range near the diamagnetic cavity of comet 67P. J Geophys Res 125:e2020JA028592. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JA028592

Odstrcil D (2003) Modeling 3-D solar wind structure. Adv Space Res 32:497–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00332-6

Ostaszewski K, Glassmeier K-H, Goetz C, Heinisch P, Henri P, Ranocha H, Richter I, Rubin M, Tsurutani B (2021) Steepening of magnetosonic waves in the inner coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Ann Geophys 2021:1–37. https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2020-84

Oya H, Morioka A, Miyake W, Smith EJ, Tsurutani BT (1986) Discovery of cometary kilometric radiations and plasma waves at comet Halley. Nature 321:307–310. https://doi.org/10.1038/321307a0

Parker EN (1958) Dynamics of the interplanetary gas and magnetic fields. Astrophys J 128:664–676. https://doi.org/10.1086/146579

Pierce DM, A'Hearn MF (2010) An analysis of CO production in cometary comae: contributions from gas-phase phenomena. Astrophys J 718:340–347. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/718/1/340

Pierrard V, Lazar P, Poedts S, Štverák Š, Maksimovic M, Trávníček PM (2016) The electron temperature and anisotropy in the solar wind. Comparison of the core and halo populations. Sol Phys 291:2165–2179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-016-0961-7

Pitchford LC, Alves LL, Bartschat K, Biagi SF, Bordage M-C, Bray I, Brion CE, Brunger MJ, Campbell L, Chachereau A, Chaudhury B, Christophorou LG, Carbone E, Dyatko NA, Franck CM, Fursa DV, Gangwar RK, Guerra V, Haefliger P, Hagelaar GJM, Hoesl A, Itikawa Y, Kochetov IV, McEachran RP, Morgan WL, Napartovich AP, Puech V, Rabie M, Sharma L, Srivastava R, Stauffer AD, Tennyson J, de Urquijo J, van Dijk J, Viehland LA, Zammit MC, Zatsariny O, Pancheshnyi S (2017) LXCat: an open-access, web-based platform for data needed for modeling low temperature plasmas. Plasma Process Polym 14:1600098. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppap.201600098

Pizzo VJ (1985) Interplanetary shocks on the large scale – a retrospective on the last decade’s theoretical efforts. Geophys Monogr Ser 35:51–68. https://doi.org/10.1029/GM035p0051

Plaschke F, Karlsson T, Götz C, Möstl C, Richter I, Volwerk M, Eriksson A, Behar E, Goldstein R (2018) First observations of magnetic holes deep within the coma of a comet. Astron Astrophys 618:A114. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/20183300

Porco CC, Helfenstein P, Thomas PC, Ingersoll AP, Wisdom J, West R, Neukum G, Denk T, Wagner R, Roatsch T, Kieffer S, Turtle E, McEwen A, Johnson TV, Rathbun J, Veverka J, Wilson D, Perry J, Spitale J, Brahic A, Burns JA, Del Genio AD, Dones L, Murray CD, Squyres S (2006) Cassini observes the active south pole of Enceladus. Science 311:1393–1401. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1123013

Raeder J, Neubauer FM, Ness NF, Burlaga LF (1987) Macroscopic perturbations of the IMF by P/Halley as seen by the Giotto magnetometer. Astron Astrophys 187:61–64

Rees MH (1989) Physics and chemistry of the upper atmosphere. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Reinhard R (1986) The Giotto encounter with comet Halley. Nature 321:313–318. https://doi.org/10.1038/321313a0

Rème H, Sauvoud JA, d'Uston C, Cros A, Anderson KA, Carlson CW, Curtis DW, Lin RP, Korth A, Richter AK, Mendis DA (1988) General features of comet P/Halley: solar wind interaction from plasma measurements. In: Grewing M, Praderie F, Reinhard R (eds) Exploration of Halley's comet. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp 33–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82971-0_5

Rème H, Mazelle C, D'Uston C, Korth A, Lin RP, Chaizy P (1994) There is no 'cometopause' at comet Halley. J Geophys Res 99:2301–2308. https://doi.org/10.1029/93JA00894

Richter I, Koenders C, Glassmeier KH, Tsurutani BT, Goldstein R (2011) Deep Space 1 at comet 19P/Borrelly: magnetic field and plasma observations. Planet Space Sci 59:691–698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2011.02.001

Richter I, Koenders C, Auster H-U, Frühauff D, Götz C, Heinisch P, Perschke C, Motschmann U, Stoll B, Altwegg K, Burch J, Carr C, Cupido E, Eriksson A, Henri P, Goldstein R, Lebreton J-P, Mokashi P, Nemeth Z, Nilsson H, Rubin M, Szegö K, Tsurutani BT, Vallat C, Volwerk M, Glassmeier K-H (2015) Observation of a new type of low-frequency waves at comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Ann Geophys 33:1031–1036. https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-1031-2015

Richter I, Auster H-U, Berghofer G, Carr C, Cupido E, Fornaçon K-H, Goetz C, Heinisch P, Koenders C, Stoll B, Tsurutani BT, Vallat C, Volwerk M, Glassmeier K-H (2016) Two-point observations of low-frequency waves at 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko during the descent of PHILAE: comparison of RPCMAG and ROMAP. Ann Geophys 34:609–622. https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-609-2016

Riedler W, Schwingenschuh K, Yeroshenko YE, Styashkin VA, Russell CT (1986) Magnetic field observations in comet Halley's coma. Nature 321:288–289. https://doi.org/10.1038/321288a0

Rodgers DJ, Coates AJ, Johnstone AD, Smith MF, Bryant DA (1986) UKS plasma measurements near the AMPTE artificial comet. Nature 320:712–716. https://doi.org/10.1038/320712a0

Rubin M, Hansen KC, Gombosi TI, Combi MR, Altwegg K, Balsiger H (2009) Ion composition and chemistry in the coma of comet 1P/Halley – a comparison between Giotto’s Ion Mass Spectrometer and our ion-chemical network. Icarus 199:505–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2008.10.009
Rubin M, Hansen KC, Combi MR, Daldorff LKS, Gombosi TI, Tenishev VM (2012) Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities at the magnetic cavity boundary of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. J Geophys Res 117:A06227. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JA017300

Rubin M, Fougere N, Altwegg K, Combi MR, Le Roy L, Tenishev VM, Thomas N (2014a) Mass transport around comets and its impact on the seasonal differences in water production rates. Astrophys J 788:168. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/788/2/168

Rubin M, Koenders C, Altwegg K, Combi MR, Glassmeier K-H, Gombosi TI, Hansen KC, Motschmann U, Richter I, Tenishev VM, Tóth G (2014b) Plasma environment of a weak comet – predictions for comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko from multifluid-MHD and Hybrid models. Icarus 242:38–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2014.07.021

Rubin M, Gombosi TI, Hansen KC, Ip WH, Kartalev MD, Koenders C, Tóth G (2015) Modeled interaction of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko with the solar wind inside 2 AU. Earth Moon Planets 116:141–157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11038-015-9476-8

Rubin M, Altwegg K, Balsiger H, Berthelier J-J, Combi MR, De Keyser J, Drozdovskaya M, Fiethe B, Fuselier SA, Gasc S, Gombosi TI, Hänni N, Hansen KC, Mall U, Rème H, Schroeder IRHG, Schuhmann M, Sémon T, Waite JH, Wampfler SF, Wurz P (2019) Elemental and molecular abundances in comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Mon Not R Astron Soc 489:594–607. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz2086

Sauer K, Bogdanov A, Baumgärtel K (1995) The protonopause – an ion composition boundary in the magnetosheath of comets, Venus and Mars. Adv Space Res 16:153–158

Scarf F (1989) Plasma wave observations at comets Giacobini-Zinner and Halley. Geophys Monogr Ser 53:31–40

Scarf FL, Coroniti FV, Kennel CF, Sanderson TR, Wenzel KP, Hynds RJ, Smith EJ, Bame SJ, Zwickl RD (1986a) ICE plasma wave measurements in the ion pick-up region of comet Halley. Geophys Res Lett 13:857–860. https://doi.org/10.1029/GL013i008p00857

Scarf FL, Ferdinand V, Coroniti V, Kennel CF, Gurnett DA, Ip W-H, Smith EJ (1986b) Plasma wave observations at comet Giacobini-Zinner. Science 232:377–381. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.232.4748.377

Schaeffer DB, Fox W, Follett RK, Fiksel G, Li CK, Matteucci J, Bhattacharjee A, Germaschewski K (2019) Direct observations of particle dynamics in magnetized collisionless shock precursors in laser-produced plasmas. Phys Rev Lett 122:245001. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.245001

Schaeffer DB, Fox W, Matteucci J, Lezhnin KV, Bhattacharjee A, Germaschewski K (2020) Kinetic simulations of piston-driven collisionless shock formation in magnetized laboratory plasmas. Phys Plasmas 27:042901. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5123229

Schmid D, Volwerk M, Plaschke F, Vörös Z, Zhang TL, Baumjohann W, Narita Y (2014) Mirror mode structures near Venus and comet P/Halley. Ann Geophys 32:651–657. https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-651-2014

Schwenn R, Ip W-H, Rosenbauer H, Balsiger H, Bühler F, Goldstein R, Meier A, Shelley EG (1988) Ion temperature and flow profiles in comet P/Halley’s close environment. In: Grewing M, Praderie F, Reinhard R (eds) Exploration of Halley’s comet. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp 160–162. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82971-0_29

Shebanits O, Wahlund JE, Mandt K, Ågren K, Edberg NJT, Waite JH (2013) Negative ion densities in the ionosphere of Titan-Cassini RPWS/LP results. Planet Space Sci 84:153–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2013.05.021

Shinnaka Y, Fougere N, Kawakita H, Kameda S, Combi MR, Ikezawa S, Seki A, Kuwabara M, Sato M, Taguchi M, Yoshikawa I (2017) Imaging observations of the hydrogen coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko in 2015 September by the PROCYON/LAICA. Astron J 153:76

Sierks H, Barbieri C, Lamy PL, Rodrigo R, Koschny D, Rickman H, Keller HU, Agarwal J, A’Hearn MF, Angrilli F, Auger AT, Barucci MA, Bertaux JL, Bertini I, Besse S, Bodewits D, Capanna C, Cremonese G, Da Deppo V, Davidsson B, Debei S, De Cecco M, Ferri F, Fornasier S, Fulle M, Gaskell R, Giacomini L, Groussin O, Gutierrez-Marques P, Gutierrez PJ, Guttler C, Hoekzema N, Hviid SF, Ip WH, Jorda L, Knollenberg J, Kovacs G, Kramm JR, Kuhrt E, Kuppers M, La Forgia F, Lara LM, Lazzarin M, Leyrat C, Lopez Moreno JJ, Magrin S, Marchi S, Marzari F, Massironi M, Michalik H, Moissl R, Mottola S, Naletto G, Oklay N, Pajola M, Pertile M, Preusker F, Sabau L, Scholten F, Snodgrass C, Thomas N, Tubiana C, Vincent JB, Wenzel KP, Zaccariotto M, Patzold M (2015) Cometary science. On the nucleus structure and activity of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Science 347:aaa1044. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa1044

Simon Wedlund C, Kallio E, Alho M, Nilsson H, Stenberg Wieser G, Gunell H, Behar E, Pusa J, Gronoff G (2016) The atmosphere of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko diagnosed by charge-exchanged solar wind alpha particles. Astron Astrophys 587:A154. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201527532
Simon Wedlund C, Alho M, Gronoff G, Kallio E, Gunell H, Nilsson H, Lindkvist J, Behar E, Stenberg Wieser G, Miloch WJ (2017) Hybrid modelling of cometary plasma environments. I. Impact of photoionisation, charge exchange, and electron ionisation on bow shock and cometopause at 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Astron Astrophys 604:A73. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201730514

Simon Wedlund C, Behar E, Kallio E, Nilsson H, Alho M, Gunell H, Bodewits D, Beth A, Gronoff G, Hoekstra R (2019a) Solar wind charge exchange in cometary atmospheres. II. Analytical model. Astron Astrophys 630:A36. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201834874

Simon Wedlund C, Behar E, Nilsson H, Alho M, Kallio E, Gunell H, Bodewits D, Heritier K, Galand M, Beth A, Rubin M, Altwegg K, Volwerk M, Gronoff G, Hoekstra R (2019b) Solar wind charge exchange in cometary atmospheres III. Results from the Rosetta mission to comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Astron Astrophys 630:A37. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201834881

Simon Wedlund C, Bodewits D, Alho M, Hoekstra R, Behar E, Gronoff G, Gunell H, Nilsson H, Kallio E, Beth A (2019) Solar wind charge exchange in cometary atmospheres. I. Charge-changing and ionization cross sections for He and H particles in H₂O. Astron Astrophys 630:A35. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201834848

Simon Wedlund C, Behar E, Nilsson H, Alho M, Kallio E, Gunell H, Bodewits D, Heritier K, Galand M, Beth A, Rubin M, Altwegg K, Volwerk M, Gronoff G, Hoekstra R (2020) Solar wind charge exchange in cometary atmospheres. III. Results from the Rosetta mission to comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (corrigendum). Astron Astrophys 640:C3. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201834881e

Sishtla CP, Divin A, Deca J, Olshevsky V, Markidis S (2019) Electron trapping in the coma of a weakly outgassing comet. Phys Plasmas 26:102904. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5115456

Skrzypkowski MP, Gougousi T, Johnsen R, Golde MF (1998) Measurement of the absolute yield of CO(a ³Π) + O products in the dissociative recombination of CO⁺ ions with electrons. J Chem Phys 108:8400–8407. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.476267

Slavin JA, Golberg BA, Smith EJ, McComas DJ, Bame SJ, Strauss MA, Spinrad H (1986) The structure of a cometary type I tail – ground-based and ICE observations of P/Giacobini-Zinner. Geophys Res Lett 13:1085–1088. https://doi.org/10.1029/GL013i011p01085

Smith EJ, Tsurutani BT, Slavin JA, Jones DE, Siscoe GL, Mendis DA (1986) International cometary explorer encounter with Giacobini-Zinner: magnetic field observations. Science 232:382–385. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.232.4748.382

Snodgrass C, Jones GH (2019) The European Space Agency’s Comet Interceptor lies in wait. Nat Commun 10:5418. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13470-1

Snodgrass C, Opitom C, de Val-Borro M, Jehin E, Manfroid J, Lister T, Marchant J, Jones GH, Fitzsimmons A, Steele IA, Smith RJ, Jermak H, Granzer T, Meech KJ, Rousselot P, Levasseur-Regourd A-C (2016) The perihelion activity of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko as seen by robotic telescopes. Mon Not R Astr Soc 462:S138–S145. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw2300

Snodgrass C, A'Hearn MF, Aceituno F, Afanasiev V, Bagnulo S, Bauer J, Bergond G, Besse S, Biver N, Bodewits D, Boehnhardt H, Bonev BP, Borisov G, Carry B, Casanova V, Cochran A, Conn BC, Davidsson B, Davies JK, de León J, de Mooij E, de Val-Borro M, Delacruz M, DiSanti MA, Drew JE, Duffard R, Edberg NJT, Faggi S, Feaga L, Fitzsimmons A, Fujiwara H, Gibb EL, Gillon M, Green SF, Guijarro A, Guilbert-Lepoutre A, Gutiérrez PJ, Hadamcik E, Hainaut O, Haque S, Hedrosa R, Hines D, Hopp U, Hoyo F, Hutsemékers D, Hyland M, Ivanova O, Jehin E, Jones GH, Keane JV, Kelley MSP, Kiselev N, Kleyna J, Kluge M, Knight MM, Kokotanekova R, Koschny D, Kramer EA, López-Moreno JJ, Lacerda P, Lara LM, Lasue J, Lehto HJ, Levasseur-Regourd AC, Licandro J, Lin ZY, Lister T, Lowry SC, Mainzer A, Manfroid J, Marchant J, McKay AJ, McNeill A, Meech KJ, Micheli M, Mohammed I, Monguió M, Moreno F, Muñoz O, Mumma MJ, Nikolov P, Opitom C, Ortiz JL, Paganini L, Pajuelo M, Pozuelos FJ, Protopapa S, Pursimo T, Rajkumar B, Ramanjooloo Y, Ramos E, Ries C, Riffeser A, Rosenbush V, Rousselot P, Ryan EL, Santos-Sanz P, Schleicher DG, Schmidt M, Schulz R, Sen AK, Somero A, Sota A, Stinson A, Sunshine JM, Thompson A, Tozzi GP, Tubiana C, Villanueva GL, Wang X, Wooden DH, Yagi M, Yang B, Zaprudin B, Zegmott TJ (2017) The 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko observation campaign in support of the Rosetta mission. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser A 375:20160249. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0249

Song M-Y, Yoon J-S, Cho H, Itikawa Y, Karwasz GP, Kokoouline V, Nakamura Y, Tennyson J (2015) Cross sections for electron collisions with methane. J Phys Chem Ref Data 44:023101. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4918630

Sonnenfroh DM, Caledonia GE, Lurie J (1993) Emission from OH(A) produced in the dissociative recombination of H₂O⁺ with electrons. J Chem Phys 98:2872–2881. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.464115

Steckloff JK, Jacobson SA (2016) The formation of striae within cometary dust tails by a sublimation-driven YORP-like effect. Icarus 264:160–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2015.09.021

Stenberg Wieser G, Odelstad E, Wieser M, Nilsson H, Goetz C, Karlsson T, André M, Kalla L, Eriksson AI, Nicolaou G, Simon Wedlund C, Richter I, Gunell H (2017) Investigating short-time-scale variations
in cometary ions around comet 67P. Mon Not R Astron Soc 469:S522–S534. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx2133

Stephenson P, Galand M, Feldman PD, Beth A, Rubin M, Bockelée-Morvan D, Biver N, Cheng Y-C, Parker J, Burch J, Johansson FL, Eriksson A (2021) Multi-instrument analysis of far-ultraviolet aurora in the southern hemisphere of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Astron Astrophys 647:A119. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202039155

Stern SA, Slater DC, Scherrer J, Stone J, Versteeg M, A'Hearn MF, Bertaux JL, Feldman PD, Festou MC, Parker JW, Siegmund OHW (2007) Alice: the Rosetta ultraviolet imaging spectrograph. Space Sci Rev 128:507–527. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-006-9035-8

Szegö K, Juhasz A, Bebesi Z (2014) Possible observation of charged nanodust from comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko: an analysis for the ROSETTA mission. Planet Space Sci 99:48–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2014.05.007

Tao C, Kataoka R, Fukunishi H, Takahashi Y, Yokoyama T (2005) Magnetic field variations in the Jovian magnetotail induced by solar wind dynamic pressure enhancements. J Geophys Res 110:A11208. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JA010959

Tennyson J, Rahimi S, Hill C, Tse L, Vibhakar A, Akello-Egwel D, Brown DB, Dzarasova A, Hamilton JR, Jaksch D, Mohr S, Wren-Little K, Bruckmeier J, Agarwal A, Bartschat K, Bogaerts A, Booth J-P, Goeckner MJ, Hassouni K, Itikawa Y, Braams BJ, Krishnakumar E, Laricchiuta A, Mason NJ, Pandey S, Petrovic ZLj, Pu Y-K, Ranjan A, Rauf S, Schulze J, Turner MM, Ventzek P, Whitehead JC, Yoon J-S (2017) QDB: a new database of plasma chemistries and reactions. Plasma Sources Sci Technol 26:055014. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6595/aa6669

Thomas N, Davidsson B, El-Maarry MR, Fornasier S, Giacomini L, Gracia-Berna AG, Hviid SF, Ip WH, Jorda L, Keller HU, Knollenberg J, Kuhrt E, La Forgia F, Lai IL, Liao Y, Marschall R, Massironi M, Mottola S, Pajola M, Poch O, Pommerol A, Preusker F, Scholten F, Su CC, Wu JS, Vincent JB, Sierks H, Barbieri C, Lamy PL, Rodrigo R, Koschny D, Rickman H, A'Hearn MF, Barucci MA, Bertaux JL, Bertini I, Cremonese G, Da Deppo V, Debei S, de Cecco M, Fulle M, Groussin O, Gutierrez PJ, Kramm JR, Küppers M, Lara LM, Lazzarin M, Moreno JJL, Marzari F, Michalik H, Naletto G, Agarwal J, Güttler C, Oklay N, Tubiana C (2015) Redistribution of particles across the nucleus of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Astron Astrophys 583:A17. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201526049

Timar A, Nemeth Z, Szego K, Dosa M, Opitz A, Madanian H, Goetz C, Richter I (2017) Modelling the size of the very dynamic diamagnetic cavity of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Mon Not R Astron Soc 469:S723–S730. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx2628

Treumann RA, Baumjohann W (1997) Advanced space plasma physics. Imperial College Press, London. https://doi.org/10.1142/p020

Trotignon JG, Michau JL, Lagoutte D, Chabassière M, Chalumeau G, Colin F, Décréau PME, Geiswiller J, Gille P, Grard R, Hachemi T, Hamelin M, Eriksson A, Laakso H, Lebreton JP, Mazelle C, Randriamboarison O, Schmidt W, Smit A, Telljohann U, Zamora P (2007) RPC-MIP: the mutual impedance probe of the Rosetta Plasma Consortium. Space Sci Rev 128:713–728. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-006-9005-1

Tsuji M, Nakamura M, Nishimura Y, Obase H (1995) Nascent rovibrational distribution of CO(A ¹Π) produced in the recombination of CO₂⁺ with electrons. J Chem Phys 103:1413–1421. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.469765

Tsurutani BR, Brinca AL, Smith EJ, Thorne RM, Scarfe FL, Gosling JT, Ipavich FM (1987) Mhd waves detected by ICE at distances ≥ 28 10⁶ km from comet P/Halley: cometary or solar wind origin? Astron Astrophys 187:97–102

Tsurutani BT, Oya H (eds) (1989) Plasma waves and instabilities at comets and in magnetospheres. Geophysical monograph, vol 53. American Geophysical Union, Washington DC. https://doi.org/10.1029/GM053

Tsurutani BT, Smith EJ (1986a) Hydromagnetic waves and instabilities associated with cometary ion pickup – ICE observations. Geophys Res Lett 13:263–266. https://doi.org/10.1029/GL013i003p00263

Tsurutani BT, Smith EJ (1986b) Strong hydromagnetic turbulence associated with comet Giacobini-Zinner. Geophys Res Lett 13:259–262. https://doi.org/10.1029/GL013i003p00259

Tsurutani BT, Gonzalez WD, Tang F, Akasofu SI, Smith EJ (1988) Origin of interplanetary southward magnetic fields responsible for major magnetic storms near solar maximum (1978–1979). J Geophys Res 93:8519–8531. https://doi.org/10.1029/JA093iA08p08519

Tsurutani BT, Lakhina GS, Sen A, Hellinger P, Glassmeier K-H, Maannucci AJ (2018) A review of Alfvénic turbulence in high-speed solar wind streams: hints from cometary plasma turbulence. J Geophys Res 123:2458–2492. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA024203

Utterback NG, Kissel J (1990) Attogram dust cloud a million kilometers from comet Halley. Astron J 100:1315–1322. https://doi.org/10.1086/115599
Valenzuela A, Haerendel G, Föppl H, Melzner F, Neuss H, Rieger E, Stöcker J, Bauer O, Höfner H, Loidl J (1986) The AMPTE artificial comet experiments. Nature 320:700–703. https://doi.org/10.1038/320700a0

Vigren E, Eriksson AI (2017) A 1D model of radial ion motion interrupted by ion-neutral interactions in a cometary coma. Astron J 153:150. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aa6006

Vigren E, Eriksson AI (2019) On the ion-neutral coupling in cometary comae. Mon Not R Astron Soc 482:1937–1941. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty2869

Vigren E, Galand M (2013) Predictions of ion production rates and ion number densities within the diamagnetic cavity of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko at perihelion. Astrophys J 772:33. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/772/1/33

Vigren E, Galand M, Eriksson AI, Edberg NJT, Odelstad E, Schwartz SJ (2015a) On the electron-to-neutral number density ratio in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko: guiding expression and sources for deviations. Astrophys J 812:54. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/812/1/54

Vigren E, Galand M, Lavvas P, Eriksson AI, Wahlund J-E (2015b) On the possibility of significant electron depletion due to nanograin charging in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko near perihelion. Astrophys J 798:130. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/798/2/130

Vigren E, Altwegg K, Edberg NJT, Eriksson AI, Galand M, Henri P, Johansson F, Odelstad E, Tzou CY, Vallières X (2016) Model-observation comparisons of electron number densities in the coma of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko during January 2015. Astron J 152:59. https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-6256/152/3/59

Vigren E, André M, Edberg NJT, Engelhardt IAD, Eriksson AI, Galand M, Goetz C, Henri P, Heritier K, Johansson FL, Nilsson H, Odelstad E, Rubin M, Stenberg-Wieser G, Tzou CY, Vallières X (2017) Effective ion speeds at 200–250 km from comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko near perihelion. Mon Not R Astron Soc 469:S142–S148. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx1472

Vigren E, Eriksson AI, Johansson FL, Marschall R, Morooka M, Rubin M (2021) A case for a small to negligible influence of dust charging on the ionization balance in the coma of comet 67P. Planet Sci J 2(4):156. https://doi.org/10.3847/psy/ac134f

Vigren E, Eriksson AI, Bergman S (2022) On positively charged dust in the coma of comet 67P. Mon Not R Astron Soc. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac869

Volwerk M, Koenders C, Delva M, Richter I, Schwingenschuh K, Bentley MS, Glassmeier K-H (2013) Ion cyclotron waves during the Rosetta approach phase: a magnetic estimate of cometary outgassing. Ann Geophys 31:2201–2206

Volwerk M, Richter I, Tsurutani B, Götz C, Altwegg K, Broiles T, Burch J, Carr C, Cupido E, Delva M, Dósa M, Edberg NJT, Eriksson A, Henri P, Koenders C, Lebreton J-P, Mandt KE, Nilsson H, Opitz A, Rubin M, Schwingenschuh K, Stenberg Wieser G, Szegö K, Vallat C, Vallieres X, Glassmeier K-H (2016) Mass-loading, pile-up, and mirror-mode waves at comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Ann Geophys 34:1–15. https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-1-2016

Volwerk M, Goetz C, Richter I, Delva M, Ostaszewski K, Schwingenschuh K, Glassmeier K-H (2018) A tail like no other: RPC-MAG’s view of Rosetta’s tail excursion at comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Astron Astrophys 614:A10. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201732198

Volwerk M, Goetz C, Behar E, Delva M, Edberg NJT, Eriksson A, Henri P, Llera K, Nilsson H, Richter I, Stenberg Wieser G, Glassmeier K-H (2019) Dynamic field line draping at comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko during the Rosetta dayside excursion. Astron Astrophys 630:A44. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201935517

Waite JH, Young DT, Cravens TE, Coates AJ, Crary FJ, Magee B, Westlake J (2007) The process of tholin formation in Titan’s upper atmosphere. Science 316(5826):870. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1139727

Wakelam V, Herbst E, Loison JC, Smith IWM, Chandrasekaran V, Pavone B, Adams NG, Bacchus-Montabonel MC, Bergeat A, Béroff K, Bierbaum VM, Chabot M, Dalgarno A, van Dishoeck EF, Faure A, Geppert WD, Gerlich D, Galli D, Hébrard E, Hersant F, Hickson KM, Honvault P, Klippenstein SJ, Le Picard S, Nyman G, Pernot P, Schlemmer S, Selsis F, Sims IR, Talbi D, Tennyson J, Troe J, Wester R, Wiesenfeld L (2012) A KInetic Database for Astrochemistry (KIDA). Astrophys J Suppl Ser 199:21. https://doi.org/10.1088/0067-0049/199/1/21

Wattiaux G, Henri P, Gilet N, Vallières X, Deca J (2020) Plasma characterization at comet 67P between 2 and 4 AU from the Sun with the RPC-MIP instrument. Astron Astrophys 638:A124. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202037571

Weibel ES (1959) Spontaneously growing transverse waves in a plasma due to an anisotropic velocity distribution. Phys Rev Lett 2:83–84. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.2.83

Wenzel K-P, Sanderson TR, Richardson IG, Cowley SWH, Hynds RJ, Bame SJ, Zwickl RD, Smith EJ, Tsurutani BT (1986) In-situ observations of cometary pick-up ions ≥ 0.2 AU upstream of comet Halley: ICE observations. Geophys Res Lett 13:861–864. https://doi.org/10.1029/GL013i008p00861
Williamson HN, Nilsson H, Stenberg Wieser G, Eriksson AI, Richter I, Goetz C (2020) Momentum and pressure balance of a comet ionosphere. Geophys Res Lett 47:e2020GL088666. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL088666

Winterhalter D, Neugebauer M, Goldstein BE, Smith EJ, Tsurutani BT, Bame SJ, Balogh A (1995) Magnetic holes in the solar wind and their relation to mirror mode structures. Space Sci Rev 72(1-2):201-204. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00768780

Witasse O, Dutuit O, Lilensten J, Thissen R, Zabka J, Alcaraz C, Blelly P-L, Bougher SW, Engel S, Ander-
sen LH, Seiersen K (2002) Prediction of a CO2+ layer in the atmosphere of Mars. Geophys Res Lett
29(8):104-1-104-4. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL014781

Witasse O, Sánchez-Cano B, Mays ML, Kajdič P, Opgenoorth H, Elliott HA, Richardson IG, Zouganelis I, Zender J, Wimmer-Schweingruber RF, Turc L, Taylor MGGT, Roussos E, Rouillard A, Richter I, Richardson JD, Ramstad R, Provan G, Posner A, Plaut JJ, Odstrcil D, Nilsson H, Niemenen P, Mikan SE, Mandt K, Lohf H, Lester M, Lebreton J-P, Kuulkers E, Krupp N, Koenders C, James MK, Intzekara D, Holmstrom M, Hassler DM, Hall BES, Guo J, Goldstein R, Goetz C, Glassmeier KH, Génot V, Evans H, Espley J, Edberg NJT, Dougherty M, Cowley SWH, Burch J, Behar E, Barabash S, Andrews DJ, Altobelli N (2017) Interplanetary coronal mass ejection observed at STEREO-A, Mars, comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, Saturn, and New Horizons en route to Pluto: comparison of its Forbush decreases at 1.4, 3.1, and 9.9 AU. J Geophys Res 122:7865-7890. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA023884

Woods TN, Eparvier FG, Bailey SM, Chamberlin PC, Lean J, Rottman GJ, Solomon SC, Tobiska WK, Woodraska DL (2005) Solar EUV Experiment (SEE): mission overview and first results. J Geophys Res 110:A01312. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JA010765

Wright IP, Barber SJ, Morgan GH, Morse AD, Sheridan S, Andrews DJ, Maynard J, Yau D, Evans ST, Leese MR, Zarnecki JC, Kent BJ, Waltham NR, Whalley MS, Heys S, Drummond DL, Edeson RL, Sawyer EC, Turner RF, Pillinger CT (2007) Ptolemy – an instrument to measure stable isotopic ratios of key volatiles on a cometary nucleus. Space Sci Rev 128:363-381. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-006-9001-5

Wright IP, Sheridan S, Barber SJ, Morgan GH, Andrews DJ, Morse AD (2015) COMETARY SCIENCE. CHO-bearing organic compounds at the surface of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko revealed by Ptolemy. Science 349:aab0673. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aab0673

Wu CS, Davidson RC (1972) Electromagnetic instabilities produced by neutral-particle ionization in inter-planetary space. J Geophys Res 77:5399-5406. https://doi.org/10.1029/JA077i028p05399

Young DT, Crary FJ, Nordholt JE, Bagenal F, Boice D, Burch JL, Eviatar A, Goldstein R, Hanley JJ, Lawrence DJ, McComas DJ, Meier R, Reisenfeld D, Sauer K, Wiens RC (2004) Solar wind interactions with comet 19P/Borrelly. Icarus 167(1):80-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2003.09.011

Yumoto K, Saito T, Nakagawa T (1986) Hydromagnetic waves near O⁺ (or H₂O⁺) ion cyclotron frequency observed by Sakigake at the closest approach to comet Halley. Geophys Res Lett 13:825-828. https://doi.org/10.1029/GL013i008p00825

Zieger B, Hansen KC (2008) Statistical validation of a solar wind propagation model from 1 to 10 AU. J Geophys Res 113:A08107. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JA013046

Zwickl RD, Baker DN, Bame SJ, Feldman WC, Fuselier SA, Huebner WF, McComas DJ, Young DT (1986) Three component plasma electron distribution in the intermediate ionized coma of comet Giacobini-Zinner. Geophys Res Lett 13(4):401-404. https://doi.org/10.1029/GL013i004p00401

**Publisher's Note** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

**Authors and Affiliations**

Charlotte Goetz¹,² ID · Etienne Behar³,⁴ · Arnaud Beth⁵ ID · Dennis Bodewits⁶ ID ·

Steve Bromley⁶ ID · Jim Burch⁷ · Jan Deca⁸ ID · Andrey Divin⁹ ID · Anders I. Eriksson¹⁰ ID ·

Paul D. Feldman¹¹ ID · Marina Galand¹² ID · Herbert Gunell⁵ ID · Pierre Henri⁴,¹³ ID ·

Kevin Heritier¹² · Geraint H. Jones¹⁴,¹⁵ ID · Kathleen E. Mandt¹⁶ ID · Hans Nilsson³ ID ·

John W. Noonan¹⁷ ID · Elias Odelstad¹⁰ ID · Joel W. Parker¹⁸ ID · Martin Rubin¹⁹ ID ·

Cyril Simon Wedlund²⁰ ID · Peter Stephenson¹² ID · Matthew G. G. T. Taylor¹ ID ·

Erik Vigren¹⁰ ID · Sarah K. Vines²¹ ID · Martin Volwerk²⁰ ID
<figure><img src="image_50.png" /></figure>

C. Goetz
charlotte.goetz@northumbria.ac.uk

E. Behar
etienne.behar@irf.se

A. Beth
arnaud.beth@space.umu.se

D. Bodewits
dennis@auburn.edu

S. Bromley
sjb0068@auburn.edu

J. Burch
jburch@swri.edu

J. Deca
jandeca@gmail.com

A. Divin
a.divin@spbu.ru

A.I. Eriksson
anders.eriksson@irfu.se

P.D. Feldman
pfeldman@jhu.edu

M. Galand
m.galand@imperial.ac.uk

H. Gunell
herbert.gunell@physics.org

P. Henri
pierre.henri@oca.eu; pierre.henri@cnrs-orleans.fr

K. Heritier
kevheritier@gmail.com

G.H. Jones
g.h.jones@ucl.ac.uk

K.E. Mandt
Kathleen.Mandt@jhuapl.edu

H. Nilsson
hans nilsson@irf.se

J.W. Noonan
noonan@lpl.arizona.edu

E. Odelstad
elias.odelstad@irfu.se

J.W. Parker
joel@boulder.swri.edu

M. Rubin
martin.rubin@space.unibe.ch

C. Simon Wedlund
cyril.simon.wedlund@gmail.com; cyril.simon-wedlund@oeaw.ac.at

P. Stephenson
p.stephenson18@imperial.ac.uk

M.G.G.T. Taylor
Matthew.Taylor@esa.int
E. Vigren
erik.vigren@irfu.se

S.K. Vines
Sarah.Vines@jhuapl.edu

M. Volwerk
martin.volwerk@oeaw.ac.at

1 ESTEC, European Space Agency, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands

2 Department of Mathematics, Physics and Electrical Engineering, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK

3 Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, 981 28 Kiruna, Sweden

4 Lagrange, OCA, UCA, CNRS, Nice, France

5 Department of Physics, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden

6 Physics Department, Leach Science Center, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36832, USA

7 Southwest Research Institute, P.O. Drawer 28510, San Antonio, TX 78228-0510, USA

8 Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, 3665 Discovery Drive, Boulder, CO 80303, USA

9 Earth Physics Department, St. Petersburg State University, Ulianovskaya, 1, St Petersburg 198504, Russia

10 Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 537, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden

11 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA

12 Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK

13 LPC2E, CNRS, Orléans, France

14 UCL Mullard Space Science Laboratory, Holmbury St. Mary, Dorking RH5 6NT, UK

15 The Centre for Planetary Sciences at UCL/Birkbeck, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK

16 Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20728, USA

17 Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA

18 Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA

19 Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland

20 Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Schmiedlstr. 6, 8042 Graz, Austria

21 Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA