# Effects of summer and winter environmental factors and cultivation practices on frost resistance and tree dieback

Thierry Ameglio, Magalie Poirier-Pocovi, Katline Charra-Vaskou, Mahaut van Rooij, Cyril Bozonnet, Andrea Ganthaler, Romain Baffoin, Stefan Mayr,

Guillaume Charrier

► To cite this version:

Thierry Ameglio, Magalie Poirier-Pocovi, Katline Charra-Vaskou, Mahaut van Rooij, Cyril Bozonnet, et al.. Effects of summer and winter environmental factors and cultivation practices on frost resistance and tree dieback. 13th International Plant Cold Hardiness Seminar, Aug 2024, Clermont-Ferrand, France. hal-04724307

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https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04724307v1

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Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Effects of summer and winter environmental factors and cultivation practices on frost resistance and tree dieback

Améglio T.¹, Poirier-Pocovi M.¹, Charra-Vaskou K.¹,², Van Rooij M.¹, Bozonnet C.¹, Ganthaler A.², Baffoin R.¹, Mayr S.², Charrier G.¹

13th International Plant Cold Hardiness Seminar

26-30 August 2024

thierry.ameglio@inrae.fr

1

<figure><img src="image_2.png" /></figure>

RÉPUBLIQUE
FRANÇAISE
Liberté
Égalité
Fraternité

INRAE
la science pour la vie, l'humain, la terre

2

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UNIVERSITÉ
Clermont Auvergne

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universität
innsbruck

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Institut für Botanik
# Risk of frost in warming World

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(Smith, 2011)

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Pisum sp; Photo : (I. Lejeune)

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IPCC AR6 2022

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## How to resist to frost?

by increasing the "antifreeze" and decreasing the quantities of water.

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Cavender-Bares (2005)

* Cold acclimatization in autumn : **Hardenning**

- Solubles sugars →

- **Tissue Water Content** ↓
Frost acclimatization : by increasing the "antifreeze"

<figure><img src="image_11.png" /></figure>

Cavender-Bares (2005)

Acclimatization to cold, walnut trees, Clermont-Fd (France)
Frost acclimatization : by decreasing the “water content”

<figure><img src="image_12.png" /><figcaption>Frost Resistance</figcaption></figure>

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Acclimatization to Frost, walnut trees, Clermont-Fd (France)

Hardening in Autumn:

Stop Absorption (T°C soil ↗)

Hydratation ↗

Deshardenning in Spring

Soil temperature ↗

Rehydration ↗
# Frost Avoidance: Extracellular Freezing

Protection of the cells of the bark: « hide the water in the wood »

<figure><img src="image_14.png" /><figcaption>Cavender-Bares (2005)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_15.png" /></figure>

Améglio *et al*. J.Exp.Bot., 2001

Changes in air diameter and temperature over 10 days in January

Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 52, No. 364, pp. 2135-2142, November 2001

<figure><img src="image_16.png" /></figure>

Journal of
Experimental
Botany

Stem diameter variations and cold hardiness
in walnut trees

Thierry Améglio¹,², Hervé Cochard¹ and Frank W. Ewers²

<figure><img src="image_17.png" /></figure>

• Wireless, autonomous and
connected PépiPIAF system

Wireless, autonomous and connected (Radio, LoRa, Sigfox)
dendrometer measurement: i.e. PépiPIAF system

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<figure><img src="image_19.png" /><figcaption>Effects of environmental factors and management practices on microclimate, winter physiology and frost resistance in trees</figcaption></figure>
# Effects of summer environmental factors and cultivation practices on frost resistance

Poirier-Pocovi M., Thesis, 2008

## Drought

<figure><img src="image_20.png" /></figure>

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## Defoliated

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## Shading

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## Girdling

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## Nitrogen depletion

<figure><img src="image_27.png" /></figure>
Presumed effect of various treatments

<figure><img src="image_28.png" /></figure>
# Effects of summer environmental factors and cultivation practices on frost resistance

## Crop treatments used during the summer period

### On carbohydrate reserve (total quantity, at tree level)

<figure><img src="image_29.png" /></figure>
Effects of summer environmental factors and cultivation practices on frost resistance

<figure><img src="image_30.png" /></figure>
Effects of summer environmental factors and cultivation practices on frost resistance

Water Content Autumn

<figure><img src="image_31.png" /></figure>

Water Content Winter

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Soluble sugars : GFS (mg.g-1 de MS)

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How to Modeling the frost resistance?

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2 asymptotes :

-WC (0.5) living material

-The supercooling rupture (-4 °C)

- High Humidity => Low resistance.

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High soluble sugar => High frost resistance

Aerial Organ >>>> Root Organ

Root high sugar but high humidity => Low Resistance.
# How to Modeling the frost resistance?

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A mechanistic model of frost resistance: that takes into account water content and the concentration of glucose, fructose and sucrose

<figure><img src="image_37.png" /></figure>

$$FH = \frac{c \cdot \ln(GFS)}{WC} + d$$
# How to Generalized Frost Hardiness Modeling in various temperate tree species?

<figure><img src="image_38.png" /></figure>

## Jug model

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A) Jug model
(only GFS)

B) Tot model
(each solute)

C) Osmo model
(osmotic potential)

D) ISC model
(osmotic potential variable, depending of the molecules)

### Model

$$ (1) \text{ FH} = \alpha \times \frac{\ln(\text{GFS})}{\text{WC}} + I $$

$$ (2) \text{ FH} = \alpha \times \frac{\ln(\text{SCP})}{\text{WC}} + I $$

$$ (3) \text{ FH} = \alpha \times \frac{\ln\left(\frac{\text{SCP}_i \times R \times 9}{\text{MM}_i}\right)}{\text{WC}} + I $$

$$ (4) \text{ FH} = \alpha \times \frac{\ln(\sum(\text{P}_i \times \text{SCP}_i))}{\text{WC}} + I $$

<figure><img src="image_40.png" /></figure>
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# To summarize- Frost resistance for a Living cells

<figure><img src="image_42.png" /><figcaption>Living cells</figcaption></figure>

## Summer

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## Winter

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**Antifreeze →→** (Soluble sugars → et WC →)
But during winter, you have another Frost resistance for xylem vessels - Winter Embolism

Utsumi et al. 1998: Betula platyphylla

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**Rarely** in normal conditions →
Stomatal closure avoid
catastrophic cavitation (Cochard
et al. 2002 Plant Physiol.).

Utsumi et al. 1998: Betula platyphylla

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**Frequently** in semi-
continental climate

Vessel size:

Ring porous >

Diffuse porous >

Tracheid.
Context for Winter Embolism in Walnut

<figure><img src="image_49.png" /></figure>

**Simulated Summer Embolism:**

Excised stem: 20 cm long, 1 cm large, 15 °C
during 6 h ⇌ vessels decrease by 7%

Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 67, No. 3 pp. 739-750, 2016
doi:10.1093/jxb/erv486 Advance Access publication 19 November 2015
This paper is available online free of all access charges (see http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/open_access.html for further details)

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RESEARCH PAPER

Cavitation and water fluxes driven by ice water potential in *Juglans regia* during freeze-thaw cycles

Katline Charra-Vaskou<sup>a,b,*</sup>, Eric Badel<sup>a,b</sup>, Guillaume Charrier<sup>c</sup>, Alexandre Ponomarenko<sup>a,b</sup>, Marc Bonhomme<sup>a,b</sup>, Loïc Foucat<sup>d</sup>, Stefan Mayr<sup>e</sup> and Thierry Améglio<sup>a,b</sup>

<figure><img src="image_51.png" /></figure>

**Simulated Winter Embolism:**

Freeze/Thaw: +15°C/-10°C/+15°C, total duration 6h ⇒ vessels ⇨ by 67%
Frost constraints on plant distribution

<figure><img src="image_52.png" /></figure>

High frost hardiness of living cells
Resistant to FT-induced embolism

Low frost hardiness of living cells

Vulnerable to FT-induced embolism

**Freeze/thaw-induced loss of hydraulic conductivity is one of the main limiting factors.**
# Potential Altitudinal Limit (A.L.)

<figure><img src="image_53.png" /></figure>

Poiseuille law

<figure><img src="image_54.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_55.png" /></figure>

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# Potential Altitudinal Limit (A.L.)

<figure><img src="image_57.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_58.png" /></figure>

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**Context for embolism:** Schematic representation of progression and recovery of embolism for a current year shoot (formed in year n).

<figure><img src="image_60.png" /></figure>

Cochard *et al*. Tree Physiol., 2001

Cruiziat *et al*. Ann. For. Sci., 2002

Améglio *et al*. Tree Physiol., 2002

Cruiziat *et al*. Pour la Science, 2003

Acer

Betula

Fagus

**Juglans**

Vitis ...

Quercus

Fraxinus

Prunus

...
# Xylem (positive) pressure in Walnut

<figure><img src="image_61.png" /></figure>

Stem Pressure

Améglio *et al*. Tree Physiol. 2001

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Refilling

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Root Pressure

Ewers *et al*. Tree Physiol. 2001

<figure><img src="image_64.png" /></figure>

Sacks,
1875

* Sap exsudation with pruning during winter.

* Sap exsudation at thawing.

* Role of carbohydrate

* Role of cold temperature <+5°C

* A co-limited (by temperature and nitrogen) root pressure.

* Role of Temperature >+10°C

Talk from Cyril or

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See the Poster of Charra-Vaskou K. et al. - IPCHS 13th

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Not the best Poster, but the most « sexy »

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©Stefan Mayr
University of Innsbruck, Austria

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High correlation between hydraulic security and living cells resistance was observed

<figure><img src="image_69.png" /></figure>
Conclusion and Perspectives :

* **Frost Résistances**: Living cells et Hydraulic system (winter embolism).

* Embolism refilling => used living cells physiology (root and stem pressure)

* Tree line: High winter embolism impact but better correlation with take into account of Living cells

* Global change.... acclimatization? (T°C increase, snow cover decrease, hydraulic failure and Carbone starvation )...

It's time to study multi-risks to fully understand mortality risks in a changing climate

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I'd like to thank all my colleagues

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universität
innsbruck

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Institut für Botanik

Ganthaler A.
Mayr S.

<figure><img src="image_73.png" /></figure>

GEOLAB
Laboratoire de Géographie Physique et Environnementale

Francon L.
Corona C.

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RÉPUBLIQUE
FRANÇAISE

Liberté
Égalité
Fraternité

<figure><img src="image_76.png" /></figure>

UNIVERSITÉ

Clermont Auvergne

INRAO

la science pour la vie, l'humain, la terre

Baffoin R.
Bozonnet C (talk IPCHS 13th)
Charra-Vaskou K. (Poster IPCHS 13th)
Charrier G
Poirier-Pocovi M.
Van Rooij M.

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agence nationale
de la recherche

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