Jain SK, Bhardwaj A (2011) Model calculation of N₂ Vegard-Kaplan band emissions in Martian dayglow. J Geophys Res, Planets 116:E07005. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JE003778

Jain SK, Bhardwaj A (2012) Impact of solar EUV flux on CO Cameron band and CO₂⁺ UV doublet emissions in the dayglow of Mars. Planet Space Sci 63:110–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2011.08.010

Jain SK, Deighan J, Schneider NM et al (2018) Martian thermospheric response to an X8.2 solar flare on 10 September 2017 as seen by MAVEN/IUVS. Geophys Res Lett 45:7312–7319. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL077731

Jain SK, Bougher SW, Deighan J et al (2020) Martian thermospheric warming associated with the planet encircling dust event of 2018. Geophys Res Lett 47:e85302. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL085302

Jain SK, Deighan J, Chaffin M et al (2022) Morphology of extreme and far ultraviolet Martian airglow emissions observed by the EMUS instrument on board the Emirates Mars Mission. Geophys Res Lett 49:e2022GL099885. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL099885

Jain SK, Soto E, Evans JS et al (2023) Thermal structure of Mars' middle and upper atmospheres: understanding the impacts of dynamics and solar forcing. Icarus 393:114703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2021.114703

Jakosky BM, Lin RP, Grebowsky JM et al (2015) The Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) mission. Space Sci Rev 195:3–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-015-0139-x

Jiménez-Monferrer S, López-Valverde MA, Funke B et al (2021) CO₂ retrievals in the Mars daylight thermosphere from its 4.3 µm limb emission measured by OMEGA/MEx. Icarus 353:113830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2020.113830

Johnson RE, Combi MR, Fox JL et al (2008) Exospheres and atmospheric escape. Space Sci Rev 139:355–397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-008-9415-3

Krasnopolsky VA (1997) Photochemical mapping of Mars. J Geophys Res 102:13313–13320. https://doi.org/10.1029/97JE01085

Krasnopolsky VA (2003) Mapping of Mars O₂ 1.27 µm dayglow at four seasonal points. Icarus 165(2):315–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00214-8

Krasnopolsky VA (2007) Long-term spectroscopic observations of Mars using IRTF/CSHELL: mapping of O₂ dayglow, CO, and search for CH₄. Icarus 190:93–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2007.02.014

Krasnopolsky VA (2013) Night and day airglow of oxygen at 1.27 µm on Mars. Planet Space Sci 85:243–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2013.06.018

Krasnopolsky VA, Feldman PD (2002) Far ultraviolet spectrum of Mars. Icarus 160(1):86–94. https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.2002.6949

Krasnopolsky VA, Mumma MJ, Randall Gladstone G (1998) Detection of atomic deuterium in the upper atmosphere of Mars. Science 280:1576. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.280.5369.1576

Leblanc F, Chaufray JY, Lilensten J et al (2006a) Martian dayglow as seen by the SPICAM UV spectrograph on Mars Express. J Geophys Res, Planets 111(E9):E09S11. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JE002664

Leblanc F, Witasse O, Winningham J et al (2006b) Origins of the Martian aurora observed by Spectroscopy for Investigation of Characteristics of the Atmosphere of Mars (SPICAM) on board Mars Express. J Geophys Res Space Phys 111:A09313. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JA011763

Leblanc F, Chaufray JY, Bertaux JL (2007) On Martian nitrogen dayglow emission observed by SPICAM UV spectrograph/Mars Express. Geophys Res Lett 34:L02206. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028437

Leblanc F, Witasse O, Lilensten J et al (2008) Observations of aurorae by SPICAM ultraviolet spectrograph on board Mars Express: simultaneous ASPERA-3 and MARSIS measurements. J Geophys Res Space Phys 113:A08311. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JA013033

Lee RA, Ajello JM, Malone CP et al (2021) Laboratory study of the Cameron bands, the first negative bands, and fourth positive bands in the middle ultraviolet 180–280 nm by electron impact upon CO. J Geophys Res, Planets 126(1):e06602. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JE006602

Lee RA, Ajello JM, Malone CP et al (2022) Laboratory study of the Cameron bands and UV doublet in the middle ultraviolet 180–300 nm by electron impact upon CO₂ with application to Mars. Astrophys J 938(2):99. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac88c8

Lefèvre F, Lebonnois S, Montmessin F et al (2004) Three-dimensional modeling of ozone on Mars. J Geophys Res, Planets 109:E07004. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JE002268

Lefèvre F, Bertaux JL, Clancy RT et al (2008) Heterogeneous chemistry in the atmosphere of Mars. Nature 454:971–975. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07116

Lellouch E, Encrenaz T, de Graauw T et al (2000) The 2.4–45 µm spectrum of Mars observed with the infrared space observatory. Planet Space Sci 48:1393–1405. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-0633(00)00118-5

Lillis RJ, Deighan J, Brain D et al (2022) First synoptic images of FUV discrete aurora and discovery of sinuous aurora at Mars by EMM EMUS. Geophys Res Lett 49:e99820. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL099820

Lo DY, Yelle RV, Deighan JI et al (2022) MAVEN/IUVS observations of C I 156.1 nm and 165.7 nm dayglow: direct detection of carbon and implications on photochemical escape. Icarus 371:114664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2021.114664
López-Puertas M, Taylor FW (2001) Non-LTE radiative transfer in the atmosphere. World Scientific, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1142/4650

López-Valverde MA, López-Puertas M, López-Moreno JJ et al (2005) Analysis of CO₂ non-LTE emissions at 4.3 µm in the Martian atmosphere as observed by PFS/Mars Express and SWS/ISO. Planet Space Sci 53:1079–1087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2005.03.007

López-Valverde MA, López-Puertas M, Funke B et al (2011) Modeling the atmospheric limb emission of CO 2 at 4.3 µm in the terrestrial planets. Planet Space Sci 59:988–998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2010.02.001

Lundin R, Winningham D, Barabash S et al (2006a) Plasma acceleration above Martian magnetic anomalies. Science 311:980–983. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1122071

Lundin R, Winningham D, Barabash S et al (2006b) Ionospheric plasma acceleration at Mars: ASPERA-3 results. Icarus 182:308–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2005.10.035

Maltagliati L, Montmessin F, Korablev O et al (2013) Annual survey of water vapor vertical distribution and water: aerosol coupling in the Martian atmosphere observed by SPICAM/Mex solar occultations. Icarus 223:942–962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2012.12.012

Mayyasi M, Clarke J, Bhattacharyya D et al (2017) The variability of atmospheric deuterium brightness at Mars: evidence for seasonal dependence. J Geophys Res Space Phys 122:10811–10823. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA024666

Mayyasi M, Clarke J, Chaufray JY et al (2023) Solar cycle and seasonal variability of H in the upper atmosphere of Mars. Icarus 393:115293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2022.115293

McClintock WE, Schneider NM, Holclaw GM et al (2015) The Imaging Ultraviolet Spectrograph (IUVS) for the MAVEN mission. Space Sci Rev 195:75–124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-014-0098-7

McElroy MB (1972) Mars: an evolving atmosphere. Science 175:443–445. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.175.4020.443

Medvedev AS, González-Galindo F, Yiğit E et al (2015) Cooling of the Martian thermosphere by CO₂ radiation and gravity waves: an intercomparison study with two general circulation models. J Geophys Res, Planets 120:913–927. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JE004802

Mitchell DL, Lin RP, Mazelle C et al (2001) Probing Mars' crustal magnetic field and ionosphere with the MGS Electron Reflectometer. J Geophys Res 106:23419–23428. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JE001435

Montmessin F, Korablev O, Lefèvre F et al (2017) SPICAM on Mars Express: a 10 year in-depth survey of the Martian atmosphere. Icarus 297:195–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2017.06.022

Montmessin F, Fedorova A, Alday J et al (2024) Mars' water cycle and escape: a view from Mars Express and beyond. Space Sci Rev 220

Noxon JF, Traub WA, Carleton NP et al (1976) Detection of O₂ dayglow emission from Mars and the Martian ozone abundance. Astrophys J 207:1025–1035. https://doi.org/10.1086/154572

Perrier S, Bertaux JL, Lefèvre F et al (2006) Global distribution of total ozone on Mars from SPICAM/MEX UV measurements. J Geophys Res, Planets 111:E09S06. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JE002681

Peter K, Sánchez-Cano B, Nemec F et al (2024) The ionosphere of Mars after 20 years of Mars Express contributions. Space Sci Rev 220

Piccialli A, López-Valverde MA, Määttänen A et al (2016) CO₂ non-LTE limb emissions in Mars' atmosphere as observed by OMEGA/Mars Express. J Geophys Res, Planets 121:1066–1086. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JE004981

Ritter B, Gérard JC, Hubert B et al (2018) Observations of the proton aurora on Mars with SPICAM on board Mars Express. Geophys Res Lett 45:612–619. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL076235

Safaenili A, Kofman W, Mouginot J et al (2007) Estimation of the total electron content of the Martian ionosphere using radar sounder surface echoes. Geophys Res Lett 34:L23204. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032154

Sanchez-Cano B, Opgenoorth H, Leblanc F et al (2022) The M-MATISSE mission: Mars Magnetosphere ATmosphere Ionosphere and Surface SciencE. In: 44th COSPAR scientific assembly. Held 16–24 July, p 421

Schneider NM, Deighan JI, Jain SK et al (2015) Discovery of diffuse aurora on Mars. Science 350:0313. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad0313

Schneider NM, Jain SK, Deighan J et al (2018) Global aurora on Mars during the September 2017 space weather event. Geophys Res Lett 45:7391–7398. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL077772

Schneider NM, Milby Z, Jain SK et al (2020) Imaging of Martian circulation patterns and atmospheric tides through MAVEN/IUVS nightglow observations. J Geophys Res Space Phys 125:e27318. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA027318

Schneider NM, Milby Z, Jain SK et al (2021) Discrete aurora on Mars: insights into their distribution and activity from MAVEN/IUVS observations. J Geophys Res Space Phys 126:e29428. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JA029428
López-Puertas M, Taylor FW (2001) Non-LTE radiative transfer in the atmosphere. World Scientific, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1142/4650

López-Valverde MA, López-Puertas M, López-Moreno JJ et al (2005) Analysis of CO₂ non-LTE emissions at 4.3 µm in the Martian atmosphere as observed by PFS/Mars Express and SWS/ISO. Planet Space Sci 53:1079–1087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2005.03.007

López-Valverde MA, López-Puertas M, Funke B et al (2011) Modeling the atmospheric limb emission of CO 2 at 4.3 µm in the terrestrial planets. Planet Space Sci 59:988–998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2010.02.001

Lundin R, Winningham D, Barabash S et al (2006a) Plasma acceleration above Martian magnetic anomalies. Science 311:980–983. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1122071

Lundin R, Winningham D, Barabash S et al (2006b) Ionospheric plasma acceleration at Mars: ASPERA-3 results. Icarus 182:308–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2005.10.035

Maltagliati L, Montmessin F, Korablev O et al (2013) Annual survey of water vapor vertical distribution and water: aerosol coupling in the Martian atmosphere observed by SPICAM/Mex solar occultations. Icarus 223:942–962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2012.12.012

Mayyasi M, Clarke J, Bhattacharyya D et al (2017) The variability of atmospheric deuterium brightness at Mars: evidence for seasonal dependence. J Geophys Res Space Phys 122:10811–10823. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA024666

Mayyasi M, Clarke J, Chaufray JY et al (2023) Solar cycle and seasonal variability of H in the upper atmosphere of Mars. Icarus 393:115293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2022.115293

McClintock WE, Schneider NM, Holsclaw GM et al (2015) The Imaging Ultraviolet Spectrograph (IUVS) for the MAVEN mission. Space Sci Rev 195:75–124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-014-0098-7

McElroy MB (1972) Mars: an evolving atmosphere. Science 175:443–445. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.175.4020.443

Medvedev AS, González-Galindo F, Yiğit E et al (2015) Cooling of the Martian thermosphere by CO₂ radia- tion and gravity waves: an intercomparison study with two general circulation models. J Geophys Res, Planets 120:913–927. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JE004802

Mitchell DL, Lin RP, Mazelle C et al (2001) Probing Mars' crustal magnetic field and ionosphere with the MGS Electron Reflectometer. J Geophys Res 106:23419–23428. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JE001435

Montmessin F, Korablev O, Lefèvre F et al (2017) SPICAM on Mars Express: a 10 year in-depth survey of the Martian atmosphere. Icarus 297:195–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2017.06.022

Montmessin F, Fedorova A, Alday J et al (2024) Mars' water cycle and escape: a view from Mars Express and beyond. Space Sci Rev 220

Noxon JF, Traub WA, Carleton NP et al (1976) Detection of O₂ dayglow emission from Mars and the Martian ozone abundance. Astrophys J 207:1025–1035. https://doi.org/10.1086/154572

Perrier S, Bertaux JL, Lefèvre F et al (2006) Global distribution of total ozone on Mars from SPICAM/MEX UV measurements. J Geophys Res, Planets 111:E09S06. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JE002681

Peter K, Sánchez-Cano B, Nemec F et al (2024) The ionosphere of Mars after 20 years of Mars Express contributions. Space Sci Rev 220

Piccialli A, López-Valverde MA, Määttänen A et al (2016) CO₂ non-LTE limb emissions in Mars' atmosphere as observed by OMEGA/Mars Express. J Geophys Res, Planets 121:1066–1086. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JE004981

Ritter B, Gérard JC, Hubert B et al (2018) Observations of the proton aurora on Mars with SPICAM on board Mars Express. Geophys Res Lett 45:612–619. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL076235

Safaenili A, Kofman W, Mouginot J et al (2007) Estimation of the total electron content of the Martian ionosphere using radar sounder surface echoes. Geophys Res Lett 34:L23204. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032154

Sanchez-Cano B, Opgenoorth H, Leblanc F et al (2022) The M-MATISSE mission: Mars Magnetosphere ATmosphere Ionosphere and Surface SciencE. In: 44th COSPAR scientific assembly. Held 16–24 July, p 421

Schneider NM, Deighan JI, Jain SK et al (2015) Discovery of diffuse aurora on Mars. Science 350:0313. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad0313

Schneider NM, Jain SK, Deighan J et al (2018) Global aurora on Mars during the September 2017 space weather event. Geophys Res Lett 45:7391–7398. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL077772

Schneider NM, Milby Z, Jain SK et al (2020) Imaging of Martian circulation patterns and atmospheric tides through MAVEN/IUVS nightglow observations. J Geophys Res Space Phys 125:e27318. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA027318

Schneider NM, Milby Z, Jain SK et al (2021) Discrete aurora on Mars: insights into their distribution and activity from MAVEN/IUVS observations. J Geophys Res Space Phys 126:e29428. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JA029428
Shematovich VI, Bisikalo DV, Gérard JC et al (2008) Monte Carlo model of electron transport for the calculation of Mars dayglow emissions. J Geophys Res, Planets 113(E2):E02011. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JE002938

Soret L, Gérard JC, Libert L et al (2016) SPICAM observations and modeling of Mars aurorae. Icarus 264:398-406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2015.09.023

Soret L, Gérard JC, Schneider N et al (2021) Discrete aurora on Mars: spectral properties, vertical profiles, and electron energies. J Geophys Res Space Phys 126(10):e29495. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JA029495

Soret L, Gérard JC, Aoki S et al (2022) The Mars oxygen visible dayglow: a Martian year of NOMAD/UVIS observations. J Geophys Res, Planets 127(6):e07220. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JE007220

Soret L, Gérard JC, Hubert B et al (2023) The ultraviolet Martian dayglow observed with NOMAD/UVIS on ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter. J Geophys Res, Planets 128:e2023JE007762. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JE007762

Stevens MH, Evans JS, Schneider NM et al (2015) New observations of molecular nitrogen in the Martian upper atmosphere by IUVS on MAVEN. Geophys Res Lett 42:9050-9056. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL065319

Stevens MH, Siskind DE, Evans JS et al (2019) Detection of the nitric oxide dayglow on Mars by MAVEN/IUVS. J Geophys Res, Planets 124:1226-1237. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JE005945

Stewart AI, Barth CA, Hord CW et al (1972) Mariner 9 ultraviolet spectrometer experiment: structure of Mars's upper atmosphere (A 5.3). Icarus 17(2):469-474. https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(72)90012-7

Stiepen A, Gérard JC, Bougher S et al (2015a) Mars thermospheric scale height: CO Cameron and CO₂ dayglow observations from Mars Express. Icarus 245:295-305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2014.09.051

Stiepen A, Gérard JC, Gagné MÉ et al (2015b) Ten years of Martian nitric oxide nightglow observations. Geophys Res Lett 42(3):720-725. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL062300

Stiepen A, Jain SK, Schneider NM et al (2017) Nitric oxide nightglow and Martian mesospheric circulation from MAVEN/IUVS observations and LMD-MGCM predictions. J Geophys Res Space Phys 122:5782-5797. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JA023523

Strickland DJ, Stewart AI, Barth CA et al (1973) Mariner 9 ultraviolet spectrometer experiment: Mars atomic oxygen 1304-A emission. J Geophys Res 78(22):4547. https://doi.org/10.1029/JA078i022p04547

Vandaele AC, Aoki S, Bauduin S et al (2024) Composition and chemistry of the Martian atmosphere. Space Sci Rev 220

Widemann T, Ghail RC, Wilson CF et al (2022) The envision mission to Venus. In: 53rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, p 2948

Wilson C, Titov D, Holmström M et al (2024) Mars Express scientific payload and its evolution. Space Sci Rev, 220

Xu S, Mitchell DL, McFadden JP et al (2022) Nightside auroral electrons at Mars: upstream drivers and ionospheric impact. J Geophys Res Space Phys 127:e30801. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JA030801

**Publisher's Note** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

## Authors and Affiliations

Francisco González-Galindo¹ ID · Jean-Claude Gérard² · Lauriane Soret² ·

Jean-Yves Chaufray³ · Anna Fedorova⁴ · Mats Holmstrom⁵ · Franck Lefèvre³ ·

Miguel Ángel López-Valverde¹ · Franck Montmessin³

<figure><img src="image_15.png" /></figure>

F. González-Galindo

ggalindo@iaa.es

J.-C. Gérard

JC.Gerard@uliege.be

L. Soret

lauriane.soret@uliege.be

J.-Y. Chaufray

Jean-Yves.Chaufray@latmos.ipsl.fr
Shematovich VI, Bisikalo DV, Gérard JC et al (2008) Monte Carlo model of electron transport for the calculation of Mars dayglow emissions. J Geophys Res, Planets 113(E2):E02011. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JE002938

Soret L, Gérard JC, Libert L et al (2016) SPICAM observations and modeling of Mars aurorae. Icarus 264:398-406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2015.09.023

Soret L, Gérard JC, Schneider N et al (2021) Discrete aurora on Mars: spectral properties, vertical profiles, and electron energies. J Geophys Res Space Phys 126(10):e29495. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JA029495

Soret L, Gérard JC, Aoki S et al (2022) The Mars oxygen visible dayglow: a Martian year of NOMAD/UVIS observations. J Geophys Res, Planets 127(6):e07220. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JE007220

Soret L, Gérard JC, Hubert B et al (2023) The ultraviolet Martian dayglow observed with NOMAD/UVIS on ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter. J Geophys Res, Planets 128:e2023JE007762. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JE007762

Stevens MH, Evans JS, Schneider NM et al (2015) New observations of molecular nitrogen in the Martian upper atmosphere by IUVS on MAVEN. Geophys Res Lett 42:9050-9056. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL065319

Stevens MH, Siskind DE, Evans JS et al (2019) Detection of the nitric oxide dayglow on Mars by MAVEN/IUVS. J Geophys Res, Planets 124:1226-1237. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JE005945

Stewart AI, Barth CA, Hord CW et al (1972) Mariner 9 ultraviolet spectrometer experiment: structure of Mars's upper atmosphere (A 5.3). Icarus 17(2):469-474. https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(72)90012-7

Stiepen A, Gérard JC, Bougher S et al (2015a) Mars thermospheric scale height: CO Cameron and CO₂ dayglow observations from Mars Express. Icarus 245:295-305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2014.09.051

Stiepen A, Gérard JC, Gagné MÉ et al (2015b) Ten years of Martian nitric oxide nightglow observations. Geophys Res Lett 42(3):720-725. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL062300

Stiepen A, Jain SK, Schneider NM et al (2017) Nitric oxide nightglow and Martian mesospheric circulation from MAVEN/IUVS observations and LMD-MGCM predictions. J Geophys Res Space Phys 122:5782-5797. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JA023523

Strickland DJ, Stewart AI, Barth CA et al (1973) Mariner 9 ultraviolet spectrometer experiment: Mars atomic oxygen 1304-A emission. J Geophys Res 78(22):4547. https://doi.org/10.1029/JA078i022p04547

Vandaele AC, Aoki S, Bauduin S et al (2024) Composition and chemistry of the Martian atmosphere. Space Sci Rev 220

Widemann T, Ghail RC, Wilson CF et al (2022) The envision mission to Venus. In: 53rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, p 2948

Wilson C, Titov D, Holmström M et al (2024) Mars Express scientific payload and its evolution. Space Sci Rev, 220

Xu S, Mitchell DL, McFadden JP et al (2022) Nightside auroral electrons at Mars: upstream drivers and ionospheric impact. J Geophys Res Space Phys 127:e30801. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JA030801

**Publisher's Note** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

## Authors and Affiliations

Francisco González-Galindo¹ ID · Jean-Claude Gérard² · Lauriane Soret² ·

Jean-Yves Chaufray³ · Anna Fedorova⁴ · Mats Holmstrom⁵ · Franck Lefèvre³ ·

Miguel Ángel López-Valverde¹ · Franck Montmessin³

<figure><img src="image_15.png" /></figure>

F. González-Galindo

ggalindo@iaa.es

J.-C. Gérard

JC.Gerard@uliege.be

L. Soret

lauriane.soret@uliege.be

J.-Y. Chaufray

Jean-Yves.Chaufray@latmos.ipsl.fr
A. Fedorova
fedorova@iki.rssi.ru

M. Holmstrom
matsh@irf.se

F. Lefèvre
franck.lefevre@latmos.ipsl.fr

M.Á. López-Valverde
valverde@iaa.es

F. Montmessin
Franck.Montmessin@latmos.ipsl.fr

1 Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía, Granada, Spain

2 LPAP, STAR Institute, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium

3 LATMOS, IPSL, Paris, France

4 IKI, Moscow, Russia

5 Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna, Sweden
A. Fedorova
fedorova@iki.rssi.ru

M. Holmstrom
matsh@irf.se

F. Lefèvre
franck.lefevre@latmos.ipsl.fr

M.Á. López-Valverde
valverde@iaa.es

F. Montmessin
Franck.Montmessin@latmos.ipsl.fr

1 Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía, Granada, Spain

2 LPAP, STAR Institute, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium

3 LATMOS, IPSL, Paris, France

4 IKI, Moscow, Russia

5 Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna, Sweden