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AS ORIGENS DO PENSAMENTO OCIDENTAL

THE ORIGINS OF WESTERN THOUGHT

RESENHA | REVIEW

Review of Montel, S.; Pollini, A (eds.). *La question de l'espace au IVe siècle Avant J-C. dans le mondes grec et étrusco-italique: continuité, ruptures, reprises* (2018)

Pedro Paulo A. Funari i

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0183-7622
ppfunari@uol.com.br

FUNARI, P.P.A. (2022). *Review of Montel, S.; Pollini, A (eds.). La question de l'espace au IVe siècle Avant J-C. dans le mondes grec et étrusco-italique: continuité, ruptures, reprises* (2018). *Archaí* 32, e-03201.

<footnote>i Universidade Estadual de Campinas – Campinas – SP – Brasil.</footnote>
MONTEL, S.; POLLINI, A (eds.). (2018) *La question de l'espace au IVe siècle Avant J-C. dans le mondes grec et étrusco-italique: continuité, ruptures, reprises.* Strasbourg, Presses Universitaires de Franche-Comté.

This edited volume starts by quoting Italian philosopher Benedetto Croce: *ogni vera storia è storia contemporanea* (every true history is contemporary history). The English translation does not bear the amphibology of *storia*, history and story at the same time, as both refer to invention, in the original Latin meaning: finding and inventing (*inuenio*). Croce emphasis this inevitable disputable character of telling a story/history, its subjectivity. Truth is thus also related to standpoints, so that a true story/history is related to the subject, or author, not to diaphanous objective facts. It must be in tune with the times, “bringing together a stretch or piece of time”, contemporaneous. It is perhaps counterintuitive to start a volume on the 4th c. BC with such a highbrow philosophical quote. And yet, it is quite appropriate to sum up the theoretical stand employed by editors and contributors, for it stresses the key role played by epistemological, social theory and historiographic contemporary debates to think anew the features and changes in 4th c. BC Greek, Etruscan and Italic societies.

In epistemological terms, an etymological (*sensu* Agamben) or
archaeological (*sensu* Foucault) approach explores the semantics of
ancient and modern concepts, such as χώρα (chora), a specific region,
and τόπος (topos), a far place, ancient *saeculum* and modern century,
polis, a city, and ha polis, a state, hybris, and asebeia, polis, and
ethnos, nature and culture, emic and etic, macrocephalie,
polycentrique, parisien, rhénan, among others. Ancient and modern
concepts are thus intertwined in unsuspected and complex ways.
Who would imagine that recent European history, referring to how
France center around Paris, while Germany has a variety of centers,
would be useful as a tool for understanding 4th c. BC polity
organization? This epistemological move must not be
underestimated, for it is time and again put into action to try and
understand what was going on in that groundbreaking ancient period,
fully put into interaction the study of ancient and modern concepts,
so much so that the early 21st c. understanding of the 4th. C. BC is
unique. This is the first tenet: there is no past, without the present, as
anticipated Croce.

From this wider theoretical stand, the book offers a variety of
social theory discussions, applied to several specific issues. Social
theory is a broad concept, in use to comprise a wide range of
approaches to social working, change and interpretation. The loose
concept of social theory fosters visiting disciplines from
anthropology to literary studies, from geography to archaeology and
beyond. It may also benefit from social movements and social
interpretative frames, as Feminism, decolonial/postcolonial practice
and thought, or Anti-Racism. The growing use of the term social
theory is related to the openness to both different scholarly
disciplines and to different social practices, unhinged by disciplinary
boundaries and a supposed positivist and neutral definition of
science. Theory is indeed a good concept, as it refers to view/sight
(θέα, thea), that is, to perspective, changing all the time, from
viewpoint to viewpoint. Social relates to following (sequor, I follow,
socius, societas, fellowship), sharing behavior, values and beyond.
But sharing always implies differences within and without, so that
conflict and contradictions are also subsumed by the social.
Considering social theory, the volume deals with several issues:
female empowerment, intercultural interaction, the making of new
identities, negotiable and fluid relations, invention of traditions,
narratives and networks, among several others.

These two aspects, on epistemology and social theory, are in
themselves revealing of recent trends in the classics, ancient history,
classical archaeology and beyond in social sciences and the
humanities. Each chapter is very specific, scholarly, erudite and most
specialized. And yet, each of them addresses not only those general
theoretical issues, but also several very specific historiographic ones.
Two main historiographic issues are at the heart of the volume: time
and space. Both are discussed time and again in the volume, as both
are always fluid, changing, impossible to fix, a challenge producing
all the time new approaches. Boundaries are by definition porous,
artificial in that they depend on the analyst, always subject to
challenge. This is dealt with first in chronological terms and
depending on different tenets it could be 404 to 280 BC, at most, or
399 to 336 BC at least. In any case, the main feature of the 4th c in
the Greek world starts by the interest in periodization by the Greek
historiography itself. It is a revealing move, for it stresses how
periodization is always a historiographic move, in relation with
power or political relations. It refers also to the inevitable
metanarrative character of any time understanding, including
periods, traditions and changes, taking all of those as invented.

Space is the second main aspect underlying the whole volume. Space, like time, may be split in infinite ways, and boundaries are as difficult to define in space as in time. Even the supposed most defined boundaries, like walls (τεῖχος, *teichos*), split and put into contact, divide and share, oppose and appose. Landscape, *paysage*, is used as a key concept, taking several different aspects into account, from the physical geographical features to social representations, grounded on cultural concepts. The key here is -scape, shape, as it is related to perception (*aesthesis*, in Greek), leading to the use of the study of images, as in pottery. Archaeology here also plays a special role, enabling to relate urban, peripheral (or near wall) and rural areas, not to mention interurban areas, the hinterland and culturally defined places, such as mythic, cultic, military, funerary, daily-life, to mention just a few of them. The supposed crisis of the ancient cities in the 4th c. is sidelined and there is a stress on the interaction of several different peoples and cultures: Greeks, Italics, Carthaginian, Iberian and beyond.

The volume split into three parts: central places, wide spaces and
the representation of space in the figurative arts. Each reveals a key
aspect of the 4th c: centralization, interaction at a medium and long
distance and the role of images of space. In terms of centralization,
several features are stressed, such as the role of the sacred sphere,
city competition, invention of tradition, attention to modern historiographic prejudices. Interaction stresses negotiation, fluidity, movement and again modern historiographic models are considered, as in the use of terms as Parisien and Rhenanian patterns for a monocentric and a polycentric settlement. Images show how landscape relates to indigenous, barbarians and mixed features, to the sacred and to female empowerment. All this may foster a more complex and contradictory understanding of the 4th c.

The book is a most enticing one. It gathers contributors from several countries, eight chapters in French and four others in English. There are several figures, including plans, photos, maps, in black and white and in color, reconstruction drawings, diagrams, drawings in general, and also extensive written documentation, literary and epigraphic. The 4th c. BC witnessed the transition from cities or poleis to a variety of new political experiences, from alliances to empires. Societies moved too, as well as culture, always more connected, anticipating a brave new world. There has been thus an attention to the 5th and the 3rd centuries, and this book may contribute to a growing interest in the key period between the two much more studied ones. Archaeology has a special role in this, as it produces a growing and varied evidence and is key in taking the volume as an important contribution. Although addressing a classical archaeology and history scholarly readership, it may also be useful for a deeper understanding of philosophical or literary issues. The reader ends with food for thought, and this is no mean feat.

## Bibliography

MONTEL, S.; POLLINI, A (eds.). (2018) *La question de l'espace au IVe siècle Avant J-C. dans le mondes grec et étrusco-italique: continuité, ruptures, reprises*. Strasbourg, Presses Universitaires de Franche-Comté.
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