<figure><img src="image_46.png" /></figure>

73. Desbois AP, Smith VJ. Antibacterial free fatty acids: activities, mechanisms of action and biotechnological potential. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2010;85 (6):1629-1642. doi:10.1007/s00253-009-2355-3.

74. Kaliannan K, Wang B, Li XY, Kim KJ, Kang JX. A host-microbiome interaction mediates the opposing effects of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids on metabolic endotoxemia. Sci Rep. 2015;5(1):11276. doi:10.1038/srep11276.

75. Arike L, Hansson GC. The densely O-Glycosylated MUC2 mucin protects the intestine and provides food for the commensal bacteria. J Mol Biol. 2016;428 (16):3221-3229. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2016.02.010.

76. Etienne-Mesmin L, Chassaing B, Desvaux M, De Paepe K, Gresse R, Sauvaitre T, Forano E, de Wiele TV, Schüller S, Juge N, et al. Experimental models to study intestinal microbes-mucus interactions in health and disease. FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 2019;43(5):457-489. doi:10.1093/femsre/fuz013.

77. Schroeder BO, Birchenough GMH, Stahlman M, Arike L, Johansson MEV, Hansson GC, Backhed F. Bifidobacteria or fiber protects against diet-induced microbiota-mediated colonic mucus deterioration. Cell Host & Microbe. 2018;23(1):27-40.e7. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2017.11.004.

78. Herath M, Hosie S, Bornstein JC, Franks AE, Hill-Yardin EL. The role of the gastrointestinal mucus system in intestinal homeostasis: implications for neurological disorders. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020;10:248. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2020.00248.

79. Orsso CE, Colin-Ramirez E, Field CJ, Madsen KL, Prado CM, Haqq AM. Adipose tissue development and expansion from the womb to adolescence: an overview. Nutrients. 2020;12(9):2735. doi:10.3390/nu12092735.

80. Novelle MG, Diéguez C. Updating gender differences in the control of homeostatic and hedonic food intake: Implications for binge eating disorder. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2019;497:110508. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2019.110508.

81. Pettersson US, Waldén TB, Carlsson PO, Jansson L, Phillipson M, Maedler K. Female mice are protected against high-fat diet induced metabolic syndrome and increase the regulatory T cell population in adipose tissue. PLOS ONE. 2012;7(9):e46057. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0046057.

82. Asarian L, Geary N. Modulation of appetite by gonadal steroid hormones. Philos Trans Roy Soc London. 2006;361(1471):1251-1263. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1860.

83. Markle JG, Frank DN, Mortin-Toth S, Robertson CE, Feazel LM, Rolle-Kampczyk U, von Bergen M, McCoy KD, Macpherson AJ, Danska JS. Sex differences in the gut microbiome drive hormone-dependent regulation of autoimmunity. Science. 2013;339 (6123):1084-1088. doi:10.1126/science.1233521.

84. Haro C, Rangel-Zúñiga OA, Alcalá-Díaz JF, Gómez-Delgado F, Pérez-Martínez P, Delgado-Lista J, Quintana-Navarro GM, Landa BB, Navas-Cortés JA, Tena-Sempere M, et al. Intestinal microbiota is influenced by gender and body mass index. PLOS ONE. 2016;11(5): e0154090. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0154090.

85. Bolnick DI, Snowberg LK, Hirsch PE, Lauber CL, Org E, Parks B, Lusis AJ, Knight R, Caporaso JG, Svanbäck R. Individual diet has sex-dependent effects on vertebrate gut microbiota. Nat Commun. 2014;5 (1):4500. doi:10.1038/ncomms5500.

86. Morissette A, Kropp C, Songpadith JP, Junges Moreira R, Costa J, Mariné-Casadó R, Pilon G, Varin TV, Dudonné S, Boutekrabt L, et al. Blueberry proanthocyanidins and anthocyanins improve metabolic health through a gut microbiota-dependent mechanism in diet-induced obese mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2020;318(6):E965-E980. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00560.2019.

87. Aron-Wisnewsky J, Warmbrunn MV, Nieuwdorp M, Clément K. Metabolism and metabolic disorders and the microbiome: the intestinal microbiota associated with obesity, lipid metabolism, and metabolic health-pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies. Gastroenterology. 2021;160(2):573-599. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2020.10.057.

88. Bojanova DP, Bordenstein SR. Fecal transplants: what is being transferred? PLOS Biol. 2016;14(7):e1002503. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002503.

89. Yang AM, Inamine T, Hochrath K, Chen P, Wang L, Llorente C, Bluemel S, Hartmann P, Xu J, Koyama Y. et al. Intestinal fungi contribute to development of alcoholic liver disease. J Clin Invest. 2017;127 (7):2829-2841. doi:10.1172/JCI90562.

90. Bajaj JS, Liu EJ, Kheradman R, Fagan A, Heuman DM, White M, Gavis EA, Hylemon P, Sikaroodi M, Gillevet PM. Fungal dysbiosis in cirrhosis. Gut. 2018;67(6):1146-1154. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2016-313170.

91. Daniel N, Le Barz M, Mitchell PL, Varin TV, Julien IB, Farabos D, Pilon G, Gauthier J, Garofalo C, Kang JX. et al. Comparing transgenic production to supplementation of ω-3 PUFA reveals distinct but overlapping mechanisms underlying protection against metabolic and hepatic disorders. Function (Oxford, England). 2023;4(2):zqac069. doi:10.1093/function/zqac069.

92. Yu HN, Zhu J, Pan WS, Shen SR, Shan WG, Das UN. Effects of fish oil with a high content of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on mouse gut microbiota. Arch Med Res. 2014;45(3):195-202. doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2014.03.008.

93. Hakimian JK, Dong TS, Barahona JA, Lagishetty V, Tiwari S, Azani D, Barrera M, Lee S, Severino AL, Mittal N, et al. Dietary supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduces opioid-seeking behaviors and alters the gut microbiome. Nutrients. 2019;11(8):1900. doi:10.3390/nu11081900.

94. Fevre C, Bellenger S, Pierre AS, Minville M, Bellenger J, Gresti J, Rialland M, Narce M, Tessier C. The metabolic cascade leading to eicosanoid precursors-desaturases, elongases, and phospholipases A2-is altered in Zucker fatty rats. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Mol
<figure><img src="image_47.png" /></figure>

73. Desbois AP, Smith VJ. Antibacterial free fatty acids: activities, mechanisms of action and biotechnological potential. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2010;85 (6):1629-1642. doi:10.1007/s00253-009-2355-3.

74. Kaliannan K, Wang B, Li XY, Kim KJ, Kang JX. A host-microbiome interaction mediates the opposing effects of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids on metabolic endotoxemia. Sci Rep. 2015;5(1):11276. doi:10.1038/srep11276.

75. Arike L, Hansson GC. The densely O-Glycosylated MUC2 mucin protects the intestine and provides food for the commensal bacteria. J Mol Biol. 2016;428 (16):3221-3229. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2016.02.010.

76. Etienne-Mesmin L, Chassaing B, Desvaux M, De Paepe K, Gresse R, Sauvaitre T, Forano E, de Wiele TV, Schüller S, Juge N, et al. Experimental models to study intestinal microbes-mucus interactions in health and disease. FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 2019;43(5):457-489. doi:10.1093/femsre/fuz013.

77. Schroeder BO, Birchenough GMH, Stahlman M, Arike L, Johansson MEV, Hansson GC, Backhed F. Bifidobacteria or fiber protects against diet-induced microbiota-mediated colonic mucus deterioration. Cell Host & Microbe. 2018;23(1):27-40.e7. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2017.11.004.

78. Herath M, Hosie S, Bornstein JC, Franks AE, Hill-Yardin EL. The role of the gastrointestinal mucus system in intestinal homeostasis: implications for neurological disorders. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020;10:248. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2020.00248.

79. Orsso CE, Colin-Ramirez E, Field CJ, Madsen KL, Prado CM, Haqq AM. Adipose tissue development and expansion from the womb to adolescence: an overview. Nutrients. 2020;12(9):2735. doi:10.3390/nu12092735.

80. Novelle MG, Diéguez C. Updating gender differences in the control of homeostatic and hedonic food intake: Implications for binge eating disorder. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2019;497:110508. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2019.110508.

81. Pettersson US, Waldén TB, Carlsson PO, Jansson L, Phillipson M, Maedler K. Female mice are protected against high-fat diet induced metabolic syndrome and increase the regulatory T cell population in adipose tissue. PLOS ONE. 2012;7(9):e46057. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0046057.

82. Asarian L, Geary N. Modulation of appetite by gonadal steroid hormones. Philos Trans Roy Soc London. 2006;361(1471):1251-1263. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1860.

83. Markle JG, Frank DN, Mortin-Toth S, Robertson CE, Feazel LM, Rolle-Kampczyk U, von Bergen M, McCoy KD, Macpherson AJ, Danska JS. Sex differences in the gut microbiome drive hormone-dependent regulation of autoimmunity. Science. 2013;339 (6123):1084-1088. doi:10.1126/science.1233521.

84. Haro C, Rangel-Zúñiga OA, Alcalá-Díaz JF, Gómez-Delgado F, Pérez-Martínez P, Delgado-Lista J, Quintana-Navarro GM, Landa BB, Navas-Cortés JA, Tena-Sempere M, et al. Intestinal microbiota is influenced by gender and body mass index. PLOS ONE. 2016;11(5): e0154090. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0154090.

85. Bolnick DI, Snowberg LK, Hirsch PE, Lauber CL, Org E, Parks B, Lusis AJ, Knight R, Caporaso JG, Svanbäck R. Individual diet has sex-dependent effects on vertebrate gut microbiota. Nat Commun. 2014;5 (1):4500. doi:10.1038/ncomms5500.

86. Morissette A, Kropp C, Songpadith JP, Junges Moreira R, Costa J, Mariné-Casadó R, Pilon G, Varin TV, Dudonné S, Boutekrabt L, et al. Blueberry proanthocyanidins and anthocyanins improve metabolic health through a gut microbiota-dependent mechanism in diet-induced obese mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2020;318(6):E965-E980. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00560.2019.

87. Aron-Wisnewsky J, Warmbrunn MV, Nieuwdorp M, Clément K. Metabolism and metabolic disorders and the microbiome: the intestinal microbiota associated with obesity, lipid metabolism, and metabolic health-pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies. Gastroenterology. 2021;160(2):573-599. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2020.10.057.

88. Bojanova DP, Bordenstein SR. Fecal transplants: what is being transferred? PLOS Biol. 2016;14(7):e1002503. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002503.

89. Yang AM, Inamine T, Hochrath K, Chen P, Wang L, Llorente C, Bluemel S, Hartmann P, Xu J, Koyama Y. et al. Intestinal fungi contribute to development of alcoholic liver disease. J Clin Invest. 2017;127 (7):2829-2841. doi:10.1172/JCI90562.

90. Bajaj JS, Liu EJ, Kheradman R, Fagan A, Heuman DM, White M, Gavis EA, Hylemon P, Sikaroodi M, Gillevet PM. Fungal dysbiosis in cirrhosis. Gut. 2018;67(6):1146-1154. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2016-313170.

91. Daniel N, Le Barz M, Mitchell PL, Varin TV, Julien IB, Farabos D, Pilon G, Gauthier J, Garofalo C, Kang JX. et al. Comparing transgenic production to supplementation of ω-3 PUFA reveals distinct but overlapping mechanisms underlying protection against metabolic and hepatic disorders. Function (Oxford, England). 2023;4(2):zqac069. doi:10.1093/function/zqac069.

92. Yu HN, Zhu J, Pan WS, Shen SR, Shan WG, Das UN. Effects of fish oil with a high content of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on mouse gut microbiota. Arch Med Res. 2014;45(3):195-202. doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2014.03.008.

93. Hakimian JK, Dong TS, Barahona JA, Lagishetty V, Tiwari S, Azani D, Barrera M, Lee S, Severino AL, Mittal N, et al. Dietary supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduces opioid-seeking behaviors and alters the gut microbiome. Nutrients. 2019;11(8):1900. doi:10.3390/nu11081900.

94. Fevre C, Bellenger S, Pierre AS, Minville M, Bellenger J, Gresti J, Rialland M, Narce M, Tessier C. The metabolic cascade leading to eicosanoid precursors-desaturases, elongases, and phospholipases A2-is altered in Zucker fatty rats. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Mol
<figure><img src="image_47.png" /></figure>

Cell Biol Lipids. 2011;1811(6):409-417. doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2010.12.004.

95. Zou Z, Bellenger S, Massey KA, Nicolaou A, Geissler A, Bidu C, Bonnotte B, Pierre AS, Minville-Walz M, Rialland M, et al. Inhibition of the HER2 pathway by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids prevents breast cancer in fat-1 transgenic mice. J Lipid Res. 2013;54(12):3453-3463. doi:10.1194/jlr.M042754.

96. Pais de Barros JP, Gautier T, Sali W, Adrie C, Choubley H, Charron E, Lalande C, Le Guern N, Deckert V, Monchi M, et al. Quantitative lipopolysaccharide analysis using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and its combination with the limulus amebocyte lysate assay. Journal of Lipid Research. 2015;56(7):1363-1369. doi:10.1194/jlr.D059725.

97. Achard CS, Dupouy V, Cauquil L, Arpaillange N, Bousquet-Melou A, Floc'h NL, Zemb O. Early inoculation of microbial suspension in suckling piglets affects the transmission of maternal microbiota and the associated antibiotic resistance genes. Microorganisms. 2020;8(10):1576. doi:10.3390/microorganisms8101576.

98. Le Floc'h N, Knudsen C, Gidenne T, Montagne L, Merlot E, Zemb O. Impact of feed restriction on health, digestion and faecal microbiota of growing pigs housed in good or poor hygiene conditions. Anim: Int J Anim Biosci. 2014;8 (10):1632-1642. doi:10.1017/S1751731114001608.

99. Verschuren LMG, Calus MPL, Jansman AJM, Bergsma R, Knol EF, Gilbert H, Zemb O. Fecal microbial composition associated with variation in feed efficiency in pigs depends on diet and sex. J Anim Sci. 2018;96(4):1405-1418. doi:10.1093/jas/sky060.

100. Magoč T, Salzberg SL. FLASH: fast length adjustment of short reads to improve genome assemblies. Bioinformatics. 2011;27(21):2957-2963. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btr507.

101. Callahan BJ, McMurdie PJ, Rosen MJ, Han AW, Johnson AJ, Holmes SP. DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from illumina amplicon data. Nat Methods. 2016;13(7):581-583. doi:10.1038/nmeth.3869.

102. Quast C, Pruesse E, Yilmaz P, Gerken J, Schweer T, Yarza P, Peplies J, Glöckner FO. The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools. Nucleic Acids Research. 2013;41 (D1):D590-596. doi:10.1093/nar/gks1219.

103. Beaumont M, Paës C, Mussard E, Knudsen C, Cauquil L, Aymard P, Barilly C, Gabinaud B, Zemb O, Fourre S, et al. Gut microbiota derived metabolites contribute to intestinal barrier maturation at the suckling-to-weaning transition. Gut Microbes. 2020;11(5):1268-1286. doi:10.1080/19490976.2020.1747335.
<figure><img src="image_48.png" /></figure>

Cell Biol Lipids. 2011;1811(6):409-417. doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2010.12.004.

95. Zou Z, Bellenger S, Massey KA, Nicolaou A, Geissler A, Bidu C, Bonnotte B, Pierre AS, Minville-Walz M, Rialland M, et al. Inhibition of the HER2 pathway by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids prevents breast cancer in fat-1 transgenic mice. J Lipid Res. 2013;54(12):3453-3463. doi:10.1194/jlr.M042754.

96. Pais de Barros JP, Gautier T, Sali W, Adrie C, Choubley H, Charron E, Lalande C, Le Guern N, Deckert V, Monchi M, et al. Quantitative lipopolysaccharide analysis using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and its combination with the limulus amebocyte lysate assay. Journal of Lipid Research. 2015;56(7):1363-1369. doi:10.1194/jlr.D059725.

97. Achard CS, Dupouy V, Cauquil L, Arpaillange N, Bousquet-Melou A, Floc'h NL, Zemb O. Early inoculation of microbial suspension in suckling piglets affects the transmission of maternal microbiota and the associated antibiotic resistance genes. Microorganisms. 2020;8(10):1576. doi:10.3390/microorganisms8101576.

98. Le Floc'h N, Knudsen C, Gidenne T, Montagne L, Merlot E, Zemb O. Impact of feed restriction on health, digestion and faecal microbiota of growing pigs housed in good or poor hygiene conditions. Anim: Int J Anim Biosci. 2014;8 (10):1632-1642. doi:10.1017/S1751731114001608.

99. Verschuren LMG, Calus MPL, Jansman AJM, Bergsma R, Knol EF, Gilbert H, Zemb O. Fecal microbial composition associated with variation in feed efficiency in pigs depends on diet and sex. J Anim Sci. 2018;96(4):1405-1418. doi:10.1093/jas/sky060.

100. Magoč T, Salzberg SL. FLASH: fast length adjustment of short reads to improve genome assemblies. Bioinformatics. 2011;27(21):2957-2963. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btr507.

101. Callahan BJ, McMurdie PJ, Rosen MJ, Han AW, Johnson AJ, Holmes SP. DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from illumina amplicon data. Nat Methods. 2016;13(7):581-583. doi:10.1038/nmeth.3869.

102. Quast C, Pruesse E, Yilmaz P, Gerken J, Schweer T, Yarza P, Peplies J, Glöckner FO. The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools. Nucleic Acids Research. 2013;41 (D1):D590-596. doi:10.1093/nar/gks1219.

103. Beaumont M, Paës C, Mussard E, Knudsen C, Cauquil L, Aymard P, Barilly C, Gabinaud B, Zemb O, Fourre S, et al. Gut microbiota derived metabolites contribute to intestinal barrier maturation at the suckling-to-weaning transition. Gut Microbes. 2020;11(5):1268-1286. doi:10.1080/19490976.2020.1747335.