89. Chistiakov, D.A.; Bobryshev, Y.V.; Orekhov, A.N. Changes in Transcriptome of Macrophages in Atherosclerosis. *J. Cell. Mol. Med.* **2015**, *19*, 1163–1173. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

90. Shapouri-Moghaddam, A.; Mohammadian, S.; Vazini, H.; Taghadosi, M.; Esmaeili, S.-A.; Mardani, F.; Seifi, B.; Mohammadi, A.; Afshari, J.T.; Sahebkar, A. Macrophage Plasticity, Polarization, and Function in Health and Disease. *J. Cell. Physiol.* **2018**, *233*, 6425–6440. [CrossRef]

91. Orecchioni, M.; Ghosheh, Y.; Pramod, A.B.; Ley, K. Macrophage Polarization: Different Gene Signatures in M1(LPS+) vs. Classically and M2(LPS-) vs. Alternatively Activated Macrophages. *Front. Immunol.* **2019**, *10*, 1084. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

92. Yu, T.; Gan, S.; Zhu, Q.; Dai, D.; Li, N.; Wang, H.; Chen, X.; Hou, D.; Wang, Y.; Pan, Q.; et al. Modulation of M2 Macrophage Polarization by the Crosstalk between Stat6 and Trim24. *Nat. Commun.* **2019**, *10*, 4353. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

93. Radhika, A.; Jacob, S.S.; Sudhakaran, P.R. Influence of Oxidatively Modified LDL on Monocyte-Macrophage Differentiation. *Mol. Cell. Biochem.* **2007**, *305*, 133–143. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

94. Pryma, C.S.; Ortega, C.; Dubland, J.A.; Francis, G.A. Pathways of Smooth Muscle Foam Cell Formation in Atherosclerosis. *Curr. Opin. Lipidol.* **2019**, *30*, 117–124. [CrossRef]

95. Jonasson, L.; Holm, J.; Skalli, O.; Gabbiani, G.; Hansson, G.K. Expression of Class II Transplantation Antigen on Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in Human Atherosclerosis. *J. Clin. Investig.* **1985**, *76*, 125–131. [CrossRef]

96. Andreeva, E.R.; Pugach, I.M.; Orekhov, A.N. Subendothelial Smooth Muscle Cells of Human Aorta Express Macrophage Antigen in Situ and in Vitro. *Atherosclerosis* **1997**, *135*, 19–27. [CrossRef]

97. Gomez, D.; Shankman, L.S.; Nguyen, A.T.; Owens, G.K. Detection of Histone Modifications at Specific Gene Loci in Single Cells in Histological Sections. *Nat. Methods* **2013**, *10*, 171–177. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

98. Feil, S.; Fehrenbacher, B.; Lukowski, R.; Essmann, F.; Schulze-Osthoff, K.; Schaller, M.; Feil, R. Transdifferentiation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells to Macrophage-like Cells during Atherogenesis. *Circ. Res.* **2014**, *115*, 662–667. [CrossRef]

99. Shankman, L.S.; Gomez, D.; Cherepanova, O.A.; Salmon, M.; Alencar, G.F.; Haskins, R.M.; Swiatlowska, P.; Newman, A.A.C.; Greene, E.S.; Straub, A.C.; et al. KLF4-Dependent Phenotypic Modulation of Smooth Muscle Cells Has a Key Role in Atherosclerotic Plaque Pathogenesis. *Nat. Med.* **2015**, *21*, 628–637. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

100. Albarrán-Juárez, J.; Kaur, H.; Grimm, M.; Offermanns, S.; Wettschureck, N. Lineage Tracing of Cells Involved in Atherosclerosis. *Atherosclerosis* **2016**, *251*, 445–453. [CrossRef]

101. Liu, M.; Gomez, D. Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotypic Diversity. *Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.* **2019**, *39*, 1715–1723. [CrossRef]

102. Nakashima, Y.; Fujii, H.; Sumiyoshi, S.; Wight, T.N.; Sueishi, K. Early Human Atherosclerosis: Accumulation of Lipid and Proteoglycans in Intimal Thickenings Followed by Macrophage Infiltration. *Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.* **2007**, *27*, 1159–1165. [CrossRef]

103. Allahverdian, S.; Chehroudi, A.C.; McManus, B.M.; Abraham, T.; Francis, G.A. Contribution of Intimal Smooth Muscle Cells to Cholesterol Accumulation and Macrophage-like Cells in Human Atherosclerosis. *Circulation* **2014**, *129*, 1551–1559. [CrossRef]

104. Dubland, J.A.; Allahverdian, S.; Besler, K.J.; Ortega, C.; Wang, Y.; Pryma, C.S.; Boukais, K.; Chan, T.; Seidman, M.A.; Francis, G.A. Low LAL (Lysosomal Acid Lipase) Expression by Smooth Muscle Cells Relative to Macrophages as a Mechanism for Arterial Foam Cell Formation. *Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.* **2021**, *ATVBAHA120316063*. [CrossRef]

105. Zhao, D.; Li, J.; Xue, C.; Feng, K.; Liu, L.; Zeng, P.; Wang, X.; Chen, Y.; Li, L.; Zhang, Z.; et al. TL1A Inhibits Atherosclerosis in ApoE-Deficient Mice by Regulating the Phenotype of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. *J. Biol. Chem.* **2020**, *295*, 16314–16327. [CrossRef]

106. Ismail, N.A.; Alavi, M.Z.; Moore, S. Lipoprotein-Proteoglycan Complexes from Injured Rabbit Aortas Accelerate Lipoprotein Uptake by Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells. *Atherosclerosis* **1994**, *105*, 79–87. [CrossRef]

107. Oörni, K.; Posio, P.; Ala-Korpela, M.; Jauhiainen, M.; Kovanen, P.T. Sphingomyelinase Induces Aggregation and Fusion of Small Very Low-Density Lipoprotein and Intermediate-Density Lipoprotein Particles and Increases Their Retention to Human Arterial Proteoglycans. *Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.* **2005**, *25*, 1678–1683. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

108. Argmann, C.A.; Sawyez, C.G.; Li, S.; Nong, Z.; Hegele, R.A.; Pickering, J.G.; Huff, M.W. Human Smooth Muscle Cell Subpopulations Differentially Accumulate Cholesteryl Ester When Exposed to Native and Oxidized Lipoproteins. *Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.* **2004**, *24*, 1290–1296. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

109. Klouche, M.; Rose-John, S.; Schmiedt, W.; Bhakdi, S. Enzymatically Degraded, Nonoxidized LDL Induces Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Activation, Foam Cell Transformation, and Proliferation. *Circulation* **2000**, *101*, 1799–1805. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

110. Chellan, B.; Rojas, E.; Zhang, C.; Hofmann Bowman, M.A. Enzyme-Modified Non-Oxidized LDL (ELDL) Induces Human Coronary Artery Smooth Muscle Cell Transformation to a Migratory and Osteoblast-like Phenotype. *Sci. Rep.* **2018**, *8*, 11954. [CrossRef]

111. Vijayagopal, P.; Glancy, D.L. Macrophages Stimulate Cholesteryl Ester Accumulation in Cocultured Smooth Muscle Cells Incubated with Lipoprotein-Proteoglycan Complex. *Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.* **1996**, *16*, 1112–1121. [CrossRef]

112. Weinert, S.; Poitz, D.M.; Auffermann-Gretzinger, S.; Eger, L.; Herold, J.; Medunjanin, S.; Schmeisser, A.; Strasser, R.H.; Braun-Dullaeus, R.C. The Lysosomal Transfer of LDL/Cholesterol from Macrophages into Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Induces Their Phenotypic Alteration. *Cardiovasc. Res.* **2013**, *97*, 544–552. [CrossRef]

113. Niu, C.; Wang, X.; Zhao, M.; Cai, T.; Liu, P.; Li, J.; Willard, B.; Zu, L.; Zhou, E.; Li, Y.; et al. Macrophage Foam Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Promote Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Migration and Adhesion. *J. Am. Heart Assoc.* **2016**, *5*. [CrossRef]
89. Chistiakov, D.A.; Bobryshev, Y.V.; Orekhov, A.N. Changes in Transcriptome of Macrophages in Atherosclerosis. *J. Cell. Mol. Med.* **2015**, *19*, 1163–1173. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

90. Shapouri-Moghaddam, A.; Mohammadian, S.; Vazini, H.; Taghadosi, M.; Esmaeili, S.-A.; Mardani, F.; Seifi, B.; Mohammadi, A.; Afshari, J.T.; Sahebkar, A. Macrophage Plasticity, Polarization, and Function in Health and Disease. *J. Cell. Physiol.* **2018**, *233*, 6425–6440. [CrossRef]

91. Orecchioni, M.; Ghosheh, Y.; Pramod, A.B.; Ley, K. Macrophage Polarization: Different Gene Signatures in M1(LPS+) vs. Classically and M2(LPS-) vs. Alternatively Activated Macrophages. *Front. Immunol.* **2019**, *10*, 1084. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

92. Yu, T.; Gan, S.; Zhu, Q.; Dai, D.; Li, N.; Wang, H.; Chen, X.; Hou, D.; Wang, Y.; Pan, Q.; et al. Modulation of M2 Macrophage Polarization by the Crosstalk between Stat6 and Trim24. *Nat. Commun.* **2019**, *10*, 4353. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

93. Radhika, A.; Jacob, S.S.; Sudhakaran, P.R. Influence of Oxidatively Modified LDL on Monocyte-Macrophage Differentiation. *Mol. Cell. Biochem.* **2007**, *305*, 133–143. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

94. Pryma, C.S.; Ortega, C.; Dubland, J.A.; Francis, G.A. Pathways of Smooth Muscle Foam Cell Formation in Atherosclerosis. *Curr. Opin. Lipidol.* **2019**, *30*, 117–124. [CrossRef]

95. Jonasson, L.; Holm, J.; Skalli, O.; Gabbiani, G.; Hansson, G.K. Expression of Class II Transplantation Antigen on Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in Human Atherosclerosis. *J. Clin. Investig.* **1985**, *76*, 125–131. [CrossRef]

96. Andreeva, E.R.; Pugach, I.M.; Orekhov, A.N. Subendothelial Smooth Muscle Cells of Human Aorta Express Macrophage Antigen in Situ and in Vitro. *Atherosclerosis* **1997**, *135*, 19–27. [CrossRef]

97. Gomez, D.; Shankman, L.S.; Nguyen, A.T.; Owens, G.K. Detection of Histone Modifications at Specific Gene Loci in Single Cells in Histological Sections. *Nat. Methods* **2013**, *10*, 171–177. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

98. Feil, S.; Fehrenbacher, B.; Lukowski, R.; Essmann, F.; Schulze-Osthoff, K.; Schaller, M.; Feil, R. Transdifferentiation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells to Macrophage-like Cells during Atherogenesis. *Circ. Res.* **2014**, *115*, 662–667. [CrossRef]

99. Shankman, L.S.; Gomez, D.; Cherepanova, O.A.; Salmon, M.; Alencar, G.F.; Haskins, R.M.; Swiatlowska, P.; Newman, A.A.C.; Greene, E.S.; Straub, A.C.; et al. KLF4-Dependent Phenotypic Modulation of Smooth Muscle Cells Has a Key Role in Atherosclerotic Plaque Pathogenesis. *Nat. Med.* **2015**, *21*, 628–637. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

100. Albarrán-Juárez, J.; Kaur, H.; Grimm, M.; Offermanns, S.; Wettschureck, N. Lineage Tracing of Cells Involved in Atherosclerosis. *Atherosclerosis* **2016**, *251*, 445–453. [CrossRef]

101. Liu, M.; Gomez, D. Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotypic Diversity. *Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.* **2019**, *39*, 1715–1723. [CrossRef]

102. Nakashima, Y.; Fujii, H.; Sumiyoshi, S.; Wight, T.N.; Sueishi, K. Early Human Atherosclerosis: Accumulation of Lipid and Proteoglycans in Intimal Thickenings Followed by Macrophage Infiltration. *Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.* **2007**, *27*, 1159–1165. [CrossRef]

103. Allahverdian, S.; Chehroudi, A.C.; McManus, B.M.; Abraham, T.; Francis, G.A. Contribution of Intimal Smooth Muscle Cells to Cholesterol Accumulation and Macrophage-like Cells in Human Atherosclerosis. *Circulation* **2014**, *129*, 1551–1559. [CrossRef]

104. Dubland, J.A.; Allahverdian, S.; Besler, K.J.; Ortega, C.; Wang, Y.; Pryma, C.S.; Boukais, K.; Chan, T.; Seidman, M.A.; Francis, G.A. Low LAL (Lysosomal Acid Lipase) Expression by Smooth Muscle Cells Relative to Macrophages as a Mechanism for Arterial Foam Cell Formation. *Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.* **2021**, *ATVBAHA120316063*. [CrossRef]

105. Zhao, D.; Li, J.; Xue, C.; Feng, K.; Liu, L.; Zeng, P.; Wang, X.; Chen, Y.; Li, L.; Zhang, Z.; et al. TL1A Inhibits Atherosclerosis in ApoE-Deficient Mice by Regulating the Phenotype of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. *J. Biol. Chem.* **2020**, *295*, 16314–16327. [CrossRef]

106. Ismail, N.A.; Alavi, M.Z.; Moore, S. Lipoprotein-Proteoglycan Complexes from Injured Rabbit Aortas Accelerate Lipoprotein Uptake by Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells. *Atherosclerosis* **1994**, *105*, 79–87. [CrossRef]

107. Oörni, K.; Posio, P.; Ala-Korpela, M.; Jauhiainen, M.; Kovanen, P.T. Sphingomyelinase Induces Aggregation and Fusion of Small Very Low-Density Lipoprotein and Intermediate-Density Lipoprotein Particles and Increases Their Retention to Human Arterial Proteoglycans. *Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.* **2005**, *25*, 1678–1683. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

108. Argmann, C.A.; Sawyez, C.G.; Li, S.; Nong, Z.; Hegele, R.A.; Pickering, J.G.; Huff, M.W. Human Smooth Muscle Cell Subpopulations Differentially Accumulate Cholesteryl Ester When Exposed to Native and Oxidized Lipoproteins. *Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.* **2004**, *24*, 1290–1296. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

109. Klouche, M.; Rose-John, S.; Schmiedt, W.; Bhakdi, S. Enzymatically Degraded, Nonoxidized LDL Induces Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Activation, Foam Cell Transformation, and Proliferation. *Circulation* **2000**, *101*, 1799–1805. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

110. Chellan, B.; Rojas, E.; Zhang, C.; Hofmann Bowman, M.A. Enzyme-Modified Non-Oxidized LDL (ELDL) Induces Human Coronary Artery Smooth Muscle Cell Transformation to a Migratory and Osteoblast-like Phenotype. *Sci. Rep.* **2018**, *8*, 11954. [CrossRef]

111. Vijayagopal, P.; Glancy, D.L. Macrophages Stimulate Cholesteryl Ester Accumulation in Cocultured Smooth Muscle Cells Incubated with Lipoprotein-Proteoglycan Complex. *Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.* **1996**, *16*, 1112–1121. [CrossRef]

112. Weinert, S.; Poitz, D.M.; Auffermann-Gretzinger, S.; Eger, L.; Herold, J.; Medunjanin, S.; Schmeisser, A.; Strasser, R.H.; Braun-Dullaeus, R.C. The Lysosomal Transfer of LDL/Cholesterol from Macrophages into Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Induces Their Phenotypic Alteration. *Cardiovasc. Res.* **2013**, *97*, 544–552. [CrossRef]

113. Niu, C.; Wang, X.; Zhao, M.; Cai, T.; Liu, P.; Li, J.; Willard, B.; Zu, L.; Zhou, E.; Li, Y.; et al. Macrophage Foam Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Promote Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Migration and Adhesion. *J. Am. Heart Assoc.* **2016**, *5*. [CrossRef]
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115. He, C.; Jiang, H.; Song, W.; Riezman, H.; Tontonoz, P.; Weston, T.A.; Guagliardo, P.; Kim, P.H.; Jung, R.; Heizer, P.; et al. Cultured Macrophages Transfer Surplus Cholesterol into Adjacent Cells in the Absence of Serum or High-Density Lipoproteins. *Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA* **2020**, *117*, 10476-10483. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

116. Napoli, C.; D'Armiento, F.P.; Mancini, F.P.; Postiglione, A.; Witztum, J.L.; Palumbo, G.; Palinski, W. Fatty Streak Formation Occurs in Human Fetal Aortas and Is Greatly Enhanced by Maternal Hypercholesterolemia. Intimal Accumulation of Low Density Lipoprotein and Its Oxidation Precede Monocyte Recruitment into Early Atherosclerotic Lesions. *J. Clin. Investig.* **1997**, *100*, 2680-2690. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

117. Brown, M.S.; Basu, S.K.; Falck, J.R.; Ho, Y.K.; Goldstein, J.L. The Scavenger Cell Pathway for Lipoprotein Degradation: Specificity of the Binding Site That Mediates the Uptake of Negatively-Charged LDL by Macrophages. *J. Supramol. Struct.* **1980**, *13*, 67-81. [CrossRef]

118. Brown, M.S.; Goldstein, J.L. A Receptor-Mediated Pathway for Cholesterol Homeostasis. *Science* **1986**, *232*, 34-47. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

119. Tontonoz, P.; Nagy, L.; Alvarez, J.G.; Thomazy, V.A.; Evans, R.M. PPARgamma Promotes Monocyte/Macrophage Differentiation and Uptake of Oxidized LDL. *Cell* **1998**, *93*, 241-252. [CrossRef]

120. Diaz, S.; Higa, H.H.; Hayes, B.K.; Varki, A. O-Acetylation and de-O-Acetylation of Sialic Acids. 7- and 9-o-Acetylation of Alpha 2,6-Linked Sialic Acids on Endogenous N-Linked Glycans in Rat Liver Golgi Vesicles. *J. Biol. Chem.* **1989**, *264*, 19416-19426. [CrossRef]

121. Kattoor, A.J.; Pothineni, N.V.K.; Palagiri, D.; Mehta, J.L. Oxidative Stress in Atherosclerosis. *Curr. Atheroscler. Rep.* **2017**, *19*, 42. [CrossRef]

122. Oiknine, J.; Aviram, M. Increased Susceptibility to Activation and Increased Uptake of Low Density Lipoprotein by Cholesterol-Loaded Macrophages. *Arterioscler. Thromb. J. Vasc. Biol.* **1992**, *12*, 745-753. [CrossRef]

123. Choi, S.-H.; Harkewicz, R.; Lee, J.H.; Boullier, A.; Almazan, F.; Li, A.C.; Witztum, J.L.; Bae, Y.S.; Miller, Y.I. Lipoprotein Accumulation in Macrophages via Toll-like Receptor-4-Dependent Fluid Phase Uptake. *Circ. Res.* **2009**, *104*, 1355-1363. [CrossRef]

124. Gao, L.-N.; Zhou, X.; Lu, Y.-R.; Li, K.; Gao, S.; Yu, C.-Q.; Cui, Y.-L. Dan-Lou Prescription Inhibits Foam Cell Formation Induced by Ox-LDL via the TLR4/NF-KB and PPARγ Signaling Pathways. *Front. Physiol.* **2018**, *9*, 590. [CrossRef]

125. Di Pietro, N.; Formoso, G.; Pandolfi, A. Physiology and Pathophysiology of OxLDL Uptake by Vascular Wall Cells in Atherosclerosis. *Vascul. Pharmacol.* **2016**, *84*, 1-7. [CrossRef]

126. Chistiakov, D.A.; Melnichenko, A.A.; Orekhov, A.N.; Bobryshev, Y.V. How Do Macrophages Sense Modified Low-Density Lipoproteins? *Int. J. Cardiol.* **2017**, *230*, 232-240. [CrossRef]

127. Kunjathoor, V.V.; Febbraio, M.; Podrez, E.A.; Moore, K.J.; Andersson, L.; Koehn, S.; Rhee, J.S.; Silverstein, R.; Hoff, H.F.; Freeman, M.W. Scavenger Receptors Class A-I/II and CD36 Are the Principal Receptors Responsible for the Uptake of Modified Low Density Lipoprotein Leading to Lipid Loading in Macrophages. *J. Biol. Chem.* **2002**, *277*, 49982-49988. [CrossRef]

128. Zhou, F.; Pan, Y.; Huang, Z.; Jia, Y.; Zhao, X.; Chen, Y.; Diao, J.; Wan, Q.; Cui, X. Visfatin Induces Cholesterol Accumulation in Macrophages through Up-Regulation of Scavenger Receptor-A and CD36. *Cell Stress Chaperones* **2013**, *18*, 643-652. [CrossRef]

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136. Ramprasad, M.P.; Terpstra, V.; Kondratenko, N.; Quehenberger, O.; Steinberg, D. Cell Surface Expression of Mouse Macrosialin and Human CD68 and Their Role as Macrophage Receptors for Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein. *Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA* **1996**, *93*, 14833-14838. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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138. Luo, Y.; Duan, H.; Qian, Y.; Feng, L.; Wu, Z.; Wang, F.; Feng, J.; Yang, D.; Qin, Z.; Yan, X. Macrophagic CD146 Promotes Foam Cell Formation and Retention during Atherosclerosis. *Cell Res.* **2017**, *27*, 352-372. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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115. He, C.; Jiang, H.; Song, W.; Riezman, H.; Tontonoz, P.; Weston, T.A.; Guagliardo, P.; Kim, P.H.; Jung, R.; Heizer, P.; et al. Cultured Macrophages Transfer Surplus Cholesterol into Adjacent Cells in the Absence of Serum or High-Density Lipoproteins. *Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA* **2020**, *117*, 10476-10483. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

116. Napoli, C.; D'Armiento, F.P.; Mancini, F.P.; Postiglione, A.; Witztum, J.L.; Palumbo, G.; Palinski, W. Fatty Streak Formation Occurs in Human Fetal Aortas and Is Greatly Enhanced by Maternal Hypercholesterolemia. Intimal Accumulation of Low Density Lipoprotein and Its Oxidation Precede Monocyte Recruitment into Early Atherosclerotic Lesions. *J. Clin. Investig.* **1997**, *100*, 2680-2690. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

117. Brown, M.S.; Basu, S.K.; Falck, J.R.; Ho, Y.K.; Goldstein, J.L. The Scavenger Cell Pathway for Lipoprotein Degradation: Specificity of the Binding Site That Mediates the Uptake of Negatively-Charged LDL by Macrophages. *J. Supramol. Struct.* **1980**, *13*, 67-81. [CrossRef]

118. Brown, M.S.; Goldstein, J.L. A Receptor-Mediated Pathway for Cholesterol Homeostasis. *Science* **1986**, *232*, 34-47. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

119. Tontonoz, P.; Nagy, L.; Alvarez, J.G.; Thomazy, V.A.; Evans, R.M. PPARgamma Promotes Monocyte/Macrophage Differentiation and Uptake of Oxidized LDL. *Cell* **1998**, *93*, 241-252. [CrossRef]

120. Diaz, S.; Higa, H.H.; Hayes, B.K.; Varki, A. O-Acetylation and de-O-Acetylation of Sialic Acids. 7- and 9-o-Acetylation of Alpha 2,6-Linked Sialic Acids on Endogenous N-Linked Glycans in Rat Liver Golgi Vesicles. *J. Biol. Chem.* **1989**, *264*, 19416-19426. [CrossRef]

121. Kattoor, A.J.; Pothineni, N.V.K.; Palagiri, D.; Mehta, J.L. Oxidative Stress in Atherosclerosis. *Curr. Atheroscler. Rep.* **2017**, *19*, 42. [CrossRef]

122. Oiknine, J.; Aviram, M. Increased Susceptibility to Activation and Increased Uptake of Low Density Lipoprotein by Cholesterol-Loaded Macrophages. *Arterioscler. Thromb. J. Vasc. Biol.* **1992**, *12*, 745-753. [CrossRef]

123. Choi, S.-H.; Harkewicz, R.; Lee, J.H.; Boullier, A.; Almazan, F.; Li, A.C.; Witztum, J.L.; Bae, Y.S.; Miller, Y.I. Lipoprotein Accumulation in Macrophages via Toll-like Receptor-4-Dependent Fluid Phase Uptake. *Circ. Res.* **2009**, *104*, 1355-1363. [CrossRef]

124. Gao, L.-N.; Zhou, X.; Lu, Y.-R.; Li, K.; Gao, S.; Yu, C.-Q.; Cui, Y.-L. Dan-Lou Prescription Inhibits Foam Cell Formation Induced by Ox-LDL via the TLR4/NF-KB and PPARγ Signaling Pathways. *Front. Physiol.* **2018**, *9*, 590. [CrossRef]

125. Di Pietro, N.; Formoso, G.; Pandolfi, A. Physiology and Pathophysiology of OxLDL Uptake by Vascular Wall Cells in Atherosclerosis. *Vascul. Pharmacol.* **2016**, *84*, 1-7. [CrossRef]

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264. Shi, X.; Cai, H.; Wang, F.; Liu, R.; Xu, X.; Li, M.; Han, Y.; Yin, Q.; Ye, R.; Liu, X. Cholesterol Crystals Are Associated with Carotid Plaque Vulnerability: An Optical Coherence Tomography Study. *J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis. Off. J. Natl. Stroke Assoc.* **2020**, *29*, 104579. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

265. Fang, C.; Dai, J.; Zhang, S.; Wang, Y.; Wang, J.; Li, L.; Yu, H.; Wei, G.; Zhang, X.; Feng, N.; et al. Culprit Lesion Morphology in Young Patients with ST-Segment Elevated Myocardial Infarction: A Clinical, Angiographic and Optical Coherence Tomography Study. *Atherosclerosis* **2019**, *289*, 94–100. [CrossRef]

266. Durham, A.L.; Speer, M.Y.; Scatena, M.; Giachelli, C.M.; Shanahan, C.M. Role of Smooth Muscle Cells in Vascular Calcification: Implications in Atherosclerosis and Arterial Stiffness. *Cardiovasc. Res.* **2018**, *114*, 590–600. [CrossRef]

267. Alexander, M.R.; Owens, G.K. Epigenetic Control of Smooth Muscle Cell Differentiation and Phenotypic Switching in Vascular Development and Disease. *Annu. Rev. Physiol.* **2012**, *74*, 13–40. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

268. Gomez, D.; Swiatlowska, P.; Owens, G.K. Epigenetic Control of Smooth Muscle Cell Identity and Lineage Memory. *Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.* **2015**, *35*, 2508–2516. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

269. Zebboudj, A.F.; Imura, M.; Boström, K. Matrix GLA Protein, a Regulatory Protein for Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2. *J. Biol. Chem.* **2002**, *277*, 4388–4394. [CrossRef]

270. Hruska, K.A.; Mathew, S.; Saab, G. Bone Morphogenetic Proteins in Vascular Calcification. *Circ. Res.* **2005**, *97*, 105–114. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

271. Munroe, P.B.; Olgunturk, R.O.; Fryns, J.P.; Van Maldergem, L.; Ziereisen, F.; Yuksel, B.; Gardiner, R.M.; Chung, E. Mutations in the Gene Encoding the Human Matrix Gla Protein Cause Keutel Syndrome. *Nat. Genet.* **1999**, *21*, 142–144. [CrossRef]

272. Byon, C.H.; Javed, A.; Dai, Q.; Kappes, J.C.; Clemens, T.L.; Darley-Usmar, V.M.; McDonald, J.M.; Chen, Y. Oxidative Stress Induces Vascular Calcification through Modulation of the Osteogenic Transcription Factor Runx2 by AKT Signaling. *J. Biol. Chem.* **2008**, *283*, 15319–15327. [CrossRef]

273. Yamada, S.; Taniguchi, M.; Tokumoto, M.; Toyonaga, J.; Fujisaki, K.; Suehiro, T.; Noguchi, H.; Iida, M.; Tsuruya, K.; Kitazono, T. The Antioxidant Tempol Ameliorates Arterial Medial Calcification in Uremic Rats: Important Role of Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease. *J. Bone Miner. Res. Off. J. Am. Soc. Bone Miner. Res.* **2012**, *27*, 474–485. [CrossRef]

274. Nakano-Kurimoto, R.; Ikeda, K.; Uraoka, M.; Nakagawa, Y.; Yutaka, K.; Koide, M.; Takahashi, T.; Matoba, S.; Yamada, H.; Okigaki, M.; et al. Replicative Senescence of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Enhances the Calcification through Initiating the Osteoblastic Transition. *Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.* **2009**, *297*, H1673–H1684. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

275. Ye, G.J.C.; Nesmith, A.P.; Parker, K.K. The Role of Mechanotransduction on Vascular Smooth Muscle Myocytes' [Corrected] Cytoskeleton and Contractile Function. *Anat. Rec. Hoboken NJ 2007* **2014**, *297*, 1758–1769. [CrossRef]

276. Pepper, J. Differential Aspects of the Disease and Treatment of Thoracic Acute Aortic Dissection (TAAD)-the European Experience. *Ann. Cardiothorac. Surg.* **2016**, *5*, 360–367. [CrossRef]

277. Reynolds, J.L.; Joannides, A.J.; Skepper, J.N.; McNair, R.; Schurgers, L.J.; Proudfoot, D.; Jahnen-Dechent, W.; Weissberg, P.L.; Shanahan, C.M. Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Undergo Vesicle-Mediated Calcification in Response to Changes in Extracellular Calcium and Phosphate Concentrations: A Potential Mechanism for Accelerated Vascular Calcification in ESRD. *J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. JASN* **2004**, *15*, 2857–2867. [CrossRef]

278. Shroff, R.C.; McNair, R.; Figg, N.; Skepper, J.N.; Schurgers, L.; Gupta, A.; Hiorns, M.; Donald, A.E.; Deanfield, J.; Rees, L.; et al. Dialysis Accelerates Medial Vascular Calcification in Part by Triggering Smooth Muscle Cell Apoptosis. *Circulation* **2008**, *118*, 1748–1757. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

279. Sabatine, M.S.; Giugliano, R.P.; Keech, A.C.; Honarpour, N.; Wiviott, S.D.; Murphy, S.A.; Kuder, J.F.; Wang, H.; Liu, T.; Wasserman, S.M.; et al. Evolocumab and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease. *N. Engl. J. Med.* **2017**, *376*, 1713–1722. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

280. Murphy, A.J.; Remaley, A.T.; Sviridov, D. HDL Therapy: Two Kinds of Right? *Curr. Pharm. Des.* **2010**, *16*, 4134–4147. [CrossRef]

281. Yamashita, S.; Ruscica, M.; Macchi, C.; Corsini, A.; Matsuzawa, Y.; Sirtori, C.R. Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein: An Enigmatic Pharmacology—Antagonists and Agonists. *Atherosclerosis* **2018**, *278*, 286–298. [CrossRef]

282. Hewing, B.; Parathath, S.; Barrett, T.; Chung, W.K.K.; Astudillo, Y.M.; Hamada, T.; Ramkhelawon, B.; Tallant, T.C.; Yusufishaq, M.S.S.; Didonato, J.A.; et al. Effects of Native and Myeloperoxidase-Modified Apolipoprotein a-I on Reverse Cholesterol Transport and Atherosclerosis in Mice. *Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.* **2014**, *34*, 779–789. [CrossRef]

283. Sanson, M.; Distel, E.; Fisher, E.A. HDL Induces the Expression of the M2 Macrophage Markers Arginase 1 and Fizz-1 in a STAT6-Dependent Process. *PLoS ONE* **2013**, *8*, e74676. [CrossRef]

284. Feig, J.E.; Rong, J.X.; Shamir, R.; Sanson, M.; Vengrenyuk, Y.; Liu, J.; Rayner, K.; Moore, K.; Garabedian, M.; Fisher, E.A. HDL Promotes Rapid Atherosclerosis Regression in Mice and Alters Inflammatory Properties of Plaque Monocyte-Derived Cells. *Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA* **2011**, *108*, 7166–7171. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
262. Ikeda, K.; Souma, Y.; Akakabe, Y.; Kitamura, Y.; Matsuo, K.; Shimoda, Y.; Ueyama, T.; Matoba, S.; Yamada, H.; Okigaki, M.; et al. Macrophages Play a Unique Role in the Plaque Calcification by Enhancing the Osteogenic Signals Exerted by Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. *Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.* **2012**, *425*, 39–44. [CrossRef]

263. Dai, J.; Tian, J.; Hou, J.; Xing, L.; Liu, S.; Ma, L.; Yu, H.; Ren, X.; Dong, N.; Yu, B. Association between Cholesterol Crystals and Culprit Lesion Vulnerability in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome: An Optical Coherence Tomography Study. *Atherosclerosis* **2016**, *247*, 111–117. [CrossRef]

264. Shi, X.; Cai, H.; Wang, F.; Liu, R.; Xu, X.; Li, M.; Han, Y.; Yin, Q.; Ye, R.; Liu, X. Cholesterol Crystals Are Associated with Carotid Plaque Vulnerability: An Optical Coherence Tomography Study. *J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis. Off. J. Natl. Stroke Assoc.* **2020**, *29*, 104579. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

265. Fang, C.; Dai, J.; Zhang, S.; Wang, Y.; Wang, J.; Li, L.; Yu, H.; Wei, G.; Zhang, X.; Feng, N.; et al. Culprit Lesion Morphology in Young Patients with ST-Segment Elevated Myocardial Infarction: A Clinical, Angiographic and Optical Coherence Tomography Study. *Atherosclerosis* **2019**, *289*, 94–100. [CrossRef]

266. Durham, A.L.; Speer, M.Y.; Scatena, M.; Giachelli, C.M.; Shanahan, C.M. Role of Smooth Muscle Cells in Vascular Calcification: Implications in Atherosclerosis and Arterial Stiffness. *Cardiovasc. Res.* **2018**, *114*, 590–600. [CrossRef]

267. Alexander, M.R.; Owens, G.K. Epigenetic Control of Smooth Muscle Cell Differentiation and Phenotypic Switching in Vascular Development and Disease. *Annu. Rev. Physiol.* **2012**, *74*, 13–40. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

268. Gomez, D.; Swiatlowska, P.; Owens, G.K. Epigenetic Control of Smooth Muscle Cell Identity and Lineage Memory. *Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.* **2015**, *35*, 2508–2516. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

269. Zebboudj, A.F.; Imura, M.; Boström, K. Matrix GLA Protein, a Regulatory Protein for Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2. *J. Biol. Chem.* **2002**, *277*, 4388–4394. [CrossRef]

270. Hruska, K.A.; Mathew, S.; Saab, G. Bone Morphogenetic Proteins in Vascular Calcification. *Circ. Res.* **2005**, *97*, 105–114. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

271. Munroe, P.B.; Olgunturk, R.O.; Fryns, J.P.; Van Maldergem, L.; Ziereisen, F.; Yuksel, B.; Gardiner, R.M.; Chung, E. Mutations in the Gene Encoding the Human Matrix Gla Protein Cause Keutel Syndrome. *Nat. Genet.* **1999**, *21*, 142–144. [CrossRef]

272. Byon, C.H.; Javed, A.; Dai, Q.; Kappes, J.C.; Clemens, T.L.; Darley-Usmar, V.M.; McDonald, J.M.; Chen, Y. Oxidative Stress Induces Vascular Calcification through Modulation of the Osteogenic Transcription Factor Runx2 by AKT Signaling. *J. Biol. Chem.* **2008**, *283*, 15319–15327. [CrossRef]

273. Yamada, S.; Taniguchi, M.; Tokumoto, M.; Toyonaga, J.; Fujisaki, K.; Suehiro, T.; Noguchi, H.; Iida, M.; Tsuruya, K.; Kitazono, T. The Antioxidant Tempol Ameliorates Arterial Medial Calcification in Uremic Rats: Important Role of Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease. *J. Bone Miner. Res. Off. J. Am. Soc. Bone Miner. Res.* **2012**, *27*, 474–485. [CrossRef]

274. Nakano-Kurimoto, R.; Ikeda, K.; Uraoka, M.; Nakagawa, Y.; Yutaka, K.; Koide, M.; Takahashi, T.; Matoba, S.; Yamada, H.; Okigaki, M.; et al. Replicative Senescence of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Enhances the Calcification through Initiating the Osteoblastic Transition. *Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.* **2009**, *297*, H1673–H1684. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

275. Ye, G.J.C.; Nesmith, A.P.; Parker, K.K. The Role of Mechanotransduction on Vascular Smooth Muscle Myocytes' [Corrected] Cytoskeleton and Contractile Function. *Anat. Rec. Hoboken NJ 2007* **2014**, *297*, 1758–1769. [CrossRef]

276. Pepper, J. Differential Aspects of the Disease and Treatment of Thoracic Acute Aortic Dissection (TAAD)-the European Experience. *Ann. Cardiothorac. Surg.* **2016**, *5*, 360–367. [CrossRef]

277. Reynolds, J.L.; Joannides, A.J.; Skepper, J.N.; McNair, R.; Schurgers, L.J.; Proudfoot, D.; Jahnen-Dechent, W.; Weissberg, P.L.; Shanahan, C.M. Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Undergo Vesicle-Mediated Calcification in Response to Changes in Extracellular Calcium and Phosphate Concentrations: A Potential Mechanism for Accelerated Vascular Calcification in ESRD. *J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. JASN* **2004**, *15*, 2857–2867. [CrossRef]

278. Shroff, R.C.; McNair, R.; Figg, N.; Skepper, J.N.; Schurgers, L.; Gupta, A.; Hiorns, M.; Donald, A.E.; Deanfield, J.; Rees, L.; et al. Dialysis Accelerates Medial Vascular Calcification in Part by Triggering Smooth Muscle Cell Apoptosis. *Circulation* **2008**, *118*, 1748–1757. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

279. Sabatine, M.S.; Giugliano, R.P.; Keech, A.C.; Honarpour, N.; Wiviott, S.D.; Murphy, S.A.; Kuder, J.F.; Wang, H.; Liu, T.; Wasserman, S.M.; et al. Evolocumab and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease. *N. Engl. J. Med.* **2017**, *376*, 1713–1722. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

280. Murphy, A.J.; Remaley, A.T.; Sviridov, D. HDL Therapy: Two Kinds of Right? *Curr. Pharm. Des.* **2010**, *16*, 4134–4147. [CrossRef]

281. Yamashita, S.; Ruscica, M.; Macchi, C.; Corsini, A.; Matsuzawa, Y.; Sirtori, C.R. Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein: An Enigmatic Pharmacology—Antagonists and Agonists. *Atherosclerosis* **2018**, *278*, 286–298. [CrossRef]

282. Hewing, B.; Parathath, S.; Barrett, T.; Chung, W.K.K.; Astudillo, Y.M.; Hamada, T.; Ramkhelawon, B.; Tallant, T.C.; Yusufishaq, M.S.S.; Didonato, J.A.; et al. Effects of Native and Myeloperoxidase-Modified Apolipoprotein a-I on Reverse Cholesterol Transport and Atherosclerosis in Mice. *Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol.* **2014**, *34*, 779–789. [CrossRef]

283. Sanson, M.; Distel, E.; Fisher, E.A. HDL Induces the Expression of the M2 Macrophage Markers Arginase 1 and Fizz-1 in a STAT6-Dependent Process. *PLoS ONE* **2013**, *8*, e74676. [CrossRef]

284. Feig, J.E.; Rong, J.X.; Shamir, R.; Sanson, M.; Vengrenyuk, Y.; Liu, J.; Rayner, K.; Moore, K.; Garabedian, M.; Fisher, E.A. HDL Promotes Rapid Atherosclerosis Regression in Mice and Alters Inflammatory Properties of Plaque Monocyte-Derived Cells. *Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA* **2011**, *108*, 7166–7171. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
285. Barrett, T.J.; Distel, E.; Murphy, A.J.; Hu, J.; Garshick, M.S.; Ogando, Y.; Liu, J.; Vaisar, T.; Heinecke, J.W.; Berger, J.S.; et al. Apolipoprotein AI) Promotes Atherosclerosis Regression in Diabetic Mice by Suppressing Myelopoiesis and Plaque Inflammation. *Circulation* **2019**, *140*, 1170–1184. [CrossRef]

286. Nicholls, S.J.; Andrews, J.; Kastelein, J.J.P.; Merkely, B.; Nissen, S.E.; Ray, K.K.; Schwartz, G.G.; Worthley, S.G.; Keyserling, C.; Dasseux, J.-L.; et al. Effect of Serial Infusions of CER-001, a Pre-β High-Density Lipoprotein Mimetic, on Coronary Atherosclerosis in Patients Following Acute Coronary Syndromes in the CER-001 Atherosclerosis Regression Acute Coronary Syndrome Trial: A Randomized Clinical Trial. *JAMA Cardiol.* **2018**, *3*, 815–822. [CrossRef]

287. Zheng, K.H.; Kaiser, Y.; van Olden, C.C.; Santos, R.D.; Dasseux, J.-L.; Genest, J.; Gaudet, D.; Westerink, J.; Keyserling, C.; Verberne, H.J.; et al. No Benefit of HDL Mimetic CER-001 on Carotid Atherosclerosis in Patients with Genetically Determined Very Low HDL Levels. *Atherosclerosis* **2020**, *311*, 13–19. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

288. Yu, M.; Amengual, J.; Menon, A.; Kamaly, N.; Zhou, F.; Xu, X.; Saw, P.E.; Lee, S.-J.; Si, K.; Ortega, C.A.; et al. Targeted Nanotherapeutics Encapsulating Liver X Receptor Agonist GW3965 Enhance Antiatherogenic Effects without Adverse Effects on Hepatic Lipid Metabolism in Ldlr-/- Mice. *Adv. Healthc. Mater.* **2017**, *6*, [CrossRef]

289. Guo, Y.; Yuan, W.; Yu, B.; Kuai, R.; Hu, W.; Morin, E.E.; Garcia-Barrio, M.T.; Zhang, J.; Moon, J.J.; Schwendeman, A.; et al. Synthetic High-Density Lipoprotein-Mediated Targeted Delivery of Liver X Receptors Agonist Promotes Atherosclerosis Regression. *EBioMedicine* **2018**, *28*, 225–233. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

290. Choi, H.Y.; Rahmani, M.; Wong, B.W.; Allahverdian, S.; McManus, B.M.; Pickering, J.G.; Chan, T.; Francis, G.A. ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter A1 Expression and Apolipoprotein A-I Binding Are Impaired in Intima-Type Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells. *Circulation* **2009**, *119*, 3223–3231. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

291. Grzych, J.M.; Pearce, E.; Cheever, A.; Caulada, Z.A.; Caspar, P.; Heiny, S.; Lewis, F.; Sher, A. Egg Deposition Is the Major Stimulus for the Production of Th2 Cytokines in Murine Schistosomiasis Mansoni. *J. Immunol. Baltim. Md 1950* **1991**, *146*, 1322–1327.

292. Wolfs, I.M.J.; Stöger, J.L.; Goossens, P.; Pöttgens, C.; Gijbels, M.J.J.; Wijnands, E.; van der Vorst, E.P.C.; van Gorp, P.; Beckers, L.; Engel, D.; et al. Reprogramming Macrophages to an Anti-Inflammatory Phenotype by Helminth Antigens Reduces Murine Atherosclerosis. *FASEB J. Off. Publ. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol.* **2014**, *28*, 288–299. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

293. Dobnikar, L.; Taylor, A.L.; Chappell, J.; Oldach, P.; Harman, J.L.; Oerton, E.; Dzierzak, E.; Bennett, M.R.; Spivakov, M.; Jørgensen, H.F. Disease-Relevant Transcriptional Signatures Identified in Individual Smooth Muscle Cells from Healthy Mouse Vessels. *Nat. Commun.* **2018**, *9*, 4567. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

294. Wirka, R.C.; Wagh, D.; Paik, D.T.; Pjanic, M.; Nguyen, T.; Miller, C.L.; Kundu, R.; Nagao, M.; Coller, J.; Koyano, T.K.; et al. Atheroprotective Roles of Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotypic Modulation and the TCF21 Disease Gene as Revealed by Single-Cell Analysis. *Nat. Med.* **2019**, *25*, 1280–1289. [CrossRef]

295. Pan, H.; Xue, C.; Auerbach, B.J.; Fan, J.; Bashore, A.C.; Cui, J.; Yang, D.Y.; Trignano, S.B.; Liu, W.; Shi, J.; et al. Single-Cell Genomics Reveals a Novel Cell State During Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotypic Switching and Potential Therapeutic Targets for Atherosclerosis in Mouse and Human. *Circulation* **2020**. [CrossRef]

296. Alencar, G.F.; Owsiany, K.M.; Karnewar, S.; Sukhavasi, K.; Mocci, G.; Nguyen, A.T.; Williams, C.M.; Shamsuzzaman, S.; Mokry, M.; Henderson, C.A.; et al. Stem Cell Pluripotency Genes Klf4 and Oct4 Regulate Complex SMC Phenotypic Changes Critical in Late-Stage Atherosclerotic Lesion Pathogenesis. *Circulation* **2020**, *142*, 2045–2059. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

297. Hartman, R.J.G.; Owsiany, K.; Ma, L.; Koplev, S.; Hao, K.; Slenders, L.; Civelek, M.; Mokry, M.; Kovacic, J.C.; Pasterkamp, G.; et al. Sex-Stratified Gene Regulatory Networks Reveal Female Key Driver Genes of Atherosclerosis Involved in Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotype Switching. *Circulation* **2021**, *143*, 713–726. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

298. Döring, Y.; Soehnlein, O.; Weber, C. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Atherosclerosis and Atherothrombosis. *Circ. Res.* **2017**, *120*, 736–743. [CrossRef]
285. Barrett, T.J.; Distel, E.; Murphy, A.J.; Hu, J.; Garshick, M.S.; Ogando, Y.; Liu, J.; Vaisar, T.; Heinecke, J.W.; Berger, J.S.; et al. Apolipoprotein AI) Promotes Atherosclerosis Regression in Diabetic Mice by Suppressing Myelopoiesis and Plaque Inflammation. *Circulation* **2019**, *140*, 1170–1184. [CrossRef]

286. Nicholls, S.J.; Andrews, J.; Kastelein, J.J.P.; Merkely, B.; Nissen, S.E.; Ray, K.K.; Schwartz, G.G.; Worthley, S.G.; Keyserling, C.; Dasseux, J.-L.; et al. Effect of Serial Infusions of CER-001, a Pre-β High-Density Lipoprotein Mimetic, on Coronary Atherosclerosis in Patients Following Acute Coronary Syndromes in the CER-001 Atherosclerosis Regression Acute Coronary Syndrome Trial: A Randomized Clinical Trial. *JAMA Cardiol.* **2018**, *3*, 815–822. [CrossRef]

287. Zheng, K.H.; Kaiser, Y.; van Olden, C.C.; Santos, R.D.; Dasseux, J.-L.; Genest, J.; Gaudet, D.; Westerink, J.; Keyserling, C.; Verberne, H.J.; et al. No Benefit of HDL Mimetic CER-001 on Carotid Atherosclerosis in Patients with Genetically Determined Very Low HDL Levels. *Atherosclerosis* **2020**, *311*, 13–19. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

288. Yu, M.; Amengual, J.; Menon, A.; Kamaly, N.; Zhou, F.; Xu, X.; Saw, P.E.; Lee, S.-J.; Si, K.; Ortega, C.A.; et al. Targeted Nanotherapeutics Encapsulating Liver X Receptor Agonist GW3965 Enhance Antiatherogenic Effects without Adverse Effects on Hepatic Lipid Metabolism in Ldlr-/- Mice. *Adv. Healthc. Mater.* **2017**, *6*, [CrossRef]

289. Guo, Y.; Yuan, W.; Yu, B.; Kuai, R.; Hu, W.; Morin, E.E.; Garcia-Barrio, M.T.; Zhang, J.; Moon, J.J.; Schwendeman, A.; et al. Synthetic High-Density Lipoprotein-Mediated Targeted Delivery of Liver X Receptors Agonist Promotes Atherosclerosis Regression. *EBioMedicine* **2018**, *28*, 225–233. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

290. Choi, H.Y.; Rahmani, M.; Wong, B.W.; Allahverdian, S.; McManus, B.M.; Pickering, J.G.; Chan, T.; Francis, G.A. ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter A1 Expression and Apolipoprotein A-I Binding Are Impaired in Intima-Type Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells. *Circulation* **2009**, *119*, 3223–3231. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

291. Grzych, J.M.; Pearce, E.; Cheever, A.; Caulada, Z.A.; Caspar, P.; Heiny, S.; Lewis, F.; Sher, A. Egg Deposition Is the Major Stimulus for the Production of Th2 Cytokines in Murine Schistosomiasis Mansoni. *J. Immunol. Baltim. Md 1950* **1991**, *146*, 1322–1327.

292. Wolfs, I.M.J.; Stöger, J.L.; Goossens, P.; Pöttgens, C.; Gijbels, M.J.J.; Wijnands, E.; van der Vorst, E.P.C.; van Gorp, P.; Beckers, L.; Engel, D.; et al. Reprogramming Macrophages to an Anti-Inflammatory Phenotype by Helminth Antigens Reduces Murine Atherosclerosis. *FASEB J. Off. Publ. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol.* **2014**, *28*, 288–299. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

293. Dobnikar, L.; Taylor, A.L.; Chappell, J.; Oldach, P.; Harman, J.L.; Oerton, E.; Dzierzak, E.; Bennett, M.R.; Spivakov, M.; Jørgensen, H.F. Disease-Relevant Transcriptional Signatures Identified in Individual Smooth Muscle Cells from Healthy Mouse Vessels. *Nat. Commun.* **2018**, *9*, 4567. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

294. Wirka, R.C.; Wagh, D.; Paik, D.T.; Pjanic, M.; Nguyen, T.; Miller, C.L.; Kundu, R.; Nagao, M.; Coller, J.; Koyano, T.K.; et al. Atheroprotective Roles of Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotypic Modulation and the TCF21 Disease Gene as Revealed by Single-Cell Analysis. *Nat. Med.* **2019**, *25*, 1280–1289. [CrossRef]

295. Pan, H.; Xue, C.; Auerbach, B.J.; Fan, J.; Bashore, A.C.; Cui, J.; Yang, D.Y.; Trignano, S.B.; Liu, W.; Shi, J.; et al. Single-Cell Genomics Reveals a Novel Cell State During Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotypic Switching and Potential Therapeutic Targets for Atherosclerosis in Mouse and Human. *Circulation* **2020**. [CrossRef]

296. Alencar, G.F.; Owsiany, K.M.; Karnewar, S.; Sukhavasi, K.; Mocci, G.; Nguyen, A.T.; Williams, C.M.; Shamsuzzaman, S.; Mokry, M.; Henderson, C.A.; et al. Stem Cell Pluripotency Genes Klf4 and Oct4 Regulate Complex SMC Phenotypic Changes Critical in Late-Stage Atherosclerotic Lesion Pathogenesis. *Circulation* **2020**, *142*, 2045–2059. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

297. Hartman, R.J.G.; Owsiany, K.; Ma, L.; Koplev, S.; Hao, K.; Slenders, L.; Civelek, M.; Mokry, M.; Kovacic, J.C.; Pasterkamp, G.; et al. Sex-Stratified Gene Regulatory Networks Reveal Female Key Driver Genes of Atherosclerosis Involved in Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotype Switching. *Circulation* **2021**, *143*, 713–726. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

298. Döring, Y.; Soehnlein, O.; Weber, C. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Atherosclerosis and Atherothrombosis. *Circ. Res.* **2017**, *120*, 736–743. [CrossRef]