Blockchain Innovations, Applications, and Future
Prospects

Hamed Taherdoost

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To cite this version:

Hamed Taherdoost. Blockchain Innovations, Applications, and Future Prospects. Electronics, 2024, 13, 10.3390/electronics13020422. [hal-05087341]

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## 1. Introduction

This Special Issue delves into the diverse applications of blockchain technology, spanning topics including democratic elections, business models, secure data storage, and large-scale ICT security. From MANET performance to cloud computing authentication challenges, this collection of papers covers innovative solutions for carbon trading and car insurance. These papers collectively showcase the evolving landscape and promising future of blockchain technology application across various domains.

Blockchain is a decentralized ledger system that utilizes cryptographic algorithms to guarantee tamper-proof, secure, and transparent transactions. Network integrity can be improved through the use of consensus mechanisms, and the technology's adaptability extends to smart contracts for automating agreements. Blockchain has the potential to revolutionize sectors such as healthcare, finance, supply chain management, and governance by providing a secure, streamlined, and intermediary-free method for conducting digital transactions.

This Editorial provides a complete overview of the Special Issue titled "Advance-
ment in Blockchain Technology and Applications" by combining and contextualizing the
featured papers' different contributions. This Editorial highlights trends, patterns, and
important developments in blockchain's applications in improving democratic processes,
business models, data security, and network performance while addressing obstacles and
unanswered concerns. This Editorial also guides readers from various fields by provid-
ing insights into potential future research avenues, encouraging a deeper awareness of
blockchain's cross-sector impact.

## 2. Blockchain Applications in Various Sectors

Blockchain technology has affected several industries, with each industry having its own issues and opportunities. Bhadoria et al.'s (Contributor 1) article proposed blockchain-based traceable certificates for use in democratic elections to improve fairness and competition. The technique used a distributed digital ledger with strong encryption methods to record transactions securely, transparently, and in a tamper-proof manner, boosting democratic transparency and voter privacy. This study added to the wider discussion on using blockchain to secure democratic elections worldwide.

Beyond elections, Taherdoost and Madanchian (Contributor 2) undertook a systematic analysis of blockchain's role in creating new business models. This comprehensive study of 75 articles from the last decade showed how blockchain technologies like NFT and P2E might revolutionize corporate strategies and models. The study examined blockchain-based business models and identified research gaps and interesting possibilities. The study also shed light on blockchain's commercial applications by focusing on journals and utilizing particular selection criteria.

A decentralized InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) and blockchain-based solution designed by Sangeeta and Nam (Contributor 3) addresses vehicle network data storage

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**Citation:** Taherdoost, H. Blockchain Innovations, Applications, and Future Prospects. Electronics **2024**, *13*, 422. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13020422

Received: 15 January 2024
Accepted: 16 January 2024
Published: 19 January 2024

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**Copyright:** © 2024 by the author.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms and
conditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
4.0/).

<footnote n="1">¹ Department of Arts, Communications and Social Sciences, University Canada West, Vancouver, BC V6B 1V9, Canada; hamed.taherdoost@gmail.com</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² Research and Development Department, Hamta Business Corporation, Vancouver, BC V6E 1C9, Canada</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³ Q Minded | Quark Minded Technology Inc., Vancouver, BC V6E 1C9, Canada</footnote>
issues. Recognizing the importance of CCTV cameras and black boxes in road safety, the authors proposed a cost-effective solution that coupled blockchain security with IPFS's decentralized file-sharing protocol. The proposed system provided transparency and data integrity, using keyword searches for sensitive data retrieval. This paper addressed vehicle network security and data integrity issues, offering a decentralized and efficient blockchain storage system.

Chatziamanetoglou and Rantos (Contributor 4) stressed the importance of security configuration management in the design of ICT systems. The article proposed a permissioned blockchain-based mechanism to maintain system configuration integrity throughout its lifecycle. The authors provided smart-contract-based and role-based access control and examined permissioned blockchain models' security configuration management benefits and problems. This article highlighted the need for common techniques and blockchain solutions to safeguard large-scale ICT infrastructures and systems in many sectors.

### 3. Blockchain Technologies and Performance

Within the domain of network performance evaluation, Eltahlawy et al. (Contributor 5) methodically examined the obstacles encountered in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. Given the absence of centralized infrastructure, these networks are distinguished by their dynamic node formations, requiring a nuanced understanding of environmental parameters. The study scrutinized 50 recent publications to showcase the widespread use of the NS-2 simulator in MANET studies. The study illuminated the critical factors impacting performance, offering a thorough analysis of simulation environments to facilitate reliable assessments of MANET efficacy, especially in adversarial environments.

Du et al. (Contributor 6) presented the hyperledger fabric identity authentication (HIDA) protocol as a solution for security concerns inherent in conventional authentication approaches used in cloud computing authentication. To accommodate the revolutionary effects of cloud computing on resource accessibility, secure authentication channels within trusted domains are required. HIDA implements zero-knowledge-proof technology and federated chain technology, thereby enhancing the security of user data and access efficiency. The protocol's effectiveness was confirmed by performing formal semantic analysis and simulations, providing novel approaches for identity authentication in cloud computing applications.

### 4. Innovations and Challenges in Blockchain Implementation

Song et al. (Contributor 7) discussed novel approaches for enhancing the efficiency of high-frequency carbon-trading procedures with regard to carbon trading and payment channels. The utilization of blockchain's intrinsic characteristics in their multi-factor routing payment Scheme (MFPS) increased transaction success rates and decreased processing costs. The proposed asymmetric time-lock contract (ATLC) protocol exhibited superior computational verification and safeguarded against potential assaults, thereby ensuring security and privacy.

To rectify the inefficiencies inherent in conventional automobile insurance, Qiu et al. (Contributor 8) introduced an innovative approach that integrated smart contracts, blockchain, and zero-knowledge-proof technology. Privacy preservation was prioritized during the design process by incorporating private smart contracts for insurance creation and revocation, as well as public contracts utilized for authorization and validation. The effectiveness of the ZoKrates technical implementation approach for off-chain zero-knowledge proofs in terms of minimizing blockchain data storage and computation was highlighted.

Regarding electronic voting systems, Hajian Berenjestanaki et al.'s article (Contributor 9) offered an exhaustive analysis of the effects of blockchain technology on elections. Although the study emphasized key advantages such as transparency and security, it also detected deficiencies in some areas, including usability and accessibility. This segment examined the obstacles associated with and consequences of using blockchain technology in electronic voting, providing valuable perspectives regarding the present status of scholarly inquiry.
and possible future research directions. Baldauf et al.'s (Contributor 10) final contribution concerned Ethereum development strategies, specifically focusing on the compilation of smart contract programming best practices that ensure security and efficiency. It is crucial to prioritize code quality and security to successfully navigate the ever-changing Ethereum landscape.

**5. Perspectives**

This Special Issue comprises a diverse array of viewpoints regarding blockchain technology, as each paper provides distinct and valuable contributions regarding its practical implementations and advancements. This collection encompasses various topics, including an analysis of blockchain technology's effects on democratic elections, business models, data storage, network performance, and authentication in cloud computing. Additionally, our scholarly articles explore the potential of blockchain technology to streamline financial transactions, as demonstrated by recent advancements in carbon-trading payment channels and privacy-preserving automobile insurance claims. This discourse is enhanced by a pragmatic approach to Ethereum development and a critical evaluation of blockchain-based electronic voting systems. Collectively, these contributions will expand our understanding of blockchain technology's adaptability while also offering pragmatic resolutions and strategic counsel, thereby emphasizing the potential of this technology to revolutionize entire industries and sectors.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.

**List of Contributions:**

1. Bhadoria, R.S.; Das, A.P.; Bashar, A.; Zikria, M. Implementing Blockchain-Based Traceable Certificates as Sustainable Technology in Democratic Elections. *Electronics* **2022**, *11*, 3359.

2. Taherdoost, H.; Madanchian, M. Blockchain-Based New Business Models: A Systematic Review. *Electronics* **2023**, *12*, 1479.

3. Sangeeta, N.; Nam, S.Y. Blockchain and Interplanetary File System (IPFS)-Based Data Storage System for Vehicular Networks with Keyword Search Capability. *Electronics* **2023**, *12*, 1545.

4. Chatziamanetoglou, D.; Rantos, K. Blockchain-Based Security Configuration Management for ICT Systems. *Electronics* **2023**, *12*, 1879.

5. Eltahlawy, A.M.; Aslan, H.K.; Abdallah, E.G.; Elsayed, M.S.; Jurcut, A.D.; Azer, M.A. A Survey on Parameters Affecting MANET Performance. *Electronics* **2023**, *12*, 1956.

6. Du, Z.; Jiang, W.; Tian, C.; Rong, X.; She, Y. Blockchain-Based Authentication Protocol Design from a Cloud Computing Perspective. *Electronics* **2023**, *12*, 2140.

7. Song, Y.; Xiong, A.; Qiu, X.; Guo, S.; Wang, D.; Li, D.; Zhang, X.; Kuang, Y. A Blockchain-Based Method for Optimizing the Routing of High-Frequency Carbon-Trading Payment Channels. *Electronics* **2023**, *12*, 2586.

8. Qiu, Z.; Xie, Z.; Jiang, X.; Ran, C.; Chen, K. Novel Blockchain and Zero-Knowledge Proof Technology-Driven Car Insurance. *Electronics* **2023**, *12*, 3869.

9. Hajian Berenjestanaki, M.; Barzegar, H.R.; El Ioini, N.; Pahl, C. Blockchain-Based E-Voting Systems: A Technology Review. *Electronics* **2024**, *13*, 17.

10. Baldauf, M.; Sonnleitner, E.; Kurz, M. Exemplary Ethereum Development Strategies Regarding Security and Gas-Saving. *Electronics* **2024**, *13*, 117.

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