# Bulletin de veille du Réseau des Ecotoxicologues de l'INRA, N°21

Céline Pelosi, Christian Mougin, Christine Sireyjol

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Céline Pelosi, Christian Mougin, Christine Sireyjol. Bulletin de veille du Réseau des Ecotoxicologues de l'INRA, N°21. 2016, 53 p. hal-02795392

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# Bulletin de veille du Réseau des Ecotoxicologues de l'INRA

<figure><img src="image_2.png" /></figure>

N°21, juin 2016

Réalisé par l'équipe de veille sur la période du 1er mai 2016 au 30 juin 2016.

Céline Pelosi, Christian Mougin et Christine Sireyjol (UMR 1402 EcoSys)

Destinataires : les membres de la liste : [ecotox@listes.inra.fr](mailto:ecotox@listes.inra.fr)

## Edito

Voici notre 21ème bulletin de veille. Vous y trouverez de nombreuses informations en lien avec l'écotoxicologie, la toxicologie et nos activités.

Nous vous proposons une tribune libre concernant les matières plastiques, également reprise sous forme de fiche thématique disponible en téléchargement sur notre site ECOTOX :
http://www6.inra.fr/ecotox/Productions/Fiches-thematiques

N'hésitez pas à nous faire des propositions pour les fiches suivantes.

Nous modifions quelque peu la mise de page de ce bulletin en raison du grand nombre d'informations proposé.

Bonne lecture de ce bulletin, et bonnes vacances !

L'équipe de veille

Contact : [contact-ecotox@versailles.inra.fr](mailto:contact-ecotox@versailles.inra.fr)

## Sources de plastiques pour les sols : décharge (photo de gauche) et paillage de cultures (photo de droite).

<figure><img src="image_3.png" /></figure>

© Brigitte Cauvin, INRA

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /></figure>

© Gérard Paillard, INRA
## DROIT : REGLEMENTATION DES PESTICIDES .................................................... 17

18 mois pour en finir avec le glyphosate .................................................................................................................. 17

Glyphosate : les Etats membres ne prennent pas leurs responsabilités .................................................................................................................. 17

Appel à projets Ecophyto : des projets innovants et efficients pour une mise en œuvre de certaines actions du Plan .................................................. 18

## DROIT DES PESTICIDES / AVIS EFSA ANSES OCDE ........................................ 18

Chemical mixtures: debating the issues ................................................................................................................................. 18

Breaking news from EFSA's expert meetings: plant protection products.................................................................................................................. 18

Peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance *Bacillus amyloliquefaciens* strain FZB24 .................................................. 18

Peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance oxathiapiprolin .................................................................................................................. 18

Perturbateurs endocriniens : six substances soumises à consultation publique .................................................................................................................. 18

ANSES : Rapport d'activité 2015 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 19

Retrait des produits phytopharmaceutiques associant en coformulation glyphosate et POE-Tallowamine du marché français.................................................................................................................................................................................. 19

De nouvelles missions pour l'Anses concernant les produits biocides.................................................................................................................. 19

ISO 17601:2016 - Qualité du sol -- Estimation de l'abondance de séquences de gènes microbiens par amplification par réaction de polymérisation en chaîne (PCR) quantitative à partir d'ADN directement extrait du sol.................................................................................................................. 19

Norme publiée en Janvier 2016.................................................................................................................................................................................. 19

ISO 18187:2016 - Qualité du sol -- Essai contact pour échantillons solides utilisant l'activité déshydrogénase de *Arthrobacter globiformis* .................................................................................................................................................................................. 19

ISO 18311:2016 - Qualité du sol -- Méthode pour tester les effets des contaminants du sol sur l'activité alimentaire des organismes vivant dans le sol - Test Bait-lamina.................................................................................................................................................................................. 19

## DROIT DES PESTICIDES / DEBATS ARTICLES QUESTIONS .................................... 20

Suspension de fabrication et d'exportation de produits contenant du bisphénol A versus liberté d'entreprendre et libre concurrence : une « liberté d'empoisonner » ? .................................................................................................................................................................................. 20

Bisphénol A « Ne fais pas aux autres ce que tu ne voudrais pas que l'on te fasse », .................................................................................................................. 20

Perturbateurs endocriniens : une menace sanitaire sous-estimée .................................................................................................................. 20

## DROIT DES PESTICIDES / TEXTES EUROPEENS .................................................... 21

Cyromazine: commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2016/1068 of 1 July 2016 .................................................................................................................. 21

Approving N-cyclopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine (cyromazine) as an existing active substance for use in biocidal products JO CEE L_2016_178_R_0002. Accès au document .................................................................................................................................................................................. 21

Triasulfuron: commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2016/864 of 31 May 2016 .................................................................................................................. 21

Concerning the non-renewal of approval of the active substance triasulfuron, in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market, and amending Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 540/2011 JO CEE L_2016_144_R_0007.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 21

Isoproturon: commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2016/872 of 1 June 2016 .................................................................................................................. 21

Concerning the non-renewal of approval of the active substance isoproturon, in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market, and amending Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 540/2011 JO CEE L_2016_145_R_0003.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 21

Amitrole: commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2016/871 of 1 June 2016.................................................................................................................. 21

Final opinion on new conclusions regarding future trends of cadmium accumulation in EU arable soils .................................................................................................................. 21

Glyphosate : règlement d'exécution (UE) 2016/1056 de la Commission du 29 juin 2016 .................................................................................................................. 21

Modifiant le règlement d'exécution (UE) no 540/2011 en ce qui concerne la prolongation de la période d'approbation de la substance active «glyphosate». .................................................................................................................................................................................. 21

76 perturbateurs endocriniens ciblés par la Commission européenne.................................................................................................................. 21

Rapport : Screening of available evidence on chemical substances for the identification of endocrine disruptors according to different options in the context of an Impact Assessment.................................................................................................................................................................................. 21

Final report: doi: 10.2875/328498. 2016 (503 pages)................................................................................................................................................................................... 21

ECHA - Glyphosate: Public consultation on the harmonised classification and labelling proposal for Glyphosate .................................................. 22

CE - Commission presents scientific criteria to identify endocrine disruptors in the pesticides and biocides areas .................................................. 22

CE - Fact sheet: Endocrine disruptors.................................................................................................................................................................................. 22
## DROIT DES PESTICIDES / TEXTES OFFICIELS FRANÇAIS 23

Décret n° 2016-859 du 29 juin 2016 relatif aux procédures d'approbation, de mise à disposition sur le marché ainsi que de déclaration des produits et des substances actives biocides.

Diméthoate : Avis aux importateurs relatif aux introductions de cerises fraîches provenant ou originaires des pays tiers ou des Etats-membres de l'Union européenne.

## EVALUATION DU RISQUE : NORMES ET METHODES 23

Chemicals risk assessment: evidence-evaluation methods analysed for nine EU regulations.

Overview of existing methodologies for the estimation of non-dietary exposure to chemicals from the use of consumer products and via the environment

CORDIS - De meilleurs tests pour les plans d'eau.

## PUBLICATIONS DES MEMBRES DU RESEAU ECOTOX 24

Effects of chlordecone on 20-hydroxyecdysone concentration and chitobiase activity in a decapod crustacean, Macrobrachium Erosenbergii

Trace element bioavailability, yield and seed quality of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) modulated by biochar incorporation into a contaminated technosol

Comparative bioremediation of heavy metals and petroleum hydrocarbons co-contaminated soil by natural attenuation, phytoremediation, bioaugmentation and bioaugmentation-assisted phytoremediation

Responses of Aquatic Bacteria to Terrestrial Runoff: Effects on Community Structure and Key Taxonomic Groups

Potential exposure routes and accumulation kinetics for poly- and perfluorinated alkyl compounds for a freshwater amphipod: Gammarus spp. (Crustacea)

Metabolic and immune impairments induced by the endocrine disruptors benzo[a]pyrene and triclosan in Xenopus tropicalis

Development of a multi-residue analysis of diclofenac and some transformation products in bivalves using QuEChERS extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Application to samples from mesocosm studies

Juvenile roach (Rutilus rutilus) increase their anaerobic metabolism in response to copper exposure in laboratory conditions

Is there any consistency between the microplastics found in the field and those used in laboratory experiments? Metal exposure in cows grazing pasture contaminated by iron industry: Insights from magnetic particles used as tracers

Comparative embryotoxicity and genotoxicity of the herbicide diuron and its metabolites in early life stages of Crassostrea gigas: Implication of reactive oxygen species production

Dendrochemical assessment of mercury releases from a pond and dredged-sediment landfill impacted by a chlor-alkali plant

Enhanced Phytoextraction of Nickel from Contaminated Soil by Hypperaccumulator Plant Co-Cropping Associated with PGPR

Influence of organic matters on AsIII oxidation by the microflora of polluted soils

Characterization of the Chloride Channel-Like, AtCLCg, Involved in Chloride Tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana

Exposure to spinosad affects orb-web spider (Agalenatea redii) survival, web construction and prey capture under laboratory conditions

Glyphosate fate in soils when arriving in plant residues

Occurrence of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in agricultural soils and antibiotic resistance properties

Evaluation of an extraction method for a mixture of endocrine disrupters in sediment using chemical and in vitro biological analyses

Persistent Hg contamination and occurrence of Hg-methylating transcript (hgcA) downstream of a chlor-alkali plant in the Olt River (Romania)

Effects of radionuclide contamination on leaf litter decomposition in the Chernobyl exclusion zone

Impact of cadmium on the ecdysteroids production in Gammarus fossarum

Isolation and characterization of eight polymorphic microsatellites markers for the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris

Trace Metals Affect Early Maternal Transfer of Immune Components in the Feral Pigeon

Prediction of Extractable Cd, Pb and Zn in Contaminated Woody Habitat Soils Using a Change Point Detection Method

Environmental relevance of laboratory-derived kinetic models to predict trace metal bioaccumulation in gammarids: Field experimentation at a large spatial scale (France)

Copper stress-induced changes in leaf soluble proteome of Cu-sensitive and tolerant Agrostis capillaris L. populations

Environmental issues facing chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear risks
<table><tr><td>Environmental issues facing chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear risks</td><td>33</td></tr><tr><td>Contribution of aqueous and dietary uptakes to lead (Pb) bioaccumulation in <i>Gammarus pulex</i>: From multipathway modeling to in situ validation</td><td>33</td></tr><tr><td>Sensitive periods for 17-estradiol exposure during immune system development in sea bass head kidney</td><td>33</td></tr><tr><td>Metal, nutrient and biomass accumulation during the growing cycle of Miscanthus established on metal-contaminated soils</td><td>34</td></tr><tr><td>Proteomic changes in Corbicula fluminea exposed to wastewater from a psychiatric hospital</td><td>34</td></tr><tr><td>Psychotropic drugs in mixture alter swimming behaviour of Japanese medaka (<i>Oryzias latipes</i>) larvae above environmental concentrations</td><td>34</td></tr><tr><td>Pollution-induced community tolerance for in situ assessment of recovery in river microbial communities following the ban of the herbicide diuron</td><td>35</td></tr><tr><td>Behavioral toxicity and physiological changes from repeated exposure to fluorene administered orally or intraperitoneally to adult male Wistar rats: A dose-response study</td><td>35</td></tr><tr><td>Transport of organic contaminants in subsoil horizons and effects of dissolved organic matter related to organic waste recycling practices</td><td>35</td></tr><tr><td>Prediction of the metabolic clearance of benzophenone-2, and its interaction with isoeugenol and coumarin using cryopreserved human hepatocytes in primary culture</td><td>36</td></tr><tr><td>Tracking pan-continental trends in environmental contamination using sentinel raptors-what types of samples should we use?</td><td>36</td></tr><tr><td>Intra-specific variability of the guaiacol peroxidase (GPOD) activity in roots of <i>Phragmites australis</i> exposed to copper excess</td><td>36</td></tr><tr><td>No association between the use of Bti for mosquito control and the dynamics of non-target aquatic invertebrates in French coastal and continental wetlands</td><td>36</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>VIE DU RESEAU ECOTOX</td><td>37</td></tr><tr><td>ANSES - Création du groupe de travail Toxicovigilance des intrants du végétal, des biocides et des médicaments vétérinaires</td><td>37</td></tr><tr><td>Irstea - Assemblée nationale audition de M. Jean-Marc Bournigal</td><td>37</td></tr><tr><td>How does earthworm functional diversity affect rapeseed-weeds interactions?</td><td>37</td></tr><tr><td>Le Pôle Ecotox en phase finale</td><td>38</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>ECOTOXICITE / TOXICITE</td><td>38</td></tr><tr><td>EFSA - Débat sur la question des mélanges chimiques : The future of risk assessment and toxicity testing for chemical mixtures</td><td>38</td></tr><tr><td>EFSA - Microplastiques et nanoplastiques dans les aliments - une question émergente</td><td>38</td></tr><tr><td>EFSA - Epigénétique et évaluation des risques : le colloque scientifique de l'EFSA trace la voie</td><td>39</td></tr><tr><td>Le CLARA accompagne le projet structurant SIGEXPOSOME – état des lieux et perspectives</td><td>39</td></tr><tr><td>EPA - Estimating Greenspace Exposure and Benefits for Cumulative Risk Assessment Applications</td><td>39</td></tr><tr><td>CORDIS - Tester la toxicité des nanoparticules</td><td>39</td></tr><tr><td>Vidéo : Comment se protéger des pesticides ?</td><td>39</td></tr><tr><td>Scientists discover protective strategy against pesticide-linked Parkinson's disease</td><td>40</td></tr><tr><td>PNUE-UNEP - Les décès prématurés dus à la dégradation de l'environnement menacent la santé publique, affirme un rapport</td><td>40</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>TOXICITE / PESTICIDES ET SANTE DES AGRICULTEURS</td><td>40</td></tr><tr><td>Les agriculteurs, premières victimes des pesticides</td><td>40</td></tr><tr><td>Stéphane Le Foll soutient la proposition de la Sénatrice Nicole Bonnefoy de créer un fonds pour l'indemnisation des victimes de produits phytosanitaires</td><td>41</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>ANNONCES DE COLLOQUES</td><td>41</td></tr><tr><td>Les prochains colloques sont signalés sur le site Ecotox</td><td>41</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>OUVRAGES / RAPPORTS / ACTES DE CONGRES</td><td>41</td></tr><tr><td>OCDE - Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : France 2016</td><td>41</td></tr><tr><td>EFESE - Le service de pollinisation - Ministère de l'Environnement, de l'Energie et de la Mer</td><td>42</td></tr><tr><td>Colloque ARET 2016 : Plastiques: quels enjeux pour demain? Résumé des interventions</td><td>42</td></tr><tr><td>SETAC Europe - 26th Annual Meeting Abstract Book</td><td>42</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>ANSES - Rapport d'activité 2015</td><td>42</td></tr><tr><td>Rapport La feuille de route 2016 pour la transition écologique / volet phytosanitaires</td><td>42</td></tr><tr><td>Les produits de stimulation en agriculture : un état des connaissances</td><td>43</td></tr><tr><td>Intégration des enjeux environnementaux dans la gestion du foncier agricole</td><td>43</td></tr><tr><td>Pratiques culturales en viticulture 2013 - La météo favorise un recours accru aux herbicides dans les vignes</td><td>43</td></tr><tr><td>EPA - Estimating Greenspace Exposure and Benefits for Cumulative Risk Assessment Applications</td><td>43</td></tr><tr><td>De la remediation des sites et sols pollues a la restauration et valorisation des usages et des fonctions ou services ecosystemiques</td><td>43</td></tr><tr><td>CGAAER - Synthèse sur la qualité de l'eau en agriculture</td><td>44</td></tr><tr><td>Etude Technologies clés 2020</td><td>44</td></tr><tr><td>Métaomique fiche 18 de l'étude Technologies clés</td><td>44</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>REVUE DE PRESSE</td><td>44</td></tr><tr><td>Interdiction du glyphosate : sondage : quelles conséquences pour les agriculteurs ?</td><td>44</td></tr><tr><td>Outils d'aide à la décision : piloter son programme fongicide</td><td>45</td></tr><tr><td>Retrait de 132 phytosanitaires à base de glyphosate</td><td>45</td></tr><tr><td>ECPA - View on Endocrine Disruptors</td><td>45</td></tr><tr><td>Pesticide Makers Warn of EU Grain Cuts From Tougher Health Rules</td><td>45</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>REVUE DE PRESSE / ALTERNATIVES BIOPESTICIDES</td><td>46</td></tr><tr><td>Chapelle d'Huin : les mulots envahissent les champs, agriculteurs plaident pour le retour du renard</td><td>46</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>REVUE DE PRESSE / ASSOCIATIONS</td><td>46</td></tr><tr><td>L'utilisation des pesticides néonicotinoïdes ne faiblit pas</td><td>46</td></tr><tr><td>UNAF - augmentation de 31% des ventes de néonicotinoïdes</td><td>46</td></tr><tr><td>The Ecologist - Judge rules: no right to know hazardous pesticide ingredients</td><td>47</td></tr><tr><td>Foodwatch - Passera, passera pas : le feuilleton interminable du glyphosate</td><td>47</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>REVUE DE PRESSE : FOCUS SUR LES PLASTIQUES</td><td>47</td></tr><tr><td>VIDEO. Comment endiguer la pollution plastique qui se déverse en mer?</td><td>47</td></tr><tr><td>Cette société a un plan pour accélérer le cycle de dégradation du plastique</td><td>47</td></tr><tr><td>Le plastique est bien un déchet dangereux</td><td>48</td></tr><tr><td>Korben - Clin d'oeil : Precious Plastic - Recyclez-vous même votre plastique</td><td>48</td></tr><tr><td>Pollution : les larves de poissons aiment trop le plastique</td><td>48</td></tr><tr><td>EFSA - Microplastiques et nanoplastiques dans les aliments - une question émergente</td><td>48</td></tr><tr><td>Sacs plastique: ce qui devient interdit, ce qui va être disponible</td><td>49</td></tr><tr><td>Journal de l'environnement - Les bioplastiques, une « fausse bonne solution »</td><td>49</td></tr><tr><td>CNRS - Pollution des océans : zoom sur la fragmentation des déchets plastiques - Communiqués et dossiers de presse</td><td>50</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>REVUE DE PRESSE / DIVERS</td><td>50</td></tr><tr><td>Les vins de Bordeaux s'engage sur un plan de réduction des pesticides</td><td>50</td></tr><tr><td>L'Etat va débourser plus de 600.000 euros pour lutter contre les campagnols terrestres</td><td>50</td></tr><tr><td>Rats taupiers : homologation d'un nouveau moyen de lutte</td><td>51</td></tr><tr><td>EU proposes criteria for identifying chemicals that alter hormones</td><td>51</td></tr><tr><td>Inde : Pesticide safety plan on the anvil</td><td>51</td></tr><tr><td>L'OCDE livre 33 pistes pour l'excellence environnementale</td><td>51</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>REVUE DE PRESSE / RECHERCHE ET MEDIAS</td><td>51</td></tr><tr><td>Soil quality key for future food security, better data is vital</td><td>51</td></tr><tr><td>DG ENV - Pesticide additives can weaken the predatory activity of spiders</td><td>52</td></tr><tr><td>CORDIS - Le fait de traiter le bétail aux antibiotiques double les rejets de méthane par les bouses</td><td>52</td></tr><tr><td>Lancement du réseau international WIN : surveiller la résistance des vecteurs aux insecticides</td><td>52</td></tr><tr><td>Garbage in, energy out: creating biofuel from plastic waste</td><td>52</td></tr><tr><td>Sites et sols pollués : l'ADEME sur le terrain</td><td>52</td></tr><tr><td>Une cage moléculaire qui contrôle l'expulsion d'un invité par oxydation</td><td>53</td></tr></table>
# Matières plastiques et dérivés : quels impacts écotoxicologiques sur les écosystèmes terrestres ?

Depuis plusieurs décennies, l'usage par l'Homme des matières plastiques s'est accru dans le monde à des fins domestiques, industrielles ou encore agricoles. En conséquence, la pollution des surfaces continentales et océaniques par les plastiques augmente, et soulève de nombreuses questions quant à ses conséquences écotoxicologiques ou sanitaires potentielles (European Commission, 2011 ; Lambert et al., 2014 ; Thompson et al., 2009). Le signal d'alarme a été tiré depuis plusieurs années dans le cas des écosystèmes marins, où des zones à fortes densités de plastiques ont été décrites avec des impacts avérés sur la faune sauvage marine (Cole et al., 2011). Des débris et particules sont également observés dans les rivières et les estuaires (Mani et al., 2015). En revanche, la présence de résidus de matières plastiques, comme leurs éventuels impacts sur les écosystèmes terrestres continentaux, sont encore peu étudiés (Rillig, 2012).

## Une contamination des sols mal connue d'un point de vue quantitatif et qualitatif

La contamination des sols et des écosystèmes terrestres par les matières plastiques revêt plusieurs origines. De nombreuses particules sont émises vers l'atmosphère via la mise en décharge ou l'incinération de matières plastiques (Dris et al., 2015, 2016). L'utilisation de plastiques en agriculture, malgré une récupération et un recyclage importants, contribue aussi à cette contamination (Steinmetz et al., 2016). Toutefois, nous ne disposons que de rares données quantitatives sur les entrées réelles de plastiques.

La dispersion atmosphérique des particules conduit à des retombées évaluées à 100 particules/m2/jour dans les zones urbanisées (Dris et al., 2015), ce qui correspond à une contamination calculée de l'ordre de 0,7 particules/kg de sol/jour sur les 10 premiers centimètres de l'horizon de surface, équivalente à 27 µg de plastiques/kg de sol/an. Une source importante d'entrée de plastiques dans les sols notamment sous forme de fibres synthétiques résulte de la valorisation agricole de produits résiduaires organiques comme les boues d'épuration urbaines générées par les stations d'épuration (Zubris and Richards, 2005). Des teneurs de 1000 particules/kg de matière sèche sont rapportées, ce qui correspond à 170 particules/kg de sol pour un épandage de 30 tonnes de matière sèche de boues. Nous estimons que l'irrigation de cultures comme le maïs occasionnerait des apports de l'ordre de 1 particule/kg de sol/cycle cultural compte tenu des teneurs en plastiques rapportées dans des eaux de surface. Enfin les bioplastiques, majoritairement utilisés pour le paillage des cultures, peuvent représenter plusieurs centaines de kg apportés par hectare cultivé.

Les plastiques sont présents sous différentes formes dans les sols, les produits bruts subissant plusieurs étapes d'altération. La formation de microplastiques, comme celle de particules de plus petite taille, est due à l'action de facteurs biotiques et abiotiques (Wood et Zimmer, 2014). La structure polymérique des particules est ensuite altérée, et des composés chimiques (constituants, additifs, catalyseurs, charges, composés adsorbés...) sont relargués. Dans les sols, les particules et composés chimiques pourront être dégradés voire minéralisés, ou partiellement transformés, ou encore stabilisés lorsqu'ils entrent en interaction avec les constituants du sol. Ces processus auront des conséquences sur la biodisponibilité de l'ensemble des composés chimiques sur le compartiment biologique, et moduleront l'exposition des organismes. Comme la dégradation totale des plastiques est longue, des fibres ayant été détectées 15 ans après l'épandage de boues (Zubris and Richards, 2005), les matières plastiques sont considérées comme persistantes dans les sols. De plus, les microplastiques, en raison de leur rapport surface/volume important et de leur composition chimique, sont des vecteurs de contaminants chimiques constitutifs ou adsorbés souvent persistants (métaux, polluants organiques..., Ashton et al., 2010 ; Rios et al., 2010) en plus de matériels biologiques adsorbés (bactéries...).

Ce manque de connaissances sur la contamination effective des sols par les matières plastiques et leurs dérivés, associée à la complexité de cette contamination sont des freins à la connaissance de l'exposition réelle des organismes des écosystèmes terrestres.

## Des effets biologiques potentiellement nombreux et variés

Les effets biologiques résultant de l'exposition des organismes terrestres aux matières plastiques et à leurs dérivés sont potentiellement nombreux. Peu étudiés, ils semblent comparables à ceux exercés sur les organismes aquatiques, et associent les effets des contaminants physiques à ceux
des contaminants chimiques. Les particules de grande taille sont ingérées et provoquent chez les organismes un blocage physique du tractus digestif, des lésions des organes et des tissus, une sous-alimentation des individus, qui conduisent à une diminution d'activité ou à la mort. Les particules de petite taille, ainsi que l'ensemble des contaminants chimiques (constituants, additifs ou adsorbés) conduisent à des effets létaux et sub-létaux. Les fonctions écophysiologiques importantes des individus, métaboliques, reproductives ou comportementales, sont altérées. Par exemple, la libération de l'ensemble des composés chimiques associés aux plastiques est souvent associée à une perturbation de la fonction endocrinienne (Lambert et al., 2014 ; Oehlmann et al., 2009). Si de rares études étudient les effets des matières plastiques et de leurs dérivés au niveau individuel ou sub-individuel, la prise en compte de niveaux d'organisation biologique supérieurs (populations, communautés) reste à développer. Toutefois, certains composés chimiques constituants des plastiques ou adsorbés sont connus pour modifier la diversité et l'activité des communautés microbiennes des sols (Kapanen et al., 2007).

Une incidence importante des cancers a été rapportée chez la faune sauvage marine depuis une vingtaine d'années (McAloose and Newton, 2009). Elle semble associée à une contamination globale des écosystèmes (Erren et al., 2009), due à la charge critique causée par les débris plastiques. Les espèces marines apparaissent comme des indicateurs sensibles et des sentinelles vis-à-vis de menaces environnementales à l'égard de l'ensemble des espèces sauvages et de l'Homme, mais elles peuvent aussi constituer des vecteurs de composés cancérogènes via les chaînes alimentaires. De plus, ds particules de plastiques été retrouvées dans les miels (Liebezeit and Liebezeit, 2015), la bière, l'eau minérale, tandis qu'en Chine des risques pour l'Homme ont été clairement mis en évidence dans le périmètre d'usines de recyclage des déchets plastiques (Tang et al., 2015).

Une évaluation règlementaire et expérimentale des effets à renforcer sur les organismes des sols

A ce jour, l'évaluation règlementaire de l'écotoxicité concerne essentiellement les bioplastiques utilisés en agriculture pour le paillage des cultures. Les essais ne traduisent que peu d'effets significatifs sur les paramètres mesurés, sauf en ce qui concerne les micro-organismes (Chenon et al., 2011). La nitrification se montre sensible à la présence de plastiques dans les sols. Ces essais traduisent également des difficultés concernant leur mise en œuvre, avec des questionnements concernant le vieillissement des matériaux à tester, les doses à utiliser...

L'évaluation expérimentale de l'écotoxicité des matières plastiques sur les organismes des sols est peu documentée. Une seule étude porte sur l'annélide Lumbricus terrestris (Lwanga et al., 2016). En raison de leur importance dans le fonctionnement des sols, les vers de terre sont des bioindicateurs d'intérêt pour les études d'écotoxicité. Dans un premier temps, des individus ont été placés dans des sols recevant en surface de la litière contaminée avec des concentrations croissantes de poudre de polyéthylène à des doses environnementalement réalistes. Après 60 jours d'exposition, la mortalité représentait 8 à 25% des individus pour les doses de plastiques les plus élevées, et était accompagnée d'une diminution significative de leur croissance. Le taux d'ingestion de sol était également augmenté alors que le nombre de galeries creusé était modifié, sans relation dose-réponse apparente avec la quantité de plastiques. Aucun effet n'a été constaté sur la reproduction ni sur le positionnement vertical des vers. Cette étude permet de conclure que les microplastiques peuvent affecter la productivité primaire et secondaire de l'écosystème, en influant sur la décomposition de la matière organique et le cycle des éléments nutritifs. Dans un second temps, des vers ont été placés dans des boites de Pétri pour déterminer le taux d'ingestion des microplastiques et leurs concentrations dans les turricules. Après 4 jours, aucune mortalité des vers n'a été observée mais la croissance des vers a été réduite sans effet clair de relation avec la dose. Comme dans les expérimentations en mésocosmes, les microplastiques ont été mesurés en concentration plus élevée dans les turricules produits par les vers exposés à de faibles doses de plastiques. Une fraction des plastiques est immobilisée au niveau du tube digestif, traduisant la bioconcentration des plastiques dans les individus et un transfert possible dans les réseaux trophiques. L'autre fraction se retrouve dans les turricules selon une excrétion dépendant de la taille des particules.

Si les particules de plastiques peuvent se bioconcentrer au long des réseaux trophiques, un comportement identique est à attendre de la part des composés chimiques qu'elles contiennent ou qu'elles ont adsorbé. Des expériences réalisées sur le ver marin *Arenicola marina* exposé à du sable contenant des microplastiques préalablement contaminés avec des polluants et des additifs ont montré que ces composés étaient désorbés des plastiques, transférés dans le tube digestif des vers (Browne et al., 2013) et induisent des effets biologiques. Il est probable que des phénomènes similaires se produisent dans les sols. L'exemple des polychlorobiphényles (PCBs), souvent associés aux plastiques, illustre ce comportement de transfert dans une chaine alimentaire courte. Dans le tube digestif des vers de terre, les concentrations en PCBs restent faibles, du même ordre de grandeur que celles mesurées dans les sols. A l'inverse, elles augmentent très fortement dans le foie
d'étourneau qui consomme ces vers de terre, et dans les œufs de faucon qui ont consommé les étourneaux. Ces niveaux de concentration très élevés ont été rendus responsables de la stérilisation des œufs et par voie de conséquence de la diminution des populations de rapaces.

## Conclusion : des besoins de recherche

L'étude de la contamination des sols et des écosystèmes terrestres par les matières plastiques et leurs dérivés est un enjeu de santé environnementale et sanitaire. De nombreux challenges sont adressés à la recherche. Ils concernent i) le développement d'outils pour analyser et quantifier ces composés dans les matrices complexes que sont les sols et les tissus biologiques, ii) le développement de biomarqueurs adapté à l'enjeu de la présence de plastiques dans les sols et iii) le développement de méthodes statistiques pour aborder la complexité des expositions multiples et l'importance des facteurs confondants dans l'analyse des effets. Ces outils permettront i) de quantifier les flux réels de matières plastiques et dérivés dans les sols, ii) de quantifier l'exposition des populations au cours du temps (exposome), iii) de mieux connaitre les sites d'interaction intra-organismes, iv) de connaitre les effets-transgénérationnels consécutifs à ces expositions.

## Contacts

Christian Mougin et Isabelle Lamy

UMR ECOSYS, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Pôle Ecotoxicologie, 78026, Versailles, France

INRA
SCIENCE & IMPACT

## Pour en savoir plus

Les plastiques dans l'environnement : http://www.centreecotox.ch/news-publications/fiches-info/

Plastiques : quels enjeux pour demain ? Pollution physico-chimique - Impacts environnementaux et sanitaires : http://www.aret.asso.fr/fascicule-colloque-2016.pdf

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# ERA / Evaluation du risque

## JRC activities on the combined effects of chemicals

... From science to regulatory practices: Présentation au colloque "The future of risk assessment and toxicity testing for chemical mixtures". Presentation des travaux du JRC.

Auteurs : Andrew Worth and Stephanie Bopp, Joint Research Centre (JRC) Accès au document

## A testing approach for mixtures of endocrine disrupting chemicals

Présentation au colloque "The future of risk assessment and toxicity testing for chemical mixtures" (projet euromix)

Auteurs : Toine Bovee, Leo van de Ven... Accès au document

## From Data to Decisions: 21st Century Understanding of Chemical Mixtures

Présentation au colloque "The future of risk assessment and toxicity testing for chemical mixtures".

Auteur : Tina Bahadori, The United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) 25 pages

Les reflexions, actions et travaux de recherche de l'EPA concernant les mélanges chimiques, leur toxicité et leur règlementation. Three Research Topics

* Chemical evaluation

* Life cycle analytics

* Complex systems Accès au document

## EFSA - Débat sur la question des mélanges chimiques

Communiqué de l'EFSA du 08/06/2016 suite au colloque EFSA-RIVM des 18 et 19 Mai 2016 intitulé « The future of risk assessment and toxicity testing for chemical mixtures »

A recap of the symposium is available on this website. Also available for download are all the given presentations (par exemple: JRC activities on the combined effects of chemicals - from science to regulatory practice).

Plusieurs projets de recherche innovants ont été présentés lors de ce séminaire tels que EuroMix project / EUToxRisk21. Ont été présentés les travaux de l'EFSA et du RIVM dans le but d'intégrer l'évaluation des mélanges chimiques dans les décisions futures relatives à l'utilisation sans danger des pesticides et d'autres produits réglementés.

l'EFSA vient de mettre en place un groupe de travail en vue de développer un doct d'orientation destiné à harmoniser les méthodologies d'évaluation des risques associés à une exposition à de multiples substances chimiques pour l'homme et pour l'environnement. Accès au document

## Evaluation of the applicability of existing (Q)SAR models...

... for predicting the genotoxicity of pesticides and similarity analysis related with genotoxicity of pesticides for facilitating of grouping and read across. Appel d'offres EFSA 30/06/2016.

Published in the Official Journal of the European Union on 30/06/2016 - 2016/S 124-221553 Accès au document

# ERA / Publi scientifiques / Risk assessment : faune et pesticides

## Combining the uniform design-based ray procedure with combination index to investigate synergistic lethal toxicities of ternary mixtures on Caenorhabditis elegans

Tang, HX; Liu, SS; Li, K; Feng, L

ANALYTICAL METHODS, 8 (22):4466-4472; 2016 10.1039/c6ay00582a

A method combining the uniform design-based ray procedure (UD-Ray) and combination index (CI) integrated with observation-based confidence intervals (OCIs) was proposed to assess the combined toxicities of ternary mixtures of Cu, ionic liquids (1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([hmim] Br) or 3-methyl-1-octylimidazolium chloride ([omim] Cl)) and pesticides (dichlorvos (DIC) or glyphosate (GLY)) to Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). (...) Accès au document

## Developmental response of Spodoptera litura Fab. to treatments of crude volatile oil from Piper betle L. and evaluation of toxicity to earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae Kinb.

Vasantha-Srinivasan, P; Senthil-Nathan, S; Thanigaivel, A; Edwin, ES; Ponsankar, A; Selin-Rani, S; Pradeepa, V; Sakthi-Bhagavathy, M; Kalaivani, K; Hunter, WB; Duraipandiyan, V; Al-Dhabi, NA

CHEMOSPHERE, 2016 155 336-347; 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.139

Evaluations of biological effects of (Pb-CVO) the crude volatile oil of Piper betle leaves on the tobacco cutworm
Spodoptera litura were conducted. (...) These findings suggest that twenty essential compounds of betel leaf oil were significant inhibitors of the development and caused behavioral changes of S. litura. Treatment with betel leaf oil at these concentrations had no adverse effect on earthworm populations. Accès au document

## Vermiwash allows reduced application rates of acaricide azocyclotin for the control of two spotted spider mite, *Tetranychus urticae* Koch, on bean plant (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Aghamohammadi, Z; Etesami, H; Alikhani, HA

ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING, 2016, 93 234-241;
10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.05.041

The two-spotted spider mite, *Tetranychus urticae* Koch, is a cosmopolitan mite. It reproduces very rapidly and can also develop resistance to chemicals easily. Vermiwash is the watery extract of vermicomposts, extracted in the presence of rich population of earthworms, with plant growth promoting effects. The study was carried out to determine the efficacy of vermiwash and its combination with acaricide azocyclotin compared to the acaricide alone for control of *T. urticae* on bean plant under the laboratory and greenhouse conditions. (...) It may be suggested that combination of vermiwash with the acaricide can be a promising candidate for biological control of *T. urticae* on the bean plant reducing the application of the chemical pesticide up to 50%. Accès au document

## Soil ecotoxicology in Brazil is taking its course

<figure><img src="image_5.png" /></figure>

Niva, CC; Niemeyer, JC; Da Silva, FMR; Nunes, MET; De Sousa, DL; Aragao, CWS; Sautter, KD; Espindola, EG; Sousa, JP; Rombke, J

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH, 2016, 23 (11):11363-11378; 10.1007/s11356-016-6597-1

Soil ecotoxicology has been motivated by the increasing global awareness on environmental issues. Northern Hemisphere has been the main driver of this science branch; however, the number and quality of contributions from the Southern Hemisphere are increasing quickly. In this case study, Brazil is taken as an example of how soil ecotoxicology has developed over the last 30 years. (...)
Accès au document

## Integrated biomarkers induced by chlorpyrifos in two different life stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio) for environmental risk assessment

<figure><img src="image_6.png" /></figure>

Jeon, HJ; Lee, YH; Kim, MJ; Choi, SD; Park, BJ; Lee, SE

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY, 2016, 43 166-174; 10.1016/j.etap.2016.03.010

This study was performed to understand how chlorpyrifos (CHL) affects zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos and adults, by exposing this model organism to various concentrations of the insecticide. (...) Our results suggest that the up-regulation of metabolic enzymes including CYP450 and MDR1 may be involved in CHL resistance in zebrafish. Accès au document

## Survey and Risk Assessment of Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Exposure to Neonicotinoid Pesticides in Urban, Rural, and Agricultural Settings

<figure><img src="image_7.png" /></figure>

Lawrence, TJ; Culbert, EM; Felsot, AS; Hebert, VR; Sheppard, WS

JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY, 2016, 109 (2):520-528; 10.1093/jee/tov397

A comparative assessment of apiaries in urban, rural, and agricultural areas was undertaken in 2013 and 2014 to examine potential honey bee colony exposure to neonicotinoid insecticides from pollen foraging. (...) The calculated risk quotient based on a dietary no observable adverse effect concentration (NOAEC) suggested low potential for negative effects on bee behavior or colony health. Accès au document
## Risk management decisions for pesticides and threatened and endangered species: The role of uncertainty analysis

Fairbrother, A; Hartl, B; Hope, BK; Jenkins, JJ; Li, YW; Moore, DRJ

HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT, 22 (2):502-518;
[10.1080/10807039.2015.1089400](https://www.academia.edu.cdp/10.1080/10807039.2015.1089400)

(...) We recognize that the definition of acceptable risk is a policy judgment stemming from legislative language and judicial interpretation. However, a common risk assessment approach with similar technical underpinnings and a high degree of transparency used by all the agencies would be cost effective and more likely to achieve consensus among interested parties. Quantitative probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) methods can be used to develop risk estimates and to describe the level of confidence in these estimates. (...) [Accès au document](https://www.academia.edu.cdp/10.1080/10807039.2015.1089400)

## Risk Assessment of Organochlorines in Mollusk from the Mediterranean and Red Sea Coasts of Egypt

<figure><img src="image_8.png" /></figure>

El Nemr, A; El-Said, GF; Khaled, A

WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH, 88 (4):325-337;
[10.2175/106143016X14504669767977](https://www.academia.edu.cdp/10.2175/106143016X14504669767977)

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) residues were studied in different mollusk species from the Egyptian Mediterranean and Red Sea coasts. (...) Interestingly, HCHs, DDTs, and PCBs levels were lower than those recommended for Swedish Food Regulation and U.S. Food and Drug Administration, which means that mollusks from these two coastal areas are safe as food. [Accès au document](https://www.academia.edu.cdp/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.006)

## In silico prediction of the developmental toxicity of diverse organic chemicals in rodents for regulatory purposes

<figure><img src="image_9.png" /></figure>

Basant, N; Gupta, S; Singh, KP

TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH, 5 (3):773-787;
[10.1039/c5tx00493d](https://www.academia.edu.cdp/10.1039/c5tx00493d)

The experimental determination of the developmental toxicity potential (LEL) of chemicals is not only tedious, time and resource intensive, but it also involves unethical tests on animals. In this study, we have established quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) models for predicting the developmental toxicity potential of chemicals in rodents following the OECD guidelines. (...) The results suggest that the developed QSAR/QSAAR models can reliably predict the developmental toxicity potential of structurally diverse chemicals in rodents, generating useful toxicity data for risk assessment in humans. [Accès au document](https://www.academia.edu.cdp/10.1007/s10750-016-2675-0)

## The use of rotifers as test species in the aquatic effect assessment of pesticides in the tropics

<figure><img src="image_10.png" /></figure>

Moreira, RA; Mansano, AD; Rocha, O; Daam, MA

HYDROBIOLOGIA, 773 (1):1-9;
[10.1007/s10750-016-2675-0](https://www.academia.edu.cdp/10.1007/s10750-016-2675-0)

The present study aimed at evaluating the suitability of rotifers as standard invertebrate test species for the aquatic effect assessments of pesticides, with special emphasis to tropical settings. (...) Given their greater diversity and ecological role in tropical freshwaters as compared to temperate freshwaters, the use of rotifers in tropical risk assessments and immediate research needs are discussed. [Accès au document](https://www.academia.edu.cdp/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.006)

## Mixture toxicity of water contaminants-effect analysis using the zebrafish embryo assay (Danio rerio)

Schmidt, S; Busch, W; Altenburger, R; Kuster, E

CHEMOSPHERE, 152 503-512; 2016;
[10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.006](https://www.academia.edu.cdp/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.006)

Three water contaminants were selected to be tested in the zebrafish embryo toxicity test (DarT) in order to investigate the sensitivity of the zebrafish embryo toxicity test with respect to mixture effect detection. (...) Therefore, in a reasonable worst case scenario substance combination effects in fish embryos were at maximum only prone to overestimation when using CA as the mixture concept. [Accès au document](https://www.academia.edu.cdp/10.1007/s10750-016-2675-0)
## Risk assessment, cross-resistance potential, and biochemical mechanism of resistance to emamectin benzoate in a field strain of house fly (*Musca domestica Linnaeus*)

Khan, HAA; Akram, W; Khan, T; Haider, MS; Iqbal, N; Zubair, M

CHEMOSPHERE, 151 133-137; 2016
10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.02.077

(...) Reduced sensitivity to emamectin benzoate, a broad-spectrum agrochemical belonging to the avermectin group of pesticides, was reported in house flies (*Musca domestica L.*) collected from Punjab, Pakistan, in 2013. The aim of the present study was to investigate the risk for resistance development, biochemical mechanism, and cross resistance potential to other insecticides in an emamectin benzoate selected (EB-SEL) strain of house flies. (...) This will ultimately reduce emamectin selection pressure and help improving management programs for house flies without polluting the environment. Accès au document

## Adaptations of enchytraeids to single and combined effects of physical and chemical stressors

<figure><img src="image_11.png" /></figure>

Silva, ALP; Amorim, MJB; Holmstrup, M

ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEWS, 2016, 24 (1):1-12; 10.1139/er-2015-0048

Climate changes are expected to be greatest in the polar and temperate areas, where predictions point to an increase in freeze-thaw events and changes in precipitation, evaporation, and salinity patterns. These events will therefore affect biological activity of the soil compartment that may result in large impacts in ecosystem functioning and dynamics therein. This concern becomes even more important when considering the presence of contaminants due to intense anthropogenic activity, which may lead to synergistic or antagonistic effects and increase or decrease the impact on natural ecosystems. This paper reviews the effect of physical and chemical stressors on enchytraeids, with special emphasis on Enchytraeus albidus because most relevant studies have involved this species. (...) The synergistic or antagonistic interactions identified in the present review may also represent a stepping stone in the evaluation and possible inclusion of natural factors, like cold and salinity, in standardized enchytraeid test guidelines and consequently in risk assessment of chemicals. Accès au document

## Population-specific toxicity of six insecticides to the trematode *Echinoparyphium sp*

Hua, J; Buss, N; Kim, J; Orlofske, SA; Hoverman, JT

PARASITOLOGY, 143 (5):542-550; 2016
10.1017/S0031182015001894

The ubiquitous use of pesticides has increased concerns over their direct and indirect effects on disease dynamics. (...) We investigated the toxicity of six common insecticides at six environmentally-relevant concentrations to cercariae of the trematode *Echinoparyphium* from two populations. (...) Collectively, this work demonstrates that consideration of pesticide toxicity to parasites is important to understanding how pesticides ultimately shape disease dynamics in nature. Accès au document

## Combined endosulfan and cypermethrin-induced toxicity to embryo-larval development of *Rhinella arenarum*

<figure><img src="image_12.png" /></figure>

Svartz, GV; Aronzon, CM; Coll, CSP

JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A-CURRENT ISSUES, 79 (5):197-209; 10.1080/15287394.2015.1126211 2016

The combined effects of two widely used pesticides, endosulfan and cypermethrin, on survival of embryo-larval development of the South American toad (Rhinella arenarum) were examined. The toxicity bioassays were performed according to the AMPHITOX test. Embryos and larvae were exposed to mixtures of these pesticides at equitoxic ratios from acute or chronic exposure to evaluate interaction effects. (...) As a general pattern and considering conditions of overall developmental period and chronic exposure, this pesticide mixture usually applied in Argentine crop fields is synergistic with respect to toxicity for this native amphibian species. Accès au document
ERA / Publications
scientifiques / Risk
assessment : vers de
terre et pesticides

Joint acute toxicity of the herbicide butachlor and three insecticides to the terrestrial earthworm, *Eisenia fetida*

Wang, YH; Cang, T; Yu, RX; Wu, SG; Liu, XJ; Chen, C; Wang, Q; Cai, LM

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH, 23 (12):11766-11776; 10.1007/s11356-016-6347-4 2016

The herbicide butachlor and three insecticides phoxim, chlorpyrifos, and lambda-cyhalotrhin are widely used pesticides with different modes of action. (...). In this study, we evaluated their mixture toxicity on the terrestrial earthworm, *Eisenia fetida*, with binary, ternary, and quaternary mixtures. (...) The observed synergistic interactions underline the necessity to review soil quality guidelines, which are likely underestimating the adverse combined effects of these compounds. Accès au document

Individual and combined toxic effects of herbicide atrazine and three insecticides on the earthworm, *Eisenia fetida*

<figure><img src="image_13.png" /></figure>

Wang, YH; An, XH; Shen, WF; Chen, LZ; Jiang, JH; Wang, Q; Cai, LM

ECOTOXICOLOGY, 2016, 25 (5):991-999; 10.1007/s10646-016-1656-4

In the present study, we evaluated the individual and combined toxic effects of herbicide atrazine and three insecticides (chlorpyrifos, lambda-cyhalothrin and imidacloprid) on the earthworm, *Eisenia fetida*. (...) Our findings would help regulatory authorities understand the complexity of effects from pesticide mixtures on non-target organisms and provide useful information of the interaction of various pesticide classes detected in natural environment. Accès au document

Earthworms, pesticides and sustainable agriculture: a review

Datta, S; Singh, J; Singh, S; Singh, J

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH, 23 (9):8227-8243; 10.1007/s11356-016-6375-0 2016

The aim of this review is to generate awareness and understand the importance of earthworms in sustainable agriculture and effect of pesticides on their action. (...) We strictly need to refresh and rethink on the policies and norms devised by us on sustainable ecology. In an equivalent way, the natural resources should be utilized and further, essential ways for betterment of present and future livelihood should be sought. Accès au document

Evaluation of potential biocides for control of the earthworm *Eukerria saltensis* (Oligochaeta: Ocnerodrilidae), a pest of rice in southern Australia

Stevens, MM; Mo, J; Warren, GN; Doran, GS

CROP PROTECTION, 2016, 84 159-167; 10.1016/j.cropro.2016.03.004

The earthworm *Eukerria saltensis* can cause severe crop establishment problems in aerially sown rice grown on heavy clay soils in southern Australia. (...) We investigated the possibilities for chemical control of E. saltensis using laboratory bioassays and a series of field trials involving either the use of enclosures in flooded crops or soil incorporation of pesticides into rice fields during fallow periods or shortly before flooding. (...) Cultural approaches such as appropriate crop rotations and landforming to ensure uniformly shallow water should continue to form the basis of Eukerria management programs. Accès au document

Comparative toxicity and bioaccumulation of fenvalerate and esfenvalerate to earthworm Eisenia fetida

<figure><img src="image_14.png" /></figure>

Ye, XQ; Xiong, K; Liu, J

JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS, 310 82-88; 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.02.010 2016

(...) Fenvalerate (FV), an extensively used synthetic pyrethroid, is a typical chiral pesticide. The most insecticidally active enantiomer of FV, esfenvalerate (ESFV), also has been marketed and widely used. In this study, the toxicological sensitivity and bioaccumulation of FV and ESFV in earthworms were assessed. (...) Our findings suggest that the enantioselective toxicity and bioaccumulation of chiral pesticides should be considered for evaluating ecological risks of these compounds to non-target organisms. Accès au document
## Survival, morphology and reproduction of *Eisenia andrei* (Annelida, Oligochaeta) as affected by Vertimec (R) 18 EC in tests performed under tropical conditions

<figure><img src="image_15.png" /></figure>

Nunes, MET; Daam, MA; Espindola, ELG

APPLIED SOIL ECOLOGY, 100 18-26; 10.1016/j.apsoil.2015.11.023 2016

The effects of abamectin (Vertimec (R) 18 EC) on *Eisenia andrei* were evaluated under tropical conditions through acute and chronic tests. (...) Results suggest low risk of Vertimec (R) 18 EC to earthworms if the recommended dosage for strawberry crop and good agricultural practices are followed. It is important to consider, however, that only one application of the product was evaluated in the NS tests, whereas multiple applications as well as inadequate use of pesticides are common in the main Brazilian strawberry region. Accès au document

## Chiral quizalofop-ethyl and its metabolite quizalofop-acid in soils: Enantioselective degradation, enzymes interaction and toxicity to *Eisenia foetida*

Ma, L; Liu, H; Qu, H; Xu, YG; Wang, P; Sun, MJ; Zhou, ZQ; Liu, DH

CHEMOSPHERE, 152 173-180; 2016 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.02.084

<figure><img src="image_16.png" /></figure>

An enantioselective chromatographic method to analyze enantiomers of quizalofop-ethyl and its metabolite quizalofop-acid was established using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on (R, R) Whelk-O 1 column. The enantioselective degradation kinetics of quizalofop-ethyl and quizalofop-acid in three soils were investigated. (...) These results revealed the enantioselective degradation of quizalofopethyl and quizalofop-acid, and the differences of toxicity among the enantiomers of the parent compound and the metabolite, which should be considered in future environmental risk evaluation. Accès au document

## Rotenone causing dysfunctional mitochondria and lysosomes in cerebral ganglions of *Lumbricus terrestris* degenerate giant fibers and neuromuscular junctions

Subaraja, M; Vanisree, AJ

CHEMOSPHERE, 2016, 152 468-480; 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.02.132

Rotenone is well docted to cause neurodegenerative condition such as Parkinson's, in the exposed systems. However, its detrimental effect on particular sites of neuronal pathway is still under investigation. We aimed at elucidating the impact of rotenone on cerebral ganglions (CG) of *Lumbricus terrestris* which control movement and behaviour of the worms. (...) We also propose worms for studying mechanisms of neuronal pathology caused by chemicals prevailing in earth's atmosphere. Accès au document

## Effects of the Pyrethroid Esfenvalerate on the *Oligochaete, Lumbriculus variegatus*

<figure><img src="image_17.png" /></figure>

Rosa, R; Bordalo, MD; Soares, AMVM; Pestana, JLT

BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY, 96 (4):438-442; 10.1007/s00128-015-1718-y 2016

Esfenvalerate is a neurotoxic pyrethroid insecticide widely used for agricultural and residential purposes and is considered toxic to nontarget organisms such as fish and aquatic invertebrates. In this study, we evaluated the toxicity of esfenvalerate on the aquatic oligochaete *Lumbriculus variegatus*. (...) Reproductive impairment and reductions in biomass of L. variegatus exposed to environmentally realistic concentrations of esfenvalerate observed in laboratory tests suggests potential deleterious effects of this pyrethroid on oligochaete natural populations. Accès au document
# Droit : politique de l'environnement

## Rapport La feuille de route 2016 pour la transition écologique / volet phytosanitaires

Juin 2016. Le rapport complet compte 54 pages et est consultable en ligne

Les mesures concernant les produits phytosanitaires et le plan ecophyto sont dans l'Objectif 12 : Renforcer les actions dans le domaine santé - environnement 12a : Limiter l'exposition des populations aux substances chimiques préoccupantes (page 46).

Voir aussi 11d : Mettre en place une surveillance des pathologies des abeilles (l'observatoire de la mortalité et des affaiblissements des abeilles (OMAA) en 2016 permettra de connaître la situation sanitaire du cheptel apiaire)

Concernant les perturbateurs endocriniens (voir p 48)

Concernant les nanomatériaux (voir p 49) Accès au document

## La feuille de route 2016 pour la transition écologique

30/06/2016 Ministère de l'Environnement, de l'Energie et de la Mer. A l'occasion du conseil national de la transition écologique la feuille de route de la conférence environnementale 2016 a été présentée.

les douze mesures phares de la feuille de route

Nota Extrait de la mesure 12 : Pour préserver la santé des Français, le Gouvernement doit être très attentif aux substances chimiques diffusées dans notre environnement.

l'État s'engage en 2016 à réduire l'usage des substances chimiques préoccupantes pour limiter l'exposition des populations en particulier aux produits phytosanitaires en mettant en oeuvre la déclinaison régionale du plan ecophyto II qui pourra être financée par l'augmentation de la redevance sur les produits phytosanitaires Accès au document

## La Commission propose des mesures pour mieux protéger les travailleurs contre les agents chimiques cancérogènes

Communiqué de presse Commission Européenne 13 05 2016.

La Commission propose de modifier la directive sur les agents cancérogènes et mutagènes (2004/37/CE) en vue de limiter l'exposition à 13 de ces agents sur le lieu de travail... et d'ajouter de nouvelles valeurs limites ou de modifier des valeurs existantes pour réduire l'exposition à 13 agents cancérogènes. Ces valeurs définissent un niveau maximal de concentration d'un agent cancérogène dans l'air ambiant sur le lieu de travail... Certains des 13 agents, comme la silice cristalline alvéolaire (SCA), les composés du chrome (VI), les poussières de bois durs ou l'hydrazine, concernent un très grand nombre de travailleurs. D'autres seraient moins

fréquemment rencontrés, mais sont considérés comme prioritaires ...Pour en savoir plus MÉMO Accès au document

# Droit : règlementation des pesticides

## 18 mois pour en finir avec le glyphosate

ENVIRONNEMENT
magazine

Environnement-magazine 29/06/2016.

Faute de consensus des pays membres, la Commission européenne a décidé hier de prolonger l'autorisation de mise sur le marché du glyphosate de 18 mois.

Extraits : ...Le dossier était bloqué depuis plusieurs mois, faute d'une majorité claire des représentants des Etats membres - pour ou contre le renouvellement de l'AMM du glyphosate, qui arrive à expiration le 30 juin 2016. La dernière réunion, par un comité d'appel, vendredi 24 juin, n'a pas permis de trancher. Pour éviter l'arrêt brutal de la commercialisation de cet herbicide, la Commission décidé de prolonger cette AMM... Accès au document

## Glyphosate : les Etats membres ne prennent pas leurs responsabilités

ENVIRONNEMENT
magazine

Environnement-magazine.fr 06/06/2016.

Extraits :

Les experts des États membres, réunis au sein du comité technique des plantes, des animaux, des denrées alimentaires et des aliments pour animaux (comité PAFF), n'ont pas réuni la majorité qualifiée requise pour approuver - ou rejeter - l'ultime proposition de la Commission d'étendre temporairement la licence d'autorisation du glyphosate jusqu'au 31 décembre 2017 au plus tard, le temps que l'Agence européenne des produits chimiques (ECHA) se prononce sur la toxicité de cette substance active. Vingt pays ont voté pour la proposition, sept se sont abstenus (Allemagne, France, Italie, Autriche, Grèce, Portugal, Luxembourg) et un autre a voté contre (Malte)...

## La Commission en ultime recours

La procédure prévoit qu'en l'absence de majorité qualifiée pour ou contre une proposition, un comité d'appel soit saisi pour statuer à la majorité qualifiée des États membres. S'il n'y parvient pas, il reviendra à la Commission de décider...

En principe, l'avis de l'Echa est attendu à l'automne 2017. La proposition de la Commission stipule que, si l'Echa émet un avis négatif, la Commission adoptera un règlement stipulant que l'autorisation du glyphosate n'est pas renouvelée... Accès au document
## Appel à projets Ecophyto : des projets innovants et efficients pour une mise en œuvre de certaines actions du Plan

Communique de presse Alim'agri du 30/05/2016.

Extraits :...Un premier appel à projets... a pour but d'identifier des projets innovants et efficients permettant la mise en œuvre de certaines actions du plan Ecophyto II et de les accompagner financièrement, notamment dans les domaines suivants : les agroéquipements, le biocontrôle, l'accompagnement dans la transition vers l'agro-écologie à faible dépendance en produits phytopharmaceutiques, les études épidémiologiques en santé humaine et santé de l'environnement, les jardins, espaces végétalisés et infrastructures et les actions dans les territoires d'outre-mer.

Ces projets doivent permettre de faire émerger des projets innovants, en complément des dispositifs structurants déjà en place (réseau des fermes DEPHY, surveillance biologique du territoire, Certiphyto...). Ces nouveaux projets pourront être des actions de transfert, de diffusion, de communication, d'innovation, de mise en oeuvre de la protection intégrée, de l'agroéquipement, des équipements de protection individuelle (EPI), des actions en faveur du développement du biocontrôle... Ils concerneront l'ensemble des utilisations de produits phytopharmaceutiques, agricoles ou non.

Un second appel à projets national dans le domaine de la recherche sera prochainement lancé. Accès au document

## Droit des pesticides / Avis EFSA ANSES OCDE

### Chemical mixtures: debating the issues

<figure><img src="image_18.png" /></figure>

Débat sur la question des mélanges chimiques : Communiqué de presse de l'EFSA 08/06/2016.

Plusieurs projets de recherche innovants ont été présentés lors de ce séminaire organisé par l'EFSA et l'Institut national néerlandais pour la santé publique et l'environnement (RIVM). Les participants ont également abordé les travaux entrepris par l'EFSA et le RIVM dans le but d'intégrer l'évaluation des mélanges chimiques dans les décisions futures relatives à l'utilisation sans danger des pesticides et d'autres produits réglementés.

l'EFSA a mis en place un groupe de travail en vue de développer un *doct d'orientation destiné à harmoniser les méthodologies* d'évaluation des risques associés à une exposition à de multiples substances chimiques pour l'homme et pour l'environnement.

Un rapport plus détaillé du séminaire EFSA-RIVM est disponible sur le site internet du RIVM. Accès au document

## Breaking news from EFSA's expert meetings: plant protection products

<figure><img src="image_19.png" /></figure>

L'EFSA met désormais en ligne des videos pour présenter les conclusions des réunions du panel en charge des pesticides. Watch our news video report to find out what was discussed and decided at this week's open meeting of EFSA's Panel on Plant Protection Products and their Residues. Accès au document

## Peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain FZB24

EFSA Journal: EFSA Journal 2016;14(6):4494 [18 pp.]. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4494 Accès au document

Dans ce même numéro les autres matières actives évaluées sont picoxystrobin cyazofamid 8-hydroxyquinoline maleic hydrazide flurtamone

## Peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance oxathiapiprolin

EFSA Journal: EFSA Journal 2016;14(7):4504 [19 pp.]. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4504 Accès au document

## Perturbateurs endocriniens : six substances soumises à consultation publique

<figure><img src="image_20.png" /></figure>

Actu environnement 06/06/2016.

La consultation publique sur le rapport de l'Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (Anses) concernant la gestion des risques de six substances examinées, s'est ouverte le 2 juin dernier. Cette procédure s'inscrit dans le cadre de la stratégie nationale sur les perturbateurs endocriniens (SNPE).

Dans le cadre du règlement Reach de contrôle des substances chimiques, le ministère de l'Environnement avait chargé en 2015 l'Anses de réaliser une analyse de la meilleure option de gestion des risques concernant quatre substances: l'ATBC (acétylcitrate de tributyle), le TBC (citrate de tributyle), l'acide téréphtalique et le BHT (hydroxytoluène butylé). L'Anses écarte le caractère de perturbateur endocrinien pour l'être humain, notamment en raison de l'insuffisance ou de l'absence d'informations ... Dans le cas du BHT, l'avis propose d'inscrire la molécule pour évaluation Reach...

Le méthyl salicylate a été évalué : Une demande d'études complémentaires et un rapport d'évaluation ont été soumis à l'Agence européenne des produits chimiques (Echa)...
L'iprodione, un fongicide a été évalué. L'ANSES conclue que cette molécule présente des "propriétés identifiées de perturbateur endocrinien avec des effets sur les organes reproducteurs" et souligne que les conditions pour le renouvellement de son approbation ne sont donc pas remplies. Accès au document

## ANSES : Rapport d'activité 2015

Le rapport d'activité 2015 est disponible en ligne.

Il est accompagné du premier rapport sur les activités de l'Agence dans le cadre de ses missions relatives aux produits phytopharmaceutiques, adjuvants, matières fertilisantes et supports de culture, au suivi des risques liés à ces produits, notamment dans le cadre du dispositif de phytopharmacovigilance (20 pages).

<figure><img src="image_21.png" /></figure>

Sommaire : Les principes qui structurent le travail de l'Anses en matière de produits phytopharmaceutiques, le processus d'évaluation des dossiers, délivrance, modification et retrait des autorisations de mise sur le marché,

l'activité en matière de produits phytopharmaceutiques l'activité de délivrance des décisions d'autorisation, l'activité en matière de produits biocides en 2015, la phytopharmacovigilance, l'apport des autres activités d'évaluation et d'études

## Retrait des produits phytopharmaceutiques associant en coformulation glyphosate et POE-Tallowamine du marché français

<figure><img src="image_22.png" /></figure>

Anses 20/06/2016.

L'Anses procède ce jour au retrait de 132 autorisations des produits associant la substance active glyphosate au co-formulant POE-Tallowamine suite au réexamen des autorisations de mise sur le marché de ces produits. L'Agence avait identifié un point de préoccupation concernant les co-formulants... dans son avis de février 2016 sur les dangers du glyphosate...

Des risques inacceptables, notamment pour la santé humaine, ne pouvant être exclus pour ces produits, les conditions prévues à l'article 29 du règlement européen ne sont pas vérifiées. Accès au document

## De nouvelles missions pour l'Anses concernant les produits biocides

ANSES 01/07/2016.

L'Anses voit s'élargir ce jour son champ de compétences par la prise en charge des autorisations de mise sur le marché (AMM) des produits biocides, assortie de la

responsabilité de déclaration à l'inventaire des produits biocides (SIMMBAD). L'Agence s'appuiera sur l'organisation mise en place en juillet 2015 pour la délivrance des autorisations de mise sur le marché des produits phytopharmaceutiques, en tenant compte des spécificités de la réglementation européenne encadrant les produits biocides. Celle-ci, applicable depuis 2013, vise à assurer un niveau de protection élevé de l'Homme, des animaux et de l'environnement. Accès au document

## ISO 17601:2016 - Qualité du sol -- Estimation de l'abondance de séquences de gènes microbiens par amplification par réaction de polymérisation en chaîne (PCR) quantitative à partir d'ADN directement extrait du sol.

Norme publiée en Janvier 2016.

<figure><img src="image_23.png" /></figure>

ISO 17601:2016 spécifie les étapes principales d'une méthode d'amplification par réaction de polymérisation en chaîne (PCR) quantitative (qPCR) permettant de

mesurer l'abondance de séquences spécifiques de gènes microbiens à partir d'un extrait d'ADN du sol qui fournit une estimation de l'abondance de groupes microbiens spécifiques. Accès au document

## ISO 18187:2016 - Qualité du sol -- Essai contact pour échantillons solides utilisant l'activité déshydrogénase de Arthrobacter globiformis

Norme publiée en Avril 2016.

ISO 18187:2016 spécifie une méthode rapide d'évaluation d'échantillons solides en suspension aérobie, en déterminant l'inhibition de l'activité déshydrogénase de Arthrobacter globiformis à l'aide d'un indicateur redox coloré, la résazurine.

Cette méthode est applicable à l'évaluation de l'effet de contaminants non volatils, liés aux matières solides ou solubles dans l'eau, présents dans des échantillons naturels tels que des sols et des déchets. L'essai délivre un résultat en 6 h et peut donc être utilisé pour le criblage de matériaux potentiellement contaminés. Accès au document

## ISO 18311:2016 - Qualité du sol -- Méthode pour tester les effets des contaminants du sol sur l'activité alimentaire des organismes vivant dans le sol - Test Bait-lamina

Norme publiée en janvier 2016.

ISO 18311:2016 spécifie une technique permettant de déterminer, sur le terrain, les effets d'impacts anthropogéniques (par exemple, substances), eu égard aux conditions environnementales ambiantes, sur l'activité alimentaire des organismes du sol. Elle décrit également
l'utilisation de cette méthode pour la surveillance de la qualité biologique des sols (voir l'Annexe A)... **Accès au document**

# Droit des pesticides / Débats Articles Questions

## Suspension de fabrication et d'exportation de produits contenant du bisphénol A versus liberté d'entreprendre et libre concurrence : une « liberté d'empoisonner » ?

Article paru dans la gazette du Palais n°4, 26 janv. 2016, p.28.

L'auteur, Adrien Fourmon avocat au barreau de Paris, analyse la décision du conseil constitutionnel n° 2015-480 OPC du 17 septembre 2015 adoptée en réponse à la demande de l'Association Plastics Europe concernant la Suspension de la fabrication, de l'importation, de l'exportation et de la mise sur le marché de tout conditionnement à vocation alimentaire contenant du Bisphénol A

L'auteur nous a communiqué son article, consultable pour les membres du réseau Ecotox, à la demande.

## Bisphénol A « Ne fais pas aux autres ce que tu ne voudrais pas que l'on te fasse »,

<figure><img src="image_24.png" /></figure>

Aperçu par Michaël BOURU, A.T.E.R en doctorat de droit. Publié le **juin 20, 2016** par **lessen-ciel.com** qui cite l'article de Adrien Fourmon.

## Extraits Retour sur une décision prise par le Conseil constitutionnel au dernier trimestre 2015...

Le dispositif encadrant l'utilisation du B.P.A poursuit clairement un objectif de protection de la santé publique... Si le raisonnement présente certains mérites, la solution parait mitigée... À l'analyse, la décision privilégie d'un côté la liberté d'entreprendre, d'un autre la protection de la santé humaine tout en nuançant en même temps cette dernière.

## Perturbateurs endocriniens : une menace sanitaire sous-estimée

ENVIRONNEMENT
magazine.fr

Environnement-magazine.fr 29/06/2016.

Entretien avec Adrien Fourmon, avocat à propos des critères scientifiques définissant les perturbateurs endocriniens adoptés le 15 Juin.

## Extraits :... Quel est le statut juridique des perturbateurs endocriniens aujourd'hui en France ?

Il n'existe pas au niveau national ou européen de statut juridique unique concernant les PE. On assiste aujourd'hui à une réglementation fragmentée, qui encadre simplement dans des domaines spécifiques la mise sur le marché et la fabrication de produits contenant des PE...

## Pourquoi la définition "restrictive" des perturbateurs endocriniens donnée par la Commission inquiète-t-elle ?

...La définition et les critères retenus par la Commission peuvent être jugés, à plusieurs égards, comme restrictifs.

...certains scientifiques et associations notamment s'inquiètent du niveau de preuve scientifique requis.

Cette définition comporte des lacunes. En effet, l'approche retenue est fondée sur la notion de danger. Cela signifie que l'interdiction de mise sur le marché de certaines substances se fera en fonction de leur dangerosité, sans que le critère fondamental de l'exposition soit pris en compte. La Commission semble avoir oublié que les PE opèrent un changement de paradigme scientifique. Comme cela a été maintes fois exposé par les scientifiques, la dangerosité des PE n'est pas tant fonction de la dose de produit ingéré dans l'organisme mais du stade de développement auquel il se trouve au moment de l'exposition. A l'inverse d'autres produits chimiques, ce n'est pas la dose qui fait le poison des PE, mais la période d'exposition, ce qui peut sembler paradoxal, car il s'agit d'un changement de paradigme...

## Quels sont les enjeux pour la France ?

...La France devra retenir cette même définition, les règlements étant d'application directe, c'est-à-dire sans qu'une transposition soit nécessaire dans chaque Etat membre.

...Autes questions posées :

### Les perturbateurs endocriniens sont-ils déjà pris en compte dans la législation de l'UE?

### Comment les perturbateurs endocriniens contenus dans les produits phytopharmaceutiques et les produits biocides sont-ils réglementés dans la législation de l'UE?

### Le principe de précaution peut-il (encore) jouer dans la lutte contre les perturbateurs endocriniens ?

Nous sommes plutôt dans le cas d'une non-application du principe de précaution, car en vertu du principe de précaution, le cadre réglementaire pourrait être étendu en prenant en compte, notamment, « l'effet cocktail » des molécules dans l'évaluation de la toxicité des produits... **Accès au document**
# Droit des pesticides / Textes européens

<figure><img src="image_25.png" /></figure>

EU law and publications

## Cyromazine: commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2016/1068 of 1 July 2016

**Approving** N-cyclopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine (cyromazine) as an existing active substance for use in biocidal products JO CEE L 2016 178 R 0002. Accès au document

## Triasulfuron: commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2016/864 of 31 May 2016

Concerning the non-renewal of approval of the active substance triasulfuron, in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market, and amending Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 540/2011 JOL 2016 144 R 0007

## Isoproturon: commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2016/872 of 1 June 2016

Concerning the non-renewal of approval of the active substance isoproturon, in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market, and amending Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 540/2011 JO CEE L 2016 145 R 0003

## Amitrole: commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2016/871 of 1 June 2016

Concerning the non-renewal of approval of the active substance amitrole, in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market, and amending Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 540/2011 (Text with EEA relevance) JO CEE L 145/4

## Final opinion on new conclusions regarding future trends of cadmium accumulation in EU arable soils

Published: 2016-04-04. doi: 10.2875/268848

Author: Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety

Opinion adopted by the SCHER (Scientific Committee on Health and Environmental Risks) during its plenary meeting 25/11/2015) Accès au document

## Glyphosate : règlement d'exécution (UE) 2016/1056 de la Commission du 29 juin 2016

Modifiant le règlement d'exécution (UE) no 540/2011 en ce qui concerne la prolongation de la période d'approbation de la substance active «glyphosate».

Texte du 29/06/2016, paru au JO CE le 30/06/2016.

Dans la partie A de l'annexe du règlement (UE) no 540/2011, à l'entrée no 25 relative au glyphosate, sixième colonne «Expiration de l'approbation», les termes «30 juin 2016» sont remplacés par les termes «6 mois à compter de la date de réception par la Commission de l'avis du comité d'évaluation des risques de l'Agence européenne des produits chimiques, ou le 31 décembre 2017 si cette date est antérieure». Accès au document

## 76 perturbateurs endocriniens ciblés par la Commission européenne

Environnement-magazine.fr 07/07/2016.

Commente le rapport fait pour la Commission. Quelque 76 substances chimiques pourraient être retirées du marché européen en raison de leur dangerosité, sur un total de 630 substances.... **le rapport aboutit à identifie 76 substances chimiques** (sur un total de 630) comme des perturbateurs endocriniens.

Il s'agit plus exactement de **32 pesticides à usage agricole** sur les 348 actuellement autorisés par le règlement 1107/2009, de 6 biocides sur les 96 autorisés et de 38 produits chimiques divers... Accès au document

## Rapport : Screening of available evidence on chemical substances for the identification of endocrine disruptors according to different options in the context of an Impact Assessment

Final report: doi: 10.2875/328498. 2016 (503 pages).

EUROPEAN COMMISSION. Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety. Directorate E — Food and feed safety, innovation Unit E4 — Pesticides and biocides

<figure><img src="image_26.png" /></figure>

Ont été évaluées, entre autres, des substances actives de produits phytosanitaires ou de biocides. L'évaluation porte sur la toxicité et sur l'ecotoxicité. Une grande partie du rapport expose la

methodologie. Pour les phytosanitaires page 84 : A Weight of Evidence (WoE) approach was applied in the evaluation of both adverse effects and MoA as described in the JRC Report of the Endocrine Disrupters Expert Advisory Group (2013).

Les résultats sont en annexe 5.1 : The "Chemical Inventory" file originally provided by JRC included 431 PPPs (Plant Protection Product active substances). Finally, a total of 348 active substances used in PPPs were screened
Extrait page 91 : For vertebrate wildlife evaluation, only the adverse effects that are considered to be population relevant have been taken into account for the categorization. Considering studies in mammals, these effects include (but are not limited to) the following: effects on reproductive organs (ovaries, testis, etc.), developmental effects (litter size, litter weight, sex ratio, teratological effects, etc.), reproductive effects (abortions, pre- and post-implantation losses, gestation length, embryo/fetal viability etc.), effects on survival, sexual maturity, etc. Accès au document

## ECHA - Glyphosate: Public consultation on the harmonised classification and labelling proposal for Glyphosate

02/06/2016.

A 45 day public consultation has been launched on the harmonised classification and labelling proposals for Glyphosate. The substance is a widely used herbicide. Accès au document

## CE - Commission presents scientific criteria to identify endocrine disruptors in the pesticides and biocides areas

Commission Européenne - Communiqué de presse - Brussel's, 15 June 2016

<figure><img src="image_27.png" /></figure>

The Commission proposes to the Council and the European Parliament to adopt a strong science-based approach to the identification of endocrine disruptors and to endorse the WHO definition.

... Today, the European Commission presents two draft legal acts with scientific criteria that will allow for a more accurate identification of chemical substances which are endocrine disruptors, in the plant protection products and biocides areas.

Today's package includes:

- A Communication providing an overview of the scientific and regulatory context;

- An Impact Assessment Report which presents the state of science regarding different criteria to identify endocrine disruptors, and provides information on possible consequences;

- And two draft legal acts - one under the Biocidal Products legislation, the other under the Plant Protection Products legislation - which set the criteria to identify endocrine disruptors.

... The scientific criteria endorsed by the Commission today are based on the World Health Organisation's (WHO) definition of an endocrine disruptor, for which there is a wide consensus.

The WHO defines an endocrine disruptor as "an exogenous substance or mixture that alters function(s) of the endocrine system and consequently causes adverse health effects in an intact organism, or its progeny, or (sub)populations".

The criteria endorsed today also specify how the identification of an endocrine disruptor should be carried out:

- by making use of all relevant scientific evidence;

- using a weight of an evidence-based approach;

- and applying a robust systematic review.

The Commission Communication which accompanies the two acts provides an overview of the complex scientific and regulatory context around endocrine disruptors and describes how a scientific consensus on the definition has grown over the last years, all of which has been taken into account by the Commission in arriving at its decision. Looking beyond the criteria, the Communication sets out a number of actions where the Commission will increase its efforts to minimise exposure to endocrine disruptors, in the short-term (research and international cooperation), mid-term (test methods) and long-term (regulatory).

To ensure that swift action is taken, today the Commission is also asking the European Food Safety Authority and the European Chemicals Agency to begin looking at whether approved individual substances that show indications of being endocrine disruptors can be identified as endocrine disruptors according to the criteria in the draft texts presented today...

The two draft legal acts containing the criteria now need to be adopted by the Commission... Both measures involve the European Parliament and the Council...

The Commission is also proposing to adjust the ground for possible derogations under the plant protection products legislation in order to take into account the latest scientific knowledge... Accès au document

## CE - Fact sheet: Endocrine disruptors

Dossier mis en ligne sur le site de la Commission Européenne le 15 juin 2016 : le point sur les perturbateurs endocriniens, leur définition et les travaux de la Commission à ce sujet.

Endocrine disruptors are chemicals which impact on the hormone system of animals and humans. They have three cumulative characteristics: a hormonal function, an adverse effect, and a causality between the two.

<figure><img src="image_28.png" /></figure>
La fiche répond aux questions suivantes :

What is the issue at stake ?

How does EU legislation regulate endocrine disruptors (EDS) in Plant Protection Products and Biocidal Products?

"Hazard-based" and "risk-based" decision making on chemicals: what is the regulatory context?

What will the criteria mean for the regulatory areas of Plant Protection Products and Biocidal Products?

Will the new criteria be applied immediately?

What is the Commission presenting?

What are the next steps in terms of procedure? Accès au document

Droit des pesticides /
Textes officiels français

<figure><img src="image_29.png" /></figure>

Legifrance.gouv.fr
LE SERVICE PUBLIC DE LA DIFFUSION DU DROIT

Décret n° 2016-859 du 29 juin 2016 relatif aux
procédures d'approbation, de mise à disposition
sur le marché ainsi que de déclaration des produits
et des substances actives biocides.

Texte du 29/06/2016, paru au Journal Officiel le
30/06/2016.

Voir l'article. R. 522-2 - L'organisme désigné au présent chapitre comme "Agence nationale" est l'Agence nationale chargée de la sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail, mentionnée à l'article L. 1313-1 du code de la santé publique.

Voir aussi l'article « Art. R. 522-5 - Les décisions relatives aux demandes d'autorisation de mise à disposition sur le marché des produits biocides ainsi qu'aux demandes de modification, de renouvellement ou de retrait de ces autorisations prises au titre des procédures prévues par le règlement (UE) n° 528/2012 du 22 mai 2012 et par ses règlements d'exécution sont délivrées par le directeur général de l'Agence nationale, sous réserve de l'article R. 522-6. Accès au document

Diméthoate : Avis aux importateurs relatif aux introductions de cerises fraîches provenant ou originaires des pays tiers ou des Etats-membres de l'Union européenne

JORF n°0135 du 11 juin 2016 texte n° 109.

... Suite à l'arrêté du 21 avril 2016 portant suspension d'importation et de mise sur le marché en France de cerises en provenance d'Etats membres de l'Union européenne ou de pays tiers, où l'utilisation de produits

phytopharmaceutiques contenant la substance active **diméthoate** est autorisée en traitement des cerisiers, le ministère chargé de l'agriculture a publié un avis aux importateurs (JORF du 11/06/2016)... Accès au document

Evaluation du risque :
Normes et méthodes

Chemicals risk assessment: evidence-evaluation
methods analysed for nine EU regulations

Article du bulletin Science for Environment policy 24 June 2016 Issue 460.

The use of two methods to systematise evidence-evaluation methods is reviewed in nine EU regulations dealing with chemicals risk assessment. The majority of frameworks were found to promote the use of ‘weight of evidence’ or ‘systematic review’-style approaches, but the study found a lack of structured, consistent and detailed guidance for these approaches. The researchers recommend this guidance is developed collaboratively by European regulatory agencies and points to best practice for this guidance. Accès au document

Overview of existing methodologies for the
estimation of non-dietary exposure to chemicals
from the use of consumer products and via the
environment

<figure><img src="image_30.png" /></figure>

EFSA Journal: EFSA Journal
2016;14(7):4525 [19 pp.].

The current scientific report compiles and summarise relevant information on non-dietary exposure derived from the use of consumer products and via the environment (dust, air, etc.). Leading institutions and organisations on non-dietary exposure are presented, in particular, the European Chemical Agency (ECHA). This scientific report also provides an overview of the registration process of chemical substances that should be followed under Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH). Accès au document

CORDIS - De meilleurs tests pour les plans d'eau

... Le projet financé par l'UE QWATER (Bioassay integration under the European Water Framework Directive) visait à étudier les relations de cause à effet pour l'évaluation de la qualité environnementale. Il a travaillé à l'intégration de bio-essais et de biomarqueurs de toxicité à court terme dans les évaluations de la DCE pour établir des schémas de cause à effet constatés dans les plans d'eau sous-optimaux au niveau écologique.
L'équipe du projet a développé des bio-essais de toxicité efficaces sur des espèces animales spécifiques en lien avec différentes fonctions clés dans l'écosystème. Il a ensuite intégré les biomarqueurs et établi comment ces éléments de qualité - bio-essais et biomarqueurs - consolidant l'approche du statut de **qualité écologique standard** servaient à évaluer la qualité de l'eau.

<figure><img src="image_31.png" /></figure>

QWATER a confirmé que les bio-essais sont des outils économiques pour les évaluations de toxicité des sédiments estuariens... Les bio-essais ont également démontré que les indices écologiques développés peuvent grandement contribuer à l'évaluation et à la gestion des plans d'eau conformément à la DCE... Accès au document

## Publications des membres du réseau Ecotox

<figure><img src="image_32.png" /></figure>

### Effects of chlordecone on 20-hydroxyecdysone concentration and chitobiase activity in a decapod crustacean, Macrobrachium Erosenbergii

**Authors:** Lafontaine, A; Gismondi, E; Boulange-Lecomte, C; Geraudie, P; Dodet, N; Caupos, F; Lemoine, S; Lagadic, L; Thome, JP; Forget-Leray, J

**Source:** AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY, 176 53-63; 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.04.006

<figure><img src="image_33.png" /></figure>

**Abstract:** Whereas CLD is suspected of inducing endocrine disruption, this work aimed to study the effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of CLD on the 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HE) hormone concentration and on the chitobiase activity, both having key roles in the molting process of crustaceans. In addition, the bioaccumulation of CLD was measured in the muscle tissue of Macrobrachium rosenbergii to underline potential dose-response relationship. The results have shown that CLD was bioaccumulated in exposed organisms according to a trend to a dose-response relationship. Moreover, it was observed that CLD decreased the 20-HE concentration in exposed prawns when compared to control, whatever the duration of exposure, as well as it inhibited the chitobiase activity

after 30 days of exposure. The present study indicates that CLD could interfere with molting process of M. rosenbergii by disturbing the 20-HE concentration and the activity of chitobiase, suggesting consequences at the long term on the shrimp development. This study also confirmed that CLD could be an endocrine disruptor in decapod crustaceans, as it was already observed in vertebrates.
**Contact:** Anne.Lafontaine@ulg.ac.be Accès au document

### Trace element bioavailability, yield and seed quality of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) modulated by biochar incorporation into a contaminated technosol

**Authors:** Marchand, L; Pelosi, C; Gonzalez-Centeno, MR; Maillard, A; Ourry, A; Galland, W; Teissedre, PL; Bessoule, JJ; Mongrand, S; Morvan-Bertrand, A; Zhang, QZ; Grosbellet, C; Bert, V; Oustriere, N; Mench, M; Brunel-Muguet, S

**Source:** CHEMOSPHERE, 2016, 156 150-162; 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.04.129

**Abstract:** Background and aims: Rapeseed (Brassica napus L) is a Cd/Zn-accumulator whereas soil conditioners such as biochars may immobilize trace elements. These potentially complementary soil remediation options were trialed, singly and in combination, in a pot experiment with a metal(loid)-contaminated technosol. Methods: The technosol [total content in mg kg(-1) Zn 6089, Cd 9.4, Cu 110, and Pb 956] was either amended (2% wow) or not with a poultry manure-derived biochar. Rapeseed was cultivated for both soil treatments during 24 weeks up to harvest under controlled conditions. Results: Biochar incorporation into the technosol promoted the As, Cd, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb and Zn solubility. It decreased foliar B, Cu and Mo concentrations, and Mo concentration in stems, pericarps and seeds. But, it did not impact neither the biomass of aerial rapeseed parts (except a decrease for seeds), nor their C (except a decrease for stems), seed fatty acid, seed starch and soluble sugar contents, and antioxidant capacity in both leaves and seeds. Biochar amendment increased the phytoextraction by aerial plant parts for K, P, and S, reduced it for N, Ca, B, Mo, Ni and Se, whereas it remained steady for Mg, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, Cd and Co. Conclusions: The biochar incorporation into this technosol did not promote Cd, Cu and Zn phytoextraction by rapeseed and its potential oilseed production, but increased the solubility of several metal(loid)s. Here Zn and Cd concentrations in the soil pore water were decreased by rapeseed, showing the feasibility to strip available soil Zn and Cd in combination with seed production. Accès au document

### Comparative bioremediation of heavy metals and petroleum hydrocarbons co-contaminated soil by natural attenuation, phytoremediation, bioaugmentation and bioaugmentation-assisted phytoremediation

**Authors:** Agnello, AC; Bagard, M; van Hullebusch, ED; Esposito, G; Huguenot, D
**Source:** SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT, 2016, 563
693-703; 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.061

<figure><img src="image_34.png" /></figure>

**Abstract:** This study evaluated through a pot experiment four bioremediation strategies: a) natural attenuation, b) phytoremediation with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), c) bioaugmentation with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and d) bioaugmentation-assisted phytoremediation, for the treatment of a co-contaminated soil presenting moderate levels of heavy metals (Cu, Pb and Zn at 87, 100 and 110 mg kg(-1) DW, respectively) and petroleum hydrocarbons (3800 mg kg(-1) DW). As demonstrated by plant biomass and selected physiological parameters alfalfa plants were able to tolerate and grow in the co-contaminated soil, especially when soil was inoculated with P. aeruginosa, which promoted plant growth (56% and 105% increase for shoots and roots, respectively) and appeared to alleviate plant stress. The content of heavy metals in alfalfa plants was limited and followed the order: Zn &#62; Cu &#62; Pb. Heavy metals were mainly concentrated in plant roots and were poorly translocated, favouring their stabilization in the root zone. Bioaugmentation of planted soil with P. aeruginosa generally led to a decrease of plant metal concentration and translocation. The highest degree of total petroleum hydrocarbon removal was obtained for bioaugmentation-assisted phytoremediation treatment (68%), followed by bioaugmentation (59%), phytoremediation (47%) and natural attenuation (37%). The results of this study demonstrated that the combined use of plant and bacteria was the most advantageous option for the treatment of the present co-contaminated soil, as compared to natural attenuation, bioaugmentation or phytoremediation applied alone. **E-mail Address:** david.huguenot@u-pem.fr **Accès au document**

## Responses of Aquatic Bacteria to Terrestrial Runoff: Effects on Community Structure and Key Taxonomic Groups

**Authors:** Le, HT; Ho, CT; Trinh, QH; Trinh, DA; Luu, MTN; Tran, HS; Orange, D; Janeau, JL; Merroune, A; Rochelle-Newall, E; Pommier, T

**Source:** FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY, 7
10.3389/fmicb.2016.00889 2016

**Abstract:** We focused on understanding the effects of DOC runoff from soils amended with compost, vermicompost, or biochar on the aquatic microbial community of a tropical reservoir. Runoff collected from a series of rainfall simulations on soils amended with different organic fertilizers was incubated for 16 days in a series of 200 L mesocosms filled with water from a downstream reservoir. We applied 454 high throughput pyrosequencing for bacterial 16S rRNA genes to analyze microbial communities. After 16 days of incubation, the richness and evenness of the microbial communities present decreased in the mesocosms amended with any organic fertilizers, except for the evenness in the mesocosms amended with compost runoff. In contrast, they increased in the reservoir water control and soil-only amended

mesocosms. Community structure was mainly affected by pH and DOC concentration. Compared to the autochthonous organic carbon produced during primary production, the addition of allochthonous DOC from these organic amendments seemed to exert a stronger effect on the communities over the period of incubation. While the Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria classes were positively associated with higher DOC concentration, the number of sequences representing key bacterial groups differed between mesocosms particularly between the biochar runoff addition and the compost or vermi-compost runoff additions. The genera of Propionibacterium spp. and Methylobacterium spp. were highly abundant in the compost runoff additions suggesting that they may represent sentinel species of complex organic carbon inputs. Overall, this work further underlines the importance of studying the off-site impacts of organic fertilizers as their impact on downstream aquatic systems is not negligible. **Address:** emma.rochelle-newall@ird.fr **Accès au document**

## Potential exposure routes and accumulation kinetics for poly- and perfluorinated alkyl compounds for a freshwater amphipod: Gammarus spp. (Crustacea)

**Authors:** Bertin, D; Labadie, P; Ferrari, BJD; Sapin, A; Garric, J; Geffard, O; Budzinski, H; Babut, M

**Source:** CHEMOSPHERE, 155 380-387;
10.1016/j.cemosphere.2016.04.006

<figure><img src="image_35.png" /></figure>

Chemosphere

<figure><img src="image_36.png" /></figure>

**Abstract:** Gammarids were exposed to sediments from a deposition site located on the Rhone River (France) downstream of a fluoropolymer manufacturing plant. Gammarids accumulated to various extents four long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) from C-9 to C-13, one sulfonate, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and three of its precursors (the perflurooctane sulfonamide (FOSA), the N-methyl perfluorooctane sulfonamidoacetic acid (MeFOSAA), the N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamidoacetic acid (EtFOSAA) and the 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (6:2 FTSA). Whatever the compound, the steady state was not achieved after a 3-week exposure; elimination was almost complete after a 3-week depuration period for perfluoronanoic acid (PFNA), PFOS, the three precursors and the 6:2FTSA. However, this was not the case for long-chain PFCAs, whose elimination rates decreased with increasing chain length. PFAS accumulation in gammarids occurred via the trophic and respiratory pathways, in proportions varying with the carbon chain length and the terminal moiety. **Address:** d.bertin@hotmail.fr; **Accès au document**
## Metabolic and immune impairments induced by the endocrine disruptors benzo[a]pyrene and triclosan in Xenopus tropicalis

**Authors:** Regnault, C; Willison, J; Veyrenc, S; Airieau, A; Meresse, P; Fortier, M; Fournier, M; Brousseau, P; Raveton, M; Reynaud, S

**Source:** CHEMOSPHERE, 2016, 155 519-527; 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.04.047

**Abstract:** ... the role played by endocrine disruptors (EDs) in the decline of amphibian populations remains unclear. EDs have been extensively studied in adult amphibians for their capacity to disturb reproduction by interfering with the sexual hormone axis. Here, we studied the in vivo responses of Xenopus tropicalis males exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of each ED, benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and triclosan (TCS) alone (10 mu g L-1) or a mixture of the two (10 mu g L-1 each) over a 24 h exposure period by following the modulation of the transcription of key genes involved in metabolic, sexual and immunity processes and the cellular changes in liver, spleen and testis. BaP, TCS and the mixture of the two all induced a marked metabolic disorder in the liver highlighted by insulin resistance-like and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)-like phenotypes together with hepatotoxicity due to the impairment of lipid metabolism. For TCS and the mixture, these metabolic disorders were concomitant with modulation of innate immunity. These results confirmed that in addition to the reproductive effects induced by EDs in amphibians, metabolic disorders and immune system disruption should also be considered. **Address:** christophe.regnault@gmail.com; Accès au document

## Development of a multi-residue analysis of diclofenac and some transformation products in bivalves using QuEChERS extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Application to samples from mesocosm studies

**Authors:** Daniele, G; Fieu, M; Joachim, S; James-Casas, A; Andres, S; Baudoin, P; Bonnard, M; Bonnard, I; Geffard, A; Vulliet, E

**Source:** TALANTA, 2016, 155 1-7; 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.04.016

**Abstract:** ... The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac (DCF) is one of the most frequently detected human pharmaceuticals in water and has recently been included in the "watch" list of the European Union. However little data are available on the detection of this substance and its transformation products in aquatic organisms. In this context, an analytical methodology has been developed to quantify traces of DCF along with its biotic and abiotic transformation products in a wild species of bivalve, the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. A modified QuEChERS extraction was implemented on a small quantity of soft bivalve tissue (100 mg). This was followed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with electrospray ionization in positive mode (ESI+). Whole analytical method was validated on spiked real samples, with regard to linearity (from 1 to 50 or 100 ng/g

depending on the target compounds, R-2 &#62; 0.99), intra-day precision (relative standard deviation (RSD) &#60; 18%), inter-day precision (RSD &#60; 25%), (recoveries 78-117%), and limits of detection and of quantification (both inferior or equal to 1 ng/g). The optimized method was successfully applied to organisms collected from mesocosm experiments. Bioconcentration factors comprised between 4 and 13 were observed for DCF in the zebra mussels. To the best of our knowledge, the product 2-indolone was for the first time detected in bivalves, with levels up to 6 ng/g.
**Address:** gaelle.daniele@isa-lyon.fr Accès au document

## Juvenile roach (Rutilus rutilus) increase their anaerobic metabolism in response to copper exposure in laboratory conditions

**Authors:** Maes, V; Betoulle, S; Jaffal, A; Dedourge-Geffard, O; Delahaut, L; Geffard, A; Palluel, O; Sanchez, W; Paris-Palacios, S; Vettier, A; David, E

**Source:** ECOTOXICOLOGY, 25 (5):900-913; 10.1007/s10646-016-1648-4 2016

<figure><img src="image_37.png" /></figure>

**Abstract:** This study aims to determine the potential impairment of cell energy synthesis processes (glycolysis and respiratory chain pathways) by copper in juvenile roach at different regulation levels by using a multi-marker approach. Juvenile roach were exposed to 0, 10, 50, and 100 A mu g/L of copper for 7 days in laboratory conditions. The glycolysis pathway was assessed by measuring the relative expression levels of 4 genes encoding glycolysis enzymes. The respiratory chain was studied by assessing the electron transport system and cytochrome c oxidase gene expression. Muscle mitochondria ultrastructure was studied, and antioxidant responses were measured. Furthermore, the main energy reserves-carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins-were measured, and cellular energy was evaluated by measuring ATP, ADP, AMP and IMP concentrations. This study revealed a disturbance of the cell energy metabolism due to copper exposure, with a significant decrease in adenylate energy charge in roach exposed to 10 mu g/L of copper after 1 day. Moreover, ATP concentrations significantly decreased in roach exposed to 10 mu g/L of copper after 1 day. This significant decrease persisted in roach exposed to 50 A mu g/L of copper after 7 days. AMP concentrations increased in all contaminated fish after 1 day of exposure. In parallel, the relative expression of 3 genes encoding for glycolysis enzymes increased in all contaminated fish after 1 day of copper exposure. Focusing on the respiratory chain, cytochrome c oxidase gene expression also increased in all contaminated fish at the two time-points. The activity of the electron transport system was not disturbed by copper, except in roach exposed to 100 A mu g/L of copper after 1 day. Copper induced a metabolic stress. Juvenile roach seemed to respond to the ensuing high energy demand by increasing their anaerobic metabolism, but the energy produced by the anaerobic metabolism is unable to compensate for the stress induced by copper after 7 days. This multi-marker approach allows us to reach a greater understanding of the effects of copper on the physiological responses of juvenile
roach. Address: virginie.maes@univ-reims.fr Accès au document

## Is there any consistency between the microplastics found in the field and those used in laboratory experiments?

Authors: Phuong, NN; Zalouk-Vergnoux, A; Poirier, L; Kamari, A; Chatel, A; Mouneyrac, C; Lagarde, F

Source: ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION, 211 111-123; 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.12.035 2016

**Abstract:** The ubiquitous presence and persistency of microplastics (MPs) in aquatic environments are of particular concern since they represent an increasing threat to marine organisms and ecosystems. Great differences of concentrations and/or quantities in field samples have been observed depending on geographical location around the world. The main types reported have been polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene. The presence of MPs in marine wildlife has been shown in many studies focusing on ingestion and accumulation in different tissues, whereas studies of the biological effects of MPs in the field are scarce. If the nature and abundance/concentrations of MPs have not been systematically determined in field samples, this is due to the fact that the identification of MPs from environmental samples requires mastery and execution of several steps and techniques. For this reason and due to differences in sampling techniques and sample preparation, it remains difficult to compare the published studies. Most laboratory experiments have been performed with MP concentrations of a higher order of magnitude than those found in the field. Consequently, the ingestion and associated effects observed in exposed organisms have corresponded to great contaminant stress, which does not mimic the natural environment. Medium contaminations are produced with only one type of polymer of a precise sizes and homogenous shape whereas the MPs present in the field are known to be a mix of many types, sizes and shapes of plastic. Moreover, MPs originating in marine environments can be colonized by organisms and constitute the sorption support for many organic compounds present in environment that are not easily reproducible in laboratory. Determination of the mechanical and chemical effects of MPs on organisms is still a challenging area of research. Among the potential chemical effects it is necessary to differentiate those related to polymer properties from those due to the sorption/desorption of organic compounds. **Address:** aurore.zalouk-vergnoux@univ-nantes.fr Accès au document

## Metal exposure in cows grazing pasture contaminated by iron industry: Insights from magnetic particles used as tracers

<figure><img src="image_38.png" /></figure>

Authors: Ayrault, S; Catinon, M; Boudouma, O; Bordier, L; Agnello, G; Reynaud, S; Tissut, M

Source: ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION, 212 565-573; 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.03.006 2016

**Abstract:** Magnetic particles (MP) emitted by an iron smelter were used to investigate the exposure of cows grazing on a grassland polluted by these MP and by large amounts of potentially toxic elements (PTE). The morphology as well as the chemical composition of the MP separated from cow dung were studied. Large amounts of typical MP were found (1.1 g kg(-1) dry weight) in the cow dung sampled from the exposed site, whereas these particles were absent from the reference unpolluted site. The ingested MP were mainly technogenic magnetic particles (TMP) emitted by the smelter. Considering the MP concentration in the grazed grass on the exposed site, it was concluded that cows absorb the MP not only from the grass but also from the soil surface. The results of a mild acidic leaching of the MP suggested that the particles were possibly submitted to a superficial dissolution in the abomasum, pointing at a potential route of transfer of the PTE originating from the TMP and leading into food chains. TMP were only a small part of the anthropogenic contamination having affected the soil and the dung. However, due to their unequivocal signature, TMP are a powerful tracer of the distribution of PTE in the different compartments constituting the food chains and the ecosystems. Furthermore, the measurement of the particle sizes gave evidence that a noticeable proportion of the MP could enter the respiratory tract. **Addresses:** sophie.ayrault@lsce.ipsl.fr Accès au document

## Comparative embryotoxicity and genotoxicity of the herbicide diuron and its metabolites in early life stages of Crassostrea gigas: Implication of reactive oxygen species production

Authors: Behrens, D; Rouxel, J; Burgeot, T; Akcha, F

<figure><img src="image_39.png" /></figure>

**Abstract:**... With the aim to investigate the mechanisms by which diuron displays its toxicity in oyster, the implication of both biotransformation and oxygen reactive species (ROS) production was studied considering embryotoxicity and genotoxicity as endpoints. Comparative embryotoxicity and genotoxicity of diuron

and its main metabolites (DCPMU, DCPU and 3,4-DCA) were thus studied on oyster larvae by the embryo-larval bioassay on D larvae and the comet assay on trochophore larvae, respectively. Exposures were also performed in presence and absence of known ROS scavenger compounds - ascorbic acid and N-acetylcysteine, to evaluate the involvement of oxyradicals in the toxic responses. In the case of diuron, the production of ROS on exposed oyster larvae was also measured using 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate as a probe for flow cytometric analysis. The results we obtained showed the embryotoxicity and genotoxicity of diuron and its metabolites in early life stages of the Pacific oyster. For concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 0.5 mg L⁻¹, diuron appeared significantly more embryotoxic than DCPMU and DCPU (p &#60; 0.001). Embryotoxicity decreased with diuron metabolism as follows: diuron &#62;= DCPMU = DCPU, highlighting that biotransformation can constitute a true detoxication pathways in oyster larvae by decreasing the toxicity of the parent compound. In the opposite, no difference was observed between diuron and its metabolites concerning larval development when
considering a lower and more environmentally realistic range of concentrations (0.002-0.050 mg L-1). 3,4-DCA was the only compound that did not show any sign of embryotoxicity, even at concentrations up to 5 mg L-1. Concerning genotoxicity, no significant difference was observed between diuron and all of its metabolites including 3, 4 DCA with damages detected from the concentration of 0.05 mg L-1. As for diuron, the toxicity of the metabolites seems to be mediated in some part by ROS production as clearly demonstrated by the decrease in genotoxicity and developmental abnormalities in the presence of the oxidant scavenger, ascorbic acid. Accès document

## Dendrochemical assessment of mercury releases from a pond and dredged-sediment landfill impacted by a chlor-alkali plant

**Authors:** Maillard, F; Girardclos, O; Assad, M; Zappelini, C; Mena, JMP; Yung, L; Guyeux, C; Chretien, S; Bigham, G; Cosio, C; Chalot, M

<figure><img src="image_40.png" /></figure>

**Source:** ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH, 148 122-126; 10.1016/j.envres.2016.03.034 2016

**Abstract:** Although current Hg emissions from industrial activities may be accurately monitored, evidence of past releases to the atmosphere must rely on one or more environmental proxies. We used Hg concentrations in tree cores collected from poplars and willows to investigate the historical changes of Hg emissions from a dredged sediment landfill and compared them to a nearby control location. Our results demonstrated the potential value of using dendrochemistry to record historical Hg emissions from past industrial activities. **Address:** michel.chalot@univ-fcomte.fr

Accès au document

## Enhanced Phytoextraction of Nickel from Contaminated Soil by Hypperaccumulator Plant Co-Cropping Associated with PGPR

**Authors:** Benizri, E; Rue, M; Durand, A; Morel, JL; Echevarria, G; Piutti, S

**Source:** MINERAL RESOURCES IN A SUSTAINABLE WORLD, VOLS 1-5, 1461-1464; 2015

**Conference Title:** 13th SGA Biennial Meeting on Mineral Resources n a Sustainable World **Conference Date:** AUG 24-27, 2015

**Abstract:** The objective of this work was first to compare the cropping of single hyperaccumulator plant species (either Alyssum murale, Noccaea tymphaea, Leptoplax emarginata or Bommuellera tymphaea) with co-cropping of all four species on the efficiency of Ni extraction from a Ni-rich ultramafic soil. Also, the effects on soil physicochemical properties and on microbial communities' changes colonizing the rhizosphere were evaluated. Secondly, this study aimed at evaluating the effect of selected rhizobacterial strains, isolated from the

rhizosphere of one of the different natural plant associations (B. tymphaea - N. tymphaea), on plant biomass production and nickel phytoextraction by these two hyperaccumulator plants. The screening of isolates from this plant association for their PGPR traits revealed one PGPR strain (NB24). The genetic characterization showed that it was similar to Variovorax paradoxus. After 6 months of culture, biomass and quantities of nickel in the plants were assessed. The results showed significant improvement of root growth and an increase of Ni uptake when plants were inoculated with this PGPR strain. The combination Noccaea-Bommuellera inoculated by the PGPR strain Variovorax NB24, seemed to be a good choice for an efficient phytoextraction in situ. Accès au document

## Influence of organic matters on AsIII oxidation by the microflora of polluted soils

**Authors:** Lescure, T; Moreau, J; Charles, C; Saanda, TB; Thouin, H; Pillas, N; Bauda, P; Lamy, I; Battaglia-Brunet, F

**Source:** ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH, 38 (3):911-925; 10.1007/s10653-015-9771-3 2016

<figure><img src="image_41.png" /></figure>

**Abstract:** The global AsIII-oxidizing activity of microorganisms in eight surface soils from polluted sites was quantified with and without addition of organic substrates. The organic substances provided differed by their nature: either yeast extract, commonly used in microbiological culture media, or a synthetic mixture of defined organic matters (SMOM) presenting some common features with natural soil organic matter. Correlations were sought between soil characteristics and both the AsIII-oxidizing rate constants and their evolution in accordance with inputs of organic substrates. In the absence of added substrate, the global AsIII oxidation rate constant correlated positively with the concentration of intrinsic organic matter in the soil, suggesting that AsIII-oxidizing activity was limited by organic substrate availability in nutrient-poor soils. This limitation was, however, removed by 0.08 g/L of added organic carbon. In most conditions, the AsIII oxidation rate constant decreased as organic carbon input increased from 0.08 to 0.4 g/L. Incubations of polluted soils in aerobic conditions, amended or not with SMOM, resulted in short-term As mobilization in the presence of SMOM and active microorganisms. In contrast, microbial AsIII oxidation seemed to stabilize As when no organic substrate was added. Results suggest that microbial speciation of arsenic driven by nature and concentration of organic matter exerts a major influence on the fate of this toxic element in surface soils. **Address:** f.battaglia@brgm.fr Accès au document
## Characterization of the Chloride Channel-Like, AtCLCg, Involved in Chloride Tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana

**Authors:** Nguyen, CT; Agorio, A; Jossier, M; Depre, S; Thomine, S; Filleur, S **Source:** PLANT AND CELL PHYSIOLOGY, 57 (4):764-775; 10.1093/pcp/pcv169 2016

**Abstract:** In plant cells, anion channels and transporters are essential for key functions such as nutrition, ion homeostasis and resistance to biotic or abiotic stresses. We characterized AtCLCg, a member of the chloride channel (CLC) family in *Arabidopsis* localized in the vacuolar membrane. When grown on NaCl or KCl, atclcg knock-out mutants showed a decrease in biomass. In the presence of NaCl, these mutants overaccumulate chloride in shoots. No difference in growth was detected in response to osmotic stress by mannitol. These results suggest a physiological function of AtCLCg in the chloride homeostasis during NaCl stress. AtCLCg shares a high degree of identity (62%) with AtCLCc, another vacuolar CLC essential for NaCl tolerance. However, the atclcc atclccg double mutant is not more sensitive to NaCl than single mutants. As the effects of both mutations are not additive, gene expression analyses were performed and revealed that: (i) AtCLCg is expressed in mesophyll cells, hydathodes and phloem while AtCLCc is expressed in stomata; and (ii) AtCLCg is repressed in the atclcc mutant background, and vice versa. Altogether these results demonstrate that both AtCLCc and AtCLCg are important for tolerance to excess chloride but not redundant, and form part of a regulatory network controlling chloride sensitivity.
**Address:**
Sophie.Filleur@i2bc.paris-saclay.fr Accès au document

## Exposure to spinosad affects orb-web spider (Agalenatea redii) survival, web construction and prey capture under laboratory conditions

**Authors:** Pasquet, A; Tupinier, N; Mazzia, C; Capowiez, Y

**Source:** JOURNAL OF PEST SCIENCE, 89 (2):507-515; 10.1007/s10340-015-0691-x 2016

<figure><img src="image_42.png" /></figure>

**Abstract:** Spinosad is a neurotoxic pesticide, which is currently used in IPM and organic agriculture. It can affect the survival and ecological function of spiders, which are natural enemies of important agricultural pests. In the laboratory, we carried out tests to determine lethal and sublethal effects of spinosad on mortality, web building, and web characteristics of Agalenatea redii. Spinosad has a lethal effect at the normal application rate (NAR, i.e., 96 g ha⁻¹) causing 35 % mortality (vs 0 % for control) after 4 days and 62 % mortality (vs 14 % for control) after 30 days. For the sublethal effects, web building was affected and fewer spiders built webs when exposed to spinosad (10/37 at NAR and 28/39 at half the NAR vs 35/37 for control group). No delay in web building was observed following exposure. Spider webs showed irregularities in the spiral-thread spacing (parallelism) when exposed to higher doses of spinosad (NAR and half of the NAR). Spinosad also affected prey capture: spiders exposed to spinosad (NAR) showed decreased prey capture

efficiency (32 vs 73 % for control). These results showed that spinosad affects the spider predatory behavior (agriculture auxiliaries), which could modify their role in pest biocontrol. **Address:** alain.pasquet@univ-lorraine.fr Accès au document

## Glyphosate fate in soils when arriving in plant residues

**Authors:** Mamy, L; Barriuso, E; Gabrielle, B

**Source:** CHEMOSPHERE, 154 425-433; 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.104 2016

<figure><img src="image_43.png" /></figure>

### Chemosphere

<figure><img src="image_44.png" /></figure>

**Abstract:** ... The objective of this work was to study the fate of glyphosate associated to plants residues. Oilseed rape was used as model plant using two lines: a glyphosate-tolerant (GT) line and a non-GT one, considered as a crucifer weed. The effects of different fragmentation degrees and placements in soil of plant residues were tested. A control was set up by spraying glyphosate directly on the soil. The mineralization of glyphosate in soil was slower when incorporated into plant residues, and the amounts of extractable and non-extractable glyphosate residues increased. Glyphosate availability for mineralization increased when the size of plant residues decreased, and as the distribution of plant residues in soil was more homogeneous. After 80 days of soil incubation, extractable C-14-residues mostly involved one metabolite of glyphosate (AMPA) but up to 2.6% of initial C-14 was still extracted from undecayed leaves as glyphosate. Thus, the trapping of herbicides in plant materials provided a protection against degradation, and crops residues returns may increase the persistence of glyphosate in soils. This pattern appeared more pronounced for GT crops, which accumulated more non-degraded glyphosate in their tissues. **Address:** laure.mamy@versailles.inra.fr; Accès au document

## Occurrence of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in agricultural soils and antibiotic resistance properties

**Authors:** Deredjian, A; Alliot, N; Blanchard, L; Brothier, E; Anane, M; Cambier, P; Jolivet, C; Khelil, MN; Nazaret, S; Saby, N; Thioulouse, J; Favre-Bonte, S

**Source:** RESEARCH IN MICROBIOLOGY, 167 (4):313-324; 10.1016/j.resmic.2016.01.001 2016

**Abstract:** The occurrence of *Stenotrophomonas maltophilia* was monitored in organic amendments and agricultural soils from various sites in France and Tunisia. *S. maltophilia* was detected in horse and bovine manures, and its abundance ranged from 0.294 (+/- 0.509) x 10(3) to 880 (+/- 33.4) x 10(3) CFU (g drywt)(-1) of sample. *S. maltophilia* was recovered from most tested soil samples (104/124). Its abundance varied from 0.33 (+/- 0.52) to 414 (+/- 50) x 10(3) CFU (g drywt)(-1) of soil and was not related to soil characteristics. Antibiotic resistance properties of a set of
environmental strains were compared to a clinical set, and
revealed a high diversity of antibiotic resistance profiles,
given both the numbers of resistance and the phenotypes.
Manure strains showed resistance phenotypes, with most of
the strains resisting between 7 and 9 antibiotics. While
French soil strains were sensitive to most antibiotics tested,
some Tunisian strains displayed resistance phenotypes close
to those of clinical French strains. Screening for metal
resistance among 66 soil strains showed a positive
relationship between antibiotic and metal resistance.
However, the prevalence of antibiotic resistance
phenotypes in the studied sites was not related to the
metal content in soil samples. **Address:**
[pcambier@grignon.inra.fr](mailto:pcambier@grignon.inra.fr); [claudy.jolivet@orleans.inra.fr](mailto:claudy.jolivet@orleans.inra.fr); [Accès
au document](https://www.inra.fr/en/sciences-and-impacts/research/2016-11-0349-10360)

**Evaluation of an extraction method for a mixture of
endocrine disrupters in sediment using chemical
and in vitro biological analyses)

Evaluation of an extraction method for a mixture of
endocrine disrupters in sediment using chemical
and in vitro biological analyses

Authors: Creusot, N; Devier, MH; Budzinski, H; Ait-Aissa, S

Source: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH, 2016, 23 (11):10349-10360; 10.1007/s11356-016-6062-1

<figure><img src="image_45.png" /></figure>

Abstract: ... In this study, we compared the performance of several organic solvents, i.e., acetone, methanol, dichloromethane, heptane, dichloromethane/acetone (50:50, v/v), dichloromethane /methanol (50:50, v/v), heptane/acetone (50:50, v/v), and heptane/methanol (50:50, v/v), to extract a diversity of active chemicals from a spiked sediment matrix using pressurized liquid extraction. For this purpose, we defined a mixture of 12 EDCs with a wide range of polarity (2 &#60; log Kow &#60;8) (i.e., estrone, 17 beta-estradiol, bisphenol A, o,p'DDT, 4-tert-octylphenol, fenofibrate, triphenyl phosphate, clotrimazole, PCB-126, 2,3,7,8 TCDD, benzo[k]fluoranthene, and dibenzo[a,h]anthracene). Working concentrations of each individual compound in the mixture were determined as equipotent concentrations on the basis of the concentration-addition (CA) model applied to in vitro estrogenic, dioxin-like, and pregnane X receptor (PXR)-like activities. Extraction efficiencies based on both chemical and biological analyses were assessed in triplicate in artificial blank sediment spiked with this mixture and in natural sediment contaminated by native EDCs. In both spiked and natural sediment, MeOH/DCM yields the best recovery while heptane was the least efficient solvent. Our study provided the validation of a sediment extraction methodology for EDC bioanalysis purposes, which can be used for comprehensive environmental contamination characterization. **Address:** nicolas.creusot@ineris.fr; Accès au document

Persistent Hg contamination and occurrence of Hg-
methylating transcript (hgcA) downstream of a
chlor-alkali plant in the Olt River (Romania)

Authors: Bravo, AG; Loizeau, JL; Dranguet, P; Makri, S; Bjorn, E; Ungureanu, VG; Slaveykova, VI; Cosio, C

Source: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH, 23 (11):10529-10541; 10.1007/s11356-015-5906-4 2016

**Abstract:** ... Here, we aimed (i) to study the dispersion of Hg in four reservoirs located downstream of a chlor-alkali plant along the Olt River (Romania) and (ii) to track the activity of bacterial functional genes involved in Hg methylation. Total Hg (THg) concentrations in water and sediments decreased successively from the initial reservoir to downstream reservoirs. Suspended fine size particles and seston appeared to be responsible for the transport of THg into downstream reservoirs, while macrophytes reflected the local bioavailability of Hg. The concentration and proportion of MeHg were correlated with THg, but were not correlated with bacterial activity in sediments, while the abundance of hgcA transcript correlated with organic matter and Cl- concentration, indicating the importance of Hg bioavailability in sediments for Hg methylation. Our data clearly highlights the importance of considering Hg contamination as a legacy pollutant since there is a high risk of continued Hg accumulation in food webs long after Hg-cell phase out. **Address:** Claudia.Cosio@unige.ch **Accès au document**

Effects of radionuclide contamination on leaf litter
decomposition in the Chernobyl exclusion zone

Authors: Bonzom, JM; Hattenschwiler, S; Lecomte-Pradines, C; Chauvet, E; Gaschak, S; Beaugelin-Seiller, K; Della-Vedova, C; Dubourg, N; Maksimenko, A; Garnier-Laplace, J; Adam-Guillermin, C

Source: SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT, 562 596-603; 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.006 2016

<figure><img src="image_46.png" /></figure>

Abstract: ... Here, we tested the hypothesis that decomposition is impaired by increasing levels of radioactivity in the environment by exposing uncontaminated leaf litter from silver birch and black alder at (i) eleven distant forest sites differing in ambient radiation levels (0.22-15 mu Gy h(-1)) and (ii) along a short distance gradient of radioactive contamination (1.2-29 mu Gy h(-1)) within a single forest in the Chernobyl exclusion zone. In addition to measuring ambient external dose rates, we estimated the average total dose rates (ATDRs) absorbed by decomposers for an accurate estimate of dose-induced ecological consequences of radioactive pollution. Taking into account potential confounding factors (soil pH, moisture, texture, and organic carbon content), the results from the eleven distant forest sites, and from the single forest, showed increased litter mass loss with increasing ATDRs from 0.3 to 150 mu Gy h(-1). This unexpected result may be due to (i) overcompensation of decomposer organisms exposed to radionuclides leading to a higher decomposer abundance (hormetic effect), and/or (ii) from preferred feeding by
decomposers on the uncontaminated leaf litter used for our experiment compared to locally produced, contaminated leaf litter. Our data indicate that radio-contamination of forest ecosystems over more than two decades does not necessarily have detrimental effects on organic matter decay. However, further studies are needed to unravel the underlying mechanisms of the results reported here, in order to drawfirmer conclusions on howradio-contamination affects decomposition and associated ecosystem processes.

**Accès au document**

## Impact of cadmium on the ecdysteroids production in Gammarus fossarum

**Authors:** Abidi, S; Abbaci, KT; Geffard, O; Boumaiza, M; Dumet, A; Garric, J

**Source:** ECOTOXICOLOGY, 25 (5):880-887; 10.1007/s10646-016-1645-7 2016

<figure><img src="image_47.png" /></figure>

**Abstract:** *Gammarus fossarum* is an important test organism which is currently used as a bio-indicator as well as in ecotoxicological tests. Nevertheless, data on ecdysteroids in endocrine toxicity test are not yet available for these species, despite its crucial role in molting and reproduction. In the present paper, ecdysteroids concentrations were studied

during the molt cycle (in females) and embryonic development in *G. fossarum* (*Crustacea, Amphipoda*) in order to propose an ecdysteroids toxicity test. Ecdysteroids levels in *G. fossarum* showed a single peak during premolt at stage D1-D2. In embryos, ecdysteroids levels progressively increased over stages 3 and 4, with peak levels at stage 4. A Cadmium toxicity test was proposed to examine if the molting and embryogenesis disturbances previously observed after cadmium exposure (Geffard et al. 2010) could be attributed to changes in ecdysteroids titers. Exposure to the different cadmium concentrations (3; 9; 300; 900 A mu g/l) increased ecdysteroids secretion by Y- organs in vitro, but it had no significant effect on exposed embryos (in vivo). Based on previous findings, we are led to conclude that the molting impairments in cadmium-exposed females of *G. fossarum* is connected to the changes in ecdysteroids concentrations. **Address:** abidi.sondes@yahoo.fr

**Accès document**

## Isolation and characterization of eight polymorphic microsatellites markers for the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris

**Authors:** Souleman, D; Grumiaux, F; Frerot, H; Vandenbulcke, F; Pauwels, M

**Source:** EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOIL BIOLOGY, 2016, 74 76-80; 10.1016/j.ejsobi.2016.03.009

<figure><img src="image_48.png" /></figure>

**Abstract:** The earthworm *Lumbricus terrestris*, which is an ecologically important sentinel species for soils widely distributed throughout Northern Europe, has never been involved in deep population

genetic studies. In order to promote future studies, we report here the isolation and characterization of 8 new polymorphic microsatellite loci isolated from sequencing of a microsatellite-enriched genomic library. Microsatellite markers were tested on 192 field collected individuals. Allelic richness per locus varied from 4.921 to 24.876, with a mean value of 6.125 alleles per locus. The observed heterozygosity (Ho) ranged from 0.132 to 0.839, whereas the expected heterozygosity (HE) ranged from 0.407 to 0.926. Developed markers should be helpful for accurate estimation of population structure, dispersal and gene flow among populations. **Address:** stanck.vandenbulcke@univ-lille1.fr **Accès au document**

## Trace Metals Affect Early Maternal Transfer of Immune Components in the Feral Pigeon

**Authors:** Chatelain, M; Gasparini, J; Haussy, C; Frantz, A

**Source:** PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL ZOOLOGY, 2016, 89 (3):206-212; 10.1086/685511

**Abstract:** Maternal early transfers of immune components influence eggs' hatching probability and nestlings' survival. They depend on females' own immunity and, because they are costly, on their physiological state. Therefore, trace metals, whether toxic and immunosuppressive (e.g., lead, cadmium, etc.) or necessary and immunostimulant (e.g., zinc, copper, iron, etc.), are likely to affect the amount of immune components transferred into the eggs. It may also vary with plumage eumelanin level, which is known to be linked to immunity, to transfer of antibodies, and to metal detoxification. In feral pigeons (*Columba livia*) injected with an antigen and experimentally exposed to lead and/or zinc (two highly abundant trace metals in urban areas), we measured specific antibody transfer and concentrations of two antimicrobial proteins (lysozyme and ovotransferrin) in eggs. As expected, lead had negative effects on specific antibody transfer, while zinc positively affected lysozyme egg concentrations. Moreover, eggs from lead-exposed females exhibited higher ovotransferrin concentrations; because it binds metal ions, ovotransferrin may enable egg detoxification and embryo protection. Finally, eggs' lysozyme concentrations increased with plumage darkness of females not exposed to zinc, while the relation was opposite among zinc-exposed females, suggesting that benefits and costs of plumage melanism depend on trace metal environmental levels. Overall, our study underlines the potential ecotoxicological effects of trace metals on maternal transfers of immune components and the role of plumage melanism in modulating these effects. **Address:** marion.chatelain@upmc.fr **Accès au document**

## Prediction of Extractable Cd, Pb and Zn in Contaminated Woody Habitat Soils Using a Change Point Detection Method

**Authors:** Waterlot, C; Pruvot, C; Bidar, G; Fritsch, C; De Vaufleury, A; Scheifler, R; Douay, F

**Source:** PEDOSPHERE, 26 (3):282-298; 10.1016/S1002-0160(15)60043-1 2016
<figure><img src="image_49.png" /></figure>

**Abstract:** The purpose of this study was to identify the most significant soil parameters that can be used to predict the concentrations of acetic and citric acid extractable cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) in contaminated woody habitat topsoils. Multiple linear regression models were established using two analysis strategies and three sets of variables based on a dataset of 260 soil samples. The performance of these models was evaluated using statistical parameters. Cation exchange capacity, CaCO3, organic matter, assimilated P, free Al oxide, sand and the total metal concentrations appeared to be the main soil parameters governing the solubility of Cd, Pb and Zn in acetic and citric acid solutions. The results strongly suggest that the metal solubility in extracting solutions is extractable concentration dependent since models were overall improved by incorporating a change point. This change point detection method was a powerful tool for predicting extractable Cd, Pb and Zn. Suitable predictions of extractable Cd, Pb and Zn concentrations were obtained, with correlation coefficient (adjusted r) ranging from 0.80 to 0.99, given the high complexity of the woody habitat soils studied. Therefore, the predictive models can constitute a decision-making support tool for managing phytoremediation of contaminated soils, making recommendations to control the potential bioavailability of metals. The relationships between acetic and/or citric acid-extractable concentrations and the concentrations of metals into the aboveground parts of plants need to be predicted, in order to make their temporal monitoring easier. **Address:** christophe.waterlot@isa-lille.fr **Accès au document**

## Environmental relevance of laboratory-derived kinetic models to predict trace metal bioaccumulation in gammarids: Field experimentation at a large spatial scale (France)

**Authors:** Urien, N; Lebrun, JD; Fechner, LC; Uher, E; Francois, A; Queau, H; Coquery, M; Chaumot, A; Geffard, O

**Source:** WATER RESEARCH, 95 330-339; 2016 doi:10.1016/j.watres.2016.03.023

<figure><img src="image_50.png" /></figure>

**Abstract:** ... In the present study, we propose to assess the capacity of kinetic models to predict trace metal bioaccumulation in gammarids in the field at a wide spatial scale. The field validation consisted of measuring dissolved Cd, Cu, Ni and Pb concentrations in the water column at 141 sites in France, running the models with laboratory-derived kinetic parameters, and comparing model predictions and measurements of trace metal concentrations in gammarids caged for 7 days to the same sites. We observed that gammarids poorly accumulated Cu showing the limited relevance of that species to monitor Cu contamination. Therefore, Cu was not considered for model predictions. In contrast, gammarids significantly accumulated Pb, Cd, and Ni over a wide range of exposure concentrations. These results highlight the relevance of using gammarids for active biomonitoring to detect spatial trends of bioavailable Pb, Cd, and Ni contamination in

freshwaters. The best agreements between model predictions and field measurements were observed for Cd with 71% of good estimations (i.e. field measurements were predicted within a factor of two), which highlighted the potential for kinetic models to link Cd contamination to bioaccumulation in the field. The poorest agreements were observed for Ni and Pb (39% and 48% of good estimations, respectively). However, models developed for Ni, Pb, and to a lesser extent for Cd, globally underestimated bioaccumulation in caged gammarids. These results showed that the link between trace metal concentration in water and in biota remains complex, and underlined the limits of these models, in their present form, to assess trace metal bioavailability in the field. We suggest that to improve model predictions, kinetic models need to be complemented, particularly by further assessing the influence of abiotic factors on trace metal uptake, and the relative contribution of the trophic route in the contamination of gammarids. **Address:** nastassia.urien@gmail.com **Accès au document**

## Copper stress-induced changes in leaf soluble proteome of Cu-sensitive and tolerant Agrostis capillaris L. populations

**Authors:** Hego, E; Vilain, S; Barre, A; Claverol, S; Dupuy, JW; Lalanne, C; Bonneu, M; Plomion, C; Mench, M

**Source:** PROTEOMICS, 2016, 16 (9):1386-1397; 10.1002/pmic.201500083

**Abstract:** Changes in leaf soluble proteome were explored in 3-month-old plants of metallicolous (M) and nonmetallicolous (NM) Agrostis capillaris L. populations exposed to increasing Cu concentrations (1-50 mu M) to investigate molecular mechanisms underlying plant responses to Cu excess and tolerance of M plants. Plants were cultivated on perlite (CuSO4 spiked-nutrient solution). Soluble proteins, extracted by the trichloroacetic acid/acetone procedure, were separated with 2-DE (linear 4-7 pH gradient). Analysis of CCB-stained gels (PDQuest) reproducibly detected 214 spots, and 64 proteins differentially expressed were identified using LC-MS/MS. In both populations, Cu excess impacted both light-dependent (OEE, cytochrome b6-f complex, and chlorophyll a-b binding protein), and -independent (RuBisCO) photosynthesis reactions, more intensively in NM leaves (ferredoxin-NADP reductase and metalloprotease FTSH2). In both populations, upregulation of isocitrate dehydrogenase and cysteine/methionine synthases respectively suggested increased isocitrate oxidation and enhanced need for S-containing amino-acids, likely for chelation and detoxification. In NM leaves, an increasing need for energetic compounds was indicated by the stimulation of ATPases, glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and Calvin cycle enzymes; impacts on protein metabolism and oxidative stress increase were respectively suggested by the rise of chaperones and redox enzymes. Overexpression of a HSP70 may be pivotal for M Cu tolerance by protecting protein metabolism. **Address:** mench@bordeaux.inra.fr, **Accès au document**
## Environmental issues facing chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear risks

**Authors:** Akcha, F; Barranger, A; Bachere, E; Berthelin, CH; Piquemal, D; Alonso, P; Sallan, RR; Dimastrogiovanni, G; Porte, C; Menard, D; Szczybelski, A; Benabdelmouna, A; Auffret, M; Rouxel, J; Burgeot, T

**Source:** ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH, 2016, 23 (8):8008-8020; DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5894-4

<figure><img src="image_51.png" /></figure>

**Abstract:** Genitors of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas were submitted during gametogenesis to a short pulse exposure to the herbicide diuron at a realistic environmental concentration. Histological analysis showed no effect of diuron on gametogenesis course, sex ratio and reproductive effort. A non-significant increase in testosterone and progesterone levels was observed in genitors exposed to the herbicide. At cell level, diuron exposure was shown to modulate the phagocytic activity of circulating hemocytes. The results of a transcriptional analysis showed that diuron affected the expression of genes belonging to functions known to play a major role during oyster gametogenesis such as gene transcription regulation, DNA replication and repair, DNA methylation and cytokinesis. Taking into account the results we previously obtained on the same genitors, this study showed a negative effect of diuron on oyster reproduction by inducing both structural and functional modifications of the DNA. **Address:** fakcha@ifremer.fr Accès au document

## Environmental issues facing chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear risks

**Authors:** Menager, MT; Ansoborlo, E; Pignol, D

**Source:** ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH, 2016, 23 (9):8161-8162; 10.1007/s11356-015-5894-4

This special issue of *Environmental Science and Pollution Research* highlights selected papers presented at the first international conference entitled “CBRN, research and innovation” which was held on March 16-18, 2015 at Antibes-Juan-les-Pins in France. **Address:** david.pignol@cea.fr

## Contribution of aqueous and dietary uptakes to lead (Pb) bioaccumulation in *Gammarus pulex*: From multipathway modeling to in situ validation

**Authors:** Hadji, R; Urien, N; Uher, E; Fechner, LC; Lebrun,

**Source:** ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY, 2016, 129, 257-263; doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.03.033

<figure><img src="image_52.png" /></figure>

**Abstract:** Although dynamic approaches are nowadays used increasingly to describe metal bioaccumulation in aquatic

organisms, the validation of such laboratory-derived modeling is rarely assessed under environmental conditions. Furthermore, information on bioaccumulation kinetics of Pb and the significance of its uptake by dietary route is scarce in freshwater species. This study aims at modeling aqueous and dietary uptakes of Pb in the litter-degrader Gammarus pulex and assessing the predictive quality of multipathway modeling from in situ bioaccumulation data. In microcosms, G. pulex were exposed to environmentally realistic concentrations of Pb (from 0.1 to 10 mu g/L) in the presence of Pb-contaminated poplar leaves, which were enclosed or not in a net to distinguish aqueous and dietary uptakes. Results show that water and food both constitute contamination sources for gammarids. Establishing biodynamic parameters involved in Pb aqueous and dietary uptake and elimination rates enabled to construct a multipathway model to describe Pb bioaccumulation in gammarids. This laboratory-derived model successfully predicted bioaccumulation measured in native populations of G. pulex collected in situ when local litter was used as dietary exposure source. This study demonstrates not only the suitable applicability of biodynamic parameters for predicting Pb bioaccumulation but also the necessity of taking dietary uptake into account for a better interpretation of the gammarids' contamination in natural conditions. **Address:** jeremie.lebrun@irstea.fr Accès au document

## Sensitive periods for 17-estradiol exposure during immune system development in sea bass head kidney

**Authors:** Seemann, F; Knigge, T; Duflot, A; Marie, S; Olivier, S; Minier, C; Monsinjon, T.

**Source:** JOURNAL OF APPLIED TOXICOLOGY, 2016, 36 (6):815-826; 10.1002/jat.3215

<figure><img src="image_53.png" /></figure>

**Abstract:** ... In this study, the influence of 17-estradiol (E2) on estrogen receptor and cytokine gene expression was assessed in juvenile sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) together with characterization of the head kidney leukocyte populations and corresponding phagocytic activity during organ regionalization from 98 to 239 dph. E2 exposure, beginning at 90 dph resulted in indirect and delayed modifications of interleukin 1 and estrogen receptor gene expression, which may affect B-lymphocyte proliferation in the sea bass head kidney. The E2 treatment of 120 dph fish led to an increase in estrogen receptor 2 and a decrease in transforming growth factor 1 gene expression, which coincided with decreased phagocytic activity of head kidney lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages. Additionally, these changes were observed during developmental periods described as critical phases for B-lymphocyte development in mammals. Consequently, exogenous estrogens have the potential to modify the innate immune response in juvenile sea bass and to exert detrimental effects on head kidney development.

The influence of 17-estradiol (E2) on estrogen receptor and cytokine gene expression, leukocyte populations and phagocytic activity was assessed in the juvenile sea bass
(Dicentrarchus labrax) head kidney during organ regionalization from 98 to 239 dph. E2 exposure, beginning at 90 dph resulted in indirect and delayed modifications of interleukin 1 and estrogen receptor gene expression, which may affect B-lymphocyte proliferation. The E2 treatment of 120 dph fish led to an increase in estrogen receptor 2 and a decrease in transforming growth factor 1 gene expression, which coincided with decreased phagocytic activity of head kidney lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages. **Address:** tiphaine.monsinjon@univ-lehavre.fr **Accès au document**

## Metal, nutrient and biomass accumulation during the growing cycle of Miscanthus established on metal-contaminated soils

**Authors:** Nsanganwimana, F; Waterlot, C; Louvel, B; Pourrut, B; Douay, F

**Source:** JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION AND SOIL SCIENCE, 2016, 179 (2):257-269; 10.1002/jpln.201500163

**Abstract:** The energy crop Miscanthus presents high potentials for phytomanagement. Its shoot yield and nutrient accumulation has been extensively characterized in uncontaminated agricultural soils, while very little is known for metal-contaminated conditions. This study aimed at assessing potential differences in dry matter and metal and nutrient accumulation of the standing aerial biomass in Miscanthus giganteus growing in situ on agricultural plots presenting different soil Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations. Plant samplings were conducted monthly along the growing period from May to December. Cadmium, Pb, Zn, and the concentrations of the nutrients N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and Na were determined in leaves and stems separately. During the growing phase, the maximum dry matter was reached in early in autumn. Whatever the organ, Cd and Zn concentrations were higher on contaminated than on uncontaminated plots. During summer and autumn, Zn and Pb concentrations were higher in leaves than in stems whereas Cd concentrations did not significantly differ between the organs. Concentrations of N, P, K, and Mg decreased across the study period whereas those of Ca and Na increased. Overall, metal and nutrient concentrations depended on plant organ and its development stage. The dry matter and nutrient accumulation patterns were not different between contaminated and uncontaminated plots. The significance of these findings is discussed in light of best phytomanagement practices and potential uses of Miscanthus biomass. **Address:** francis.douay@isa-lille.fr **Accès document**

<figure><img src="image_54.png" /></figure>

## Proteomic changes in Corbicula fluminea exposed to wastewater from a psychiatric hospital

**Authors:** Bebianno, MJ; Sroda, S; Gomes, T; Chan, P; Bonnafe, E; Budzinski, H; Geret, F

**Source:** ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH, 2016, 23 (6):5046-5055; 10.1007/s11356-015-5395-5

**Abstract:** ... Because pharmaceuticals are highly bioactive, there is concern about their toxicological effects in aquatic organisms. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the effects of an effluent from a psychiatric hospital (containing a complex mixture of 25 pharmaceutical compounds from eleven therapeutic classes) on the freshwater clam *Corbicula fluminea* using a proteomic approach. The exposure of C. fluminea to this complex effluent containing anxiolytics, analgesics, lipid regulators, beta blockers, antidepressants, antiepileptics, antihistamines, antihypertensives, antiplatelets and antiarrhythmics induced protein changes after 1 day of exposure in clam gills and digestive gland more evident in the digestive gland. These changes included increase in the abundance of proteins associated with structural (actin and tubulin), cellular functions (calreticulin, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), T complex protein 1 (TCP1)) and metabolism (aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), alcohol dehydrogenase, 6 phosphogluconate dehydrogenase). Results from this study indicate that calreticulin, PCNA, ALDH and alcohol dehydrogenase in the digestive gland and T complex protein 1 (TCP1)) and 6 phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in the gills represent useful biomarkers for the ecotoxicological characterization of psychiatric hospital effluents in this species. **Address:** mbebian@ualg.pt **Accès au document**

## Psychotropic drugs in mixture alter swimming behaviour of Japanese medaka (*Oryzias latipes*) larvae above environmental concentrations

**Authors:** Chiffre, A; Clerandeau, C; Dwoinikoff, C; Le Bihanic, F; Budzinski, H; Geret, F; Cachot, J

**Source:** ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH, 2016, 23 (6):4964-4977; 10.1007/s11356-014-3477-4

<figure><img src="image_55.png" /></figure>

**Abstract:** .... This study aims to analyse the effects of six psychotropic drugs, valproate, cyamemazine, citalopram, sertraline, fluoxetine and oxazepam, on the survival and locomotion of Japanese medaka *Oryzias latipes* larvae. Newly hatched Japanese medaka were exposed to individual compounds for 72 h, at concentrations ranging from 10 mu g L-1 to 10 mg L-1. Lethal concentrations 50 % (LC50) were estimated at 840, 841 and 9,136 mu g L-1 for fluoxetine, sertraline and citalopram, respectively, while other compounds did not induce any significant increase in mortality. Analysis of the swimming behaviour of larvae, including total distance moved, mobility and location, provided an estimated lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) of 10 mu g L-1 for citalopram and oxazepam, 12.2 mu g L-1 for cyamemazine, 100 mu g L-1 for fluoxetine, 1,000 mu g L-1 for sertraline and &#62; 10,000 mu g L-1 for valproate. Realistic environmental mixture of the six psychotropic compounds induced disruption of larval locomotor behaviour at concentrations about 10- to 100-fold greater
than environmental concentrations.

j.cachot@epoc.u-bordeaux1.fr Accès au document

Address:

## Pollution-induced community tolerance for in situ assessment of recovery in river microbial communities following the ban of the herbicide diuron

Authors: Pesce, S; Margoum, C; Foulquier, A

Source: AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT, 221 79-86; 10.1016/j.agee.2016.01.009 2016

**Abstract:** ... the main purpose of this study was to assess the relevance of a pollution-induced community tolerance (PICT) approach in natural phototrophic biofilms to estimate microbial community recovery following a decrease in diuron contamination due to the ban of the use of this herbicide on vineyards. To this end, we performed a 3-year field study (2009-2011) in the Morcille River (France), located in the French Beaujolais wine region. This river was frequently contaminated by diuron (among other organic and inorganic pesticides), with increasing concentrations downstream. Following the ban on diuron, imposed in December 2008, a progressive decrease in diuron concentrations was observed in the Morcille River. While the mean annual tolerance levels measured at the low contaminated station remained relatively constant over years, a clear and significant decreasing trend was observed at the medium and high contaminated stations during the survey. This temporal evolution revealed a direct link between a change in agricultural practice due to the ban of diuron and an increase in the sensitivity of phototrophic biofilms to this herbicide. This finding brings further new evidence that PICT has great potential to detect microbial community recovery following chemical restoration due to changes in the agricultural use of pesticides. Address: stephane.pesce@irstea.fr Accès au document

<figure><img src="image_56.png" /></figure>

## Behavioral toxicity and physiological changes from repeated exposure to fluorene administered orally or intraperitoneally to adult male Wistar rats: A dose-response study

Authors: Peiffer, J; Grova, N; Hidalgo, S; Salquebre, G; Rychen, G; Bisson, JF; Appenzeller, BMR; Schroeder, H

Source: NEUROTOXICOLOGY, 53 321-333; 10.1016/j.neuro.2015.11.006 2016

**Abstract:** ... Since no data are available on its oral neurotoxicity, the purpose of the present study was to assess the behavioral and physiological toxicity of repeated oral administration of fluorene to adult Wistar male rats. Animals were daily treated with fluorene at 1, 10 or 100 mg/kg/day for 28 consecutive days. Administration was intraperitoneal (i.p.) or oral (p.o.) to evaluate the

influence of the route of exposure on fluorene toxicity. Following this period of treatment, animals in both groups were subjected to similar cognitive evaluations, namely anxiety (elevated-plus maze), locomotor activity (open-field) and learning and memory abilities (eight-arm maze and avoidance test of an aversive light stimulus), as well as physiological measurements. The behavioral testing occurred from the 28th to the 60th day of the experiment during which fluorene treatment continued uninterrupted. At the end of this period, the concentration levels of fluorene and of three of its monohydroxylated metabolites in blood and brain were determined using a GC MS/MS method. The results demonstrated a reduction in rat anxiety level at the lowest doses administered (1 and 10 mg/kg/day) regardless of the treatment route, whereas locomotor activity and learning abilities remained unchanged. Moreover, a less significant weight gain was noticed in animals i.p.- and p.o.-treated with 100 mg/kg/day during the 28-day period of treatment, which, upon comparison with the three other groups, induced a body weight gap that was maintained throughout the experiment. Significant increases in relative liver weight were also observed in a dose-dependent manner in orally treated rats and only in animal treated i.p. with 100 mg/kg/day. According to the dose, higher concentration levels of fluorene and its monohydroxylated metabolites were measured in blood and brain compartments of i.p.treated rats compared to p.o.-treated animals. In conclusion, fluorene reduced the anxiety level of rats related to dose, treatment route, duration of exposure and blood concentration levels of metabolites. Address: julie.peiffer@univ-lorraine.fr Accès au document

## Transport of organic contaminants in subsoil horizons and effects of dissolved organic matter related to organic waste recycling practices

Authors: Chabauty, F; Pot, V; Bourdat-Deschamps, M; Bernet, N; Labat, C; Benoit, P

Source: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH, 23 (7):6907-6918; 10.1007/s11356-015-5938-9 2016

**Abstract:** .... This study aims to characterize the processes controlling the mobility of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in deep soil layers and their potential impacts on the leaching of organic contaminants (pesticides and pharmaceutical compounds) potentially present in cultivated soils receiving organic waste composts. We sampled undisturbed soil cores in the illuviated horizon (60-90 cm depth) of an Albeluvisol. Percolation experiments were made in presence and absence of DOM with two different pesticides, isoproturon and epoxiconazole, and two pharmaceutical compounds, ibuprofen and sulfamethoxazole. Two types of DOM were extracted from two different soil surface horizons: one sampled in a plot receiving a co-compost of green wastes and sewage sludge applied once every 2 years since 1998 and one sampled in an unamended plot. Results show that DOM behaved as a highly reactive solute, which was continuously generated within the soil columns during flow and increased after flow interruption. DOM significantly increased the mobility of bromide and all pollutants, but the effects differed
according the hydrophobic and the ionic character of the
molecules. However, no clear effects of the origin of DOM
on the mobility of the different contaminants were
observed. **Address:** benoit@grignon.inra.fr **Accès au document**

Prediction of the metabolic clearance of
benzophenone-2, and its interaction with
iso Eugenol and coumarin using cryopreserved
human hepatocytes in primary culture

Authors: de Sousa, G; Teng, S; Salle-Siri, R; Pery, A; Rahmani, R

Source: FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY, 90 55-63;
10.1016/j.fct.2016.01.006 2016

<figure><img src="image_57.png" /></figure>

Abstract: Benzophenone-2 (BP2) is now
recognized as an endocrine disruptor, but
to date, no information has been reported
on its fate in humans. The intrinsic
clearance (Cl-int) and metabolic
interactions of BP2 were explored using
cryopreserved human hepatocytes in
primary cultures. In vitro kinetic

experiments were performed to estimate the Michaelis-Menten parameters. The substrate depletion method demonstrated that isoeugenol was cleared more rapidly than BP2 or coumarin (Cl-int = 259, 94.7 and 0.40 mu l/min/10(6) cells respectively). This vitro model was also used to study the metabolic interactions between BP2 and isoeugenol and coumarin. Coumarin exerted no effects on either isoeugenol or BP2 metabolism, because of its independent metabolic pathway (CYP2A6). Isoeugenol appeared to be a potent competitive substrate inhibitor of BP2 metabolism, equivalent to the specific UGT1A1 substrate: estradiol. Despite the fact that inhibition of UGT by xenobiotics is not usually considered to be a major concern, the involvement of UGT1A1 in BP2 metabolism may have pharmacokinetic and pharmacological consequences, due to the its polymorphisms in humans and its pure estrogenic effect. Address: desousa@sophia.inra.fr;

Accès document

Tracking pan-continental trends in environmental contamination using sentinel raptors-what types of samples should we use?

Authors: Espin, S; Garcia-Fernandez, A; Herzke, D; Shore, RF; van Hattum, B; Martinez-Lopez, E; Coeurdassier, M; Eulaers, I; Fritsch, C; Gomez-Ramirez, P; Jaspers, VLB; Krone, O; Duke, G; Helander, B; Mateo, R; Movalli, P; Sonne, C; van den Brink, NW

Source: ECOTOXICOLOGY, 25 (4):777-801; 10.1007/s10646-016-1636-8 2016

<figure><img src="image_58.png" /></figure>

Abstract: ... We report the first ever
pan-European assessment of which
raptor samples are collected across
Europe and review their suitability for
biomonitoring. Currently, some 182
monitoring programmes across 33

European countries collect a variety of raptor samples, and

we discuss the relative merits of each for monitoring
current priority and emerging compounds. Of the matrices
collected, blood and liver are used most extensively for
quantifying trends in recent and longer-term contaminant
exposure, respectively. These matrices are potentially the
most effective for pan-European biomonitoring but are not
so widely and frequently collected as others. We found that
failed eggs and feathers are the most widely collected
samples. Because of this ubiquity, they may provide the
best opportunities for widescale biomonitoring, although
neither is suitable for all compounds. We advocate piloting
pan-European monitoring of selected priority compounds
using these matrices and developing read-across
approaches to accommodate any effects that trophic
pathway and species differences in accumulation may have
on our ability to track environmental trends in
contaminants. **Address:** sieslu@utu.fi **Accès au document**

Intra-specific variability of the guaiacol peroxidase
(GPOD) activity in roots of *Phragmites australis*
exposed to copper excess

Authors: Marchand, L; Grebenshchykova, Z; Mench, M

<figure><img src="image_59.png" /></figure>

Source: ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING, 90 57-62;
10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.01.055 2016

Abstract: The intra-specific variability of the soluble guaiacol peroxidase (GPOD) activity in roots of 2-year-old *Phragmites australis* exposed to Cu excess (21 days) was investigated. The GPOD activity did not depend on the Cu exposure (0.08 vs. 25 mu M) (p &#62; 0.05) but was influenced by the sampling site (p &#60; 0.05). The lowest GPOD activity (312-461 mu M min(-1)) was found in roots of P. australis from the Capanne site, which displayed the highest total soil Cu (375 mg kg(-1)), while for plants from the three other sites the root GPOD activity remained steady, in the 1062-1389 mu M min(-1) range, independently of the sampling site. Copper excess did not affect the chlorophyll fluorescence for the four populations tested. Evidence of an intra-specific variability of the root GPOD activity, known for scavenging hydrogen peroxides in response to Cu excess, for P. australis provides new hints towards choosing relevant populations of this plant species for further use in constructed wetlands.

Address: marchand.lilian@gmail.com Accès au document

No association between the use of Bti for mosquito
control and the dynamics of non-target aquatic
invertebrates in French coastal and continental
wetlands

Authors: Lagadic, L; Schafer, RB; Roucaute, M; Szocs, E; Chouin, S; de Maupeou, J; Duchet, C; Franquet, E; Le Hunsec, B; Bertrand, C; Fayolle, S; Frances, B; Rozier, Y; Foussadier, R; Santoni, JB; Lagneau, C

Source: SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT, 553 486-494; 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.096 2016

<figure><img src="image_60.png" /></figure>

Abstract: The environmental safety of
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti)
is still controversial, mainly because most of the previous field studies on its undesired effects were spatially limited and did not address the relationship between community similarity and application time and frequency. No general statement can therefore be drawn on the usage conditions of Bti that insure protection of non-target organisms. The present study was conducted in eight sites distributed over the main geographical sectors where mosquito control is implemented in mainland France and Corsica. Changes in non-target aquatic invertebrates were followed at elapsed time after repeated applications of two Bti formulations (VectoBac (R) WDG or 12AS) up to four consecutive years. We examined the influence of both larvicide treatments and environmental variables on community dynamics and dissimilarity between treated and control areas. As it can be argued that chironomids are the most vulnerable group of non-target invertebrates, we scrutinised potential Bti-related effects on the dynamics of their community. The use of VectoBac (R) WDG and 12AS in coastal and continental wetlands had no immediate or long-term detectable effect on the taxonomic structure and taxa abundance of non-target aquatic invertebrate communities, including chironomids. This applied to the main habitats where mosquito larvae occur, regardless of their geographic location. Flooding, whose frequency and duration depend on local meteorological and hydrological conditions, was identified as the main environmental driver of invertebrate community dynamics. Our findings add support to the environmental safety of currently available Bti formulations when following recommended application rates and best mosquito control practices. Address: Laurent.Lagadic@rennes.inra.fr Accès au document

## Vie du réseau Ecotox

### ANSES - Création du groupe de travail Toxicovigilance des intrants du végétal, des biocides et des médicaments vétérinaires

<figure><img src="image_61.png" /></figure>

Les candidatures seront déposées en ligne au plus tard le 18 juillet 2016 en suivant le lien http://expertise.anses.fr

### Irstea - Assemblée nationale audition de M. Jean-Marc Bournigal

Audition devant la Commission du développement durable et de l'aménagement du territoire 08/06/2016

Extrait concernant les pesticides :

<figure><img src="image_62.png" /></figure>

Je vous propose d'aborder maintenant la question des pesticides. Dans ce domaine, l'IRSTEA n'intervient pas sur le volet agronomique, qui relève de la compétence de l'INRA. Il s'intéresse essentiellement à l'application des pesticides, c'est-à-dire à la manière dont on peut limiter leur utilisation en

apportant la bonne dose au bon endroit et dont on peut assurer la protection des utilisateurs et de ceux de nos concitoyens qui se trouvent à proximité des zones agricoles. Nous élaborons donc des outils capables d'évaluer la **dérive des pesticides** lors de leur pulvérisation et, pour limiter cette dérive, nous travaillons sur les pulvérisateurs eux-mêmes, en particulier sur leurs têtes. Nous avons également développé des bancs d'essai qui permettent de mesurer la performance des différents outils. On a pu ainsi s'apercevoir que l'efficience de la pulvérisation pouvait varier du simple au double selon le type de pulvérisateur utilisé, une grande partie des pesticides pulvérisés se dispersant parfois davantage dans l'air ou sur le sol que sur les feuilles à traiter.

Par ailleurs, nous cherchons à déterminer la quantité de produit utile. Ainsi, nous préconisons d'adapter le dosage des pesticides au stade de développement des feuilles. En effet, la réglementation actuelle fixe une dose par hectare indépendamment de la quantité de végétation à traiter. Or, conjuguée à l'utilisation des matériels les plus performants, l'adaptation de la dose au stade de développement des feuilles traitées permettrait d'aboutir assez rapidement à une réduction très importante, de l'ordre de 20 % à 30 %, des pesticides, et d'atteindre ainsi les objectifs assignés par l'État. Dans ce domaine, nous travaillons notamment avec l'Institut technique de la vigne et du vin, car la viticulture est l'un des secteurs où ces produits sont le plus utilisés, qui plus est dans des zones habitées.

C'est pourquoi nous cherchons également, dans le cadre de ce que l'on appelle l'**explosion**, à améliorer la protection des applicateurs. Pour ce faire, nous mesurons précisément, à l'aide de petits capteurs, l'**exposition des agriculteurs aux pesticides** en fonction du type d'outils qu'ils utilisent et de la manière dont ils travaillent, et nous testons leurs combinaisons et les cabines de protection. Nous mesurons également, bien entendu, l'effet des dérives sur les riverains - ce qui nous permet d'adresser certaines préconisations à l'État - ainsi que la pollution diffuse. Nous sommes ainsi parvenus à définir la longueur que doivent avoir les bandes enherbées situées le long des rivières pour réduire le plus possible la quantité des pesticides ou des nitrates qui se retrouvent dans les cours d'eau. Accès au document

### How does earthworm functional diversity affect rapeseed-weeds interactions?

Présentation prévue lors de la conférence Sfecologie 2016. 24-28 octobre 2016

Marine Zwicke, Antoine GARDARIN, Céline Richard-Molard, Mickaël Hedde, sciencesconf.org:sfecologie2016:107522

<figure><img src="image_63.png" /></figure>

A modification of paradigm arises from intensive agriculture in order to promote a sustainable agriculture based on biodiversity and ecological processes management. As earthworms contribute to soil fertility and structure, crops may be considered as agroecosystems relying on the functional roles of their
organisms and their interaction networks. While many studies have shown a positive effect of earthworms on plant production, how earthworm functional diversity affects plant interactions is poorly understood. We aimed to test the particular role of earthworm functional diversity on plant competition between weeds and crops intercropped with a legume species. We assumed that earthworm functional diversity (i) promotes root growth and nutrient acquisition decreasing below-ground competition, but (ii) increases above-ground competition by indirectly promoting leaf growth of all species. To test these hypotheses, a mixture of rapeseed intercropped with a legume species and weeds was cultivated for 40 days in shallow rhizotrons filled with a non-fertilized soil under controlled conditions. Four levels of earthworm functional diversity were elaborated according to their localization in the soil profile, their cast production and cast enzymatic activities. To focus on functional diversity effects, plant density and earthworm biomass were kept constant amongst the various diversity treatments. Then, burrowing activity, root and leaf growths were followed every 2-3 days. At the end of experiment, plants were harvested and dry mass and nitrogen content were measured in shoots and roots. Results of root and burrow co-localization, as well as functional diversity effects on plant nutrient acquisition and biomass allocation will be presented. Accès au document

## Le Pôle Ecotox en phase finale

http://www.e-tribune.fr 02/05/2016.

<figure><img src="image_64.png" /></figure>

Dans quelques semaines le pôle Ecotox de Rovaltain, deviendra réalité. Sans équivalent européen grâce à son équipement, la plateforme est dans les domaines de la toxicologie environnementale et de l'écotoxicologie une réalisation résolument novatrice.

Exactement, la plateforme est structurée autour de deux acteurs :

- la société Rovaltain Research Company qui a pour ambition de devenir le leader européen des expérimentations en éco-toxicologie et toxicologie environnementale

- et la Fondation de coopération scientifique Rovaltain qui a vocation à soutenir des programmes de recherche ciblés et pluridisciplinaires réunissant : biologistes, écotoxicologues, toxicologues, physiciens, chimistes, épidémiologies, mathématiciens pour comprendre le devenir des contaminants dans l'environnement et leurs effets sur la santé.

Initiateur du projet, le Département de la Drôme est membre fondateur de la Fondation de Coopération Scientifique Rovaltain. ...

La plateforme sera divisée entre des halles d'expérimentation et des laboratoires (13 500 m2) d'une part, des bâtiments tertiaires d'autre part. Accès au document

# Ecotoxicité / Toxicité

## EFSA - Débat sur la question des mélanges chimiques : The future of risk assessment and toxicity testing for chemical mixtures

Communiqué de l'EFSA du 08/06/2016.

Suite au colloque EFSA-RIVM des 18 et 19 Mai 2016 intitulé The future of risk assessment and toxicity testing for chemical mixtures

<figure><img src="image_65.png" /></figure>

Plusieurs projets de recherche innovants ont été présentés lors de ce séminaire organisé par l'EFSA et l'Institut national néerlandais pour la santé publique et l'environnement (RIVM) tels que EuroMix project / EUToxRisk21. Les participants ont également abordé les travaux entrepris par l'EFSA et le RIVM dans le but d'intégrer l'évaluation des mélanges chimiques dans les décisions futures relatives à l'utilisation sans danger des pesticides et d'autres produits réglementés.

Tobin Robinson ajouté que l'EFSA venait de mettre en place un groupe de travail en vue de développer un *doct d'orientation destiné à harmoniser les méthodologies d'évaluation des risques associés à une exposition à de multiples substances chimiques pour l'homme et pour l'environnement*. Accès au document

## EFSA - Microplastiques et nanoplastiques dans les aliments - une question émergente

Communique de presse de l'EFSA 23/06/2016.

Le Dr Peter Hollman est l'un des membres du groupe de travail qui a aidé le groupe scientifique de l'EFSA sur les contaminants de la chaîne alimentaire (groupe CONTAM) à rédiger cette *Déclaration sur les particules microplastiques et nanoplastiques dans les aliments* (anglais uniquement).

<figure><img src="image_66.png" /></figure>

Que dit l'EFSA dans sa déclaration ?

Peter Hollman : L'EFSA a réalisé un bilan approfondi de la littérature existante à ce sujet et elle a constaté qu'il n'existe pas suffisamment de données portant sur l'apparition, la toxicité et le devenir dans l'organisme - ce qui se passe après la digestion - de ces matériaux pour qu'elle puisse mener à bien une évaluation complète des risques. Elle a également signalé que les nanoplastiques devraient faire l'objet d'une attention toute particulière. Ce bilan a donc permis à l'EFSA de faire le point sur les développements scientifiques dans ce domaine, d'identifier les données disponibles mais aussi les lacunes dans les connaissances, et de recommander les domaines prioritaires de recherche qui permettraient d'apporter une réponse à ces différentes questions. Accès au document
## EFSA - Epigénétique et évaluation des risques : le colloque scientifique de l'EFSA trace la voie

La question de l'épigénétique et de son impact sur la santé humaine et sur la durée de vie avait fait l'objet de discussions importantes lors de la deuxième conférence scientifique de l'EFSA intitulée « Ensemble, façonner l'avenir de la sécurité alimentaire » organisée en octobre 2015... à Valence.

Les présentations sont en ligne. Exemple : Chipman (University of Birmingham, UK): Impact of epigenetics in environmental risk assessment Accès au document

## Le CLARA accompagne le projet structurant SIGEXPOSOME – état des lieux et perspectives

Dossier de presse du CLARA (Cancéropôle Lyon Auvergne Rhône-Alpes). Mai 2016.

Initié en 2014 le projet SIGEXPOSOME ce projet vise à améliorer la caractérisation de l'exposition aux pesticides en population générale (150 sujets seront étudiés) et en population professionnelle (50 sujets) dans le Rhône. Mis en cause dans l'apparition de certains cancers, ... les liens entre cancers et pesticides restent difficiles à établir en population générale. Ce projet permettra d'améliorer les connaissances sur l'exposition aux pesticides en population générale et mettre en évidence l'impact au niveau moléculaire et génétique au niveau de l'organisme.

Les objectifs du projet sont :

* l'amélioration de la caractérisation de l'exposition aux pesticides en population générale

* la poursuite de la validation de l'indicateur d'exposition géographique aux pesticides à partir de nouvelles mesures environnementales et toxicologiques

* l'évaluation de l'impact de l'exposition environnementale et domestique aux pesticides à partir de mesures biologiques (toxicologiques, génomiques, métabolomiques)

* le développement de la doctation sur la variabilité saisonnière de l'exposition aux pesticides. Accès document

## EPA - Estimating Greenspace Exposure and Benefits for Cumulative Risk Assessment Applications

L'agence américaine publie en Mai 2016 ce rapport qui fait suite à un congrès scientifique sur le lien sur les risques pour les humains liés à l'exposition aux espaces verts....dont l'exposition aux produits chimiques.Sont distingués les stress chimiques, biologiques ( allergènes par ex), physiques ( bruit ..) et psychologiques.

The meeting was structured to focus on approaches and tools for estimating GS exposure, and potential risks and benefits of GS exposure for human health and insights for CRA applications. Quantification and qualification of dose-response relationships related to GS exposure is limited for GS assessments, largely due to uncertainty around GS exposure measures and the mechanisms of action between

GS engagement and human health outcomes. Accès au document

## CORDIS - Tester la toxicité des nanoparticules

29/06/2019.

Des chercheurs ont testé la toxicité de nanomatériaux, à l'état neuf et dégradé, afin de mieux comprendre comment les empêcher de nuire aux hommes et à l'environnement.

... Le projet NANOPOLYTOX (Toxicological impact of nanomaterials derived from processing, weathering and recycling of polymer nanocomposites used in various industrial applications), financé par l'UE, a évalué l'impact toxicologique de divers nanomatériaux pendant leur cycle de vie. Il a ainsi contribué à évaluer l'impact global sur l'environnement des produits contenant des nanoparticules, grâce à des modifications de la méthode classique d'analyse du cycle de vie. Les chercheurs ont étudié la synthèse, le traitement, le vieillissement, le recyclage et la mise au rebut de polymères contenant des nanoparticules.

Le projet NANOPOLYTOX a fabriqué 18 nanomatériaux, représentant trois familles. Ils ont été caractérisés, puis inclus dans diverses matrices polymériques. Chacun de ces matériaux, y compris les polymères exempts de nanoparticules, ont été testés juste après leur fabrication, puis après l'action d'un vieillissement naturel ou accéléré (sous conditions météorologiques, y compris des cycles de pluies).

Les scientifiques ont conduit des tests de toxicité sur les nanomatériaux et les nanocomposites bruts et vieillis, à l'aide de lignées de cellules humaines, d'embryons de poissons (in vitro), et de souris, rats et poissons (in vivo). ... Les tests standardisés et la réalisation de fiches de sécurité des matériaux, qui existent pour tous les autres matériaux et produits chimiques fabriqués à l'échelle industrielle, devraient renforcer la sécurité de la fabrication et de la gestion des nanomatériaux. Accès au document

## Vidéo : Comment se protéger des pesticides ?

Video mise en ligne par l'ARS Bourgogne-Franche-Comté (Agence régionale de Santé) le 24/05/2016.

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La MSA relaye aujourd'hui la vidéo réélaisée par l'Agence régionale de santé Bourgogne - Franche-Comté : « Les pesticides : s'en passer quand c'est possible, s'en protéger quand on les utilise. Objectif : prévenir les utilisateurs de produits phytosanitaires sur les risques encourus et les bonnes pratiques à adopter.

Le salarié n'a pas toujours le choix d'utiliser on non ces produits. Il doit cependant être informé des risques qu'il court et de comment les prévenir. Ce film d'une durée de 7'30'' rappelle les bases de l'utilisation des pesticides : se protéger à l'aide d'une combinaison, se laver les mains après usage, se doucher si possible et éviter tout contact avec la peau. Accès au document
Scientists discover protective strategy against pesticide-linked Parkinson's disease

ScienceDaily

Science Daily 15/06/2016.

A new UCLA study sheds light on the toxicity of the compounds while also suggesting a strategy that may help protect against the disease.

Commentaires de la publication : Neurotoxicity of the Parkinson's Disease-Associated Pesticide Ziram Is Synuclein-Dependent in Zebrafish Embryos. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2016; DOI: 10.1289/EHP141

... Extrait: The research focused on the fungicide ziram, ... which causes the loss of the main source of dopamine in the central nervous system. Loss of this source, called dopaminergic neurons, is associated with Parkinson's disease.

... In the new study, conducted in zebrafish, researchers found that elimination of the α-synuclein protein protected the zebrafish against the ziram-induced loss of dopamine neurons. Because most cases of Parkinson's disease appear to be at least partially caused by environmental factors such as pesticide exposure, these findings support the approach that targeting α-synuclein could slow or stop the progression of Parkinson's in most people with the disease, said study lead author Jeff Bronstein...

Going forward, Bronstein and his team will determine if other environmental substances are using the same mechanism to cause Parkinson's... Accès au document

PNUE-UNEP - Les décès prématurés dus à la dégradation de l'environnement menacent la santé publique, affirme un rapport

Communique de presse du PNUE 23/05/2016 présentant le rapport Healthy Environnement, healthy people.

Extrait : La dégradation environnementale et la pollution sont responsable de 234 fois plus de décès que ceux causés par les conflits chaque année, cela souligne la nécessité de garantir un environnement sain afin d'atteindre le Programme pour le développement durable à l'horizon 2030, selon un nouveau rapport du PNUE lancé lors de la seconde Assemblée des Nations Unies pour l'environnement (UNEA-2).

Les impacts environnementaux sont responsables de plus d'un quart de tous les décès infantiles (décès d'enfants en dessous de cinq ans), affirme le rapport (56 pages mai 2016). Accès au document

Toxicité / Pesticides et santé des agriculteurs

Les agriculteurs, premières victimes des pesticides

Le Monde 23/06/2016 a eu accès au rapport de l'ANSES (qui n'a toujours pas été rendu public le 13/07 ce que de nombreuses associations ont relevé).

Extraits de l'article très documenté et précis... :

Le Monde.fr

Après une présentation au Ministère de l'agriculture en avril, une réunion de restitution était annoncée le mercredi 22 juin. Comme d'autres précédemment, elle a été ajournée in extremis...

Le rapport de l'Anses, intitulé « Expositions professionnelles aux pesticides en agriculture », dont Le Monde a pu consulter le volume central, explore les pratiques des agriculteurs, la façon dont ils se protègent ou pas des effets des pesticides, les conseils de prévention et les informations sur la toxicité qui leur sont dispensés. L'idée des experts - praticiens hospitaliers, vétérinaires, agronomes, toxicologues, sociologues, ergonomes... - était d'esquisser des pistes de réduction des risques.

... Or, les alertes se multiplient sur les liens possibles avec les hémopathies malignes, les cancers de la prostate ou de la peau, les tumeurs cérébrales, les maladies de Parkinson et d'Alzheimer, les troubles de la reproduction et du développement de l'enfant...

« Relatif silence » sur les maladies professionnelles

.. Celui-ci s'explique entre autres par les obstacles que rencontrent les malades qui souhaitent faire reconnaître leurs pathologies chroniques, à la différence des intoxications aiguës. Entre 2002 et 2010, la sécurité sociale agricole, la MSA, a admis 47 maladies professionnelles de ce type en tout et pour tout...

Les « limites des connaissances produites lors de l'homologation » constituent un autre frein à la prise de conscience. Autrement dit, les éléments fournis par les industriels avant la mise sur le marché d'un pesticide ne suffisent pas à en mesurer le degré de dangerosité... Les dossiers d'homologation auxquels l'Anses a eu accès s'appuient sur des cohortes limitées de dix à quinze personnes.

Les équipements de protection en question

Surtout, ils correspondent à des scénarios idéaux... « Ceci ne correspond pas aux pratiques habituelles des agriculteurs », constatent sobrement les experts. Ces derniers pointent aussi du doigt cette surprenante habitude d'écartier de la procédure d'homologation les 25 % des valeurs d'exposition les plus élevées, en arguant qu'elles correspondraient à des situations extrêmes. Les 25 % les plus basses, elles, sont bien prises en compte.

Des études ont montré que l'exposition peut être six fois plus élevée au moment de retourner dans une parcelle
fraîchement traitée que lors de l'épandage. Le délai de «
réentrée » est de 48 heures maximum en France, de douze
jours minimum au Canada selon les substances.

D'autres travaux se sont penchés sur l'efficacité des équipements de protection...

De multiples conflits d'intérêts

Si les informations « indépendantes » manquent... Au nom
de la préservation des sols, les tenants d'une « agriculture
de conservation » se sont faits les champions de l'absence
de labour pour maintenir une couverture végétale. En fait,
ils ont remplacé ce travail du sol par un usage massif
d'herbicides avant de semer : ce sont eux qui en épandent
le plus.

... Enfin, le groupe de travail se penche sur le cas intéressant des 500 000 « Certiphyto », des certificats accordés après une formation de quatre heures financée par l'Etat, une sensibilisation à l'usage des phytosanitaires avec modération et sécurité. Accès au document

Stéphane Le Foll soutient la proposition de la
Sénatrice Nicole Bonnefoy de créer un fonds pour
l'indemnisation des victimes de produits
phytosanitaires

Communiqué de presse du Ministère 22/06/2016.

Stéphane Le Foll, Ministre de l'agriculture, de l'agroalimentaire et de la forêt, Porte-parole du Gouvernement apportera son soutien à la proposition de Nicole Bonnefoy, Sénatrice de la Charente de créer un fonds d'indemnisation pour les victimes de l'exposition aux produits phytosanitaires. Cette proposition est fidèle à leur engagement constant, depuis 2012, pour limiter les risques sanitaires associés à l'utilisation de ces produits... Accès au document

Annonces de Colloques

Les prochains colloques sont signalés
sur le site Ecotox

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Merci de nous signaler ceux que nous avons oubliés

2016/07/17-22 5th EUROSOIL Congress, Istambul

2016/07/25-29- 5eme ISEBE - 5th International Symposium on Environmental Biotechnology and Engineeri

2016/07/5-8 Journées d'Étude des Sols 2016 sur le thème "Sol et Changement Global".

2016/09/08-09 ICRAPHE appel à soumission de résumés

2016/09/09 Séminaire BRGM et SPPPI PACA Sites et sols pollués : Quelles nouveautés ? Quels enjeux ? 09 septembre 2016 - Aix-les-Milles (13), France

2016/09/12-15 SETAC/iEOS Joint Focused Topic Meeting

2016/09/20-22 Montpellier 22nd SETAC Europe LCA Case Study Symposium,

2016/10/11-13 : ECO-TOX FORUM - Rovaltain

2016/10/19-22 "EURO-RIOB 2016" - Réseau International des Organismes de Bassin

2016/10/24-28 Sfécologie 2016

2016/10/4-7 : 9th European Conference on Pesticides and Related Organic Micropollutants in the Envir

2016/11/14 Prévention du risque chimique - Regards croisés sur 10 ans de recherche en appui à l'expertise en santé environnement et santé au travail

2016/11/17 Colloque : Le coût de l'antibiorésistance en médecine humaine, vétérinaire et dans l'environnement | Académie d'Agriculture de France

2017/03/14-16 Intersol 2017 : Lyon

2017/05/7-11 SETAC Europe 27th Annual Meeting.Bruxelles

Ouvrages / Rapports /
Actes de Congrès

OCDE - Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE :
France 2016

Dans la série:Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE.
Disponible en ligne à partir de 11 juillet 2016

Télécharger une version intégrable de l'Examen.

Lire L'Essentiel de l'Examen en ligne

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Ce rapport est le troisième examen environnemental de la France. Il évalue ses progrès en matière de développement durable et de croissance verte, avec un accent particulier sur la transition énergétique et la biodiversité.

Le communiqué de presse de l'OCDE du 11/07 indique : La France a amélioré ses performances environnementales ces dix dernières années .. Néanmoins, des progrès restent à faire pour réduire la pollution par les nitrates et les pesticides, améliorer la qualité de l'air et limiter l'artificialisation des sols, selon un nouveau rapport de l'OCDE.

Enfin, parmi les 33 recommandations de l'Examen, la France est invitée à :

-Adopter et appliquer le Plan national de réduction des émissions de polluants atmosphériques pour faire respecter les normes de protection de la santé.

-Poursuivre la simplification des règlementations environnementales et améliorer le ciblage des inspections.