that invasion impacts may change over time as some species exhibit ‘boom-bust’ population dynamics, where initial high impacts diminish as populations stabilise, while others gradually accumulate more severe effects over decades (Haubrock et al., 2022a; Soto et al., 2023a). A further advancement in quantitative impact assessment is the Cumulative IMPacts of invasive ALien species calculator (CIMPAL), which spatially integrates species distributions, habitat data, and impact scores to identify cumulative invasion hotspots (Katsanevakis et al., 2016). Still, it requires robust data and may overestimate impacts due to assumed spatial homogeneity and a uniform impact magnitude across individuals of a given species (Magliozzi et al., 2020; Polce et al., 2023).

### (3) Types of impact assessments

With biological invasions globally rising, standardised impact assessment protocols (Table 3) have become essential tools for prioritising management actions. These frameworks evaluate the ecological and/or socio-economic impacts of non-native species, providing structured approaches for comparing risks across taxa and regions (González-Moreno et al., 2019; Roy et al., 2023a). Protocols vary in scope and focus. Some emphasise ecological effects, while others also incorporate socio-economic dimensions (Blackburn et al., 2011; Hawkins et al., 2015; Nentwig et al., 2016; Bacher et al., 2018), offering a more comprehensive view of species invasion impacts. EICAT, adopted by the IUCN, categorises and assesses species by the severity of their negative impacts on native biodiversity (Blackburn et al., 2011; Hawkins et al., 2015), further expanded into EICAT+ to offer a standardised method of classifying positive impacts on the individual performance, population size, and area of occupancy of a native species (Vimercati et al., 2022). Its counterpart SEICAT assesses resulting disruptions to human activities and livelihoods (Bacher et al., 2018). Other commonly used protocols are the Generic Impact Scoring System (GISS), which assigns numerical scores to quantify ecological and economic impacts, Harmonia+, and the Invasive Species Environmental Impact Assessment (ISEIA), which integrate invasion potential with policy-relevant risk criteria (Branquart, 2009; D'hondt et al., 2015; Vanderhoeven et al., 2015). National schemes such as the Great Britain Non-Native Risk Assessment (GB-NNRA) (Baker et al., 2008; Mumford et al., 2010) and the Norwegian Generic Ecological Impact Assessment of Alien Species (NGEIAAS) (Gederaas et al., 2012; Sandvik et al., 2013) offer tailored approaches that account for country-specific conservation priorities. The recently proposed Dispersal-Origin-Status-Impact (DOSI) framework (Soto et al., 2024a) adds nuance by assessing invasions at the population level, considering dispersal methods (assisted or independent), origin (native or non-native), status (expanding, stationary, or shrinking), and impact type, enabling flexible and context-sensitive evaluations (Tarkan et al., 2024b; Błońska et al., 2024; Haubrock et al., 2025c). These impact assessment protocols play a crucial role in the management of biological

invasions, offering structured approaches to evaluating risks (González-Moreno et al., 2019). One of their main strengths is standardisation, which enables comparisons across regions and taxa. By providing a clear classification system, protocols such as EICAT and GISS help identify high-risk species and guide resource allocation for management interventions (Blackburn et al., 2011; Hawkins et al., 2015; Nentwig et al., 2016). Many of these assessments also have direct policy relevance, informing biosecurity regulations, blacklists, and early warning systems that support conservation planning (Essl et al., 2011b; Gederaas et al., 2012). Additionally, protocols like Harmonia+ and the GB-NNRA, primarily comprehensive risk assessment frameworks, also offer scalability for impact assessments, allowing their application at different spatial levels, from local conservation areas to national policy contexts (Baker et al., 2008; Branquart, 2009; Mumford et al., 2010).

However, despite their widespread use, these protocols differ in their approaches, data requirements, and applicability, which can lead to inconsistencies in how species are ranked and managed (Essl et al., 2011b; González-Moreno et al., 2019). Assessor subjectivity and context dependency remain persistent limitations, often leading to conflicting outcomes. As a result, different protocols may yield different rankings for the same species (Vilà et al., 2019). A key challenge is subjectivity and assessor bias, as many impact assessments rely on expert judgment, which can lead to inconsistencies in scoring (Gilovich, Griffin & Kahneman, 2002; Cano-Barbacil, Radinger & García-Berthou, 2020). This can be mitigated by assessments involving multiple experts working jointly (e.g. Dodd et al., 2022) – an approach that has been shown to increase the level of confidence (Vilizzi et al., 2022a). Additionally, many protocols do not account fully for uncertainty, making it difficult to evaluate species with limited impact data or those whose effects vary depending on environmental conditions (Molnar et al., 2008). Differences in assessment scope and criteria can also lead to discrepancies between protocols, as some prioritise ecological impacts while others incorporate socio-economic dimensions (Blackburn et al., 2011; Bacher et al., 2018). Also, the rigidity and oversimplification of these tools often fail to capture cascading effects, ecosystem-level interactions, or long-term consequences. Exerted impacts can be highly variable across different contexts, including ecosystems and environmental conditions, meaning that a species classified as harmful in one region may have negligible effects or even beneficial effects in another (Green & Crowe, 2014; Kuebbing, 2020). For instance, context-dependent impacts like those observed in the pumpkinseed sunfish highlight the challenges of species-level classifications (Jackson et al., 2016; Copp et al., 2017) depending on biotic pressures and habitat structure (Top et al., 2016; Santamaría et al., 2022). The reliance on species-level assessments also disregards the role of ‘invasion syndromes’, where multiple invaders interact in ways that amplify or mitigate impacts (Novoa et al., 2020).

Impact assessments guide species prioritisation, resource allocation, and the development of biosecurity measures,
<table><caption>Table 3. Summary of different impact assessment methods, addressing the impact assessed (e.g. ecological, economic, socio-ecological), how the method is applied, and the nature of the method, whether proactive (impact can be assessed with no prior knowledge of the species' invasion history) or reactive (reliant on impacts exerted elsewhere).</caption><thead><tr><th>Method</th><th>Impact assessed</th><th>Description</th><th>Proactive/reactive</th><th>Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Relative Impact Potential</td><td>Ecological</td><td>Non-native species impact calculated and compared to that of trophic analogue (e.g. native, other non-native). Impact defined as the product of per capita resource consumption rate and a proxy of numerical response</td><td>Both</td><td>Dick et al. (2017); Laverty et al. (2017); Dickey et al. (2020)</td></tr><tr><td>InvaCost</td><td>Economic</td><td>Global database of the monetary costs of invasive species</td><td>Reactive</td><td>Diagne et al. (2020)</td></tr><tr><td>EICAT/EICAT+</td><td>Economic</td><td>Twelve ecological impact categories considered by EICAT: (1) Competition; (2) Predation; (3) Hybridisation; (4) Transmission of diseases to native species; (5) Parasitism; (6) Poisoning/toxicity; (7) Biofouling; (8) Grazing/herbivory/browsing; (9, 10, 11) Chemical, physical, or structural impact on ecosystem; and (12) Interaction with other non-native species. Severity of impacts classified as Minimal Concern (MC), Minor (MN), Moderate (MO), Major (MR), Massive (MV).</td><td>Reactive</td><td>Hawkins et al. (2015); Evans et al. (2016); Volery et al. (2020); Vimercati et al. (2022)</td></tr><tr><td>SEICAT</td><td>Socio-economic</td><td>Ten ecological impact categories considered by EICAT+: (1) Provision of trophic resources; (2) Overcompensation; (3) Hybridisation; (4) Disease reduction; (5) Dispersal facilitation; (6) Epibiosis or other direct provisions of habitat; (7) Chemical impact on ecosystem; (8) Physical impact on ecosystem; (9) Structural impact on ecosystem; and (10) Indirect impacts through interactions with other taxa. Strength of impacts classified as Minimal Positive Impact (ML+), Minor Positive Impact (MN+), Moderate Positive Impact (MO+), Major Positive Impact (MR+) and Massive Positive Impact (MV+).</td><td>Reactive</td><td>Bacher et al. (2018); Galanidii et al. (2018)</td></tr><tr><td>GISS (generic impact scoring system)</td><td>Ecological, socio-economic</td><td>Two classes (ecological and socio-economic), six questions each, impact scores between 0 (no data) and 5 (major, large-scale impact) for each question. Potential impact scores out of 60. Actual Impact Scores account for the percentage of area occupied in Europe.</td><td>Reactive</td><td>Nentwig et al. (2010, 2016); Kumschick & Nentwig (2010); Vaes-Petignat & Nentwig (2014); Laverty et al. (2015); van der Veer & Nentwig (2015); Novoa et al. (2016)</td></tr><tr><td>Ricciardi & Cohen system</td><td>Ecological</td><td>Impact ranked on ordinal scale, with the highest rank reserved for invaders that have caused near-total extirpations of multiple native species in multiple regions. Rankings assigned based on maximum impact documented at any site within invaded range.</td><td>Reactive</td><td>Ricciardi & Cohen (2007)</td></tr><tr><td>Biological Invasion Impact / Biopollution Assessment System (BINPAS)</td><td>Ecological</td><td>Online application for non-native species impact assessment based on a classification of the abundance and distribution range of non-native species related to the magnitude of their impacts on communities, habitats, and ecosystem functioning. A 'Biopollution Level' (BPL), ranging from 'no measurable impact' (BPL = 0) to 'massive impact' (BPL = 4) is assigned.</td><td>Reactive</td><td>Narščius et al. (2012)</td></tr></tbody></table>
including blacklist and early warning systems (Essl et al., 2011b; Leung et al., 2012). For example, EICAT and GISS have been instrumental in identifying species that pose significant ecological threats, enabling proactive management before widespread damage occurs (Blackburn et al., 2011; Hawkins et al., 2015; Nentwig et al., 2016). In addition to species prioritisation, impact assessments inform regulatory measures such as restrictions on trade and transport, quarantine protocols, and eradication programmes (Schrader et al., 2012), including numerous national and international policies (Turbé et al., 2017). They are integral to horizon scanning exercises that predict emerging threats before establishment by evaluating the species-specific likelihood of introduction, establishment, spread, and impact (Roy et al., 2014; Peyton et al., 2019, 2020). Although forecasting impacts is inherently more difficult than predicting arrival or establishment, structured expert elicitation can help address knowledge gaps (Cano-Barbacil et al., 2023). Finally, impact assessments support transparent stakeholder communication and science-informed decision-making, but further harmonisation and integration of uncertainty remain key areas for improvement (Vanderhoeven et al., 2017). By presenting non-native species impacts in a structured manner, these assessments help facilitate discussions among scientists, decision-makers, and the public, ensuring that conservation strategies are both scientifically informed and socially acceptable. Despite their influence, inconsistencies across frameworks can lead to challenges in policy implementation. Different methodologies may produce conflicting assessments for the same species, resulting in varying management recommendations and highlighting the need for greater harmonisation between frameworks (González-Moreno et al., 2019) and future directions of assessment-related research (Appendix S3).

## (4) Challenges in standardising impact assessments

The integration of socio-cultural impacts into impact assessment frameworks remains a developing field, as these impacts are often subjective and difficult to quantify. However, accounting for these impacts can make non-native species management more democratic and socially legitimate, whereas failing to account for these can lead to inequity, and distrust and resentment from stakeholders who are affected by unwanted legislation or eradication projects (Crowley, Hinchliffe & McDonald, 2017b). The SEICAT protocol focuses on how non-native species affect human well-being, using the impact categories of (*i*) safety, (*ii*) material and immaterial assets, (*iii*) health, and (*iv*) social, spiritual and cultural relations. Bacher et al. (2018) give the example of non-native species such as wasps, mosquitos, and jellyfish that can render outdoor recreation areas unsuitable for activities due to the threats they pose to human health. Even though application of the SEICAT is dependent on available data, human perceptions of data-deficient non-native species can be acquired through interviews and questionnaires with the general public, specific communities, business owners, and

wildlife managers (e.g. Moesch et al., 2024). Although not strictly qualifying as impact assessments, newer multi-factor frameworks such as EICAT and SEICAT aim to incorporate multiple dimensions of impact while accounting for regional and ecosystem-specific variability. Further, they attempt to assess the ‘contextual severity’ of invasions by incorporating factors such as trophic interactions, ecosystem feedback loops, and environmental degradation levels.

The increasing complexity of impact assessment protocols has therefore highlighted the inherent trade-off between simplicity and accuracy. While simple metrics like biomass or abundance offer ease of use and broad applicability, they often fail to capture the nuanced effects of non-native species, especially when interactions with other species, functional distinctiveness, or environmental factors play a crucial role (Parker et al., 1999). Conversely, multi-factor approaches provide a more detailed assessment but require substantial data input and can introduce subjectivity in scoring impact severity (Hawkins et al., 2015). A major unresolved issue is how to value social and cultural impacts, as these dimensions are shaped by human perception and vary across regions and cultures (Shackleton et al., 2019c). This is further complicated in scenarios where social, cultural, and economic benefits are derived from a species known to be ecologically damaging, thereby complicating management decisions. Additionally, differences in spatial scale further complicate impact classification, i.e. what is deemed a severe impact at a local level might be negligible when considered globally, and *vice versa*. The need for more standardised, context-sensitive methodologies remains critical, yet finding a balance between broad applicability and site-specific relevance continues to be a challenge. Future impact assessment protocols must aim for greater adaptability, integrating ecological, economic, and socio-cultural factors while ensuring that assessments remain practical for management and policy applications.

# VI. HOW IMPACTS AFFECT MANAGEMENT DECISIONS

## (1) Policy frameworks and legislative measures

Political actions are central to managing the spread and impact of non-native species, as they shape regulatory frameworks, allocate resources, and drive international cooperation (Early et al., 2016). Strong legislative measures, trade regulations, and enforcement mechanisms are essential to mitigating the ecological, economic, and social impacts posed by biological invasions (Genovesi et al., 2015; Banerjee et al., 2021). A common problem related to any political action against biological invasions is that institutions responsible for non-native species management vary by region and jurisdiction, but typically include governmental environment agencies, international regulatory bodies, and non-governmental organisations (Shine, Williams & Gündling, 2000). These institutions assess non-native species impacts based on scientific studies, risk assessments, and economic
analyses. However, their effectiveness is often inadequate due to inconsistent criteria, political considerations, and a lack of coordination and enforcement of the already existent law across regions and larger political entities (Haubrock et al., 2024a). For example, the European Union's list of Invasive Alien Species of Union Concern is a legally binding document for Member States, with its selection process being based on a review of documented impacts and potential spread (i.e. evidence: Genovesi et al., 2015). By contrast, national and local agencies may have differing criteria, leading to inconsistencies or even contradictions in how species are managed (Balzani et al., 2022). Additionally, economic and political interests frequently influence these decisions, with certain species being overlooked or downplayed due to their commercial value or lack of immediate economic harm. Therefore, policymakers must prioritise science-based decision-making, strengthen biosecurity protocols, and foster global and intersectoral collaboration to prevent the introduction and establishment of non-native species (Perrings et al., 2005). Additionally, integrating public awareness campaigns, stakeholder engagement, and adaptive governance strategies can enhance policy effectiveness, ensuring long-term ecological resilience and sustainable management of non-native species (Novoa et al., 2017; Hulme, 2024). Nevertheless, 83% of countries globally do not have national legislation or regulations specifically on invasive non-native species (Roy et al., 2023b). In addition, invasion management increasingly interacts with climate adaptation and mitigation strategies, which may create both conflicts (e.g. afforestation with non-native species) and synergies (e.g. ecosystem restoration improving resilience to invasions and climate extremes). Recognising these overlaps is important to avoid contradictory policy goals and to harness opportunities where biodiversity protection and climate adaptation align.

Among the countries with specific legislation on the issue, the European Union (EU) has established comprehensive policy frameworks and legislative measures to address the threats posed by non-native species. A cornerstone of these efforts is EU Regulation No 1143/2014 'on the prevention and management of the introduction and spread of invasive alien species' (EU, 2014). Member States are obligated to implement measures to prevent the introduction and spread of these species, conduct monitoring, and, where considered feasible, eradicate or manage populations to mitigate their impact (Tsiamis et al., 2017). To support these legislative measures, the EU has developed tools such as the European Alien Species Information Network (EASIN) (https://easin.jrc.ec.europa.eu/easin; Katsanevakis et al., 2015), which facilitates access to data on non-native species reported in Europe, aiding in the implementation of this Regulation by providing information crucial for risk assessments, monitoring, and management strategies. Also, Australia and New Zealand have established comprehensive biosecurity frameworks, including Australia's Biosecurity Act 2015 and New Zealand's Biosecurity Act 1993, supported by targeted programmes such as the National Pest Plant Accord

and species-specific initiatives to prevent and manage non-native species (Newfield & Champion, 2010; Durant & Faunce, 2018). Similarly, the USA has implemented stringent biosecurity measures and management strategies targeting non-native species (Burkett et al., 2021; U.S. Department of the Interior, 2021).

## (2) Species-based ‘black lists’, challenges, and limitations

Management decisions often rely on assessments of impact, reflecting a shift in priorities from preventing species spread to minimising damage, especially when limited resources demand careful prioritisation. One approach to identify priorities for management actions is the compilation of lists of potentially problematic species. Impact-based non-native species lists, often referred to as ‘black lists’ or ‘deny lists’, are widely used by stakeholders and invasion scientists to identify and regulate species deemed as problematic due to their potential ecological, economic, or socio-cultural impacts (Essl et al., 2011b; Appendix S4). These lists serve as important tools for policy and conservation, allowing for targeted prevention, early detection (i.e. biosecurity), and control and containment strategies (Simberloff, 2006), and can be implemented at various administrative levels, despite administrative complexities (see Appendix S5). The Japan Invasive Alien Species Act, enacted in 2004, provides a noteworthy example of such a blacklist-based approach. By restricting the importation, possession, rearing, and release of approximately 100 designated invasive species, it has been associated with marked declines in the importation of listed taxa, including mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, and ornamental fish (Goka, 2010).

A first attempt to create a black list of non-native species in Europe was compiled by Genovesi & Scalera (2007) and was formally approved by the Standing Committee of the Bern Convention through Recommendation No. 125 (Council of Europe, 2007) of the Standing Committee on trade in invasive and potentially invasive non-native species in Europe. Another prominent example is EU Regulation No. 1143/2014, which requires EU Member States to ban the trade, use, transportation, breeding, and possession of non-native species in the Union list (Genovesi et al., 2015; Tollington et al., 2017). As of August 2025, this list includes 114 species (European Commission, 2022a). While no blacklists exist at the regional level as defined by the EU (i.e. covering multiple Member States), specific lists of species of national concern are being developed in accordance with EU Regulation No. 1143/2014. Cerri et al. (2022) noted that even before the Regulation, 25 EU countries had established some sort of national blacklists, and four have also adopted subnational (within-country) lists. It is also worth noting that other types of lists exist, always for the purpose of prioritising efforts for management and surveillance, for example watch lists and alert lists which have been developed through screening, including dedicated
horizon scanning exercises (see Roy *et al.*, 2019) or similar prioritisation exercises (Carboneras *et al.*, 2018).

## VII. CONCLUSIONS

(1) Biological invasions are a global threat to biodiversity and human well-being. Governance responses, however, remain largely fragmented across scales, sectors, and borders. Addressing biological invasions and their impacts therefore requires more than isolated interventions: it demands a globally coordinated framework rooted in scientific information, political will, and public engagement (Li *et al.*, 2024).

(2) The transboundary nature of biological invasions and their impacts challenge existing legal and institutional architectures, which often resemble a patchwork of reactive and regionally limited measures. Strengthening international agreements and fostering sustainable, transdisciplinary networks such as INVASIVESNET provide a pathway toward effective, long-term solutions through shared knowledge, resource pooling, and harmonised strategies (Lucy *et al.*, 2016). Such networks must explicitly integrate ecology, economics, social sciences, and policy to generate actionable, context-sensitive solutions that transcend disciplinary silos.

(3) Global integration must remain responsive to the complexity and context dependencies that define invasion impacts. These impacts vary by the numerous contexts, including species, ecosystems, and cultural settings; what is ecologically harmful in one region may be ecologically benign in another with potentially differing socio-economic implications that might be beneficial or detrimental.

(4) As such, coordinated actions and assessments must embrace flexibility and be locally informed, rather than applying a one-size-fits-all mandate globally (Haubrock *et al.*, 2024b; Sousa *et al.*, 2024).

(5) The fragmentation of methodologies and persistent data asymmetries across regions hinder cross-comparability and strategic foresight. A key pillar of coordination must therefore involve standardising monitoring and impact assessments, enhancing data interoperability, and investing in open-access, global databases that equitably represent diverse geographies (Pergl *et al.*, 2019).

(6) Societal perceptions – deeply rooted in cultural, economic, and historical contexts – profoundly shape how invasion impacts are defined, interpreted, and acted upon. Effective governance cannot rely solely on scientific consensus; it must also engage with pluralistic values, local knowledge systems, and participatory decision-making (Kapitza *et al.*, 2019).

## VIII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

T. E. was supported by a Research Foundation Flanders fellowship (no. 1S01822N). R. Sou. was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) through national funds under the project MULTI-

CRASH: Multi-dimensional ecological cascades triggered by an invasive species in pristine habitats (PTDC/ CTA-AMB/0510/2021) (https://doi.org/10.54499/PTDC/ CTA-AMB/0510/2021). A. C. S. F. and E. G.-B. were financially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities (MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033) and the European Union (NextGenerationEU/PRTR) through projects TED2021-129889B-I00, RED2022-134338-T, and PID2023-146173NB-C21. For the purpose of open access, the author has applied a 'Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) licence to any Author Accepted Manuscript version arising from this submission. S.K. was supported by the European Union's Horizon Europe HORIZON-CL6-2024-BIODIV-01 project 'GuardIAS - Guarding European Waters from IAS', under grant agreement no. 101181413. M. Ken. was supported by Biodiversa+, the European Biodiversity Partnership, in the context of the BRAVE project under the 2023-2024 BiodivNBS joint call. J. T. is supported by the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research MISTRA (Utmana program). N. I. K. was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (RSF) through the project no. 22-16-00075-P. P. J. H. was supported by the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Postdoctoral Fellowship HORIZON-MSCA-2022-PF-01 (Project DIRECT; Grant No. 101203662) within the European Union's Horizon 2022 research and innovation programme. D. B. was supported by Marie Curie Individual Fellowship HORIZON-MSCA-2022-PF-01 (project 101105250 – PROSPER) within the European Union's Horizon 2022 research and innovation programme, funded by UKRI. C. C.-B. benefited from a post-doctoral contract (ref. JDC2023-052358-I), funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities (MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033) and the FSE+. M. F.'s RyC2022-036451-I contract is funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by ESF+. I. K. was supported by a Marie Skłodowska-Curie Postdoctoral Fellowship under the Horizon Europe program HORIZON MSCA-2023-PF-01 (UKRI Grant Ref: EP/Z003237/1), funded by UK Research and Innovation (UKRI).

## IX. AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

The study was conceptualised by P. J. H., with key input and support from T. E., R. Sou., and J. R. B. P. J. H. and T. E. contributed equally as first authors and led the development of the manuscript, carrying out the majority of the preliminary writing, editing, and coordination. The first draft was collaboratively written with significant contributions from N. A. S. A., J. B., V. D., J. W. E. D., A. C. S. F., E. G.-B., S. K., N. I. K., S. M., M. A. N., B. P., R. Sca., I. S., D. S., A. S. T., and L. V., and critically reviewed, complemented, and edited by T. A., P. B., E. B., R. B., A. L. B., D. B., J. E. B., C. C.-B., G. C., J. T. A. D., V. D. A., R. D. D., M. F., M. Ken., A. K., M. Kou., I. K., I. M.-F., O. M., J. D. O., B. E. S., J. T., and H. V. Senior authors R. Sou.
and J. R. B. provided supervisory roles throughout the project and made substantial contributions to refining and structuring the manuscript, with J. R. B. additionally serving as a key editorial lead during the final stages.

## X. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

None of the authors have a conflict of interest to disclose.

## XI. DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.

## XII. REFERENCES

References identified with an asterisk (*) are cited only within the online Supporting Information.

ACEVEDO-LIMÓN, L., OFICIALDEGUI, F. J., SÁNCHEZ, M. I. & CLAVERO, M. (2020). Historical, human, and environmental drivers of genetic diversity in the red swamp crayfish (*Procambarus clarkii*) invading the Iberian Peninsula. *Freshwater Biology* **65**, 1460–1474.

ADAMS, M. J., PEARL, C. A. & BRUCE BURY, R. (2003). Indirect facilitation of an anuran invasion by non-native fishes. *Ecology Letters* **6**, 343–351.

ADDISON, J. A. (2009). Distribution and impacts of invasive earthworms in Canadian forest ecosystems. *Biological Invasions* **11**, 59–79.

AHMED, D. A., HAUBROCK, P. J., CUTHBERT, R. N., BANG, A., SOTO, I., BALZANI, P., TARKAN, A. S., MACÊDO, R. L., CARNEIRO, L., BODEY, T. W., OFICIALDEGUI, F. J., COURTOIS, P., KOURANTIDOU, M., ANGULO, E., HERINGER, G., *et al.* (2023). Recent advances in availability and synthesis of the economic costs of biological invasions. *Biology* **73**, 560–574.

AHMED, D. A., HUDGINS, E. J., CUTHBERT, R. N., KOURANTIDOU, M., DIAGNE, C., HAUBROCK, P. J., LEUNG, B., LIU, C., LEROY, B., PETROVSKII, S., BEIDAS, A. & COURCHAMP, F. (2022). Managing biological invasions: the cost of inaction. *Biological Invasions* **24**, 1927–1946.

AHMED, D. A., SOUSA, R., BORTOLUS, A., ALDEMIR, C., ANGELI, N. F., BIONSKA, D., BRISKI, E., BRITTON, J. R., CANO-BARBACIL, C., CLARK-GINSBERG, A., CULIC, I., CUTHBERT, R. N., DICK, J., DIMARCO, R. D., ESSL, F., *et al.* (2025). Parallels and discrepancies between non-native species introductions and human migration. *Biological Reviews* **100**, 1365–1395.

AIZEN, M. A., MORALES, C. L. & MORALES, J. M. (2008). Invasive mutualists erode native pollination webs. *PLoS Biology* **6**, e31.

ALBAN, D. H. & BERRY, E. C. (1994). Effects of earthworm invasion on morphology, carbon, and nitrogen of a forest soil. *Applied Soil Ecology* **1**, 243–249.

ALBANO, P. G., STEGER, J., BOŠNJAK, M., DUNNE, B., GUIFARRO, Z., TURAPOVA, E., HUA, Q., KAUFMAN, D. S., RILOV, G. & ZUSCHIN, M. (2021). Native biodiversity collapse in the eastern Mediterranean. *Proceedings of the Royal Society B* **288**, 20202469.

ALEXANDER, M. E., DICK, J. T. A., WEYL, O. L. F., ROBINSON, T. B. & RICHARDSON, D. M. (2014). Existing and emerging high impact invasive species are characterized by higher functional responses than natives. *Biology Letters* **10**, 20130946.

ALEXANDER, M. E., KAISER, H., WEYL, O. L. F. & DICK, J. T. A. (2015). Habitat simplification increases the impact of a freshwater invasive fish. *Environmental Biology of Fishes* **98**, 477–486.

ALMAS, A. D. (2017). *Native Trees, Urban Forest Management Planning, and Residents: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Actions*. University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.

ALVES, H., GONÇALVES, D., NOGUEIRA, A. B., TEIXEIRA, A., PADILHA, J. & SOUSA, R. (2025). Intrapopulation differences in biological traits and impacts in a highly invasive freshwater species. *NeoBiota* **97**, 325–349.

AMARAL, J. R., MANNA, L. R., MAZZONI, R., NERES-LIMA, V., MARQUES, P. S., EISABAAWI, R. W. & ZANDONÀ, E. (2021). Testing the short-term effects of a fish invader on the trophic ecology of a closely related species. *Hydrobiologia* **848**, 2305–2318.

AMIOTTI, N. M., ZALBA, P., SÁNCHEZ, L. F. & PEINEMANN, N. (2000). The impact of single trees on properties of loess-derived grassland soils in Argentina. *Ecology* **81**, 3283–3290.

ANAGNOSTAKIS, S. L. (1987). Chestnut blight: the classical problem of an introduced pathogen. *Mycologia* **79**, 23–37.

ANDERSEN, M. C., ADAMS, H., HOPE, B. & POWELL, M. (2004). Risk assessment for invasive species. *Risk Analysis* **24**, 787–793.

ANGULO, E., HOFFMANN, B. D., BALLESTEROS-MEJÍA, L., TAHÉRI, A., BALZANI, P., BANG, A., RENAULT, D., CORDONNIER, M., BELLARD, C., DIAGNE, C., AHMED, D. A., WATARI, Y. & COURCHAMP, F. (2022). Economic costs of invasive alien ants worldwide. *Biological Invasions* **24**, 2041–2060.

ANTON, A., GERALDI, N. R., RICCIARDI, A. & DICK, J. T. A. (2020). Global determinants of prey naïveté to exotic predators. *Proceedings of the Royal Society B* **287**, 20192978.

ARRIBAS, R., DÍAZ-PANIAGUA, C. & GOMEZ-MESTRE, I. (2014). Ecological consequences of amphibian larvae and their native and alien predators on the community structure of temporary ponds. *Freshwater Biology* **59**, 1996–2008.

ATIGLO, D. Y., JAYSON-QUASHIGAH, P.-N., SOWAH, W., TOMPKINS, E. L. & ADDO, K. A. (2024). Misperception of drivers of risk alters willingness to adapt in the case of sargassum influxes in West Africa. *Global Environmental Change* **84**, 102779.

ATKINSON, M. S. & SAVAGE, A. E. (2023). Invasive amphibians alter host-pathogen interactions with primarily negative outcomes for native species. *Biological Conservation* **286**, 110310.

AUGUSTYNIAK, M., PREISZNER, B., KOBAK, J., CZEGLÉDI, I., KAKAREKO, T., ERŐS, T., CUTHBERT, R. N. & JERMACZ, Ł. (2025). Global warming affects foraging efficiency of fish by influencing mutual interference. *Journal of Animal Ecology* **94**, 811–1111.

BACHER, S., BLACKBURN, T. M., ESSL, F., GENOVESI, P., HEIKKILÄ, J., JESCHKE, J. M., JONES, G., KELLER, R., KENIS, M., KUEFFER, C., MARTINOU, A. F., NENTWIG, W., PERGL, J., PYŠEK, P., RABITSCH, W., *et al.* (2018). Socio-economic impact classification of alien taxa (SEICAT). *Methods in Ecology and Evolution* **9**, 159–168.

BACHER, S., GALIL, B., NUNEZ, M., ANSONG, M., CASSEY, P., DEHNEN-SCHMUTZ, K., FAYVUSH, G., HIREMATH, A. J., IKEGAMI, M., MARTINOU, A. F., MCDERMOTT, S., PREDA, C., VILA, M., WEYL, O. L. F., FERNANDEZ, R., *et al.* (2023a). Impacts of invasive alien species on nature, nature's contributions to people, and good quality of life. In *IPBES Invasive Alien Species Assessment*, pp. 1–222. IPBES Secretariat, Bonn, Germany.

*BACHER, S., GALIL, B. S., NUÑEZ, M. A., ANSONG, M., CASSEY, P., DEHNEN-SCHMUTZ, K., FAYVUSH, G., HIREMATH, A. J., IKEGAMI, M., MARTINOU, A. F., MCDERMOTT, S. M., PREDA, C., VILA, M., WEYL, O. L. F., FERNANDEZ, R. D., *et al.* (2023b). Chapter 4: impacts of invasive alien species on nature, nature's contributions to people, and good quality of life. In *Thematic Assessment Report on Invasive Alien Species and their Control of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services* (eds H. E. Roy, A. PAUCHARD, P. STOETT and T. RENARD TRUONG). IPBES secretariat, Bonn, Germany.

*BAE, M.-J., MURPHY, C. A. & GARCÍA-BERTHOU, E. (2018). Temperature and hydrologic alteration predict the spread of invasive Largemouth Bass (*Micropterus salmoides*). *Science of the Total Environment* **639**, 58–66.

BAHLAI, C. A., COLUNGA-GARCIA, M., GAGE, S. H. & LANDIS, D. A. (2015). The role of exotic ladybeetles in the decline of native ladybeetle populations: evidence from long-term monitoring. *Biological Invasions* **17**, 1005–1024.

*BANHA, F., DINIZ, A. & ANASTÁCIO, P. M. (2019). Patterns and drivers of aquarium pet discharge in the wild. *Ecological Indicators* **106**, 105513.

BAKER, R., BLACK, R., COPP, G. H., HAYSOM, K., HULME, P. E., THOMAS, M. & ELLIS, M. (2008). The UK risk assessment scheme for all non-native species. In *Biological Invasions: From Ecology to Conservation* (eds W. RABITSCH, F. ESSL and F. KLINGENSTEIN), pp. 46–57. Institute of Ecology of the TU Berlin, Berlin.

BALZANI, P., DEKONINCK, W., FELDHAAR, H., FREITAG, A., FRIZZI, F., FROUZ, J., MASONI, A., ROBINSON, E., SORVARI, J. & SANTINI, G. (2022). Challenges and a call to action for protecting European red wood ants. *Conservation Biology* **36**, e13959.

BALZANI, P., VIZZINI, S., SANTINI, G., MASONI, A., CIOFI, C., RICEVUTO, E. & CHELAZZI, G. (2016). Stable isotope analysis of trophic niche in two co-occurring native and invasive terrapiffs, *Enys orbicularis* and *Trachemys scripta elegans*. *Biological Invasions* **18**, 3611–3621.

BANERJEE, A. K., KHUROO, A. A., DEHNEN-SCHMUTZ, K., PANT, V., PATWARDHAN, C., BHOWMICK, A. R. & MUKHERJEE, A. (2021). An integrated policy framework and plan of action to prevent and control plant invasions in India. *Environmental Science & Policy* **124**, 64–72.

BAPTISTA, M. M., RAMOS, M. A., DE ALBUQUERQUE, U. P., COELHO-DE-SOUZA, G. & RITTER, M. R. (2013). Traditional botanical knowledge of artisanal fishers in southern Brazil. *Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine* **9**, 1–16.

BARNARD, T. P. (2015). The annotated Malay archipelago by Alfred Russel Wallace. *Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society* **88**, 183–184.

BARNEY, J. N. & TEKIELA, D. R. (2020). Framing the concept of invasive species “impact” within a management context. *Invasive Plant Science and Management* **13**, 37–40.

BARNEY, J. N., TEKIELA, D. R., DOLLETE, E. S. J. & TOMASEK, B. J. (2013). What is the “real” impact of invasive plant species? *Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment* **11**, 322–329.

BARRATT, J., CHAN, D., SANDARADURA, I., MALIK, R., SPIELMAN, D., LEE, R., MARRIOTT, D., HARKNESS, J., ELLIS, J. & STARK, D. (2016). *Angiostrongylus cantonensis*: a review of its distribution, molecular biology and clinical significance as a human pathogen. *Parasitology* **143**, 1087–1118.
BARTOMEUS, I., VILÀ, M. & SANTAMARÍA, L. (2008). Contrasting effects of invasive plants in plant-pollinator networks. *Oecologia* **155**, 761-770.

BASS, D., STENTIFORD, G. D., WANG, H.-C., KOSKELLA, B. & TYLER, C. R. (2019). The pathobiome in animal and plant diseases. *Trends in Ecology & Evolution* **34**, 996-1008.

BAXTER, C. V., FAUSCH, K. D. & SAUNDERS, W. C. (2005). Tangled webs: reciprocal flows of invertebrate prey link streams and riparian zones. *Freshwater Biology* **50**, 201-220.

BEJA, P. R. (1996). An analysis of otter *Lutra lutra* predation on introduced American crayfish *Procambarus clarkii* in Iberian streams. *Journal of Applied Ecology* **33**, 1156-1170.

BELLARD, C., BERNERY, C. & LECLERC, C. (2021). Looming extinctions due to invasive species: irreversible loss of ecological strategy and evolutionary history. *Global Change Biology* **27**, 4967-4979.

BELLARD, C., CASSEY, P. & BLACKBURN, T. M. (2016). Alien species as a driver of recent extinctions. *Biology Letters* **12**, 20150623.

BELLARD, C. & JESCHKE, J. M. (2016). A spatial mismatch between invader impacts and research publications. *Conservation Biology* **30**, 230-232.

BENITO, J., BENEJAM, L., ZAMORA, L. & GARCÍA-BERTHOU, E. (2015). Diel cycle and effects of water flow on activity and use of depth by common carp. *Transactions of the American Fisheries Society* **144**, 491-501.

BENNETT, S., SANTANA-GARCON, J., MARBÀ, N., JORDA, G., ANTON, A., APOSTOLAKI, E. T., CEBRIAN, J., GERALDI, N. R., KRAUSE-JENSEN, D., LOVELOCK, C. E., MARTINETTO, P., PANDOLFI, J. M. & DUARTE, C. M. (2021). Climate-driven impacts of exotic species on marine ecosystems. *Global Ecology and Biogeography* **30**, 1043-1055.

BERGSTROM, D. M., LUCIEER, A., KIEFER, K., WASLEY, J., BELBIN, L., PEDERSEN, T. K. & CHOWN, S. L. (2009). Indirect effects of invasive species removal deinvade world Heritage Island. *Journal of Applied Ecology* **46**, 73-81.

BERKE, S. K. (2010). Functional groups of ecosystem engineers: a proposed classification with comments on current issues. *Integrative and Comparative Biology* **50**, 147-157.

BERTOLINO, S. & GENOVESI, P. (2003). Spread and attempted eradication of the grey squirrel (*Sciurus carolinensis*) in Italy, and consequences for the red squirrel (*Sciurus vulgaris*) in Eurasia. *Biological Conservation* **109**, 351-358.

BERTOLINO, S. & GENOVESI, P. (2007). Semiaquatic mammals introduced into Italy: case studies in biological invasion. In *Biological Invaders in Inland Waters: Profiles, Distribution, and Threats* pp. 75-191. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.

BERTOLINO, S., GUICHÓN, M. L., CARTER, J. & FRANCIS, R. A. (2012). *Myocastor Coypus Molina* (*Coypu*). A Handbook of Global Freshwater Invasive Species, 357-368. Earthscan, London, UK.

BERTOLINO, S., DI MONTEZEMOLO, N. C., PREATONI, D. G., WAUTERS, L. A. & MARTINOLI, A. (2014). A grey future for Europe: *Sciurus carolinensis* is replacing native red squirrels in Italy. *Biological Invasions* **16**, 53-62.

BEZERRA-SANTOS, M. A., DANTAS-TORRES, F., MENDOZA-ROLDAN, J. A., THOMPSON, R. C. A., MODRY, D. & OTRANTO, D. (2023). Invasive mammalian wildlife and the risk of zoonotic parasites. *Trends in Parasitology* **39**, 786-798.

BISSATTINI, A. M., BUONO, V. & VIGNOLI, L. (2018). Field data and worldwide literature review reveal that alien crayfish mitigate the predation impact of the American bullfrog on native amphibians. *Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems* **28**, 1465-1475.

BISSATTINI, A. M., HAUBROCK, P. J., BUONO, V., BALZANI, P., BORGIANNI, N., STELLATI, L., INGHILESI, A. F., TANCIONI, L., MARTINOLI, M., TRICARICO, E. & VIGNOLI, L. (2021). Trophic structure of a pond community dominated by an invasive alien species: insights from stomach content and stable isotope analyses. *Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems* **31**, 948-963.

BLACKBURN, T. M., BELLARD, C. & RICCIARDI, A. (2019). Alien versus native species as drivers of recent extinctions. *Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment* **17**, 203-207.

BLACKBURN, T. M., CASSEY, P., DUNCAN, R. P., EVANS, K. L. & GASTON, K. J. (2004). Avian extinction and mammalian introductions on oceanic islands. *Science* **305**, 1955-1958.

*BLACKBURN, T. M., ESSL, F., EVANS, T., HULME, P. E., JESCHKE, J. M., KÖHN, I., KUMSCHICK, S., MARKOVÁ, Z., MRUGAÍA, A. & NENTWIG, W. (2014). A unified classification of alien species based on the magnitude of their environmental impacts. *PLoS Biology* **12**, e1001850.

BLACKBURN, T. M., PYŠEK, P., BACHER, S., CARLTON, J. T., DUNCAN, R. P., JAROŠÍK, V., WILSON, J. R. U. & RICHARDSON, D. M. (2011). A proposed unified framework for biological invasions. *Trends in Ecology & Evolution* **26**, 333-339.

BLACKWELL, T., FORD, A. G. P., CIEZAREK, A. G., BRADBEER, S. J., GRACIDA JUAREZ, C. A., SMITH, A. M., NGATUNGA, B. P., SHECHONGE, A., TAMATAMAH, R., ETHERINGTON, G., HAERTY, W., DI PALMA, F., TURNER, G. F. & GENNER, M. J. (2021). Newly discovered cichlid fish biodiversity threatened by hybridization with non-native species. *Molecular Ecology* **30**, 895-911.

*BLISS, C., VISSEREN-HAMAKERS, I. J. J. & LIEFFERINK, D. (2023). Most (un) wanted: explaining emerging relationships between “invasive alien” species and animal governance. *Global Environmental Politics* **23**, 26-51.

BIOŃSKA, D., GRABOWSKA, J., TARKAN, A. S., SOTO, I. & HAUBROCK, P. J. (2024). Prioritising non-native fish species for management actions in three polish rivers

using the newly developed tool—dispersal-origin-status-impact scheme. *PeerJ* **12**, e18300.

BÓDIS, E., TÓTH, B. & SOUSA, R. (2014). Impact of *Dreissena* fouling on the physiological condition of native and invasive bivalves: interspecific and temporal variations. *Biological Invasions* **16**, 1373-1386.

*BOGGERO, A., PAGANELLI, D., ZAUPA, S., GARZOLI, L., VILIZZI, L. & KAMBURSKA, L. (2025). An integrated evaluation of the invasiveness risk posed by non-native crayfish in Lake Maggiore (Northwest Italy). *Management of Biological Invasions* **16**, 135-152.

BOHLEN, P. J., GROFFMAN, P. M., FAHEY, T. J., FISK, M. C., SUÁREZ, E., PELLETIER, D. M. & FAHEY, R. T. (2004a). Ecosystem consequences of exotic earthworm invasion of north temperate forests. *Ecosystems* **7**, 1-12.

BOHLEN, P. J., PELLETIER, D. M., GROFFMAN, P. M., FAHEY, T. J. & FISK, M. C. (2004b). Influence of earthworm invasion on redistribution and retention of soil carbon and nitrogen in northern temperate forests. *Ecosystems* **7**, 13-27.

BOHLEN, P. J., SCHEU, S., HALE, C. M., MCLEAN, M. A., MIGGE, S., GROFFMAN, P. M. & PARKINSON, D. (2004c). Non-native invasive earthworms as agents of change in northern temperate forests. *Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment* **2**, 427-435.

BOJKO, J., DUNN, A. M. & BLAKESLEE, A. M. H. (2023). *Parasites and Biological Invasions*. CABI, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK.

BOJKO, J., DUNN, A. M., STEBBING, P. D., ROSS, S. H., KERR, R. C. & STENTIFORD, G. D. (2015). *Cucumispora ornata* n. sp. (Fungi: Microsporidia) infecting invasive 'demon shrimp' *Dikerogammarus haemobaphes* in the United Kingdom. *Journal of Invertebrate Pathology* **128**, 22-30.

BOJKO, J., STEBBING, P. D., BATEMAN, K. S., MEATYARD, J. E., BACELA-SPYCHALSKA, K., DUNN, A. M. & STENTIFORD, G. D. (2013). Baseline histopathological survey of a recently invading Island population of 'killer shrimp', *Dikerogammarus villosus*. *Diseases of Aquatic Organisms* **106**, 241-253.

BOJKO, J., STENTIFORD, G., STEBBING, P., HASSALL, C., DEACON, A., CARGILL, B., PILE, B. & DUNN, A. (2019). Pathogens of *Dikerogammarus haemobaphes* regulate host activity and survival, but also threaten native amphipod populations in the UK. *Diseases of Aquatic Organisms* **136**, 63-78.

BOLTOVSKOY, D., GUIASU, R., BURLAKOVA, L., KARATAYEV, A., SCHLAEPFER, M. A. & CORREA, N. (2012). Misleading estimates of economic impacts of biological invasions: including the costs but not the benefits. *Ambio* **51**, 1786-1799.

BOON, J. S., KEITH, S. A., EXTON, D. A. & FIELD, R. (2023). The role of refuges in biological invasions: a systematic review. *Global Ecology and Biogeography* **32**, 1244-1271.

BOŠTJANCIĆ, L. L., FRANCESCONI, C., RUTZ, C., HOFFBECK, L., POIDEVIN, L., KRESS, A., JUSSILA, J., MAKKONEN, J., FELDMeyer, B., BÁLINT, M., SCHWENK, K., LECOMpte, O. & THEISSINGER, K. (2022). Host-pathogen coevolution drives innate immune response to *Aphanonyces astaci* infection in freshwater crayfish: transcriptomic evidence. *BMC Genomics* **23**, 600.

BOTH, C. & GRANT, T. (2012). Biological invasions and the treeless niche: the effect of bullfrog calls on the acoustic signals of white-banded tree frogs. *Biology Letters* **8**, 714-716.

BOULÉTREAU, S., CUCHEROUSSET, J., VILLEGER, S., MASSON, R. & SANTOUL, F. (2011). Colossal aggregations of giant alien freshwater fish as a potential biogeochemical hotspot. *PLoS One* **6**, e25732.

BOURRET, S. L., KOVACH, R. P., CLINE, T. J., STRAIT, J. T. & MUHLFELD, C. C. (2022). High dispersal rates in hybrids drive expansion of maladaptive hybridization. *Proceedings of the Royal Society B* **289**, 20221813.

BRADSHAW, C. J. A., HULME, P. E., HUDGINS, E. J., LEUNG, B., KOURANTIDOU, M., COURTOIS, P., TURBELIN, A. J., MCDERMOTT, S. M., LEE, K., AHMED, D. A., LATOMBE, G., BANG, A., BODEY, T. W., HAUBROCK, P. J., SALTRÉ, F., *et al*. (2024). Damage costs from invasive species exceed management expenditure in nations experiencing lower economic activity. *Ecological Economics* **220**, 108166.

BRANQUART, E. (2009). Guidelines for environmental impact assessment and list classification of non-native organisms in Belgium. *Version* **2**, 6.

BRISKI, E., BAILEY, S. A., CASAS-MONROY, O., DIBACCO, C., KACZMARSKA, I., LAWRENCE, J. E., LEICHSENRING, J., LEVINGS, C., MACGILLIVARY, M. L., MCKINDSEY, C. W., NASMITH, L. E., PARENTEAU, M., PIERCEY, G. E., RIVKIN, R. B., ROCHON, A., *et al*. (2013). Taxon-and vector-specific variation in species richness and abundance during the transport stage of biological invasions. *Linnaology and Oceanography* **58**, 1361-1372.

BRISKI, E., CHAN, F. T., DARLING, J. A., LAURINGSON, V., MACISAAC, H. J., ZHAN, A. & BAILEY, S. A. (2018). Beyond propylene pressure: importance of selection during the transport stage of biological invasions. *Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment* **16**, 345-353.

BRISKI, E., LANGREHR, L., KOTRONAKI, S. G., SIDOW, A., MARTINEZ REYES, C. G., GEROPOULOS, A., STEFFEN, G., THEURICH, N., DICKEY, J. W. E., HÜTT, J. C., HAUBROCK, P. J., SOTO, I., KOUBA, A. & CUTHBERT, R. N. (2025). Urban environments promote adaptation to multiple stressors. *Ecology Letters* **28**, e70074.
BRITTON, J. R. (2013). Introduced parasites in food webs: new species, shifting structures? *Trends in Ecology & Evolution* **28**, 93–99.

BRITTON, J. R. (2018). Empirical predictions of the trophic consequences of non-native freshwater fishes: a synthesis of approaches and invasion impacts. *Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences* **19**, 529–539.

BRITTON, J. R. (2023). Contemporary perspectives on the ecological impacts of invasive freshwater fishes. *Journal of Fish Biology* **103**, 752–764.

BRITTON, J. R., ANDREOU, D., BOARDMAN, R., GARCIA, F., GIMENEZ, M., IMBERT, A., PARKER, B., WARREN, B., YELDHAM, M. & CUCHEROUSSET, J. (2024). The angled-web: recreational angling as an underappreciated disruptor to the interconnectedness of terrestrial and freshwater food webs. *Freshwater Biology* **69**, 1739–1747.

BRITTON, J. R., COPP, G. H., BRAZIER, M. & DAVIES, G. D. (2011). A modular assessment tool for managing introduced fishes according to risks of species and their populations, and impacts of management actions. *Biological Invasions* **13**, 2847–2860.

BRITTON, J. R., HARPER, D. M., OYUGI, D. O. & GREY, J. (2010). The introduced *Micropterus salmoides* in an equatorial lake: a paradoxical loser in an invasion meltdown scenario? *Biological Invasions* **12**, 3439–3448.

BROOKS, M. L., D'ANTONIO, C. M., RICHARDSON, D. M., GRACE, J. B., KEELEY, J. E., DI TOMASO, J. M., HOBBS, R. J., PELLANT, M. & PYKE, D. (2004). Effects of invasive alien plants on fire regimes. *Bioscience* **54**, 677–688.

BROWN, B. J., MITCHELL, R. J. & GRAHAM, S. A. (2002). Competition for pollination between an invasive species (purple loosestrife) and a native congener. *Ecology* **83**, 2328–2336.

BROWN, N. E. M. & THERRIAULT, T. W. (2022). The hidden risk of keystone invaders in Canada: a case study using nonindigenous crayfish. *Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences* **79**, 1479–1496.

BRUNEL, S., FERNÁNDEZ-GALIANO, E., GENOVESI, P., HEYWOOD, V. H., KUEFFER, C. & RICHARDSON, D. M. (2013). 20 invasive alien species: a growing but neglected threat? In *Late Lessons from Early Warnings: Science, Precaution, Innovation (Volume 30)*, pp. 518–540. European Environment Agency (EEA), Copenhagen, Denmark.

BRUNO, J. F., STACHOWICZ, J. J. & BERTNESS, M. D. (2003). Inclusion of facilitation into ecological theory. *Trends in Ecology & Evolution* **18**, 119–125.

BRUSCHETTI, M., BAZTERRICA, C., LUPPI, T. & IRIBARNE, O. (2009). An invasive intertidal reef-forming polychaete affect habitat use and feeding behavior of migratory and local birds in a SW Atlantic coastal lagoon. *Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology* **375**, 76–83.

Brys, R., HALFMAERTEN, D., VAN DRIESSCHE, C., EVERTS, T., DE BEER, B., NEYRINCK, S., DECRU, E. & VERREYCKEN, H. (2025). First record of black bullhead (*Ameiurus melas* Lesueur, 1819) and the occurrence of hybridization with brown bullhead (*a. nebulosus* Rafinesque, 1820) in Belgium. *BioInvasions Record* **14**, 169–181.

BUCKLEY, Y. M. & CATFORD, J. (2016). Does the biogeographic origin of species matter? Ecological effects of native and non-native species and the use of origin to guide management. *Journal of Ecology* **104**, 4–17.

BUDY, P. & GAETA, J. W. (2017). Brown trout as an invader: a synthesis of problems and perspectives in North America. *Brown Trout: Biology, Ecology and Management* **20**, 523–543.

BURKETT, D. P., BARBER, J. M., STEEVES, T. B. & SIEFKES, M. J. (2021). Sea lamprey control 2020–2040: charting a course through dynamic waters. *Journal of Great Lakes Research* **47**, S809–S814.

BURKETT-CADENA, N. D., BLOSSER, E. M., LOGGINS, A. A., VALENTE, M. C., LONG, M. T., CAMPBELL, L. P., REEVES, L. E., BARGIELOWSKI, I. & MCCLEERY, R. A. (2021). Invasive Burmese pythons alter host use and virus infection in the vector of a zoonotic virus. *Communications Biology* **4**, 1–11.

BURLAKOVA, L. E., KARATAYEV, A. Y. & KARATAYEV, V. A. (2012). Invasive mussels induce community changes by increasing habitat complexity. *Hydrobiologia* **685**, 121–134.

BURNS, C. W. (2013). Predictors of invasion success by *Daphnia* species: influence of food, temperature and species identity. *Biological Invasions* **15**, 859–869.

BUTLER, D. (1994). Bid to protect wolves from genetic pollution. *Nature* **370**, 497.

BYERS, J. E. (2000). Competition between two estuarine snails: implications for invasions of exotic species. *Ecology* **81**, 1225–1239.

BYERS, J. E. (2002). Impact of non-indigenous species on natives enhanced by anthropogenic alteration of selection regimes. *Oilos* **97**, 449–458.

BYERS, J. E. (2024). Using ecosystem engineers to enhance multiple ecosystem processes. *Functional Ecology* **38**, 22–36.

CADOTTE, M. W., YASUI, S. L. E., LIVINGSTONE, S. & MACIVOR, J. S. (2017). Are urban systems beneficial, detrimental, or indifferent for biological invasion? *Biological Invasions* **19**, 3489–3503.

*CAFFREY, J. M., BAARS, J.-R., BARBOUR, J. H., BOETS, P., BOON, P., DAVENPORT, K., DICK, J. T. A., EARLY, J., EDSMAN, L., GALLAGHER, C., GROSS, J., HEINIMAA, P., HORRILL, C., HUDIN, S. & MACISAAC, H. J. (2014).

Tackling invasive alien species in Europe: the top 20 issues. *Management of Biological Invasions* **5**, 1–20.

CALLAWAY, R. M. & RIDENOUR, W. M. (2004). Novel weapons: invasive success and the evolution of increased competitive ability. *Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment* **2**, 436–443.

CAMPBELL, J. N., MANDEVILLE, E. G., LEWIS, N. C. & MEUSER, A. (2024). The ambiguity of “hybrid swarm”: inconsistent definitions and applications in existing research. *bioRxiv* 2010–2024.

CAMPIAO, K. M., DA LUZ RICO, J. A., DE SOUZA MONTEIRO, G., ASH, L. V., TEIXEIRA, C. P. & GOTELLI, N. J. (2024). High prevalence and concomitant infection of Ranavirus and *Eun汤yliyds* sp. in the invasive American Bullfrog in Brazil. *Parasitology International* **100**, 102875.

CANO-BARBACIL, C., CARRETE, M., CASTRO-DÍEZ, P., DELIBES-MATEOS, M., JAQUES, J. A., LÓPEZ-DARIAS, M., NOGALES, M., PINO, J., ROS, M., TRAVESET, A., TURON, X., VILÀ, M., ALTAMIRANO, M., ÁLVAREZ, I., ARIAS, A., *et al.* (2023). Identification of potential invasive alien species in Spain through horizon scanning. *Journal of Environmental Management* **345**, 118696.

CANO-BARBACIL, C., HAUBROCK, P. J. & RADINGER, J. (2025). Asian loaches: an emerging threat as global invaders. *Freshwater Biology* **70**, e70026.

CAPINHA, C., ESSL, F., SEEBENS, H., MOSER, D. & PEREIRA, H. M. (2015). The dispersal of alien species redefines biogeography in the Anthropocene. *Science* **348**, 1248–1251.

CARBONERAS, C., GENOVESI, P., VILÀ, M., BLACKBURN, T. M., CARRETE, M., CLAVERO, M., D'HONDT, B., ORUETA, J. F., GALLARDO, B., GERALDES, P., GONZÁLEZ-MORENO, P., GREGORY, R. D., NENTWIG, W., PAQUET, J.-Y., PYŠEK, P., *et al.* (2018). A prioritised list of invasive alien species to assist the effective implementation of EU legislation. *Journal of Applied Ecology* **55**, 539–547.

CARLTON, J. T. (2002). Bioinvasion ecology: assessing invasion impact and scale. In *Invasive Aquatic Species of Europe. Distribution, Impacts and Management*, pp. 7–19. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

CARMONA-CATOT, G., MAGELLAN, K. & GARCÍA-BERTHOU, E. (2013). Temperature-specific competition between invasive mosquitofish and an endangered cyprinodontid fish. *PLoS One* **8**, e54734.

CARNEIRO, L., HULME, P. E., CUTHBERT, R. N., KOURANTIDOU, M., BANG, A., HAUBROCK, P. J., BRADSHAW, C. J. A., BALZANI, P., BACHER, S., LATOMBE, G., BODEY, T. W., PROBERT, A. F., QUILDRÁN, C. S. & COURCHAMP, F. (2024a). Benefits do not balance costs of biological invasions. *Bioscience* **74**, 340–344.

CARNEIRO, L., LEROY, B., CAPINHA, C., BRADSHAW, C. J. A., BERTOLINO, S., CATFORD, J. A., CAMACHO-CERVANTES, M., BOJKO, J., KLIPPEL, G., KUMSCHICK, S., PINCHEIRA-DONOSO, D., TONKIN, J. D., FATH, B. D., SOUTH, J., MANFRINI, E., *et al.* (2025). Typology of the ecological impacts of biological invasions. *Trends in Ecology & Evolution* **40**, 563–574.

CARNEIRO, L., MIILLER, N. O. R., CUTHBERT, R. N. & VITULE, J. R. S. (2024b). Biological invasions negatively impact global protected areas. *Science of the Total Environment* **948**, 174823.

CARTHEY, A. J. R. & BANKS, P. B. (2014). Naïveté in novel ecological interactions: lessons from theory and experimental evidence. *Biological Reviews* **89**, 932–949.

CASSINI, M. H. (2020). A review of the critics of invasion biology. *Biological Reviews* **95**, 1467–1478.

CASTILLA, J. C., LAGOS, N. A. & CERDA, M. (2004). Marine ecosystem engineering by the alien ascidian *Pyura praeticialis* on a mid-intertidal rocky shore. *Marine Ecology Progress Series* **268**, 119–130.

CASTORANI, M. C. N. & HOVEL, K. A. (2015). Invasive prey indirectly increase predation on their native competitors. *Ecology* **96**, 1911–1922.

CASTRO-DÍEZ, P., GODOY, O., ALONSO, A., GALLARDO, A. & SALDAÑA, A. (2014). What explains variation in the impacts of exotic plant invasions on the nitrogen cycle? A meta-analysis. *Ecology Letters* **17**, 1–12.

CASTRO-DÍEZ, P., GONZÁLEZ-MUÑOZ, N., ALONSO, A., GALLARDO, A. & POORTER, L. (2009). Effects of exotic invasive trees on nitrogen cycling: a case study in Central Spain. *Biological Invasions* **11**, 1973–1986.

CASTRO-DÍEZ, P., VAZ, A. S., SILVA, J. S., VAN LOO, M., ALONSO, Á., APONTE, C., BAYÓN, Á., BELLINGHAM, P. J., CHIUFFO, M. C., DI MANNO, N., JULIAN, K., KANDERT, S., LA PORTA, N., MARCHANTE, H., MAULE, H. G., *et al.* (2019). Global effects of non-native tree species on multiple ecosystem services. *Biological Reviews* **94**, 1477–1501.

CATFORD, J. A. (2017). Hydrological impacts of biological invasions. *Impact of Biological Invasions on Ecosystem Services* **12**, 63–80.

CBD (2010). Secretariat of the convention on biological diversity. Global biodiversity outlook 3 (UNEP/CBD/COP/10/INF/12/rev.1). Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal, QC, Canada.

CERRI, J., CARNEVALI, L., MONACO, A., GENOVESI, P. & BERTOLINO, S. (2022). Blacklists do not necessarily make people curious about invasive alien species. A case study with Bayesian structural time series and Wikipedia searches about invasive mammals in Italy. *NeoBiota* **71**, 113–128.
CHAFFIN, B. C., GARMESTANI, A. S., ANGELER, D. G., HERRMANN, D. L., STOW, C. A., NYSTRÖM, M., SENDZIMIR, J., HOPTON, M. E., KOLASA, J. & ALLEN, C. R. (2016). Biological invasions, ecological resilience and adaptive governance. *Journal of Environmental Management* **183**, 399–407.

CHANG, C.-S., LIU, H.-L., MONCADA, X., SEELENFREUND, A., SEELENFREUND, D. & CHUNG, K.-F. (2015). A holistic picture of Austronesian migrations revealed by phylogeography of Pacific paper mulberry. *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences* **112**, 13537–13542.

CHAPUIS, J., PISANU, B., BRODIER, S., VILLERS, A., PETTEX, E., LIORET, M. & BRETAGNOLLE, V. (2011). Eradication of invasive herbivores: usefulness and limits for biological conservation in a changing world. *Animal Conservation* **14**, 471–473.

CHARLES, H. & DUKES, J. S. (2007). Impacts of invasive species on ecosystem services. *Biological Invasions* **13**, 217–237.

CHARTER, M., IZHAKI, I., MOCHA, Y. B. & KARK, S. (2016). Nest-site competition between invasive and native cavity nesting birds and its implication for conservation. *Journal of Environmental Management* **181**, 129–134.

CHESSON, P. (2000). Mechanisms of maintenance of species diversity. *Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics* **31**, 343–366.

CHHAYA, V., LAHIRI, S., JAGAN, M. A., MOHAN, R., PATHAW, N. A. & KRISHNAN, A. (2021). Community bioacoustics: studying acoustic community structure for ecological and conservation insights. *Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution* **9**, 706445.

CHIESA, S., PETOCHI, T., BRUSÁ, R. B., RAICEVICH, S., CACCIATORE, F., FRANCESCHINI, G., ANTONINI, C., VALLINI, C., BERNARELLO, V., OSELLADORF, F., CIANI, M., DI BLASIO, L., CAMPOLUNGHI, M. P., BALDESSIN, F., BOLDRIN, L., ET AL. (2025). Impacts of the blue crab invasion on Manila clam aquaculture in Po Delta coastal lagoons (northern Adriatic Sea, Italy). *Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science* **312**, 109037.

CHINCHIO, E., ROMEO, C., CROTTA, M. & FERRARI, N. (2022). Knowledge gaps in invasive species infections: alien mammals of European Union concern as a case study. *Science of the Total Environment* **846**, 157448.

CLAUSEN, C. P. (1978). *Introduced Parasites and Predators of Arthropod Pests and Weeds: A World Review*. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC.

CLAVERO, M. (2014). Shifting boundaries and the conservation of non-native species. *Conservation Biology* **28**, 1434–1436.

CLAVERO, M. & GARCÍA-BERTHOU, E. (2005). Invasive species are a leading cause of animal extinctions. *Trends in Ecology & Evolution* **20**, 110.

COLAUTTI, R. I., RICCIARDI, A., GRIGOROVICH, I. A. & MACISAAC, H. J. (2004). Is invasion success explained by the enemy release hypothesis? *Ecology Letters* **7**, 721–733.

COOK, D. C., THOMAS, M. B., CUNNINGHAM, S. A., ANDERSON, D. L. & DE BARRO, P. J. (2007). Predicting the economic impact of an invasive species on an ecosystem service. *Ecological Applications* **17**, 1832–1840.

COPP, G. H. (2013). The fish invasiveness screening kit (FISK) for non-native freshwater fishes: a summary of current applications. *Risk Analysis* **33**, 1394–1396.

COPP, G. H., BRITTON, J. R., GUO, Z., RONNI EDMONDS-BROWN, V., PEGG, J., VILIZZI, L. & DAVISON, P. I. (2017). Trophic consequences of non-native pumpkinseed *Lepomis gibbosus* for native pond fishes. *Biological Invasions* **19**, 25–41.

COPP, G. H., GARTHWAITE, R. & GOZLAN, R. E. (2005a). Risk identification and assessment of non-native freshwater fishes: a summary of concepts and perspectives on protocols for the UK. *Journal of Applied Ichthyology* **21**, 371–373.

COPP, G. H., GARTHWAITE, R. & GOZLAN, R. E. (2005b). *Risk Identification and Assessment of Non-native Freshwater Fishes: Concepts and Perspectives on Protocols for the UK*. Cefas Science Technical Report, Lowestoft.

COPP, G. H., RUSSELL, I. C., PEELER, E. J., GHERARDI, F., TRICARICO, E., MACLEOD, A., COWX, I. G., NUNN, A. D., OCCHIPINTI-AMBROGI, A., SAVINI, D., MUMFORD, J. & BRITTON, J. R. (2016a). European non-native species in aquaculture risk analysis scheme–a summary of assessment protocols and decision support tools for use of alien species in aquaculture. *Fisheries Management and Ecology* **23**, 1–11.

COPP, G. H., VILIZZI, L., TIDBURY, H., STEBBING, P. D., TARKAN, A. S., MIOSSEC, L. & GOULLETQUER, P. (2016b). Development of a generic decision-support tool for identifying potentially invasive aquatic taxa: AS-ISK. *Management of Biological Invasions* **7**, 343–350.

COPP, G. H., VILIZZI, L., WEI, H., LI, S., PIRIA, M., AL-FAISAL, A. J., ALMEIDA, D., ATIQUE, U., AL-WAZZAN, Z., BAKIU, R., BAÍSÍ, T., BUI, T. D., CANNING-CLODE, J., CASTRO, N., CHAICHANA, R., ET AL. (2021). Speaking their language–development of a multilingual decision-support tool for communicating invasive species risks to decision makers and stakeholders. *Environmental Modelling & Software* **135**, 104900.

CORDEIRO, B., MARCHANTE, H., CASTRO, P. & MARCHANTE, E. (2020). Does public awareness about invasive plants pays off? An analysis of knowledge and perceptions of environmentally aware citizens in Portugal. *Biological Invasions* **22**, 2267–2281.

CORRALES, X., OFIR, E., COLL, M., GOREN, M., EDELIST, D., HEYMANS, J. J. & GAL, G. (2017). Modeling the role and impact of alien species and fisheries on the Israeli marine continental shelf ecosystem. *Journal of Marine Systems* **170**, 88–102.

CORREA, R. A. & MAMMOLA, S. (2024). The searchscape of fear: a global analysis of internet search trends for biophobias. *People and Nature* **6**, 958–972.

CÔTÉ, I. M., DARLING, E. S. & BROWN, C. J. (2016). Interactions among ecosystem stressors and their importance in conservation. *Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences* **283**, 20152592.

*COUGHLAN, N. E., LYNE, L., CUTHBERT, R. N., CUNNINGHAM, E. M., LUCY, F. E., DAVIS, E., CAFFREY, J. M. & DICK, J. T. A. (2020). In the black: information harmonisation and educational potential amongst international databases for invasive alien species designated as of union concern. *Global Ecology and Conservation* **4**, e01332.

COUNCIL OF EUROPE (2007). Recommendation No. 125 (2007) of the Standing Committee on trade in invasive and potentially invasive alien species in Europe, adopted by the Standing Committee on 29 November 2007. Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention).

COURCHAMP, F., CHAPUIS, J.-L. & PASCAL, M. (2003). Mammal invaders on islands: impact, control and control impact. *Biological Reviews* **78**, 347–383.

COURCHAMP, F., LANGLAIS, M. & SUGIHARA, G. (1999). Cats protecting birds: modelling the mesopredator release effect. *Journal of Animal Ecology* **68**, 282–292.

COWAN, D. A., CHOWN, S. L., CONVEY, P., TUFFIN, M., HUGHES, K., POINTING, S. & VINCENT, W. F. (2011). Non-indigenous microorganisms in the Antarctic: assessing the risks. *Trends in Microbiology* **19**, 540–548.

CRAIN, C. M. & BERTNESS, M. D. (2006). Ecosystem engineering across environmental gradients: implications for conservation and management. *Bioscience* **56**, 211–218.

CRONK, Q. C. B. (1989). The past and present vegetation of St Helena. *Journal of Biogeography* **16**, 47–64.

CROOKS, J. A. (2002). Characterizing ecosystem-level consequences of biological invasions: the role of ecosystem engineers. *Oikos* **97**, 153–166.

CROOKS, J. A. (2005). Lag times and exotic species: the ecology and management of biological invasions in slow-motion! *Ecoscience* **12**, 316–329.

CROOKS, J. A., SOULÉ, M. E. & SANDLUND, O. T. (1999). Lag times in population explosions of invasive species: causes and implications. *Invasive Species and Biodiversity Management* **24**, 103–125.

CROSBY, A. W. (2003). *The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492*. Bloomsbury Publishing USA, Praeger, Westport, CT.

CROSBY, A. W. (2004). *Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900–1900*. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

CROWL, T. A., CRIST, T. O., PARMENTER, R. R., BELOVSKY, G. & LUGO, A. E. (2008). The spread of invasive species and infectious disease as drivers of ecosystem change. *Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment* **6**, 238–246.

*CROWLEY, S. L., HINCHLIFFE, S. & McDONALD, R. A. (2017a). Conflict in invasive species management. *Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment* **15**, 133–141.

CROWLEY, S. L., HINCHLIFFE, S. & McDONALD, R. A. (2017b). Invasive species management will benefit from social impact assessment. *Journal of Applied Ecology* **54**, 351–357.

*CROWLEY, S. L., HINCHLIFFE, S. & McDONALD, R. A. (2019). The parachute protectors: understanding opposition to introduced species management. *Journal of Environmental Management* **229**, 120–132.

CRYSTAL-ORNELAS, R. & LOCKWOOD, J. L. (2020). The ‘known unknowns’ of invasive species impact measurement. *Biological Invasions* **22**, 1513–1525.

CUCHEROUSSET, J., HORKY, P., SLÁVÍK, O., OVIDIO, M., ARLINGHAUS, R., BOULÉTREAU, S., BRITTON, R., GARCÍA-BERTHOU, E. & SANTOUL, F. (2018). Ecology, behaviour and management of the European catfish. *Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries* **28**, 177–190.

CUCHEROUSSET, J. & OLDEN, J. D. (2011). Ecological impacts of non-native freshwater fishes. *Fisheries* **36**, 215–230.

CUDA, J., SKÁLOVÁ, H., JANOVSKÝ, Z. & PYŠEK, P. (2015). Competition among native and invasive impatiens species: the roles of environmental factors, population density and life stage. *AoB Plants* **7**, plv033.

CURRAT, M., RUEDI, M., PETIT, R. J. & EXCOFFIER, L. (2008). The hidden side of invasions: massive introgression by local genes. *Evolution* **62**, 1908–1920.

CURTIS, J. S., WALL, K. R., ALBINS, M. A. & STALLINGS, C. D. (2017). Diet shifts in a native mesopredator across a range of invasive lionfish biomass. *Marine Ecology Progress Series* **573**, 215–228.

*CUTHBERT, R. N., DIAGNE, C., HAUBROCK, P. J., TURBELIN, A. J. & COURCHAMP, F. (2022). Are the “100 of the world’s worst” invasive species also the costliest? *Biological Invasions* **24**, 1895–1904.

CUTHBERT, R. N., PATTISON, Z., TAYLOR, N. G., VERBRUGGE, L., DIAGNE, C., AHMED, D. A., LEROY, B., ANGULO, E., BRISKI, E., CAPINHA, C., CATFORD, J. A., DALU, T., ESSI, F., GOZLAN, R. E., HAUBROCK, P. J., ET AL. (2021). Global economic costs of aquatic invasive alien species. *Science of the Total Environment* **775**, 145238.

DALY, M., BEHRENDS, P. R., WILSON, M. I. & JACOBS, L. F. (1992). Behavioural modulation of predation risk: moonlight avoidance and crepuscular compensation in a nocturnal desert rodent. *Dipodomys merriami*. *Animal Behaviour* **44**, 1–9.
DAMAS-MOREIRA, I., RILEY, J. L., CARRETERO, M. A., HARRIS, D. J. & WHITING, M. J. (2020). Getting ahead: exploitative competition by an invasive lizard. *Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology* **74**, 117.

D'AMORE, D. M., POPESCU, V. D. & MORRIS, M. R. (2019). The influence of the invasive process on behaviours in an intentionally introduced hybrid, *Xiphophorus helleri*-maculatus. *Animal Behaviour* **156**, 79-85.

DANGREMOND, E. M., PARDINI, E. A. & KNIGHT, T. M. (2010). Apparent competition with an invasive plant hastens the extinction of an endangered lupine. *Ecology* **91**, 2261-2271.

D'ANTONIO, C. M. (1993). Mechanisms controlling invasion of coastal plant communities by the alien succulent *Carpobrotus edulis*. *Ecology* **74**, 83-95.

D'ANTONIO, C. M. & MAHALL, B. E. (1991). Root profiles and competition between the invasive, exotic perennial, *Carpobrotus edulis*, and two native shrub species in California coastal scrub. *American Journal of Botany* **78**, 885-894.

D'ANTONIO, C. M. & VITOUSEK, P. M. (1992). Biological invasions by exotic grasses, the grass/fire cycle, and global change. *Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics* **23**, 63-87.

DARWIN, C. (1889). *Journal of Researches into the Natural History and Geology of the Countries Visited during the Voyage of HMS "Beagle" Round the World: Under the Command of Capt. J. MURRAY, Fitz Roy, RN.*

DAVIDSON, A. D. & HEWITT, C. L. (2014). How often are invasion-induced ecological impacts missed? *Biological Invasions* **16**, 1165-1173.

DAVIS, M. A. (2011). Invasion biology. In *Encyclopedia of Biological Invasions* (eds D. SIMBERLOFF and M. REJMANEK), pp. 364-369. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.

DAVIS, M. A., CHEW, M. K., HOBBS, R. J., LUGO, A. E., EWEL, J. J., VERMEIJ, G. J., BROWN, J. H., ROSENZWEIG, M. L., GARDENER, M. R., CARROLL, S. P., THOMPSON, K., PICKETT, S. T. A., STROMBERG, J. C., DEL TREDICI, P., SUDING, K. N., ET AL. (2011). Don't judge species on their origins. *Nature* **474**, 153-154.

DE CAMARGO, M. P., CUNICO, A. M. & GOMES, L. C. (2022). Biological invasions in neotropical regions: continental ichthyofauna and risk assessment protocols. *Environmental Management* **70**, 307-318.

DE CARVALHO-SOUZA, G. F., KOURANTIDOU, M., LAIZ, I., NÚÑEZ, M. A. & GONZÁLEZ-ORTEGÓN, E. (2024). How to deal with invasive species that have high economic value? *Biological Conservation* **292**, 110548.

*DE GROOT, M., O'HANLON, R., BULLAS-APPLETON, E., CSÓKA, G., CSISZÁR, Á., FACCOLI, M., GERVASINI, E., KIRICHENKO, N., KORDA, M. & MARINŠEK, A. (2020). Challenges and solutions in early detection, rapid response and communication about potential invasive alien species in forests. *Management of Biological Invasions* **11**, 637-660.

DE GROOT, R. S., WILSON, M. A. & BOUMANS, R. M. J. (2002). A typology for the classification, description and valuation of ecosystem functions, goods and services. *Ecological Economics* **41**, 393-408.

DE MIGUEL, J. M., MARTÍN-FORÉS, L., ACOSTA-GALLO, B., DEL POZO, A., OVALLE, C., SÁNCHEZ-JARDÓN, L., CASTRO, I. & CASADO, M. A. (2016). Non-random co-occurrence of native and exotic plant species in Mediterranean grasslands. *Acta Oecologica* **77**, 18-26.

DEAK, B. P., OSTENDORF, B., TAGGART, D. A., PEACOCK, D. E. & BARDSLEY, D. K. (2019). The significance of social perceptions in implementing successful feral cat management strategies: a global review. *Animals* **9**, 617.

DÉCHAMP, C. (1999). Ragweed, a biological pollutant: current and desirable legal implications in France and Europe. *Revue Française d'Allegologie et d'Immunologie Clinique* **39**, 289-294.

DELIBES-MATEOS, M., FARFÁN, M. Á., ROUCO, C., OLIVERO, J., MÁRQUEZ, A. L., FA, J. E., VARGAS, J. M. & VILLAFUERTE, R. (2018). A large-scale assessment of European rabbit damage to agriculture in Spain. *Pest Management Science* **74**, 111-119.

DERCKSEN, J. A., SCHRAMA, M. J. J., BEENTJES, K. K., BASTIAANS, B. N., BLOM, R., VAN ROON, A., LINDENBURG, P. W. & TRIMBOS, K. B. (2025). Invasive crayfish: drivers or passengers of degradation in freshwater ecosystems? *Environmental DNA* **7**, e70062.

D'HONDT, B., VANDERHOEVEN, S., ADRIAENS, T. & BRANQUART, E. (2025). A demarcation of risk categories for invasion risk assessments using the Harmonia+ protocol. *Biological Invasions* **17**, 1869-1883.

D'HONDT, B., VANDERHOEVEN, S., ROELANDT, S., MAYER, F., VERSTEIRT, V., ADRIAENS, T., DUCHEYNE, E., SAN MARTIN, G., GREGOIRE, J.-C., STIERS, I., QUOILIN, S., CIGAR, J., HEUGHEBAERT, A. & BRANQUART, E. (2015). Harmonia+ and Pandora+: risk screening tools for potentially invasive plants, animals and their pathogens. *Biological Invasions* **17**, 1869-1883.

DIAGNE, C., LEROY, B., GOZLAN, R. E., VAISSIÈRE, A.-C., ASSAILLY, C., NUNINGER, L., ROIZ, D., JOURDAIN, F., JARIĆ, I. & COURCHAMP, F. (2020). InvaCost, a public database of the economic costs of biological invasions worldwide. *Scientific Data* **7**, 277.

DIAGNE, C., LEROY, B., VAISSIÈRE, A.-C., GOZLAN, R. E., ROIZ, D., JARIĆ, I., SALLES, J.-M., BRADSHAW, C. J. A. & COURCHAMP, F. (2021). High and rising economic costs of biological invasions worldwide. *Nature* **592**, 571-576.

DICK, J. T. A., ALEXANDER, M. E., JESCHKE, J. M., RICCIARDI, A., MACISAAC, H. J., ROBINSON, T. B., KUMSCHICK, S., WEYL, O. L. F., DUNN, A. M., HATCHER, M. J., PATERSON, R. A., FARNSWORTH, K. D. & RICHARDSON, D. M. (2014). Advancing impact prediction and hypothesis testing in invasion ecology using a comparative functional response approach. *Biological Invasions* **16**, 735-753.

DICK, J. T. A., LAVERTY, C., LENNON, J. J., BARRIOS-O'NEILL, D., MENSINK, P. J., ROBERT BRITTON, J., MÉDOC, V., BOETS, P., ALEXANDER, M. E., TAYLOR, N. G., DUNN, A. M., HATCHER, M. J., ROSEWARNE, P. J., CROOKES, S., MACISAAC, H. J., ET AL. (2017). Invader relative impact potential: a new metric to understand and predict the ecological impacts of existing, emerging and future invasive alien species. *Journal of Applied Ecology* **54**, 1259-1267.

DICK, J. T. A. & PLATVOET, D. (2000). Invading predatory crustacean *Dikerogammarus villosus* eliminates both native and exotic species. *Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences* **267**, 977-983.

DICKEY, J. W. E., ARNOTT, G., MCGLADE, C. L. O., MOORE, A., RIDDELL, G. E. & DICK, J. T. A. (2022). Threats at home? Assessing the potential ecological impacts and risks of commonly traded pet fishes. *NeoBiota* **73**, 109-136.

DICKEY, J. W. E., COUGHLAN, N. E., DICK, J. T. A., MÉDOC, V., MCCARD, M., LEAVITT, P. R., LACROIX, G., FIORINI, S., MILLOT, A. & CUTHBERT, R. N. (2021). Breathing space: deoxygenation of aquatic environments can drive differential ecological impacts across biological invasion stages. *Biological Invasions* **23**, 2831-2847.

DICKEY, J. W. E., CUTHBERT, R. N., SOUTH, J., BRITTON, J. R., CAFFREY, J., CHANG, X., CRANE, K., COUGHLAN, N. E., FADAÉI, E., FARNSWORTH, K. D., ISMAR-REBITZ, S. M. H., JULIUS, M., LAVERTY, C., LUCY, F. E., MACISAAC, H. J., ET AL. (2020). On the RIP: using relative impact potential to assess the ecological impacts of invasive alien species. *NeoBiota* **55**, 27-60.

DICKIE, I. A., BENNETT, B. M., BURROWS, L. E., NUNEZ, M. A., PELTZER, D. A., PORTÉ, A., RICHARDSON, D. M., REJMÁNEK, M., RUNDEL, P. W. & VAN WILGEN, B. W. (2014). Conflicting values: ecosystem services and invasive tree management. *Biological Invasions* **16**, 705-719.

DIDHAM, R. K., TYLIANAKIS, J. M., HUTCHISON, M. A., EWERS, R. M. & GEMMELL, N. J. (2005). Are invasive species the drivers of ecological change? *Trends in Ecology & Evolution* **20**, 470-474.

*DIETTERICH, T., TALEGHAN, M. A. & CROWLEY, M. (2013). PAC optimal planning for invasive species management: improved exploration for reinforcement learning from simulator-defined MDPs. In *Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence*, pp. 1270-1276. AAAI Press, Palo Alto, CA.

*DI FEBRARRO, M., LURZ, P. W. W., GENOVESI, P., MAIORANO, L., GIRARDELLO, M. & BERTOLINO, S. (2013). The use of climatic niches in screening procedures for introduced species to evaluate risk of spread: a case with the American eastern grey squirrel. *PLoS One* **8**, e66559.

DOCHERTY, C. H. (2016). Establishment, spread and impact of Prussian carp (*Carassius gibelio*). In *A New Invasive Species in Western North America*. Master of Science (Thesis), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.

DODL, J. A., COPP, G. H., TIDBURY, H. J., LEUVEN, R. S. E. W., FEUNTEUN, E., OLSSON, K. H., GOLLASCH, S., JELMERT, A., O'SHAUGHNESSY, K. A., REEVES, D., BRENNER, J. & VERREYCKEN, H. (2022). Invasiveness risks of naked goby, Gobiosoma bosc, to North Sea transitional waters. *Marine Pollution Bulletin* **181**, 113763.

DOHERTY, T. S., GLEN, A. S., NIMMO, D. G., RITCHIE, E. G. & DICKMAN, C. R. (2016). Invasive predators and global biodiversity loss. *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences* **113**, 11261-11265.

DOHERTY-BONE, T. M., DUNN, A. M., JACKSON, F. L. & BROWN, L. E. (2019). Multi-faceted impacts of native and invasive alien decapod species on freshwater biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. *Freshwater Biology* **64**, 461-473.

DOLAN, E. J., SOTO, I., DICK, J. T. A., HE, F. & CUTHBERT, R. N. (2025). Riverine barrier removals could proliferate biological invasions. *Global Change Biology* **31**, e70093.

DOMINGUEZ ALMELA, V., ADDO, K. A., CORBETT, J., CUMBERBATCH, J., DASH, J., MARSH, R., OXENFORD, H., TONON, T., VAN DER PLANK, S., WEBBER, M. & TOMPKINS, E. L. (2023a). Science and policy lessons learned from a decade of adaptation to the emergent risk of sarcassom proliferation across the tropical Atlantic. *Environmental Research Communications* **5**, 061002.

DOMINGUEZ ALMELA, V., SOUTH, J. & BRITTON, J. R. (2021). Predicting the competitive interactions and trophic niche consequences of a globally invasive fish with threatened native species. *Journal of Animal Ecology* **90**, 2651-2662.

DOMINGUEZ ALMELA, V., TOMPKINS, E. L., DASH, J. & TONON, T. (2023b). Brown algae invasions and bloom events need routine monitoring for effective adaptation. *Environmental Research Letters* **19**, 013003.

DONOVAN, G. H., BUTRY, D. T., MICHAEL, Y. L., PRESTEMON, J. P., LIEBHOLD, A. M., GATZIOLIS, D. & MAO, M. Y. (2013). The relationship between trees and human health: evidence from the spread of the emerald ash borer. *American Journal of Preventive Medicine* **44**, 139-145.

DORCAS, M. E., WILLSON, J. D., REED, R. N., SNOW, R. W., ROCHFORD, M. R., MILLER, M. A., MESHAKA, W. E. JR., ANDREADIS, P. T., MAZZOTTI, F. J.,
ROMAGOSA, C. M. & HART, K. M. (2012). Severe mammal declines coincide with proliferation of invasive Burmese pythons in Everglades National Park. *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences* **109**, 2418–2422.

DOREN, R. F. & WHITEAKER, L. D. (1990). Effects of fire on different size individuals of *Schinus terebinthifolius*. *Natural Areas Journal* **10**, 107–113.

DOUBLEDE, R. A., MULLER, E. B. & NISBET, R. M. (2003). Bullfrogs, disturbance regimes, and the persistence of California red-legged frogs. *The Journal of Wildlife Management* **67**, 424–438.

DROLET, D., DIBACCO, C., LOCKE, A., MCKENZIE, C. H., MCKINDSEY, C. W., MOORE, A. M., WEBB, J. L. & TERRIAULT, T. W. (2016). Evaluation of a new screening-level risk assessment tool applied to non-indigenous marine invertebrates in Canadian coastal waters. *Biological Invasions* **18**, 279–294.

DUEÑAS, M.-A., HEMMING, D. J., ROBERTS, A. & DIAZ-SOLTERO, H. (2021). The threat of invasive species to IUCN-listed critically endangered species: a systematic review. *Global Ecology and Conservation* **26**, e01476.

DUNN, A. M., TORCHIN, M. E., HATCHER, M. J., KOTANEN, P. M., BLUMENTHAL, D. M., BYERS, J. E., COON, C. A. C., FRANKEL, V. M., HOLT, R. D., HUFBAUER, R. A., KANAREK, A. R., SCHIERENBECK, K. A., WOLFE, L. M. & PERKINS, S. E. (2012). Indirect effects of parasites in invasions. *Functional Ecology* **26**, 1262–1274.

DUNN, M., MARZANO, M., FORSTER, J. & GILL, R. M. A. (2018). Public attitudes towards “pest” perceptions: perceptions on squirrel management strategies in the UK. *Biological Conservation* **222**, 52–63.

DURANT, S. & FAUNCE, T. A. (2018). Analysis of Australia’s new biosecurity legislation. *Durant S and Faunce TA Analysis of Australia’s New Biosecurity Legislation* **2018**(25), 647–654.

DYBZINSKI, R. & TILMAN, D. (2007). Resource use patterns predict long-term outcomes of plant competition for nutrients and light. *The American Naturalist* **170**, 305–318.

EARLY, R., BRADLEY, B. A., DUKES, J. S., LAWLER, J. J., OLDEN, J. D., BLUMENTHAL, D. M., GONZALEZ, P., GROSHOLZ, E. D., IBAÑEZ, I., MILLER, L. P., SORTE, C. J. B. & TATEM, A. J. (2016). Global threats from invasive alien species in the twenty-first century and national response capacities. *Nature Communications* **7**, 12485.

EHRENFELD, J. G. (2010). Ecosystem consequences of biological invasions. *Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics* **41**, 59–80.

ELLINGTON, E. H. & MURRAY, D. L. (2015). Influence of hybridization on animal space use: a case study using coyote range expansion. *Oikos* **124**, 535–542.

ELLISON, A. M., ORWIG, D. A., FITZPATRICK, M. C. & PREISSER, E. L. (2018). The past, present, and future of the hemlock woolly adelgid (*Adelges tsugae*) and its ecological interactions with eastern hemlock (*Tsuga canadensis*) forests. *Insects* **9**, 172.

EMERY, N. C., EWANCHUK, P. J. & BERTNESS, M. D. (2001). Competition and salt-marsh plant zonation: stress tolerators may be dominant competitors. *Ecology* **82**, 2471–2485.

EMERY-BUTCHER, H. E., BEATTY, S. J. & ROBSON, B. J. (2020). The impacts of invasive ecosystem engineers in freshwaters: a review. *Freshwater Biology* **65**, 999–1015.

ESCHEN, R., BEALE, T., BONNIN, J. M., CONSTANTINE, K. L., DUAH, S., FINCH, E. A., MAKALE, F., NUNDA, W., OGNUMODEDE, A., PRATT, C. F., THOMPSON, E., WILLIAMS, F., WITT, A. & TAYLOR, B. (2021). Towards estimating the economic cost of invasive alien species to African crop and livestock production. *CABI Agriculture and Bioscience* **2**, 1–18.

ESSIAN, D. A., CHIPAULT, J. G., LAFRANCOIS, B. M. & LEONARD, J. B. K. (2016). Gut content analysis of Lake Michigan waterbirds in years with avian botulism type E mortality, 2010–2012. *Journal of Great Lakes Research* **42**, 1118–1128.

ESSL, F., DULLINGER, S., RABITSCH, W., HULME, P. E., HÜLBER, K., JAROŠÍK, V., KLEINBAUER, I., KRAUSMANN, F., KÜHN, I., NENTWIG, W., VILÀ, M., GENOVESI, P., GHERARDI, F., DESPREZ-LOUSTAU, M.-L., ROQUES, A., *et al*. (2011a). Socioeconomic legacy yields an invasion debt. *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences* **108**, 203–207.

ESSL, F., LENZNER, B., BACHER, S., BAILEY, S., CAPINHA, C., DAEHLER, C., DULLINGER, S., GENOVESI, P., HUI, C., HULME, P. E., JESCHKE, J. M., KATSANEVAKIS, S., KÜHN, I., LEUNG, B., LIEBHOLD, A., *et al*. (2020). Drivers of future alien species impacts: an expert-based assessment. *Global Change Biology* **26**, 4880–4893.

ESSL, F., NEHRING, S., KLINGENSTEIN, F., MILASOWSZKY, N., NOWACK, C. & RABITSCH, W. (2011b). Review of risk assessment systems of IAS in Europe and introducing the German–Austrian Black list information system (GABLIS). *Journal for Nature Conservation* **19**, 339–350.

ESTES, J. A., TERBORGH, J., BRASHARES, J. S., POWER, M. E., BERGER, J., BOND, W. J., CARPENTER, S. R., ESSINGTON, T. E., HOLT, R. D., JACKSON, J. B. C., MARQUIS, R. J., OKSANEN, L., OKSANEN, T., PAINE, R. T., PIKITCH, E. K., *et al*. (2011). Trophic downgrading of planet earth. *Science* **333**, 301–306.

*ESTÉVEZ, R. A., ANDERSON, C. B., PIZARRO, J. C. & BURGMAN, M. A. (2015). Clarifying values, risk perceptions, and attitudes to resolve or avoid social conflicts in invasive species management. *Conservation Biology* **29**, 19–30.

EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2014). Regulation (EU) No 1143/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2014 on the prevention and management of the introduction and spread of invasive alien species.

EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2022a). Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/1203 of 12 July 2022 amending Implementing Regulation (EU) 2016/1141 to update the list of invasive alien species of Union concern.

EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2022b). Directorate-General for Environment and Umweltbundesamt GmbH. Study on invasive alien species – Development of risk assessments to tackle priority species and enhance prevention – Final report (and annexes).

EVANS, T., ANGULO, E., BRADSHAW, C. J. A., TURBELIN, A. & COURCHAMP, F. (2023). Global economic costs of alien birds. *PLoS One* **18**, e0292854.

EVANS, T., KUMSCHICK, S. & BLACKBURN, T. M. (2016). Application of the environmental impact classification for alien taxa (EICAT) to a global assessment of alien bird impacts. *Diversity and Distributions* **22**, 919–931.

EVERTS, T., VAN DRIESSCHE, C., NEYRINCK, S., HAEGEMAN, A., RUTTINK, T., JACQUEMYN, H. & BRYS, R. (2024). Phenological mismatches mitigate the ecological impact of a biological invader on amphibian communities. *Ecological Applications* **34**, e01317.

FAHNENSTIEL, G. L., BRIDGEMAN, T. B., LANG, G. A., MCCORMICK, M. J. & NALEPA, T. F. (1995). Phytoplankton productivity in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron: effects of zebra mussel (*Dreissena polymorpha*) colonization. *Journal of Great Lakes Research* **21**, 464–475.

FARIA, L., CUTHBERT, R. N., DICKEY, J. W. E., JESCHKE, J. M., RICCIARDI, A., DICK, J. T. A. & VITULE, J. R. S. (2023). The rise of the functional response in invasion science: a systematic review. *NeoBiota* **85**, 43–79.

FARIA, L., CUTHBERT, R. N., DICKEY, J. W. E., JESCHKE, J. M., RICCIARDI, A., DICK, J. T. A. & VITULE, J. R. S. (2025). Non-native species have higher consumption rates than their native counterparts. *Biological Reviews* **100**, 1163–1180.

FARNSWORTH, D., HAMBY, K. A., BOLDA, M., GOODHUE, R. E., WILLIAMS, J. C. & ZALOM, F. G. (2017). Economic analysis of revenue losses and control costs associated with the spotted wing drosophila, *Drosophila suzukii* (Matsumata), in the California raspberry industry. *Pest Management Science* **73**, 1083–1090.

*FENOLLOSA, E. & SALGUERO-GOMEZ, R. (2025). AI and big data for invasion biology: finding, modelling and forecasting the population dynamics of invaders. *EcoEvoRxiv* **10.32942/X2Q62Z**.

FERNANDEZ, R. D., HAUBROCK, P. J., CUTHBERT, R. N., HERINGER, G., KOURANTIDOU, M., HUDGINS, E. J., ANGULO, E., DIAGNE, C. A., COURCHAMP, F. & NÚÑEZ, M. A. (2023). Underexplored and growing economic costs of invasive alien trees. *Scientific Reports* **13**, 8945.

FERREIRA-RODRÍGUEZ, N., SOUSA, R. & PARDO, I. (2018). Negative effects of *Corbicula fluminea* over native freshwater mussels. *Hydrobiologia* **810**, 85–95.

FICETOLA, G. F., MELLOTTO, A., SCALI, S., SACCHI, R. & SALVI, D. (2024). Interference competition with an invasive species as potential driver of rapid extinction in an Island-endemic lizard. *Global Ecology and Conservation* **55**, e03251.

FLORENCIO, M., LOBO, J. M. & BINI, L. M. (2019). Biases in global effects of exotic species on local invertebrates: a systematic review. *Biological Invasions* **21**, 3043–3061.

FORD, C. R. & VOSE, J. M. (2007). *Tsuga canadensis* (L.) Carr. mortality will impact hydrologic processes in southern Appalachian forest ecosystems. *Ecological Applications* **17**, 1156–1167.

FOURNIER, D. & ARON, S. (2021). Hybridization and invasiveness in social insects— the good, the bad and the hybrid. *Current Opinion in Insect Science* **46**, 1–9.

FRANCO, A. C. S., PETRY, A. C., GARCÍA-BERTHOU, E. & DOS SANTOS, L. N. (2022). Invasive peacock basses (*Cichla spp.*) and decreased abundance of small native fish in Brazilian reservoirs. *Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems* **32**, 1852–1866.

FREM, M., NARDELLI, L., PETRONITINO, A., NAVRUD, S., COLONNA, M. A., FUCILLI, V. & BOZZO, F. (2024). Public preferences for edible invasive alien marine species-the Atlantic blue crab in southern Italy. *NeoBiota* **96**, 19–47.

FRICKE, R. M. & OLDEN, J. D. (2023). Technological innovations enhance invasive species management in the Anthropocene. *Bioscience* **73**, 261–279.

FRITTS, T. H. & RODDA, G. H. (1998). The role of introduced species in the degradation of Island ecosystems: a case history of Guam. *Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics* **29**, 113–140.

GAERTNER, M., BIGGS, R., TE BEEST, M., HUI, C., MOLOFSKY, J. & RICHARDSON, D. M. (2014). Invasive plants as drivers of regime shifts: identifying high-priority invaders that alter feedback relationships. *Diversity and Distributions* **20**, 733–744.

GAERTNER, M., WILSON, J. R., CADOTTE, M. W., MACIVOR, J. S., ZENNI, R. D. & RICHARDSON, D. M. (2017). Non-native species in urban environments: patterns, processes, impacts and challenges. *Biological Invasions* **19**, 3461–3469.
GALANIDI, M., ZENETOS, A. & BACHER, S. (2018). Assessing the socio-economic impacts of priority marine invasive fishes in the Mediterranean with the newly proposed SEICAT methodology. *Mediterranean Marine Science* **19**, 107–123.

GALIL, B. (2018). Poisonous and venomous: marine alien species in the Mediterranean Sea and human health. In *Invasive Species and Human Health*, pp. 1–15. CAB International Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK.

GALLARDO, B., BACHER, S., BARBOSA, A. M., GALLIEN, L., GONZÁLEZ-MORENO, P., MARTÍNEZ-BOLEA, V., SORTE, C., VIMERCATI, G. & VILÀ, M. (2024). Risks posed by invasive species to the provision of ecosystem services in Europe. *Nature Communications* **15**, 2631.

GALLARDO, B., CLAVERO, M., SÁNCHEZ, M. I. & VILÀ, M. (2016). Global ecological impacts of invasive species in aquatic ecosystems. *Global Change Biology* **22**, 151–163.

GARCIA, R. A. & CLUSELLA-TRULLAS, S. (2025). Microclimatic changes caused by plant invasions and warming: uncovering thermal costs and benefits to a tortoise. *Conservation. Physiology* **13**, coaf016.

GARCÍA-BERTHOU, E., ALCARAZ, C., POU-ROVIRA, Q., ZAMORA, L., COENDERS, G. & FEO, C. (2005). Introduction pathways and establishment rates of invasive aquatic species in Europe. *Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences* **62**, 453–463.

GARCÍA-GÓMEZ, J. C., SEMPERE-VALVERDE, J., GONZÁLEZ, A. R., MARTÍNEZ-CHACÓN, M., OLAYA-PONZONE, L., SÁNCHEZ-MOYANO, E., OSTALÉ-VALRIBERAS, E. & MEGINA, C. (2020). From exotic to invasive in record time: the extreme impact of *Rugulopteryx okamurae* (Dictyotales, Ochrophyta) in the strait of Gibraltar. *Science of the Total Environment* **704**, 135408.

*GARCÍA-DÍAZ, P., CASSEY, P., NORBURY, G., LAMBIN, X., MONTTI, L., PIZARRO, J. C., POWELL, P. A., BURSLEM, D. F. R. P., CAVA, M., DAMASCENO, G., FASOLA, L., FIDELIS, A., HUERTA, M. F., LANGDON, B., LINARDAKI, E., ET AL. (2021). Management policies for invasive alien species: addressing the impacts rather than the species. *Science* **71**, 174–185.

*GARCIA-LOZANO, C., PUEYO-ROS, J., CANELLES, Q., LATOMBE, G., ADRIAENS, T., BACHER, S., CARDOSO, A. C., CLEARY, M., COROMINA, L. & COURCHAMP, F. (2025). Management measures and trends of biological invasions in Europe: a survey-based assessment of local managers. *Global Change Biology* **31**, e70028.

GARRABOU, J., GÓMEZ-GRAS, D., MEDRANO, A., CERRANO, C., PONTI, M., SCHLEGEL, R., BENSOUSSAN, N., TURICCHIA, E., SINI, M., GEROVASILEIOU, V., TEIXIDO, N., MIRASOLE, A., TAMBURELLO, L., CEBRIAN, E., RILOV, G., ET AL. (2022). Marine heatwaves drive recurrent mass mortalities in the Mediterranean Sea. *Global Change Biology* **28**, 5708–5726.

GAVIOLI, A., MANCINELLI, G., TUROLLA, E., LANZONI, M., PAESANTI, V., SOANA, E., EGGLESTON, D. B., CHRISTIAN, R. R. & CASTALDELLI, G. (2025). Impacts of the invasive blue crab *Callinectes sapidus* on small-scale fisheries in a Mediterranean lagoon using fishery landing data. *Science of the Total Environment* **974**, 179236.

GAYNOR, K. M., HOJNOWSKI, C. E., CARTER, N. H. & BRASHARES, J. S. (2018). The influence of human disturbance on wildlife nocturnality. *Science* **360**, 1232–1235.

GE, Z., GUO, H., ZHAO, B. & ZHANG, L. (2015). Plant invasion impacts on the gross and net primary production of the salt marsh on eastern coast of China: insights from leaf to ecosystem. *Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences* **120**, 169–186.

GEDERAAS, L., LOENNECHEN MOEN, T., SKJELSETH, S. & LARSEN, L. K. (2012). *Alien Species in Norway-With the Norwegian Black List 2012*. The Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre, Norway.

GENOVESI, P., CARBONERAS, C., VILA, M. & WALTON, P. (2015). EU adopts innovative legislation on invasive species: a step towards a global response to biological invasions? *Biological Invasions* **17**, 1307–1311.

GENOVESI, P. & SCALERA, R. (2007). Towards a black list of invasive alien species entering Europe through trade, and proposed responses. In *Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats. Standing Committee 27th meeting*, Strasbourg, 26–29 November 2007. Council of Europe, Strasbourg, France (T-PVS/Inf (2007) 9).

GERGS, R., RINKE, K. & ROTHHAUPT, K. (2009). Zebra mussels mediate benthic-pelagic coupling by biodeposition and changing detrital stoichiometry. *Freshwater Biology* **54**, 1379–1391.

GERGS, R. & ROTHHAUPT, K.-O. (2008). Effects of zebra mussels on a native amphipod and the invasive *Dikerogammarus villosus*: the influence of biodeposition and structural complexity. *Journal of the North American Benthological Society* **27**, 541–548.

GHERARDI, F. (2006). Crayfish invading Europe: the case study of *Procambarus clarkii*. *Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology* **39**, 175–191.

GILOVICH, T., GRIFFIN, D. & KAHNEMAN, D. (2002). *Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment*. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

GISSI, E., MANEA, E., MAZARIS, A. D., FRASCHETTI, S., ALMPANIDOU, V., BEVILACQUA, S., COLL, M., GUARNIERI, G., LLORET-LLORET, E., PASCUAL, M., PETZA, D., RILOV, G., SCHONWALD, M., STELZENMÜLLER, V. & KATSANEVAKIS, S. (2021). A review of the combined effects of climate change and other local human stressors on the marine environment. *Science of the Total Environment* **755**, 142564.

GIVAN, O., EDELIST, D., SONIN, O. & BELMAKER, J. (2018). Thermal affinity as the dominant factor changing Mediterranean fish abundances. *Global Change Biology* **24**, e80–e89.

GOKA, K. (2010). Biosecurity measures to prevent the incursion of invasive alien species into Japan and to mitigate their impact. *Revue Scientifique et Technique* **29**, 299.

GONZÁLEZ-MORENO, P., LAZZARO, L., VILÀ, M., PREDA, C., ADRIAENS, T., BACHER, S., BRUNDU, G., COPP, G. H., ESSL, F., GARCÍA-BERTHOU, E., KATSANEVAKIS, S., MOEN, T. L., LUCY, F. E., NENTWIG, W., ROY, H. E., ET AL. (2019). Consistency of impact assessment protocols for non-native species. *NeoBiota* **44**, 1–25.

GORDON, D. R., MITTERDORFER, B., PHELOUNG, P. C., ANSARI, S., BUDDENHAGEN, C., CHIMERA, C., DAEHLER, C. C., DAWSON, W., DENSLOW, J. S., LAROSA, A., NISHIDA, T., ONDERDONK, D. A., PANETTA, F., PYSEK, P., RANDALL, R. P., ET AL. (2010). Guidance for addressing the Australian weed risk assessment questions. *Plant Protection Quarterly* **25**, 56–74.

GORMLEY, A. M., PENELOPE HOLLAND, E., PECH, R. P., THOMSON, C. & REDDIEX, B. (2012). Impacts of an invasive herbivore on indigenous forests. *Journal of Applied Ecology* **49**, 1296–1305.

GOULSON, D. (2003). Effects of introduced bees on native ecosystems. *Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics* **34**, 1–26.

GOULSON, D., LYE, G. C. & DARVILL, B. (2008). Decline and conservation of bumble bees. *Annual Review of Entomology* **53**, 191–208.

GOZLAN, R. E. (2008). Introduction of non-native freshwater fish: is it all bad? *Fish and Fisheries* **9**, 106–115.

GREEN, D. S. & CROWE, T. P. (2014). Context- and density-dependent effects of introduced oysters on biodiversity. *Biological Invasions* **16**, 1145–1163.

GREZ, A. A., ZAVIEZO, T., ROY, H. E., BROWN, P. M. J. & BIZAMA, G. (2016). Rapid spread of *Harmonia axyridis* in Chile and its effects on local coccinellid biodiversity. *Diversity and Distribution* **22**, 982–994.

GRIBSHOLT, B. & KRISTENSEN, E. (2002). Effects of bioturbation and plant roots on salt marsh biogeochemistry: a mesocosm study. *Marine Ecology Progress Series* **241**, 71–87.

GRIMM, J., DICK, J. T. A., VERREYCKEN, H., JESCHKE, J. M., LINZMAIER, S. & RICCIARDI, A. (2020). Context-dependent differences in the functional responses of conspecific native and non-native crayfishes. *NeoBiota* **54**, 71–88.

GROSSART, H.-P., VAN DEN WYNGAERT, S., KAGAMI, M., WURZBACHER, C., CUNLIFFE, M. & ROJAS-JIMENEZ, K. (2019). Fungi in aquatic ecosystems. *Nature Reviews Microbiology* **17**, 339–354.

GUAY, J. D., LENNOX, R. J., THORSTAD, E. B., VOLLSET, K. W., STENSLAND, S., ERKINARO, J. & NGUYEN, V. M. (2024). Recreational angler reports in Norway report widespread dislike of invasive pink salmon. *People and Nature* **6**, 41–53.

*GUERIN, G. R., MARTÍN-FORÉS, I., SPARROW, B. & LOWE, A. J. (2018). The biodiversity impacts of non-native species should not be extrapolated from biased single-species studies. *Biodiversity and Conservation* **27**, 785–790.

GUERIN, G. R., MARTÍN-FORÉS, I., MUNROE, S. E. M., SPARROW, B. & LOWE, A. J. (2019). Alien plants alter the growth form ratio and structure of Australian grasslands. *Applied Vegetation Science* **22**, 582–592.

*GUO, F., GUAN, R., LI, Y., LIU, Q., WANG, X., YANG, C. & WANG, J. (2025). Foundation models in bioinformatics. *National Science Review* **12**, nwaf028.

*GUO, X., LAO, J., DANG, B., ZHANG, Y., YU, L., RU, L., ZHONG, L., HUANG, Z., WU, K. & Hu, D. (2024). Skysense: a multi-modal remote sensing foundation model towards universal interpretation for earth observation imagery. In *Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition*, pp. 27672–27683. IEEE, Piscataway, NJ.

GUREVITCH, J. & PADILLA, D. K. (2004). Are invasive species a major cause of extinctions? *Trends in Ecology & Evolution* **19**, 470–474.

GUTIÉRREZ, J. L., JONES, C. G. & SOUSA, R. (2014). Toward an integrated ecosystem perspective of invasive species impacts. *Acta Oecologica* **54**, 131–138.

GUZY, J. C., FALK, B. G., SMITH, B. J., WILLSON, J. D., REED, R. N., AUMEN, N. G., AVERY, M. L., BARTOSZEK, I. A., CAMPBELL, E., CHERKISS, M. S., CLAUNCH, N. M., CURRYLOW, A. F., DEAN, T., DIXON, J., ENGEMAN, R., ET AL. (2023). Burmese pythons in Florida: a synthesis of biology, impacts, and management tools. *NeoBiota* **80**, 1–119.

HAINES, A. M., COSTANTE, D. M., FREED, C., ACHAYARAJ, G., BLEYER, L., EMERIC, C., FENTON, L. A., LIELBRIEDIS, L., RITTER, E., SALERNI, G. I., STIEHA, C. R., ISDELL, R. E. & LEU, M. (2024). The impact of invasive alien species on threatened and endangered species: a geographic perspective. *Wildlife Society Bulletin* **48**, e1552.

HAINES-YOUNG, R. & POTSCHIN-YOUNG, M. (2018). Revision of the common international classification for ecosystem services (CICES V5.1): a policy brief. *One Ecosystem* **3**, e27108.

HAJEK, A. E., GARDESCU, S. & DELALIBERA, I. (2021). Summary of classical biological control introductions of entomopathogens and nematodes for insect control. *BioControl* **66**, 167–180.

HALL, R. O. Jr., DYBDahl, M. F. & VANDERLOOP, M. C. (2006). Extremely high secondary production of introduced snails in rivers. *Ecological Applications* **16**, 1121–1131.
HARE, D. J. (1980). Impact of defoliation by the Colorado potato beetle on potato yields. *Journal of Economic Entomology* **73**, 369–373.

HARRINGTON, L. A., HARRINGTON, A. L., YAMAGUCHI, N., THOM, M. D., FERRERAS, P., WINDHAM, T. R. & MACDONALD, D. W. (2009). The impact of native competitors on an alien invasive: temporal niche shifts to avoid interspecific aggression. *Ecology* **90**, 1207–1216.

HARVEY, G. L., HENSHAW, A. J., BRASINGTON, J. & ENGLAND, J. (2019). Burrowing invasive species: an unquantified erosion risk at the aquatic-terrestrial interface. *Reviews of Geophysics* **57**, 1018–1036.

HASEGAWA, K. (2020). Invasions of rainbow trout and brown trout in Japan: a comparison of invasiveness and impact on native species. *Ecology of Freshwater Fish* **29**, 419–428.

HATCHER, M. J., DICK, J. T. A., BOJKO, J., STENTIFORD, G. D., STEBBING, P. & DUNN, A. M. (2019). Infection and invasion: study cases from aquatic communities. In *Wildlife Disease Ecology* (eds K. WILSON, A. FENTON and D. TOMPKINS), pp. 262–295. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

HATCHER, M. J., DICK, J. T. A. & DUNN, A. M. (2012). Disease emergence and invasions. *Functional Ecology* **26**, 1275–1287.

HAUBROCK, P. J., AHMED, D. A., CUTHBERT, R. N., STUBBINGTON, R., DOMISCH, S., MARQUEZ, J. R. G., BEIDAS, A., AMATULLI, G., KIESEL, J., SHEN, L. Q., SOTO, I., ANGELER, D. G., BONADA, N., CAÑEÓ-ARGÉLLES, M., CSABAI, Z., *et al.* (2022a). Invasion impacts and dynamics of a European-wide introduced species. *Global Change Biology* **28**, 4620–4632.

HAUBROCK, P. J., BALZANI, P., MACÉDO, R. & TARKAN, A. S. (2023a). Is the number of non-native species in the European Union saturating? *Environmental Sciences Europe* **35**, 48.

HAUBROCK, P. J., BERNERY, C., CUTHBERT, R. N., LIU, C., KOURANTIDOU, M., LEROY, B., TURBELIN, A. J., KRAMER, A. M., VERBRUGGE, L. N. H., DIAGNE, C., COURCHAMP, F. & GOZLAN, R. E. (2022b). Knowledge gaps in economic costs of invasive alien fish worldwide. *Science of the Total Environment* **803**, 149875.

HAUBROCK, P. J., CARNEIRO, L., MACÉDO, R. L., BALZANI, P., SOTO, I., RASMUSSEN, J. J., WIBERG-LARSEN, P., CSABAI, Z., VÁRBÍRÓ, G., MURPHY, J. F., JONES, J. I., VERDONSCHOT, R. C. M., VERDONSCHOT, P., VAN DER LEE, G. & AHMED, D. A. (2023b). Advancing our understanding of biological invasions with long-term biomonitoring data. *Biological Invasions* **25**, 3637–3649.

HAUBROCK, P. J., CUTHBERT, R. N., BALZANI, P., BRISKI, E., CANO-BARBACIL, C., DE SANTIS, V., HUDGINS, E. J., KOUBA, A., MACÉDO, R. L., KOURANTIDOU, M., RENAULT, D., RICO-SÁNCHEZ, A. E., SOTO, I., TOUTAIN, M., TRICARICO, E., *et al.* (2024a). Discrepancies between non-native and invasive species classifications. *Biological Invasions* **26**, 371–384.

HAUBROCK, P. J., CUTHBERT, R. N., HUDGINS, E. J., CRYSTAL-ORNELAS, R., KOURANTIDOU, M., MOODLEY, D., LIU, C., TURBELIN, A. J., LEROY, B. & COURCHAMP, F. (2022c). Geographic and taxonomic trends of rising biological invasion costs. *Science of the Total Environment* **817**, 152948.

HAUBROCK, P. J., CUTHBERT, R. N., RICCIARDI, A., DIAGNE, C. & COURCHAMP, F. (2022d). Economic costs of invasive bivalves in freshwater ecosystems. *Diversity and Distributions* **28**, 1010–1021.

HAUBROCK, P. J., INGHILESI, A. F., MAZZA, G., BENDONI, M., SOLARI, L. & TRICARICO, E. (2019). Burrowing activity of *Procambarus clarkii* on levees: analysing behaviour and burrow structure. *Wetlands Ecology and Management* **27**, 497–511.

HAUBROCK, P. J., PARKER, B., BLOŃSKA, D., BRISKI, E., EVERTS, T., FERNANDEZ, R. D., KOUBA, A., KOURANTIDOU, M., KURTUL, I., MAMMOLA, S., MUSOLIN, D. L., NUÑEZ, M. A., OLDEN, J. D., RASMUSSEN, J. J., RENAULT, D., *et al.* (2025a). Conceptual and ethical considerations in invasion science. *Bioscience* **75**, 317–330.

HAUBROCK, P. J., PILOTTO, F., SOTO, I., KÜHN, I., VERREYCKEN, H., SEEBENS, H., CUTHBERT, R. N. & HAASE, P. (2023c). Long-term trends in abundances of non-native species across biomes, realms, and taxonomic groups in Europe. *Science of the Total Environment* **884**, 163808.

HAUBROCK, P. J. & SOTO, I. (2023). Valuing the information hidden in true long-term data for invasion science. *Biological Invasions* **25**, 2385–2394.

HAUBROCK, P. J., SOTO, I., AHMED, D. A., ANSARI, A. R., TARKAN, A. S., KURTUL, I., MACÉDO, R. L., LÁZARO-LOBO, A., TOUTAIN, M., PARKER, B., BLOŃSKA, D., GUARESCHI, S., CANO-BARBACIL, C., DOMINIGUEZ ALMELA, V., ADREOU, D., *et al.* (2024b). Biological invasions are a population-level rather than a species-level phenomenon. *Global Change Biology* **30**, e17312.

HAUBROCK, P. J., SOTO, I., CANO-BARBACIL, C., THEISSINGER, K., RIOS-HENRIQUEZ, C., PARKER, B., WEITHOFF, G. & BRISKI, E. (2025b). Germany's established non-native species: a comprehensive breakdown. *Environmental Sciences Europe* **37**, 56.

HAUBROCK, P. J., TARKAN, A. S., BLOŃSKA, D., GORA, A., PÁRVULESCU, L., KOUBA, A. & SOTO, I. (2025c). Prioritising non-native crayfish species for management in the Rhine-Main observatory using the dispersal-origin-status-

impact (DOSI) scheme. *Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems* **35**, e07019.

HAWKINS, C. L., BACHER, S., ESSL, F., HULME, P. E., JESCHKE, J. M., KÜHN, I., KUMSCHICK, S., NENTWIG, W., PERGL, J., PYŠEK, P., RABITSCH, W., RICHARDSON, D. M., VILÁ, M., WILSON, J. R. U., GENOVESI, P., *et al.* (2015). Framework and guidelines for implementing the proposed IUCN environmental impact classification for alien taxa (EICAT). *Diversity and Distributions* **21**, 1360–1363.

HE, Q., BERTNESS, M. D. & ALTIERI, A. H. (2013). Global shifts towards positive species interactions with increasing environmental stress. *Ecology Letters* **16**, 695–706.

HEBERT, C. E., CHAO, J., CRUMP, D., JOHNSON, T. B., RUDY, M. D., SVERKO, E., WILLIAMS, K., ZARUK, D. & ARTS, M. T. (2014). Ecological tracers track changes in bird diets and possible routes of exposure to type E botulism. *Journal of Great Lakes Research* **40**, 64–70.

HELSSEN, K., KAPÁS, R. E., RAKVAAG, G., SPEED, J. D. M. & GRAÆ, B. J. (2018). Impacts of an invasive plant on primary production: testing a functional trait-based framework with a greenhouse experiment. *Journal of Vegetation Science* **29**, 157–166.

HELSSEN, K., MATSUSHIMA, H., SOMERS, B. & HONNAY, O. (2021). A trait-based approach across the native and invaded range to understand plant invasiveness and community impact. *Oikos* **130**, 1001–1013.

HENDERSON, D. C. & NAETH, M. A. (2005). Multi-scale impacts of crested wheatgrass invasion in mixed-grass prairie. *Biological Invasions* **7**, 639–650.

HENN, J. J., ANDERSON, C. B. & MARTÍNEZ PASTUR, G. (2016). Landscape-level impact and habitat factors associated with invasive beaver distribution in Tierra del Fuego. *Biological Invasions* **18**, 1679–1688.

HENRY, M., LEUNG, B., CUTHBERT, R. N., BODEY, T. W., AHMED, D. A., ANGULO, E., BALZANI, P., BRISKI, E., COURCHAMP, F., HULME, P. E., KOUBA, A., KOURANTIDOU, M., LIU, C., MACÉDO, R. L., OFICIALDEGUI, F. J., *et al.* (2023). Unveiling the hidden economic toll of biological invasions in the European Union. *Environmental Sciences Europe* **35**, 43.

HERMS, D. A. & MCCULLOUGH, D. G. (2014). Emerald ash borer invasion of North America: history, biology, ecology, impacts, and management. *Annual Review of Entomology* **59**, 13–30.

HILL, M., HOLM, K., Vel, T., SHAH, N. J. & MATYOT, P. (2003). Impact of the introduced yellow crazy ant *Anoplolepis gracilipes* on Bird Island, Seychelles. *Biodiversity and Conservation* **12**, 1969–1984.

*HOBSON, E. A., SMITH-VIDAURRE, G. & SALINAS-MELGOZA, A. (2017). History of nonnative monk parakeets in Mexico. *PLoS One* **12**, e0184771.

HOFFMANN, B. D. & BROADHURST, L. M. (2016). The economic cost of managing invasive species in Australia. *NeoBiota* **31**, 1–18.

HOLDICH, D. M., REYNOLDS, J. D., SOUTY-GROSSET, C. & SIBLEY, P. J. (2009). A review of the ever increasing threat to European crayfish from non-indigenous crayfish species. *Knowledge & Management of Aquatic Ecosystems* **11**, 394–395.

HOLDSWORTH, A. R., FRELICH, L. E. & REICH, P. B. (2007). Effects of earthworm invasion on plant species richness in northern hardwood forests. *Conservation Biology* **21**, 997–1008.

HOLT, C. C., VAN DER GIEZEN, M., DANIELS, C. L., STENTIFORD, G. D. & BASS, D. (2020). Spatial and temporal axes impact ecology of the gut microbiome in juvenile European lobster (*Homarus gammarus*). *The ISME Journal* **14**, 531–543.

HOLT, R. D. & BONSALL, M. B. (2017). Apparent competition. *Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics* **48**, 447–471.

HOOKER, J. D. (1864). *Handbook of the New Zealand Flora*. Reeve, London.

HOPKINS, J. M., EDWARDS, W. & SCHWARZKOPF, L. (2022). Invading the soundscape: exploring the effects of invasive species' calls on acoustic signals of native wildlife. *Biological Invasions* **24**, 3381–3393.

HOSSACK, B. R., HALL, D., CRAWFORD, C. L., GOLDBERG, C. S., MUTHS, E., SIGAFUS, B. H. & CHAMBERT, T. (2023). Successful eradication of invasive American bullfrogs leads to coextirpation of emerging pathogens. *Conservation Letters* **16**, e12970.

HOU, G., BAI, L. & Si, S. (2023). Ecosystem resilience and stability analysis against alien species invasion patterns. *Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications* **619**, 128728.

HOWARD, B. R., BARRIOS-O'NEILL, D., ALEXANDER, M. E., DICK, J. T. A., THERRIAULT, T. W., ROBINSON, T. B. & CÔTÉ, I. M. (2018). Functional responses of a cosmopolitan invader demonstrate intraspecific variability in consumer-resource dynamics. *Pejor* **6**, e5634.

HOYLE, H., HITCHMOUGH, J. & JORGENSEN, A. (2017). Attractive, climate-adapted and sustainable? Public perception of non-native planting in the designed urban landscape. *Landscape and Urban Planning* **164**, 49–63.

HULME, P. E. (2014). Invasive species challenge the global response to emerging diseases. *Trends in Parasitology* **30**, 267–270.

*HULME, P. E. (2015). New law risks release of invasive species. *Nature* **517**, 21.

HULME, P. E. (2024). Networks of risk: international tourists as a biosecurity pathway into national parks. *Biological Invasions* **26**, 4317–4330.
HULME, P. E., PYŠEK, P., JAROŠÍK, V., PERGL, J., SCHAFFNER, U. & VILÁ, M. (2013). Bias and error in understanding plant invasion impacts. *Trends in Ecology & Evolution* **28**, 212–218.

HULME-BEAMAN, A., DOBNEY, K., CUCCHI, T. & SEARLE, J. B. (2016). An ecological and evolutionary framework for commensalism in anthropogenic environments. *Trends in Ecology & Evolution* **31**, 633–645.

HUMAN, K. G. & GORDON, D. M. (1996). Exploitation and interference competition between the invasive Argentine ant, *Linepithema humile*, and native ant species. *Oecologia* **105**, 405–412.

HUXEL, G. R. (1999). Rapid displacement of native species by invasive species: effects of hybridization. *Ecological Conservation* **89**, 143–152.

IACARELLA, J. C., DICK, J. T. A., ALEXANDER, M. E. & RICCIARDI, A. (2015a). Ecological impacts of invasive alien species along temperature gradients: testing the role of environmental matching. *Ecological Applications* **25**, 706–716.

IACARELLA, J. C., DICK, J. T. A. & RICCIARDI, A. (2015b). A spatio-temporal contrast of the predatory impact of an invasive freshwater crustacean. *Diversity and Distributions* **21**, 803–812.

ILARRI, M. I., FRETTAS, F., COSTA-DIAS, S., ANTUNES, C., GUILHERMINO, L. & SOUSA, R. (2012). Associated macrozoobenthos with the invasive Asian clam *Corbicula fluminea*. *Journal of Sea Research* **72**, 113–120.

IWANOWICZ, D. D., SANDERS, L. R., SCHILL, W. B., XAYAVONG, M. V., DA SILVA, A. J., QVARNSTROM, Y. & SMITH, T. (2015). Spread of the rat lungworm (*Angiostrongylus cantonensis*) in giant African land snails (*Lissachatina fulica*) in Florida, USA. *Journal of Wildlife Diseases* **51**, 749–753.

JACKSON, M. C., BRITTON, J. R., CUCHEROUSSET, J., GUO, Z., STAKÉNAS, S., GOZLAN, R. E., GODARD, M. G., ROUSSEL, J.-M. & COPP, G. H. (2016). Do non-native pumpkinseed *Lepomis gibbosus* affect the growth, diet and trophic niche breadth of native brown trout *Salmo trutta*? *Hydrobiologia* **772**, 63–75.

JACKSON, M. C., RUIZ-NAVARRO, A. & BRITTON, J. R. (2015). Population density modifies the ecological impacts of invasive species. *Oikos* **124**, 880–887.

*JAKUBIK, J., ROY, S., PHILLIPS, C. E., FRACCARO, P., GODWIN, D., ZADROZNY, B., SZWARCMAN, D., GOMES, C., NYIRJESY, G. & EDWARDS, B. (2023). Foundation models for generalist geospatial artificial intelligence. *arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.18660*.

JARIĆ, I., COURCHAMP, F., CORREIA, R. A., CROWLEY, S. L., ESSL, F., FISCHER, A., GONZÁLEZ-MORENO, P., KALINKAT, G., LAMBIN, X., LENZNER, B., MEINARD, Y., MILL, A., MUSSEAU, C., NOVOA, A., PERGL, J., ET AL. (2020). The role of species charisma in biological invasions. *Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment* **18**, 345–353.

JARIĆ, I., FERNÁNDEZ-LLAMAZARES, Á., MOLNÁR, Z., ARBIEU, U., CORREIA, R. A., COURCHAMP, F., ESSL, F., LADLE, R. J., MAURICE, A.-C., MEINARD, Y., NOVOA, A., NUÑEZ, M. A., PYŠEK, P., ROLL, U., SBRAGAGLIA, V., ET AL. (2024). Cultural inception of invasive species. *njp Biodiversity* **4**, 1–12.

JEMAL, A. & HUGH-JONES, M. (1993). A review of the red imported fire ant (*Solenopsis invicta* Buren) and its impacts on plant, animal, and human health. *Preventive Veterinary Medicine* **17**, 19–32.

JESCHKE, J. M., BACHER, S., BLACKBURN, T. M., DICK, J. T. A., ESSL, F., EVANS, T., GAERTNER, M., HULME, P. E., KÜHN, I., MRUGAÍA, A., PERGL, J., PYŠEK, P., RABITSCH, W., RICCIARDI, A., RICHARDSON, D. M., ET AL. (2014). Defining the impact of non-native species. *Conservation Biology* **28**, 1188–1194.

JESCHKE, J. M., GÓMEZ APARICIO, L., HAIDER, S., HEGER, T., LORTIE, C. J., PYŠEK, P. & STRAYER, D. L. (2012). Support for major hypotheses in invasion biology is uneven and declining. *NeoBiota* **14**, 1–20.

JESCHKE, J. M. & HEGER, T. (2018). *Invasion Biology: Hypotheses and Evidence*. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK.

JONES, B. A. (2017). Invasive species impacts on human well-being using the life satisfaction index. *Ecological Economics* **134**, 250–257.

JONES, C. G., LAWTON, J. H. & SHACHAK, M. (1994). Organisms as ecosystem engineers. *Oikos* **69**, 373–386.

JONES, C. G., LAWTON, J. H. & SHACHAK, M. (1997). Positive and negative effects of organisms as physical ecosystem engineers. *Ecology* **78**, 1946–1957.

JONES, P. & CLOSS, G. (2017). The introduction of brown trout to New Zealand and their impact on native fish communities. In *Brown Trout: Biology, Ecology and Management*, pp. 545–567. Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken, NJ.

JULIANO, S. A. & PHILIP LOUNIBOS, L. (2005). Ecology of invasive mosquitoes: effects on resident species and on human health. *Ecology Letters* **8**, 558–574.

JUSSILA, J., EDSMAN, L., MAGUIRE, I., DIÉGUEZ-URIBEONDO, J. & THEISSINGER, K. (2021). Money kills native ecosystems: European crayfish as an example. *Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution* **9**, 648495.

KALISZ, S., KIVLIN, S. N. & BIALIC-MURPHY, L. (2021). Allelopathy is pervasive in invasive plants. *Biological Invasions* **23**, 367–371.

KAMARU, D. N., PALMER, T. M., RIGINOS, C., FORD, A. T., BELNAP, J., CHIRA, R. M., GITHAIGA, J. M., GITUKU, B. C., HAYS, B. R., KAVWELE, C. M., KIBUNGE, A. K., LAMB, C. T., MAIYO, N. J., MILLIGAN, P. D., MUTISYA, S., ET AL. (2024). Disruption of an ant-plant mutualism shapes interactions between lions and their primary prey. *Science* **383**, 433–438.

KANDORI, I., HIIRA, T., MATSUNAGA, S. & KUROSAKI, T. (2009). An invasive dandelion unilaterally reduces the reproduction of a native congener through competition for pollination. *Oecologia* **159**, 559–569.

KAPITZA, K., ZIMMERMANN, H., MARTÍN-LÓPEZ, B. & VON WEHRDEN, H. (2019). Research on the social perception of invasive species: a systematic literature review. *NeoBiota* **43**, 47–68.

KATO-NOGUCHI, H. & KATO, M. (2024). Invasive characteristics of *Robinia pseudoacacia* and its impacts on species diversity. *Diversity* **16**, 773.

KATSANEVAKIS, S., DERIU, I., D'AMICO, F., NUNES, A. L., SANCHEZ, S. P., CROCETTA, F., ARIANOUTSOU, M., BAZOS, I., CHRISTOPOULOU, A., CURTO, G., DELIPETROU, P., KOKKORIS, Y., PANOV, V. E., RABITSCH, W., ROQUES, A., ET AL. (2015). European alien species information network (EASIN): supporting European policies and scientific research. *Management of Biological Invasions* **6**, 147.

KATSANEVAKIS, S. & MOUSTAKAS, A. (2018). Uncertainty in marine invasion science. *Frontiers in Marine Science* **5**, 38.

KATSANEVAKIS, S., NIKOLAOU, A., TSIRINTANIS, K. & RILOV, G. (2025). Lessepsian migration in the Mediterranean Sea in an era of climate change: plague or boon? *Science Talks* **13**, 100412.

KATSANEVAKIS, S., TEMPERA, F. & TEIXEIRA, H. (2016). Mapping the impact of alien species on marine ecosystems: the Mediterranean Sea case study. *Diversity and Distributions* **22**, 694–707.

KATSANEVAKIS, S., WALLENTINUS, I., ZENETOS, A., LEPPÄKOSKI, E., ÇINAR, M. E., OZTÜRK, B., GRABOWSKI, M., GOLANI, D. & CARDOSO, A. C. (2014). Impacts of invasive alien marine species on ecosystem services and biodiversity: a pan-European review. *Aquatic Invasions* **9**, 391–423.

KEANE, R. M. & CRAWLEY, M. J. (2002). Exotic plant invasions and the enemy release hypothesis. *Trends in Ecology & Evolution* **17**, 164–170.

*KECK, F., BROADBENT, H. & ALTERMATT, F. (2025a). Extracting massive ecological data on state and interactions of species using large language models. *bioRxiv*. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.01.24.634685.

KECK, F., PELLER, T., ALTHER, R., BAROUILLET, C., BLACKMAN, R., CAPO, E., CHONOTA, V., COUTON, M., FEHLINGER, L., KIRSCHNER, D., KNÜSEL, M., MUNERET, L., OESTER, R., TAPOLCZAI, K., ZHANG, H., ET AL. (2025b). The global human impact on biodiversity. *Nature* **641**, 395–400.

KENIS, M., AUGER-ROZENBERG, M.-A., ROQUES, A., TIMMS, L., PÉRÉ, C., COCK, M. J. W., SETTELE, J., AUGUSTIN, S. & LOPEZ-VAAMONDE, C. (2009). Ecological effects of invasive alien insects. *Biological Invasions* **11**, 21–45.

KENIS, M., NACAMBO, S., VAN VLAENDEREN, J., ZINDEL, R. & ESCHEN, R. (2020). Long term monitoring in Switzerland reveals that *Adalia bipunctata* strongly declines in response to *Harmonia axyridis* invasion. *Insects* **11**, 883.

KENIS, M., ROQUES, A., SANTINI, A. & LIEBHOLD, A. M. (2017). Impact of non-native invertebrates and pathogens on market Forest tree resources. In *Impact of Biological Invasions on Ecosystem Services*, pp. 103–117. Springer International Publishing, Cham.

*KELLER, P. R., GEIST, J., JESCHKE, J. M. & KÜHN, I. (2011). Invasive species in Europe: ecology, status, and policy. *Environmental Sciences Europe* **23**, 1–17.

*KELLY, R., HARROD, C., MAGGS, C. A. & REID, N. (2015). Effects of Elodea nuttallii on temperate freshwater plants, microalgae and invertebrates: small differences between invaded and uninvaded areas. *Biological Invasions* **17**, 2123–2138.

KINGSOLVER, C. H., MELCHING, J. S. & BROMFIELD, K. R. (1983). The threat of exotic plant pathogens to agriculture in the United States. *Plant Disease* **67**, 595–600.

KIRCH, P. V. (2017). *On the Road of the Winds: An Archaeological History of the Pacific Islands before European Contact*. Univ. of California Press, Berkeley, CA.

KIRKPATRICK, M. & RAVIGNÉ, V. (2002). Speciation by natural and sexual selection: models and experiments. *The American Naturalist* **159**, S22–S35.

KЛИМАЗЫК, Р., КЛИМАЗЫК, Д., ПІОТРОВІАК, М. і ПОПІОЛЯК, А. (2014). Unusual complications after occupational exposure to giant hogweed (*Heracleum mantegazzianum*): a case report. *International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health* **27**, 141–144.

KOLLARS, N. M., BYERS, J. E. & SOTKA, E. E. (2016). Invasive décor: an association between a native decorator worm and a non-native seaweed can be mutualistic. *Marine Ecology Progress Series* **545**, 135–145.

KONISHI, M. & TAKATA, K. (2004). Impact of asymmetrical hybridization followed by sterile F1 hybrids on species replacement in *Pseudorhobora*. *Conservation Genetics* **5**, 463–474.

KOUBA, A., OFICIALDEGUI, F. J., CUTHBERT, R. N., KOURANTIDOU, M., SOUTH, J., TRICARICO, E., GOZLAN, R. E., COURCHAMP, F. & HAUBROCK, P. J. (2022). Identifying economic costs and knowledge gaps of invasive aquatic crustaceans. *Science of the Total Environment* **813**, 152325.

KOURANTIDOU, M., HAUBROCK, P. J., CUTHBERT, R. N., BODEY, T. W., LENZNER, B., GOZLAN, R. E., NUÑEZ, M. A., SALLES, J.-M., DIAGNE, C. & COURCHAMP, F. (2022). Invasive alien species as simultaneous benefits and burdens: trends, stakeholder perceptions and management. *Biological Invasions* **24**, 1905–1926.
KUEBBING, S. E. (2020). How direct and indirect non-native interactions can promote plant invasions, lead to invasive meltdown and inform management decisions. In *Plant Invasions: The Role of Biotic Interactions*, pp. 153–176. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK.

KUEFFER, C., KLINGLER, G., ZIRFASS, K., SCHUMACHER, E., EDWARDS, P. J. & GÜSEWELL, S. (2008). Invasive trees show only weak potential to impact nutrient dynamics in phosphorus-poor tropical forests in the Seychelles. *Functional Ecology* **22**, 359–366.

*KUMSCHICK, S., GAERTNER, M., VILÀ, M., ESSL, F., JESCHKE, J. M., PYŠEK, P., RICCIARDI, A., BACHER, S., BLACKBURN, T. M. & DICK, J. T. A. (2015). Ecological impacts of alien species: quantification, scope, caveats, and recommendations. *Bioscience* **65**, 55–63.

KURLE, C. M., CROLL, D. A. & TERSHY, B. R. (2008). Introduced rats indirectly change marine rocky intertidal communities from algae-to invertebrate-dominated. *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences* **105**, 3800–3804.

LACEY, L. A., GRZYWACZ, D., SHAPIRO-ILAN, D. I., FRUTOS, R., BROWNRIDGE, M. & GOETTEL, M. S. (2015). Insect pathogens as biological control agents: Back to the future. *Journal of Invertebrate Pathology* **132**, 1–41.

LANGHAMMER, P. F., BULL, J. W., BICKNELL, J. E., OAKLEY, J. L., BROWN, M. H., BRUFORD, M. W., BUTCHART, S. H. M., CARR, J. A., CHURCH, D., COONEY, R., CUTAJAR, S., FODEN, W., FOSTER, M. N., GASCON, C., GELDMANN, J., *et al*. (2024). The positive impact of conservation action. *Science* **384**, 453–458.

LANT, C. L., Ruhl, J. B. & KRAFT, S. E. (2008). The tragedy of ecosystem services. *Bioscience* **58**, 969–974.

*LAPEYROLERIE, M., CHAPMAN, M. S., NORMAN, K. E. A. & BOETTIGER, C. (2022). Deep reinforcement learning for conservation decisions. *Methods in Ecology and Evolution* **13**, 2649–2662.

LARGIADÈR, C. R. (2007). Hybridization and introgression between native and alien species. *Biological Invasions* **16**, 275–292.

LARKIN, D. J. (2012). Lengths and correlates of lag phases in upper-Midwest plant invasions. *Biological Invasions* **14**, 827–838.

LARSON, B. M. (2007). An alien approach to invasive species: objectivity and society in invasion biology. *Biological Invasions* **9**, 947–956.

LARSON, B. M. H. (2011). Embodied realism and invasive species. In *Philosophy of Ecology*, pp. 129–146. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

LARSON, B. M. H. & KUEFFER, C. (2013). Managing invasive species amidst high uncertainty and novelty. *Trends in Ecology & Evolution* **28**, 255–256.

LATOMBE, G., CATFORD, J. A., ESSL, F., LENZNER, B., RICHARDSON, D. M., WILSON, J. R. U. & MCGEOCH, M. A. (2022). GIRAE: a generalised approach for linking the total impact of invasion to species' range, abundance and per-unit effects. *Biological Invasions* **24**, 3147–3167.

LATOMBE, G., SEEBENS, H., LENZNER, B., COURCHAMP, F., DULLINGER, S., GOLIVETS, M., KÜHN, I., LEUNG, F., ROURA-PASCUAL, N., CEBRIAN, E., DAWSON, W., DIAGNE, C., JESCHKE, J. M., PÉREZ-GRANADOS, C., MOSER, D., *et al*. (2023). Capacity of countries to reduce biological invasions. *Sustainability Science* **18**, 771–789.

LAVERTY, C., GREEN, K. D., DICK, J. T. A., BARRIOS-O'NEILL, D., MENSINK, P. J., MÉDOC, V., SPATARO, T., CAFFREY, J. M., LUCY, F. E. & BOETS, P. (2017). Assessing the ecological impacts of invasive species based on their functional responses and abundances. *Biological Invasions* **19**, 1653–1665.

LAVERTY, C., NENTWIG, W., DICK, J. & LUCY, F. (2015). Alien aquatics in Europe: assessing the relative environmental and socio-economic impacts of invasive aquatic macroinvertebrates and other taxa. *Management of Biological Invasions* **6**, 341–350.

LAWSON, L. L., HILL, J. E., VILIZZI, L., HARDIN, S. & COPP, G. H. (2013). Revisions of the fish invasiveness screening kit (FISK) for its application in warmer climatic zones, with particular reference to peninsular Florida. *Risk Analysis* **33**, 1414–1431.

LE HEN, G., BALZANI, P., HAASE, P., KOUBA, A., LIU, C., NAGELKERKE, L. A. J., THEISSEN, N., RENAULT, D., SOTO, I. & HAUBROCK, P. J. (2023). Alien species and climate change drive shifts in a riverine fish community and trait compositions over 35 years. *Science of the Total Environment* **867**, 161486.

LE ROUX, J. J., BROWN, G. K., BYRNE, M., NDLOVU, J., RICHARD, D. M., THOMPSON, G. D. & WILSON, J. R. U. (2011). Phylogeographic consequences of different introduction histories of invasive Australian *acacia* species and *Parasanthenlas lophantha* (Fabaceae) in South Africa. *Diversity and Distributions* **17**, 861–871.

LE ROUX, J. J., ELLIS, A. G., VAN ZYL, L., HOSKING, N. D., KEET, J. & YANNELLI, F. A. (2018). Importance of soil legacy effects and successful mutualistic interactions during Australian *acacia* invasions in nutrient-poor environments. *Journal of Ecology* **106**, 2071–2081.

LEBRUN, E. G., OTTENS, K. J. & GILBERT, L. E. (2018). The microsporidian pathogen *Myrmecomorba nylanderiæ*. Intracolony transmission and impact upon tawny crazy ant (*Nylanderia fulva*) colonies. *Journal of Applied Entomology* **142**, 114–124.

LENHARDT, M. B., SMEDEREVAC-LALIĆ, M. M., SPASIĆ, S. Z., HONT, Ş., PARASCHIV, M., IANI, M. I., NIKČEVIĆ, M. V., KLIMLEY, P. A. & SUCIU, R. (2021). Seasonal changes in depth position and temperature of European catfish

(*Silurus glanis*) tracked by acoustic telemetry in the Danube River. *International Review of Hydrobiology* **106**, 191–201.

LENZNER, B., LATOMBE, G., SCHERTLER, A., SEEBENS, H., YANG, Q., WINTER, M., WEIGELT, P., VAN KLEUNEN, M., PYŠEK, P., PERGL, J., KREFT, H., DAWSON, W., DULLINGER, S. & ESSL, F. (2022). Naturalized alien floras still carry the legacy of European colonialism. *Nature Ecology & Evolution* **6**, 1723–1732.

LEUNG, B., LODGE, D. M., FINNOFF, D., SHOGREN, J. F., LEWIS, M. A. & LAMBERTI, G. (2002). An ounce of prevention or a pound of cure: bioeconomic risk analysis of invasive species. *Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences* **269**, 2407–2413.

LEUNG, B., ROURA-PASCUAL, N., BACHER, S., HEIKKILÄ, J., BROTONS, L., BURGMAN, M. A., DEHNNEN-SCHMUTZ, K., ESSL, F., HULME, P. E., RICHARDSON, D. M., SOL, D. & VILÀ, M. (2012). TEASIng apart alien species risk assessments: a framework for best practices. *Ecology Letters* **15**, 1475–1493.

LEVI, T., KEESES, F., HOLT, R. D., BARFIELD, M. & OSTFELD, R. S. (2016). Quantifying dilution and amplification in a community of hosts for tick-borne pathogens. *Ecological Applications* **26**, 484–498.

LEWIS, S. L. & MASLIN, M. A. (2015). Defining the anthropocene. *Nature* **519**, 171–180.

LI, F.-F., HAO, Q., CUI, X., LIN, R.-Z., LUO, B.-S. & MA, J.-S. (2024). Global invasive alien plant management lists: assessing current practices and adapting to new demands. *Plant Diversity* **47**, 666–680.

LI, S., WEI, H., KANG, B., LI, F., XU, D., XU, X., GU, D. & STAUFFER, J. R. (2025). Application of the European non-native species in aquaculture risk analysis scheme to evaluate *Micropterus nigricans* in China. *Management of Biological Invasions* **16**, 153–165.

LINDERS, T. E. W., BEKELE, K., SCHAFFNER, U., ALLAN, E., ALAMIREW, T., CHOGE, S. K., ECKERT, S., HAJI, J., MUTURI, G., MBAABU, P. R., SHIFERAW, H. & ESCHEN, R. (2020). The impact of invasive species on social-ecological systems: relating supply and use of selected provisioning ecosystem services. *Ecosystem Services* **41**, 101055.

*LIPTÁK, B., KOUBA, A., ZORIĆ, K., SALVARAS, L., PROKOP, P. & PAUNOVIĆ, M. (2023). The attractiveness of freshwater species correlates positively with conservation support. *Anthrozoös* **36**, 971–984.

*LITCHMAN, E. (2010). Invisible invaders: non-pathogenic invasive microbes in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. *Ecology Letters* **13**, 1560–1572.

LIU, D., SEMENCHUK, P., ESSL, F., LENZNER, B., MOSER, D., BLACKBURN, T. M., CASSEY, P., BIANCOLINI, D., CAPINHA, C., DAWSON, W., DYER, E. E., GUÉNARD, B., ECONOMO, E. P., KREFT, H., PERGL, J., *et al*. (2023). The impact of land use on non-native species incidence and number in local assemblages worldwide. *Nature Communications* **14**, 2090.

LIU, S.-S., DE BARRO, P. J., XU, J., LUAN, J.-B., ZANG, L.-S., RUAN, Y.-M. & WAN, F.-H. (2007). Asymmetric mating interactions drive widespread invasion and displacement in a whitefly. *Science* **318**, 1769–1772.

LIU, X., MCGARRITY, M. E., BAI, C., KE, Z. & LI, Y. (2013). Ecological knowledge reduces religious release of invasive species. *Ecosphere* **4**, 1–12.

LIU, X., MCGARRITY, M. E. & LI, Y. (2012). The influence of traditional Buddhist wildlife release on biological invasions. *Conservation Letters* **5**, 107–114.

LOVERAS, L., MAROTO, J., SOLER, J., THOMAS, R., MORENO-GARCÍA, M., NADAL, J. & SOLER, N. (2016). The role of small prey in human subsistence strategies from Early upper Palaeolithic sites in Iberia: the rabbits from the evolved Aurignacian level of Arbreda cave. *Journal of Quaternary Science* **31**, 458–471.

LOCKWOOD, J. L., HOOPES, M. F. & MARCHETTI, M. P. (2013). *Invasion ecology*. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ.

LÖFQVIST, S., KLEINSCHROTH, F., BEY, A., DE BREMOND, A., DEFRIES, R., DONG, J., FLEISCHMAN, F., LELE, S., MARTIN, D. A., MESSERLI, P., MEYFROIDT, P., PFEIFER, M., RAKOTOARIVO, S. O., RAMANKUTTY, N., RAMPRASAD, V., *et al*. (2023). How social considerations improve the equity and effectiveness of ecosystem restoration. *Bioscience* **73**, 134–148.

LÖNNSTEDT, O. M. & McCORMICK, M. I. (2013). Ultimate predators: lionfish have evolved to circumvent prey risk assessment abilities. *PLoS One* **8**, e57581.

LOPEZ, B. E., ALLEN, J. M., DUKES, J. S., LENOIR, J., VILÀ, M., BLUMENTHAL, D. M., BEAURY, E. M., FUSCO, E. J., LAGINHAS, B. B., MORELLI, T. L., O'NEILL, M. W., SORTE, C. J. B., MACEBA-VEIGA, A., WHITLOCK, R. & BRADLEY, B. A. (2022). Global environmental changes more frequently offset than intensify detrimental effects of biological invasions. *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences* **119**, e2117389119.

LOUREIRO, V. R. & BARBOSA, E. J. D. S. (2010). *Cidade de Belém e natureza: uma relação problemática?* Vol. 13, pp. 105–134. Novos Cadernos NAE, Belém, PA, Brazil.

LOVETT, G. M., CANHAM, C. D., ARTHUR, M. A., WEATHERS, K. C. & FITZHUGH, R. D. (2006). Forest ecosystem responses to exotic pests and pathogens in eastern North America. *Bioscience* **56**, 395–405.

LOVETT, G. M., CHRISTENSON, L. M., GROFFMAN, P. M., JONES, C. G., HART, J. E. & MITCHELL, M. J. (2002). Insect defoliation and nitrogen cycling in forests: laboratory, plot, and watershed studies indicate that most of the nitrogen released from forest foliage as a result of defoliation by insects is redistributed
within the ecosystem, whereas only a small fraction of nitrogen is lost by leaching. *Bioscience* **52**, 335–341.

LOVICH, J. E. & YAMAMOTO, K. (2016). Measuring the impact of invasive species on popular culture: a case study based on toy turtles from Japan. *Humans and Nature* **27**, 1–11.

LUCY, F. E., ROY, H., SIMPSON, A., CARLTON, J. T., HANSON, J. M., MAGELLAN, K., CAMPBELL, M. L., COSTELLO, M. J., PAGAD, S., HEWITT, C. L., McDONALD, J., CASSEY, P. C., THOMAZ, S. M., KATSANEVAKIS, S., ZENETOS, A., *ET AL.* (2016). INVASIVESNET towards an international association for open knowledge on invasive alien species. *Management of Biological Invasions* **7**, 131–139.

LYACH, R. (2022). Increasing dominance of non-native fishes in the yield of central European streams and rivers. *Fisheries Research* **254**, 106433.

MACDONALD, I. A. W. & RICHARDSON, D. M. (1986). Alien species in terrestrial ecosystems of the fynbos biome. In *The Ecology and Management of Biological Invasions in Southern Africa* (eds I. A. W. MACDONALD *et al*.), pp. 77–91. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.

MACDOUGALL, A. S. & TURKINGTON, R. (2005). Are invasive species the drivers or passengers of change in degraded ecosystems? *Ecology* **86**, 42–55.

MACEDO, R. L., HAUBROCK, P. J., KLIPPEL, G., FERNANDEZ, R. D., LEROY, B., ANGULO, E., CARNEIRO, L., MUSSEAU, C. L., ROCHA, O. & CUTHBERT, R. N. (2024). The economic costs of invasive aquatic plants: a global perspective on ecology and management gaps. *Science of the Total Environment* **908**, 168217.

MACK, M. C. & D'ANTONIO, C. M. (1998). Impacts of biological invasions on disturbance regimes. *Trends in Ecology & Evolution* **13**, 195–198.

MAGLIOZZI, C., TSIAMIS, K., VIGIAK, O., DERIU, I., GERVASINI, E. & CARDOSO, A. C. (2020). Assessing invasive alien species in European catchments: distribution and impacts. *Science of the Total Environment* **732**, 138677.

MAHONEY, P. J., BEARD, K. H., DURSO, A. M., TALLIAN, A. G., LONG, A. L., KINDERMANN, R. J., NOLAN, N. E., KINKA, D. & MOHN, H. E. (2015). Introduction effort, climate matching and species traits as predictors of global establishment success in non-native reptiles. *Diversity and Distributions* **21**, 64–74.

MALLET, J. (2005). Hybridization as an invasion of the genome. *Trends in Ecology & Evolution* **20**, 229–237.

*MALLON, C. A., LE ROUX, X., VAN DOORN, G. S., DINI-ANDREOTE, F., POLY, F. & SALLES, J. F. (2018). The impact of failure: unsuccessful bacterial invasions steer the soil microbial community away from the invader's niche. *The ISME Journal* **12**, 728–741.

MAMMOLA, S., ADAMO, M., ANTIĆ, D., CALEVO, J., CANCELLARIO, T., CARDOSO, P., CHAMBERLAIN, D., CHIALVA, M., DURUCAN, F., FONTANETO, D., GONCALVES, D., MARTÍNEZ, A., SANTINI, L., RUBIO-LOPEZ, I., SOUSA, R., *ET AL.* (2023). Drivers of species knowledge across the tree of life. *Life* **12**, RP88251.

MAMMOLA, S., NANNI, V., PANTINI, P. & ISAIA, M. (2020). Media framing of spiders may exacerbate arachnophobic sentiments. *People and Nature* **2**, 1145–1157.

MARCHANTE, E., KJØLLER, A., STRUWE, S. & FREITAS, H. (2008). Invasive *Acacia longifolia* induce changes in the microbial catabolic diversity of sand dunes. *Soil Biology and Biochemistry* **40**, 2563–2568.

MARCHESSAUX, G., MANGANO, M. C., BIZZARRI, S., M'RABET, C., PRINCIPATO, E., LAGO, N., VEYSSIÈRE, D., GARRIDO, M., SCYPHERS, S. B. & SARÀ, G. (2023). Invasive blue crabs and small-scale fisheries in the Mediterranean sea: local ecological knowledge, impacts and future management. *Marine Policy* **148**, 105461.

*MARCOT, B. G., HOFF, M. H., MARTIN, C. D., JEWELL, S. D. & GIVENS, C. E. (2019). A decision support system for identifying potentially invasive and injurious freshwater fishes. *Management of Biological Invasions* **10**, 200–226.

MARR, S. M., OLDEN, J. D., LEPRIEUR, F., ARISMENDI, I., ĆALETA, M., MORGAN, D. L., NOCITA, A., ŠANDA, R., SERHAN TARKAN, A. & GARCÍA-BERTHOU, E. (2013). A global assessment of freshwater fish introductions in mediterranean-climate regions. *Hydrobiologia* **719**, 317–329.

MARTIN-ALBARRACIN, V. L., AMICO, G. C., SIMBERLOFF, D. & NUÑEZ, M. A. (2015). Impact of non-native birds on native ecosystems: a global analysis. *PLoS One* **10**, e0143070.

MARTÍN-FORÉS, I., GUERIN, G. R., LEWIS, D., GALLAGHER, R. V., VILÀ, M., CATFORD, J. A., PAUCHARD, A. & SPARROW, B. (2024). Towards integrating and harmonising information on plant invasions across Australia. *NeoBiota* **92**, 61–83.

MATISOO-SMITH, E. & ROBINS, J. H. (2004). Origins and dispersals of Pacific peoples: evidence from mtDNA phylogenies of the Pacific rat. *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences* **101**, 9167–9172.

MAUNDER, M., UPSON, T., SPOONER, B. & KENDLE, T. (1995). Saint Helena: sustainable development and conservation of a highly Degraded Island ecosystem. In *Islands: Biological Diversity and Ecosystem Function*, pp. 205–217. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.

MAYER, K., HEGER, T., KÜHN, I., NEHRING, S. & GAERTNER, M. (2023). Germany's first action plan on the pathways of invasive alien species to prevent their unintentional introduction and spread. *NeoBiota* **89**, 209–227.

MAZZA, G. & TRICARICO, E. (2018). *Invasive Species and Human Health*. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK.

MCGEOCH, M. A., BUTCHART, S. H. M., SPEAR, D., MARAIS, E., KLEYNHANS, E. J., SYMES, A., CHANSON, J. & HOFFMANN, M. (2010). Global indicators of biological invasion: species numbers, biodiversity impact and policy responses. *Diversity and Distributions* **16**, 95–108.

MCGEOCH, M. A., ORDONEZ, A., HOWARD, P. L., GROOM, Q. J., SHRESTHA, B. B., FERNANDEZ, M., BRÜGNOLI, E., BWALYA, B., BYUN, C., KSENOFONTOV, S., OJAVEER, H., SIMBERLOFF, D., MUNGI, N. A. & RONO, B. (2023). Chapter 6: governance and policy options for the management of biological invasions. In *Thematic Assessment Report on Invasive Alien Species and their Control of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services*. IPBES Secretariat, Bonn, Germany.

MCKINNEY, M. L. & LOCKWOOD, J. L. (1999). Biotic homogenization: a few winners replacing many losers in the next mass extinction. *Trends in Ecology & Evolution* **14**, 450–453.

MELBOURNE, B. A., CORNELL, H. V., DAVIES, K. F., DUGAW, C. J., ELMENDORF, S., FREESTONE, A. L., HALL, R. J., HARRISON, S., HASTINGS, A., HOLLAND, M., HOLYOAK, M., LAMBRINOS, J., MOORE, K. & YOKOMIZO, H. (2007). Invasion in a heterogeneous world: resistance, coexistence or hostile takeover? *Ecology Letters* **10**, 77–94.

MEYER, L. & HINRICHS, D. (2000). Microhabitat preferences and movements of the weatherfish, *Mismugus fossilis*, in a drainage channel. *Environmental Biology of Fishes* **58**, 297–306.

MEYERSON, L. A., CHAMBERS, R. M. & VOGT, K. A. (1999). The effects of *Phragmites* removal on nutrient pools in a freshwater tidal marsh ecosystem. *Biological Invasions* **1**, 129–136.

MICHALIDIS, N., KATSANEVAKIS, S. & CHARTOSIA, N. (2020). Recreational fisheries can be of the same magnitude as commercial fisheries: the case of Cyprus. *Fisheries Research* **231**, 105711.

MITCHELL, E. & DOMINGUEZ ALMELA, V. (2025). Modelling the rise of invasive lionfish in the Mediterranean. *Marine Biology* **172**, 18.

MITCHELL, R., CHITANAVA, S., DBAR, R., KRAMARETS, V., LEHTIJÄRVI, A., MATCHUTADZE, I., MAMADASHVILI, G., MATSAIAKH, I., NACAMBO, S., PAPAZOVA-ANAKIEVA, I., SATHYAPALA, S., TUNIYEV, B., VETEK, G., ZUKHBAIA, M. & KENTIS, M. (2018). Identifying the ecological and societal consequences of a decline in *Buxus* forests in Europe and the Caucasus. *Biological Invasions* **20**, 3605–3620.

MITCHELL, R. J., HEWISON, R. L., HESTER, A. J., BROOME, A. & KIRBY, K. J. (2016). Potential impacts of the loss of *Fraxinus excelsior* (Oleaceae) due to ash dieback on woodland vegetation in Great Britain. *New Journal of Botany* **6**, 2–15.

MIURA, O. & TORCHIN, M. E. (2023). Parasite release and biological invasions. In *Parasites and Biological Invasions*, pp. 24–41. CABI International, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK.

MIYAMOTO, K., FUKUDA, K. & MICHITA, Y. (2024). Evaluating the effectiveness of non-native brown trout suppression to improve native white-spotted charr stocking. *Ichthyological Research* **71**, 522–528.

MOESCH, S. S., JESCHKE, J. M., LOKATIS, S., PEERENBOOM, G., KRAMER-SCHADT, S., STRAKA, T. M. & HAASE, D. (2024). The frequent five: insights from interviews with urban wildlife professionals in Germany. *People and Nature* **6**, 2091–2108.

MOJTIŠOVÁ, M., SVOBODOVÁ, J., KOZUBÍKOVÁ-BALCAROVÁ, E., ŠTRUNCOVÁ, E., STIFT, R., BÍLÝ, M., KOUBA, A. & PETRUSEK, A. (2022). Long-term changes in the prevalence of the crayfish plague pathogen and its genotyping in invasive crayfish species in Czechia. *NeoBiota* **74**, 105–127.

MOLINARI, H. B. C., MARUR, C. J., DAROS, E., DE CAMPOS, M. K. F., DE CARVALHO, J. F. R. P., FILHO, J. C. B., PEREIRA, L. F. P. & VIEIRA, L. G. E. (2007). Evaluation of the stress-inducible production of proline in transgenic sugarcane (*Saccharum spp.): osmotic adjustment, chlorophyll fluorescence and oxidative stress. *Physiologia Plantarum* **130**, 218–229.

MOLNAR, J. L., GAMBOA, R. L., REVENGA, C. & SPALDING, M. D. (2008). Assessing the global threat of invasive species to marine biodiversity. *Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment* **6**, 485–492.

MONCADA, M., NOGUEIRA, S., RIBEIRO, D., GAGO, J., RODRIGUES, M., ALVES, M. J., MAGALHAES, M. F., CURTO, M. & RIBEIRO, F. (2025). Hidden in the gut: Metabarcoding reveals overlooked predation by the invasive European catfish (*Silurus glanis*). *Journal of Fish Biology* **1–15**. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.70152.

MONTGOMERY, K., WALDEN-SCHREINER, C., SAFFER, A., JONES, C., SELIGER, B. J., WORM, T., TATEOSIAN, L., SHUKUNOBE, M., KUMAR, S. & MEENTEMEYER, R. K. (2023). Forecasting global spread of invasive pests and pathogens through international trade. *Ecosphere* **14**, e4740.

MOON, K., BLACKMAN, D. A. & BREWER, T. D. (2015). Understanding and integrating knowledge to improve invasive species management. *Biological Invasions* **17**, 2675–2689.

MOONEY, H. A. & CLELAND, E. E. (2001). The evolutionary impact of invasive species. *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences* **98**, 5446–5451.
MORALES, C. L. & TRAVESET, A. (2009). A meta-analysis of impacts of alien vs. native plants on pollinator visitation and reproductive success of co-flowering native plants. *Ecology Letters* **12**, 716–728.

*MORERA, A. (2024). Foundation models in shaping the future of ecology. *Ecological Informatics* **80**, 102545.

MOUGI, A. (2016). The roles of amensalistic and commensalistic interactions in large ecological network stability. *Scientific Reports* **6**, 29929.

MOURE, N. (1982). Impressionism, post-impressionism, and the eucalyptus school in Southern California. *Plein Air Painters of California: the Southland* **1**, 4–15.

MUHLFELD, C. C., KALINOWSKI, S. T., MCMAHON, T. E., TAPER, M. L., PAINTER, S., LEARY, R. F. & ALLENDORF, F. W. (2009). Hybridization rapidly reduces fitness of a native trout in the wild. *Biology Letters* **5**, 328–331.

MULLER, G. C., JUNNILA, A., TRAORE, M. M., TRAORE, S. F., DOUMBIA, S., SISSOKO, F., DEMBELE, S. M., SCHLEIN, Y., ARHEART, K. L., REVAY, E. E., KRAVCHENKO, V. D., WITT, A. & BEIER, J. C. (2017). The invasive shrub *Prosopis jujulflora* enhances the malaria parasite transmission capacity of *Anopheles* mosquitoes: a habitat manipulation experiment. *Malaria Journal* **16**, 1–9.

MUMFORD, J. D., BOOY, O., BAKER, R. H. A., REES, M., COPP, G. H., BLACK, K., HOLT, J., LEACH, A. W. & HARTLEY, M. (2010). Invasive non-native species risk assessment in Great Britain. *Aspects of Applied Biology* **104**, 49–54.

MUNRO, L., GRIFFIN, B., LAGINHAS, B. B. & BRADLEY, B. A. (2024). Does invasion science encompass the invaded range? A comparison of the geographies of invasion science versus management in the US. *Biological Invasions* **26**, 797–815.

*MURPHY, C. A., GRENOUILLET, G. & GARCÍA-BERTHOU, E. (2015). Natural abiotic factors more than anthropogenic perturbation shape the invasion of eastern mosquitofish (*Gambusia holbrooki*). *Freshwater Science* **34**, 965–974.

NARŠÍČUS, A., OLENIN, S., ZAIKO, A. & MINCHIN, D. (2012). Biological invasion impact assessment system: from idea to implementation. *Ecological Informatics* **7**, 46–51.

NENTWIG, W., BACHER, S., PYŠEK, P., VILÁ, M. & KUMSCHICK, S. (2016). The generic impact scoring system (GISS): a standardized tool to quantify the impacts of alien species. *Environmental Monitoring and Assessment* **188**, 1–13.

NENTWIG, W., KÜHNEL, E. & BACHER, S. (2010). A generic impact-scoring system applied to alien mammals in Europe. *Conservation Biology* **24**, 302–311.

NENTWIG, W., MEBS, D. & VILÁ, M. (2017). Impact of non-native animals and plants on human health. *Impact of Biological Invasions on Ecosystem Services* **12**, 277–293.

NEWFIELD, M. J. & CHAMPION, P. D. (2010). Risk assessment for the New Zealand National Pest Plant Accord: which species should be banned from sale? *Plant Protection Quarterly* **25**, 75–78.

NIKOLAOU, A. & KATSANEVAKIS, S. (2023). Marine extinctions and their drivers. *Regional Environmental Change* **23**, 88.

NORTHFIELD, T. D., LAURANCE, S. G. W., MAYFIELD, M. M., PAINI, D. R., SNYDER, W. E., STOUFFER, D. B., WRIGHT, J. T. & LACH, L. (2018). Native turncoats and indirect facilitation of species invasions. *Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences* **285**, 20171936.

NOVAIS, A., SOUZA, A. T., ILARRI, M., PASCOAL, C. & SOUSA, R. (2015). Facilitation in the low intertidal: effects of an invasive species on the structure of an estuarine macrozoobenthic assemblage. *Marine Ecology Progress Series* **522**, 157–167.

NOVOA, A., DEHNEN-SCHMUTZ, K., FRIED, J. & VIMERCATI, G. (2017). Does public awareness increase support for invasive species management? Promising evidence across taxa and landscape types. *Biological Invasions* **19**, 3691–3705.

NOVOA, A., KAPLAN, H., WILSON, J. R. U. & RICHARDSON, D. M. (2016). Resolving a prickly situation: involving stakeholders in invasive cactus management in South Africa. *Environmental Management* **57**, 998–1008.

NOVOA, A., RICHARDSON, D. M., PYŠEK, P., MEYERSON, L. A., BACHER, S., CANAVAN, S., CATFORD, J. A., CUDA, J., ESSL, F., FOXCROFT, L. C., GENOVESI, P., HIRSCH, H., HUI, C., JACKSON, M. C., KUEFFER, C., *et al*. (2020). Invasion syndromes: a systematic approach for predicting biological invasions and facilitating effective management. *Biological Invasions* **22**, 1801–1820.

NUÑEZ, M. A., DIMARCO, R. D. & SIMBERLOFF, D. (2018). Why some exotic species are deeply integrated into local cultures while others are reviled. In *From Biocultural Homogenization to Biocultural Conservation, Ecology and Ethics*, Vol. 3, pp. 219–231. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland.

NUÑEZ, M. A., PAUCHARD, A. & RICCIARDI, A. (2020). Invasion science and the global spread of SARS-CoV-2. *Trends in Ecology & Evolution* **35**, 642–645.

NUÑEZ, M. A. & SIMBERLOFF, D. (2005). Invasive species and the cultural keystone species concept. *Ecology and Society* **10**, r4.

NYASEMBE, V. O., CHESETO, X., KAPLAN, F., FOSTER, W. A., TEAL, P. E. A., TUMLINSON, J. H., BORGEMEISTER, C. & TORTO, B. (2015). The invasive American weed *Parthenium hysterophorus* can negatively impact malaria control in Africa. *PLoS One* **10**, e0137836.

ODUM, E. P. (1969). The strategy of ecosystem development. *Science* **164**, 262–270.

OFICIALDEGUI, F. J., CLAVERO, M., SÁNCHEZ, M. I., GREEN, A. J., BOYERO, L., MICHOT, T. C., KLOSE, K., KAWAI, T. & LEJEUSNE, C. (2019). Unravelling the

global invasion routes of a worldwide invader, the red swamp crayfish (*Procambarus clarkii*). *Freshwater Biology* **64**, 1382–1400.

OFICIALDEGUI, F. J., SOTO, I., BALZANI, P., CUTHBERT, R. N., HAUBROCK, P. J., KOURANTIDOU, M., MANFRINI, E., TARKAN, A. S., KURTUL, I., MACÈDO, R. L., MUSSEAU, C. L., ROY, K. & KOUBA, A. (2025). Non-native species in aquaculture: burgeoning production and environmental sustainability risks. *Reviews in Aquaculture* **17**, e70037.

OGDEN, N. H., WILSON, J. R. U., RICHARDSON, D. M., HUI, C., DAVIES, S. J., KUMSCHICK, S., LE ROUX, J. J., MEASEY, J., SAUL, W.-C. & PULLIAM, J. R. C. (2019). Emerging infectious diseases and biological invasions: a call for a one health collaboration in science and management. *Royal Society Open Science* **6**, 181577.

OJAVEER, H., GALIL, B. S., CAMPBELL, M. L., CARLTON, J. T., CANNING-CLODE, J., COOK, E. J., DAVIDSON, A. D., HEWITT, C. L., JELMERT, A., MARCHINI, A., MCKENZIE, C. H., MINCHIN, D., OCCHIPINTI-AMBROGI, A., OLENIN, S. & RUIZ, G. (2015). Classification of non-indigenous species based on their impacts: considerations for application in marine management. *PLoS Biology* **13**, e1002130.

OLDEN, J. D., POFF, N. L., DOUGLAS, M. R., DOUGLAS, M. E. & FAUSCH, K. D. (2004). Ecological and evolutionary consequences of biotic homogenization. *Trends in Ecology & Evolution* **19**, 18–24.

O'LOUGHLIN, L. S. & GREEN, P. T. (2017). Secondary invasion: when invasion success is contingent on other invaders altering the properties of recipient ecosystems. *Ecology and Evolution* **7**, 7628–7637.

ORIVE, M. E. & BARTON, N. H. (2002). Associations between cytoplasmic and nuclear loci in hybridizing populations. *Genetics* **162**, 1469–1485.

OSTFELD, R. S. & KEESING, F. (2000). Biodiversity and disease risk: the case of Lyme disease. *Conservation Biology* **14**, 722–728.

PALSTRA, F. P. & RUZZANTE, D. E. (2008). Genetic estimates of contemporary effective population size: what can they tell us about the importance of genetic stochasticity for wild population persistence? *Molecular Ecology* **17**, 3428–3447.

PARKER, I. M., SIMBERLOFF, D., LONSDALE, W. M., GOODELL, K., WONHAM, M., KAREIVA, P. M., WILLIAMSON, M. H., VON HOLLE, B., MOYLE, P. B., BYERS, J. E. & GOLDWASSER, L. (1999). Impact: toward a framework for understanding the ecological effects of invaders. *Biological Invasions* **1**, 3–19.

PARRA-TABLA, V. & ARCEO-GÓMEZ, G. (2021). Impacts of plant invasions in native plant-pollinator networks. *New Phytologist* **230**, 2117–2128.

PÄRTEL, M., SZAVA-KOVATS, R. & ZOBEL, M. (2011). Dark diversity: shedding light on absent species. *Trends in Ecology & Evolution* **26**, 124–128.

PÄRTEL, M., TAMME, R., CARMONA, C. P., RIBAK, K., MOORA, M., BENNETT, J. A., CHIARUCCI, A., CHYTRÝ, M., DE BELLO, F., ERIKSSON, O., HARRISON, S., LEWIS, R. J., MOLES, A. T., ÖPIK, M., PRICE, J. N., *et al*. (2025). Global impoverishment of natural vegetation revealed by dark diversity. *Nature* **641**, 917–924.

PASCUAL, M. A., CUSSAC, V., DYER, B., SOTO, D., VIGLIANO, P., ORTUBAY, S. & MACCHI, P. (2007). Freshwater fishes of Patagonia in the 21st century after a hundred years of human settlement, species introductions, and environmental change. *Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management* **10**, 212–227.

*PATOKA, J., MAGALHAES, A. L. B., KOUBA, A., FAULKES, Z., JERIKHO, R. & VITULE, J. R. S. (2018). Invasive aquatic pets: failed policies increase risks of harmful invasions. *Biodiversity and Conservation* **27**, 3037–3046.

PEARSON, D. E., ORTEGA, Y. K., EREN, Ö. & HIERRO, J. L. (2016). Quantifying “apparent” impact and distinguishing impact from invasiveness in multispecies plant invasions. *Ecological Applications* **26**, 162–173.

PEJCHAR, L. & MOONEY, H. A. (2009). Invasive species, ecosystem services and human well-being. *Trends in Ecology & Evolution* **24**, 497–504.

PELTZER, D. A., ALLEN, R. B., LOVETT, G. M., WHITEHEAD, D. & WARDLE, D. A. (2010). Effects of biological invasions on forest carbon sequestration. *Global Change Biology* **16**, 732–746.

PÉNAFIEL-RICAURTE, A., PRICE, S. J., LEUNG, W. T. M., ALVARADO-RYBAK, M., ESPINOZA-ZAMBRANO, A., VALDIVIA, C., CUNNINGHAM, A. A. & AZAT, C. (2023). Is Xenopus laevis introduction linked with Ranavirus incursion, persistence and spread in Chile? *Peek* **11**, e14497.

PENK, M., SAUL, W., DICK, J. T. A., DONOHUE, I., ALEXANDER, M. E., LINZMAIER, S. & JESCHKE, J. M. (2017). A trophic interaction framework for identifying the invasive capacity of novel organisms. *Methods in Ecology and Evolution* **8**, 1786–1794.

PEREYRA, P. J., DE LA BARRA, P., AMIONE, L. L. D., ARCÁNGEL, A., MARELLO BUCH, B. M., RODRÍGUEZ, E., MALDONADO, M. A., HÜNICKEN, L., LUNDGREN, E. & WALLACH, A. D. (2025). Human beings and the species they introduce are not a “cancer” of planet earth. *Bioscience* **75**, 351–353.

PEREYRA, P. J., DE LA BARRA, P., AMIONE, L. L. D., ARCÁNGEL, A., MARELLO BUCH, B. M., RODRÍGUEZ, E., MAZZOLARI, A., MALDONADO, M. A., HÜNICKEN, L. & WALLACH, A. D. (2024). Systematic and persistent bias against introduced species. *Bioscience* **74**, 44–53.

PERGL, J., PYŠEK, P., ESSL, F., JESCHKE, J. M., COURCHAMP, F., GEIST, J., HEJDA, M., KOWARIK, I., MILL, A., MUSSEAU, C., PIPEK, P., SAUL, W.-C., VON
SCHMALENSEE, M. & STRAYER, D. (2019). Need for routine tracking of biological invasions. *Conservation Biology* **34**, 1311–1314.

PERPILLOU, A. (1933). Un fléau agricole: le doryphore. *Annales de Géographie* **236**, 113–126.

PERRINGS, C., DEHNEN-SCHMUTZ, K., TOUZA, J. & WILLIAMSON, M. (2005). How to manage biological invasions under globalization. *Trends in Ecology & Evolution* **20**, 212–215.

PETERSON, M. I., KITANO, S., YAMAMOTO, S., KANDO, T. & TSUDA, Y. (2024). Species-specific foraging behavior and diets of stream salmonids: an implication for negative impacts on native chart by nonnative trout in Japanese mountain streams. *Ecological Research* **39**, 169–181.

PEYTON, J., MARTINOU, A. F., PESCOTT, O. L., DEMETRIOU, M., ADRIAENS, T., ARIANOUTSOU, M., BAZOS, I., BEAN, C. W., BOOY, O., BOTHAM, M., BRITTON, J. R., LOBON CERVIA, J., CHARILAOU, P., CHARTOSIA, N., DEAN, H. J., *et al*. (2019). Horizon scanning for invasive alien species with the potential to threaten biodiversity and human health on a Mediterranean Island. *Biological Invasions* **21**, 2107–2125.

PEYTON, J. M., MARTINOU, A. F., ADRIAENS, T., CHARTOSIA, N., KARACHLE, P. K., RABITSCH, W., TRICARICO, E., ARIANOUTSOU, M., BACHER, S., BAZOS, I., BRUNDU, G., BRUNO-MCCLUNG, E., CHARALAMBIDOU, I., DEMETRIOU, M., GALANIDI, M., *et al*. (2020). Horizon scanning to predict and prioritize invasive alien species with the potential to threaten human health and economies on Cyprus. *Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution* **8**, 566281.

PFEIFFER, J. M. & VOEKS, R. A. (2008). Biological invasions and biocultural diversity: linking ecological and cultural systems. *Environmental Conservation* **35**, 281–293.

PHELOUNG, P. C., WILLIAMS, P. A. & HALLOY, S. R. (1999). A weed risk assessment model for use as a biosecurity tool evaluating plant introductions. *Journal of Environmental Management* **57**, 239–251.

PHILLIPS, B. L. & SHINE, R. (2004). Adapting to an invasive species: toxic cane toads induce morphological change in Australian snakes. *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences* **101**, 17150–17155.

PIAZZI, L., BALATA, D., FORESI, L., CRISTAUDO, C. & CINELLI, F. (2007). Sediment as a constituent of Mediterranean benthic communities dominated by *Caulerpa racemosa* var. *cylindracea*. *Scientia Marina* **71**, 129–135.

PIMENTEL, D., ZUNIGA, R. & MORRISON, D. (2005). Update on the environmental and economic costs associated with alien-invasive species in the United States. *Ecological Economics* **52**, 273–288.

PINERO-RODRÍGUEZ, M. J., FERNÁNDEZ-ZAMUDIO, R., ARRIBAS, R., GOMEZ-MESTRE, I. & DÍAZ-PANIAGUA, C. (2021). The invasive aquatic fern *Azolla filiculoides* negatively impacts water quality, aquatic vegetation and amphibian larvae in Mediterranean environments. *Biological Invasions* **23**, 755–769.

PIQUET, J. C. & LÓPEZ-DARIAS, M. (2021). Invasive snake causes massive reduction of all endemic herpetofauna on gran Canaria. *Proceedings of the Royal Society B* **288**, 20211939.

PLANCHON, J.-E. (1874). Le phylloxéra en Europe et en Amérique. *J. Claye, Paris, France*.

PLOWES, R. M., BECNEL, J. J., LEBRUN, E. G., OI, D. H., VALLES, S. M., JONES, N. T. & GILBERT, L. E. (2015). *Myrmecomorba nylanderiae* gen. Et sp. nov., a microsporidian parasite of the tawny crazy ant *Nylanderia fulva*. *Journal of Invertebrate Pathology* **129**, 45–56.

POLCE, C., CARDOSO, A. C., DERIU, L., GERVASINI, E., TSIAMIS, K., VIGIAK, O., ZULIAN, G. & MAES, J. (2023). Invasive alien species of policy concerns show widespread patterns of invasion and potential pressure across European ecosystems. *Scientific Reports* **13**, 8124.

POLIS, G. A., MYERS, C. A. & HOLT, R. D. (1989). The ecology and evolution of intraguild predation: potential competitors that eat each other. *Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics* **20**, 297–330.

PORRETTA, D. & CANESTRELLI, D. (2023). The ecological importance of hybridization. *Trends in Ecology & Evolution* **38**, 1097–1108.

PRAHLOW, J. A. & BARNARD, J. J. (1998). Fatal anaphylaxis due to fire ant stings. *The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology* **19**, 137–142.

PREISSER, E. L., BOLNICK, D. I. & BENARD, M. F. (2005). Scared to death? The effects of intimidation and consumption in predator–prey interactions. *Ecology* **86**, 501–509.

PRESTES, J. G., CARNEIRO, L., MIILLER, N. O. R., NEUNDORF, A. K. A., PEDROSO, C. R., BRAGA, R. R., SOUSA, R. & VITULE, J. R. S. (2024). A systematic review of invasive non-native freshwater bivalves. *Biological Rarities* **99**, 2082–2107.

PRICE, S. J., GARNER, T. W. J., NICHOLS, R. A., BALLOUX, F., AYRES, C., DE ALBA, A. M.-C. & BOSCH, J. (2014). Collapse of amphibian communities due to an introduced Ranavirus. *Current Biology* **24**, 2586–2591.

PRINGLE, R. M. (2005). The origins of the Nile perch in Lake Victoria. *Bioscience* **55**, 780–787.

PRIOR, K. M., ADAMS, D. C., KLEPZIG, K. D. & HULCR, J. J. (2018). When does invasive species removal lead to ecological recovery? Implications for management success. *Biological Invasions* **20**, 267–283.

PYŠEK, P., RICHARDSON, D. M., PERGL, J., JAROŠÍK, V., SIXTOVÁ, Z. & WEBER, E. (2008). Geographical and taxonomic biases in invasion ecology. *Trends in Ecology & Evolution* **23**, 237–244.

QUILODRÁN, C. S., MONTOYA-BURGOS, J. I. & CURRAT, M. (2020). Harmonizing hybridization dissonance in conservation. *Communications Biology* **3**, 391.

RABENOLD, K. N., FAUTH, P. T., GOODNER, B. W., SADOWSKI, J. A. & PARKER, P. G. (1998). Response of avian communities to disturbance by an exotic insect in spruce-fir forests of the southern Appalachians. *Conservation Biology* **12**, 177–189.

RADINGER, J. & GARCÍA-BERTHOU, E. (2020). The role of connectivity in the interplay between climate change and the spread of alien fish in a large Mediterranean river. *Global Change Biology* **26**, 6383–6398.

RAHEL, F. J. (2000). Homogenization of fish faunas across the United States. *Science* **288**, 854–856.

RAJMIS, S., THIELE, J. C. & MARGGRAF, R. (2016). A cost-benefit analysis of controlling giant hogweed (*Heracleum mantegazzianum*) in Germany using a choice experiment approach. *NeoBiota* **31**, 19–41.

*RATO, J., BRANDAO, P., ANASTÁCIO, P. M. & BANHA, F. (2024). First records of Mauremys sinensis in Portugal: a consequence of inadequate policies applied to the exotic pet market. *Aquatic Ecology* **58**, 1091–1096.

RAYNER, M. J., HAUBER, M. E., IMBER, M. J., STAMP, R. K. & CLOUT, M. N. (2007). Spatial heterogeneity of mesopredator release within an oceanic Island system. *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences* **104**, 20862–20865.

READ, J. L., FIRN, J., GRICE, A. C., MURPHY, R., RYAN-COLTON, E. & SCHLESINGER, C. A. (2020). Ranking buffet: comparative risk and mitigation costs of key environmental and socio-cultural threats in central Australia. *Ecology and Evolution* **10**, 12745–12763.

REASER, J. K., MEYERSON, L. A., CRONK, Q., DE POORTER, M. A. J., ELDREGE, L. G., GREEN, E., KAIRO, M., LATASI, P., MACK, R. N., MAUREMOOTOO, J., O'DOWD, D., ORAPA, W., SASTROUTOMO, S., SAUNDERS, A., SHINE, C., *et al*. (2007). Ecological and socioeconomic impacts of invasive alien species in Island ecosystems. *Environmental Conservation* **34**, 98–111.

REED, T. E., KANE, A., MCGINNITY, P. & O'SULLIVAN, R. J. (2024). Competitive interactions affect introgression and population viability amidst maladaptive hybridization. *Evolutionary Applications* **17**, e13746.

RÉGNIER, C., FONTAINE, B. & BOUCHET, P. (2009). Not knowing, not recording, not listing: numerous unnoticed mollusk extinctions. *Conservation Biology* **23**, 1214–1221.

*REINO, L., FIGUEIRA, R., BEJA, P., ARAÚJO, M. B., CAPINHA, C. & STRUBBE, D. (2017). Networks of global bird invasion altered by regional trade ban. *Science Advances* **3**, e1700783.

REO, N. J. & OGDEN, L. A. (2018). Anishnaabe Aki: an indigenous perspective on the global threat of invasive species. *Sustainability Science* **13**, 1443–1452.

REVILLA, T. (2002). Effects of intraguild predation on resource competition. *Journal of Theoretical Biology* **214**, 49–62.

*REYNOLDS, S. A., BEERY, S., BURGESS, N., BURGMAN, M., BUTCHART, S. H. M., COOKE, S. J., COOMES, D., DANIELSEN, F., DI MININ, E. & DURÁN, A. P. (2025). The potential for AI to revolutionize conservation: a horizon scan. *Trends in Ecology & Evolution* **40**, 191–207.

RIBEIRO-SILVA, L., PERRELLA, D. F., BIAGOLINI-JR, C. H., ZIMA, P. V. Q., PIRATELLI, A. J., SCHLINDWEIN, M. N., GALETTI JUNIOR, P. M. & FRANCISCO, M. R. (2018). Testing camera traps as a potential tool for detecting nest predation of birds in a tropical rainforest environment. *Zoologia (Curitiba)* **35**, e14678.

RICCIARDI, A. (2001). Facilitative interactions among aquatic invaders: is an “invasive meltdown” occurring in the Great Lakes? *Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences* **58**, 2513–2525.

RICCIARDI, A. (2003). Predicting the impacts of an introduced species from its invasion history: an empirical approach applied to zebra mussel invasions. *Freshwater Biology* **48**, 972–981.

RICCIARDI, A. & COHEN, J. (2007). The invasiveness of an introduced species does not predict its impact. *Biological Invasions* **9**, 309–315.

RICCIARDI, A., HOOPES, M. F., MARCHETTI, M. P. & LOCKWOOD, J. L. (2013). Progress toward understanding the ecological impacts of nonnative species. *Ecological Monographs* **83**, 263–282.

RICCIARDI, A., IACARELLA, J. C., ALDRIDGE, D. C., BLACKBURN, T. M., CARLTON, J. T., CATFORD, J. A., DICK, J. T. A., HULME, P. E., JESCHKE, J. M., LIEBHOLD, A. M., LOCKWOOD, J. L., MACISAAC, H. J., MEYERSON, L. A., PYŠEK, P., RICHARDSON, D. M., *et al*. (2021). Four priority areas to advance invasion science in the face of rapid environmental change. *Environmental Reviews* **29**, 119–141.

RICCIARDI, A. & MACISAAC, H. J. (2008). The Book that Began Invasion Ecology. *Nature* **452**, 34–36.

RICCIARDI, A. & RYAN, R. (2018). Invasive species denialism revisited: response to Sagoff. *Biological Invasions* **20**, 2731–2738.

RICHARDSON, D. M. & HIGGINS, S. I. (2000). Pines as invaders in the southern hemisphere. In *Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus* (ed. D. M. RICHARDSON), pp. 450–473. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

RICHARDSON, D. M. & PYŠEK, P. (2008). Fifty years of invasion ecology—the legacy of Charles Elton. *Diversity and Distributions* **14**, 161–168.
RILEY, C. V. (1887). *The Ierya, or Fluted Scale: Otherwise Known as the Cottony Cushion-Scale*. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

RILOV, G. (2016). Multi-species collapses at the warm edge of a warming sea. *Scientific Reports* **6**, 36897.

RILOV, G., CANNING-CLODE: J. & Guy-HAIM, T. (2024). Ecological impacts of invasive ecosystem engineers: a global perspective across terrestrial and aquatic systems. *Functional Ecology* **38**, 37–51.

RIO-HORTEGA, L., MARTÍN-FORÉS, I., CASTRO, I., DE MIGUEL, J. M. & ACOSTA GALLO, B. (2022). Network-based analysis reveals differences in plant assembly between the native and the invaded ranges. *NeoBiota* **72**, 157–181.

RIUS, M. & DARLING, J. A. (2014). How important is intraspecific genetic admixture to the success of colonising populations? *Trends in Ecology & Evolution* **29**, 233–242.

ROBERTS, J., FLORENTINE, S., FERNANDO, W. G. D. & TENNAKOON, K. U. (2022). Achievements, developments and future challenges in the field of bioherbicides for weed control: a global review. *Plants* **11**, 2242.

ROBERTSON, B. A. & CHALFOUN, A. D. (2016). Evolutionary traps as keys to understanding behavioral maladapation. *Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences* **12**, 12–17.

ROBERTSON, P. A., MILL, A. C., ADRIAENS, T., MOORE, N., VANDERHOEVEN, S., ESSL, F. & BOOY, O. (2021). Risk management assessment improves the cost-effectiveness of invasive species prioritisation. *Biology* **10**, 1320.

ROGERS, H. S., BUHLE, E. R., HILLERISLAMBERS, J., FRICKE, E. C., MILLER, R. H. & TEWKSBURY, J. J. (2017). Effects of an invasive predator cascade to plants via mutualism disruption. *Nature Communications* **8**, 14557.

ROGOSCH, J. S. & OLDEN, J. D. (2020). Invaders induce coordinated isotopic niche shifts in native fish species. *Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences* **77**, 1348–1358.

ROMI, R., BOCCOLINI, D., DI LUCA, M., MEDLOCK, J. M., SCHAFFNER, F., SEVERINI, F. & TOMA, L. (2018). The invasive mosquitoes of medical importance. In *Invasive Species and Human Health*, pp. 76–90. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK.

ROSNOW, R. L. & ROSENTHAL, R. (1992). Statistical procedures and the justification of knowledge in psychological science. In *Methodological Issues & Strategies in Clinical Research* (ed. A. E. KAZDIN), pp. 295–314. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC.

ROTHERHAM, I. D. (2021). The impacts of recolonisation of an urbanised river by native and non-native species. *Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution* **9**, 618371.

ROUGET, M., ROBERTSON, M. P., WILSON, J. R. U., HUI, C., ESSL, F., RENTERIA, J. L. & RICHARDSON, D. M. (2016). Invasion debt–quantifying future biological invasions. *Diversity and Distributions* **22**, 445–456.

ROY, H., PAUCHARD, A., STOETT, P., RENARD TRUONG, T., BACHER, S., GALIL, B., HULME, P., IKEDA, T., SANKARAN, K. V., MCGEOCH, M., MEYERSON, L., NUNEZ, M., ORDONEZ, A., RAHLAO, S., SCHWINDT, E., *et al.* (2023a). Summary for policymakers of the thematic assessment report on invasive alien species and their control. In *IPBES Invasive alien species assessment* pp. 1–56. IPBES Secretariat, Bonn, Germany.

ROY, H. E., BACHER, S., ESSL, F., ADRIAENS, T., ALDRIDGE, D. C., BISHOP, J. D. D., BLACKBURN, T. M., BRANQUART, E., BRODIE, J., CARBONERAS, C., COTTIER-COOK, E. J., COPP, G. H., DEAN, H. J., EILENBERG, J., GALLARDO, B., *et al.* (2019). Developing a list of invasive alien species likely to threaten biodiversity and ecosystems in the European Union. *Global Change Biology* **25**, 1032–1048.

ROY, H. E., HESKETH, H., PURSE, B. V., EILENBERG, J., SANTINI, A., SCALERA, R., STENTIFORD, G. D., ADRIAENS, T., BACELA-SPYCHALSKA, K., BASS, D., BECKMANN, K. M., BESSELL, P., BOJKO, J., BOOY, O., CARDOSO, A. C., *et al.* (2017). Alien pathogens on the horizon: opportunities for predicting their threat to wildlife. *Conservation Letters* **10**, 477–484.

ROY, H. E., LAWSON HANDLEY, L.-J., SCHÖNROGGE, K., POLAND, R. L. & PURSE, B. V. (2011). Can the enemy release hypothesis explain the success of invasive alien predators and parasitoids? *BioControl* **56**, 451–468.

ROY, H. E., PAUCHARD, A., STOETT, P. & RENARD TRUONG, T. (2023b). IPBES. Thematic Assessment Report on Invasive Alien Species and their Control of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Bonn, Germany.

ROY, H. E., PAUCHARD, A., STOETT, P., TRUONG, T. R., LIPINSKAYA, T., VINCETE, J. R., BACHER, S., BLISS, C., BULLOCK, J. M., CAMACHO-CERVANTES, M., COURCHAMP, F., EGAWA, C., FOXCROFT, L. C., GALIL, B. S., HIREMATH, A. J., *et al.* (2023c). IPBES Invasive alien species assessment: Chapter 1. Introducing biological invasions and the IPBES thematic assessment of invasive alien species and their control.

ROY, H. E., PEYTON, J., ALDRIDGE, D. C., BANTOCK, T., BLACKBURN, T. M., BRITTON, R., CLARK, P., COOK, E., DEHNEN-SCHMUTZ, K., DINES, T., DOBSON, M., EDWARDS, F., HARROWER, C., HARVEY, M. C., MINCHIN, D., *et al.* (2014). Horizon scanning for invasive alien species with the potential to threaten biodiversity in Great Britain. *Global Change Biology* **20**, 3859–3871.

ROY, H. E., RABITSCH, W., SCALERA, R., STEWART, A., GALLARDO, B., GENOVESI, P., ESSL, F., ADRIAENS, T., BACHER, S., BOOY, O., BRANQUART, E., BRUNEL, S., COPP, G. H., DEAN, H., D'HONDT, B. J., *et al.* (2018). Developing a

framework of minimum standards for the risk assessment of alien species. *Journal of Applied Ecology* **55**, 526–538.

RUESINK, J. L., FEIST, B. E., HARVEY, C. J., HONG, J. S., TRIMBLE, A. C. & WISEHART, L. M. (2006). Changes in productivity associated with four introduced species: ecosystem transformation of a 'pristine' estuary. *Marine Ecology Progress Series* **311**, 203–215.

RUESINK, J. L., LENIHAN, H. S., TRIMBLE, A. C., HEIMAN, K. W., MICHELI, F., BYERS, J. E. & KAY, M. C. (2005). Introduction of non-native oysters: ecosystem effects and restoration implications. *Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics* **36**, 643–689.

RULAND, F. & JESCHKE, J. M. (2020). How biological invasions affect animal behaviour: a global, cross-taxonomic analysis. *Journal of Animal Ecology* **89**, 2531–2541.

RUSHTON, S. P., LURZ, P. W. W., GURNELL, J., NETTLETON, P., BRUEMMER, C., SHIRLEY, M. D. F. & SAINS BURY, A. (2006). Disease threats posed by alien species: the role of a poxvirus in the decline of the native red squirrel in Britain. *Epidemiology & Infection* **134**, 521–533.

RUSSO, L. (2016). Positive and negative impacts of non-native bee species around the world. *Insects* **7**, 69.

SALA, E., KIZILKAYA, Z., YILDIRIM, D. & BALLESTEROS, E. (2011). Alien marine fishes deplete algal biomass in the eastern Mediterranean. *PLoS One* **6**, e17356.

SALGUERO-GÓMEZ, R., JONES, O. R., ARCHER, C. R., BUCKLEY, Y. M., CHE-CASTALDO, J., CASWELL, H., HODGSON, D., SCHEUERLEIN, A., CONDE, D. A., BRINKS, E., DE BUHR, H., FARACK, C., GOTTSCHALK, F., HARTMANN, A., HENNING, A., *et al.* (2015). The COMPADRE plant matrix database: an open online repository for plant demography. *Journal of Ecology* **103**, 202–218.

SANDVIK, H., SÆTHER, B.-E., HOLMERN, T., TUFTO, J., ENGEN, S. & ROY, H. E. (2013). Generic ecological impact assessments of alien species in Norway: a semi-quantitative set of criteria. *Biodiversity and Conservation* **22**, 37–62.

SANTAMARÍA, J., GOLO, R., VERDUDA, J., TOMAS, F., BALLESTEROS, E., ALCOVERRO, T., ARTHUR, R. & CEBRIAN, E. (2022). Learning takes time: biotic resistance by native herbivores increases through the invasion process. *Ecology Letters* **25**, 2525–2539.

*SANTINI, A. & MIGLIORINI, D. (2022). Invasive alien plant pathogens: the need of new detection methods. In *Plant Pathology: Method and Protocols*, pp. 111–118. Humana Press, New York, NY.

*SANTOS, M. J., ANDERSON, L. W. & USTIN, S. L. (2011). Effects of invasive species on plant communities: an example using submersed aquatic plants at the regional scale. *Biological Invasions* **13**, 443–457.

SARABEEV, V., BALBUENA, J. A., DESDEVISES, Y. & MORAND, S. (2022). Host-parasite relationships in invasive species: macroecological framework. *Biological Invasions* **24**, 2649–2664.

SAVIDGE, J. A. (1987). Extinction of an Island forest avifauna by an introduced snake. *Ecology* **68**, 660–668.

SAVIDDES, P., LOUCA, V. & SFENTHOURAKIS, S. (2015). Competition for shelter occupancy between a native freshwater crab and an invasive crayfish. *Aquatic Ecology* **49**, 273–278.

SAX, D. F. & GAINES, S. D. (2008). Species invasions and extinction: the future of native biodiversity on islands. *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences* **105**, 11490–11497.

SAX, D. F., SCHLAEPFER, M. A. & OLDEN, J. D. (2022). Valuing the contributions of non-native species to people and nature. *Trends in Ecology & Evolution* **37**, 1058–1066.

SCALERA, R. (2010). How much is Europe spending on invasive alien species? *Biological Invasions* **12**, 173–177.

SCHELE, B. C., PASMANS, F., SKERRATT, L. F., BERGER, L., MARTEL, A. N., BEUKEMA, W., ACEVEDO, A. A., BURROWES, P. A., CARVALHO, T., CATENAZZI, A., DE LA RIVA, I., FISHER, M. C., FLECHAS, S. V., FOSTER, C. N., FRÍAS-ÁLVAREZ, P., *et al.* (2019). Amphibian fungal panzootic causes catastrophic and ongoing loss of biodiversity. *Science* **363**, 1459–1463.

SCHICKELE, A., GUIDETTI, P., GIAKOUMI, S., ZENETOS, A., FRANCOUR, P. & RAYBAUD, V. (2021). Improving predictions of invasive fish ranges combining functional and ecological traits with environmental suitability under climate change scenarios. *Global Change Biology* **27**, 6086–6102.

SCHLAEPFER, M. A., SAX, D. F. & OLDEN, J. D. (2011). The potential conservation value of non-native species. *Conservation Biology* **25**, 428–437.

SCHRADER, G., MACLEOD, A., PETTER, F., BAKER, R. H. A., BRUNEL, S., HOLT, J., LEACH, A. W. & MUMFORD, J. D. (2012). Consistency in pest risk analysis–how can it be achieved and what are the benefits? *EPBO Bulletin* **42**, 3–12.

SCHREIBER, B., PETRENZ, M., MONKA, J., DROZD, B., HOLLERT, H. & SCHULZ, R. (2017). Weatherfish (*Misgurnus fossilis*) as a new species for toxicity testing? *Aquatic Toxicology* **183**, 45–53.

SCHREINER, I. H. & NAFUS, D. M. (1993). Population increases of native moths following biological control of an introduced pest moth. *Micronesica* **4**, 49–56.

SCHWINDT, E., IRIBARNE, O. O. & ISLA, F. I. (2004). Physical effects of an invading reef-building polychaete on an Argentinean estuarine environment. *Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science* **59**, 109–120.
SEEBENS, H., BLACKBURN, T. M., DYER, E. E., GENOVESI, P., HULME, P. E., JESCHKE, J. M., PAGAD, S., PYŠEK, P., WINTER, M., ARIANOUTSOU, M., BACHER, S., BLASIUS, B., BRUNDU, G., CAPINHA, C., CELESTI-GRAPOW, L., ET AL. (2017). No saturation in the accumulation of alien species worldwide. *Nature Communications* 8, 14435.

SEEHAUSEN, O. L. E., TAKIMOTO, G., ROY, D. & JOKELA, J. (2008). Speciation reversal and biodiversity dynamics with hybridization in changing environments. *Molecular Ecology* **17**, 30–44.

SEMENYA, S. S., POTGIETER, M. J. & ERASMUS, L. J. C. (2013). Exotic and indigenous problem plants species used, by the Bapedi, to treat sexually transmitted infections in Limpopo Province, South Africa. *African Health Sciences* **13**, 320–326.

SERGIO, F., MARCHESI, L. & PEDRINI, P. (2003). Spatial refugia and the coexistence of a diurnal raptor with its intraguild owl predator. *Journal of Animal Ecology* **72**, 232–245.

SETTLE, W. H. & WILSON, L. T. (1990). Invasion by the variegated leafhopper and biotic interactions: parasitism, competition, and apparent competition. *Ecology* **71**, 1461–1470.

SHACKLETON, R. T., ADRIAENS, T., BRUNDU, G., DEHNEN-SCHMUTZ, K., ESTÉVEZ, R. A., FRIED, J., LARSON, B. M. H., LIU, S., MARCHANTE, E., MARCHANTE, H., MARCHANTE, H., MOSHOBANE, M. C., NOVOA, A., REED, M. & RICHARDSON, D. M. (2019a). Stakeholder engagement in the study and management of invasive alien species. *Journal of Environmental Management* **229**, 88–101.

SHACKLETON, R. T., LARSON, B. M. H., NOVOA, A., RICHARDSON, D. M. & KULL, C. A. (2019b). The human and social dimensions of invasion science and management. *Journal of Environmental Management* **229**, 1–9.

SHACKLETON, R. T., LE MAITRE, D. C., PASIECZNÍK, N. M. & RICHARDSON, D. M. (2014). Prosopis: a global assessment of the biogeography, benefits, impacts and management of one of the world's worst woody invasive plant taxa. *AoB Plants* **6**, plu027.

SHACKLETON, R. T., RICHARDSON, D. M., SHACKLETON, C. M., BENNETT, B., CROWLEY, S. L., DEHNEN-SCHMUTZ, K., ESTÉVEZ, R. A., FISCHER, A., KUEFFER, C., KULL, C. A., MARCHANTE, E., NOVOA, A., POTGIETER, L. J., VAAS, J., VAZ, A. S., ET AL. (2019c). Explaining people's perceptions of invasive alien species: a conceptual framework. *Journal of Environmental Management* **229**, 10–26.

SHARIFIAN-FARD, M., PASMANS, F., ADRIAENSEN, C., DEVISSER, S., ADRIAENS, T., LOUETTE, G. & MARTEL, A. (2011). Ranavirosis in invasive bullfrogs, *Belgium. Emerging Infectious Diseases* **17**, 2371.

SHECHONGE, A., NGATUNGA, B. P., TAMATAMAH, R., BRADBEER, S. J., HARRINGTON, J., FORD, A. G. P., TURNER, G. F. & GENNER, M. J. (2018). Losing cichlid fish biodiversity: genetic and morphological homogenization of tilapia following colonization by introduced species. *Conservation Genetics* **19**, 1199–1209.

*SHEN, L., LARUE, E., FEI, S. & ZHANG, H. (2024). Spatial prediction of plant invasion using a hybrid of machine learning and geostatistical method. *Ecology and Evolution* **14**, e11605.

SHINE, C., WILLIAMS, N. & GÜNDLING, L. (2000). *A Guide to Designing Legal and Institutional Frameworks on Alien Invasive Species*. IUCN – The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland.

SHINE, R. (2010). The ecological impact of invasive cane toads (*Bufo marinus*) in Australia. *The Quarterly Review of Biology* **85**, 253–291.

SHINE, R. (2012). Invasive species as drivers of evolutionary change: cane toads in tropical Australia. *Evolutionary Applications* **5**, 107–116.

SIH, A., BOLNICK, D. I., LUTTBEG, B., ORROCK, J. L., PEACOR, S. D., PINTOR, L. M., PREISSER, E., REHAGE, J. S. & VONESH, J. R. (2010). Predator–prey naïveté, antipredator behavior, and the ecology of predator invasions. *Oikos* **119**, 610–621.

SIH, A., FERRARI, M. C. O. & HARRIS, D. J. (2011). Evolution and behavioural responses to human-induced rapid environmental change. *Evolutionary Applications* **4**, 367–387.

SILVA, Z. L. D. (2022). The representations, the meanings and the “beat” of Bumba-meu-Boi festivities, from Maranhão, and Boi-Bumbá festivities, from middle Amazonas state and Parintins. *Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal* **9**, 706–732.

*SILVESTRO, D., GORIA, S., STERNER, T. & ANTONELLI, A. (2022). Improving biodiversity protection through artificial intelligence. *Nature Sustainability* **5**, 415–424.

SIMBERLOFF, D. (2006). Risk assessments, blacklists, and white lists for introduced species: are predictions good enough to be useful? *Agricultural and Resource Economics Review* **35**, 1–10.

SIMBERLOFF, D., BORTOLUS, A., CARLTON, J. T., COURCHAMP, F., CUTHBERT, R. N., HULME, P. E., LOCKWOOD, J. L., MEYERSON, L. A., NUÑEZ, M. A., RICCIARDI, A., RICHARDSON, D. M. & SCHWINDT, E. (2024). Systematic and persistent bias against invasion science: framing conservation scientists. *Bioscience* **74**, 312–314.

SIMBERLOFF, D., MARTIN, J.-L., GENOVESI, P., MARIS, V., WARDLE, D. A., ARONSON, J., COURCHAMP, F., GALIL, B., GARCÍA-BERTHOU, E., PASCAL, M.,

PYŠEK, P., SOUSA, R., TABACCHI, E. & VILÀ, M. (2013). Impacts of biological invasions: what's what and the way forward. *Trends in Ecology & Evolution* **28**, 58–66.

SIMBERLOFF, D. & MEYERSON, L. A. (2024). Yet another call for the end of invasion biology. *Biological Invasions* **26**, 3975–3978.

SIMBERLOFF, D. & VON HOLLE, B. (1999). Positive interactions of nonindigenous species: invasional meltdown? *Biological Invasions* **1**, 21–32.

SINCLAIR, J. S., LOCKWOOD, J. L., HASNAIN, S., CASSEY, P. & ARNOTT, S. E. (2020). A framework for predicting that non-native individuals and species will enter, survive, and exit human-mediated transport. *Biological Invasions* **22**, 217–231.

SINGH, A. K. & LAKRA, W. S. (2011). Risk and benefit assessment of alien fish species of the aquaculture and aquarium trade into India. *Reviews in Aquaculture* **3**, 3–18.

SIQUEIRA, B. V. L., SAKURAGUI, C. M., SOARES, B. E. & DE OLIVEIRA, D. R. (2018). The rise of medicalization of plants in Brazil: a temporal perspective on vernacular names. *Journal of Ethnopharmacology* **224**, 535–540.

SNYDER, W. E. & EVANS, E. W. (2006). Ecological effects of invasive arthropod generalist predators. *Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics* **37**, 95–122.

SOBRAL, F. L., LEES, A. C. & CIANCIARUSO, M. V. (2016). Introductions do not compensate for functional and phylogenetic losses following extinctions in insular bird assemblages. *Ecology Letters* **19**, 1091–1100.

SOFAER, H. R., JARNEVICH, C. S. & PEARSE, I. S. (2018). The relationship between invader abundance and impact. *Ecosphere* **9**, e02415.

SOGA, M., GASTON, K. J., FUKANO, Y. & EVANS, M. J. (2023). The vicious cycle of biophobia. *Trends in Ecology & Evolution* **38**, 512–520.

SOL, D., GRIFFIN, A. S., BARTOMEUS, I. & BOYCE, H. (2011). Exploring or avoiding novel food resources? The novelty conflict in an invasive bird. *PLoS One* **6**, e19535.

SOLIMAN, T., MOURITS, M. C. M., OUDE LANSINK, A. G. J. M. & VAN DER WERF, W. (2010). Economic impact assessment in pest risk analysis. *Crop Protection* **29**, 517–524.

SOTO, I., AHMED, D. A., BALZANI, P., CUTHBERT, R. N. & HAUBROCK, P. J. (2023a). Sigmoidal curves reflect impacts and dynamics of aquatic invasive species. *Science of the Total Environment* **872**, 161818.

SOTO, I., AHMED, D. A., BEIDAS, A., OFICIALDEGUI, F. J., TRICARICO, E., ANGELER, D. G., AMATULLI, G., BRISKI, E., DATRY, T., DOHET, A., DOMISCH, S., ENGLAND, J., FEIO, M. J., FORCELLINI, M., JOHNSON, R. K., ET AL. (2023b). Long-term trends in crayfish invasions across European rivers. *Science of the Total Environment* **867**, 161537.

SOTO, I., BALZANI, P., CARNEIRO, L., CUTHBERT, R. N., MACÉDO, R., SERHAN TARKAN, A., AHMED, D. A., BANG, A., BACELA-SPYCHALSKA, K., BAILEY, S. A., BUDRY, T., BALLESTEROS-MEJA, L., BORTOLUS, A., BRISKI, E., BRITTON, J. R., ET AL. (2024a). Taming the terminological tempest in invasion science. *Biological Reviews* **99**, 1357–1390.

SOTO, I., BALZANI, P., OFICIALDEGUI, F. J., MOLINERO, C., KOUBA, A., AHMED, D. A., TURBELIN, A. J., HUDGINS, E. J., BODEY, T. W., GOJERY, S. A., COURCHAMP, F., CUTHBERT, R. N. & HAUBROCK, P. J. (2024b). The wild cost of invasive feral animals worldwide. *Science of the Total Environment* **912**, 169281.

SOTO, I., COURTOIS, P., PILI, A., TORDONI, E., MANFRINI, É., ANGULO, E., BELLARD, C., BRISKI, E., BURIĆ, M., CUTHBERT, R. N., KOUBA, A., KOURANTIDOU, M., MACÉDO, R. L., LEROY, B., HAUBROCK, P. J., ET AL. (2025). Using species ranges and macroeconomic data to fill the gap in costs of biological invasions. *Nature Ecology & Evolution* **9**, 1021–1030.

SOTO, I., CUTHBERT, R. N., KOUBA, A., CAPINHA, C., TURBELIN, A., HUDGINS, E. J., DIAGNE, C., COURCHAMP, F. & HAUBROCK, P. J. (2022). Global economic costs of herpetofauna invasions. *Scientific Reports* **12**, 10829.

SOTO, I., CUTHBERT, R. N., RICCIARDI, A., AHMED, D. A., ALTERMATT, F., SCHÄFER, R. B., ARCHAMBAUD-SUARD, G., BONADA, N., CAÑEDO-ARGÜELLES, M., CSABAI, Z., DATRY, T., DICK, J. T. A., FLOURY, M., FORIO, M. A. E., FORCELLINI, M., ET AL. (2023c). The faunal Ponto-Caspianization of central and western European waterways. *Biological Invasions* **25**, 2613–2629.

SOTO, I., HAUBROCK, P. J., CUTHBERT, R. N., RENAULT, D., PROBERT, A. F. & TARKAN, A. S. (2023d). Monetary impacts should be considered in biological invasion risk assessments. *Journal of Applied Ecology* **60**, 2309–2313.

SOTO, I., MACÉDO, R. L., CARNEIRO, L., BRISKI, E., KOUBA, A., CUTHBERT, R. N. & HAUBROCK, P. J. (2024c). Divergent temporal responses of native macroinvertebrate communities to biological invasions. *Global Change Biology* **30**, e17521.

SOUSA, R., GUTIÉRREZ, J. L. & ALDRIDGE, D. C. (2009). Non-indigenous invasive bivalves as ecosystem engineers. *Biological Invasions* **11**, 2367–2385.

SOUSA, R., MORAIS, P., DIAS, E. & ANTUNES, C. (2011). Biological invasions and ecosystem functioning: time to merge. *Biological Invasions* **13**, 1055–1058.

SOUSA, R., NOGUEIRA, A. J. A., GASPAR, M. B., ANTUNES, C. & GUILHERMINO, L. (2008). Growth and extremely high production of the non-indigenous invasive species *Corbicula fluminea* (Müller, 1774): possible implications for ecosystem functioning. *Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science* **80**, 289–295.

SOUSA, R., NOGUEIRA, J. G., FERREIRA, A., CARVALHO, F., LOPES-LIMA, M., VARANDAS, S. & TEIXEIRA, A. (2019). A tale of shells and claws: as signal crayfish as a threat to the pearl mussel *Margaritifera margaritifera* in Europe. *Science of the Total Environment* **665**, 329–337.
SOUSA, R., NOGUEIRA, J. G. & PADILHA, J. (2024). Moving from the species to the population level in biological invasions. *Global Change Biology* **30**, e13936.

SOUTH, J., DICKY, J. W. E., CUTHBERT, R. N. & DICK, J. T. A. (2022). Combining resource population dynamics into impact assessments of native and invasive species under abiotic change. *Ecological Indicators* **142**, 109260.

SOUTH, P. M., LILLEY, S. A., TAIT, L. W., ALESTRA, T., HICKFORD, M. J. H., THOMSEN, M. S. & SCHIEL, D. R. (2015). Transient effects of an invasive kelp on the community structure and primary productivity of an intertidal assemblage. *Marine and Freshwater Research* **67**, 103–112.

SPEAR, M. J., WALSH, J. R., RICCIARDI, A. & ZANDEN, M. J. V. (2021). The invasion ecology of slooper populations: prevalence, persistence, and abrupt shifts. *Biology* **71**, 357–369.

SPINAGE, C. (2012). *Cattle Plague: A History*. Springer Science & Business Media, Berlin, Germany.

SRÉBALIÈNÉ, G., OLENIK, S., MINCHIN, D. & NARŠIUS, A. (2019). A comparison of impact and risk assessment methods based on the IMO guidelines and EU invasive alien species risk assessment frameworks. *PeerJ* **7**, c6965.

STACHOWICZ, J. J., WHITLATCH, R. B. & OSMAN, R. W. (1999). Species diversity and invasion resistance in a marine ecosystem. *Science* **286**, 1577–1579.

STELLATI, L., BORGIANNI, N., BISSATTINI, A. M., BUONO, V., HAUBROCK, P. J., BALZANI, P., TRICARICO, E., INGHILESI, A. F., TANCIONI, L., MARTINOLI, M., LUISELLI, L. & VIGNOLI, L. (2019). Living with aliens: suboptimal ecological condition in semiaquatic snakes inhabiting a hot spot of allodiverity. *Acta Oecologica* **100**, 103466.

STEPP, J. R. & MOERMAN, D. E. (2001). The importance of weeds in ethnopharmacology. *Journal of Ethnopharmacology* **75**, 19–23.

STRAYER, D. L. (2012). Eight questions about invasions and ecosystem functioning. *Ecology Letters* **15**, 1199–1210.

STRAYER, D. L., CARAGO, N. F., COLE, J. J., FINDLAY, S. & PACE, M. L. (1999). Transformation of freshwater ecosystems by bivalves: a case study of zebra mussels in the Hudson River. *Biology* **49**, 19–27.

STRAYER, D. L., D'ANTONIO, C. M., ESSI, F., FOWLER, M. S., GEIST, J., HILT, S., JARIĆ, I., JOHNK, K., JONES, C. G., LAMBIN, X., LATZKA, A. W., PERGL, J., PYŠEK, P., VON ROBERTSON, P., SCHMALENSEE, M., *et al*. (2017). Boom-bust dynamics in biological invasions: towards an improved application of the concept. *Ecology Letters* **20**, 1337–1350.

STRAYER, D. L., EVINER, V. T., JESCHKE, J. M. & PACE, M. L. (2006). Understanding the long-term effects of species invasions. *Trends in Ecology & Evolution* **21**, 645–651.

STRINGHAM, O. C. & LOCKWOOD, J. L. (2018). Pet problems: biological and economic factors that influence the release of alien reptiles and amphibians by pet owners. *Journal of Applied Ecology* **55**, 2632–2640.

STRIVE, T. & COX, T. E. (2019). Lethal biological control of rabbits—the most powerful tools for landscape-scale mitigation of rabbit impacts in Australia. *Australian Zoologist* **40**, 118–128.

SUBALUSKY, A. L., SETHI, S. A., ANDERSON, E. P., JIMÉNEZ, G., ECHEVERRI-LOPEZ, D., GARCÍA-RESTREPO, S., NOVA-LEÓN, L. J., REÁTIGA-PARRISH, J. F., POST, D. M. & ROJAS, A. (2023). Rapid population growth and high management costs have created a narrow window for control of introduced hippos in Colombia. *Scientific Reports* **13**, 6193.

SUBRAMANIAM, K., BEHRINGER, D. C., BOJKO, J., YUTIN, N., CLARK, A. S., BATEMAN, K. S., VAN AERLE, R., BASS, D., KERR, R. C., KOONIN, E. V., STENTIFORD, G. D. & WALTZEK, T. B. (2020). A new family of DNA viruses causing disease in crustaceans from diverse aquatic biomes. *MBio* **11**, 10–1128.

SUN, Y., REN, Z., MÜLLER-SCHÄRER, H., CALLAWAY, R. M., VAN KLEUNEN, M. & HUANG, W. (2024). Increasing and fluctuating resource availability enhances invasional meltdown. *Ecology* **105**, e4387.

SVOBODA, J., MRUGAÍA, A., KOZUBÍKOVÁ-BALCAROVÁ, E. & PETRUSEK, A. (2017). Hosts and transmission of the crayfish plague pathogen *Aphanomyces astaci*: a review. *Journal of Fish Diseases* **40**, 127–140.

SZUROCZKI, D. & RICHARDSON, J. M. L. (2011). Palatability of the larvae of three species of *Lathobates*. *Herpetologica* **67**, 213–221.

TABLADO, Z., TELLA, J. L., SÁNCHEZ-ZAPATA, J. A. & HIRALDO, F. (2010). The paradox of the long-term positive effects of a north American crayfish on a European community of predators. *Conservation Biology* **24**, 1230–1238.

TAILLIE, P. J., HART, K. M., SOVIE, A. R. & MCCLEEERY, R. A. (2021). Native mammals lack resilience to invasive generalist predator. *Biological Conservation* **261**, 109290.

TALLEY, T. S., CROOKS, J. A. & LEVIN, L. A. (2001). Habitat utilization and alteration by the invasive burrowing isopod, *Sphaeroma quoyanum*, in California salt marshes. *Marine Biology* **138**, 561–573.

TAMBO, J. A., KANSIME, M. K., MUGAMBI, I., AGBOYI, L. K., BESEH, P. K. & DAY, R. (2023). Economic impacts and management of fall armyworm (*Spodoptera frugiperda*) in smallholder agriculture: a panel data analysis for Ghana. *CABI Agriculture and Biosecurity* **4**, 38.

TARKAN, A. S., BAYÇELEBI, E., GIANNETTO, D., ÖZDEN, E. D., YAZLIK, A., EMİROĞLU, Ö., AKSU, S., ULUDAĞ, A., AKSOY, N., BAYTAŞOĞLU, H., KAYA, C.,

MUTLU, T., KIRANKAYA, Ş. G., ERGÜDEN, D., PER, E., *et al*. (2024a). Economic costs of non-native species in Türkiye: a first national synthesis. *Journal of Environmental Management* **358**, 120779.

TARKAN, A. S., EMİROĞLU, Ö., AKSU, S., KURTUL, I., BİOŞKA, D., BAYÇELEBI, E., SOTO, I., CHAN, S. S., HAUBROCK, P. J. & BRADSHAW, C. J. A. (2024b). Testing the dispersal-origin-status-impact (DOSI) scheme to prioritise non-native and translocated species management. *Scientific Reports* **14**, 31059.

TARKAN, A. S., YOGURTÇUOĞLU, B., EKMECİ, F. G., CLARKE, S. A., WOOD, L. E., VILIZZI, L. & COPP, G. (2020). First application in Turkey of the European non-native species in aquaculture risk analysis scheme to evaluate the farmed non-native fish, striped catfish *Pangasianodon hypophthalmus*. *Fisheries Management and Ecology* **27**, 123–131.

TASSIN, J. & KULL, C. A. (2015). Facing the broader dimensions of biological invasions. *Land Use Policy* **42**, 165–169.

TELFER, S., BOWN, K. J., SEKULES, R., BEGON, M., HAYDEN, T. & BIRTLES, R. (2005). Disruption of a host-parasite system following the introduction of an exotic host species. *Parasitology* **130**, 661–668.

TERBORGH, J. & ESTES, J. A. (2013). *Trophic Cascades: Predators, Prey, and the Changing Dynamics of Nature*. Island Press, Washington, DC.

THIELTGES, D. W., STRASSER, M. & REISE, K. (2006). How bad are invaders in coastal waters? The case of the American slipper limpet *Crepidula fornicata* in western Europe. *Biological Invasions* **8**, 1673–1680.

THOMAS, J. R., ROBINSON, C. V., MRUGAÍA, A., ELLISON, A. R., MATTHEWS, E., GRIFFITHS, S. W., CONSUEGRA, S. & CABLE, J. (2020). Crayfish plague affects juvenile survival and adult behaviour of invasive signal crayfish. *Parasitology* **147**, 706–714.

THOMSEN, M. S., BYERS, J. E., SCHIEL, D. R., BRUNO, J. F., OLDEN, J. D., WERNBERG, T. & SILLIMAN, B. R. (2014a). Impacts of marine invaders on biodiversity depend on trophic position and functional similarity. *Marine Ecology Progress Series* **495**, 39–47.

*THOMSEN, M., WERNBERG, T., OLDEN, J., BYERS, J. E., BRUNO, J., SILLIMAN, B. & SCHIEL, D. (2014b). Forty years of experiments on aquatic invasive species: are study biases limiting our understanding of impacts? *Neobioota* **22**, 1–22.

TODESCO, M., PASCUAL, M. A., OWENS, G. L., OSTEVIK, K. L., MOYERS, B. T., HÜBNER, S., HEREDIA, S. M., HAHN, M. A., CASEYS, C., BOCK, D. G. & RIESEBERG, L. H. (2016). Hybridization and extinction. *Evolutionary Applications* **9**, 892–908.

*TOLAND, E., BANDO, M., HAMERS, M., CADENAS, V., LAIDLAW, R., MARTÍNEZ-SILVESTRE, A. & VAN DER WIELEN, P. (2020). Turning negatives into positives for pet trading and keeping: a review of positive lists. *Animals* **10**, 2371.

TOLLINGER, S., TURBE, A., RABITSCH, W., GROOMBRIDGE, J. J., SCALERA, R., ESSI, F. & SHWARTZ, A. (2017). Making the EU legislation on invasive species a conservation success. *Conservation Letters* **10**, 112–120.

TOP, N., TARKAN, A. S., VILIZZI, L. & KARAKUŞ, U. (2016). Microhabitat interactions of non-native pumpkinseed *Lepomis gibbosus* in a Mediterranean-type stream suggest no evidence for impact on endemic fishes. *Knowledge & Management of Aquatic Ecosystems* **417**, 36.

TORCHIN, M. E., LAFFERTY, K. D., DOBSON, A. P., MCKENZIE, V. J. & KURIS, A. M. (2003). Introduced species and their missing parasites. *Nature* **421**, 628–630.

TORCHIN, M. E. & MITCHELL, C. E. (2004). Parasites, pathogens, and invasions by plants and animals. *Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment* **2**, 183–190.

TROWBRIDGE, C. D. (2004). Emerging associations on marine rocky shores: specialist herbivores on introduced macroalgae. *Journal of Animal Ecology* **73**, 294–308.

TSIAMIS, K., GERVASINI, E., DERIU, I., D'AMICO, F., NUNES, A., ADDAMO, A., CARDOSO, A. C., D'AMICO, F., NUNES, A. L. & ADDAMO, A. M. (2017). Baseline distribution of invasive alien species of union concern. *Ispra (Italy): Publications Office of the European Union*, Luxembourg, 1–96.

TSIRINTANIS, K., AZZURRO, E., CROCETTA, F., DIMIZA, M., FROGLIA, C., GEROVASILEIOU, V., LANGENECK, J., MANCINELLI, G., ROSSO, A., STERN, N., TRIANTAPHYLLOU, M., TSIAMIS, K., TURON, X., VERLAQUE, M., ZENETOS, A., *et al*. (2022). Bioinvasion impacts on biodiversity, ecosystem services, and human health in the Mediterranean Sea. *Aquatic Invasions* **17**, 308–352.

TURBÉ, A., STRUBBE, D., MORI, E., CARRETE, M., CHIRON, F., CLERGEAU, P., GONZÁLEZ-MORENO, P., LE LOUARN, M., LUNA, A., MENCHETTI, M., NENTWIG, W., PÁRÁU, L. G., POSTIGO, J.-L., RABITSCH, W., SENAR, J. C., *et al*. (2017). Assessing the assessments: evaluation of four impact assessment protocols for invasive alien species. *Diversity and Distributions* **23**, 297–307.

TURBELIN, A. J., CUTHBERT, R. N., ESSI, F., HAUBROCK, P. J., RICCIARDI, A. & COURCHAMP, F. (2023). Biological invasions are as costly as natural hazards. *Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation* **21**, 143–150.

TURBELIN, A. J., HUDGINS, E. J., CATFORD, J. A., CUTHBERT, R. N., DIAGNE, C., KOURANTIDOU, M., ROIZ, D. & COURCHAMP, F. (2024). Biological invasions as burdens to primary economic sectors. *Global Environmental Change* **87**, 102858.

TWARDOCHLEB, L. A., OLDEN, J. D. & LARSON, E. R. (2013). A global meta-analysis of the ecological impacts of nonnative crayfish. *Freshwater Science* **32**, 1367–1382.