<figure><img src="image_8.png" /></figure>

arrangements and phylogenetic implications. *PLoS One*. 2012;7:e32353.

17. Medina M, Lal S, Vallès Y, et al. Crawling through time: transition of snails to slugs dating back to the Paleozoic, based on mitochondrial phylogenomics. *Mar Genomics*. 2011;4:51-59.

18. Allam B, Espinosa EP. Bivalve immunity and response to infections: are we looking at the right place? *Fish Shellfish Immun.* 2016;53:4-12.

19. Bachere E, Rosa RD, Schmitt P, et al. The new insights into the oyster antimicrobial defense: cellular, molecular and genetic view. *Fish Shellfish Immunol.* 2015;46(1):50-64. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2015.02.040

20. Zhang L, Li L, Guo X, Litman GW, Dishaw LJ, Zhang G. Massive expansion and functional divergence of innate immune genes in a protostome. *Sci Rep.* 2015;5:8693.

21. Hellio C, Bado-Nilles A, Gagnaire B, Renault T, Thomas-Guyon H. Demonstration of a true phenoloxidase activity and activation of a ProPO cascade in Pacific oyster, *Crassostrea gigas* (Thunberg) in vitro. *Fish Shellfish Immunol.* 2007;22:433-440.

22. Wang L, Zhang H, Wang L, et al. The RNA-seq analysis suggests a potential multi-component complement system in oyster Crassostrea gigas. *Dev Comp Immunol.* 2017;76:209-219.

23. Anderson RS. Reactive oxygen species and antimicrobial defenses of invertebrates: a bivalve model. *Adv Exp Med Biol.* 2001;484:131-139.

24. Lambert C, Soudant P, Jegaden M, et al. In vitro modulation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediate (ROI/RNI) production in *Crassostrea gigas* hemocytes. *Aquaculture*. 2007;270:413-421.

25. Romero A, Novoa B, Figueras A. Extracellular traps (ETosis) can be activated through NADPH-dependent and -independent mechanisms in bivalve mollusks. *Dev Comp Immunol.* 2020;106:103585.

26. Green TJ, Raftos D, Speck P, Montagnani C. Antiviral immunity in marine molluscs. *J Gen Virol.* 2015;96:2471-2482.

27. Wang L, Song X, Song L. The oyster immunity. *Dev Comp Immunol.* 2018;80:99-118.

28. Gerdol M, Schmitt P, Venier P, Rocha G, Rosa RD, Destoumieux-Garzón D. Functional insights from the evolutionary diversification of big defensins. *Front Immunol.* 2020;11:758.

29. Destoumieux-Garzon D, Canesi L, Oyanedel D, et al. Vibrio-bivalve interactions in health and disease. *Environ Microbiol.* 2020;22:4323-4341.

30. Green TJ, Speck P, Geng L, et al. Oyster viperin retains direct antiviral activity and its transcription occurs via a signalling pathway involving a heat-stable haemolymph protein. *J Gen Virol.* 2015;96:3587-3597.

31. Rey-Campos M, Moreira R, Valenzuela-Muñoz V, Gallardo-Escárate C, Novoa B, Figueras A. High individual variability in the transcriptomic response of Mediterranean mussels to Vibrio reveals the involvement of myticins in tissue injury. *Sci Rep.* 2019;9:3569.

32. Wang L, Zhang H, Wang M, et al. The transcriptomic expression of pattern recognition receptors: insight into molecular recognition of various invading pathogens in Oyster *Crassostrea gigas*. *Dev Comp Immunol.* 2019;91:1-7.

33. Travers MA, Meistertζheim AL, Cardinaud M, et al. Gene expression patterns of abalone, *Haliotis tuberculata*, during successive infections by the pathogen Vibrio harveyi. *J Invertebr Pathol.* 2010;105:289-297.

34. Pradeu T, Du Pasquier L. Immunological memory: what's in a name? *Immunol Rev.* 2018;283:7-20.

35. Milutinovic B, Kurtz J. Immune memory in invertebrates. *Semin Immunol.* 2016;28:328-342.

36. Gourbal B, Pinaud S, Beckers GJM, Van Der Meer JWM, Conrath U, Netea MG. Innate immune memory: an evolutionary perspective. *Immunol Rev.* 2018;283:21-40.

37. Netea MG, Schlitzer A, Placek K, Joosten LAB, Schultze JL. Innate and adaptive immune memory: an evolutionary continuum in the Host's response to pathogens. *Cell Host Microbe.* 2019;25:13-26.

38. Prado S, Romalde JL, Barja JL. Review of probiotics for use in bivalve hatcheries. *Vet Microbiol.* 2010;145:187-197.

39. Madison D, Schubiger C, Lunda S, Mueller RS, Langdon C. A marine probiotic treatment against the bacterial pathogen Vibrio coralliilyticus to improve the performance of Pacific (*Crassostrea gigas*) and Kumamoto (*C. sikamea*) oyster larvae. *Aquaculture*. 2022;560.

40. Cordier C, Stavrakakis C, Morga B, et al. Removal of pathogens by ultrafiltration from sea water. *Environ Int.* 2020;142:105809.

41. Degremont L, Garcia C, Allen SK Jr. Genetic improvement for disease resistance in oysters: a review. *J Invertebr Pathol.* 2015;131:226-241.

42. Holland OJ, Toomey M, Ahrens C, et al. Whole genome resequencing reveals signatures of rapid selection in a virus-affected commercial fishery. *Mol Ecol.* 2022;31:3658-3671.

43. Smits M, Enez F, Ferraresso S, et al. Potential for genetic improvement of resistance to *Perkinsus olseni* in the Manila clam, *Ruditapes philippinarum*, using DNA parentage assignment and mass spawning. *Front Vet Sci.* 2020;7:579840.

44. Richard M, Bourreau J, Montagnani C, et al. Influence of OSHV-1 oyster mortality episode on dissolved inorganic fluxes: an ex situ experiment at the individual scale. *Aquaculture*. 2017;475:40-51.

45. Richard M, Bec B, Vanhuysse C, et al. Changes in planktonic microbial components in interaction with juvenile oysters during a mortality episode in the Thau lagoon (France). *Aquaculture*. 2019;503:231-241.

46. Portela J, Duval D, Rognon A, et al. Evidence for specific genotype-dependent immune priming in the lophotrochozoan *Biomphalaria glabrata* snail. *J Innate Immun.* 2013;5:261-276.

47. Huang XW, Xu MN, Zheng HX, et al. Pre-exposure to *Candida glabrata* protects *Galleria mellonella* against subsequent lethal fungal infections. *Virulence*. 2020;11:1674-1684.

48. Tidbury HJ, Pedersen AB, Boots M. Within and transgenerational immune priming in an insect to a DNA virus. *Proc Biol Sci.* 2011;278:871-876.

49. Mondotte JA, Gausson V, Frangeul L, et al. Evidence for long-lasting transgenerational antiviral immunity in insects. *Cell Rep.* 2020;33:108506.

50. Rechavi O, Minevich G, Hobert O. Transgenerational inheritance of an acquired small RNA-based antiviral response in *C. elegans*. *Cell.* 2011;147:1248-1256.

51. Chang YH, Kumar R, Ng TH, Wang HC. What vaccination studies tell us about immunological memory within the innate immune system of cultured shrimp and crayfish. *Dev Comp Immunol.* 2018;80:53-66.

52. Netea MG. Training innate immunity: the changing concept of immunological memory in innate host defence. *Eur J Clin Invest.* 2013;43:881-884.

53. Netea MG, Domínguez-Andrés J, Barreiro LB, et al. Defining trained immunity and its role in health and disease. *Nat Rev Immunol.* 2020;20:375-388.

54. Lanz-Mendoza H, Contreras-Garduno J. Innate immune memory in invertebrates: concept and potential mechanisms. *Dev Comp Immunol.* 2022;127:104285.

55. Kurtz J. Memory in the innate and adaptive immune systems. *Microbes Infect.* 2004;6:1410-1417.

56. Kurtz J, Franz K. Innate defence: evidence for memory in invertebrate immunity. *Nature*. 2003;425:37-38.

57. Rodrigues J, Brayner FA, Alves LC, Dixit R, Barillas-Mury C. Hemo-cyte differentiation mediates innate immune memory in *Anopheles gambiae* mosquitoes. *Science.* 2010;329:1353-1355.

58. Sadd BM, Schmid-Hempel P. Insect immunity shows specificity in protection upon secondary pathogen exposure. *Curr Biol.* 2006;16:1206-1210.

59. Cooper EL, Rinkevich B, Uhlenbruck G, Valembois P. Invertebrate immunity: another viewpoint. *Scand J Immunol.* 1992;35:247-266.
<figure><img src="image_7.png" /></figure>

arrangements and phylogenetic implications. *PLoS One*. 2012;7:e32353.

17. Medina M, Lal S, Vallès Y, et al. Crawling through time: transition of snails to slugs dating back to the Paleozoic, based on mitochondrial phylogenomics. *Mar Genomics*. 2011;4:51-59.

18. Allam B, Espinosa EP. Bivalve immunity and response to infections: are we looking at the right place? *Fish Shellfish Immun.* 2016;53:4-12.

19. Bachere E, Rosa RD, Schmitt P, et al. The new insights into the oyster antimicrobial defense: cellular, molecular and genetic view. *Fish Shellfish Immunol.* 2015;46(1):50-64. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2015.02.040

20. Zhang L, Li L, Guo X, Litman GW, Dishaw LJ, Zhang G. Massive expansion and functional divergence of innate immune genes in a protostome. *Sci Rep.* 2015;5:8693.

21. Hellio C, Bado-Nilles A, Gagnaire B, Renault T, Thomas-Guyon H. Demonstration of a true phenoloxidase activity and activation of a ProPO cascade in Pacific oyster, *Crassostrea gigas* (Thunberg) in vitro. *Fish Shellfish Immunol.* 2007;22:433-440.

22. Wang L, Zhang H, Wang L, et al. The RNA-seq analysis suggests a potential multi-component complement system in oyster Crassostrea gigas. *Dev Comp Immunol.* 2017;76:209-219.

23. Anderson RS. Reactive oxygen species and antimicrobial defenses of invertebrates: a bivalve model. *Adv Exp Med Biol.* 2001;484:131-139.

24. Lambert C, Soudant P, Jegaden M, et al. In vitro modulation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediate (ROI/RNI) production in *Crassostrea gigas* hemocytes. *Aquaculture*. 2007;270:413-421.

25. Romero A, Novoa B, Figueras A. Extracellular traps (ETosis) can be activated through NADPH-dependent and -independent mechanisms in bivalve mollusks. *Dev Comp Immunol.* 2020;106:103585.

26. Green TJ, Raftos D, Speck P, Montagnani C. Antiviral immunity in marine molluscs. *J Gen Virol.* 2015;96:2471-2482.

27. Wang L, Song X, Song L. The oyster immunity. *Dev Comp Immunol.* 2018;80:99-118.

28. Gerdol M, Schmitt P, Venier P, Rocha G, Rosa RD, Destoumieux-Garzón D. Functional insights from the evolutionary diversification of big defensins. *Front Immunol.* 2020;11:758.

29. Destoumieux-Garzon D, Canesi L, Oyanedel D, et al. Vibrio-bivalve interactions in health and disease. *Environ Microbiol.* 2020;22:4323-4341.

30. Green TJ, Speck P, Geng L, et al. Oyster viperin retains direct antiviral activity and its transcription occurs via a signalling pathway involving a heat-stable haemolymph protein. *J Gen Virol.* 2015;96:3587-3597.

31. Rey-Campos M, Moreira R, Valenzuela-Muñoz V, Gallardo-Escárate C, Novoa B, Figueras A. High individual variability in the transcriptomic response of Mediterranean mussels to Vibrio reveals the involvement of myticins in tissue injury. *Sci Rep.* 2019;9:3569.

32. Wang L, Zhang H, Wang M, et al. The transcriptomic expression of pattern recognition receptors: insight into molecular recognition of various invading pathogens in Oyster *Crassostrea gigas*. *Dev Comp Immunol.* 2019;91:1-7.

33. Travers MA, Meistertζheim AL, Cardinaud M, et al. Gene expression patterns of abalone, *Haliotis tuberculata*, during successive infections by the pathogen Vibrio harveyi. *J Invertebr Pathol.* 2010;105:289-297.

34. Pradeu T, Du Pasquier L. Immunological memory: what's in a name? *Immunol Rev.* 2018;283:7-20.

35. Milutinovic B, Kurtz J. Immune memory in invertebrates. *Semin Immunol.* 2016;28:328-342.

36. Gourbal B, Pinaud S, Beckers GJM, Van Der Meer JWM, Conrath U, Netea MG. Innate immune memory: an evolutionary perspective. *Immunol Rev.* 2018;283:21-40.

37. Netea MG, Schlitzer A, Placek K, Joosten LAB, Schultze JL. Innate and adaptive immune memory: an evolutionary continuum in the Host's response to pathogens. *Cell Host Microbe.* 2019;25:13-26.

38. Prado S, Romalde JL, Barja JL. Review of probiotics for use in bivalve hatcheries. *Vet Microbiol.* 2010;145:187-197.

39. Madison D, Schubiger C, Lunda S, Mueller RS, Langdon C. A marine probiotic treatment against the bacterial pathogen Vibrio coralliilyticus to improve the performance of Pacific (*Crassostrea gigas*) and Kumamoto (*C. sikamea*) oyster larvae. *Aquaculture*. 2022;560.

40. Cordier C, Stavrakakis C, Morga B, et al. Removal of pathogens by ultrafiltration from sea water. *Environ Int.* 2020;142:105809.

41. Degremont L, Garcia C, Allen SK Jr. Genetic improvement for disease resistance in oysters: a review. *J Invertebr Pathol.* 2015;131:226-241.

42. Holland OJ, Toomey M, Ahrens C, et al. Whole genome resequencing reveals signatures of rapid selection in a virus-affected commercial fishery. *Mol Ecol.* 2022;31:3658-3671.

43. Smits M, Enez F, Ferraresso S, et al. Potential for genetic improvement of resistance to *Perkinsus olseni* in the Manila clam, *Ruditapes philippinarum*, using DNA parentage assignment and mass spawning. *Front Vet Sci.* 2020;7:579840.

44. Richard M, Bourreau J, Montagnani C, et al. Influence of OSHV-1 oyster mortality episode on dissolved inorganic fluxes: an ex situ experiment at the individual scale. *Aquaculture*. 2017;475:40-51.

45. Richard M, Bec B, Vanhuysse C, et al. Changes in planktonic microbial components in interaction with juvenile oysters during a mortality episode in the Thau lagoon (France). *Aquaculture*. 2019;503:231-241.

46. Portela J, Duval D, Rognon A, et al. Evidence for specific genotype-dependent immune priming in the lophotrochozoan *Biomphalaria glabrata* snail. *J Innate Immun.* 2013;5:261-276.

47. Huang XW, Xu MN, Zheng HX, et al. Pre-exposure to *Candida glabrata* protects *Galleria mellonella* against subsequent lethal fungal infections. *Virulence*. 2020;11:1674-1684.

48. Tidbury HJ, Pedersen AB, Boots M. Within and transgenerational immune priming in an insect to a DNA virus. *Proc Biol Sci.* 2011;278:871-876.

49. Mondotte JA, Gausson V, Frangeul L, et al. Evidence for long-lasting transgenerational antiviral immunity in insects. *Cell Rep.* 2020;33:108506.

50. Rechavi O, Minevich G, Hobert O. Transgenerational inheritance of an acquired small RNA-based antiviral response in *C. elegans*. *Cell.* 2011;147:1248-1256.

51. Chang YH, Kumar R, Ng TH, Wang HC. What vaccination studies tell us about immunological memory within the innate immune system of cultured shrimp and crayfish. *Dev Comp Immunol.* 2018;80:53-66.

52. Netea MG. Training innate immunity: the changing concept of immunological memory in innate host defence. *Eur J Clin Invest.* 2013;43:881-884.

53. Netea MG, Domínguez-Andrés J, Barreiro LB, et al. Defining trained immunity and its role in health and disease. *Nat Rev Immunol.* 2020;20:375-388.

54. Lanz-Mendoza H, Contreras-Garduno J. Innate immune memory in invertebrates: concept and potential mechanisms. *Dev Comp Immunol.* 2022;127:104285.

55. Kurtz J. Memory in the innate and adaptive immune systems. *Microbes Infect.* 2004;6:1410-1417.

56. Kurtz J, Franz K. Innate defence: evidence for memory in invertebrate immunity. *Nature*. 2003;425:37-38.

57. Rodrigues J, Brayner FA, Alves LC, Dixit R, Barillas-Mury C. Hemo-cyte differentiation mediates innate immune memory in *Anopheles gambiae* mosquitoes. *Science.* 2010;329:1353-1355.

58. Sadd BM, Schmid-Hempel P. Insect immunity shows specificity in protection upon secondary pathogen exposure. *Curr Biol.* 2006;16:1206-1210.

59. Cooper EL, Rinkevich B, Uhlenbruck G, Valembois P. Invertebrate immunity: another viewpoint. *Scand J Immunol.* 1992;35:247-266.
60. Roth O, Sadd BM, Schmid-Hempel P, Kurtz J. Strain-specific priming of resistance in the red flour beetle, *Tribolium castaneum*. *Proc Biol Sci.* 2009;276:145-151.

61. Tetreau G, Dhinaut J, Gourbal B, Moret Y. Trans-generational immune priming in invertebrates: current knowledge and future prospects. *Front Immunol.* 2019;10:1938.

62. Eggert H, Diddens-de Buhr MF, Kurtz J. A temperature shock can lead to trans-generational immune priming in the red flour beetle, *Tribolium castaneum*. *Ecol Evol.* 2015;5:1318-1326.

63. Norouzitallab P, Baruah K, Vandegehuchte M, et al. Environmental heat stress induces epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of robustness in parthenogenetic Artemia model. *FASEB J.* 2014;28:3552-3563.

64. Mydlarz LD, Jones LE, Harvell CD. Innate immunity environmental drivers and disease ecology of marine and freshwater invertebrates. *Annu Rev Ecol Evol S.* 2006;37:251-288.

65. Encomio VG, Chu FLE. Heat shock protein (hsp70) expression and thermal tolerance in sublethally heat-shocked eastern oysters *Crassostrea virginica* infected with the parasite *Perkinsus marinus*. *Dis Aquat Organ.* 2007;76:251-260.

66. Mowlds P, Barron A, Kavanagh K. Physical stress primes the immune response of *Galleria mellonella* larvae to infection by *Candida albicans*. *Microbes Infect.* 2008;10:628-634.

67. Mowlds P, Kavanagh K. Effect of pre-incubation temperature on susceptibility of *Galleria mellonella* larvae to infection by *Candida albicans*. *Mycopathologia.* 2008;165:5-12.

68. Browne N, Surlis C, Kavanagh K. Thermal and physical stresses induce a short-term immune priming effect in *Galleria mellonella* larvae. *J Insect Physiol.* 2014;63:21-26.

69. Wojda I, Jakubowicz T. Humoral immune response upon mild heat-shock conditions in *Galleria mellonella* larvae. *J Insect Physiol.* 2007; 53:1134-1144.

70. Anyanful A, Easley KA, Benian GM, Kalman D. Conditioning protects *C. elegans* from lethal effects of enteropathogenic *E. coli* by activating genes that regulate lifespan and innate immunity. *Cell Host Microbe.* 2009;5:450-462.

71. Roberts RJ, Agius C, Saliba C, Bossier P, Sung YY. Heat shock proteins (chaperones) in fish and shellfish and their potential role in relation to fish health: a review. *J Fish Dis.* 2010;33:789-801.

72. Baruah K, Ranjan J, Sorgeloos P, Bossier P. Efficacy of heterologous and homologous heat shock protein 70s as protective agents to *Artemia franciscana* challenged with *Vibrio campbellii*. *Fish Shellfish Immun.* 2010;29:733-739.

73. Yue X, Liu BZ, Sun L, Tang BJ. Cloning and characterization of a hsp70 gene from Asiatic hard clam *Meretrix meretrix* which is involved in the immune response against bacterial infection. *Fish Shellfish Immun.* 2011;30:791-799.

74. Delisle L, Pauletto M, Vidal-Dupiol J, et al. High temperature induces transcriptomic changes in *Crassostrea gigas* that hinders progress of *Ostreid herpesvirus (OsHV-1)* and promotes survival. *J Exp Biol.* 2020; 223(20). doi:10.1242/jeb.226233

75. Lin YR, Hung HC, Leu JH, Wang HC, Kou GH, Lo CF. The role of aldehyde dehydrogenase and hsp70 in suppression of white spot syndrome virus replication at high temperature. *J Virol.* 2011;85: 3517-3525.

76. Vabulas RM, Ahmad-Nejad P, Ghose S, Kirschning CJ, Issels RD, Wagner H. HSP70 as endogenous stimulus of the toll/interleukin-1 receptor signal pathway. *J Biol Chem.* 2002;277:15107-15112.

77. Plant KP, LaPatra SE, Cain KD. Vaccination of rainbow trout, *Oncorhynchus mykiss* (Walbaum), with recombinant and DNA vaccines produced to *Flavobacterium psychrophilum* heat shock proteins 60 and 70. *J Fish Dis.* 2009;32:521-534.

78. Prigot-Maurice C, Beltran-Bech S, Braquart-Varnier C. Why and how do protective symbionts impact immune priming with pathogens in invertebrates? *Dev Comp Immunol.* 2022;126:104245.

79. Coustau C, Kurtz J, Moret Y. A novel mechanism of immune memory unveiled at the invertebrate-parasite interface. *Trends Parasitol.* 2016;32:353-355.

80. Divangahi M, Aaby P, Khader SA, et al. Trained immunity, tolerance, priming and differentiation: distinct immunological processes. *Nat Immunol.* 2021;22:2-6.

81. Boraschi D, Italiani P. Innate immune memory: time for adopting a correct terminology. *Front Immunol.* 2018;9:799.

82. Serrato-Salas J, Izquierdo-Sánchez J, Argüello M, et al. *Aedes aegypti* antiviral adaptive response against DENV-2. *Dev Comp Immunol.* 2018;84:28-36.

83. Contreras-Garduno J, Rodríguez MC, Hernández-Martínez S, et al. *Plasmodium berghei* induced priming in *Anopheles albimanus* independently of bacterial co-infection. *Dev Comp Immunol.* 2015;52: 172-181.

84. Greenwood JM, Milutinović B, Peuß R, et al. Oral immune priming with *Bacillus thuringiensis* induces a shift in the gene expression of *Tribolium castaneum* larvae. *BMC Genomics.* 2017; 18:329.

85. Pinaud S, Portela J, Duval D, et al. A shift from cellular to humoral responses contributes to innate immune memory in the vector snail *Biomphalaria glabrata*. *PLoS Pathog.* 2016;12:e1005361.

86. Johnston PR, Makarova O, Rolff J. Inducible defenses stay up late: temporal patterns of immune gene expression in *Tenebrio molitor*. *G3 (Bethesda)*. 2013;4:947-955.

87. Mikonranta L, Mappes J, Kaukoniitty M, Freitak D. Insect immunity: oral exposure to a bacterial pathogen elicits free radical response and protects from a recurring infection. *Front Zool.* 2014;11:23.

88. Lafont M, Vergnes A, Vidal-Dupiol J, et al. A sustained immune response supports long-term antiviral immune priming in the Pacific oyster, *Crassostrea gigas*. *mBio.* 2020;11:e02777-19.

89. Prigot-Maurice C, de Cerqueira De A, Araujo S, Beltran-Bech CB-V. Immune priming depends on age, sex and *Wolbachia* in the interaction between *Armadillidium vulgare* and *Salmonella*. *J Evol Biol.* 2021; 34:256-269.

90. Eleftherianos I, Marokhazi J, Millichap PJ, et al. Prior infection of *Manduca sexta* with non-pathogenic *Escherichia coli* elicits immunity to pathogenic *Photorhabdus luminescens*: roles of immune-related proteins shown by RNA interference. *Insect Biochem Mol Biol.* 2006; 36:517-525.

91. Barshis DJ, Ladner JT, Oliver TA, et al. Genomic basis for coral resilience to climate change. *Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.* 2013;110:1387-1392.

92. Gurr SJ, Trigg SA, Vadopalas B, Roberts SB, Putnam HM. Acclimatory gene expression of primed clams enhances robustness to elevated pCO₂. *Mol Ecol.* 2022;31:5005-5023.

93. Jeria E, Oyanedel D, Rojas R, et al. Resistance of *Argopecten purpuras* scallop larvae to vibriosis is associated with the front-loading of immune genes and enhanced antimicrobial response. *Front Immunol.* 2023;14:1150280.

94. Vidal-Dupiol J, Harscouet E, Shefy D, et al. Frontloading of stress response genes enhances robustness to environmental change in chimeric corals. *BMC Biol.* 2022;20:167.

95. Collins M, Clark MS, Spicer JI, Truebano M. Transcriptional frontloading contributes to cross-tolerance between stressors. *Evol Appl.* 2021;14:577-587.

96. Brener-Raffalli K, Vidal-Dupiol J, Adjeroud M, et al. Gene expression plasticity and frontloading promote thermotolerance in *Pocilloporid* corals. 2018. bioRxiv. doi:10.1101/398602

97. Vilcinskas A. The role of epigenetics in host-parasite coevolution: lessons from the model host insects *Galleria mellonella* and *Tribolium castaneum*. *Zoology (Jena)*. 2016;119:273-280.
60. Roth O, Sadd BM, Schmid-Hempel P, Kurtz J. Strain-specific priming of resistance in the red flour beetle, *Tribolium castaneum*. *Proc Biol Sci.* 2009;276:145-151.

61. Tetreau G, Dhinaut J, Gourbal B, Moret Y. Trans-generational immune priming in invertebrates: current knowledge and future prospects. *Front Immunol.* 2019;10:1938.

62. Eggert H, Diddens-de Buhr MF, Kurtz J. A temperature shock can lead to trans-generational immune priming in the red flour beetle, *Tribolium castaneum*. *Ecol Evol.* 2015;5:1318-1326.

63. Norouzitallab P, Baruah K, Vandegehuchte M, et al. Environmental heat stress induces epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of robustness in parthenogenetic Artemia model. *FASEB J.* 2014;28:3552-3563.

64. Mydlarz LD, Jones LE, Harvell CD. Innate immunity environmental drivers and disease ecology of marine and freshwater invertebrates. *Annu Rev Ecol Evol S.* 2006;37:251-288.

65. Encomio VG, Chu FLE. Heat shock protein (hsp70) expression and thermal tolerance in sublethally heat-shocked eastern oysters *Crassostrea virginica* infected with the parasite *Perkinsus marinus*. *Dis Aquat Organ.* 2007;76:251-260.

66. Mowlds P, Barron A, Kavanagh K. Physical stress primes the immune response of *Galleria mellonella* larvae to infection by *Candida albicans*. *Microbes Infect.* 2008;10:628-634.

67. Mowlds P, Kavanagh K. Effect of pre-incubation temperature on susceptibility of *Galleria mellonella* larvae to infection by *Candida albicans*. *Mycopathologia.* 2008;165:5-12.

68. Browne N, Surlis C, Kavanagh K. Thermal and physical stresses induce a short-term immune priming effect in *Galleria mellonella* larvae. *J Insect Physiol.* 2014;63:21-26.

69. Wojda I, Jakubowicz T. Humoral immune response upon mild heat-shock conditions in *Galleria mellonella* larvae. *J Insect Physiol.* 2007; 53:1134-1144.

70. Anyanful A, Easley KA, Benian GM, Kalman D. Conditioning protects *C. elegans* from lethal effects of enteropathogenic *E. coli* by activating genes that regulate lifespan and innate immunity. *Cell Host Microbe.* 2009;5:450-462.

71. Roberts RJ, Agius C, Saliba C, Bossier P, Sung YY. Heat shock proteins (chaperones) in fish and shellfish and their potential role in relation to fish health: a review. *J Fish Dis.* 2010;33:789-801.

72. Baruah K, Ranjan J, Sorgeloos P, Bossier P. Efficacy of heterologous and homologous heat shock protein 70s as protective agents to *Artemia franciscana* challenged with *Vibrio campbellii*. *Fish Shellfish Immun.* 2010;29:733-739.

73. Yue X, Liu BZ, Sun L, Tang BJ. Cloning and characterization of a hsp70 gene from Asiatic hard clam *Meretrix meretrix* which is involved in the immune response against bacterial infection. *Fish Shellfish Immun.* 2011;30:791-799.

74. Delisle L, Pauletto M, Vidal-Dupiol J, et al. High temperature induces transcriptomic changes in *Crassostrea gigas* that hinders progress of *Ostreid herpesvirus (OsHV-1)* and promotes survival. *J Exp Biol.* 2020; 223(20). doi:10.1242/jeb.226233

75. Lin YR, Hung HC, Leu JH, Wang HC, Kou GH, Lo CF. The role of aldehyde dehydrogenase and hsp70 in suppression of white spot syndrome virus replication at high temperature. *J Virol.* 2011;85: 3517-3525.

76. Vabulas RM, Ahmad-Nejad P, Ghose S, Kirschning CJ, Issels RD, Wagner H. HSP70 as endogenous stimulus of the toll/interleukin-1 receptor signal pathway. *J Biol Chem.* 2002;277:15107-15112.

77. Plant KP, LaPatra SE, Cain KD. Vaccination of rainbow trout, *Oncorhynchus mykiss* (Walbaum), with recombinant and DNA vaccines produced to *Flavobacterium psychrophilum* heat shock proteins 60 and 70. *J Fish Dis.* 2009;32:521-534.

78. Prigot-Maurice C, Beltran-Bech S, Braquart-Varnier C. Why and how do protective symbionts impact immune priming with pathogens in invertebrates? *Dev Comp Immunol.* 2022;126:104245.

79. Coustau C, Kurtz J, Moret Y. A novel mechanism of immune memory unveiled at the invertebrate-parasite interface. *Trends Parasitol.* 2016;32:353-355.

80. Divangahi M, Aaby P, Khader SA, et al. Trained immunity, tolerance, priming and differentiation: distinct immunological processes. *Nat Immunol.* 2021;22:2-6.

81. Boraschi D, Italiani P. Innate immune memory: time for adopting a correct terminology. *Front Immunol.* 2018;9:799.

82. Serrato-Salas J, Izquierdo-Sánchez J, Argüello M, et al. *Aedes aegypti* antiviral adaptive response against DENV-2. *Dev Comp Immunol.* 2018;84:28-36.

83. Contreras-Garduno J, Rodríguez MC, Hernández-Martínez S, et al. *Plasmodium berghei* induced priming in *Anopheles albimanus* independently of bacterial co-infection. *Dev Comp Immunol.* 2015;52: 172-181.

84. Greenwood JM, Milutinović B, Peuß R, et al. Oral immune priming with *Bacillus thuringiensis* induces a shift in the gene expression of *Tribolium castaneum* larvae. *BMC Genomics.* 2017; 18:329.

85. Pinaud S, Portela J, Duval D, et al. A shift from cellular to humoral responses contributes to innate immune memory in the vector snail *Biomphalaria glabrata*. *PLoS Pathog.* 2016;12:e1005361.

86. Johnston PR, Makarova O, Rolff J. Inducible defenses stay up late: temporal patterns of immune gene expression in *Tenebrio molitor*. *G3 (Bethesda)*. 2013;4:947-955.

87. Mikonranta L, Mappes J, Kaukoniitty M, Freitak D. Insect immunity: oral exposure to a bacterial pathogen elicits free radical response and protects from a recurring infection. *Front Zool.* 2014;11:23.

88. Lafont M, Vergnes A, Vidal-Dupiol J, et al. A sustained immune response supports long-term antiviral immune priming in the Pacific oyster, *Crassostrea gigas*. *mBio.* 2020;11:e02777-19.

89. Prigot-Maurice C, de Cerqueira De A, Araujo S, Beltran-Bech CB-V. Immune priming depends on age, sex and *Wolbachia* in the interaction between *Armadillidium vulgare* and *Salmonella*. *J Evol Biol.* 2021; 34:256-269.

90. Eleftherianos I, Marokhazi J, Millichap PJ, et al. Prior infection of *Manduca sexta* with non-pathogenic *Escherichia coli* elicits immunity to pathogenic *Photorhabdus luminescens*: roles of immune-related proteins shown by RNA interference. *Insect Biochem Mol Biol.* 2006; 36:517-525.

91. Barshis DJ, Ladner JT, Oliver TA, et al. Genomic basis for coral resilience to climate change. *Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.* 2013;110:1387-1392.

92. Gurr SJ, Trigg SA, Vadopalas B, Roberts SB, Putnam HM. Acclimatory gene expression of primed clams enhances robustness to elevated pCO₂. *Mol Ecol.* 2022;31:5005-5023.

93. Jeria E, Oyanedel D, Rojas R, et al. Resistance of *Argopecten purpuras* scallop larvae to vibriosis is associated with the front-loading of immune genes and enhanced antimicrobial response. *Front Immunol.* 2023;14:1150280.

94. Vidal-Dupiol J, Harscouet E, Shefy D, et al. Frontloading of stress response genes enhances robustness to environmental change in chimeric corals. *BMC Biol.* 2022;20:167.

95. Collins M, Clark MS, Spicer JI, Truebano M. Transcriptional frontloading contributes to cross-tolerance between stressors. *Evol Appl.* 2021;14:577-587.

96. Brener-Raffalli K, Vidal-Dupiol J, Adjeroud M, et al. Gene expression plasticity and frontloading promote thermotolerance in *Pocilloporid* corals. 2018. bioRxiv. doi:10.1101/398602

97. Vilcinskas A. The role of epigenetics in host-parasite coevolution: lessons from the model host insects *Galleria mellonella* and *Tribolium castaneum*. *Zoology (Jena)*. 2016;119:273-280.
98. Laubach ZM, Perng W, Dolinoy DC, et al. Epigenetics and the maintenance of developmental plasticity: extending the signalling theory framework. *Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc.* 2018;93:1323-1338.

99. Champagne FA. Epigenetics and developmental plasticity across species. *Dev Psychobiol.* 2013;55:33-41.

100. Arts RJ, Joosten LA, Netea MG. Immunometabolic circuits in trained immunity. *Semin Immunol.* 2016;28:425-430.

101. Penkov S, Mitroulis I, Hajishengallis G, Chavakis T. Immunometabolic crosstalk: an ancestral principle of trained immunity? *Trends Immunol.* 2019;40:1-11.

102. Dominguez-Andres J, Netea MG. Long-term reprogramming of the innate immune system. *J Leukoc Biol.* 2019;105:329-338.

103. Fallet M, Luquet E, David P, Cosseau C. Epigenetic inheritance and intergenerational effects in mollusks. *Gene.* 2020;729:144166.

104. McCoy KD, Burkhard R, Geuking MB. The microbiome and immune memory formation. *Immunol Cell Biol.* 2019;97:625-635.

105. Barno AR, Villela HDM, Aranda M, Thomas T, Peixoto RS. Host under epigenetic control: a novel perspective on the interaction between microorganisms and corals. *Bioessays.* 2021;43:e2100068.

106. Eirin-Lopez JM, Putnam HM. Marine environmental epigenetics. *Ann Rev Mar Sci.* 2019;11:335-368.

107. Fallet M, Blanc M, Di Criscio M, et al. Present and future challenges for the investigation of transgenerational epigenetic inheritance. *Environ Int.* 2023;172:107776.

108. Fuse N, Okamori C, Okaji R, Tang C, Hirai K, Kurata S. Transcriptome features of innate immune memory in *Drosophila*. *PLoS Genet.* 2022;18:e1010005.

109. Gegner J, Baudach A, Mukherjee K, Halitschke R, Vogel H, Vilcinskas A. Epigenetic mechanisms are involved in sex-specific trans-generational immune priming in the lepidopteran model host *Manduca sexta*. *Front Physiol.* 2019;10:137.

110. Vilcinskas A. Mechanisms of transgenerational immune priming in insects. *Dev Comp Immunol.* 2021;124:104205.

111. Norouzitallab P, Baruah K, Biswas P, Vanrompay D, Bossier P. Probing the phenomenon of trained immunity in invertebrates during a transgenerational study, using brine shrimp *Artemia* as a model system. *Sci Rep.* 2016;6:21166.

112. Geckin B, Konstantin Fohse F, Dominguez-Andres J, Netea MG. Trained immunity: implications for vaccination. *Curr Opin Immunol.* 2022;77:102190.

113. Ciarlo E, Heinonen T, Théroude C, et al. Trained immunity confers broad-spectrum protection against bacterial infections. *J Infect Dis.* 2020;222:1869-1881.

114. Pham LN, Dionne MS, Shirasu-Hiza M, Schneider DS. A specific primed immune response in *Drosophila* is dependent on phagocytes. *PLoS Pathog.* 2007;3:e26.

115. Powell A, Pope EC, Eddy FE, et al. Enhanced immune defences in Pacific white shrimp (*Litopenaeus vannamei*) post-exposure to a vibrio vaccine. *J Invertebr Pathol.* 2011;107:95-99.

116. Johnson KN, van Hulten MC, Barnes AC. "Vaccination" of shrimp against viral pathogens: phenomenology and underlying mechanisms. *Vaccine.* 2008;26:4885-4892.

117. Moret Y. Explaining variable costs of the immune response: selection for specific versus non-specific immunity and facultative life history change. *Oikos.* 2003;102:213-216.

118. Schulenburg H, Boehnisch C, Michiels NK. How do invertebrates generate a highly specific innate immune response? *Mol Immunol.* 2007;44:3338-3344.

119. Li W. Dscam in arthropod immune priming: what is known and what remains unknown. *Dev Comp Immunol.* 2021;125:104231.

120. Roth O, Kurtz J. Phagocytosis mediates specificity in the immune defence of an invertebrate, the woodlouse *Porcellio scaber* (Crustacea: isopoda). *Dev Comp Immunol.* 2009;33:1151-1155.

121. Sheehan G, Farrell G, Kavanagh K. Immune priming: the secret weapon of the insect world. *Virulence.* 2020;11:238-246.

122. Moret Y. "Trans-generational immune priming": specific enhancement of the antimicrobial immune response in the mealworm beetle, *Tenebrio molitor*. *Proc Biol Sci.* 2006;273:1399-1405.

123. Baruah K, Norouzitallab P, Li SH, Sorgeloos P, Bossier P. Feeding truncated heat shock protein 70s protect *Artemia franciscana* against virulent *Vibrio campbellii* challenge. *Fish Shellfish Immun.* 2013;34:183-191.

124. Bergin D, Murphy L, Keenan J, Clynes M, Kavanagh K. Pre-exposure to yeast protects larvae of *Galleria mellonella* from a subsequent lethal infection by *Candida albicans* and is mediated by the increased expression of antimicrobial peptides. *Microbes Infect.* 2006;8:2105-2112.

125. Tassetto M, Kunitomi M, Andino R. Circulating immune cells mediate a systemic RNAi-based adaptive antiviral response in *Drosophila*. *Cell.* 2017;169:314-325 e313.

126. Sterken MG, Snoek LB, Bosman KJ, et al. A heritable antiviral RNAi response limits Orsay virus infection in *Caenorhabditis elegans* N2. *PLoS One.* 2014;9:e89760.

127. Sadd BM, Kleinlogel Y, Schmid-Hempel R, Schmid-Hempel P. Transgenerational immune priming in a social insect. *Biol Lett.* 2005;1:386-388.

128. Sadd BM, Schmid-Hempel P. Facultative but persistent transgenerational immunity via the mother's eggs in bumblebees. *Curr Biol.* 2007;17:R1046-R1047.

129. FAO, Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme. *Crassostrea gigas*. *Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme*. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department; 2016. http://www.fao.org/fishery/culturedspecies/Crassostrea_gigas/en

130. Dang VT, Benkendorff K, Speck P. In vitro antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus in the abalone *Haliotis laevigata*. *J Gen Virol.* 2011;92:627-637.

131. Nicolas JL, Basuyaux O, Mazurie J, Thebault A. *Vibrio carchariae*, a pathogen of the abalone *Haliotis tuberculata*. *Dis Aquat Organ.* 2002;50:35-43.

132. Travers MA, Le Goic N, Huchette S, Koken M, Paillard C. Summer immune depression associated with increased susceptibility of the European abalone, *Haliotis tuberculata* to Vibrio harveyi infection. *Fish Shellfish Immunol.* 2008;25:800-808.

133. Dubief B, Nunes FLD, Basuyaux O, Paillard C. Immune priming and portal of entry effectors improve response to vibrio infection in a resistant population of the European abalone. *Fish Shellfish Immunol.* 2017;60:255-264.

134. Grandiosa R, Young T, Van Nguyen T, Merien F, Alfaro AC. Immune response in probiotic-fed New Zealand black-footed abalone (*Halotiis iris*) under Vibrio splendidus challenge. *Fish Shellfish Immunol.* 2020;104:633-639.

135. Hadi JA, Gutierrez N, Alfaro AD, Roberts RD. Use of probiotic bacteria to improve growth and survivability of farmed New Zealand abalone (*Haliotis iris*). *N Z J Mar Freshw Res.* 2014;48:405-415.

136. Grandiosa R, Mérien F, Young T, et al. Multi-strain probiotics enhance immune responsiveness and alters metabolic profiles in the New Zealand black-footed abalone (*Haliotis iris*). *Fish Shellfish Immunol.* 2018;82:330-338.

137. Yao T, Lu J, Bai C, Xie Z, Ye L. The enhanced immune protection in small abalone *Haliotis diversicolor* against a secondary infection with *Vibrio harveyi*. *Front Immunol.* 2021;12:685896.

138. Zhang X, Guo M, Sun Y, Wang Y, Zhang Z. Transcriptomic analysis and discovery of genes involving in enhanced immune protection of Pacific abalone (*Haliotis discus hannai*) in response to the re-infection of *Vibrio parahaemolyticus*. *Fish Shellfish Immunol.* 2022;125:128-140.

139. Cong M, Song L, Qiu L, et al. The expression of peptidoglycan recognition protein-S1 gene in the scallop *Chlamys farreri* was enhanced after a second challenge by *Listonella anguillarum*. *J Invertebr Pathol.* 2009;100:120-122.
98. Laubach ZM, Perng W, Dolinoy DC, et al. Epigenetics and the maintenance of developmental plasticity: extending the signalling theory framework. *Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc.* 2018;93:1323-1338.

99. Champagne FA. Epigenetics and developmental plasticity across species. *Dev Psychobiol.* 2013;55:33-41.

100. Arts RJ, Joosten LA, Netea MG. Immunometabolic circuits in trained immunity. *Semin Immunol.* 2016;28:425-430.

101. Penkov S, Mitroulis I, Hajishengallis G, Chavakis T. Immunometabolic crosstalk: an ancestral principle of trained immunity? *Trends Immunol.* 2019;40:1-11.

102. Dominguez-Andres J, Netea MG. Long-term reprogramming of the innate immune system. *J Leukoc Biol.* 2019;105:329-338.

103. Fallet M, Luquet E, David P, Cosseau C. Epigenetic inheritance and intergenerational effects in mollusks. *Gene.* 2020;729:144166.

104. McCoy KD, Burkhard R, Geuking MB. The microbiome and immune memory formation. *Immunol Cell Biol.* 2019;97:625-635.

105. Barno AR, Villela HDM, Aranda M, Thomas T, Peixoto RS. Host under epigenetic control: a novel perspective on the interaction between microorganisms and corals. *Bioessays.* 2021;43:e2100068.

106. Eirin-Lopez JM, Putnam HM. Marine environmental epigenetics. *Ann Rev Mar Sci.* 2019;11:335-368.

107. Fallet M, Blanc M, Di Criscio M, et al. Present and future challenges for the investigation of transgenerational epigenetic inheritance. *Environ Int.* 2023;172:107776.

108. Fuse N, Okamori C, Okaji R, Tang C, Hirai K, Kurata S. Transcriptome features of innate immune memory in *Drosophila*. *PLoS Genet.* 2022;18:e1010005.

109. Gegner J, Baudach A, Mukherjee K, Halitschke R, Vogel H, Vilcinskas A. Epigenetic mechanisms are involved in sex-specific trans-generational immune priming in the lepidopteran model host *Manduca sexta*. *Front Physiol.* 2019;10:137.

110. Vilcinskas A. Mechanisms of transgenerational immune priming in insects. *Dev Comp Immunol.* 2021;124:104205.

111. Norouzitallab P, Baruah K, Biswas P, Vanrompay D, Bossier P. Probing the phenomenon of trained immunity in invertebrates during a transgenerational study, using brine shrimp *Artemia* as a model system. *Sci Rep.* 2016;6:21166.

112. Geckin B, Konstantin Fohse F, Dominguez-Andres J, Netea MG. Trained immunity: implications for vaccination. *Curr Opin Immunol.* 2022;77:102190.

113. Ciarlo E, Heinonen T, Théroude C, et al. Trained immunity confers broad-spectrum protection against bacterial infections. *J Infect Dis.* 2020;222:1869-1881.

114. Pham LN, Dionne MS, Shirasu-Hiza M, Schneider DS. A specific primed immune response in *Drosophila* is dependent on phagocytes. *PLoS Pathog.* 2007;3:e26.

115. Powell A, Pope EC, Eddy FE, et al. Enhanced immune defences in Pacific white shrimp (*Litopenaeus vannamei*) post-exposure to a vibrio vaccine. *J Invertebr Pathol.* 2011;107:95-99.

116. Johnson KN, van Hulten MC, Barnes AC. "Vaccination" of shrimp against viral pathogens: phenomenology and underlying mechanisms. *Vaccine.* 2008;26:4885-4892.

117. Moret Y. Explaining variable costs of the immune response: selection for specific versus non-specific immunity and facultative life history change. *Oikos.* 2003;102:213-216.

118. Schulenburg H, Boehnisch C, Michiels NK. How do invertebrates generate a highly specific innate immune response? *Mol Immunol.* 2007;44:3338-3344.

119. Li W. Dscam in arthropod immune priming: what is known and what remains unknown. *Dev Comp Immunol.* 2021;125:104231.

120. Roth O, Kurtz J. Phagocytosis mediates specificity in the immune defence of an invertebrate, the woodlouse *Porcellio scaber* (Crustacea: isopoda). *Dev Comp Immunol.* 2009;33:1151-1155.

121. Sheehan G, Farrell G, Kavanagh K. Immune priming: the secret weapon of the insect world. *Virulence.* 2020;11:238-246.

122. Moret Y. "Trans-generational immune priming": specific enhancement of the antimicrobial immune response in the mealworm beetle, *Tenebrio molitor*. *Proc Biol Sci.* 2006;273:1399-1405.

123. Baruah K, Norouzitallab P, Li SH, Sorgeloos P, Bossier P. Feeding truncated heat shock protein 70s protect *Artemia franciscana* against virulent *Vibrio campbellii* challenge. *Fish Shellfish Immun.* 2013;34:183-191.

124. Bergin D, Murphy L, Keenan J, Clynes M, Kavanagh K. Pre-exposure to yeast protects larvae of *Galleria mellonella* from a subsequent lethal infection by *Candida albicans* and is mediated by the increased expression of antimicrobial peptides. *Microbes Infect.* 2006;8:2105-2112.

125. Tassetto M, Kunitomi M, Andino R. Circulating immune cells mediate a systemic RNAi-based adaptive antiviral response in *Drosophila*. *Cell.* 2017;169:314-325 e313.

126. Sterken MG, Snoek LB, Bosman KJ, et al. A heritable antiviral RNAi response limits Orsay virus infection in *Caenorhabditis elegans* N2. *PLoS One.* 2014;9:e89760.

127. Sadd BM, Kleinlogel Y, Schmid-Hempel R, Schmid-Hempel P. Transgenerational immune priming in a social insect. *Biol Lett.* 2005;1:386-388.

128. Sadd BM, Schmid-Hempel P. Facultative but persistent transgenerational immunity via the mother's eggs in bumblebees. *Curr Biol.* 2007;17:R1046-R1047.

129. FAO, Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme. *Crassostrea gigas*. *Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme*. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department; 2016. http://www.fao.org/fishery/culturedspecies/Crassostrea_gigas/en

130. Dang VT, Benkendorff K, Speck P. In vitro antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus in the abalone *Haliotis laevigata*. *J Gen Virol.* 2011;92:627-637.

131. Nicolas JL, Basuyaux O, Mazurie J, Thebault A. *Vibrio carchariae*, a pathogen of the abalone *Haliotis tuberculata*. *Dis Aquat Organ.* 2002;50:35-43.

132. Travers MA, Le Goic N, Huchette S, Koken M, Paillard C. Summer immune depression associated with increased susceptibility of the European abalone, *Haliotis tuberculata* to *Vibrio harveyi* infection. *Fish Shellfish Immunol.* 2008;25:800-808.

133. Dubief B, Nunes FLD, Basuyaux O, Paillard C. Immune priming and portal of entry effectors improve response to vibrio infection in a resistant population of the European abalone. *Fish Shellfish Immunol.* 2017;60:255-264.

134. Grandiosa R, Young T, Van Nguyen T, Merien F, Alfaro AC. Immune response in probiotic-fed New Zealand black-footed abalone (*Halotiis iris*) under *Vibrio splendidus* challenge. *Fish Shellfish Immunol.* 2020;104:633-639.

135. Hadi JA, Gutierrez N, Alfaro AD, Roberts RD. Use of probiotic bacteria to improve growth and survivability of farmed New Zealand abalone (*Haliotis iris*). *N Z J Mar Freshw Res.* 2014;48:405-415.

136. Grandiosa R, Mérien F, Young T, et al. Multi-strain probiotics enhance immune responsiveness and alters metabolic profiles in the New Zealand black-footed abalone (*Haliotis iris*). *Fish Shellfish Immunol.* 2018;82:330-338.

137. Yao T, Lu J, Bai C, Xie Z, Ye L. The enhanced immune protection in small abalone *Haliotis diversicolor* against a secondary infection with *Vibrio harveyi*. *Front Immunol.* 2021;12:685896.

138. Zhang X, Guo M, Sun Y, Wang Y, Zhang Z. Transcriptomic analysis and discovery of genes involving in enhanced immune protection of Pacific abalone (*Haliotis discus hannai*) in response to the re-infection of *Vibrio parahaemolyticus*. *Fish Shellfish Immunol.* 2022;125:128-140.

139. Cong M, Song L, Qiu L, et al. The expression of peptidoglycan recognition protein-S1 gene in the scallop *Chlamys farreri* was enhanced after a second challenge by *Listonella anguillarum*. *J Invertebr Pathol.* 2009;100:120-122.
140. Wang J, Wang L, Yang C, et al. The response of mRNA expression upon secondary challenge with Vibrio anguillarum suggests the involvement of C-lectins in the immune priming of scallop *Chlamys farreri*. *Dev Comp Immunol*. 2013;40:142-147.

141. Yue F, Zhou Z, Wang L, et al. Maternal transfer of immunity in scallop *Chlamys farreri* and its trans-generational immune protection to offspring against bacterial challenge. *Dev Comp Immunol*. 2013;41:569-577.

142. Cong M, Song L, Wang L, et al. The enhanced immune protection of Zhikong scallop *Chlamys farreri* on the secondary encounter with *Littonella anguillarum*. *Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol*. 2008;151:191-196.

143. Rey-Campos M, Moreira R, Gerdol M, Pallavicini A, Novoa B, Figueras A. Immune tolerance in *Mytilus galloprovincialis* hemocytes after repeated contact with *Vibrio splendidus*. *Front Immunol*. 2019;10:1894.

144. Detree C, Gallardo-Escarate C. Single and repetitive microplastics exposures induce immune system modulation and homeostasis alteration in the edible mussel *Mytilus galloprovincialis*. *Fish Shellfish Immunol*. 2018;83:52-60.

145. Romero A, del Mar Costa M, Forn-Cuni G, et al. Occurrence, seasonality and infectivity of vibrio strains in natural populations of mussels *Mytilus galloprovincialis*. *Dis Aquat Organ*. 2014;108:149-163.

146. Balbi T, Fabbri R, Cortese K, et al. Interactions between *Mytilus galloprovincialis* hemocytes and the bivalve pathogens *Vibrio aestuarianus* 01/032 and *Vibrio splendidus* LGP32. *Fish Shellfish Immun*. 2013;35:1906-1915.

147. Canesi L, Grande C, Pezzati E, Balbi T, Vezzulli L, Pruzzo C. Killing of *Vibrio cholerae* and *Escherichia coli* strains carrying D-mannose-sensitive ligands by *Mytilus* Hemocytes is promoted by a multifunctional *Hemolymph* serum protein. *Microb Ecol*. 2016;72:759-762.

148. Pezzati E, Canesi L, Damonte G, et al. Susceptibility of *Vibrio aestuarianus* 01/032 to the antibacterial activity of *Mytilus haemolymph*: identification of a serum opsonin involved in mannose-sensitive interactions. *Environ Microbiol*. 2015;17:4271-4279.

149. Gerdol M, Moreira R, Cruz F, et al. Massive gene presence-absence variation shapes an open pan-genome in the *Mediterranean mussel*. *Genome Biol*. 2020;21:275.

150. Gerdol M, Venier P. An updated molecular basis for mussel immunity. *Fish Shellfish Immunol*. 2015;46(1):17-38. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2015.02.013

151. Aleng NA, Sung YY, MacRae TH, Abd Wahid ME. Non-lethal heat shock of the Asian Green Mussel, *Perna viridis*, promotes Hsp70 synthesis, induces Thermotolerance and protects against vibrio infection. *PLoS One*. 2015;10:e0135603.

152. Auguste M, Balbi T, Ciacci C, et al. Shift in immune parameters after repeated exposure to nanoplastics in the marine bivalve *Mytilus*. *Front Immunol*. 2020;11:426.

153. Zhang L, Li L, Zhu Y, Zhang G, Guo X. Transcriptome analysis reveals a rich gene set related to innate immunity in the eastern oyster (*Crassostrea virginica*). *Mar Biotechnol (NY)*. 2014;16:17-33.

154. Green TJ, Vergnes A, Montagnani C, de Lorgeril J. Distinct immune responses of juvenile and adult oysters (*Crassostrea gigas*) to viral and bacterial infections. *Vet Res*. 2016;47:72.

155. Zhang T, Qiu L, Sun Z, et al. The specifically enhanced cellular immune responses in Pacific oyster (*Crassostrea gigas*) against secondary challenge with *Vibrio splendidus*. *Dev Comp Immunol*. 2014;45:141-150.

156. Li Y, Song X, Wang W, et al. The hematopoiesis in gill and its role in the immune response of Pacific oyster *Crassostrea gigas* against secondary challenge with *Vibrio splendidus*. *Dev Comp Immunol*. 2017;71:59-69.

157. Liu C, Zhang T, Wang L, et al. The modulation of extracellular superoxide dismutase in the specifically enhanced cellular immune

response against secondary challenge of *Vibrio splendidus* in Pacific oyster (*Crassostrea gigas*). *Dev Comp Immunol*. 2016;63:163-170.

158. Wang W, Wang L, Liu Z, et al. The involvement of TLR signaling and anti-bacterial effectors in enhanced immune protection of oysters after *Vibrio splendidus* pre-exposure. *Dev Comp Immunol*. 2020;103:103498.

159. Lian X, Li Y, Wang W, et al. The modification of H3K4me3 enhanced the expression of CgTLR3 in Hemocytes to increase CgL17-1 production in the immune priming of *Crassostrea gigas*. *Int J Mol Sci*. 2024;25:1036.

160. Wang H, Yang B, Li Q, Liu S. Low-dose of formalin-inactivated *Vibrio alginolyticus* protects *Crassostrea gigas* from secondary infection and confers broad-spectrum *Vibrio* resistance on offspring. *Dev Comp Immunol*. 2024;152:105122.

161. Lafont M, Goncalves P, Guo X, Montagnani C, Raftos D, Green T. Transgenerational plasticity and antiviral immunity in the Pacific oyster (*Crassostrea gigas*) against Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1). *Dev Comp Immunol*. 2019;91:17-25.

162. Lafont M, Petton B, Vergnes A, et al. Long-lasting antiviral innate immune priming in the Lophotrochozoan Pacific oyster, *Crassostrea gigas*. *Sci Rep*. 2017;7:13143.

163. Martins NE. Towards a mechanism for poly(I:C) antiviral priming in oysters. *MBio*. 2020;11:e00407-20.

164. Green TJ, Benkendorff K, Robinson N, Raftos D, Speck P. Anti-viral gene induction is absent upon secondary challenge with double-stranded RNA in the Pacific oyster, *Crassostrea gigas*. *Fish Shellfish Immunol*. 2014;39:492-497.

165. Green TJ, Helbig K, Speck P, Raftos DA. Primed for success: oyster parents treated with poly(I:C) produce offspring with enhanced protection against Ostreid herpesvirus type I infection. *Mol Immunol*. 2016;78:113-120.

166. Green TJ, Montagnani C. Poly I:C induces a protective antiviral immune response in the Pacific oyster (*Crassostrea gigas*) against subsequent challenge with Ostreid herpesvirus (OsHV-1 muvar). *Fish Shellfish Immun*. 2013;35:382-388.

167. Green TJ, Speck P. Antiviral defense and innate immune memory in the oyster. *Viruses*. 2018;10:133.

168. Robinson AN, Green TJ. Fitness costs associated with maternal immune priming in the oyster. *Fish Shellfish Immunol*. 2020;103:32-36.

169. Pauletto M, Segarra A, Montagnani C, et al. Long dsRNAs promote an anti-viral response in Pacific oyster hampering ostreid herpesvirus 1 replication. *J Exp Biol*. 2017;220:3671-3685.

170. Mauch-Mani B, Baccelli I, Luna E, Flors V. Defense priming: an adaptive part of induced resistance. *Annu Rev Plant Biol*. 2017;68:485-512.

171. Dupont S, Lokmer A, Corre E, et al. Oyster hemolymph is a complex and dynamic ecosystem hosting bacteria, protists and viruses. *Anim Microbiome*. 2020;2:12.

172. Abt MC, Osborne LC, Monticelli LA, et al. Commensal bacteria calibrate the activation threshold of innate antiviral immunity. *Immunity*. 2012;37:158-170.

173. Sansone CL, Cohen J, Yasunaga A, et al. Microbiota-dependent priming of antiviral intestinal immunity in Drosophila. *Cell Host Microbe*. 2015;18:571-581.

174. Ichinohe T, Pang IK, Kumamoto Y, et al. Microbiota regulates immune defense against respiratory tract influenza A virus infection. *Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A*. 2011;108:5354-5359.

175. Carlson JS, Short SM, Anglero-Rodriguez YI, Dimopoulos G. Larval exposure to bacteria modulates arbovirus infection and immune gene expression in adult *Aedes aegypti*. *Dev Comp Immunol*. 2020;104:103540.

176. Galindo-Villegas J, Garcia-Moreno D, de Oliveira S, Meseguer J, Mulero V. Regulation of immunity and disease resistance by commensal microbes and chromatin modifications during zebrafish development. *Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A*. 2012;109:E2605-E2614.
140. Wang J, Wang L, Yang C, et al. The response of mRNA expression upon secondary challenge with Vibrio anguillarum suggests the involvement of C-lectins in the immune priming of scallop *Chlamys farreri*. *Dev Comp Immunol*. 2013;40:142-147.

141. Yue F, Zhou Z, Wang L, et al. Maternal transfer of immunity in scallop *Chlamys farreri* and its trans-generational immune protection to offspring against bacterial challenge. *Dev Comp Immunol*. 2013;41:569-577.

142. Cong M, Song L, Wang L, et al. The enhanced immune protection of Zhikong scallop *Chlamys farreri* on the secondary encounter with *Littonella anguillarum*. *Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol*. 2008;151:191-196.

143. Rey-Campos M, Moreira R, Gerdol M, Pallavicini A, Novoa B, Figueras A. Immune tolerance in *Mytilus galloprovincialis* hemocytes after repeated contact with *Vibrio splendidus*. *Front Immunol*. 2019;10:1894.

144. Detree C, Gallardo-Escarate C. Single and repetitive microplastics exposures induce immune system modulation and homeostasis alteration in the edible mussel *Mytilus galloprovincialis*. *Fish Shellfish Immunol*. 2018;83:52-60.

145. Romero A, del Mar Costa M, Forn-Cuni G, et al. Occurrence, seasonality and infectivity of vibrio strains in natural populations of mussels *Mytilus galloprovincialis*. *Dis Aquat Organ*. 2014;108:149-163.

146. Balbi T, Fabbri R, Cortese K, et al. Interactions between *Mytilus galloprovincialis* hemocytes and the bivalve pathogens *Vibrio aestuarianus* 01/032 and *Vibrio splendidus* LGP32. *Fish Shellfish Immun*. 2013;35:1906-1915.

147. Canesi L, Grande C, Pezzati E, Balbi T, Vezzulli L, Pruzzo C. Killing of *Vibrio cholerae* and *Escherichia coli* strains carrying D-mannose-sensitive ligands by *Mytilus* Hemocytes is promoted by a multifunctional *Hemolymph* serum protein. *Microb Ecol*. 2016;72:759-762.

148. Pezzati E, Canesi L, Damonte G, et al. Susceptibility of *Vibrio aestuarianus* 01/032 to the antibacterial activity of *Mytilus haemolymph*: identification of a serum opsonin involved in mannose-sensitive interactions. *Environ Microbiol*. 2015;17:4271-4279.

149. Gerdol M, Moreira R, Cruz F, et al. Massive gene presence-absence variation shapes an open pan-genome in the *Mediterranean mussel*. *Genome Biol*. 2020;21:275.

150. Gerdol M, Venier P. An updated molecular basis for mussel immunity. *Fish Shellfish Immunol*. 2015;46(1):17-38. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2015.02.013

151. Aleng NA, Sung YY, MacRae TH, Abd Wahid ME. Non-lethal heat shock of the Asian Green Mussel, *Perna viridis*, promotes Hsp70 synthesis, induces Thermotolerance and protects against vibrio infection. *PLoS One*. 2015;10:e0135603.

152. Auguste M, Balbi T, Ciacci C, et al. Shift in immune parameters after repeated exposure to nanoplastics in the marine bivalve *Mytilus*. *Front Immunol*. 2020;11:426.

153. Zhang L, Li L, Zhu Y, Zhang G, Guo X. Transcriptome analysis reveals a rich gene set related to innate immunity in the eastern oyster (*Crassostrea virginica*). *Mar Biotechnol (NY)*. 2014;16:17-33.

154. Green TJ, Vergnes A, Montagnani C, de Lorgeril J. Distinct immune responses of juvenile and adult oysters (*Crassostrea gigas*) to viral and bacterial infections. *Vet Res*. 2016;47:72.

155. Zhang T, Qiu L, Sun Z, et al. The specifically enhanced cellular immune responses in Pacific oyster (*Crassostrea gigas*) against secondary challenge with *Vibrio splendidus*. *Dev Comp Immunol*. 2014;45:141-150.

156. Li Y, Song X, Wang W, et al. The hematopoiesis in gill and its role in the immune response of Pacific oyster *Crassostrea gigas* against secondary challenge with *Vibrio splendidus*. *Dev Comp Immunol*. 2017;71:59-69.

157. Liu C, Zhang T, Wang L, et al. The modulation of extracellular superoxide dismutase in the specifically enhanced cellular immune

response against secondary challenge of *Vibrio splendidus* in Pacific oyster (*Crassostrea gigas*). *Dev Comp Immunol*. 2016;63:163-170.

158. Wang W, Wang L, Liu Z, et al. The involvement of TLR signaling and anti-bacterial effectors in enhanced immune protection of oysters after *Vibrio splendidus* pre-exposure. *Dev Comp Immunol*. 2020;103:103498.

159. Lian X, Li Y, Wang W, et al. The modification of H3K4me3 enhanced the expression of CgTLR3 in Hemocytes to increase CgL17-1 production in the immune priming of *Crassostrea gigas*. *Int J Mol Sci*. 2024;25:1036.

160. Wang H, Yang B, Li Q, Liu S. Low-dose of formalin-inactivated *Vibrio alginolyticus* protects *Crassostrea gigas* from secondary infection and confers broad-spectrum *Vibrio* resistance on offspring. *Dev Comp Immunol*. 2024;152:105122.

161. Lafont M, Goncalves P, Guo X, Montagnani C, Raftos D, Green T. Transgenerational plasticity and antiviral immunity in the Pacific oyster (*Crassostrea gigas*) against Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1). *Dev Comp Immunol*. 2019;91:17-25.

162. Lafont M, Petton B, Vergnes A, et al. Long-lasting antiviral innate immune priming in the Lophotrochozoan Pacific oyster, *Crassostrea gigas*. *Sci Rep*. 2017;7:13143.

163. Martins NE. Towards a mechanism for poly(I:C) antiviral priming in oysters. *MBio*. 2020;11:e00407-20.

164. Green TJ, Benkendorff K, Robinson N, Raftos D, Speck P. Anti-viral gene induction is absent upon secondary challenge with double-stranded RNA in the Pacific oyster, *Crassostrea gigas*. *Fish Shellfish Immunol*. 2014;39:492-497.

165. Green TJ, Helbig K, Speck P, Raftos DA. Primed for success: oyster parents treated with poly(I:C) produce offspring with enhanced protection against Ostreid herpesvirus type I infection. *Mol Immunol*. 2016;78:113-120.

166. Green TJ, Montagnani C. Poly I:C induces a protective antiviral immune response in the Pacific oyster (*Crassostrea gigas*) against subsequent challenge with Ostreid herpesvirus (OsHV-1 muvar). *Fish Shellfish Immun*. 2013;35:382-388.

167. Green TJ, Speck P. Antiviral defense and innate immune memory in the oyster. *Viruses*. 2018;10:133.

168. Robinson AN, Green TJ. Fitness costs associated with maternal immune priming in the oyster. *Fish Shellfish Immunol*. 2020;103:32-36.

169. Pauletto M, Segarra A, Montagnani C, et al. Long dsRNAs promote an anti-viral response in Pacific oyster hampering ostreid herpesvirus 1 replication. *J Exp Biol*. 2017;220:3671-3685.

170. Mauch-Mani B, Baccelli I, Luna E, Flors V. Defense priming: an adaptive part of induced resistance. *Annu Rev Plant Biol*. 2017;68:485-512.

171. Dupont S, Lokmer A, Corre E, et al. Oyster hemolymph is a complex and dynamic ecosystem hosting bacteria, protists and viruses. *Anim Microbiome*. 2020;2:12.

172. Abt MC, Osborne LC, Monticelli LA, et al. Commensal bacteria calibrate the activation threshold of innate antiviral immunity. *Immunity*. 2012;37:158-170.

173. Sansone CL, Cohen J, Yasunaga A, et al. Microbiota-dependent priming of antiviral intestinal immunity in Drosophila. *Cell Host Microbe*. 2015;18:571-581.

174. Ichinohe T, Pang IK, Kumamoto Y, et al. Microbiota regulates immune defense against respiratory tract influenza A virus infection. *Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A*. 2011;108:5354-5359.

175. Carlson JS, Short SM, Anglero-Rodriguez YI, Dimopoulos G. Larval exposure to bacteria modulates arbovirus infection and immune gene expression in adult *Aedes aegypti*. *Dev Comp Immunol*. 2020;104:103540.

176. Galindo-Villegas J, Garcia-Moreno D, de Oliveira S, Meseguer J, Mulero V. Regulation of immunity and disease resistance by commensal microbes and chromatin modifications during zebrafish development. *Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A*. 2012;109:E2605-E2614.
177. Hoang KL, King KC. Symbiont-mediated immune priming in animals through an evolutionary lens. *Microbiology (Reading)*. 2022;168(4). https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.001181

178. Fallet M, Montagnani C, Petton B, et al. Early life microbial exposures shape the *Crassostrea gigas* immune system for life-long and intergenerational disease protection. *Microbiome*. 2022; 10:85.

179. Erttmann SF, Swacha P, Aung KM, et al. The gut microbiota prime systemic antiviral immunity via the cGAS-STING-IFN-I axis. *Immunity*. 2022;55:847-861.e810.

180. Liu OM, Hick PM, Whittington RJ. The resistance to lethal challenge with Ostreid herpesvirus-1 of Pacific oysters (*Crassostrea gigas*) previously exposed to this virus. *Viruses*. 2023;15:1706.

181. Delisle L, Pauletto M, Vidal-Dupiol J, et al. High temperature induces transcriptomic changes in *Crassostrea gigas* that hinder progress of ostreid herpesvirus (OsHV-1) and promote survival. *J Exp Biol*. 2020; 223:jeb226233.

182. Delisle L, Petton B, Burguin JF, Morga B, Corporeau C, Pernet F. Temperature modulate disease susceptibility of the Pacific oyster *Crassostrea gigas* and virulence of the Ostreid herpesvirus type 1. *Fish Shellfish Immun*. 2018;80:71-79.

183. Corporeau C, Petton S, Vilaça R, et al. Harsh intertidal environment enhances metabolism and immunity in oyster (*Crassostrea gigas*) spat. *Mar Environ Res*. 2022;180:105709.

184. Yang W, Petton S, Vilaça R, et al. Immune priming in shellfish: a review and an updating mechanistic insight focused on cellular and humoral responses. *Aquaculture*. 2021;530:735831.

185. Arch M, Vidal M, Koiffman R, Melkie ST, Cardona PJ. *Drosophila melanogaster* as a model to study innate immune memory. *Front Microbiol*. 2022;13:991678.

186. Cooper D, Eleftherianos I. Memory and specificity in the insect immune system: current perspectives and future challenges. *Front Immunol*. 2017;8:539.

187. Yi Y, Xu H, Li M, Wu G. RNA-seq profiles of putative genes involved in specific immune priming in *Bombyx mori* haemocytes. *Infect Genet Evol*. 2019;74:103921.

188. Wu G, Li M, Liu Y, Ding Y, Yi Y. The specificity of immune priming in silkworm, *Bombyx mori*, is mediated by the phagocytic ability of granular cells. *J Insect Physiol*. 2015;81:60-68.

189. de Melo ES, Brayner FA, Junior NCP, Franca IRS, Alves LC. Investigation of defense response and immune priming in *Biomphalaria glabrata* and *Biomphalaria straminea*, two species with different susceptibility to *Schistosoma mansoni*. *Parasitol Res*. 2020;119:189-201.

190. Dhinaut J, Chogne M, Moret Y. Immune priming specificity within and across generations reveals the range of pathogens affecting evolution of immunity in an insect. *J Anim Ecol*. 2018; 87:448-463.

191. Melillo D, Marino R, Italiani P, Boraschi D. Innate immune memory in invertebrate metazoans: a critical appraisal. *Front Immunol*. 2018;9:1915.

192. Khan I, Prakash A, Agashe D. Divergent immune priming responses across flour beetle life stages and populations. *Ecol Evol*. 2016;6: 7847-7855.

193. Gensollen T, Iyer SS, Kasper DL, Blumberg RS. How colonization by microbiota in early life shapes the immune system. *Science*. 2016; 352:539-544.

194. Weiss BL, Wang J, Aksoy S. Tsetse immune system maturation requires the presence of obligate symbionts in larvae. *PLoS Biol*. 2011;9:e1000619.

195. Arrieta MC, Stiemsma LT, Amenyogbe N, Brown EM, Finlay B. The intestinal microbiome in early life: health and disease. *Front Immunol*. 2014;5:427.

196. MacGillivray DM, Kollmann TR. The role of environmental factors in modulating immune responses in early life. *Front Immunol*. 2014; 5:434.

197. Delisle L, Rolton A, Vignier J. Inactivated ostreid herpesvirus-1 induces an innate immune response in the Pacific oyster, *Crassostrea gigas*, hemocytes. *Front Immunol*. 2023;14:1161145.

198. Mone Y, Gourbal B, Duval D, Du Pasquier L, Kieffer-Jaquinod S, Mitta G. A large repertoire of parasite epitopes matched by a large repertoire of host immune receptors in an invertebrate host/parasite model. *PLoS Negl Trop Dis*. 2010;4:e813.

199. Gorbushin AM, Iakovleva NV. Dscam receptors from mollusca: multiple isoforms are lacking. *Fish Shellfish Immun*. 2013;34:1653-1654.

200. Contreras-Garduno J, Méndez-López TT, Patiño-Morales A, et al. The costs of the immune memory within generations. *Naturwissenschaften*. 2019;106:59.

201. Tate AT. The interaction of immune priming with different modes of disease transmission. *Front Microbiol*. 2016;7:1102.

202. Luu H, Tate AT. Recovery and immune priming modulate the evolutionary trajectory of infection-induced reproductive strategies. *J Evol Biol*. 2017;30:1748-1762.

203. Tidbury HJ, Best A, Boots M. The epidemiological consequences of immune priming. *Proc Biol Sci*. 2012;279:4505-4512.

204. Tate AT. A general model for the influence of immune priming on disease prevalence. *Oikos*. 2017;126:350-360.

205. Akrich M, Callon M, Latour B. *Sociologie de la Traduction: Textes Fondateurs [Sociology of Translation: Founding Texts]*. Presses de l'Ecole des Mines; 2006:303.

206. Chevassus-au-Louis B. L'appropriation du vivant: de la biologie au débat social [the appropriation of living things: from biology to social debate]. *Le Courrier de l'Environnement de l'INRA*. 2000;40:5-21.

207. Zingg A, Siegrist M. Lay people's and experts' risk perception and acceptance of vaccination and culling strategies to fight animal epidemics. *J Risk Res*. 2012;15:53-66.

208. Kevles DJ. The advent of animal patents: innovation and controversy in the engineering and ownership of life, chap. 2. In: Newman MFRAS, ed. *Intellectual Property Rights in Animal Breeding and Genetics*. CABI publishing; 2002:17-30. doi:10.1079/9780851996417.0017

209. Le Déaut J-Y, Proccaccia C. Les enjeux économiques, environnementaux, sanitaires et éthiques des biotechnologies à la lumière des nouvelles pistes de recherche [the economic, environmental, health and ethical issues of biotechnologies in the light of new avenues of research] in Rapport d'information n° 507 (2016-2017). 2017 (Office parlementaire d'évaluation des choix scientifiques et technologiques), p. 367.

210. Rivaud D, Cazals C. Pour une vision élargie des performances de la filière ostréicole à partir d'une approche institutionnaliste en termes de patrimoine [for a broader vision of the performances of the oyster farming industry from an approach in terms of heritage]. *Développement Durable et Territoires*. 2012;3:1-27.

211. Dachary-Bernard J, Rivaud A. Evaluation des préférences des touristes en matière d'aménagement des zones côtières: regard sur et par l'ostréiculture [Evaluation of tourists' preferences for the development of coastal areas: a look at and through oyster farming]. Working Papers-Art Dev Unit 2014-10, 1-25 2014.

212. Callon M. Some elements of a sociology of translation: domestication of the scallops and the fishermen of St Brieuc Bay. *Sociol Rev*. 1984;32:196-233.

213. Menez F. La Parabole de la Palourde: ontogénèse d'un Attachement Inter-spécifique Dans la Lagune de Venise: Ethnographie de Son récit Biographique [the Parable of the Clam: Ontogenesis of Inter-specific Attachment in the Lagoon of Venice: Ethnography of its Biographical Narrative]. *EHESS; Université Ca' Foscari (Venice, Italy). Université Ca' Foscari*; 2015:500.

214. Degremont L, Lamy JB, Pepin JF, Travers MA, Renault T. New insight for the genetic evaluation of resistance to Ostreid herpesvirus infection, a worldwide disease, in *Crassostrea gigas*. *PLoS One*. 2015;10:e0127917.
<figure><img src="image_8.png" /></figure>

177. Hoang KL, King KC. Symbiont-mediated immune priming in animals through an evolutionary lens. *Microbiology (Reading)*. 2022;168(4). https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.001181

178. Fallet M, Montagnani C, Petton B, et al. Early life microbial exposures shape the *Crassostrea gigas* immune system for life-long and intergenerational disease protection. *Microbiome*. 2022; 10:85.

179. Erttmann SF, Swacha P, Aung KM, et al. The gut microbiota prime systemic antiviral immunity via the cGAS-STING-IFN-I axis. *Immunity*. 2022;55:847-861.e810.

180. Liu OM, Hick PM, Whittington RJ. The resistance to lethal challenge with Ostreid herpesvirus-1 of Pacific oysters (*Crassostrea gigas*) previously exposed to this virus. *Viruses*. 2023;15:1706.

181. Delisle L, Pauletto M, Vidal-Dupiol J, et al. High temperature induces transcriptomic changes in *Crassostrea gigas* that hinder progress of ostreid herpesvirus (OsHV-1) and promote survival. *J Exp Biol*. 2020; 223:jeb226233.

182. Delisle L, Petton B, Burguin JF, Morga B, Corporeau C, Pernet F. Temperature modulate disease susceptibility of the Pacific oyster *Crassostrea gigas* and virulence of the Ostreid herpesvirus type 1. *Fish Shellfish Immun*. 2018;80:71-79.

183. Corporeau C, Petton S, Vilaça R, et al. Harsh intertidal environment enhances metabolism and immunity in oyster (*Crassostrea gigas*) spat. *Mar Environ Res*. 2022;180:105709.

184. Yang W, Petton S, Vilaça R, et al. Immune priming in shellfish: a review and an updating mechanistic insight focused on cellular and humoral responses. *Aquaculture*. 2021;530:735831.

185. Arch M, Vidal M, Koiffman R, Melkie ST, Cardona PJ. *Drosophila melanogaster* as a model to study innate immune memory. *Front Microbiol*. 2022;13:991678.

186. Cooper D, Eleftherianos I. Memory and specificity in the insect immune system: current perspectives and future challenges. *Front Immunol*. 2017;8:539.

187. Yi Y, Xu H, Li M, Wu G. RNA-seq profiles of putative genes involved in specific immune priming in *Bombyx mori* haemocytes. *Infect Genet Evol*. 2019;74:103921.

188. Wu G, Li M, Liu Y, Ding Y, Yi Y. The specificity of immune priming in silkworm, *Bombyx mori*, is mediated by the phagocytic ability of granular cells. *J Insect Physiol*. 2015;81:60-68.

189. de Melo ES, Brayner FA, Junior NCP, Franca IRS, Alves LC. Investigation of defense response and immune priming in *Biomphalaria glabrata* and *Biomphalaria straminea*, two species with different susceptibility to *Schistosoma mansoni*. *Parasitol Res*. 2020;119:189-201.

190. Dhinaut J, Chogne M, Moret Y. Immune priming specificity within and across generations reveals the range of pathogens affecting evolution of immunity in an insect. *J Anim Ecol*. 2018; 87:448-463.

191. Melillo D, Marino R, Italiani P, Boraschi D. Innate immune memory in invertebrate metazoans: a critical appraisal. *Front Immunol*. 2018;9:1915.

192. Khan I, Prakash A, Agashe D. Divergent immune priming responses across flour beetle life stages and populations. *Ecol Evol*. 2016;6:7847-7855.

193. Gensollen T, Iyer SS, Kasper DL, Blumberg RS. How colonization by microbiota in early life shapes the immune system. *Science*. 2016; 352:539-544.

194. Weiss BL, Wang J, Aksoy S. Tsetse immune system maturation requires the presence of obligate symbionts in larvae. *PLoS Biol*. 2011;9:e1000619.

195. Arrieta MC, Stiemsma LT, Amenyogbe N, Brown EM, Finlay B. The intestinal microbiome in early life: health and disease. *Front Immunol*. 2014;5:427.

196. MacGillivray DM, Kollmann TR. The role of environmental factors in modulating immune responses in early life. *Front Immunol*. 2014; 5:434.

197. Delisle L, Rolton A, Vignier J. Inactivated ostreid herpesvirus-1 induces an innate immune response in the Pacific oyster, *Crassostrea gigas*, hemocytes. *Front Immunol*. 2023;14:1161145.

198. Mone Y, Gourbal B, Duval D, Du Pasquier L, Kieffer-Jaquinod S, Mitta G. A large repertoire of parasite epitopes matched by a large repertoire of host immune receptors in an invertebrate host/parasite model. *PLoS Negl Trop Dis*. 2010;4:e813.

199. Gorbushin AM, Iakovleva NV. Dscam receptors from mollusca: multiple isoforms are lacking. *Fish Shellfish Immun*. 2013;34:1653-1654.

200. Contreras-Garduno J, Méndez-López TT, Patiño-Morales A, et al. The costs of the immune memory within generations. *Naturwissenschaften*. 2019;106:59.

201. Tate AT. The interaction of immune priming with different modes of disease transmission. *Front Microbiol*. 2016;7:1102.

202. Luu H, Tate AT. Recovery and immune priming modulate the evolutionary trajectory of infection-induced reproductive strategies. *J Evol Biol*. 2017;30:1748-1762.

203. Tidbury HJ, Best A, Boots M. The epidemiological consequences of immune priming. *Proc Biol Sci*. 2012;279:4505-4512.

204. Tate AT. A general model for the influence of immune priming on disease prevalence. *Oikos*. 2017;126:350-360.

205. Akrich M, Callon M, Latour B. *Sociologie de la Traduction: Textes Fondateurs [Sociology of Translation: Founding Texts]*. Presses de l'Ecole des Mines; 2006:303.

206. Chevassus-au-Louis B. L'appropriation du vivant: de la biologie au débat social [the appropriation of living things: from biology to social debate]. *Le Courrier de l'Environnement de l'INRA*. 2000;40:5-21.

207. Zingg A, Siegrist M. Lay people's and experts' risk perception and acceptance of vaccination and culling strategies to fight animal epidemics. *J Risk Res*. 2012;15:53-66.

208. Kevles DJ. The advent of animal patents: innovation and controversy in the engineering and ownership of life, chap. 2. In: Newman MFRAS, ed. *Intellectual Property Rights in Animal Breeding and Genetics*. CABI publishing; 2002:17-30. doi:10.1079/9780851996417.0017

209. Le Déaut J-Y, Proccaccia C. Les enjeux économiques, environnementaux, sanitaires et éthiques des biotechnologies à la lumière des nouvelles pistes de recherche [the economic, environmental, health and ethical issues of biotechnologies in the light of new avenues of research] in Rapport d'information n° 507 (2016-2017). 2017 (Office parlementaire d'évaluation des choix scientifiques et technologiques), p. 367.

210. Rivaud D, Cazals C. Pour une vision élargie des performances de la filière ostréicole à partir d'une approche institutionnaliste en termes de patrimoine [for a broader vision of the performances of the oyster farming industry from an approach in terms of heritage]. *Développement Durable et Territoires*. 2012;3:1-27.

211. Dachary-Bernard J, Rivaud A. Evaluation des préférences des touristes en matière d'aménagement des zones côtières: regard sur et par l'ostréiculture [Evaluation of tourists' preferences for the development of coastal areas: a look at and through oyster farming]. Working Papers-Art Dev Unit 2014-10, 1-25 2014.

212. Callon M. Some elements of a sociology of translation: domestication of the scallops and the fishermen of St Brieuc Bay. *Sociol Rev*. 1984;32:196-233.

213. Menez F. La Parabole de la Palourde: ontogénèse d'un Attachement Inter-spécifique Dans la Lagune de Venise: Ethnographie de Son récit Biographique [the Parable of the Clam: Ontogenesis of Inter-specific Attachment in the Lagoon of Venice: Ethnography of its Biographical Narrative]. *EHESS; Université Ca' Foscari (Venice, Italy). Université Ca' Foscari*; 2015:500.

214. Degremont L, Lamy JB, Pepin JF, Travers MA, Renault T. New insight for the genetic evaluation of resistance to Ostreid herpesvirus infection, a worldwide disease, in *Crassostrea gigas*. *PLoS One*. 2015;10:e0127917.
215. Anonymous. First bee vaccine. *Nat Biotechnol.* 2023;41:163.

216. Chang YH, Kumar R, Ng TH, Wang HC. What vaccination studies tell us about immunological memory within the innate immune system of cultured shrimp and crayfish. *Dev Comp Immunol.* 2018;80:53-66.
doi:10.1016/j.dci.2017.03.003

217. Davison A, Neiman M. Mobilizing molluscan models and genomes in biology. *Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci.* 2021;376:20200163.

**How to cite this article:** Montagnani C, Morga B, Novoa B, et al. Trained immunity: Perspectives for disease control strategy in marine mollusc aquaculture. *Rev Aquac.* 2024;1-27. doi:10.1111/raq.12906
215. Anonymous. First bee vaccine. *Nat Biotechnol.* 2023;41:163.

216. Chang YH, Kumar R, Ng TH, Wang HC. What vaccination studies tell us about immunological memory within the innate immune system of cultured shrimp and crayfish. *Dev Comp Immunol.* 2018;80:53-66.
doi:10.1016/j.dci.2017.03.003

217. Davison A, Neiman M. Mobilizing molluscan models and genomes in biology. *Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci.* 2021;376:20200163.

**How to cite this article:** Montagnani C, Morga B, Novoa B, et al. Trained immunity: Perspectives for disease control strategy in marine mollusc aquaculture. *Rev Aquac.* 2024;1-27. doi:10.1111/raq.12906