# Data from an International Multi-Centre Study of Statistics and Mathematics Anxieties and Related Variables in University Students (the SMARVUS Dataset)

Jenny Terry, Robert M Ross, Tamás Nagy, Mauricio Salgado, Patricia

Garrido-Vásquez, Jacob O Sarfo, Susan Cooper, Anke C Buttner, Tiago J S

Lima, İbrahim Öztürk, et al.

► To cite this version:

Jenny Terry, Robert M Ross, Tamás Nagy, Mauricio Salgado, Patricia Garrido-Vásquez, et al. Data from an International Multi-Centre Study of Statistics and Mathematics Anxieties and Related Variables in University Students (the SMARVUS Dataset). Journal of Open Psychology Data, 2023, 11 (1), pp.8. 10.5334/jopd.80. hal-04584979

HAL Id: hal-04584979

https://hal.science/hal-04584979

Submitted on 23 May 2024

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Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
This manuscript was accepted for publication in the Journal of Open Psychology Data on the
3rd of March 2023. This version of the paper has been peer-reviewed but not copy-edited
and may differ slightly from the final published version.

The open-access published manuscript is now available here:
https://openpsychologydata.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/jopd.80

An up-to-date, full APA-citation can be found here: https://bit.ly/smarvus_jopd_citation

Title

Data from an International Multi-Centre Study of Statistics and Mathematics Anxieties and Related Variables in University Students (the SMARVUS Dataset).

Authors

Jenny Terry¹†, Robert M. Ross², Tamás Nagy³, Mauricio Salgado⁴,⁵, Patricia Garrido-Vásquez⁶, Jacob O. Sarfo⁷, Susan Cooper⁸, Anke C. Buttner⁹, Tiago J. S. Lima¹⁰, İbrahim Öztürk¹¹, Nazlı Akay¹¹, Flavia H. Santos¹², Christina Artemenko¹³, Lee T. Copping¹⁴, Mahmoud M. Elsherif¹⁵, Ilija Milovanović¹⁶, Robert A. Cribbie¹⁷,¹⁸, Marina G. Drushlyak¹⁸, Katherine Swainston¹⁹, Yiyun Shou²⁰, Juan David Leongómez²¹, Nicola Palena²², Fitri A. Abidin²³, Maria F. Reyes-Rodríguez²⁴, Yunfeng He²⁵,¹³, Juneman Abraham²⁶, Argiro Vatakis²⁷, Kristin Jankowsky²⁸, Stephanie N. L. Schmidt²⁹, Elise Grimm³⁰, Desirée González³¹, Philipp Schmid³²,³³, Roberto A. Ferreira³⁴,³⁵, Dmitri Rozgonjuk³⁶,³⁷, Neslihan Özhan³⁸, Patrick A. O'Connor³⁹, Andras N. Zsido⁴⁰, Gregor Stiglic⁴¹,⁴², Darren Rhodes⁴³, Cristina Rodríguez³⁴, Ivan Ropovik⁴⁴,⁴⁵, Violeta Enea⁴⁶, Ratri Nurwanti⁴⁷, Alejandro J. Estudillo⁴⁸,⁴⁹, Nataly Beribisky¹⁷, Karel K. Himawan⁵⁰,⁵¹, Linda M. Geven⁵²,⁵³, Anne H. van Hoogmoed⁵⁴, Amélie Bret⁵⁵, Jodie E. Chapman⁵⁶, Udi Alter⁵⁷,¹⁷, Zoe M. Flack⁵⁸, Donncha Hanna³⁹, Mojtaba Soltanlou⁵⁹,⁶⁰, Gabriel Banik⁶¹, Matúš Adamkovič⁶²,⁶³, Sanne H. G. van der Ven⁵⁴, Jochen A. Mosbacher⁶⁴, Hilal H. Şen⁶⁵,⁶⁶, Joel R. Anderson⁵⁶,⁶⁷, Michael Batashvili⁶⁸,
This manuscript was accepted for publication in the Journal of Open Psychology Data on the
3rd of March 2023. This version of the paper has been peer-reviewed but not copy-edited
and may differ slightly from the final published version.

The open-access published manuscript is now available here:
https://openpsychologydata.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/jopd.80

An up-to-date, full APA-citation can be found here: https://bit.ly/smarvus_jopd_citation

Title

Data from an International Multi-Centre Study of Statistics and Mathematics Anxieties and Related Variables in University Students (the SMARVUS Dataset).

Authors

Jenny Terry¹†, Robert M. Ross², Tamás Nagy³, Mauricio Salgado⁴,⁵, Patricia Garrido-Vásquez⁶, Jacob O. Sarfo⁷, Susan Cooper⁸, Anke C. Buttner⁹, Tiago J. S. Lima¹⁰, İbrahim Öztürk¹¹, Nazlı Akay¹¹, Flavia H. Santos¹², Christina Artemenko¹³, Lee T. Copping¹⁴, Mahmoud M. Elsherif¹⁵, Ilija Milovanović¹⁶, Robert A. Cribbie¹⁷,¹⁸, Marina G. Drushlyak¹⁸, Katherine Swainston¹⁹, Yiyun Shou²⁰, Juan David Leongómez²¹, Nicola Palena²², Fitri A.

Abidin²³, Maria F. Reyes-Rodríguez²⁴, Yunfeng He²⁵,¹³, Juneman Abraham²⁶, Argiro Vatakis²⁷, Kristin Jankowsky²⁸, Stephanie N. L. Schmidt²⁹, Elise Grimm³⁰, Desirée González³¹, Philipp Schmid³²,³³, Roberto A. Ferreira³⁴,³⁵, Dmitri Rozgonjuk³⁶,³⁷, Neslihan Özhan³⁸, Patrick A. O'Connor³⁹, Andras N. Zsido⁴⁰, Gregor Stiglic⁴¹,⁴², Darren Rhodes⁴³, Cristina Rodríguez³⁴, Ivan Ropovik⁴⁴,⁴⁵, Violeta Enea⁴⁶, Ratri Nurwanti⁴⁷, Alejandro J. Estudillo⁴⁸,⁴⁹, Nataly Beribisky¹⁷, Karel K. Himawan⁵⁰,⁵¹, Linda M. Geven⁵²,⁵³, Anne H. van Hoogmoed⁵⁴, Amélie Bret⁵⁵, Jodie E. Chapman⁵⁶, Udi Alter⁵⁷,¹⁷, Zoe M. Flack⁵⁸, Donncha Hanna³⁹, Mojtaba Soltanlou⁵⁹,⁶⁰, Gabriel Banik⁶¹, Matúš Adamkovič⁶²,⁶³, Sanne H. G. van der Ven⁵⁴, Jochen A. Mosbacher⁶⁴, Hilal H. Şen⁶⁵,⁶⁶, Joel R. Anderson⁵⁶,⁶⁷, Michael Batashvili⁶⁸,
Kristel de Groot<sup>69,70</sup>, Matthew O. Parker<sup>71</sup>, Mai Helmy<sup>72,73</sup>, Mariia M. Ostroha<sup>74</sup>, Katie A. Gilligan-Lee<sup>59</sup>, Felix O. Egara<sup>75</sup>, Martin J. Barwood<sup>76</sup>, Karuna Thomas<sup>77</sup>, Grace McMahon<sup>78</sup>, Siobhán M. Griffin<sup>78</sup>, Hans-Christoph Nuerk<sup>13</sup>, Alyssa Counsell<sup>57</sup>, Oliver Lindemann<sup>69</sup>, Dirk Van Rooy<sup>79,80</sup>, Theresa E. Wege<sup>81</sup>, Joanna E. Lewis<sup>82</sup>, Balazs Aczel<sup>3</sup>, Conal Monaghan<sup>79</sup>, Ali H. Al-Hoorie<sup>83</sup>, Julia F. Huber<sup>13</sup>, Saadet Yapan<sup>84</sup>, Mauricio E. Garrido Vásquez<sup>6</sup>, Antonino Callea<sup>85</sup>, Tolga Ergiyen<sup>86</sup>, James M. Clay<sup>87</sup>, Gaetan Mertens<sup>88</sup>, Feyza Topçu<sup>84</sup>, Merve G. Tutlu<sup>84</sup>, Karin Täht<sup>36,89</sup>, Kristel Mikkor<sup>36</sup>, Letizia Caso<sup>85</sup>, Alexander Karner<sup>90</sup>, Maxine M. C. Storm<sup>69</sup>, Gabriella Daroczy<sup>13</sup>, Rizqy A. Zein<sup>91</sup>, Andrea Greco<sup>22</sup>, Erin M. Buchanan<sup>92</sup>, Katharina Schmid<sup>93</sup>, Thomas E. Hunt<sup>94</sup>, Jonas De keersmaecker<sup>95</sup>, Peter E. Branney<sup>96</sup>, Jordan Randell<sup>97</sup>, Oliver J. Clark<sup>98</sup>, Crystal N. Steltenpohl<sup>99,100</sup>, Bhasker Malu<sup>101</sup>, Burcu Tekeş<sup>102</sup>, TamilSelvan Ramis<sup>103</sup>, Stefan Agrigoroaei<sup>30</sup>, Nicholas A. Badcock<sup>104,105</sup>, Kareena McAloney-Kocaman<sup>106</sup>, Olena V. Semenikhina<sup>107</sup>, Erich W. Graf<sup>38</sup>, Charlie Lea<sup>58</sup>, Kalu T. U. Ogba<sup>108</sup>, Fergus M. Guppy<sup>109,110</sup>, Amy C. Warhurst<sup>111</sup>, Shane Lindsay<sup>112</sup>, Ahmed Al Khateeb<sup>83</sup>, Frank Scharnowski<sup>90,113</sup>, Leontien de Kwaadsteniet<sup>54</sup>, Kathryn B. Francis<sup>114</sup>, Mariah Lecompte<sup>57</sup>, Lisa A. D. Webster<sup>115</sup>, Kinga Morsanyi<sup>81</sup>, Suzanna E. Forwood<sup>116</sup>, Elizabeth R. Walters<sup>96</sup>, Linda K. Tip<sup>58</sup>, Jordan R. Wagge<sup>117</sup>, Ho Yan Lai<sup>77</sup>, Deborah S. Crossland<sup>97</sup>, Kohinoor M. Darda<sup>118</sup>, Tessa R. Flack<sup>119</sup>, Zoe Leviston<sup>79,120</sup>, Matthew Brolly<sup>121</sup>, Samuel P. Hills<sup>122</sup>, Elizabeth Collins<sup>123</sup>, Andrew J. Roberts<sup>2</sup>, Wing-Yee Cheung<sup>97</sup>, Sophie Leonard<sup>12</sup>, Bruno Verschuere<sup>53</sup>, Samantha K. Stanley<sup>79</sup>, Iro Xenidou-Dervou<sup>81</sup>, Omid Ghasemi<sup>105,124</sup>, Timothy Liew<sup>77</sup>, Daniel Ansari<sup>125</sup>, Johnrev Guilaran<sup>126</sup>, Samuel G. Penny<sup>109,127</sup>, Julia Bahnmueller<sup>81</sup>, Christopher J. Hand<sup>128</sup>, Unita W. Rahajeng<sup>47</sup>, Dar Peterburg<sup>68</sup>, Zsofia K. Takacs<sup>129</sup>, Michael J. Platow<sup>79</sup>, Andy P. Field<sup>1</sup>

¹School of Psychology, University of Sussex, UK, ²Department of Philosophy, Macquarie University, Australia, ³Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary, ⁴School of Social Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Chile, ⁵Centre for Research in Inclusive Education, Universidad Andres Bello, Chile, ⁶Department of Psychology, University of Concepción, Chile, ⁷Department of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, University
Kristel de Groot<sup>69,70</sup>, Matthew O. Parker<sup>71</sup>, Mai Helmy<sup>72,73</sup>, Mariia M. Ostroha<sup>74</sup>, Katie A. Gilligan-Lee<sup>59</sup>, Felix O. Egara<sup>75</sup>, Martin J. Barwood<sup>76</sup>, Karuna Thomas<sup>77</sup>, Grace McMahon<sup>78</sup>, Siobhán M. Griffin<sup>78</sup>, Hans-Christoph Nuerk<sup>13</sup>, Alyssa Counsell<sup>57</sup>, Oliver Lindemann<sup>69</sup>, Dirk Van Rooy<sup>79,80</sup>, Theresa E. Wege<sup>81</sup>, Joanna E. Lewis<sup>82</sup>, Balazs Aczel<sup>3</sup>, Conal Monaghan<sup>79</sup>, Ali H. Al-Hoorie<sup>83</sup>, Julia F. Huber<sup>13</sup>, Saadet Yapan<sup>84</sup>, Mauricio E. Garrido Vásquez<sup>6</sup>, Antonino Callea<sup>85</sup>, Tolga Ergiyen<sup>86</sup>, James M. Clay<sup>87</sup>, Gaetan Mertens<sup>88</sup>, Feyza Topçu<sup>84</sup>, Merve G. Tutlu<sup>84</sup>, Karin Täht<sup>36,89</sup>, Kristel Mikkor<sup>36</sup>, Letizia Caso<sup>85</sup>, Alexander Karner<sup>90</sup>, Maxine M. C. Storm<sup>69</sup>, Gabriella Daroczy<sup>13</sup>, Rizqy A. Zein<sup>91</sup>, Andrea Greco<sup>22</sup>, Erin M. Buchanan<sup>92</sup>, Katharina Schmid<sup>93</sup>, Thomas E. Hunt<sup>94</sup>, Jonas De keersmaecker<sup>95</sup>, Peter E. Branney<sup>96</sup>, Jordan Randell<sup>97</sup>, Oliver J. Clark<sup>98</sup>, Crystal N. Steltenpohl<sup>99,100</sup>, Bhasker Malu<sup>101</sup>, Burcu Tekeş<sup>102</sup>, TamilSelvan Ramis<sup>103</sup>, Stefan Agrigoroaei<sup>30</sup>, Nicholas A. Badcock<sup>104,105</sup>, Kareena McAloney-Kocaman<sup>106</sup>, Olena V. Semenikhina<sup>107</sup>, Erich W. Graf<sup>38</sup>, Charlie Lea<sup>58</sup>, Kalu T. U. Ogba<sup>108</sup>, Fergus M. Guppy<sup>109,110</sup>, Amy C. Warhurst<sup>111</sup>, Shane Lindsay<sup>112</sup>, Ahmed Al Khateeb<sup>83</sup>, Frank Scharnowski<sup>90,113</sup>, Leontien de Kwaadsteniet<sup>54</sup>, Kathryn B. Francis<sup>114</sup>, Mariah Lecompte<sup>57</sup>, Lisa A. D. Webster<sup>115</sup>, Kinga Morsanyi<sup>81</sup>, Suzanna E. Forwood<sup>116</sup>, Elizabeth R. Walters<sup>96</sup>, Linda K. Tip<sup>58</sup>, Jordan R. Wagge<sup>117</sup>, Ho Yan Lai<sup>77</sup>, Deborah S. Crossland<sup>97</sup>, Kohinoor M. Darda<sup>118</sup>, Tessa R. Flack<sup>119</sup>, Zoe Leviston<sup>79,120</sup>, Matthew Brolly<sup>121</sup>, Samuel P. Hills<sup>122</sup>, Elizabeth Collins<sup>123</sup>, Andrew J. Roberts<sup>2</sup>, Wing-Yee Cheung<sup>97</sup>, Sophie Leonard<sup>12</sup>, Bruno Verschuere<sup>53</sup>, Samantha K. Stanley<sup>79</sup>, Iro Xenidou-Dervou<sup>81</sup>, Omid Ghasemi<sup>105,124</sup>, Timothy Liew<sup>77</sup>, Daniel Ansari<sup>125</sup>, Johnrev Guilaran<sup>126</sup>, Samuel G. Penny<sup>109,127</sup>, Julia Bahnmueller<sup>81</sup>, Christopher J. Hand<sup>128</sup>, Unita W. Rahajeng<sup>47</sup>, Dar Peterburg<sup>68</sup>, Zsofia K. Takacs<sup>129</sup>, Michael J. Platow<sup>79</sup>, Andy P. Field<sup>1</sup>

<sup>1</sup>School of Psychology, University of Sussex, UK, <sup>2</sup>Department of Philosophy, Macquarie University, Australia, <sup>3</sup>Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary,

<sup>4</sup>School of Social Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Chile, <sup>5</sup>Centre for Research in Inclusive Education, Universidad Andres Bello, Chile, <sup>6</sup>Department of Psychology, University of Concepción, Chile, <sup>7</sup>Department of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, University
of Cape Coast, Ghana, ⁸Department of Psychology, Kingston University, UK, ⁹School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, UK, ¹⁰Department of Social and Work Psychology, University of Brasília, Brazil, ¹¹Department of Psychology, Middle East Technical University, Turkey, ¹²School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Ireland, ¹³Department of Psychology, University of Tuebingen, Germany, ¹⁴Department of Psychology, Teesside University, UK, ¹⁵School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, ¹⁶Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad, Serbia, ¹⁷Department of Psychology, York University, Canada, ¹⁸Mathematics Department, Makarenko Sumy State Pedagogical University, Ukraine, ¹⁹School of Psychology, Newcastle University, UK, ²⁰Research School of Psychology, Australian National University. Australia, ²¹Faculty of Psychology, Universidad El Bosque, Colombia, ²²Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, Italy, ²³Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia, ²⁴Department of Psychology, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia, ²⁵Liaoning Key Laboratory of Psychological Testing and Behavior Analysis, Liaoning University, China, ²⁶Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Bina Nusantara University, Indonesia, ²⁷Department of Psychology, Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, Greece, ²⁸Psychological Assessment, University of Kassel, Germany, ²⁹Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Germany, ³⁰Psychological Sciences Research Institute, UCLouvain, Belgium, ³¹Departamento de Didáctica e Investigación Educativa, Universidad de la Laguna, Spain, ³²Media and Communication Science, University of Erfurt, Germany, ³³Implementation Research, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Germany, ³⁴Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación, Universidad Católica del Maule, Chile, ³⁵Millennium Nucleus for the Science of Learning (MiNSoL), Chile, ³⁶Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Tartu, Estonia, ³⁷Department of Molecular Psychology, Ulm University, Germany, ³⁸School of Psychology, University of Southampton, UK, ³⁹School of Psychology, Queen's University Belfast, UK, ⁴⁰Institute of Psychology, University of Pécs, Hungary, ⁴¹Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Maribor, Slovenia, ⁴²Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, UK, ⁴³NTU Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, UK, ⁴⁴Charles
of Cape Coast, Ghana, ⁸Department of Psychology, Kingston University, UK, ⁹School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, UK, ¹⁰Department of Social and Work Psychology, University of Brasília, Brazil, ¹¹Department of Psychology, Middle East Technical University, Turkey, ¹²School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Ireland, ¹³Department of Psychology, University of Tuebingen, Germany, ¹⁴Department of Psychology, Teesside University, UK, ¹⁵School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, ¹⁶Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad, Serbia, ¹⁷Department of Psychology, York University, Canada, ¹⁸Mathematics Department, Makarenko Sumy State Pedagogical University, Ukraine, ¹⁹School of Psychology, Newcastle University, UK, ²⁰Research School of Psychology, Australian National University. Australia, ²¹Faculty of Psychology, Universidad El Bosque, Colombia, ²²Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, Italy, ²³Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia, ²⁴Department of Psychology, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia, ²⁵Liaoning Key Laboratory of Psychological Testing and Behavior Analysis, Liaoning University, China, ²⁶Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Bina Nusantara University, Indonesia, ²⁷Department of Psychology, Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, Greece, ²⁸Psychological Assessment, University of Kassel, Germany, ²⁹Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Germany, ³⁰Psychological Sciences Research Institute, UCLouvain, Belgium, ³¹Departamento de Didáctica e Investigación Educativa, Universidad de la Laguna, Spain, ³²Media and Communication Science, University of Erfurt, Germany, ³³Implementation Research, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Germany, ³⁴Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación, Universidad Católica del Maule, Chile, ³⁵Millennium Nucleus for the Science of Learning (MiNSoL), Chile, ³⁶Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Tartu, Estonia, ³⁷Department of Molecular Psychology, Ulm University, Germany, ³⁸School of Psychology, University of Southampton, UK, ³⁹School of Psychology, Queen's University Belfast, UK, ⁴⁰Institute of Psychology, University of Pécs, Hungary, ⁴¹Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Maribor, Slovenia, ⁴²Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, UK, ⁴³NTU Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, UK, ⁴⁴Charles
University, Faculty of Education, Institute for Research and Development of Education, Czech Republic, ⁴⁵Faculty of Education, University of Presov, Slovakia, ⁴⁶Department of Psychology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Romania, ⁴⁷Department of Psychology, Brawijaya University, Indonesia, ⁴⁸Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, UK, ⁴⁹School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Malaysia, ⁵⁰Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Pelita Harapan, Indonesia, ⁵¹RELASI Research Lab, Indonesia, ⁵²Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology, Leiden University, the Netherlands, ⁵³Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands, ⁵⁴Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, the Netherlands, ⁵⁵LPPL, Nantes University, France, ⁵⁶School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Australia, ⁵⁷Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Canada, ⁵⁸School of Humanities and Social Science, University of Brighton, UK, ⁵⁹School of Psychology, University of Surrey, UK, ⁶⁰Brain and Mind Institute & Department of Psychology, Western University, Canada, ⁶¹University of Presov, Slovakia, ⁶²Institute of Social Sciences, CSPS, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovakia, ⁶³Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Finland, ⁶⁴Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Austria, ⁶⁵Department of Psychology, MEF University, Turkey, ⁶⁶Faculty of Psychology, University of Akureyri, Iceland, ⁶⁷Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society, Australia, ⁶⁸Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Reichman University, Israel, ⁶⁹Department of Psychology, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands, ⁷⁰Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands, ⁷¹School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Portsmouth, UK, ⁷²Department of Psychology, College of Education, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman, ⁷³Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Menoufia University, Egypt, ⁷⁴Computer Science Department, Makarenko Sumy State Pedagogical University, Ukraine, ⁷⁵Department of Science Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, ⁷⁶School of Health, Sport, and Life Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, UK, ⁷⁷Department of Psychology, HELP University, Malaysia, ⁷⁸Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Ireland, ⁷⁹Research School of
University, Faculty of Education, Institute for Research and Development of Education, Czech Republic, ⁴⁵Faculty of Education, University of Presov, Slovakia, ⁴⁶Department of Psychology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Romania, ⁴⁷Department of Psychology, Brawijaya University, Indonesia, ⁴⁸Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, UK, ⁴⁹School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Malaysia, ⁵⁰Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Pelita Harapan, Indonesia, ⁵¹RELASI Research Lab, Indonesia, ⁵²Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology, Leiden University, the Netherlands, ⁵³Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands, ⁵⁴Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, the Netherlands, ⁵⁵LPPL, Nantes University, France, ⁵⁶School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Australia, ⁵⁷Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Canada, ⁵⁸School of Humanities and Social Science, University of Brighton, UK, ⁵⁹School of Psychology, University of Surrey, UK, ⁶⁰Brain and Mind Institute & Department of Psychology, Western University, Canada, ⁶¹University of Presov, Slovakia, ⁶²Institute of Social Sciences, CSPS, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovakia, ⁶³Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Finland, ⁶⁴Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Austria, ⁶⁵Department of Psychology, MEF University, Turkey, ⁶⁶Faculty of Psychology, University of Akureyri, Iceland, ⁶⁷Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society, Australia, ⁶⁸Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Reichman University, Israel, ⁶⁹Department of Psychology, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands, ⁷⁰Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands, ⁷¹School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Portsmouth, UK, ⁷²Department of Psychology, College of Education, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman, ⁷³Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Menoufia University, Egypt, ⁷⁴Computer Science Department, Makarenko Sumy State Pedagogical University, Ukraine, ⁷⁵Department of Science Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, ⁷⁶School of Health, Sport, and Life Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, UK, ⁷⁷Department of Psychology, HELP University, Malaysia, ⁷⁸Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Ireland, ⁷⁹Research School of
Psychology, Australian National University, Australia, ⁸⁰Institute for Climate, Energy, and Disaster Solutions, Australia., ⁸¹Centre for Mathematical Cognition, Loughborough University, UK, ⁸²University of Northern Colorado, USA, ⁸³Independent Researcher, Saudi Arabia, ⁸⁴Department of Psychology, Hasan Kalyoncu University, Turkey, ⁸⁵Department of Human Sciences, Libera Università Maria SS. Assunta University, Italy, ⁸⁶Izmir University of Economics, Turkey, ⁸⁷Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, UK, ⁸⁸Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, the Netherlands, ⁸⁹Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Estonia, ⁹⁰Department of Cognition, Emotion and Methods in Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria, ⁹¹Department of Psychology, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia, ⁹²Harrisburg University of Science and Technology, USA, ⁹³Universitat Ramon Llull, Esade Business School, Spain, ⁹⁴School of Psychology, University of Derby, UK, ⁹⁵Ramon Llull University, Esade Business School, Spain, ⁹⁶Department of Psychology, University of Bradford, UK, ⁹⁷Department of Psychology, University of Winchester, UK, ⁹⁸Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK, ⁹⁹University of Southern Indiana, USA, ¹⁰⁰Dartmouth Center for Program Design and Evaluation, ¹⁰¹O P Jindal Global University, India, ¹⁰²Department of Psychology, Başkent University, Turkey, ¹⁰³Centre for American Education, Sunway University, Malaysia, ¹⁰⁴School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Australia, ¹⁰⁵School of Psychological Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia, ¹⁰⁶Department of Psychology, Glasgow Caledonian University, UK, ¹⁰⁷Computer Science Department, Makarenko Sumy State Pedagogical University, Ukraine, ¹⁰⁸Psychology Department, University of Nigeria, Nigeria, ¹⁰⁹School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, UK, ¹¹⁰School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, ¹¹¹School of Psychology, University of Winchester, UK, ¹¹²Department of Psychology, University of Hull, UK, ¹¹³Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zürich, Switzerland, ¹¹⁴School of Psychology, Keele University, UK, ¹¹⁵School of Psychology and Therapeutic Studies, Leeds Trinity University, UK, ¹¹⁶School of Psychology & Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, UK, ¹¹⁷School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, Avila University, USA, ¹¹⁸University of Pennsylvania,
Psychology, Australian National University, Australia, ⁸⁰Institute for Climate, Energy, and Disaster Solutions, Australia., ⁸¹Centre for Mathematical Cognition, Loughborough University, UK, ⁸²University of Northern Colorado, USA, ⁸³Independent Researcher, Saudi Arabia, ⁸⁴Department of Psychology, Hasan Kalyoncu University, Turkey, ⁸⁵Department of Human Sciences, Libera Università Maria SS. Assunta University, Italy, ⁸⁶Izmir University of Economics, Turkey, ⁸⁷Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, UK, ⁸⁸Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, the Netherlands, ⁸⁹Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Estonia, ⁹⁰Department of Cognition, Emotion and Methods in Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria, ⁹¹Department of Psychology, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia, ⁹²Harrisburg University of Science and Technology, USA, ⁹³Universitat Ramon Llull, Esade Business School, Spain, ⁹⁴School of Psychology, University of Derby, UK, ⁹⁵Ramon Llull University, Esade Business School, Spain, ⁹⁶Department of Psychology, University of Bradford, UK, ⁹⁷Department of Psychology, University of Winchester, UK, ⁹⁸Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK, ⁹⁹University of Southern Indiana, USA, ¹⁰⁰Dartmouth Center for Program Design and Evaluation, ¹⁰¹O P Jindal Global University, India, ¹⁰²Department of Psychology, Başkent University, Turkey, ¹⁰³Centre for American Education, Sunway University, Malaysia, ¹⁰⁴School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Australia, ¹⁰⁵School of Psychological Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia, ¹⁰⁶Department of Psychology, Glasgow Caledonian University, UK, ¹⁰⁷Computer Science Department, Makarenko Sumy State Pedagogical University, Ukraine, ¹⁰⁸Psychology Department, University of Nigeria, Nigeria, ¹⁰⁹School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, UK, ¹¹⁰School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, ¹¹¹School of Psychology, University of Winchester, UK, ¹¹²Department of Psychology, University of Hull, UK, ¹¹³Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zürich, Switzerland, ¹¹⁴School of Psychology, Keele University, UK, ¹¹⁵School of Psychology and Therapeutic Studies, Leeds Trinity University, UK, ¹¹⁶School of Psychology & Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, UK, ¹¹⁷School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, Avila University, USA, ¹¹⁸University of Pennsylvania,
USA, <sup>119</sup>School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, UK, <sup>120</sup>School of Arts & Humanities, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia, <sup>121</sup>School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, <sup>122</sup>Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, UK, <sup>123</sup>Division of Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, UK, <sup>124</sup>School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Australia, <sup>125</sup>Department of Psychology, Western University, Canada, <sup>126</sup>Division of Social Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, Philippines, <sup>127</sup>Bristol Zoological Society, Bristol, UK, <sup>128</sup>School of Education, University of Glasgow, UK, <sup>129</sup>School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, UK

<sup>†</sup>Correspondence should be addressed to Jenny Terry; E-mail: jenny.terry@sussex.ac.uk

## Abstract

This large, international dataset contains survey responses from N = 12,570 students from 100 universities in 35 countries, collected in 21 languages. We measured anxieties (statistics, mathematics, test, trait, social interaction, performance, creativity, intolerance of uncertainty, and fear of negative evaluation), self-efficacy, persistence, and the cognitive reflection test, and collected demographics, previous mathematics grades, self-reported and official statistics grades, and statistics module details. Data reuse potential is broad, including testing links between anxieties and statistics/mathematics education factors, and examining instruments' psychometric properties across different languages and contexts. Data and metadata are stored on the Open Science Framework website [https://osf.io/mhg94/].

## Keywords

Statistics; mathematics; anxiety; education; jangle fallacy
USA, <sup>119</sup>School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, UK, <sup>120</sup>School of Arts & Humanities, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia, <sup>121</sup>School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, <sup>122</sup>Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, UK, <sup>123</sup>Division of Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, UK, <sup>124</sup>School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Australia, <sup>125</sup>Department of Psychology, Western University, Canada, <sup>126</sup>Division of Social Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, Philippines, <sup>127</sup>Bristol Zoological Society, Bristol, UK, <sup>128</sup>School of Education, University of Glasgow, UK, <sup>129</sup>School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, UK

<sup>†</sup>Correspondence should be addressed to Jenny Terry; E-mail: jenny.terry@sussex.ac.uk

## Abstract

This large, international dataset contains survey responses from N = 12,570 students from 100 universities in 35 countries, collected in 21 languages. We measured anxieties (statistics, mathematics, test, trait, social interaction, performance, creativity, intolerance of uncertainty, and fear of negative evaluation), self-efficacy, persistence, and the cognitive reflection test, and collected demographics, previous mathematics grades, self-reported and official statistics grades, and statistics module details. Data reuse potential is broad, including testing links between anxieties and statistics/mathematics education factors, and examining instruments' psychometric properties across different languages and contexts. Data and metadata are stored on the Open Science Framework website [https://osf.io/mhg94/].

## Keywords

Statistics; mathematics; anxiety; education; jangle fallacy
(1) Background

Many university students on non-mathematics-based degrees report feeling anxious
about learning mathematics and statistics (e.g., Field, 2014). *Statistics anxiety* was initially
assumed to be the same as mathematics anxiety, but many now consider it distinct (Chew &
Dillon, 2014). Statistics anxiety has been defined as "a negative state of emotional arousal
experienced by individuals as a result of encountering statistics in any form and at any level
[...] and is related to but distinct from mathematics anxiety" (Chew & Dillon, 2014, p. 199).
Mathematics anxiety is similarly defined as involving "feelings of tension and anxiety that
interfere with the manipulation of numbers and the solving of mathematical problems in [...]
ordinary life and academic situations" (Richardson & Suinn, 1972, p. 551). Neither definition
is clear about how these two constructs differ, and students may perceive them to be the
same because both mathematics and statistics involve the manipulation and interpretation of
numerical information. This conflation could be a shared root of students' anxiety, rather
than their anxiety being specific to mathematics or statistics.

These definitions have informed the scales that measure these constructs (Baloğlu &
Zelhart, 2007; Cruise et al., 1985). For these scales to be valid, we need clarity about
whether they measure facets of anxiety specific to statistics/mathematics or reflect a
common *numeric anxiety*. In short, we must rule out a *jangle fallacy*, where two scales are
incorrectly assumed to measure different constructs (Kelley, 1927). Jangle fallacies can lead
to independently evolving theoretical literatures for each construct that should instead be
mutually informative (Block, 1995).

Few studies have tested the distinctiveness of statistics and mathematics anxiety
scales. Most concluded statistics anxiety is related to mathematics anxiety, but some
variance remains unaccounted for, suggesting a unique component (r = 0.41 to r = 0.67;
Baloğlu, 2002; Birenbaum & Eylath, 1994; Paechter et al., 2017; Zeidner, 1991). What this
unique component is remains unclear. It is possible the unexplained variance does not
(1) Background

Many university students on non-mathematics-based degrees report feeling anxious
about learning mathematics and statistics (e.g., Field, 2014). *Statistics anxiety* was initially
assumed to be the same as mathematics anxiety, but many now consider it distinct (Chew &
Dillon, 2014). Statistics anxiety has been defined as "a negative state of emotional arousal
experienced by individuals as a result of encountering statistics in any form and at any level
[...] and is related to but distinct from mathematics anxiety" (Chew & Dillon, 2014, p. 199).
Mathematics anxiety is similarly defined as involving "feelings of tension and anxiety that
interfere with the manipulation of numbers and the solving of mathematical problems in [...]
ordinary life and academic situations" (Richardson & Suinn, 1972, p. 551). Neither definition
is clear about how these two constructs differ, and students may perceive them to be the
same because both mathematics and statistics involve the manipulation and interpretation of
numerical information. This conflation could be a shared root of students' anxiety, rather
than their anxiety being specific to mathematics or statistics.

These definitions have informed the scales that measure these constructs (Baloğlu &
Zelhart, 2007; Cruise et al., 1985). For these scales to be valid, we need clarity about
whether they measure facets of anxiety specific to statistics/mathematics or reflect a
common *numeric anxiety*. In short, we must rule out a *jangle fallacy*, where two scales are
incorrectly assumed to measure different constructs (Kelley, 1927). Jangle fallacies can lead
to independently evolving theoretical literatures for each construct that should instead be
mutually informative (Block, 1995).

Few studies have tested the distinctiveness of statistics and mathematics anxiety
scales. Most concluded statistics anxiety is related to mathematics anxiety, but some
variance remains unaccounted for, suggesting a unique component (r = 0.41 to r = 0.67;
Baloğlu, 2002; Birenbaum & Eylath, 1994; Paechter et al., 2017; Zeidner, 1991). What this
unique component is remains unclear. It is possible the unexplained variance does not
reflect differences in statistics and mathematics anxieties, but differences in the scales'
dimensions. For example, because the Statistics Anxiety Rating Scale (STARS; Cruise et
al., 1985) includes a "fear of asking for help" subscale and the Revised Maths Anxiety
Rating Scale (R-MARS; Baloğlu & Zelhart, 2007) does not, the unique variance may have
been driven by the fear of asking for help only captured by the STARS.

It is important to use a range of methods to study the constructs' independence, such
as various confirmatory factor analysis techniques (Lawson & Robins, 2021), extrinsic
convergent validity analysis (Gonzalez et al., 2020), and multi-trait-multi-method designs
(Campbell & Fiske, 1959). However, previous studies that compared measures of
mathematics and statistics anxiety (e.g., Baloğlu, 2002; Paechter et al., 2017) have based
their conclusions on correlations, which are only one of the 10 criteria that can determine the
extent that two scales overlap (Lawson & Robins, 2021).

To address these concerns, Terry et al. (2023) explored these constructs’
distinctiveness in two samples of UK-based undergraduate psychology students (N = 465
and N = 245). They measured statistics anxiety with the STARS (Cruise et al., 1985) and
mathematics anxiety with the R-MARS (Baloğlu & Zelhart, 2007), and developed versions of
each scale modified to reflect the other construct (i.e., a mathematics version of the STARS
and a statistics version of the R-MARS). By doing so, Terry et al. (2023) created equivalent,
comparable subscales (e.g., there was now a mathematics version of the “Fear of asking for
help” subscale). Their results suggested a jangle fallacy. Specifically, the factor analyses
and latent profile analyses of the four measures, as well as their experimental studies, found
converging evidence that the scales were measuring the same construct.

However, construct validation work should be conducted for all populations that use
a given measure (Flake, 2021) and with statistics being a required module<fnref n="1" /> for
undergraduate students of most social and physical sciences in universities throughout the

<footnote n="1">¹ We use the term ‘module’ to describe the smaller units that make up a degree course (often lasting one semester) to distinguish them from full degree programmes, which we refer to as ‘courses’.</footnote>
reflect differences in statistics and mathematics anxieties, but differences in the scales'
dimensions. For example, because the Statistics Anxiety Rating Scale (STARS; Cruise et
al., 1985) includes a "fear of asking for help" subscale and the Revised Maths Anxiety
Rating Scale (R-MARS; Baloğlu & Zelhart, 2007) does not, the unique variance may have
been driven by the fear of asking for help only captured by the STARS.

It is important to use a range of methods to study the constructs' independence, such
as various confirmatory factor analysis techniques (Lawson & Robins, 2021), extrinsic
convergent validity analysis (Gonzalez et al., 2020), and multi-trait-multi-method designs
(Campbell & Fiske, 1959). However, previous studies that compared measures of
mathematics and statistics anxiety (e.g., Baloğlu, 2002; Paechter et al., 2017) have based
their conclusions on correlations, which are only one of the 10 criteria that can determine the
extent that two scales overlap (Lawson & Robins, 2021).

To address these concerns, Terry et al. (2023) explored these constructs’
distinctiveness in two samples of UK-based undergraduate psychology students (N = 465
and N = 245). They measured statistics anxiety with the STARS (Cruise et al., 1985) and
mathematics anxiety with the R-MARS (Baloğlu & Zelhart, 2007), and developed versions of
each scale modified to reflect the other construct (i.e., a mathematics version of the STARS
and a statistics version of the R-MARS). By doing so, Terry et al. (2023) created equivalent,
comparable subscales (e.g., there was now a mathematics version of the “Fear of asking for
help” subscale). Their results suggested a jangle fallacy. Specifically, the factor analyses
and latent profile analyses of the four measures, as well as their experimental studies, found
converging evidence that the scales were measuring the same construct.

However, construct validation work should be conducted for all populations that use
a given measure (Flake, 2021) and with statistics being a required module<fnref n="1" /> for
undergraduate students of most social and physical sciences in universities throughout the

<footnote n="1">¹ We use the term ‘module’ to describe the smaller units that make up a degree course (often lasting one semester) to distinguish them from full degree programmes, which we refer to as ‘courses’.</footnote>
world (Schwab-McCoy, 2019), the extent to which these findings are generalisable should
be examined.

Therefore, the first aim of the present study was to assess generalisability by
repeating Terry et al.'s (2023) study in a large, international sample of university students
from different academic disciplines for whom statistics was part of their degrees.

Our second aim was to explore whether specific facets of the STARS and R-MARS
are driven by a superordinate parent construct (Lawson & Robins, 2021). For example,
scores on the scales' test anxiety items might be driven by general test anxiety, and not
specific to mathematics or statistics tests. Therefore, we added further measures of fear of
negative evaluation (Carleton et al., 2011), intolerance of uncertainty (Carleton et al., 2007),
social interaction and performance anxiety (Baker et al., 2002; Liebowitz, 1987), creativity
anxiety (Daker et al., 2020), test anxiety (Benson & El-Zahhar, 1994), and trait anxiety (Ree
et al., 2008) to assess whether they underpin STARS and R-MARS items.

Our third aim was to examine the constructs' extrinsic convergent validity (ECV; the
extent two measures correlate with other constructs in the same ways; Gonzalez et al.,
2020). The more similar the correlations are, the more probable it is that the measures are
tapping the same construct (Gonzalez et al., 2020). To examine ECV, we included five
additional variables shown to correlate with statistics and/or mathematics anxieties: Self-
efficacy (e.g., Z = |0.52|; Trassi et al., 2022), persistence (e.g., r = -.75; González et al.,
2016), analytic thinking (using a revised version of the Cognitive Reflection Test; CRT;
Shenhav et al., 2012)<fnref n="2" />, pre-university mathematics qualifications (e.g., r = -.27; Beurze et al.,
2013), and university statistics module grades (although, this relationship varies from r = -.56
to r = .10; Terry & Field, 2023).

Besides our core aims, we maximised the reuse potential of this dataset - particularly
its capacity to address important questions in the statistics education literature (see Section

<footnote n="2">² We also added a single item measure of participants' belief in God/s to test a CRT-related research question, outside of our core aims.</footnote>
world (Schwab-McCoy, 2019), the extent to which these findings are generalisable should
be examined.

Therefore, the first aim of the present study was to assess generalisability by
repeating Terry et al.'s (2023) study in a large, international sample of university students
from different academic disciplines for whom statistics was part of their degrees.

Our second aim was to explore whether specific facets of the STARS and R-MARS
are driven by a superordinate parent construct (Lawson & Robins, 2021). For example,
scores on the scales' test anxiety items might be driven by general test anxiety, and not
specific to mathematics or statistics tests. Therefore, we added further measures of fear of
negative evaluation (Carleton et al., 2011), intolerance of uncertainty (Carleton et al., 2007),
social interaction and performance anxiety (Baker et al., 2002; Liebowitz, 1987), creativity
anxiety (Daker et al., 2020), test anxiety (Benson & El-Zahhar, 1994), and trait anxiety (Ree
et al., 2008) to assess whether they underpin STARS and R-MARS items.

Our third aim was to examine the constructs' extrinsic convergent validity (ECV; the
extent two measures correlate with other constructs in the same ways; Gonzalez et al.,
2020). The more similar the correlations are, the more probable it is that the measures are
tapping the same construct (Gonzalez et al., 2020). To examine ECV, we included five
additional variables shown to correlate with statistics and/or mathematics anxieties: Self-
efficacy (e.g., Z = |0.52|; Trassi et al., 2022), persistence (e.g., r = -.75; González et al.,
2016), analytic thinking (using a revised version of the Cognitive Reflection Test; CRT;
Shenhav et al., 2012)<fnref n="2" />, pre-university mathematics qualifications (e.g., r = -.27; Beurze et al.,
2013), and university statistics module grades (although, this relationship varies from r = -.56
to r = .10; Terry & Field, 2023).

Besides our core aims, we maximised the reuse potential of this dataset - particularly
its capacity to address important questions in the statistics education literature (see Section

<footnote n="2">² We also added a single item measure of participants' belief in God/s to test a CRT-related research question, outside of our core aims.</footnote>
4 - Reuse Potential) - by collecting data from the student participants' statistics instructors about their module format, content, and assessment.

(2) Methods

2.1 Study design

The data were collected via a cross-sectional, online, self-report questionnaire-
based, multi-centre study. The final dataset was generated from the following three sources
(see Section 2.5 for full details of each variable):

1) The *student survey*, containing survey responses from university students on measures of statistics and mathematics anxieties (including the modified versions from Terry et al., 2023), test anxiety, trait anxiety, fear of negative evaluation, social interaction anxiety and performance anxiety, intolerance of uncertainty, creativity anxiety, self-efficacy, persistence, analytical thinking, and belief in God/s. Students also provided demographic information (age, gender/sex, ethnicity, and any specific learning difficulties), information about their pre-university mathematics qualifications (highest level, grades, and how long ago they were taken), self-reported grades for completed statistics modules, and their degree course details (university, major, year of study, and whether they are studying any non-statistics mathematics-based modules). Student survey data also includes selected information auto-recorded by Qualtrics (Qualtrics, Provo, UT; the start and end dates, duration, and completion percentage for each response) and key identifiers added by the lead author (participant ID, survey ID, country, and language).

2) An *instructor survey*, containing information about the statistics modules students were taking at the time of completing the survey. The instructor survey recorded dates of the student participants' statistics module, mode of teaching delivery (e.g., lectures/workshops, online/face-to-face), module content, and types and dates of assessments. Instructors also
4 - Reuse Potential) - by collecting data from the student participants' statistics instructors about their module format, content, and assessment.

(2) Methods

2.1 Study design

The data were collected via a cross-sectional, online, self-report questionnaire-
based, multi-centre study. The final dataset was generated from the following three sources
(see Section 2.5 for full details of each variable):

1) The *student survey*, containing survey responses from university students on measures of statistics and mathematics anxieties (including the modified versions from Terry et al., 2023), test anxiety, trait anxiety, fear of negative evaluation, social interaction anxiety and performance anxiety, intolerance of uncertainty, creativity anxiety, self-efficacy, persistence, analytical thinking, and belief in God/s. Students also provided demographic information (age, gender/sex, ethnicity, and any specific learning difficulties), information about their pre-university mathematics qualifications (highest level, grades, and how long ago they were taken), self-reported grades for completed statistics modules, and their degree course details (university, major, year of study, and whether they are studying any non-statistics mathematics-based modules). Student survey data also includes selected information auto-recorded by Qualtrics (Qualtrics, Provo, UT; the start and end dates, duration, and completion percentage for each response) and key identifiers added by the lead author (participant ID, survey ID, country, and language).

2) An *instructor survey*, containing information about the statistics modules students were taking at the time of completing the survey. The instructor survey recorded dates of the student participants' statistics module, mode of teaching delivery (e.g., lectures/workshops, online/face-to-face), module content, and types and dates of assessments. Instructors also
indicated how assessments were graded, necessary to standardise grades across institutions.

3) Students' *grade data* from university records (where permitted to obtain and share).

## 2.2 Time of data collection

Data were collected between January 2021 and September 2021³. Due to the differences in term/semester dates cross-nationally, different research teams had different start and end dates. The date participants began and finished the survey is included in the dataset.

## 2.3 Location of data collection

**Table 1.**

A table detailing the universities data were collected from, the country they were in<fnref n="4" />, associated survey language, and the number of responses at the country and university level (after exclusions).

<table><thead><tr><th>Country (ISO Code; N)</th><th>Language</th><th>University</th><th>N</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="4">Australia (AU; N = 315)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>English</td><td>Macquarie University</td><td>237</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>English</td><td>Australian National University</td><td>53</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>English</td><td>University of Western Australia</td><td>25</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Austria (AT; N = 230)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>German</td><td>University of Vienna</td><td>120</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>German</td><td>University of Graz</td><td>108</td></tr></tbody></table>

<footnote n="3">³ The period of data collection coincided with the COVID-19 pandemic, which affected teaching delivery (e.g., the move to online learning, some details of which were captured by the instructor survey) and general anxiety levels may have been higher than usual.</footnote>

<footnote n="4">⁴ Here, the UK includes the devolved nations of England, Scotland, and Northern Ireland (we did not collect data in Wales). Note, however, that the devolved nations have different education systems both pre-university (e.g., different mathematics exams) and during university (e.g., different degree durations).</footnote>
indicated how assessments were graded, necessary to standardise grades across institutions.

3) Students' *grade data* from university records (where permitted to obtain and share).

## 2.2 Time of data collection

Data were collected between January 2021 and September 2021³. Due to the differences in term/semester dates cross-nationally, different research teams had different start and end dates. The date participants began and finished the survey is included in the dataset.

## 2.3 Location of data collection

**Table 1.**

A table detailing the universities data were collected from, the country they were in<fnref n="4" />, associated survey language, and the number of responses at the country and university level (after exclusions).

<table><thead><tr><th>Country (ISO Code; N)</th><th>Language</th><th>University</th><th>N</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="4">Australia (AU; N = 315)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>English</td><td>Macquarie University</td><td>237</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>English</td><td>Australian National University</td><td>53</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>English</td><td>University of Western Australia</td><td>25</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Austria (AT; N = 230)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>German</td><td>University of Vienna</td><td>120</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>German</td><td>University of Graz</td><td>108</td></tr></tbody></table>

<footnote n="3">³ The period of data collection coincided with the COVID-19 pandemic, which affected teaching delivery (e.g., the move to online learning, some details of which were captured by the instructor survey) and general anxiety levels may have been higher than usual.</footnote>

<footnote n="4">⁴ Here, the UK includes the devolved nations of England, Scotland, and Northern Ireland (we did not collect data in Wales). Note, however, that the devolved nations have different education systems both pre-university (e.g., different mathematics exams) and during university (e.g., different degree durations).</footnote>
<table><tbody><tr><td></td><td>German</td><td>Medical University of Graz</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>German</td><td>Technical University of Graz</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Belgium (BE; N = 184)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>French</td><td>Catholic University of Louvain (UCLouvain)</td><td>184</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Brazil (BR; N = 68)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Portuguese</td><td>University of Brasília</td><td>58</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Portuguese</td><td>UNESP - São Paulo State University</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Canada (CA; N = 986)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>English</td><td>Toronto Metropolitan University (formerly Ryerson University)</td><td>520</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>English</td><td>York University</td><td>228</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>English</td><td>Memorial University of Newfoundland</td><td>127</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>English</td><td>Western University</td><td>111</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Chile (CL; N = 191)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Spanish</td><td>Andrés Bello National University</td><td>98</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Spanish</td><td>University of Concepción</td><td>93</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">China (CN; N = 323)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Chinese</td><td>Tianjin Normal University</td><td>196</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Chinese</td><td>Qufu Normal University</td><td>127</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Colombia (CO; N = 114)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Spanish</td><td>El Bosque University</td><td>113</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Spanish</td><td>Other (unspecified)</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Egypt (EG; N = 1,390)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Arabic</td><td>Menoufia University</td><td>1,390</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Estonia (EE; N = 98)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Estonian</td><td>University of Tartu</td><td>91</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Estonian</td><td>Tallinn University</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">France (FR; N = 248)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>French</td><td>University of Nantes</td><td>248</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Germany (DE; N = 506)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>German</td><td>University of Erfurt</td><td>231</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>German</td><td>University of Konstanz</td><td>114</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>German</td><td>University of Tübingen</td><td>110</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>German</td><td>University of Kassel</td><td>50</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>German</td><td>International University of Applied Sciences</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Ghana (GH; N = 41)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>English</td><td>University of Education, Winneba</td><td>19</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tbody><tr><td></td><td>German</td><td>Medical University of Graz</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>German</td><td>Technical University of Graz</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Belgium (BE; N = 184)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>French</td><td>Catholic University of Louvain (UCLouvain)</td><td>184</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Brazil (BR; N = 68)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Portuguese</td><td>University of Brasília</td><td>58</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Portuguese</td><td>UNESP - São Paulo State University</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Canada (CA; N = 986)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>English</td><td>Toronto Metropolitan University (formerly Ryerson University)</td><td>520</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>English</td><td>York University</td><td>228</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>English</td><td>Memorial University of Newfoundland</td><td>127</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>English</td><td>Western University</td><td>111</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Chile (CL; N = 191)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Spanish</td><td>Andrés Bello National University</td><td>98</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Spanish</td><td>University of Concepción</td><td>93</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">China (CN; N = 323)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Chinese</td><td>Tianjin Normal University</td><td>196</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Chinese</td><td>Qufu Normal University</td><td>127</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Colombia (CO; N = 114)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Spanish</td><td>El Bosque University</td><td>113</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Spanish</td><td>Other (unspecified)</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Egypt (EG; N = 1,390)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Arabic</td><td>Menoufia University</td><td>1,390</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Estonia (EE; N = 98)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Estonian</td><td>University of Tartu</td><td>91</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Estonian</td><td>Tallinn University</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">France (FR; N = 248)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>French</td><td>University of Nantes</td><td>248</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Germany (DE; N = 506)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>German</td><td>University of Erfurt</td><td>231</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>German</td><td>University of Konstanz</td><td>114</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>German</td><td>University of Tübingen</td><td>110</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>German</td><td>University of Kassel</td><td>50</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>German</td><td>International University of Applied Sciences</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Ghana (GH; N = 41)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>English</td><td>University of Education, Winneba</td><td>19</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tr><td>English</td><td>University of Cape Coast</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>University of Ghana</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>All Nations University</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>Other (unspecified)</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>University of Health and Allied Sciences</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>University of Professional Studies, Accra</td><td>1</td></tr></table>

Greece (GR; N = 99)

<table><tr><td>Greek</td><td>Panteion University</td><td>94</td></tr><tr><td>Greek</td><td>Aristotle University of Thessaloniki</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Greek</td><td>National and Kapodistrian University of Athens</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Greek</td><td>University of Crete</td><td>1</td></tr></table>

Hungary (HU; N = 206)

<table><tr><td>Hungarian</td><td>ELTE Eötvös Loránd University</td><td>184</td></tr><tr><td>Hungarian</td><td>University of Pécs</td><td>22</td></tr></table>

India (IN; N = 41)

<table><tr><td>English</td><td>CHRIST (deemed to be) University</td><td>41</td></tr></table>

Indonesia (ID; N = 697)

<table><tr><td>Bahasa Indonesia</td><td>Bina Nusantara University</td><td>223</td></tr><tr><td>Bahasa Indonesia</td><td>Brawijaya University</td><td>171</td></tr><tr><td>Bahasa Indonesia</td><td>Airlangga University</td><td>131</td></tr><tr><td>Bahasa Indonesia</td><td>Pelita Harapan University</td><td>96</td></tr><tr><td>Bahasa Indonesia</td><td>Padjadjaran University</td><td>62</td></tr><tr><td>Bahasa Indonesia</td><td>Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia</td><td>14</td></tr></table>

Ireland (IE; N = 82)

<table><tr><td>English</td><td>University of Limerick</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>University College Dublin</td><td>22</td></tr></table>

Israel (IL; N = 285)

<table><tr><td>Hebrew</td><td>Reichman University (née Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya)</td><td>285</td></tr></table>

Italy (IT; N = 248)

<table><tr><td>Italian</td><td>University of Bergamo</td><td>176</td></tr><tr><td>Italian</td><td>LUMSA University</td><td>72</td></tr></table>

Malaysia (MY; N = 369)

<table><tr><td>English</td><td>HELP University</td><td>369</td></tr></table>

Netherlands (NL; N = 508)

<table><tr><td>Dutch</td><td>Radboud University</td><td>165</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>English</td><td>University of Cape Coast</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>University of Ghana</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>All Nations University</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>Other (unspecified)</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>University of Health and Allied Sciences</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>University of Professional Studies, Accra</td><td>1</td></tr></table>

Greece (GR; N = 99)

<table><tr><td>Greek</td><td>Panteion University</td><td>94</td></tr><tr><td>Greek</td><td>Aristotle University of Thessaloniki</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Greek</td><td>National and Kapodistrian University of Athens</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Greek</td><td>University of Crete</td><td>1</td></tr></table>

Hungary (HU; N = 206)

<table><tr><td>Hungarian</td><td>ELTE Eötvös Loránd University</td><td>184</td></tr><tr><td>Hungarian</td><td>University of Pécs</td><td>22</td></tr></table>

India (IN; N = 41)

<table><tr><td>English</td><td>CHRIST (deemed to be) University</td><td>41</td></tr></table>

Indonesia (ID; N = 697)

<table><tr><td>Bahasa Indonesia</td><td>Bina Nusantara University</td><td>223</td></tr><tr><td>Bahasa Indonesia</td><td>Brawijaya University</td><td>171</td></tr><tr><td>Bahasa Indonesia</td><td>Airlangga University</td><td>131</td></tr><tr><td>Bahasa Indonesia</td><td>Pelita Harapan University</td><td>96</td></tr><tr><td>Bahasa Indonesia</td><td>Padjadjaran University</td><td>62</td></tr><tr><td>Bahasa Indonesia</td><td>Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia</td><td>14</td></tr></table>

Ireland (IE; N = 82)

<table><tr><td>English</td><td>University of Limerick</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>University College Dublin</td><td>22</td></tr></table>

Israel (IL; N = 285)

<table><tr><td>Hebrew</td><td>Reichman University (née Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya)</td><td>285</td></tr></table>

Italy (IT; N = 248)

<table><tr><td>Italian</td><td>University of Bergamo</td><td>176</td></tr><tr><td>Italian</td><td>LUMSA University</td><td>72</td></tr></table>

Malaysia (MY; N = 369)

<table><tr><td>English</td><td>HELP University</td><td>369</td></tr></table>

Netherlands (NL; N = 508)

<table><tr><td>Dutch</td><td>Radboud University</td><td>165</td></tr></table>
<table><tbody><tr><td>Dutch</td><td>Tilburg University</td><td>133</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>University of Amsterdam</td><td>114</td></tr><tr><td>Dutch</td><td>Erasmus University Rotterdam</td><td>96</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">Nigeria (NG; N = 255)</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>University of Nigeria</td><td>255</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">Philippines (PH; N = 47)</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>University of the Philippines Visayas</td><td>47</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">Poland (PO; N = 69)</td></tr><tr><td>Polish</td><td>University of Silesia</td><td>58</td></tr><tr><td>Polish</td><td>WSB University, Poznan</td><td>11</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">Romania (RO; N = 317)</td></tr><tr><td>Romanian</td><td>Alexandru Ioan Cuza University</td><td>317</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">Saudi Arabia (SA; N = 100)</td></tr><tr><td>Arabic</td><td>King Faisal University</td><td>100</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">Serbia (RS; N = 117)</td></tr><tr><td>Serbian</td><td>University of Novi Sad</td><td>117</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">Slovakia (SL; N = 88)</td></tr><tr><td>Slovakian</td><td>University of Prešov</td><td>88</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">Slovenia (SL; N = 94)</td></tr><tr><td>Slovenian</td><td>University of Maribor</td><td>94</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">Spain (ES; N = 346)</td></tr><tr><td>Spanish</td><td>University of La Laguna</td><td>218</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>ESADE Business School, Universitat Ramon Llull</td><td>128</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">Turkey (TR; N = 834)</td></tr><tr><td>Turkish</td><td>Hasan Kalyoncu University</td><td>339</td></tr><tr><td>Turkish</td><td>MEF University</td><td>160</td></tr><tr><td>Turkish</td><td>Baskent University</td><td>158</td></tr><tr><td>Turkish</td><td>Izmir University of Economics</td><td>100</td></tr><tr><td>Turkish</td><td>Middle East Technical University</td><td>77</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">UK (GB; N = 2,962)</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>University of Sussex</td><td>413</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>University of Birmingham</td><td>363</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>Bournemouth University</td><td>214</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>Nottingham Trent University</td><td>202</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>University of Southampton</td><td>163</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>Kingston University</td><td>157</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tbody><tr><td></td><td>Dutch</td><td>Tilburg University</td><td>133</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>English</td><td>University of Amsterdam</td><td>114</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Dutch</td><td>Erasmus University Rotterdam</td><td>96</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Nigeria (NG; N = 255)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>English</td><td>University of Nigeria</td><td>255</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Philippines (PH; N = 47)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>English</td><td>University of the Philippines Visayas</td><td>47</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Poland (PO; N = 69)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Polish</td><td>University of Silesia</td><td>58</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Polish</td><td>WSB University, Poznan</td><td>11</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Romania (RO; N = 317)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Romanian</td><td>Alexandru Ioan Cuza University</td><td>317</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Saudi Arabia (SA; N = 100)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Arabic</td><td>King Faisal University</td><td>100</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Serbia (RS; N = 117)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Serbian</td><td>University of Novi Sad</td><td>117</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Slovakia (SL; N = 88)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Slovakian</td><td>University of Prešov</td><td>88</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Slovenia (SL; N = 94)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Slovenian</td><td>University of Maribor</td><td>94</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Spain (ES; N = 346)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Spanish</td><td>University of La Laguna</td><td>218</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>English</td><td>ESADE Business School, Universitat Ramon Llull</td><td>128</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Turkey (TR; N = 834)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Turkish</td><td>Hasan Kalyoncu University</td><td>339</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Turkish</td><td>MEF University</td><td>160</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Turkish</td><td>Baskent University</td><td>158</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Turkish</td><td>Izmir University of Economics</td><td>100</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Turkish</td><td>Middle East Technical University</td><td>77</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">UK (GB; N = 2,962)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>English</td><td>University of Sussex</td><td>413</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>English</td><td>University of Birmingham</td><td>363</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>English</td><td>Bournemouth University</td><td>214</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>English</td><td>Nottingham Trent University</td><td>202</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>English</td><td>University of Southampton</td><td>163</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>English</td><td>Kingston University</td><td>157</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Figure 1.</caption><tbody><tr><td>English</td><td>Queen's University Belfast</td><td>137</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>Loughborough University</td><td>134</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>University of Stirling</td><td>125</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>University of Lincoln</td><td>124</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>University of Hull</td><td>123</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>University of Portsmouth</td><td>116</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>University of Winchester</td><td>107</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>University of Brighton</td><td>99</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>University of Surrey</td><td>99</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>Teesside University</td><td>90</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>University of Derby</td><td>90</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>Glasgow Caledonian University</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>University of Bradford</td><td>56</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>Anglia Ruskin University</td><td>36</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>Manchester Metropolitan University</td><td>32</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>Leeds Trinity University</td><td>22</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">Ukraine (UA; N = 25)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Ukrainian</td><td>Sumy Makarenko State Pedagogical University</td><td>25</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">USA (US; N = 87)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>English</td><td>University of Southern Indiana</td><td>51</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>English</td><td>University of Northern Colorado</td><td>33</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>English</td><td>Avila University</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Total</td><td></td><td>12,570</td></tr></tbody></table>

The top panel is a map showing the countries from which data were collected and their respective sample sizes. The bottom panel is a treemap of sample sizes for each country, organised by continents (see Table 1 for ISO country codes).
<table><caption>Figure 1.</caption><tbody><tr><td>English</td><td>Queen's University Belfast</td><td>137</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>Loughborough University</td><td>134</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>University of Stirling</td><td>125</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>University of Lincoln</td><td>124</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>University of Hull</td><td>123</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>University of Portsmouth</td><td>116</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>University of Winchester</td><td>107</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>University of Brighton</td><td>99</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>University of Surrey</td><td>99</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>Teesside University</td><td>90</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>University of Derby</td><td>90</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>Glasgow Caledonian University</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>University of Bradford</td><td>56</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>Anglia Ruskin University</td><td>36</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>Manchester Metropolitan University</td><td>32</td></tr><tr><td>English</td><td>Leeds Trinity University</td><td>22</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">Ukraine (UA; N = 25)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Ukrainian</td><td>Sumy Makarenko State Pedagogical University</td><td>25</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">USA (US; N = 87)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>English</td><td>University of Southern Indiana</td><td>51</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>English</td><td>University of Northern Colorado</td><td>33</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>English</td><td>Avila University</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Total</td><td></td><td>12,570</td></tr></tbody></table>

The top panel is a map showing the countries from which data were collected and their respective sample sizes. The bottom panel is a treemap of sample sizes for each country, organised by continents (see Table 1 for ISO country codes).
<figure><img src="image_1.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_2.png" /></figure>

## 2.4 Sampling, sample and data collection

Collaborating research teams were recruited via Twitter and word-of-mouth, with efforts made to invite researchers from geographically and culturally diverse countries with
<figure><img src="image_2.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_3.png" /></figure>

## 2.4 Sampling, sample and data collection

Collaborating research teams were recruited via Twitter and word-of-mouth, with efforts made to invite researchers from geographically and culturally diverse countries with
varying education systems to produce more generalisable results. In the end, data were
collected from 100 universities in 35 countries and in 21 languages.

Student Survey

Convenience sampling was used to recruit student participants. Most students (at least 80.4%)<fnref n="5" /> were invited to take part by collaborating researchers (or those with access to the sample on researchers' behalf, such as statistics module instructors) via email, virtual learning environments, university-specific student social media platforms, and university participant pools<fnref n="6" /> and took part in their own time. Some students (at least 2.9%) were invited to complete the survey as part of an in-class exercise. Participation was always voluntary, and students were able to withdraw during the study and up to four weeks after taking part.
The study was hosted via Qualtrics online survey software (Qualtrics, Provo, UT) and students completed it using a suitable electronic device (e.g., laptop, mobile phone, or tablet<fnref n="7" />) with internet access.

A total of *N* = 18,841 student survey responses were recorded. For the present version of the data, we have excluded any cases where the participant began the survey but withdrew before the first block of measurement scale items; *n* = 6,199) and any duplicates (*n* = 72), which were identified using a combination of participant-generated ID code and demographic responses. In line with our pre-registration (https://osf.io/xs5wf), the case with the most complete data was retained, or, if both cases contained the same amount of data, the case with the earliest start date (i.e., the participant's first attempt) was retained. In line with our goal to provide the data in as raw a form as possible, we have not excluded any other data. Note that for our primary research study, we planned to recruit undergraduate students that had taken or were taking statistics as part of their research methods training on

<footnote n="5">⁵ 16.7% of collaborating researchers did not provide this data (typically, because they were unable to).</footnote>

<footnote n="6">⁶ A limitation of these modes of recruitment is that it is usually not possible to determine how many students were exposed to the invitation to take part. Consequently, we do not provide participation rates as the data would be incomplete and/or inaccurate.</footnote>

<footnote n="7">⁷ We did not collect data on which device was used, but note that the device used could be a source of heterogeneity.</footnote>
varying education systems to produce more generalisable results. In the end, data were
collected from 100 universities in 35 countries and in 21 languages.

Student Survey

Convenience sampling was used to recruit student participants. Most students (at least 80.4%)<fnref n="5" /> were invited to take part by collaborating researchers (or those with access to the sample on researchers' behalf, such as statistics module instructors) via email, virtual learning environments, university-specific student social media platforms, and university participant pools<fnref n="6" /> and took part in their own time. Some students (at least 2.9%) were invited to complete the survey as part of an in-class exercise. Participation was always voluntary, and students were able to withdraw during the study and up to four weeks after taking part.

The study was hosted via Qualtrics online survey software (Qualtrics, Provo, UT) and students completed it using a suitable electronic device (e.g., laptop, mobile phone, or tablet<fnref n="7" />) with internet access.

A total of *N* = 18,841 student survey responses were recorded. For the present version of the data, we have excluded any cases where the participant began the survey but withdrew before the first block of measurement scale items; *n* = 6,199) and any duplicates (*n* = 72), which were identified using a combination of participant-generated ID code and demographic responses. In line with our pre-registration (https://osf.io/xs5wf), the case with the most complete data was retained, or, if both cases contained the same amount of data, the case with the earliest start date (i.e., the participant's first attempt) was retained. In line with our goal to provide the data in as raw a form as possible, we have not excluded any other data. Note that for our primary research study, we planned to recruit undergraduate students that had taken or were taking statistics as part of their research methods training on

<footnote n="5">⁵ 16.7% of collaborating researchers did not provide this data (typically, because they were unable to).</footnote>

<footnote n="6">⁶ A limitation of these modes of recruitment is that it is usually not possible to determine how many students were exposed to the invitation to take part. Consequently, we do not provide participation rates as the data would be incomplete and/or inaccurate.</footnote>

<footnote n="7">⁷ We did not collect data on which device was used, but note that the device used could be a source of heterogeneity.</footnote>
any degree course that is not typically associated with mathematics. For example, we would
exclude courses such as physics, engineering, and data science, whilst courses such as
social sciences, business, and geography were eligible. Despite this stipulation, some
responses were received from postgraduate students (n = 3), and from those on
mathematics and statistics degrees (n = 2), mathematics-adjacent degrees (e.g., physics,
engineering, computer sciences; n = 151), and degrees that are unlikely to have included a
statistics module (e.g., arts & humanities subjects; n = 232). We have included these
responses in the present dataset to afford other researchers the opportunity to set their own
exclusion criteria. Similarly, the pre-registration for the primary empirical study
([https://osf.io/xs5wf](https://osf.io/xs5wf)) states that we would only retain responses that passed the attention
checks, but we have not removed them in the present data (n = 8,597 responded to and
passed all seven; see Quality Control for more details).

After exclusions, the final sample presented here contains *n* = 12,570 responses
(68.2% of initial responses). Table 1 contains a breakdown of the number of responses from
each university and Figure 1 offers a visual summary of how sample sizes varied worldwide.

Participants' ages ranged from 18 to 67 years (M = 21.01, SD = 4.12); with 3,119 participants choosing not to respond to this question and 14 values (≥ 99 years) recoded as implausible. The majority of participants identified as<sup>8</sup> a woman/female (n = 8,298, 66.0%), with a further 2,002 identifying as a man/male (15.9%), 74 as non-binary (0.6%), 13 preferred to describe their gender in another way (0.1%)<sup>9</sup>, and 2,183 (17.4%) did not respond to this question. Most participants (n = 9,026, 71.8%) reported they did not have a diagnosis of any of the following Specific Learning Differences (SpLDs): ADHD/ADD, Dyslexia, Dyscalculia, Dyspraxia, or Dysgraphia/Dysorthography. However, 738 (5.9%)

<footnote n="8"><sup>8</sup> Although we recognise that “female” and “male” refer to biological sex and that “woman” and “man” refer to gender identity, the adapted response options to the question asking participants’ gender identity were inconsistent with some listing “woman” and “man”, others listing “female” and “male”, and others listing “woman/female” and “man/male”, so we have merged the responses.</footnote>

<footnote n="9">⁹ An anonymised list of the ways participants described their gender is available in the OSF supplementary materials.</footnote>
any degree course that is not typically associated with mathematics. For example, we would
exclude courses such as physics, engineering, and data science, whilst courses such as
social sciences, business, and geography were eligible. Despite this stipulation, some
responses were received from postgraduate students (n = 3), and from those on
mathematics and statistics degrees (n = 2), mathematics-adjacent degrees (e.g., physics,
engineering, computer sciences; n = 151), and degrees that are unlikely to have included a
statistics module (e.g., arts & humanities subjects; n = 232). We have included these
responses in the present dataset to afford other researchers the opportunity to set their own
exclusion criteria. Similarly, the pre-registration for the primary empirical study
([https://osf.io/xs5wf](https://osf.io/xs5wf)) states that we would only retain responses that passed the attention
checks, but we have not removed them in the present data (n = 8,597 responded to and
passed all seven; see Quality Control for more details).

After exclusions, the final sample presented here contains *n* = 12,570 responses
(68.2% of initial responses). Table 1 contains a breakdown of the number of responses from
each university and Figure 1 offers a visual summary of how sample sizes varied worldwide.

Participants' ages ranged from 18 to 67 years (M = 21.01, SD = 4.12); with 3,119 participants choosing not to respond to this question and 14 values (≥ 99 years) recoded as implausible. The majority of participants identified as<sup>8</sup> a woman/female (n = 8,298, 66.0%), with a further 2,002 identifying as a man/male (15.9%), 74 as non-binary (0.6%), 13 preferred to describe their gender in another way (0.1%)<sup>9</sup>, and 2,183 (17.4%) did not respond to this question. Most participants (n = 9,026, 71.8%) reported they did not have a diagnosis of any of the following Specific Learning Differences (SpLDs): ADHD/ADD, Dyslexia, Dyscalculia, Dyspraxia, or Dysgraphia/Dysorthography. However, 738 (5.9%)

<footnote n="8"><sup>8</sup> Although we recognise that “female” and “male” refer to biological sex and that “woman” and “man” refer to gender identity, the adapted response options to the question asking participants’ gender identity were inconsistent with some listing “woman” and “man”, others listing “female” and “male”, and others listing “woman/female” and “man/male”, so we have merged the responses.</footnote>

<footnote n="9">⁹ An anonymised list of the ways participants described their gender is available in the OSF supplementary materials.</footnote>
participants reported having one or more SpLD, whilst a further 111 (0.8%) responded "other" (including self-diagnosis), 3 were unsure (<0.1%), and 2,692 (21.4%) did not respond.

Most participants indicated they were in the first year of their degree course (n = 4,505, 35.8%), with a further 3,126 in second year (24.9%), 1,859 in third year (14.8%), 689 in fourth year (5.5%), and 40 in fifth year (0.3%). An additional 61 participants (0.5%) indicated their degree year as 'other', three participants (0.02%) were postgraduates, and 2,287 (18.2%) did not respond. Psychology was the most common degree major amongst participants (n = 8,759, 69.7%), followed by Business and Finance (n = 768, 6.1%), Education (n = 397, 3.2%), Health and Medical Sciences (n = 273, 2.2%), and Computer Sciences (n = 128, 1.0%)<fnref n="10" />. A further 1,526 (12.1%) of students did not indicate their degree major.

Each university provided their own participation incentives based on local norms and availability. Half of participants were offered ungraded course credits (50.0%) and around a third were offered no incentive (33.0%), with the remaining being offered either a prize draw (up to a maximum of £50 or local equivalent per 100 participants; 10.0%), payment (maximum £5 or local equivalent; 3.1%), a choice of a prize draw or course credits (3.3%), or both payment and course credits (0.5%). Incentive information is unavailable for 0.1% of participants.

## Instructor Survey

The student participants' statistics module instructors were invited to take part by email (either by the lead researcher, where the collaborating researchers were also module instructors, or by the collaborating researchers where there were not). In some cases, someone other than the primary instructor completed the survey (e.g., graduate teaching assistants). Participation was voluntary and not a condition of involvement with the project.

<footnote n="10">¹⁰ See the supplementary materials for the frequency of degree major categories below 1%.</footnote>
participants reported having one or more SpLD, whilst a further 111 (0.8%) responded "other" (including self-diagnosis), 3 were unsure (<0.1%), and 2,692 (21.4%) did not respond.

Most participants indicated they were in the first year of their degree course (n = 4,505, 35.8%), with a further 3,126 in second year (24.9%), 1,859 in third year (14.8%), 689 in fourth year (5.5%), and 40 in fifth year (0.3%). An additional 61 participants (0.5%) indicated their degree year as 'other', three participants (0.02%) were postgraduates, and 2,287 (18.2%) did not respond. Psychology was the most common degree major amongst participants (n = 8,759, 69.7%), followed by Business and Finance (n = 768, 6.1%), Education (n = 397, 3.2%), Health and Medical Sciences (n = 273, 2.2%), and Computer Sciences (n = 128, 1.0%)<fnref n="10" />. A further 1,526 (12.1%) of students did not indicate their degree major.

Each university provided their own participation incentives based on local norms and availability. Half of participants were offered ungraded course credits (50.0%) and around a third were offered no incentive (33.0%), with the remaining being offered either a prize draw (up to a maximum of £50 or local equivalent per 100 participants; 10.0%), payment (maximum £5 or local equivalent; 3.1%), a choice of a prize draw or course credits (3.3%), or both payment and course credits (0.5%). Incentive information is unavailable for 0.1% of participants.

## Instructor Survey

The student participants' statistics module instructors were invited to take part by email (either by the lead researcher, where the collaborating researchers were also module instructors, or by the collaborating researchers where there were not). In some cases, someone other than the primary instructor completed the survey (e.g., graduate teaching assistants). Participation was voluntary and not a condition of involvement with the project.

<footnote n="10">¹⁰ See the supplementary materials for the frequency of degree major categories below 1%.</footnote>
The instructor survey was also hosted via Qualtrics online survey software (Qualtrics, Provo, UT).

A total of *N* = 176 instructor survey responses were recorded. We have excluded responses given in error (e.g., for a postgraduate course or for more than one module per response; *n* = 21) and any cases where no data was entered (*n* = 36).

After exclusions, the final sample contained *n* = 119 responses (67.6% of initial responses), representing *n* = 96 modules in *n* = 57 universities in *n* = 27 countries, corresponding to *n* = 4,867 student survey responses.

## Grade Data

Where permitted by the student participants and by their universities, we also collected grades (and grading scales) for the statistics module students were taking at the time of completing the survey from university records<fnref n="11" />. A total of N = 20 universities provided this data, corresponding to n = 1,804 student participants in n = 41 modules in n = 9 countries.

## 2.5 Materials/ Survey instruments

### Survey Adaptations

The student survey was prepared in stages. First, a generic master version of the survey was created in English by the lead researcher (available here: https://osf.io/enc29). This version was then adapted from English into the local language by collaborating research teams as required, resulting in a generic master version for each language. A translation guide was provided (available here: https://osf.io/v3qxf), which advised translators to adopt a team-based approach (Behr & Shishido, 2016). This approach involved a minimum of two people translating the scales individually and resolving any

<footnote n="11">¹¹ Some universities also provided students' grades from their previous modules. This data will be provided as a supplementary file on the OSF at a later date.</footnote>
The instructor survey was also hosted via Qualtrics online survey software (Qualtrics, Provo, UT).

A total of *N* = 176 instructor survey responses were recorded. We have excluded responses given in error (e.g., for a postgraduate course or for more than one module per response; *n* = 21) and any cases where no data was entered (*n* = 36).

After exclusions, the final sample contained *n* = 119 responses (67.6% of initial responses), representing *n* = 96 modules in *n* = 57 universities in *n* = 27 countries, corresponding to *n* = 4,867 student survey responses.

## Grade Data

Where permitted by the student participants and by their universities, we also collected grades (and grading scales) for the statistics module students were taking at the time of completing the survey from university records<fnref n="11" />. A total of N = 20 universities provided this data, corresponding to n = 1,804 student participants in n = 41 modules in n = 9 countries.

## 2.5 Materials/ Survey instruments

### Survey Adaptations

The student survey was prepared in stages. First, a generic master version of the survey was created in English by the lead researcher (available here: https://osf.io/enc29). This version was then adapted from English into the local language by collaborating research teams as required, resulting in a generic master version for each language. A translation guide was provided (available here: https://osf.io/v3qxf), which advised translators to adopt a team-based approach (Behr & Shishido, 2016). This approach involved a minimum of two people translating the scales individually and resolving any

<footnote n="11">¹¹ Some universities also provided students' grades from their previous modules. This data will be provided as a supplementary file on the OSF at a later date.</footnote>
differences as a team. It was chosen over the more widespread back-translation technique, because it is more effective in producing equivalent scales across languages (Behr, 2017).

The generic master version for each language was then copied for each research team for modification to the local context, following guidelines provided to encourage consistency (available here: https://osf.io/t2pc5). Modifications were kept minimal and primarily pertained to course/module details (e.g., the names of the statistics modules), the mathematics education questions (e.g., to reflect the structure of pre-university education locally), and the demographic questions (e.g., adapting the ethnicity options to reflect local populations). Researchers could also adapt it to award participant incentives (e.g., linking to local course credit systems). The measurement scales were not altered, with minor exceptions (detailed in the Measures section below). Very rarely, and where it did not impact on our core research aims, questions were removed altogether to meet the requirements of the local ethics boards and/or to be appropriate in the local context (e.g., some ethics boards requested we did not ask about ethnicity). Data that are missing from the student survey because a question was omitted is recorded in the data as 'Not Administered'.

The instructor survey was not adapted, and all respondents took the same English-language version of the survey.

All materials, including copies of all adapted/modified surveys are available on the project's OSF page (https://osf.io/3bmqz/).

## Measures

### Student Survey

**Statistics Anxiety.** Statistics anxiety was measured by the Statistics Anxiety Rating Scale (STARS; Cruise et al., 1985). The three anxiety subscales (Hanna et al., 2008; Papousek et al., 2012) of the STARS were used (23 items in total): test and class anxiety (8
differences as a team. It was chosen over the more widespread back-translation technique, because it is more effective in producing equivalent scales across languages (Behr, 2017).

The generic master version for each language was then copied for each research team for modification to the local context, following guidelines provided to encourage consistency (available here: https://osf.io/t2pc5). Modifications were kept minimal and primarily pertained to course/module details (e.g., the names of the statistics modules), the mathematics education questions (e.g., to reflect the structure of pre-university education locally), and the demographic questions (e.g., adapting the ethnicity options to reflect local populations). Researchers could also adapt it to award participant incentives (e.g., linking to local course credit systems). The measurement scales were not altered, with minor exceptions (detailed in the Measures section below). Very rarely, and where it did not impact on our core research aims, questions were removed altogether to meet the requirements of the local ethics boards and/or to be appropriate in the local context (e.g., some ethics boards requested we did not ask about ethnicity). Data that are missing from the student survey because a question was omitted is recorded in the data as 'Not Administered'.

The instructor survey was not adapted, and all respondents took the same English-language version of the survey.

All materials, including copies of all adapted/modified surveys are available on the project's OSF page (https://osf.io/3bmqz/).

## Measures

### Student Survey

**Statistics Anxiety.** Statistics anxiety was measured by the Statistics Anxiety Rating Scale (STARS; Cruise et al., 1985). The three anxiety subscales (Hanna et al., 2008; Papousek et al., 2012) of the STARS were used (23 items in total): test and class anxiety (8
items), interpretation anxiety (11 items), and fear of asking for help (4 items). Each item describes a situation involving statistics such as "Doing an examination in a statistics course" (test and class anxiety), "Interpreting the meaning of a table in a journal article" (interpretation anxiety), or "Going to ask my statistics teacher for individual help with material I am having difficulty understanding" (fear of asking for help). Participants were asked to indicate how much anxiety they feel in those situations on a Likert scale ranging from 1 = "no anxiety" to 5 = "a great deal of anxiety".<fnref n="12" />

Several items use outdated language and were modified to reflect modern equivalents (e.g., "Asking one of my teachers for help in understanding a printout" was changed to "Asking one of my teachers for help in understanding statistical output"). These modifications are the same as those made in Terry et al. (2023).

An attention check was also included in this scale, which asked participants to "Please select '1 - no anxiety' for this question".

**Mathematics Anxiety.** Mathematics anxiety was measured with the Revised Mathematics Anxiety Rating Scale (R-MARS; Baloğlu & Zelhart, 2007). There are three subscales in the R-MARS which measure mathematics test anxiety (15 items), numerical task anxiety (5 original items plus 4 modified items – see the Modified STARS and R-MARS section below for modification details), and mathematics course anxiety (5 items). Each item describes a situation involving mathematics such as "Taking an exam in a math course" (mathematics test anxiety), "Being given a set of division problems to solve" (numerical task anxiety), or "Listening to another student explain a math formula" (mathematics course anxiety). Participants were asked to indicate how much anxiety they feel in those situations on a Likert-type scale ranging from 1 = "no anxiety" to 5 = "a great deal of anxiety".

<footnote n="12">¹² We do not provide reliability coefficients for this or any of the other measures because such coefficients should be calculated for the specific subsample chosen for any secondary research studies.</footnote>
items), interpretation anxiety (11 items), and fear of asking for help (4 items). Each item describes a situation involving statistics such as "Doing an examination in a statistics course" (test and class anxiety), "Interpreting the meaning of a table in a journal article" (interpretation anxiety), or "Going to ask my statistics teacher for individual help with material I am having difficulty understanding" (fear of asking for help). Participants were asked to indicate how much anxiety they feel in those situations on a Likert scale ranging from 1 = "no anxiety" to 5 = "a great deal of anxiety".<fnref n="12" />

Several items use outdated language and were modified to reflect modern equivalents (e.g., "Asking one of my teachers for help in understanding a printout" was changed to "Asking one of my teachers for help in understanding statistical output"). These modifications are the same as those made in Terry et al. (2023).

An attention check was also included in this scale, which asked participants to "Please select '1 - no anxiety' for this question".

**Mathematics Anxiety.** Mathematics anxiety was measured with the Revised Mathematics Anxiety Rating Scale (R-MARS; Baloğlu & Zelhart, 2007). There are three subscales in the R-MARS which measure mathematics test anxiety (15 items), numerical task anxiety (5 original items plus 4 modified items – see the Modified STARS and R-MARS section below for modification details), and mathematics course anxiety (5 items). Each item describes a situation involving mathematics such as "Taking an exam in a math course" (mathematics test anxiety), "Being given a set of division problems to solve" (numerical task anxiety), or "Listening to another student explain a math formula" (mathematics course anxiety). Participants were asked to indicate how much anxiety they feel in those situations on a Likert-type scale ranging from 1 = "no anxiety" to 5 = "a great deal of anxiety".

<footnote n="12">¹² We do not provide reliability coefficients for this or any of the other measures because such coefficients should be calculated for the specific subsample chosen for any secondary research studies.</footnote>
Where the local context required it, items were modified to reflect local equivalents of US terms (e.g., in the UK, "Taking the *math* section of a *college* entrance exam" was changed to "Taking the *maths* section of a *university* entrance exam").

**Modified STARS and R-MARS.** The modified versions of the STARS (STARS-M) and R-MARS (R-MARS-S) used in Terry et al. (2023) were also included. In these versions, the original STARS items were revised to reflect mathematics-related situations (e.g., "Doing the coursework for a statistics course" was changed to "Doing the coursework for a mathematics course") and the original R-MARS statements were revised to reflect statistics-related situations (e.g., "Walking into a mathematics class" was changed to "Walking into a statistics class"). The response scales were kept the same as the originals.

Three items in the original STARS were not easily distinguishable as being about either mathematics or statistics so equivalent items were not created ("Arranging to have a body of data put into the computer", "Reading an advertisement for a car which includes figures on miles per gallon, depreciation, etc.", and "Trying to understand the odds in a lottery"). Additionally, one item on the original R-MARS was deemed untranslatable to a statistics context so, again, an equivalent was not created ("Reading a cash register receipt after your purchase"). These items are, therefore, identical to the original scales. When creating composites of the STARS-M and the R-MARS-S, the original items should be included instead so that both modified scales have the same number of items as their originals (23 for the STARS-M and 20 for the R-MARS-S).

The exploratory factor analysis in Terry et al. (2023) indicated that the R-MARS numerical task anxiety subscale was the only subscale where the revised items did not load onto the same factor as the corresponding original items. We believe the inconsistency in factor loadings in the original study could be because the modifications were not equivalent. For example, "Being given a set of numerical problems involving addition to solve on paper" was modified for the statistical context to "Calculating the sum of squared deviances by adding the squared deviances together" and, although the two both involved addition, the
Where the local context required it, items were modified to reflect local equivalents of US terms (e.g., in the UK, "Taking the *math* section of a *college* entrance exam" was changed to "Taking the *maths* section of a *university* entrance exam").

**Modified STARS and R-MARS.** The modified versions of the STARS (STARS-M) and R-MARS (R-MARS-S) used in Terry et al. (2023) were also included. In these versions, the original STARS items were revised to reflect mathematics-related situations (e.g., "Doing the coursework for a statistics course" was changed to "Doing the coursework for a mathematics course") and the original R-MARS statements were revised to reflect statistics-related situations (e.g., "Walking into a mathematics class" was changed to "Walking into a statistics class"). The response scales were kept the same as the originals.

Three items in the original STARS were not easily distinguishable as being about either mathematics or statistics so equivalent items were not created ("Arranging to have a body of data put into the computer", "Reading an advertisement for a car which includes figures on miles per gallon, depreciation, etc.", and "Trying to understand the odds in a lottery"). Additionally, one item on the original R-MARS was deemed untranslatable to a statistics context so, again, an equivalent was not created ("Reading a cash register receipt after your purchase"). These items are, therefore, identical to the original scales. When creating composites of the STARS-M and the R-MARS-S, the original items should be included instead so that both modified scales have the same number of items as their originals (23 for the STARS-M and 20 for the R-MARS-S).

The exploratory factor analysis in Terry et al. (2023) indicated that the R-MARS numerical task anxiety subscale was the only subscale where the revised items did not load onto the same factor as the corresponding original items. We believe the inconsistency in factor loadings in the original study could be because the modifications were not equivalent. For example, "Being given a set of numerical problems involving addition to solve on paper" was modified for the statistical context to "Calculating the sum of squared deviances by adding the squared deviances together" and, although the two both involved addition, the
latter would be less familiar to participants and, thus, could be perceived as more a complex
mathematical task. To rule out the possibility that the original and modified items loaded onto
separate factors due to differences in perceived complexity, we re-modified the numerical
task anxiety items and added these to the present version (as well as the original
modifications, for comparison). Four items (R-MARS-S-NUM) were modified from
mathematics items to statistics items whilst keeping the language more consistent (e.g.,
"Being given a set of numerical problems involving addition to solve on paper" was modified
to "Being given a set of statistical problems involving addition to solve on paper") and four
items (R-MARS-NUM) were changed from our original modifications back to mathematics
but matching the more complex language used (e.g., "Calculating the sum of squared
deviances by adding the squared deviances together" has been modified to "Finding the
codomain of the function h(x, y) = x + y when x = {3,4,5,6} and y = {5,7,9,13}").

An attention check was also included in the STARS-M, which asked participants to
"Please select '5 - a great deal of anxiety' for this question".

**Trait Anxiety.** Trait anxiety was measured using the trait subscale of the State Trait Inventory for Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety (STICSA; Ree et al., 2008). The STICSA has been developed and evidenced to differentiate anxiety from depression more effectively than other popular anxiety measures (e.g., the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI); Spielberger, 1983; Tindall et al., 2021). The trait subscale is further broken down into cognitive (10 items) and somatic symptoms (11 items). Cognitive symptoms are measured with statements such as "I cannot concentrate without irrelevant thoughts intruding" and somatic symptoms are measured with statements such as "My heart beats fast". Participants are asked to indicate the extent to which each item is true of them on a Likert scale ranging from 1 = "not at all" to 4 = "very much so".

An attention check was also included in this scale, which asked participants to
"Please select '1 - not at all' for this question".
latter would be less familiar to participants and, thus, could be perceived as more a complex
mathematical task. To rule out the possibility that the original and modified items loaded onto
separate factors due to differences in perceived complexity, we re-modified the numerical
task anxiety items and added these to the present version (as well as the original
modifications, for comparison). Four items (R-MARS-S-NUM) were modified from
mathematics items to statistics items whilst keeping the language more consistent (e.g.,
"Being given a set of numerical problems involving addition to solve on paper" was modified
to "Being given a set of statistical problems involving addition to solve on paper") and four
items (R-MARS-NUM) were changed from our original modifications back to mathematics
but matching the more complex language used (e.g., "Calculating the sum of squared
deviances by adding the squared deviances together" has been modified to "Finding the
codomain of the function h(x, y) = x + y when x = {3,4,5,6} and y = {5,7,9,13}").

An attention check was also included in the STARS-M, which asked participants to
"Please select '5 - a great deal of anxiety' for this question".

**Trait Anxiety.** Trait anxiety was measured using the trait subscale of the State Trait Inventory for Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety (STICSA; Ree et al., 2008). The STICSA has been developed and evidenced to differentiate anxiety from depression more effectively than other popular anxiety measures (e.g., the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI); Spielberger, 1983; Tindall et al., 2021). The trait subscale is further broken down into cognitive (10 items) and somatic symptoms (11 items). Cognitive symptoms are measured with statements such as "I cannot concentrate without irrelevant thoughts intruding" and somatic symptoms are measured with statements such as "My heart beats fast". Participants are asked to indicate the extent to which each item is true of them on a Likert scale ranging from 1 = "not at all" to 4 = "very much so".

An attention check was also included in this scale, which asked participants to
"Please select '1 - not at all' for this question".
**Test Anxiety.** Test anxiety was measured with the Revised Test Anxiety Scale (R TAS; (Benson & El-Zahhar, 1994). The scale contains four subscales: 7 worry items (e.g., "During tests I find myself thinking about the consequences of failing"), 6 tension items (e.g., "During tests I feel very tense"), 5 test-irrelevant thinking items (e.g., "During tests I find I am distracted by thoughts of upcoming events"), and 7 bodily symptoms items (e.g., "I get a headache during an important test"). We included 5 items later removed by Benson and El-Zahhar (1994) to form a 20-item scale, which secondary researchers may also wish to remove (see Benson and El-Zahhar, 1994, for details). Participants were asked to respond to each item in terms of how they feel when taking tests in general on a scale of 1 = "almost never" to 4 = "almost always".

**Fear of Negative Evaluation.** Following recommendations by Carleton et al. (2011), fear of negative evaluation was measured using the Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale – Straightforward (BNFE-S; Leary, 1983; Rodebaugh et al., 2004). The scale contains 8 items, including statements such as, "I am afraid that people will find fault with me" and "I often worry that I will say or do the wrong things". The BNFE-S omits the reverse-scored items in the original BNFE scale (items 2, 4, 7, and 10), which were found to be measuring a different construct (Carleton et al., 2011). Participants were asked to indicate how characteristic each item is of them on a Likert scale ranging from 1 = "not at all characteristic of me" to 5 = "extremely characteristic of me".

An attention check was also included in this scale, which asked participants to "Please select '3 - moderately characteristic of me' for this question".

**Social Interaction Anxiety and Performance Anxiety.** Social interaction anxiety and performance anxiety were measured using the experienced fear/anxiety dimension of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale - Self Report (LSAS-SR; Baker et al., 2002; Liebowitz, 1987). The scale is broken down into social interaction anxiety (12 items, e.g., "Talking with people you don't know very well") and performance anxiety (12 items, e.g., "Participating in
**Test Anxiety.** Test anxiety was measured with the Revised Test Anxiety Scale (R TAS; (Benson & El-Zahhar, 1994). The scale contains four subscales: 7 worry items (e.g., "During tests I find myself thinking about the consequences of failing"), 6 tension items (e.g., "During tests I feel very tense"), 5 test-irrelevant thinking items (e.g., "During tests I find I am distracted by thoughts of upcoming events"), and 7 bodily symptoms items (e.g., "I get a headache during an important test"). We included 5 items later removed by Benson and El-Zahhar (1994) to form a 20-item scale, which secondary researchers may also wish to remove (see Benson and El-Zahhar, 1994, for details). Participants were asked to respond to each item in terms of how they feel when taking tests in general on a scale of 1 = "almost never" to 4 = "almost always".

**Fear of Negative Evaluation.** Following recommendations by Carleton et al. (2011), fear of negative evaluation was measured using the Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale – Straightforward (BNFE-S; Leary, 1983; Rodebaugh et al., 2004). The scale contains 8 items, including statements such as, "I am afraid that people will find fault with me" and "I often worry that I will say or do the wrong things". The BNFE-S omits the reverse-scored items in the original BNFE scale (items 2, 4, 7, and 10), which were found to be measuring a different construct (Carleton et al., 2011). Participants were asked to indicate how characteristic each item is of them on a Likert scale ranging from 1 = "not at all characteristic of me" to 5 = "extremely characteristic of me".

An attention check was also included in this scale, which asked participants to "Please select '3 - moderately characteristic of me' for this question".

**Social Interaction Anxiety and Performance Anxiety.** Social interaction anxiety and performance anxiety were measured using the experienced fear/anxiety dimension of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale - Self Report (LSAS-SR; Baker et al., 2002; Liebowitz, 1987). The scale is broken down into social interaction anxiety (12 items, e.g., "Talking with people you don't know very well") and performance anxiety (12 items, e.g., "Participating in
small groups”). Participants were asked to indicate how anxious they would feel in each situation on a Likert scale ranging from 0 = “not at all” to 3 = “very much so”.

Some LSAS-SR items were adapted to respect local laws/norms in Saudi Arabia. Specifically, “Drinking with others” was reworded to “Drinking coffee with others”, “Urinating in a public bathroom” was changed to “Using a public bathroom”, and “Trying to make someone's acquaintance for the purpose of a romantic/sexual relationship” was changed to “Making someone's acquaintance for the purpose of making a marriage proposal”.

**Intolerance of Uncertainty.** Intolerance of uncertainty was measured using the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale - Short Form (IUS-SF; Carleton et al., 2007). The scale contains 2 subscales, Prospective Anxiety and Inhibitory Anxiety, each with 6 items. The Prospective Anxiety subscale includes statements such as, “The smallest doubt can stop me from acting”. The Inhibitory Anxiety subscale includes statements such as, “It frustrates me not having all the information I need”. Participants were asked to indicate how characteristic each item is of them on a Likert scale ranging from 1 = “not at all characteristic of me” to 5 = “entirely characteristic of me”.

**Creativity/Non-Creativity Anxiety.** Creativity/Non-Creativity Anxiety was measured using the Creativity Anxiety Scale (Daker et al., 2020). The scale contains 16 items: 8 creativity anxiety items (e.g., “Having to solve a problem for which the solution is open-ended”) paired with 8 non-creativity items (e.g., “Working in a situation where there is an established correct and incorrect way of doing things”). Participants were asked to indicate how much each situation would make them feel anxious on a Likert scale ranging from 0 = “not at all” to 4 = “very much”.

An attention check was also included in this scale, which asked participants to “Please select '2 - a little' for this question”.

**Analytic Thinking.** Analytic thinking was measured using a revised version of the Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT; Frederick, 2005), developed by Shenhav et al. (2012). We selected a revised version because participants were less likely to be familiar with it than the
small groups”). Participants were asked to indicate how anxious they would feel in each situation on a Likert scale ranging from 0 = “not at all” to 3 = “very much so”.

Some LSAS-SR items were adapted to respect local laws/norms in Saudi Arabia. Specifically, “Drinking with others” was reworded to “Drinking coffee with others”, “Urinating in a public bathroom” was changed to “Using a public bathroom”, and “Trying to make someone's acquaintance for the purpose of a romantic/sexual relationship” was changed to “Making someone's acquaintance for the purpose of making a marriage proposal”.

**Intolerance of Uncertainty.** Intolerance of uncertainty was measured using the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale - Short Form (IUS-SF; Carleton et al., 2007). The scale contains 2 subscales, Prospective Anxiety and Inhibitory Anxiety, each with 6 items. The Prospective Anxiety subscale includes statements such as, “The smallest doubt can stop me from acting”. The Inhibitory Anxiety subscale includes statements such as, “It frustrates me not having all the information I need”. Participants were asked to indicate how characteristic each item is of them on a Likert scale ranging from 1 = “not at all characteristic of me” to 5 = “entirely characteristic of me”.

**Creativity/Non-Creativity Anxiety.** Creativity/Non-Creativity Anxiety was measured using the Creativity Anxiety Scale (Daker et al., 2020). The scale contains 16 items: 8 creativity anxiety items (e.g., “Having to solve a problem for which the solution is open-ended”) paired with 8 non-creativity items (e.g., “Working in a situation where there is an established correct and incorrect way of doing things”). Participants were asked to indicate how much each situation would make them feel anxious on a Likert scale ranging from 0 = “not at all” to 4 = “very much”.

An attention check was also included in this scale, which asked participants to “Please select '2 - a little' for this question”.

**Analytic Thinking.** Analytic thinking was measured using a revised version of the Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT; Frederick, 2005), developed by Shenhav et al. (2012). We selected a revised version because participants were less likely to be familiar with it than the
original. Like the original, the revised CRT contains three word-problems, each of which requires a numerical response. Questions are open-ended, but respondents typically give either the correct response (indicating greatest analytic thinking), a single incorrect and intuitively compelling response, or varying incorrect and unintuitive responses. The data set contains the raw numerical responses given by participants so that researchers can code them according to their chosen criteria.

Participants were also asked, "You have just answered three reasoning problems. How many of them do you think you answered correctly?" and - to help ensure the integrity of the revised CRT - "You have just answered three reasoning problems. Did you look any of the answers up online?", to which they could respond "Yes" or "No".

**Belief in God/s.** Participants' belief in God/s was recorded using a single item. Participants were asked, "How strongly do you believe in God (or gods) from 0-100? If you are certain that God (or gods) does not exist, then enter "0" and if you are certain that God (or gods) does exist then enter "100"." Possible responses ranged between 0 and 100.

**Self-Efficacy.** Self-efficacy was measured with the 8-item New General Self Efficacy Scale (NGSE; Chen et al., 2001), which contains items such as "When facing difficult tasks, I am certain that I will accomplish them". Participants were asked to indicate the extent to which they agree with each statement on a Likert scale of 1 = "strongly disagree" to 5 = "strongly agree".

An attention check was also included in this scale which asked participants to "Please select '4 - agree' for this question".

**Persistence.** Persistence was measured with the persistence subscale of the Attitude Towards Mathematics Survey (ATMS; Miller et al., 1996), which contains 8 items such as "If I have trouble understanding a problem, I go over it again until I understand it". Although the ATMS as a whole focusses on mathematics, the persistence subscale items refer to academic persistence more generally. Some items were modified to make them
original. Like the original, the revised CRT contains three word-problems, each of which requires a numerical response. Questions are open-ended, but respondents typically give either the correct response (indicating greatest analytic thinking), a single incorrect and intuitively compelling response, or varying incorrect and unintuitive responses. The data set contains the raw numerical responses given by participants so that researchers can code them according to their chosen criteria.

Participants were also asked, "You have just answered three reasoning problems. How many of them do you think you answered correctly?" and - to help ensure the integrity of the revised CRT - "You have just answered three reasoning problems. Did you look any of the answers up online?", to which they could respond "Yes" or "No".

**Belief in God/s.** Participants' belief in God/s was recorded using a single item. Participants were asked, "How strongly do you believe in God (or gods) from 0-100? If you are certain that God (or gods) does not exist, then enter "0" and if you are certain that God (or gods) does exist then enter "100"." Possible responses ranged between 0 and 100.

**Self-Efficacy.** Self-efficacy was measured with the 8-item New General Self Efficacy Scale (NGSE; Chen et al., 2001), which contains items such as "When facing difficult tasks, I am certain that I will accomplish them". Participants were asked to indicate the extent to which they agree with each statement on a Likert scale of 1 = "strongly disagree" to 5 = "strongly agree".

An attention check was also included in this scale which asked participants to "Please select '4 - agree' for this question".

**Persistence.** Persistence was measured with the persistence subscale of the Attitude Towards Mathematics Survey (ATMS; Miller et al., 1996), which contains 8 items such as "If I have trouble understanding a problem, I go over it again until I understand it". Although the ATMS as a whole focusses on mathematics, the persistence subscale items refer to academic persistence more generally. Some items were modified to make them
more appropriate for the higher education context. Specifically, in item 3 the words "in the book" were removed, in item 6 the words "hope that the teacher explains it" were changed to "hope that it is explained", and the word "homework" was removed from items 2, 7, and 8.

Item 4, "If I have trouble solving a homework problem in the book, I copy down the answer in the back of the book if it is available", was removed because the required modifications would have changed the meaning too far from the original. All items except 1 and 7 are reverse scored. Participants were asked to indicate the extent to which they agree with each statement on a Likert scale of 1 = "strongly disagree" to 5 = "strongly agree".

An attention check was also included in this scale, which asked participants to "Please select '4 - agree' for this question".

**Mathematics Education.** Participants were asked for their highest level of pre-university mathematics education (GCSE or A Level or international equivalents), the grade they received at each level, and how long ago (in months) they took each qualification.

These questions were modified for the local context of each partner university and, consequently, some include additional questions (see codebook for full details). Note that grades are in their raw form and will need to be standardised before they can be compared.

**Statistics Grades (Self-Reported).** We asked participants whether they had previously taken any university-level statistics modules and, for those that had, to self-report their grades for these modules. Grades are in their raw form, but we also provide grading scale/system information for each university to enable standardisation (see Grade Data, below).

**Degree Course Details.** Participants were asked to indicate their (intended) major subject of study (i.e., the subject of the degree that they are pursuing), their current year of study, and whether they were studying any other (i.e., non-statistics) mathematics-based modules on their degree. Where the local researchers already knew these details (e.g., they were only sharing the survey with their own students) these questions were omitted to
more appropriate for the higher education context. Specifically, in item 3 the words "in the book" were removed, in item 6 the words "hope that the teacher explains it" were changed to "hope that it is explained", and the word "homework" was removed from items 2, 7, and 8.

Item 4, "If I have trouble solving a homework problem in the book, I copy down the answer in the back of the book if it is available", was removed because the required modifications would have changed the meaning too far from the original. All items except 1 and 7 are reverse scored. Participants were asked to indicate the extent to which they agree with each statement on a Likert scale of 1 = "strongly disagree" to 5 = "strongly agree".

An attention check was also included in this scale, which asked participants to
"Please select '4 - agree' for this question".

**Mathematics Education.** Participants were asked for their highest level of pre-university mathematics education (GCSE or A Level or international equivalents), the grade they received at each level, and how long ago (in months) they took each qualification.

These questions were modified for the local context of each partner university and, consequently, some include additional questions (see codebook for full details). Note that grades are in their raw form and will need to be standardised before they can be compared.

**Statistics Grades (Self-Reported).** We asked participants whether they had previously taken any university-level statistics modules and, for those that had, to self-report their grades for these modules. Grades are in their raw form, but we also provide grading scale/system information for each university to enable standardisation (see Grade Data, below).

**Degree Course Details.** Participants were asked to indicate their (intended) major subject of study (i.e., the subject of the degree that they are pursuing), their current year of study, and whether they were studying any other (i.e., non-statistics) mathematics-based modules on their degree. Where the local researchers already knew these details (e.g., they were only sharing the survey with their own students) these questions were omitted to
reduce the length of the survey and the information was instead added into the data during
data processing.

**Demographics.** Participants were also invited to provide their age (in years), gender identity, ethnicity, and whether they have been diagnosed with a specific learning difference (SpLD), such as dyslexia or dyscalculia.

**Attention Check.** In addition to the attention checks embedded within the measurement scales, participants were presented with the following at the end of the survey: "Please indicate whether you feel you have answered the previous questions carefully and truthfully. Answering 'yes' will ensure that your data is included in our analyses. Answering 'no' will mean that your data is excluded from our analyses but will have no impact upon you (i.e., you will still earn your incentive for taking part)". Participants could respond "Yes, I have answered all questions carefully and truthfully" or "No, I have not answered the questions carefully and truthfully".

**Survey Metadata.** The dataset also contains selected metadata that was automatically collected by Qualtrics (Qualtrics, Provo, UT), which researchers may find useful. Specifically, we include the percentage of the survey completed, the time it took to complete the survey, and the dates participants began and finished the survey.

**Identifiers.** We have also added relevant identifiers. Specifically, the country in which the survey was taken, the language in which the survey was taken, the survey ID (because some surveys were made available to students in more than one university), and a randomly generated participant ID, which replaced the participant-generated ID code for anonymisation purposes. The type of incentive offered to students and the context (inside or outside of class) in which the survey was completed has also been recorded.

## Instructor Survey

**Statistics Module Details.** The instructor survey asked for the following information about each module: Name and/or code, start and end dates, the statistical software taught,
reduce the length of the survey and the information was instead added into the data during
data processing.

**Demographics.** Participants were also invited to provide their age (in years), gender identity, ethnicity, and whether they have been diagnosed with a specific learning difference (SpLD), such as dyslexia or dyscalculia.

**Attention Check.** In addition to the attention checks embedded within the measurement scales, participants were presented with the following at the end of the survey: "Please indicate whether you feel you have answered the previous questions carefully and truthfully. Answering 'yes' will ensure that your data is included in our analyses. Answering 'no' will mean that your data is excluded from our analyses but will have no impact upon you (i.e., you will still earn your incentive for taking part)". Participants could respond "Yes, I have answered all questions carefully and truthfully" or "No, I have not answered the questions carefully and truthfully".

**Survey Metadata.** The dataset also contains selected metadata that was automatically collected by Qualtrics (Qualtrics, Provo, UT), which researchers may find useful. Specifically, we include the percentage of the survey completed, the time it took to complete the survey, and the dates participants began and finished the survey.

**Identifiers.** We have also added relevant identifiers. Specifically, the country in which the survey was taken, the language in which the survey was taken, the survey ID (because some surveys were made available to students in more than one university), and a randomly generated participant ID, which replaced the participant-generated ID code for anonymisation purposes. The type of incentive offered to students and the context (inside or outside of class) in which the survey was completed has also been recorded.

## Instructor Survey

**Statistics Module Details.** The instructor survey asked for the following information about each module: Name and/or code, start and end dates, the statistical software taught,
the approximate content of the modules (via a checklist of different statistics topics), the
primary academic discipline of the instructors, the mode(s) of teaching and number of hours
per format (e.g., 1-hour online lecture, 2-hour in-person workshop), the types, format, and
date of assessments, how assessments were graded, opportunities for formative feedback,
average grade from previous cohorts, and any other information that would be useful to
contextualise the assessment information.

Grade Data

**Statistics Grades (Official)**. At universities where it was approved by the local ethics committees, we asked student participants to provide their names and/or student ID codes, so that the grades for the statistics modules they were taking at the time they completed the survey could be obtained from their university records. Note that grades are in their raw form, but we also provide grading scale/system information to enable standardisation.

Procedure

Student Survey

Upon receiving the invitation to take part, students were directed to the online survey where they read the information sheet and provided consent before continuing. Participants were then asked to complete an eligibility check (if they had not been pre-screened), and to provide their name and/or student ID code (to obtain grade data from student records, where relevant), a unique participant ID code (to withdraw their data, if desired), and their primary degree subject and statistics module names (if researchers were unsure of these details in advance). All participants then completed the first block of measurement scales containing all four measures of statistics anxiety and mathematics anxiety, randomised at the measure and item level. This block was presented first because it contained the measures most critical to the primary study and if participants did not proceed to the next block, their data would still be useful. The second block of measurement scales - also randomised at the
the approximate content of the modules (via a checklist of different statistics topics), the
primary academic discipline of the instructors, the mode(s) of teaching and number of hours
per format (e.g., 1-hour online lecture, 2-hour in-person workshop), the types, format, and
date of assessments, how assessments were graded, opportunities for formative feedback,
average grade from previous cohorts, and any other information that would be useful to
contextualise the assessment information.

Grade Data

**Statistics Grades (Official)**. At universities where it was approved by the local ethics committees, we asked student participants to provide their names and/or student ID codes, so that the grades for the statistics modules they were taking at the time they completed the survey could be obtained from their university records. Note that grades are in their raw form, but we also provide grading scale/system information to enable standardisation.

Procedure

Student Survey

Upon receiving the invitation to take part, students were directed to the online survey where they read the information sheet and provided consent before continuing. Participants were then asked to complete an eligibility check (if they had not been pre-screened), and to provide their name and/or student ID code (to obtain grade data from student records, where relevant), a unique participant ID code (to withdraw their data, if desired), and their primary degree subject and statistics module names (if researchers were unsure of these details in advance). All participants then completed the first block of measurement scales containing all four measures of statistics anxiety and mathematics anxiety, randomised at the measure and item level. This block was presented first because it contained the measures most critical to the primary study and if participants did not proceed to the next block, their data would still be useful. The second block of measurement scales - also randomised at the
question and item level - contained measures of trait anxiety, test anxiety, fear of negative evaluation, social interaction/performance anxiety, creativity anxiety, intolerance of uncertainty, self-efficacy, persistence, and the revised cognitive reflection test (CRT). The question asking about participants' belief in God/s was randomly presented before or after the revised CRT. The two follow-up questions about the revised CRT were then asked. Participants were next asked about their pre-university mathematics education, their statistics grades from previous modules at university (if applicable), the year of their degree course, and demographics. Finally, participants answered the final attention check question, were debriefed, and if required, redirected to collect their survey incentives. The median completion time for the survey was 30 minutes.

## Instructor Survey

Upon receiving the invitation to take part, statistics module instructors were directed to the online survey where they read the information sheet and provided consent before continuing. Participants were first reminded that they should complete the instructor survey once for every statistics module that the student participants were taking at the time of completing the student survey and provided with a unique code they could use if they later wished to remove their data. The survey then requested (in order) the university name, the statistics module name and/or code, and the start and end dates of the module. Participants could then select the software(s) taught on the module, whether the module was frequentist, Bayesian, both, or other, and select the topics taught from a checklist (e.g., ANOVA, Bayes factors, Data visualisation). We then asked whether the module was taught by the mathematics/statistics department or from the students' main discipline (e.g., psychology faculty that teach statistics). The survey then requested the percentage of in-person teaching and whether there was less than usual due to COVID-19. We then asked for details about the mode of teaching (e.g., lectures, practicals), including how many hours per week were spent on each, whether they were online or in-person, and synchronous or asynchronous.
question and item level - contained measures of trait anxiety, test anxiety, fear of negative evaluation, social interaction/performance anxiety, creativity anxiety, intolerance of uncertainty, self-efficacy, persistence, and the revised cognitive reflection test (CRT). The question asking about participants' belief in God/s was randomly presented before or after the revised CRT. The two follow-up questions about the revised CRT were then asked. Participants were next asked about their pre-university mathematics education, their statistics grades from previous modules at university (if applicable), the year of their degree course, and demographics. Finally, participants answered the final attention check question, were debriefed, and if required, redirected to collect their survey incentives. The median completion time for the survey was 30 minutes.

## Instructor Survey

Upon receiving the invitation to take part, statistics module instructors were directed to the online survey where they read the information sheet and provided consent before continuing. Participants were first reminded that they should complete the instructor survey once for every statistics module that the student participants were taking at the time of completing the student survey and provided with a unique code they could use if they later wished to remove their data. The survey then requested (in order) the university name, the statistics module name and/or code, and the start and end dates of the module. Participants could then select the software(s) taught on the module, whether the module was frequentist, Bayesian, both, or other, and select the topics taught from a checklist (e.g., ANOVA, Bayes factors, Data visualisation). We then asked whether the module was taught by the mathematics/statistics department or from the students' main discipline (e.g., psychology faculty that teach statistics). The survey then requested the percentage of in-person teaching and whether there was less than usual due to COVID-19. We then asked for details about the mode of teaching (e.g., lectures, practicals), including how many hours per week were spent on each, whether they were online or in-person, and synchronous or asynchronous.
The next section was about module assessments. We asked for the type of
assessment (e.g., exams, coursework), the percentage of the final grade each type
contributed to, the length of any timed assessments, whether assessments were online/in-
person (where appropriate), the date of exams/deadlines for coursework, and the scale used
for grading (e.g., numeric continuous, letter grades). Where respondents reported using
regular testing, we also asked for the frequency and format (e.g., quizzes, tasks) of testing,
whether they were timed, and whether all grades counted towards the final, overall grade.
Next, instructors could indicate the types of any formative assessment (e.g., verbal /written,
peer/instructor), what the average final overall grade for the module usually is, and, finally,
instructors were invited to record any additional information about their assessments that
could be useful for contextualising their data.

Grade Data

Where permitted by collaborating universities' ethics committees and legal teams,
grade data was obtained by the collaborating researchers and shared with the lead
researcher using password-protected files.

## 2.6 Quality Control

Attention Checks

At the end of the student survey, participants were asked whether they had answered all questions truthfully and carefully, to which 10,281 (81.8%) responded “yes”, 172 (1.4%) responded “no”, and 2,117 (16.8%) responses are missing (where participants did not reach that stage of the survey).

Additionally, six attention checks were embedded within the measurement scales which asked participants to select a specific response (e.g., “please select ‘1 – strongly disagree’”). There were two in the first block which contained the statistics and mathematics anxiety measures and four in the second block which contained all other scales. In the first
The next section was about module assessments. We asked for the type of
assessment (e.g., exams, coursework), the percentage of the final grade each type
contributed to, the length of any timed assessments, whether assessments were online/in-
person (where appropriate), the date of exams/deadlines for coursework, and the scale used
for grading (e.g., numeric continuous, letter grades). Where respondents reported using
regular testing, we also asked for the frequency and format (e.g., quizzes, tasks) of testing,
whether they were timed, and whether all grades counted towards the final, overall grade.
Next, instructors could indicate the types of any formative assessment (e.g., verbal /written,
peer/instructor), what the average final overall grade for the module usually is, and, finally,
instructors were invited to record any additional information about their assessments that
could be useful for contextualising their data.

Grade Data

Where permitted by collaborating universities' ethics committees and legal teams,
grade data was obtained by the collaborating researchers and shared with the lead
researcher using password-protected files.

## 2.6 Quality Control

Attention Checks

At the end of the student survey, participants were asked whether they had answered all questions truthfully and carefully, to which 10,281 (81.8%) responded “yes”, 172 (1.4%) responded “no”, and 2,117 (16.8%) responses are missing (where participants did not reach that stage of the survey).

Additionally, six attention checks were embedded within the measurement scales which asked participants to select a specific response (e.g., “please select ‘1 – strongly disagree’”). There were two in the first block which contained the statistics and mathematics anxiety measures and four in the second block which contained all other scales. In the first
block, 2,052 (16.3%) of participants responded incorrectly to the first check and 2,194 (17.5 %) responded incorrectly to the second. In the second block, the number of students responding incorrectly to each check were 2,779 (22.1%) to the third, 2,812 (22.4%) to the fourth, 2,872 (22.9%) to the fifth, and 2,752 (21.9%) to the sixth.

## CRT Check

To help ensure the integrity of the revised CRT, participants were asked "You have just answered three reasoning problems. Did you look any of the answers up online?", to which they could respond "Yes" or "No". There were 382 (3.0%) participants that answered "Yes" to this question.

## 2.7 Data anonymisation and ethical issues

### Ethics

This study was approved (ER/JLT26/7) by the Sciences & Technology Cross-Schools Research Ethics Committee (C-REC) at the University of Sussex in adherence to the British Psychological Society's Code of Human Research Ethics (2018). Partner universities were covered by the overarching University of Sussex ethics approval, but were asked to check with their own ethics boards whether further approval was required at the local level and, if necessary, to obtain it before beginning data collection. Ethics approval documentation is available here: https://osf.io/2aumd/.

For those universities that shared students' grade data with us, a data protection agreement was in place to allow the legal transfer of the non-anonymised data (i.e., student names and/or ID codes) required to obtain, share, and link grades to participants' survey data.
block, 2,052 (16.3%) of participants responded incorrectly to the first check and 2,194 (17.5 %) responded incorrectly to the second. In the second block, the number of students responding incorrectly to each check were 2,779 (22.1%) to the third, 2,812 (22.4%) to the fourth, 2,872 (22.9%) to the fifth, and 2,752 (21.9%) to the sixth.

## CRT Check

To help ensure the integrity of the revised CRT, participants were asked “You have just answered three reasoning problems. Did you look any of the answers up online?”, to which they could respond “Yes” or “No”. There were 382 (3.0%) participants that answered “Yes” to this question.

## 2.7 Data anonymisation and ethical issues

### Ethics

This study was approved (ER/JLT26/7) by the Sciences & Technology Cross-Schools Research Ethics Committee (C-REC) at the University of Sussex in adherence to the British Psychological Society's Code of Human Research Ethics (2018). Partner universities were covered by the overarching University of Sussex ethics approval, but were asked to check with their own ethics boards whether further approval was required at the local level and, if necessary, to obtain it before beginning data collection. Ethics approval documentation is available here: https://osf.io/2aumd/.

For those universities that shared students' grade data with us, a data protection agreement was in place to allow the legal transfer of the non-anonymised data (i.e., student names and/or ID codes) required to obtain, share, and link grades to participants' survey data.
## Anonymisation

Raw data have and will only ever be available to the research leads at the University of Sussex. To anonymise the data for sharing, the student names and ID codes have been replaced with a randomly generated unique ID code, and the demographic variables and some course/module details from the student surveys have been edited as required to ensure that participants are not identifiable via a combination of these data. Specifically, students' age, degree major, and any specified non-statistics mathematics modules have been categorised, gender identities and SpLDs have been partially re-categorised, and ethnicity data have been removed completely. Full details on how the data have been processed for anonymisation is available in the codebook and data processing notes (available here: https://osf.io/374vn/).

## 2.8 Existing use of data

At the time of writing, there no published articles or other outputs originating from this data. However, following the embargo period, researchers will be able to register their planned secondary analyses on an open document, which we encourage use of to prevent duplication of efforts.

## (3) Dataset description and access

### 3.1 Repository location

DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/MHG94

### 3.2 Object/file name

The dataset is available in its complete form (i.e., the combined and matched student survey, instructor survey, and grades) and – due to its size - also in its component parts,
## Anonymisation

Raw data have and will only ever be available to the research leads at the University of Sussex. To anonymise the data for sharing, the student names and ID codes have been replaced with a randomly generated unique ID code, and the demographic variables and some course/module details from the student surveys have been edited as required to ensure that participants are not identifiable via a combination of these data. Specifically, students' age, degree major, and any specified non-statistics mathematics modules have been categorised, gender identities and SpLDs have been partially re-categorised, and ethnicity data have been removed completely. Full details on how the data have been processed for anonymisation is available in the codebook and data processing notes (available here: https://osf.io/374vn/).

## 2.8 Existing use of data

At the time of writing, there no published articles or other outputs originating from this data. However, following the embargo period, researchers will be able to register their planned secondary analyses on an open document, which we encourage use of to prevent duplication of efforts.

## (3) Dataset description and access

### 3.1 Repository location

DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/MHG94

### 3.2 Object/file name

The dataset is available in its complete form (i.e., the combined and matched student survey, instructor survey, and grades) and – due to its size - also in its component parts,
which can be rematched using the `unique_id` variable. Accompanying the data is a detailed
codebook. The files are named as follows:

* SMARVUS_complete.csv – all data

* SMARVUS.demo_meta.csv – id, demographics, Qualtrics meta-data, and
  key identifiers

* SMARVUS_measures.csv – id, measurement scales

* SMARVUS_maths_edu.csv – id, prior mathematics education data

* SMARVUS_stats_edu.csv – id, statistics education data (from official records and self-reported)

* SMARVUS_codebook.csv – the codebook

## 3.3 Data type

Partially processed primary data.<fnref n="13" />

## 3.4 Format names and versions

All versions of the dataset are available as .csv files, which can be opened using
most spreadsheet and statistics software.

## 3.5 Language

All data are stored in English (UK), except proper nouns (e.g., names of pre-
university mathematics qualifications). Free-text responses were mostly short and
straightforward to translate (e.g., degree major or gender identity) so were translated back
into English by the lead author using Google Translate. Where a translation was ambiguous,
it was clarified with native speakers.

<footnote n="13">¹³ Our aim was to provide data as close to its raw form as possible, after translations and anonymisation. Whether and how each variable has been processed is detailed in the ‘Data Processing Notes’ column of the code book and is summarised here: https://osf.io/6n9ye.</footnote>
which can be rematched using the `unique_id` variable. Accompanying the data is a detailed
codebook. The files are named as follows:

* SMARVUS_complete.csv – all data

* SMARVUS.demo_meta.csv – id, demographics, Qualtrics meta-data, and
  key identifiers

* SMARVUS_measures.csv – id, measurement scales

* SMARVUS_maths_edu.csv – id, prior mathematics education data

* SMARVUS_stats_edu.csv – id, statistics education data (from official records and self-reported)

* SMARVUS_codebook.csv – the codebook

## 3.3 Data type

Partially processed primary data.<fnref n="13" />

## 3.4 Format names and versions

All versions of the dataset are available as .csv files, which can be opened using
most spreadsheet and statistics software.

## 3.5 Language

All data are stored in English (UK), except proper nouns (e.g., names of pre-
university mathematics qualifications). Free-text responses were mostly short and
straightforward to translate (e.g., degree major or gender identity) so were translated back
into English by the lead author using Google Translate. Where a translation was ambiguous,
it was clarified with native speakers.

<footnote n="13">¹³ Our aim was to provide data as close to its raw form as possible, after translations and anonymisation. Whether and how each variable has been processed is detailed in the ‘Data Processing Notes’ column of the code book and is summarised here: https://osf.io/6n9ye.</footnote>
## 3.6 License

The data and supplementary materials are licenced under a CC BY 4.0 licence.

## 3.7 Limits to sharing

Data will be under embargo until 1st October, 2024 to allow the authors sufficient
time to publish from it first. During this time, data will be made available upon request,
provided the intended research does not overlap with projects being undertaken by the
present authors.

## 3.8 Publication date

1st of October, 2024

## 3.9 FAIR data/Codebook

Data are stored in .csv format on the OSF, along with a detailed codebook and all
materials, using a CC BY 4.0 licence.

## (4) Reuse potential

The SMARVUS dataset has the potential to address many important questions,
particularly regarding statistics and mathematics education, anxiety, psychometrics, and
survey methodology. It uniquely facilitates cross-lingual and cross-cultural comparisons and
the larger-than-usual sample size is more likely to produce reliable and robust estimates.
Below, we highlight just some of the ways this could benefit specific fields.

### Statistics Education

These data enable the exploration of relationships between many constructs. For
example, a much-debated question is whether statistics anxiety affects achievement (e.g.,
statistics module grades). A recent meta-analysis of this relationship produced a non-
## 3.6 License

The data and supplementary materials are licenced under a CC BY 4.0 licence.

## 3.7 Limits to sharing

Data will be under embargo until 1st October, 2024 to allow the authors sufficient
time to publish from it first. During this time, data will be made available upon request,
provided the intended research does not overlap with projects being undertaken by the
present authors.

## 3.8 Publication date

1st of October, 2024

## 3.9 FAIR data/Codebook

Data are stored in .csv format on the OSF, along with a detailed codebook and all
materials, using a CC BY 4.0 licence.

## (4) Reuse potential

The SMARVUS dataset has the potential to address many important questions,
particularly regarding statistics and mathematics education, anxiety, psychometrics, and
survey methodology. It uniquely facilitates cross-lingual and cross-cultural comparisons and
the larger-than-usual sample size is more likely to produce reliable and robust estimates.
Below, we highlight just some of the ways this could benefit specific fields.

### Statistics Education

These data enable the exploration of relationships between many constructs. For
example, a much-debated question is whether statistics anxiety affects achievement (e.g.,
statistics module grades). A recent meta-analysis of this relationship produced a non-
significant effect size of just Z = |0.07| (Trassi et al., 2022). However, the authors noted considerable variability in their systematic review, explaining it may be attributed to moderators, such as pre-university mathematics grades and self-efficacy. Another review identified mode of assessment as a potential moderator (Terry & Field, 2023). These moderators could be tested with the SMARVUS dataset.

Variability could also be due to the multi-dimensionality of the STARS (Cruise et al., 1985). There are three subscales that measure statistics attitudes, not statistics anxiety (Hanna et al., 2008; Papousek et al., 2012), thus should not be conflated. The data required for Trassi et al. (2022) to separate these subscales were unavailable, forcing them to use composite scores. A large-scale analysis of the relationship between statistics anxiety and achievement using the anxiety subscales alone is possible with the SMARVUS dataset.

Trassi et al. (2022) further note that studies in their meta-analysis mainly tested psychology students within Europe and North America and many had low sample sizes, which the SMARVUS dataset addresses. Such limitations are pervasive in psychology (Ioannidis, 2005; Rad et al., 2018), so these data could benefit many other research questions in the same ways. Furthermore, the sample is sufficiently large to enable multi-level modelling to estimate variation across different languages, geographic regions, or educational systems.

## Construct Validity

To understand how generalisable research is, the scales we use to measure constructs must be validated in different populations (Flake, 2021). This includes ensuring adaptations (e.g., translations) are valid and reliable, and that different groups respond to measures in the same ways, such that the factor structure, loadings, and item intercepts are equivalent (i.e., are *measurement invariant*).

Our student survey included eight scales adapted to 21 languages. We also modified some scales to be appropriate for the local context. In most cases, this was minimal (e.g.,
significant effect size of just $Z = |0.07|$ (Trassi et al., 2022). However, the authors noted considerable variability in their systematic review, explaining it may be attributed to moderators, such as pre-university mathematics grades and self-efficacy. Another review identified mode of assessment as a potential moderator (Terry & Field, 2023). These moderators could be tested with the SMARVUS dataset.

Variability could also be due to the multi-dimensionality of the STARS (Cruise et al., 1985). There are three subscales that measure statistics attitudes, not statistics anxiety (Hanna et al., 2008; Papousek et al., 2012), thus should not be conflated. The data required for Trassi et al. (2022) to separate these subscales were unavailable, forcing them to use composite scores. A large-scale analysis of the relationship between statistics anxiety and achievement using the anxiety subscales alone is possible with the SMARVUS dataset.

Trassi et al. (2022) further note that studies in their meta-analysis mainly tested psychology students within Europe and North America and many had low sample sizes, which the SMARVUS dataset addresses. Such limitations are pervasive in psychology (Ioannidis, 2005; Rad et al., 2018), so these data could benefit many other research questions in the same ways. Furthermore, the sample is sufficiently large to enable multi-level modelling to estimate variation across different languages, geographic regions, or educational systems.

## Construct Validity

To understand how generalisable research is, the scales we use to measure constructs must be validated in different populations (Flake, 2021). This includes ensuring adaptations (e.g., translations) are valid and reliable, and that different groups respond to measures in the same ways, such that the factor structure, loadings, and item intercepts are equivalent (i.e., are *measurement invariant*).

Our student survey included eight scales adapted to 21 languages. We also modified some scales to be appropriate for the local context. In most cases, this was minimal (e.g.,
changing "college" to "university"). However, we made more substantial modifications to our measure of social interaction and performance anxiety - the LSAS-SR (Baker et al., 2002) - for use in Saudi Arabia (e.g., modifying inappropriate references to alcohol and dating).

Validating adapted scales would ensure these versions are appropriate for use in different countries and cultural contexts, opening up fresh opportunities for cross-cultural research.

Our data could also be used for measurement invariance testing. There is a dearth of invariance testing for most psychological scales (D'Urso et al., 2022), so there are many gaps to be filled. For example, we know that mathematics anxiety scores vary between cultures (Hunt et al., 2021), which could be indicative of cultural non-invariance. If that is the case, the generalisability of predominantly Western research findings should not be assumed. Such findings might be misleading for other cultures, with consequences for education. This dataset could address this problem via the cross-cultural investigation of mathematics anxiety scale properties.

## Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT)

The data includes responses to a revised version of the Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT; Shenhav et al., 2012), a hugely popular measure of reflective thinking tendencies, the original (Frederick, 2005), having been cited over 6000 times, according to Google Scholar. Projects are underway to test the psychometric properties of Shenhav et al.'s (2012) version and, assuming the scale shares key properties of the original (e.g., excellent validity, reasonable reliability, and incorrect responses converging on the same typical response), the SMARVUS opens up opportunities for research into cross-cultural and gender comparisons of cognitive reflection and its relationship to various types of anxiety.

## Survey Methodology

For survey-based research to be robust, it is essential that care and attention are employed by respondents. One study found 10-12% of responses to long surveys by undergraduates completing it for course credit are given without such care (Meade & Craig,
changing "college" to "university"). However, we made more substantial modifications to our
measure of social interaction and performance anxiety - the LSAS-SR (Baker et al., 2002) -
for use in Saudi Arabia (e.g., modifying inappropriate references to alcohol and dating).
Validating adapted scales would ensure these versions are appropriate for use in different
countries and cultural contexts, opening up fresh opportunities for cross-cultural research.

Our data could also be used for measurement invariance testing. There is a dearth of
invariance testing for most psychological scales (D'Urso et al., 2022), so there are many
gaps to be filled. For example, we know that mathematics anxiety scores vary between
cultures (Hunt et al., 2021), which could be indicative of cultural non-invariance. If that is the
case, the generalisability of predominantly Western research findings should not be
assumed. Such findings might be misleading for other cultures, with consequences for
education. This dataset could address this problem via the cross-cultural investigation of
mathematics anxiety scale properties.

## Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT)

The data includes responses to a revised version of the Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT; Shenhav et al., 2012), a hugely popular measure of reflective thinking tendencies, the original (Frederick, 2005), having been cited over 6000 times, according to Google Scholar. Projects are underway to test the psychometric properties of Shenhav et al.'s (2012) version and, assuming the scale shares key properties of the original (e.g., excellent validity, reasonable reliability, and incorrect responses converging on the same typical response), the SMARVUS opens up opportunities for research into cross-cultural and gender comparisons of cognitive reflection and its relationship to various types of anxiety.

## Survey Methodology

For survey-based research to be robust, it is essential that care and attention are
employed by respondents. One study found 10-12% of responses to long surveys by
undergraduates completing it for course credit are given without such care (Meade & Craig,
2012). Some researchers have proposed using attention checks to help identify and eliminate such responses (Huang et al., 2012). The present study included attention checks within the survey measures, asking participants to choose a particular response option, and an 'amnesty' at the end, asking if they had answered carefully and truthfully throughout. SMARVUS data could be used to compare the effectiveness of these checks with other measures of careless responding, such as response time and 'long-string analysis' (providing the same response to all items on a scale; Curran, 2016).

## Pedagogy

Finally, we suggest the SMARVUS dataset has unique pedagogical reuse potential. First, students might find a dataset related to mathematics and statistics anxieties to be relatable, something qualitative evidence suggests can aid learning (e.g., Blackburn, 2015) and reduce anxiety (e.g., Trakulphadetkrai, 2017) in statistics education. Second, using these data in a statistics class would give instructors an opportunity to make students conscious of any anxieties, show them they are far from alone, and encourage students to notice and, subsequently, challenge the influence anxiety may be having on their attitudes and behaviours regarding learning statistics. Third, there are general benefits of using authentic, secondary data in statistics education that could further enhance the specific benefits. For example, students can learn data processing strategies that are usually unavailable with pre-prepared datasets – such as dealing with missing data – alongside statistical procedures and tests. Additionally, students who use this data for research projects (e.g., undergraduate dissertations) could do so without needing to apply for ethics approval or worrying about recruiting a large enough sample, and could present their work at conferences and in publications, as previously done by Long & Chalk (2020) with Grahe et al.'s (2018) *Emerging Adulthood Measured at Multiple Institutions 2* (EAMMi2) data.
2012). Some researchers have proposed using attention checks to help identify and eliminate such responses (Huang et al., 2012). The present study included attention checks within the survey measures, asking participants to choose a particular response option, and an 'amnesty' at the end, asking if they had answered carefully and truthfully throughout. SMARVUS data could be used to compare the effectiveness of these checks with other measures of careless responding, such as response time and 'long-string analysis' (providing the same response to all items on a scale; Curran, 2016).

## Pedagogy

Finally, we suggest the SMARVUS dataset has unique pedagogical reuse potential. First, students might find a dataset related to mathematics and statistics anxieties to be relatable, something qualitative evidence suggests can aid learning (e.g., Blackburn, 2015) and reduce anxiety (e.g., Trakulphadetkrai, 2017) in statistics education. Second, using these data in a statistics class would give instructors an opportunity to make students conscious of any anxieties, show them they are far from alone, and encourage students to notice and, subsequently, challenge the influence anxiety may be having on their attitudes and behaviours regarding learning statistics. Third, there are general benefits of using authentic, secondary data in statistics education that could further enhance the specific benefits. For example, students can learn data processing strategies that are usually unavailable with pre-prepared datasets – such as dealing with missing data – alongside statistical procedures and tests. Additionally, students who use this data for research projects (e.g., undergraduate dissertations) could do so without needing to apply for ethics approval or worrying about recruiting a large enough sample, and could present their work at conferences and in publications, as previously done by Long & Chalk (2020) with Grahe et al.'s (2018) *Emerging Adulthood Measured at Multiple Institutions 2* (EAMMi2) data.
Contribution Statement

**Conceptualization:** Jenny Terry, Robert M. Ross, and Andy P. Field.

**Data curation:** Jenny Terry and Tamás Nagy.

**Funding acquisition:** Mauricio Salgado and Patricia Garrido-Vásquez.

**Investigation:** Jenny Terry, Robert M. Ross, Tamás Nagy, Mauricio Salgado, Patricia Garrido Vásquez, Jacob O. Sarfo, Susan Cooper, Anke C. Buttner, Tiago J. S. Lima, İbrahim Öztürk, Nazlı Akay, Flavia H. Santos, Christina Artemenko, Lee T. Copping, Mahmoud M. Elsherif, Ilija Milovanović, Robert A. Cribbie, Marina G. Drushlyak, Katherine Swainston, Yiyun Shou, Juan David Leongómez, Nicola Palena, Fitri A. Abidin, Maria F. Reyes-Rodríguez, Yunfeng He, Juneman Abraham, Argiro Vatakis, Kristin Jankowsky, Stephanie N. L. Schmidt, Elise Grimm, Desirée González, Philipp Schmid, Roberto A. Ferreira, Dmitri Rozgonjuk, Neslihan Özhan, Patrick A. O'Connor, Andras N. Zsido, Gregor Stiglic, Darren Rhodes, Cristina Rodríguez, Ivan Ropovik, Violeta Enea, Ratri Nurwanti, Alejandro J.

Estudillo, Nataly Beribisky, Karel K. Himawan, Linda M. Geven, Anne H. van Hoogmoed, Amélie Bret, Jodie E. Chapman, Udi Alter, Zoe M. Flack, Donncha Hanna, Mojtaba Soltanlou, Gabriel Banik, Matúš Adamkovič, Sanne H. G. van der Ven, Jochen A.

Mosbacher, Hilal H. Şen, Joel R. Anderson, Michael Batashvili, Kristel de Groot, Matthew O. Parker, Mai Helmy, Mariia M. Ostroha, Katie A. Gilligan-Lee, Felix O. Egara, Martin J.

Barwood, Karuna Thomas, Grace McMahon, Siobhán M. Griffin, Hans-Christoph Nuerk, Alyssa Counsell, Oliver Lindemann, Dirk Van Rooy, Theresa E. Wege, Joanna E. Lewis, Balazs Aczel, Conal Monaghan, Ali H. Al-Hoorie, Julia F. Huber, Saadet Yapan, Mauricio E.

Garrido Vásquez, Antonino Callea, Tolga Ergiyen, James M. Clay, Gaetan Mertens, Feyza Topçu, Merve G. Tutlu, Karin Täht, Kristel Mikkor, Letizia Caso, Alexander Karner, Maxine M. C. Storm, Gabriella Daroczy, Rizqy A. Zein, Andrea Greco, Erin M. Buchanan, Katharina Schmid, Thomas E. Hunt, Jonas De keersmaecker, Peter E. Branney, Jordan Randell, Oliver J. Clark, Crystal N. Steltenpohl, Bhasker Malu, Burcu Tekeş, TamilSelvan Ramis, Stefan Agrigoroaei, Nicholas A. Badcock, Kareena McAloney-Kocaman, Olena V.
Contribution Statement

**Conceptualization:** Jenny Terry, Robert M. Ross, and Andy P. Field.

**Data curation:** Jenny Terry and Tamás Nagy.

**Funding acquisition:** Mauricio Salgado and Patricia Garrido-Vásquez.

**Investigation:** Jenny Terry, Robert M. Ross, Tamás Nagy, Mauricio Salgado, Patricia Garrido Vásquez, Jacob O. Sarfo, Susan Cooper, Anke C. Buttner, Tiago J. S. Lima, İbrahim Öztürk, Nazlı Akay, Flavia H. Santos, Christina Artemenko, Lee T. Copping, Mahmoud M. Elsherif, Ilija Milovanović, Robert A. Cribbie, Marina G. Drushlyak, Katherine Swainston, Yiyun Shou, Juan David Leongómez, Nicola Palena, Fitri A. Abidin, Maria F. Reyes-Rodríguez, Yunfeng He, Juneman Abraham, Argiro Vatakis, Kristin Jankowsky, Stephanie N. L. Schmidt, Elise Grimm, Desirée González, Philipp Schmid, Roberto A. Ferreira, Dmitri Rozgonjuk, Neslihan Özhan, Patrick A. O'Connor, Andras N. Zsido, Gregor Stiglic, Darren Rhodes, Cristina Rodríguez, Ivan Ropovik, Violeta Enea, Ratri Nurwanti, Alejandro J.

Estudillo, Nataly Beribisky, Karel K. Himawan, Linda M. Geven, Anne H. van Hoogmoed, Amélie Bret, Jodie E. Chapman, Udi Alter, Zoe M. Flack, Donncha Hanna, Mojtaba Soltanlou, Gabriel Banik, Matúš Adamkovič, Sanne H. G. van der Ven, Jochen A.

Mosbacher, Hilal H. Şen, Joel R. Anderson, Michael Batashvili, Kristel de Groot, Matthew O.

Parker, Mai Helmy, Mariia M. Ostroha, Katie A. Gilligan-Lee, Felix O. Egara, Martin J.

Barwood, Karuna Thomas, Grace McMahon, Siobhán M. Griffin, Hans-Christoph Nuerk, Alyssa Counsell, Oliver Lindemann, Dirk Van Rooy, Theresa E. Wege, Joanna E. Lewis, Balazs Aczel, Conal Monaghan, Ali H. Al-Hoorie, Julia F. Huber, Saadet Yapan, Mauricio E.

Garrido Vásquez, Antonino Callea, Tolga Ergiyen, James M. Clay, Gaetan Mertens, Feyza Topçu, Merve G. Tutlu, Karin Täht, Kristel Mikkor, Letizia Caso, Alexander Karner, Maxine M. C. Storm, Gabriella Daroczy, Rizqy A. Zein, Andrea Greco, Erin M. Buchanan, Katharina Schmid, Thomas E. Hunt, Jonas De keersmaecker, Peter E. Branney, Jordan Randell, Oliver J. Clark, Crystal N. Steltenpohl, Bhasker Malu, Burcu Tekeş, TamilSelvan Ramis, Stefan Agrigoroaei, Nicholas A. Badcock, Kareena McAloney-Kocaman, Olena V.
Semenikhina, Erich W. Graf, Charlie Lea, Kalu T. U. Ogba, Fergus M. Guppy, Amy C. Warhurst, Shane Lindsay, Ahmed Al Khateeb, Frank Scharnowski, Leontien de Kwaadsteniet, Kathryn B. Francis, Mariah Lecompte, Lisa A. D. Webster, Kinga Morsanyi, Suzanna E. Forwood, Elizabeth R. Walters, Linda K. Tip, Jordan R. Wagge, Ho Yan Lai, Deborah S. Crossland, Kohinoor M. Darda, Tessa R. Flack, Zoe Leviston, Matthew Brolly, Samuel P. Hills, Elizabeth Collins, Andrew J. Roberts, Wing-Yee Cheung, Sophie Leonard, Bruno Verschuere, Samantha K. Stanley, Iro Xenidou-Dervou, Omid Ghasemi, Timothy Liew, Daniel Ansari, Johnrev Guilaran, Samuel G. Penny, Julia Bahnmueller, and Christopher J. Hand.

**Methodology:** Jenny Terry, Robert M. Ross, and Andy P. Field.

**Project administration:** Jenny Terry, Robert M. Ross, Tamás Nagy, Mauricio Salgado, Jacob O. Sarfo, Susan Cooper, Anke C. Buttner, Tiago J. S. Lima, İbrahim Öztürk, Nazlı Akay, Flavia H. Santos, Christina Artemenko, Lee T. Copping, Mahmoud M. Elsherif, Ilija Milovanović, Robert A. Cribbie, Marina G. Drushlyak, Katherine Swainston, Yiyun Shou, Juan David Leongómez, Nicola Palena, Fitri A. Abidin, Maria F. Reyes-Rodríguez, Yunfeng He, Juneman Abraham, Argiro Vatakis, Kristin Jankowsky, Stephanie N. L. Schmidt, Elise Grimm, Desirée González, Philipp Schmid, Roberto A. Ferreira, Dmitri Rozgonjuk, Neslihan Özhan, Patrick A. O'Connor, Andras N. Zsido, Gregor Stiglic, Darren Rhodes, Cristina Rodríguez, Ivan Ropovik, Violeta Enea, Ratri Nurwanti, Alejandro J. Estudillo, Nataly Beribisky, Karel K. Himawan, Linda M. Geven, Anne H. van Hoogmoed, Amélie Bret, Jodie E. Chapman, Udi Alter, Zoe M. Flack, Donncha Hanna, Mojtaba Soltanlou, Gabriel Banik, Matúš Adamkovič, Sanne H. G. van der Ven, Jochen A. Mosbacher, Hilal H. Şen, Joel R. Anderson, Michael Batashvili, Kristel de Groot, Katie A. Gilligan-Lee, Felix O. Egara, Martin J. Barwood, Karuna Thomas, Grace McMahon, Siobhán M. Griffin, Hans-Christoph Nuerk, Alyssa Counsell, Oliver Lindemann, Dirk Van Rooy, Theresa E. Wege, Joanna E. Lewis, Mauricio E. Garrido Vásquez, Thomas E. Hunt, Peter E. Branney, TamilSelvan Ramis, Nicholas A. Badcock, Kareena McAloney-Kocaman, Olena V. Semenikhina, Frank Scharnowski, Mariah Lecompte, Kinga Morsanyi, Suzanna E. Forwood, Ho Yan Lai,
Semenikhina, Erich W. Graf, Charlie Lea, Kalu T. U. Ogba, Fergus M. Guppy, Amy C. Warhurst, Shane Lindsay, Ahmed Al Khateeb, Frank Scharnowski, Leontien de Kwaadsteniet, Kathryn B. Francis, Mariah Lecompte, Lisa A. D. Webster, Kinga Morsanyi, Suzanna E. Forwood, Elizabeth R. Walters, Linda K. Tip, Jordan R. Wagge, Ho Yan Lai, Deborah S. Crossland, Kohinoor M. Darda, Tessa R. Flack, Zoe Leviston, Matthew Brolly, Samuel P. Hills, Elizabeth Collins, Andrew J. Roberts, Wing-Yee Cheung, Sophie Leonard, Bruno Verschuere, Samantha K. Stanley, Iro Xenidou-Dervou, Omid Ghasemi, Timothy Liew, Daniel Ansari, Johnrev Guilaran, Samuel G. Penny, Julia Bahnmueller, and Christopher J. Hand.

**Methodology:** Jenny Terry, Robert M. Ross, and Andy P. Field.

**Project administration:** Jenny Terry, Robert M. Ross, Tamás Nagy, Mauricio Salgado, Jacob O. Sarfo, Susan Cooper, Anke C. Buttner, Tiago J. S. Lima, İbrahim Öztürk, Nazlı Akay, Flavia H. Santos, Christina Artemenko, Lee T. Copping, Mahmoud M. Elsherif, Ilija Milovanović, Robert A. Cribbie, Marina G. Drushlyak, Katherine Swainston, Yiyun Shou, Juan David Leongómez, Nicola Palena, Fitri A. Abidin, Maria F. Reyes-Rodríguez, Yunfeng He, Juneman Abraham, Argiro Vatakis, Kristin Jankowsky, Stephanie N. L. Schmidt, Elise Grimm, Desirée González, Philipp Schmid, Roberto A. Ferreira, Dmitri Rozgonjuk, Neslihan Özhan, Patrick A. O'Connor, Andras N. Zsido, Gregor Stiglic, Darren Rhodes, Cristina Rodríguez, Ivan Ropovik, Violeta Enea, Ratri Nurwanti, Alejandro J. Estudillo, Nataly Beribisky, Karel K. Himawan, Linda M. Geven, Anne H. van Hoogmoed, Amélie Bret, Jodie E. Chapman, Udi Alter, Zoe M. Flack, Donncha Hanna, Mojtaba Soltanlou, Gabriel Banik, Matúš Adamkovič, Sanne H. G. van der Ven, Jochen A. Mosbacher, Hilal H. Şen, Joel R. Anderson, Michael Batashvili, Kristel de Groot, Katie A. Gilligan-Lee, Felix O. Egara, Martin J. Barwood, Karuna Thomas, Grace McMahon, Siobhán M. Griffin, Hans-Christoph Nuerk, Alyssa Counsell, Oliver Lindemann, Dirk Van Rooy, Theresa E. Wege, Joanna E. Lewis, Mauricio E. Garrido Vásquez, Thomas E. Hunt, Peter E. Branney, TamilSelvan Ramis, Nicholas A. Badcock, Kareena McAloney-Kocaman, Olena V. Semenikhina, Frank Scharnowski, Mariah Lecompte, Kinga Morsanyi, Suzanna E. Forwood, Ho Yan Lai,
Deborah S. Crossland, Tessa R. Flack, Samuel P. Hills, Timothy Liew, Daniel Ansari, and
Julia Bahnmueller.

**Resources:** Jenny Terry, Robert M. Ross, Tamás Nagy, Mauricio Salgado, Patricia Garrido-Vásquez, Jacob O. Sarfo, Susan Cooper, Anke C. Buttner, Tiago J. S. Lima, İbrahim Öztürk, Nazlı Akay, Flavia H. Santos, Christina Artemenko, Lee T. Copping, Mahmoud M. Elsherif, Ilija Milovanović, Robert A. Cribbie, Marina G. Drushlyak, Katherine Swainston, Yiyun Shou, Juan David Leongómez, Nicola Palena, Fitri A. Abidin, Maria F. Reyes-Rodríguez, Yunfeng He, Juneman Abraham, Argiro Vatakis, Kristin Jankowsky, Stephanie N. L. Schmidt, Elise Grimm, Desirée González, Philipp Schmid, Roberto A. Ferreira, Dmitri Rozgonjuk, Neslihan Özhan, Patrick A. O'Connor, Andras N. Zsido, Gregor Stiglic, Darren Rhodes, Cristina Rodríguez, Ivan Ropovik, Violeta Enea, Ratri Nurwanti, Alejandro J. Estudillo, Nataly Beribisky, Karel K. Himawan, Linda M. Geven, Anne H. van Hoogmoed, Amélie Bret, Jodie E. Chapman, Udi Alter, Donncha Hanna, Mojtaba Soltanlou, Gabriel Banik, Matúš Adamkovič, Sanne H. G. van der Ven, Jochen A. Mosbacher, Hilal H. Şen, Joel R. Anderson, Michael Batashvili, Kristel de Groot, Matthew O. Parker, Mai Helmy, Mariia M. Ostroha, Balazs Aczel, Conal Monaghan, Ali H. Al-Hoorie, Julia F. Huber, Saadet Yapan, Mauricio E. Garrido Vásquez, Antonino Callea, Tolga Ergiyen, James M. Clay, Gaetan Mertens, Feyza Topçu, Merve G. Tutlu, Karin Täht, Kristel Mikkor, Letizia Caso, Alexander Karner, Maxine M. C. Storm, Gabriella Daroczy, Rizqy A. Zein, Andrea Greco, Tessa R. Flack, Unita W. Rahajeng, Dar Peterburg, and Zsofia K. Takacs.

**Supervision:** Jenny Terry, Robert M. Ross, Tamás Nagy, Mauricio Salgado, Jacob O. Sarfo, Susan Cooper, Anke C. Buttner, Tiago J. S. Lima, İbrahim Öztürk, Nazlı Akay, Flavia H. Santos, Christina Artemenko, Lee T. Copping, Mahmoud M. Elsherif, Ilija Milovanović, Robert A. Cribbie, Marina G. Drushlyak, Katherine Swainston, Yiyun Shou, Juan David Leongómez, Nicola Palena, Fitri A. Abidin, Maria F. Reyes-Rodríguez, Yunfeng He, Argiro Vatakis, Matthew O. Parker, Mai Helmy, Mariia M. Ostroha, Katie A. Gilligan-Lee, Felix O. Egara, Martin J. Barwood, Karuna Thomas, Grace McMahon, Siobhán M. Griffin, Hans-Christoph Nuerk, Alyssa Counsell, Oliver Lindemann, Dirk Van Rooy, Theresa E. Wege,
Deborah S. Crossland, Tessa R. Flack, Samuel P. Hills, Timothy Liew, Daniel Ansari, and
Julia Bahnmueller.

**Resources:** Jenny Terry, Robert M. Ross, Tamás Nagy, Mauricio Salgado, Patricia Garrido-Vásquez, Jacob O. Sarfo, Susan Cooper, Anke C. Buttner, Tiago J. S. Lima, İbrahim Öztürk, Nazlı Akay, Flavia H. Santos, Christina Artemenko, Lee T. Copping, Mahmoud M. Elsherif, Ilija Milovanović, Robert A. Cribbie, Marina G. Drushlyak, Katherine Swainston, Yiyun Shou, Juan David Leongómez, Nicola Palena, Fitri A. Abidin, Maria F. Reyes-Rodríguez, Yunfeng He, Juneman Abraham, Argiro Vatakis, Kristin Jankowsky, Stephanie N. L. Schmidt, Elise Grimm, Desirée González, Philipp Schmid, Roberto A. Ferreira, Dmitri Rozgonjuk, Neslihan Özhan, Patrick A. O'Connor, Andras N. Zsido, Gregor Stiglic, Darren Rhodes, Cristina Rodríguez, Ivan Ropovik, Violeta Enea, Ratri Nurwanti, Alejandro J. Estudillo, Nataly Beribisky, Karel K. Himawan, Linda M. Geven, Anne H. van Hoogmoed, Amélie Bret, Jodie E. Chapman, Udi Alter, Donncha Hanna, Mojtaba Soltanlou, Gabriel Banik, Matúš Adamkovič, Sanne H. G. van der Ven, Jochen A. Mosbacher, Hilal H. Şen, Joel R. Anderson, Michael Batashvili, Kristel de Groot, Matthew O. Parker, Mai Helmy, Mariia M. Ostroha, Balazs Aczel, Conal Monaghan, Ali H. Al-Hoorie, Julia F. Huber, Saadet Yapan, Mauricio E. Garrido Vásquez, Antonino Callea, Tolga Ergiyen, James M. Clay, Gaetan Mertens, Feyza Topçu, Merve G. Tutlu, Karin Täht, Kristel Mikkor, Letizia Caso, Alexander Karner, Maxine M. C. Storm, Gabriella Daroczy, Rizqy A. Zein, Andrea Greco, Tessa R. Flack, Unita W. Rahajeng, Dar Peterburg, and Zsofia K. Takacs.

**Supervision:** Jenny Terry, Robert M. Ross, Tamás Nagy, Mauricio Salgado, Jacob O. Sarfo, Susan Cooper, Anke C. Buttner, Tiago J. S. Lima, İbrahim Öztürk, Nazlı Akay, Flavia H. Santos, Christina Artemenko, Lee T. Copping, Mahmoud M. Elsherif, Ilija Milovanović, Robert A. Cribbie, Marina G. Drushlyak, Katherine Swainston, Yiyun Shou, Juan David Leongómez, Nicola Palena, Fitri A. Abidin, Maria F. Reyes-Rodríguez, Yunfeng He, Argiro Vatakis, Matthew O. Parker, Mai Helmy, Mariia M. Ostroha, Katie A. Gilligan-Lee, Felix O. Egara, Martin J. Barwood, Karuna Thomas, Grace McMahon, Siobhán M. Griffin, Hans-Christoph Nuerk, Alyssa Counsell, Oliver Lindemann, Dirk Van Rooy, Theresa E. Wege,
Joanna E. Lewis, Mauricio E. Garrido Vásquez, Stefan Agrigoroaei, Erich W. Graf, Lisa A. D. Webster, and Andy P. Field.

**Visualization:** Jenny Terry, Tamás Nagy, Erin M. Buchanan, and Andy P. Field.

**Writing - original draft:** Jenny Terry.

**Writing - review & editing:** Jenny Terry, Robert M. Ross, Tamás Nagy, Mauricio Salgado, Patricia Garrido-Vásquez, Jacob O. Sarfo, Susan Cooper, Anke C. Buttner, Tiago J. S. Lima, İbrahim Öztürk, Nazlı Akay, Flavia H. Santos, Christina Artemenko, Lee T. Copping, Mahmoud M. Elsherif, Ilija Milovanović, Robert A. Cribbie, Marina G. Drushlyak, Katherine Swainston, Yiyun Shou, Juan David Leongómez, Nicola Palena, Fitri A. Abidin, Maria F. Reyes-Rodríguez, Yunfeng He, Juneman Abraham, Argiro Vatakis, Kristin Jankowsky, Stephanie N. L. Schmidt, Elise Grimm, Desirée González, Philipp Schmid, Roberto A. Ferreira, Dmitri Rozgonjuk, Neslihan Özhan, Patrick A. O'Connor, Andras N. Zsido, Gregor Stiglic, Darren Rhodes, Cristina Rodríguez, Ivan Ropovik, Violeta Enea, Ratri Nurwanti, Alejandro J. Estudillo, Nataly Beribisky, Karel K. Himawan, Linda M. Geven, Anne H. van Hoogmoed, Amélie Bret, Jodie E. Chapman, Udi Alter, Zoe M. Flack, Donncha Hanna, Mojtaba Soltanlou, Gabriel Banik, Matúš Adamkovič, Sanne H. G. van der Ven, Jochen A. Mosbacher, Hilal H. Şen, Joel R. Anderson, Michael Batashvili, Kristel de Groot, Matthew O. Parker, Mai Helmy, Mariia M. Ostroha, Katie A. Gilligan-Lee, Felix O. Egara, Martin J. Barwood, Karuna Thomas, Grace McMahon, Siobhán M. Griffin, Hans-Christoph Nuerk, Alyssa Counsell, Oliver Lindemann, Dirk Van Rooy, Theresa E. Wege, Joanna E. Lewis, Balazs Aczel, Conal Monaghan, Ali H. Al-Hoorie, Julia F. Huber, Saadet Yapan, Mauricio E. Garrido Vásquez, Antonino Callea, Tolga Ergiyen, James M. Clay, Gaetan Mertens, Feyza Topçu, Merve G. Tutlu, Karin Täht, Kristel Mikkor, Letizia Caso, Alexander Karner, Maxine M. C. Storm, Gabriella Daroczy, Rizqy A. Zein, Andrea Greco, Erin M. Buchanan, Katharina Schmid, Thomas E. Hunt, Jonas De keersmaecker, Peter E. Branney, Jordan Randell, Oliver J. Clark, Crystal N. Steltenpohl, Bhasker Malu, Burcu Tekeş, TamilSelvan Ramis, Stefan Agrigoroaei, Nicholas A. Badcock, Kareena McAloney-Kocaman, Olena V. Semenikhina, Erich W. Graf, Charlie Lea, Kalu T. U. Ogba, Fergus M. Guppy, Amy C.
Joanna E. Lewis, Mauricio E. Garrido Vásquez, Stefan Agrigoroaei, Erich W. Graf, Lisa A. D. Webster, and Andy P. Field.

**Visualization:** Jenny Terry, Tamás Nagy, Erin M. Buchanan, and Andy P. Field.

**Writing - original draft:** Jenny Terry.

**Writing - review & editing:** Jenny Terry, Robert M. Ross, Tamás Nagy, Mauricio Salgado, Patricia Garrido-Vásquez, Jacob O. Sarfo, Susan Cooper, Anke C. Buttner, Tiago J. S. Lima, İbrahim Öztürk, Nazlı Akay, Flavia H. Santos, Christina Artemenko, Lee T. Copping, Mahmoud M. Elsherif, Ilija Milovanović, Robert A. Cribbie, Marina G. Drushlyak, Katherine Swainston, Yiyun Shou, Juan David Leongómez, Nicola Palena, Fitri A. Abidin, Maria F. Reyes-Rodríguez, Yunfeng He, Juneman Abraham, Argiro Vatakis, Kristin Jankowsky, Stephanie N. L. Schmidt, Elise Grimm, Desirée González, Philipp Schmid, Roberto A. Ferreira, Dmitri Rozgonjuk, Neslihan Özhan, Patrick A. O'Connor, Andras N. Zsido, Gregor Stiglic, Darren Rhodes, Cristina Rodríguez, Ivan Ropovik, Violeta Enea, Ratri Nurwanti, Alejandro J. Estudillo, Nataly Beribisky, Karel K. Himawan, Linda M. Geven, Anne H. van Hoogmoed, Amélie Bret, Jodie E. Chapman, Udi Alter, Zoe M. Flack, Donncha Hanna, Mojtaba Soltanlou, Gabriel Banik, Matúš Adamkovič, Sanne H. G. van der Ven, Jochen A. Mosbacher, Hilal H. Şen, Joel R. Anderson, Michael Batashvili, Kristel de Groot, Matthew O. Parker, Mai Helmy, Mariia M. Ostroha, Katie A. Gilligan-Lee, Felix O. Egara, Martin J. Barwood, Karuna Thomas, Grace McMahon, Siobhán M. Griffin, Hans-Christoph Nuerk, Alyssa Counsell, Oliver Lindemann, Dirk Van Rooy, Theresa E. Wege, Joanna E. Lewis, Balazs Aczel, Conal Monaghan, Ali H. Al-Hoorie, Julia F. Huber, Saadet Yapan, Mauricio E. Garrido Vásquez, Antonino Callea, Tolga Ergiyen, James M. Clay, Gaetan Mertens, Feyza Topçu, Merve G. Tutlu, Karin Täht, Kristel Mikkor, Letizia Caso, Alexander Karner, Maxine M. C. Storm, Gabriella Daroczy, Rizqy A. Zein, Andrea Greco, Erin M. Buchanan, Katharina Schmid, Thomas E. Hunt, Jonas De keersmaecker, Peter E. Branney, Jordan Randell, Oliver J. Clark, Crystal N. Steltenpohl, Bhasker Malu, Burcu Tekeş, TamilSelvan Ramis, Stefan Agrigoroaei, Nicholas A. Badcock, Kareena McAloney-Kocaman, Olena V. Semenikhina, Erich W. Graf, Charlie Lea, Kalu T. U. Ogba, Fergus M. Guppy, Amy C.
Warhurst, Shane Lindsay, Ahmed Al Khateeb, Frank Scharnowski, Leontien de Kwaadsteniet, Kathryn B. Francis, Mariah Lecompte, Lisa A. D. Webster, Kinga Morsanyi, Suzanna E. Forwood, Elizabeth R. Walters, Linda K. Tip, Jordan R. Wagge, Ho Yan Lai, Deborah S. Crossland, Kohinoor M. Darda, Tessa R. Flack, Zoe Leviston, Matthew Brolly, Samuel P. Hills, Elizabeth Collins, Andrew J. Roberts, Wing-Yee Cheung, Sophie Leonard, Bruno Verschuere, Samantha K. Stanley, Iro Xenidou-Dervou, Omid Ghasemi, Timothy Liew, Daniel Ansari, Johnrev Guilaran, Samuel G. Penny, Julia Bahnmueller, Christopher J. Hand, Unita W. Rahajeng, Dar Peterburg, Zsofia K. Takacs, Michael J. Platow, and Andy P. Field.

## Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank everyone that contributed to administration and data collection for this project, including: Alexandria Goveia (Toronto Metropolitan University); Alissa Beath (Macquarie University); Andrés Castellanos-Chacón (Universidad El Bosque); Christiany Suwartono (Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya); Darcy Hallett and Brittany Pitt (Memorial University of Newfoundland); Edoardus Gilang Wardana, Muhammad Raihan, and Isyraq Qurratul'Aini (Brawijaya University); Leona Cilar Budler (University of Maribor); Maria Flakus (Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw); Martina Daiser, Alexander Soell, and Tang Kuan (University of Tübingen); Megan Davies (University of Surrey); Roberto Capelli, Lucrezia Cavagnis, Jacopo Stringo, and Mariantonella Todaro (University of Bergamo); Bethany Lewington, Robert Spell, and Iga Ewa Zlotucha (University of Sussex).
We also thank Peter Lugtig (Utrect University) for his advice on translation.

## Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest associated with the publication of this manuscript.
Warhurst, Shane Lindsay, Ahmed Al Khateeb, Frank Scharnowski, Leontien de Kwaadsteniet, Kathryn B. Francis, Mariah Lecompte, Lisa A. D. Webster, Kinga Morsanyi, Suzanna E. Forwood, Elizabeth R. Walters, Linda K. Tip, Jordan R. Wagge, Ho Yan Lai, Deborah S. Crossland, Kohinoor M. Darda, Tessa R. Flack, Zoe Leviston, Matthew Brolly, Samuel P. Hills, Elizabeth Collins, Andrew J. Roberts, Wing-Yee Cheung, Sophie Leonard, Bruno Verschuere, Samantha K. Stanley, Iro Xenidou-Dervou, Omid Ghasemi, Timothy Liew, Daniel Ansari, Johnrev Guilaran, Samuel G. Penny, Julia Bahnmueller, Christopher J. Hand, Unita W. Rahajeng, Dar Peterburg, Zsofia K. Takacs, Michael J. Platow, and Andy P. Field.

## Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank everyone that contributed to administration and data collection for this project, including: Alexandria Goveia (Toronto Metropolitan University); Alissa Beath (Macquarie University); Andrés Castellanos-Chacón (Universidad El Bosque); Christiany Suwartono (Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya); Darcy Hallett and Brittany Pitt (Memorial University of Newfoundland); Edoardus Gilang Wardana, Muhammad Raihan, and Isyraq Qurratul'Aini (Brawijaya University); Leona Cilar Budler (University of Maribor); Maria Flakus (Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw); Martina Daiser, Alexander Soell, and Tang Kuan (University of Tübingen); Megan Davies (University of Surrey); Roberto Capelli, Lucrezia Cavagnis, Jacopo Stringo, and Mariantonella Todaro (University of Bergamo); Bethany Lewington, Robert Spell, and Iga Ewa Zlotucha (University of Sussex).
We also thank Peter Lugtig (Utrect University) for his advice on translation.

## Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest associated with the publication of this manuscript.
## Funding Statement

Kristel de Groot was supported by the Dutch Research Council (NWO); James M. Clay was supported by the Economic and Social Research Council (ES/P000673/1); Elizabeth Collins was supported by the Economic and Social Research Council; Philipp Schmid was supported by the European Commission Horizon 2020 Grant (964728 JITSUVAX); Robert M. Ross was supported by the Australian Research Council (DP180102384), a Macquarie University Research Fellowship (MQRF) and the John Templeton Foundation (62631); Andras N. Zsido was supported by the New National Excellence Program of the Ministry for Innovation and Technology from the source of the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund (OTKA PD-137588; ÚNKP-21-4); Jenny Terry was supported by a School of Psychology PhD Studentship, University of Sussex; Gabriel Banik was supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency (APVV-17-0418); Matúš Adamkovič was supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency (APVV-20-0319); Ivan Ropovik was supported by the Systemic Risk Institute (PRIMUS/20/HUM/009; LX22NPO5101); Mahmoud M. Elsherif was supported by the Baily Thomas Charitable Fund; Mauricio Salgado was supported by the National Agency for Research and Development (ANID), Ministry of Science, Technology, Knowledge and Innovation, through the Centre for Research in Inclusive Education (PIA-ANID CIE160009; 2017); Sophie Leonard was supported by the University College Dublin Ad Astra Scholarship; Flavia H. Santos was supported by the University College Dublin Ad Astra Start Up Scholarship.
## Funding Statement

Kristel de Groot was supported by the Dutch Research Council (NWO); James M. Clay was supported by the Economic and Social Research Council (ES/P000673/1); Elizabeth Collins was supported by the Economic and Social Research Council; Philipp Schmid was supported by the European Commission Horizon 2020 Grant (964728 JITSUVAX); Robert M. Ross was supported by the Australian Research Council (DP180102384), a Macquarie University Research Fellowship (MQRF) and the John Templeton Foundation (62631); Andras N. Zsido was supported by the New National Excellence Program of the Ministry for Innovation and Technology from the source of the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund (OTKA PD-137588; ÚNKP-21-4); Jenny Terry was supported by a School of Psychology PhD Studentship, University of Sussex; Gabriel Banik was supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency (APVV-17-0418); Matúš Adamkovič was supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency (APVV-20-0319); Ivan Ropovik was supported by the Systemic Risk Institute (PRIMUS/20/HUM/009; LX22NPO5101); Mahmoud M. Elsherif was supported by the Baily Thomas Charitable Fund; Mauricio Salgado was supported by the National Agency for Research and Development (ANID), Ministry of Science, Technology, Knowledge and Innovation, through the Centre for Research in Inclusive Education (PIA-ANID CIE160009; 2017); Sophie Leonard was supported by the University College Dublin Ad Astra Scholarship; Flavia H. Santos was supported by the University College Dublin Ad Astra Start Up Scholarship.
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