# The Use of Smart Textiles in the Healthcare Space:
## Towards an Improvement of the User-Patient Experience

Balkis ELLOUZE, Marwa Damak

► To cite this version:

Balkis ELLOUZE, Marwa Damak. The Use of Smart Textiles in the Healthcare Space: Towards an Improvement of the User-Patient Experience. Journal of Textile Science and Technology, 2024, 10 (02), pp.41-50. 10.4236/jtst.2024.102003. hal-04597722

HAL Id: hal-04597722

https://hal.science/hal-04597722

Submitted on 3 Jun 2024

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access
archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-
entific research documents, whether they are pub-
lished or not. The documents may come from
teaching and research institutions in France or
abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est
destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents
scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non,
émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de
recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires
publics ou privés.

<figure><img src="image_1.png" /></figure>

Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
# The Use of Smart Textiles in the Healthcare Space:
## Towards an Improvement of the User-Patient Experience

Balkis ELLOUZE, Marwa Damak

► To cite this version:

Balkis ELLOUZE, Marwa Damak. The Use of Smart Textiles in the Healthcare Space: Towards an Improvement of the User-Patient Experience. Journal of Textile Science and Technology, 2024, 10 (02), pp.41-50. 10.4236/jtst.2024.102003. hal-04597722

HAL Id: hal-04597722

https://hal.science/hal-04597722v1

Submitted on 3 Jun 2024

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access
archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-
entific research documents, whether they are pub-
lished or not. The documents may come from
teaching and research institutions in France or
abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est
destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents
scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non,
émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de
recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires
publics ou privés.

<figure><img src="image_1.png" /></figure>
# The Use of Smart Textiles in the Healthcare Space: Towards an Improvement of the User-Patient Experience

Balkis Ellouze<fnref n="1" />,<fnref n="2" />*, Marwa Damak<fnref n="1" />*

Email: *ellouze.balkis.isams@gmail.com, *marwa.damak@ymail.com

**How to cite this paper:** Ellouze, B and Damak, M. (2024) The Use of Smart Textiles in the Healthcare Space: Towards an Improvement of the User-Patient Experience.
*Journal of Textile Science and Technology*, **10**, 41-50.
https://doi.org/10.4236/jtst.2024.102003

Received: March 23, 2024

Accepted: May 25, 2024

Published: May 28, 2024

Copyright © 2024 by author(s) and
Scientific Research Publishing Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative
Commons Attribution International
License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

<figure><img src="image_2.png" /></figure>

Open Access

## Abstract

This article explores the role of smart textiles in transforming healthcare environments into spaces that prioritize patient well-being. We will examine the advantages of smart textiles in healthcare settings, such as the real-time monitoring of vital signs through connected clothing. Additionally, we will introduce metadesign as a design approach that considers the interactions between users, healthcare environments, and technologies to create fulfilling experiences. By combining the advanced features of smart textiles with a patient-centered metadesign approach, it becomes possible to create care spaces that cater to patient needs. The objective of this article is to present the integration of metadesign in the design of smart textiles as a process aimed at enhancing the quality of the patient user experience. In this process, we will emphasize the collaborative approach and embrace technological innovation to harness the potential for ongoing improvement and provide users with high-quality experiences. Lastly, we will underscore the significance of adopting a multidimensional approach to evaluate the impact of smart textiles on the patient user experience.

## Keywords

Smart Textiles, Healthcare Space, User-Patient Experience, Metadesign

## 1. Introduction

Technological advancements and the development of new design methods have facilitated the transformation of care spaces into environments that prioritize the well-being and comfort of patients. In this context, the integration of metadesign in intelligent textile design emerges as a promising solution to enhance the pa-

<footnote n="1">¹Department of Design, Higher Institute of Arts and Crafts of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia</footnote>

<footnote n="2">²CES Lab, National Engineering School of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia</footnote>
# The Use of Smart Textiles in the Healthcare Space: Towards an Improvement of the User-Patient Experience

Balkis Ellouze<fnref n="1" />,<fnref n="2" />*, Marwa Damak<fnref n="1" />*

**How to cite this paper:** Ellouze, B and Damak, M. (2024) The Use of Smart Textiles in the Healthcare Space: Towards an Improvement of the User-Patient Experience.
*Journal of Textile Science and Technology, 10, 41-50.
https://doi.org/10.4236/jtst.2024.102003

Received: March 23, 2024

Accepted: May 25, 2024

Published: May 28, 2024

Copyright © 2024 by author(s) and
Scientific Research Publishing Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative
Commons Attribution International
License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

<figure><img src="image_2.png" /></figure>

Open Access

## Abstract

This article explores the role of smart textiles in transforming healthcare environments into spaces that prioritize patient well-being. We will examine the advantages of smart textiles in healthcare settings, such as the real-time monitoring of vital signs through connected clothing. Additionally, we will introduce metadesign as a design approach that considers the interactions between users, healthcare environments, and technologies to create fulfilling experiences. By combining the advanced features of smart textiles with a patient-centered metadesign approach, it becomes possible to create care spaces that cater to patient needs. The objective of this article is to present the integration of metadesign in the design of smart textiles as a process aimed at enhancing the quality of the patient user experience. In this process, we will emphasize the collaborative approach and embrace technological innovation to harness the potential for ongoing improvement and provide users with high-quality experiences. Lastly, we will underscore the significance of adopting a multidimensional approach to evaluate the impact of smart textiles on the patient user experience.

## Keywords

Smart Textiles, Healthcare Space, User-Patient Experience, Metadesign

## 1. Introduction

Technological advancements and the development of new design methods have facilitated the transformation of care spaces into environments that prioritize the well-being and comfort of patients. In this context, the integration of metadesign in intelligent textile design emerges as a promising solution to enhance the pa-

<footnote n="1">¹Department of Design, Higher Institute of Arts and Crafts of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia</footnote>

<footnote n="2">²CES Lab, National Engineering School of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia</footnote>

<footnote>Email: *ellouze.balkis.isams@gmail.com, *marwa.damak@ymail.com</footnote>
tient user experience. Patient user experience design is founded upon a compre-
hensive understanding of their needs, enabling the creation of tailored solutions
that meet their expectations and provide a positive experience. According to
Christine Michel and Guillemette Trognot, various methods are employed in the
design of user experiences "are characterized by an explicit comprehension of
the users, their emotions, their tasks, and their activity environment, by actively
involving them in the design process"<fnref n="1" /> [1].

Simultaneously, in the rapidly evolving realm of healthcare, smart textiles represent a groundbreaking innovation poised to revolutionize our approach to health management. Equipped with advanced functionalities, these textiles provide innovative opportunities for enhancing various facets of the patient experience. Furthermore, metadesign, encompassing a holistic design approach, enables the integration of functional, aesthetic, and emotional aspects into the design of care spaces.

This article will explore three key facets of this transformative journey: the role of smart textiles within the healthcare space, the application of metadesign principles in healthcare, and the seamless integration of metadesign into the development of smart textiles tailored for healthcare purposes. These interrelated concepts not only influence the prospective healthcare framework but also promise innovative, personalized solutions that transcend conventional medical boundaries.

Moreover, we will illuminate the pivotal significance of user experience, spe-
cifically the patient’s perspective, in augmenting the delivery of healthcare ser-
vices. Therefore, in this article, we will explore the significant improvements that
the utilization of smart textiles, incorporating elements of metadesign in its de-
sign process, can bring to healthcare environments. Our objective is to investi-
gate how this approach can foster a patient-centered care environment aimed at
enhancing the experience of patient users.

## 2. Smart Textiles in the Healthcare Space

In recent times, the textile industry has experienced significant growth in de-
veloping countries [2]. In addition, smart textiles are materials that incorpo-
rate advanced technologies to provide specific functionalities. In this regard,
Van Lange hove and Hertleer state that: “Smart clothing will find applications
in those fields where the need for monitoring and actuation can be of vital
importance, such as a medical environment, and with vulnerable population
groups, in space travel and the military” [3]. Moreover, the textile industry is
essential in everyday life because it meets basic needs of human beings [4]. For
example, in the healthcare sector, smart textiles are specifically designed to
enhance the patient experience by offering a range of features including ther-
mal regulation, humidity management, vital signs detection, remote monitor-

<footnote n="1">¹In the original language (French) «sont caractérisées par une compréhension explicite des utilisateurs, de leur ressenti, de leurs tâches et de leur environnement d'activité, en les faisant participer à la conception».</footnote>
tient user experience. Patient user experience design is founded upon a compre-
hensive understanding of their needs, enabling the creation of tailored solutions
that meet their expectations and provide a positive experience. According to
Christine Michel and Guillemette Trognot, various methods are employed in the
design of user experiences "are characterized by an explicit comprehension of
the users, their emotions, their tasks, and their activity environment, by actively
involving them in the design process"<fnref n="1" /> [1].

Simultaneously, in the rapidly evolving realm of healthcare, smart textiles represent a groundbreaking innovation poised to revolutionize our approach to health management. Equipped with advanced functionalities, these textiles provide innovative opportunities for enhancing various facets of the patient experience. Furthermore, metadesign, encompassing a holistic design approach, enables the integration of functional, aesthetic, and emotional aspects into the design of care spaces.

This article will explore three key facets of this transformative journey: the role of smart textiles within the healthcare space, the application of metadesign principles in healthcare, and the seamless integration of metadesign into the development of smart textiles tailored for healthcare purposes. These interrelated concepts not only influence the prospective healthcare framework but also promise innovative, personalized solutions that transcend conventional medical boundaries.

Moreover, we will illuminate the pivotal significance of user experience, spe-
cifically the patient’s perspective, in augmenting the delivery of healthcare ser-
vices. Therefore, in this article, we will explore the significant improvements that
the utilization of smart textiles, incorporating elements of metadesign in its de-
sign process, can bring to healthcare environments. Our objective is to investi-
gate how this approach can foster a patient-centered care environment aimed at
enhancing the experience of patient users.

## 2. Smart Textiles in the Healthcare Space

In recent times, the textile industry has experienced significant growth in de-
veloping countries [2]. In addition, smart textiles are materials that incorpo-
rate advanced technologies to provide specific functionalities. In this regard,
Van Lange hove and Hertleer state that: “Smart clothing will find applications
in those fields where the need for monitoring and actuation can be of vital
importance, such as a medical environment, and with vulnerable population
groups, in space travel and the military” [3]. Moreover, the textile industry is
essential in everyday life because it meets basic needs of human beings [4]. For
example, in the healthcare sector, smart textiles are specifically designed to
enhance the patient experience by offering a range of features including ther-
mal regulation, humidity management, vital signs detection, remote monitor-

<footnote n="1">¹In the original language (French) «sont caractérisées par une compréhension explicite des utilisateurs, de leur ressenti, de leurs tâches et de leur environnement d'activité, en les faisant participer à la conception».</footnote>
ing, and more.

Consequently, intelligent clothing has found utility across various sectors in-
cluding sports, healthcare, military, security, lifestyle, and entertainment. Its tra-
jectory is aimed at enhancing functionality, comfort, technology diversity, and
incorporating more intelligent materials for a more comprehensive user expe-
rience [5].

According to Manuel Cardona: “Textiles with sensors can be used to monitor body movements; breathing for bedridden humans as well as for babies’ along with the help in regulating body temperature as well” [6]. Corresponding to Barbel Selm et al.: “The field of medical textiles is vast. Clothing for hospital staff, surgery blankets, textiles for hygienic and orthopedic purposes, dressings, implants and much more are included in the wider sense” [7]. These textiles incorporate components of artificial intelligence (such as “machine learning”<fnref n="2" /> and “optimization algorithms”<fnref n="3" />) to offer an optimal patient experience. In this sense, Katherine Le et al.: “There are many opportunities for integration of e-textiles into consumer grade products and applications, for improving lifestyle and health of the general population” [8]. In this regard, Barbel Selm et al. stated: “For many years, textile structures have been successfully used for wound treatment, operations, and implants. [...]. Today, the use of textile structures in medicine is a growing market. There are constantly new discoveries concerning cellular components, and the reactions of the human body to new and existing substances” [9].

In agreement with Silvana Zhezhova et al.: “Medical textile is an extremely
important subcategory of technical textile because it is covering a wide range of
products. The term medical textile itself covers all types of textile materials that
are used in the healthcare system for various purposes. Medical textile is also
known as health textile and is one of the fastest growing sectors in the technical

<figure><img src="image_3.png" /><figcaption>Figure 1. Advantages of using smart textiles in healthcare.</figcaption></figure>

<footnote n="2">²Machine learning enables smart textiles to gather and analyze data from embedded sensors. This data can be utilized to identify patterns, anomalies, or relevant health-related information.</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³Optimization algorithms can be employed to dynamically adjust and control the properties of textiles based on the collected data and specific health objectives.</footnote>
ing, and more.

Consequently, intelligent clothing has found utility across various sectors in-
cluding sports, healthcare, military, security, lifestyle, and entertainment. Its tra-
jectory is aimed at enhancing functionality, comfort, technology diversity, and
incorporating more intelligent materials for a more comprehensive user expe-
rience [5].

According to Manuel Cardona: “Textiles with sensors can be used to monitor body movements; breathing for bedridden humans as well as for babies’ along with the help in regulating body temperature as well” [6]. Corresponding to Barbel Selm et al.: “The field of medical textiles is vast. Clothing for hospital staff, surgery blankets, textiles for hygienic and orthopedic purposes, dressings, implants and much more are included in the wider sense” [7]. These textiles incorporate components of artificial intelligence (such as “machine learning”<fnref n="2" /> and “optimization algorithms”<fnref n="3" />) to offer an optimal patient experience. In this sense, Katherine Le et al.: “There are many opportunities for integration of e-textiles into consumer grade products and applications, for improving lifestyle and health of the general population” [8]. In this regard, Barbel Selm et al. stated: “For many years, textile structures have been successfully used for wound treatment, operations, and implants. [...]. Today, the use of textile structures in medicine is a growing market. There are constantly new discoveries concerning cellular components, and the reactions of the human body to new and existing substances” [9].

In agreement with Silvana Zhezhova et al.: “Medical textile is an extremely
important subcategory of technical textile because it is covering a wide range of
products. The term medical textile itself covers all types of textile materials that
are used in the healthcare system for various purposes. Medical textile is also
known as health textile and is one of the fastest growing sectors in the technical

<figure><img src="image_3.png" /><figcaption>Figure 1. Advantages of using smart textiles in healthcare.</figcaption></figure>

<footnote n="2">²Machine learning enables smart textiles to gather and analyze data from embedded sensors. This data can be utilized to identify patterns, anomalies, or relevant health-related information.</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³Optimization algorithms can be employed to dynamically adjust and control the properties of textiles based on the collected data and specific health objectives.</footnote>
textile market” [9]. “Although textiles are widely accepted for medical and surgical applications, new areas of application are constantly emerging” [9]. Figure 1 illustrates several advantages of smart textiles aimed at enhancing the experience of patient users.

Consequently, smart textiles provide substantial benefits to patients within healthcare environments, enhancing their comfort, facilitating medical monitoring, and reducing the risk of infections. The implementation of these textiles in the healthcare field presents new possibilities for improving the patient experience and achieving improved clinical outcomes. As Suleiman, T. and Adinoyi, A. said: “Healthcare delivery is experiencing a paradigm shift due mainly to revolutions engineered by technological advancements, especially those related to mobile connectivity and its accompanying myriad of platforms, applications, sensors, devices, and equipment” [10].

### 3. The Metadesign in the Healthcare Space

Before delving into the intricacies of our discussion, it is imperative to establish clear definitions of both metadesign and its application within the healthcare space.

Healthcare organizations can be viewed as intricate sociotechnical systems comprising individuals, technologies, and tasks that interact within an environment to execute processes (physical, cognitive, social/behavioral, and organizational) shaping outcome(s) [11]. Moreover, concentrating on healthcare environments offers a foundation for comprehending essential components and establishing criteria for assessing a wide variety of spaces that facilitate the healing journey [12]. These ideas emphasize the importance of considering healthcare organizations as a whole, acknowledging both the complexity of their components and the impact of their environment on healthcare outcomes.

The definition of metadesign implies a design approach that integrates a global vision. According to Elisa Giaccard: “Designers therefore consider Metadesign as the ‘design of a design process’” [13]. To comprehend the overall concept of metadesign, we refer to the definition provided by Andrea Fesce: “The word metadesign highlights the fact that the attention is not focused on devising tools for practical solutions, but rather on setting up an integrated conceptual framework that may stimulate further research” [14]. It considers the interactions among users, environments, and technologies to generate fulfilling experiences. According to Gerhard Fischer and Eric Scharff: “Metadesign characterizes the activities, processes and objectives to create new media and new environments that allow users to act as designers and be creative”<fnref n="4" /> [15].

Vincent Beaubois [16] points out that it is important to note the evolution of metadesign since its inception in the 1960s by the metadesign movement, which

<footnote n="4">⁴In the original language (French) «Le métadesign caractérise les activités, les processus et les objectifs pour créer de nouveaux médias et de nouveaux environnements permettant aux usagers d'agir en tant que concepteurs et d'être créatifs».</footnote>
textile market” [9]. “Although textiles are widely accepted for medical and surgical applications, new areas of application are constantly emerging” [9]. **Figure 1** illustrates several advantages of smart textiles aimed at enhancing the experience of patient users.

Consequently, smart textiles provide substantial benefits to patients within healthcare environments, enhancing their comfort, facilitating medical monitoring, and reducing the risk of infections. The implementation of these textiles in the healthcare field presents new possibilities for improving the patient experience and achieving improved clinical outcomes. As Suleiman, T. and Adinoyi, A. said: “Healthcare delivery is experiencing a paradigm shift due mainly to revolutions engineered by technological advancements, especially those related to mobile connectivity and its accompanying myriad of platforms, applications, sensors, devices, and equipment” [10].

### 3. The Metadesign in the Healthcare Space

Before delving into the intricacies of our discussion, it is imperative to establish clear definitions of both metadesign and its application within the healthcare space.

Healthcare organizations can be viewed as intricate sociotechnical systems comprising individuals, technologies, and tasks that interact within an environment to execute processes (physical, cognitive, social/behavioral, and organizational) shaping outcome(s) [11]. Moreover, concentrating on healthcare environments offers a foundation for comprehending essential components and establishing criteria for assessing a wide variety of spaces that facilitate the healing journey [12]. These ideas emphasize the importance of considering healthcare organizations as a whole, acknowledging both the complexity of their components and the impact of their environment on healthcare outcomes.

The definition of metadesign implies a design approach that integrates a global vision. According to Elisa Giaccard: “Designers therefore consider Metadesign as the ‘design of a design process’” [13]. To comprehend the overall concept of metadesign, we refer to the definition provided by Andrea Fesce: “The word metadesign highlights the fact that the attention is not focused on devising tools for practical solutions, but rather on setting up an integrated conceptual framework that may stimulate further research” [14]. It considers the interactions among users, environments, and technologies to generate fulfilling experiences. According to Gerhard Fischer and Eric Scharff: “Metadesign characterizes the activities, processes and objectives to create new media and new environments that allow users to act as designers and be creative”<fnref n="4" /> [15].

Vincent Beaubois [16] points out that it is important to note the evolution of metadesign since its inception in the 1960s by the metadesign movement, which

<footnote n="4">⁴In the original language (French) «Le métadesign caractérise les activités, les processus et les objectifs pour créer de nouveaux médias et de nouveaux environnements permettant aux usagers d'agir en tant que concepteurs et d'être créatifs».</footnote>
emphasized the seamless connection between design and production. This evolution eventually gave rise to the concept of metadesign (2000), which places emphasis on the continuity between design and usage. Consequently, Gerhard Fischer and Elisa Giaccardi assert that: “Metadesign differs fundamentally from the creation of complete systems: rather than developing complete solutions, it means developing sociotechnical environments allowing users to create the solutions themselves”<fnref n="5" /> [17]. Within the domain of architecture, Lars Spuybroek [18] promotes the techniques of metadesign “as tools for constructing dynamic spaces where people can unpredictably and creatively interact with their environment” [19]. In addition, architecture and design guidelines should involve all stakeholders in the design process, ensuring an inclusive and collaborative approach that considers the needs and experiences of patients, staff, and visitors [20]. By incorporating dynamic spaces that allow for unpredictable and creative interactions, healthcare facilities can foster a healing environment that promotes well-being and positive outcomes for all users [20].

In the context of the patient user experience, metadesign encompasses an integrative design approach that considers various aspects of a product, space, or service, including user interactions. As a result, metadesign plays a crucial role in enhancing the healthcare environment by contributing to the creation of healthcare spaces. Figure 2 illustrates the role of metadesign in improving the care environment.

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>Figure 2. The role of metadesign in improving the healthcare environment.</figcaption></figure>

<footnote n="5">⁵In the original language (French) «Le métadesign diffère fondamentalement de la création de systèmes complets: plutôt que de développer des solutions complètes, cela signifie développer des environnements sociotechniques permettant aux usagers de créer eux-mêmes les solutions».</footnote>
emphasized the seamless connection between design and production. This evolution eventually gave rise to the concept of metadesign (2000), which places emphasis on the continuity between design and usage. Consequently, Gerhard Fischer and Elisa Giaccardi assert that: “Metadesign differs fundamentally from the creation of complete systems: rather than developing complete solutions, it means developing sociotechnical environments allowing users to create the solutions themselves”<fnref n="5" /> [17]. Within the domain of architecture, Lars Spuybroek [18] promotes the techniques of metadesign “as tools for constructing dynamic spaces where people can unpredictably and creatively interact with their environment” [19]. In addition, architecture and design guidelines should involve all stakeholders in the design process, ensuring an inclusive and collaborative approach that considers the needs and experiences of patients, staff, and visitors [20]. By incorporating dynamic spaces that allow for unpredictable and creative interactions, healthcare facilities can foster a healing environment that promotes well-being and positive outcomes for all users [20].

In the context of the patient user experience, metadesign encompasses an integrative design approach that considers various aspects of a product, space, or service, including user interactions. As a result, metadesign plays a crucial role in enhancing the healthcare environment by contributing to the creation of healthcare spaces. Figure 2 illustrates the role of metadesign in improving the care environment.

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>Figure 2. The role of metadesign in improving the healthcare environment.</figcaption></figure>

<footnote n="5">⁵In the original language (French) «Le métadesign diffère fondamentalement de la création de systèmes complets: plutôt que de développer des solutions complètes, cela signifie développer des environnements sociotechniques permettant aux usagers de créer eux-mêmes les solutions».</footnote>
Based on the findings depicted in **Figure 2**, it can be understood that metadesign enables the reevaluation and transformation of care environments, fostering the creation of spaces that cater to the requirements of patients and facilitate a positive and gratifying experience. Consequently, it contributes to enhancing the quality of care, reinforcing the effectiveness of medical interventions, and promoting the recovery of patients.

**4. The Integration of Metadesign in the Design of Smart Textiles for Healthcare.**

The integration of metadesign in the design of smart textiles entails a thorough examination of the interactions among patients, care environments, and textiles with the aim of creating fulfilling experiences. Peter Scher highlighted that the “users have to be involved from the design stage on, and that positive, patient-centred spaces could promote healing processes, enhance staff performance” [21]. To provide quality care, Bélanger, Marquis and Mercier mention who it is essential to take into account: “courtesy and respect, the involvement of the patient and his relatives, information and communication, emotional support, access, coordination, transition and continuity of care, as well as physical comfort and the environment” [22]. Based on this, we can highlight some objectives of integrating the metadesign approach into the design of smart textiles (refer to **Figure 3**).

Incorporating the metadesign approach into the design of smart textiles necessitates a close collaboration among designers, healthcare professionals, and patients to ensure the effective fulfillment of these requirements. Taking into consideration the perspectives of both health professionals and designers involved in implementing these approaches is of utmost importance.

Their observations and evaluations can complement the data collected from

<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 3.** Role of metadesign in the design of smart textiles.</figcaption></figure>
Based on the findings depicted in Figure 2, it can be understood that metadesign enables the reevaluation and transformation of care environments, fostering the creation of spaces that cater to the requirements of patients and facilitate a positive and gratifying experience. Consequently, it contributes to enhancing the quality of care, reinforcing the effectiveness of medical interventions, and promoting the recovery of patients.

## 4. The Integration of Metadesign in the Design of Smart Textiles for Healthcare.

The integration of metadesign in the design of smart textiles entails a thorough examination of the interactions among patients, care environments, and textiles with the aim of creating fulfilling experiences. Peter Scher highlighted that the “users have to be involved from the design stage on, and that positive, patient-centred spaces could promote healing processes, enhance staff performance” [21]. To provide quality care, Bélanger, Marquis and Mercier mention who it is essential to take into account: “courtesy and respect, the involvement of the patient and his relatives, information and communication, emotional support, access, coordination, transition and continuity of care, as well as physical comfort and the environment” [22]. Based on this, we can highlight some objectives of integrating the metadesign approach into the design of smart textiles (refer to Figure 3).

Incorporating the metadesign approach into the design of smart textiles necessitates a close collaboration among designers, healthcare professionals, and patients to ensure the effective fulfillment of these requirements. Taking into consideration the perspectives of both health professionals and designers involved in implementing these approaches is of utmost importance.

Their observations and evaluations can complement the data collected from

<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>Figure 3. Role of metadesign in the design of smart textiles.</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_6.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 4.** Assessing the impact of smart textiles and metadesign on the patient user experience.</figcaption></figure>

patients, offering additional insights into the effectiveness and challenges associated with the utilization of smart textiles in healthcare settings. Hence, a multidimensional approach is essential for assessing the impact of smart textiles on the patient's user experience. This approach entails examining multiple dimensions (refer to Figure 4) to gain a comprehensive understanding of the influence of these technologies and concepts.

This multidimensional approach enables us to gain a comprehensive understanding of the impact of these technologies and concepts on the patient user experience. It facilitates the evaluation of the advantages, limitations, challenges, and opportunities of these technologies for optimal design and implementation in the healthcare and well-being domain while considering various relevant dimensions. This evaluation allows for the measurement of both tangible and subjective benefits associated with the use of smart textiles, thereby providing valuable information for the ongoing enhancement of the patient experience in healthcare spaces. By integrating the advanced features of smart textiles with a patient-centered metadesign approach, it becomes feasible to develop care environments that are better tailored, more comfortable, and focused on meeting the needs and expectations of patients. Furthermore, a collaborative approach and a receptiveness to technological innovation are vital for fully harnessing the potential for ongoing enhancements and providing high-quality patient user experiences. In Figure 5, we outline the key aspects of the collaborative approach within the context of patient user experiences in healthcare spaces.

The collaborative approach fosters cooperation, participation, and ongoing engagement among healthcare professionals, designers, patients, researchers, and other relevant stakeholders in the design, development, and evaluation
<figure><img src="image_6.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 4.** Assessing the impact of smart textiles and metadesign on the patient user experience.</figcaption></figure>

patients, offering additional insights into the effectiveness and challenges associated with the utilization of smart textiles in healthcare settings. Hence, a multidimensional approach is essential for assessing the impact of smart textiles on the patient's user experience. This approach entails examining multiple dimensions (refer to Figure 4) to gain a comprehensive understanding of the influence of these technologies and concepts.

This multidimensional approach enables us to gain a comprehensive understanding of the impact of these technologies and concepts on the patient user experience. It facilitates the evaluation of the advantages, limitations, challenges, and opportunities of these technologies for optimal design and implementation in the healthcare and well-being domain while considering various relevant dimensions. This evaluation allows for the measurement of both tangible and subjective benefits associated with the use of smart textiles, thereby providing valuable information for the ongoing enhancement of the patient experience in healthcare spaces. By integrating the advanced features of smart textiles with a patient-centered metadesign approach, it becomes feasible to develop care environments that are better tailored, more comfortable, and focused on meeting the needs and expectations of patients. Furthermore, a collaborative approach and a receptiveness to technological innovation are vital for fully harnessing the potential for ongoing enhancements and providing high-quality patient user experiences. In Figure 5, we outline the key aspects of the collaborative approach within the context of patient user experiences in healthcare spaces.

The collaborative approach fosters cooperation, participation, and ongoing engagement among healthcare professionals, designers, patients, researchers, and other relevant stakeholders in the design, development, and evaluation
<figure><img src="image_7.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 5.** Key aspects of the collaborative approach in the context of patient user experiences.</figcaption></figure>

process of solutions for healthcare spaces. This entails open communication, attentive listening, and considering the needs, expectations, and aspirations of all parties involved.

**5. Conclusion**

The integration of metadesign in the design of smart textiles within healthcare environments is of utmost significance. It enhances the comfort, safety, and satisfaction of patients while optimizing clinical practices and facilitating communication between patients and healthcare professionals. Moreover, these approaches provide opportunities for personalized care based on individual patient needs, thus promoting a patient-centered approach. The widespread adoption of these approaches, supported by continuous interdisciplinary collaboration and increased awareness, is essential to fully harness their potential and deliver high-quality, patient-centered, and wellness-oriented healthcare that improves the patient experience. In conclusion, the design of the user-patient experience, coupled with the integration of metadesign in the design of intelligent textiles, opens new horizons for transforming care spaces into welcoming environments centered around the well-being of patients.

**Acknowledgements**

Both authors want to thank an anonymous referee for their careful reading of the article and their insightful comments.

**Conflicts of Interest**

The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
<figure><img src="image_7.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 5.** Key aspects of the collaborative approach in the context of patient user experiences.</figcaption></figure>

process of solutions for healthcare spaces. This entails open communication, attentive listening, and considering the needs, expectations, and aspirations of all parties involved.

**5. Conclusion**

The integration of metadesign in the design of smart textiles within healthcare environments is of utmost significance. It enhances the comfort, safety, and satisfaction of patients while optimizing clinical practices and facilitating communication between patients and healthcare professionals. Moreover, these approaches provide opportunities for personalized care based on individual patient needs, thus promoting a patient-centered approach. The widespread adoption of these approaches, supported by continuous interdisciplinary collaboration and increased awareness, is essential to fully harness their potential and deliver high-quality, patient-centered, and wellness-oriented healthcare that improves the patient experience. In conclusion, the design of the user-patient experience, coupled with the integration of metadesign in the design of intelligent textiles, opens new horizons for transforming care spaces into welcoming environments centered around the well-being of patients.

**Acknowledgements**

Both authors want to thank an anonymous referee for their careful reading of the article and their insightful comments.

**Conflicts of Interest**

The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
References

[1] Michel, C. and Trognot, G. (2015) L'expérience utilisateur au cœur de la stratégie. *Information, Données & Documents*, **52**, 40-41.
https://doi.org/10.3917/i2d.154.0040

[2] Deng, D., et al. (2020) Textiles Wastewater Treatment Technology: A Review. *Water Environment Research*, **92**, 1805-1810. https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.1437

[3] Van Langenhove, L. and Hertleer, C. (2004) Smart Clothing: A New Life. *International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology*, **16**, 63-72.
https://doi.org/10.1108/09556220410520360

[4] S, M. and R, S. (2023) Textile Dye Effluent Treatment Using Advanced Sono-Electrocoagulation Techniques: A Taguchi and Particle Swarm Optimization Modeling Approach. *Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects*, **45**, 4501-4519. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2023.2205356

[5] Jiang, S., et al. (2021) Applications of Smart Clothing—A Brief Overview. *Communications in Development and Assembling of Textile Products*, **2**, 123-140.
https://doi.org/10.25367/cdatp.2021.2.p123-140

[6] Cardona, M., Solanki, V.K. and Cena, C.E.G. (2020) Exoskeleton Robots for Rehabilitation and Healthcare Devices. Springer, Singapore.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4732-4

[7] Tao, X. (2001) Smart Fibres, Fabrics and Clothing: Fundamentals and Applications. Woodhead Publishing, Sawston. https://doi.org/10.1533/9781855737600

[8] Le, K., et al. (2021) Performance and Signal Quality Analysis of Electrocardiogram Textile Electrodes for Smart Apparel Applications. *Frontiers in Electronics*, **2**, Article 685264. https://doi.org/10.3389/felec.2021.685264

[9] Silvana, Z., et al. (2021) Application of Technical Textile in Medicine. *Tekstilna Industry*, **69**, 21-29. https://doi.org/10.5937/tekstind2102021Z

[10] Suleiman, T.A. and Adinoyi, A. (2023) Telemedicine and Smart Healthcare—The Role of Artificial Intelligence, 5G, Cloud Services, and Other Enabling Technologies. *International Journal of Communications Network and System Sciences*, **16**, 31-51. https://doi.org/10.4236/ijcns.2023.163003

[11] Melles, M., Albayrak, A. and Goossens, R. (2020) Innovating Health Care: Key Characteristics of Human-Centered Design. *International Journal for Quality in Health Care*, **33**, 37-44. https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzaa127

[12] DuBose, J.R., et al. (2018) Exploring the Concept of Healing Spaces. *Health Environments Research & Design Journal*, **11**, 43-56.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1937586716680567

[13] Giaccardi, E. (2003) Principles of Metadesign: Processes and Levels of Co-Creation in the New Design Space. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Plymouth, Plymouth.

[14] Fesce, A. (2021) Meaningful Metadesign. Feeling, Sense and Purpose in Experience and Interaction Design. Master's Thesis, Polytechnic University of Milan, Milan.

[15] Fischer, G. and Scharff, E. (2000) Meta-Design: Design for Designers. *Proceedings of the 3rd Conference on Designing Interactive Systems: Processes, Practices, Methods, and Techniques*, New York City, 17-19 August 2000, 396-405.
https://doi.org/10.1145/347642.347798

[16] Beaubois, V. (2019) Design informationnel et métadesign. *Colloque Anthropogénie*, Paris, 12-13 December 2019, 33.

[17] Giaccardi, E. and Fischer, G. (2008) Creativity and Evolution: A Metadesign Perspective. *Digital Creativity*, **19**, 19-32.
References

[1] Michel, C. and Trognot, G. (2015) L'expérience utilisateur au cœur de la stratégie. *Information, Données & Documents*, **52**, 40-41.
https://doi.org/10.3917/i2d.154.0040

[2] Deng, D., et al. (2020) Textiles Wastewater Treatment Technology: A Review. *Water Environment Research*, **92**, 1805-1810. https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.1437

[3] Van Langenhove, L. and Hertleer, C. (2004) Smart Clothing: A New Life. *International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology*, **16**, 63-72.
https://doi.org/10.1108/09556220410520360

[4] S, M. and R, S. (2023) Textile Dye Effluent Treatment Using Advanced Sono-Electrocoagulation Techniques: A Taguchi and Particle Swarm Optimization Modeling Approach. *Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects*, **45**, 4501-4519. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2023.2205356

[5] Jiang, S., et al. (2021) Applications of Smart Clothing—A Brief Overview. *Communications in Development and Assembling of Textile Products*, **2**, 123-140.
https://doi.org/10.25367/cdatp.2021.2.p123-140

[6] Cardona, M., Solanki, V.K. and Cena, C.E.G. (2020) Exoskeleton Robots for Rehabilitation and Healthcare Devices. Springer, Singapore.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4732-4

[7] Tao, X. (2001) Smart Fibres, Fabrics and Clothing: Fundamentals and Applications. Woodhead Publishing, Sawston. https://doi.org/10.1533/9781855737600

[8] Le, K., et al. (2021) Performance and Signal Quality Analysis of Electrocardiogram Textile Electrodes for Smart Apparel Applications. *Frontiers in Electronics*, **2**, Article 685264. https://doi.org/10.3389/felec.2021.685264

[9] Silvana, Z., et al. (2021) Application of Technical Textile in Medicine. *Tekstilna Industry*, **69**, 21-29. https://doi.org/10.5937/tekstind2102021Z

[10] Suleiman, T.A. and Adinoyi, A. (2023) Telemedicine and Smart Healthcare—The Role of Artificial Intelligence, 5G, Cloud Services, and Other Enabling Technologies. *International Journal of Communications Network and System Sciences*, **16**, 31-51. https://doi.org/10.4236/ijcns.2023.163003

[11] Melles, M., Albayrak, A. and Goossens, R. (2020) Innovating Health Care: Key Characteristics of Human-Centered Design. *International Journal for Quality in Health Care*, **33**, 37-44. https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzaa127

[12] DuBose, J.R., et al. (2018) Exploring the Concept of Healing Spaces. *Health Environments Research & Design Journal*, **11**, 43-56.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1937586716680567

[13] Giaccardi, E. (2003) Principles of Metadesign: Processes and Levels of Co-Creation in the New Design Space. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Plymouth, Plymouth.

[14] Fesce, A. (2021) Meaningful Metadesign. Feeling, Sense and Purpose in Experience and Interaction Design. Master's Thesis, Polytechnic University of Milan, Milan.

[15] Fischer, G. and Scharff, E. (2000) Meta-Design: Design for Designers. *Proceedings of the 3rd Conference on Designing Interactive Systems: Processes, Practices, Methods, and Techniques*, New York City, 17-19 August 2000, 396-405.
https://doi.org/10.1145/347642.347798

[16] Beaubois, V. (2019) Design informationnel et métadesign. *Colloque Anthropogénie*, Paris, 12-13 December 2019, 33.

[17] Giaccardi, E. and Fischer, G. (2008) Creativity and Evolution: A Metadesign Perspective. *Digital Creativity*, **19**, 19-32.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14626260701847456

[18] Lovink, E.G. and Sengupta, S. (2002) The Cities of Everyday Life (Sarai Reader). Sarai: The New Media Initiative, Delhi.

[19] Giaccardi, E. (2005) Metadesign as an Emergent Design Culture. *Leonardo*, **38**, 342-349.
https://doi.org/10.1162/0024094054762098

[20] Jaušovec, M. and Gabrovec, B. (2023) Architectural Evaluation of Healthcare Facilities: A Comprehensive Review and Implications for Building Design. *Buildings*, **13**, Article 2926. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13122926

[21] Peters, D. (2008) Healing Spaces: The Importance of Architecture in Healthcare. Positive Health Online: Environmental.

[22] Côté, V., Bélanger, L. and Gagnon, C. (2017) Le design au service de l'expérience patient. *Sciences du Design*, **6**, 54-64. https://doi.org/10.3917/sdd.006.0054
https://doi.org/10.1080/14626260701847456

[18] Lovink, E.G. and Sengupta, S. (2002) The Cities of Everyday Life (Sarai Reader). Sarai: The New Media Initiative, Delhi.

[19] Giaccardi, E. (2005) Metadesign as an Emergent Design Culture. *Leonardo*, **38**, 342-349.
https://doi.org/10.1162/0024094054762098

[20] Jaušovec, M. and Gabrovec, B. (2023) Architectural Evaluation of Healthcare Facilities: A Comprehensive Review and Implications for Building Design. *Buildings*, **13**, Article 2926. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13122926

[21] Peters, D. (2008) Healing Spaces: The Importance of Architecture in Healthcare. Positive Health Online: Environmental.

[22] Côté, V., Bélanger, L. and Gagnon, C. (2017) Le design au service de l'expérience patient. *Sciences du Design*, **6**, 54-64. https://doi.org/10.3917/sdd.006.0054