Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Received: 3 August 2023 Accepted: 10 October 2023

Published online: 18 October 2023

References

1. Chassagne F, Butaud J-F, Torrente F, Conte E, Ho R, Raharivelomanana P. Polynesian medicine used to treat diarrhea and ciguatera: an ethnobotanical survey in six islands from French Polynesia. J Ethnopharmacol. 2022;292:115186.

2. Girardi C, Butaud JF, Ollier C, Ingent N, Weniger B, Raharivelomanana P, et al. Herbal medicine in the Marquesas Islands. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015;161:200-13.

3. Quenon C, Hennebelle T, Butaud J-F, Ho R, Samaille J, Neut C, et al. Antimicrobial properties of compounds isolated from *Syzygium malaccense* (L.) Merr. and L.M. Perry and medicinal plants used in French Polynesia. Life. 2022;12:733.

4. Pétard P. Plantes utiles de Polynésie et Ra'au Tahiti [Internet]. Haere Po. Papeete, Tahiti. 2019. Available from: http://www.haerepo.com/petard_plantes.html

5. Quenon C. Enquête ethnopharmacologique: La médecine traditionnelle polynésienne des Iles Sous le Vent, Archipel de la Société (Raiaete et Tahaa)—Plantes aux propriétés antimicrobiennes—[Internet]. [Lille, France]: Univ. Lille 2; 2020. Available from: http://www.theses.fr/2020LILUR034

6. Collet F. Décès d'un nourrisson soigné aux ra'au tahiti: jusqu'à un an de prison avec sursis requis—Radio1 Tahiti [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2023 Mar 3]. Available from: https://www.radiol1.pf/deces-dun-nourrisson-soigne-aux-raau-tahiti-jusqua-un-an-de-prison-avec-sursis-requis/

7. Tomassoni AJ, Simone K. Herbal medicines for children: An illusion of safety? Curr Opin Pediatr. 2001;13:162.

8. Andréfouët S, Adjeroud M. Chapter 38—French Polynesia. In: Sheppard C, editor. World seas: an environmental evaluation. 2nd ed. Academic Press; 2019. p. 827–54.

9. Philippe E. Décret n°2017-1681 authentifiant les résultats du recensement de la population 2017 de Polynésie française. Journal Officiel de la Polynésie française, 2017;19695-9.

10. Chassagne F, Quave CL. Collection, extraction, and in vitro antibacterial evaluation of plants used in traditional medicine. In: Barreiro C, Barredo J-L, editors. Antimicrobial therapies: methods and protocols. New York: Springer; 2021. p. 19–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1358-0_2

11. Chellappandian M, Mutheeswaran S, Pandikumar P, Duraipandiyan V, Ignacimuthu S. Quantitative ethnobotany of traditional Siddha medical practitioners from Radhapuram taluk of Tirunelveli District, Tamil Nadu, India. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012;143:540-7.

12. Friedman J, Yaniv Z, Dafni A, Palewitz D. A preliminary classification of the healing potential of medicinal plants, based on a rational analysis of an ethnopharmacological field survey among Bedouins in the Negev Desert, Israel. J Ethnopharmacol. 1986;16:275-87.

13. Trotter RT, Logan MH. Informant consensus: a new approach for identifying potentially effective medicinal plants. In: Etkin NL, editor. Plants and indigenous medicine and diet. 1st ed. Routledge; 1986. p. 91-112. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315060385-6

14. Panoff M. Recettes de la Pharmacopée tahitienne traditionnelle. Journal d'agriculture traditionnelle et de botanique appliquée. 1966;13:619-40.

15. Cox PA. Polynesian herbal medicine. Islands, plants, and Polynesians: An introduction to Polynesian ethnobotany. Cox, P.A., Banack, S.A. Portland: Dioscorides Press; 1991. p. 228.

16. Lemaitre Y. Terminologie et théorie médicales tahitiennes. Bulletin d'Ethnomédecine. 1985;34:49-75.

17. Grépin F, Grépin M. La médecine tahitienne traditionnelle Raau Tahiti. Papeete. Papeete, Tahiti: Les Editions du Pacifique; 1984.

18. Singh YN, Ikahihifo T, Panuve M, Slatter C. Folk medicine in tonga. A study on the use of herbal medicines for obstetric and gynaecological conditions and disorders. J Ethnopharmacol. 1984;12:305-29.

19. George LO. Ethnomedicine in the Tongan Islands. Harv Pap Bot. 1995;1:1-36.

20. Whistler WA. Traditional and herbal medicine in the cook islands. J Ethnopharmacol. 1985;13:239-80.

21. Lemaitre Y. Disease names in Tahitian medicine: connection of meaning with treatment and nomenclature. In: Wurm SA, Carrington L, editors. 1978. p. 1307-22.

22. Misaki M. Ră'au mă'ohi: the efficacy and resurgence of traditional herbal medicine in French Polynesia. Journal de la Société des Océanistes. 2021;245-58. Available from: https://journals.openedition.org/jso/13134

23. Jost X, Ansel J-L, Lecellier G, Raharivelomanana P, Butaud J-F. Ethnobotanical survey of cosmetic plants used in Marquesas Islands (French Polynesia). J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2016;12:55. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-016-0128-5

24. Chassagne F. Role of ethnopharmacologists in the conservation of endangered animal species. J Ethnopharmacol. 2017;207:268-70.

25. Westlake EL, Bessey C, Fisher R, Thomson DP, Haywood MDE, Westlake EL, et al. Environmental factors and predator abundance predict the distribution and occurrence of two sympatric urchin species at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia. Mar Freshw Res. 2021;72:1711-21.

26. Salmon M. L'utilisation populaire des Plantes médicinales à Tahiti et dans les Iles de la Société. Journal d'agriculture traditionnelle et de botanique appliquée. 1955;2:438-42.

27. Ashley MP. It's only teething. A report of the myths and modern approaches to teething. Br Dent J. 2001;191:4-8.

28. Sood M, Sood S. Problems with teething in children. Pediatr Oncall J. 2010;7:35-9.

29. Ho R, Teai T, Bianchini J-P, Lafont R, Raharivelomanana P. Ferns: from traditional uses to pharmaceutical development, chemical identification of active principles. In: Kumar A, Fernández H, Revilla MA, editors. Working with ferns: issues and applications. New York: Springer; 2010. p. 321-46. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7162-3_23

30. Baltrusses N. Medical ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and bioactivity of the ferns of Moorea, French Polynesia [Senior Honors Thesis]. [Berkeley]: University of California; 2006.

31. Snogan E, Vahirua-Lechat I, Ho R, Bertho G, Girault J-P, Ortiga S, et al. Ecdysteroids from the medicinal fern *Microsorum scolopendria* (Burm f.). Phytochem Anal. 2007;18:441-50. https://doi.org/10.1002/pca.1000

32. Dinan L. The karlson lecture. Phytoecdysteroids: What use are they? Arch Insect Biochem Physiol. 2009;72:126-41. https://doi.org/10.1002/arch.20334

33. Savchenko RG, Veskina NA, Odinokov VN, Benkovskaya GV, Parfenova LV. Ecdysteroids: isolation, chemical transformations, and biological activity. Phytochem Rev. 2022;21:1445-86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-021-09792-y

34. Ho R, Teai T, Bianchini JP, Lafont R, Raharivelomanana P. Le metuapua'a, la fougère médicinale en Polynésie française. Ethnopharmacologia. 2010;46:49-53.

35. Possley J, Howell PL. Misidentification of "Microsorum scolopendria" in South Florida. Am Fern J. 2015;105:127-30.

36. Coria-Téllez AV, Montalvo-Gonzalez E, Yahia EM, Obledo-Vázquez EN. Annona muricata: a comprehensive review on its traditional medicinal uses, phytochemicals, pharmacological activities, mechanisms of action and toxicity. Arabian J Chem. 2018;11:662-91.

37. Ruysschaert S, van Andel T, Van de Putte K, Van Damme P. Bathe the baby to make it strong and healthy: plant use and child care among Saramaccan Maroons in Suriname. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;121:148-70.

38. Oviedo V, García M, Díaz C, Marder M, Costa M, Rincón J, et al. Extracto y fracción alcaloidal de *Annona muricata* con actividad de tipo ansiolítica en ratones. Rev Colomb Cienc Químico Farmacéuticas. 2009;38:105-20.

39. Souza DO, dos Santos Sales V, de Souza Rodrigues CK, de Oliveira LR, Santiago Lemos IC, de Araújo Delmondes G, et al. Phytochemical analysis and central effects of *Annona muricata* Linnaeus: possible involvement of the gabaergic and monoaminergic systems. Iran J Pharm Res. 2018;17:1306-17.

40. Hasrat JA, De Bruyne T, De Backer J-P, Vauquelin G, Vlietinck AJ. Isoquinoline derivatives isolated from the fruit of *Annona muricata* as 5-HTergic 5-HT1A receptor agonists in rats: unexploited antidepressive (Lead) products. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1997;49:1145-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1997.tb06058.x

41. López-Rubalcava C, Piña-Medina B, Estrada-Reyes R, Heinze G, Martínez-Vázquez M. Anxiolytic-like actions of the hexane extract from leaves of
Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Received: 3 August 2023 Accepted: 10 October 2023

Published online: 18 October 2023

References

1. Chassagne F, Butaud J-F, Torrente F, Conte E, Ho R, Raharivelomanana P. Polynesian medicine used to treat diarrhea and ciguatera: an ethnobotanical survey in six islands from French Polynesia. J Ethnopharmacol. 2022;292:115186.

2. Girardi C, Butaud JF, Ollier C, Ingent N, Weniger B, Raharivelomanana P, et al. Herbal medicine in the Marquesas Islands. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015;161:200-13.

3. Quenon C, Hennebelle T, Butaud J-F, Ho R, Samaille J, Neut C, et al. Antimicrobial properties of compounds isolated from *Syzygium malaccense* (L.) Merr. and L.M. Perry and medicinal plants used in French Polynesia. Life. 2022;12:733.

4. Pétard P. Plantes utiles de Polynésie et Ra'au Tahiti [Internet]. Haere Po. Papeete, Tahiti. 2019. Available from: http://www.haerepo.com/petard_plantes.html

5. Quenon C. Enquête ethnopharmacologique: La médecine traditionnelle polynésienne des Iles Sous le Vent, Archipel de la Société (Raiaete et Tahaa)—Plantes aux propriétés antimicrobiennes—[Internet]. [Lille, France]: Univ. Lille 2; 2020. Available from: http://www.theses.fr/2020LILUR034

6. Collet F. Décès d'un nourrisson soigné aux ra'au tahiti: jusqu'à un an de prison avec sursis requis—Radio1 Tahiti [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2023 Mar 3]. Available from: https://www.radiol1.pf/deces-dun-nourrisson-soigne-aux-raau-tahiti-jusqua-un-an-de-prison-avec-sursis-requis/

7. Tomassoni AJ, Simone K. Herbal medicines for children: An illusion of safety? Curr Opin Pediatr. 2001;13:162.

8. Andréfouët S, Adjeroud M. Chapter 38—French Polynesia. In: Sheppard C, editor. World seas: an environmental evaluation. 2nd ed. Academic Press; 2019. p. 827–54.

9. Philippe E. Décret n°2017-1681 authentifiant les résultats du recensement de la population 2017 de Polynésie française. Journal Officiel de la Polynésie française, 2017;19695-9.

10. Chassagne F, Quave CL. Collection, extraction, and in vitro antibacterial evaluation of plants used in traditional medicine. In: Barreiro C, Barredo J-L, editors. Antimicrobial therapies: methods and protocols. New York: Springer; 2021. p. 19–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1358-0_2

11. Chellappandian M, Mutheeswaran S, Pandikumar P, Duraipandiyan V, Ignacimuthu S. Quantitative ethnobotany of traditional Siddha medical practitioners from Radhapuram taluk of Tirunelveli District, Tamil Nadu, India. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012;143:540-7.

12. Friedman J, Yaniv Z, Dafni A, Palewitch D. A preliminary classification of the healing potential of medicinal plants, based on a rational analysis of an ethnopharmacological field survey among Bedouins in the Negev Desert, Israel. J Ethnopharmacol. 1986;16:275-87.

13. Trotter RT, Logan MH. Informant consensus: a new approach for identifying potentially effective medicinal plants. In: Etkin NL, editor. Plants and indigenous medicine and diet. 1st ed. Routledge; 1986. p. 91-112. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315060385-6

14. Panoff M. Recettes de la Pharmacopée tahitienne traditionnelle. Journal d'agriculture traditionnelle et de botanique appliquée. 1966;13:619-40.

15. Cox PA. Polynesian herbal medicine. Islands, plants, and Polynesians: An introduction to Polynesian ethnobotany. Cox, P.A., Banack, S.A. Portland: Dioscorides Press; 1991. p. 228.

16. Lemaitre Y. Terminologie et théorie médicales tahitiennes. Bulletin d'Ethnomédecine. 1985;34:49-75.

17. Grépin F, Grépin M. La médecine tahitienne traditionnelle Raau Tahiti. Papeete. Papeete, Tahiti: Les Editions du Pacifique; 1984.

18. Singh YN, Ikahihifo T, Panuve M, Slatter C. Folk medicine in tonga. A study on the use of herbal medicines for obstetric and gynaecological conditions and disorders. J Ethnopharmacol. 1984;12:305-29.

19. George LO. Ethnomedicine in the Tongan Islands. Harv Pap Bot. 1995;1:1-36.

20. Whistler WA. Traditional and herbal medicine in the cook islands. J Ethnopharmacol. 1985;13:239-80.

21. Lemaitre Y. Disease names in Tahitian medicine: connection of meaning with treatment and nomenclature. In: Wurm SA, Carrington L, editors. 1978. p. 1307-22.

22. Misaki M. Ră'au mă'ohi: the efficacy and resurgence of traditional herbal medicine in French Polynesia. Journal de la Société des Océanistes. 2021;245-58. Available from: https://journals.openedition.org/jso/13134

23. Jost X, Ansel J-L, Lecellier G, Raharivelomanana P, Butaud J-F. Ethnobotanical survey of cosmetic plants used in Marquesas Islands (French Polynesia). J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2016;12:55. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-016-0128-5

24. Chassagne F. Role of ethnopharmacologists in the conservation of endangered animal species. J Ethnopharmacol. 2017;207:268-70.

25. Westlake EL, Bessey C, Fisher R, Thomson DP, Haywood MDE, Westlake EL, et al. Environmental factors and predator abundance predict the distribution and occurrence of two sympatric urchin species at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia. Mar Freshw Res. 2021;72:1711-21.

26. Salmon M. L'utilisation populaire des Plantes médicinales à Tahiti et dans les Iles de la Société. Journal d'agriculture traditionnelle et de botanique appliquée. 1955;2:438-42.

27. Ashley MP. It's only teething. A report of the myths and modern approaches to teething. Br Dent J. 2001;191:4-8.

28. Sood M, Sood S. Problems with teething in children. Pediatr Oncall J. 2010;7:35-9.

29. Ho R, Teai T, Bianchini J-P, Lafont R, Raharivelomanana P. Ferns: from traditional uses to pharmaceutical development, chemical identification of active principles. In: Kumar A, Fernández H, Revilla MA, editors. Working with ferns: issues and applications. New York: Springer; 2010. p. 321-46. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7162-3_23

30. Baltrusses N. Medical ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and bioactivity of the ferns of Moorea, French Polynesia [Senior Honors Thesis]. [Berkeley]: University of California; 2006.

31. Snogan E, Vahirua-Lechat I, Ho R, Bertho G, Girault J-P, Ortiga S, et al. Ecdysteroids from the medicinal fern *Microsorum scolopendria* (Burm f.). Phytochem Anal. 2007;18:441-50. https://doi.org/10.1002/pca.1000

32. Dinan L. The karlson lecture. Phytoecdysteroids: What use are they? Arch Insect Biochem Physiol. 2009;72:126-41. https://doi.org/10.1002/arch.20334

33. Savchenko RG, Veskina NA, Odinokov VN, Benkovskaya GV, Parfenova LV. Ecdysteroids: isolation, chemical transformations, and biological activity. Phytochem Rev. 2022;21:1445-86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-021-09792-y

34. Ho R, Teai T, Bianchini JP, Lafont R, Raharivelomanana P. Le metuapua'a, la fougère médicinale en Polynésie française. Ethnopharmacologia. 2010;46:49-53.

35. Possley J, Howell PL. Misidentification of "Microsorum scolopendria" in South Florida. Am Fern J. 2015;105:127-30.

36. Coria-Téllez AV, Montalvo-Gonzalez E, Yahia EM, Obledo-Vázquez EN. Annona muricata: a comprehensive review on its traditional medicinal uses, phytochemicals, pharmacological activities, mechanisms of action and toxicity. Arabian J Chem. 2018;11:662-91.

37. Ruysschaert S, van Andel T, Van de Putte K, Van Damme P. Bathe the baby to make it strong and healthy: plant use and child care among Saramaccan Maroons in Suriname. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;121:148-70.

38. Oviedo V, García M, Díaz C, Marder M, Costa M, Rincón J, et al. Extracto y fracción alcaloidal de *Annona muricata* con actividad de tipo ansiolítica en ratones. Rev Colomb Cienc Químico Farmacéuticas. 2009;38:105-20.

39. Souza DO, dos Santos Sales V, de Souza Rodrigues CK, de Oliveira LR, Santiago Lemos IC, de Araújo Delmondes G, et al. Phytochemical analysis and central effects of *Annona muricata* Linnaeus: possible involvement of the gabaergic and monoaminergic systems. Iran J Pharm Res. 2018;17:1306-17.

40. Hasrat JA, De Bruyne T, De Backer J-P, Vauquelin G, Vlietinck AJ. Isoquinoline derivatives isolated from the fruit of *Annona muricata* as 5-HTergic 5-HT1A receptor agonists in rats: unexploited antidepressive (Lead) products. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1997;49:1145-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1997.tb06058.x

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85. Zofou D, Shu GL, Foba-Tendo J, Tabouguia MO, Assob J-CN. In vitro and in vivo anti-salmonella evaluation of pectin extracts and hydrolysates from "Cas Mango" (*Spondias dulcis*). Evid Based Complement Altern Med. 2019;2019:e3578402.

86. WHO WH. Cough and cold remedies for the treatment of acute respiratory infections in young children. World Health Organization. 2001. Available from: https://policycommons.net/artifacts/593141/cough-and-cold-remedies-for-the-treatment-of-acute-respiratory-infections-in-young-children/1572570/

87. Lee S-M, Park S-Y, Kim M-J, Cho E-A, Jun C-H, Park C-H, et al. Key lime (*Citrus aurantifolia*) inhibits the growth of triple drug resistant Helicobacter pylori. *Gut Pathog.* 2018;10:16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13099-018-0244-y

88. Weimer P, Lisbóa Moura JG, Mossmann V, Immig ML, de Castilhos J, Rossi RC. *Citrus aurantiifolia* (Christm) swingle: biological potential and safety profile of essential oils from leaves and fruit peels. Food Biosci. 2021;40:100905.

89. Nolan VC, Harrison J, Cox JAG. Dissecting the antimicrobial composition of honey. Antibiotics. 2019;8:251.

90. Wahdan HAL. Causes of the antimicrobial activity of honey. Infection. 1998;26:26–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02768748.

91. Cohen HA, Rozen J, Kristal H, Laks Y, Berkovitch M, Uziel Y, et al. Effect of honey on nocturnal cough and sleep quality: a double-blind, randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study. Pediatrics. 2012;130:465–71. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-3075.

92. Oduwole O, Udoh EE, Oyo-Ita A, Meremikwu MM. Honey for acute cough in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007094.pub5/full.

93. Küplülü Ö, Göncüoğlu M, Özdemir H, Koluman A. Incidence of *Clostridium botulinum* spores in honey in Turkey. Food Control. 2006;17:222–4.

94. Nevas M, Hielm S, Lindström M, Horn H, Koivulehto K, Korkeala H. High prevalence of *Clostridium botulinum* types A and B in honey samples detected by polymerase chain reaction. Int J Food Microbiol. 2002;72:45–52.

95. Ong HG, Kim Y-D. Quantitative ethnobotanical study of the medicinal plants used by the Ati Negrito indigenous group in Guimaras island, Philippines. J Ethnopharmacol. 2014;157:228–42.

96. Prescott TAK, Kiapranis R, Maciver SK. Comparative ethnobotany and in-the-field antibacterial testing of medicinal plants used by the Bulu and inland Kaulong of Papua New Guinea. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012;139:497–503.

97. Cretton S, Saraux N, Monteillier A, Righi D, Marcourt L, Genta-Jouve G, et al. Anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative diterpenoids from *Plectranthus scutellarioides*. Phytochemistry. 2018;154:39–46.

98. Nizar Ahamed A, Mohamed Yaser S, Mohammad Idhris S, Syed Ali Padu-sha M, Ahamed Sherif N. Phytochemical and pharmacological potential of the genus *plectranthus*—a review. S Afr J Bot. 2023;154:159–89.

99. Mfotie Njoya E, Moundipa Fewou P, Niedermeyer THJ. *Codiaeum variegatum* (L.) Rumph. Ex. A. Juss. (Euphorbiaceae): an overview of its botanical diversity, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological effects and perspectives towards developing its plant-based products. J Ethnopharmacol. 2021;277:114244.

100. Waruruai J, Sipana B, Koch M, Barrows LR, Matalaino TK, Rai PP. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in the Siwai and Buin districts of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;138:564–77.

101. Hausen BM, Schulz KH. Occupational contact dermatitis due to Croton (*Codiaeum variegatum* (L.) A. Juss. Var. pictum (Lodd.) Muell. Arg.) sensitization by plants of the euphorbiaceae. Contact Dermat. 1977;3:289–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1977.tb03688.x

102. Rethinam P, Krishnakumar V. Health benefits of coconut water. In: Rethinam P, Krishnakumar V, editors. Coconut water: a promising

natural health drink-distribution, processing and nutritional benefits. Cham: Springer; 2022. p. 385–455. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10713-9_9

103. Savithramma N, Yugandhar P, Devi PS, Ankanna S, Suhrulatha D, Prasad KS, et al. Documentation of ethnomedical information and antimicrobial validation of *Thespesia populnea* used by Yanadi tribe of Ganugapenta village, Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh, India. J Intercult Ethnopharmacol. 2017;6:158–69.

104. Shah AS, Alagawadi KR. Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic properties of *Thespesia populnea* Solan ex. Correa seed extracts and its fractions in animal models. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;137:1504–9.

105. Ilavarasan R, Mohideen S, Venkataraman S. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of *Thespesia populnea* leaf extracts. Nat Prod Res. 2012;26:1616–20.

106. Vasudevan M, Gunnam KK, Parle M. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of *Thespesia populnea* bark extract. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;109:264–70.

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123. Huang R-L, Huang Y-L, Ou J-C, Chen C-C, Hsu F-L, Chang C. Screening of 25 compounds isolated from Phyllanthus species for anti-human
hepatitis B virus in vitro. Phytother Res. 2003;17:449-53. https://doi.org/10.1002/trr.1167.

124. Maruyama M, Yamauchi S, Akiyama K, Sugahara T, Kishida T, Koba Y. Antibacterial activity of a virgatusin-related compound. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2007;71:677-80. https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.60429.

125. Sarin B, Verma N, Martín JP, Mohanty A. An overview of important ethnomedical herbs of *phyllanthus* species: present status and future prospects. Sci World J. 2014;2014:e839172.

126. Geethangili M, Ding S-T. A review of the phytochemistry and pharmacology of *Phyllanthus urinaria* L. Front Pharmacol. 2018. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.01109.

127. Patel JR, Tripathi P, Sharma V, Chauhan NS, Dixit VK. *Phyllanthus amarus*: ethnomedical uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology: a review. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;138:286-313.

128. Fang S-H, Rao YK, Tzeng Y-M. Anti-oxidant and inflammatory mediator's growth inhibitory effects of compounds isolated from *Phyllanthus urinaria*. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;116:333-40.

129. Santos ARS, Filho VC, Niero R, Viana AM, Moreno FN, Campos MM, et al. Analgesic effects of callus culture extracts from selected species of phyllanthus in mice. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1994;46:755-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1994.tb03897.x.

130. Silva TC de L e, Filho JV, Amorim ELC de, Souza IA, Albuquerque UP de, Araújo EC de. Acute toxicity study of stone-breaker (*Phyllanthus tenellus* Roxb.) Revista de Ciências Farmacêuticas Básica e Aplicada. 2012;33

131. Han Y, Kamau PM, Lai R, Luo L. Bioactive peptides and proteins from centipede venoms. Molecules. 2022;27:4423.

132. Moretti C, Butaud JF, Girardi C, Ollier C, Ingent N, Raharivelomanana P, et al. Médecine et pharmacopée végétale traditionnelles aux lles Marquises (Polynésie française). Ethnopharmacologia. 2015;7-27.

133. Manjuprasanna VN, Rudresha GV, Urs AP, Milan Gowda MD, Rajaiah R, Vishwanath BS. Drupin, a cysteine protease from *Ficus drupacea* latex accelerates excision wound healing in mice. Int J Biol Macromol. 2020;165:691-700.

134. Hemmer W, Focke M, Götz M, Jarisch R. Sensitization to Ficus benjamina: relationship to natural rubber latex allergy and identification of foods implicated in the Ficus-fruit syndrome. Clin Expl Allergy. 2004;34:1251-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.02046.x.

135. Singh B, Pandey VB, Joshi VK, Gambhir SS. Anti-inflammatory studies on Polygonum glabrum. J Ethnopharmacol. 1987;19:255-67.

136. Manivannan R, Shopna R. Isolation of Quercetin and isorhamnetin derivatives and evaluation of anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory activities of *Persicaria glabra*. Nat Product Sci. 2015;21:170-5.

137. Said MS, Chinchansure AA, Nawale L, Durge A, Wadhwani A, Kulkarni SS, et al. A new butenolide cinnamate and other biological active chemical constituents from *Polygonum glabrum*. Nat Product Res. 2015;29:2080-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2015.1004674.

138. Claude-Lafontaine A, Raharivelomanana P, Bianchini J-P, Schippa C, Azzaro M, Cambon A. Volatile constituents of the flower concrete of gardenia taitensis DC. J Essent Oil Res. 1992;4:335-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698082.

139. Laure F, Raharivelomanana P, Butaud J-F, Bianchini J-P, Gaydou EM. Screening of anti-HIV-1 inophyllums by HPLC-DAD of *Calophyllum inophyllum* leaf extracts from French Polynesia Islands. Anal Chim Acta. 2008;624:147-53.

140. Laure F, Herbette G, Faure R, Bianchini JP, Raharivelomanana P, Fogliani B. Structures of new secofriedelane and friedelane acids from *Calophyllum inophyllum* of French Polynesia. Magn Reson Chem. 2005;43:65-8. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrc.1476.

141. Susanto DF, Aparamarta HW, Widjaja A, Gunawan F, Gunawan S. Calophyllum inophyllum: beneficial phytochemicals, their uses, and identification. In: Rao V, Mans D, Rao L, editors. Phytochemicals in Human Health. Books on Demand; 2020.

142. Van Thanh N, Jang H-J, Vinh LB, Linh KTP, Huong PTT, Cuong NX, et al. Chemical constituents from vietnamese mangrove *Calophyllum inophyllum* and their anti-inflammatory effects. Bioorg Chem. 2019;88:102921.

143. Léguillier T, Lecsò-Bornet M, Lémus C, Rousseau-Ralliard D, Lebovier N, Hnawia E, et al. The wound healing and antibacterial activity of five ethnomedical calophyllum inophyllum oils: an alternative therapeutic strategy to treat infected wounds. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0138602. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138602.

144. Nguyen V-L, Truong C-T, Nguyen BCQ, Vo T-NV, Dao T-T, Nguyen V-D, et al. Anti-inflammatory and wound healing activities of calophyllolide isolated from *Calophyllum inophyllum* Linn. PLoS ONE. 2017;12:e0185674. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0185674.

145. Liu W-H, Liu Y-W, Chen Z-F, Chiou W-F, Tsai Y-C, Chen C-C. Calophyllolide content in calophyllum inophyllum at different stages of maturity and its osteogenic activity. Molecules. 2015;20:12314-27.

146. Le Coz C-J. Allergic contact dermatitis from tamanu oil (*Calophyllum inophyllum*, *Calophyllum tacamahaca*). Contact Dermat. 2004;51:216-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0105-1873.2004.0424h.x.

147. Ross IA, editor. Coffea arabica. Medicinal Plants of the World, vol 3, Chemical constituents, traditional and modern medicinal uses. Totowa: Humana Press; 2005. p. 155-95

148. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority). Technical Report on the notification of infusion from coffee leaves (*Coffea arabica* L. and/or *coffea canephora* Pierre ex A. Froehner) as a traditional food from a third country pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. EFSA Supporting Publications. 2020;17:1783E. https://doi.org/10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.EN-1783

149. Saha S, Sadhukhan P, Sil PC. Mangiferin: A xanthonoid with multipotent anti-inflammatory potential. BioFactors. 2016;42:459-74. https://doi.org/10.1002/biof.1292.

150. Girón LM, Freire V, Alonzo A, Cáceres A. Ethnobotanical survey of the medicinal flora used by the Caribs of Guatemala. J Ethnopharmacol. 1991;34:173-87.

151. Frei B, Baltisberger M, Sticher O, Heinrich M. Medical ethnobotany of the Zapotecs of the Isthmus-Sierra (Oaxaca, Mexico): documentation and assessment of indigenous uses. J Ethnopharmacol. 1998;62:149-65.

152. Ceuterick M, Vandebroek I, Torry B, Pieroni A. Cross-cultural adaptation in urban ethnobotany: the Colombian folk pharmacopoeia in London. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;120:342-59.

153. Dhama K, Sharun K, Gugjoo MB, Tiwari R, Alagawany M, Iqbal Yatoo M, et al. A comprehensive review on chemical profile and pharmacological activities of *Ocimum basilicum*. Food Rev Int. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2021.1900230.

154. Aminian AR, Mohebbati R, Boskabady MH. The effect of *Ocimum basilicum* L. and its main ingredients on respiratory disorders: an experimental, preclinical, and clinical review. Front Pharmacol. 2022. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.805391.

155. AFSSAPS (Agence Française Sécurité Sanitaire des Produits de Santé). Recommandations à l'attention des fabricants et responsables de la mise sur le marché des produits cosmétiques à base de terpénoïdes : camphre, eucalyptol, menthol [Internet]. 2008. Available from: https://archivesam.integra.fr/S-informer/Communiques-Communiques-Points-presse/Camphre-eucalyptol-et-menthol-dans-les-produits-cosmetiques-destines-aux-enfants-l-Afssaps-publicie-des-recommandations-pour-les-industriels

## Publisher's Note

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<figure><img src="image_6.png" /></figure>
hepatitis B virus in vitro. Phytother Res. 2003;17:449-53. https://doi.org/10.1002/trr.1167.

124. Maruyama M, Yamauchi S, Akiyama K, Sugahara T, Kishida T, Koba Y. Antibacterial activity of a virgatusin-related compound. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2007;71:677-80. https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.60429.

125. Sarin B, Verma N, Martín JP, Mohanty A. An overview of important ethnomedical herbs of *phyllanthus* species: present status and future prospects. Sci World J. 2014;2014:e839172.

126. Geethangili M, Ding S-T. A review of the phytochemistry and pharmacology of *Phyllanthus urinaria* L. Front Pharmacol. 2018. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.01109.

127. Patel JR, Tripathi P, Sharma V, Chauhan NS, Dixit VK. *Phyllanthus amarus*: ethnomedical uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology: a review. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;138:286-313.

128. Fang S-H, Rao YK, Tzeng Y-M. Anti-oxidant and inflammatory mediator's growth inhibitory effects of compounds isolated from *Phyllanthus urinaria*. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;116:333-40.

129. Santos ARS, Filho VC, Niero R, Viana AM, Moreno FN, Campos MM, et al. Analgesic effects of callus culture extracts from selected species of phyllanthus in mice. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1994;46:755-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1994.tb03897.x.

130. Silva TC de L e, Filho JV, Amorim ELC de, Souza IA, Albuquerque UP de, Araújo EC de. Acute toxicity study of stone-breaker (*Phyllanthus tenellus* Roxb.) Revista de Ciências Farmacêuticas Básica e Aplicada. 2012;33

131. Han Y, Kamau PM, Lai R, Luo L. Bioactive peptides and proteins from centipede venoms. Molecules. 2022;27:4423.

132. Moretti C, Butaud JF, Girardi C, Ollier C, Ingent N, Raharivelomanana P, et al. Médecine et pharmacopée végétale traditionnelles aux lles Marquises (Polynésie française). Ethnopharmacologia. 2015;7-27.

133. Manjuprasanna VN, Rudresha GV, Urs AP, Milan Gowda MD, Rajaiah R, Vishwanath BS. Drupin, a cysteine protease from *Ficus drupacea* latex accelerates excision wound healing in mice. Int J Biol Macromol. 2020;165:691-700.

134. Hemmer W, Focke M, Götz M, Jarisch R. Sensitization to Ficus benjamina: relationship to natural rubber latex allergy and identification of foods implicated in the Ficus-fruit syndrome. Clin Expl Allergy. 2004;34:1251-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.02046.x.

135. Singh B, Pandey VB, Joshi VK, Gambhir SS. Anti-inflammatory studies on Polygonum glabrum. J Ethnopharmacol. 1987;19:255-67.

136. Manivannan R, Shopna R. Isolation of Quercetin and isorhamnetin derivatives and evaluation of anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory activities of *Persicaria glabra*. Nat Product Sci. 2015;21:170-5.

137. Said MS, Chinchansure AA, Nawale L, Durge A, Wadhwani A, Kulkarni SS, et al. A new butenolide cinnamate and other biological active chemical constituents from *Polygonum glabrum*. Nat Product Res. 2015;29:2080-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2015.1004674.

138. Claude-Lafontaine A, Raharivelomanana P, Bianchini J-P, Schippa C, Azzaro M, Cambon A. Volatile constituents of the flower concrete of gardenia taitensis DC. J Essent Oil Res. 1992;4:335-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698082.

139. Laure F, Raharivelomanana P, Butaud J-F, Bianchini J-P, Gaydou EM. Screening of anti-HIV-1 inophyllums by HPLC-DAD of *Calophyllum inophyllum* leaf extracts from French Polynesia Islands. Anal Chim Acta. 2008;624:147-53.

140. Laure F, Herbette G, Faure R, Bianchini JP, Raharivelomanana P, Fogliani B. Structures of new secofriedelane and friedelane acids from *Calophyllum inophyllum* of French Polynesia. Magn Reson Chem. 2005;43:65-8. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrc.1476.

141. Susanto DF, Aparamarta HW, Widjaja A, Gunawan F, Gunawan S. Calophyllum inophyllum: beneficial phytochemicals, their uses, and identification. In: Rao V, Mans D, Rao L, editors. Phytochemicals in Human Health. Books on Demand; 2020.

142. Van Thanh N, Jang H-J, Vinh LB, Linh KTP, Huong PTT, Cuong NX, et al. Chemical constituents from vietnamese mangrove *Calophyllum inophyllum* and their anti-inflammatory effects. Bioorg Chem. 2019;88:102921.

143. Léguillier T, Lecsò-Bornet M, Lémus C, Rousseau-Ralliard D, Lebovier N, Hnawia E, et al. The wound healing and antibacterial activity of five ethnomedical calophyllum inophyllum oils: an alternative therapeutic strategy to treat infected wounds. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0138602. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138602.

144. Nguyen V-L, Truong C-T, Nguyen BCQ, Vo T-NV, Dao T-T, Nguyen V-D, et al. Anti-inflammatory and wound healing activities of calophyllolide isolated from *Calophyllum inophyllum* Linn. PLoS ONE. 2017;12:e0185674. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0185674.

145. Liu W-H, Liu Y-W, Chen Z-F, Chiou W-F, Tsai Y-C, Chen C-C. Calophyllolide content in calophyllum inophyllum at different stages of maturity and its osteogenic activity. Molecules. 2015;20:12314-27.

146. Le Coz C-J. Allergic contact dermatitis from tamanu oil (*Calophyllum inophyllum*, *Calophyllum tacamahaca*). Contact Dermat. 2004;51:216-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0105-1873.2004.0424h.x.

147. Ross IA, editor. Coffea arabica. Medicinal Plants of the World, vol 3, Chemical constituents, traditional and modern medicinal uses. Totowa: Humana Press; 2005. p. 155-95

148. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority). Technical Report on the notification of infusion from coffee leaves (*Coffea arabica* L. and/or *coffea canephora* Pierre ex A. Froehner) as a traditional food from a third country pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. EFSA Supporting Publications. 2020;17:1783E. https://doi.org/10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.EN-1783

149. Saha S, Sadhukhan P, Sil PC. Mangiferin: A xanthonoid with multipotent anti-inflammatory potential. BioFactors. 2016;42:459-74. https://doi.org/10.1002/biof.1292.

150. Girón LM, Freire V, Alonzo A, Cáceres A. Ethnobotanical survey of the medicinal flora used by the Caribs of Guatemala. J Ethnopharmacol. 1991;34:173-87.

151. Frei B, Baltisberger M, Sticher O, Heinrich M. Medical ethnobotany of the Zapotecs of the Isthmus-Sierra (Oaxaca, Mexico): documentation and assessment of indigenous uses. J Ethnopharmacol. 1998;62:149-65.

152. Ceuterick M, Vandebroek I, Torry B, Pieroni A. Cross-cultural adaptation in urban ethnobotany: the Colombian folk pharmacopoeia in London. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;120:342-59.

153. Dhama K, Sharun K, Gugjoo MB, Tiwari R, Alagawany M, Iqbal Yatoo M, et al. A comprehensive review on chemical profile and pharmacological activities of *Ocimum basilicum*. Food Rev Int. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2021.1900230.

154. Aminian AR, Mohebbati R, Boskabady MH. The effect of *Ocimum basilicum* L. and its main ingredients on respiratory disorders: an experimental, preclinical, and clinical review. Front Pharmacol. 2022. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.805391.

155. AFSSAPS (Agence Française Sécurité Sanitaire des Produits de Santé). Recommandations à l'attention des fabricants et responsables de la mise sur le marché des produits cosmétiques à base de terpénoïdes : camphre, eucalyptol, menthol [Internet]. 2008. Available from: https://archivesam.integra.fr/S-informer/Communiques-Communiques-Points-presse/Camphre-eucalyptol-et-menthol-dans-les-produits-cosmetiques-destines-aux-enfants-l-Afssaps-publice-des-recommandations-pour-les-industriels

## Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Ready to submit your research? Choose BMC and benefit from:

* fast, convenient online submission

* thorough peer review by experienced researchers in your field

* rapid publication on acceptance

* support for research data, including large and complex data types

* gold Open Access which fosters wider collaboration and increased citations

* maximum visibility for your research: over 100M website views per year

At BMC, research is always in progress.

Learn more biomedcentral.com/submissions

<figure><img src="image_6.png" /></figure>