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## Acknowledgements

We thank Geoffrey de Ribains, Tim Bourne and Pascal Georges for their support and discussions over the years. We also acknowledge Virginie Puchois, Corinne Lebreton, Marie Chérier and Julien Diana for their technical and experimental advice. We would like to particularly thank Francina Langa-Vives head of the Mouse Genetics Engineering Center at the Institut Pasteur. We also thank the members of the Latour lab for discussions. This work was supported by grants from Ligue Contre le
Cancer—Equipe Labellisée (France) (to S.L.), Inserm (France), the Agence Nationale de Recherche (ANR, France): ANR-18-CE15-0025-01 (to S.L.), ANR-10-IAHU-01 (Imagine Institute), ANR-21-CE15-0018-01 (to E.M.) and the European Research Council: Proof of Concept ERC-2015-PoC_Master/ERC-2015-PoC_680465_SAFEIMMUNOSUPPRESS (to A.F., S.L.), INCA PL-BIO2020 (to S.L.). N.M. is a fellowship recipient of the Association Nationale de la Recherche Technologique (ANRT) under agreement with the industrial partner Step-Pharma. P.P.G. is recipient of a Pasteur-Roux-Cantarini fellowship from the Institut Pasteur. S.M.M. is a senior scientist at the INSERM. S.L. is a senior scientist at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS, France).

**Author contributions**

Conceptualisation: C.S., S.L.; Methodology: C.S., S.S., E.M.; Investigation: C.S., R.S., C.B., N.M., S.M., C.G., C.L.S., P.D., C.C., P.P.G., S.S., S.M.M. and E.M.; Resources: H.A., A.P., F.E.S.; Project administration: C.S.; Funding acquisition: A.F., E.M., S.L.; Supervision: S.L.; Visualisation: C.S.; Writing—original draft: C.S., S.L.; Writing—review & editing: C.S., N.M., A.P., F.E.S., S.M.M., A.F., E.M., S.L.

**Competing interests**

H.A. was an employee of Step-Pharma SAS. A.P. is a current employee of Step Pharma SAS. N.M. was a fellowship recipient of the Association Nationale de la Recherche Technologique (France) under agreement with Step-Pharma. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.

**Additional information**

**Supplementary information** The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-45805-y.

**Correspondence** and requests for materials should be addressed to Claire Soudais or Sylvain Latour.

**Peer review information** *Nature Communications* thanks Christopher Goodnow, Barbara Zimmermann and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. A peer review file is available.

**Reprints and permissions information** is available at http://www.nature.com/reprints

**Publisher's note** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

**Open Access** This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

© The Author(s) 2024
Cancer—Equipe Labellisée (France) (to S.L.), Inserm (France), the Agence Nationale de Recherche (ANR, France): ANR-18-CE15-0025-01 (to S.L.), ANR-10-IAHU-01 (Imagine Institute), ANR-21-CE15-0018-01 (to E.M.) and the European Research Council: Proof of Concept ERC-2015-PoC_Master/ERC-2015-PoC_680465afeimmunosuppress (to A.F., S.L.), INCA PL-BIO2020 (to S.L.). N.M. is a fellowship recipient of the Association Nationale de la Recherche Technologique (ANRT) under agreement with the industrial partner Step-Pharma. P.P.G. is recipient of a Pasteur-Roux-Cantarini fellowship from the Institut Pasteur. S.M.M. is a senior scientist at the INSERM. S.L. is a senior scientist at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS, France).

**Author contributions**

Conceptualisation: C.S., S.L.; Methodology: C.S., S.S., E.M.; Investigation: C.S., R.S., C.B., N.M., S.M., C.G., C.L.S., P.D., C.C., P.P.G., S.S., S.M.M. and E.M.; Resources: H.A., A.P., F.E.S.; Project administration: C.S.; Funding acquisition: A.F., E.M., S.L.; Supervision: S.L.; Visualisation: C.S.; Writing—original draft: C.S., S.L.; Writing—review & editing: C.S., N.M., A.P., F.E.S., S.M.M., A.F., E.M., S.L.

**Competing interests**

H.A. was an employee of Step-Pharma SAS. A.P. is a current employee of Step Pharma SAS. N.M. was a fellowship recipient of the Association Nationale de la Recherche Technologique (France) under agreement with Step-Pharma. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.

**Additional information**

**Supplementary information** The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-45805-y.

**Correspondence** and requests for materials should be addressed to Claire Soudais or Sylvain Latour.

**Peer review information** *Nature Communications* thanks Christopher Goodnow, Barbara Zimmermann and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. A peer review file is available.

**Reprints and permissions information** is available at http://www.nature.com/reprints

**Publisher's note** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

**Open Access** This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

© The Author(s) 2024