# Assessing the operational perspectives of agrosilvopastoralism in the Mediterranean Region: Learnings from observations in Corsica

Jean-Paul Dubeuf, Fanny Biehlmann, Regis Lorton, Jean-Michel Sorba, Marion Valenti

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## To cite this version:

Jean-Paul Dubeuf, Fanny Biehlmann, Regis Lorton, Jean-Michel Sorba, Marion Valenti. Assessing the operational perspectives of agrosilvopastoralism in the Mediterranean Region: Learnings from observations in Corsica. Small Ruminant Research, 2023, 229, pp.107131. 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2023.107131. hal-04523830

HAL Id: hal-04523830

https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04523830

Submitted on 2 Apr 2024

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

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# Assessing the operational perspectives of agrosilvopastoralism in the Mediterranean Region: Learnings from observations in Corsica

Jean-Paul Dubeuf, Fanny Biehlmann, Regis Lorton, Jean-Michel Sorba, Marion Valenti

<figure><img src="image_1.png" /></figure>

## ► To cite this version:

Jean-Paul Dubeuf, Fanny Biehlmann, Regis Lorton, Jean-Michel Sorba, Marion Valenti. Assessing the operational perspectives of agrosilvopastoralism in the Mediterranean Region: Learnings from observations in Corsica. Small Ruminant Research, 2023, 229, pp.107131. 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2023.107131. hal-04523830

HAL Id: hal-04523830

https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04523830v1

Submitted on 2 Apr 2024

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

<figure><img src="image_2.png" /></figure>

Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
<figure><img src="image_3.png" /></figure>

# Assessing the operational perspectives of agrosilvopastoralism in the Mediterranean Region: Learnings from observations in Corsica

Jean-Paul Dubeuf<sup>a, *</sup>, Fanny Biehlmann<sup>b</sup>, Regis Lorton<sup>c</sup>, Jean-Michel Sorba<sup>a</sup>, Marion Valenti<sup>b</sup>

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /></figure>

Check for
updates

## ARTICLE INFO

**Keywords:**

Mediterranean Region
Agrosilvopastoralism
Production systems
Innovation Corsica

## ABSTRACT

European public authorities today promote the development of agrosilvopastoralism to ensure, through grazing, the maintenance and preservation of Mediterranean forest areas while strengthening productive forestry activities. From the observation that agrosilvopastoral projects often remain at an experimental stage, we emphasize that agrosilvopastoralism, a complex multifunctional production system, must not only respond to technical issues but also innovate in terms of organization and governance. The article explores and describes several agrosilvopastoral projects and initiatives currently being implemented in Corsica, the most forested region of France. We mobilize the theory of innovation to explore how agrosilvopastoralism could contribute operationally in redesigning livestock systems and in promoting more coherent and inclusive socioecosystems in the inland, mountainous areas of the Mediterranean region that are mostly subject to abandonment. Drawing from materials relating to the implementation of a PRIMA European project, we suggest that the establishment of living laboratories (Living Labs) could create formalized participatory spaces to co-construct shared strategies and solutions through the territories by overcoming sectoral approaches in terms of policies and regulations.

# 1. Introduction

## 1.1. *The diversity of pastoralism in the Mediterranean with regard to the characteristics of agrosilvopastoralism*

Pastoralism has historically been occupying an important economic, cultural, social and environmental role in the Mediterranean basin (Lerin, 2010).

Among the several definitions of pastoralism, we keep the more general one designing the set of livestock activities based partially or exclusively on extensive grazing of spontaneous fodder resources in areas commonly called rangelands (CERPAM, 2023). Other definitions specify that pastoralism would be practiced mainly by nomadic people in arid semi-arid zones (Schoof and Rainer, 2018), but we focus in this article on the Mediterranean pastoralism.

Indeed, pastoralism is practiced worldwide and refers to very different types of animal production systems. In intertropical areas, in Africa or in Central Asia and everywhere, mobility of the herds through long distance transhumance is key to connect a diversity of agro-ecosystems and track highly variable and scattered resources in order to

optimize animal nutrition and reproduction. Nevertheless, pastoralism has always been associated to agriculture either when directly practiced by pastoralists or strongly integrated through exchange, trade and socio politics.

In the Mediterranean basin, inlands are mostly characterized by dry, hard to cultivate mountains where the combined practice of agriculture and pastoralism has built specific open landscapes with positive impacts on bio diversity and forest environments (Luginbühl, 2010). In these landscapes, herbaceous resources, the base of the grazing systems of ruminants are completed by a substantial consumption of shrub and ligneous fodders and fruits, these latter constituting the bulk of feeding for goats, especially from local breeds. Equally, running pigs also find a large part of their diet in these environments. This key complementarity between herbaceous, shrub and ligneous resources has often been overlooked in the last decades by animal production experts but also by policies makers.

Étienne et al. (1994) had for more than 30 years updated this concept of silvopastoralism in the recognition of the multiplicity of functions and uses of the Mediterranean forests.

Agrosilvopastoralism is a multifunctional and integrator system

<footnote><sup>a</sup> SELMET-LRDE, UR045, INRAE, 20250 Corte, France</footnote>

<footnote><sup>b</sup> Chambre régionale d'Agriculture de Corse, Casa di l'Agricultura Corsa Lieu-dit Petralo, 20215 Vescovato, France</footnote>

<footnote><sup>c</sup> DRAAF de Corse, Bld Napoléon, Ajaccio, France</footnote>

<footnote>* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: jean-paul.dubeuf@inrae.fr (J.-P. Dubeuf).</footnote>
<figure><img src="image_3.png" /></figure>

# Assessing the operational perspectives of agrosilvopastoralism in the Mediterranean Region: Learnings from observations in Corsica

Jean-Paul Dubeuf<sup>a, *</sup>, Fanny Biehlmann<sup>b</sup>, Regis Lorton<sup>c</sup>, Jean-Michel Sorba<sup>a</sup>, Marion Valenti<sup>b</sup>

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /></figure>

Check for
updates

## ARTICLE INFO

**Keywords:**

Mediterranean Region
Agrosilvopastoralism
Production systems
Innovation Corsica

## ABSTRACT

European public authorities today promote the development of agrosilvopastoralism to ensure, through grazing, the maintenance and preservation of Mediterranean forest areas while strengthening productive forestry activities. From the observation that agrosilvopastoral projects often remain at an experimental stage, we emphasize that agrosilvopastoralism, a complex multifunctional production system, must not only respond to technical issues but also innovate in terms of organization and governance. The article explores and describes several agrosilvopastoral projects and initiatives currently being implemented in Corsica, the most forested region of France. We mobilize the theory of innovation to explore how agrosilvopastoralism could contribute operationally in redesigning livestock systems and in promoting more coherent and inclusive socioecosystems in the inland, mountainous areas of the Mediterranean region that are mostly subject to abandonment. Drawing from materials relating to the implementation of a PRIMA European project, we suggest that the establishment of living laboratories (Living Labs) could create formalized participatory spaces to co-construct shared strategies and solutions through the territories by overcoming sectoral approaches in terms of policies and regulations.

## 1. Introduction

### 1.1. *The diversity of pastoralism in the Mediterranean with regard to the characteristics of agrosilvopastoralism*

Pastoralism has historically been occupying an important economic, cultural, social and environmental role in the Mediterranean basin (Lerin, 2010).

Among the several definitions of pastoralism, we keep the more general one designing the set of livestock activities based partially or exclusively on extensive grazing of spontaneous fodder resources in areas commonly called rangelands (CERPAM, 2023). Other definitions specify that pastoralism would be practiced mainly by nomadic people in arid semi-arid zones (Schoof and Rainer, 2018), but we focus in this article on the Mediterranean pastoralism.

Indeed, pastoralism is practiced worldwide and refers to very different types of animal production systems. In intertropical areas, in Africa or in Central Asia and everywhere, mobility of the herds through long distance transhumance is key to connect a diversity of agro-ecosystems and track highly variable and scattered resources in order to

optimize animal nutrition and reproduction. Nevertheless, pastoralism has always been associated to agriculture either when directly practiced by pastoralists or strongly integrated through exchange, trade and socio politics.

In the Mediterranean basin, inlands are mostly characterized by dry, hard to cultivate mountains where the combined practice of agriculture and pastoralism has built specific open landscapes with positive impacts on bio diversity and forest environments (Luginbühl, 2010). In these landscapes, herbaceous resources, the base of the grazing systems of ruminants are completed by a substantial consumption of shrub and ligneous fodders and fruits, these latter constituting the bulk of feeding for goats, especially from local breeds. Equally, running pigs also find a large part of their diet in these environments. This key complementarity between herbaceous, shrub and ligneous resources has often been overlooked in the last decades by animal production experts but also by policies makers.

Étienne et al. (1994) had for more than 30 years updated this concept of silvopastoralism in the recognition of the multiplicity of functions and uses of the Mediterranean forests.

Agrosilvopastoralism is a multifunctional and integrator system

<footnote><sup>a</sup> SELMET-LRDE, UR045, INRAE, 20250 Corte, France</footnote>

<footnote><sup>b</sup> Chambre régionale d'Agriculture de Corse, Casa di l'Agricultura Corsa Lieu-dit Petralo, 20215 Vescovato, France</footnote>

<footnote><sup>c</sup> DRAAF de Corse, Bld Napoléon, Ajaccio, France</footnote>

<footnote>* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: jean-paul.dubeuf@inrae.fr (J.-P. Dubeuf).</footnote>
(Hubert, 2020) built on the complementarity between pastoralism and forestry practices. The production of grass is spread over time due to the diversity of vegetation while the forest cover generates a microclimatic niche and provide natural shelters for animals. With regard to the forestry, grazing has several advantages in terms of better visibility and easier circulation in the undergrowth, a contribution to the forest cleaning and wood production by the reduction in the number of copses and tree lower branches; a reduction of the risk of fires by a control of bio-mass fuel.

Under this definition, and because of the diversity of types of tree covers, in the Mediterranean basin, agrosilvopastoralism can be associated to different sets of practices and functions in addition to silvopastoralism, sensus stricto, the coexistence, in the same space, of forest and pastoral use:

### 1.1.1. Grazed forests

An herbaceous or shrub fodder resource may be present during the silvicultural cycle, following a thinning for example. Shepherds may opt for an opportunistic temporary grazing until the resource disappears without specifically considering the synergy between the forest environment and livestock. For example, in some cases as for running pigs, animals graze the grass under the trees and find also a part of their feeding in fruits from the trees (the acorns of the oaks).

### 1.1.2. Wooded rangelands

In the Mediterranean, agriculture has disappeared from large inland areas for several decades or more, leading to the closure of the cover by ligneous low shrubs and bushes ("maquis"). On this type of grazed rangelands, woods are only used as fire wood. In this case, the pastoral value of these rangelands may decrease very quickly without forestry interventions of thinning.

In this article, to include all situations, we will use the word agrosilvopastoralism as an activity associating forest trees, plants and animal production. Thus, agrosilvopastoralism is a component of agroforestry, grazing under chestnut or oak groves in the Mediterranean, for example, falling under maintenance practices for areas under cultivated tree cover. We remind here that agroforestry designates more specifically cultivation practices under tree cover, including for fodder production.

## 1.2. What are the horizons of the Mediterranean agrosilvopastoralism, today?

The objective of this article is to explore and assess the operational perspectives of silvopastoralism in the Mediterranean basin. The contrast is strong between densely populated, urbanized coastal areas and mountainous hinterlands. In the first ones, we observe an important implantation of industrial, commercial and tourist activities but also intensive and irrigated agriculture. Conversely, the hinterlands, mostly semi-arid mountain regions, have experienced significant emigration, particularly in the northern Mediterranean. The traditional pastoral systems that supported an important population in the villages have gradually regressed with a significant loss of local know-how and practices for managing rural areas (Michon et al., 2017).

In this context, the Mediterranean region as a whole, faces significant challenges. In particular, climate change weakens water resources causes more frequent droughts, modifies seasonal cycles of vegetation, biodiversity and is partly responsible for the increased risk of forest fires. Given the importance of forest areas in the occupation of space, in their biodiversity and in the structuring of landscapes, our first hypothesis and starting point is that silvopastoralism should be supported by public action not as a traditional activity to reactivate but as a source of technical and organizational innovations. They should contribute to ensure sustainable development prospects for the Mediterranean hinterlands by transforming them into laboratories of territorial innovation. Anyway, public authorities more and more frequently support programs to encourage innovative approaches in silvopastoralism and

agroforestry. They consider them as levers for the agro ecological transition, which explains why they give rise to numerous calls and encourage projects to develop it.

## 2. Methodology

To explore the perspectives of agrosilvopastoralism in the Mediterranean, we propose to study a representative mountain pastoral area, the French island of Corsica located between Tuscany, Sardinia and Baleares islands. To confirm the relevance of this choice, in a first part, we present the characteristics of the Corsican forest areas, their diversity and the issues for agrosilvopastoralism.

Our hypothesis is that the development of agrosilvopastoralism is a complex process that does not depend only on technical issues but also on the capacity of actors to cooperate to find innovative solutions to their other organizational, methodological and management difficulties. Moreover, the involvement of all the categories of public and private actors at the territorial levels (farmers, loggers, local communities, forest services, regional administrations, research, administration, extension services, citizens...) is necessary to dialog and co build operational answers.

To assess these perspectives, we base the methodological approach followed by the study on the "Living Lab" approach. The concept of "Living Lab" is a user centered process approach operating in a territorial context, integrating research and innovation dynamics within a private-public people partnership through the co-creation, exploration, experimentation and evaluation of innovative processes (Dubé et al., 2014). A Living Lab brings together public and private players, companies, associations and individual players, with the aim of testing "life-size" services, tools or new uses. The Living Lab is a methodology where citizens, residents and users are considered as key players in the research and innovation process. This approach is supposed to stimulate collaborations between heterogeneous profiles of people with the aim of developing unexpected discoveries. It therefore allows a population to influence the evolution of our society and to understand the social, technological and economic issues (Kusiak, 2007).

In France, in 2015, the "Agriculture-innovation 2025" report lists four actions to promote open innovation in agriculture, including the creation of territorial Living Labs (Bournigal et al., 2015). Living labs have developed successfully since the beginning of the 21st century (Beaugency, 2019).

The article considers several among the more significant initiatives implemented on agrosilvopastoralism in Corsica, who are the involved actors, how they interact, and what are the learnings and impacts of these initiatives:

- The technical group on silvopastoralism in Corsica: A collective reflection to achieve common objectives

- The "Grèffice e Rughjoni" (Herds and Territories) project implemented by the Agri'Corsica Campus project running pigs silvopastoral activities

- The Economic and Ecological interest Group for Implementing pruning practices on tree and preserving forest landscapes

- The Forest management commission of the 4 municipalities

- The initiative of the Regional Administration (ODARC) to promote the establishment of Pastoral Land Associations (AFP) to solve land problems

The learnings of the Corsican case are then scaled up at the Mediterranean level thanks to references in other regions.
(Hubert, 2020) built on the complementarity between pastoralism and forestry practices. The production of grass is spread over time due to the diversity of vegetation while the forest cover generates a microclimatic niche and provide natural shelters for animals. With regard to the forestry, grazing has several advantages in terms of better visibility and easier circulation in the undergrowth, a contribution to the forest cleaning and wood production by the reduction in the number of copses and tree lower branches; a reduction of the risk of fires by a control of bio-mass fuel.

Under this definition, and because of the diversity of types of tree covers, in the Mediterranean basin, agrosilvopastoralism can be associated to different sets of practices and functions in addition to silvopastoralism, sensus stricto, the coexistence, in the same space, of forest and pastoral use:

### 1.1.1. Grazed forests

An herbaceous or shrub fodder resource may be present during the silvicultural cycle, following a thinning for example. Shepherds may opt for an opportunistic temporary grazing until the resource disappears without specifically considering the synergy between the forest environment and livestock. For example, in some cases as for running pigs, animals graze the grass under the trees and find also a part of their feeding in fruits from the trees (the acorns of the oaks).

### 1.1.2. Wooded rangelands

In the Mediterranean, agriculture has disappeared from large inland areas for several decades or more, leading to the closure of the cover by ligneous low shrubs and bushes ("maquis"). On this type of grazed rangelands, woods are only used as fire wood. In this case, the pastoral value of these rangelands may decrease very quickly without forestry interventions of thinning.

In this article, to include all situations, we will use the word agrosilvopastoralism as an activity associating forest trees, plants and animal production. Thus, agrosilvopastoralism is a component of agroforestry, grazing under chestnut or oak groves in the Mediterranean, for example, falling under maintenance practices for areas under cultivated tree cover. We remind here that agroforestry designates more specifically cultivation practices under tree cover, including for fodder production.

## 1.2. What are the horizons of the Mediterranean agrosilvopastoralism, today?

The objective of this article is to explore and assess the operational perspectives of silvopastoralism in the Mediterranean basin. The contrast is strong between densely populated, urbanized coastal areas and mountainous hinterlands. In the first ones, we observe an important implantation of industrial, commercial and tourist activities but also intensive and irrigated agriculture. Conversely, the hinterlands, mostly semi-arid mountain regions, have experienced significant emigration, particularly in the northern Mediterranean. The traditional pastoral systems that supported an important population in the villages have gradually regressed with a significant loss of local know-how and practices for managing rural areas (Michon et al., 2017).

In this context, the Mediterranean region as a whole, faces significant challenges. In particular, climate change weakens water resources causes more frequent droughts, modifies seasonal cycles of vegetation, biodiversity and is partly responsible for the increased risk of forest fires. Given the importance of forest areas in the occupation of space, in their biodiversity and in the structuring of landscapes, our first hypothesis and starting point is that silvopastoralism should be supported by public action not as a traditional activity to reactivate but as a source of technical and organizational innovations. They should contribute to ensure sustainable development prospects for the Mediterranean hinterlands by transforming them into laboratories of territorial innovation. Anyway, public authorities more and more frequently support programs to encourage innovative approaches in silvopastoralism and

agroforestry. They consider them as levers for the agro ecological transition, which explains why they give rise to numerous calls and encourage projects to develop it.

## 2. Methodology

To explore the perspectives of agrosilvopastoralism in the Mediterranean, we propose to study a representative mountain pastoral area, the French island of Corsica located between Tuscany, Sardinia and Baleares islands. To confirm the relevance of this choice, in a first part, we present the characteristics of the Corsican forest areas, their diversity and the issues for agrosilvopastoralism.

Our hypothesis is that the development of agrosilvopastoralism is a complex process that does not depend only on technical issues but also on the capacity of actors to cooperate to find innovative solutions to their other organizational, methodological and management difficulties. Moreover, the involvement of all the categories of public and private actors at the territorial levels (farmers, loggers, local communities, forest services, regional administrations, research, administration, extension services, citizens...) is necessary to dialog and co build operational answers.

To assess these perspectives, we base the methodological approach followed by the study on the "Living Lab" approach. The concept of "Living Lab" is a user centered process approach operating in a territorial context, integrating research and innovation dynamics within a private-public people partnership through the co-creation, exploration, experimentation and evaluation of innovative processes (Dubé et al., 2014). A Living Lab brings together public and private players, companies, associations and individual players, with the aim of testing "life-size" services, tools or new uses. The Living Lab is a methodology where citizens, residents and users are considered as key players in the research and innovation process. This approach is supposed to stimulate collaborations between heterogeneous profiles of people with the aim of developing unexpected discoveries. It therefore allows a population to influence the evolution of our society and to understand the social, technological and economic issues (Kusiak, 2007).

In France, in 2015, the "Agriculture-innovation 2025" report lists four actions to promote open innovation in agriculture, including the creation of territorial Living Labs (Bournigal et al., 2015). Living labs have developed successfully since the beginning of the 21st century (Beaugency, 2019).

The article considers several among the more significant initiatives implemented on agrosilvopastoralism in Corsica, who are the involved actors, how they interact, and what are the learnings and impacts of these initiatives:

- The technical group on silvopastoralism in Corsica: A collective reflection to achieve common objectives

- The "Grèffice e Rughjoni" (Herds and Territories) project implemented by the Agri'Corsica Campus project running pigs silvopastoral activities

- The Economic and Ecological interest Group for Implementing pruning practices on tree and preserving forest landscapes

- The Forest management commission of the 4 municipalities

- The initiative of the Regional Administration (ODARC) to promote the establishment of Pastoral Land Associations (AFP) to solve land problems

The learnings of the Corsican case are then scaled up at the Mediterranean level thanks to references in other regions.
# 3. Results

## 3.1. Presentation of the Corsican forest area and its issues for agrosilvopastoralism

Corsica is an emblematic example of the challenges faced by the forest areas in the Mediterranean. It is the most forested region of France. The forest covers nearly 550,000 ha or 57% of the total area of the island (against 38% on average at the national level) and is currently experiencing a continuous expansion of more than 2% per year. The forest area presents a great diversity, both in terms of tree cover and land tenure. Eighty percent of Corsican forest cover is private forest (400,000 ha), the remaining 20% is part of the public domain (Map 1). 150,000 ha

are managed under the forestry regime by the Forest services (ONF) with 33% of territorial forests (the state has transferred in 2002, its 31 public forests to the Collectivity of Corsica) and 67% of communal forests and other local authorities with 131 listed forests (IGN, 2014a). In terms of plant cover, the “maquis”, most often resulting from a re-growth of space in shrubs on abandoned areas or succeeding wildfires, is the most extended plant formation. It has an herbaceous component that can be grazed but with very variable productivity and quality. It is often difficult to exploit other resources such as gathering and harvesting aromatic, medicinal or forestry plants as asphodels, thyme, immortelle (used in the essential oil industry) as well as various trees that remain from former plantations (Gamisans, 1996). Often very dense, these shrubs cover around 244,000 ha (Hamann et al., 2016; IGN, 2014b, Map

<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>Map 1. The Forest property in Corsica.</figcaption></figure>

Source: CRPF.
# 3. Results

## 3.1. Presentation of the Corsican forest area and its issues for agrosilvopastoralism

Corsica is an emblematic example of the challenges faced by the forest areas in the Mediterranean. It is the most forested region of France. The forest covers nearly 550,000 ha or 57% of the total area of the island (against 38% on average at the national level) and is currently experiencing a continuous expansion of more than 2% per year. The forest area presents a great diversity, both in terms of tree cover and land tenure. Eighty percent of Corsican forest cover is private forest (400,000 ha), the remaining 20% is part of the public domain (Map 1). 150,000 ha

are managed under the forestry regime by the Forest services (ONF) with 33% of territorial forests (the state has transferred in 2002, its 31 public forests to the Collectivity of Corsica) and 67% of communal forests and other local authorities with 131 listed forests (IGN, 2014a). In terms of plant cover, the “maquis”, most often resulting from a re-growth of space in shrubs on abandoned areas or succeeding wildfires, is the most extended plant formation. It has an herbaceous component that can be grazed but with very variable productivity and quality. It is often difficult to exploit other resources such as gathering and harvesting aromatic, medicinal or forestry plants as asphodels, thyme, immortelle (used in the essential oil industry) as well as various trees that remain from former plantations (Gamisans, 1996). Often very dense, these shrubs cover around 244,000 ha (Hamann et al., 2016; IGN, 2014b, Map

<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>**Map 1.** The Forest property in Corsica.</figcaption></figure>

Source: CRPF.
<figure><img src="image_6.png" /><figcaption>**Map 2.** The distribution of forests in Corsica.
Source: DRAAF; IGN.</figcaption></figure>

2).

The main other tree formations are:

- Oak forests (holm oak: 169,000 ha, cork oak: 30,000 ha, pubescent oak 21,000 ha);

- Beech forests (13,000 ha);

- Pine forests (maritime pine: 45,000 ha) and especially Lariccio pine (28,000 ha, present in Corsica, but also in Sicily and Calabria).

A first societal challenge that underlies the management of forest areas in Corsica is the prevention of the occurrence of large-scale fires. The closure of many swamped areas, the increase in temperatures and acute and prolonged droughts, but also the processes of territorial abandonment, the decline in logging or the transformation of agricultural and pastoral activities have increased the risk of large fires. The abandonment of agriculture in mountain and piedmont territories, the extensification of pastoralism with loss of centrality of livestock management practices, are all manifestations of a profound transformation of the relationship of society to rural areas, especially forest ones. This reflects a loss of meaning, knowledge and beyond that, of cultural forms of socialization of the environment. In the past, the implementation of collective actions allowed, among others an effective management of the risks of large-scale fires. DFCI (Forest fire protection) devices have so far succeeded in limiting the occurrence and spread of large fires, apart from a few cases that remain in collective memory, but many actors warn of the imminence of large fires or even mega fires in Corsica like in other Mediterranean territories. The acuity of the risk linked to the importance of tourism in the forests is the subject of DFCI monitoring protocols on the part of the various dedicated services (forest sappers, ONF, firefighters). The official services of the Administration communicate strongly on the risks of fires and how to prevent them (Préfecture de Corse, 2020).

A second challenge is the organization of woods' cutting and recovery activities with a sector still to organize. There are only two sawmills on the island working only about 3000 m3 of lumber. In addition, the volume of wood sold annually fell from 45,000 m3 between 2005 and 2013–10,000 m3 between 2013 and 2018. Recent incentive actions in favor of the wood sector, as the structuring and action of the Regional Center of Forest Ownership (CRPF, 2022), have allowed a revival of the sale of wood that now reaches around 20,000 m3. Oak wood exploitation as firewood, on the other side is estimated around 50,000 m³/year from private forests on the black market. Despite a general context that should be favorable to the search for greater autonomy in terms of supply, the situation remains fragile due to the lack of structuring of the sector.

A third challenge concerns livestock farming itself, in search of models that we still need to define and stabilize. In particular, the sector

<table><caption>**Table 1**
Some key data on the livestock's sector in Corsica.</caption><thead><tr><th></th><th>Number of owners<br>2020 (2014)</th><th>Numbers of reproductive adults<br>2020 (2014)</th><th>Production<br>(hl milk or Tec meat)<br>2020 (2014)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Sheep farms</td><td>564 (583)</td><td>80,080 (76,640)</td><td>100,290 (71,500)</td></tr><tr><td>Goat farms</td><td>394 (341)</td><td>35,585 (30,210)</td><td>59,790 (41,200)</td></tr><tr><td>Cattle herds</td><td>1093 (1056)</td><td>35,290 (37,130)</td><td>1754 (1772)</td></tr><tr><td>Running Pig farms</td><td>609 (396)</td><td>5625 (3980)</td><td>4704 (3359)</td></tr><tr><th>Localization</th><th>Number of farms</th><th>%</th><th></th></tr><tr><td>Low lands &lt; 200 m</td><td>559</td><td>20</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hills 200–500 m</td><td>1577</td><td>56</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mid slope</td><td>321</td><td>11</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mountain &gt; 700 m</td><td>353</td><td>13</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Source: DRAAF de Corse, ODARC, Chambre régionale d'Agriculture de Corse, 2021.
<figure><img src="image_6.png" /><figcaption>**Map 2.** The distribution of forests in Corsica.
Source: DRAAF; IGN.</figcaption></figure>

2).

The main other tree formations are:

- Oak forests (holm oak: 169,000 ha, cork oak: 30,000 ha, pubescent oak 21,000 ha);

- Beech forests (13,000 ha);

- Pine forests (maritime pine: 45,000 ha) and especially Lariccio pine (28,000 ha, present in Corsica, but also in Sicily and Calabria).

A first societal challenge that underlies the management of forest areas in Corsica is the prevention of the occurrence of large-scale fires. The closure of many swamped areas, the increase in temperatures and acute and prolonged droughts, but also the processes of territorial abandonment, the decline in logging or the transformation of agricultural and pastoral activities have increased the risk of large fires. The abandonment of agriculture in mountain and piedmont territories, the extensification of pastoralism with loss of centrality of livestock management practices, are all manifestations of a profound transformation of the relationship of society to rural areas, especially forest ones. This reflects a loss of meaning, knowledge and beyond that, of cultural forms of socialization of the environment. In the past, the implementation of collective actions allowed, among others an effective management of the risks of large-scale fires. DFCI (Forest fire protection) devices have so far succeeded in limiting the occurrence and spread of large fires, apart from a few cases that remain in collective memory, but many actors warn of the imminence of large fires or even mega fires in Corsica like in other Mediterranean territories. The acuity of the risk linked to the importance of tourism in the forests is the subject of DFCI monitoring protocols on the part of the various dedicated services (forest sappers, ONF, firefighters). The official services of the Administration communicate strongly on the risks of fires and how to prevent them (Préfecture de Corse, 2020).

A second challenge is the organization of woods' cutting and recovery activities with a sector still to organize. There are only two sawmills on the island working only about 3000 m3 of lumber. In addition, the volume of wood sold annually fell from 45,000 m3 between 2005 and 2013–10,000 m3 between 2013 and 2018. Recent incentive actions in favor of the wood sector, as the structuring and action of the Regional Center of Forest Ownership (CRPF, 2022), have allowed a revival of the sale of wood that now reaches around 20,000 m3. Oak wood exploitation as firewood, on the other side is estimated around 50,000 m³/year from private forests on the black market. Despite a general context that should be favorable to the search for greater autonomy in terms of supply, the situation remains fragile due to the lack of structuring of the sector.

A third challenge concerns livestock farming itself, in search of models that we still need to define and stabilize. In particular, the sector

<table><caption>**Table 1**
Some key data on the livestock's sector in Corsica.</caption><thead><tr><th></th><th>Number of owners<br>2020 (2014)</th><th>Numbers of reproductive adults<br>2020 (2014)</th><th>Production<br>(hl milk or Tec meat)<br>2020 (2014)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Sheep farms</td><td>564 (583)</td><td>80,080 (76,640)</td><td>100,290 (71,500)</td></tr><tr><td>Goat farms</td><td>394 (341)</td><td>35,585 (30,210)</td><td>59,790 (41,200)</td></tr><tr><td>Cattle herds</td><td>1093 (1056)</td><td>35,290 (37,130)</td><td>1754 (1772)</td></tr><tr><td>Running Pig farms</td><td>609 (396)</td><td>5625 (3980)</td><td>4704 (3359)</td></tr><tr><th>Localization</th><th>Number of farms</th><th>%</th><th></th></tr><tr><td>Low lands &lt; 200 m</td><td>559</td><td>20</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hills 200–500 m</td><td>1577</td><td>56</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mid slope</td><td>321</td><td>11</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mountain &gt; 700 m</td><td>353</td><td>13</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Source: DRAAF de Corse, ODARC, Chambre régionale d'Agriculture de Corse, 2021.
that experienced a strong contraction in the 20th century has begun to stabilize with even significant increase of running pig farms (Table 1 DRAAF de Corse, ODARC, Chambre régionale d'Agriculture de Corse, 2021) but with a loss of food autonomy and pastoral components and a high dependence on public subsidies. The success in terms of reputation and promotion of livestock products (cheese, charcuterie) which refer to pastoralism cannot compensate for these difficulties, as shown by the technical and economic case studies produced, for example, by the Chambers of Agriculture (Lafitte, 2017). Pastoral farming in Corsica concerns to a greater or lesser extent sheep, goats, cattle and pigs. Sheep farming primarily uses grassy areas with a high variety of flora, some herds grazing more or less wooded shrub areas but fewer of them still practice transhumance in mountain summer rangelands. Most goat breeders have at best a very small forage cell, the rest of the grazed area being rangeland. Pastoral practices tend to be lost while recourse to purchased feed is more and more frequent (hay and concentrates), which leads them to buy hay outside and most often on the mainland (for instance the PDO Crau hay) and to distribute concentrates, sometimes in large quantities. These supplementation practices make it difficult to follow for instance the specifications of the Brocciu PDO (Sorba et al., 2016). Regarding running pig farms, we observe a loss of control in the supervision and management of the pigs, which is the cause of an increase in the distribution of purchased external feed (hay and concentrates). Furthermore, a large number of owners of cattle herds often reared without supervision on rangelands use "maquis", shrubs and forests opportunistically more as a support space to get subsidies the first pillar of the CAP than to produce animal meat or milk (Le Garignon et al. 1994).

All types of silvopastoralism described above exist in Corsica:

- Grazed forests with the difficulty to control the development of re-growths, thanks to relevant stocking rates; it includes running pigs grazing under the oaks consecutively with cattle and ingesting acorns when in autumn for finishing pigs.

- Wooded rangelands of scrubs with few forestry values where the difficulty is to keep opened and control the closure of the environment (for goats and cattle mainly)

- At a lower extent, forests used for wood with grazing agreements for herds of ruminants.

This short presentation of the livestock landscape in Corsica highlights the organizational issues related to the management of livestock with regard to silvopastoralism and more generally the territorial anchoring of pastoralism. Today, the increase in the cost of cereals and protein supplements has accentuated the issue of food autonomy in a context characterized by increasing volatility and uncertainty in the long and fragmented chains that govern the global circulation of food.

## 3.2. The analysis and lessons from the implementation of the initiatives on agrosilvopastoralism

### 3.2.1. The ecosystem of regional actors involved in silvopastoralism

The first step is to identify and characterize the different actors intervening in the different projects. There is a large number of public private or professional organizations on silvopastoralism in Corsica; they in general have different missions but they may partly overlap. Each of them is often composed by a reduced staff. Given the size of the region, these different agents know each other and they meet quite frequently. From this initial observation, we can identify the different categories of actors in addition to breeders and other professionals (loggers, land-owners, suppliers, veterinarians).

#### The Regional and State public administrations:

- The Regional Office for Agricultural and Rural Development of Corsica (ODARC) is an Administration of the regional authorities of the Collectivity of Corsica. They have both administrative and

financial missions but also of technical assistance. They are in charge to implement the political orientation of the Collectivity of Corsica. ODARC also has a pastoral service of 5 specialized agents who are dedicated to the prevention of forest fires and the environmental measures of the 2nd of the CAP (Common Agricultural Policy).

- The Regional Directorate for Agriculture (DRAAF) is an administration of the State. They contribute under the authority of the prefect, the representative of the government to defining, implementing, and monitoring National and European policies for planning the sustainable development of the territory. In Corsica, several missions of the DRAAF have been devolved to the regional authorities (the management of the second pillar of CAP, for instance). They are still in charge of the first pillar of CAP and the coordination of National subsidies (as those for the Chambers of Agriculture, for organizing the activities of the agricultural schools and for supporting the agricultural sectors and products).

- The National Forest Office (ONF) is a public administration in charge of the management of the public forests. In Corsica, all the forests owned by the state have been transferred to the region and are territorial, but ONF keeps managing them as the municipal and inter municipal ones.

#### Other public organizations:

- The Chambers of Agriculture are public establishments ran by elected officials. They represent all the actors in the agricultural, rural and forestry worlds, farmers, owners, employees, professional groups, etc. There are three Chambers of Agriculture in Corsica, two are dedicated to each department (Upper Corsica and Southern Corsica) and the Regional one is in charge of the Coordination between the first two ones for special thematic such as pastoralism. The Chambers of Agriculture implement extension services for the farmers.

- The Regional Centre of the Forest Private Property of Corsica in charge of the private forests.

Professional, Inter professional and local Associations. Several Associations are acting on silvopastoralism. We can quote:

- The inter - professional dairy sheep and goat association (ILOCC) in charge of the defense of the interests and the coordination between the several actors of the sheep and goat sectors. It is private but recognized by the public authorities to get subsidies and as an official partner.

- The Association of forest municipalities.

- The Regional Group of forage and grain producers of Corsica.

- The Association of pig producers, "Salumeria corsa".

#### The agricultural schools

- The Agri'Corsica Campus in Sartène.

- The Campus Corsi'Agri Borgo.

- A private Agricultural Centre (CPS) in Corte.

#### Research

The INRAE SELMET LRDE dedicated to Pastoralism is the main research unit dedicated to pastoralism in Corsica.

According to the initiatives and themes, other organizations can participate more punctually the initiatives: The Environmental Office of Corsica, municipalities and inter municipalities, local socio - cultural associations....

The main actors and initiatives are present in all the parts of the island as located on Map 3.

### 3.2.2. The several initiatives on agro-sylvopastoralism

#### The technical group on silvopastoralism in Corsica:
that experienced a strong contraction in the 20th century has begun to stabilize with even significant increase of running pig farms (Table 1 DRAAF de Corse, ODARC, Chambre régionale d'Agriculture de Corse, 2021) but with a loss of food autonomy and pastoral components and a high dependence on public subsidies. The success in terms of reputation and promotion of livestock products (cheese, charcuterie) which refer to pastoralism cannot compensate for these difficulties, as shown by the technical and economic case studies produced, for example, by the Chambers of Agriculture (Lafitte, 2017). Pastoral farming in Corsica concerns to a greater or lesser extent sheep, goats, cattle and pigs. Sheep farming primarily uses grassy areas with a high variety of flora, some herds grazing more or less wooded shrub areas but fewer of them still practice transhumance in mountain summer rangelands. Most goat breeders have at best a very small forage cell, the rest of the grazed area being rangeland. Pastoral practices tend to be lost while recourse to purchased feed is more and more frequent (hay and concentrates), which leads them to buy hay outside and most often on the mainland (for instance the PDO Crau hay) and to distribute concentrates, sometimes in large quantities. These supplementation practices make it difficult to follow for instance the specifications of the Brocciu PDO (Sorba et al., 2016). Regarding running pig farms, we observe a loss of control in the supervision and management of the pigs, which is the cause of an increase in the distribution of purchased external feed (hay and concentrates). Furthermore, a large number of owners of cattle herds often reared without supervision on rangelands use "maquis", shrubs and forests opportunistically more as a support space to get subsidies the first pillar of the CAP than to produce animal meat or milk (Le Garignon et al. 1994).

All types of silvopastoralism described above exist in Corsica:

- Grazed forests with the difficulty to control the development of re-growths, thanks to relevant stocking rates; it includes running pigs grazing under the oaks consecutively with cattle and ingesting acorns when in autumn for finishing pigs.

- Wooded rangelands of scrubs with few forestry values where the difficulty is to keep opened and control the closure of the environment (for goats and cattle mainly)

- At a lower extent, forests used for wood with grazing agreements for herds of ruminants.

This short presentation of the livestock landscape in Corsica highlights the organizational issues related to the management of livestock with regard to silvopastoralism and more generally the territorial anchoring of pastoralism. Today, the increase in the cost of cereals and protein supplements has accentuated the issue of food autonomy in a context characterized by increasing volatility and uncertainty in the long and fragmented chains that govern the global circulation of food.

## 3.2. The analysis and lessons from the implementation of the initiatives on agrosilvopastoralism

### 3.2.1. The ecosystem of regional actors involved in silvopastoralism

The first step is to identify and characterize the different actors intervening in the different projects. There is a large number of public private or professional organizations on silvopastoralism in Corsica; they in general have different missions but they may partly overlap. Each of them is often composed by a reduced staff. Given the size of the region, these different agents know each other and they meet quite frequently. From this initial observation, we can identify the different categories of actors in addition to breeders and other professionals (loggers, land-owners, suppliers, veterinarians).

The Regional and State public administrations:

- The Regional Office for Agricultural and Rural Development of Corsica (ODARC) is an Administration of the regional authorities of the Collectivity of Corsica. They have both administrative and

financial missions but also of technical assistance. They are in charge to implement the political orientation of the Collectivity of Corsica. ODARC also has a pastoral service of 5 specialized agents who are dedicated to the prevention of forest fires and the environmental measures of the 2nd of the CAP (Common Agricultural Policy).

- The Regional Directorate for Agriculture (DRAAF) is an administration of the State. They contribute under the authority of the prefect, the representative of the government to defining, implementing, and monitoring National and European policies for planning the sustainable development of the territory. In Corsica, several missions of the DRAAF have been devolved to the regional authorities (the management of the second pillar of CAP, for instance). They are still in charge of the first pillar of CAP and the coordination of National subsidies (as those for the Chambers of Agriculture, for organizing the activities of the agricultural schools and for supporting the agricultural sectors and products).

- The National Forest Office (ONF) is a public administration in charge of the management of the public forests. In Corsica, all the forests owned by the state have been transferred to the region and are territorial, but ONF keeps managing them as the municipal and inter municipal ones.

Other public organizations:

- The Chambers of Agriculture are public establishments ran by elected officials. They represent all the actors in the agricultural, rural and forestry worlds, farmers, owners, employees, professional groups, etc. There are three Chambers of Agriculture in Corsica, two are dedicated to each department (Upper Corsica and Southern Corsica) and the Regional one is in charge of the Coordination between the first two ones for special thematic such as pastoralism. The Chambers of Agriculture implement extension services for the farmers.

- The Regional Centre of the Forest Private Property of Corsica in charge of the private forests.

Professional, Inter professional and local Associations. Several Associations are acting on silvopastoralism. We can quote:

- The inter - professional dairy sheep and goat association (ILOCC) in charge of the defense of the interests and the coordination between the several actors of the sheep and goat sectors. It is private but recognized by the public authorities to get subsidies and as an official partner.

- The Association of forest municipalities.

- The Regional Group of forage and grain producers of Corsica.

- The Association of pig producers, "Salumeria corsa".

The agricultural schools

- The Agri'Corsica Campus in Sartène.

- The Campus Corsi'Agri Borgo.

- A private Agricultural Centre (CPS) in Corte.

Research

The INRAE SELMET LRDE dedicated to Pastoralism is the main research unit dedicated to pastoralism in Corsica.

According to the initiatives and themes, other organizations can participate more punctually the initiatives: The Environmental Office of Corsica, municipalities and inter municipalities, local socio - cultural associations....

The main actors and initiatives are present in all the parts of the island as located on Map 3.

### 3.2.2. The several initiatives on agro-sylvopastoralism

The technical group on silvopastoralism in Corsica:
<figure><img src="image_7.png" /><figcaption>**Map 3.** The localization of the main organizations and initiatives on silvopastoralism in Corsica.</figcaption></figure>

The technical group on silvopastoralism was created in July 2020 following a training course on silvopastoralism, mixing forest and pastoral technicians and organized in partnership with several extension and external applied research organisations (CERPAM, the Centre of Pastoral Studies for the Mediterranean Alps, IDF, the Institute for Forest Development, IDELE, the Livestock Institute). The Regional Chamber of Agriculture is in charge of the animation of this group that mobilizes most of the actors of forestry, in order to collectively meet the following objectives to:

- Improve the knowledge of wooded areas and their potential for livestock and forestry.

- Develop a common working approach to the different actors allowing a diagnosis and a development of the forest areas.

- Collectively develop technical itineraries for good silvopastoral management and disseminate them widely to key players (forest owners, local communities, farmers, breeders, training centers, etc.).

- List and identify the blocking points of the various regulations, propose action levers and spark innovative operational initiatives.

The first objective of the group has been to identify, share and disseminate the existing knowledge on silvopastoral techniques. The first deliverable to achieve this objective is to review technical sheets for each forest environment and a regional guide on silvopastoralism. These publications are still in progress. The Guidelines will present the main forest species of Corsica (holm oak, cork oak, Laricio pine, beech, chestnut) and document their possible uses for grazing and livestock feeding with relevant adequate technical forest itineraries to preserve the forest environment and productivity. 4 pilot sites (for pigs, cattle, sheep and goats, with shrubs and oak groves) were visited and discussed among several participants. The group described the local production system and the wooden lands, the previous interventions both for wood production, for grazing or rotary mulching of brushes (a mechanized process that transforms the shrubs and vegetation that have grown between the trees to a natural state of earth and chips). The participants evaluated the potentialities of both forestry and pastoral activities at short and medium term and gave recommendations for improving them.

**Table 2** sums up the main indicators to characterize and assess a silvopastoral project, its potentialities and types of interventions. The formalization of these elements resulted from various group meetings

<caption>**Table 2**</caption>

The main indicators to characterize and assess a silvopastoral project, its potentialities and types of intervention report of the meeting of the silvopastoral group.

<table><tr><td>General description of the project scope</td><td>Surface<br>Vegetation and share between grasslands, shrubs, woods, rangelands<br>Type of livestock in the area and number of heads<br>Topography (%slope) and quality of soils (low, mean, high)</td></tr><tr><td>Management of the animal production systems and conditions for animal grazing</td><td>Water availability (brooks, rivers, water retentions springs...)<br>Grazing management (free grazing, transhumance practices, periods of grazing, fences and parks...)</td></tr><tr><td>Distribution of the wooded area</td><td>Surface of the wooded area in the project scope<br>Distribution of the ligneous resources (homogeneous, mosaic in package, mosaic in bunches)<br>Density of the trees and cover note in the several strata.</td></tr><tr><td>Feed resources for livestock in the several strata</td><td>Grass cover (dactyl, clover, brachypode, annual grass...)<br>Edible shrubs (Heather, arbutus, blackhorn, broom, laburnum, bramble...)</td></tr><tr><td>Herbaceous<br>Low wood<br>High woods</td><td>Not or few edible shrubs (juniper, cystus, Myrtes, Ferns.)<br>Species for renewal (Sowing of white oak, cork oak maple, pine trees...)<br>Reachable (white oak, cork oak, maple, pine trees...)</td></tr><tr><td>Description of the woods and market potentialities</td><td>Diameter of the trunks, volume of wood<br>Periods to log<br>Characteristics of the market</td></tr><tr><td>Possible interventions and calendars</td><td>Thinning and clearing periods<br>Periods of grazing</td></tr></table>
<figure><img src="image_7.png" /><figcaption>Map 3. The localization of the main organizations and initiatives on silvopastoralism in Corsica.</figcaption></figure>

The technical group on silvopastoralism was created in July 2020 following a training course on silvopastoralism, mixing forest and pastoral technicians and organized in partnership with several extension and external applied research organisations (CERPAM, the Centre of Pastoral Studies for the Mediterranean Alps, IDF, the Institute for Forest Development, IDELE, the Livestock Institute). The Regional Chamber of Agriculture is in charge of the animation of this group that mobilizes most of the actors of forestry, in order to collectively meet the following objectives to:

- Improve the knowledge of wooded areas and their potential for livestock and forestry.

- Develop a common working approach to the different actors allowing a diagnosis and a development of the forest areas.

- Collectively develop technical itineraries for good silvopastoral management and disseminate them widely to key players (forest owners, local communities, farmers, breeders, training centers, etc.).

- List and identify the blocking points of the various regulations, propose action levers and spark innovative operational initiatives.

The first objective of the group has been to identify, share and disseminate the existing knowledge on silvopastoral techniques. The first deliverable to achieve this objective is to review technical sheets for each forest environment and a regional guide on silvopastoralism. These publications are still in progress. The Guidelines will present the main forest species of Corsica (holm oak, cork oak, Laricio pine, beech, chestnut) and document their possible uses for grazing and livestock feeding with relevant adequate technical forest itineraries to preserve the forest environment and productivity. 4 pilot sites (for pigs, cattle, sheep and goats, with shrubs and oak groves) were visited and discussed among several participants. The group described the local production system and the wooden lands, the previous interventions both for wood production, for grazing or rotary mulching of brushes (a mechanized process that transforms the shrubs and vegetation that have grown between the trees to a natural state of earth and chips). The participants evaluated the potentialities of both forestry and pastoral activities at short and medium term and gave recommendations for improving them.

Table 2 sums up the main indicators to characterize and assess a silvopastoral project, its potentialities and types of interventions. The formalization of these elements resulted from various group meetings

<caption>Table 2</caption>

The main indicators to characterize and assess a silvopastoral project, its potentialities and types of intervention report of the meeting of the silvopastoral group.

<table><tr><td>General description of the project scope</td><td>Surface<br>Vegetation and share between grasslands, shrubs, woods, rangelands<br>Type of livestock in the area and number of heads<br>Topography (%slope) and quality of soils (low, mean, high)</td></tr><tr><td>Management of the animal production systems and conditions for animal grazing</td><td>Water availability (brooks, rivers, water retentions springs...)<br>Grazing management (free grazing, transhumance practices, periods of grazing, fences and parks...)</td></tr><tr><td>Distribution of the wooded area</td><td>Surface of the wooded area in the project scope<br>Distribution of the ligneous resources (homogeneous, mosaic in package, mosaic in bunches)<br>Density of the trees and cover note in the several strata.</td></tr><tr><td>Feed resources for livestock in the several strata</td><td>Grass cover (dactyl, clover, brachypode, annual grass...)<br>Edible shrubs (Heather, arbutus, blackhorn, broom, laburnum, bramble...)</td></tr><tr><td>Herbaceous<br>Low wood<br>High woods</td><td>Not or few edible shrubs (juniper, cystus, Myrtes, Ferns.)<br>Species for renewal (Sowing of white oak, cork oak maple, pine trees...)<br>Reachable (white oak, cork oak, maple, pine trees...)</td></tr><tr><td>Description of the woods and market potentialities</td><td>Diameter of the trunks, volume of wood<br>Periods to log<br>Characteristics of the market</td></tr><tr><td>Possible interventions and calendars</td><td>Thinning and clearing periods<br>Periods of grazing</td></tr></table>
and visits to each pilot site. Except those of the pilot sites, we observe
that there was limited participation of breeders and farmers during
group meetings although they were invited.

The "Grèffice e Rughjoni - Herds and Territories" Agri'Corsica Campus project

"Grèffice e Rughjoni" is a project implemented by the Agricultural School of Sartene, Agri'Corsica Campus from 2019 to 2023 in partnership with INRAE and the Association of pig breeders. The first objective of the project was to compare the production of acorns between a dense (Quercus ilex) oak groves and a thinned area, but also to characterize the oak rangelands and to co - create with the actors a common culture, to build an educational strategy. This project had also an experimental step based on the didactic farm of the school to identify, characterize, and improve the technical production systems of running pigs in local breeds under oak groves. After several interactions, a seminar with several workshops to discuss the main lines of a development strategy has been held with the contribution of most of the actors. With the scarcity of chestnut resources (due to the gall wasp disease and the growing demand for chestnut flour), the oak forests are today the main silvopastoral resources for pigs and it is accepted by the pillar one of the CAP. Thus, increasing the availability of acorns for finishing pigs is an important forestry objective.

The various workshops were devoted on the following subjects with
the participation of representatives of all the organizations quoted
above:

- How to run a silvopastoral pig farm while preserving the multi functionality and sustainability of the forest?

- What food resources mobilize for pigs in the forest?

- What possible forest developments for swine silvopastoralism, and how to control vegetation?

- What regulations and what spaces for pig farming in the forest? What tools, what models, what forms of organization and what regulatory and legal framework to mobilize?

- How to conduct a collective silvopastoral project in a forest area for the pigs?

The exchanges during these discussions called for proposing clear
and relevant models with specific references on the tree interventions
and pig management. For instance, thinning the oak groves and signif-
icantly reducing the number of trees could help to increase the pro-
ductivity of the oaks and the wood availability. The complementarity
between the grazing periods of pigs and other species as goats or cattle
also has to be formalized. A critical identified point was the lack of
engineering in the implementation of projects, which calls for more
developments and more interactions between the actors by extending
the "living labs" approach in each territory. The lack of contributions of
individual farmers in these discussions was underlined again.

Implementing pruning practices on trees and preserving forest landscapes: the Economic and Environmental Interest Group (GIEE) for agroforestry practices in forests of Corsica

This initiative comes from the project of the Arterra local cultural
association to develop and spread agroforestry practices of pruning and
pollarding forest trees to shape them. A "trogne" (a truncated tree) is a
tree whose characteristic shape results from a specific mode of exploi-
tation, consisting of specific periodic prunings, in order to provide
mainly wood and fodder but also shelters and shadow (Mansion, 2010).
It improves trees productivity and longevity as well as biodiversity,
carbon storage and tree fertility. In the past, people usually implemented
this practice on isolated trees and could be a significant contribution to
consider the trees as a resource for both people and livestock and its
effect on many forest landscapes in Corsica. The forgotten practice to
give cut leaves from pruned animals is called "a frasca" in the Corsican
language.

Initially, the objective of the Association was mainly cultural because
these practices are at the origin of many local landscapes. The

Association has created an educational trail around the pruned trees of
the forest of the hinterland village of Moltifao and associated a wide
range of actors (Regional Natural Park, ONF, local associations,
breeders, municipal or regional administrations, and residents). Besides,
they have initiated a working reflection group to prepare a landscape
planning ("plan de paysage"), with the public authorities and better
consider the landscape's issues in the local public policies. Thanks to the
involvement of the Chamber of Agriculture and the interest of several
goat and cattle breeders for the projects, the regional services of the
Ministry of Agriculture approved an Economic and Environmental In-
terest Group (GIEE) to recognize a collective of breeders engaged in a
common multi-annual approach to develop such pruning and truncating
practices. These few breeders want to develop and manage these
forgotten resources for their herds and the aim of this GIEE is to rely on
them to spread this type of agroforestry practices thanks to them. Apart
the fact this initiative is an example of a possible hybridization between
several types of actors including civil society, we are dealing here with
few innovators and the challenge is here to raise awareness of the local
shepherds to the management of their local tree resources and develop
agro forestry practices at a larger extent. The GIEE planned several
training sessions to again at a larger scale implement these truncating
practices that could help contribute to maintain the forest landscapes
open and the forest fire prevention.

The management commission of the forest of the 4 municipalities of Viggiano

The forest known as "of the four municipalities of Viggiano", a
communal forest of 1000 ha, jointly owned by four communes (Arbel-
lara, Fozzano, Santa Maria Ficaniella and Viggianello) and a former
place of summer transhumance linked to coastal areas, is located in
Southern Corsica near the town of Sartène. A large-scale fire in 2009,
which has affected a vast mainly forest area strongly challenged these
municipalities. For every public owner, the Forest National Office (ONF)
requires a sustainable forest management plan is required by the Forest
National Office (ONF). Based on in-depth studies of the natural envi-
ronment, climatic hazards, composition and state of the forest, this plan
must take into account the socio-economic context of the territory and
the previous forest management. To validate the final agreement, it must
include a concertation and an agreement with local authorities.

Based on the absence of forest management due to their joint
ownership and on the regulatory need to set up a management plan,
these municipalities decided to create the “Union committee for the
management of the property and undivided rights of the municipal
forest of the 4 municipalities” with a legal personality. Its purpose is to
develop and implement a global management plan and promote the
forest as a multifunctional space. The idea is not to succeed in mono-
productive areas but rather promoting the forests as multifunctional
environments. Thanks to a first study (Bâle, 2022), the committee is
able to identify a plurality of uncoordinated and potentially conflicting
uses including pastoralism and to address the complexity of ecosystems.
Pastoralism is present with three established shepherds. It thus coexists
with other activities such as hunting and other recreational uses (hiking,
canyoning). A central question is to identify if and how silvopastoralism,
the only activity practiced all year round, can play a central role in the
reorganization and management of the forest area.

From our exchanges with the actors involved, we observed that this
initiative is at its first stage because neither, clear suggestions and pri-
ority to manage the forest nor operational innovators to initiate new
type of uses have yet been clearly identified. Once this commission is
created, the next step is to meet all the local actors of the area and to
discuss operational proposals to manage this forest.

Promoting the establishment of Pastoral Land Associations (AFP) to solve the land problems

Many farmers have difficulties to find leased lands for their herds and
to get enough forage resources and many landowners are reluctant to
accept long-term contracts, which is required to invest and to get public
subsidies. To solve this problem, the Regional Office for Agriculture
and visits to each pilot site. Except those of the pilot sites, we observe
that there was limited participation of breeders and farmers during
group meetings although they were invited.

The "Grèffice e Rughjoni - Herds and Territories" Agri'Corsica Campus project

“Grèffice e Rughjoni” is a project implemented by the Agricultural School of Sartene, Agri’Corsica Campus from 2019 to 2023 in partnership with INRAE and the Association of pig breeders. The first objective of the project was to compare the production of acorns between a dense (Quercus ilex) oak groves and a thinned area, but also to characterize the oak rangelands and to co – create with the actors a common culture, to build an educational strategy. This project had also an experimental step based on the didactic farm of the school to identify, characterize, and improve the technical production systems of running pigs in local breeds under oak groves. After several interactions, a seminar with several workshops to discuss the main lines of a development strategy has been held with the contribution of most of the actors. With the scarcity of chestnut resources (due to the gall wasp disease and the growing demand for chestnut flour), the oak forests are today the main silvopastoral resources for pigs and it is accepted by the pillar one of the CAP. Thus, increasing the availability of acorns for finishing pigs is an important forestry objective.

The various workshops were devoted on the following subjects with
the participation of representatives of all the organizations quoted
above:

- How to run a silvopastoral pig farm while preserving the multi functionality and sustainability of the forest?

- What food resources mobilize for pigs in the forest?

- What possible forest developments for swine silvopastoralism, and how to control vegetation?

- What regulations and what spaces for pig farming in the forest? What tools, what models, what forms of organization and what regulatory and legal framework to mobilize?

- How to conduct a collective silvopastoral project in a forest area for the pigs?

The exchanges during these discussions called for proposing clear
and relevant models with specific references on the tree interventions
and pig management. For instance, thinning the oak groves and signif-
icantly reducing the number of trees could help to increase the pro-
ductivity of the oaks and the wood availability. The complementarity
between the grazing periods of pigs and other species as goats or cattle
also has to be formalized. A critical identified point was the lack of
engineering in the implementation of projects, which calls for more
developments and more interactions between the actors by extending
the "living labs" approach in each territory. The lack of contributions of
individual farmers in these discussions was underlined again.

Implementing pruning practices on trees and preserving forest landscapes: the Economic and Environmental Interest Group (GIEE) for agroforestry practices in forests of Corsica

This initiative comes from the project of the Arterra local cultural
association to develop and spread agroforestry practices of pruning and
pollarding forest trees to shape them. A “trogne” (a truncated tree) is a
tree whose characteristic shape results from a specific mode of exploi-
tation, consisting of specific periodic prunings, in order to provide
mainly wood and fodder but also shelters and shadow (Mansion, 2010).
It improves trees productivity and longevity as well as biodiversity,
carbon storage and tree fertility. In the past, people usually implemented
this practice on isolated trees and could be a significant contribution to
consider the trees as a resource for both people and livestock and its
effect on many forest landscapes in Corsica. The forgotten practice to
give cut leaves from pruned animals is called “a frasca” in the Corsican
language.

Initially, the objective of the Association was mainly cultural because
these practices are at the origin of many local landscapes. The

Association has created an educational trail around the pruned trees of
the forest of the hinterland village of Moltifao and associated a wide
range of actors (Regional Natural Park, ONF, local associations,
breeders, municipal or regional administrations, and residents). Besides,
they have initiated a working reflection group to prepare a landscape
planning (“plan de paysage”), with the public authorities and better
consider the landscape’s issues in the local public policies. Thanks to the
involvement of the Chamber of Agriculture and the interest of several
goat and cattle breeders for the projects, the regional services of the
Ministry of Agriculture approved an Economic and Environmental In-
terest Group (GIEE) to recognize a collective of breeders engaged in a
common multi-annual approach to develop such pruning and truncating
practices. These few breeders want to develop and manage these
forgotten resources for their herds and the aim of this GIEE is to rely on
them to spread this type of agroforestry practices thanks to them. Apart
the fact this initiative is an example of a possible hybridization between
several types of actors including civil society, we are dealing here with
few innovators and the challenge is here to raise awareness of the local
shepherds to the management of their local tree resources and develop
agro forestry practices at a larger extent. The GIEE planned several
training sessions to again at a larger scale implement these truncating
practices that could help contribute to maintain the forest landscapes
open and the forest fire prevention.

The management commission of the forest of the 4 municipalities of Viggiano

The forest known as "of the four municipalities of Viggiano", a
communal forest of 1000 ha, jointly owned by four communes (Arbel-
lara, Fozzano, Santa Maria Ficaniella and Viggianello) and a former
place of summer transhumance linked to coastal areas, is located in
Southern Corsica near the town of Sartène. A large-scale fire in 2009,
which has affected a vast mainly forest area strongly challenged these
municipalities. For every public owner, the Forest National Office (ONF)
requires a sustainable forest management plan is required by the Forest
National Office (ONF). Based on in-depth studies of the natural envi-
ronment, climatic hazards, composition and state of the forest, this plan
must take into account the socio-economic context of the territory and
the previous forest management. To validate the final agreement, it must
include a concertation and an agreement with local authorities.

Based on the absence of forest management due to their joint ownership and on the regulatory need to set up a management plan, these municipalities decided to create the “Union committee for the management of the property and undivided rights of the municipal forest of the 4 municipalities” with a legal personality. Its purpose is to develop and implement a global management plan and promote the forest as a multifunctional space. The idea is not to succeed in mono-productive areas but rather promoting the forests as multifunctional environments. Thanks to a first study (Bâle, 2022), the committee is able to identify a plurality of uncoordinated and potentially conflicting uses including pastoralism and to address the complexity of ecosystems. Pastoralism is present with three established shepherds. It thus coexists with other activities such as hunting and other recreational uses (hiking, canyoning). A central question is to identify if and how silvopastoralism, the only activity practiced all year round, can play a central role in the reorganization and management of the forest area.

From our exchanges with the actors involved, we observed that this
initiative is at its first stage because neither, clear suggestions and pri-
ority to manage the forest nor operational innovators to initiate new
type of uses have yet been clearly identified. Once this commission is
created, the next step is to meet all the local actors of the area and to
discuss operational proposals to manage this forest.

Promoting the establishment of Pastoral Land Associations (AFP) to solve the land problems

Many farmers have difficulties to find leased lands for their herds and
to get enough forage resources and many landowners are reluctant to
accept long-term contracts, which is required to invest and to get public
subsidies. To solve this problem, the Regional Office for Agriculture
(ODARC) supports and assists the creation of Pastoral Land Associations (AFP). The official definition of AFP is “to organize collectively the use of both private and public agro-pastoral and incidentally forest plots” on a specified territory. When approved the official prefectural decree authorizing the creation of a pastoral land association is binding on all owners. An AFP is a unique tool for the integrated management of pastoral and forest areas and favor the presence of new pastoral breeders. However, the main issue met to develop agrosilvopastoral activities thanks to AFP is that the public administration still has difficulties in recognizing forest areas as resources for livestock. Due to a strict interpretation of the term “incidental”, the plots with more than 20% of forest frequently left the AFP perimeter although it would be required to have a forest and silvopastoral interest even if in addition, the breeders on these plots are already eligible for the first pillar of the CAP. Consequently, mainly for regulatory and administrative reasons, the AFP, an interesting tool for collective agreements has presently little impact on the development of silvopastoralism.

### 3.2.3. The lessons from these initiatives

The lessons from the implementation of the several projects on silvopastoralism are sum up in Table 3. It is still too early to assess their impact on the operational development of agrosilvopastoralism. Beyond this observation, the analysis of the several initiatives the main obstacles to the implementation of a silvopastoral strategy in Corsica shows:

- A lack of skills from both livestock breeders and foresters and a lack of governance to offer effective support services.

<caption>**Table 3**</caption>

The lessons from the implementation of the several initiatives on the perspectives of silvopastoralism.

<table><thead><tr><th>Name of the initiative</th><th>Main outputs</th><th>Lessons</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>The technical group on silvopastoralism</td><td>Pilot plots with technical specifications<br>Indicators and solutions to manage ligneous environments for silvopastoral uses (A regional guide)</td><td>All actors have participated except the breeders<br>Still at the technology development level; not the technology demonstration step</td></tr><tr><td>The “Greffice e Rughjoni” (herds and territories) project</td><td>A silvopastoral model for running pigs under oak forests<br>A strategy to develop training on silvopastoralism in agricultural schools</td><td>Few breeders have participated the conception of the model<br>Some innovations identified<br>The implementation of a LL on the development of silvopastoralism is planned</td></tr><tr><td>The Economic and Environmental group for Agroforestry practices</td><td>Several meetings organized on the field in 3 places to train the actors<br>Several scale projects (landscape planning, “the constellation of truncated trees” trail</td><td>Some motivated breeders identified<br>The involvement of several categories of actors<br>Crossing social, cultural and livestock perspectives</td></tr><tr><td>The management commission of the forest of Viggiano</td><td>Identification of the main uses of the forest and possible conflicting uses of the forest<br>Creation of a dedicated device A clear objective to define the management planning of the forest</td><td>An involvement of local communities and forest services<br>The concertation to discuss the agreement is slow</td></tr><tr><td>The Pastoral Land Association Service</td><td>An official process and many projects initiated with the municipalities to make available non used lands with unknown ownership<br>The support of a dedicated service</td><td>Few connection between forest land associations and pastoral associations<br>Little relevant for silvopastoralism when > 20%forests in the Association</td></tr></tbody></table>

- The difficulties in establishing clear dividing lines between forests and woody shrub lands and in terms of policies to clear the forests.

- The often too cumbersome administrative procedures due to a too much sectorial approach which makes it difficult to match the objectives of the several actors.

- The eligibility criteria for forest areas under the first pillar of the CAP and more widely regulatory and legislative measures that limit the common use of forests by animals and for logging.

- The lack of business model and planning to ensure the economic profitability of agrosilvopastoral activities.

Apart of these initiatives, several other local communities begin to think about the development of silvopastoralism in favor of their territories but they are still at a starting point.

However, we observed that breeders and foresters participate little in the exchanges to stimulate the development of silvopastoralism. The diagnosis is clear and silvopastoral techniques appear to be well documented, but few breeders seem ready to implement management practices of their pastoral resources. We observed that if some regulations are not favorable to the multi functionality of the forest; to be successful and developed, agrosilvopastoralism should be first considered as an innovation system.

## 4. Discussion

This regional outlook shows that the several initiatives and projects on silvopastoralism in Corsica are representative of many Mediterranean hinterlands characterized by rural abandonment and the closure of many environments with an often reduced herbaceous cover existing also in Greece Italy or Spain as well as in Maghreb. Other silvopastoral systems with more consolidated organizations exist with other characteristics than those of Corsica (Dehesa in Spain, Argane tree area in South Western Morocco, etc.). More than ten years ago, Guérin et al. (2010) have insisted that the success of a silvopastoral project requires a solid project engineering, a prerequisite with formalized intermediate stages, and an accurate and documented technical diagnoses (Rapey, 2000, Aubron et al., 2011, 2014) what is confirmed by the lessons from the several initiatives on Table 3.

To assess the perspectives of silvopastoralism, we mobilize the theory of Innovation (Tell et al., 2016; Caiazza, 2017). The paradigms of intensification and specialization have dominated livestock production and agriculture during decades. Silvopastoralism and extensive practices were considered as backward and forgotten. Today, the context has changed and at a great extent, agrosilvopastoralism is a new idea. The explicit expectations of agro ecology today require a re-appropriation of silvopastoral practices. The realization of this new idea is the very definition of innovation (Brézillon, 2006), a core skill for silvopastoralism engineering. Innovation is the ability to find operational solutions to complex problems of a technical, financial, organizational or methodological nature. Due to the complexity of the problem, pre-established simple applications cannot answer them. We speak of finding solutions, implementing new ideas from a practical point of view in response to the complexity of projects of all sizes that engineers carry out. From designing to marketing, innovation thus calls upon processes with uncertain results that rely on appropriate management tools. We use the method of the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) scale (EARTO, 2014) to assess the level of maturity of pastoralism as a technology. The scale (Table 4) has 9 levels that involve public organizations, a public and private partnership, and private actors. The Lean Canvas of the innovation must identify the main problems to solve, the diagnosis of the situation and what technologies to mobilize to solve the problem. From our observation, we notice that the problems of silvopastoralism are well identified and the techniques to solve them are rather well documented. On the TRL scale, the levels 4 or 5 are generally ready; for instance the Chamber of Agriculture, public research and other public actors have set up prototypes through the activity of the technical group on
(ODARC) supports and assists the creation of Pastoral Land Associations (AFP). The official definition of AFP is “to organize collectively the use of both private and public agro-pastoral and incidentally forest plots” on a specified territory. When approved the official prefectural decree authorizing the creation of a pastoral land association is binding on all owners. An AFP is a unique tool for the integrated management of pastoral and forest areas and favor the presence of new pastoral breeders. However, the main issue met to develop agrosilvopastoral activities thanks to AFP is that the public administration still has difficulties in recognizing forest areas as resources for livestock. Due to a strict interpretation of the term “incidental”, the plots with more than 20% of forest frequently left the AFP perimeter although it would be required to have a forest and silvopastoral interest even if in addition, the breeders on these plots are already eligible for the first pillar of the CAP. Consequently, mainly for regulatory and administrative reasons, the AFP, an interesting tool for collective agreements has presently little impact on the development of silvopastoralism.

### 3.2.3. The lessons from these initiatives

The lessons from the implementation of the several projects on silvopastoralism are sum up in Table 3. It is still too early to assess their impact on the operational development of agrosilvopastoralism. Beyond this observation, the analysis of the several initiatives the main obstacles to the implementation of a silvopastoral strategy in Corsica shows:

- A lack of skills from both livestock breeders and foresters and a lack of governance to offer effective support services.

<caption>**Table 3**</caption>

The lessons from the implementation of the several initiatives on the perspectives of silvopastoralism.

<table><thead><tr><td>Name of the initiative</td><td>Main outputs</td><td>Lessons</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>The technical group on silvopastoralism</td><td>Pilot plots with technical specifications</td><td>All actors have participated except the breeders</td></tr><tr><td>The “Greffice e Rughjoni” (herds and territories) project</td><td>Indicators and solutions to manage ligneous environments for silvopastoral uses (A regional guide)</td><td>Still at the technology development level; not the technology demonstration step</td></tr><tr><td>The Economic and Environmental group for Agroforestry practices</td><td>A silvopastoral model for running pigs under oak forests</td><td>Few breeders have participated the conception of the model</td></tr><tr><td>The management commission of the forest of Viggiano</td><td>A strategy to develop training on silvopastoralism in agricultural schools</td><td>Some innovations identified The implementation of a LL on the development of silvopastoralism is planned</td></tr><tr><td>The Pastoral Land Association Service</td><td>Several meetings organized on the field in 3 places to train the actors</td><td>Some motivated breeders identified</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Several scale projects (landscape planning, “the constellation of truncated trees” trail)</td><td>The involvement of several categories of actors</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Identification of the main uses of the forest and possible conflicting uses of the forest</td><td>Crossing social, cultural and livestock perspectives</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Creation of a dedicated device A clear objective to define the management planning of the forest</td><td>An involvement of local communities and forest services</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>An official process and many projects initiated with the municipalities to make available non used lands with unknown ownership</td><td>The concertation to discuss the agreement is slow</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>The support of a dedicated service</td><td>Few connection between forest land associations and pastoral associations</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>Little relevant for silvopastoralism when > 20% forests in the Association</td></tr></tbody></table>

- The difficulties in establishing clear dividing lines between forests and woody shrub lands and in terms of policies to clear the forests.

- The often too cumbersome administrative procedures due to a too much sectorial approach which makes it difficult to match the objectives of the several actors.

- The eligibility criteria for forest areas under the first pillar of the CAP and more widely regulatory and legislative measures that limit the common use of forests by animals and for logging.

- The lack of business model and planning to ensure the economic profitability of agrosilvopastoral activities.

Apart of these initiatives, several other local communities begin to think about the development of silvopastoralism in favor of their territories but they are still at a starting point.

However, we observed that breeders and foresters participate little in the exchanges to stimulate the development of silvopastoralism. The diagnosis is clear and silvopastoral techniques appear to be well documented, but few breeders seem ready to implement management practices of their pastoral resources. We observed that if some regulations are not favorable to the multi functionality of the forest; to be successful and developed, agrosilvopastoralism should be first considered as an innovation system.

## 4. Discussion

This regional outlook shows that the several initiatives and projects on silvopastoralism in Corsica are representative of many Mediterranean hinterlands characterized by rural abandonment and the closure of many environments with an often reduced herbaceous cover existing also in Greece Italy or Spain as well as in Maghreb. Other silvopastoral systems with more consolidated organizations exist with other characteristics than those of Corsica (Dehesa in Spain, Argane tree area in South Western Morocco, etc.). More than ten years ago, Guérin et al. (2010) have insisted that the success of a silvopastoral project requires a solid project engineering, a prerequisite with formalized intermediate stages, and an accurate and documented technical diagnoses (Rapey, 2000, Aubron et al., 2011, 2014) what is confirmed by the lessons from the several initiatives on Table 3.

To assess the perspectives of silvopastoralism, we mobilize the theory of Innovation (Tell et al., 2016; Caiazza, 2017). The paradigms of intensification and specialization have dominated livestock production and agriculture during decades. Silvopastoralism and extensive practices were considered as backward and forgotten. Today, the context has changed and at a great extent, agrosilvopastoralism is a new idea. The explicit expectations of agro ecology today require a re-appropriation of silvopastoral practices. The realization of this new idea is the very definition of innovation (Brézillon, 2006), a core skill for silvopastoralism engineering. Innovation is the ability to find operational solutions to complex problems of a technical, financial, organizational or methodological nature. Due to the complexity of the problem, pre-established simple applications cannot answer them. We speak of finding solutions, implementing new ideas from a practical point of view in response to the complexity of projects of all sizes that engineers carry out. From designing to marketing, innovation thus calls upon processes with uncertain results that rely on appropriate management tools. We use the method of the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) scale (EARTO, 2014) to assess the level of maturity of pastoralism as a technology. The scale (Table 4) has 9 levels that involve public organizations, a public and private partnership, and private actors. The Lean Canvas of the innovation must identify the main problems to solve, the diagnosis of the situation and what technologies to mobilize to solve the problem. From our observation, we notice that the problems of silvopastoralism are well identified and the techniques to solve them are rather well documented. On the TRL scale, the levels 4 or 5 are generally ready; for instance the Chamber of Agriculture, public research and other public actors have set up prototypes through the activity of the technical group on
<figure><img src="image_8.png" /><figcaption>**Table 4**
The technology readiness level scale.</figcaption></figure>

Source: EARTO, 2014.

silvopastoralism. The technology demonstration level 6 begins to be implemented with pilot sites representative of the diversity of situations for several environments and systems; but not the levels 7–9 with still no operational development as few private breeders and loggers apply the technical proposed models. Consequently, the impact of the described initiatives is very low and silvopastoralism little operational, with incentives to develop often in midstream.

Implementing silvopastoralism in Corsica is an innovation in the sense that it is a process by which a technique is communicated, through several networks, over time, among members of a social system. Considering the innovation adoption curve (Rogers, 2010), during an innovation process the innovators are generally only less than 2,5% of the total of actors but they have a demonstrative role to convince a greater number of actors to test and adopt the innovations. Innovation in silvopastoralism refers especially to the governance and the use of resources of pastoral spaces. For instance, in the Economic and Environmental Interest Group (GIEE) for agroforestry practices in the forests of Corsica, some breeders would accept to develop the techniques of pruning and truncating. They could be the innovators to develop these silvopastoral practices. In other initiatives, the implementation of pilot plots is a first step in this direction to identify innovators. The challenge is to identify and support more involved breeders ready to apply silvopastoral practices and likely to show their achievements and their successes. The success of silvopastoralism will depend largely on its capacity to be adopted by a large number of actors as formalized and controlled practices. It is also necessary to consider expectations, constraints, visions, controversies, and promote their discussion to reach shared agreements on solutions that will emerge as appropriate in the local contexts (Table 5).

Another important issue is to reconcile the institutional objectives of the public authorities (agro-ecological transition, preservation of biodiversity, social stability and territorial balances) with those of the other stakeholders (production objectives, economic profitability, management of conflicts of use, securing the activity). To do this, it is also necessary to go beyond sectoral approaches alone and take into account a plurality of forms of action and collective organization by integrating proactive mechanisms supported by a wider range of actors (Associations, organizations and local authorities, private actors ...) proposing operational translations in terms of public action (Olivier de Sardan, 2017).

The consensus is strong in considering that silvopastoralism is an almost “compulsory” method of development in a difficult Mediterranean environment. This assessment of agrosilvopastoralism in Corsica is also a component of the PRIMA PASTINNOVA project (2022–2025). Its key objective is to re-enforce the sustainability, profitability and resilience of small pastoral farms, by setting up innovations, business and

<figure><img src="image_9.png" /><figcaption>**Table 5**
The dissemination and impact of silvopastoralism in Corsica in the general shape of an innovation curve.</figcaption></figure>

Source: Rogers, 1962, reedited 2010
<figure><img src="image_8.png" /><figcaption>**Table 4**
The technology readiness level scale.</figcaption></figure>

Source: EARTO, 2014.

silvopastoralism. The technology demonstration level 6 begins to be implemented with pilot sites representative of the diversity of situations for several environments and systems; but not the levels 7–9 with still no operational development as few private breeders and loggers apply the technical proposed models. Consequently, the impact of the described initiatives is very low and silvopastoralism little operational, with incentives to develop often in midstream.

Implementing silvopastoralism in Corsica is an innovation in the sense that it is a process by which a technique is communicated, through several networks, over time, among members of a social system. Considering the innovation adoption curve (Rogers, 2010), during an innovation process the innovators are generally only less than 2,5% of the total of actors but they have a demonstrative role to convince a greater number of actors to test and adopt the innovations. Innovation in silvopastoralism refers especially to the governance and the use of resources of pastoral spaces. For instance, in the Economic and Environmental Interest Group (GIEE) for agroforestry practices in the forests of Corsica, some breeders would accept to develop the techniques of pruning and truncating. They could be the innovators to develop these silvopastoral practices. In other initiatives, the implementation of pilot plots is a first step in this direction to identify innovators. The challenge is to identify and support more involved breeders ready to apply silvopastoral practices and likely to show their achievements and their successes. The success of silvopastoralism will depend largely on its capacity to be adopted by a large number of actors as formalized and controlled practices. It is also necessary to consider expectations, constraints, visions, controversies, and promote their discussion to reach shared agreements on solutions that will emerge as appropriate in the local contexts (Table 5).

Another important issue is to reconcile the institutional objectives of the public authorities (agro-ecological transition, preservation of biodiversity, social stability and territorial balances) with those of the other stakeholders (production objectives, economic profitability, management of conflicts of use, securing the activity). To do this, it is also necessary to go beyond sectoral approaches alone and take into account a plurality of forms of action and collective organization by integrating proactive mechanisms supported by a wider range of actors (Associations, organizations and local authorities, private actors ...) proposing operational translations in terms of public action (Olivier de Sardan, 2017).

The consensus is strong in considering that silvopastoralism is an almost “compulsory” method of development in a difficult Mediterranean environment. This assessment of agrosilvopastoralism in Corsica is also a component of the PRIMA PASTINNOVA project (2022–2025). Its key objective is to re-enforce the sustainability, profitability and resilience of small pastoral farms, by setting up innovations, business and

<figure><img src="image_9.png" /><figcaption>**Table 5**
The dissemination and impact of silvopastoralism in Corsica in the general shape of an innovation curve.</figcaption></figure>

Source: Rogers, 1962, reedited 2010
organizational models (IBM) to valorize their full potential as drivers towards agro-ecological transition in livestock production (Ragkos et al., 2022). The project has 20 partners and 10 Mediterranean Countries and each partner has selected two innovations. Silvopastoralism is one of these innovative business models and will be discussed during the cluster on organizational innovations. During this cluster, the project will mobilize the Living Laboratories (LL) approach already used during the Corsican meetings to co-create more solutions for silvopastoralism and their Value chain through the integration of needs, capacities and experiences of actors. The contribution in PASTINNOVA in favor of the collective co-construction of sustainable innovations for the Mediterranean pastoralism is to position a methodology on agrosilvopastoralism at the Mediterranean scale and thus making it possible to enrich their diagnosis and their proposals for actions.

## 5. Conclusion

Today, the principles of silvopastoralism fully meet the current challenges of the agro-ecological transition and it could contribute to the preservation of their forest areas and landscapes and like in many other Mediterranean territories could limit forest fires.

However, the Corsican example shows that silvopastoralism is still an experimental framework and remains largely utopian. This study participates in the questioning of still very sectorial public policies so that public action takes better in account the expectations of the actors of the territories and local initiatives and change their mental models. A prospective study on the future of pastoralism in Corsica (Vanier et al., 2021) insisted through several scenarios that the future of pastoralism including agrosilvopastoralism depends at a large extent of the development of capacities, training and services to manage the territories and energize pastoralism as an innovative activity. The main challenge will be to identify what local dynamics could favor these activities with the support of local authorities and what technical means to grant for supporting these dynamics.

The significant contributions of silvopastoral experiments do not currently manage to respond to issues whose complexity has increased with the crises linked to the change in the climate regime and Corsica combines several dimensions of this complexity in the same territory. Silvopastoralism is in search of overall productive coherences; the conditions for the emergence of the implemented projects have made it difficult to go beyond sectoral entries with a difficult articulation between the forest and agricultural policy declinations and their watch- words: "Relaunch the timber sector", "Revitalize pastoralism by certifying pastoral products or by local breeds." An entry via territories could all the more be a point of support for overcoming these difficulties since there are now many organizational tools at the level of rural territories, for instance in France: Territorial and rural balance centers (PETR), Territorial food projects (PAT), Inter municipal unions and commissions, Pastoral land associations (AFP, Massif Committee, etc.).

Another way to explore would we also look for more systematic connections between the actors of the society, their environment, shepherds and foresters. These connections should include public actors and legislators. Research approaches favoring participation and co-design of projects with stakeholders, such as proposed by the Living Labs methodology mobilized by the PASTINNOVA project, are particularly promising for imagining operational silvopastoral systems and innovative solutions at the territorial level which allow the different actors to meet and share their points of view.

## Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

## Acknowledgments

This paper is supported by the PRIMA program under grant agreement No 2113, project "PASTINNOVA - Innovative models for sustainable future of Mediterranean pastoral systems". The PRIMA program is supported by the European Union.

It is also supported by the REDYN program (financed by the Collectivity of Corsica) and by the CASDAR program for the Chambers of Agriculture (ARPIDA call for projects).

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* Beaugency, A., 2019. Repenser l'innovation dans les systèmes de production agricole: la mise en place d'un archipel de living lab dans les territoires de Nouvelle Aquitaine - Rethinking innovation in agricultural production systems: the establishment of an archipelago of living labs in the territories of Nouvelle Aquitaine. Proceedings of the Research Meeting in Social Sciences, December 2019, p. 6.

* Bournigal, J.M., Houillet, F., Lecouvey, Ph., Pringuet, P., 2015. #AgricultureInnovation2025: 30 projets pour une agriculture compétitive et respectueuse de l'environnement- 30 projects for competitive and environmentally friendly agriculture. Report of the French Ministry of Agriculture. Paris, October 2015, p. 70. [https://agriculture.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/rapport-agriculture-innovation2025.pdf].

* Brézillon, P., 2006. Creativity and Innovation in Decision Making and Decision Support. Volume 1. Ludic Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1-905800-00-2. Edited with F. Adam, S. Carlsson, and P. Humphreys.

* Caiazza, R., 2017. Innovation for sustainability: a conceptual framework. J. Manag. Dev. Vol. 36 (No. 1), 37-47.

* CERPAM, 2023. CERPAM Web Site. [https://cerpam.com/le-pastoralisme/]. (Accessed 14 Jun. 2023).

* CRPF, 2022. The Key Figures of the Private Forest in Corsica - Key Data on the forest in Corsica. [https://corse.cnpfr.fr/le-cnpf-et-la-foret-privee/la-foret-regionale/les-chiffres-cles-de-la-foret-privee-corse].

* DRAAF de Corse, ODARC, Chambre régionale d'Agriculture de Corse, 2021. Key Figures from Corsican Agriculture - 2020 Campaign Report. [https://draaf.corse.agriculture.gouv.fr/chiffres-cles-edition-2021-a1571.html].

* Dubè, P., Sarailh, J., Grillet, C., Billebaud, Ch., Zingraff, V., Kostecki, I, 2014. The Living Labs White Paper: What is a living lab? Montréal, Unmwelt, p. 133.

* EARTO, 2014. The TRI Scale as a Research & Innovation Policy Tool, p. 17p. [http://www.earto.eu/].

* Étienne, M., Hubert, B., Msika, B., 1994. Silvopastoralisme en région méditerranéenne - Sylvopastoralism in the Mediterranean region. Revue forestière française, AgroParisTech, 46 (S), pp. 30-41. 10.4267/2042/26615.hal-03444475.

* Gamisans, J., 1996. Vegetation of Corsica; 391 pages; Edisud.

* Guérin, G., Aubron, C., Boutonnet, J.P., Gallion, B., Sajdak, G., 2010. Constructing a productive consistency between silviculture and grazing in French Mediterranean wooded areas: A case study of Dole Food Company in Japan and France. International Symposium on Innovation and Sustainable Development of Agriculture, (ISDA2010). Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD). Institut National d'Etudes Supérieures Agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), FRA., Jun 2010, Montpellier, France. https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02815935v1.

* Hamann, F., Balzer, S., Pons, Y., 2016. En Corse, une filière bois peu développée- In Corsica, an underdeveloped timber sector. Insee Anal. Corse 2016. [https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2019604].

* Hubert, B., 2020. Le Sylvopastoralisme un projet intégrateur - Silvopastoralism, an integrator project. For. Méd. T. XLI (3), 239-242.

* IGN, 2014a. Data of ONF and "l'Observatoire de l'Environnement de Corse". [https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/For%C3%AAs_de_Corse#cite-ref-4].

* IGN, 2014b. National Forest Inventory. [https://inventaire-forestier.ign.fr/spip.php?article646].

* Kusiak, A., 2007. Innovation: The Living Laboratory Perspective. Computer-Aided Design & Applications, 4. The University of Iowa, pp. 863-876, 6.

* Lafitte, A.-M., 2017. Références technico – économiques en élevage caprin - technical and economic references in goat breeding. Chambre régionale d'Agriculture de Corse. [https://sites.google.com/view/pasturisimu-corsu/la-plateforme].

* Le Garignon, Ch, Casabianca, F., Torre, P., Santucci, P.M., 1994. Subsidies for suckler cattle in Corsica Analysis of adverse effects and redirecting proposals. Renc. Rech. Rumin. 1, 25-28, 1994.
organizational models (IBM) to valorize their full potential as drivers towards agro-ecological transition in livestock production (Ragkos et al., 2022). The project has 20 partners and 10 Mediterranean Countries and each partner has selected two innovations. Silvopastoralism is one of these innovative business models and will be discussed during the cluster on organizational innovations. During this cluster, the project will mobilize the Living Laboratories (LL) approach already used during the Corsican meetings to co-create more solutions for silvopastoralism and their Value chain through the integration of needs, capacities and experiences of actors. The contribution in PASTINNOVA in favor of the collective co-construction of sustainable innovations for the Mediterranean pastoralism is to position a methodology on agrosilvopastoralism at the Mediterranean scale and thus making it possible to enrich their diagnosis and their proposals for actions.

## 5. Conclusion

Today, the principles of silvopastoralism fully meet the current challenges of the agro-ecological transition and it could contribute to the preservation of their forest areas and landscapes and like in many other Mediterranean territories could limit forest fires.

However, the Corsican example shows that silvopastoralism is still an experimental framework and remains largely utopian. This study participates in the questioning of still very sectorial public policies so that public action takes better in account the expectations of the actors of the territories and local initiatives and change their mental models. A prospective study on the future of pastoralism in Corsica (Vanier et al., 2021) insisted through several scenarios that the future of pastoralism including agrosilvopastoralism depends at a large extent of the development of capacities, training and services to manage the territories and energize pastoralism as an innovative activity. The main challenge will be to identify what local dynamics could favor these activities with the support of local authorities and what technical means to grant for supporting these dynamics.

The significant contributions of silvopastoral experiments do not currently manage to respond to issues whose complexity has increased with the crises linked to the change in the climate regime and Corsica combines several dimensions of this complexity in the same territory. Silvopastoralism is in search of overall productive coherences; the conditions for the emergence of the implemented projects have made it difficult to go beyond sectoral entries with a difficult articulation between the forest and agricultural policy declinations and their watch- words: "Relaunch the timber sector", "Revitalize pastoralism by certifying pastoral products or by local breeds." An entry via territories could all the more be a point of support for overcoming these difficulties since there are now many organizational tools at the level of rural territories, for instance in France: Territorial and rural balance centers (PETR), Territorial food projects (PAT), Inter municipal unions and commissions, Pastoral land associations (AFP, Massif Committee, etc.).

Another way to explore would we also look for more systematic connections between the actors of the society, their environment, shepherds and foresters. These connections should include public actors and legislators. Research approaches favoring participation and co-design of projects with stakeholders, such as proposed by the Living Labs methodology mobilized by the PASTINNOVA project, are particularly promising for imagining operational silvopastoral systems and innovative solutions at the territorial level which allow the different actors to meet and share their points of view.

## Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

## Acknowledgments

This paper is supported by the PRIMA program under grant agreement No 2113, project "PASTINNOVA - Innovative models for sustainable future of Mediterranean pastoral systems". The PRIMA program is supported by the European Union.

It is also supported by the REDYN program (financed by the Collectivity of Corsica) and by the CASDAR program for the Chambers of Agriculture (ARPIDA call for projects).

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* Bournigal, J.M., Houillet, F., Lecouvey, Ph., Pringuet, P., 2015. #AgricultureInnovation2025: 30 projets pour une agriculture compétitive et respectueuse de l'environnement- 30 projects for competitive and environmentally friendly agriculture. Report of the French Ministry of Agriculture. Paris, October 2015, p. 70. [https://agriculture.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/rapport-agriculture-innovation2025.pdf].

* Brézillon, P., 2006. Creativity and Innovation in Decision Making and Decision Support. Volume 1. Ludic Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1-905800-00-2. Edited with F. Adam, S. Carlsson, and P. Humphreys.

* Caiazza, R., 2017. Innovation for sustainability: a conceptual framework. J. Manag. Dev. Vol. 36 (No. 1), 37-47.

* CERPAM, 2023. CERPAM Web Site. [https://cerpam.com/le-pastoralisme/]. (Accessed 14 Jun. 2023).

* CRPF, 2022. The Key Figures of the Private Forest in Corsica - Key Data on the forest in Corsica. [https://corse.cnpfr.fr/le-cnpf-et-la-foret-privee/la-foret-regionale/les-chiffres-cles-de-la-foret-privee-corse].

* DRAAF de Corse, ODARC, Chambre régionale d'Agriculture de Corse, 2021. Key Figures from Corsican Agriculture - 2020 Campaign Report. [https://draaf.corse.agriculture.gouv.fr/chiffres-cles-edition-2021-a1571.html].

* Dubè, P., Sarailh, J., Grillet, C., Billebaud, Ch., Zingraff, V., Kostecki, I, 2014. The Living Labs White Paper: What is a living lab? Montréal, Unmwelt, p. 133.

* EARTO, 2014. The TRI Scale as a Research & Innovation Policy Tool, p. 17p. [http://www.earto.eu/].

* Étienne, M., Hubert, B., Msika, B., 1994. Silvopastoralisme en région méditerranéenne - Sylvopastoralism in the Mediterranean region. Revue forestière française, AgroParisTech, 46 (S), pp. 30-41. 10.4267/2042/26615.hal-03444475.

* Gamisans, J., 1996. Vegetation of Corsica; 391 pages; Edisud.

* Guérin, G., Aubron, C., Boutonnet, J.P., Gallion, B., Sajdak, G., 2010. Constructing a productive consistency between silviculture and grazing in French Mediterranean wooded areas: A case study of Dole Food Company in Japan and France. International Symposium on Innovation and Sustainable Development of Agriculture, (ISDA2010). Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD). Institut National d'Etudes Supérieures Agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), FRA., Jun 2010, Montpellier, France. https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02815935v1.

* Hamann, F., Balzer, S., Pons, Y., 2016. En Corse, une filière bois peu développée- In Corsica, an underdeveloped timber sector. Insee Anal. Corse 2016. [https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2019604].

* Hubert, B., 2020. Le Sylvopastoralisme un projet intégrateur - Silvopastoralism, an integrator project. For. Méd. T. XLI (3), 239-242.

* IGN, 2014a. Data of ONF and "l'Observatoire de l'Environnement de Corse". [https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/For%C3%AAs_de_Corse#cite-ref-4].

* IGN, 2014b. National Forest Inventory. [https://inventaire-forestier.ign.fr/spip.php?article646].

* Kusiak, A., 2007. Innovation: The Living Laboratory Perspective. Computer-Aided Design & Applications, 4. The University of Iowa, pp. 863-876, 6.

* Lafitte, A.-M., 2017. Références technico – économiques en élevage caprin - technical and economic references in goat breeding. Chambre régionale d'Agriculture de Corse. [https://sites.google.com/view/pasturisimu-corsu/la-plateforme].

* Le Garignon, Ch., Casabianca, F., Torre, P., Santucci, P.M., 1994. Subsidies for suckler cattle in Corsica Analysis of adverse effects and redirecting proposals. Renc. Rech. Rumin. 1, 25-28, 1994.
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Mansion, D., 2010, Trognes, le livret des arbres-têtards - the truncated trees booklet, Arbres et Paysages, 32, p. 25.

Michon, G., Berriane, M., Romagny, B., 2017. Agriculture de terroir et changement climatique dans les arrière-pays méditerranéens: les savoirs locaux peuvent-ils inspirer des solutions adaptatives? - Local Agriculture and climate change in the Mediterranean hinterlands: can local knowledge inspire adaptive solutions? Hespéris-Tamuda LII (1), pp. 319-356.

Olivier de Sardan, J.-P., 2017. Les enjeux scientifiques et citoyens d'une anthropologie des politiques publiques - the scientific and citizen issues of an anthropology of public policies. Antropol. Pubblica 1 (1/2), 7-22.

Préfecture de Corse, 2020. Dossiers: La prévention des feux de forêts - Forest Fire Prevention. (https://www.prefectures-regions.gouv.fr/corse/Grands-dossiers/Securite/La-prevention-des-feux-de-forets).

Ragkos, A., Franca, A., Rivera-Ferre, M.G., Dubeuf, J.P., Lopez-Francos, A., 2022. PASTINNOVA-Innovative Models for Sustainable Future of Mediterranean Pastoral

Systems. Joint Seminar of Networks on Pasture and Forage Crops and on Sheep and Goat Nutrition, FAO; CIHEAM, Sep 2022, Catania, Italy (hal-03799173).

Rapey, H., 2000. Conditions économiques d'adoption de systèmes agroforestiers: Enquête et modélisation dans le cas du sylvo-pastoralisme - Economic conditions for adopting agroforestry systems: Survey and modeling in the case of silvo-pastoralism. Thèse de doctorat de l'école nationale supérieure agronomique de Montpellier (ENSAM)-ENSAM Doctorate thesis, p. 300.

Rogers, M.E., 2010. Diffusion of Innovations, fourth ed. Simon and Schuster, p. 518. 07/06/2010.

Schoof, N., Rainer, L., 2018. Pastures and Pastoralism. Oxford Bibliographies: Ecology. Oxford Bibliographies (2018-11-29).

Sorba, J.-M., Lauvie, A., Michon, G., 2016. La nature inscrite dans les produits: Les marques du maquis; nature inscribed in products: the brands of the maquis. Dév. Durable Territ. 7 (13), 21. https://doi.org/10.4000/developpementdurable.11451.

Tell, J., Hoveskog, M., Ulvenblad, P., Ulvenblad, P.O., Barth, H., Ståhl, J., 2016. Business model innovation in the agri-food sector. Br. Food J. 118 (6), 1462-1476. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-08-2015-0293.

Vanier, M., Dubeuf, J.-P., Biehlmann, F., Sorba, J.-M., Valentini, Ph, Valenti, M., 2021. Les futurs du Pastoralisme en Corse: Scénarios prospectifs, interpellations stratégiques - The futures of Pastoralism in Corsica: Prospective scenarios, strategic questions. INRAE UMR Selmet - LRDE, p. 96. (https://drive.google.com/drive/folder/s/1jZS4AHZKKrHvVbHhnGO3hQTvWwOUH56v).
Lerin, F. (Ed.), 2010. Pastoralisme méditerranéen: patrimoine culturel et paysager et développement durable - Mediterranean pastoralism: cultural and landscape heritage and sustainable development. Montpellier; CIHEAM / AVECC / UNESCO, 2010. Options Méditerranéennes: Série A. Séminaires Méditerranéens; n. 93; p. 224.

Luginbühl, Y., 2010. Quelle dimension paysagère pour l'agropastoralisme? In: Lerin, F. (Ed.), Pastoralisme méditerranéen: patrimoine culturel et paysager et développement durable. Montpellier. CIHEAM / AVECC / UNESCO, pp. 25-30 (Options Méditerranéennes: Série A. Séminaires Méditerranéens; no. 93). (http://om.ciheam.org/article.php?IDPDF=801262).

Mansion, D., 2010, Trognes, le livret des arbres-têtards - the truncated trees booklet, Arbres et Paysages, 32, p. 25.

Michon, G., Berriane, M., Romagny, B., 2017. Agriculture de terroir et changement climatique dans les arrière-pays méditerranéens: les savoirs locaux peuvent-ils inspirer des solutions adaptatives? - Local Agriculture and climate change in the Mediterranean hinterlands: can local knowledge inspire adaptive solutions? Hespéris-Tamuda LII (1), pp. 319-356.

Olivier de Sardan, J.-P., 2017. Les enjeux scientifiques et citoyens d'une anthropologie des politiques publiques - the scientific and citizen issues of an anthropology of public policies. Antropol. Pubblica 1 (1/2), 7-22.

Préfecture de Corse, 2020. Dossiers: La prévention des feux de forêts - Forest Fire Prevention. (https://www.prefectures-regions.gouv.fr/corse/Grands-dossiers/Securite/La-prevention-des-feux-de-forets).

Ragkos, A., Franca, A., Rivera-Ferre, M.G., Dubeuf, J.P., Lopez-Francos, A., 2022. PASTINNOVA-Innovative Models for Sustainable Future of Mediterranean Pastoral

Systems. Joint Seminar of Networks on Pasture and Forage Crops and on Sheep and Goat Nutrition, FAO; CIHEAM, Sep 2022, Catania, Italy (hal-03799173).

Rapey, H., 2000. Conditions économiques d'adoption de systèmes agroforestiers: Enquête et modélisation dans le cas du sylvo-pastoralisme - Economic conditions for adopting agroforestry systems: Survey and modeling in the case of silvo-pastoralism. Thèse de doctorat de l'école nationale supérieure agronomique de Montpellier (ENSAM)-ENSAM Doctorate thesis, p. 300.

Rogers, M.E., 2010. Diffusion of Innovations, fourth ed. Simon and Schuster, p. 518. 07/06/2010.

Schoof, N., Rainer, L., 2018. Pastures and Pastoralism. Oxford Bibliographies: Ecology. Oxford Bibliographies (2018-11-29).

Sorba, J.-M., Lauvie, A., Michon, G., 2016. La nature inscrite dans les produits: Les marques du maquis; nature inscribed in products: the brands of the maquis. Dév. Durable Territ. 7 (13), 21. https://doi.org/10.4000/developpementdurable.11451.

Tell, J., Hoveskog, M., Ulvenblad, P., Ulvenblad, P.O., Barth, H., Ståhl, J., 2016. Business model innovation in the agri-food sector. Br. Food J. 118 (6), 1462-1476. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-08-2015-0293.

Vanier, M., Dubeuf, J.-P., Biehlmann, F., Sorba, J.-M., Valentini, Ph, Valenti, M., 2021. Les futurs du Pastoralisme en Corse: Scénarios prospectifs, interpellations stratégiques - The futures of Pastoralism in Corsica: Prospective scenarios, strategic questions. INRAE UMR Selmet - LRDE, p. 96. (https://drive.google.com/drive/folder/s/1jZS4AHZKKrHvVbHhnGO3hQTvWwOUH56v).