tr><tr><td>ITLOS</td><td>International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea</td></tr><tr><td>IUCN</td><td>International Union for Conservation of Nature</td></tr><tr><td>LTER</td><td>Long-Term Ecological Research</td></tr><tr><td>mCDR</td><td>Marine Carbon Dioxide Removal</td></tr><tr><td>MGR</td><td>Marine genetic resources</td></tr><tr><td>MLD</td><td>Mixed Layer Depth</td></tr><tr><td>MOC</td><td>Meridional Overturning Circulation</td></tr><tr><td>MPA</td><td>Marine Protected Area</td></tr><tr><td>MRV</td><td>Monitoring, Reporting, Verification</td></tr><tr><td>MS</td><td>Member States</td></tr><tr><td>MSFD</td><td>Marine Strategy Framework Directive</td></tr><tr><td>mSRM</td><td>Marine solar radiation management</td></tr><tr><td>MVP</td><td>Moving Vessel Profilers</td></tr><tr><td>NGO</td><td>Non-governmental organization</td></tr><tr><td>NOAA</td><td>National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of the United States</td></tr><tr><td>OBCIs</td><td>Ocean-based climate interventions</td></tr><tr><td>OBIS</td><td>Ocean Biodiversity Information System</td></tr><tr><td>OECD</td><td>Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</td></tr><tr><td>OHCHR</td><td>Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights</td></tr><tr><td>POC</td><td>Particulate organic carbon</td></tr><tr><td>RFMO</td><td>Regional fisheries management organisation</td></tr><tr><td>ROV</td><td>Remotely operated vehicle</td></tr><tr><td>SCOR</td><td>Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research</td></tr><tr><td>SDG</td><td>Sustainable Development Goal</td></tr><tr><td>SSKI</td><td>Seabed Sustainability Knowledge Initiative</td></tr><tr><td>TAC</td><td>Total Allowable Catch</td></tr><tr><td>UN</td><td>United Nations</td></tr><tr><td>UNCLOS</td><td>United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea</td></tr><tr><td>UNDP</td><td>United Nations Development Programme</td></tr><tr><td>UNEP</td><td>United Nations Environment Programme</td></tr><tr><td>UNFCCC</td><td>United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</td></tr><tr><td>UNGA</td><td>United Nations General Assembly</td></tr><tr><td>UNOC</td><td>United Nations Ocean Conference</td></tr><tr><td>WOA</td><td>World Ocean Assessment</td></tr><tr><td>WOAH</td><td>World Organisation for Animal Health</td></tr><tr><td>WHO</td><td>World Health Organization</td></tr><tr><td>WorDSS</td><td>World Register of Deep-Sea Species</td></tr><tr><td>WoRMS</td><td>World Register of Marine Species</td></tr><tr><td>WWF</td><td>World Wildlife Fund</td></tr></table>
Glossary

**Abiotic** - Non-living components of an ecosystem or environment.

**Abyssal plain** - Underwater plain on the deep Ocean floor.

**Abyssopelagic** - Water layer of the Ocean between 4,000 and 6,000 m.

**Anthropocene** - The suggested geological age in which human activities are having a dominant influence on climate and the environment.

**Autonomous Underwater Vehicle** - Unmanned and autonomous vehicles that are deployed from vessels for survey missions at remote distances from the vessel.

**Autotrophic** - Organisms that can produce their own energy (i.e. food), also called primary producers.

**Backscatter** - Data on the intensity of sound waves released from echosounder devices reflected back from the seabed, used to measure substrate softness and texture.

**Bathypelagic** - Water layer of the Ocean between 1,000 and 4,000 m.

**Benthic** - Associated with or occurring at the seafloor.

**Biological carbon pump** - The Ocean's biologically driven sequestration of carbon from the atmosphere and land runoff to the Ocean interior and seafloor sediments.

**Biome** - Large naturally occurring community of species occupying a major habitat.

**Box-corer** - A device that retrieves a large physical sample of the uppermost layers of the seabed.

**Canyon** - A deep cleft between escarpments or cliffs resulting from weathering and the erosive activity of a water flow over geologic time scales.

**Chemosynthetic** - Organisms that use chemical energy, instead of light, water and carbon dioxide, to produce food.

**Cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts** - A layer formed by precipitation of metals dissolved in seawater on rock substrates of volcanic origin. They occupy large areas on top of seamounts, ridges and plateaus.

**Cold seep** - Areas on the Ocean floor where gases percolate through underlying rock and sediment layers and emerge on the Ocean bottom.

**Conductivity** - A measure of water's capability to pass electrical flow, as a way to measure the salinity of Ocean water. Conductivity increases with the concentration of dissolved salts.

**Continental shelf** - The area of seabed around a large land mass where the sea is relatively shallow compared with the open Ocean.

**Contourites** - Sediments deposited or substantially reworked by the persistent action of Ocean-bottom currents.

**Crawler** - A robot that moves independently, carrying scientific instrumentation for scanning a continuous track of the seabed for prolonged periods.

**CTD (Conductivity, Temperature and Depth)-rosette** - A collection of seawater sampling bottles housed in a round frame, with instruments for measuring depth, temperature and conductivity of the water.

**Cultural ecosystem services** - Ecosystem services that provide non-material benefits derived from nature such as recreation and tourism, beauty, as well as spiritual, intellectual and cultural benefits.
**Deep-sea cascading** - Movement of surface waters to deeper depths down the continental slope.

**Deep-sea convection** - Movement of surface waters to deeper depths with large vertical velocities.

**Deep-sea downwelling** - Movement of surface water to deeper depths.

**Deep-sea upwelling** - Movement of deep water to the surface mixed layer.

**Diel vertical migration** - Upward migration of organisms towards the Ocean surface at night, and a downward movement to deeper waters in the daytime.

**Detritivorous** - Organisms that feed on dead and decomposing organic matter.

**Dredge** - A tool used for collecting samples from the seabed. It typically consists of a metal frame with an attached net or basket, which is dragged along the seabed to scoop up sediment, rocks and biological organisms.

**Echosounder** - A type of sonar used to map the seafloor and can be either single- or multi-beam.

**Eddies** - Circular current of water.

**Endemic** - Native and restricted to a certain place.

**Epipelagic** - Water layer of the Ocean between surface and 200 m.

**Eukaryotic** - Of, relating to, or being an organism with organelles and a membrane-bound nucleus.

**Euphotic** - Of, relating to, or constituting the upper layers of a body of water into which sufficient light penetrates to permit growth of phytoplankton, algae and/or photosynthetic microorganisms.

**Fecundity** - The ability to produce an abundance of offspring or new growth.

**Float** - A device that drift and measure Ocean currents, either at the surface or at a given depth.

**Glider** - A type of autonomous underwater vehicle that are deployed from vessels for survey missions at remote distances from the vessel. They typically do not have an engine, and instead use changes in buoyancy to move up and down through the water.

**Gravity corer** - A device that retrieves a physical sample of several meters of the uppermost layers of the seabed using the gravity of the drop from the vessel. These are mostly used in shallow waters.

**Hadal trench** - Prominent, long, narrow topographic depressions of the seabed in the deepest region of the Ocean.

**Hadopelagic** - Water layer of the Ocean deeper than 6,000 m.

**Heterotrophic** - Organisms that cannot produce their own energy (i.e. food), instead taking nutrition from other sources.

**Human Operated Vehicle** - A submersible that bring a small group of scientists, pilots, and electronic equipment down in the water column and onto the seafloor.

**Hydrocarbon seepage** - Emanation of reduced chemicals (e.g. hydrogen sulfide, methane) from the seafloor, supplied by subsurface hydrocarbon reservoirs.

**Hydrothermal vent** - An opening in the seabed out of which heated mineral-rich water flows.

**Internal wave** - A type of gravity wave that oscillate within internal "surfaces" of Ocean waters, rather than on the surface.

**Isobaric sampler** - A device created to keep organisms in an environment as close to their *in situ* conditions as possible during recovery from collection.
**Lander** - An observational platform that sit on the seabed or benthic zone to record physical, chemical or biological activity.

**Lithosphere** - The solid, outer part of Earth, composed of the crust and the topmost portion of the upper mantle.

**Mesoscale eddy** - An eddy with typical horizontal scales of less than 100 km and timescales in the order of a month.

**Mesopelagic** - Water layer of the Ocean between 200 and 1,000 m.

**Metagenomes** - The full genetic content of all the organisms within an environmental sample (e.g. eDNA).

**Metagenomics** - The study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples by sequencing.

**Metatranscriptomics** - A technique to study the gene expression of organisms within an environmental sample.

**Metazoan** - Multicellular organisms with cells that are differentiated into tissues and organs.

**Mooring** - A device connected to a wire and anchored to the seafloor, and which is stationary at a fixed location. These are used to measure Ocean currents.

**Moving Vessel Profiler** - A computer controlled winching system that can deploy and recover a sensor from a vessel that is underway.

**Multibeam Echosounder** - An acoustic device that uses sonar to map seabed bathymetry, morphological characteristics and substrate types.

**Multicorer** - A device that retrieves simultaneously several physical samples of the uppermost layers of the seabed and the overlaying bottom water.

**Multinet** - Equipment designed for quantitative sampling of plankton in successive water layers, and features a multiple net system.

**Mid-Ocean ridge** - Long, seismically active submarine ridge system situated in the middle of an Ocean basin associated with seafloor spreading.

**Nekton** - Organisms in the Ocean that are able to swim and move independently of water currents.

**Optoacoustic** - A technique that involve the generation of acoustic waves in a material induced by the absorption of light. Also referred as photoacoustic.

**Pelagic** - Associated with the water column.

**Plankton** - Organisms in the Ocean that are carried by tides and currents, and cannot swim well enough to move against these forces.

**Polymetallic nodules** - Rock concentrations on the seafloor formed of concentric layers of iron and manganese hydroxides around a core. Also known as manganese nodules.

**Polymetallic sulphides** - Mounds formed of metal sulphide mineral precipitates and hydrothermal vent debris.

**Prokaryotic** - Of, relating to, or being an organism without a nucleus and other organelles.

**Provisioning ecosystem services** - Ecosystem services that provide tangible, harvestable goods such as fish, shellfish and seaweed for food, raw materials, algae and minerals.

**Redox reaction** - The transfer of electrons between chemical species (i.e. atoms, ions or molecules) involved in the reaction. Also known as oxidation-reduction reaction.
**Regulating ecosystem services** - Ecosystem services that regulate natural processes and maintain ecological balance, such as coastal protection, prevention of erosion, water purification and carbon storage.

**Remotely operated vehicle** - An underwater platform equipped with sensors, cameras and/or manipulator arms remotely controlled from the surface via a cable.

**Seamount** - A submarine mountain.

**Stratified Ocean** - The natural separation of the Ocean water into horizontal layers by density.

**Supporting ecosystem services** - Ecosystem services that maintain fundamental ecosystem processes, such as photosynthesis or nutrient cycling, or the maintenance of genetic and biological diversity.

**Tethered** - Attached by a cable to a data or power source.
Annex 1

Members of the European Marine Board Working Group
on Deep Sea and Ocean Health

<table><thead><tr><th>NAME</th><th>AFFILIATION</th><th>COUNTRY</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="3">Working Group Chairs</td></tr><tr><td>Sylvia Sander</td><td>Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel (GEOMAR)</td><td>Germany</td></tr><tr><td>Christian Tamburini</td><td>Institut Méditerranéen d'Océanologie (MIO)</td><td>France</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">Working Group Members</td></tr><tr><td>Roberto Danovaro</td><td>Università Politecnica delle Marche</td><td>Italy</td></tr><tr><td>Sabine Gollner</td><td>Koninklijk Nederlands Instituut voor Onderzoek der Zee (NIOZ)</td><td>Netherlands</td></tr><tr><td>Bleuenn Guilloux</td><td>La Rochelle Université</td><td>France</td></tr><tr><td>Henk-Jan Hoving</td><td>Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel (GEOMAR)</td><td>Germany</td></tr><tr><td>Igor Isajlovi</td><td>Institut za oceanografiju i ribarstvo (IOF)</td><td>Croatia</td></tr><tr><td>Riwan Leroux</td><td>Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)</td><td>France</td></tr><tr><td>Bhavani Narayanaswamy</td><td>Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)</td><td>UK</td></tr><tr><td>Ellen Pape</td><td>Universiteit Gent (UGent)</td><td>Belgium</td></tr><tr><td>Marzia Rovere</td><td>Istituto di Scienze Marine del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-ISMAR)</td><td>Italy</td></tr><tr><td>Miguel Semedo</td><td>Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR)</td><td>Portugal</td></tr><tr><td>Pedro Vélez Belchí</td><td>Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC)</td><td>Spain</td></tr></tbody></table>
<figure><img src="image_76.png" /></figure>
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