# Farms, villas, and villages in late roman Sicily: a subregional approach to the landscape evolution

Fabrizio Ducati

► To cite this version:

Fabrizio Ducati. Farms, villas, and villages in late roman Sicily: a subregional approach to the landscape evolution: A subregional approach to the landscape evolution. Doctoral. Current issues in archaeology, Building D, 2nd floor, lecture room, Kampus Hybernská, Charles University, Czech Republic. 2022, pp.76. hal-03850010

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Submitted on 12 Nov 2022

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# Farms, villas and villages in late Roman Sicily
## A subregional approach to the landscape evolution

Fabrizio Ducati

9 November 2022

Building D, 2nd floor, lecture room, Kampus Hybernská

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Today, we will discuss

1. Sicily as Mediterranean linchpin during the Roman time

2. Cereals, wine, oil and much more: the wealth of Roman Sicily

3. Landscape in evolution

I. The crisis of minor rural settlements during the 3rd century AD

II. The rise of luxury villas during the 4th century AD

III. Sprawling agricultural villages between 5th - 6th centuries AD

4. Some conclusive remarks

Let's start

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# Chapter 1

Sicily as Mediterranean linchpin during the Roman time

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Sicily is a Mediterranean crossroad

for goods, people and ideas moving along long-standing routes
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It is a strategic island

Sicilian Channel: 145 Km

Strait of Messina: 3,14 Km
<figure><img src="image_11.png" /></figure>

It is a strategic island

long contested by the great Mediterranean powers
Some meaningful events for Sicily before the Imperial age

241 BC: 1st Punic War ends. Western Sicily is under Roman control

211 BC: Fall of Syracuse. Sicily is totally under Roman control

210 BC: M. Valario Levino restores the 'provincia Sicilia'

42-36 BC: Civil war. Sicily sided with Sextus Pompey against Octavian

30 BC: Conquest of the Egypt. Sicily lost his role in Rome supplies
Then, a long period of peace and marginality

until the second half of the 3rd century AD

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<figure><img src="image_13.png" /></figure>

Some crucial events
Chapter 2

Cereals, wine, oil and much more: the wealth of Roman
Sicily

<figure><img src="image_14.png" /></figure>
<figure><img src="image_15.png" /></figure>

© ESRI

<figure><img src="image_16.png" /></figure>

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BY
<figure><img src="image_18.png" /></figure>

Wheat
<figure><img src="image_19.png" /></figure>

Gerace:

# A small warehouse destroyed by fire after 450 AD

<figure><img src="image_20.png" /></figure>

Charred seeds:

* Barley
* Wheat
* Broad beans
* Lentils
* Peas
* Chickpeas
* Grapes

(Wilson 2018, Fig. 4b, 11)

<figure><img src="image_21.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_22.png" /></figure>

5th century warehouse

<figure><img src="image_23.png" /></figure>

(Wilson 2022, Fig. 1)

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BY
<figure><img src="image_25.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_26.png" /></figure>

Wheat

<figure><img src="image_27.png" /></figure>

Wine
<figure><img src="image_28.png" /></figure>

# Sicilian amphorae workshops
(1st - 6th century AD)

<figure><img src="image_29.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_30.png" /><figcaption>(Franco & Capelli 2014, Fig. 1-2)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_31.png" /></figure>
<figure><img src="image_32.png" /></figure>

Wheat

Wine

Oil
<figure><img src="image_33.png" /></figure>

# Oil industry in southern Sicily
## The Roman settlement at Serra Ciarberi

<figure><img src="image_34.png" /><figcaption>Di Stefano 2018, Fig. 3-5</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_35.png" /></figure>

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### Early imperial age building

<figure><img src="image_37.png" /></figure>

### Hellenistic

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# Fish industry at Porto Palo and Dressel 21-22 amphorae kilns at Alcamo Marina

<figure><img src="image_42.png" /><figcaption>(Malfitana 2022, Fig. 2)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_43.png" /></figure>

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<figure><img src="image_46.png" /><figcaption>(Giorgetti 2006, Fig. 28, Tav. II, XIIIa, XIVb)</figcaption></figure>

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# Farming economy at Gerace: a horse ranch during the Late Antiquity

<figure><img src="image_50.png" /></figure>

(Wilson 2022, Fig. 48-49, 50)

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BY

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(Wilson 2018, Fig. 8b-c)

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# Minerals

## Rock salt

In Siciliam flumen est **Himeras**, quod, a fonte cum est progressum, dividitur in duas partes; quae pars profluit contra Etruriam, quod per terrae dulcera secum percurrit, est infinita dulcedine, quae altera parte per eam terram currit, **unde sal foditur**, salsum habet saporem

Vitr. 8.3.7
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<figure><img src="image_63.png" /></figure>

Minerals

Rock salt

Sulphur

in terrae autem reliquis generibus vel maxime mira natura est **sulpuris**, quo plurima domantur. **nascitur in insulis aeoliis inter siciliam et italiam**, quas ardere diximus, sed nobilissimum in melo insula.

Plin. Nat. 35.63
<figure><img src="image_64.png" /></figure>

Minerals

Rock salt

Sulphur

Gypsum
(lapis specularis)

et hi quidem sectiles sunt, **specularis** vero, quoniam et hic lapidis nomen optinet, faciliore multo natura finditur in quamlibeat tenues crustas. hispania hunc tantum citerior olim dabat [...] iam et cypros et cappadocia et **sicilia** et nuper inventum africa [...]

Plin. Nat. 36.51
Tegulae sulphuris ANNIORVM from the hinterland
of Agrigento and Roman quarry of lapis specularis
at Grotta inferno

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(Polito & Tripodi 2018, p. 26)

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(Gullì et al. 2019, p. 163; Fig. 23-25)

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Chapter 3

Landscape in evolution
3rd-6th century AD

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Some surveyed areas in Sicily

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(Burgio 2017, Fig. 1)

1. Castellammare del Golfo; 2. Alcamo; 3. Segesta; 4. Salemi; 5. Marsala-Mazara; 6. Selinunte; 7. Salaparuta; 8. Entella; 9. Monreale; 10. Baucina; 11. Himera; 12. Madonie occidentali; 13. Alesa; 14. Troina; 15. Upper Simeto Valley; 16. Morgantina; 17. Lercara Friddi; 18. Castronovo di Sicilia; 19. Monti Sicani; 20. Medio bacino del Platani; 21. Basso bacino del Platani; 22. Eraklea Minoa; 23. Costa ad Ovest di Agrigento; 24. Cignana; 25. Gela; 26. Medio bacino del Salso; 27. Braemi; 28. Philosophiana; 29. Torcicoda; 30. Gornalunga-Margi; 31. Camarina; 32. Rosolini; 33. Cassibile; 34. Priolo; 35. Lentini; 36. Tindari; 37. Patrì-Rodì Milici

<figure><img src="image_76.png" /></figure>
A complex network
composed of settlements different in size and functions
in part existing since the Hellenistic period
that changes in space and time
with evident sub-regional differences

<figure><img src="image_77.png" /></figure>
F. Ducati (ongoing work): mapping rural settlements in late roman Sicily

<figure><img src="image_78.png" /></figure>
F. Ducati (ongoing work): mapping rural settlements in late roman Sicily

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© ESRI

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BY
La ceramica africana
nella Sicilia romana

La ceramique africaine
dans la Sicile romaine

a cura di / sous la direction de
Daniele Malfitana e / et Michel Bonifay

<figure><img src="image_85.png" /></figure>

Tomo / Tome I

Testo e Tavole

Texte et Planches

CASR project (2008-2016)

<figure><img src="image_86.png" /></figure>

Three main distribution zone:

A: Generic supply is dominant (like Ostia)

B: Privileged contacts with Capo Bon (northern Tunisia)

C: Diversified supply
"Two mechanisms, which are not necessarily exclusive, will be explored here to explain these differences. The first is the potential role of cabotage as a distribution mechanism for ARS, given the proximity of Sicily to Africa; and the second is the potential role of Rome as an entrepôt between Africa and the western Mediterranean in the redistribution of ARS, given the pivotal role played by Rome in the economy of the Mediterranean."

(Fentress et al. 2004)

<figure><img src="image_87.png" /></figure>
Transition I

the crisis of the minor rural settlements

3rd century AD

<figure><img src="image_88.png" /></figure>
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Agrigento survey

<figure><img src="image_91.png" /></figure>

Gela survey

<figure><img src="image_92.png" /></figure>

Cianciana survey

(Klug 2018, Fig. 4)

A comparison between the Agrigento, Gela and Cianciana surveys

<figure><img src="image_93.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_94.png" /></figure>
Cignana survey:
African Red Slip wares (1st -7th centuries)

<figure><img src="image_95.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_96.png" /></figure>

(Ducati, in progress)

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CC

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BY
<figure><img src="image_100.png" /></figure>

(Ducati, in progress)

Acknowledgement: Dr Maria Serena Rizzo (Parco Archeologico Valle dei Templi)

<figure><img src="image_101.png" /></figure>

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# The Durrueli seaside villa

(Polito & Tripodi 2018, p. 8, 16, 20)

## Planimetria generale della villa:

1 - viridarium

2 - portico con peristilio

3 - bacino

4 - tablinum

5 - cubiculum occidentale

6 - anticamera del cubiculum occidentale

7 - cubiculum orientale

8 - anticamera del cubiculum orientale

9 - triclinium

10 - anticamera del triclinium e ambiente di passaggio alle terme di Nettuno

11 - grande ambiente rettangolare

12 - prospetto monumentale sul mare con i pilastri di un arco a due fornici

13-14 - ambienti di servizio delle terme di Nettuno

15 - apodyterium delle terme di Nettuno

16-17 - Ambienti di servizio

18-21 - stanze riscaldate delle terme di Nettuno e vani di servizio a Sud

22 - Cisterna

23 - apodyterium delle terme di Scilla

24 - frigidarium

25 - piscina del frigidarium

26-28 - ambienti di servizio delle terme di Scilla

29-30 - tepidaria delle terme di Scilla

31 - caldarium

<figure><img src="image_103.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_104.png" /></figure>

Durrueli

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Roman settlements in the hinterland of
Palermo

<figure><img src="image_112.png" /></figure>

From excavations

From surveys

(Cucco 2016, Fig. 1)

<figure><img src="image_113.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_114.png" /></figure>
The roman settlement at St. Marina

<figure><img src="image_115.png" /></figure>

(Belvedere et al. 2016, Fig. 2, 5)

<figure><img src="image_116.png" /></figure>

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<figure><img src="image_118.png" /></figure>
Roman settlements in the hinterland of
Palermo

<figure><img src="image_119.png" /></figure>

(Cucco 2016, Fig. 1)

1. Namone; 2. S. Nicola; 3. S. Luca; 4. Balatelle; 5. Ciacca/Gurgo; 6. Ville della bassa valle del Torto; 7. Palisi; 8. Buonfornello; 9. Casa dell'Acquedotto; 10. Terre Bianche; 11. Costa Schiavo; 12. Muratore; 13. Susafa, S. Giacinto, Ciaramito, Tudia; 14. S. Marina.
Roman villa at St. Luca

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<figure><img src="image_121.png" /></figure>

(Vassallo & Zirone 2009, Fig. 499-501)

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(Cucco 2016, Fig. 4)
<figure><img src="image_123.png" /><figcaption>(Vassallo & Zirone 2009, Fig. 503-504)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_124.png" /><figcaption>Italian Sigillata, African Red Slip ware, and amphora
Dressel 21-22 from the area of residential building</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_125.png" /><figcaption>Late African amphora (Keay 57) from the apsidal building</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_126.png" /><figcaption>Roman villa at Patti Marina</figcaption></figure>

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<figure><img src="image_132.png" /><figcaption>East bath</figcaption></figure>
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Transition II

The rise of luxury villas

4th century AD

<figure><img src="image_137.png" /></figure>
Villa del Casale

<figure><img src="image_138.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_139.png" /></figure>
<figure><img src="image_140.png" /></figure>

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# Capitals and columns reused in late walls

(Pensabene 2018, Fig. 2-4, Tav. I,3, Tav. II,10)

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Wall reinforcements
5th cent. AD

Late kiln

Warehouse

CC

<figure><img src="image_152.png" /></figure>

BY
# Roman settlement at Gerace

<figure><img src="image_153.png" /><figcaption>(Wilson 2018, Fig. 4a)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_154.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_155.png" /><figcaption>(Wilson 2022, Fig. 1)</figcaption></figure>

CC

<figure><img src="image_156.png" /></figure>

BY
(Wilson 2022, Fig. 1)

<figure><img src="image_157.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_158.png" /></figure>

(Wilson 2018, Fig. 6, 8d)

<figure><img src="image_159.png" /></figure>
<figure><img src="image_160.png" /></figure>

5th cent. tile kiln (built after Philippianus' death)

5th cent. reduced kiln

6th cent. small kilns

<figure><img src="image_161.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_162.png" /></figure>
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<figure><img src="image_164.png" /></figure>

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<figure><img src="image_166.png" /><figcaption>(Wilson 2018, Fig. 20)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_167.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_168.png" /><figcaption>(Wilson 2020, Fig. 24, 30-31)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_169.png" /></figure>
<figure><img src="image_170.png" /></figure>

PHILIPPIANORVM PRAEDIA FELI(cia) (palm branch)

CAPITOLINIS GAVDIVM

PLVRA FABRICETIS MELLIORA DEDI

CETIS ASCLEPIADES SENESCAS CVM TVIS

Proposed interpretation:

'[May] the estates of the Philippianorum prosper! Joy to the Capitoline [games]! May you build more things, dedicate better things. Asclepiades, may you grow old with your family'
Philosophiana
stationes nunc institutae

<figure><img src="image_171.png" /><figcaption>(La Torre 2018a, Fig. 3)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_172.png" /><figcaption>(Vaccaro 2017, Fig. 2)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_173.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_174.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_175.png" /></figure>
<figure><img src="image_176.png" /><figcaption>(La Torre 2018a, Fig. 5)</figcaption></figure>

The monumental area

<figure><img src="image_177.png" /><figcaption>(Vaccaro 2017, Fig. 3)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_178.png" /></figure>
Filosofiana survey
Number of sites according to chronology

<figure><img src="image_179.png" /></figure>

North transect

<figure><img src="image_180.png" /></figure>

Buffer zone around the site

<figure><img src="image_181.png" /></figure>

(La Torre 2018a, Fig. 4, 6)

<figure><img src="image_182.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_183.png" /></figure>
Transition III

Sprawling agricultural villages

5th – 6th centuries AD

<figure><img src="image_184.png" /></figure>
Carabollace

<figure><img src="image_185.png" /></figure>

Carabollace

<figure><img src="image_186.png" /><figcaption>(Caminneci 2010, Fig. 5-6)</figcaption></figure>

Building B

Building A

<figure><img src="image_187.png" /></figure>
<figure><img src="image_188.png" /><figcaption>Verdura</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_189.png" /><figcaption>(Rizzo 2014, Fig. 5)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_190.png" /><figcaption>(Parello, Amico, D'Angelo 2010, Fig. 2)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_191.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_192.png" /></figure>
Campanaio

Campanaio

<figure><img src="image_193.png" /></figure>

Smashed tiles and
amphora deposit, 5th
cent. AD, from Room 13

<figure><img src="image_194.png" /></figure>

(Wilson 2000, Fig. 2, 5, 9)

<figure><img src="image_195.png" /></figure>

Late Roman
warehouse (?)

<figure><img src="image_196.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_197.png" /></figure>
impressions of a gold coin of Emperor
Theodosius II AD 430

(Wilson 2000, Fig. 2, 10, 11)

<figure><img src="image_198.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_199.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_200.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_201.png" /></figure>
Muratore

<figure><img src="image_202.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_203.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_204.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_205.png" /></figure>

(Valentino & Vassallo 2016, Fig. 17, 19)

Area1: Imperial age bath?

<figure><img src="image_206.png" /></figure>

Area 2: Late Antique buildings
<figure><img src="image_207.png" /><figcaption>(Valentino & Vassallo 2016, Fig. 17, 28-29)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_208.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_209.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_210.png" /></figure>
# Caucana: a landing place in southern Sicily?

<figure><img src="image_211.png" /><figcaption>(Uggeri 2017, Fig. 4)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_212.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_213.png" /></figure>
## From Kaukana to Caputvada
### Belisarios' journey
### AD 533

<figure><img src="image_214.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_215.png" /></figure>

[11] ταῦτα Προκόπιος ἀκούσας τῆς τε χειρὸς τοῦ οἰκέτου λαβόμενος ἐπὶ τὸν λιμένα ἐβάδιζε τὴν Ἀρέθουσαν, ἔνθα δή οἱ τὸ πλοῖον �ώρμίζετο, πυνθανόμενός τε τοῦ ἀνθρώπου συχνὰ καὶ διερευνώμενος ἕκαστα. ἐσβὰς δὲ ξὺν αὐτῷ ἐς τὴν ναῦν αἴρεσθαί τε τὰ ίστία ἐκέλευσε καὶ πλεῖν κατὰ τάχος ἐς Καύκανα.
Some conclusive remarks

<figure><img src="image_216.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_217.png" /></figure>
Main transitions

1. Crisis of minor rural settlements during the 3rd century AD

2. Big luxury villas during the 4th centuries AD

3. Sprawling agricultural villages between the 5th-6th century

What reasons might trigger changes and resiliencies in human
settlement patterns on a local scale?

<figure><img src="image_218.png" /></figure>
## and other related issues

* How to distinguish farms from minor villas, villages, workshops of different nature, service facilities for the *cursus publicus*?

* Necessity of a new protocol of analysis

* Necessity of publishing old excavation reports and surveys

* Necessity of broaden our knowledge concerning material culture

<figure><img src="image_219.png" /></figure>
Thank you

And come to Sicily for visiting these sites

We need help for solving these and much more issues

<figure><img src="image_220.png" /></figure>
Bibliography

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Slides will be freely available on HAL Open Science

For any further information don't hesitate to contact me
fabrizio.ducati90@gmail.com

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