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96. Vor T, Kiffner C, Hagedorn P, Niedrig M, Rühe F. Tick burden on European roe deer (*Capreolus capreolus*). *Exp Appl Acarol* (2010) **51**(4):405-17. doi:10.1007/s10493-010-9337-0

97. Pacilly FC, Benning ME, Jacobs F, Leidekker J, Sprong H, Van Wieren SE, et al. Blood feeding on large grazers affects the transmission of *Borrelia burgdorferi* sensu lato by *Ixodes ricinus*. *Ticks Tick Borne Dis* (2014) **5**(6):810-7. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2014.06.004

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102. Dumitrache MO, D'Amico G, Matei IA. Ixodid ticks in red foxes (*Vulpes vulpes*) from Romania. *Parasit Vectors* (2014) **7**(Suppl 1):1. doi:10.7589/2013-07-167

103. Földvári G, Farkas R. Ixodid tick species attaching to dogs in Hungary. *Vet Parasitol* (2005) **129**(1-2):125-31. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.11.032

104. Földvári G, Márialigeti M, Solymosi N, Lukács Z, Majoros G, Kósa JP, et al. Hard ticks infesting dogs in Hungary and their infection with *Babesia* and *Borrelia* species. *Parasitol Res* (2007) **101**(Suppl 1):25-34. doi:10.1007/s00436-007-0608-6

105. Hamel D, Silaghi C, Lescai D, Pfister K. Epidemiological aspects on vector-borne infections in stray and pet dogs from Romania and Hungary with focus on *Babesia* spp. *Parasitol Res* (2012) **110**(4):1537-45. doi:10.1007/s00436-011-2659-y

106. Trotta M, Nicetto M, Fogliazza A, Montarsi F, Caldin M, Furlanello T, et al. Detection of *Leishmania infantum*, *Babesia canis*, and rickettsiae in ticks removed from dogs living in Italy. *Ticks Tick Borne Dis* (2012) **3**(5-6):294-7. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2012.10.031

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109. Hamer SA, Goldberg TL, Kitron UD, Brawn JD, Anderson TK, Loss SR, et al. Wild birds and urban ecology of ticks and tick-borne pathogens, Chicago, Illinois, USA, 2005-2010. *Emerg Infect Dis* (2012) **18**(10):1589-95. doi:10.3201/eid1810.120511

110. Norte AC, de Carvalho IL, Ramos JA, Gonçalves M, Gern L, Núncio MS. Diversity and seasonal patterns of ticks parasitizing wild birds in western Portugal. *Exp Appl Acarol* (2012) **58**(3):327-39. doi:10.1007/s10493-012-9583-4

111. Taragel'ová V, Koči J, Hanincová K, Olekšák M, Labuda M. Songbirds as hosts for ticks (Acari, Ixodidae) in Slovakia. *Biologia* (2005) **60**(5):529-37.

112. Taragel'ová V, Koči J, Hanincová K, Kurtenbach K, Derdáková M, Ogden NH, et al. Blackbirds and song thrushes constitute a key reservoir of *Borrelia garinii*, the causative agent of Borreliosis in central Europe. *Exp Environ Microbiol* (2008) **74**:1289-93. doi:10.1128/AEM.01060-07

113. Hildebrandt A, Franke J, Meier F, Sachse S, Dorn W, Straube E. The potential role of migratory birds in transmission cycles of *Babesia* spp., *Anaplasma phagocytophilum*, and *Rickettsia* spp. *Ticks Tick Borne Dis* (2010) **1**:105-7. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2009.12.003

114. Hasle G. Transport of ixodid ticks and tick-borne pathogens by migratory birds. *Front Cell Infect Microbiol* (2013) **3**:48. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2013.000048

115. Hurlbert AH, Liang Z. Spatiotemporal variation in avian migration phenology: citizen science reveals effects of climate change. *PLoS One* (2012) **7**:e31662. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031662

116. Van Vliet J, Musters CJM, Ter Keurs WJ. Changes in migration behaviour of Blackbirds *Turdus merula* from the Netherlands. *Bird Study* (2009) **56**:276-81. doi:10.1080/00063650902792148

117. Sándor AD, Márcutan DI, D'Amico G, Gherman CM, Dumitrache MO, Mihalca AD. Do the ticks of birds at an important migratory hotspot reflect the seasonal dynamics of *Ixodes ricinus* at the migration initiation site? A case study in the Danube Delta. *PLoS One* (2014) **9**:e89378. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089378

118. Baráková I, Derdáková M, Carpi G, Rosso F, Collini M, Tagliapietra V, et al. Genetic and ecologic variability among *Anaplasma phagocytophilum* strains, northern Italy. *Emerg Infect Dis* (2014) **20**(6):1082-5. doi:10.3201/eid2006.131023

119. Capligina V, Salmane I, Keïss O, Vilks K, Japina K, Baumanis V, et al. Prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in ticks collected from migratory birds in Latvia. *Ticks Tick Borne Dis* (2014) **5**:75-81. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2013.08.007

120. Hornok S, Kováts D, Csörgő T, Meli ML, Gönczi E, Hadnagy Z, et al. Birds as potential reservoirs of tick-borne pathogens: first evidence of bacteraemia with *Rickettsia helvetica*. *Parasit Vectors* (2014) **7**:128. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-7-128

121. Bauwens D, Strijbosch H, Stumpel A. The lizards *Lacerta agilis* and *L. vivipara* as hosts to larvae and nymphs of the tick *Ixodes ricinus*. *Holarct Ecol* (1983) **6**:32-40.

122. Richter D, Matuschka F. Perpetuation of the Lyme disease spirochete *Borrelia lusitaniae* by lizards. *Appl Environ Microbiol* (2006) **72**:4627-32. doi:10.1128/AEM.00285-06

123. Földvári G, Rigó K, Majláthová V, Majláth I, Farkas R, Petko B. Detection of *Borrelia burgdorferi* sensu lato in lizards and their ticks from Hungary. *Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis* (2009) **9**:331-6. doi:10.1089/vbz.2009.0021

124. Tijssse-Klasen E, Fonville M, Reimerink JHJ, Spitzen-van der A, Sprong H. Role of sand lizards in the ecology of Lyme and other tick-borne diseases in the Netherlands. *Parasit Vectors* (2010) **3**:42. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-3-42

125. Majláthová V, Majláth I, Derdáková M, Víchová B, Petko B. *Borrelia lusitaniae* and green lizards (*Lacerta viridis*), Karst Region, Slovakia. *Emerg Infect Dis* (2006) **12**:1895-901. doi:10.3201/eid1212.060784

126. Majláthová V, Majláth I, Hromada M, Tryjanowski P, Bona M, Antczak M, et al. The role of the sand lizard (*Lacerta agilis*) in the transmission cycle of *Borrelia burgdorferi* sensu lato. *Int J Med Microbiol* (2008) **298**:161-7. doi:10.1016/j.ijmm.2008.03.005

127. Gritsun TS, Lashkevich VA, Gould EA. Tick-borne encephalitis. *Antiviral Res* (2003) **57**(1-2):129-46. doi:10.1016/S0166-3542(02)00206-1

128. Rizzoli A, Hauffe HC, Carpi G, Vourc'h GI, Neteler M, Rosà R. Lyme borreliosis in Europe. *Euro Surveill* (2011) **16**(27):19906.

129. Grankvist A, Andersson P-O, Mattsson M, Sender M, Vaht K, Höper L, et al. Infections with the tick-borne bacterium "Candidatus Neohrichia mikurensis" mimic non-infectious conditions in patients with B cell malignancies or autoimmune diseases. *Clin Infect Dis* (2014) **58**(12):1716-22. doi:10.1093/cid/ciu189

130. Li H, Jiang JF, Liu W, Zheng YC, Huo QB, Tang K, et al. Human infection with *Candidatus Neohrichia mikurensis*, China. *Emerg Infect Dis* (2012) **18**:1636-8. doi:10.3201/eid1810.120594

131. Parola P, Paddock CD, Socolovschi C, Labruna MB, Mediannikov O, Kernif T, et al. Update on tick-borne rickettsioses around the world:
a Geographic approach. *Clin Microbiol Rev* (2013) **26**(4):657-702. doi:10.1128/CMR.00032-13

132. Gray J, Zintl A, Hildebrandt A, Hunfeld K-P, Weiss L. Zoonotic babesiosis: overview of the disease and novel aspects of pathogen identity. *Ticks Tick Borne Dis* (2010) **1**:3–10. doi:10.1016/j.ttbisdis.2009.11.003

133. Socolovschi C, Mediannikov O, Raoult D, Parola P. Update on tick-borne bacterial diseases in Europe. *Parasite* (2009) **16**:259–73. doi:10.1051/parasite/2009164259

134. WHO. *The Vector-Borne Human Infections of Europe: Their Distribution and Burden on Public Health*. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe (WHO/EURO) (2004). 144 p. Available from: http://www.euro.who.int/_data/assets/pdf_file/0008/98765/e82481.pdf

135. Kunze U. ISW-TBE. Tick-borne encephalitis – a notifiable disease: report of the 15th annual meeting of the International Scientific Working Group on tick-borne encephalitis (ISW-TBE). *Ticks Tick Borne Dis* (2013) **4**:363–5.

136. Heinz FX, Stiasny K, Holzmann H, Grgic-Vitek M, Kriz B, Esl A, et al. Vaccination and tick-borne encephalitis, central Europe. *Emerg Infect Dis* (2013) **19**:69–76. doi:10.3201/eid1901.120458

137. Dobler G, Gniel D, Petermann R, Pfeffer M. Epidemiology and distribution of tick-borne encephalitis. *Wien Med Wochenschr* (2012) **162**:230–8. doi:10.1007/s10354-012-0100-5

138. Amicizia D, Domnich A, Panatto D, Lai PL, Cristina ML, Avio U, et al. Epidemiology of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Europe and its prevention by available vaccines. *Hum Vaccin Immunother* (2013) **9**(5):1163–71. doi:10.4161/hv.23802

139. Danielová V, Daniel M, Schwarzová L, Materna J, Rudenko N, Golovchenko M, et al. Integration of a tick-borne encephalitis virus and *Borrelia burgdorferi* sensu lato into mountain ecosystems, following a shift in the altitudinal limit of distribution of their vector, *Ixodes ricinus* (Krkonose mountains, Czech Republic). *Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis* (2010) **10**(3):223–30. doi:10.1089/vbz.2009.0020

140. Randolph SE. The shifting landscape of tick-borne zoonoses: tick-borne encephalitis and Lyme borreliosis in Europe. *Philos Trans R Soc Lon B Biol Sci* (2001) **356**:1045–56. doi:10.1098/rstb.2001.0893

141. Randolph SE. Evidence that climate change has caused ‘emergence’ of tick-borne diseases in Europe? *Int J Med Microbiol* (2004) **293**(Suppl 37):5–15. doi:10.1016/S1433-1128(04)80004-4

142. Randolph SE. Tick-borne encephalitis incidence in Central and Eastern Europe: consequences of political transition. *Microbes Infect* (2008) **10**:209–16. doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2007.12.005

143. Semenza JC, Suk JE, Estevez V, Ebi KL, Lindgren E. Mapping climate change vulnerabilities to infectious diseases in Europe. *Environ Health Perspect* (2012) **120**:385–92. doi:10.1289/ehp.1103805

144. Sumilo D, Bormane A, Asokliene L, Vasilenko V, Golovljova I, Avsic-Zupanc T, et al. Socio-economic factors in the differential upsurge of tick-borne encephalitis in Central and Eastern Europe. *Rev Med Virol* (2008) **18**:81–95. doi:10.1002/rmv.566

145. Holzmann H, Aberle SW, Stiasny K, Werner P, Mischak A, Zainer B, et al. Tick-borne encephalitis from eating goat cheese in a mountain region of Austria. *Emerg Infect Dis* (2009) **15**:1671–3. doi:10.3201/eid1510.090743

146. Balogh Z, Ferenczi E, Szeles K, Stefanoff P, Gut W, Szomor KN, et al. Tick-borne encephalitis outbreak in Hungary due to consumption of raw goat milk. *J Virol Methods* (2010) **163**:481–5. doi:10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.10.003

147. Hudopisk N, Korva M, Janet E, Simetinger M, Grgic-Vitek M, Gubenšek J, et al. Tick-borne encephalitis associated with consumption of raw goat milk, Slovenia, 2012. *Emerg Infect Dis* (2013) **19**:806–8. doi:10.3201/eid1905.121442

148. Zeman P, Benes C. Spatial distribution of a population at risk: an important factor for understanding the recent rise in tick-borne diseases (Lyme borreliosis and tick-borne encephalitis in the Czech Republic). *Ticks Tick Borne Dis* (2013) **4**:522–30. doi:10.1016/j.ttbisdis.2013.07.003

149. Stefanoff P, Zielicka-Hardy A, Hlebowicz M, Konior R, Lipowski D, Szenborn L, et al. New endemic foci of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) identified in districts where testing for TBE was not available before 2009 in Poland. *Parasit Vectors* (2013) **6**:180. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-6-180

150. Korenberg E, Cerný V, Daniel M. Occurrence of ixodid ticks – the main vectors of tick-borne encephalitis virus in urbanized territory. *Folia Parasitol (Praha)* (1984) **31**:365–70.

151. Nuttall PA, Labuda M. Dynamics of infection in tick vectors and at the tick-host interface. *Adv Virus Res* (2003) **60**:233–72. doi:10.1016/S0065-3527(03)60007-2

152. Labuda M, Kozuch O, Zuffová E, Elecková E, Hails RS, Nuttall PA. Tick-borne encephalitis virus transmission between ticks cofeeding on specific immune natural rodent hosts. *Virology* (1997) **235**:138–43. doi:10.1006/viro.1997.8622

153. Süss J. Tick-borne encephalitis 2010: epidemiology, risk areas, and virus strains in Europe and Asia-an overview. *Ticks Tick Borne Dis* (2011) **2**:2–15. doi:10.1016/j.ttbisdis.2010.10.007

154. Tonteri E, Jääskeläinen AE, Tikkakoski T, Voutilainen L, Niemimaa J, Henttonen H, et al. Tick-borne encephalitis virus in wild rodents in winter, Finland, 2008-2009. *Emerg Infect Dis* (2011) **17**:72–5. doi:10.3201/eid1701.100051

155. Achazi K, Růžek D, Donoso-Mantke O, Schlegel M, Ali HS, Wenk M, et al. Rodents as sentinels for the prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus. *Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis* (2011) **11**(6):641–7. doi:10.1089/vbz.2010.0236

156. Labuda M, Nuttall PA, Kozuch O, Elecková E, Williams T, Zuffová E, et al. Non-viraemic transmission of tick-borne encephalitis virus: a mechanism for arbovirus survival in nature. *Experientia* (1993) **49**:802–5. doi:10.1007/BF01923553

157. Randolph SE, Miklisová D, Lysy J, Rogers DJ, Labuda M. Incidence from coincidence: patterns of tick infestations on rodents facilitate transmission of tick-borne encephalitis virus. *Parasitology* (1999) **118**(2):177–86. doi:10.1017/S0031182098003643

158. Waldenström J, Lundkvist Å, Falk KI, Garpmo U, Bergström S, Lindegren G, et al. Migrating birds and tickborne encephalitis virus. *Emerg Infect Dis* (2007) **13**(8):1215–8. doi:10.3201/eid1308.061416

159. Lommano E, Dvořák C, Vallotton L, Jenni L, Gern L. Tick-borne pathogens in ticks collected from breeding and migratory birds in Switzerland. *Ticks Tick Borne Dis* (2014) **5**(6):871–82. doi:10.1016/j.ttbisdis.2014.07.001

160. Kiffner C, Zucchini W, Schomaker P, Vor T, Hagedorn P, Niedrig M, et al. Determinants of tick-borne encephalitis in counties of southern Germany, 2001-2008. *Int J Health Geogr* (2010) **9**:42. doi:10.1186/1476-072X-9-42

161. Palo RT. Tick-borne encephalitis transmission risk: its dependence on host population dynamics and climate effects. *Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis* (2014) **14**(5):346–52. doi:10.1089/vbz.2013.1386

162. Jemeršića L, Deždek D, Brnić D, Prpić J, Janicki Z, Keros T, et al. Detection and genetic characterization of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) derived from ticks removed from red foxes (*Vulpes vulpes*) and isolated from spleen samples of red deer (*Cervus elaphus*) in Croatia. *Ticks Tick Borne Dis* (2014) **5**:7–13. doi:10.1016/j.ttbisdis.2012.11.016

163. Bolzoni L, Rosà R, Cagnacci F, Zizzoli A. Effect of deer density on tick infestation of rodents and TBE hazard. Part II: population and infection models. *Int J Parasitol* (2012) **42**:373–81. doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.02.006

164. Klaus C, Beer M, Saier R, Schau U, Moog U, Hoffmann B, et al. Goats and sheep as sentinels for tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus – epidemiological studies in areas endemic and non-endemic for TBE virus in Germany. *Ticks Tick Borne Dis* (2012) **3**(1):27–37. doi:10.1016/j.ttbisdis.2011.09.011

165. Pfeffer M, Dobler G. Tick-borne encephalitis virus in dogs – is this an issue? *Parasit Vectors* (2011) **4**:59. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-4-59

166. Rizzoli A, Neteler M, Rosà R, Versini W, Cristofolini A, Bregoli M, et al. Early detection of tick-borne encephalitis virus spatial distribution and activity in the province of Trento, northern Italy. *Geospat Health* (2007) **1**(2):169–76.

167. Linquist L, Vapalathi O. Tick-borne encephalitis. *Lancet* (2008) **371**:1861–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60800-4

168. Donoso Mantke O, Escadafal C, Niedrig M, Pfeffer M, on behalf of the Working group for Tick-borne encephalitis virus. Tick-borne encephalitis in Europe, 2009. *Euro Surveill* (2011) **16**(39):19976.

169. Stefanoff P, Pfeffer M, Hellenbrand W, Rogalska J, Rühe F, Makówka A, et al. Virus detection in questing ticks is not a sensitive indicator for risk assessment of tick-borne encephalitis in humans. *Zoonoses Public Health* (2013) **60**:215–26. doi:10.1111/j.1863-2378.2012.01517.x

170. Danielová V, Holubová J, Daniel M. Tick-borne encephalitis virus prevalence in *Ixodes ricinus* ticks collected in high risk habitats of the south-Bohemian region of the Czech Republic. *Exp Appl Acarol* (2002) **26**:145–51. doi:10.1023/A:1020966605960

171. Carpi G, Bertolotti L, Rosati S, Zizzoli A. Prevalence and genetic variability of tick-borne encephalitis virus in host-seeking *Ixodes ricinus* in northern Italy. *J Gen Virol* (2009) **90**:2877–83. doi:10.1099/vir.0.013367-0

172. Lommano E, Burri C, Maeder G, Guerne M, Bastic V, Patalas E, et al. Prevalence and genotyping of tick-borne encephalitis virus in questing *Ixodes ricinus* ticks
a Geographic approach. *Clin Microbiol Rev* (2013) **26**(4):657-702. doi:10.1128/CMR.00032-13

132. Gray J, Zintl A, Hildebrandt A, Hunfeld K-P, Weiss L. Zoonotic babesiosis: overview of the disease and novel aspects of pathogen identity. *Ticks Tick Borne Dis* (2010) **1**:3–10. doi:10.1016/j.ttbisdis.2009.11.003

133. Socolovschi C, Mediannikov O, Raoult D, Parola P. Update on tick-borne bacterial diseases in Europe. *Parasite* (2009) **16**:259–73. doi:10.1051/parasite/2009164259

134. WHO. *The Vector-Borne Human Infections of Europe: Their Distribution and Burden on Public Health*. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe (WHO/EURO) (2004). 144 p. Available from: http://www.euro.who.int/_data/assets/pdf_file/0008/98765/e82481.pdf

135. Kunze U. ISW-TBE. Tick-borne encephalitis – a notifiable disease: report of the 15th annual meeting of the International Scientific Working Group on tick-borne encephalitis (ISW-TBE). *Ticks Tick Borne Dis* (2013) **4**:363–5.

136. Heinz FX, Stiasny K, Holzmann H, Grgic-Vitek M, Kriz B, Esl A, et al. Vaccination and tick-borne encephalitis, central Europe. *Emerg Infect Dis* (2013) **19**:69–76. doi:10.3201/eid1901.120458

137. Dobler G, Gniel D, Petermann R, Pfeffer M. Epidemiology and distribution of tick-borne encephalitis. *Wien Med Wochenschr* (2012) **162**:230–8. doi:10.1007/s10354-012-0100-5

138. Amicizia D, Domnich A, Panatto D, Lai PL, Cristina ML, Avio U, et al. Epidemiology of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Europe and its prevention by available vaccines. *Hum Vaccin Immunother* (2013) **9**(5):1163–71. doi:10.4161/hv.23802

139. Danielová V, Daniel M, Schwarzová L, Materna J, Rudenko N, Golovchenko M, et al. Integration of a tick-borne encephalitis virus and *Borrelia burgdorferi* sensu lato into mountain ecosystems, following a shift in the altitudinal limit of distribution of their vector, *Ixodes ricinus* (Krkonose mountains, Czech Republic). *Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis* (2010) **10**(3):223–30. doi:10.1089/vbz.2009.0020

140. Randolph SE. The shifting landscape of tick-borne zoonoses: tick-borne encephalitis and Lyme borreliosis in Europe. *Philos Trans R Soc Lon B Biol Sci* (2001) **356**:1045–56. doi:10.1098/rstb.2001.0893

141. Randolph SE. Evidence that climate change has caused ‘emergence’ of tick-borne diseases in Europe? *Int J Med Microbiol* (2004) **293**(Suppl 37):5–15. doi:10.1016/S1433-1128(04)80004-4

142. Randolph SE. Tick-borne encephalitis incidence in Central and Eastern Europe: consequences of political transition. *Microbes Infect* (2008) **10**:209–16. doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2007.12.005

143. Semenza JC, Suk JE, Estevez V, Ebi KL, Lindgren E. Mapping climate change vulnerabilities to infectious diseases in Europe. *Environ Health Perspect* (2012) **120**:385–92. doi:10.1289/ehp.1103805

144. Sumilo D, Bormane A, Asokliene L, Vasilenko V, Golovljova I, Avsic-Zupanc T, et al. Socio-economic factors in the differential upsurge of tick-borne encephalitis in Central and Eastern Europe. *Rev Med Virol* (2008) **18**:81–95. doi:10.1002/rmv.566

145. Holzmann H, Aberle SW, Stiasny K, Werner P, Mischak A, Zainer B, et al. Tick-borne encephalitis from eating goat cheese in a mountain region of Austria. *Emerg Infect Dis* (2009) **15**:1671–3. doi:10.3201/eid1510.090743

146. Balogh Z, Ferenczi E, Szeles K, Stefanoff P, Gut W, Szomor KN, et al. Tick-borne encephalitis outbreak in Hungary due to consumption of raw goat milk. *J Virol Methods* (2010) **163**:481–5. doi:10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.10.003

147. Hudopisk N, Korva M, Janet E, Simetinger M, Grgic-Vitek M, Gubenšek J, et al. Tick-borne encephalitis associated with consumption of raw goat milk, Slovenia, 2012. *Emerg Infect Dis* (2013) **19**:806–8. doi:10.3201/eid1905.121442

148. Zeman P, Benes C. Spatial distribution of a population at risk: an important factor for understanding the recent rise in tick-borne diseases (Lyme borreliosis and tick-borne encephalitis in the Czech Republic). *Ticks Tick Borne Dis* (2013) **4**:522–30. doi:10.1016/j.ttbisdis.2013.07.003

149. Stefanoff P, Zielicka-Hardy A, Hlebowicz M, Konior R, Lipowski D, Szenborn L, et al. New endemic foci of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) identified in districts where testing for TBE was not available before 2009 in Poland. *Parasit Vectors* (2013) **6**:180. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-6-180

150. Korenberg E, Cerný V, Daniel M. Occurrence of ixodid ticks – the main vectors of tick-borne encephalitis virus in urbanized territory. *Folia Parasitol (Praha)* (1984) **31**:365–70.

151. Nuttall PA, Labuda M. Dynamics of infection in tick vectors and at the tick-host interface. *Adv Virus Res* (2003) **60**:233–72. doi:10.1016/S0065-3527(03)60007-2

152. Labuda M, Kozuch O, Zuffová E, Elecková E, Hails RS, Nuttall PA. Tick-borne encephalitis virus transmission between ticks cofeeding on specific immune natural rodent hosts. *Virology* (1997) **235**:138–43. doi:10.1006/viro.1997.8622

153. Süss J. Tick-borne encephalitis 2010: epidemiology, risk areas, and virus strains in Europe and Asia-an overview. *Ticks Tick Borne Dis* (2011) **2**:2–15. doi:10.1016/j.ttbisdis.2010.10.007

154. Tonteri E, Jääskeläinen AE, Tikkakoski T, Voutilainen L, Niemimaa J, Henttonen H, et al. Tick-borne encephalitis virus in wild rodents in winter, Finland, 2008-2009. *Emerg Infect Dis* (2011) **17**:72–5. doi:10.3201/eid1701.100051

155. Achazi K, Růžek D, Donoso-Mantke O, Schlegel M, Ali HS, Wenk M, et al. Rodents as sentinels for the prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus. *Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis* (2011) **11**(6):641–7. doi:10.1089/vbz.2010.0236

156. Labuda M, Nuttall PA, Kozuch O, Elecková E, Williams T, Zuffová E, et al. Non-viraemic transmission of tick-borne encephalitis virus: a mechanism for arbovirus survival in nature. *Experientia* (1993) **49**:802–5. doi:10.1007/BF01923553

157. Randolph SE, Miklisová D, Lysy J, Rogers DJ, Labuda M. Incidence from coincidence: patterns of tick infestations on rodents facilitate transmission of tick-borne encephalitis virus. *Parasitology* (1999) **118**(2):177–86. doi:10.1017/S0031182098003643

158. Waldenström J, Lundkvist Å, Falk KI, Garpmo U, Bergström S, Lindegren G, et al. Migrating birds and tickborne encephalitis virus. *Emerg Infect Dis* (2007) **13**(8):1215–8. doi:10.3201/eid1308.061416

159. Lommano E, Dvořák C, Vallotton L, Jenni L, Gern L. Tick-borne pathogens in ticks collected from breeding and migratory birds in Switzerland. *Ticks Tick Borne Dis* (2014) **5**(6):871–82. doi:10.1016/j.ttbisdis.2014.07.001

160. Kiffner C, Zucchini W, Schomaker P, Vor T, Hagedorn P, Niedrig M, et al. Determinants of tick-borne encephalitis in counties of southern Germany, 2001-2008. *Int J Health Geogr* (2010) **9**:42. doi:10.1186/1476-072X-9-42

161. Palo RT. Tick-borne encephalitis transmission risk: its dependence on host population dynamics and climate effects. *Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis* (2014) **14**(5):346–52. doi:10.1089/vbz.2013.1386

162. Jemeršića L, Deždek D, Brnić D, Prpić J, Janicki Z, Keros T, et al. Detection and genetic characterization of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) derived from ticks removed from red foxes (*Vulpes vulpes*) and isolated from spleen samples of red deer (*Cervus elaphus*) in Croatia. *Ticks Tick Borne Dis* (2014) **5**:7–13. doi:10.1016/j.ttbisdis.2012.11.016

163. Bolzoni L, Rosà R, Cagnacci F, Zizzoli A. Effect of deer density on tick infestation of rodents and TBE hazard. Part II: population and infection models. *Int J Parasitol* (2012) **42**:373–81. doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.02.006

164. Klaus C, Beer M, Saier R, Schau U, Moog U, Hoffmann B, et al. Goats and sheep as sentinels for tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus – epidemiological studies in areas endemic and non-endemic for TBE virus in Germany. *Ticks Tick Borne Dis* (2012) **3**(1):27–37. doi:10.1016/j.ttbisdis.2011.09.011

165. Pfeffer M, Dobler G. Tick-borne encephalitis virus in dogs – is this an issue? *Parasit Vectors* (2011) **4**:59. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-4-59

166. Rizzoli A, Neteler M, Rosà R, Versini W, Cristofolini A, Bregoli M, et al. Early detection of tick-borne encephalitis virus spatial distribution and activity in the province of Trento, northern Italy. *Geospat Health* (2007) **1**(2):169–76.

167. Linquist L, Vapalathi O. Tick-borne encephalitis. *Lancet* (2008) **371**:1861–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60800-4

168. Donoso Mantke O, Escadafal C, Niedrig M, Pfeffer M, on behalf of the Working group for Tick-borne encephalitis virus. Tick-borne encephalitis in Europe, 2009. *Euro Surveill* (2011) **16**(39):19976.

169. Stefanoff P, Pfeffer M, Hellenbrand W, Rogalska J, Rühe F, Makówka A, et al. Virus detection in questing ticks is not a sensitive indicator for risk assessment of tick-borne encephalitis in humans. *Zoonoses Public Health* (2013) **60**:215–26. doi:10.1111/j.1863-2378.2012.01517.x

170. Danielová V, Holubová J, Daniel M. Tick-borne encephalitis virus prevalence in *Ixodes ricinus* ticks collected in high risk habitats of the south-Bohemian region of the Czech Republic. *Exp Appl Acarol* (2002) **26**:145–51. doi:10.1023/A:1020966605960

171. Carpi G, Bertolotti L, Rosati S, Zizzoli A. Prevalence and genetic variability of tick-borne encephalitis virus in host-seeking *Ixodes ricinus* in northern Italy. *J Gen Virol* (2009) **90**:2877–83. doi:10.1099/vir.0.013367-0

172. Lommano E, Burri C, Maeder G, Guerne M, Bastic V, Patalas E, et al. Prevalence and genotyping of tick-borne encephalitis virus in questing *Ixodes ricinus* ticks
in a new endemic area in western Switzerland. *J Med Entomol* (2012) **49**:156-64.
doi:10.1603/ME11044

173. Casati S, Gern L, Piffaretti J-C. Diversity of the population of tick-borne encephalitis virus infecting *Ixodes ricinus* ticks in an endemic area of central Switzerland. *J Gen Virol* (2006) **87**:2235-41. doi:10.1099/vir.0.81783-0

174. Drelich A, Andreassen Å, Vainio K, Kruszynski P, Wasik TJ. Prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus in a highly urbanized and low risk area in Southern Poland. *Ticks Tick Borne Dis* (2014) **5**(6):663-7. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2014.02.020

175. Biernat B, Karbowiak G, Werszko J, Stanczak J. Prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) RNA in *Dermacentor reticulatus* ticks from natural and urban environment, Poland. *Exp Appl Acarol* (2014) **64**(4):543-51. doi:10.1007/s10493-014-9836-5

176. Radolf JD, Caimano MJ, Stevenson B, Hu LDT. Of ticks, mice and men: understanding the dual-host lifestyle of Lyme disease spirochaetes. *Nat Rev Microbiol* (2012) **10**:87-99. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2714

177. Durden LA, Beati L. Chapter 2. Modern tick systematics. In: Sonenshine DE, Roe RM, editors. *Biology of Ticks*. (Vol. 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press (2014). p. 17-58.

178. Hubálek Z. Epidemiology of Lyme Borreliosis. *Curr Probl Dermatol* (2009) **37**:31-50. doi:10.1159/000213069

179. Stanek G, Reiter M. The expanding Lyme Borrelia complex – clinical significance of genomic species? *Clin Microbiol Infect* (2011) **17**(4):487-93. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03492.x

180. Franke J, Hildebrandt A, Dorn W. Exploring in our knowledge on Lyme borreliosis spirochaetes – updates on complex heterogeneity, ecology and pathogenicity. *Ticks Tick-Borne Dis* (2013) **4**(1-2):11-25. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2012.06.007

181. Fitzner J, Ammon A, Baumann I, Talaska T, Schönberg A, Stöbel K, et al. Risk factors in Lyme borreliosis: a German case-control study. *Int J Med Microbiol* (2002) **291**(Suppl 33):220. doi:10.1016/S1438-4221(02)80059-5

182. Horobik V, Keesing F, Ostfeld RS. Abundance and *Borrelia burgdorferi* – infection prevalence of nymphal *Ixodes scapularis* ticks along forest-field edges. *Ecohealth* (2007) **3**:262-8. doi:10.1007/s10393-006-0065-1

183. Fish D. Environmental risk and prevention of Lyme disease. *Am J Med* (1995) **98**(Suppl 4A):2-9. doi:10.1016/S0002-9343(99)80038-2

184. Zeman P, Januška J. Epizootiological background of dissimilar distribution of human cases of Lyme borreliosis and tick-borne encephalitis in a join endemic area. *Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis* (1999) **22**:247-60. doi:10.1016/S0147-9571(99)00015-6

185. Gray J. Risk assessment in Lyme borreliosis. *Wien Klin Wochenschr* (1999) **111**:990-3.

186. Matuschka FR, Allgöver R, Spielman A, Richter D. Characteristics of garden dormice that contribute to their capacity as reservoirs for Lyme disease spirochetes. *Appl Environ Microbiol* (1999) **65**(2):707-11.

187. Matuschka FR, Endepols S, Richter D, Ohlenbusch A, Eiffert H, Spielman A. Risk of urban Lyme disease enhanced by the presence of rats. *J Infect Dis* (1996) **174**:1108-11. doi:10.1093/infdis/174.5.1108

188. Skuballa J, Oehme R, Hartelt K, Petney T, Buecher T, Kimmig P, et al. European hedgehogs as hosts for *Borrelia* spp., Germany. *Emerg Infect Dis* (2007) **13**(6):952-3. doi:10.3201/eid1306.070224

189. Humair PF, Turrian N, Aeschlimann A, Gern L. *Ixodes ricinus* immatures on birds in a focus of Lyme borreliosis. *Folia Parasitol* (1993) **40**:237-42.

190. Humair PF, Postic D, Wallich R, Gern L. An avian reservoir (*Turdus merula*) of the Lyme borreliosis spirochaetes. *Zentralbl Bakteriol* (1998) **287**: 521-38.

191. Dubska L, Literak I, Kocianova E, Taragelova V, Sychra O. Differential role of passerine birds in distribution of *Borrelia* spirochetes, based on data from ticks collected from birds during the postbreeding migration period in Central Europe. *Appl Environ Microbiol* (2009) **75**(3):596-602. doi:10.1128/AEM.01674-08

192. Dubska L, Literak I, Kocianova E, Taragelova V, Sverakova V, Sychra O, et al. Synanthropic birds influence the distribution of *Borrelia* species: analysis of *Ixodes ricinus* ticks feeding on passerine birds. *Appl Environ Microbiol* (2011) **77**(3):1115-7. doi:10.1128/AEM.02278-10

193. Kurtenbach K, De Michelis S, Etti S, Schäfer SM, Sewell H-S, Brade V, et al. Host association of *Borrelia burgdorferi* sensu lato – the key role of host complement. *Trends Microbiol* (2002) **10**:74-9. doi:10.1016/S0966-842X(01)02298-3

194. Kurtenbach K, Carey D, Hoodless AN, Nuttall PA, Randolph SE. Competence of phasants as reservoirs for Lyme disease spirochetes. *J Med Entomol* (1998) **35**:77-81.

195. Heylen D, Tijsse E, Fonville M, Matthysen E, Sprong H. Transmission dynamics of *Borrelia burgdorferi* s.l. in a bird tick community. *Environ Microbiol* (2013) **15**:663-73. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.12059

196. Lane R, Loye J. Lyme disease in California: interrelationship of ixodid ticks (Acari), rodents, and *Borrelia burgdorferi*. *J Med Entomol* (1989) **28**:719-25.

197. Hubálek Z, Halouzka J, Juricová Z. Investigation of haematophagous arthropods for Borreliae – summarized data, 1988-1996. *Folia Parasitol* (1998) **45**:67-72.

198. Pospíšil L, Pejcoch M, Zahrádková S. Findings of *Borreliae* in ixodid ticks of South-Moravian region [In Czech: Nálezy borelí v klístatech v jihomoravském regionu]. *Prakt Lék* (1992) **72**:163-5.

199. Doby JM, Degeilh B. Borreliose de Lyme et parcs publics urbaines et periurbaines. *Bull Soc Sci Nat Ouest France* (1996) **18**(1):34-40.

200. Georgieva G, Tasseva E, Gergova S, Panova M, Gaidajiev I. Study of the ixodid ticks (Acarina, Ixodidae) for *Borrelia* harbouring in Sofia and surroundings: II. Study of the number and *Borrelia* harbouring in ungorged *Ixodes ricinus* ticks in parks of Sofia city. *Dokl Bulgarsk Akad Nauk* (1999) **52**(11-12):125-8.

201. Rajkovic DV, Jurisic AD. *Ixodes ricinus* as vector and reservoir of *Borrelia burgdorferi* in an urban environment. *Arch Biol Sci* (2005) **57**:13-4. doi:10.2298/ABS0503253R

202. Jarošová V, Rudolf I, Halouzka J, Hubálek Z. *Borrelia burgdorferi* sensu lato in ixodid ticks from Ostrava slag heaps. [In Czech: *Borrelia burgdorferi* s.l. v klístatech na ostravských haldách]. *Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol* (2009) **58**:90-7.

203. Hubálek Z, Halouzka J. Prevalence rates of *Borrelia burgdorferi* sensu lato in host-seeking *Ixodes ricinus* ticks in Europe. *Parasitol Res* (1998) **84**:167-72. doi:10.1007/s004360050378

204. Pokorný P. *Borrelia* sp. in ticks (*Ixodes ricinus*) on the territory of the capital of Prague. [In Czech: *Borrelia* sp. v klísteti obecném (*Ixodes ricinus*) na území mesta Prahy]. *Ceskosl Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol* (1990) **39**:32-8.

205. Plch J, Bašta J. Incidence of spirochetes (*Borrelia* sp.) in the tick *Ixodes ricinus* in the urban environment (capital of Prague) between 1994-1997. *Zentralbl Bakteriol* (1999) **289**:79-88. doi:10.1016/S0934-8840(99)80127-3

206. Bašta J, Plch J, Hulínská D, Daniel M. Incidence of *Borrelia garinii* and *Borrelia afzelii* in *Ixodes ricinus* ticks in an urban environment, Prague, Czech Republic, between 1995 and 1998. *Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis* (1999) **18**:515-7. doi:10.1007/s100960050335

207. Pokorný P, Zahrádková S. Incidence of *Borrelia* in the common tick (*Ixodes ricinus*) in the area of the city of Brno. [In Czech: Výskyt borrelli v klísteti obecném (*Ixodes ricinus*) na území mesta Brna]. *Ceskosl Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol* (1990) **39**:166-70.

208. Hubálek Z, Halouzka J, Juricová Z. Prevalence of borreliae in *Ixodes ricinus* ticks from urban parks. *Folia Parasitol* (1993) **40**:236.

209. Žákovská A, Sérý O, Pejchalová K, Horváth R, Janouškovcová E, Halouzka J. Monitoring of presence of *Borrelia burgdorferi* sensu lato in *Ixodes ricinus* ticks in park Písárky (Brno) in 1996-1998: dark-field microscopy and PCR method. In: Kazimirová M, Labuda M, Nuttall PA, editors. *Proceeding on the 3rd International Conference “Ticks and Tick-borne Pathogens: Into the 21st Century”*. Bratislava: Polygrafia SAV (2000). p. 97-103.

210. Pejchalova K, Zakovska A, Mejzlikova M, Halouzka J, Dendis M. Isolation, cultivation and identification of *Borrelia burgdorferi* genospecies from *Ixodes ricinus* ticks from the city of Brno, Czech Republic. *Ann Agric Environ Med* (2007) **14**:75-9.

211. Reis C, Cote M, Paul REL, Bonnet S. Questing ticks in suburban forest are infected by at least six tick-borne pathogens. *Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis* (2011) **11**:907-16. doi:10.1089/vbz.2010.0103

212. Kahl O, Schmidt K, Schönberg A, Laukammjosten U, Knülle W, Bienzle U. Prevalence of *Borrelia burgdorferi* in *Ixodes ricinus* ticks in Berlin (West). *Zentralbl Bakteriol* (1989) **270**:434-40.

213. Hornok S, Meli ML, Gönczi E, Halász E, Takács N, Farkas R, et al. Occurrence of ticks and prevalence of *Anaplasma phagocytophilum* and *Borrelia burgdorferi* s.l. in three types of urban biotopes: forests, parks and cemeteries. *Ticks Tick Borne Dis* (2014) **5**:785-9. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2014.05.010

214. Corrain R, Drigo M, Fenati M, Menandro ML, Mondin A, Pasotto D, et al. Study on ticks and tick-borne zoonoses in public parks in Italy. *Zoonoses Public Health* (2012) **59**:468-76. doi:10.1111/j.1863-2378.2012.01490.x
in a new endemic area in western Switzerland. *J Med Entomol* (2012) **49**:156-64.
doi:10.1603/ME11044

173. Casati S, Gern L, Piffaretti J-C. Diversity of the population of tick-borne encephalitis virus infecting *Ixodes ricinus* ticks in an endemic area of central Switzerland. *J Gen Virol* (2006) **87**:2235-41. doi:10.1099/vir.0.81783-0

174. Drelich A, Andreassen Å, Vainio K, Kruszynski P, Wasik TJ. Prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus in a highly urbanized and low risk area in Southern Poland. *Ticks Tick Borne Dis* (2014) **5**(6):663-7. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2014.02.020

175. Biernat B, Karbowiak G, Werszko J, Stanczak J. Prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) RNA in *Dermacentor reticulatus* ticks from natural and urban environment, Poland. *Exp Appl Acarol* (2014) **64**(4):543-51. doi:10.1007/s10493-014-9836-5

176. Radolf JD, Caimano MJ, Stevenson B, Hu LDT. Of ticks, mice and men: understanding the dual-host lifestyle of Lyme disease spirochaetes. *Nat Rev Microbiol* (2012) **10**:87-99. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2714

177. Durden LA, Beati L. Chapter 2. Modern tick systematics. In: Sonenshine DE, Roe RM, editors. *Biology of Ticks*. (Vol. 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press (2014). p. 17-58.

178. Hubálek Z. Epidemiology of Lyme Borreliosis. *Curr Probl Dermatol* (2009) **37**:31-50. doi:10.1159/000213069

179. Stanek G, Reiter M. The expanding Lyme Borrelia complex – clinical significance of genomic species? *Clin Microbiol Infect* (2011) **17**(4):487-93. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03492.x

180. Franke J, Hildebrandt A, Dorn W. Exploring in our knowledge on Lyme borreliosis spirochaetes – updates on complex heterogeneity, ecology and pathogenicity. *Ticks Tick-Borne Dis* (2013) **4**(1-2):11-25. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2012.06.007

181. Fitzner J, Ammon A, Baumann I, Talaska T, Schönberg A, Stöbel K, et al. Risk factors in Lyme borreliosis: a German case-control study. *Int J Med Microbiol* (2002) **291**(Suppl 33):220. doi:10.1016/S1438-4221(02)80059-5

182. Horobik V, Keesing F, Ostfeld RS. Abundance and *Borrelia burgdorferi* – infection prevalence of nymphal *Ixodes scapularis* ticks along forest-field edges. *Ecohealth* (2007) **3**:262-8. doi:10.1007/s10393-006-0065-1

183. Fish D. Environmental risk and prevention of Lyme disease. *Am J Med* (1995) **98**(Suppl 4A):2-9. doi:10.1016/S0002-9343(99)80038-2

184. Zeman P, Januška J. Epizootiological background of dissimilar distribution of human cases of Lyme borreliosis and tick-borne encephalitis in a join endemic area. *Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis* (1999) **22**:247-60. doi:10.1016/S0147-9571(99)00015-6

185. Gray J. Risk assessment in Lyme borreliosis. *Wien Klin Wochenschr* (1999) **111**:990-3.

186. Matuschka FR, Allgöver R, Spielman A, Richter D. Characteristics of garden dormice that contribute to their capacity as reservoirs for Lyme disease spirochetes. *Appl Environ Microbiol* (1999) **65**(2):707-11.

187. Matuschka FR, Endepols S, Richter D, Ohlenbusch A, Eiffert H, Spielman A. Risk of urban Lyme disease enhanced by the presence of rats. *J Infect Dis* (1996) **174**:1108-11. doi:10.1093/infdis/174.5.1108

188. Skuballa J, Oehme R, Hartelt K, Petney T, Buecher T, Kimmig P, et al. European hedgehogs as hosts for *Borrelia* spp., Germany. *Emerg Infect Dis* (2007) **13**(6):952-3. doi:10.3201/eid1306.070224

189. Humair PF, Turrian N, Aeschlimann A, Gern L. *Ixodes ricinus* immatures on birds in a focus of Lyme borreliosis. Folia Parasitol (1993) **40**:237-42.

190. Humair PF, Postic D, Wallich R, Gern L. An avian reservoir (*Turdus merula*) of the Lyme borreliosis spirochaetes. *Zentralbl Bakteriol* (1998) **287**: 521-38.

191. Dubska L, Literak I, Kocianova E, Taragelova V, Sychra O. Differential role of passerine birds in distribution of *Borrelia* spirochetes, based on data from ticks collected from birds during the postbreeding migration period in Central Europe. *Appl Environ Microbiol* (2009) **75**(3):596-602. doi:10.1128/AEM.01674-08

192. Dubska L, Literak I, Kocianova E, Taragelova V, Sverakova V, Sychra O, et al. Synanthropic birds influence the distribution of *Borrelia* species: analysis of *Ixodes ricinus* ticks feeding on passerine birds. *Appl Environ Microbiol* (2011) **77**(3):1115-7. doi:10.1128/AEM.02278-10

193. Kurtenbach K, De Michelis S, Etti S, Schäfer SM, Sewell H-S, Brade V, et al. Host association of *Borrelia burgdorferi* sensu lato – the key role of host complement. *Trends Microbiol* (2002) **10**:74-9. doi:10.1016/S0966-842X(01)02298-3

194. Kurtenbach K, Carey D, Hoodless AN, Nuttall PA, Randolph SE. Competence of phasants as reservoirs for Lyme disease spirochetes. *J Med Entomol* (1998) **35**:77-81.

195. Heylen D, Tijsse E, Fonville M, Matthysen E, Sprong H. Transmission dynamics of *Borrelia burgdorferi* s.l. in a bird tick community. *Environ Microbiol* (2013) **15**:663-73. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.12059

196. Lane R, Loye J. Lyme disease in California: interrelationship of ixodid ticks (Acari), rodents, and *Borrelia burgdorferi*. *J Med Entomol* (1989) **28**:719-25.

197. Hubálek Z, Halouzka J, Juricová Z. Investigation of haematophagous arthropods for Borreliae – summarized data, 1988-1996. *Folia Parasitol* (1998) **45**:67-72.

198. Pospíšil L, Pejcoch M, Zahrádková S. Findings of *Borreliae* in ixodid ticks of South-Moravian region [In Czech: Nálezy borelí v klístatech v jihomoravském regionu]. *Prakt Lék* (1992) **72**:163-5.

199. Doby JM, Degeilh B. Borreliose de Lyme et parcs publics urbaines et periurbaines. *Bull Soc Sci Nat Ouest France* (1996) **18**(1):34-40.

200. Georgieva G, Tasseva E, Gergova S, Panova M, Gaidajiev I. Study of the ixodid ticks (Acarina, Ixodidae) for *Borrelia* harbouring in Sofia and surroundings: II. Study of the number and *Borrelia* harbouring in ungorged *Ixodes ricinus* ticks in parks of Sofia city. *Dokl Bulgarsk Akad Nauk* (1999) **52**(11-12):125-8.

201. Rajkovic DV, Jurisdic AD. *Ixodes ricinus* as vector and reservoir of *Borrelia burgdorferi* in an urban environment. *Arch Biol Sci* (2005) **57**:13-4. doi:10.2298/ABS0503253R

202. Jarošová V, Rudolf I, Halouzka J, Hubálek Z. *Borrelia burgdorferi* sensu lato in ixodid ticks from Ostrava slag heaps. [In Czech: *Borrelia burgdorferi* s.l. v klístatech na otravských haldách]. *Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol* (2009) **58**:90-7.

203. Hubálek Z, Halouzka J. Prevalence rates of *Borrelia burgdorferi* sensu lato in host-seeking *Ixodes ricinus* ticks in Europe. *Parasitol Res* (1998) **84**:167-72. doi:10.1007/s004360050378

204. Pokorný P. *Borrelia* sp. in ticks (*Ixodes ricinus*) on the territory of the capital of Prague. [In Czech: *Borrelia* sp. v klísteti obecném (*Ixodes ricinus*) na území mesta Prahy]. *Ceskosl Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol* (1990) **39**:32-8.

205. Plch J, Bašta J. Incidence of spirochetes (*Borrelia* sp.) in the tick *Ixodes ricinus* in the urban environment (capital of Prague) between 1994-1997. *Zentralbl Bakteriol* (1999) **289**:79-88. doi:10.1016/S0934-8840(99)80127-3

206. Bašta J, Plch J, Hulínská D, Daniel M. Incidence of *Borrelia garinii* and *Borrelia afzelii* in *Ixodes ricinus* ticks in an urban environment, Prague, Czech Republic, between 1995 and 1998. *Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis* (1999) **18**:515-7. doi:10.1007/s100960050335

207. Pokorný P, Zahrádková S. Incidence of *Borrelia* in the common tick (*Ixodes ricinus*) in the area of the city of Brno. [In Czech: Výskyt borrelli v klísteti obecném (*Ixodes ricinus*) na území mesta Brna]. *Ceskosl Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol* (1990) **39**:166-70.

208. Hubálek Z, Halouzka J, Juricová Z. Prevalence of borreliae in *Ixodes ricinus* ticks from urban parks. *Folia Parasitol* (1993) **40**:236.

209. Žákovská A, Sérý O, Pejchalová K, Horváth R, Janouškovcová E, Halouzka J. Monitoring of presence of *Borrelia burgdorferi* sensu lato in *Ixodes ricinus* ticks in park Písárky (Brno) in 1996-1998: dark-field microscopy and PCR method. In: Kazimirová M, Labuda M, Nuttall PA, editors. *Proceeding on the 3rd International Conference “Ticks and Tick-borne Pathogens: Into the 21st Century”*. Bratislava: Polygrafia SAV (2000). p. 97-103.

210. Pejchalova K, Zakovska A, Mejzlikova M, Halouzka J, Dendis M. Isolation, cultivation and identification of *Borrelia burgdorferi* genospecies from *Ixodes ricinus* ticks from the city of Brno, Czech Republic. *Ann Agric Environ Med* (2007) **14**:75-9.

211. Reis C, Cote M, Paul REL, Bonnet S. Questing ticks in suburban forest are infected by at least six tick-borne pathogens. *Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis* (2011) **11**:907-16. doi:10.1089/vbz.2010.0103

212. Kahl O, Schmidt K, Schönberg A, Laukammjosten U, Knülle W, Bienzle U. Prevalence of *Borrelia burgdorferi* in *Ixodes ricinus* ticks in Berlin (West). *Zentralbl Bakteriol* (1989) **270**:434-40.

213. Hornok S, Meli ML, Gönczi E, Halász E, Takács N, Farkas R, et al. Occurrence of ticks and prevalence of *Anaplasma phagocytophilum* and *Borrelia burgdorferi* s.l. in three types of urban biotopes: forests, parks and cemeteries. *Ticks Tick Borne Dis* (2014) **5**:785-9. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2014.05.010

214. Corrain R, Drigo M, Fenati M, Menandro ML, Mondin A, Pasotto D, et al. Study on ticks and tick-borne zoonoses in public parks in Italy. *Zoonoses Public Health* (2012) **59**:468-76. doi:10.1111/j.1863-2378.2012.01490.x
215. Žygutienė M, Alekseev A, Dubinina H, Kazlauskienė R. Evidence for a risk of tick-borne infection in the city parks of Vilnius, Lithuania. *Ekologija* (2008) **54**(1):40–3. doi:10.2478/V10055-008-0008-y

216. Stanczak J, Gabre RM, Kruminis-Lozowska W, Racewicz M, Kubica-Biernat B. *Ixodes ricinus* as a vector of *Borrelia burgdorferi* sensu lato, *Anaplasma phagocytophilum* and *Babesia microti* in urban and suburban forests. *Ann Agric Environ Med* (2004) **11**:109–14.

217. Kosik-Bogacka D, Kuzna-Grygiel W, Bukowska K. The prevalence of spirochete *Borrelia burgdorferi* sensu lato in ticks *Ixodes ricinus* and mosquitoes *Aedes* spp. within a selected recreational area in the city of Szczecin. *Ann Agric Environ Med* (2004) **11**:105–8.

218. Sinski E, Rijpkema SG. Prevalence of *Borrelia burgdorferi* infection in *Ixodes ricinus* ticks at urban and suburban forest habitats. [In Polish: Występowanie zakazenia *Borrelia burgdorferi* s.l. u kleszczy *Ixodes ricinus* w miejskim i podmiejskim biotopie lesnym]. *Przegl Epidemiol* (1997) **51**:431–5.

219. Chmielewski T, Andrzejewski K, Maczka I, Fiecek B, Radlinska M, Tylewska-Wierbanowska S. Ticks infected with bacteria pathogenic to humans in municipal parks in Warsaw. [In Polish: Kleszcze zakazane bakteriami chorobotwóczymi dla człowieka na terenach parkow miejskich Warszawy]. *Przegl Epidemiol* (2011) **65**:577–81.

220. Cekanac R, Pavlovic N, Gledovic Z, Grgurevic A, Stajkovic N, Lepsanovic Z, et al. Prevalence of *Borrelia burgdorferi* in *Ixodes ricinus* ticks in Belgrade area. *Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis* (2012) **10**:447–52. doi:10.1089/vbz.2009.0139

221. Kmety E, Řeháček J, Výrosteková V, Kocianová E, Guryčová D. Infection rate of ticks with *Borrelia burgdorferi* and *Francisella tularensis* in Slovakia. [In Slovak: Štúdium premorenosti klíetov boréliou burgdorferi a francisellou tularensis na Slovensku]. *Bratil Lek Listy* (1990) **91**:251–66.

222. Pet'ko B, Peterková J, Tresová G, Prokopčáková H, Čisláková L, Stanko M. Seasonal prevalence of *Borrelia burgdorferi* in *Ixodes ricinus* ticks in Košice park forest. In: Venglovský J, Juriš P, Ondrašovic M, Sokol J, editors. *Hygienic and Ecological Problems in Relation to Veterinary Medicine*. Košice (1996). p. 213–20.

223. Pangráčová L, Derdáková M, Pekárik L, Hviščová I, Vichová B, Stanko M, et al. *Ixodes ricinus* abundance and its infection with the tick-borne pathogens in urban and suburban areas of Eastern Slovakia. *Parasit Vectors* (2013) **6**:238. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-6-238

224. Cathomas F. Vorkommen von *Ixodes ricinus* und *Borrelia burgdorferi* sensu lato in städtischen Naherholungsgebieten am Beispiel von Basel (Schweiz). *Mitt Naturforsch Ges Basel* (2005) **8**:63–79.

225. Guy EC, Farquhar RG. *Borrelia burgdorferi* in urban parks. *Lancet* (1991) **338**:253. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(91)90392-3

226. Smith G, Wileyto EP, Hopkins RB, Cherry BR, Maher JP. Risk factors for Lyme disease in Chester County, Pennsylvania. *Public Health Rep* (2001) **116**(Suppl 1):146–56. doi:10.1093/phr/116.S1.146

227. Mavin S, Hopkins PC, MacLennan A, Joss AWL, Do HY. Urban and rural risks of Lyme disease in the Scottish Highlands. *Scott Med J* (2009) **54**:24–6. doi:10.1258/rsmsmj.54.2.24

228. Zeman P, Benes C. Peri-urbanisation, counter-urbanisation, and an extension of residential exposure to ticks: a clue to the trends in Lyme borreliosis incidence in the Czech Republic? *Ticks Tick Borne Dis* (2014) **5**:907–16. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2014.07.006

229. Foggie A. Studies on the infectious agent of tick borne fever in sheep. *J Pathol Bacteriol* (1951) **63**:1–15. doi:10.1002/path.1700630103

230. Gribble DH. Equine ehrlichiosis. *J Am Vet Med Assoc* (1969) **155**:462–9.

231. Chen SM, Dumler JS, Bakken JS, Walker DH. Identification of a granulocytotropic *Ehrlichia* species as the etiologic agent of human disease. *J Clin Microbiol* (1994) **32**(3):589–95.

232. Dumler JS, Barbet AF, Bekker CP, Dasch GA, Palmer GH, Ray SC, et al. Reorganization of genera in the families *Rickettsiaceae* and *Anaplasmataceae* in the order *Rickettsiales*: unification of some species of *Ehrlichia* with *Anaplasma*, *Cowdria* with *Ehrlichia* and *Ehrlichia* with *Neorickettsia*, descriptions of six new species combinations and designation of *Ehrlichia equi* and 'HGE agent' as subjective synonyms of *Ehrlichia phagocytophila*. *Int J Syst Evol Microbiol* (2001) **51**(6):2145–65. doi:10.1099/00207713-51-6-2145

233. Heikkilä HM, Bondarenko A, Mihalkov A, Pfister K, Spillmann T. *Anaplasma phagocytophilum* infection in a domestic cat in Finland: case report. *Acta Vet Scand* (2010) **52**:62. doi:10.1186/1751-0147-52-62

234. Kohn B, Galke D, Beelitz P, Pfister K. Clinical features of canine granulocytic anaplasmosis in 18 naturally infected dogs. *J Vet Intern Med* (2008) **22**(6):1289–95. doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0180.x

235. Petrovec M, Lotric Furlan S, Zupanc TA, Strle F, Brouqui P, Roux V, et al. Human disease in Europe caused by a granulocytic *Ehrlichia* species. *J Clin Microbiol* (1997) **35**(6):1556–9.

236. Edouard S, Koebel C, Goehringer F, Socolovschi C, Jaulhac B, Raoult D, et al. Emergence of human granulocytic anaplasmosis in France. *Ticks Tick Borne Dis* (2012) **3**(5-6):403–5. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2012.10.002

237. Lotrič-Furlan S, Petrovec M, Županc TA, Nicholson WL, Sumner JW, Childs JE, et al. Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in Europe: clinical and laboratory findings for four patients from Slovenia. *Clin Infect Dis* (1998) **27**:424–8. doi:10.1086/514683

238. van Dobbenburgh A, van Dam AP, Fikrig E. Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in Western Europe. *N Engl J Med* (1999) **340**:1214–6. doi:10.1056/NEJM199904153401517

239. Arnez M, Petrovec M, Lotric-Furlan S, Županc TA, Strle F. First European pediatric case of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. *J Clin Microbiol* (2001) **39**:4591–2. doi:10.1128/JCM.39.12.4591-4592.2001

240. Karlsson U, Bjoersdorff A, Massung RF, Christensson B. Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis – a clinical case in Scandinavia. *Scand J Infect Dis* (2001) **33**:73–4. doi:10.1080/00365541750064130

241. Oteo JA, Blanco JR, Martínez de Artola V, Ibarra V. First report of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis from southern Europe (Spain). *Emerg Infect Dis* (2000) **6**:430–2. doi:10.3201/eid0604.000425

242. Bakken JS, Dumler JS. Clinical diagnosis and treatment of human granulocytotropic anaplasmosis. *Ann N Y Acad Sci* (2006) **1078**:236–47. doi:10.1196/annals.1374.042

243. Blanco JR, Oteo JA. Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in Europe. *Clin Microbiol Infect* (2002) **8**:763–72. doi:10.1046/j.1469-0691.2002.00557.x

244. Tylewska-Wierzbanowska S, Chmielewski T, Kondrusik M, Hermanowska-Szpakowicz T, Sawicki W, Sulek K. First cases of acute human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in Poland. *Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis* (2001) **20**:196–8. doi:10.1007/s100960100464

245. Walder G, Falkensammer B, Aigner J, Tiwald G, Dierich MP, Wurzner R, et al. First documented case of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in Austria. *Wien Klin Wochenschr* (2003) **115**:263–6. doi:10.1007/BF03040326

246. Doudier B, Olano J, Parola P, Brouqui P. Factors contributing to emergence of *Ehrlichia* and *Anaplasma* spp. as human pathogens. *Vet Parasitol* (2010) **167**:149–54. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.09.016

247. Haschke-Becher E, Bernauer R, Walleczek AM, Apfalter P, Afazel-Saeedi S, Kraus J, et al. First detection of the *Anaplasma phagocytophilum* groEL-A genotype in man. *J Infect* (2010) **60**:300–5. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2009.12.010

248. Koebel C, Kern A, Edouard S, Hoang AT, Celestin N, Hansmann Y, et al. Human granulocytic anaplasmosis in eastern France: clinical presentation and laboratory diagnosis. *Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis* (2012) **72**(3):214–8. doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2011.12.005

249. Misic-Majerus L, Bujic N, Madaric V, Avsic-Županc T, Milinkovic S. [Human anaplasmosis (ehrlichiosis)]. *Acta Med Croatica* (2006) **60**:411–9.

250. Nováková M, Víchová B, Majlathová V, Lesnáková A, Pochybová M, Pet'ko B. First case of human granulocytic anaplasmosis from Slovakia. *Ann Agric Environ Med* (2010) **17**:173–5.

251. Vogl UM, Presterl E, Stanek G, Ramharter M, Gattringer KB, Graninger W. First described case of human granulocytic anaplasmosis in a patient in Eastern Austria. *Wien Med Wochenschr* (2010) **160**:91–3. doi:10.1007/s10354-009-0733-1

252. Vanicek J, Stastnik M, Kianicka B, Bares M, Bulik M. Rare neurological presentation of human granulocytic anaplasmosis. *Eur J Neurol* (2013) **20**(5):e70–2. doi:10.1111/ene.12110

253. Jin H, Wei F, Liu Q, Qian J. Epidemiology and control of human granulocytic anaplasmosis: a systematic review. *Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis* (2012) **12**(4):269–74. doi:10.1089/vbz.2011.0753

254. Hulinská D, Langrová K, Pejcoch M, Pavlášek I. Detection of *Anaplasma phagocytophilum* in animals by real-time polymerase chain reaction. *APMIS* (2004) **112**:239–47. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0463.2004.apm11204-0503.x

255. Scharf W, Schauer S, Freyburger F, Petrovec M, Schaarschmidt-Kiener D, Liebasm G, et al. Distinct host species correlate with *Anaplasma phagocytophilum* ankA gene clusters. *J Clin Microbiol* (2011) **49**:790–6. doi:10.1128/JCM.02051-10

256. Zeman P, Pecha M. Segregation of genetic variants of *Anaplasma phagocytophilum* circulating among wild ruminants within a Bohemian forest (Czech Republic). *Int J Med Microbiol* (2008) **298**:203–10. doi:10.1016/j.ijmm.2008.03.003
215. Žygutienė M, Alekseev A, Dubinina H, Kazlauskienė R. Evidence for a risk of tick-borne infection in the city parks of Vilnius, Lithuania. *Ekologija* (2008) **54**(1):40–3. doi:10.2478/V10055-008-0008-y

216. Stanczak J, Gabre RM, Kruminis-Lozowska W, Racewicz M, Kubica-Biernat B. *Ixodes ricinus* as a vector of *Borrelia burgdorferi* sensu lato, *Anaplasma phagocytophilum* and *Babesia microti* in urban and suburban forests. *Ann Agric Environ Med* (2004) **11**:109–14.

217. Kosik-Bogacka D, Kuzna-Grygiel W, Bukowska K. The prevalence of spirochete *Borrelia burgdorferi* sensu lato in ticks *Ixodes ricinus* and mosquitoes *Aedes* spp. within a selected recreational area in the city of Szczecin. *Ann Agric Environ Med* (2004) **11**:105–8.

218. Sinski E, Rijpkema SG. Prevalence of *Borrelia burgdorferi* infection in *Ixodes ricinus* ticks at urban and suburban forest habitats. [In Polish: Występowanie zakazenia *Borrelia burgdorferi* s.l. u kleszczy *Ixodes ricinus* w miejskim i podmiejskim biotopie lesnym]. *Przegl Epidemiol* (1997) **51**:431–5.

219. Chmielewski T, Andrzejewski K, Maczka I, Fiecek B, Radlinska M, Tylewska-Wierzbanska S. Ticks infected with bacteria pathogenic to humans in municipal parks in Warsaw. [In Polish: Kleszcze zakazane bakteriami chorobotwóczymi dla człowieka na terenach parkow miejskich Warszawy]. *Przegl Epidemiol* (2011) **65**:577–81.

220. Cekanac R, Pavlovic N, Gledovic Z, Grgurevic A, Stajkovic N, Lepsanovic Z, et al. Prevalence of *Borrelia burgdorferi* in *Ixodes ricinus* ticks in Belgrade area. *Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis* (2012) **10**:447–52. doi:10.1089/vbz.2009.0139

221. Kmety E, Řeháček J, Výrosteková V, Kocianová E, Guryčová D. Infection rate of ticks with *Borrelia burgdorferi* and *Francisella tularensis* in Slovakia. [In Slovak: Štúdium premorenosti klíetov boréliou burgdorferi a francisellou tularensis na Slovensku]. *Bratilek Lysty* (1990) **91**:251–66.

222. Pet'ko B, Peterková J, Tresová G, Prokopčáková H, Čisláková L, Stanko M. Seasonal prevalence of *Borrelia burgdorferi* in *Ixodes ricinus* ticks in Košice park forest. In: Venglovský J, Juriš P, Ondrašovic M, Sokol J, editors. *Hygienic and Ecological Problems in Relation to Veterinary Medicine*. Košice (1996). p. 213–20.

223. Pangráčová L, Derdáková M, Pekárik L, Hviščová I, Vichová B, Stanko M, et al. *Ixodes ricinus* abundance and its infection with the tick-borne pathogens in urban and suburban areas of Eastern Slovakia. *Parasit Vectors* (2013) **6**:238. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-6-238

224. Cathomas F. Vorkommen von *Ixodes ricinus* und *Borrelia burgdorferi* sensu lato in städtischen Naherholungsgebieten am Beispiel von Basel (Schweiz). *Mitt Naturforsch Ges Basel* (2005) **8**:63–79.

225. Guy EC, Farquhar RG. *Borrelia burgdorferi* in urban parks. *Lancet* (1991) **338**:253. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(91)90392-3

226. Smith G, Wileyto EP, Hopkins RB, Cherry BR, Maher JP. Risk factors for Lyme disease in Chester County, Pennsylvania. *Public Health Rep* (2001) **116**(Suppl 1):146–56. doi:10.1093/phr/116.S1.146

227. Mavin S, Hopkins PC, MacLennan A, Joss AWL, Do HY. Urban and rural risks of Lyme disease in the Scottish Highlands. *Scott Med J* (2009) **54**:24–6. doi:10.1258/rsmsmj.54.2.24

228. Zeman P, Benes C. Peri-urbanisation, counter-urbanisation, and an extension of residential exposure to ticks: a clue to the trends in Lyme borreliosis incidence in the Czech Republic? *Ticks Tick Borne Dis* (2014) **5**:907–16. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2014.07.006

229. Foggie A. Studies on the infectious agent of tick borne fever in sheep. *J Pathol Bacteriol* (1951) **63**:1–15. doi:10.1002/path.1700630103

230. Gribble DH. Equine ehrlichiosis. *J Am Vet Med Assoc* (1969) **155**:462–9.

231. Chen SM, Dumler JS, Bakken JS, Walker DH. Identification of a granulocytotropic *Ehrlichia* species as the etiologic agent of human disease. *J Clin Microbiol* (1994) **32**(3):589–95.

232. Dumler JS, Barbet AF, Bekker CP, Dasch GA, Palmer GH, Ray SC, et al. Reorganization of genera in the families *Rickettsiaceae* and *Anaplasmataceae* in the order *Rickettsiales*: unification of some species of *Ehrlichia* with *Anaplasma*, *Cowdria* with *Ehrlichia* and *Ehrlichia* with *Neorickettsia*, descriptions of six new species combinations and designation of *Ehrlichia equi* and 'HGE agent' as subjective synonyms of *Ehrlichia phagocytophila*. *Int J Syst Evol Microbiol* (2001) **51**(6):2145–65. doi:10.1099/00207713-51-6-2145

233. Heikkilä HM, Bondarenko A, Mihalkov A, Pfister K, Spillmann T. *Anaplasma phagocytophilum* infection in a domestic cat in Finland: case report. *Acta Vet Scand* (2010) **52**:62. doi:10.1186/1751-0147-52-62

234. Kohn B, Galke D, Beelitz P, Pfister K. Clinical features of canine granulocytic anaplasmosis in 18 naturally infected dogs. *J Vet Intern Med* (2008) **22**(6):1289–95. doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0180.x

235. Petrovec M, Lotric Furlan S, Zupanc TA, Strle F, Brouqui P, Roux V, et al. Human disease in Europe caused by a granulocytic *Ehrlichia* species. *J Clin Microbiol* (1997) **35**(6):1556–9.

236. Edouard S, Koebel C, Goehringer F, Socolovschi C, Jaulhac B, Raoult D, et al. Emergence of human granulocytic anaplasmosis in France. *Ticks Tick Borne Dis* (2012) **3**(5-6):403–5. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2012.10.002

237. Lotrič-Furlan S, Petrovec M, Županc TA, Nicholson WL, Sumner JW, Childs JE, et al. Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in Europe: clinical and laboratory findings for four patients from Slovenia. *Clin Infect Dis* (1998) **27**:424–8. doi:10.1086/514683

238. van Dobbenburgh A, van Dam AP, Fikrig E. Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in Western Europe. *N Engl J Med* (1999) **340**:1214–6. doi:10.1056/NEJM199904153401517

239. Arnez M, Petrovec M, Lotric-Furlan S, Županc TA, Strle F. First European pediatric case of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. *J Clin Microbiol* (2001) **39**:4591–2. doi:10.1128/JCM.39.12.4591-4592.2001

240. Karlsson U, Bjoersdorff A, Massung RF, Christensson B. Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis – a clinical case in Scandinavia. *Scand J Infect Dis* (2001) **33**:73–4. doi:10.1080/00365541750064130

241. Oteo JA, Blanco JR, Martínez de Artola V, Ibarra V. First report of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis from southern Europe (Spain). *Emerg Infect Dis* (2000) **6**:430–2. doi:10.3201/eid0604.000425

242. Bakken JS, Dumler JS. Clinical diagnosis and treatment of human granulocytotropic anaplasmosis. *Ann N Y Acad Sci* (2006) **1078**:236–47. doi:10.1196/annals.1374.042

243. Blanco JR, Oteo JA. Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in Europe. *Clin Microbiol Infect* (2002) **8**:763–72. doi:10.1046/j.1469-0691.2002.00557.x

244. Tylewska-Wierzbanowska S, Chmielewski T, Kondrusik M, Hermanowska-Szpakowicz T, Sawicki W, Sulek K. First cases of acute human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in Poland. *Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis* (2001) **20**:196–8. doi:10.1007/s100960100464

245. Walder G, Falkensammer B, Aigner J, Tiwald G, Dierich MP, Wurzner R, et al. First documented case of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in Austria. *Wien Klin Wochenschr* (2003) **115**:263–6. doi:10.1007/BF03040326

246. Doudier B, Olano J, Parola P, Brouqui P. Factors contributing to emergence of *Ehrlichia* and *Anaplasma* spp. as human pathogens. *Vet Parasitol* (2010) **167**:149–54. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.09.016

247. Haschke-Becher E, Bernauer R, Walleczek AM, Apfalter P, Afazel-Saeedi S, Kraus J, et al. First detection of the *Anaplasma phagocytophilum* groEL-A genotype in man. *J Infect* (2010) **60**:300–5. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2009.12.010

248. Koebel C, Kern A, Edouard S, Hoang AT, Celestin N, Hansmann Y, et al. Human granulocytic anaplasmosis in eastern France: clinical presentation and laboratory diagnosis. *Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis* (2012) **72**(3):214–8. doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2011.12.005

249. Misic-Majerus L, Bujic N, Madaric V, Avsic-Županc T, Milinkovic S. [Human anaplasmosis (ehrlichiosis)]. *Acta Med Croatica* (2006) **60**:411–9.

250. Nováková M, Víchová B, Majlathová V, Lesnáková A, Pochybová M, Pet'ko B. First case of human granulocytic anaplasmosis from Slovakia. *Ann Agric Environ Med* (2010) **17**:173–5.

251. Vogl UM, Presterl E, Stanek G, Ramharter M, Gattringer KB, Graninger W. First described case of human granulocytic anaplasmosis in a patient in Eastern Austria. *Wien Med Wochenschr* (2010) **160**:91–3. doi:10.1007/s10354-009-0733-1

252. Vanicek J, Stastnik M, Kianicka B, Bares M, Bulik M. Rare neurological presentation of human granulocytic anaplasmosis. *Eur J Neurol* (2013) **20**(5):e70–2. doi:10.1111/ene.12110

253. Jin H, Wei F, Liu Q, Qian J. Epidemiology and control of human granulocytic anaplasmosis: a systematic review. *Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis* (2012) **12**(4):269–74. doi:10.1089/vbz.2011.0753

254. Hulinská D, Langrová K, Pejcoch M, Pavlášek I. Detection of *Anaplasma phagocytophilum* in animals by real-time polymerase chain reaction. *APMIS* (2004) **112**:239–47. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0463.2004.apm11204-0503.x

255. Scharf W, Schauer S, Freyburger F, Petrovec M, Schaarschmidt-Kiener D, Liebasm G, et al. Distinct host species correlate with *Anaplasma phagocytophilum* ankA gene clusters. *J Clin Microbiol* (2011) **49**:790–6. doi:10.1128/JCM.02051-10

256. Zeman P, Pecha M. Segregation of genetic variants of *Anaplasma phagocytophilum* circulating among wild ruminants within a Bohemian forest (Czech Republic). *Int J Med Microbiol* (2008) **298**:203–10. doi:10.1016/j.ijmm.2008.03.003
257. Silaghi C, Pfister K, Overzier E. Molecular investigation for bacterial and protozoan tick-borne pathogens in wild boars (*Sus scrofa*) from southern Germany. *Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis* (2014) **14**(5):371–3. doi:10.1089/vbz.2013.1495

258. Michalik J, Stanczak C, Jieniuch S, Racewicz M, Sikora B, Dabert M. Wild boars as hosts of human-pathogenic *Anaplasma phagocytophilum* variants. *Emerg Infect Dis* (2012) **18**(6):998–1001. doi:10.3201/eid1806.110997

259. Alberti A, Zobba R, Chessa B, Addis MF, Sparagano O, Pinna Parpaglia ML, et al. Equine and canine *Anaplasma phagocytophilum* strains isolated on the island of Sardinia (Italy) are phylogenetically related to pathogenic strains from the United States. *Appl Environ Microbiol* (2005) **71**(10):6418–22. doi:10.1128/AEM.71.10.6418-6422.2005

260. Silaghi C, Liebisch G, Pfister K. Genetic variants of *Anaplasma phagocytophilum* from 14 equine granulocytic anaplasmosis cases. *Parasit Vectors* (2011) **4**:161. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-4-161

261. Silaghi C, Hamel D, Thiel C, Pfister K, Passos LM, Rehbein S. Genetic variants of *Anaplasma phagocytophilum* in wild caprine and cervid ungulates from the Alps in Tyrol, Austria. *Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis* (2011) **11**(4):355–62. doi:10.1089/vbz.2010.0051

262. Huhn C, Winter C, Wolfsperger T, Wüppenhorst N, Strašek Smrdel K, Skuballa J, et al. Analysis of the population structure of *Anaplasma phagocytophilum* using multilocus sequence typing. *PLoS One* (2014) **9**(4):e93725. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0093725

263. Hagedorn P, Imhoff M, Fischer C, Domingo C, Niedrig M. Human granulocytic anaplasmosis acquired in Scotland, 2013. *Emerg Infect Dis* (2014) **20**(6):1079–81. doi:10.3201/eid2006.131849

264. Glatz M, Müllegger RR, Maurer F, Fingerle V, Achermann Y, Wilske B, et al. Detection of *Candidatus* Neoehrlichia mikurensis, *Borrelia burgdorferi* sensu lato genospecies and *Anaplasma phagocytophilum* in a tick population from Austria. *Ticks Tick-Borne Dis* (2014) **5**:139–44. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2013.10.006

265. Derdáková M, Václav R, Pangrácová-Bláňárová L, Selyemová D, Kočí J, Walder G, et al. *Candidatus* Neoehrlichia mikurensis and its co-circulation with *Anaplasma phagocytophilum* in *Ixodes ricinus* ticks across ecologically different habitats of Central Europe. *Parasit Vectors* (2014) **7**:160. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-7-160

266. Venclikova K, Rudolf I, Mendel J, Betasova L, Hubalek Z. Rickettsiae in questing *Ixodes ricinus* ticks in the Czech Republic. *Ticks Tick Borne Dis* (2014) **5**(2):135–8. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2013.09.008

267. May K, Strube C. Prevalence of Rickettsiales (*Anaplasma phagocytophilum* and *Rickettsia* spp.) in hard ticks (*Ixodes ricinus*) in the city of Hamburg, Germany. *Parasitol Res* (2014) **113**(6):2169–75. doi:10.1007/s00436-014-3869-x

268. Tappe J, Strube C. *Anaplasma phagocytophilum* and *Rickettsia* spp. infections in hard ticks (*Ixodes ricinus*) in the city of Hanover (Germany): revisited. *Ticks Tick Borne Dis* (2013) **4**(5):432–8. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2013.04.009

269. Schorn S, Pfister K, Reulen H, Mahling M, Manitz J, Thiel C, et al. Prevalence of *Anaplasma phagocytophilum* in *Ixodes ricinus* in Bavarian public parks, Germany. *Ticks Tick Borne Dis* (2011) **2**:196–203. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2011.09.009

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271. Overzier E, Pfister K, Thiel C, Herb I, Mahling M, Silaghi C. *Anaplasma phagocytophilum* in questing *Ixodes ricinus* ticks: comparison of prevalences and partial 16S rRNA gene variants in urban, pasture, and natural habitats. *Appl Environ Microbiol* (2013) **79**(5):1730–4. doi:10.1128/AEM.03300-12

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278. Sanogo YO, Parola P, Shpynov S, Camicas JL, Brouqui P, Caruso G, et al. Genetic diversity of bacterial agents detected in ticks removed from asymptomatic patients in northeastern Italy. *Ann N Y Acad Sci* (2003) **990**:182–90. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07360.x

279. von Loewenich FD, Baumgarten BU, Schröppel K, Geissdörfer W, Röllinghoff M, Bogdan C. High diversity of ankA sequences of *Anaplasma phagocytophilum* among *Ixodes ricinus* ticks in Germany. *J Clin Microbiol* (2003) **41**:5033–40. doi:10.1128/JCM.41.11.5033-5040.2003

280. Pan HUA, Liu S, Ma Y, Tong S, Sun Y. *Ehrlichia*-like organism gene found in small mammals in the suburban district of Guangzhou of China. *Ann N Y Acad Sci* (2003) **990**:107–11. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07346.x

281. Jahfari S, Fonville M, Hengeveld P, Reusken C, Scholte EJ, Takken W, et al. Prevalence of Neoehrlichia mikurensis in ticks and rodents from North-west Europe. *Parasit Vectors* (2012) **5**:74. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-5-74

282. Richter D, Matuschka FR. "Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis," *Anaplasma phagocytophilum*, and Lyme disease spirochetes in questing European vector ticks and in feeding ticks removed from people. *J Clin Microbiol* (2012) **50**:943–7. doi:10.1128/JCM.05802-11

283. Movila A, Toderas I, Uspenskaia I, Conovalov J. Molecular detection of tick-borne pathogens in *Ixodes ricinus* from Moldova collected in 1960. *Ticks Tick Borne Dis* (2013) **4**:359–61. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2012.12.004

284. Richter D, Kohn C, Matuschka FR. Absence of *Borrelia* sp, *Candidatus* Neoehrlichia mikurensis, and *Anaplasma phagocytophilum* in questing adult *Dermacentor reticulatus* ticks. *Parasitol Res* (2013) **112**:107–11. doi:10.1007/s00436-012-3110-8

285. Fertner ME, Molbak L, Boye Pihl TP, Fomgaard A, Bødker R. First detection of tick-borne "Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis" in Denmark 2011. *Euro Surveill* (2012) **17**(8):20096.

286. Hornok S, Meli ML, Gönczi E, Hofmann-Lehmann R. First evidence of *Candidatus* Neoehrlichia mikurensis in Hungary. *Parasit Vectors* (2013) **6**:267. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-6-267

287. Capelli G, Ravagnan S, Montarsi F, Ciocchetta S, Cazzin S, Porcellato E, et al. Occurrence and identification of risk areas of *Ixodes ricinus*-borne pathogens: a cost-effectiveness analysis in north-eastern Italy. *Parasit Vectors* (2012) **5**:61. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-5-61

288. van Overbeek L, Gassner F, van der Plas CL, Kastelein P, Nunes-da Rocha U, Takken W. Diversity of *Ixodes ricinus* tick-associated bacterial communities from different forests. *FEMS Microbiol Ecol* (2008) **66**:72–84. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00468.x

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290. Špitalská E, Boldíš V, Košt'anová Z, Kocianová E, Štefanidesová K. Incidence of various tick-borne microorganisms in rodents and ticks of central Slovakia. *Acta Virol* (2008) **52**:175–9.

291. Palomar AM, García-Álvarez L, Santibáñez S, Portillo A, Oteo JA. Detection of tick-borne 'Candidatus' Neoehrlichia mikurensis' and *Anaplasma phagocytophilum* in Spain in 2013. *Parasit Vectors* (2014) **7**:57. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-7-57

292. Andersson M, Bartkova S, Lindestad O, Raberg L. Co-infection with 'Candidatus' Neoehrlichia mikurensis' and *Borrelia afzelii* in *Ixodes ricinus* ticks in southern Sweden. *Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis* (2013) **13**:438–42. doi:10.1089/vbz.2012.1118

293. Lommano E, Bertaiola L, Dupasquier C, Gern L. Infections and co-infections of questing *Ixodes ricinus* ticks by emerging zoonotic pathogens in Western Switzerland. *Appl Environ Microbiol* (2012) **78**:4606–12. doi:10.1128/AEM.07961-11

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274. Víchová B, Majláthová V, Nováková M, Stanko M, Hvišcová I, Pangrácová L, et al. *Anaplasma* infections in ticks and reservoir hosts from Slovakia. *Infect Genet Evol* (2014) **22**:265–72. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2013.06.003

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278. Sanogo YO, Parola P, Shpynov S, Camicas JL, Brouqui P, Caruso G, et al. Genetic diversity of bacterial agents detected in ticks removed from asymptomatic patients in northeastern Italy. *Ann N Y Acad Sci* (2003) **990**:182–90. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07360.x

279. von Loewenich FD, Baumgarten BU, Schröppel K, Geissdörfer W, Röllinghoff M, Bogdan C. High diversity of ankA sequences of *Anaplasma phagocytophilum* among *Ixodes ricinus* ticks in Germany. *J Clin Microbiol* (2003) **41**:5033–40. doi:10.1128/JCM.41.11.5033-5040.2003

280. Pan HUA, Liu S, Ma Y, Tong S, Sun Y. *Ehrlichia*-like organism gene found in small mammals in the suburban district of Guangzhou of China. *Ann N Y Acad Sci* (2003) **990**:107–11. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07346.x

281. Jahfari S, Fonville M, Hengeveld P, Reusken C, Scholte EJ, Takken W, et al. Prevalence of Neoehrlichia mikurensis in ticks and rodents from North-west Europe. *Parasit Vectors* (2012) **5**:74. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-5-74

282. Richter D, Matuschka FR. "Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis," *Anaplasma phagocytophilum*, and Lyme disease spirochetes in questing European vector ticks and in feeding ticks removed from people. *J Clin Microbiol* (2012) **50**:943–7. doi:10.1128/JCM.05802-11

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288. van Overbeek L, Gassner F, van der Plas CL, Kastelein P, Nunes-da Rocha U, Takken W. Diversity of *Ixodes ricinus* tick-associated bacterial communities from different forests. *FEMS Microbiol Ecol* (2008) **66**:72–84. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00468.x

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292. Andersson M, Bartkova S, Lindestad O, Raberg L. Co-infection with 'Candidatus' Neoehrlichia mikurensis' and *Borrelia afzelii* in *Ixodes ricinus* ticks in southern Sweden. *Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis* (2013) **13**:438–42. doi:10.1089/vbz.2012.1118

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**Conflict of Interest Statement:** The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Received: 11 August 2014; accepted: 09 November 2014; published online: 01 December 2014.

Citation: Rizzoli A, Silaghi C, Obiegala A, Rudolf I, Hubálek Z, Földvári G, Plantard O, Vayssier-Taussat M, Bonnet S, Špitalská E and Kazimírová M (2014) *Ixodes ricinus* and its transmitted pathogens in urban and peri-urban areas in Europe: new hazards and relevance for public health. *Front. Public Health* **2**:251. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00251

This article was submitted to Epidemiology, a section of the journal *Frontiers in Public Health*.

Copyright © 2014 Rizzoli, Silaghi, Obiegala, Rudolf, Hubálek, Földvári, Plantard, Vayssier-Taussat, Bonnet, Špitalská and Kazimírová. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
376. Krause PJ, Narasimhan S, Wormser GP, Rollend L, Fikrig E, Lepore T, et al. Human *Borrelia miyamotoi* infection in the United States. *N Engl J Med* (2013) **368**(3):291–3. doi:10.1056/NEJMc1215469

377. Chowdri HR, Gugliotta JL, Berardi VP, Goethert HK, Molloy PJ, Sterling SL, et al. *Borrelia miyamotoi* infection presenting as human granulocytic anaplasmosis: a case report. *Ann Intern Med* (2013) **159**(1):21–7. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-159-1-201307020-00005

378. Gugliotta JL, Goethert HK, Berardi VP, Telford SR III. Meningoencephalitis from *Borrelia miyamotoi* in an immunocompromised patient. *N Engl J Med* (2013) **368**(3):240–5. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1209039

379. Hovius JW, de Wever B, Sohne M, Brouwer MC, Coumou J, Wagemakers A, et al. A case of meningoencephalitis by the relapsing fever spirochaete *Borrelia miyamotoi* in Europe. *Lancet* (2013) **382**(9892):658. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61644-X

380. Cosson JF, Michelet L, Chotte J, Le Naour E, Cote M, Devillers E, et al. Genetic characterization of the human relapsing fever spirochete *Borrelia miyamotoi* in vectors and animal reservoirs of Lyme disease spirochetes in France. *Parasit Vectors* (2014) **7**:233. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-7-233

381. McMullan LK, Folk SM, Kelly AJ, MacNeil A, Goldsmith CS, Metcalfe MG, et al. A new phlebovirus associated with severe febrile illness in Missouri. *N Engl J Med* (2012) **367**(9):834–41. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1203378

**Conflict of Interest Statement:** The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Received: 11 August 2014; accepted: 09 November 2014; published online: 01 December 2014.

Citation: Rizzoli A, Silaghi C, Obiegala A, Rudolf I, Hubálek Z, Földvári G, Plantard O, Vayssier-Taussat M, Bonnet S, Špitalská E and Kazimírová M (2014) *Ixodes ricinus* and its transmitted pathogens in urban and peri-urban areas in Europe: new hazards and relevance for public health. *Front. Public Health* **2**:251. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00251

This article was submitted to Epidemiology, a section of the journal *Frontiers in Public Health*.

Copyright © 2014 Rizzoli, Silaghi, Obiegala, Rudolf, Hubálek, Földvári, Plantard, Vayssier-Taussat, Bonnet, Špitalská and Kazimírová. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.