# Studies on Propagation of New Almond x Peach Hybrids by Hard Wood Cuttings

Ghada M Soliman

► To cite this version:

Ghada M Soliman. Studies on Propagation of New Almond x Peach Hybrids by Hard Wood Cuttings. Egyptian Journal of Horticulture, 2024, 51 (1), pp.87 - 101. 10.21608/ejoh.2023.214545.1250. hal-04818453v2

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Submitted on 15 Jan 2025

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# Studies on Propagation of New Almond × Peach Hybrids by Hard Wood Cuttings

<figure><img src="image_2.png" /></figure>

CrossMark

Ghada M. Soliman¹

Department of Deciduous Trees Research, Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt.

THIS experiment was conducted on 2019 & 2020 to study the effect of root hormones within two different water irrigation pH. on five new almond ×peach hybrids that are nematode resistance and salt tolerance. Rootstock trees are nine years old grown in Horticulture Research Institute, A.R.C. and received the same recommended horticultural practices. This experiment consisted of eight treatments using Indole Butyric Acid (IBA) at concentrations of 1000&2000ppm with or without 500ppm Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) under pH5&7 of water irrigation. Results cleared that hybrid genotype No.5 recorded the highest significant values in growth and chemical measurements followed by hybrid genotype No.4 while Hybrid genotype No.3 recorded the lowest significant values. The greatest rooting percentage (56.28&59.76) and root length (4.01&4.23 cm.) recorded with 1000ppmIBA+ 500ppmNAA, as auxins enhanced the formation of callus, promotes root primordia. IBA delays the leaf abscission that increase the partitioning of photo-assimilates towards the leaves to reach great leaf area (32.98&34.34), fresh (2.11& 2.53) and dry (0.89&0.97) weight. Great leaf area and introduce more C/N ratio. Irrigation by pH5 improves nutrient availability and solubility of soil anions than pH7 of irrigation water. The interaction between hybrid No.5 under 1000ppmIBA+500ppmNAA within pH5 of water irrigation recorded the highest significant values of all growth measurements (rooting % 67.2&58.8, root number 5.95&6.03, shoot length 7.30&7.51cm. and leaf area 8.3&38.9 cm².) and chemical measurements fresh (2.59&2.71), dry (1.12&1.28) weight and total indoles (0.471&0.483). Moreover normal water pH reached the good rooting measurements with the high concentration of IBA (2000 ppm).

**Keywords:** Almond ×Peach hybrids, Hard wood cuttings, Indole Butyric Acid (IBA), Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA), Water irrigation pH.

## Introduction

Peaches [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] are the most worldwide known stone fruits and are highly appreciated by consumers. Peach is the most important temperate and deciduous fruit tree grown in the world, after apples. There are 29225 feddan which produced 276608 ton in Egypt (Economic Affairs Sector, Agri, Gov. Egypt 2021).

Peaches are commercially propagated by grafting; hence peach trees consist of two different parts, scion and rootstock. The right choice of that combination is the most important factor of the peach cultivation success. Rootstocks are selected

based on criteria, such as salt tolerance, resistance to soil pathogens, root-knot nematodes and lime-induced chlorosis. The rootstock also affects the tree (scion) vigor, precocious, yield and fruit quality. The effects of rootstock on the grafted cultivar characteristics are mainly attributed to the change in the hormone balance induced by the rootstock, the uptake and the translocation of nutrients and water, (Soliman, 2020).

Almond × peach hybrids (Prunus amygdalus × *P. persica*) are largely used as rootstocks for peach trees in the Mediterranean countries. They are tolerant to lime induced iron chlorosis and alkaline soil conditions, and they are graft-
compatible with peach and almond cultivars. They are vigorous and suitable for use in poor dry soils. In recent years, new selections hybrids have also been developed with resistance to biotic stresses, such as root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.), (Gemma et al., 2016 and Ntanos et al., 2021).

Rooting of cuttings is not always successful and the reasons for rooting failure are not clearly understood. Factors such as cultivar, age of the source tree, the collection date, length& diameter of the cutting, degree of hardening, injury& heat treatments of the cuttings and the treatment with auxin-or auxin like compounds can affect rooting (Ibrahim and Aram 2020). The plant growth regulator indole butyric acid (IBA), a synthetic auxin, induces rooting in peach cuttings, but its effect can vary with the type of cutting used. IBA at concentrations of 2000 mg L⁻¹ stimulated rooting of hardwood and semi-hardwood cuttings but rooting success varied with peach cultivar. In contrast, softwood cuttings treated for 24 h with 25 mg L⁻¹ solution of IBA had high rooting (Tworkoski and Takeda, 2007).

Hartmann et al. (2002) cleared that propagation from cuttings produce true to type plants. The hardwood cuttings are easy to prepare, handle and storing. Hard wood cutting preparation is easy as they have less actively growing tissue. The collection date of the cuttings is very important as it affect endogenous content of sugars, sucrose, starch, indol-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA). The best time for collecting cuttings to increase rooting percentage is the fall from October to January (Tsipouridis et al., 2006).

The optimum dose for the root initiation could be ranging between 2000 and 3000 ppm IBA. At higher dose it may reduce rooting performance as 2000 ppm IBA gave very good rooting. The local production of peach rootstocks to meet local demand have a high priority as Egypt imported rootstock seeds from USA and Europe which costing millions dollars yearly (Galal et al., 2018).

IBA uptake is affected by pH. Auxin enters a cell by a saturable carrier and by passive diffusion. If extracellular pH is below that of the cytoplasm, passive diffusion of auxin (in the protonated form) into cells continues even after the carrier mechanism becomes flooded, allowing for greater uptake of exogenous root-promoting substance. (Harbage et al., 1998).

The objectives of this study were to increase the hardwood cuttings rooting percentage of new

*Egypt. J. Hort. Vol. 51*, No. 1 (2024)

peach rootstocks by treating the cutting by different concentrations of auxin at different pH of water irrigation, to speed up root initiation, increase the number and quality of roots per cutting and rise the survival percentage of rooted cuttings.

## Materials and Methods

The current investigation was conducted at the Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt. during the two seasons of 2019 and 2020 to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) alone or with Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) under different water irrigation pH on rooting of five hybrid rootstocks hard wood cuttings.

Healthy 9-year-old mother plants of new almond× peach rootstocks which are resistant to nematode (Soliman, 2014) and tolerant to salt stress (Soliman and Farhan 2021) were used. Hard wood cuttings were collected from one-year-old branches in February. The middle cuttings were about 15-20 cm length and 1-1.5cm thickness with approximately 5 buds. Two tangential cuts of 0.5 cm depth were made on opposite sides of base of the cuttings.

Auxin solutions were prepared by dissolving indole-3-butyric acid IBA and Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) in 50% ethanol (Evert and Smittle, 1990). IBA prepared at different concentrations 1000 and 2000 ppm while NAA prepared at 500 ppm to NAA. After treating cuttings with hormones, cuttings were kept in polyethylene bags filled with peat moss irrigated with different pH water (pH 5&7) and the bags were sealed to prevent moisture loss in cold storage (4-7°C). After 30 days, cutting were planted in plastic boxes filled with a mixture of sand: peatmoss: vermiculite (1:1:1 v/v) treated with fungicide (benlate) (1g/ kg mixture). All pots were placed in a greenhouse and irrigated with water with same pH (5 or 7), to reach 20 % moisture (Tsipouridis and Thomidis, 2004). The pH of irrigation water was adjusted by HCl and NaOH. The experiment treatments were as follows:

1-1000ppm IBA at pH5
2-1000ppm IBA at pH7
3-1000ppm IBA+500ppmNAA at pH5
4-1000ppm IBA+500ppmNAA at pH7
5-2000ppm IBA at pH5
6-2000ppm IBA at pH7
7-2000ppm IBA+500ppmNAA at pH5
8-2000ppm IBA+500ppmNAA at pH7
After 90 days of planting (approximately in June) data were recorded as follows

## *Vegetative growth parameters*

* Rooting percentage (number of rooted cuttings/ total cuttings per treatment (24) x100.

* Average root number (number of roots per treatment/ total cuttings per treatment).

* Average root length (cm.) (all root length/ total cuttings per treatment).

* Average shoot length (cm.) (all new shoots length / total cuttings at each treatment).

* Average leaf number (number of all new leaves total cuttings at each treatment).

* Average leaf area (cm²) were calculated ((leaf length (cm.) × leaf width (cm.) for all leaves on all shoots)/ number of leaves)

## *Chemical analysis*

* Fresh and dry weight (g.) rooted plantlets were selected randomly after 120 day of planting in greenhouse and they were washed then weighted to get the fresh weight. The used plantlets then dried at 70°C till constant weight to reach the dry weight. Samples were grinded and stored for analysis.

* C/N ratio Total carbohydrates was determined according to Dubois et al., (1956) and total nitrogen was determined using the method described by Wilde et al (1985) then C/N ratio were calculated.

* Total indoles: Was determined according to Larsen et al., (1962) as mg per g. dry weight.

* Total phenols: Was determined according to (A.O.A.C., 2000) as mg per g. dry weight.

## *Statistical analysis*

The data were statistically analyzed as a factorial experiment (two factors, hybrid genotype and auxin treatments (1000& 2000ppm IBA concentrations ± 500ppm NAA within irrigation water pH 5&7) in completely randomized design with four replicates each replicate consists of six cuttings in two seasons. Data in this study were statistically analyzed according to the method of Snedecor and Cochran (1990) in each season L.S.D at 5% level and Duncan multiple range test (Duncan 1955) were used for comparison between means of each treatment.

## *Results*

### *Effect of different auxin treatments under different pH of irrigation water on rooting percentage, root number and length (cm.) of different almond× peach rootstocks*

Data in Tables (1&2) recorded the effect of different auxin treatments under two different pH of irrigation water on rooting%, root number and root length (cm.) of new almond × peach rootstock hardwood cuttings in two seasons. Data showed significant differences between rootstocks, the significant highest values were recorded with hybrid No.5 followed by hybrid No.4 while the significant lowest values were recorded with hybrid No.3. Tables (1&2) cleared that using 1000ppm IBA+500ppm NAA under pH5 of irrigation water was better than other treatments to record the highest measurement values while using 1000ppm IBA with the ordinary pH recorded the lowest measurement values among all other hormone and pH treatments.

As for the effect of genotype, data cleared that hybrid No.5 reached the highest rooting% (37.8& 40.95), root number (3.47&3.79) and root length (2.10&2.32cm.) in both seasons, while hybrid No.3 recorded the significant lowest values( rooting% 18.9&22.05, root number 1.61&1.92 and root length 0.77&0.91 cm.) in the two season, respectively.

As for the effect of different auxin treatments under different pH of irrigation water, it was clear that the superiority of using 1000ppm IBA+500ppm NAA within pH5 of irrigation water on recording the significant highest values (56.28 &59.76 for rooting%, 4.76& 5.08 for root number and 4.01 &4.23 cm. for root length). On the other hand using 1000ppm IBA within pH7 of irrigation water recorded the significant lowest values (3.36 &5.88 for rooting%, 0.35&& 0.41 for root number and 0.03 &0.3 cm. for root length).

As for the interaction between the two factors, data showed that hybrid No.5 within 1000ppm IBA +500ppm NAA under pH5 of irrigation water recorded the highest rooting measurements (67.20& 58.80 for rooting%, 5.95 &6.03 for root number and 5.66& 5.73cm. for root length). Rooting measurements were similar between hybrid No.4 and hybrid No.5 in most treatments. On the other hand hybrid No.3 recorded the lowest rooting measurements under all treatments.
<table><caption>TABLE 1. Effect of different auxin treatments under different pH of irrigation water on rooting percentage, root number and length (cm.) of different almond ×peach rootstocks genotype in 2019.</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Treatment</th><th colspan="6">Hybrid number</th></tr><tr><th>1</th><th>2</th><th>3</th><th>4</th><th>5</th><th>Mean</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="7" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">Rooting percentage %</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+pH5</td><td>29.4ef</td><td>25.2f</td><td>21.0fg</td><td>33.6de</td><td>37.8de</td><td>29.40D</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+pH7</td><td>00.0i</td><td>00.0i</td><td>00.0i</td><td>04.2hi</td><td>12.6gh</td><td>03.36G</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+500NAA+pH5</td><td>54.6bc</td><td>54.6bc</td><td>42.0cd</td><td>63.0a</td><td>67.2a</td><td>56.28A</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+500NAA+pH7</td><td>12.6gh</td><td>08.4h</td><td>08.4h</td><td>16.8g</td><td>25.2f</td><td>14.28F</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+pH5</td><td>50.4bc</td><td>42.0cd</td><td>37.8de</td><td>54.6bc</td><td>58.8ab</td><td>48.72B</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+pH7</td><td>21.0fg</td><td>16.8g</td><td>12.6gh</td><td>25.2f</td><td>33.6de</td><td>21.84E</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+500NAA+pH5</td><td>46.8c</td><td>33.6de</td><td>29.4ef</td><td>50.4bc</td><td>50.4bc</td><td>42.12C</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+500NAA+pH7</td><td>4.2hi</td><td>00.0i</td><td>00.0i</td><td>08.4h</td><td>16.8g</td><td>05.88G</td></tr><tr><td>Mean</td><td>27.37C</td><td>22.57D</td><td>18.9D</td><td>32.03B</td><td>37.8A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">Root number</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+pH5</td><td>3.61d-f</td><td>2.64f-g</td><td>2.00g-i</td><td>4.06c-e</td><td>4.23b-e</td><td>3.31B</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+pH7</td><td>0.00k</td><td>0.00k</td><td>0.00k</td><td>0.59j</td><td>1.16i-k</td><td>0.35E</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+500NAA+pH5</td><td>4.64b-d</td><td>4.58b-d</td><td>3.30ef</td><td>5.32ab</td><td>5.95a</td><td>4.76A</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+500NAA+pH7</td><td>1.42ij</td><td>0.94i-k</td><td>0.61jk</td><td>1.67g-i</td><td>2.53f-h</td><td>1.43CD</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+pH5</td><td>4.14b-e</td><td>3.46d-f</td><td>3.07ef</td><td>4.72a-c</td><td>5.11a-c</td><td>4.10AB</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+pH7</td><td>2.11g-i</td><td>1.53g-i</td><td>1.24i-k</td><td>2.79fg</td><td>2.85fg</td><td>2.10C</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+500NAA+pH5</td><td>3.61d-f</td><td>2.64f-h</td><td>2.00g-i</td><td>4.06c-e</td><td>4.23b-e</td><td>3.31B</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+500NAA+pH7</td><td>0.78i-k</td><td>0.53k</td><td>0.66k</td><td>1.23i-k</td><td>1.72g-i</td><td>0.75DE</td></tr><tr><td>Mean</td><td>2.56B</td><td>1.97C</td><td>1.75C</td><td>3.06A</td><td>3.47A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">Root length (cm.)</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+pH5</td><td>0.89i-k</td><td>0.74i-k</td><td>0.67j-l</td><td>1.38h-j</td><td>1.55g-i</td><td>1.05D</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+pH7</td><td>0.00l</td><td>0.00l</td><td>0.00l</td><td>0.04kl</td><td>0.08l</td><td>0.03E</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+500NAA+pH5</td><td>3.81cd</td><td>3.60cd</td><td>2.21fg</td><td>4.77b</td><td>5.66a</td><td>4.01A</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+500NAA+pH7</td><td>0.41kl</td><td>0.37kl</td><td>0.25kl</td><td>0.49l</td><td>0.60j-l</td><td>0.42DE</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+pH5</td><td>3.00de</td><td>2.15fg</td><td>1.74f-h</td><td>3.79cd</td><td>4.35bc</td><td>3.01B</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+pH7</td><td>0.71j-l</td><td>0.65j-l</td><td>0.34kl</td><td>0.92i-k</td><td>1.23h-j</td><td>0.77D</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+500NAA+pH5</td><td>2.40ef</td><td>1.38h-j</td><td>0.92i-k</td><td>3.11de</td><td>3.00de</td><td>2.16C</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+500NAA+pH7</td><td>0.05l</td><td>0.00l</td><td>0.00l</td><td>0.15kl</td><td>0.28kl</td><td>0.10E</td></tr><tr><td>Mean</td><td>1.41B</td><td>1.11BC</td><td>0.77C</td><td>1.84A</td><td>2.10A</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Values followed by the same letter (s) of each column are not significantly different at 5% level IBA Indole Butyric Acid, NAA Naphthalene Acetic Acid, ppm part per million.
<table><caption>TABLE 2. Effect of different auxin treatments under different pH of irrigation water on rooting percentage, root number and length (cm.) of different almond ×peach rootstocks in 2020.</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Treatment</th><th colspan="6">Hybrid number</th></tr><tr><th>1</th><th>2</th><th>3</th><th>4</th><th>5</th><th>Mean</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="7" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">Rooting percentage %</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+pH5</td><td>37.8de</td><td>21.0fg</td><td>21.0fg</td><td>37.8de</td><td>42.0d</td><td>31.92C</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+pH7</td><td>00.0i</td><td>00.0i</td><td>00.0i</td><td>12.6gh</td><td>16.8g</td><td>05.88F</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+500NAA+pH5</td><td>63.0ab</td><td>58.8ab</td><td>42.0d</td><td>67.2a</td><td>58.8ab</td><td>59.76A</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+500NAA+pH7</td><td>16.8g</td><td>16.8g</td><td>12.6gh</td><td>21.0fg</td><td>29.4ef</td><td>19.32D</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+pH5</td><td>46.4cd</td><td>42.0d</td><td>42.0d</td><td>58.8ab</td><td>63.0ab</td><td>50.44B</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+pH7</td><td>29.4ef</td><td>21.0fg</td><td>12.6gh</td><td>29.4ef</td><td>37.8de</td><td>26.04D</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+500NAA+pH5</td><td>54.6bc</td><td>37.8de</td><td>42.0d</td><td>54.6bc</td><td>63.0ab</td><td>50.40B</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+500NAA+pH7</td><td>12.6gh</td><td>12.6gh</td><td>04.2h</td><td>12.60gh</td><td>16.8g</td><td>11.76E</td></tr><tr><td>Mean</td><td>32.58C</td><td>26.25D</td><td>22.05D</td><td>36.75B</td><td>40.95A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">Root number</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+pH5</td><td>3.69ef</td><td>2.66hi</td><td>2.05jk</td><td>4.19de</td><td>4.51b-d</td><td>3.41CD</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+pH7</td><td>0.00n</td><td>0.00n</td><td>0.00n</td><td>0.83m</td><td>1.21lm</td><td>0.41F</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+500NAA+pH5</td><td>4.91bc</td><td>4.92bc</td><td>3.71ef</td><td>5.81a</td><td>6.03a</td><td>5.08A</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+500NAA+pH7</td><td>1.72kl</td><td>1.03m</td><td>0.83m</td><td>2.02jk</td><td>2.73hi</td><td>1.67E</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+pH5</td><td>4.43cd</td><td>3.71ef</td><td>3.42fg</td><td>5.02b</td><td>5.62a</td><td>4.44AB</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+pH7</td><td>2.34ij</td><td>2.01jk</td><td>1.97jk</td><td>3.11gh</td><td>3.25fg</td><td>2.54D</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+500NAA+pH5</td><td>3.95de</td><td>3.04gh</td><td>2.56hi</td><td>4.43cd</td><td>4.96b</td><td>3.79BC</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+500NAA+pH7</td><td>0.91m</td><td>0.82m</td><td>0.75mn</td><td>1.88jk</td><td>2.03jk</td><td>1.23E</td></tr><tr><td>Mean</td><td>2.77B</td><td>2.28BC</td><td>1.91C</td><td>3.40A</td><td>3.79A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">Root length (cm.)</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+pH5</td><td>0.92g-i</td><td>0.78h-j</td><td>0.71h-j</td><td>1.57gh</td><td>1.45gh</td><td>1.09D</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+pH7</td><td>0.00j</td><td>0.00j</td><td>0.00j</td><td>0.60h-j</td><td>0.91g-j</td><td>0.30E</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+500NAA+pH5</td><td>3.94b-d</td><td>3.81cd</td><td>2.76ef</td><td>4.91ab</td><td>5.73a</td><td>4.23A</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+500NAA+pH7</td><td>0.44ij</td><td>0.41ij</td><td>0.38ij</td><td>0.60h-j</td><td>0.67h-j</td><td>0.50DE</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+pH5</td><td>3.21de</td><td>2.76ef</td><td>1.89fg</td><td>4.12b-d</td><td>4.52bc</td><td>3.30B</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+pH7</td><td>0.87h-j</td><td>0.82h-j</td><td>0.44ij</td><td>1.22g-i</td><td>1.45gh</td><td>0.96DE</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+500NAA+pH5</td><td>2.57ef</td><td>1.56gh</td><td>1.07g-i</td><td>3.34de</td><td>3.77cd</td><td>2.46C</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+500NAA+pH7</td><td>0.60h-j</td><td>0.02j</td><td>0.01j</td><td>0.22ij</td><td>0.26ij</td><td>0.22E</td></tr><tr><td>Mean</td><td>1.57BC</td><td>1.27CD</td><td>0.91D</td><td>2.07AB</td><td>2.35A</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Values followed by the same letter (s) of each column are not significantly different at 5% level
IBA Indole Butyric Acid, NAA Naphthalene Acetic Acid, ppm part per million.
Effect of different auxin treatments under different pH of irrigation water on shoot length (cm.), leaf number/shoot and leaf area (cm²) of different almond × peach rootstocks

Data in Tables (3&4) cleared the effect of different auxin treatments under different pH of irrigation water treatments and hybrid genotype on shoot length (cm.) leaf number/shoot and leaf area (cm²) of different almond × peach rootstocks. Data cleared that, the significant highest values of growth measurements were recorded with hybrids number 4 and 5 under the same treatment (1000ppm IBA within pH5 of irrigation water) for either shoot length cm. and leaf number per shoot.

As for the effect on hybrid genotype, data cleared that the significant highest values of shoot length and leaf number per shoot were recorded with hybrid No.5 (2.98&3.19cm. for shoot length and 1.78&1.94 for leaf number/shoot) and hybrid No.4 (2.70&2.83cm. for shoot length and for leaf number/ shoot 1.62 &1.80). Moreover hybrid No. 3 recorded the significant lowest values of shoot length (1.53& 1.68cm.) and leaf number/ shoot (0.93& 1.01). As for leaf area (cm²) data cleared that hybrid No 5 and No.4 recorded the highest value (35.99&37.12cm² for hybrid No.5 and 34.60 &35.46cm² for hybrid No.4). On the other hand, hybrid No.3 recorded the significant lowest value of leaf area (20.26&21.45cm²)

As for the effect of different auxin treatments under different pH of irrigation water, data cleared that 1000ppm IBA+ 500ppm NAA within pH5 of irrigation water recorded the significant highest values of growth measurements (5.80& 6.13cm. for shoot length and 3.58 &3.74 for leaf number/ shoot) while 1000ppm IBA within pH7 of irrigation water recorded the lowest values of shoot length (0.19&0.26 cm), leaf number/ shoot (0.11 &0.14) and leaf area (13.92 &14.48 cm²)

As for the interaction between the two factors on growth measurements, data cleared that hybrid No.5 treated with 1000ppm IBA+ 500ppm NAA within pH5 of irrigation water recorded the significant highest values of shoot length (7.30&7.51 cm.. leaf number/ shoot 4.38&4.46 and leaf area 38.30&38.9 cm²). Moreover hybrid No. 1 under treatment with 2000ppm IBA+ 500ppm NAA +pH7 of irrigation water recorded the lowest significant growth measurements values (shoot length 0.3&0.38cm., leaf number/ shoot 0.16& 0.19 and leaf area 22.5&26.1cm²) in the two seasons respectively.

Effect of different auxin treatments under different pH of irrigation water on fresh weight (g.), dry weight (g.) and C/N ratio of different almond×peach rootstocks

Tables (5&6) showed the effect of different auxin concentrations and pH of irrigation water and hybrid genotype on fresh weight (g.), dry weight (g.) and C/N ratio of different almond ×peach rootstocks which take the same trend as in rooting and growth measurements. Date showed that hybrid No.5 recorded the significant highest values when using 1000ppm.IBA +500ppmNAA within pH5 of irrigation water

As for the effect of the treatments on hybrid genotype, data cleared that hybrid No.4 and No.5 recorded the significant highest values. Hybrid No.4 recorded 1.38&1.53g. for fresh weight, 0.59 &0.67g. for dry weight and 13.41&13.81 for C/N ratio. While hybrid No.5 recorded 1.55 &1.72g. for fresh weight, 0.66 &0.73g. for dry weight and 13.83&14.26 for C/N ratio. On the other hand, the significant lowest values were recorded with hybrid No.3 (0.84& 1.15g. for fresh weight, 0.34 &0.39g. for dry weight and 11.97 & 13.03 for C/N ratio).

As for the effect of different auxin concentrations with different pH of irrigation water data showed that the superiority of using 1000ppm IBA +500ppmNAA within pH5 of irrigation water. (2.11&2.53g. for fresh weight, 0.89&0.97g. for dry weight and28.77&29.68 for C/N ratio). On the other hand, using 1000ppm IBA within pH7 of irrigation water recorded the significant lowest values. (0.48&0.52g. for fresh weight, 0.19&0.22 for dry weight and 21.06&22.64 for C/N ratio).

As for the interaction between the two factors on fresh weight (g.), dry weight (g.) and C/N ratio of different almond×peach rootstocks, hybrid No.5 treated with 1000ppm IBA+ 500ppm NAA recorded the significant highest values (2.59& 2.71 for fresh weight (g.),1.12& 1.28 for dry weight and 15.11& 15.07for C/N ratio). On the other hand, hybrid No.3 treated with 1000ppm IBA recorded the significant lowest measurements of fresh weight (0.38&0.41g.), dry weight (0.15&0.16g.) and C/N ratio (9.85&10.9).

Effect of different auxin treatments under different pH of irrigation water on total indoles (mg/g d.wt.) and total phenols (mg/g d.wt.) of different almond × peach rootstocks

Data in Table (7) reveal that almond × peach hybrids rootstocks were significantly different
in their content of total indoles (mg/ g. dry weight) during the two seasons of study. The highest value of indoles was recorded with hybrid No.5 (0.299&0.308 mg/g d.wt in both seasons respectively) followed by hybrid No.4 (0.286&0.296 mg/g d. wt). On the other hand hybrid No.3 recorded the lowest significant values 0.207 &0.234 mg/g d.wt in both seasons respectively.

Moreover, data showed that the superiority of using 1000ppmIBA+500ppmNAA+pH5 of irrigation water than other treatments in recording the significant highest value (0.390 mg/g d.wt in 2019 &0.415 mg/g d.wt in 2020) as well as using 2000ppmIBA+pH5 of irrigation water which recorded 0.39&0.407 mg/g d.wt in both seasons respectively. On the other hand, 1000ppm IBA within pH of irrigation water recorded the lowest values in both seasons (0.14& 0.148).

As for the interaction between the two factors it was clear that hybrid No.5 treated with 1000ppmIBA +500ppmNAA and pH5 of irrigation water reached the highest total indoles value (0.471 and 0.483 mg/g d. wt.).

Rootstocks content of total phenols were showed in Table (7). It was clear that total phenols take the opposite trend of total Indoles as affected by hybrid genotype while it took no trend with hormone treatments. As for hybrid number data cleared that hybrid No.5 and 4 reached the lowest value of total phenols (1.80&1.70 mg/g d.wt for both seasons to hybrid No.5 and 1.85 &1.67 mg/g d. wt for hybrid No.4 in both seasons respectively. While the significant highest value was recorded with hybrid No.3 (2.15 for both seasons)

Moreover using 1000ppm IBA +500ppm NAA+pH5 of irrigation water recorded the significant lowest value in the two seasons (1.46& 1.41 mg/g d.wt respectively). On the other hand using 1000ppm IBA +pH7 of irrigation water recorded the significant highest value (2.53 and 2.51 mg/g d.wt)

As for the interaction between the two factors, it was clear from previous data that hybrid No.4 treated with 1000ppmIBA +500ppmNAA and pH5 of irrigation water recorded the significant lowest value of total phenols (1.34 &1.13 mg/g d.wt) while the significant highest value was recorded with hybrid No.3 treated with 1000ppm IBA with pH7 of irrigation water (2.67&2.91 mg/g d.wt).

Discussion

It is clear from the previous data that, rooting in almond ×peach new hybrids hard wood stem cuttings may be promoted by using IBA and NAA that stimulate meristematic activity in this region causing root formation. Moreover, using combination of 1000ppm IBA +500ppm NAA at pH5 of irrigation water enhanced the formation of root and increased rooting percentage.

In this respect Kaviani et al., (2023) confirmed this idea and reported that hormone combination (IBA and NAA) had the greatest effect on most of the growth measurements (rooting percentage, root number, root length, leaf number and fresh& dry weights of pear cuttings. Moreover, Seif El-Yazal et al., (2022) reported that indole butyric acid (IBA) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) at different concentrations as well as wounding had a positive effect on rooting percentage of fig stem cuttings and consequently produced better seedlings growth. Auxins enhance hydrolysis activity which increases the formation of high soluble carbohydrate and leads to the increment in root formation and better rooting. The good root formation led to good shoot growth and good internal elements. This is due to an increase in hormones and carbohydrates in root cells

Shagufi and Gurpinder 2018, reported that the emergence of longest plum shoots on cuttings treated with IBA may be attributed to the well develop of root system in such cuttings that enhanced the nutrient uptake, photosynthate production and provides required energy for cell division and elongation. Cuttings treated with IBA reached maximum fresh and dry weight, it could be due to increase in leaf area, cell division, leaf chlorophyll content, more starch, sugars and C/N ratio. This significant increment in average leaf area might be attributed to the fact that IBA delays the leaf abscission which increased the partitioning of photo-assimilates towards the leaves which favored the leaf area.

Increasing IBA concentrations produced more roots which increased nutrient uptake and aerial growth of the plants resulted in highest leaf area. Auxin increased rooting and ensured length of roots by increasing the translocation of metabolites to the growing apices and also enhanced the formation of callus and tissues and differentiation of vascular tissues. This increase in number of roots pertains to the fact that the auxin promotes the differentiation of cambial initials into root primordia and increases the mobilization of reserve food material to sites of root initiation. (Larsen, 1997).
<table><caption>TABLE 3. Effect of different auxin treatments under different pH of irrigation water on shoot length (cm.), leaf number/shoot and leaf area (cm²) of different almond × peach rootstocks in 2019.</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Treatment</th><th colspan="5">Hybrid number</th><th rowspan="2">Mean</th></tr><tr><th>1</th><th>2</th><th>3</th><th>4</th><th>5</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="7"><strong>Shoot length (cm.)</strong></td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+pH5</td><td>1.65hi</td><td>1.64hi</td><td>1.28i-k</td><td>2.75f</td><td>2.90ef</td><td>2.04BC</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+pH7</td><td>0.00m</td><td>0.00m</td><td>0.00m</td><td>0.41lm</td><td>0.53lm</td><td>0.19E</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+500NAA+pH5</td><td>5.40b</td><td>5.20b</td><td>4.30c</td><td>6.80a</td><td>7.30a</td><td>5.80A</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+500NAA+pH7</td><td>0.96j-l</td><td>0.63k-m</td><td>0.51lm</td><td>0.97j-l</td><td>1.15i-k</td><td>0.84DE</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+pH5</td><td>4.12c</td><td>3.91cd</td><td>3.27de</td><td>5.16b</td><td>5.60b</td><td>4.41A</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+pH7</td><td>1.03jk</td><td>0.96j-l</td><td>0.78k-m</td><td>1.53h-j</td><td>1.80h</td><td>1.22CD</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+500NAA+pH5</td><td>2.71f</td><td>2.57fg</td><td>2.06gh</td><td>3.41de</td><td>3.80cd</td><td>2.91B</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+500NAA+pH7</td><td>0.30m</td><td>0.00m</td><td>0.00m</td><td>0.55lm</td><td>0.72k-m</td><td>0.32DE</td></tr><tr><td>Mean</td><td>2.02B</td><td>1.87BC</td><td>1.53C</td><td>2.70A</td><td>2.98A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7"><strong>Leaf number/shoot</strong></td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+pH5</td><td>0.93i-k</td><td>1.05ij</td><td>0.75j-l</td><td>1.56gh</td><td>1.68g</td><td>1.20CD</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+pH7</td><td>0.00n</td><td>0.00n</td><td>0.00n</td><td>0.25lm</td><td>0.29lm</td><td>0.11F</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+500NAA+pH5</td><td>3.26b</td><td>3.40b</td><td>2.72cd</td><td>4.16a</td><td>4.38a</td><td>3.58A</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+500NAA+pH7</td><td>0.50lm</td><td>0.41lm</td><td>0.28lm</td><td>0.58k-m</td><td>0.76j-l</td><td>0.51EF</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+pH5</td><td>2.47de</td><td>2.32de</td><td>1.91fg</td><td>3.07bc</td><td>3.25b</td><td>2.60B</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+pH7</td><td>0.71j-l</td><td>0.65k-m</td><td>0.54k-m</td><td>0.93i-k</td><td>1.22hi</td><td>0.81DE</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+500NAA+pH5</td><td>1.66g</td><td>1.51gh</td><td>1.22hi</td><td>2.10ef</td><td>2.21ef</td><td>1.74C</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+500NAA+pH7</td><td>0.16n</td><td>0.00n</td><td>0.00n</td><td>0.32lm</td><td>0.42lm</td><td>0.18F</td></tr><tr><td>Mean</td><td>1.21BC</td><td>1.17BC</td><td>0.93C</td><td>1.62AB</td><td>1.78A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7"><strong>Leaf area (cm²)</strong></td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+pH5</td><td>33.20c-e</td><td>29.8gh</td><td>24.80kl</td><td>31.90ef</td><td>35.20bc</td><td>30.98B</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+pH7</td><td>0.00m</td><td>0.00m</td><td>0.00m</td><td>34.10b-d</td><td>35.50bc</td><td>13.92D</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+500NAA+pH5</td><td>33.10c-e</td><td>30.10fg</td><td>27.60hi</td><td>33.60c-e</td><td>38.30a</td><td>32.54AB</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+500NAA+pH7</td><td>30.30fg</td><td>35.20bc</td><td>27.10ij</td><td>36.20ab</td><td>34.20b-d</td><td>32.60AB</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+pH5</td><td>28.70gh</td><td>31.70ef</td><td>29.10gh</td><td>32.40d-f</td><td>38.30a</td><td>32.04AB</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+pH7</td><td>31.80ef</td><td>32.40d-f</td><td>25.30jk</td><td>36.70ab</td><td>34.60b-d</td><td>32.16AB</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+500NAA+pH5</td><td>30.90fg</td><td>33.40c-e</td><td>28.20hi</td><td>34.80bc</td><td>37.60ab</td><td>32.98A</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+500NAA+pH7</td><td>22.50l</td><td>0.00m</td><td>0.00m</td><td>37.10ab</td><td>33.70c-e</td><td>18.66C</td></tr><tr><td>Mean</td><td>26.31B</td><td>24.08B</td><td>20.26C</td><td>34.60A</td><td>35.99A</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Values followed by the same letter (s) of each column are not significantly different at 5% level IBA Indole Butyric Acid, NAA Naphthalene Acetic Acid, ppm part per million.
<table><caption>TABLE 4. Effect of different auxin treatments under different pH of irrigation water on shoot length (cm.), leaf number/shoot and leaf area (cm²) of different almond × peach rootstocks in 2020.</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Treatment</th><th colspan="5">Hybrid number</th><th rowspan="2">Mean</th></tr><tr><th>1</th><th>2</th><th>3</th><th>4</th><th>5</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="7" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">Shoot length (cm.)</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+pH5</td><td>1.79g-i</td><td>1.69i-k</td><td>1.43i-k</td><td>2.78fg</td><td>3.48ef</td><td>2.24CD</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+pH7</td><td>0.00l</td><td>0.00l</td><td>0.00l</td><td>0.48k</td><td>0.79jk</td><td>0.26E</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+500NAA+pH5</td><td>5.71bc</td><td>5.73bc</td><td>4.78cd</td><td>6.91a</td><td>7.51a</td><td>6.13A</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+500NAA+pH7</td><td>0.88j</td><td>0.83jk</td><td>0.48k</td><td>1.01i-k</td><td>1.43gh</td><td>0.95DE</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+pH5</td><td>4.38de</td><td>4.08de</td><td>3.51ef</td><td>5.68bc</td><td>5.87b</td><td>4.70B</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+pH7</td><td>1.09i-k</td><td>1.00i-k</td><td>0.81jk</td><td>1.67i-k</td><td>1.91g-i</td><td>1.29DE</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+500NAA+pH5</td><td>2.78fg</td><td>2.69fg</td><td>2.41gh</td><td>3.66ef</td><td>3.78de</td><td>3.06BC</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+500NAA+pH7</td><td>0.38k</td><td>0.00l</td><td>0.00l</td><td>0.48k</td><td>0.79jk</td><td>0.33E</td></tr><tr><td>Mean</td><td>2.13B</td><td>2.00BC</td><td>1.68C</td><td>2.83A</td><td>3.19A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">Leaf number/shoot</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+pH5</td><td>0.98hi</td><td>1.38gh</td><td>0.81i</td><td>1.69fg</td><td>1.71fg</td><td>1.32BC</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+pH7</td><td>0.00l</td><td>0.00l</td><td>0.00l</td><td>0.31j-l</td><td>0.32jk</td><td>0.14D</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+500NAA+pH5</td><td>3.37b</td><td>3.51b</td><td>2.89c</td><td>4.45a</td><td>4.46a</td><td>3.74A</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+500NAA+pH7</td><td>0.62ij</td><td>0.56jk</td><td>0.33j-l</td><td>0.72ij</td><td>0.82i</td><td>0.61CD</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+pH5</td><td>0.68ij</td><td>2.48cd</td><td>2.05ef</td><td>3.42b</td><td>3.45b</td><td>2.42B</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+pH7</td><td>2.69cd</td><td>0.78i</td><td>0.64ij</td><td>1.03h</td><td>1.71fg</td><td>1.37BC</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+500NAA+pH5</td><td>1.73fg</td><td>1.79f</td><td>1.31gh</td><td>2.31de</td><td>2.57cd</td><td>1.94B</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+500NAA+pH7</td><td>0.19kl</td><td>0.00l</td><td>0.00l</td><td>0.45jk</td><td>0.51jk</td><td>0.23D</td></tr><tr><td>Mean</td><td>1.29BC</td><td>1.32BC</td><td>1.01C</td><td>1.80AB</td><td>1.94A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">Leaf area (cm²)</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+pH5</td><td>33.5fg</td><td>30.1hi</td><td>29.1ij</td><td>32.3gh</td><td>36.8b-d</td><td>32.36B</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+pH7</td><td>0.00l</td><td>0.00l</td><td>0.00l</td><td>35.2d-f</td><td>37.2a-c</td><td>14.48D</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+500NAA+pH5</td><td>33.8fg</td><td>30.9hi</td><td>28.1j</td><td>34.1ef</td><td>38.9a</td><td>33.16B</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+500NAA+pH7</td><td>31.1hi</td><td>36.0c-e</td><td>27.8jk</td><td>33.8fg</td><td>35.0d-f</td><td>32.74B</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+pH5</td><td>29.5ij</td><td>31.9gh</td><td>29.6ij</td><td>37.8a-c</td><td>39.1a</td><td>33.58AB</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+pH7</td><td>33.6fg</td><td>33.4fg</td><td>27.9jk</td><td>35.8c-e</td><td>36.1b-d</td><td>33.36AB</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+500NAA+pH5</td><td>33.9fg</td><td>34.1ef</td><td>29.1ij</td><td>36.5b-d</td><td>38.1ab</td><td>34.34A</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+500NAA+pH7</td><td>26.1k</td><td>0.00l</td><td>0.00l</td><td>38.2ab</td><td>35.7c-e</td><td>20.00C</td></tr><tr><td>Mean</td><td>27.69B</td><td>24.55B</td><td>21.45C</td><td>35.46A</td><td>37.12A</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Values followed by the same letter (s) of each column are not significantly different at 5% level IBA Indole Butyric Acid, NAA Naphthalene Acetic Acid, ppm part per million.
<table><caption>TABLE 5. Effect of different auxin treatments under different pH of irrigation water on fresh weight (g), dry weight (g.) and C/N ratio of different almond ×peach rootstocks in 2019.</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Treatment</th><th colspan="5">Hybrid number</th><th rowspan="2">Mean</th></tr><tr><th>1</th><th>2</th><th>3</th><th>4</th><th>5</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="7" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">Fresh weight (g.)</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+pH5</td><td>1.28hi</td><td>1.17hi</td><td>0.95jk</td><td>1.46gh</td><td>1.62fg</td><td>1.30B</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+pH7</td><td>0.44n</td><td>0.45n</td><td>0.38n</td><td>0.49n</td><td>0.63l-n</td><td>0.48D</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+500NAA+pH5</td><td>2.15b-d</td><td>1.99de</td><td>1.39gh</td><td>2.42ab</td><td>2.59a</td><td>2.11A</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+500NAA+pH7</td><td>0.62l-n</td><td>0.68l-n</td><td>0.54mn</td><td>0.92jk</td><td>1.01ij</td><td>0.75CD</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+pH5</td><td>1.79ef</td><td>2.06cd</td><td>1.19hi</td><td>2.32a-c</td><td>2.38ab</td><td>1.95A</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+pH7</td><td>0.89j-l</td><td>0.83j-m</td><td>0.81j-m</td><td>1.00ij</td><td>1.19hi</td><td>0.95C</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+500NAA+pH5</td><td>1.45gh</td><td>1.58fg</td><td>0.95jk</td><td>1.76ef</td><td>1.99de</td><td>1.57B</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+500NAA+pH7</td><td>0.83j-m</td><td>0.58l-n</td><td>0.51n</td><td>0.69l-n</td><td>0.93jk</td><td>0.71CD</td></tr><tr><td>Mean</td><td>1.18B</td><td>1.17B</td><td>0.84C</td><td>1.38A</td><td>1.55A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">Dry weight (g.)</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+pH5</td><td>0.44hi</td><td>0.48gh</td><td>0.39h</td><td>0.63ef</td><td>0.71de</td><td>0.53BC</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+pH7</td><td>0.17k</td><td>0.18k</td><td>0.15k</td><td>0.21k</td><td>0.26jk</td><td>0.19E</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+500NAA+pH5</td><td>0.89b</td><td>0.85bc</td><td>0.57fg</td><td>1.04a</td><td>1.12a</td><td>0.89A</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+500NAA+pH7</td><td>0.24jk</td><td>0.28jk</td><td>0.22k</td><td>0.38hi</td><td>0.44hi</td><td>0.31DE</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+pH5</td><td>0.73cd</td><td>0.85bc</td><td>0.48gh</td><td>1.00a</td><td>1.03a</td><td>0.82A</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+pH7</td><td>0.37hi</td><td>0.35ij</td><td>0.33ij</td><td>0.41hi</td><td>0.49gh</td><td>0.39CD</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+500NAA+pH5</td><td>0.62ef</td><td>0.70de</td><td>0.39h</td><td>0.76cd</td><td>0.86b</td><td>0.67B</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+500NAA+pH7</td><td>0.33ij</td><td>0.23jk</td><td>0.21k</td><td>0.28jk</td><td>0.38hi</td><td>0.29DE</td></tr><tr><td>Mean</td><td>0.47B</td><td>0.49B</td><td>0.34C</td><td>0.59A</td><td>0.66A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">C/N ratio</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+pH5</td><td>13.00fg</td><td>13.35d-f</td><td>12.70fg</td><td>13.80cd</td><td>14.10b-d</td><td>13.39B</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+pH7</td><td>10.66kl</td><td>10.15lm</td><td>09.85m</td><td>10.80kl</td><td>11.50jk</td><td>10.59F</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+500NAA+pH5</td><td>14.07b-d</td><td>14.55bc</td><td>13.45d-f</td><td>14.80ab</td><td>15.11a</td><td>14.40A</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+500NAA+pH7</td><td>12.5gh</td><td>11.88hi</td><td>10.85kl</td><td>12.50gh</td><td>12.90fg</td><td>12.13DE</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+pH5</td><td>14.30bc</td><td>14.50bc</td><td>13.70c-e</td><td>14.90ab</td><td>15.10ab</td><td>14.50A</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+pH7</td><td>12.85fg</td><td>12.65fg</td><td>11.70jk</td><td>13.10fg</td><td>13.30ef</td><td>12.72CD</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+500NAA+pH5</td><td>13.75c-e</td><td>14.20b-d</td><td>13.10fg</td><td>15.10ab</td><td>15.80a</td><td>14.39A</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+500NAA+pH7</td><td>11.55hi</td><td>10.90kl</td><td>10.40lm</td><td>12.30gh</td><td>12.80fg</td><td>11.59EF</td></tr><tr><td>Mean</td><td>12.84B</td><td>12.77B</td><td>11.97B</td><td>13.41AB</td><td>13.83A</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Values followed by the same letter (s) of each column are not significantly different at 5% level IBA Indole Butyric Acid, NAA Naphthalene Acetic Acid, ppm part per million.
<table><caption>TABLE 6. Effect of different auxin treatments under different pH of irrigation water on fresh weight (g), dry weight (g.) and C/N ratio of different almond ×peach rootstocks in 2020.</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Treatment</th><th colspan="5">Hybrid number</th><th rowspan="2">Mean</th></tr><tr><th>1</th><th>2</th><th>3</th><th>4</th><th>5</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="7" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">Fresh weight (g.)</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+pH5</td><td>2.04de</td><td>1.28gh</td><td>1.07hi</td><td>1.53e-g</td><td>1.69ef</td><td>1.52B</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+pH7</td><td>0.51kl</td><td>0.49kl</td><td>0.41l</td><td>0.53kl</td><td>0.67j-l</td><td>0.52D</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+500NAA+pH5</td><td>2.35cd</td><td>2.12d</td><td>2.71ab</td><td>2.56bc</td><td>2.91a</td><td>2.53A</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+500NAA+pH7</td><td>0.72jk</td><td>0.73jk</td><td>0.62kl</td><td>0.98hi</td><td>1.28gh</td><td>0.87CD</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+pH5</td><td>1.83e</td><td>2.17d</td><td>1.73e</td><td>2.62ab</td><td>2.79ab</td><td>2.23A</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+pH7</td><td>0.94ij</td><td>0.89ij</td><td>0.89ij</td><td>1.25gh</td><td>1.41fg</td><td>1.07C</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+500NAA+pH5</td><td>1.58ef</td><td>1.60ef</td><td>1.07hi</td><td>1.83e</td><td>2.04d</td><td>1.62B</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+500NAA+pH7</td><td>0.92ij</td><td>0.76j-l</td><td>0.69ij</td><td>0.98hi</td><td>1.03hi</td><td>0.88CD</td></tr><tr><td>Mean</td><td>1.36BC</td><td>1.26BC</td><td>1.15C</td><td>1.53AB</td><td>1.72A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">Dry weight (g.)</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+pH5</td><td>0.53gh</td><td>0.51gh</td><td>0.41hi</td><td>0.69ef</td><td>0.73e</td><td>0.57C</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+pH7</td><td>0.18l</td><td>0.19lk</td><td>0.16l</td><td>0.29jk</td><td>0.29jk</td><td>0.22E</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+500NAA+pH5</td><td>0.93c</td><td>0.89cd</td><td>0.61fg</td><td>1.12b</td><td>1.28a</td><td>0.97A</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+500NAA+pH7</td><td>0.32ij</td><td>0.37ij</td><td>0.29jk</td><td>0.41hi</td><td>0.47gh</td><td>0.37D</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+pH5</td><td>0.89cd</td><td>0.91c</td><td>0.51gh</td><td>1.18ab</td><td>1.21ab</td><td>0.94A</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+pH7</td><td>0.45hi</td><td>0.51gh</td><td>0.41hi</td><td>0.48gh</td><td>0.49gh</td><td>0.47CD</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+500NAA+pH5</td><td>0.67ef</td><td>0.73e</td><td>0.45hi</td><td>0.79de</td><td>0.89cd</td><td>0.71B</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+500NAA+pH7</td><td>0.39hi</td><td>0.31ij</td><td>0.29jk</td><td>0.41hi</td><td>0.43hi</td><td>0.37D</td></tr><tr><td>Mean</td><td>0.55B</td><td>0.55B</td><td>0.39C</td><td>0.67A</td><td>0.73A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">C/N ratio</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+pH5</td><td>14.50b-d</td><td>14.60bc</td><td>13.30ef</td><td>13.90cd</td><td>14.40b-d</td><td>14.14B</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+pH7</td><td>12.00gh</td><td>11.40ij</td><td>10.90j</td><td>11.40ij</td><td>12.60gh</td><td>11.66E</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+500NAA+pH5</td><td>14.80a-c</td><td>14.70bc</td><td>14.10cd</td><td>15.00ab</td><td>15.70a</td><td>14.86A</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+500NAA+pH7</td><td>13.60de</td><td>12.50gh</td><td>11.40ij</td><td>13.50de</td><td>13.30ef</td><td>12.86D</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+pH5</td><td>14.60bc</td><td>14.90ab</td><td>14.50b-d</td><td>15.10ab</td><td>15.90a</td><td>15.00A</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+pH7</td><td>13.20ef</td><td>13.10ef</td><td>14.80ef</td><td>12.20gh</td><td>14.20cd</td><td>13.50C</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+500NAA+pH5</td><td>14.10cd</td><td>15.10ab</td><td>14.10cd</td><td>15.80ab</td><td>14.90ab</td><td>14.8AB</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+500NAA+pH7</td><td>12.70gh</td><td>11.90hi</td><td>11.50ij</td><td>13.60de</td><td>13.10ef</td><td>12.56D</td></tr><tr><td>Mean</td><td>13.70AB</td><td>13.53BC</td><td>13.07C</td><td>13.81AB</td><td>14.26A</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Values followed by the same letter (s) of each column are not significantly different at 5% level IBA Indole Butyric Acid, NAA Naphthalene Acetic Acid, ppm part per million.
<table><caption>TABLE 7. Effect of different auxin treatments under different pH of irrigation water on total indoles (mg/g d.wt.) and total phenols (mg/g d.wt.) of different almond xpeach rootstocks.</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Treatment</th><th colspan="6">Hybrid number</th></tr><tr><th>1</th><th>2</th><th>3</th><th>4</th><th>5</th><th>Mean</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="7">Total Indoles (mg/gd.wt.) 2019</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+pH5</td><td>0.271f-h</td><td>0.244g-i</td><td>0.205jk</td><td>0.277f-h</td><td>0.285f-h</td><td>0.26C</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+pH7</td><td>0.127m</td><td>0.142lm</td><td>0.117m</td><td>0.157k-m</td><td>0.163k-m</td><td>0.14E</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+500NAA+pH5</td><td>0.396bc</td><td>0.385cd</td><td>0.294fg</td><td>0.445ab</td><td>0.471a</td><td>0.39A</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+500NAA+pH7</td><td>0.197jk</td><td>0.186j-l</td><td>0.151lm</td><td>0.193j-l</td><td>0.213i-k</td><td>0.19DE</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+pH5</td><td>0.414bc</td><td>0.363cd</td><td>0.311ef</td><td>0.406bc</td><td>0.432ab</td><td>0.39A</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+pH7</td><td>0.250g-i</td><td>0.237h-j</td><td>0.188j-l</td><td>0.254g-i</td><td>0.266f-h</td><td>0.24CD</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+500NAA+pH5</td><td>0.316ef</td><td>0.302ef</td><td>0.262g-i</td><td>0.349de</td><td>0.371cd</td><td>0.32B</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+500NAA+pH7</td><td>0.165k-m</td><td>0.160k-m</td><td>0.132m</td><td>0.178k-m</td><td>0.188j-l</td><td>0.16E</td></tr><tr><td>Mean</td><td>0.267B</td><td>0.252B</td><td>0.207C</td><td>0.282AB</td><td>0.299A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7">Total Indoles (mg/gd.wt.) 2020</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+pH5</td><td>0.276g-i</td><td>0.259h-j</td><td>0.223j-l</td><td>0.286f-h</td><td>0.301f-h</td><td>0.269BC</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+pH7</td><td>0.131n</td><td>0.142mn</td><td>0.122n</td><td>0.169mn</td><td>0.175lm</td><td>0.148D</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+500NAA+pH5</td><td>0.401cd</td><td>0.391cd</td><td>0.341ef</td><td>0.461ab</td><td>0.483a</td><td>0.415A</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+500NAA+pH7</td><td>0.201kl</td><td>0.196kl</td><td>0.183lm</td><td>0.208kl</td><td>0.228i-k</td><td>0.203CD</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+pH5</td><td>0.440a-c</td><td>0.375de</td><td>0.354de</td><td>0.427bc</td><td>0.437a-c</td><td>0.407A</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+pH7</td><td>0.263h-j</td><td>0.245i-k</td><td>0.202kl</td><td>0.269g-i</td><td>0.273g-i</td><td>0.250C</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+500NAA+pH5</td><td>0.323ef</td><td>0.321e-g</td><td>0.287f-h</td><td>0.362de</td><td>0.372de</td><td>0.333AB</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+500NAA+pH7</td><td>0.172lm</td><td>0.171lm</td><td>0.159mn</td><td>0.189lm</td><td>0.193lm</td><td>0.177D</td></tr><tr><td>Mean</td><td>0.275AB</td><td>0.263BC</td><td>0.234C</td><td>0.296AB</td><td>0.308A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7">Total phenols (mg/g d.wt.) 2019</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+pH5</td><td>2.05fg</td><td>1.91h</td><td>2.11fg</td><td>1.65ij</td><td>1.73i</td><td>1.89CD</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+pH7</td><td>2.56ab</td><td>2.63a</td><td>2.67a</td><td>2.48bc</td><td>2.31de</td><td>2.53A</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+500NAA+pH5</td><td>1.54jk</td><td>1.48kl</td><td>1.63ij</td><td>1.34l</td><td>1.31l</td><td>1.46E</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+500NAA+pH7</td><td>2.27de</td><td>2.17ef</td><td>2.40b-d</td><td>2.11fg</td><td>1.97gh</td><td>2.18BC</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+pH5</td><td>1.59jk</td><td>1.55jk</td><td>1.71ij</td><td>1.35l</td><td>1.39l</td><td>1.52E</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+pH7</td><td>2.25de</td><td>2.28de</td><td>2.34cd</td><td>2.01gh</td><td>1.94h</td><td>2.17BC</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+500NAA+pH5</td><td>1.77i</td><td>1.68ij</td><td>1.84hi</td><td>1.49kl</td><td>1.52k</td><td>1.66DE</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+500NAA+pH7</td><td>2.36cd</td><td>2.47bc</td><td>2.52ab</td><td>2.33cd</td><td>2.19ef</td><td>2.38AB</td></tr><tr><td>Mean</td><td>2.05AB</td><td>2.02B</td><td>2.15A</td><td>1.85C</td><td>1.80C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7">Total phenols (mg/g d.wt.) 2020</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+pH5</td><td>2.31de</td><td>2.17ef</td><td>1.95gh</td><td>1.85gh</td><td>1.59jk</td><td>1.98C</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+pH7</td><td>3.07a</td><td>2.54bc</td><td>2.91a</td><td>2.03fg</td><td>2.01fg</td><td>2.51A</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+500NAA+pH5</td><td>1.32lm</td><td>1.61ij</td><td>1.57jk</td><td>1.13m</td><td>1.40kl</td><td>1.41D</td></tr><tr><td>1000ppm+500NAA+pH7</td><td>2.11ef</td><td>2.41cd</td><td>2.64b</td><td>1.48jk</td><td>1.72hi</td><td>2.07BC</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+pH5</td><td>1.31lm</td><td>1.81hi</td><td>1.87gh</td><td>1.41kl</td><td>1.56jk</td><td>1.59D</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+pH7</td><td>2.27de</td><td>2.51bc</td><td>2.41cd</td><td>2.11ef</td><td>1.89gh</td><td>2.24AB</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+500NAA+pH5</td><td>1.64ij</td><td>1.59jk</td><td>2.03fg</td><td>1.31lm</td><td>1.33kl</td><td>1.58D</td></tr><tr><td>2000ppm+500NAA+pH7</td><td>2.61b</td><td>2.55bc</td><td>2.31de</td><td>2.09f</td><td>2.11ef</td><td>2.34A</td></tr><tr><td>Mean</td><td>2.08A</td><td>2.15A</td><td>2.15A</td><td>1.67B</td><td>1.70B</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Values followed by the same letter (s) of each column are not significantly different at 5% level
IBA Indole Butyric Acid, NAA Naphthalene Acetic Acid, ppm part per million.
It has been long known that different plant species, including important crops, have different soil pH optima for growth (Small, 1946). pH is a major, variable growth factor in natural and agricultural soils. Rhizosphere pH is connected to many physiological and environmental parameters, like growth, respiration, biotic interactions, the solubility of nutrients and toxic ions, and the leaching of soil anions (Hinsinger et al., 2003). Plant roots encounter spatial and temporal variations of pH in the soil, and changes in soil water. A strong correlation between the rapid pH response and the transcriptional response to short-term auxin treatment (30 and 60 min) is evident. pH is highly variable in soil due to variations in elemental, organic and ionic composition, as well as water status. As a consequence, roots will upon growth and over time experience different pH environments that will affect the root surface and apoplastic pH (Gao et al., 2004). In addition, active modulation of apoplastic pH is performed by plant roots for facilitating nutrient uptake but also more generally by plant cells for inducing growth and in response to external signals (Felle, 2001). Soil pH is an important factor for plant growth, as it affects nutrient availability, nutrient toxicity, and has a direct effect on the protoplasm of plant root cells. It also affects the abundance and activity of soil organisms (from microorganisms to arthropods) responsible for transformations of nutrients (Nicol et al. 2008). Changes of rhizosphere pH affects plant growth including morphology, photosynthesis, nutrient absorption (Daqiu et al., 2013). High pH reduced the weight of plant and uptake of nutrients (Hajiboland et al., 2003).

## Conclusion

From the previous experiment we can conclude that hybrid No.5 was the best hybrid genotype of the used five hybrids and hybrid No.4 followed it. The best growth measurements were recorded when treated hybrid genotypes by 1000ppm IBA +500ppm NAA under pH5 of irrigation water followed by 2000ppm IBA under pH7 of irrigation water.

## Acknowledgment

The author would like to thank D. Samah I. Nasr (Higher Institute of Agricultural Co-Operation, Cairo, Egypt) for cooperation and help at this experiment.

## Funding statements

None

## Conflicts of interest

None

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## دراسات على اكتار هجن جديدة من اللوز x الخوخ بواسطة العقل الخشبية

غادة محمود سليمان

قسم بحوث الأشجار المتساقطة الأوراق - معهد بحوث البساتين - مركز البحوث الزراعية - القاهرة - مصر.

تمت هذه التجربة خلال عامي 2019 و2020 وذلك بهدف دراسة تأثير هرمونات التجذير مع درجتين مختلفتين من الحموضة للماء على خمس هجن جديدة من اللوز x الخوخ. الهجن الجديدة المقاومة للنيماتودا والمحملة للملحة. يبلغ عمر الأشجار تسع سنوات مزروعة في معهد بحوث البساتين - مركز البحوث الزراعية تحت نفس المعاملات البستانية الموصى بها. تألفت هذه التجربة من ثماني معاملات باستخدام اندول حمض البيوتيريك (IBA) بتركيزات 1000 و 2000 جزء في المليون مع أو بدون 500 جزء في المليون من نقالين حمض (NAA) تحت درجة الحموضة 5 و 7.

أوضحت النتائج تفوق هجين رقم 5 في تسجل اعلى قيم لقياسات النمو والقياسات الكيميائية تبعه هجين رقم 4 بينما سجل هجين رقم 3 اقل القيم. اعلى نسبة تجذير (56.28&59.76) واطول جذور (سم 4.23&4.01) سجلتها المعاملة باستخدام 1000 جزء في المليون اندول حمض البيوتيريك مع 500 جزء ف المليون نقالين حمض الخليك لان الاكسينات تزيد من انقسام خلايا الكالس وتحث نشات مبادئ الجذور

يؤخر 1000 جزء في المليون اندول حمض البيوتيريك مع 500 جزء ف المليون نقالين حمض الخليك تساقط الأوراق فيزيد من تراكم تونج البناء الضوئي تجاه الأوراق فتزيد مساحة الورقة (34.34&32.98 سم²) و الوزن الطازج (2.11&2.53) جم. والجاف) 0.89&0.97 جم. (كبير مساحة الورقة يزيد مننسبة الكربوهيدرات الى النبتروجين.

الرى باستخدام pH5 يحسن تيسر العناصر الغذائية فالتربة ودوبانها عن pH7 لمعاء الرى اضافة تركيبة من 1000 جزء ف المليون من اندول حمض البيوتيريك مع 500 جزء ف المليون من نقالين حمض الخليك حسنت من تشاط التحليل الغذائي فزاد من الكربوهيدرات وامتصاص المغذيات ومنتجات التمثيل الضوئي التي توفر الطاقة للانقسام واستطالة خلايا الكامبيوم الوعائية ثم تؤدي إلى أقصى طول للافرع. يزيد الرى ب pH5 تيسر ودوبان المغذيات وترشح ايونات التربة عن 7.

حصل الهجين رقم 5 المعامل 1000 جزء في المليون IBA + 500 جزء في المليون من NAA تحت pH5 أعلى قيم معنوية لجميع قياسات النمو (نسبة تجذير 58.8%±67.2%) عدد للجدور 5.95±6.03 وطول للافرع 7.51±7.30 سم ومساحة للأوراق 38.9±8.3 سم² مع افضل قياسات كيميائية وزن طازج 2.59±2.71 جم ( ) وزن جاف 1.12±1.28 جم ( ) واندولات كلية (0.483±0.471). علاوة على ذلك ، كان استخدام درجة حموضة الماء العادية (7) أفضل عند استخدام التركيز العالي لIBA فقط (2000 جزء في المليون).

الكلمات المفتاحية: هجن اللوز x الخوخ العقل الخشبية اندول حمض البيوتيريك نقالين حمض الخليك حموضة ماء الرى.