Early stage litter decomposition across biomes

Ika Djukic, Sebastian Kepfer-Rojas, Inge Schmidt, Klaus Steenberg Klaus, Claus Beier, Björn Berg, Kris K. Verheyen, Adriano Adrian, Alain Paquette, Alba Gutiérrez-Girón, et al.

► To cite this version:

Ika Djukic, Sebastian Kepfer-Rojas, Inge Schmidt, Klaus Steenberg Klaus, Claus Beier, et al. Early stage litter decomposition across biomes. Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 628-629, pp.1369-1394. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.012. hal-01827624

HAL Id: hal-01827624

https://univ-rennes.hal.science/hal-01827624

Submitted on 4 Jul 2018

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**To cite this version** : Djukic, Ika and Kepfer-Rojas, Sebastian and Kappel Schimdt, Inger [et al] *Early stage litter decomposition across biomes*. (2018) Science of the Total Environment, vol. 628-629. pp. 1369-1394. ISSN 0048-9697
Early stage litter decomposition across biomes

Ika Djukic a,*, Sebastian Kepfer-Rojas b, Inger Kappel Schmidt b, Klaus Steenberg Larsen b,
Claus Beier b, Björn Berg c,d, Kris Verheyen e, TeaComposition:

Adriano Caliman ¹, Alain Paquette ², Alba Gutiérrez-Girón ³, Alberto Humber 224, Alejandro Valdecantos 4,
Alessandro Petraglia 5, Heather Alexander 6, Algirdas Augustaitis 7, Amélie Saillard 8,225,
Ana Carolina Ruiz Fernández 9, Ana I. Sousa 10, Ana I. Lillebø 10, Anderson da Rocha Gripp 11,
André-Jean Francez 12, Andrea Fischer 13, Andreas Bohner 14, Andrey Malyshev 15, Andrijana Andrić 16,
Andy Smith 17, Angela Stanisci 18, Anikó Seres 19, Anja Schmidt 20, Anna Avila 21, Anne Probst 205,227,
Annie Ouin 22,227, Anzar A. Khuroo 23, Arne Verstraeten 24, Arely N. Palabral-Aguilera 226, Artur Stefanski 25,
Aurora Gaxiola 26, Bart Muys 27, Bernard Bosman 28, Bernd Ahrends 29, Bill Parker 30, Birgit Sattler 31,
Bo Yang 33,34, Bohdan Juráni 35, Brigitta Erschbamer 36, Carmen Eugenia Rodriguez Ortiz 37,
Casper T. Christiansen 38, E. Carol Adair 39, Céline Meredieu 40, Cendrine Mony 12, Charles A. Nock 41,
Chi-Ling Chen 42, Chiao-Ping Wang 43, Christel Baum 44, Christian Rixen 45, Christine Delire 46,227,
Christophe Piscart 12, Christopher Andrews 47, Corinna Rebmann 48, Cristina Branquinho 49,
Dana Polyanskaya 50, David Fuentes Delgado 4, Dirk Wundram 51, Diyaa Radeideh 52,53,
Eduardo Ordóñez-Regil 54, Edward Crawford 55, Elena Preda 56, Elena Tropina 50, Elli Groner 57, Eric Lucot 58,
Erzsébet Hornung 59, Esperança Gacia 60, Esther Lévesque 61, Evanilde Benedito 62, Evgeny A. Davydov 63,64,
Evy Ampoorter 65, Fabio Padilha Bolzan 66, Felipe Varela 67, Ferdinand Kristöfel 68, Fernando T. Maestre 69,
Florence Maunoury-Danger 70, Florian Hofhansl 71, Florian Kitz 72, Flurin Sutter 73, Francisco Cuesta 74,75,
Francisco de Almeida Lobo 76, Franco Leandro de Souza 66, Frank Berninger 32, Franz Zehetner 77,78,
Georg Wohlfahrt 72, George Vourlitis 79, Geovana Carreño-Rocabado 80,81, Gina Arena 82, Gisele Daiane Pinha 62,
Grizelle González 83, Guylaine Canut 46, Hanna Lee 38, Hans Verbeeck 84, Harald Auge 20,85, Harald Pauli 86,87,
Hassan Bismarck Nacro 88, Héctor A. Bahamonde 89, Heike Feldhaar 90, Heinke Jäger 91, Helena C. Serrano 49,
Hélène Verheyden 92, Helge Bruelheide 34,85, Henning Meesenburg 29, Hermann Jungkunst 93, Hervé Jactel 40,
Hideaki Shibata 94, Hiroko Kurokawa 95, Hugo López Rosas 96, Hugo L. Rojas Villalobos 97, Ian Yesilonis 98,
Inara Melece 99, Inge Van Halder 40, Inmaculada García Quirós 48, Isaac Makelele 100, Issaka Senou 101,
István Fekete 102, Ivan Mihal 103, Ivika Ostonen 104, Jana Borovská 105, Javier Roales 106, Jawad Shoqeir 52,53,
Jean-Christophe Lata 107, Jean-Paul Theurillat 108,109, Jean-Luc Probst 205,227, Jess Zimmerman 110,
Jeyanny Vijayanathan 111, Jianwu Tang 112, Jill Thompson 113, Jiří Doležal 114, Joan-Albert Sanchez-Cabeza 115,
Joël Merlet 92, Joh Henschel 116, Johan Neirynck 24, Johannes Knops 117, John Loehr 118, Jonathan von Oppen 45,
Jónína Sigríður Þorláksdóttir 119, Jörg Löffler 51, José-Gilberto Cardoso-Mohedano 120,
José-Luis Benito-Alonso 121, Jose Marcelo Torezan 122, Joseph C. Morina 123, Juan J. Jiménez 124,
Juan Dario Quinde 125, Juha Alatalo 126, Julia Seeber 127,228, Jutta Stadler 20, Kaie Kriiska 104, Kalifa Coulibaly 88,
Karibu Fukuzawa 128, Katalin Szlavecz 129, Katarína Gerhátová 105, Kate Lajtha 130, Kathrin Käppeler 131,
Katie A. Jennings 132, Katja Tielbörger 133, Kazuhiko Hoshizaki 134, Ken Green 135, Lambiénou Yé 101,
Laryssa Helena Ribeiro Pazianoto 62, Laura Dienstbach 48, Laura Williams 136, Laura Yahdjian 137,

<footnote>* Corresponding author at: Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Zürich, Switzerland.
E-mail addresses: ika.djukic@umweltbundesamt.at (I. Djukic), skro@ign.ku.dk (S. Kepfer-Rojas), iks@ign.ku.dk (I.K. Schmidt), ksl@ign.ku.dk (K.S. Larsen), cbe@ign.ku.dk (C. Beier),
bb0708212424@gmail.com (B. Berg), Kris.Verheyen@UGent.be (K. Verheyen).</footnote>
Laurel M. Brigham ¹³⁸, Liesbeth van den Brink ¹³³, Lindsey Rustad ¹³⁹, Lipeng Zhang <fnref n="33" />, Lourdes Morillas ¹⁴⁰, Lu Xiankai ¹⁹⁹, Luciana Silva Carneiro <fnref n="1" />, Luciano Di Martino ¹⁴¹, Luis Villar ¹²⁴, Maaike Y. Bader ¹⁴², Madison Morley ¹³⁸, Marc Lebouvier ¹⁴³, Marcello Tomaselli <fnref n="5" />, Marcelo Sternberg ¹⁴⁴, Marcus Schaub ⁷³, Margarida Santos-Reis ⁴⁹, Maria Glushkova ¹⁴⁵, María Guadalupe Almazán Torres ⁵⁴, Marie-Andrée Giroux ¹⁴⁶, Marie-Anne de Graaff ¹⁴⁷, Marie-Noëlle Pons ¹⁴⁸, Marijn Bauters ¹⁴⁹, Marina Mazón ¹²⁵, Mark Frenzel <fnref n="20" />, Markus Didion ¹⁵⁰, Markus Wagner <fnref n="29" />, Maroof Hamid <fnref n="23" />, Marta L. Lopes <fnref n="10" />, Martha Apple ¹⁵¹, Martin Schädler <fnref n="20" />,⁸⁵, Martin Weih ¹⁵², Matteo Gualmini <fnref n="5" />, Matthew A. Vadeboncoeur ¹⁵³, Michael Bierbaumer ¹⁵⁴, Michael Danger ¹⁵⁵, Michael Liddell ¹⁵⁶, Michael Mirtl ¹⁵⁷, Michael Scherer-Lorenzen ⁴¹, Michal Růžek ¹⁵⁸,¹⁵⁹, Michele Carbognani <fnref n="5" />, Michele Di Musciano ¹⁶⁰, Michinari Matsushita ¹⁶¹, Miglena Zhiyanski ¹⁴⁵, Mihai Pușcaș ¹⁶², Milan Barna ¹⁰³, Mioko Ataka ¹⁶³, Mo Jiangming ¹⁹⁹, Mohammed Alsafran ¹²⁶, Monique Carnol <fnref n="28" />, Nadia Barsoum ¹⁶⁴, Naoko Tokuchi ¹⁶⁵, Nico Eisenhauer ⁸⁵,²²⁹, Nicolas Lecomte ¹⁶⁶, Nina Filippova ¹⁶⁷, Norbert Hözel ¹⁶⁸, Olga Ferlian ⁸⁵,²²⁹, Oscar Romero ¹²⁵, Osvaldo B. Pinto Jr ²³⁰, Pablo Peri ⁹⁰, Paige Weber ¹⁶⁹, Pascal Vittoz ¹⁷⁰, Pavel Dan Turtureanu ¹⁷¹, Peter Fleischer ¹⁷², Peter Macreadie ¹⁷³, Peter Haase ¹⁷⁴,¹⁷⁵, Peter Reich <fnref n="25" />,¹⁷⁶, Petr Petřík ¹¹⁴, Philippe Choler <fnref n="8" />,²²⁴, Pierre Marmonier ¹⁷⁷, Priscilla Muriel ⁶⁷, Quentin Ponette ¹⁷⁸, Rafael Dettogni Guariento ⁶⁶, Rafaella Canessa ¹⁴², Ralf Kiese ¹⁷⁹, Rebecca Hewitt ¹⁸⁰, Regin Rønn ¹⁸¹, Rita Adrian ¹⁸², Róbert Kanka ¹⁸³, Robert Weigel <fnref n="15" />, Roberto Cazzolla Gatti ¹⁸⁴, Rodrigo Lemes Martins ¹⁸⁵, Romain Georges <fnref n="12" />, Rosa Isela Meneses ¹⁹⁰,²²⁶, Rosario G. Gavilán <fnref n="3" />, Sabyasachi Dasgupta ¹⁸⁷, Sally Wittlinger ¹⁸⁸, Sara Puijalon ¹⁷⁷, Sarah Freda ¹⁶⁹, Satoshi Suzuki ¹⁸⁹, Sean Charles ¹⁹⁰, Sébastien Gogo ¹⁹⁵,²³¹,²³², Simon Drollinger ¹⁹², Simone Mereu ¹⁹³, Sonja Wipf ⁴⁵, Stacey Trevathan-Tackett ¹⁹⁴, Stefan Löfgren ¹⁹⁵, Stefan Stoll ⁹³,¹⁹⁶, Stefan Trogisch <fnref n="34" />,⁸⁵, Stefanie Hoeber ¹⁵², Steffen Seitz ¹³¹, Stephan Glatzel ¹⁹², Sue J. Milton ¹⁹⁷, Sylvie Dousset ¹⁹⁸, Taiki Mori ¹⁹⁹, Takanori Sato ²⁰⁰, Takeshi Ise ¹⁶⁵, Takuo Hishi ²⁰¹, Tanaka Kenta ²⁰², Tatsuro Nakaji ²⁰³, Thaisa Sala Michelan ²⁰⁴, Thierry Camboulive ²⁰⁵,²²⁷, Thomas J. Mozdzer ¹⁶⁹, Thomas Scholten ¹³¹, Thomas Spiegelberger ²⁰⁶, Thomas Zechmeister ²⁰⁷, Till Kleinebecker ¹⁶⁸, Tsutom Hiura ²⁰³, Tsutomu Enoki ²⁰⁸, Tudor-Mihai Ursu ¹⁹⁹, Umberto Morra di Cella ²¹⁰, Ute Hamer ¹⁶⁸, Valentin H. Klaus ¹⁶⁸,²²³, Vanessa Mendes Rêgo ²¹¹, Valter Di Cecco ¹⁴¹, Verena Busch ¹⁶⁸, Veronika Fontana ¹²⁷, Veronika Piscová ¹⁰⁵, Victoria Carbonell ¹⁸¹,²¹², Victoria Ochoa ⁶⁹, Vincent Bretagnolle ²¹³, Vincent Maire ⁶¹, Vinicius Farjalla ²¹⁴, Wenjun Zhou ²¹⁵, Wentao Luo ²¹⁶, William H. McDowell ²¹⁷, Yalin Hu ²¹⁸, Yasuhiro Utsumi ²¹⁹, Yuji Kominami ¹⁶³, Yulia Zaika ²²⁰, Yury Rozhkov ²²¹, Zsolt Kotroczó ²²², Zsolt Tóth ⁵⁹

<footnote n="1">¹ Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Departamento de Ecologia, 59078-900 Natal, RN, Brazil</footnote>

<footnote n="2">² Université du Québec à Montréal, Centre for Forest Research, P.O. Box 8888, Centre-ville Station, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³ Dpto. Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain</footnote>

<footnote n="4">⁴ CEAM Foundation (Mediterranean Center for Environmental Studies), Department of Ecology, University of Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n 03690, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain</footnote>

<footnote n="5">⁵ Università di Parma, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy</footnote>

<footnote n="6">⁶ Mississippi State University, Department of Forestry, 327 Thompson Hall, 775 Stone Blvd., P.O. Box 9681, MS 39762, USA</footnote>

<footnote n="7">⁷ Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Forest Monitoring Laboratory, Kaunas dstr., Studentu 13, LT-53362, Lithuania</footnote>

<footnote n="8">⁸ Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LTSER Zone Atelier Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France</footnote>

<footnote n="9">⁹ Unidad Académica Mazatlán, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Calz. Joel Montes Camarena s/n, 82040 Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico</footnote>

<footnote n="10">¹⁰ Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal</footnote>

<footnote n="11">¹¹ Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia, CCS, Bloco A, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ CEP: 21.941-590, Brazil</footnote>

<footnote n="12">¹² ECOBIO, CNRS-Université de Rennes 1 & LTSER Zone Atelier Armorique, Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France</footnote>

<footnote n="13">¹³ Institute for Interdisciplinary Mountain Research, Technikerstrasse 21a, ICT Gebäude, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria</footnote>

<footnote n="14">¹⁴ Agricultural Research and Education Centre Raumberg-Gumpenstein, Raumberg 38, 8952 Irnding-Donnersbachtal, Austria</footnote>

<footnote n="15">¹⁵ Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Soldmannstr. 15, 17487 Greifswald, Germany</footnote>

<footnote n="16">¹⁶ BioSense Institute, University of Novi Sad, Dr Zorana Djindjica 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia</footnote>

<footnote n="17">¹⁷ Thoday Building, School of Environment, Natural Resources & Geography, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK</footnote>

<footnote n="18">¹⁸ EnvixLab, Dipartimento di Bioscienze e Territorio, Università degli Studi del Molise, Via Duca degli Abruzzi s.n.c., 86039 Termoli, Italy</footnote>

<footnote n="19">¹⁹ Dept. Zoology and Animal Ecology, Fac. of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, 2100 Gödöllő, Páter K. 1., Hungary</footnote>

<footnote n="20">²⁰ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Community Ecology, Theodor-Lieser-Straße 4, 06120 Halle, Germany</footnote>

<footnote n="21">²¹ CREAF, Campus Universitat Autonoma Barcelona, Edifici C, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain</footnote>

<footnote n="22">²² DYNAFOR, Université de Toulouse, INRA, 31320 Castanet-Tolosan, France</footnote>

<footnote n="23">²³ Centre for Biodiversity & Taxonomy, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190 006, Jammu, and Kashmir, India</footnote>

<footnote n="24">²⁴ Instituut voor Natuur-en Bosonderzoek (INBO), Gaverstraat 4, 9500 Geraardsbergen, Belgium</footnote>

<footnote n="25">²⁵ Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 1530 Cleveland Ave. N, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA</footnote>

<footnote n="26">²⁶ Dept. Ecología-Pontificia Universidat Católica de Chile & Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile</footnote>

<footnote n="27">²⁷ KU Leuven, Division of Forest, Nature and Landscape, Celestijnenlaan 200E, 3001 Leuven, Belgium</footnote>

<footnote n="28">²⁸ University of Liège, Plant and Microbial Ecology, Botany B22, Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la Vallée 4, 4000 Liège, Belgium</footnote>

<footnote n="29">²⁹ Northwest German Forest Research Institute, Grätzelstrasse 2, 37079 Göttingen, Germany</footnote>

<footnote n="30">³⁰ Ontario Forest Research Institute, 1235 Queen St. E., Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario P6A 2E5, Canada</footnote>

<footnote n="31">³¹ University of Innsbruck, Institute of Ecology, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria</footnote>

<footnote n="32">³² Department of Forest Sciences, PO Box 27, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland</footnote>

<footnote n="33">³³ Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Biodiversity of Jiangxi Province, Jingdezhen University, 838 Cidu Avenue, Jingdezhen, Jiangxi 333000, China</footnote>

<footnote n="34">³⁴ Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany</footnote>

<footnote n="35">³⁵ Katedra Pedológie, Prírodovedecká fakulta UK, Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava 4, Slovakia</footnote>
<footnote n="36">³⁶ University of Innsbruck, Department of Botany, Sternwartestr. 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria</footnote>

<footnote n="37">³⁷ Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Botânica, Av. Fernando, Corrêa da Costa, no 2367, Bairro Boa Esperança, CEP 78060-900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil</footnote>

<footnote n="38">³⁸ Uni Research Climate, Jahnebakken 5, 5007 Bergen, Norway</footnote>

<footnote n="39">³⁹ University of Vermont, Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, Aiken Forestry Science Lab, 705 Spear Street, South Burlington, VT 05403, USA</footnote>

<footnote n="40">⁴⁰ UEFB, INRA, 33610 Cestas, France</footnote>

<footnote n="41">⁴¹ University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Geobotany, Schänzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany</footnote>

<footnote n="42">⁴² Division of Agricultural Chemistry, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute (TARI), Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, No. 189, Zhongzheng Rd., Wufeng Dist., Taichung City 41362, Taiwan</footnote>

<footnote n="43">⁴³ Division of Silviculture, Soil Lab., Nan-Hai Rd. No. 53, Taipei, Taiwan</footnote>

<footnote n="44">⁴⁴ Lehrstuhl für Bodenkunde, Agrar- und Umweltwiss. Fakultät, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 6, D-18059 Rostock, Germany</footnote>

<footnote n="45">⁴⁵ WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Fluelastrasse 11, 7260 Davos, Dorf, Switzerland</footnote>

<footnote n="46">⁴⁶ CNRM, CNRS - météo France, 42 av. G. Coriolis, 31057 Toulouse Cedex, France</footnote>

<footnote n="47">⁴⁷ CEH, Bush Estate, Penicuik EH26 QOB, UK</footnote>

<footnote n="48">⁴⁸ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department Computational Hydrosystems, Permoser Str. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany</footnote>

<footnote n="49">⁴⁹ Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal</footnote>

<footnote n="50">⁵⁰ State Nature Reserve "Stolby", Kariernaya Str. 26a, Krasnoyarsk RU660006, Russia</footnote>

<footnote n="51">⁵¹ Department of Geography, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 166, D-53115 Bonn, Germany</footnote>

<footnote n="52">⁵² Soil & Hydrology Research, AL-Quds University, P.O. Box 89, Bethlehem, Palestine</footnote>

<footnote n="53">⁵³ Salah Al-Din st., East Jerusalem, P.O. Box: 67743, Israel</footnote>

<footnote n="54">⁵⁴ Departamento de Química, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Carr. Mexico-Toluca, S/N, La Marquesa, Ocoyoacac, Estado de Mexico, Mexico</footnote>

<footnote n="55">⁵⁵ Virginia Commonwealth University Rice Rivers Center, 3701 John Tyler Memorial Hwy, Charles City County, VA 23030, USA</footnote>

<footnote n="56">⁵⁶ Research Centre in Systems Ecology and Sustainability, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 91-95, 050095, District 5, Bucharest, Romania</footnote>

<footnote n="57">⁵⁷ Dead Sea and Arava Science Center, P.O. Box 262, Mitzpe Ramon, Israel</footnote>

<footnote n="58">⁵⁸ Chrono-Environnement, CNRS-Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté & LTSE Zone Atelier Arc Jurassien, 16 route de Gray, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France</footnote>

<footnote n="59">⁵⁹ Dept. Ecology, Inst. Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Rottenbiller u. 50, 1077 Budapest, Hungary</footnote>

<footnote n="60">⁶⁰ Centre d'Etudis Avancats de Blanes-CSIC, Ctra Accés Cala St. Francesc 14, 17300 Blanes, Spain</footnote>

<footnote n="61">⁶¹ Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Canada</footnote>

<footnote n="62">⁶² Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Nupelia, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil</footnote>

<footnote n="63">⁶³ Altai State University, Lenina Ave. 61, Barnaul RU-656049, Russia</footnote>

<footnote n="64">⁶⁴ Tigirek State Reserve, Nikitina Str. 111-42, Barnaul RU-656043, Russia</footnote>

<footnote n="65">⁶⁵ Ghent University, Forest & Nature Lab, Campus Gontrode, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, 9090 Melle-Gontrode, Belgium</footnote>

<footnote n="66">⁶⁶ Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, 79070-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil</footnote>

<footnote n="67">⁶⁷ Herbario QCA, Departamento de Biología Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre, entre Patria y Veintimilla, Apartado 17-01-2184, Quito, Ecuador</footnote>

<footnote n="68">⁶⁸ Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape (BFW), 1131 Wien, Seckendorff-Gudent-Weg 8, Austria</footnote>

<footnote n="69">⁶⁹ Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, C/ Tulipán s/n, Móstoles 28933, Spain</footnote>

<footnote n="70">⁷⁰ LIEC, CNRS-Université de Lorraine & LTSE Zone Atelier du Bassin de la Moselle, Campus Bridoux - Avenue du Général Delestraint, 57070 Metz, France</footnote>

<footnote n="71">⁷¹ Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria</footnote>

<footnote n="72">⁷² Universität Innsbruck, Institut für Ökologie, Sternwartestr. 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria</footnote>

<footnote n="73">⁷³ Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland</footnote>

<footnote n="74">⁷⁴ Biodiversity Department - Consorcio para el Desarrollo Sostenible de la Ecorregión Andina (CONDESAN), Germán Alemán E12-123, Quito, Ecuador</footnote>

<footnote n="75">⁷⁵ Palaeoecology & Landscape Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity & Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Netherlands</footnote>

<footnote n="76">⁷⁶ Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Faculdade de Agronomia, Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Solos e Engenharia Rural, Av. Fernando Corrêa, no 2367, Campus Universitário, Bairro Boa Esperança, CEP: 78060-900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil</footnote>

<footnote n="77">⁷⁷ Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Str. 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria</footnote>

<footnote n="78">⁷⁸ Galápagos National Park Directorate, Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz Island, Galápagos, Ecuador</footnote>

<footnote n="79">⁷⁹ Department of Biology, California State University, 333 S. Twin Oaks Valley Road, San Marcos, CA 92096, USA</footnote>

<footnote n="80">⁸⁰ CATIE, Agroforesteria, DID. Cratago, Turrialba, Turrialba 30501, Costa Rica</footnote>

<footnote n="81">⁸¹ The World Agroforestry Centre, Latin America Regional Office, Central America, CATIE 7170, Turrialba 30501, Cartago, Costa Rica</footnote>

<footnote n="82">⁸² Plant Conservation Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701 Cape Town, South Africa</footnote>

<footnote n="83">⁸³ USFS International Institute of Tropical Forestry, 1201 Calle Ceiba, San Juan 00926, Puerto Rico</footnote>

<footnote n="84">⁸⁴ Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology (CAVELab), Department of Environment, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium</footnote>

<footnote n="85">⁸⁵ German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany</footnote>

<footnote n="86">⁸⁶ GLORIA-Coordination, Austrian Academy of Sciences (IGF), Austria</footnote>

<footnote n="87">⁸⁷ University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (ZgWN), Silbergasse 30/3, 1190 Vienna, Austria</footnote>

<footnote n="88">⁸⁸ Université Nazi Boni, Institut du Développement Rural, Laboratoire d'étude et de Recherche sur la Fertilité du sol, BP 1091, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso</footnote>

<footnote n="89">⁸⁹ INTA-UNPA-CONICET, Casilla de Correo 332, CP 9400 Río Gallegos, Santa Cruz, Argentina</footnote>

<footnote n="90">⁹⁰ Animal Ecology I, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany</footnote>

<footnote n="91">⁹¹ Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz Island, Galápagos, Ecuador</footnote>

<footnote n="92">⁹² CEFS, INRA, 24 Chemin de Borde Rouge, Auzeville, CS, 52627, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France</footnote>

<footnote n="93">⁹³ University of Landau, Fortstr. 7, 76829 Landau, Germany</footnote>

<footnote n="94">⁹⁴ Forest Research Station, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0809, Japan</footnote>

<footnote n="95">⁹⁵ National Research and Development Agency, Forest Research and Management Organization, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba 305-8687, Japan</footnote>

<footnote n="96">⁹⁶ Estación El Carmen, ICMyL, UNAM, km 9.5 Carretera Carmen-Puerto Real, Ciudad del Carmen, Campeche 24157, Mexico</footnote>

<footnote n="97">⁹⁷ Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez (UACJ), Sede Cuauhtemoc-Programa de Geoinformática, Km. 3.5 Carretera Anáhuac, Municipio de Cuauhtémoc, Chihuahua CP 31600, Mexico</footnote>

<footnote n="98">⁹⁸ United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, 5523 Research Park, Suite 350, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA</footnote>

<footnote n="99">⁹⁹ Institute of Biology, University of Latvia, Miera str. N3, Salaspils, LV-2169, Latvia</footnote>

<footnote n="100">¹⁰⁰ Plant Department, Faculty of Science, University of Kisangani, People's Republic of Congo</footnote>

<footnote n="101">¹⁰¹ Centre Universitaire Polytechnique de Dédougou-UO I Pr Joseph KI-ZERBO, Laboratoire d'étude et de Recherche sur la fertilité du sol (UNB), 01, BP 7021, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso</footnote>

<footnote n="102">¹⁰² Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Nyíregyháza, Sóstói u. 31./B., 4400 Nyíregyháza, Hungary</footnote>

<footnote n="103">¹⁰³ Institute of Forest Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, L. Stura 2, 96053 Zvolen, Slovakia</footnote>

<footnote n="104">¹⁰⁴ Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014 Tartu, Estonia</footnote>

<footnote n="105">¹⁰⁵ Institute of Landscape Ecology SAS, Branch Nitra, Akademicka 2, P.O.Box 22, 949 01 Nitra, Slovakia</footnote>

<footnote n="106">¹⁰⁶ Departamento de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. Utrera km. 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain</footnote>

<footnote n="107">¹⁰⁷ Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Univ Paris Diderot Paris 07, UPEC, UMR 7618, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Paris, France</footnote>

<footnote n="108">¹⁰⁸ Centre Alpien de Phytogéographie, Fondation J.-M. Aubert, 1938 Champex-Lac, Switzerland</footnote>

<footnote n="109">¹⁰⁹ Section de Biologie, Université de Genève, Case postale 71, 1292 Chambés, Switzerland</footnote>

<footnote n="110">¹¹⁰ College of Natural Sciences, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Puerto Rico-Rio Piedras, P.O. Box 70377, San Juan 00936-8377, Puerto Rico</footnote>

<footnote n="111">¹¹¹ Forest Plantation Programme, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), 52109 Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia</footnote>
112 Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA

113 Centre Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0QB, UK

114 Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, 25243 Průhonice, Czech Republic

115 Unidad Académica Procesos Oceánicos y Costeros, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limmología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico

116 South African Environmental Observation Network, Arid Lands Node, Kimberley 8306, South Africa

117 Cedar Point Biological Station, 100 Cedar Point Road, Ogallala, NE 69153, USA

118 Lammi Biological Station, Pääjärventie 320, 16900 Lammi, Finland

119 Rif Field Station, Aðalbraut 16, 675 Raufarhófn, Iceland

120 CONACYT - Estación el Carmen, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limmología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Carretera Carmen-Puerto Real km. 9.5, 24157 Ciudad del Carmen, Campeche, Mexico

121 Jolube Botanical Consultant and Editor. E-22700 Jaca, Huesca, Spain

122 Universidade Estadual de Londrina, CCB, BAV, Caixa Postal 10.011, 86.057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil

123 VCU Department of Biology, 1000 West Cary St., Richmond, VA 23284, USA

124 Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Llano de la Victoria 16, Jaca 22700 (Huesca), Spain

125 Programa de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Recursos Ecosistémicos, Universidad Nacional de Loja, Ciudadela Universitaria, sector La Argelia, EC110101 Loja, Ecuador.

126 Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar

127 Eurac research, Institute for Alpine Environment, Drususallee 1, 39100 Bozen, Italy

128 Nakagawa Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, 483 Otoineppu, Otoineppu 098-2501, Japan,

129 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA

130 Dept. Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA

131 Soil Science and Geomorphology, Institute of Geography, University of Tübingen, Rümelinstrasse 19-23, 72070 Tübingen, Germany

132 Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, 56 College Road, Durham, NH 03824, USA

133 Plant Ecology Group, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany

134 Department of Biological Environment, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo, Akita 010-0195, Japan

135 National Parks and Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 2228, Jindabyne, NSW 2627, Australia

136 Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA

137 IFEVA, Catedra de Ecología, Facultad de Agronomía, UBA, Av. San Martin 4453, 1417 CABA, Argentina

138 SUNY-ESF, Marshall Hall, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA

139 USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station, 271 Mast Rd, Durham, NH 03824, United States

140 Universtàdegli studi di Sassari, Dipartimento di Scienze per la Natura e il Territorio, via Enrico de Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy

141 Majella Seed Bank, Majella National Park, Colle Madonna, 66010 Lama dei Peligni, Italy

142 Ecological Plant Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Marburg, Deutschhausstraße 10, DE-35032 Marburg, Germany

143 ECOBIO CNRS-Université de Rennes 1 & LTSEr Zone Atelier Antarctique et Subantarctique, Station Biologique, 35380 Paimpont, France

144 Tel Aviv University, School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv, Israel

145 Forest Research Institute - Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 132 "St. Kl. Ohridski" blvd., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria

146 K.-C.-Irving Chair in Environmental Sciences and Sustainable Development, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada

147 1910 University drive, Boise, ID 83703, United States

148 LRGP, CNRS-Université de Lorraine & LTSEr Zone Atelier du Bassin de la Moselle, 1 rue Grandville, BP, 20451, 54001 Nancy, cedex, France

149 Isotope Bioscience Laboratory - ISOFYS, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium

150 Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Forest Resources and Management, Birmensdorf CH-8903, Switzerland

151 Department of Biological Sciences, Montana Tech of the University of Montana, Butte, MT 59701, USA

152 Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Crop Production Ecology, PO Box 7043, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden

153 Earth Systems Research Center, University of New Hampshire, 8 College Road, Durham, NH 03824, USA

154 Reichgasse 48, 3411 Klosterneuburg-Weidling, Austria

155 LIEC, CNRS-Université de Lorraine & LTSEr Zone Atelier du Bassin de la Moselle, Campus Bridoux - Avenue du général Delestraint, France

156 TERN, College of Science & Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia

157 Meynertgasse 32, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria

158 Czech Geological Survey, Geologická 6, Klárov 3, 118 21 Prague, Czech Republic

159 Department of Physical Geography and Geocology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic

160 Department of Life Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, loc. Coppito, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy

161 Forest Tree Breeding Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Hitachi, Ibaraki 319-1301, Japan

162 Department of Taxonomy and Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, "A. Borza" Botanical Garden, Babeş-Bolyai University, 42 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania

163 Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), 68 Nagaikyutaroh, Momoyama, Fushimi, Kyoto 612-0855, Japan

164 Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH, United Kingdom

165 Field Science Education and Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan

166 Canada Research Chair in Polar and Boreal Ecology, Department of Biology, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada

167 Yugra State University, 628508, Stroiteley Street, 2, Shapsha village, Khanty-Mansiyskiy rayon, Tyumen Region, Russia

168 Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Muenster, Heisenbergstraße 2, 48149 Münster, Germany

169 Bryn Mawr College, 101 N. Merion Ave., Bryn Mawr, PA 19010, USA

170 Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, Géopolis, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland

171 "A. Borza" Botanical Garden, Babeş-Bolyai University, 42 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania

172 Technical University in Zvolen, T.G. Masaryka 24, 960 53 Zvolen, Slovakia

173 School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Victoria 3216, Australia

174 Department of River Ecology and Conservation, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Gelnhausen, Germany

175 Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

176 Hawkebury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia

177 LEHNA, CNRS-Université Claude Bernard 1 & LTSEr Zone Atelier Bassin du Rhône, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France

178 Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 2 - Box L7.05.09, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

179 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Kreuzeckbahnstr. 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen. Germany

180 Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, P.O. Box 5620, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA

181 Arctic Station, University of Copenhagen, 3953 Qeqertarsuaq, Greenland

182 Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Berlin, Müggelseedamm 301, 12587 Berlin, Germany

183 Ústav krajinej ekologie SAV, Štefánikova 3, 814 99 Bratislava, Slovakia

184 Bio-Clim-Land Centre, Biological Institute, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia

185 NUPEM, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UF RJ), Av. São José do Barreto, 764, B. São José do Barreto, Postal Code 27965-045 Macaé, RJ, Brazil

186 Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Cota Cota Calle 26, 8706 La Paz, Bolivia

187 Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Chauras Campus, H.N.B. Garhwal University (A central University), Post Office: Kilkleshwar, Kirtinagar, Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand 249161, India

188 Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability, Arizona State University, PO Box 875402 (800 S. Cady Mall), Tempe, AZ 85287-5402, USA
## HIGHLIGHTS

* Litter quality is the key driver of initial litter decomposition at the global and regional scale.

* MAT has a low explanatory power on initial litter decomposition and is litter specific.

* MAP significantly affected litter decomposition but has low explanatory power.

* When data were aggregated at the biome scale, climate played a significant role on decomposition.

* The TeaComposition initiative is a low-cost standardized metric on litter decomposition.

## GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

<figure><img src="image_1.png" /></figure>

<footnote n="189">¹⁸⁹ The University of Tokyo Chichibu Forest, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-49 Hinoda-machi, Chichibu, Saitama 368-0034, Japan</footnote>

<footnote n="190">¹⁹⁰ Florida International University Biology Department, OE 00148, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA</footnote>

<footnote n="191">¹⁹¹ Université d'Orleans, ISTO, UMR 7327, 45071, Orleans, France</footnote>

<footnote n="192">¹⁹² Geoecology, Department of Geography and Regional Research, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, AT-1090 Vienna, Austria</footnote>

<footnote n="193">¹⁹³ Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change, Impacts on Agriculture, Forests and Natural Ecosystems (IAFES) Division, Sassari, Italy</footnote>

<footnote n="194">¹⁹⁴ Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia</footnote>

<footnote n="195">¹⁹⁵ Department of Aquatic Scences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SLU, P.O. box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden</footnote>

<footnote n="196">¹⁹⁶ University of Applied Sciences Trier, Umwelt-Campus Birkenfeld, Postbox 1380, 57761 Birkenfeld, Germany</footnote>

<footnote n="197">¹⁹⁷ DST/NRF Centre of Excellence at the Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa</footnote>

<footnote n="198">¹⁹⁸ LIEC, CNRS-Université de Lorraine & LTSER Zone Atelier du Bassin de la Moselle, BP 70239, Bd des Aiguillettes, 54506 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France</footnote>

<footnote n="199">¹⁹⁹ South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road #723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510650, China</footnote>

<footnote n="200">²⁰⁰ Ecohydrology Research Institute, The University of Tokyo Forests, 11-44 Goizuka, Seto, Aichi 489-0031, Japan</footnote>

<footnote n="201">²⁰¹ Shiiba Research Forest, Kyushu University, 949 Ohkawauchi, Shiiba Village, Prefecture Miyazaki 883-0402, Japan</footnote>

<footnote n="202">²⁰² 1278-294 Sugadaira-kogen, Ueda 386-2204, Japan</footnote>

<footnote n="203">²⁰³ Tomakomai Experimental Forest, Hokkaido University, Takaoka, Tomakomai, Hokkaido 053-0035, Japan</footnote>

<footnote n="204">²⁰⁴ Laboratório de Ecologia de Comunidades, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Correia, No 1, P.O. Box: 479, Zip Code 66075-110 Bairro Guamá, Belém, Pará, Brazil</footnote>

<footnote n="205">²⁰⁵ ECOLAB, CNRS-UPS-INPT, ENSAT Avenue de l'Agrobiopole, BP 32607, Auzeville-Tolosane, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France</footnote>

<footnote n="206">²⁰⁶ Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Irstea, EMGR, LTSER Zone Atelier Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France</footnote>

<footnote n="207">²⁰⁷ Biological Station Lake Neusiedl, 7142 Illmitz, Seevorgelände 1, Austria</footnote>

<footnote n="208">²⁰⁸ Kasuya Research Forest, Kyushu University, 394 Tsubakuro, Sasaguri, Fukuoka 811-2415, Japan</footnote>

<footnote n="209">²⁰⁹ Institute of Biological Research, Department of Taxonomy and Ecology, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania</footnote>

<footnote n="210">²¹⁰ Regional Environmental Protection Agency - Aosta, Valley, Loc. Grande Charrière, 44, Saint-Christophe 11020 - I, Italy</footnote>

<footnote n="211">²¹¹ Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Instituto de Biociências, Doutoranda PPG Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade. Av. Fernando Corrêa da Costa, no 2367, Bairro Boa Esperança, CEP 78060-900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil</footnote>

<footnote n="212">²¹² Mazingira Centre, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya</footnote>

<footnote n="213">²¹³ CEBC-CNRS & LTSER Zone Atelier Plaine et Val de Sèvre, 79360 Beauvoir sur Niort, France</footnote>

<footnote n="214">²¹⁴ Dept. Ecologia, Inst. Biologia, CCS, Bloco A, Sala A0-008, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-590, Brazil</footnote>

<footnote n="215">²¹⁵ 88th, Xuefu, Road, Kunming, Yunnan Province 650223, China</footnote>

<footnote n="216">²¹⁶ Erguna Forest-Steppe Ecotone Research Station, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110164, China</footnote>

<footnote n="217">²¹⁷ Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA</footnote>

<footnote n="218">²¹⁸ Fujian Agricultural & Forestry University, No. 15 Shangxiadian Road, Fuzhou 350002, China</footnote>

<footnote n="219">²¹⁹ Ashoro Research Forest, Kyushu University, 1-85 Kita 5, Ashoro, Ashoro-gun, Hokkaido 089-3705, Japan</footnote>

<footnote n="220">²²⁰ Khibiny Research and Educational station of the Faculty of Geography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, ul.Zheleznodorozhnaya 10, Kirovsk 184250, Murmansk region, Russia</footnote>

<footnote n="221">²²¹ State Nature Reserve "Olekminsky", Filatova Str. 6, Olekminsk, Yakutia Ru-678100, Russia</footnote>

<footnote n="222">²²² Department of Soil Science and Water Management, Szent István University of Budapest, H-1118, Budapest, Villányi út 29-43, Hungary</footnote>

<footnote n="223">²²³ Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitätsstr. 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland</footnote>

<footnote n="224">²²⁴ Universidad Católica Campesina de Tiahuanacu</footnote>

<footnote n="225">²²⁵ Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, F-38000 Grenoble, France</footnote>

<footnote n="226">²²⁶ Herbario Nacional de Bolivia. Cota Cota Calle 27, Campus Universitario UMSA, 8706 La Paz, Bolivia</footnote>

<footnote n="227">²²⁷ LTSER Pyrénées Garonne, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31320 Castanet-Tolosan, France</footnote>

<footnote n="228">²²⁸ Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck</footnote>

<footnote n="229">²²⁹ Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany</footnote>

<footnote n="230">²³⁰ Depatament of Environmental Sciences, University of Cuiabá, 3100 Beira Rio Av., Cuiabá-MT, Brazil</footnote>

<footnote n="231">²³¹ CNRS, ISTO, UMR 7327, 45071 Orleans, France</footnote>

<footnote n="232">²³² BRGM, ISTO, UMR 7327, BP 36009, 45060 Orleans, France</footnote>

<footnote>ª Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape ResearchWSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Zürich, Switzerland</footnote>

<footnote>ᵇ Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark</footnote>

<footnote>ᶜ Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, 00014 Helsinki, Finland</footnote>

<footnote>ᵈ Finland and Section of Biology, University of Gävle, SE-801 76 Gävle, Sweden</footnote>

<footnote>ᶜ Forest & Nature Lab, Department of Forest and Water Management, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, 9090 Gontrode, Belgium</footnote>
Through litter decomposition enormous amounts of carbon is emitted to the atmosphere. Numerous large-scale decomposition experiments have been conducted focusing on this fundamental soil process in order to understand the controls on the terrestrial carbon transfer to the atmosphere. However, previous studies were mostly based on site-specific litter and methodologies, adding major uncertainty to syntheses, comparisons and meta-analyses across different experiments and sites. In the TeaComposition initiative, the potential litter decomposition is investigated by using standardized substrates (Rooibos and Green tea) for comparison of litter mass loss at 336 sites (ranging from -9 to +26 °C MAT and from 60 to 3113 mm MAP) across different ecosystems. In this study we tested the effect of climate (temperature and moisture), litter type and land-use on early stage decomposition (3 months) across nine biomes. We show that litter quality was the predominant controlling factor in early stage litter decomposition, which explained about 65% of the variability in litter decomposition at a global scale. The effect of climate, on the other hand, was not litter specific and explained <0.5% of the variation for Green tea and 5% for Rooibos tea, and was of significance only under unfavorable decomposition conditions (i.e. xeric versus mesic environments). When the data were aggregated at the biome scale, climate played a significant role on decomposition of both litter types (explaining 64% of the variation for Green tea and 72% for Rooibos tea). No significant effect of land-use on early stage litter decomposition was noted within the temperate biome. Our results indicate that multiple drivers are affecting early stage litter mass loss with litter quality being dominant. In order to be able to quantify the relative importance of the different drivers over time, long-term studies combined with experimental trials are needed.

Keywords:
Tea bag
Green tea
Rooibos tea
Carbon turnover
TeaComposition initiative

1. Introduction

Through litter decomposition >50% of net primary production is returned to the soil (Wardle et al., 2004) and 60 Pg C year⁻¹ is emitted to the atmosphere (Houghton, 2007). Depending on the type of ecosystem, the quantity of soil organic carbon (SOC) in the top 1-m depth range from 30 tons/ha in arid climates to 800 tons/ha in organic soils in cold regions, with a predominant range from 50 to 150 tons/ha (Lal, 2004). The amount of SOC is determined by the balance of carbon inputs from primary production and losses through the decomposition of organic matter over time (Olson, 1963). However, there is a large degree of variability in this balance and more research is needed for a better mechanistic understanding of decomposition processes at various scales and for a more accurate estimation of present and future global carbon budgets (Aerts, 2006).

Decomposition of plant litter may be divided into at least two stages (e.g. Berg and McClaugherty, 2008). The early stage of decomposition (ca. 0 to 40% mass loss) is characterized by leaching of soluble compounds and by decomposition of solubles and non-lignified cellulose and hemicellulose (Couteaux et al., 1995; Heim and Frey, 2004). The late stage (ca. 40-100% mass loss) encompasses the degradation of lignified tissue. In general, microbial decomposition of organic substrates is controlled by both biotic factors (substrate quality and microbial community composition) and abiotic factors (temperature and moisture; Gavazov, 2010). Research to understand the impact of global changes such as climate on decomposition processes has typically been conducted at individual sites and/or through cross-site observations and experiments (e.g. Emmett et al., 2004; Heim and Frey, 2004; García Palacios et al., 2013). This has sometimes lead to controversial conclusions since the observed decomposition may be dependent on local litter quality used in the study and the factors controlling decomposition may be influenced by the methodologies and experimental designs applied. Consequently, comparisons across observations and common conclusions may be hampered. For example, early stage decomposition (mainly microbial) has been reported to be primarily controlled by climate and major nutrients in pine needle litter (Berg and McClaugherty, 2008), by microbial and nematode communities in pine needle litter (García Palacios et al., 2016), by litter content of water soluble substances (Heim and Frey, 2004) and by soil temperature and soil pH for a maize straw-soil mixture (Djukic et al., 2012). At regional and global scales, litter decomposition has been reported to be controlled

by climate and litter quality (explaining about 60-70% of litter decomposition rates; Parton et al., 2007) and by soil meso-and microfauna communities (explaining about 7%; Wall et al., 2008). However, at the biome scale the metadata-analysis by García Palacios et al. (2013) showed that the variables controlling decomposition vary with decomposition in cold and dry biomes being mostly controlled by climatic conditions while soil fauna seemed to have a more defining role in warm and wet biomes. Moreover, Bradford et al., (2014) showed that climate has a main control on decomposition only when local-scale variation is aggregated into mean values. In order to pinpoint the specific drivers of litter decomposition across various litter types with different decomposition rates and across multiple sites, standardized studies across sites and regions are needed (Wickings et al., 2012; Handa et al., 2014; Parsons et al., 2014).

Decomposition studies across multiple sites using standardized methods already exist within observational networks or experimental studies such as GLIDE (Global Litter Invertebrate Decomposition Experiment - Wall et al., 2008), LIDET (Long-term Intersite Decomposition Experiment Team - Adair et al., 2008), CIDET (Canadian Intersite Decomposition Experiment - Trofymow and CIDET Working Group, 1998), DIRT (Detrital Input and Removal Experiment - Nadelhoffer, 2004), BioCycle (Biodiversity and biogeochemical cycles: a search for mechanisms across ecosystems - Makkonen et al., 2012), DECO (European Decomposition project - Johansson et al., 1995), CANIF (Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling in Forest Ecosystems project - Persson et al., 2000), MICS (Decomposition of organic matter in terrestrial ecosystems: microbial communities in litter and soil - Cotrufo et al., 2000), VULCAN (Vulnerability assessment of shrubland ecosystems in Europe under climatic changes - Emmett et al., 2004), and VAMOS (Variation of soil organic matter reservoir - Cotrufo et al., 2000). Results from these have been used by predictive models such as Yasso07 (Tuomi et al., 2009) and in meta-analyses such as the ART-DECO project (Cornwell et al., 2008). These studies have all provided important information on the decomposition of litter, but have been limited to specific biomes or ecosystem types or have used site specific litter.

Therefore, despite the many efforts, a general understanding of the litter decomposition process and its driving factors is hampered by (1) use of site- or network/project-specific litters and methodologies (e.g. different study lengths, litter bag mesh sizes, incubation depths, litter type and litter mixes; García Palacios et al., 2013), and (2) the low number of global studies that go across all biomes
(Bradford et al., 2016). This study presents results from the TeaComposition initiative which uses standard litters (tea bags - Keuskamp et al., 2013) and a common protocol allowing global and long-term application to overcome these limitations by providing standardized litter decomposition measurements across broad spatial scales. This paramount importance of standardized methods has alo been emphasized by Haase et al., 2018 and Mollenhauer et al., 2018 in press. The study presents early stage litter mass loss across nine biomes with the aim to determine and compare globally the main drivers of decomposition at present climatic conditions. The early stage decomposition is generally expected to show greater mass loss rates and a dynamic response of mass loss to controlling factors (e.g. Heim and Frey, 2004; Pérez-Suárez et al., 2012). Therefore the specific objectives of the study were to estimate the variation in early stage mass loss of two litter types worldwide, to explore the linkage of early stage litter mass loss with key drivers (climate, litter type, land-use), and to explore whether the relative importance of the drivers differ between the litter types. Our research questions are (1) does early stage litter mass loss of Green tea and Rooibos tea vary at the global scale due to the different litter qualities (Didion et al., 2016; Keuskamp et al., 2013), (2) are abiotic drivers controlling the initial stage of mass loss (Bradford et al., 2016) with temperature being the main regulating factor in the cold biomes and precipitation in the warmer biomes (Adair et al., 2008), and (3) does early stage litter mass loss vary between land-use types due to changes in the microclimates (Fig. 1).

## 2. Material and methods

### 2.1. Background of the TeaComposition initiative

The TeaComposition initiative was started in summer 2016. The main objective is to investigate long-term litter decomposition and its key drivers at present as well as under different future climate scenarios using a common protocol and standard litter (tea) across nine terrestrial biomes. It is one of the first

comprehensive global studies on litter decomposition focusing on the litter decomposition in the topsoil and the degradation of the main litter components (lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose) to carbon dioxide and soluble or leachable compounds. As a collaborative network the TeaComposition initiative has involved a large number of international research projects and networks with observational or experimental approaches, which are relevant for increasing our mechanistic understanding of decomposition processes as well as for improving the predictive power of process-based models.

### 2.2. Study sites

The TeaComposition initiative comprises 570 sites across nine terrestrial biomes (Fig. 2). Here "biome" is defined as a region with specific macroclimate and its classification was done according to Walter and Breckle (1999). In this study, data from 336 sites were used for analyses. Some of the sites included manipulation experiments (e.g. including treatment plots such as fertilizer addition or climate manipulation) in which case only the tea bags from the untreated control plots were used in the analyses. Sub-sites with different conditions (e.g. tree species diversity experiments or altitudinal gradients) were considered as single sites.

Overall, the sites represented all terrestrial biomes (Table 1) and each site provided information on location (i.e. coordinates), climate (averaged monthly or daily temperature (MAT) and cumulative precipitation (MAP)), vegetation type, and specific land-use (Table S2). Climate data were measured at the site or taken from nearby weather stations. In cases where no climate data were provided, data were extracted from WorldClim (Fick and Hijmans, 2017). The mean annual air temperature (MAT) in our dataset ranges from -9 to +26 °C and the mean annual precipitation (MAP) from 60 to 3113 mm (Table 1; Site specific data can be found in the Table S2). Since sites were assigned to different land-use categories from

<figure><img src="image_2.png" /><figcaption>**Fig. 1.** Conceptual depiction of the main research questions. The temperature dependency across the temperature range (figure b) is arbitrary.</figcaption></figure>
Global litter decomposition study - TeaComposition sites 2017

<figure><img src="image_3.png" /></figure>

Source: Biome map GLORIA network
Sites: TeaComposition network
Layout/Copyright: Djukic/Brendle, 2017

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /></figure>

TEA
COMPOSITION

ClimMani

<figure><img src="image_5.png" /></figure>

UNIVeRSE
of LOUIS
BURGH

<caption>**Fig. 2.** Map showing the location of the 570 study sites involved in the TeaComposition initiative so far. Data from the sites with the red circles have been used in the present study. Data from Qatar come from Alsafran et al., 2017. See Tables 1 and S2 for more detailed information. Classification of the biomes was according to Walter and Breckle (1999). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)</caption>

different classification schemes, we reclassified them into five broader classes: arable, forest, grassland, shrubland and wet-land based on the site description.

## 2.3. Method and study design

The TeaComposition initiative uses tea bags as a standardized metric for decomposition as proposed by Keuskamp et al. (2013), and applies a standardized protocol adapted to match global and long-term applications. The standardized protocol ensures: (i) use of the same batch of tea bags assuring the same substrate quality for all sites, (ii) harmonized start of the decomposition at the same season at the year for northern and southern hemisphere

(i.e. start in summer; June–August in northern hemisphere and December–February in southern hemisphere), (iii) comparable incubation depth at the upper 5 cm of the soil relevant for litter decomposition, and (iv) standardized and comparable incubation times covering both short and long term dynamics with incubation times extending to three years (sampling points after 3, 12, 24, and 36 months).

Two types of tea material with distinct qualities are being used; the Green tea viz. green leaves (*Camellia sinensis*; EAN no.: 8 722700 055525) with high cellulose content and expected fast decomposition, and rooibos tea (*Aspalanthus linearis*; EAN no.: 8 722700 188438) with high lignin content and expected slow decomposition (Keuskamp et al., 2013). The bag material is made of

<table><caption>**Table 1**

Summarized general characteristics of the study sites used for the analysis within the TeaComposition initiative. Note: Detailed table on the single site characteristics can be found in the Supplementary material.</caption><thead><tr><th>Biomes</th><th>Number of sites</th><th>Land use</th><th>Climate data (MAT / MAP)*</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Arctic climate</td><td>4</td><td>Grassland</td><td>-9 to 5 / 237 to 709</td></tr><tr><td>Boreal climate</td><td>17</td><td>Boreal Forest, Shrubland, Grassland, Bog, Ecotone</td><td>-3 to 6 / 293 to 1015</td></tr><tr><td>Temperate climate</td><td>250</td><td>Agriculture, Forest, Shrubland, Grassland (Meadows), Wetland, Ecotone, alpine Grassland</td><td>-7 to 14 / 265 to 2140</td></tr><tr><td>Warm-temperate climate</td><td>13</td><td>Forest, Shrubland, Grassland, Wetland</td><td>6 to 21 / 955 to 3072</td></tr><tr><td>Arid-temperate climate</td><td>9</td><td>Desert, Shrubland, Grassland steppe, Ecotone</td><td>6 to 21 / 174 to 528</td></tr><tr><td>Mediterranean climate</td><td>13</td><td>Agriculture, Forest, Shrubland, Grassland, Wetland, Lake, Subalpine / Alpine Grassland</td><td>7 to 25 / 569 to 1627</td></tr><tr><td>Subtropical arid climate</td><td>15</td><td>Forest, Grassland, Wetland</td><td>15 to 24 / 60 to 412</td></tr><tr><td>Equatorial humid climate</td><td>6</td><td>Agriculture, Forest, Wetland (Mangrove, Freshwater Swamp), Ecotone</td><td>22 to 26 / 1298 to 3113</td></tr><tr><td>Semi-arid tropical climate</td><td>9</td><td>Agriculture, Forest, Shrubland, Grassland (Savanna), Wetland</td><td>11 to 26 / 636 to 1268</td></tr></tbody></table>

<footnote>* MAT = Mean annual temperature; MAP = Mean annual precipitation.</footnote>
woven nylon and has a mesh size of 0.25 mm allowing access of microfauna (Bradford et al., 2002) in addition to microbes and very fine roots. Before the start of the incubation all tea bags were oven-dried at 70 °C for 48 h and the initial weight was recorded (overall mean = 1.81 g, s.d. = 0.10). Each bag was identified with a unique number and was buried in the upper 5 cm of the top soil layer during summer seasons in both the northern and southern hemisphere. At least two homogenous areas (plots) were selected (at least 1 m apart) at each site. Two replicates of the two litter qualities (Green tea and Rooibos tea) were installed in each of the two blocks, resulting in minimum 4, maximum 250, and in average 8.33 bags of each tea type per site and sampling time. Tea bags were collected at all sites after a field incubation period of three months. The tea bags were cleaned from soil and roots, oven dried (70 °C for 48 h), and the weight of the remaining tea (without bag) was recorded. Instead of weighing incubated tea bags (as often damaged, tag dissolved or rope missing) an averaged bag weight (40 empty tea bags; 0.248 g per bag) was used to estimate the amount of the tea before the incubation. If the collected tea bags were visibly contaminated with soil, ash content (refers to the mineral residue after removal of organic matter by ignition) was determined by heating in a muffle oven at 500 °C for 16 h, in order to correct for the mineral part (Soil Survey Staff, 2004).

## 2.4. Data analyses

Because not all tea bags were incubated for exactly three months (overall mean = 92 days, s.d. = 13.2) we linearly standardized all mass loss data to a fixed period of 90 days prior to data analyses. As such, the reported mass loss data therefore represent a rate of mass loss over 90 days.

### 2.4.1. Differences in tea mass loss across biomes and between tea types

We quantified differences in remaining litter mass between biomes using linear mixed models with biome and tea type as fixed factors and site as a random factor accounting for the dependence in observations within site. Residual plots were visually inspected for deviations from model assumptions. If the interaction between biome and tea type was significant, multiple comparisons between biomes within each tea type were tested applying post hoc contrasts with P-values adjusted for multiplicity with the single-step method (Hothorn et al., 2008).

To quantify the different sources of variation in our data we used a linear mixed effect model with a nested structure (sites nested within biome). Biome and site were set as random factors and tea type as a fixed factor. We then ran separate analyses for each tea type to investigate whether biome, site and individual tea bags accounted differently for the variation for each tea type.

### 2.4.2. Effects of climate on the initial litter mass loss

To investigate the effects of climatic variables on remaining tea mass after three months of field incubation we applied

linear mixed models with local climate as fixed factors and site as random factor. We used local climate data (average monthly air temperature and total precipitation) measured at nearby weather stations during the period of incubation when data were available (n = 124; Fig. 4; Table 2). For sites with no local climate data, we imputed the monthly averages of temperature and the total precipitation for the corresponding measurement period from WorldClim (Fick and Hijmans, 2017). Whereas local climate represent the weather conditions measured at the sites during the incubation period, WorldClim represents the average climate for the period 1970–2000. We assessed the congruency between the two types of climate data by also running models including only the sites where both types of data were available. The results were qualitatively similar to the model including all sites. Moreover, local and WorldClim climate data were highly correlated (precipitation: r = 0.83; P < .01; temperature: r = 0.87, P < .01, Pearson's product moment correlation).

We modeled the remaining mass as a function of tea type, temperature and precipitation. Differences between litter types were tested by including interaction terms for tea type with both climatic variables. We used backward selection for model simplification until only significant terms remained in the final model. When a significant interaction with tea type was found, we used post hoc contrasts to test for significant relationships between the climatic variable and each tea type (i.e. test for slope different from 0); P-values were adjusted for multiplicity using a single-step method based on the joint normal distribution. Goodness of fit for these models were calculated based on marginal and conditional R² (Nakagawa and Schielzeth, 2013). Because climatic effects on decomposition can depend on the spatial scale of the observation (Bradford et al., 2014) we conducted a separate analysis, using the average remaining mass, temperature and precipitation, aggregated at the biome level. We tested for effects of climate factors using simple linear models, with temperature, precipitation and their interaction as independent variables. Significant interactions were further tested as described above.

<caption>**Table 2**</caption>

Effects of climatic factors on the site level remaining mass of the two tea types (statistics relates to Fig. 4). Estimates obtained from mixed effect model with site as a random factor. R² marginal: 0.74; R² conditional = 0.88.

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>Est.(SE)<sup>a</sup></th><th>t</th><th>P</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Green tea</td><td>45.81(1.79)</td><td>25.62</td><td>&lt;.01</td></tr><tr><td>Rooibos tea</td><td>79.57(1.80)</td><td>44.31</td><td>&lt;.01</td></tr><tr><td>PREC</td><td>-8.87(2.68)</td><td>-3.32</td><td>&lt;.01</td></tr><tr><td>Green tea × TEMP</td><td>0.14(0.17)</td><td>0.88</td><td>.38</td></tr><tr><td>Rooibos tea × TEMP</td><td>-0.12(0.17)</td><td>-0.74</td><td>.82</td></tr></tbody></table>

<figure><img src="image_6.png" /><figcaption>**Fig. 3.** Percentage remaining mass for Green and Rooibos teas across climatic biomes. The difference between Tea types was significant (F = 9802; P < .01). Blue and orange circles show the mean and the bars are the standard errors based on the total number of observations. Letters show pairwise comparisons within each tea type: lowercase for rooibos and uppercase for green. Numbers in parentheses are the total number of tea bags for each biome. Biomes are ordered by increasing mean annual precipitation. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)</figcaption></figure>

<footnote>a Models were fitted using precipitation/1000 to avoid very small estimates. Est. = estimates, SE = standard error.</footnote>
### 2.4.3. Effects of land-use on the initial litter mass loss

We tested for differences in remaining tea mass between land-use types only for the temperate biome as this was the only biome with enough sites of the different land-use categories. We used a mixed model including land-use, tea type and their interaction as fixed factors and site as random factor. Separate models were used for each tea type to further explore differences. If the interaction between land-use type and tea type was significant, multiple comparisons among land-use types within each tea type were tested using post hoc contrasts with P-values adjusted for multiplicity with the single-step method.

All statistical analyses were conducted with R (version 3.1.2; R core team 2014). The level for detecting statistical differences was set at $P < .05$. The lme4 package (Bates et al., 2015) was used for fitting the mixed models and the multcomp package (Hothorn et al., 2008) was used for multiple comparisons. The percentage of variance explained by the fixed and the different random components was calculated using the "variancePartition" package in R (Hoffman and Schadt, 2016).

## 3. Results

### 3.1. Relative importance of litter quality on mass loss across biomes

Across all biomes, tea mass remaining after three months of field incubation (Fig. 3) was higher for Rooibos tea (78%, SD = 10.31) than for Green tea (38%, SD = 15.86). Overall, similar mass loss patterns were recorded for both tea types across biomes with tendencies or significantly higher mass loss at warm and humid climates compared to the dry and/or cold biomes. However, there was a significant interaction between biome and tea type (F = 84; $P < .01$) indicating that some differences between biomes depend on tea type. For Rooibos tea, significantly lower remaining mass was found at sites in equatorial-humid climate. For Green tea, we found the highest remaining mass at the sites from the arid-subtropical and Mediterranean climates, which were significantly different from the sites found in cooler and more humid biomes (Fig. 3).

The analysis of data variation showed that 65% of the variation in the remaining litter mass was related to tea type while 13% was related to biome (Fig. 3). The variation was 11% within biomes and 11% within sites.

### 3.2. Effects of climate on the initial litter mass loss

Our final model showed that climatic variables had different effects on early stage decomposition. Remaining mass loss decreased with increasing precipitation. This pattern was similar for both tea types as revealed by the not significant interaction between tea type and precipitation (F = 0.01, $P = .96$). We also found a significant interaction between tea type and temperature (F = 64, $P < .01$) indicating that the response of mass loss to temperature depends on tea type, i.e. litter quality. However, the analyses using post hoc contrasts showed that temperature did not have any significant effect on any of the tea types (Table 2; Fig. 4).

In contrast, the biome-scale analyses focusing on the mean values for the given biome revealed some variation in remaining litter mass loss from low (equatorial humid climate) to high (arid subtropical and Mediterranean climates) mass losses (Fig. 5a). In the linear models, we found a non-significant interaction between tea type and MAP (F = 0.20, $P = .66$); and between tea types and MAT (F = 0.39, $P = .54$). Whereas MAT had no effect (F = 0.64, $P = .43$), remaining mass decreased with increasing MAP for both tea types (Table 3).

### 3.3. Effects of land-use on the initial litter mass loss

We used the data set from the temperate biome (228 sites out of 250; Table 1) to test the effect of land-use on litter mass loss. The model for land-use effects showed a significant interaction between land-use and tea type (F = 41, $P < .01$). However, post hoc contrasts showed no differences among land-use types for either Green or Rooibos tea (all comparisons: $P > .05$).

## 4. Discussion

The early stage of litter decomposition is a highly dynamic phase and therefore important for the understanding of litter decay and the controlling factors across biomes and ecosystem types. Here we studied the early stage mass loss of two standardized litter types (Green tea and Rooibos tea) across 336 sites globally and found that the litter type (quality) was the

<figure><img src="image_7.png" /><figcaption>**Fig. 4.** Relationship between remaining mass of Green tea and Rooibos tea and temperature (A) and precipitation (B) after the 3-month incubation period. Climatic variables were obtained from local weather stations or from WorldClim for sites with no data. Circles show the mean values for each site and bars the standard errors. The regression line from the minimum adequate model is plotted only for the significant effects of precipitation and is obtained using only fixed factors. Band shows 95% confidence interval.</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_8.png" /><figcaption>**Fig. 5.** A) Correlation between remaining mass of tea litter of different qualities (green and rooibos tea) after 3 month of incubation during the growing season. Symbols are arithmetic means for each biome and error bars indicate ± standard deviation. B) The average remaining mass aggregated by biome of Green tea (dashed line) and Rooibos tea (solid line) plotted against the mean annual precipitation for each biome (Table 1). The regression line is from a simple linear model showing significant effects for Green ($R^2$ = 0.40) and Rooibos ($R^2$ = 0.64).</figcaption></figure>

main determinant of the mass loss while climate and land use had little effect.

### 4.1. Substrate quality effects on litter decomposition

The effect of initial litter quality (chemical and physical composition) has been reported to be one of the key drivers of litter decomposition (Bradford et al., 2016; Cornwell et al., 2008; Heim and Frey, 2004). In our study, the litter type also had a strong control on initial decomposition as Green tea consistently decomposed faster than Rooibos tea (Fig. 3). Faster initial decomposition of Green tea is expected due to its higher fraction of water-soluble compounds in contrast to the low content of soluble or hydrolysable compounds in Rooibos tea (Didion et al., 2016). The mass loss of the litter during this early stage may be more related to the leaching losses than to microbial mineralization of soil organic C at the early stage of decomposition. In a pilot study, we measured changes in the initial weight after 3–4 min of cooking (n = 332) and recorded a weight loss of 31% for Green tea compared to 17% for Rooibos tea. Similar observation was made within different urban soil habitats by Pouyat et al. (2017). Moreover, Green and Rooibos tea differ in their carbon and nutrient chemistry (Keuskamp et al., 2013) and physical features (Didion et al., 2016). In a meta-analysis of the factors influencing mass loss rates involving 70 published studies, Zhang et al. (2008) demonstrated, similar to our study, the direct influence of litter quality (C:N ratio and total nutrient content) on mass loss rates. The mass loss of both tea types decreased when precipitation increased (Table 2) which is in agreement with several studies showing a positive

<table><caption>**Table 3**
Effects of climatic factors on the biome level remaining mass of the two tea types for data aggregated by biome (statistics relates to Fig. 5). Estimates obtained from simple linear models after backward selection. $R^2$: 0.84.</caption><thead><tr><th></th><th>Est.(SE)<sup>a</sup></th><th>t</th><th>P</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Green tea</td><td>48.94(4.62)</td><td>10.60</td><td>&lt;.01</td></tr><tr><td>Rooibos tea</td><td>88.23 (4.62)</td><td>19.10</td><td>&lt;.01</td></tr><tr><td>PREC</td><td>-12.93(3.64)</td><td>-3.64</td><td>&lt;.01</td></tr></tbody></table>

relationship between moisture availability and decomposition rates (Gholz et al., 2000; Prescott, 2010; García Palacios et al., 2016).

Overall, litter type explained 65% of the variability in litter mass loss at the global scale, which in turn implies that potential shifts in the relative abundance of vegetation types in the future caused by climatic changes could have large effects on global carbon budgets alone due to the differences in litter quality and consequently decomposition rates (Cornwell et al., 2008; Cornelissen et al., 2007).

### 4.2. Climate effects on litter mass loss

Across biomes, climatic factors are assumed to have a significant influence on litter decomposition by affecting the activity of decomposer organisms (Bradford et al., 2014); namely for every 10 °C increase in temperature a doubling of microbial decomposition is anticipated ($Q_{10}$ = 2; Friedlingstein et al., 2006). Here, processes in the topsoil deserve special attention since they are particularly exposed to dynamic changes in environmental conditions.

We analyzed the across-site variation in initial litter mass loss at the site and biome scales. In this study, investigated sites are spread across large temperature and moisture gradients. We observed an effect of precipitation on early stage litter mass loss, while temperature did not show any significant effects (Fig. 3). Mean annual temperatures of <10 °C and moisture contents of <30% or >80% have been suggested as inhibiting thresholds for litter decay (Prescott, 2010). The absence of any significant effect of temperature on litter mass loss in our study may be a consequence of the fact that all sites incubated the tea bags during the “summer” under relatively favorable conditions where temperature values were generally within the “optimal” decay range. Furthermore, large variation in litter mass loss was observed for both litter types within any given biome (Fig. 5a, Table 2) suggesting that local-scale factors (e.g. soil properties, soil water content, disturbances) other than climate had strong controls on regional litter mass loss dynamics (Cornwell et al., 2008). Similarly, Ise and Moorcroft (2006) reported a low temperature sensitivity of decomposition ($Q_{10}$ = 1.37) at the global scale. On the other hand, when examined separately, climate explained 40%

<footnote><sup>a</sup> Models were fitted using precipitation/1000 to avoid very small estimates. Est. = estimates, SE = standard error.</footnote>
of the variation for Green tea and 64% for Rooibos tea when the mean litter mass loss values were used for the given biome (Fig. 5b, Table 3). A similar finding was reported by Bradford et al. (2014), where the explanatory power of climate was increased to 84% when analyses were conducted on aggregated data.

Interestingly, early-stage litter mass loss of both litter types were comparable across all biomes (Fig. 3). The relative mass losses observed in the arctic sites may seem surprisingly high relative to the other warmer biomes. However, the study was carried out in the "summer season" where climatic conditions, even at the arctic sites are rather mild and warm and therefore favorable for decomposition (Couteaux et al., 1995). On the contrary, sites in the warmer biomes received less precipitation in the summer often being below potential evapotranspiration and leading to soil moisture deficit which again may result in lower mass losses. However, it has to be kept in mind that the results for arctic and arid-temperate biomes are based on a lower number of sites and should be interpreted with caution.

The data in this study collected during the growing season revealed that direct climatic control on early stage decomposition is of relatively minor importance. Instead, indirect climatic effects (e.g. plant community structure and associated microclimate, soil organic matter quality and structure of decomposer communities) may play a relatively stronger role in the early stage decomposition and may mask any importance of direct climatic controls (Aerts, 1997).

### 4.3. Land-use effects on litter mass loss

Long-term prevailing climatic conditions together with human activities define plant species composition and ecosystem structure, which in turn may affect decomposition rates. We did not observe any significant effects of land-use or management practices on the initial litter decomposition in the temperate biome. This may be caused by microbial decomposition not being limited by nutrients during the growing season. Another reason may be that in the early stage decomposition mineralization of labile C compounds is carried out by many groups of microorganisms while in the later stage of decomposition, decomposer groups may become more selected due to increased substrate complexity which in turn might lead to differences in litter mass loss between the land-use types (McGuire and Treseder, 2010). Hence, home-field advantage (Gholz et al., 2000) is expected to explain a fraction of the remaining variability at later and more advanced stages of decomposition. A detailed definition of different land-use categories would be necessary in order to be able to run more specific data analyses across all biomes.

## 5. Conclusions

Our study showed that litter type has the strongest influence on mass loss globally in the early stage of decomposition, while the effect of climate was only important under less favorable climatic conditions and when data were aggregated at the biome scale. This finding is particularly relevant for the general understanding of litter and carbon dynamics in relation to biosphere-atmosphere feedback, since the early stage litter decay is responsible for a significant fraction of the carbon loss from litter, and because the lack of site specific climate control for this decomposition phase should be reflected in soil carbon models. The short-term period of just three month incubations used in this study provides insight into the short mass loss dynamics of plant litter. On the other hand the

results cannot be extrapolated to capture a reliable signal of the long term nature of the decomposition rates, because long term decomposition involves other litter components and the drivers are likely to vary at spatial and temporal scales (Couteaux et al., 1995; Berg, 2014). Therefore caution should be payed when extrapolating from short-term to long-term rates (Moore et al., 2017). Therefore, the TeaComposition initiative includes additional sampling points after 12, 24, and 36 months, which will provide long term litter decomposition dynamics globally. Repeated observations over time (medium to long-term data) are essential for improving our understanding of the long term decay process of plant litter. Further, in addition to the observational networks included in this study (e.g. ILTER – see Mirtl et al., this issue, in press), the TeaComposition initiative includes studies across collaborative experiments which are needed to identify and quantify the relative importance of multiple drivers (Verheyen et al., 2017; Borer et al., 2014).

## Acknowledgements

This work was performed within the TeaComposition initiative, carried out by 190 institutions worldwide. We thank Gabrielle Drozdowski for her help with the packaging and shipping of tea, Zora Wessely and Johannes Spiegel for the creative implementation of the acknowledgement card, Josip Dusper for creative implementation of the graphical abstract, Christine Brendle for the GIS editing, and Marianne Debie for her help with the data cleaning. Further acknowledgements go to Adriana Principe, Melanie Köbel, Pedro Pinho, Thomas Parker, Steve Unger, Jon Gewirtzman and Margot McKleeven for the implementation of the study at their respective sites. We are very grateful to UNILEVER for sponsoring the Lipton tea bags and to the COST action ClimMani for scientific discussions, adoption and support to the idea of TeaComposition as a common metric. The initiative was supported by the following grants: ILTER Initiative Grant, ClimMani Short-Term Scientific Missions Grant (COST action ES1308; COST-STSM-ES1308-36004; COST-STM-ES1308-39006; ES1308-231015-068365), INTERACT (EU H2020 Grant No. 730938), and Austrian Environment Agency (UBA). Franz Zehetner acknowledges the support granted by the Prometeo Project of Ecuador's Secretariat of Higher Education, Science, Technology and Innovation (SENESCYT) as well as Charles Darwin Foundation for the Galapagos Islands (2190). Ana I. Sousa, Ana I. Lillebø and Marta Lopes thanks for the financial support to CESAM (UID/AMB/50017), to FCT/MEC through national funds (PIDDAC), and the co-funding by the FEDER, within the PT2020 Partnership Agreement and Compete 2020. The research was also funded by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, FCT, through SFRH/BPD/107823/2015 (A.I. Sousa), co-funded by POPH/FSE. Thomas Mozdzer thanks US National Science Foundation NSF DEB-1557009. Helena C. Serrano thanks Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (UID/BIA/00329/2013). Milan Barna acknowledges Scientific Grant Agency VEGA (2/0101/18). Anzar A Khuroo acknowledges financial support under HIMADRI project from SAC-ISRO, India.

## Authorship

ID designed and coordinated the study with extensive input from CB. IKS, SKR, KSL accomplished data collection and preparation. SKR conducted statistical analyses. KV and BB provided inputs for manuscript concept. ID wrote the manuscript with contribution from all authors. The TeaComposition team implemented the study and provided site specific and climatic data. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Appendix A

<caption>**Table 2s**</caption>

General characteristics of the study sites within the TeaComposition initiative.

<table><thead><tr><th>Site ID</th><th>Site</th><th>Country</th><th>Latitude</th><th>Longitude</th><th>Altitude (m asl)</th><th>MAT (°C)</th><th>MAP (mm)</th><th>Biome</th><th>Type of biotope</th><th>Contact</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>333</td><td>Patagonia</td><td>Argentina</td><td>-51.92</td><td>-70.41</td><td>165</td><td>6.40</td><td>202</td><td>Arid-temperate climate</td><td>Managed grassland</td><td>Pablo Peri</td></tr><tr><td>424</td><td>Facundo</td><td>Argentina</td><td>-45.11</td><td>-69.99</td><td>460</td><td>9.30</td><td>162</td><td>Arid-temperate climate</td><td>Shrubland</td><td>Laura Yahdjian</td></tr><tr><td>425</td><td>Aldea beleiro</td><td>Argentina</td><td>-45.58</td><td>-71.39</td><td>640</td><td>5.90</td><td>497</td><td>Arid-temperate climate</td><td>Grasland</td><td>Laura Yahdjian</td></tr><tr><td>426</td><td>Rio Mayo</td><td>Argentina</td><td>-45.39</td><td>-70.25</td><td>460</td><td>9.20</td><td>192</td><td>Arid-temperate climate</td><td>Shrub-grass steppe</td><td>Laura Yahdjian</td></tr><tr><td>427</td><td>Las Chilcas</td><td>Argentina</td><td>-36.28</td><td>-58.27</td><td>12</td><td>15.10</td><td>930</td><td>Warm-temperate, humid climate</td><td>Grassland</td><td>Laura Yahdjian</td></tr><tr><td>293</td><td>Cattai, NSW, Lilly</td><td>Australia</td><td>-31.83</td><td>152.64</td><td>5</td><td>14.50</td><td>799</td><td>Warm-temperate, humid climate</td><td>Restored swamp</td><td>Stacey Trevathan-Tackett</td></tr><tr><td>294</td><td>Cattai, NSW, Melaluca</td><td>Australia</td><td>-31.83</td><td>152.64</td><td>11</td><td>14.50</td><td>799</td><td>Warm-temperate, humid climate</td><td>Restored swamp</td><td>Stacey Trevathan-Tackett</td></tr><tr><td>295</td><td>Darawakh, NSW</td><td>Australia</td><td>-32.09</td><td>152.49</td><td>3</td><td>14.50</td><td>799</td><td>Warm-temperate, humid climate</td><td>Seasonal wetland</td><td>Stacey Trevathan-Tackett</td></tr><tr><td>296</td><td>Rhyll, Victoria</td><td>Australia</td><td>-38.46</td><td>145.29</td><td>0</td><td>14.30</td><td>832</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Grassland</td><td>Stacey Trevathan-Tackett</td></tr><tr><td>297</td><td>Rhyll, Victoria</td><td>Australia</td><td>-38.46</td><td>145.29</td><td>0</td><td>14.30</td><td>832</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Mangrove</td><td>Stacey Trevathan-Tackett</td></tr><tr><td>298</td><td>Rhyll, Victoria</td><td>Australia</td><td>-38.46</td><td>145.29</td><td>0</td><td>14.30</td><td>832</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Succulent saltmarsh</td><td>Stacey Trevathan-Tackett</td></tr><tr><td>411</td><td>Snowy Mountain_Mt Clarke</td><td>Australia</td><td>-36.42</td><td>148.28</td><td>2041</td><td>4.48</td><td>1979</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Alpine grassland</td><td>Ken Green</td></tr><tr><td>457</td><td>FNQ Rainforest SuperSite, Daintree, Cape Tribulation (Rainforest)</td><td>Australia</td><td>-16.10</td><td>145.45</td><td>56</td><td>24.40</td><td>5143</td><td>Wet tropical rainforest</td><td>Natural rainforest</td><td>Michael Liddell</td></tr><tr><td>458</td><td>Tumbarumba Wet Eucalypt SuperSite</td><td>Australia</td><td>-35.66</td><td>148.15</td><td>1100</td><td>9.60</td><td>1274</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Managed wet eucalypt forest</td><td>Jacqui Stol</td></tr><tr><td>459</td><td>Warra Tall Eucalypt SuperSite</td><td>Australia</td><td>-43.10</td><td>146.68</td><td>100</td><td>10.00</td><td>1379</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Natural tall eucalypt forest</td><td>Timothy Wardlaw</td></tr><tr><td>4.01</td><td>Zöbelboden-IP1</td><td>Austria</td><td>47.84</td><td>14.44</td><td>950</td><td>6.90</td><td>1061</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Spruce forest, initial Cardamino trifoliae-Fagetum sensu Willner 2002</td><td>Ilka Djukic</td></tr><tr><td>4.02</td><td>Zöbelboden-IP2</td><td>Austria</td><td>47.84</td><td>14.44</td><td>950</td><td>6.90</td><td>1061</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Mixed beech, spruce, maple, ash forest. Potential naural vegetation:Adenostylo glabrae-Fagetum sensu Willner 2002</td><td>Ilka Djukic</td></tr><tr><td>4.03</td><td>Zöbelboden-IP3</td><td>Austria</td><td>47.84</td><td>14.44</td><td>950</td><td>6.90</td><td>1061</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Mixed spruce-beech forest</td><td>Ilka Djukic</td></tr><tr><td>4.04</td><td>Zöbelboden-nutrient addition</td><td>Austria</td><td>47.84</td><td>14.44</td><td>950</td><td>6.90</td><td>1061</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Spruce forest; initial carbonate spruce-fir-beech forest</td><td>Ilka Djukic</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td>Klausen-Leopoldsdorf</td><td>Austria</td><td>48.11</td><td>16.08</td><td>510</td><td>8.10</td><td>724</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Beech forest</td><td>Ferdinand Kristöfel</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>Mondsee</td><td>Austria</td><td>47.88</td><td>13.35</td><td>860</td><td>7.20</td><td>1353</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Mixed spruce-broadleaved forest</td><td>Ferdinand Kristöfel</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td>Mürzuszlag</td><td>Austria</td><td>47.63</td><td>15.66</td><td>715</td><td>5.20</td><td>978</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Spruce forest</td><td>Ferdinand Kristöfel</td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td>Murau</td><td>Austria</td><td>47.06</td><td>14.11</td><td>1540</td><td>3.30</td><td>1366</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Spruce forest</td><td>Ferdinand Kristöfel</td></tr><tr><td>10</td><td>Jochberg</td><td>Austria</td><td>47.33</td><td>12.41</td><td>1050</td><td>3.00</td><td>1143</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Spruce forest</td><td>Ferdinand Kristöfel</td></tr><tr><td>11</td><td>AREC Raumberg-Gumpenstein</td><td>Austria</td><td>47.50</td><td>14.15</td><td>720</td><td>9.10</td><td>1088</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Meadow</td><td>Andreas Bohner</td></tr><tr><td>12</td><td>Neustift im Stubaital</td><td>Austria</td><td>47.12</td><td>11.30</td><td>970</td><td>6.50</td><td>852</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Managed grassland</td><td>Georg Wohlfahrt</td></tr><tr><td>13</td><td>Illmitz</td><td>Austria</td><td>47.77</td><td>16.75</td><td>113</td><td>10.10</td><td>599</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Managed grassland</td><td>Thomas Zechmeister</td></tr><tr><td>14</td><td>Pürgschachen Moor</td><td>Austria</td><td>47.58</td><td>14.35</td><td>632</td><td>7.30</td><td>1248</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Peat bog</td><td>Simon Drollinger</td></tr><tr><td>15</td><td>Jamtalferner</td><td>Austria</td><td>46.85</td><td>10.15</td><td>2960</td><td>-4.43</td><td>1374</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>High alpine</td><td>Andrea Fischer</td></tr><tr><td>275</td><td>Gossenköllesee</td><td>Austria</td><td>47.23</td><td>11.01</td><td>2417</td><td>3.20</td><td>1112</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>High alpine</td><td>Birgit Sattler</td></tr><tr><td>16</td><td>Jalhay-La Robinette</td><td>Belgium</td><td>50.55</td><td>6.07</td><td>500</td><td>7.70</td><td>1134</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Forest</td><td>Monique Carnol</td></tr><tr><td>17</td><td>Waroneu</td><td>Belgium</td><td>50.57</td><td>6.10</td><td>420</td><td>7.70</td><td>1134</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Forest</td><td>Monique Carnol</td></tr><tr><td>18</td><td>Brasschaat</td><td>Belgium</td><td>51.31</td><td>4.52</td><td>14</td><td>10.00</td><td>785</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Scots pine forest</td><td>Arne Verstraeten</td></tr><tr><td>19</td><td>Zoniënwoud</td><td>Belgium</td><td>50.75</td><td>4.41</td><td>129</td><td>9.90</td><td>823</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Beech forest</td><td>Arne Verstraeten</td></tr><tr><td>20</td><td>Gontrode</td><td>Belgium</td><td>50.98</td><td>3.80</td><td>26</td><td>10.00</td><td>776</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Pedunculate oak - Beech forest</td><td>Arne Verstraeten</td></tr><tr><td>21</td><td>Ravels</td><td>Belgium</td><td>51.40</td><td>5.05</td><td>35</td><td>9.50</td><td>799</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Corsican pine forest</td><td>Arne Verstraeten</td></tr><tr><td>22</td><td>Wijnendale</td><td>Belgium</td><td>51.07</td><td>3.04</td><td>31</td><td>10.10</td><td>708</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Beech forest</td><td>Arne Verstraeten</td></tr><tr><td>351</td><td>Zedelgem (FORBIO)</td><td>Belgium</td><td>51.15</td><td>3.12</td><td>15</td><td>10.10</td><td>708</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Tree plantations</td><td>Kris Verheyen</td></tr><tr><td>352</td><td>Gedinne (FORBIO)</td><td>Belgium</td><td>49.99</td><td>4.98</td><td>397</td><td>10.40</td><td>670</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Tree plantations</td><td>Quentin Ponette</td></tr><tr><td>353</td><td>Hechtel-Eksel (FORBIO)</td><td>Belgium</td><td>51.16</td><td>5.31</td><td>56</td><td>8.60</td><td>1030</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Tree plantations</td><td>Bart Muys</td></tr><tr><td>346.01</td><td>BO-TUC-COP</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>-16.22</td><td>-68.27</td><td>4862</td><td>4.02</td><td>785</td><td>Semi-arid tropical climate</td><td>Tropical dry alpine (Subnival), Grassland (Xerophytic Puna)</td><td>Rosa Isela Meneses</td></tr><tr><td>346.02</td><td>BO-TUC-PAT</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>-16.21</td><td>-68.27</td><td>5058</td><td>3.58</td><td>799</td><td>Semi-arid tropical climate</td><td>Tropical dry alpine (Nival), Grassland (Mesic Puna)</td><td>Rosa Isela Meneses</td></tr><tr><td>346.03</td><td>BO-TUC-WAT</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>-16.23</td><td>-68.26</td><td>4650</td><td>5.33</td><td>749</td><td>Semi-arid tropical climate</td><td>Tropical dry alpine (subnival), Grassland (Mesic Puna)</td><td>Rosa Isela Meneses</td></tr><tr><td>347.01</td><td>BO-SAJ-HUI</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>-18.12</td><td>-68.96</td><td>4567</td><td>2.49</td><td>382</td><td>Semi-arid tropical climate</td><td>Semi-arid tropical, climate (Subnival),</td><td>Rosa Isela Meneses</td></tr></tbody></table>

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<table><caption>Table 2s (continued)</caption><thead><tr><th>Site ID</th><th>Site</th><th>Country</th><th>Latitude</th><th>Longitude</th><th>Altitude (m asl)</th><th>MAT (°C)</th><th>MAP (mm)</th><th>Biome</th><th>Type of biotope</th><th>Contact</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>347.02</td><td>BO-SA J-JAS</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>-18.16</td><td>-68.86</td><td>4931</td><td>4.30</td><td>373</td><td>Semi-arid tropical climate</td><td>Shrubland and grassland (Xerophytic Puna)<br>Semi-arid tropical climate (Nival), Shrubland and grassland (Xerophytic Puna)</td><td>Rosa Isela Meneses</td></tr><tr><td>347.03</td><td>BO-SA J-PAC</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>-18.21</td><td>-68.97</td><td>4192</td><td>2.33</td><td>377</td><td>Semi-arid tropical climate</td><td>Semi-arid tropical climate (Alpin), Shrubland and grassland (Xerophytic Puna)</td><td>Rosa Isela Meneses</td></tr><tr><td>347.04</td><td>BO-SA J-SUM</td><td>Bolivia</td><td>-18.13</td><td>-68.94</td><td>4759</td><td>5.60</td><td>344</td><td>Semi-arid tropical climate</td><td>Semi-arid tropical climate (Subnival), Shrubland and grassland (Xerophytic Puna)</td><td>Rosa Isela Meneses</td></tr><tr><td>28</td><td>Mata dos Godoy State Park</td><td>Brazil</td><td>-23.43</td><td>-51.23</td><td>620</td><td>20.60</td><td>1486</td><td>Equatorial humid climate; tropical rain forest</td><td>Forest fragment and restoration site</td><td>Jose Marcelo Torezan</td></tr><tr><td>29</td><td>Congonhas Farm</td><td>Brazil</td><td>-22.73</td><td>-51.18</td><td>340</td><td>22.20</td><td>1285</td><td>Equatorial humid climate; tropical rain forest</td><td>Forest fragment and restoration site</td><td>Jose Marcelo Torezan</td></tr><tr><td>30</td><td>Alvorada Farm</td><td>Brazil</td><td>-22.98</td><td>-50.93</td><td>340</td><td>22.00</td><td>1271</td><td>Equatorial humid climate; tropical rain forest</td><td>Forest fragment and restoration site</td><td>Jose Marcelo Torezan</td></tr><tr><td>31.01</td><td>Natal Restinga Forest</td><td>Brazil</td><td>-5.90</td><td>-35.17</td><td>40</td><td>25.70</td><td>1298</td><td>Equatorial humid climate; tropical rain forest</td><td>Restinga forest</td><td>Adriano Caliman</td></tr><tr><td>31.02</td><td>Natal Restinga Shrubs</td><td>Brazil</td><td>-5.91</td><td>-35.18</td><td>50</td><td>25.70</td><td>1298</td><td>Equatorial humid climate; tropical rain forest</td><td>Restinga shrubland</td><td>Adriano Caliman</td></tr><tr><td>32.01</td><td>Bodoquena</td><td>Brazil</td><td>-20.99</td><td>-56.52</td><td>378</td><td>22.40</td><td>1353</td><td>Subtropical arid</td><td>Savannah forested</td><td>Franco Leandro de Souza</td></tr><tr><td>32.02</td><td>Bodoquena</td><td>Brazil</td><td>-21.00</td><td>-56.51</td><td>367</td><td>22.40</td><td>1353</td><td>Subtropical arid</td><td>Savannah forested</td><td>Franco Leandro de Souza</td></tr><tr><td>32.03</td><td>Bodoquena</td><td>Brazil</td><td>-21.00</td><td>-56.51</td><td>358</td><td>22.40</td><td>1353</td><td>Subtropical arid</td><td>Riparian forest</td><td>Franco Leandro de Souza</td></tr><tr><td>33.01</td><td>Restinga de Jurubatiba - Forest</td><td>Brazil</td><td>-22.26</td><td>-41.61</td><td>20</td><td>25.70</td><td>1298</td><td>Equatorial humid climate</td><td>Restinga forest</td><td>Rodrigo Lemes Martins</td></tr><tr><td>33.02</td><td>Restinga de Jurubatiba - Shrubs</td><td>Brazil</td><td>-22.26</td><td>-41.61</td><td>30</td><td>25.70</td><td>1298</td><td>Equatorial humid climate</td><td>Restinga shrubland</td><td>Rodrigo Lemes Martins</td></tr><tr><td>34.01</td><td>Floodplain Paraná River</td><td>Brazil</td><td>-22.80</td><td>-53.54</td><td>250</td><td>22.80</td><td>1280</td><td>Semi-arid tropical climate</td><td>Atlantic forest</td><td>Evanilde Benedito</td></tr><tr><td>34.02</td><td>Floodplain Paraná River</td><td>Brazil</td><td>-22.86</td><td>-53.60</td><td>250</td><td>22.80</td><td>1280</td><td>Semi-arid tropical climate</td><td>Atlantic forest and grassland</td><td>Evanilde Benedito</td></tr><tr><td>34.03</td><td>Floodplain Paraná River</td><td>Brazil</td><td>-22.72</td><td>-53.30</td><td>250</td><td>22.80</td><td>1280</td><td>Semi-arid tropical climate</td><td>Shrubland</td><td>Evanilde Benedito</td></tr><tr><td>34.04</td><td>Floodplain Paraná River</td><td>Brazil</td><td>-22.71</td><td>-53.28</td><td>250</td><td>22.80</td><td>1280</td><td>Semi-arid tropical climate</td><td>Shrubland and grassland</td><td>Evanilde Benedito</td></tr><tr><td>34.05</td><td>Floodplain Paraná River</td><td>Brazil</td><td>-22.77</td><td>-53.33</td><td>250</td><td>22.80</td><td>1280</td><td>Semi-arid tropical climate</td><td>Shrubland</td><td>Evanilde Benedito</td></tr><tr><td>34.06</td><td>Floodplain Paraná River</td><td>Brazil</td><td>-22.72</td><td>-53.22</td><td>250</td><td>22.80</td><td>1280</td><td>Semi-arid tropical climate</td><td>Atlantic forest</td><td>Evanilde Benedito</td></tr><tr><td>35</td><td>Tijuca National Park</td><td>Brazil</td><td>-22.96</td><td>-42.27</td><td>350</td><td>23.00</td><td>1157</td><td>Equatorial humid climate; tropical rain forest</td><td>NA</td><td>Vinicius Farjalla</td></tr><tr><td>36</td><td>Fazenda Miranda</td><td>Brazil</td><td>-15.73</td><td>-56.07</td><td>184</td><td>26.00</td><td>1268</td><td>Semi-arid tropical climate</td><td>Native forest</td><td>Francisco Lobo</td></tr><tr><td>37</td><td>Baia das Pedras</td><td>Brazil</td><td>-28.37</td><td>-68.28</td><td>127</td><td>26.20</td><td>1245</td><td>Subtropical arid climate</td><td>Native forest</td><td>Francisco Lobo</td></tr><tr><td>38</td><td>Parque Estadual do Utinga</td><td>Brazil</td><td>-1.43</td><td>-48.42</td><td>18</td><td>26.80</td><td>2369</td><td>Equatorial humid climate; tropical rain forest</td><td>NA</td><td>Thaisa Sala Michelan</td></tr><tr><td>23</td><td>Beklemeto</td><td>Bulgaria</td><td>42.78</td><td>24.61</td><td>1420</td><td>7.50</td><td>682</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Beech forest</td><td>Miglena Zhiyanski</td></tr><tr><td>24</td><td>Sofia-FRI</td><td>Bulgaria</td><td>42.63</td><td>23.35</td><td>650</td><td>8.60</td><td>602</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Cedrus atlantica trees</td><td>Maria Glushkova</td></tr><tr><td>25</td><td>Sofia-FRI</td><td>Bulgaria</td><td>42.63</td><td>23.20</td><td>650</td><td>8.60</td><td>581</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Grassland</td><td>Maria Glushkova</td></tr><tr><td>26</td><td>Govedarci</td><td>Bulgaria</td><td>42.23</td><td>23.44</td><td>1310</td><td>5.90</td><td>658</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Spruce forest</td><td>Miglena Zhiyanski</td></tr><tr><td>27</td><td>Govedarci</td><td>Bulgaria</td><td>42.24</td><td>23.44</td><td>1320</td><td>5.60</td><td>658</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Grassland</td><td>Miglena Zhiyanski</td></tr><tr><td>414</td><td>Dinderesso Forest</td><td>Burkina Faso</td><td>11.21</td><td>-4.40</td><td>397</td><td>27.10</td><td>1014</td><td>Semi-arid tropical climate</td><td>Savanah shrub</td><td>Jean-Christophe Lata</td></tr><tr><td>39</td><td>Flashline Mars Arctic Research Station</td><td>Canada</td><td>75.43</td><td>-89.82</td><td>225</td><td>-17.30</td><td>131</td><td>Arctic climate</td><td>NA</td><td>Susan Holden Martin</td></tr><tr><td>320</td><td>Igloolik (Nunavut)</td><td>Canada</td><td>69.40</td><td>-81.54</td><td>15</td><td>-14.37</td><td>115</td><td>Arctic climate</td><td>Tundra</td><td>Nicolas Lecomte</td></tr><tr><td>362</td><td>IDENT-Sault Ste. Marie</td><td>Canada</td><td>46.87</td><td>-84.57</td><td>210</td><td>-0.80</td><td>327</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Plantation</td><td>Bill Parker</td></tr><tr><td>363</td><td>IDENT-Montreal</td><td>Canada</td><td>45.86</td><td>-73.93</td><td>39</td><td>6.20</td><td>976</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>High input agriculture</td><td>Alain Paquette</td></tr><tr><td>364</td><td>IDENT-Auclair</td><td>Canada</td><td>48.23</td><td>-69.10</td><td>333</td><td>2.30</td><td>1015</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Low input abandoned agriculture</td><td>Alain Paquette</td></tr><tr><td>444</td><td>Bylot Island</td><td>Canada</td><td>73.16</td><td>-79.97</td><td>20</td><td>-15.40</td><td>175</td><td>Arctic climate</td><td>Tundra</td><td>Vincent Maire</td></tr><tr><td>445</td><td>Umiujaq</td><td>Canada</td><td>56.55</td><td>-76.55</td><td>5</td><td>-5.40</td><td>525</td><td>Arctic climate</td><td>Tundra</td><td>Vincent Maire</td></tr><tr><td>40</td><td>Pan de Azúcar, fog zone</td><td>Chile</td><td>-26.15</td><td>-70.65</td><td>814</td><td>18.00</td><td>16</td><td>Subtropical arid climate</td><td>Desert with fog influence</td><td>Rafaella Canessa</td></tr><tr><td>41</td><td>Pan de Azúcar, interior zone</td><td>Chile</td><td>-26.15</td><td>-70.65</td><td>533</td><td>18.00</td><td>16</td><td>Subtropical arid climate</td><td>Desert</td><td>Rafaella Canessa</td></tr><tr><td>42</td><td>Reserva Quebrada de Talca</td><td>Chile</td><td>-30.01</td><td>-71.04</td><td>648</td><td>13.50</td><td>92</td><td>Mediterranean climate</td><td>Shrubland</td><td>Rafaella Canessa</td></tr><tr><td>43</td><td>Parque Nacional La Campana</td><td>Chile</td><td>-32.92</td><td>-71.15</td><td>726</td><td>13.40</td><td>377</td><td>Mediterranean climate</td><td>Mediterranean Forest</td><td>Rafaella Canessa</td></tr><tr><td>44</td><td>Parque Nacional Nahuelbuta</td><td>Chile</td><td>-37.78</td><td>-72.98</td><td>1205</td><td>8.10</td><td>1525</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Temperate Rain Forest</td><td>Rafaella Canessa</td></tr><tr><td>45</td><td>Monumento Nacional Contulmo</td><td>Chile</td><td>-38.02</td><td>-73.23</td><td>350</td><td>11.00</td><td>1544</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Temperate Rain Forest</td><td>Rafaella Canessa</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tbody><tr><td>46</td><td>Fray Jorge National Park</td><td>Chile</td><td>-30.67</td><td>-71.67</td><td>450</td><td>15.70</td><td>134</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Temperate Fog Forest</td><td>Aurora Gaxiola</td></tr><tr><td>47</td><td>LTSER Senda Darwin Biological Station</td><td>Chile</td><td>-42.47</td><td>-74.12</td><td>200</td><td>8.40</td><td>2140</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>NA</td><td>Aurora Gaxiola</td></tr><tr><td>48</td><td>Punta Arenas</td><td>Chile</td><td>-53.17</td><td>-71.62</td><td>100</td><td>4.90</td><td>795</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Native Forest</td><td>Aurora Gaxiola</td></tr><tr><td>49</td><td>Fundo San Martin, Valdivia</td><td>Chile</td><td>-39.82</td><td>-73.15</td><td>115</td><td>11.70</td><td>2011</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Native Forest</td><td>Aurora Gaxiola</td></tr><tr><td>50</td><td>Omora Biosphere Reserve</td><td>Chile</td><td>-54.93</td><td>-67.32</td><td>50</td><td>4.70</td><td>480</td><td>Subantarctic climate</td><td>Native Forest</td><td>Aurora Gaxiola</td></tr><tr><td>51</td><td>Parque Nacional Nahuelbuta</td><td>Chile</td><td>-37.78</td><td>-72.98</td><td>1205</td><td>8.10</td><td>1525</td><td>Mediterranean climate</td><td>Temperate Rain Forest</td><td>Liesbeth van den Brink</td></tr><tr><td>52</td><td>Parque Nacional La Campana</td><td>Chile</td><td>-32.97</td><td>-71.08</td><td>721</td><td>13.40</td><td>377</td><td>Mediterranean climate</td><td>Mediterranean Forest</td><td>Liesbeth van den Brink</td></tr><tr><td>53</td><td>Reserva Quebrada de Talca</td><td>Chile</td><td>-30.01</td><td>-71.04</td><td>636</td><td>13.50</td><td>92</td><td>Mediterranean climate</td><td>Shrubland</td><td>Liesbeth van den Brink</td></tr><tr><td>54</td><td>Parque Nacional Pan de Azucar</td><td>Chile</td><td>-26.15</td><td>-70.65</td><td>511</td><td>18.00</td><td>16</td><td>Subtropical arid climate</td><td>Desert</td><td>Liesbeth van den Brink</td></tr><tr><td>55</td><td>Hulunbeier grassland, Inner Monglia</td><td>China</td><td>50.17</td><td>119.37</td><td>516</td><td>-1.80</td><td>374</td><td>Arid-temperate climate</td><td>Managed grassland</td><td>Wentao Luo</td></tr><tr><td>281</td><td>Xishuangbanna</td><td>China</td><td>22.01</td><td>100.80</td><td>556</td><td>21.70</td><td>1460</td><td>Semi-arid tropical climate</td><td>Primary forest</td><td>Wenjun Zhou</td></tr><tr><td>282</td><td>Yuanjiang</td><td>China</td><td>28.95</td><td>112.60</td><td>30</td><td>24.30</td><td>790</td><td>Warm-temperate, humid climate</td><td>Savannah forested</td><td>Wenjun Zhou</td></tr><tr><td>283</td><td>Ailao Mountain</td><td>China</td><td>23.83</td><td>101.57</td><td>1852</td><td>11.00</td><td>1980</td><td>Semi-arid tropical climate</td><td>Primary forest</td><td>Wenjun Zhou</td></tr><tr><td>284</td><td>Lijiang</td><td>China</td><td>26.87</td><td>100.23</td><td>2517</td><td>9.10</td><td>1160</td><td>Arid-temperate climate</td><td>Primary forest</td><td>Wenjun Zhou</td></tr><tr><td>285</td><td>Jilin</td><td>China</td><td>42.38</td><td>128.08</td><td>802</td><td>2.50</td><td>688</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Secondary forest and white brich plantation</td><td>Yalin Hu</td></tr><tr><td>286</td><td>Liaoning</td><td>China</td><td>41.85</td><td>124.93</td><td>597</td><td>4.80</td><td>885</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Laruch monoculture</td><td>Yalin Hu</td></tr><tr><td>287</td><td>Zhejiang</td><td>China</td><td>29.97</td><td>122.35</td><td>786</td><td>16.70</td><td>1249</td><td>Warm-temperate, humid climate</td><td>Secondary forest and chinese fir plantation</td><td>Yalin Hu</td></tr><tr><td>288</td><td>Fujian</td><td>China</td><td>26.56</td><td>118.11</td><td>360</td><td>18.70</td><td>1729</td><td>Semi-arid tropical climate (Subtropical climate)</td><td>Secondary forest and chinese fir plantation</td><td>Yalin Hu</td></tr><tr><td>289</td><td>Hainan</td><td>China</td><td>18.73</td><td>108.89</td><td>800</td><td>21.70</td><td>1523</td><td>Semi-arid tropical climate (Topical climate)</td><td>Secondary forest and chinese fir plantation</td><td>Yalin Hu</td></tr><tr><td>290</td><td>Jiangxi</td><td>China</td><td>24.56</td><td>114.43</td><td>550-600</td><td>18.50</td><td>1821</td><td>Semi-arid tropical climate (Subtropical climate)</td><td>Secondary forest and chinese fir plantation</td><td>Yalin Hu</td></tr><tr><td>291</td><td>Hunan</td><td>China</td><td>26.85</td><td>109.61</td><td>432</td><td>16.50</td><td>1280</td><td>Semi-arid tropical climate (Subtropical climate)</td><td>Secondary forest and chinese fir plantation</td><td>Yalin Hu</td></tr><tr><td>292</td><td>Inner Mongolia</td><td>China</td><td>42.50</td><td>122.32</td><td>120</td><td>7.60</td><td>506</td><td>Arid-temperate climate</td><td>Mongolian pine monoculture</td><td>Wentao Luo</td></tr><tr><td>359</td><td>BEF-China Main Experiment: Site A</td><td>China</td><td>29.12</td><td>117.91</td><td>180</td><td>17.10</td><td>1777</td><td>Warm-temperate, humid climate</td><td>Subtropical broadleaf forest</td><td>Heike Feldhaar</td></tr><tr><td>428</td><td>Dinghushan</td><td>China</td><td>23.17</td><td>112.17</td><td>200-350</td><td>21.85</td><td>1773</td><td>Humid-arid tropical climate</td><td>NA</td><td>Jiangming Mo</td></tr><tr><td>56.01</td><td>CATIE, Turrialba</td><td>Costa Rica</td><td>9.89</td><td>-83.65</td><td>600</td><td>22.40</td><td>3113</td><td>Equatorial humid climate; tropical rain forest</td><td>Mature secondary forest and mature disturbed forest</td><td>Geovana Carreno</td></tr><tr><td>56.02</td><td>CATIE, Turrialba</td><td>Costa Rica</td><td>9.90</td><td>-83.67</td><td>615</td><td>22.40</td><td>3113</td><td>Equatorial humid climate; tropical rain forest</td><td>Coffee agroforestry</td><td>Geovana Carreno</td></tr><tr><td>454</td><td>La Gamba</td><td>Costa Rica</td><td>8.70</td><td>-83.20</td><td>80</td><td>25.20</td><td>5748</td><td>Equatorial humid climate; tropical rain forest</td><td>Secondary forest</td><td>Florian Hofhansl</td></tr><tr><td>455</td><td>La Gamba</td><td>Costa Rica</td><td>8.70</td><td>-83.20</td><td>80</td><td>25.20</td><td>5748</td><td>Equatorial humid climate; tropical rain forest</td><td>Primary forest</td><td>Florian Hofhansl</td></tr><tr><td>57</td><td>Nature Reserve Červený kříž</td><td>Czech Republic</td><td>49.99</td><td>13.93</td><td>420</td><td>7.50</td><td>584</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Oak forest</td><td>Petr Petřík</td></tr><tr><td>418</td><td>Načetín</td><td>Czech Republic</td><td>50.59</td><td>13.25</td><td>775</td><td>5.40</td><td>789</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Spruce forest</td><td>Michal Ruzek</td></tr><tr><td>419</td><td>Načetín</td><td>Czech Republic</td><td>50.59</td><td>13.27</td><td>805</td><td>5.40</td><td>789</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Natural monocultural beech forest</td><td>Michal Ruzek</td></tr><tr><td>447</td><td>Kahuzi-Biega</td><td>Democratic Republic Congo</td><td>-2.32</td><td>28.75</td><td>1900</td><td>14.90</td><td>1796</td><td>Equatorial humid climate; tropical rain forest</td><td>Natural forest (montane)</td><td>Marijn Bauters</td></tr><tr><td>448</td><td>Yoko</td><td>Democratic Republic Congo</td><td>0.29</td><td>25.30</td><td>400</td><td>24.90</td><td>1779</td><td>Equatorial humid climate; tropical rain forest</td><td>Natural forest (lowland)</td><td>Marijn Bauters</td></tr><tr><td>449</td><td>Yangambi Arboretum</td><td>Democratic Republic Congo</td><td>0.79</td><td>24.49</td><td>400</td><td>24.50</td><td>1770</td><td>Equatorial humid climate; tropical rain forest</td><td>Forest plantation</td><td>Marijn Bauters</td></tr><tr><td>63</td><td>Mols</td><td>Denmark</td><td>56.39</td><td>10.96</td><td>57</td><td>7.80</td><td>573</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Grass, heath</td><td>Inger Kappel Schmidt</td></tr><tr><td>64</td><td>Brandbjerg</td><td>Denmark</td><td>55.26</td><td>11.27</td><td>5</td><td>8.30</td><td>591</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Grass, heath</td><td>Klaus Steenberg Larsen</td></tr><tr><td>66</td><td>Odsherred</td><td>Denmark</td><td>55.83</td><td>11.70</td><td>30</td><td>8.20</td><td>602</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Forest</td><td>Inger Kappel Schmidt</td></tr><tr><td>67</td><td>Mattrup</td><td>Denmark</td><td>55.16</td><td>10.04</td><td>110</td><td>7.20</td><td>796</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Forest</td><td>Inger Kappel Schmidt</td></tr><tr><td>68</td><td>Valloe</td><td>Denmark</td><td>55.42</td><td>12.05</td><td>46</td><td>8.30</td><td>596</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>NA</td><td>Inger Kappel Schmidt</td></tr><tr><td>69</td><td>Nørholm</td><td>Denmark</td><td>56.13</td><td>9.02</td><td>52</td><td>7.50</td><td>803</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>NA</td><td>Inger Kappel Schmidt</td></tr><tr><td>70</td><td>Kragelund</td><td>Denmark</td><td>56.17</td><td>9.42</td><td>85</td><td>7.30</td><td>748</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>NA</td><td>Inger Kappel Schmidt</td></tr><tr><td>336</td><td>EC_ANT</td><td>Ecuador</td><td>-0.48</td><td>-78.14</td><td>5509</td><td>8.00</td><td>1336</td><td>Equatorial humid climate; Montane Grasslands and Shrublands</td><td>Grassland</td><td>Priscilla Muriel</td></tr><tr><td>337</td><td>EC_PIC</td><td>Ecuador</td><td>-0.18</td><td>-78.60</td><td>4676</td><td>10.60</td><td>1320</td><td>Equatorial humid climate; Montane Grasslands and Shrublands</td><td>Native grassland</td><td>Francisco Cuesta</td></tr><tr><td>339.01</td><td>EC_PNP1</td><td>Ecuador</td><td>-4.11</td><td>-79.16</td><td>3311</td><td>14.50</td><td>1163</td><td>Equatorial humid climate</td><td>Native shrubland</td><td>Marina Mazón</td></tr></tbody></table>

(continued on next page)
<table><caption>Table 2s (continued)</caption><thead><tr><th>Site ID</th><th>Site</th><th>Country</th><th>Latitude</th><th>Longitude</th><th>Altitude (m asl)</th><th>MAT (°C)</th><th>MAP (mm)</th><th>Biome</th><th>Type of biotope</th><th>Contact</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>339.02</td><td>EC_PNP2</td><td>Ecuador</td><td>-4.11</td><td>-79.16</td><td>3352</td><td>14.50</td><td>1163</td><td>Equatorial humid climate</td><td>Native shrubland</td><td>Marina Mazón</td></tr><tr><td>339.03</td><td>EC_PNP3</td><td>Ecuador</td><td>-4.10</td><td>-79.16</td><td>3367</td><td>14.50</td><td>1163</td><td>Equatorial humid climate</td><td>Native shrubland</td><td>Marina Mazón</td></tr><tr><td>453.01</td><td>Galapagos WP169, Garrapatero - cinder cone</td><td>Ecuador</td><td>-0.70</td><td>-90.23</td><td>57</td><td>23.89</td><td>260</td><td>Subtropical arid climate</td><td>Semi-dry, deciduous vegetation</td><td>Heinke Jäger & Franz Zehetner</td></tr><tr><td>453.02</td><td>Galapagos WP171, Garrapatero - lava flow</td><td>Ecuador</td><td>-0.68</td><td>-90.22</td><td>47</td><td>23.91</td><td>276</td><td>Subtropical arid climate</td><td>Semi-dry, deciduous vegetation</td><td>Heinke Jäger & Franz Zehetner</td></tr><tr><td>453.03</td><td>Galapagos WP172, Garrapatero - cinder cone</td><td>Ecuador</td><td>-0.67</td><td>-90.25</td><td>210</td><td>22.99</td><td>302</td><td>Subtropical arid climate</td><td>Sub-tropical deciduous and evergreen shrubs and small trees</td><td>Heinke Jäger & Franz Zehetner</td></tr><tr><td>453.04</td><td>Galapagos WP180, Garrapatero - lava flow</td><td>Ecuador</td><td>-0.67</td><td>-90.25</td><td>231</td><td>22.62</td><td>315</td><td>Subtropical arid climate</td><td>Sub-tropical deciduous and evergreen shrubs and small trees</td><td>Heinke Jäger & Franz Zehetner</td></tr><tr><td>453.05</td><td>Galapagos WP174, Cerro Mesa - cinder cone</td><td>Ecuador</td><td>-0.64</td><td>-90.29</td><td>497</td><td>21.56</td><td>338</td><td>Subtropical arid climate</td><td>Mosaic of sub-tropical herb, evergreen shrub and tree vegetation, semi natural</td><td>Heinke Jäger & Franz Zehetner</td></tr><tr><td>453.06</td><td>Galapagos WP175, Cerro Mesa - lava flow</td><td>Ecuador</td><td>-0.64</td><td>-90.29</td><td>424</td><td>21.56</td><td>338</td><td>Subtropical arid climate</td><td>Mosaic of sub-tropical herb, evergreen shrub and tree vegetation, semi natural</td><td>Heinke Jäger & Franz Zehetner</td></tr><tr><td>453.07</td><td>Galapagos WP184, Cerro Crocker - cinder cone</td><td>Ecuador</td><td>-0.64</td><td>-90.33</td><td>866</td><td>19.87</td><td>398</td><td>Subtropical arid climate</td><td>Sub-tropical shrub and fern vegetation</td><td>Heinke Jäger & Franz Zehetner</td></tr><tr><td>453.08</td><td>Galapagos WP185, Cerro Crocker - lava flow</td><td>Ecuador</td><td>-0.65</td><td>-90.33</td><td>800</td><td>19.87</td><td>398</td><td>Subtropical arid climate</td><td>Sub-tropical shrub and fern vegetation</td><td>Heinke Jäger & Franz Zehetner</td></tr><tr><td>71</td><td>Saarejärve-1</td><td>Estonia</td><td>58.66</td><td>26.76</td><td>56</td><td>4.90</td><td>606</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Pine forest</td><td>Ivika Ostonen</td></tr><tr><td>72</td><td>Saarejärve-2</td><td>Estonia</td><td>58.65</td><td>26.76</td><td>45</td><td>4.90</td><td>606</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Spruce forest</td><td>Ivika Ostonen</td></tr><tr><td>73</td><td>Vilsandi</td><td>Estonia</td><td>58.39</td><td>21.84</td><td>2</td><td>6.00</td><td>586</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Pine forest</td><td>Ivika Ostonen</td></tr><tr><td>74</td><td>Töravere</td><td>Estonia</td><td>58.28</td><td>26.46</td><td>67</td><td>5.00</td><td>598</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Spruce forest</td><td>Ivika Ostonen</td></tr><tr><td>75</td><td>Sagadi</td><td>Estonia</td><td>59.56</td><td>26.05</td><td>45</td><td>4.80</td><td>624</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Pine forest</td><td>Ivika Ostonen</td></tr><tr><td>76</td><td>Vihula</td><td>Estonia</td><td>59.58</td><td>26.13</td><td>14</td><td>4.80</td><td>624</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Pine forest</td><td>Ivika Ostonen</td></tr><tr><td>77</td><td>Vändra</td><td>Estonia</td><td>58.71</td><td>25.06</td><td>43</td><td>5.20</td><td>672</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Spruce forest</td><td>Ivika Ostonen</td></tr><tr><td>78</td><td>Kuusnömme</td><td>Estonia</td><td>58.31</td><td>21.97</td><td>5</td><td>6.00</td><td>592</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Mixed pine and spruce forest</td><td>Ivika Ostonen</td></tr><tr><td>79</td><td>Järvselja-1</td><td>Estonia</td><td>58.31</td><td>27.33</td><td>33</td><td>5.00</td><td>604</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Drained pine forest, monoculture</td><td>Ivika Ostonen</td></tr><tr><td>80</td><td>Järvselja-2</td><td>Estonia</td><td>58.30</td><td>27.29</td><td>31</td><td>5.00</td><td>604</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Drained spruce forest, monoculture</td><td>Ivika Ostonen</td></tr><tr><td>81</td><td>Järvselja-3</td><td>Estonia</td><td>58.29</td><td>27.32</td><td>33</td><td>5.00</td><td>604</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Drained birch forest</td><td>Ivika Ostonen</td></tr><tr><td>82</td><td>Lammi Biological Station</td><td>Finland</td><td>61.05</td><td>25.04</td><td>112</td><td>3.70</td><td>645</td><td>Boreal climate</td><td>Native broad-leaf and spruce forests</td><td>John Loehr</td></tr><tr><td>446</td><td>Värrriö</td><td>Finland</td><td>67.75</td><td>29.61</td><td>392</td><td>-1.30</td><td>537</td><td>Boreal climate</td><td>NA</td><td>Frank Berninger</td></tr><tr><td>83</td><td>83c - Landemarais</td><td>France</td><td>49.00</td><td>-1.18</td><td>145</td><td>10.60</td><td>636</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Restored peatland</td><td>André-Jean Francez</td></tr><tr><td>84</td><td>Arboretum Champenoux, 54</td><td>France</td><td>48.75</td><td>6.34</td><td>256</td><td>9.40</td><td>765</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Exotic and local trees</td><td>Marie-Noëlle Pons</td></tr><tr><td>85</td><td>La Bouzule, 54</td><td>France</td><td>48.74</td><td>6.32</td><td>225</td><td>9.40</td><td>765</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Grassland</td><td>Marie-Noëlle Pons</td></tr><tr><td>86</td><td>Garden 1, Fléville-devant-Nancy</td><td>France</td><td>48.63</td><td>6.21</td><td>236</td><td>9.40</td><td>775</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Vegetable garden</td><td>Marie-Noëlle Pons</td></tr><tr><td>87</td><td>GISFI station, Homécourt, 54</td><td>France</td><td>49.22</td><td>6.00</td><td>231</td><td>9.50</td><td>795</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Afforested grassland</td><td>Florence Maunoury-Danger</td></tr><tr><td>88</td><td>Temperate Forest 1, Hémilly, 57</td><td>France</td><td>49.03</td><td>6.50</td><td>280</td><td>9.20</td><td>789</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Mixed forest</td><td>Florence Maunoury-Danger</td></tr><tr><td>89</td><td>Riparian forest, Liverdun, 54</td><td>France</td><td>48.76</td><td>6.06</td><td>200</td><td>9.30</td><td>743</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Alluvial forest</td><td>Michael Danger</td></tr><tr><td>90</td><td>Settling pond 1, Pompey, 54</td><td>France</td><td>48.77</td><td>6.14</td><td>207</td><td>9.30</td><td>743</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Afforested settling pond</td><td>Florence Maunoury-Danger</td></tr><tr><td>91</td><td>Settling pond 2, Russange, 54</td><td>France</td><td>49.48</td><td>5.93</td><td>378</td><td>8.90</td><td>818</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Afforested settling pond</td><td>Florence Maunoury-Danger</td></tr><tr><td>92</td><td>Gravel pit 1, Corny, 57</td><td>France</td><td>49.01</td><td>6.05</td><td>167</td><td>9.60</td><td>736</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Alluvial forest</td><td>Michael Danger</td></tr><tr><td>93</td><td>Gravel pit 2, Dieulouard, 54</td><td>France</td><td>48.83</td><td>6.08</td><td>177</td><td>9.30</td><td>743</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Alluvial forest</td><td>Michael Danger</td></tr><tr><td>94</td><td>Chitelet Botanical Garden, 88</td><td>France</td><td>48.04</td><td>7.00</td><td>1225</td><td>9.30</td><td>1344</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Wetland</td><td>Sylvie Dousset</td></tr><tr><td>95</td><td>JM Pelt Botanical Garden, 54</td><td>France</td><td>48.87</td><td>6.18</td><td>245</td><td>11.10</td><td>618</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Botanical garden</td><td>Sylvie Dousset</td></tr><tr><td>96</td><td>Forest soil SBL, Haye Forest, 54</td><td>France</td><td>48.64</td><td>6.12</td><td>382</td><td>11.10</td><td>618</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Mixed forest</td><td>Sylvie Dousset</td></tr><tr><td>97</td><td>Forest soil Rendzine, Haye Forest, 54</td><td>France</td><td>48.64</td><td>6.10</td><td>402</td><td>11.10</td><td>618</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Mixed forest</td><td>Sylvie Dousset</td></tr><tr><td>98</td><td>Haut Jacques - Podzol, 88</td><td>France</td><td>48.28</td><td>6.86</td><td>600</td><td>9.30</td><td>1344</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Mixed forest</td><td>Sylvie Dousset</td></tr><tr><td>99</td><td>Haut Jacques - SBA, 88</td><td>France</td><td>48.28</td><td>6.86</td><td>600</td><td>9.30</td><td>1344</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Mixed forest</td><td>Sylvie Dousset</td></tr><tr><td>100</td><td>Rudlin - SOP, 88</td><td>France</td><td>48.12</td><td>7.04</td><td>600</td><td>9.30</td><td>1344</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Alpine grassland</td><td>Sylvie Dousset</td></tr><tr><td>101</td><td>Rudlin - SBA, 88</td><td>France</td><td>48.12</td><td>7.04</td><td>600</td><td>9.30</td><td>1344</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Alpine grassland</td><td>Sylvie Dousset</td></tr><tr><td>108</td><td>LTSERZAA_ORCHAMP_ CHAMROUSSE_1_CHAM1250</td><td>France</td><td>45.07</td><td>5.86</td><td>1249</td><td>7.50</td><td>1220</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Deciduous Broad-leaved Forest</td><td>Thomas Spiegelberger</td></tr><tr><td>109</td><td>LTSERZAA_ORCHAMP_ CHAMROUSSE_2_CHAM1470</td><td>France</td><td>45.09</td><td>5.86</td><td>1471</td><td>7.50</td><td>1220</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Mixed Forest</td><td>Thomas Spiegelberger</td></tr><tr><td>110</td><td>LTSERZAA_ORCHAMP_ CHAMROUSSE_3_CHAM1710</td><td>France</td><td>45.11</td><td>5.89</td><td>1713</td><td>6.20</td><td>1158</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Evergreen Coniferous Forest</td><td>Thomas Spiegelberger</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>111</td>
      <td>LTSERZAA_ORCHAMP_ CHAMROUSSE_4_CHAM1890</td>
      <td>France</td>
      <td>45.11</td>
      <td>5.90</td>
      <td>1887</td>
      <td>4.70</td>
      <td>1032</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Forest-grassland ecotone</td>
      <td>Thomas Spiegelberger</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>112</td>
      <td>LTSERZAA_ORCHAMP_ CHAMROUSSE_5_CHAM2020</td>
      <td>France</td>
      <td>45.12</td>
      <td>5.91</td>
      <td>2021</td>
      <td>4.70</td>
      <td>1032</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Mountain Grassland</td>
      <td>Thomas Spiegelberger</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>113</td>
      <td>LTSERZAA_ORCHAMP_ CHAMROUSSE_6_CHAM2180</td>
      <td>France</td>
      <td>45.12</td>
      <td>5.91</td>
      <td>2179</td>
      <td>3.10</td>
      <td>877</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Alpine meadow</td>
      <td>Thomas Spiegelberger</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>118</td>
      <td>LTSERZAA_ORCHAMP_ RISTOLAS_1_RIS1870</td>
      <td>France</td>
      <td>44.75</td>
      <td>7.00</td>
      <td>1876</td>
      <td>5.10</td>
      <td>532</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Deciduous Coniferous Forest</td>
      <td>Amélie Saillard</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>121</td>
      <td>LTSERZAA_ORCHAMP_ RISTOLAS_4_RIS2540</td>
      <td>France</td>
      <td>44.71</td>
      <td>7.05</td>
      <td>2555</td>
      <td>1.75</td>
      <td>403</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Alpine meadow</td>
      <td>Amélie Saillard</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>125</td>
      <td>FR AME CFE - Cime de Fer</td>
      <td>France</td>
      <td>44.33</td>
      <td>6.94</td>
      <td>2700</td>
      <td>0.70</td>
      <td>508</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Alpine meadow</td>
      <td>Philippe Choler</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>129</td>
      <td>FR AME LAU - Butte des Laussets</td>
      <td>France</td>
      <td>44.33</td>
      <td>6.91</td>
      <td>2508</td>
      <td>2.50</td>
      <td>674</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Subalpine grassland</td>
      <td>Philippe Choler</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>132.01</td>
      <td>Lyon (grasslands)</td>
      <td>France</td>
      <td>45.78</td>
      <td>4.87</td>
      <td>170</td>
      <td>11.50</td>
      <td>783</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Urban grassland</td>
      <td>Pierre Marmonier</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>132.02</td>
      <td>Lyon (undercover)</td>
      <td>France</td>
      <td>45.78</td>
      <td>4.87</td>
      <td>170</td>
      <td>11.50</td>
      <td>783</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Urban forest</td>
      <td>Pierre Marmonier</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>133</td>
      <td>Kerguelen Islands</td>
      <td>France</td>
      <td>-49.35</td>
      <td>70.21</td>
      <td>15</td>
      <td>4.87</td>
      <td>753</td>
      <td>(Sub-)Arctic climate (Subantartic climate)</td>
      <td>Grassland</td>
      <td>Marc Lebouvier</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>134</td>
      <td>Forêt de Chaux</td>
      <td>France</td>
      <td>47.10</td>
      <td>5.73</td>
      <td>260</td>
      <td>10.50</td>
      <td>943</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Forest</td>
      <td>Eric Lucot</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>135</td>
      <td>Zone Atelier Plaine et Val de Sèvre</td>
      <td>France</td>
      <td>46.14</td>
      <td>-0.49</td>
      <td>66</td>
      <td>12.40</td>
      <td>901</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Agriculture</td>
      <td>Vincent Bretagnolle</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>136</td>
      <td>Tourbière de la Guette</td>
      <td>France</td>
      <td>47.32</td>
      <td>2.28</td>
      <td>165</td>
      <td>11.00</td>
      <td>705</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Peatland</td>
      <td>Sébastien Gogo</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>137</td>
      <td>Vosges (88)</td>
      <td>France</td>
      <td>48.17</td>
      <td>5.94</td>
      <td>420</td>
      <td>9.20</td>
      <td>852</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Agriculture</td>
      <td>Marie-Noëlle Pons</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>138</td>
      <td>Experimental station Gardouch</td>
      <td>France</td>
      <td>43.37</td>
      <td>1.67</td>
      <td>180</td>
      <td>12.80</td>
      <td>751</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Forest</td>
      <td>Joël Merlet</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>139</td>
      <td>Toulouse (VCG)</td>
      <td>France</td>
      <td>43.60</td>
      <td>1.44</td>
      <td>333</td>
      <td>12.70</td>
      <td>698</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Semi-natural grassland</td>
      <td>Annie Ouin</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>361</td>
      <td>ORPHEE</td>
      <td>France</td>
      <td>44.74</td>
      <td>-0.80</td>
      <td>60</td>
      <td>12.75</td>
      <td>876</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Pine plantation</td>
      <td>Hervé Jactel</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>367</td>
      <td>LTSERZAA_ORCHAMP_ LORIAZ_1_LORI1370</td>
      <td>France</td>
      <td>46.03</td>
      <td>6.92</td>
      <td>1359</td>
      <td>7.10</td>
      <td>1207</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Mixed forest</td>
      <td>Amélie Saillard</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>368</td>
      <td>LTSERZAA_ORCHAMP_ LORIAZ_2_LORI1620</td>
      <td>France</td>
      <td>46.03</td>
      <td>6.92</td>
      <td>1606</td>
      <td>6.00</td>
      <td>1170</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Coniferous forest</td>
      <td>Amélie Saillard</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>369</td>
      <td>LTSERZAA_ORCHAMP_ LORIAZ_3_LORI1800</td>
      <td>France</td>
      <td>46.04</td>
      <td>6.92</td>
      <td>1785</td>
      <td>6.00</td>
      <td>1170</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Coniferous forest</td>
      <td>Amélie Saillard</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>370</td>
      <td>LTSERZAA_ORCHAMP_ LORIAZ_4_LORI1930</td>
      <td>France</td>
      <td>46.04</td>
      <td>6.91</td>
      <td>1923</td>
      <td>4.30</td>
      <td>1104</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Forest-grassland ecotone</td>
      <td>Amélie Saillard</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>371</td>
      <td>LTSERZAA_ORCHAMP_ LORIAZ_5_LORI2130</td>
      <td>France</td>
      <td>46.04</td>
      <td>6.92</td>
      <td>2125</td>
      <td>2.70</td>
      <td>975</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Subalpine grassland</td>
      <td>Amélie Saillard</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>372</td>
      <td>LTSERZAA_ORCHAMP_ LORIAZ_6_LORI2330</td>
      <td>France</td>
      <td>46.05</td>
      <td>6.91</td>
      <td>2324</td>
      <td>2.70</td>
      <td>975</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Alpine meadow</td>
      <td>Amélie Saillard</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>373</td>
      <td>FR AME CBA - Cime des Barbarottes</td>
      <td>France</td>
      <td>44.30</td>
      <td>6.94</td>
      <td>2792</td>
      <td>0.70</td>
      <td>508</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Alpine scree</td>
      <td>Philippe Choler</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>403</td>
      <td>ZA Armorique-Pleine Fougères</td>
      <td>France</td>
      <td>48.49</td>
      <td>-1.57</td>
      <td>93</td>
      <td>10.60</td>
      <td>636</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Forest and wetland</td>
      <td>Romain Georges</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>404</td>
      <td>ZA Armorique - Sougeal</td>
      <td>France</td>
      <td>48.51</td>
      <td>-1.51</td>
      <td>70</td>
      <td>10.60</td>
      <td>636</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Wet grassland</td>
      <td>Romain Georges</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>405</td>
      <td>ZA Armorique - Rimou</td>
      <td>France</td>
      <td>48.40</td>
      <td>-1.51</td>
      <td>26</td>
      <td>10.60</td>
      <td>636</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Grassland</td>
      <td>Romain Georges</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>420.01</td>
      <td>Toulouse-PYGAR-Auradé</td>
      <td>France</td>
      <td>43.56</td>
      <td>1.06</td>
      <td>157</td>
      <td>12.40</td>
      <td>730</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Agriculture (grass band along stream)</td>
      <td>Jean-Luc Probst</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>420.02</td>
      <td>Toulouse-PYGAR-Auradé</td>
      <td>France</td>
      <td>43.56</td>
      <td>1.07</td>
      <td>178</td>
      <td>12.40</td>
      <td>730</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Agriculture (fallow)</td>
      <td>Jean-Luc Probst</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>420.03</td>
      <td>Toulouse-PYGAR-Auradé</td>
      <td>France</td>
      <td>43.56</td>
      <td>1.07</td>
      <td>198</td>
      <td>12.40</td>
      <td>730</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Agriculture (grass fallow)</td>
      <td>Jean-Luc Probst</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>421</td>
      <td>Toulouse-PYGAR-Baget</td>
      <td>France</td>
      <td>42.96</td>
      <td>1.03</td>
      <td>522</td>
      <td>9.30</td>
      <td>964</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Grassland</td>
      <td>Anne Probst</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>422.01</td>
      <td>Toulouse-PYGAR-Bernadouze</td>
      <td>France</td>
      <td>42.80</td>
      <td>1.42</td>
      <td>1355</td>
      <td>5.30</td>
      <td>1191</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Peatland</td>
      <td>Thierry Camboulive</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>422.02</td>
      <td>Toulouse-PYGAR-Bernadouze</td>
      <td>France</td>
      <td>42.80</td>
      <td>1.42</td>
      <td>1433</td>
      <td>7.20</td>
      <td>952</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Forest</td>
      <td>Thierry Camboulive</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>423</td>
      <td>Toulouse-PYGAR-Météo</td>
      <td>France</td>
      <td>43.57</td>
      <td>1.37</td>
      <td>157</td>
      <td>12.70</td>
      <td>698</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Grassland</td>
      <td>Christine Delire</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>58</td>
      <td>Bad Lauchstädt</td>
      <td>Germany</td>
      <td>51.39</td>
      <td>11.88</td>
      <td>119</td>
      <td>9.00</td>
      <td>492</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Grassland</td>
      <td>Jutta Stadler</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>59</td>
      <td>Bayreuth</td>
      <td>Germany</td>
      <td>49.97</td>
      <td>11.51</td>
      <td>336</td>
      <td>7.00</td>
      <td>720</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Deciduous Forest</td>
      <td>Jutta Stadler</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>60.01</td>
      <td>Rhine-Main-Observatory</td>
      <td>Germany</td>
      <td>50.15</td>
      <td>9.00</td>
      <td>115</td>
      <td>9.50</td>
      <td>665</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Grassland, intensively use</td>
      <td>Marlen Mährlein</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>60.02</td>
      <td>Rhine-Main-Observatory</td>
      <td>Germany</td>
      <td>50.17</td>
      <td>9.06</td>
      <td>115</td>
      <td>9.50</td>
      <td>662</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Grassland, intensively use</td>
      <td>Marlen Mährlein</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>60.03</td>
      <td>Rhine-Main-Observatory</td>
      <td>Germany</td>
      <td>50.13</td>
      <td>8.96</td>
      <td>130</td>
      <td>9.90</td>
      <td>644</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Deciduous Forest</td>
      <td>Marlen Mährlein</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>60.04</td>
      <td>Rhine-Main-Observatory</td>
      <td>Germany</td>
      <td>50.18</td>
      <td>9.08</td>
      <td>135</td>
      <td>9.50</td>
      <td>662</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Deciduous Forest</td>
      <td>Marlen Mährlein</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>61</td>
      <td>Landau</td>
      <td>Germany</td>
      <td>49.25</td>
      <td>7.96</td>
      <td>200</td>
      <td>8.70</td>
      <td>644</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Plot forest: mixed beech forest; vineyard: vineyard; stream floodplain; alluvial stream floodplain</td>
      <td>Stefan Stoll</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>62</td>
      <td>Hiddensee</td>
      <td>Germany</td>
      <td>54.55</td>
      <td>13.10</td>
      <td>1</td>
      <td>8.20</td>
      <td>545</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Coastal heath</td>
      <td>Andrey Malyshev</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>140</td>
      <td>Lüss</td>
      <td>Germany</td>
      <td>52.84</td>
      <td>10.27</td>
      <td>109</td>
      <td>8.80</td>
      <td>835</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Deciduous Forest</td>
      <td>Meesenburg, Henning</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>141.01</td>
      <td>Lange Bramke, Kamm</td>
      <td>Germany</td>
      <td>51.86</td>
      <td>10.42</td>
      <td>659</td>
      <td>5.90</td>
      <td>1339</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Coniferous forest</td>
      <td>Meesenburg, Henning</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>141.02</td>
      <td>Lange Bramke, Nordhang</td>
      <td>Germany</td>
      <td>51.85</td>
      <td>10.41</td>
      <td>597</td>
      <td>5.90</td>
      <td>1339</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Coniferous forest</td>
      <td>Meesenburg, Henning</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

(continued on next page)
<table><caption>Table 2s (continued)</caption><thead><tr><th>Site ID</th><th>Site</th><th>Country</th><th>Latitude</th><th>Longitude</th><th>Altitude (m asl)</th><th>MAT (°C)</th><th>MAP (mm)</th><th>Biome</th><th>Type of biotope</th><th>Contact</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>141.03</td><td>Lange Bramke, Südhang</td><td>Germany</td><td>51.86</td><td>10.41</td><td>597</td><td>5.90</td><td>1339</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Coniferous forest</td><td>Meesenburg, Henning</td></tr><tr><td>142</td><td>Solling, Buche</td><td>Germany</td><td>51.76</td><td>9.58</td><td>504</td><td>6.90</td><td>1193</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Deciduous Forest</td><td>Meesenburg, Henning</td></tr><tr><td>143</td><td>Solling, Fichte</td><td>Germany</td><td>51.76</td><td>9.58</td><td>508</td><td>6.90</td><td>1193</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Coniferous forest</td><td>Meesenburg, Henning</td></tr><tr><td>144</td><td>Göttinger Wald</td><td>Germany</td><td>51.53</td><td>10.05</td><td>420</td><td>8.40</td><td>773</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Deciduous Forest</td><td>Meesenburg, Henning</td></tr><tr><td>145</td><td>Augustendorf</td><td>Germany</td><td>52.91</td><td>7.86</td><td>33</td><td>9.00</td><td>820</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Deciduous Forest</td><td>Meesenburg, Henning</td></tr><tr><td>146</td><td>Ehrhorn</td><td>Germany</td><td>53.18</td><td>9.90</td><td>115</td><td>9.00</td><td>785</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Deciduous Forest</td><td>Meesenburg, Henning</td></tr><tr><td>147</td><td>Schafstaedt</td><td>Germany</td><td>51.37</td><td>11.74</td><td>172</td><td>8.00</td><td>611</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Meadow</td><td>Mark Frenzel</td></tr><tr><td>148</td><td>Friedeburg</td><td>Germany</td><td>51.60</td><td>11.72</td><td>98</td><td>8.00</td><td>611</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Meadow</td><td>Mark Frenzel</td></tr><tr><td>149</td><td>Greifenhagen</td><td>Germany</td><td>51.63</td><td>11.46</td><td>265</td><td>7.80</td><td>614</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Meadow</td><td>Mark Frenzel</td></tr><tr><td>150</td><td>Siptenfelde</td><td>Germany</td><td>51.65</td><td>11.05</td><td>397</td><td>7.80</td><td>561</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Pasture</td><td>Mark Frenzel</td></tr><tr><td>151</td><td>Harsleben</td><td>Germany</td><td>51.84</td><td>11.06</td><td>152</td><td>7.80</td><td>561</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Meadow</td><td>Mark Frenzel</td></tr><tr><td>152</td><td>Wanzleben</td><td>Germany</td><td>52.08</td><td>11.44</td><td>98</td><td>8.80</td><td>513</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Mown meadow</td><td>Mark Frenzel</td></tr><tr><td>153</td><td>Mueggelsee</td><td>Germany</td><td>52.00</td><td>14.68</td><td>35</td><td>9.10</td><td>553</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>NA</td><td>Rita Adrian</td></tr><tr><td>154</td><td>Hohes Holz</td><td>Germany</td><td>52.09</td><td>11.22</td><td>193</td><td>8.80</td><td>529</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Mixed beech forest</td><td>Corinna Rebmann</td></tr><tr><td>155.01</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Hainich</td><td>Germany</td><td>50.97</td><td>10.40</td><td>330</td><td>7.30</td><td>702</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Mown pasture</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>155.02</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Hainich</td><td>Germany</td><td>51.08</td><td>10.42</td><td>330</td><td>7.30</td><td>702</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Mown pasture</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>155.03</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Hainich</td><td>Germany</td><td>51.10</td><td>10.42</td><td>330</td><td>7.70</td><td>666</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Mown pasture</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>155.04</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Hainich</td><td>Germany</td><td>51.27</td><td>10.42</td><td>330</td><td>7.70</td><td>666</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Mown pasture</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>155.05</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Hainich</td><td>Germany</td><td>51.27</td><td>10.32</td><td>330</td><td>7.70</td><td>695</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Mown pasture</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>155.06</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Hainich</td><td>Germany</td><td>51.05</td><td>10.38</td><td>330</td><td>7.30</td><td>778</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Mown pasture</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>155.07</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Hainich</td><td>Germany</td><td>51.00</td><td>10.40</td><td>330</td><td>7.70</td><td>666</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Mown pasture</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>155.08</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Hainich</td><td>Germany</td><td>51.20</td><td>10.42</td><td>330</td><td>7.30</td><td>702</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Pasture</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>155.09</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Hainich</td><td>Germany</td><td>51.02</td><td>10.37</td><td>330</td><td>7.70</td><td>695</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Pasture</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>155.1</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Hainich</td><td>Germany</td><td>51.27</td><td>10.43</td><td>330</td><td>7.70</td><td>666</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Mown pasture</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>155.11</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Hainich</td><td>Germany</td><td>51.27</td><td>10.45</td><td>330</td><td>7.70</td><td>695</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Mown pasture</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>155.12</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Hainich</td><td>Germany</td><td>51.30</td><td>10.37</td><td>330</td><td>7.70</td><td>695</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Mown pasture</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>155.13</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Hainich</td><td>Germany</td><td>50.97</td><td>10.75</td><td>330</td><td>7.70</td><td>695</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Pasture</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>155.14</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Hainich</td><td>Germany</td><td>51.28</td><td>10.37</td><td>330</td><td>7.80</td><td>580</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Pasture</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>155.15</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Hainich</td><td>Germany</td><td>51.22</td><td>10.58</td><td>330</td><td>7.70</td><td>695</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Meadow</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>155.16</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Hainich</td><td>Germany</td><td>51.27</td><td>10.50</td><td>330</td><td>7.90</td><td>638</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Meadow</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>155.17</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Hainich</td><td>Germany</td><td>51.27</td><td>10.50</td><td>330</td><td>7.90</td><td>638</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Meadow</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>155.18</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Hainich</td><td>Germany</td><td>51.07</td><td>10.43</td><td>330</td><td>7.90</td><td>638</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Mountain grassland</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>155.19</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Hainich</td><td>Germany</td><td>51.18</td><td>10.45</td><td>330</td><td>7.70</td><td>666</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Pasture</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>155.2</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Hainich</td><td>Germany</td><td>51.20</td><td>10.43</td><td>330</td><td>7.70</td><td>695</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Pasture</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>155.21</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Hainich</td><td>Germany</td><td>51.22</td><td>10.47</td><td>330</td><td>7.70</td><td>695</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Mown pasture</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>155.22</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Hainich</td><td>Germany</td><td>50.98</td><td>10.37</td><td>330</td><td>7.70</td><td>695</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Pasture</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>155.23</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Hainich</td><td>Germany</td><td>51.20</td><td>10.42</td><td>330</td><td>7.30</td><td>702</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Mown pasture</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>156.01</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Schorfheide-Chorin</td><td>Germany</td><td>53.08</td><td>13.97</td><td>50</td><td>8.60</td><td>560</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Mown pasture</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>156.02</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Schorfheide-Chorin</td><td>Germany</td><td>53.09</td><td>13.97</td><td>50</td><td>8.60</td><td>560</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Mown pasture</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>156.03</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Schorfheide-Chorin</td><td>Germany</td><td>53.10</td><td>13.98</td><td>50</td><td>8.60</td><td>560</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Mown pasture</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>156.04</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Schorfheide-Chorin</td><td>Germany</td><td>53.10</td><td>14.00</td><td>50</td><td>8.70</td><td>547</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Mown pasture</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>156.05</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Schorfheide-Chorin</td><td>Germany</td><td>53.10</td><td>14.00</td><td>50</td><td>8.70</td><td>547</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Mown pasture</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>156.06</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Schorfheide-Chorin</td><td>Germany</td><td>53.10</td><td>13.62</td><td>50</td><td>8.50</td><td>569</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Mown pasture</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>156.07</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Schorfheide-Chorin</td><td>Germany</td><td>53.09</td><td>13.97</td><td>50</td><td>8.60</td><td>560</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Pasture</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>156.08</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Schorfheide-Chorin</td><td>Germany</td><td>53.10</td><td>14.02</td><td>50</td><td>8.70</td><td>547</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Mown pasture</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>156.09</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Schorfheide-Chorin</td><td>Germany</td><td>53.08</td><td>13.60</td><td>50</td><td>8.50</td><td>569</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Pasture</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>156.1</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Schorfheide-Chorin</td><td>Germany</td><td>53.14</td><td>13.87</td><td>50</td><td>8.60</td><td>560</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Meadow</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>156.11</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Schorfheide-Chorin</td><td>Germany</td><td>53.10</td><td>13.97</td><td>50</td><td>8.60</td><td>560</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Meadow</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tr><td>156.12</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Schorfheide-Chorin</td><td>Germany</td><td>53.10</td><td>14.02</td><td>50</td><td>8.70</td><td>547</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Meadow</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>156.13</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Schorfheide-Chorin</td><td>Germany</td><td>53.10</td><td>13.62</td><td>50</td><td>8.50</td><td>569</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Meadow</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>156.14</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Schorfheide-Chorin</td><td>Germany</td><td>53.12</td><td>13.70</td><td>50</td><td>8.50</td><td>567</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Meadow</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>156.15</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Schorfheide-Chorin</td><td>Germany</td><td>53.13</td><td>13.83</td><td>50</td><td>8.60</td><td>560</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Meadow</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>156.16</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Schorfheide-Chorin</td><td>Germany</td><td>53.15</td><td>13.82</td><td>50</td><td>8.50</td><td>567</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Meadow</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>156.17</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Schorfheide-Chorin</td><td>Germany</td><td>52.98</td><td>13.83</td><td>50</td><td>8.70</td><td>554</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Pasture</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>156.18</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Schorfheide-Chorin</td><td>Germany</td><td>52.97</td><td>13.83</td><td>50</td><td>8.70</td><td>554</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Mown pasture</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>156.19</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Schorfheide-Chorin</td><td>Germany</td><td>53.13</td><td>13.87</td><td>50</td><td>8.60</td><td>560</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Pasture</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>156.2</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Schorfheide-Chorin</td><td>Germany</td><td>53.10</td><td>13.67</td><td>50</td><td>8.50</td><td>567</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Mown pasture</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>156.21</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Schorfheide-Chorin</td><td>Germany</td><td>52.97</td><td>13.82</td><td>50</td><td>8.60</td><td>562</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Mown pasture</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>156.22</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Schorfheide-Chorin</td><td>Germany</td><td>52.87</td><td>13.97</td><td>50</td><td>8.70</td><td>554</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Pasture</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>156.23</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Schorfheide-Chorin</td><td>Germany</td><td>52.87</td><td>13.97</td><td>50</td><td>8.70</td><td>554</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Pasture</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>156.24</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Schorfheide-Chorin</td><td>Germany</td><td>52.97</td><td>13.82</td><td>50</td><td>8.60</td><td>562</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Pasture</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>157.01</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Schwäbische Alb</td><td>Germany</td><td>48.38</td><td>9.33</td><td>730</td><td>7.50</td><td>911</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Meadow</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>157.02</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Schwäbische Alb</td><td>Germany</td><td>48.37</td><td>9.47</td><td>730</td><td>7.50</td><td>911</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Meadow</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>157.03</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Schwäbische Alb</td><td>Germany</td><td>48.40</td><td>9.52</td><td>730</td><td>7.10</td><td>923</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Meadow</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>157.04</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Schwäbische Alb</td><td>Germany</td><td>48.37</td><td>9.42</td><td>730</td><td>7.50</td><td>911</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Mown pasture</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>157.05</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Schwäbische Alb</td><td>Germany</td><td>48.38</td><td>9.44</td><td>730</td><td>7.50</td><td>911</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Mown pasture</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>157.06</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Schwäbische Alb</td><td>Germany</td><td>48.40</td><td>9.43</td><td>730</td><td>7.50</td><td>911</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Mown pasture</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>157.07</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Schwäbische Alb</td><td>Germany</td><td>48.38</td><td>9.37</td><td>730</td><td>7.50</td><td>911</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Pasture</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>157.08</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Schwäbische Alb</td><td>Germany</td><td>48.42</td><td>9.48</td><td>730</td><td>7.50</td><td>911</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Pasture</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>157.09</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Schwäbische Alb</td><td>Germany</td><td>48.38</td><td>9.50</td><td>730</td><td>7.10</td><td>923</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Pasture</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>157.1</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Schwäbische Alb</td><td>Germany</td><td>48.37</td><td>9.20</td><td>730</td><td>7.80</td><td>905</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Meadow</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>157.11</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Schwäbische Alb</td><td>Germany</td><td>48.48</td><td>9.43</td><td>730</td><td>7.50</td><td>911</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Meadow</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>157.12</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Schwäbische Alb</td><td>Germany</td><td>48.48</td><td>9.43</td><td>730</td><td>7.50</td><td>911</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Meadow</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>157.13</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Schwäbische Alb</td><td>Germany</td><td>44.37</td><td>9.52</td><td>730</td><td>9.70</td><td>942</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Mown pasture</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>157.14</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Schwäbische Alb</td><td>Germany</td><td>48.40</td><td>9.50</td><td>730</td><td>7.10</td><td>923</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Mown pasture</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>157.15</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Schwäbische Alb</td><td>Germany</td><td>48.38</td><td>9.40</td><td>730</td><td>7.50</td><td>911</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Pasture</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>157.16</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Schwäbische Alb</td><td>Germany</td><td>48.45</td><td>9.45</td><td>730</td><td>7.50</td><td>911</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Mown pasture</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>157.17</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Schwäbische Alb</td><td>Germany</td><td>48.45</td><td>9.45</td><td>730</td><td>7.50</td><td>911</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Mown pasture</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>157.18</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories, Schwäbische Alb</td><td>Germany</td><td>48.45</td><td>9.48</td><td>730</td><td>7.50</td><td>911</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Pasture</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr></table>

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<table><caption>Table 2s (continued)</caption><thead><tr><th>Site ID</th><th>Site</th><th>Country</th><th>Latitude</th><th>Longitude</th><th>Altitude (m asl)</th><th>MAT (°C)</th><th>MAP (mm)</th><th>Biome</th><th>Type of biotope</th><th>Contact</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>157.19</td><td>Schwäbische Alb<br>Biodiversity-Exploratories,<br>Schwäbische Alb</td><td>Germany</td><td>48.43</td><td>9.42</td><td>730</td><td>7.50</td><td>911</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Meadow</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>157.2</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories,<br>Schwäbische Alb</td><td>Germany</td><td>48.38</td><td>9.42</td><td>730</td><td>7.50</td><td>911</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Meadow</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>157.21</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories,<br>Schwäbische Alb</td><td>Germany</td><td>48.40</td><td>9.45</td><td>730</td><td>7.50</td><td>911</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Meadow</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>157.22</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories,<br>Schwäbische Alb</td><td>Germany</td><td>48.38</td><td>9.43</td><td>730</td><td>7.50</td><td>911</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Pasture</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>157.23</td><td>Biodiversity-Exploratories,<br>Schwäbische Alb</td><td>Germany</td><td>48.45</td><td>9.50</td><td>730</td><td>7.10</td><td>923</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Pasture</td><td>Ute Hamer</td></tr><tr><td>303</td><td>Hiddensee</td><td>Germany</td><td>54.55</td><td>13.10</td><td>1</td><td>-0.90</td><td>536</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Heathland</td><td>Andrey Malyshev</td></tr><tr><td>305</td><td>Hanshagen</td><td>Germany</td><td>54.05</td><td>13.51</td><td>45</td><td>8.30</td><td>562</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Beech forest</td><td>Robert Weigel</td></tr><tr><td>321</td><td>Fendt</td><td>Germany</td><td>48.38</td><td>11.11</td><td>600</td><td>8.70</td><td>982</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Grassland</td><td>Ralf Kiese</td></tr><tr><td>322</td><td>Rottenbuch</td><td>Germany</td><td>48.18</td><td>11.64</td><td>750</td><td>8.40</td><td>1158</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Grassland</td><td>Ralf Kiese</td></tr><tr><td>323</td><td>Graswang</td><td>Germany</td><td>46.94</td><td>11.06</td><td>850</td><td>6.60</td><td>1359</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Grassland</td><td>Ralf Kiese</td></tr><tr><td>348</td><td>Rostock-ECOLINK-Salix</td><td>Germany</td><td>54.06</td><td>12.08</td><td>13</td><td>8.50</td><td>590</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Willow short rotation coppice</td><td>Christel Baum</td></tr><tr><td>349</td><td>Kaltenborn (BIOTREE)</td><td>Germany</td><td>50.78</td><td>10.22</td><td>330</td><td>7.80</td><td>650</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Tree plantations</td><td>Michael Scherer-Lorenzen</td></tr><tr><td>355</td><td>Kreinitz</td><td>Germany</td><td>51.39</td><td>13.26</td><td>115</td><td>8.40</td><td>575</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Tree plantations</td><td>Anja Schmidt</td></tr><tr><td>358</td><td>MyDiv</td><td>Germany</td><td>51.39</td><td>11.89</td><td>115</td><td>8.80</td><td>507</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Agriculture</td><td>Olga Ferlian and Nico Eisenhauer</td></tr><tr><td>412</td><td>Garmisch</td><td>Germany</td><td>47.47</td><td>11.06</td><td>720</td><td>8.00</td><td>964</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Grassland</td><td>Ralf Kiese</td></tr><tr><td>413</td><td>Esterberg</td><td>Germany</td><td>47.52</td><td>11.16</td><td>1265</td><td>6.20</td><td>1043</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Grassland</td><td>Ralf Kiese</td></tr><tr><td>456.01</td><td>Arctic station</td><td>Greenland</td><td>69.27</td><td>-53.46</td><td>89</td><td>-3.00</td><td>400</td><td>Arctic climate</td><td>Tundra</td><td>Regin Rønn</td></tr><tr><td>456.02</td><td>Arctic station</td><td>Greenland</td><td>69.27</td><td>-53.46</td><td>112</td><td>-3.00</td><td>400</td><td>Arctic climate</td><td>Tundra</td><td>Regin Rønn</td></tr><tr><td>158</td><td>Síkfókút Project</td><td>Hungary</td><td>47.92</td><td>20.43</td><td>345</td><td>9.40</td><td>565</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Deciduous Forest</td><td>Zsolt Kotroczó and István Fekete</td></tr><tr><td>159</td><td>Kiskunság LTER - Fülöpháza</td><td>Hungary</td><td>47.45</td><td>19.70</td><td>108</td><td>10.60</td><td>522</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Grassland</td><td>Erzsébet Hornung</td></tr><tr><td>442</td><td>Rannsóknastöðin Rif (Rif Field<br>Station)</td><td>Iceland</td><td>66.45</td><td>-15.95</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>650</td><td>Boreal climate</td><td>Peatlands, salt marshes, lichen rich<br>heathlands</td><td>Jónína Sigríður Þorláksdóttir</td></tr><tr><td>325.01</td><td>IN-LAC, E-Ladakh/Changthang</td><td>India</td><td>33.01</td><td>78.42</td><td>5900</td><td>-7.80</td><td>250</td><td>Arid-temperate climate</td><td>Cold Himalyan Deserts, Subnival zone</td><td>Jiri Dolezal</td></tr><tr><td>325.02</td><td>IN-LAC, E-Ladakh/Changthang</td><td>India</td><td>32.98</td><td>78.36</td><td>5050</td><td>-3.50</td><td>150</td><td>Arid-temperate climate</td><td>Cold Himalyan Deserts, Alpine steppes</td><td>Jiri Dolezal</td></tr><tr><td>325.03</td><td>IN-LAC, E-Ladakh/Changthang</td><td>India</td><td>32.98</td><td>78.34</td><td>4720</td><td>-3.00</td><td>100</td><td>Arid-temperate climate</td><td>Cold Himalyan Deserts</td><td>Jiri Dolezal</td></tr><tr><td>329.01</td><td>IN-KJU-MGT</td><td>India</td><td>30.43</td><td>79.58</td><td>4254</td><td>3.10</td><td>1224</td><td>Subtropical arid climate</td><td>Alpine grassland</td><td>Sabyasachi Dasgupta</td></tr><tr><td>329.02</td><td>IN-KJU-GGT</td><td>India</td><td>30.46</td><td>79.58</td><td>3691</td><td>5.90</td><td>1472</td><td>Subtropical arid climate</td><td>Subalpin, Rhododendron scrub and<br>grass land</td><td>Sabyasachi Dasgupta</td></tr><tr><td>329.03</td><td>IN-KJU_TBT</td><td>India</td><td>30.49</td><td>79.57</td><td>3286</td><td>5.60</td><td>1472</td><td>Subtropical arid climate</td><td>Tree line grassland</td><td>Sabyasachi Dasgupta</td></tr><tr><td>329.04</td><td>IN_KJU_MGT</td><td>India</td><td>30.42</td><td>79.59</td><td>4601</td><td>3.00</td><td>1224</td><td>Subtropical arid climate</td><td>Stony bryophyte and lichens</td><td>Sabyasachi Dasgupta</td></tr><tr><td>343.01</td><td>IN-KAS-GUL_1</td><td>India</td><td>34.02</td><td>74.21</td><td>3470</td><td>13.40</td><td>776</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Tree line of subalpine forest (dominated<br>by Betula utilis)</td><td>Anzar A Khuroo</td></tr><tr><td>343.02</td><td>IN-KAS-GUL_2</td><td>India</td><td>34.02</td><td>74.20</td><td>3550</td><td>13.40</td><td>776</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Alpine scrub grassland (dominated by<br>Rhododendron-Juniperus)</td><td>Anzar A Khuroo</td></tr><tr><td>343.03</td><td>IN-KAS-GUL_3</td><td>India</td><td>34.01</td><td>74.20</td><td>3640</td><td>13.40</td><td>776</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Alpine scrub grassland (dominated by<br>Rhododendron-Juniperus)</td><td>Anzar A Khuroo</td></tr><tr><td>343.04</td><td>IN-KAS-GUL_4</td><td>India</td><td>34.01</td><td>74.20</td><td>3690</td><td>13.40</td><td>776</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Alpine scrub grassland<br>(Rhododendron-Juniperus with Rock &<br>Scree)</td><td>Anzar A Khuroo</td></tr><tr><td>160</td><td>Shita</td><td>Israel</td><td>30.15</td><td>35.12</td><td>250</td><td>19.40</td><td>207</td><td>Subtropical arid climate</td><td>Desert</td><td>Elli Groner</td></tr><tr><td>161</td><td>Ramon</td><td>Israel</td><td>31.25</td><td>35.37</td><td>440</td><td>21.30</td><td>60</td><td>Subtropical arid climate</td><td>Desert</td><td>Elli Groner</td></tr><tr><td>408</td><td>Lehavim LTER</td><td>Israel</td><td>31.36</td><td>34.85</td><td>460</td><td>18.70</td><td>318</td><td>Mediterranean climate</td><td>Rangeland</td><td>Marcelo Sternberg</td></tr><tr><td>409</td><td>Sde Boqer</td><td>Israel</td><td>30.87</td><td>34.77</td><td>475</td><td>18.80</td><td>90</td><td>Subtropical arid climate</td><td>Rangeland</td><td>Marcelo Sternberg</td></tr><tr><td>162.01</td><td>Matsch-Mazia</td><td>Italy</td><td>46.68</td><td>10.58</td><td>1000</td><td>1.60</td><td>528</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Dry pasture</td><td>Julia Seeber</td></tr><tr><td>162.02</td><td>Matsch-Mazia</td><td>Italy</td><td>46.68</td><td>10.59</td><td>1500</td><td>1.60</td><td>528</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Dry pasture</td><td>Julia Seeber</td></tr><tr><td>162.03</td><td>Matsch-Mazia</td><td>Italy</td><td>46.69</td><td>10.59</td><td>2000</td><td>1.60</td><td>528</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Dry pasture</td><td>Julia Seeber</td></tr><tr><td>162.04</td><td>Matsch-Mazia</td><td>Italy</td><td>46.70</td><td>10.60</td><td>2500</td><td>1.60</td><td>528</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Dry pasture</td><td>Julia Seeber</td></tr><tr><td>319</td><td>Mediterranean Shrublands</td><td>Italy</td><td>40.76</td><td>16.91</td><td>348</td><td>13.60</td><td>650</td><td>Mediterranean climate</td><td>Oak forests and shrubland</td><td>Roberto Cazzolla Gatti</td></tr><tr><td>334.01</td><td>IT_ADO_GRM</td><td>Italy</td><td>46.33</td><td>11.56</td><td>2199</td><td>3.30</td><td>956</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Grassland</td><td>Brigitta Erschbamer</td></tr><tr><td>334.02</td><td>IT_ADO_PNL</td><td>Italy</td><td>46.38</td><td>11.59</td><td>2463</td><td>2.00</td><td>1118</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Grassland</td><td>Brigitta Erschbamer</td></tr><tr><td>334.03</td><td>IT_ADO_RNK</td><td>Italy</td><td>46.38</td><td>11.61</td><td>2757</td><td>0.80</td><td>1177</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Grassland & scree vegetation</td><td>Brigitta Erschbamer</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>334.04</td>
      <td>IT_ADO_MTS</td>
      <td>Italy</td>
      <td>46.52</td>
      <td>11.81</td>
      <td>2893</td>
      <td>-0.20</td>
      <td>1121</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>scree vegetation</td>
      <td>Brigitta Erschbamer</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>335.01</td>
      <td>IT MAV_CCR</td>
      <td>Italy</td>
      <td>45.69</td>
      <td>7.56</td>
      <td>2340</td>
      <td>3.80</td>
      <td>1250</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Grassland with occasional larch</td>
      <td>Umberto Morra di Cella</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>335.02</td>
      <td>IT MAV_LBA</td>
      <td>Italy</td>
      <td>45.64</td>
      <td>7.55</td>
      <td>2584</td>
      <td>1.50</td>
      <td>1250</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Alpine grassland</td>
      <td>Umberto Morra di Cella</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>335.03</td>
      <td>IT MAV_PPE</td>
      <td>Italy</td>
      <td>45.65</td>
      <td>7.54</td>
      <td>2790</td>
      <td>1.70</td>
      <td>1250</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Scree vegetation</td>
      <td>Umberto Morra di Cella</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>335.04</td>
      <td>IT MAV_CM</td>
      <td>Italy</td>
      <td>45.91</td>
      <td>7.69</td>
      <td>3014</td>
      <td>-1.70</td>
      <td>1200</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Scree vegetation</td>
      <td>Umberto Morra di Cella</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>338.01</td>
      <td>IT CAM_MAM</td>
      <td>Italy</td>
      <td>42.10</td>
      <td>14.12</td>
      <td>2722</td>
      <td>2.90</td>
      <td>898</td>
      <td>Mediterranean climate</td>
      <td>Alpine grassland</td>
      <td>Angela Stanisci</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>338.02</td>
      <td>IT CAM MAC</td>
      <td>Italy</td>
      <td>42.05</td>
      <td>14.10</td>
      <td>2625</td>
      <td>2.90</td>
      <td>898</td>
      <td>Mediterranean climate</td>
      <td>Alpine grassland</td>
      <td>Angela Stanisci</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>338.03</td>
      <td>IT CAM FEM</td>
      <td>Italy</td>
      <td>42.03</td>
      <td>14.10</td>
      <td>2411</td>
      <td>2.90</td>
      <td>898</td>
      <td>Mediterranean climate</td>
      <td>Alpine grassland</td>
      <td>Angela Stanisci</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>341.01</td>
      <td>IT -NAP-MOM</td>
      <td>Italy</td>
      <td>44.28</td>
      <td>10.25</td>
      <td>1842</td>
      <td>5.70</td>
      <td>1269</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Mosaic between primary subalpine shrublands and secondary grassland</td>
      <td>Tomaselli Marcello</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>341.02</td>
      <td>IT-NAP-CAS</td>
      <td>Italy</td>
      <td>44.33</td>
      <td>10.21</td>
      <td>1960</td>
      <td>4.80</td>
      <td>1055</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Subalpine secondary grassland</td>
      <td>Tomaselli Marcello</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>341.03</td>
      <td>IT -NAP-PCA</td>
      <td>Italy</td>
      <td>44.20</td>
      <td>10.70</td>
      <td>1803</td>
      <td>5.10</td>
      <td>992</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Subalpine secondary grassland</td>
      <td>Tomaselli Marcello</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>341.04</td>
      <td>IT -NAP-FOG</td>
      <td>Italy</td>
      <td>44.12</td>
      <td>10.62</td>
      <td>1696</td>
      <td>5.10</td>
      <td>1065</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Mosaic between primary subalpine shrublands and secondary grassland</td>
      <td>Tomaselli Marcello</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>356</td>
      <td>IDENT-Macomer</td>
      <td>Italy</td>
      <td>13.82</td>
      <td>8.70</td>
      <td>640</td>
      <td>13.80</td>
      <td>866</td>
      <td>Mediterranean climate</td>
      <td>Abandoned fields in nursery</td>
      <td>Simone Mereu</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>397</td>
      <td>Lamto</td>
      <td>Ivory Coast</td>
      <td>6.22</td>
      <td>5.03</td>
      <td>100</td>
      <td>26.80</td>
      <td>2146</td>
      <td>Equatorial humid climate; tropical rain forest</td>
      <td>Wet tropical savannah (transition tropical rain forest-Guinean savannah)</td>
      <td>Jean-Christophe Lata</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>398</td>
      <td>Comoé</td>
      <td>Ivory Coast</td>
      <td>9.11</td>
      <td>-3.73</td>
      <td>300</td>
      <td>27.20</td>
      <td>1096</td>
      <td>Semi-arid tropical climate</td>
      <td>West Sudanian savannah</td>
      <td>Jean-Christophe Lata</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>399</td>
      <td>Banco</td>
      <td>Ivory Coast</td>
      <td>5.39</td>
      <td>-4.05</td>
      <td>75</td>
      <td>26.20</td>
      <td>1738</td>
      <td>Equatorial humid climate; tropical rain forest</td>
      <td>Tropical rain forest</td>
      <td>Jean-Christophe Lata</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>163</td>
      <td>Kanumazawa Riparian Research Forest</td>
      <td>Japan</td>
      <td>39.10</td>
      <td>141.85</td>
      <td>450</td>
      <td>9.20</td>
      <td>2056</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Forest, deciduous</td>
      <td>Kazuhiko Hoshizaki</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>164.01</td>
      <td>University of Tokyo Chichibu Forest</td>
      <td>Japan</td>
      <td>35.92</td>
      <td>138.83</td>
      <td>880</td>
      <td>9.00</td>
      <td>1554</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Natural forest</td>
      <td>Satoshi Suzuki</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>164.02</td>
      <td>University of Tokyo Chichibu Forest</td>
      <td>Japan</td>
      <td>35.92</td>
      <td>138.82</td>
      <td>1320</td>
      <td>6.60</td>
      <td>1554</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Natural forest</td>
      <td>Satoshi Suzuki</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>164.03</td>
      <td>University of Tokyo Chichibu Forest</td>
      <td>Japan</td>
      <td>35.92</td>
      <td>138.80</td>
      <td>1780</td>
      <td>3.60</td>
      <td>1554</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Natural forest</td>
      <td>Satoshi Suzuki</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>165</td>
      <td>Kasuya Research Forest</td>
      <td>Japan</td>
      <td>33.65</td>
      <td>130.55</td>
      <td>520</td>
      <td>14.60</td>
      <td>1917</td>
      <td>Warm-temperate, humid climate</td>
      <td>Natural forest</td>
      <td>Tsutomu Enoki</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>166</td>
      <td>Uryu</td>
      <td>Japan</td>
      <td>44.36</td>
      <td>142.26</td>
      <td>300</td>
      <td>4.40</td>
      <td>1400</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Cool temperate mixed forest (evergreen coniferous and deciduous broad-leaved species)</td>
      <td>Hideaki Shibata Karibu Fukuzawa</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>167</td>
      <td>Yamashiro Experimental Forest</td>
      <td>Japan</td>
      <td>34.78</td>
      <td>135.85</td>
      <td>255</td>
      <td>13.80</td>
      <td>1676</td>
      <td>Warm-temperate, humid climate</td>
      <td>Secondary forest, deciduous</td>
      <td>Mioko Ataka, Yuji Kominami</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>168</td>
      <td>Ashoro</td>
      <td>Japan</td>
      <td>43.26</td>
      <td>143.51</td>
      <td>330</td>
      <td>5.50</td>
      <td>1051</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Forest, deciduous</td>
      <td>Yasuhiro Utsumi</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>169</td>
      <td>Akazu Research Forest</td>
      <td>Japan</td>
      <td>36.22</td>
      <td>137.17</td>
      <td>304</td>
      <td>9.70</td>
      <td>1838</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Secondary forest, deciduous</td>
      <td>Takanori Sato</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>170.01</td>
      <td>Mt. Hakkoda Forest_400B</td>
      <td>Japan</td>
      <td>40.59</td>
      <td>140.96</td>
      <td>416</td>
      <td>9.00</td>
      <td>1501</td>
      <td>Warm-temperate, humid climate</td>
      <td>Natural forest</td>
      <td>Hiroko Kurokawa</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>170.02</td>
      <td>Mt. Hakkoda Forest_600B</td>
      <td>Japan</td>
      <td>40.60</td>
      <td>140.95</td>
      <td>649</td>
      <td>7.90</td>
      <td>1501</td>
      <td>Warm-temperate, humid climate</td>
      <td>Natural forest</td>
      <td>Hiroko Kurokawa</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>170.03</td>
      <td>Mt. Hakkoda Forest_800B</td>
      <td>Japan</td>
      <td>40.64</td>
      <td>140.93</td>
      <td>791</td>
      <td>7.00</td>
      <td>1501</td>
      <td>Warm-temperate, humid climate</td>
      <td>Natural forest</td>
      <td>Hiroko Kurokawa</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>170.04</td>
      <td>Mt. Hakkoda Forest_1000A</td>
      <td>Japan</td>
      <td>40.66</td>
      <td>140.85</td>
      <td>980</td>
      <td>6.50</td>
      <td>1501</td>
      <td>Warm-temperate, humid climate</td>
      <td>Natural forest</td>
      <td>Hiroko Kurokawa</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>170.05</td>
      <td>Mt. Hakkoda Forest_1200A</td>
      <td>Japan</td>
      <td>40.67</td>
      <td>140.87</td>
      <td>1214</td>
      <td>5.50</td>
      <td>1501</td>
      <td>Warm-temperate, humid climate</td>
      <td>Natural forest</td>
      <td>Hiroko Kurokawa</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>170.06</td>
      <td>Mt. Hakkoda Forest_1400A</td>
      <td>Japan</td>
      <td>40.67</td>
      <td>140.87</td>
      <td>1404</td>
      <td>4.90</td>
      <td>1412</td>
      <td>Warm-temperate, humid climate</td>
      <td>Natural forest</td>
      <td>Hiroko Kurokawa</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>171</td>
      <td>Ashiu Experimental Forest</td>
      <td>Japan</td>
      <td>36.01</td>
      <td>137.00</td>
      <td>260</td>
      <td>9.00</td>
      <td>2065</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Natural Forest</td>
      <td>Takeshi Ise</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>172</td>
      <td>Kamigamo Experimental Station</td>
      <td>Japan</td>
      <td>34.08</td>
      <td>135.77</td>
      <td>220</td>
      <td>12.30</td>
      <td>2498</td>
      <td>Warm-temperate, humid climate</td>
      <td>Natural Forest</td>
      <td>Naoko Tokuchi</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>173</td>
      <td>Shiiba Research Forest</td>
      <td>Japan</td>
      <td>32.40</td>
      <td>131.17</td>
      <td>1050</td>
      <td>12.50</td>
      <td>3072</td>
      <td>Warm-temperate, humid climate</td>
      <td>Natural mixed forest</td>
      <td>Takuo Hishi</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>174</td>
      <td>Sugadaira</td>
      <td>Japan</td>
      <td>36.52</td>
      <td>138.50</td>
      <td>1320</td>
      <td>10.60</td>
      <td>1239</td>
      <td>Warm-temperate, humid climate</td>
      <td>Grassland, Natural forest</td>
      <td>Tanaka Kenta</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>175</td>
      <td>Tomakomai Experimental Forest</td>
      <td>Japan</td>
      <td>42.70</td>
      <td>141.57</td>
      <td>80</td>
      <td>6.70</td>
      <td>1112</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Secondary forest, deciduous</td>
      <td>Tatsuro Nakaji</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>401</td>
      <td>Kapiti</td>
      <td>Kenya</td>
      <td>-1.60</td>
      <td>37.13</td>
      <td>1646</td>
      <td>17.80</td>
      <td>1004</td>
      <td>Semi-arid tropical climate</td>
      <td>Rangeland</td>
      <td>Tsutom Hiura Victoria Carbonell</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>402</td>
      <td>Nairobi</td>
      <td>Kenya</td>
      <td>-1.27</td>
      <td>16.72</td>
      <td>1857</td>
      <td>18.90</td>
      <td>592</td>
      <td>Subtropical highland climate</td>
      <td>Grassland</td>
      <td>Victoria Carbonell</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>176</td>
      <td>Engure LTSER</td>
      <td>Latvia</td>
      <td>57.29</td>
      <td>23.15</td>
      <td>10</td>
      <td>6.30</td>
      <td>634</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Pine Forest</td>
      <td>Inara Melece</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>179</td>
      <td>Engure LTSER</td>
      <td>Latvia</td>
      <td>57.30</td>
      <td>23.05</td>
      <td>7</td>
      <td>6.30</td>
      <td>634</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Deciduous Forest</td>
      <td>Inara Melece</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>180.01</td>
      <td>Aukstaitija IMS</td>
      <td>Lithuania</td>
      <td>55.46</td>
      <td>26.00</td>
      <td>188</td>
      <td>5.70</td>
      <td>658</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Forest, coniferous</td>
      <td>Algirdas Augustaitis</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>180.02</td>
      <td>Aukstaitija IMS</td>
      <td>Lithuania</td>
      <td>55.45</td>
      <td>26.07</td>
      <td>159</td>
      <td>5.70</td>
      <td>658</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Forest, coniferous</td>
      <td>Algirdas Augustaitis</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>181</td>
      <td>Zemaitija IMS</td>
      <td>Lithuania</td>
      <td>56.02</td>
      <td>21.89</td>
      <td>170</td>
      <td>6.10</td>
      <td>790</td>
      <td>Temperate climate</td>
      <td>Forest, coniferous</td>
      <td>Algirdas Augustaitis</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>182</td>
      <td>Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong</td>
      <td>Malaysia, Selangor</td>
      <td>3.24</td>
      <td>101.63</td>
      <td>82</td>
      <td>26.10</td>
      <td>358</td>
      <td>Equatorial humid climate; tropical rain forest</td>
      <td>Planted and naturally regenerating forest</td>
      <td>Jeyanny Vijayanathan</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>183</td>
      <td>SSDE-1</td>
      <td>Mali</td>
      <td>15.32</td>
      <td>-9.05</td>
      <td>270</td>
      <td>28.10</td>
      <td>1500</td>
      <td>Subtropical arid climate</td>
      <td>NA</td>
      <td>Niall Hanan</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>184</td>
      <td>SSDE-2</td>
      <td>Mali</td>
      <td>14.53</td>
      <td>-9.97</td>
      <td>262</td>
      <td>27.90</td>
      <td>712</td>
      <td>Semi-arid tropical climate</td>
      <td>NA</td>
      <td>Niall Hanan</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>185</td>
      <td>SSDE-3</td>
      <td>Mali</td>
      <td>12.88</td>
      <td>-8.48</td>
      <td>370</td>
      <td>27.00</td>
      <td>986</td>
      <td>Semi-arid tropical climate</td>
      <td>NA</td>
      <td>Niall Hanan</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>186</td>
      <td>SSDE-4</td>
      <td>Mali</td>
      <td>11.60</td>
      <td>-7.05</td>
      <td>368</td>
      <td>27.20</td>
      <td>1017</td>
      <td>Semi-arid tropical climate</td>
      <td>NA</td>
      <td>Niall Hanan</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>187</td>
      <td>SSDE-5</td>
      <td>Mali</td>
      <td>11.03</td>
      <td>-6.08</td>
      <td>347</td>
      <td>27.10</td>
      <td>1105</td>
      <td>Semi-arid tropical climate</td>
      <td>NA</td>
      <td>Niall Hanan</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>188</td>
      <td>Estero Pargo</td>
      <td>Mexico</td>
      <td>18.65</td>
      <td>-91.76</td>
      <td>1</td>
      <td>26.40</td>
      <td>1502</td>
      <td>Equatorial humid climate; tropical rain forest</td>
      <td>Natural mangrove forest</td>
      <td>José Gilberto Cardoso Mohedano</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

(continued on next page)
<table><caption>Table 2s (continued)</caption><thead><tr><th>Site ID</th><th>Site</th><th>Country</th><th>Latitude</th><th>Longitude</th><th>Altitude (m asl)</th><th>MAT (°C)</th><th>MAP (mm)</th><th>Biome</th><th>Type of biotope</th><th>Contact</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>189</td><td>ESTERO DE URIAS LAGOON</td><td>Mexico</td><td>23.17</td><td>-106.33</td><td>1</td><td>24.80</td><td>752</td><td>Mediterranean climate</td><td>Natural mangrove forest</td><td>Ana Carolina Ruiz Fernández</td></tr><tr><td>192</td><td>MARISMAS NACIONALES</td><td>Mexico</td><td>22.41</td><td>-105.64</td><td>1</td><td>25.10</td><td>1627</td><td>Mediterranean climate</td><td>Natural mangrove forest</td><td>Joan-Albert Sanchez Cabeza</td></tr><tr><td>193</td><td>SALAZAR FOREST</td><td>Mexico</td><td>19.29</td><td>-99.38</td><td>3124</td><td>12.40</td><td>1098</td><td>Subtropical arid climate</td><td>Sacred fir and pinus forest</td><td>Eduardo Ordoñez Regil</td></tr><tr><td>332.01</td><td>Vole (BLA_VOL)</td><td>Norway</td><td>61.90</td><td>9.14</td><td>1100</td><td>0.28</td><td>563</td><td>Boreal climate</td><td>Alpine Tundra (low alpine lichen heath)</td><td>Dirk Wundram</td></tr><tr><td>332.02</td><td>Derik (BLA DER)</td><td>Norway</td><td>61.91</td><td>9.18</td><td>1221</td><td>-0.17</td><td>629</td><td>Boreal climate</td><td>Alpine Tundra (low alpine lichen heath)</td><td>Dirk Wundram</td></tr><tr><td>332.03</td><td>Skurvehøe (BLA_GRA)</td><td>Norway</td><td>61.90</td><td>9.22</td><td>1365</td><td>-0.54</td><td>713</td><td>Boreal climate</td><td>Alpine Tundra (low alpine lichen heath)</td><td>Dirk Wundram</td></tr><tr><td>332.04</td><td>Rundhøe (BLA_RUN)</td><td>Norway</td><td>61.91</td><td>9.25</td><td>1565</td><td>-1.11</td><td>804</td><td>Boreal climate</td><td>Alpine Tundra (mid alpine lichen heath)</td><td>Dirk Wundram</td></tr><tr><td>452.01</td><td>Iskoras_Finnmark</td><td>Norway</td><td>69.42</td><td>25.61</td><td>350</td><td>-0.50</td><td>360</td><td>Boreal climate</td><td>tundra palsa mire (dry palsa w intact permafrost)</td><td>Casper T. Christiansen</td></tr><tr><td>452.02</td><td>Iskoras_Finnmark</td><td>Norway</td><td>69.42</td><td>25.61</td><td>350</td><td>-0.50</td><td>360</td><td>Boreal climate</td><td>tundra palsa mire (degrading palsa, degraded permafrost)</td><td>Casper T. Christiansen</td></tr><tr><td>452.03</td><td>Iskoras_Finnmark</td><td>Norway</td><td>69.42</td><td>25.61</td><td>350</td><td>-0.50</td><td>360</td><td>Boreal climate</td><td>tundra palsa mire (thaw pond, degraded permafrost)</td><td>Casper T. Christiansen</td></tr><tr><td>201</td><td>Wadi Nar station</td><td>Palestine</td><td>31.72</td><td>35.29</td><td>415</td><td>18.30</td><td>412</td><td>Subtropical arid climate</td><td>Olive orchard</td><td>Jawad Shoqeir</td></tr><tr><td>202.01</td><td>Companhia das Lezírias</td><td>Portugal</td><td>38.84</td><td>-8.77</td><td>60</td><td>17.43</td><td>774</td><td>Mediterranean climate</td><td>Evergreen cork oak forest</td><td>Cristina Branquinho</td></tr><tr><td>202.02</td><td>Companhia das Lezírias</td><td>Portugal</td><td>38.85</td><td>-8.78</td><td>43</td><td>17.43</td><td>774</td><td>Mediterranean climate</td><td>Evergreen cork oak forest</td><td>Cristina Branquinho</td></tr><tr><td>202.03</td><td>Companhia das Lezírias</td><td>Portugal</td><td>38.86</td><td>-8.78</td><td>47</td><td>17.43</td><td>774</td><td>Mediterranean climate</td><td>Evergreen cork oak forest</td><td>Cristina Branquinho</td></tr><tr><td>202.04</td><td>Companhia das Lezírias</td><td>Portugal</td><td>38.83</td><td>-8.81</td><td>43</td><td>17.43</td><td>774</td><td>Mediterranean climate</td><td>Evergreen cork oak forest</td><td>Cristina Branquinho</td></tr><tr><td>202.05</td><td>Companhia das Lezírias</td><td>Portugal</td><td>38.83</td><td>-8.81</td><td>42</td><td>17.43</td><td>774</td><td>Mediterranean climate</td><td>Evergreen cork oak forest</td><td>Cristina Branquinho</td></tr><tr><td>202.06</td><td>Companhia das Lezírias</td><td>Portugal</td><td>38.81</td><td>-8.80</td><td>50</td><td>17.43</td><td>774</td><td>Mediterranean climate</td><td>Evergreen cork oak forest</td><td>Cristina Branquinho</td></tr><tr><td>202.07</td><td>Companhia das Lezírias</td><td>Portugal</td><td>38.80</td><td>-8.82</td><td>45</td><td>17.43</td><td>774</td><td>Mediterranean climate</td><td>Evergreen cork oak forest</td><td>Cristina Branquinho</td></tr><tr><td>202.08</td><td>Companhia das Lezírias</td><td>Portugal</td><td>38.84</td><td>-8.82</td><td>28</td><td>17.43</td><td>774</td><td>Mediterranean climate</td><td>Evergreen cork oak forest</td><td>Cristina Branquinho</td></tr><tr><td>202.09</td><td>Companhia das Lezírias</td><td>Portugal</td><td>38.84</td><td>-8.83</td><td>27</td><td>17.43</td><td>774</td><td>Mediterranean climate</td><td>Evergreen cork oak forest</td><td>Cristina Branquinho</td></tr><tr><td>202.1</td><td>Companhia das Lezírias</td><td>Portugal</td><td>38.83</td><td>-8.84</td><td>30</td><td>17.43</td><td>774</td><td>Mediterranean climate</td><td>Evergreen cork oak forest</td><td>Cristina Branquinho</td></tr><tr><td>202.11</td><td>Companhia das Lezírias</td><td>Portugal</td><td>38.81</td><td>-8.85</td><td>31</td><td>17.43</td><td>774</td><td>Mediterranean climate</td><td>Evergreen cork oak forest</td><td>Cristina Branquinho</td></tr><tr><td>202.12</td><td>Companhia das Lezírias</td><td>Portugal</td><td>38.82</td><td>-8.86</td><td>28</td><td>17.43</td><td>774</td><td>Mediterranean climate</td><td>Evergreen cork oak forest</td><td>Cristina Branquinho</td></tr><tr><td>203</td><td>Ria de Aveiro</td><td>Portugal</td><td>40.60</td><td>-8.74</td><td>1</td><td>14.30</td><td>800</td><td>Mediterranean climate</td><td>Wetland, Salt marsh</td><td>Ana I. Lillebø</td></tr><tr><td>203.01</td><td>Ria de Aveiro</td><td>Portugal</td><td>40.60</td><td>-8.74</td><td>1</td><td>14.30</td><td>800</td><td>Mediterranean climate</td><td>Wetland, Salt marsh</td><td>Ana I. Lillebø</td></tr><tr><td>204</td><td>Luquillo Experimental Forest</td><td>Puerto Rico</td><td>18.34</td><td>-65.83</td><td>61</td><td>25.40</td><td>1943</td><td>Equatorial humid climate; tropical rain forest</td><td>NA</td><td>Jill Thompson</td></tr><tr><td>205</td><td>Elevational gradient</td><td>Puerto Rico</td><td>18.34</td><td>-65.83</td><td>61</td><td>25.07</td><td>2003</td><td>Equatorial humid climate; tropical rain forest</td><td>NA</td><td>Grizelle González</td></tr><tr><td>431</td><td>Qatar 1 Acacia</td><td>Qatar</td><td>25.51</td><td>51.41</td><td>10</td><td>26.70</td><td>71</td><td>Subtropical arid climate</td><td>Acacia dryland</td><td>Juha Alatalo</td></tr><tr><td>432</td><td>Qatar 2 mangrove</td><td>Qatar</td><td>25.74</td><td>51.58</td><td>0</td><td>26.70</td><td>71</td><td>Subtropical arid climate</td><td>Arid mangrove</td><td>Juha Alatalo</td></tr><tr><td>433</td><td>Qatar 3 Saltmarsh veg</td><td>Qatar</td><td>25.73</td><td>51.58</td><td>1</td><td>26.70</td><td>71</td><td>Subtropical arid climate</td><td>Arid saltmarsh with vegetation</td><td>Juha Alatalo</td></tr><tr><td>434</td><td>Qatar 4 mangrove planted</td><td>Qatar</td><td>25.66</td><td>51.55</td><td>0</td><td>26.70</td><td>71</td><td>Subtropical arid climate</td><td>Arid planted mangrove</td><td>Juha Alatalo</td></tr><tr><td>435</td><td>Qatar 5 saltmarsh without veg</td><td>Qatar</td><td>25.66</td><td>51.54</td><td>1</td><td>26.70</td><td>71</td><td>Subtropical arid climate</td><td>Arid saltmarsh without vegetation</td><td>Juha Alatalo</td></tr><tr><td>436</td><td>Qatar 6 Grass</td><td>Qatar</td><td>25.22</td><td>51.29</td><td>10</td><td>26.70</td><td>71</td><td>Subtropical arid climate</td><td>Arid grassland</td><td>Juha Alatalo</td></tr><tr><td>437</td><td>Qatar 7 Zygophyllum</td><td>Qatar</td><td>25.23</td><td>51.29</td><td>10</td><td>26.70</td><td>71</td><td>Subtropical arid climate</td><td>Zygophyllum dryland</td><td>Juha Alatalo</td></tr><tr><td>438</td><td>Qatar 8 Acacia</td><td>Qatar</td><td>25.41</td><td>51.46</td><td>10</td><td>26.70</td><td>71</td><td>Subtropical arid climate</td><td>Acacia dryland</td><td>Juha Alatalo</td></tr><tr><td>439</td><td>Qatar 9 Mangrove</td><td>Qatar</td><td>25.70</td><td>51.55</td><td>0</td><td>26.70</td><td>71</td><td>Subtropical arid climate</td><td>Arid mangrove</td><td>Juha Alatalo</td></tr><tr><td>440</td><td>Qatar 10 saltmarsh veg</td><td>Qatar</td><td>25.70</td><td>51.55</td><td>1</td><td>26.70</td><td>71</td><td>Subtropical arid climate</td><td>Arid saltmarsh with vegetation</td><td>Juha Alatalo</td></tr><tr><td>206</td><td>Braila Islands LTSER</td><td>Romania</td><td>44.89</td><td>27.86</td><td>9</td><td>11.50</td><td>454</td><td>Arid-temperate climate</td><td>Wetland</td><td>Elena Preda</td></tr><tr><td>207</td><td>Braila Islands LTSER</td><td>Romania</td><td>44.89</td><td>27.86</td><td>9</td><td>11.50</td><td>454</td><td>Arid-temperate climate</td><td>Wetland</td><td>Elena Preda</td></tr><tr><td>208</td><td>Neajlov basin LTSER</td><td>Romania</td><td>44.34</td><td>25.67</td><td>85</td><td>10.80</td><td>598</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Forest</td><td>Elena Preda</td></tr><tr><td>209</td><td>Neajlov basin LTSER</td><td>Romania</td><td>44.34</td><td>25.67</td><td>85</td><td>10.80</td><td>598</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Forest</td><td>Elena Preda</td></tr><tr><td>331.01</td><td>RO-CRO, SE Carpathians, Rodna Mts., Rebra Peak</td><td>Romania</td><td>47.59</td><td>24.64</td><td>2250</td><td>1.60</td><td>1255</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Alpine grassland</td><td>Mihai Pușcaș</td></tr><tr><td>331.02</td><td>RO-CRO, SE Carpathians, Rodna Mts., Buhăiescu Peak</td><td>Romania</td><td>47.58</td><td>24.63</td><td>2200</td><td>1.60</td><td>1255</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Alpine grassland</td><td>Mihai Pușcaș</td></tr><tr><td>331.03</td><td>RO-CRO, SE Carpathians, Rodna Mts., Gropile Peak</td><td>Romania</td><td>47.57</td><td>24.62</td><td>2050</td><td>1.60</td><td>1255</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Alpine grassland</td><td>Mihai Pușcaș</td></tr><tr><td>272.01</td><td>Tigirek Strict Reserve, Plot 01</td><td>Russia</td><td>51.06</td><td>82.99</td><td>1426</td><td>1.60</td><td>1120</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Alpine meadow</td><td>Evgeny Davydov</td></tr><tr><td>272.03</td><td>Tigirek Strict Reserve, Plot 03</td><td>Russia</td><td>51.11</td><td>83.05</td><td>994</td><td>1.60</td><td>980</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Meadow</td><td>Evgeny Davydov</td></tr><tr><td>272.05</td><td>Tigirek Strict Reserve, Plot 05</td><td>Russia</td><td>51.05</td><td>82.98</td><td>1493</td><td>1.60</td><td>1120</td><td>Temperate climate</td><td>Natural forest (Pinus sibirica open forest)</td><td>Evgeny Davydov</td></tr></tbody></table>