# Fungal Endophytes: A Potential Source of Antibacterial Compounds

Sunil K Deshmukh, Laurent Dufossé, Hemraj Chhipa, Sanjai Saxena, Girish B Mahajan, Manish Kumar Gupta

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Sunil K Deshmukh, Laurent Dufossé, Hemraj Chhipa, Sanjai Saxena, Girish B Mahajan, et al.. *Fungal Endophytes: A Potential Source of Antibacterial Compounds*. Journal of Fungi, 2022, 8 (2), 10.3390/jof8020164. [hal-04148745](https://hal.science/hal-04148745)

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Review

# Fungal Endophytes: A Potential Source of Antibacterial Compounds

Sunil K. Deshmukh 1,2,* , Laurent Dufossé 3,* , Hemraj Chhipa 4, , Sanjai Saxena 2,5 , Girish B. Mahajan 6 and Manish Kumar Gupta 7

1. TERI-Deakin Nano Biotechnology Centre, The Energy and Resources Institute, Darbari Seth Block, IHC Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110003, Delhi, India

2. Agharm Bioinnovations LLP, Incubatee: Science and Technology Entrepreneurs Park (STEP), Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, Punjab, India; ssaxena@thapar.edu

3. Chimie et Biotechnologie des Produits Naturels (CHEMBIOPRO Lab) & ESIROI Agroalimentaire, Université de la Réunion, 15 Avenue René Cassin, 97744 Saint-Denis, France

4. College of Horticulture and Forestry, Agriculture University Kota, Jhalawar 322360, Rajasthan, India; hrchhipa8@gmail.com

5. Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, Punjab, India

6. HiMedia Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai 400086, Maharashtra, India; girishbm2000@gmail.com

7. SGT College of Pharmacy, SGT University, Gurugram 122505, Haryana, India; mkgupta5@gmail.com

* Correspondence: sunil.deshmukh1958@gmail.com (S.K.D.); laurent.dufosse@univ-reunion.fr (L.D.); Tel.: +91-9820510292 (S.K.D.); +33-668731906 (L.D.)

**Abstract:** Antibiotic resistance is becoming a burning issue due to the frequent use of antibiotics for curing common bacterial infections, indicating that we are running out of effective antibiotics. This has been more obvious during recent corona pandemics. Similarly, enhancement of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is strengthening the pathogenicity and virulence of infectious microbes. Endophytes have shown expression of various new many bioactive compounds with significant biological activities. Specifically, in endophytic fungi, bioactive metabolites with unique skeletons have been identified which could be helpful in the prevention of increasing antimicrobial resistance. The major classes of metabolites reported include anthraquinone, sesquiterpenoid, chromone, xanthone, phenols, quinones, quinolone, piperazine, coumarins and cyclic peptides. In the present review, we reported 451 bioactive metabolites isolated from various groups of endophytic fungi from January 2015 to April 2021 along with their antibacterial profiling, chemical structures and mode of action. In addition, we also discussed various methods including epigenetic modifications, co-culture, and OSMAC to induce silent gene clusters for the production of noble bioactive compounds in endophytic fungi.

**Keywords:** endophytic fungi; antibacterial compound; natural product; drug resistance; medicinal plant; AMR

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updates

**Citation:** Deshmukh, S.K.; Dufossé, L.; Chhipa, H.; Saxena, S.; Mahajan, G.B.; Gupta, M.K. Fungal

Endophytes: A Potential Source of

Antibacterial Compounds. *J. Fungi*

2022, 8, 164. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8020164

Academic Editor: Ulrich Kück

Received: 10 December 2021

Accepted: 5 February 2022

Published: 8 February 2022

**Publisher's Note:** MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

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**Copyright:** © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

## 1. Introduction

Over the decades since the discovery of the first antibiotics, resistance to those has been a curse that is being dragged along with every discovery of new antibiotics. This has kept all scientists, professionals, and clinical specialists working on antibiotics on their toes. The quest for new antibiotics scaffolds and repurposing of existing molecules has been persistent for the past nine decades. Getting a new and right scaffold is a herculean task, especially with the least ability to induce mutations in the target bacteria. As examined in some of the earlier reviews [1,2] there are several ways of getting new scaffolds and classes of antimicrobial bioactive compounds. In the domain of natural products, one of the most demonstrated ways is studying less explored species and genera of microbes [3–5]. Investigating unexplored ecological units on the globe synergizes with the concept of investigating the least or not explored species of microbes.

In the current review, we present the latest ways of exploring the credentials of such microbial sources, especially endophytic fungi, as a main stream of novel antimicrobial
scaffolds. Bioactive compounds are mainly responsible for the activity profiles displayed by endophytic fungi. These metabolites belong to a wide range of scaffolds such as alkaloids, benzopyranones, chinones, peptides, phenols, quinones, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, tetralones, xanthones, and others. Moreover, they, in the pure form, have demonstrated abundant biological activities, including antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antiviral, antioxidant, immunosuppressant, anti-inflammatory, and antiparasitic properties [6–15]. Even though there are a few specialized reviews on the bioactive compounds from fungi, actinomycetes and other microbes [16,17], the amount of work done in the area is quite versatile, tenacious and significant. There is a need to comprehend these topics periodically to have its effective output for future research keeping in mind the probability of success of any newly discovered bioactive compound in clinical studies has been 0.01 to 1 % based on therapeutic area and type of scaffold. This demands that the base of such scaffolds in the ladder of clinical development should be wider. This width can be increased by exploring such less-tapped resources, the endophytic fungi.

In our previous review, we have covered antibacterials reported from endophytic fungi up to 2014 [1]. This review describes some bioactive molecules isolated from 2015 onwards to early 2021 from various endophytic fungi from terrestrial plants and designated as antibacterials. The antibacterial activity against various pathogenic organisms is listed in Table 1.

## 2. Antibacterials from Various Class of Endophytic Fungi

### 2.1. Ascomycetes

Ascomycetes are the fungi characterized by the formation of ascospores and some of the genera belonging to this class are known to produce chemically diverse metabolites. The important genera include *Diaporthe*, *Xylaria*, *Chaetomium*, *Talaromyces*, and *Paraphaeosphaeria* and are known to produce terpenoids, cytochalasins, mellein, alkaloids, polyketides, and aromatic compounds. Here we report the antibacterial from ascomycetes.

#### 2.1.1. *Diaporthe* (Asexual State: *Phomopsis*)

The genus *Diaporthe* (asexual state: *Phomopsis*) has been thoroughly investigated for secondary metabolites that have various pathogenic, endophytic and saprobic species of temperate and tropical habitats. Two natural bisanthraquinone, (+)-1,1'-bislunatin (bis) (1) and (+)-2,2'-epicytoskyrin A (epi) (2, Figure 1), were extracted from endophytic fungi, *Diaporthe* sp. GNBP-10 is associated with plant *Uncaria gambir*. Compounds (bis)-(1) and (epi)-(2) showed promising anti-tubercular activity, against *Mycobacterium tuberculosis* strains H37Rv (Mtb H37Rv) with MIC values of 0.422 and 0.844 µM, respectively. Both compounds have the ability to combat nutrient-starvation and biofilms of the Mtb model with relatively moderate activity in bacterial reduction with between 1–2 fold log reduction. Both compounds could reduce the number of Mtb infected into macrophages with 2-fold log reduction. The in-silico results via a docking study show that both compounds have a good affinity with pantothenate kinase (PanK) enzyme with a Glide score of −8.427 kcal/mol and −7.481 kcal/mol for the epi and bis compounds, respectively [18].

An endophytic fungus, *Diaporthe* sp. GDG-118, associated with *Sophora tonkinensis* collected from Hechi City (China) yielded a new compound 21-acetoxycytochalasin J3 (3, Figure 1) and inhibited the pathogens *Bacillus anthraci* and *E. coli* at 12.5 µg/mL concentration (6 mm sterile filter paper discs were impregnated with 20 µL (50 µg) of each compound) [19].

Two novel naphthalene derivatives, 1-(3-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methoxy-6-methylnaphthalen-7-yl) propan-2-one (4) and 1-(3-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)-6-methyl-naphthalen-7-yl)propan-2-one (5, Figure 1), were obtained from the *Phomopsis fukushii*. Compounds 4 and 5 displayed poor anti-methicillin-resistant *Staphylococcus aureus* (anti-MRSA) activity, with zones of inhibition of 10.2 and 11.3 mm, respectively (6 mm sterile filter paper discs were impregnated with 20 µL (50 µg) of each compound) [20].
<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 1.** Structures of metabolites 1–22 isolated from Ascomycetes.</figcaption></figure>

Earlier *Phomopsis fukushii* (*Diaporthe fukushii*) isolated from the rhizome of *Paris polyphylla* var. *yunnanensis* was the source of three new compounds namely 3-hydroxy-1-(1,8-dihydroxy-3,6-dimethoxynaphthalen-2-yl)propan-1-one (6), 3-hydroxy-1-(1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)propan-1-one (7) and 3-hydroxy-1-(1,8-dihydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy naphthalen-2-yl) propan-1-one (8, Figure 1). Compounds 6–8 exhibited anti-MRSA-ZR11 activity, with MIC values of 8, 4, and 4 µg/mL, respectively [21]. Later two new di-Ph ethers, 1-[2-methoxy-4-(3-methoxy-5-methylphenoxy)-6-methylphenyl]-ethanone (9) and 1-[4-(3-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methoxyphenoxy)-2-methoxy-6-methylphenyl]-ethanone (10, Figure 1), were also purified from the same fungus. Compounds 9–10 exhibited anti-MRSA activity with good inhibition (zones of 13.8 and 14.6 mm, respectively) [22].

Three new di-Ph ethers, 4-(3-methoxy-5-methylphenoxy)-2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-6-methyl phenol (11), 4-(3-hydroxy-5-methylphenoxy)-2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-6-methylphenol (12) and 4-(3-methoxy-5-methylphenoxy)-2-(3-hydroxypropyl)-6-methylphenol (13, Figure 1) were purified from *Phomopsis fukushii* associated with the rhizome of *Paris polyphylla* var. *yunna-
*nensis*. Compounds **11–13**, exhibited potent anti-MRSA activity, with 20.2, 17.9 and 15.2 mm inhibition zones, respectively, when tested at 50 µg concentration in 6 mm discs [23].

*Phomopsis fukushii* isolated from the rhizome of *Paris polyphylla* var. *yunnanensis* yielded three new isopentylated diphenyl ethers, 1-(4-(3-methoxy-5-methylphenoxy)-2-methoxy-6-methylphenyl)-3-methylbut-3-en-2-one (14), 1-(4-(3-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methoxyphenoxy)-2-methoxy-6-methylphenyl)-3-methylbut-3-en-2-one (15) and 1-(4-(3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)phenoxy)-2-methoxy-6-methylphenyl)-3-methylbut-3-en-2-one (16, Figure 1). Compounds **14–16** displayed anti-MRSA activity with 21.8, 16.8 and 15.6 mm inhibition zones, respectively (50 µg/6 mm disc) [24].

Two new anthraquinones, 3-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-2,5-dimethylanthraquinone (17) and 6-hydroxymethyl-3-methoxy-2,5-dimethylanthraquinone (18, Figure 1), were purified from the endophytic fungus *Phomopsis* sp. and displayed good anti-MRSA activity with inhibition zone diameters (IZDs) of 14.2 and 14.8 mm, respectively [25].

A new dihydroisocoumarin derivative diaporone A (19, Figure 1), was purified from *Diaporthe* sp. an endophyte of *Pteroceltis tatarinowii*. Compound 19 showed MIC at 66.7 µM against *Bacillus subtilis* [26].

A pair of new phenolic bisabolane-type sesquiterpenoid enantiomers (±)-phomoterpenes A and B [(±)-1] (20) along with two new isocoumarins, phomoisocoumarins C-D (21–22, Figure 1) were purified from an endophytic fungus *Phomopsis prunorum* (F4-3). Compounds (+)-1 (20 and 22) exhibited average antimicrobial activity against *Pseudomonas syringae* pv. *lachrymans* with MIC values of 15.6 µg/mL, and compounds (−)-1 (20 and 21) displayed poor activity with MICs of 31.2 µg/mL each. Compounds (−)-1, (+)-1, (20, 21, 22) showed antibacterial activity against *Xanthomonas citri* pv. *phaseoli* var. *fuscans* with MIC values of 31.2, 62.4, 31.2, and 31.2 µg/mL, respectively [27].

The fungus *Diporthe vochysiae* LGMF1583 isolated from *Vochysia divergens* yielded two new carboxamides, vochysiamides A (23), and B (24, Figure 2). Compound 24 inhibited *Klebsiella pneumoniae* carbapenemase-producing (KPC), MSSA, and MRSA with MIC of 0.08, 1.0, and 1.0 µg/mL, respectively, and compound 23 was active against KPC with a MIC of 1.0 µg/mL. KPC is of public health concern due to the presence of antimicrobial resistance carbapenemases [28].

An endophyte *Phomopsis asparagi* obtained from the rhizome of *Paris polyphylla* var. *yunnanensis* was the source of two new di-Ph ethers, 4-(3-methoxy-5-methylphenoxy)-2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-6-(hydroxymethyl)phenol (25), and 4-(3-hydroxy-5-methylphenoxy)-2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-6-(hydroxymethyl)phenol (26, Figure 2). Compounds 25 and 26 exhibited potent anti-MRSA activity with 10.8 and 11.4 mm inhibition zones, respectively [29].

Two new naphthalene derivatives, 5-methoxy-2-methyl-7-(3-methyl-2-oxobut-3-enyl)-1-naphthaldehyde (27) and 2-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methoxy-7-(3-methyl-2-oxobut-3-enyl)-1-naphthaldehyde (28, Figure 2), were characterized from *Phomopsis* sp., an endophyte of *Paris polyphylla* var. *yunnanensis*. Compounds 27 and 28 displayed potent antibacterial activity with 14.5 and 15.2 mm zones of inhibition, respectively, against MRSA [30].

The endophytic fungus *Diaporthe terebinthifolii* LGMF907 associated with the plant *Schinus terebinthifolius* yielded diaporthin (29) and orthosporin (30, Figure 2). Compound 29 displayed antimicrobial activity against various pathogens like *E. coli*, *Micrococcus luteus*, MRSA, and *S. aureus* with 1.73, 2.47, 9.50, and 9.0 mm zones of inhibition, respectively at 100 µg/disk concentration. Compound 30 inhibited *E. coli*, *M. luteus*, MRSA, and *S. aureus* with 1.03, 1.53, 9.0 and 9.33 mm zones of inhibition, respectively, when tested at 100 µg/disk [31].
<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 2.** Structures of metabolites **23–37** isolated from Ascomycetes.</figcaption></figure>

A pyrimidine iminomethylfuran derivative, (2Z)-2-(1,4-dihydro-2-hydroxy-1-((E)-2-mercapto-1-(methylimino)ethyl)pyrimidine-4-ylimino)-1-(4,5-dihydro-5-methylfuran-3-yl)-3-methylbutane-1-one (**31**, Figure 2) was extracted from *Phomopsis/ Diaporthe* sp. GJJM 16 is associated with *Vitex negundo* and inhibited *S. aureus*, and *P. aeruginosa* with MICs of 1.25 µg/mL each [32].

*Phomopsis* sp. PSU-H188 associated with *Hevea brasiliensis*, yielded the known compounds diaporthalasin (**32**), cytosporones B (**33**) and cytosporones D (**34**, Figure 2). Compound **32**, displayed antibacterial activity against *S. aureus* and MRSA with equal MIC values of 4 µg/mL, but compound **33** inhibited *S. aureus* and MRSA with MIC values of 32 and 16 µg/mL, respectively. Compound **34** also inhibited *S. aureus* and MRSA with MIC values at higher concentrations of 64 and 32 µg/mL, respectively [33].

An endophyte, *Diaporthe terebinthifolii* GG3F6, associated with *Glycyrrhiza glabra* yielded two new hydroxylated unsaturated fatty acids namely diapolic acid A–B (**35–36**) and the known molecules xylarolide (**37**, Figure 2) and phomolide G (**38**, Figure 3). Compounds **35–38** inhibited *Yersinia enterocolitica* with an IC₅₀ values of 78.4, 73.4, 72.1 and 69.2 µM, respectively [34].
<figure><img src="image_6.png" /></figure>

(38)

<figure><img src="image_7.png" /></figure>

(39) R = CHO R' = CH₃

(40) R = CHO R' = H

<figure><img src="image_8.png" /></figure>

(41)

<figure><img src="image_9.png" /></figure>

(42)

<figure><img src="image_10.png" /></figure>

(43)

<figure><img src="image_11.png" /></figure>

(44)

<figure><img src="image_12.png" /></figure>

(45)

<figure><img src="image_13.png" /></figure>

(46)

<figure><img src="image_14.png" /></figure>

(47)

<figure><img src="image_15.png" /></figure>

(48)

<figure><img src="image_16.png" /></figure>

(49)

<figure><img src="image_17.png" /></figure>

(50)

<figure><img src="image_18.png" /></figure>

(51)

<figure><img src="image_19.png" /></figure>

(52)

<figure><img src="image_20.png" /></figure>

(53)

<figure><img src="image_21.png" /></figure>

(54)

<figure><img src="image_22.png" /></figure>

(55)

<caption>**Figure 3.** Structures of metabolites **38–55** isolated from Ascomycetes.</caption>

The compounds phomosine A (39), and phomosine C (40, Figure 3), were obtained from *Diaporthe* sp. F2934 from *Siparuna gesnerioides*. Compound 39 was found to be active against *Bordetella bronchiseptica*, *Enterococcus faecalis*, *Enterococcus cloacae*, *S. aureus*, and *Streptococcus oralis* with 10, 10, 10, 12 and 9 mm inhibition zones at 4 µg/mL concentration, respectively. Compound 40 inhibited *S. aureus*, *M. luteus*, *S. oralis*, *E. faecalis*, *E. cloacae*, and *B. bronchiseptica*, with 9, 6, 8, 8, 8 and 9 mm inhibition zones at 4 µg/mL concentration, respectively [35].

Known cytochalasins 18-methoxycytochalasin J (41), cytochalasins H (42), J (43) and alternariol (44, Figure 3) were extracted from *Phomopsis* sp., residing inside *Garcinia kola* nuts. Compounds 41–44 were found to be active against *Shigella flexneri* (MIC, 128 µg/mL
each). Compounds **41** and **42** showed activity against *S. aureus* with MIC values of 128 and 256 µg/mL, respectively [36].

The fungal culture *Diaporthe* sp. LG23, an endophyte of *Mahonia fortune*, yielded some new lanostanoids, 19-nor-lanosta-5(10),6,8,24-tetraene-1α,3β,12β,22S-tetraol (45), 3β,5α,9α-trihydroxy-(22E,24R)-ergosta-7,22-dien-6-one (46), and chaxine C (47, Figure 3). Compound 45 was found to be active against *S. aureus*, *E. coli*, *B. subtilis*, *Pseudomonas aeruginosa*, and *Streptococcus pyogenes*, with MIC values of 5.0, 5.0, 2.0, 2.0 and 0.1 µg/mL, respectively. Compounds 46 and 47 were active against *B. subtilis* with MIC values of 5.0 µg/mL each [37].

The known compound, pyrrolocin A (48, Figure 3), was purified from *Diaporthales* sp. E6927E isolated from *Ficus sphenophyllum*. Pyrrolocin A (48) displayed inhibition against *S. aureus* and *E. faecalis* with MICs of 4 and 5 µg/mL, respectively [38].

### 2.1.2. *Xylaria*

The genus *Xylaria* comprises various endophytic species associated with both vascular and nonvascular plants. For example, ellisiiamide A (49, Figure 3) was isolated from *Xylaria ellisii* from *Vaccinium angustifolium* and was chemically characterized using 1D and 2D NMR, HRMS/MS data. It showed modest inhibitory activity against *E. coli* (MIC, 100 µg/mL) [39].

Xylareremophil (50), a new eremophilane sesquiterpene, along with the already reported eremophilanes mairetolides B (51) and G (52, Figure 3) were extracted from *Xylaria* sp. GDG-102 residing inside *S. tonkinensis*. Compound 50 displayed moderate activity against *Proteus vulgaris* and *Micrococcus luteus* (MIC, of 25 µg/mL each). Compound 51 was found to be active against *M. luteus*, with a MIC value of 50 µg/mL. Compound 52 inhibited *P. vulgaris* with a MIC value of 25 µg/mL and *M. luteus* with a MIC value of 50 µg/mL. Compounds 50–52 also displayed inhibition of *B. subtilis* and *Micrococcus lysodeikticus* with MIC values of 100 µg/mL, respectively [40].

A new compound, 6-heptanoyl-4-methoxy-2H-pyran-2-one (53, Figure 3), was purified from *Xylaria* sp. (GDG-102) an endophyte of *S. tonkinensis* and displayed antibacterial activity against *E. coli* as well as *S. aureus* (MIC, 50 µg/mL) [41].

The phthalide derivative xylarphthalide A (54) and known compounds (–)-5-carboxyl mellein (55, Figure 3) and (–)-5-methylmellein (56, Figure 4) were extracted from *Xylaria* sp. (GDG-102) associated with *S. tonkinensis*. Compound 54 inhibited *Bacillus anthracis*, *B. megaterium*, *B. subtilis*, *S. aureus*, *E. coli*, *Shigella dysenteriae* and *Salmonella paratyphi*, with the MICs of 50, 25, 12.5, 25, 12.5, 25 and 25 µg/mL, respectively. Compound 55 showed antibacterial activity with MIC values of 25, 25, 12.5, 25, 25, 25 and 25 µg/mL against *B. anthracis*, *B. megaterium*, *B. subtilis*, *S. aureus*, *E. coli*, *S. dysenteriae* and *S. paratyphi*, respectively. Compound 56 displayed antibacterial activity with MIC values of 25, 12.5, 12.5, 25, 25, and 50 µg/mL against *B. megaterium*, *B. subtilis*, *S. aureus*, *E. coli*, *S. dysenteriae* and *S. paratyphi*, respectively [42].

A novel compound 3,7-dimethyl-9-(-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)nona-1,6-dien-3-ol (57), and previously reported compound nalgiovensin (58, Figure 4) were purified from *Xylaria* sp., associated with *Taxus mairei*. Compound 57 exhibited strong inhibition against *B. subtilis* (48.1%), *B. pumilus* (31.6%) and *S. aureus* (47.1%). Compound 58 exhibited broad inhibition against *S. aureus* (42.1%), *B. subtilis* (36.8%), *B. pumilus* (47.1%) and *E. coli* (41.2%) [43].
<figure><img src="image_23.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_24.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_25.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_26.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_27.png" /></figure>

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<figure><img src="image_29.png" /></figure>

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<figure><img src="image_33.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_34.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_35.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_36.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_37.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 4.** Structures of metabolites 56–70 isolated from Ascomycetes.</figcaption></figure>

### 2.1.3. Chaetomium

The genus *Chaetomium* has been included among the genera producing various bioactive compounds and more than 200 secondary metabolites belonging to diverse structural types such as anthraquinones, azaphilones, chaetoglobosins, chromones, depsidones, epipolythiodioxopiperazines, terpenoids, and steroids and xanthones have been recorded, making it a rich source of novel bioactive metabolites. Most of these fungal metabolites exhibited antitumor, cytotoxic, antimalarial, enzyme inhibitory, antibiotic, and other activities [44]. Here we report the antibacterial compounds isolated from the genus *Chaetomium*.
A new xanthoquinodin B9 (59), along with previously reported two xanthoquinodins, xanthoquinodin A1 (60) and xanthoquinodin A3 (61), and three epipolythio-dioxopiperazines, chetomin (62), chaetocochin C (63) and dethiotetra(methylthio)chetomin (64, Figure 4), were obtained from C. globosum 7s-1, associated with *Rhapsis cochinchinensis*. Xanthoquinodins 59–61 displayed potent antibacterial activity, with MIC values of 0.87, 0.44 and 0.22 µM against *B. cereus*, respectively. Compounds 59–61 were also found active against *S. aureus* and MRSA (MICs in the range of 0.87 to 1.75 µM). Epipolythiodioxopiperazines 62–64 exhibited potent activity against *B. cereus*, *S. aureus*, and MRSA (MICs in the range of 0.02 pM to 10.81 mM). Compound 62 showed the highest activity towards *B. cereus*, *S. aureus* and MRSA (MICs of 0.35 µM, 10.74 and 0.02 pM). Compounds 59–64 showed poor activity against *E. coli*, *P. aeruginosa*, and *Salmonella typhimurium* (MICs of 45.06 to >223.72 µM). Epipolythiodioxopiperazines 62–64 showed activity against *Mycobacterium tuberculosis* with MICs of 0.55, 4.06 and 8.11 µM, respectively [45].

Known compounds chaetocochin C (63), chetomin A (65) and chetomin (62, Figure 4) were extracted from *Chaetomium* sp. SYP-F7950 residing inside *Panax notoginseng*. Compounds 62, 63 and 65 displayed potent activity against *B. subtilis*, *S. aureus*, and *Enterococcus faecium*, with MIC values ranging from 0.12 to 19.3 µg/mL. The length of *B. subtilis* was increased up to 1.8-fold after treatment with compounds 62, 63 and 65. These compounds also showed good interactions with the filamentous temperature-sensitive protein Z (FtsZ) of *B. subtilis* in an in silico molecular docking study. These results revealed that inhibition of pathogenic *B. subtilis* could be achieved by combination with FtsZ and inhibition of cell division [46].

Compounds differanisole A (66), 2,6-dichloro-4-propylphenol (67) and 4,5-dimethylres
orcinol (68, Figure 4), were purified from *Chaetomium* sp. HQ-1, isolated from *Astragalus
chinensis*. Compounds 66–68 displayed average activity against *Listeria monocytogenes*,
*S. aureus*, and MRSA (MICs ranging from 16 to 128 µg/mL). Compound 66 showed a
MIC of 16 µg/mL for *L. monocytogenes* and a MIC of 128 µg/mL for *S. aureus* and MRSA.
Compounds 67 and 68 could suppress the growth of *L. monocytogenes* with MICs of 64 and
32 µg/mL, respectively [47].

A novel cytochalasan, chamiside A (69, Figure 4), was obtained from *Chaetomium nigricolor* F5, an endophytic fungus associated with *Mahonia fortune* collected from Qingdao (China) and showed inhibition of *S. aureus* with a MIC of 25 µg/mL [48].

A known compound, equisetin (70, Figure 4), was purified from C. globosum of *Salvia miltiorrhiza*. Compound 70 displayed activity against multidrug-resistant *E. faecalis*, *E. faecium*, *S. aureus*, and *S. epidermidis* with MIC values of 3.13, 6.25, 3.13, and 6.25 µg/mL, respectively [49].

*Chaetomium* sp. Eef-10, from *Eucalyptus exserta* yielded a new depsidone mollicellin O (71), along with the known compounds mollicellin H (72) and mollicellin I (73, Figure 5). Mollicellin H (72) displayed potent activity against *S. aureus* and *S. aureus* N50, with IC₅₀ values of 5.14 and 6.21 µg/mL, respectively. Mollicellin O (71) exhibited antibacterial activities against *S. aureus* and *S. aureus* N50, with IC₅₀ values of 79.44 and 76.35 µg/mL, respectively, while mollicellin I (73) exhibited activity against *S. aureus* and *S. aureus* N50 with IC₅₀ values of 70.14 and 63.15 µg/mL, respectively [50].
<figure><img src="image_38.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 5.** Structures of metabolites 71–82 isolated from Ascomycetes.</figcaption></figure>

A new compound, 6-formamidochetomin (74, Figure 5) was isolated from *Chaetomium* sp. M336 an endophyte of *Huperzia serrata*. Compound 74 inhibited *E. coli*, *S. aureus*, *S. typhimurium* and *E. faecalis* with MIC values of 0.78 µg/mL [51].

Two known cytochalasans, chaetoglobosin A (75) and C (76, Figure 5), were purified from *Chaetomium globosum*, an endophyte of *Nymphaea nouchali*. Compound 75 inhibited *B. subtilis*, *S. aureus*, and MRSA with MIC values of 16, 32 and 32 µg/mL, respectively, and the MIC values for compound 76 were >64 µg/mL for all the microorganisms tested [52].

### 2.1.4. *Talaromyces*

An endophytic fungus *Talaromyces pinophilus* XL-1193 residing inside the plant *Salvia miltiorrhiza* yielded a new polyene, pinophol A (77, Figure 5). Pinophol A (77) exhibited low activity against *Bacterium paratyphosum* B with a MIC value of 50 µg/mL [53].

The compounds talaroconvolutin A (78) and talaroconvolutin B (79, Figure 5), were discovered in *Talaromyces purpureogenus* XL-25, an endophyte associated with *Panax notoginseng*. Compound 78 showed pronounced activity against *B. subtilis* (MIC, 1.56 µM). Compound 79 had a certain inhibitory activity against *Micrococcus lysodeikticus* (MIC = 0.73 µM) and *Vibrio parahaemolyticus* (MIC = 0.18 µM) [54].
A drimane sesquiterpenoid (1S,5S,7S,10S)-dihydroxyconfertifolin (80, Figure 5) was purified from *Talaromyces purpureogenus* residing inside the plant *Panax notoginseng*. Compound 80 inhibited *E. coli* with a MIC value of 25 µM/L [55].

A novel polyketide, talafun (81), and a new compound, N-(2'-hydroxy-3'-octadecenoyl)-9-methyl-4,8-sphingadienin (82, Figure 5), were purified from *Talaromyces funiculosus* - Salicorn 58 together with some previously reported compounds, chrodrimanin A (83), and chrodrimanin B (84, Figure 6). Compound 81 exhibited potent activity against *E. coli* (MIC, 18 µM) but poor activity toward *S. aureus* (MIC, 93 µM). Compound 82 was found to be active against *Mycobacterium smegmatis*, *S. aureus*, *Micrococcus tetragenus*, and *E. coli*, with MIC values of 85, 90, 24, and 68, 93 µM, respectively. Compound 83 inhibited *S. aureus*, *M. tetragenus*, *Mycobacterium phlei*, and *E. coli* (MICs of 67, 28, 47, and 26 µM). However, compound 84 showed only moderate activity against *E. coli* with a MIC of 43 µM [56].

<figure><img src="image_39.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 6.** Structures of metabolites 83–102 isolated from Ascomycetes.</figcaption></figure>
Alkaloids **85–90** (Figure 6), were extracted from *Talaromyces* sp. LGT-2, from *Tripterygium wilfordii*. Compounds **85–90** inhibited *E. coli*, *P. aeruginosa*, *S. aureus*, *Bacillus licheniformis*, and *Streptococcus pneumoniae*, with MIC values in the range of 0.125 to 1.0 50 µg/mL [57].

### 2.1.5. Minor Taxa of the *Ascomycetes*

The known compound euphorbol (91, Figure 6) was isolated from *Rhytidhysteron* sp. BZM-9, an endophyte isolated from the leaves of *Leptospermum brachyandrum*. Compound 91 displayed weak antibacterial activity against MRSA, with a MIC value of 62.5 µg/mL (positive control vancomycin MIC 1.25 µg/mL) [58].

A new natural product, stagonosporopsin C (92, Figure 6) was purified from an endophytic fungus, *Stagonosporopsis oculihominis*, isolated from *Dendrobium huoshanense*. Stagonosporopsin C (92) exhibited moderate inhibitory activity against *S. aureus* sub sp. *aureus* ATCC29213 with a MIC<sub>50</sub> value of 41.3 µM (positive control penicillin G, MIC<sub>50</sub> value 1.963 µM) [59].

Two new compounds eutyscoparols H-I (93, 94) together with the related known ones tetrahydroauroglaucin (95) and flavoglaucin (96, Figure 6), were isolated from the endophytic fungus *Eutypella scoparia* SCBG-8. Compounds **93–96** displayed growth inhibition against *S. aureus* and MRSA, with MIC values ranging from 1.25 to 6.25 µg/mL [60].

A new sesquiterpene eutyscoparin G (97, Figure 6) was purified from an endophytic fungus *Eutypella scoparia* SCBG-8 isolated from leaves of *Leptospermum brachyandrum* from the South China Botanical Garden (SCBG, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China). Compound **97** exhibited antibacterial activity against *S. aureus* and MRSA with MIC values of 6.3 µg/mL [61].

Two new helvolic acid derivatives named sarocladilactone A (98), sarocladilactone B (99), along with the previously reported compounds helvolic acid (100), helvolinic acid (101), 6-desacetoxyhelvolic acid (102, Figure 6), and 1,2-dihydrohelvolic acid (103, Figure 7), were isolated from *Sarocladium oryzae* DX-THL3, associated with leaves of *Oryza rufipogon* Griff. Compounds **98–103** showed antibacterial activity against *S. aureus* with MIC values of 64, 4, 8, 1, 4 and 16 µg/mL, respectively (positive control tobramycin MIC 1 µg/mL), while compound **101** also showed antibacterial activity against *B. subtilis* with a MIC value of 64 µg/mL (positive control tobramycin, MIC 64 µg/mL). Compounds **98, 101, 103**, showed some potent antibacterial activity against *E. coli* with MIC 64 µg/mL [62].

The diketopiperazine cyclo(L-Pro-L-Phe) (104, Figure 7), was purified from *Paraphaeosphaeria sporulosa*, associated with *Fragaria x ananassa*. Compound **104** displayed activity against *Salmonella* strains, S1 and S2, with IC<sub>50</sub> values of 7.2 and 7.9 µg/mL and MICs of 71.3 and 78.6 µg/mL, respectively [63].

A fungal culture of *Aplosporella javeedii* isolated from *Orychophragmus violaceus* was the source of terpestacin (105) fusaproliferin (106), 6,7,9,10-tetrahydromutolide (107) and mutolide (108, Figure 7). Compounds **105, 106, 108** showed poor activities against *M. tuberculosis* H37Rv and compound **107** against *S. aureus*, respectively, with MICs of 100 µM [64].

A new chlamydosporol derivative pleospyrone E (109, Figure 7), was extracted from *Pleosporales* sp. Sigrf05, residing inside the tuberous roots of *Siraitia grosvenorii*. Compound **109** exhibited weak inhibition against *Agrobacterium tumefaciens*, *B. subtilis*, *R. solanacearum*, and *X. vesicatoria* with the same MIC value of 100.0 µM [65].
<figure><img src="image_40.png" /></figure>

(103)

<figure><img src="image_41.png" /></figure>

(104)

<figure><img src="image_42.png" /></figure>

(105) R₁ = R₂ = R₃ = H

(106) R₁ = Ac, R₂ = R₃ = H

<figure><img src="image_43.png" /></figure>

(107)

<figure><img src="image_44.png" /></figure>

(108)

<figure><img src="image_45.png" /></figure>

(109)

<figure><img src="image_46.png" /></figure>

(110)

<figure><img src="image_47.png" /></figure>

(111)

<figure><img src="image_48.png" /></figure>

(112)

<figure><img src="image_49.png" /></figure>

(113)

<figure><img src="image_50.png" /></figure>

(114)

<figure><img src="image_51.png" /></figure>

(115)

<figure><img src="image_52.png" /></figure>

(116)

<figure><img src="image_53.png" /></figure>

(117)

<figure><img src="image_54.png" /></figure>

(118) R = H

(119) R = CH₃

<figure><img src="image_55.png" /></figure>

(120)

<figure><img src="image_56.png" /></figure>

(121)

<figure><img src="image_57.png" /></figure>

(122)

<figure><img src="image_58.png" /></figure>

(123)

<figure><img src="image_59.png" /></figure>

(125)

<figure><img src="image_60.png" /></figure>

(126)

<figure><img src="image_61.png" /></figure>

(124)

<caption>**Figure 7.** Structures of metabolites **103–126** isolated from Ascomycetes.</caption>

New polyketides aplojaveediins A and F (110, 111, Figure 7) were purified from the *Aplosporella javeedii* associated with the *Orychophragmus violaceus*. Compound 110 exhibited average activity against the sensitive *Staphylococcus aureus* strain ATCC 29213, the methicillin-resistant and vancomycin-intermediate sensitive (MRSA/VISA) *S. aureus*
strain ATCC 700699 and *B. subtilis* (ATCC 169) with MICs of 50, 50 and 25 µM, respectively. Compound **111** also exhibited moderate inhibition against *S. aureus* ATCC 29213 and ATCC 700699 with MICs of 25 and 50 µM, respectively [66].

A new chromone, lawsozaheer (112, Figure 7), was isolated from *Paecilomyces variotii* from *Lawsonia alba*. Compound 112 showed activity against *S. aureus* (NCTC 6571) with 84.26% inhibition at 150 µg/mL [67].

A known polyketide, setosol (113, Figure 7), was extracted from an endophytic fungus *Preussia isomera* in *Panax notoginseng* from Wenshan, by using an OSMAC strategy. Compound 113 displayed potent activity against multidrug-resistant *E. faecium*, methicillin-resistant *S. aureus* and multidrug-resistant *E. faecalis* with MIC values of 25 µg/mL [68].

A pair of enantiomeric norvesquiterpenoids, (+)- (114) and (−)-preuisolactone A (115, Figure 7) featuring an unprecedented tricyclo[4.4.0.1,6.02.8]decane carbon scaffold were isolated from *Preussia isomera*. XL-1326, obtained from the stems of *Panax notoginseng*. Compounds (+)-I and (−)-II are 2 rare naturally occurring sesquiterpenoidal enantiomers. Compounds 114 and 115 exhibited potent antibacterial activity against *Micrococcus luteus* and *B. megaterium* with MIC values of 10.2 and 163.4 µM, respectively [69].

A new α-pyrone derivative, udagawanone A (116, Figure 7) was isolated from *Neurospora udagawae* associated with *Quercus macranthera*, and displayed moderate inhibition against *S. aureus* (MIC = 66 µg/mL) [70].

Five chromone derivatives, including 2,6-dimethyl-5-methoxy-7-hydroxychromone (117), 6-hydroxymethyleugenin (118), 6-methoxymethyleugenin (119), and isoeugenitol (120), and isocoumarin congeners, 8-hydroxy-6-methoxy-3-methylisocoumarin (121, Figure 7) and diaporthin (29), were purified from *Xylomelasma* sp. Samif07, an endophyte of *Salvia miltiorrhiza*. Compound 120 showed good activity against *M. tuberculosis* (MIC 10.31 µg/mL). Compounds 29, 117–121 displayed inhibitory activities against *B. subtilis*, *Staphylococcus haemolyticus*, *A. tumefaciens*, *Erwinia carotovora*, and *X. vesicatoria* (with MICs ranging from 25 ~ 100 µg/mL). Compounds 117 and 29 showed inhibition against only *E. carotovora* (MIC, 100 µg/mL), and *B. subtilis* (MIC, 50 µg/mL), respectively. Compounds 118, 119, 29 were found active against *S. haemolyticus* and *E. carotovora* (MIC of 75 µg/mL), whereas compound 121 exhibited stronger inhibition against *B. subtilis*, *A. tumefaciens*, and *X. vesicatoria*, with MICs of 25, 75, and 25 µg/mL, respectively [71].

The compound (4S,5S,6S)-5,6-epoxy-4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-5-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-one (122, Figure 7) was purified from *Amphirosellinia nigrospora* JS-1675, an endophytic fungus isolated from the stem tissue of *Pteris cretica*. Compound 122 showed high to moderate in vitro antibacterial activity, with MIC values ranging between 31.2 and 500 µg mL⁻¹ against *Pectobacterium carotovorum* subsp. *Carotovorum*, *Agrobacterium konjaci*, *Burkholderia glumae*, *Clavibacter michiganensis* subsp. *michiganensis*, *A. tumefaciens*, *Pectobacterium chrysanthemi*, *R. solanacearum*, *Acidovorax avenae* subsp. *cattlyae*, *Xanthomonas arboricola* pv. *pruni*, *X. euvesicatoria*, *X. axonopodis* pv. *Citri*, *X. oryzae* pv. *oryzae* [72].

Two new alkylated furan derivatives, 5-(undeca-3',5',7'-trien-1'-yl)furan-2-ol (123) and 5-(undeca-3',5',7'-trien-1'-yl)furan-2-carbonate (124, Figure 7), were isolated from *Emericella* sp. XL029, an endophyte of *Panax notoginseng*. Compounds 123, 124 inhibited *B. subtilis*, *B. cereus*, *S. aureus*, *B. paratyphosum* B, *S. typhi*, *P. aeruginosa*, *E. coli*, and *E. aerogenes* with MIC values ranging from 6.3 to 50 µg/mL [73].

Four new compounds, 14-hydroxytajixanthone (125), 14-hydroxyltajixanthone hydrate (126, Figure 7), 14-hydroxy-15-chlorotajixanthone hydrate (127) and epitajixanthone hydrate (128), along with known compounds tajixanthone hydrate (129), 14-methoxyltajixanthone-25-acetate (130), and 15-chlorotajixanthone hydrate (131), questin (132) and carnemycin B (133, Figure 8), were purified from *Emericella* sp. XL029 residing inside the leaves of *Panax notoginseng*. Compounds 125–127, 130, 132, 133 exhibited potent activity against *M. luteus*, *S. aureus*, *B. megaterium*, *B. anthracis*, and *B. paratyphosum* B (MIC values ranging from 12.5 and 25 µg/mL). Compound 128 exhibited potent activity against *M. luteus*, *S. aureus*, *B. megaterium*, and *B. paratyphosum* B (MIC 25 µg/mL each), while compounds 129, 131 inhibited *S. aureus*, *B. megaterium*, and *B. paratyphosum* B (MIC 25 and 12.5 µg/mL).
Compounds **125**, **128**, **133** displayed average activity against drug-resistant *S. aureus* (MICs 50 µg/mL each). All isolated compounds **125–133** displayed moderate activity against *P. aeruginosa*, *E. coli*, and *E. aerogenes* (MIC 50 µg/mL) [74].

<figure><img src="image_62.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 8.** Structures of metabolites **127–144** isolated from Ascomycetes.</figcaption></figure>

An endophytic fungus *Byssochlamys spectabilis* from the plant *Edgeworthia chrysantha* yielded bysspectin C (**134**, Figure 8) which was active against *E. coli* and *S. aureus* with MIC values of 32 and 64 µg/mL, respectively [75].

Two new compounds, sydowianumols A (**135**), and B (**136**, Figure 8), were isolated from *Poculum pseudosydowianum* (TNS-F-57853), an endophytic fungus associated with the petiole of *Quercus crispula* var. *crispula* in Yoshiwa. Compounds **135** and **136** exhibited anti-MRSA activity, with MIC<sub>90</sub> values of 12.5 µg/mL [76].

Six previously undescribed halogenated dihydroisocoumarins, palmaerones A–C, (**137–139**) and E–G (**140–142**, Figure 8) were purified from *Lachnum palmae*, an endophytic fungus from *Przewalskia tangutica* by exposure to a histone deacetylase inhibitor SAHA.
Compounds **137**, **138**, **140–142** were active against *B. subtilis*, with MIC values of 35, 30, 10, 50, and 55 µg/mL, respectively, while compounds **137–140**, were found active against *S. aureus* with MIC values of 65, 55, 60, and 55 µg/mL, respectively [77].

The polyketide nemanifuranone A (143), a nordammarane triterpenoid, was isolated from *Nemania serpens*, an endophyte of *Vitis vinifera*. Additionally, a known metabolite 144, also a nordammarane triterpenoid (Figure 8) was isolated from the mycelium. Nemanifuranone A (143) showed modest activity against *E. coli*, with a MIC of 200 µg/mL, and significant inhibition (>75% inhibition) against *S. aureus*, *B. subtilis* and *M. luteus* at a concentration of 100–200 µg/mL. However, 144 showed significant inhibition (>75% inhibition) of *M. luteus* at a concentration of 100 µg/mL [78].

A sesquiterpene, variabilone (145, Figure 9), with a new skeleton, was isolated from the endophytic fungus *Paraconiothyrium variabile* isolated from *Cephalotaxus harringtonia*. Compound 145 behaved as a potent growth inhibitor of *B. subtilis* at an IC₅₀ of 2.13 µg/mL after 24 h [79].

A new 4-hydroxycinnamic acid derivative compound, methyl 2-((E)-2-[4-(formyloxy)phenyl]ethenyl)-4-methyl-3-oxopentanoate (146), along with the known compounds (3R,6R)-4-methyl-6-(1-methylethyl)-3-phenylmethylperhydro-1,4-oxazine-2,5-dione (147), (3R,6R)-N-methyl-N-(1-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-phenylalanine (148), siccanol (149), sambutoxin (150, Figure 9) and fusaproliferin (106), were extracted from *Pyronema* sp. an endophyte of the *Taxus mairei*. Compounds 106, 146–150 also exhibited potential inhibitory activity, with IC₅₀s of 64, 59, 57, 84, 43 and 32 µM against *Mycobacterium marinum*, respectively [80].

Three new natural furanones, pulvinulin A (151), graminin C (152), and *cis*-gregatin B (153), together with the known fungal metabolite, graminin B (154, Figure 9), were isolated from *Pulvinula* sp. 11120, an endophyte of the leaves of *Cupressus arizonica*. Compounds 151–154 displayed antibacterial against *E. coli* with 12, 18, 16, and 14 mm zones of inhibition [81].

Stelliosphaerols A (155) and B (156, Figure 9), new sesquiterpene-polyol conjugates were purified from a *Stelliosphaera formicum* endophytic fungus associated with the plant *Duroia hirsuta*. Compounds 155 and 156 inhibited *S. aureus* with MIC values of 250 µg/mL [82].

Two novel polyketides, *cis*-4-acetoxyoxymellein (157) and 8-deoxy-6-hydroxy-*cis*-4-acetoxyoxymellein (158, Figure 9) were extracted from an unidentified ascomycete, associated with *Melilotus dentatus*. Compound 157 was found to be active against *E. coli* and *B. megaterium* with 10 and 10 (partial inhibition) zones of inhibition at 0.05 mg concentration. Compound 158 displayed antibacterial activity against *E. coli* and *B. megaterium* with 9 and 9 (partial inhibition) zones of inhibition at a concentration of 0.05 mg [83].

## 2.2. Anamorphic Ascomycetes

Anamorphic Ascomycetes are the fungi that are the asexual form of ascomycetes. The first antibiotic penicillin-producing fungi belonged to this group. Fungi belonging to this group are prolific producers of bioactives metabolites. After the discovery of penicillin, this group is extensively screened for bioactives. Some important genera in this group are *Penicillium*, *Aspergillus*, *Fusarium*, *Pestalotiopsis*, *Phoma* and *Colletotrichum*. Here we report the antibacterials compounds from this group of fungi.
<figure><img src="image_63.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 9.** Structures of metabolites **145–158** and **159–162** isolated from Ascomycetes and Anamorphic Ascomycetes, respectively.</figcaption></figure>

### 2.2.1. Aspergillus

*Aspergillus* is one of the important fungal genera and some of the antibacterials from this genus such as aspochalasin P (**159**), alatinone (**160**), β-11-methoxycurvularine (**161**), and 12-keto-10,11-dehydrocurvularine (**162**, Figure 9) were purified from *Aspergillus* sp. FT1307 associated with plant *Heliotropium* sp. Compounds **159–162** showed weak activity against *Staphylococcus aureus* ATCC12600, *Bacillus subtilis* ATCC6633 and MRSA ATCC43300 with MICs in the range of 40 to 80 µg/mL [84].

A new polyketide, aspergillone A (**163**, Figure 10), was isolated from *Aspergillus cristatus* associated with *Pinellia ternata*. Aspergilline A (**163**) is the first example of a bicyclo[2.2.2] diazaoctane indole alkaloid where the diketopiperazine structure is constructed from tryp-
tophan and alanine. Aspergillone A (163) exhibited average antibacterial activities against *B. subtilis* and *S. aureus*, with MIC₅₀ values of 8.5 and 32.2 µg/mL, respectively [85].

<figure><img src="image_64.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 10.** Structures of metabolites 163–178 isolated from Anamorphic Ascomycetes.</figcaption></figure>

A new quinolone derivative, (22S)-aniduquinolone A (164) and its known isomer (22R)-aniduquinolone A (165, Figure 10) were purified from the endophytic fungus *Aspergillus versicolor* strain Eich.5.2.2 from the petals of flowers of *Eichhornia crassipes*. The epimers **164/165** together exhibited significant antibacterial activity against *S. aureus*, with a MIC of 0.4 µg/mL [86].

A new diaryl ether derivative aspergillether B (166, Figure 10) was separated from *Aspergillus versicolor* residing inside the roots of *Pulicaria crispa*. Compound 166 exhibited
significant antibacterial capacity towards *S. aureus*, *Bacillus cereus*, and *E. coli* with MICs values of 4.3, 3.7, and 3.9 µg/mL, respectively [87].

The known compound 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl stigmasta-5(6),24(28)-diene (167, Figure 10) was extracted from an endophytic fungus *Aspergillus ochraceus* SX-C7 eus SX-C7 from *Setaginella stauntoniana* and displayed inhibitory activity against *B. subtilis* with a MIC value of 2 µg/mL [88].

A prenylated benzaldehyde derivative, dihydroauroglaucin (168, Figure 10), was isolated from *Aspergillus amstelodami* (MK215708) an endophytic fungi of *Ammi majus*, a plant indigenous to Egypt. Compound 168 showed activity against *E. coli*, *Streptococcus mutans* and *S. aureus*, with MICs of 1.95, 1.95 and 3.9 µg/mL, respectively. The highest antibiofilm activity at concentrataion 7.81 µg/mL against *S. aureus* and *E. coli* biofilms, at 15.63 µg/mL concentration against *S. mutans* and moderate activity (MBIC = 31.25 µg/mL) against *P. aeruginosa* biofilm was measured [89].

Two cysteine residue-containing merocytochalasans, cyschalasins A (169) and B (170, Figure 10) were isolated from *Aspergillus micronesiensis* associated with the root of *Phyllanthus glaucus*. Compounds 169 and 170 displayed anti-MRSA activity with MIC<sub>50</sub> values of 17.5 and 10.6 µg/mL and MIC<sub>90</sub> values of 28.4 and 14.7 µg/mL, respectively [90].

Methylsulochrin (171, Figure 10) is a diphenyl ether derivative isolated from *A. niger* associated with the stems of *Acanthus montanus*. It inhibits *Enterobacter cloacae*, *Enterobacter aerogenes* and *S. aureus* with MIC values of 7.8, 7.8 and 15.6 µg/mL, respectively [91].

A new furan derivative named 3-(5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-yl) propanoic acid (172, Figure 10) was purified from *Aspergillus tubingensis*, an endophyte from the stems of *Decaisnea insignis*. Compound 172 inhibited *Streptococcus lactis* with MIC value of 32 µg/mL [92].

A new compound, methyl 2-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-1,7-dihydroxy-6-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-1H-indene-1-carboxylate (173, Figure 10) was extracted from *Aspergillus flavipes* Y-62, associated with the plant *Suaeda glauca*. Compound 173 showed poor activity against MRSA, with an MIC value of 128 µg/mL, and against *K. pneumoniae* and *P. aeruginosa* with equal MIC values of 32 µg/mL [93].

The alkaloids 4-amino-1-(1,3-dihydroxy-1-(4-nitrophenyl)propan-2-yl)-1H-1,2,3-tria zole-5(4H)one (174) and 3,6-dibenzyl-3,6-dimethylpiperazine-2,5-dione (175, Figure 10) were obtained from *Aspergillus* sp. isolate of *Zingiber cassumunar* rhizome. Compounds 174 and 175 exhibited inhibitory activity against *X. oryzae* and *E. coli*, with a 16–30 mm zone of inhibition [5].

*Aspergillus fumigatus*, an endophyte associated with *Edgeworthia chrysantha*, was the source of pseurotin A (176) and spirotryprostatin A (177, Figure 10). Compounds 176, 177 displayed good antibacterial activity against *S. aureus* (MIC 0.39 µg/mL each). Compound 177 also showed potent antibacterial activity against *E. coli* (MIC of 0.39 µg/mL) [94].

Six compounds, fumiquinazoline J (178, Figure 10), fumiquinazoline I (179), fumiquinazoline C (180), fumiquinazoline H (181), fumiquinazoline D (182), and fumiquinazoline B (183, Figure 11) were extracted from *Aspergillus* sp., residing inside the plant *Astragalus membranaceus*. Compounds 178, 180–182 displayed potent activity against *B. subtilis*, *E. coli*, *P. aeruginosa* and *S. aureus* (MICs in the range of 0.5–8 µg/mL). Compounds 179, 183 displayed moderate activity against *B. subtilis*, *E. coli*, *P. aeruginosa* and *S. aureus* with MICs of 4–16 µg/mL [95].
<figure><img src="image_65.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 11.** Structures of metabolites 179–201 isolated from Anamorphic Ascomycetes.</figcaption></figure>
An antibacterial polyketide named (-) palitantin (184, Figure 11) was isolated from *Aspergillus fumigatiaffnis*, an endophyte of the medicinal plant *Tribulus terrestris*, which displayed antibacterial activity against *E. faecalis* UW 2689 and *S. pneumoniae* with MIC values of 64 µg/mL each [96].

A novel terpene-polyketide hybrid, i.e., a meroterpenoid, aspermerodione (185), and a new heptacyclic analog and iconin C (186, Figure 11) were purified from *Aspergillus* sp. TJ23 residing inside the plant *Hypericum perforatum*. Compound 185 showed antibacterial activity against MRSA (MIC of 32 µg/mL), whereas compound 186 showed poor anti-MRSA activity (>100 µg/mL). Aspemerodione (186) worked synergistically with the antibiotics oxacillin and piperacillin against MRSA and was found to be a potential inhibitor of PBP2a [97].

*Aspergillus* sp. YXf3, an endophyte residing inside the leaves of *Ginkgo biloba*, yielded some novel *p*-terphenyls named prenylterphenyllin D (187), prenylterphenyllin E (188), and 2'-O-methylprenylterphenyllin (189), along with the known compounds prenylterphenyllin (190) and prenylterphenyllin B (191, Figure 11). Compounds 187–191 displayed antibacterial activity against *X. oryzae* pv. *oryzicola* and *E. amylovora* with the same MIC values of 20 µg/mL, while compound 191 exhibited activity against *E. amylovora* with a MIC value of 10 µg/mL [98].

Nine new phenalenone derivatives, aspergillussanone D (192), aspergillussanone E (193), F (194) G (195) H (196), I (197), J (198), K (199), along with two known analogues, the aspergillussanones L (200 and 201, Figure 11) were extracted from *Aspergillus* sp. residing inside the plant *Pinellia ternate*. Compound 200 exhibited good antimicrobial activity against *P. aeruginosa*, *S. aureus*, and *B. subtilis* (MIC₅₀ values of 1.87, 2.77, and 4.80 µg/mL). Compound 192 exhibited the antibacterial activity against *P. aeruginosa*, and *S. aureus*, (MIC₅₀ of 38.47 and 29.91 µg/mL). Compound 193 was found to be selectively active against *E. coli* (MIC₅₀ of 7.83 µg/mL). Compound 194 exhibited antimicrobial activity against *P. aeruginosa*, and *S. aureus*, (MIC₅₀ values of 26.56, 3.93 and 16.48 µg/mL). Compound 195 inhibited *P. aeruginosa*, and *S. aureus*, (MIC₅₀ values of 24.46 and 34.66 µg/mL). Compound 196 inhibited *P. aeruginosa*, and *E. coli*, (MIC₅₀ values of 8.59 and 5.87 µg/mL). Compound 197 selectively inhibited *P. aeruginosa*, (MIC₅₀ of 12.0 µg/mL). Compound 198 exhibited activity against *P. aeruginosa*, *E. coli* and *S. aureus* with MIC₅₀ values of 28.50, 5.34 and 29.87 µg/mL, respectively. Compound 199 exhibited antibacterial activity against *P. aeruginosa*, and *S. aureus*, (MIC₅₀ values of 6.55 and 21.02 µg/mL). Compound 201 inhibited *P. aeruginosa*, and *E. coli*, with MIC₅₀ values of 19.07 and 1.88 µg/mL, respectively [99].

The compound terrein (202, Figure 12), a polyketide, was extracted from *Aspergillus terreus* JAS-2 associated with *Achyranthus aspera*. Terrein (202) exhibited antibacterial activity with an IC₅₀ value of 20 µg/mL against *E. faecalis*, and more than 20 µg/mL against *Aeromonas hydrophila* and *S. aureus*, as the compound showed only 48% and 38.3% inhibition [100].
<figure><img src="image_66.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 12.** Structures of metabolites **202–220** isolated from Anamorphic Ascomycetes.</figcaption></figure>

A known compound (22E,24R)-stigmasta-5,7,22-trien-3-β-ol (203, Figure 12), was purified from the *Aspergillus terreus* isolate of *Carthamus lanatus*. Compound 203 displayed potent anti-MRSA activity, with IC₅₀ values of 2.29 µM compared to ciprofloxacin (IC₅₀ 0.21 µM) [101].

A new furan derivative named 5-acetoxymethylfuran-3-carboxylic acid (204), along with the furan compound 5-hydroxymethylfuran-3-carboxylic acid (205, Figure 12), were obtained from *Aspergillus flavus*, isolated from *Cephalotaxus fortunei*. The compounds **204–205** inhibited *S. aureus* with MIC values of 15.6 and 31.3 µg/mL, respectively [102].

A new compound, allahabadolactone B (206), and the known compound ergosterol peroxide (207, Figure 12) were purified from *Aspergillus allahabadii* BCC45335 residing inside the roots of *Cinnamomum subavenium*. Compounds **206–207** displayed antimicrobial activity against *B. cereus* with IC₅₀ values of 12.50 and 3.13 µg/mL, respectively [103].
A new pyrone named 6-isovaleryl-4-methoxy-pyran-2-one (208), along with three known pyrone compounds, rubrofusarin B (209), asperpyrone A (210) and campyrone A (211, Figure 12), was purified from *Aspergillus tubingensis* isolated from the roots of *Lycium ruthenicum*. Compound 209 possessed potent activity against *E. coli* with a MIC of 1.95 µg/mL while the compounds 208, 210, 211 showed poor activity against *E. coli*, *P. aeruginosa*, *S. aureus* and *Streptococcus lactis* [104].

A new cyclic pentapeptide, malformin E (212, Figure 12), was extracted from *Aspergillus tamarii* FR02 associated with *Ficus carica*. Compound 212 displayed potent activity against *B. subtilis*, *S. aureus*, *P. aeruginosa*, and *E. coli* with MIC values of 0.91, 0.45, 1.82, and 0.91 µM, respectively [105].

A new butyrolactone, aspernolide F (213), together with a known stigmasterol derivative, (22E,24R)-stigmasta-5,7,22-trien-3-β-ol (203, Figure 12), were purified from *Aspergillus terreus*, an endophyte of *Carthamus lanatus*. Compound 203 displayed a potent anti-MRSA activity, with an IC₅₀ value of 0.96µg/mL while compound 213 displayed poor anti-MRSA activity (IC₅₀ 6.39µg/mL) [106].

The metabolites 1-(3,8-dihydroxy-4,6,6-trimethyl-6H-benzochromen-2-yloxy)propane-2-one (214), 5-hydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)-2H-pyran-2-one (215) and 5-hydroxy-2-oxo-2H-pyran-4-yl)methyl acetate (216, Figure 12) were purified from *Aspergillus* sp. (SbD5) associated with the plant *Andrographis paniculata*. Compounds 214–216 displayed poor to average activity against *S. aureus*, *E. coli*, *S. dysenteriae* and *Salmonella typhi* with an inhibition zone diameter ranging from 8.1 to 12.1 mm at a concentration 500 µg/mL [107].

The compounds xanthoascin (217), prenylterphenyllin B (218) and prenylcandidusin (219, Figure 12), were extracted from *Aspergillus* sp. IFB-YXS, associated with the leaves of *Ginkgo biloba*. Compound 217 displayed antibacterial activity against *X. oryzae* pv. *oryzicola*, *E. amylovora*, *P. syringae* pv. *lachrymans* and *C. michiganense* subsp. *sepedonicus* with MICs of 20, 10, 5.0 and 0.31 µg/mL, respectively. Compound 218 exhibited antibiotic activities with MICs of 20 µg/mL each towards *X. oryzae* pv. *oryzicola*, *E. amylovora*, *P. syringae* pv. *lachrymans*, respectively. Compound 219 was found to be effective against *X. oryzae* pv. *oryzae* and *X. oryzae* pv. *oryzicola* (MIC of 10 and 20 µg/mL). It was observed that compound 217 can change the permeability and cause nucleic acid leakage of the cytomembrane of the phytopathogen [108].

### 2.2.2. Penicillium

New β-resorcylic acid lactones, including 4-O-desmethyl-aigialomycin B (220, Figure 12), and penochrochlactones C (221), and D (222, Figure 13), were purified from *Penicillium ochrochloron* SWUKD4.1850 from the medicinal plant *Kadsura angustifolia*. Compounds 220–222 exhibited moderate activities against *S. aureus*, *B. subtilis*, *E. coli*, and *P. aeruginosa* with MIC values between 9.7 and 32.0 µg/mL [109].

The compound *p*-hydroxybenzaldehyde (223, Figure 13), was isolated from *Penicillium brefeldianum*, an endophyte residing inside the root bark of *Syzygium zeylanicum*. Compound 223 was found to be active against *S. typhi*, *E. coli*, and *B. subtilis* with MIC values of 64 g/mL. *p*-Hydroxybenzaldehyde was also reported from *Syzygium zeylanicum* [110].

An endophytic fungus, *Penicillium vulpinum* GDGJ-91, from the roots of *Sophorae tonkinensis*, yielded the new compound 10-demethylated andrastone A (224), and four known analogs, 15-deacetylcitreohybridone E (225), citreohybridonol (226) and andrastins A (227) and B (228, Figure 13). Compounds 224 and 227 displayed good activity against *Bacillus megaterium* (MIC value of 6.25 µg/mL), and compounds 225, 226, 228 showed average activity against *Bacillus megaterium* (MIC of 25, 12.5 and 25 µg/mL). Compound 226 showed potent antibacterial activity against *B. paratyphosus* B at 6.25 µg/mL, while the other compounds showed average activities against *B. paratyphosus* B at 12.5 or 25 µg/mL and compound 226 also exhibited moderate activities against *E. coli* and *S. aureus* with MIC values of 25 µg/mL [111].
<figure><img src="image_67.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_68.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_69.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_70.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_71.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_72.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_73.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_74.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_75.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_76.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_77.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_78.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_79.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_80.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_81.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_82.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_83.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_84.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 13.** Structures of metabolites **221–242** isolated from Anamorphic Ascomycetes.</figcaption></figure>

A novel N-methoxy-1-pyridone alkaloid, chromenopyridin A (229), and the already reported compound viridicatol (230, Figure 13) were purified from *Penicillium nothofagi* P-6, residing inside the bark of *Abies beshanzuensis*. Compounds 229 and 230 exhibited antibacterial activity against *S. aureus*, with MIC values of 62.5 and 15.6 µg/mL, respectively [112].
ω-Hydroxyemodin (231, Figure 13) is a polyhydroxy anthraquinone, was extracted from *Penicillium restrictum* (strain G85) from *Silybum marianum*. Compound 231 showed inhibition against MRSA as a quorum sensing inhibitor in both in vitro and in vivo systems [113].

Two new phthalide derivatives, (–)-3-carboxypropyl-7-hydroxyphthalide (232) and (–)-3-carboxypropyl-7-hydroxyphthalide methyl ester (233, Figure 13), were isolated from *Penicillium vulpinum* residing inside the plant *S. tonkinensis*. Compound 232 exhibited a medium inhibition against *Shigella dysenteriae*, *Enterobacter areogenes*, *B. subtilis*, *B. megaterium*, and *Micrococcus lysodeikticus* with MIC value between 12.5–50 µg/mL. Compound 233 showed average activity against *E. areogenes* with MIC value of 12.5 µg/mL, and showed poor activity against *B. subtilis*, *B. megaterium* and *M. lysodeikticus* with MIC values of 100 µg/mL [114].

Citridone E (234), a new phenylpyridone derivative, and the previously reported compound (–)-dehydrocurvularin (235, Figure 13) were purified from *Penicillium sumatrense* GZWMJZ-313 associated with the plant *Garcinia multiflora*. Compounds 234 and 235 showed antibacterial activity against *S. aureus*, *P. aeruginosa*, *Clostridium perfringens*, and *E. coli* (with MICs ranging from 32 to 64 µg/mL) [115].

Three new 3,4,6-trisubstituted α-pyrone derivatives, namely 6-(2'R-hydroxy-3'E,5'E-diene-1'-heptyl)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2H-pyran-2-one (236), 6-(2'S-hydroxy-5'E-ene-1'-heptyl)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2H-pyran-2-one (237), and 6-(2'S-hydroxy-1'-heptyl)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2H-pyran-2-one (238), along with the previously reported compound trichodermic acid (239, Figure 13), were purified from *Penicillium ochrochloron* associated with *Taxus media*. Compounds 236–239 displayed antimicrobial activity with MIC values ranging from 25 to 50 µg/mL against *B. subtilis*, *B. megaterium*, *E. coli*, *Enterobacter aerogenes*, *Micrococcus luteus*, *Proteusbacillm vulgaris*, *P. aeruginosa*, *S. aureus*, *Salmonella enterica*, and *Salmonella typhi* [116].

Three new compounds, brasiliamide J-a (240), brasiliamide J-b (241) and penicilolidone (242, Figure 13), as well as the known compound austin (243, Figure 14), were isolated from *Penicillium janthinellum* SYPF 7899 associated with the plant *Panax notoginseng*. Compound 240 exhibited potent activity against *B. subtilis* and *S. aureus* (MICs of 15 and 18 µg/mL). Compounds 241 and 243 showed average inhibitory activities against *B. subtilis* (MIC 35 µg/mL and 50 µg/mL, respectively) and *S. aureus* (MIC 39 µg/mL and 60 µg/mL, respectively). In addition, compound 240 also affected the length of *B. subtillius*. Similarly, coccoid cells of *S. aureus* also swelled 2-fold after treatment with compound 240. Compounds 240, 241, 242 showed high binding energies, strong H-bond interactions and hydrophobic interactions with filamentous temperature-sensitive protein Z (FtsZ) [117].

The new compounds penicimenolidyu A (244), and penicimenolidyu B (245) and the known compound rasfonin (246, Figure 14) were purified from *Penicillium cataractarum* SYPF 7131 obtained from the plant *Ginkgo biloba*. Compound 246 exhibited good antibacterial activity against *S. aureus*, with a MIC value of 10 µg/mL. Compounds 245 and 246 showed moderate inhibitory activity against *S. aureus* (MIC 65 µg/mL and 59 µg/mL). The docking results revealed that compounds 244–246 possess high binding energies, strong H-bond interactions and hydrophobic interactions with FtsZ from *S. aureus*, validating the observed antimicrobial activity [118].

A rare dichloroaromatic polyketide, 3'-methoxycitreovirone (247) along with known metabolites cis-bis-(methylthio)-silvatin (248), citreovirone (249), trypacidin A (250, Figure 14) and helvolic acid (100), were obtained from endophytic *Penicillium* sp. of *Pinellia ternate*. Compound 100 displayed potent antibacterial activity against *S. aureus* and *P. aeruginosa* (MIC = 5.8 and 4.6 µg/mL) as well as mild activity against *B. subtilis* and *E. coli* (MIC = 42.2 and 75.0 µg/mL). Compounds 247 and 249 were found to have moderate antibacterial activity against *E. coli* and *S. aureus* (MIC = 62.6 and 76.6 µg/mL). Compounds 248 and 250 exhibited poor antibacterial activity against *S. aureus* with MIC values of 43.4 and 76.0 µg/mL and 250 also displayed effect against *B. subtilis* (MIC = 54.1 µg/mL) [119].
<figure><img src="image_85.png" /><figcaption>(243)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_86.png" /><figcaption>(244)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_87.png" /><figcaption>(245)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_88.png" /><figcaption>(246)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_89.png" /><figcaption>(247)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_90.png" /><figcaption>(248)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_91.png" /><figcaption>(249)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_92.png" /><figcaption>(250)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_93.png" /><figcaption>(252)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_94.png" /><figcaption>(253)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_95.png" /><figcaption>(254)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_96.png" /><figcaption>(255)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_97.png" /><figcaption>(256)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_98.png" /><figcaption>(257)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_99.png" /><figcaption>(258)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_100.png" /><figcaption>(259)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_101.png" /><figcaption>(260)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_102.png" /><figcaption>(261)</figcaption></figure>

<caption>**Figure 14.** Structures of metabolites **243–261** isolated from Anamorphic Ascomycetes.</caption>

A known quinolinone alkaloids viridicatol (251, Figure 14) was obtained from Penicil- lium sp. R22 was associated with *Nerium indicum* and displayed potent antibacterial activity against *S. aureus* with MIC value of 15.6 µg/mL [120]. The novel compound penicitroamide (252, Figure 14), was purified from Penicillium sp. (NO. 24) isolated from the leaves of Tapis-
*cia sinensis*. Compound **252** displayed potent antibacterial activity against plant pathogens, *Erwinia carotovora* sub sp. *carotovora* (Jones) Bersey, et al. with MIC<sub>50</sub> at 45 µg/mL [121].

Penialidins A-C (253–255), citromycetin (256), *p*-hydroxyphenylglyoxalaldoxime (257) and brefelfin A (258, Figure 14) were purified from the *Penicillium* sp. CAM64 a fungus associated with the plant *Garcinia nobilis*. Compounds 253–258, exhibited antibacterial activity against *Vibrio cholerae* SG24 (1), *V. cholerae* CO6, *V. cholerae* NB2, *V. cholerae* PC2, *S. flexneri* SDINT (MIC = 0.50–128 µg/mL). Compound 255 exhibited potent activity against *V. cholerae* SG24 (1), *V. cholerae* CO6, *V. cholerae* NB2, *V. cholerae* PC2, *S. flexneri* SDINT, with MIC values of 0.50, 16, 8, 0.50 and 8 µg/mL, respectively following in decreasing order of activity by compound 254 (MIC = 4–32 µg/mL), compound 257 (MIC = 8–32 µg/mL), compound 257 (MIC = 32–64 µg/mL) and compounds 256 and 258 (MIC = 64–128 µg/mL) [122].

Purpureone (259, Figure 14) was extracted from *Purpureocillium lilacinum*, residing inside the roots of *Rauvolfia macrophylla*. Compound 259 displayed antibacterial activity with the zone of inhibition of 10.6, 12.3, 13.0, 8.7, 12.3, and 10.0, mm against *B. cereus*, *L. monocytogenes*, *E. coli*, *K. pneumoniae*, *P. stuartii*, and *P. aeruginosa* (6 mm filter paper disks impregnated with 10 µL of compound) [123].

### 2.2.3. Fusarium

Secondary metabolites identified as 2-methoxy-6-methyl-7-acetonyl-8-hydroxy-1,4-maphthalenedione (260), 5,8-dihydroxy-7-acetonyl-1,4-naphthalenedione (261, Figure 14), anhydrojavanicin (262), and fusarnaphthoquinone B (263, Figure 15), were purified from *Neocosmospora* sp. MFLUCC 17-0253 associated with *Rhizophora apiculata*. All three compounds showed potent antibacterial against *Acidovorax citrulli* (responsible for bacterial fruit blotch (BFB) a bacterial disease of *Cucurbitaceae* crops) with MIC values of 0.0075 mg/mL (mixture of 260, 261), 0.004 mg/mL (262), 0.025 mg/mL (263). Compounds 260–263 significantly inhibited biofilm development of *Acidovorax citrulli*, thus demonstrating that these metabolites can be used for biological control of bacterial fruit blotch of watermelon and melon [124].

A new aminobenzamide derivative, namely fusaribenzamide A (264, Figure 15), was purified from *Fusarium* sp. of *Mentha longifolia*. Compound 264 displayed antibacterial activity against *S. aureus* and *E. coli* with MIC values of 62.8 and 56.4 µg/disc, respectively [125].

Two alkaloids, indol-3-acetic acid (265), bassiatin (266), a depsipeptide, beauvericin (267), two sesquiterpenoids, cyclonerodiol (268), epicyclonerodiol oxide (269), four 1,4-naphthoquinones, 5-O-methylsolaniol (270), 5-O-methyljavanicin (271), fusarubin methyl ether (272), and anhydrojavanicin (273, Figure 15) and a sesterterpene, fusaproliferin (106), were separated from the green Chinese onion-derived fungus *F. proliferatum* AF-04. Compounds 270–273 displayed good antibacterial activity against *B. megaterium* with MICs of 25 µg/mL each; compounds 265, 267, 269 displayed moderate activity with MICs of 50 µg/mL each and compound 268, displayed activity with an MIC of 12.50 µg/mL. Compounds 266, 270–272 displayed good antibacterial activity against *B. subtilis*, with MICs of 50 µg/mL each. Compounds 269 and 272 were found to be active against *E. coli* with MIC values of 50 µg/mL each and compounds 270, 271, 273 with MIC values of 25 µg/mL, respectively. Compounds 269–272 displayed antibacterial activity against *Clostridium perfringens* with MIC values of 50, 50, 12.5 and 50 µg/mL, respectively. Compounds 267, 106, 270–273 displayed anti-MRSA activity with MIC values of 50, 50, 12.5, 12.5, 12.5, and 25µg/mL, respectively. Compounds 270–273 displayed antibacterial activity against RN4220 (MICs of 50 µg/mL each). Compounds 272, 273 showed inhibition against NewmanWT (MICs of 50 µg/mL each). Compound 266 displayed antibacterial activity against NewmanWT with a MIC value of 50 µg/mL each. [126].
<figure><img src="image_103.png" /><figcaption>(262)</figcaption></figure>

<caption>(263)</caption>

<caption>(264)</caption>

<figure><img src="image_104.png" /><figcaption>(266)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_105.png" /><figcaption>(268)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_106.png" /><figcaption>(269)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_107.png" /><figcaption>(270)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_108.png" /><figcaption>(271)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_109.png" /><figcaption>(272)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_110.png" /><figcaption>(273)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_111.png" /><figcaption>(274)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_112.png" /><figcaption>(267) R=CH3</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_113.png" /><figcaption>(276) R₁ = H, R₂ = H, R₃ = H</figcaption></figure>

<caption>(277) R₁ = C₂H₅, R₂ = H, R₃ = H</caption>

<caption>(278) R₁ = C₂H₅, R₂ = C₂H₅, R₃ = H</caption>

<figure><img src="image_114.png" /><figcaption>Fusaric acid (280)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_115.png" /><figcaption>(281)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_116.png" /><figcaption>(282)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_117.png" /><figcaption>(283)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_118.png" /><figcaption>(284)</figcaption></figure>

<caption>**Figure 15.** Structures of metabolites **262–284** isolated from Anamorphic Ascomycetes.</caption>
*Fusarium* sp. TP-G1 an endophyte of *Dendrobium officinable*, was the source of the compounds trichosetin (274), beauvericin A (275), enniatin B (276), enniatin H (277), enniatin I (278), enniatin MK1688 (279), fusaric acid (280) and dehydrofusaric acid (281, Figure 15) and beauvericin (267). Compounds 267, 274, 275, 277–279 displayed antibacterial activity against *S. aureus* and MRSA with IC₅₀ values in the range of 2–32 µg/mL. Compounds 280, 281 displayed antimicrobial activity against *Acinetobacter baumannii* with a MIC value of 64 µg/mL and 128 µg/mL, respectively. Compound 276 inhibited *S. aureus* and MRSA with IC₅₀ value of 128 µg/mL each [127].

A new spiromeroterpenoid, namely fusariumin A (282), together with the previously reported terpenoids asperterpenoid A (283) and agathic acid (284, Figure 15), were purified from *Fusarium* sp. YD-2 associated with the plant *Santalum album*. Compound 282 showed antibacterial activity against pathogenic *S. aureus* and *P. aeruginosa* (MIC of 6.3 µg/mL), and compound 283 showed average activity against pathogenic *Salmonella enteritidis* and *Micrococcus luteus* (MICs of 25.2 and 6.3 µg/mL). Compound 284 showed moderate activities against *B. cereus* and *M. luteus*, with MIC values of and 12.5 and 25.4 µg/mL, respectively [128].

A new aminobenzamide derivative, namely fusarithioamide B (285, Figure 16), was separated from *Fusarium chlamydosporium* an endophyte of *Anvillea garcinii* and exhibited antibacterial activity against *E. coli*, *B. cereus*, and *S. aureus* (MIC values of 3.7, 2.5 and 3.1 µg/mL) [129].

The compounds 3,6,9-trihydroxy-7-methoxy4,4-dimethyl-3,4-dihydro-1H-benzo[g] isochromene-5,10-dione (286), fusarubin (287), 3-O-methylfusarubin (288) and javanicin (289, Figure 16) were extracted from *Fusarium solani* A2 residing inside the plant *Glycyrrhiza glabra*. Compounds 286–289 showed inhibition of *B. subtilis*, *B. cereus*, *E. coli*, *S. aureus*, *K. pneumonia*, *S. pyogenes*, and *Micrococcus luteus* (MICs in the range of < 1 to 256 µg/mL). Fusarubin (287) showed good activity against *M. tuberculosis* strain H37Rv with a MIC value of 8 µg/mL, whereas compounds 286, 288, 289 exhibited moderate activity with MIC values of 256, 64, 32 µg/mL, respectively [130].

A new benzamide derivative, fusarithioamide A (290, Figure 16) was characterized from *Fusarium chlamydosporium*, an endophyte of *Anvillea garcinii*. Compound 290 had antibacterial potential towards *B. cereus*, *S. aureus*, and *E. coli* with MIC values of 3.1, 4.4, and 6.9 µg/mL, respectively [131].

The polyketide javanicin (289, Figure 16) was purified from *Fusarium* sp. associated with *Rhoeo spathacea*, and displayed activity against *M. tuberculosis* with a MIC value of 25 µg/mL and *M. phlei* with a MIC value of 50 µg/mL [132].

Helvolic acid methyl ester (291, Figure 16), a new helvolic acid derivative, together with previously reported hydrohelvolic acid (292, Figure 16), and helvolic acid (100) were isolated from a *Fusarium* sp. residing inside the plant *Ficus carica*. Compound 291 was found to be active against *B. subtilis*, *S. aureus*, *E. coli* and *P. aeruginosa* (MIC between 3.13 to 12.5, µg/mL). Compound 100 displayed activity against *B. subtilis*, *S. aureus*, *E. coli* and *P. aeruginosa* (MICs between 3.13 to 6.25 µg/mL). Compound 292 displayed activity against *B. subtilis*, *S. aureus*, *E. coli* and *P. aeruginosa* with MIC values between 3.13 to 12.5 µg/mL [133].

The compounds colletorin B (293) and 4,5-dihydroascochlorin (294, Figure 16) were purified from an endophytic *Fusarium* sp. fungus. Compounds 293 and 294 exhibited potent antibacterial activity towards *B. megaterium*, with 5 and 10 mm zones of inhibition at a concentration of 10 µg/mL [134].

The tetramic acid derivative equisetin (295, Figure 16) was isolated from a *Fusarium* sp. associated with *Opuntia dillenii*, and displayed antibacterial activity against *B. subtilis* with a MIC value of 8 and MICs of 16 µg/mL against *S. aureus* and MRSA [135].
<figure><img src="image_119.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 16.** Structures of metabolites 285–299 isolated from Anamorphic Ascomycetes.</figcaption></figure>

### 2.2.4. *Trichoderma*

Pretrichodermamide A (296, Figure 16), a known compound, was isolated from *Trichoderma harzianum*, an endophyte of *Zingiber officinale* and displayed antimycobacterial activity towards *M. tuberculosis* with a MIC value of 25 µg/mL (50 µM) [136].

A new compound named koninginin W (297) and four known polyketides, namely koninginin D (298), 7-O-methylkoninginin D (299, Figure 16), koninginin T (300) and koninginin A (301, Figure 17) were isolated from the endophytic fungus *Trichoderma koningiopsis* YIM PH30002 of *Panax notoginseng*. Compounds 297, 298, 301, showed the weak activity against *B. subtilis* with MICs of 128 µg/mL. Compounds 297 and 299, showed weak activity against *S. typhimurium*, with MIC values of 64 and 128 µg/mL; Compounds 297 and 300, showed the weak activity against *E. coli* with MICs of 128 µg/mL. [137].
<figure><img src="image_120.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_121.png" /><figcaption>(301)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_122.png" /><figcaption>(304)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_123.png" /><figcaption>(305)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_124.png" /><figcaption>(312)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_125.png" /><figcaption>(313)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_126.png" /><figcaption>(314)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_127.png" /><figcaption>(315)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_128.png" /><figcaption>(320)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_129.png" /><figcaption>(317) R1 = OH, R2 = H</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_130.png" /><figcaption>(318)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_131.png" /><figcaption>(319)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_132.png" /><figcaption>(322)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_133.png" /><figcaption>(323)</figcaption></figure>

<caption>**Figure 17.** Structures of metabolites **300–323** isolated from Anamorphic Ascomycetes.</caption>

Five new carotane sesquiterpenes, trichocarotins I–M (**302–306**), which have diverse substitution patterns, and seven known related analogues including CAF-603 (**307**), 7-β-hydroxy CAF-603 (**308**), trichocarotins E–H (**309–312**), and trichocarane A (**313**, Figure 17) were purified from *Trichoderma virens* QA-8, an endophytic fungus associated with the inner root tissue of *Artemisia argyi*. Compounds **302–313** displayed antibacterial activity against *E. coli* EMBLC-1, with MIC values ranging from 0.5 to 32 µg/mL, while 7-β-hydroxy CAF-603 (**308**) displayed potent activity against *Micrococcus luteus* QDIO-3 (MIC = 0.5 µg/mL) [138].

Three new polyketides, trichodermaketone E (**314**), 4-*epi*-7-O-methylkoninginin D (**315**), and trichopyranone A (**316**), two new terpenoids, 3-hydroxyharziandione (**317**) and 10,11-dihydro-11-hydroxycyclonerodiol (**318**), together with three related known congeners, cyclonerodiol (**319**), 6-(3-hydroxypent-1-en-1-yl)-2*H*-pyran-2-one (**320**), and harziandione (**321**, Figure 17) were isolated from the endophytic fungus *Trichoderma koningiopsis* QA-3
associated with the plant *Artemisia argyi*. Compounds **314**, **316–318**, **321** displayed potent activities against *E. coli*, with MIC values ranging from 0.5 to 64 µg/mL, while compounds **316–321** showed inhibitory activities against *M. luteus* with MIC values ranging from 1 to 16 µg/mL, compounds **314**, **315**, **317–321**, showed inhibitory activities against *P. aeruginosa* with MIC values ranging from 4 to 16 µg/mL, and compounds **314**, **318–321** showed activities against *V. parahaemolyticus* with MIC values ranging from 4 to 16 µg/mL. Among the compounds tested, compound **317** showed the strongest activity against *E. coli*, with a MIC value of 0.5 µg/mL and compound **320** showed the strongest activity against *M. luteus*, with a MIC value of 1 µg/mL, comparable to that of the positive control chloramphenicol [139].

New highly oxygenated polyketides, 15-hydroxy-1,4,5,6-tetra-epi-koninginin G (**322**), koninginin U (**323**, Figure 17) and 14-ketokoninginin B (**324**, Figure 18), were isolated from *Trichoderma koningiopsis* QA-3, isolated from *Artemisia argyi*. Compound **322** displayed good activity against the aquatic pathogen *Vibrio alginolyticus*, with a MIC value of 1 µg/mL. Compounds **323**, **324** exhibited activity against aquatic bacteria *Vibrio harveyi* and *Edwardsiella tarda* with MICs of 4 and 2 µg/mL, respectively [140].

<figure><img src="image_134.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 18.** Structures of metabolites **324–342** isolated from Anamorphic Ascomycetes.</figcaption></figure>
A new harziane diterpenoid with a 4/7/5/6 tetracyclic scaffold, harzianol I (325, Figure 18) was isolated from *Trichoderma atroviride* B7, an endophyte associated with the plant *Colquhounia coccinea* var. *mollis*. Compound 325 exhibited potent inhibitory activity against *S. aureus*, *B. subtilis*, and *M. luteus*, with EC50 values of 7.7, 7.7, and 9.9 µg/mL, respectively [141].

The compound dendrobine (326, Figure 18) was purified from *Trichoderma longibrachiatum* MD33, an endophyte of *Dendrobium nobile*. Compound 326 inhibited *Bacillus mycoides*, *B. subtilis*, and *Staphylococcus* spp., with zones of inhibition of 9, 12 and 8 mm, respectively [142].

Trichocadinins B-D and G (327–330, Figure 18), new cadinane-type sesquiterpene derivatives, were isolated from *Trichoderma virens* QA-8 residing inside the plant *Artemisia argyi*. Compounds 327–330 displayed antibacterial activity against *E. coli*, *Aeromonas hydrophilia* QDIO-1, *Edwardsiella tarda*, *E. ictarda*, *Micrococcus luteus*, *P. aeruginosa*, *Vibrio alginolyticus*, *V. anguillarum*, *V. harveyi*, *V. parahemolyticus*, and *V. vulnificus* (MICs in the range of 8–64 µg/mL). Compound 330 inhibited *Ed. tarda* and *V. anguillarum* with MIC values of 1 and 2 µg/mL, respectively [143].

New diterpenes koninginols A (331) and B (332, Figure 18) were isolated from *Trichoderma koningiopsis* A729, an endophyte of *Morinda officinalis*. Compounds 331–332 exhibited potent inhibition against *B. subtilis*, with MIC values of 10 and 2 µg/mL, respectively [144].

*Trichoderma koningiopsis* QA-3, isolated from the plant *Artemisia argyi*, produced five new polyketides: ent-koninginin A (333), 1,6-di-*epi*-koninginin A (334), 15-hydroxykoninginin A (335), 10-deacetylkoningiopisin D (336) and koninginin T (337) and two known analogs, koninginin L (338), trichoketide A (339, Figure 18). Compounds 333 and 339 inhibited the aquatic bacteria *E. tarda*, *V. anguillarum*, and *V. parahemolyticus*, and the human pathogen *E. coli* (MICs ranging from 8 to 64 µg/mL). Compound 333 also showed activity against the aquatic bacteria *M. luteus* and *P. aeruginosa* and agropathogens. Compounds 333–339 were found to be active against *E. coli* (each with MIC values of 64 µg/mL) and *E. tarda*, *V. alginolyticus*, and *V. anguillarum* (MICs ranging from 8 to 64 µg/mL) while compounds 333 and 339 also showed antimicrobial activity against *M. luteus*, *V. parahemolyticus*, and *V. vulnificus* (MIC values ranging from 4 to 64 µg/mL). Compound 333 was also found active against *V. vulnificus* with a MIC of 4 µg/mL [145].

### 2.2.5. *Alternaria*

A novel polyketide derivative, isotalaroflavone (340), along with the known compounds 4-hydroxyalternariol-9-methyl ether (341) and verrulactone A (342, Figure 18) were obtained from *Alternaria alternata* ZHJG5 that was isolated from the leaves of *Cercis chinensis* collected from Nanjing Botanical Garden (Nanjing, China). Compounds 340–342 were found to be active against *Xanthomonas oryzae* pv. *oryzae* (Xoo), *Xanthomonas oryzae* pv. *oryzicola* (Xoc) and *Ralstonia solanacearum* (Rs) with MICs ranging from 0.5 to 64 µg/mL. In addition, compound 340 showed a potent protective effect against rice bacterial leaf blight caused by Xoo with a protective efficacy of 75.1% at a concentration of 200 µg/mL [146].

A new biphenyl compound altertoxin VII (343), and the related compounds altenuisol (344, Figure 19), alternariol (44), were purified from *Alternaria* sp. PfuH1 is associated with *Pogostemon cablin*. Compounds 44, 343, 344 showed activity against *S. agalactiae* with MIC values of 9.3, 17.3, and 85.3 µg/mL, respectively, and compound 343 also showed poor activity against *E. coli* with MIC value of 128 µg/mL [147].
<figure><img src="image_135.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 19.** Structures of metabolites **343–356** isolated from Anamorphic Ascomycetes.</figcaption></figure>

Known metabolites altenuisol (344), alterlactone (345), and dehydroaltenusin (346, Figure 19) and alternariol (44), were isolated from *Alternaria alternata* ZHJG5 residing inside the leaves of *Cercis chinensis*. The compounds 44, 344, 345, 346, showed inhibitory activities on FabH of X. oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) with IC₅₀ values ranging from 29.5 to 74.1 µM and also displayed a varying degree of antibacterial activities against X. oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) with MIC values ranging from 4 to 64 µg/mL. Molecular modeling was then used to picture how these compounds interact with XooFabH. Compounds 44, and 343, displayed significant bactericidal activity against rice bacterial leaf blight with a protective efficiency of 66.2 and 82.5% at concentration of 200 µg/mL, respectively [148].

The compound alternariol 9-Me ether (347, Figure 19) was purified from *Alternaria alternata* MGTMMP031 associated with *Vitex negundo*. Compound 347 exhibited potential activity against *B. cereus*, *Klebsiella pneumoniae* with a MIC at 30 µM/L. The compound inhibited the growth of *E. coli*, *Salmonella typhi*, *Proteus mirabilis*, *S. aureus* and *S. epidermidis* at a MIC of 35 µM/L [149].

An endophytic fungus, *Alternaria alternata*, associated with *Grewia asiatica* yielded a new structural isomer of alternariol, i.e., 3,7-dihydroxy-9-methoxy-2-methyl-6H-benzo[c]chromen-6-one (348, Figure 19), along with alternariol (44). Compound 44 inhibited *S. aureus*, VRE, and MRSA with MIC values of 32, 32 and 8 µg/mL, respectively. Compound
348 also inhibited *S. aureus*, VRE, and MRSA with MIC values of 128, 128, and 64 µg/mL, respectively [150].

The compounds 4-hydroxyalternariol-9-methyl ether (349, Figure 19) altenuisol (344), and alternariol (44) were purified from *Alternaria* sp. Samif01, an endophytic fungus of *Salvia miltiorrhiza*. Compounds 44, 344, and 349 showed inhibition against *A. tumefaciens*, *B. subtilis*, *P. lachrymans*, *R. solanacearum*, *Staphylococcus hemolyticus* and *Xanthomonas vesicatoria* with MIC values in the range of 86.7–364.7 µM [151]. Previously alternariol 9-Me ether (347, Figure 19) was isolated the same fungus and was found active against *B. subtilis*, *S. haemolyticus*, *A. tumefaciens*, *P. lachrymans*, *R. solanacearum*, and *X. vesicatoria* with IC₅₀ values ranging from 16.00 to 38.27 g/mL [152].

An endophytic fungus *Alternaria* sp. and *Pyrenochaeta* sp., purified from *Hydrastis canadensis* yielded altersetin (350) and macrosphelide A (351, Figure 19). Compounds 350 and 351 displayed antibacterial activity against *S. aureus* with MIC values of 0.23 and 75 µg/mL, respectively [153].

### 2.2.6. *Simplicillium*

The fungal strain *Simplicillium lanosoniveum* associated with *Hevea brasiliensis*, yielded a new depsidone, simplicildone K (352), together with the known compounds botryorhodine C (353), and simplicildone A (354, Figure 19). Compounds 353 and 354 displayed activity against *S. aureus*, MRSA with equal MIC values of 32 µg/mL, whereas 352 exhibited 4-fold less activity against both strains (MIC values of 128 µg/mL) [154].

The compounds botryorhodine C (353), and simplicildone A (354, Figure 19), were purified from *Simplicillium* sp. PSU-H41 which is associated with the leaves of *Hevea brasiliensis*. Compounds 353 and 354 exhibited poor activity against *S. aureus* (MIC of 32 µg/mL each). Compound 353 was found to be active against MRSA with the same MIC value [155].

### 2.2.7. *Cladosporium*

An endophytic fungus, *Cladosporium cladosporioides*, residing inside the leaves of *Zy-gophyllum mandavillei* yielded isocladosporin (355), 5'-hydroxyasperentin (356, Figure 19), 1-acetyl-17-methoxyaspidospermidin-20-ol (357), and 3-phenylpropionic acid (358, Figure 20). Compounds 355–358 displayed antibacterial activity against *X. oryzae* and *Pseudomonas sy-ringae* with MIC values in the range of 7.81 to 125 µg/mL [156].

A new hybrid polyketide, named cladosin L (359, Figure 20) was discovered in the endophytic fungus *Cladosporium sphaerospermum* WBS017 associated with the bulbs of *Fritillaria unibracteata* var. *wabuensis*. Compound 359 inhibited *S. aureus* ATCC 29213 and *S. aureus* ATCC 700699 with MICs of 50 and 25 mM, respectively [157].

A naphthoquinone Me ether of fusarubin (360, Figure 20), was purified from a *Cladospo-rium* sp. associated with the *Rauwolfia serpentina*. Compound 360 (40 µg/disk) displayed potent activity against *S. aureus*, *E. coli*, *P. aeruginosa* and *B. megaterium* with 27, 25, 24 and 22 mm zones of inhibition, respectively and the activities were compared with kanamycin (30 µg/disk) [158].

### 2.2.8. *Pestalotiopsis*

The genus *Pestalotiopsis* is reported as an endophyte from rain forests in almost all parts of the world and is a prolific producer of chemically diverse bioactive compounds. One such compound is the new drimane sesquiterpenoid 11-dehydro-3a-hydroxyisodrimeninol (361, Figure 20), produced by *Pestalotiopsis* sp. M-23, an endophytic fungus of *Leucosceptrum canum*. Compound 361 displayed poor inhibitory effect against *B. subtilis* with IC₅₀ value of 280.27 µM [159].

The compounds (1S,3R)-austrocortirubin (362), (1S,3S)-austrocortirubin (363), and 1-deoxyaustrocortirubin (364, Figure 20), were obtained from *Pestalotiopsis* sp., an endo-phyte of *Melaleuca quinquenervia*. Compounds 362–364 displayed with poor antibacterial activity (100 µM) against Gram-positive isolates [160].
<figure><img src="image_136.png" /><figcaption>(357)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_137.png" /><figcaption>(358)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_138.png" /><figcaption>(361)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_139.png" /><figcaption>(359)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_140.png" /><figcaption>(360)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_141.png" /></figure>

<figure><img src="image_142.png" /><figcaption>(363)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_143.png" /><figcaption>(364)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_144.png" /><figcaption>(365) R=CH₂OCOCH₃</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_145.png" /><figcaption>(366)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_146.png" /><figcaption>(367)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_147.png" /><figcaption>(368)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_148.png" /><figcaption>(369)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_149.png" /><figcaption>(370)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_150.png" /><figcaption>(371)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_151.png" /><figcaption>(374)</figcaption></figure>

<caption>(372) R = α-CH₃</caption>

<caption>(373) R = β-CH₃</caption>

<caption>**Figure 20.** Structures of metabolites 357–374 isolated from Anamorphic Ascomycetes.</caption>
A new tetramic acid analog, neopestalotin B (365, Figure 20), was extracted from *Neopestalotiopsis* sp. and inhibited *B. subtilis*, *S. aureus*, *S. pneumoniae*, with MIC values of 10, 20, and 20 µg/mL, respectively [161].

### 2.2.9. *Phoma*

Two known thiodiketopiperazine derivatives 366 and 367 (Figure 20) were purified from *Phoma cucurbitacearum* (now known as *Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum*), an endophyte of *Glycyrrhiza glabra*. Compounds 366 and 367 were found to inhibit the battery of bacterial pathogens, including *S. aureus* and *Streptococcus pyogenes* with $IC_{50}$ values of <10 µM. Both compounds potentially inhibited biofilm formation in *S. aureus* and *S. pyogenes* and acted synergistically with streptomycin and inhibited transcription/translation. It was also observed that the sea gene was overexpressed by several fold on treatment with compound 366 while its expression was not affected significantly with compound 367. The expression of agrA gene was also not affected significantly in *S. aureus* with the treatment of either of the compounds [162].

Barceloneic acid C (368, Figure 20), purified from a *Phoma* sp. JS752 residing inside *Phragmites communis*. Compound (368) exhibited average antibacterial activities against *Listeria monocytogenes* and *Staphylococcus pseudintermedius*, (MIC of 1.02 µg/mL each) [163].

The polyketides thielavins T (369), U (370), and V (371, Figure 20) were purified from *Setophoma* sp., an endophytic fungus of *Psidium guajava*. Compounds 369–371 displayed antibacterial activity against pathogenic *S. aureus* with MIC values of 6.25, 50, and 25 µg/mL, respectively [164].

### 2.2.10. *Colletotrichum*

Two new γ-butyrolactone derives., colletolides A and B (372, 373), together with the already reported compounds sclerone (374, Figure 20), and 3-methyleneisoindolinon (375, Figure 21) were purified from *Colletotrichum gloeosporioides* B12, an endophyte of plant *Illigera rhodantha*. Compounds 372, 373, 375 were found to be active against *Xanthomonas oryzae* pv. *oryzae*, with the same MIC values of 128 µg/mL, while compound 374 was found active against *X. oryzae* pv. *oryzae* with MIC values of 64 µg/mL [165].

The new compounds colletotrichones A (376), B (377), and C (378, Figure 21) were purified from *Colletotrichum* sp. BS4 residing inside the leaves of *Buxus sinica*. Compound 376 inhibits *E. coli* and *B. subtilis* with MIC values 1.0 and 0.1 µg/mL, respectively. Compound 377 inhibited *S. aureus* with a MIC value of 5.0 µg/mL. Compound 378 has shown antibacterial activity against *E. coli* with a MIC value of 5.0 µg/mL [166].

### 2.2.11. Minor Taxa of Anamorphic Ascomycetes

New dibenzo-α-pyrones, rhizopycnolide A (379), rhizopcnin C (380) and rhizopycnin D (381), together with known congeners TMC-264 (382), palmariol B (383) penicilliumolide D (384, Figure 21) alternariol 9-methyl ether (347) and alternariol (44) and were purified from *Rhizopycnis vagum* (now known as *Acrocaldyma vagum*) isolated from *Nicotiana tabacum*. Compounds 380, 384, 44 inhibited *A. tumefaciens*, *B. subtilis*, *Pseudomonas lachrymans*, *R. solanacearum*, *Staphylococcus hemolyticus*, and *Xanthomonas vesicatoria*, with MICs in the 25–100 µg/mL range. Rhizopycnolide A (379) was active against *A. tumefaciens*, *B. subtilis*, and *P. lachrymans*, with MIC values of 100, 75, and 100 µg/mL, respectively. Rhizopycnin D (381) was found to be active against *A. tumefaciens*, *B. subtilis*, and *R. solanacearum*, with an equal MIC value of 50 µg/mL, and against *X. vesicatoria*, with a MIC value of 75 µg/mL. TMC-264 (382) was selectively active against *B. subtilis* (MIC value of 50 µg/mL). Compounds 383 and 347 inhibited *A. tumefaciens*, *B. subtilis*, *P. lachrymans*, *R. solanacearum*, and *X. vesicatoria*, with $IC_{50}$ values in the range 16.7–34.3 µg/mL [167].
<figure><img src="image_152.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 21.** Structures of metabolites **375–378** isolated from Anamorphic Ascomycetes and **379–394** from Minor Anamorphic Ascomycetes.</figcaption></figure>

Rhizoperemophilane K (385), 1α-hydroxyhydroisofukinon (386) and 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-eremophila-1(10),3,7(11),8-tetraen-8,12-olide (387, Figure 21) were purified from *Rhizopycnis vagum* (now known as *Acrocaldymma vagum*), an endophyte of *Nicotiana tabacum*. Compounds 385, 386 and 387 displayed inhibition against *A. tumefaciens*, *B. subtilis*, *P. lachrymans*, *Ralstonia solanacearum*, *S. haemolyticus*, and *X. vesicatoria*, with MIC values in the range of 32~128 µg/mL [168].

Rhizopycnis acids A (388) and B (389, Figure 21), were purified from *Rhizopycnis vagum* (now known as *Acrocaldymma vagum*) an endophyte of *Nicotiana tabacum* from China Agricultural University (Beijing, China). Compound 388 inhibited *A. tumefaciens*, *B. subtilis*, *P. lachrymans*, *R. solanacearum*, *S. haemolyticus* and *X. vesicatoria* with MIC values of 20.82,
16.11, 23.48, 29.46, 21.11, and 24.31 µg/mL, respectively. Compound **389** also inhibited *A. tumefaciens*, *B. subtilis*, *P. lachrymans*, *R. solanacearum*, *S. haemolyticus*, and *X. vesicatoria* with MIC values of 70.89, 81.28, 21.23, 43.40, 67.61, and 34.86 µg/mL, respectively [169].

*Leptosphaeria* sp. XL026 associated with *Panax notoginseng* yielded a new sesquiterpenoids, leptosphin B (**390**), along with three known diterpenes, conidiogenone C (**391**), conidiogenone D (**392**) and conidiogenone G (**393**, Figure 21). The site of the collection was Shijiazhuang (Hebei Province, China). Compounds **390–393** showed average antibacterial activity against *B. cereus*, with MIC values of 12.5–6.25 µg/mL and compound **392** also showed antibacterial activity against *P. aeruginosa* with a MIC value of 12.5 µg/mL [170].

Two 2-azaanthraquinones, scorpinone (**394**, Figure 21) and 5-deoxybostrycoidin (**395**, Figure 22), were purified from *Lophiostoma* sp. Eef-7 is associated with *Eucalyptus exserta*. Compounds **394** and **395** displayed poor antibacterial activity against *Ralstonia solanacearum* with 9.86 and 9.58 mm zones of inhibition when 64 µg was added (positive control was streptomycin sulfate with a 13.03 mm zone of inhibition at an added amount of 6.25 µg) [171].

Two new cytochalasan alkaloids, cytochrysins A and C (**396** and **397**, Figure 22), were isolated from *Cytospora chrysosperma*, an endophytic fungus isolated from *Hippophae rhamnoides*. Compound **396** showed significant antibacterial activity against multi-drug resistant *Enterococcus faecium* with MIC value of 25 µg/mL, and compound **397** was active against MRSA with a MIC value of 25 µg/mL [172].

Two known α-pyridones, (8R,9S)-dihydroisoflavipucine (**398**) and (8S,9S)-dihydroisoflavipucine (**399**, Figure 22) were isolated from *Lophiostoma* sp. Sigrf10 is associated with *Siraitia grosvenorii*. Compounds **398** and **399** were active against *B. subtilis*, *A. tumefaciens*, *R. solanacearum*, and *X. vesicatoria*, with IC₅₀ values in the range of 35.68–44.85 µM [173].

Microsphaerol (**400**), a novel polychlorinated triphenyl diether was extracted from *Microsphaeropsis* sp and seimatorone (**401**, Figure 22), a new naphthalene derivative, was purified from the endophyte *Seimatosporium* sp. Compound **400** displayed potent antibacterial activity against *B. megaterium* and *E. coli*, with 8 and 9 mm zones of inhibition at 0.05 mg concentration (50 mL of 1 mg/mL). Compound **401** exhibited moderate antibacterial activity against *B. megaterium* and *E. coli*, with 3 and 7 (partial inhibition) mm zones of inhibition at a 0.05 mg concentration (50 mL of 1 mg/mL) [174].

Known compounds epicocconigrone A (**402**), epipyrone A (**403**), and epicoccolide B (**404**, Figure 22) were purified from *Epicoccum nigrum* MK214079 associated with *Salix* sp. Compounds **402–404** exhibited moderate activity against *S. aureus*, with MICs ranging from 25 to 50 µM [175].

The known compounds *p*-hydroxybenzaldehyde (**223**), indole-3-carboxylic acid (**405**) and quinizarin (**406**, Figure 22) and beauvericin (**267**), were isolated from *Epicoccum nigrum* associated with the *Entada abyssinica*. Compound **267** displayed activity against *S. aureus*, *B. cereus*, and *Salmonella typhimurium*, with MIC values of 3.12, 12.5, and 12.5 µg/mL. Compound **223** displayed activity against *S. aureus*, *B. cereus*, *P. aeruginosa*, and *E. coli* with MIC values of 50, 25, 50, and 25 µg/ml. Compound **405** was found to be active against *S. aureus* and *E. faecalis* (MICs of 6.25 and 50 µg/mL) while compound **406** displayed activity against *S. aureus*, *B. cereus* St (MICs of 50 µg/mL each) [176].

The endophytic fungus *Stemphylium lycopersici* from *S. tonkinensis* yielded xylapeptide B (**407**), cytochalasin E (**408**), 6-heptanoyl-4-methoxy-2H-pyran2-one (**409**) and (-)-5-carboxymellein (**410**, Figure 22). Compound **407** showed average inhibition against *B. subtilis* with a MIC value of 12.5 µg/mL, and against *S. aureus* and *E. coli* with MIC values of 25 µg/mL. Compound **408** inhibited *B. subtilis*, *S. aureus*, *B. anthracis*, *S. dysenteriae*, and *E. coli* with MIC values ranging from 12.5 to 25 µg/mL. Compound **409** inhibited *S. paratyphi* B with MIC value of 12.5 µg/mL. Compound **410** inhibited *B. subtilis*, *S. aureus*, *B. anthracis*, *S. dysenteriae*, *S. paratyphi*, *E. coli* and *S. paratyphi* B with MIC values ranging from 12.5 to 25 µg/mL [177].

A new tetrahydroanthraquinone derivative, dihydroaltersolanol C (**411**, Figure 22) was purified from *Stemphylium globuliferum* residing inside the plant *Juncus acutus*. Compound **411** exhibited moderate growth inhibition effects against *S. aureus* with a MIC of 49.7 µM [178].
<figure><img src="image_153.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 22.** Structures of metabolites **395–415** isolated from Minor Anamorphic Ascomycetes.</figcaption></figure>

An endophytic fungus *Lecanicillium* sp. (BSNB-SG3.7 Strain) associated with *Sandwithia guyanensis* yielded stephensiolides I (**412**), D (**413**), G (**414**), and stephensiolide F (**415**, Figure 22). Compounds **412–415** displayed anti-MRSA activity with MIC values of 4, 32, 16 and 32 µg/mL, respectively [179].
The compound phomalactone (416, Figure 23) was isolated from the endophyte *Nigrospora sphaerica* associated with *Adiantum philippense*. Compound 416 displayed good antibacterial activity against *E. coli* and *X. campestris* with MIC values of 3.12 µg/mL and moderate activity against *S. typhi*, *B. subtilis*, *B. cereus*, and *K. pneumonia* with a MIC value of 6.25 µg/mL. A MIC of 12.5 µg/mL was found against *S. aureus*, and *S. epidermidis* [180].

<figure><img src="image_154.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 23.** Structures of metabolites 416–435 isolated from Minor Anamorphic Ascomycetes.</figcaption></figure>
A new naturally occurring compound, nigrosporone B (417, Figure 23), was purified from *Nigrospora* sp. BCC 47789 associated with the leaves of *Choerospondias axillaris*. Compound 417 exhibited antibacterial activity against *M. tuberculosis*, *B. cereus* and *E. faecium* with MIC values of 172.25, 21.53 and 10.78 µM, respectively [181].

Two bioactive compounds, 2''-deoxyribolactone (418) and hexylitaconic acid (419, Figure 23) were purified from *Curvularia sorghina* BRIP 15900 associated with the stem bark of *Rauwolfia macrophylla*. Compounds 418 and 419 inhibited *Staphylococcus warneri E. coli*, *Pseudomonas agarici* and *Micrococcus luteus*, with MICs ranging between 0.17 µg/mL and 0.58 µg/mL [182].

Known compounds, namely the triticones E (420) and F (421, Figure 23), were purified from *Curvularia lunata*, isolated from healthy capitula of *Paepalanthus chiquitensis*. Compounds 420 and 421 showed good antibacterial activity for *E. coli*, with MIC values of 62.5 µg/mL [183].

The known compounds cochlioquinones B (422), C (423), and isocochlioquinone C (424, Figure 23) were purified from *Bipolaris* sp. L1-2 which is associated with the leaves of *Lycium barbarum*. Compounds 422–424 showed antimicrobial activity against *B. subtilis*, *C. perfringens*, and *P. viridiflava*, with MICs of 26 µM [184].

A new previously undescribed chromone, (S)-5-hydroxyl-2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-7-methylchromone (425) and the known sativene-type sesquiterpenoid 5,7-dihydroxy-2,6,8-trimethylchromone (426, Figure 23), were purified from *Bipolaris eleusines* associated with potatoes from Yunnan Agricultural University (Kunming, Yunnan, China). Compounds 425 and 426 displayed poor inhibitory activities against *S. aureus* sub sp. *aureus* with the inhibition rates of 56.3 and 32 %, respectively, at the concentration of 128 µg/mL (penicillin G: 99.9% at 5 µg/mL) [185].

Two new diketopiperazines, bionectin D (427) and bionectin E (428) and the known compounds verticillin A (429) sch 52901 (430) and gliocladicillin C (431, Figure 23) were purified from *Bionectria* sp. Y1085, isolated from *Huperzia serrata*. Bionectin D (427) is a rare diketopiperazine with a single methylthio substitution at the α-carbon of a cyclized amino acid residue. Compounds 427–331 exhibited antibacterial activity against *E. coli*, *S. aureus*, and *S. typhimurium*, with MIC values ranging from 6.25–25 µg/mL [186].

Known compounds pyrrocidine A (432) and 19-O-methylpyrrocidine B (433, Figure 23) were extracted from the endophytic fungus, *Cylindrocarpon* sp., isolated from *Sapium ellipticum*. Compound 433 exhibited moderate antibacterial activity against *S. aureus* ATCC 25923 and ATCC 700699 with MIC values of 50 and 25 µM, respectively. Compound 432 showed strong to moderate inhibitory effects against *S. aureus* strain ATCC 25923 and ATCC 700699, *E. faecalis* strain ATCC 29212 and ATCC 51299, *E. faecium* strain ATCC 35667 and ATCC 700221 with MIC values ranging from 0.78 to 25 µM [187].

Two new decalin-containing compounds, eupenicinicols C (434), and D (435, Figure 23), along with two biosynthetically-related known metabolites, eujavanicol A (436), and eupenicinicol A (437, Figure 24) were obtained from *Eupenicillium* sp. LG41.9 (now considered as *Penicillium*) residing inside the roots of *Xanthium sibiricum* when treated with the HDAC inhibitor nicotinamide (15 mg/100 mL). Compound 435 exhibited pronounced efficacy against *S. aureus* with a MIC of 0.1 µg/mL, and compound 436, was active against *E. coli* with a MIC of 5.0 µg/mL [188].
<figure><img src="image_155.png" /><figcaption>(436)</figcaption></figure>

<caption>(437)</caption>

<figure><img src="image_156.png" /><figcaption>(439)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_157.png" /><figcaption>(440)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_158.png" /><figcaption>(441)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_159.png" /><figcaption>(442)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_160.png" /><figcaption>(443)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_161.png" /><figcaption>(444)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_162.png" /><figcaption>(445)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_163.png" /><figcaption>(446)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_164.png" /><figcaption>(447)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_165.png" /><figcaption>(448) R₁ = α-OH, R₂ = H</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_166.png" /><figcaption>(450)</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_167.png" /><figcaption>(451)</figcaption></figure>

<caption>(449) R₁ = H, R₂ = α-OH</caption>

**Figure 24.** Structures of metabolites **436–443** isolated from Minor Anamorphic Ascomycetes, **444–450** from Basidiomycetes and **451** from Zygomycetes.

A new anthranilic acid derivative, 2-phenylethyl 3-hydroxyanthranilate (**438**) and 2-phenylethyl anthranilate (**439**, Figure 24) were extracted from *Dendrothyrium variisporum* extracted from the roots of *Globularia alypum*. Metabolite **438** was found to be active against *B. subtilis* and *M. luteus* (MICs of 8.33 and 16.66 µg/mL). Compound **439** showed potent activity against *B. subtilis* and *S. aureus* with MIC values of 66.67 µg/mL each [189].

Ravenelin (**440**, Figure 24) was extracted from *Exserohilum rostratum*, an endophyte of *Phanera splendens*, an endemic medicinal plant of the Amazon region. Ravenelin (**440**) displayed antibacterial activity against *B. subtilis* and *S. aureus* with MIC values of 7.5 and 484 µM, respectively (amoxicillin MIC against *B. subtilis* and *S. aureus* 1.3 and 21.4 µM; another positive control terramycin MIC against *B. subtilis* and *S. aureus* 16.3 and 16.3 µM, respectively) [190].

The compounds monocerin (**441**), annularin I (**442**), and annularin J (**443**, Figure 24) were purified from *Exserohilum rostratum* isolated from *Bauhinia guianensis*. Compound **441** displayed antibacterial activity with MIC values of 62.5 µg/mL against *P. aeruginosa*. Compound **442** exhibited antibacterial activity with MIC values of 62.50 and 31.25 µg/mL
against *E. coli* and *B. subtilis*, respectively. Compound **443** displayed weak activity against *E. coli* and *B. subtilis* with MIC values of 62.50 µg/mL each [191].

### 2.3. *Basidiomycetes*

The compounds quercetin (444), carboxybenzene (445), and nicotinamide (446, Figure 24) were purified from *Psathyrella candolleana* residing inside the seeds of *Ginkgo biloba*. Compounds 444–446 have antibacterial activity against *S. aureus* (MIC 0.3906, 0.7812 and 6.25 µg/mL) [192].

A new tremulane sesquiterpene, irpexlacte A (447), and three new furan derivatives, irpexlactes B-D (448–450, Figure 24), were isolated from the endophytic fungus *Irpex lacteus* DR10-1 of the waterlogging-tolerant plant *Distylium chinense*. Compounds 447–450 showed moderate antibacterial activity against *P. aeruginosa* with MIC values ranging from 23.8 to 35.4 µM [193].

### 2.4. *Zygomycetes*

A flavonoid compound, chlorflavonin (451, Figure 24) was purified from the endophytic fungus *Mucor irregularis*, isolated from *Moringa stenopetala*. It has shown antibacterial activity (MIC90) against *M. tuberculosis* at a 1.56 µM concentration. Chlorflavonin also had shown synergistic effects with isoniazid and delamanid in combination treatment experiments. Various molecular and docking techniques have shown that chlorflavonin interacts with the acetohydroxyacid synthase catalytic subunit IIvB1 and inhibits their activity. Recently, Rehberg et al. [194] found the antimicrobial activity of chlorflavonin (451) to be higher in comparison to streptomycin treatment against macrophages infected with *M. tuberculosis*.

## 3. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are chemical entities which have low molecular weights and typically evaporate or get into the vapor phase at normal temperature and pressure. They generally possess a characteristic odor [195]. Several reviews have emphasized the production of biogenic VOCs as possible signal molecules in the course of interaction with a host or that play a role in the process of host integration. At times they are also identified as indicators of fungal growth [196–198]. Fungal VOCs largely comprise aliphatic as well as aromatic hydrocarbons, aldehydes, mono-, di- and sesquiterpenes, esters and ketones. Some of the interesting aspects of fungal volatiles is their possible role during interactions among the microbes i.e., with bacteria as well as fungi. However, the application of fungal VOCs as an arsenal to kill bacteria and fungi has not been extensively explored.

The discovery of the endophytic fungus *Muscodor albus* Cz 620 which exhibited potent antibiotic type activity, wiping out all the microbes in its vicinity was serendipitous. This was attributed due to the volatile cocktail produced by *Muscodor albus* Cz 620. This marked the beginning of the exploration of fungal endophytes with the potential to produce volatile antibiotics. The genus *Muscodor* has expanded in the last two decades owing to the addition of novel members that were largely based on the chemical signatures and genetic profiles. Presently there are ~22 known type species that have been documented [199]. Uniquely, all the species of *Muscodor* reported to date are sterile in nature and exhibit a characteristic spectrum of antibacterial as well as anti-fungal activities largely driven by the chemical composition of their volatile gas mixtures. It has also been shown that a single component of the volatile gas is unable to mimic the anti-microbial action suggesting it to be a synergistic action of the finely tuned composition of different VOCs [200]. The pharmaceutical importance of the VOCs produced by *Muscodor* species was exemplified by the anti-bacterial and anti-fungal potential of the VOCs emitted by the fungus. VOCs of *Muscodor albus* Cz620 inhibited *E. coli* and *Bacillus subtilis* while only *E. coli* was inhibited in the presence of volatiles of other isolates of *Muscodor albus* viz. KN-26, KN-27, GP-100, GP-115, TP-21, which inhibited only *E. coli* [201]. The volatiles of *M. albus* I-41.3s on the other hand inhibited *Bacillus subtilis*, *E. coli*, and *Salmonella typhi*. All the VOC emissions were predominantly bacteriostatic and not bactericidal [202].
*Muscodor crispans* (B-23) has a characteristic VOC spectrum which exhibited anti-mycobacterial activity i.e., against *Mycobacterium marianum* apart from *S. aureus* ATCC6538, *Salmonella cholereasus*, and *Yersinia pestis* [203]. *Muscodor fengyangensis* exclusively inhibited *E. coli* [204]. The volatiles produced by *Muscodor kashayum* has a potent bactericidal activity towards *E. coli*, *Pseudomonas aeruginosa*, *Salmonella typhi* and *S. aureus* [205]. Four isolates of *Muscodor* reported from Southeast Asia, viz. *M. oryzae*, *M. musae*, *M. suthepensis* and *M. equisetii*, exerted bactericidal activity against *Enterococcus faecalis*, *E. coli*, *Proteus mirabilis*, *S. aureus* and *Pseudomonas pneumoniae* [206]. The VOCs of *Muscodor* have also inspired development of a veterinary medicine formulation which is used as an anti-diarrhoeal product. The formulation is called Sx calf, that is currently being produced and marketed by Ecoplanet Environment LLC (Belgrade, MT, USA) [207]. Similarly, the volatiles of *Muscodor cinnamomi* was found to be effective against *Staphylococcal* spp., *Salmonella* sp., *E. coli*, *Klebsiella* spp., *Streptococcus* spp. and *Enterococcus* species which contaminate eggs thereby not only affecting their shelf life but also making them unfit for human consumption [208]. The volatile cocktail of *Muscodor crispans* (B-23) was found to kill the bacterial pathogen of citrus *Xanthomonas axonopodis* pv. *citri* [203].

The introspection of the spectrum of the volatile organic mixture from different *Muscodor* species has revealed the antibacterial spectrum of some commonly occurring entities such as isobutyric acid [209–211], β-bisabolol and azulene and its derivatives [212]. Thus, creating artificial mixtures and evaluating them for their anti-bacterial activities may prove to be very useful for preventing drug-resistant film-forming bacteria from causing infections in clinical as well as non-clinical settings. Hence the present study, opens avenues to explore higher numbers of fungal endophytes for their unique volatile signatures and assess them for anti-bacterial activities for developing interventions that could check the spread and infections caused by the drug-resistant bacteria by using them in volatile form or as gaseous sprays.
<table><caption>**Table 1.** Anti-bacterial metabolites reported from endophytic fungi.</caption><thead><tr><th>Sr. No.</th><th>Fungus</th><th>Source</th><th>Locality</th><th>Compounds Isolated</th><th>Biological Target</th><th>Biological Activity (MIC/IC<sub>50</sub>/ID<sub>50</sub>)</th><th>Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="8"><strong>Ascomycetes</strong></td></tr><tr><td colspan="8"><em>Diaporthe</em></td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td><em>Diaporthe</em> sp.</td><td><em>Uncaria gambier</em></td><td></td><td>(+)-1,1'-Bislunatin (1) and (+)-2,2'-epicytoskyrin A (2)</td><td><em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em> strains H37Rv</td><td>MICs 0.422 and 0.844 µM</td><td>[18]</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td><em>Diaporthe</em> sp. GDG-118</td><td><em>Sophora tonkinensis</em></td><td>Hechi City, China</td><td>21-Acetoxycytochalasin J<sub>3</sub> (3)</td><td><em>Bacillus anthraci</em> and <em>E. coli</em></td><td>inhibited at 12.5 µg/mL concentration</td><td>[19]</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td><em>Phomopsis fukushii</em>.</td><td></td><td></td><td>1-(3-Hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methoxy-6-methylnaphthalen-7-yl) propan-2-one (4) and 1-(3-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)-6-methylnaphthalen-7-yl)propan-2-one (5)</td><td>MRSA</td><td>Zone of inhibition of 10.2 and 11.3 mm (6 mm strile filterpaper disc were impregnated with 20µL (50 µg) of each compound)</td><td>[20]</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td><em>Phomopsis fukushii</em></td><td><em>Paris polyphylla</em> var. <em>yunnanensis</em></td><td>Kunming, Yunnan, China</td><td>3-Hydroxy-1-(1,8- dihydroxy-3,6-dimethoxynaphthalen-2-yl)propan-1-one (6), 3-hydroxy-1-(1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)propan-1-one (7) and 3-hydroxy-1-(1,8-dihydroxy3,5-dimethoxynaphthalen-2-yl) propan-1-one (8)</td><td>MRSA-ZR11</td><td>MIC, 8, 4, and 4 µg/mL,</td><td>[21]</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td><em>Phomopsis fukushii</em></td><td><em>Paris polyphylla</em> var. <em>yunnanensis</em></td><td>Kunming, Yunnan, China</td><td>1-[2-Methoxy-4-(3-methoxy-5-methylphenoxy)-6-methylphenyl]-ethanone (9) and 1-[4-(3-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methoxyphenoxy)-2-methoxy-6-methylphenyl]-ethanone (10)</td><td>MRSA</td><td>Zone of inhibition 13.8 and 14.6 mm</td><td>[22]</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>**Table 1. Cont.**</caption><thead><tr><th>Sr. No.</th><th>Fungus</th><th>Source</th><th>Locality</th><th>Compounds Isolated</th><th>Biological Target</th><th>Biological Activity (MIC/IC<sub>50</sub>/ID<sub>50</sub>)</th><th>Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>6</td><td>Phomopsis fukushii</td><td>Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis</td><td>Kunming, Yunnan, P. R. China</td><td>4-(3-Methoxy-5-methylphenoxy)-2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-6-methylphenol (11), 4-(3-Hydroxy-5-methylphenoxy)-2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-6-methylphenol (12) and 4-(3-methoxy-5-methylphenoxy)-2-(3-hydroxypropyl)-6-methylphenol (13)</td><td>MRSA</td><td>Zone of inhibition of 20.2, 17.9 and 15.2 mm (tested at 50µg/6 mm disc)</td><td>[23]</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>Phomopsis fukushii</td><td>Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis</td><td>Kunming, Yunnan, China.</td><td>1-(4-(3-Methoxy-5-methylphenoxy)-2-methoxy-6-methylphenyl)-3-methylbut-3-en-2-one (14), 1-(4-(3-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methoxyphenoxy)-2-methoxy-6-methylphenyl)-3-methylbut-3-en-2-one (15), 1-(4-(3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)phenoxy)-2-methoxy-6-methylphenyl)-3-methylbut-3-en-2-one (16)</td><td>MRSA</td><td>Zone of inhibition of 21.8, 16.8 and 15.6 mm, (50 µg/6 mm disc)</td><td>[24]</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td>Phomopsis sp.</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>3-Hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-2,5-dimethylanthraquinone (17), 6-hydroxymethyl-3-methoxy-2,5-dimethylanthraquinone (18)</td><td>MRSA</td><td>IZD 14.2 and 14.8 mm</td><td>[25]</td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td>Diaporthe sp.</td><td>Pteroceltis tatarinowii</td><td>Mufu Mountain of Nanjing, China.</td><td>Diaporone A (19)</td><td>B. subtilis</td><td>MIC, 66.7 µM,</td><td>[26]</td></tr><tr><td>10</td><td>Phomopsis prunorum (F4-3).</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>(-)-1 and (+)- Phomoterpenes A and B (20) phomoisocoumarins C (21), D (22)</td><td>X. citri pv. phaseoli var. fuscans<br>Pseudomonas syringae pv. Lachrymans</td><td>MIC, 31.2, 62.4, 31.2, and 31.2 µg/mL,<br>MIC, 31.2, 15.6, 31.2 and 15.6 µg/mL</td><td>[27]</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>**Table 1. Cont.**</caption><thead><tr><th>Sr. No.</th><th>Fungus</th><th>Source</th><th>Locality</th><th>Compounds Isolated</th><th>Biological Target</th><th>Biological Activity (MIC/IC<sub>50</sub>/ID<sub>50</sub>)</th><th>Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="2">11</td><td rowspan="2">Diporthe vochysiae LGMF1583</td><td rowspan="2">Vochysia divergens</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td>Vochysiamides A (23)</td><td>KPC (Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase producing).</td><td>MIC, 1.0 µg/mL</td><td rowspan="2">[28]</td></tr><tr><td>Vochysiamides B (24)</td><td>KPC, MSSA, MRSA</td><td>MIC, 0.08, 1.0, and 1.0 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td>12</td><td>Phomopsis asparagi</td><td>Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis</td><td>Kunming, Yunnan, China</td><td>4-(3-Methoxy-5-methylphenoxy)-2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-6-(hydroxymethyl)phenol (25), 4-(3-Hydroxy-5-methylphenoxy)-2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-6-(hydroxymethyl)phenol(26)</td><td>MRSA</td><td>Zone of inhibition of 10.8 and 11.4 mm</td><td>[29]</td></tr><tr><td>13</td><td>Phomopsis sp.</td><td>Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis</td><td>ShiZhong, Yunnan, China</td><td>5-Methoxy-2-methyl-7-(3-methyl-2-oxobut-3-enyl)-1-naphthaldehyde (27), 2-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methoxy-7-(3-methyl-2-oxobut-3-enyl)-1-naphthaldehyde (28)</td><td>MRSA</td><td>Zone of inhibition of 14.5 and 15.2 mm</td><td>[30]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">14</td><td rowspan="2">Diaporthe terebinthifolii LGMF907</td><td rowspan="2">Schinus terebinthifolius</td><td rowspan="2">Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil</td><td>Diaporthin (29)</td><td rowspan="2">E. coli, Micrococcus luteus, MRSA, and S. aureus</td><td>Zone of inhibition 1.73, 2.47, 9.50, and 9.0 mm tested at 100 µg/disk.</td><td rowspan="2">[31]</td></tr><tr><td>Orthosporin (30)</td><td>Zone of inhibition of 1.03, 1.53C, 9.0, and 9.33 mm</td></tr><tr><td>15</td><td>Phomopsis/Diaporthe sp. GJJM 16</td><td>Vitex negundo</td><td>Azhiyar, Pollachi, Tamilnadu, India</td><td>(2Z)-2-(1,4-dihydro-2-hydroxy-1-((E)-2-mercapto-1 (methylimino)ethyl) pyrimidine-4-ylimino)-1-(4,5-dihydro-5-methylfuran-3-yl)-3-methylbutane-1-one (31)</td><td>S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa</td><td>MIC of 1.25 µg/mL against each organism</td><td>[32]</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table 1. *Cont.*</caption><thead><tr><th>Sr. No.</th><th>Fungus</th><th>Source</th><th>Locality</th><th>Compounds Isolated</th><th>Biological Target</th><th>Biological Activity (MIC/IC<sub>50</sub>/ID<sub>50</sub>)</th><th>Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="3">16</td><td rowspan="3">Phomopsis sp. PSU-H188</td><td rowspan="3">Hevea brasiliensis</td><td rowspan="3">Trang Province, Thailand.</td><td>Diaporthalasin (32)</td><td rowspan="3">S. aureus ATCC25923, MRSA</td><td>MIC, 4 µg/mL each</td><td rowspan="3">[33]</td></tr><tr><td>Cytosporone B (33)</td><td>MIC, 32 and 16 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td>Cytosporone D (34)</td><td>MIC, 64 and 32 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td>17</td><td>Diaporthe terebinthifolii GG3F6</td><td>Glycyrrhiza glabra</td><td>Jammu, J & K, India</td><td>Diapolic acid A (35), B (36) xylarolide (37) phomolide G (38)</td><td>Yersinia enterocolitica</td><td>IC<sub>50</sub>, 78.4, 73.4, 72.1 and 69.2 µM</td><td>[34]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">18</td><td rowspan="2">Diaporthe sp. F2934</td><td rowspan="2">leaves of Siparuna gesnerioides</td><td rowspan="2">Chagres National Park, a protected area of Panama</td><td>Phomosine A (39)</td><td rowspan="2">S. aureus (ATCC 25923), Streptococcus oralis (ATTC 35037), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 19433), Enterococcus cloacae (ATCC 13047), Bordetella bronchiseptica (CECT 440),</td><td>Zone of Inhibition 12, 9, 10, 11, 10 and 10 mm at 4 µg/mL concentration</td><td rowspan="2">[35]</td></tr><tr><td>Phomosine C (40)</td><td>Zone of Inhibition 9, 6, 8, 8, 8 and 9 mm at 4 µg/mL concentration</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">19</td><td rowspan="2">Phomopsis sp.,</td><td rowspan="2">Garcinia kola nuts</td><td rowspan="2">bought at Mokolo local market in Yaounde (Cameroon)</td><td>18-Methoxycytochalasin J (41), cytochalasins H (42) and J (43), alternariol (44)</td><td>Shigella flexneri</td><td>MIC, 128 µg/mL each</td><td rowspan="2">[36]</td></tr><tr><td>18-Methoxycytochalasin J (41), cytochalasins H (42)</td><td>S. aureus ATCC 25923</td><td>MIC, 128 and 256 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">20</td><td rowspan="2">Diaporthe sp. LG23</td><td rowspan="2">Mahonia fortunei</td><td rowspan="2">Shanghai, China</td><td>19-nor-Lanosta-5(10),6,8,24-tetraene-1α,3β,12β,22S-tetraol (45)</td><td>S. aureus, E. coli, Bacillus subtilis, P. aeruginosa, Streptococcus pyogenes</td><td>MIC, 5.0, 5.0, 2.0, 2.0 and 0.1 µg/mL</td><td rowspan="2">[37]</td></tr><tr><td>3β,5α,9α-Trihydroxy-(22E,24R)-ergosta-7,22-dien-6-one (46), and chaxine C (47)</td><td>B. subtilis</td><td>MIC, 5.0 µg/mL each</td></tr><tr><td>21</td><td>Diaporthales sp. E6927E</td><td>Ficus sphenophyllum</td><td>Ecuadorean dry forest near the Napo River, USA</td><td>Pyrrolocin A (48)</td><td>S. aureus and E. faecalis</td><td>MICs 4 and 5 µg/mL</td><td>[38]</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table 1. Cont.</caption><thead><tr><th>Sr. No.</th><th>Fungus</th><th>Source</th><th>Locality</th><th>Compounds Isolated</th><th>Biological Target</th><th>Biological Activity (MIC/IC<sub>50</sub>/ID<sub>50</sub>)</th><th>Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td></td><td>Xylaria</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>22</td><td>Xylaria ellisii</td><td>Blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium)</td><td></td><td>Ellisiiamide (49)</td><td>Escherichia coli</td><td>MIC, 100 µg/mL</td><td>[39]</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Xylareremophil (50)</td><td>Micrococcus luteus and Proteus vulgaris</td><td>MIC 25 µg/mL each</td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">23</td><td rowspan="3">Xylaria sp. GDG-102</td><td rowspan="3">S. tonkinensis</td><td rowspan="3">Hechi, Guangxi province, China</td><td>Mairetolides B (51)</td><td>M. luteus</td><td>MIC, 50 µg/mL</td><td rowspan="3">[40]</td></tr><tr><td>Mairetolide G (52)</td><td>P. vulgaris M. luteus</td><td>MIC 25 and 50 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td>Xylareremophil (50), mairetolides B (51), and G (52)</td><td>Micrococcus lysodeikticus and Bacillus subtilis</td><td>MIC 100 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td>24</td><td>Xylaria sp. (GDG-102)</td><td>Leaves of S. tonkinensis</td><td></td><td>6-Heptanoyl-4-methoxy-2H-pyran-2-one (53)</td><td>E. coli as well as S. aureus</td><td>MIC, 50 µg/mL</td><td>[41]</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Xylarphthalide A (54)</td><td>B. subtilis and E. coli, B. megaterium, S. aureus, S. dysenteriae and S. paratyphi</td><td>MIC, 12.5 µg/mL each<br>MIC, 25 µg/mL each</td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">25</td><td rowspan="3">Xylaria sp. GDG-102</td><td rowspan="3">S. tonkinensis</td><td rowspan="3">Hechi, Guangxi province, China</td><td>(-)-5-Carboxymellein (55)</td><td>B. Subtilis, B. anthracis, B. megaterium, S. aureus, E. coli, S. dysenteriae and S. paratyphi B</td><td>MIC, 12.5 µg/mL</td><td rowspan="3">[42]</td></tr><tr><td>(-)-5-Methylmellein (56)</td><td>B. subtilis and S. aureus, B. megaterium, E. coli and S. dysenteriae</td><td>MIC, 12.5 µg/mL<br>25 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>**Table 1. Cont.**</caption><thead><tr><th>Sr. No.</th><th>Fungus</th><th>Source</th><th>Locality</th><th>Compounds Isolated</th><th>Biological Target</th><th>Biological Activity (MIC/IC<sub>50</sub>/ID<sub>50</sub>)</th><th>Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="2">26</td><td rowspan="2">Xylaria sp.,</td><td rowspan="2">Taxus mairei.</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td>3,7-Dimethyl-9-(-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl) nona-1,6-dien-3-ol (57)</td><td>B. subtilis ATCC 9372, B. pumilus 7061 and S. aureus ATCC 25923</td><td>48.1, 31.6 and 47.1% inhibition.</td><td rowspan="2">[43]</td></tr><tr><td>Nalgiovensin (58)</td><td>S. aureus ATCC 25923, B. subtilis ATCC 9372, B. pumilus ATCC 7061 and E. coli ATCC 25922</td><td>42.1, 36.8, 47.1 and 41.2% inhibition.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="8"><strong>Chaetomium</strong></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="6">27</td><td rowspan="6">C. globosum 7s-1,</td><td rowspan="6">Rhapis cochinchinensis</td><td rowspan="6"></td><td>Xanthoquinodin B9 (59), xanthoquinodin A1 (60), xanthoquinodin A3 (61)</td><td>B. cereus</td><td>MICs of 0.87, 0.44 and 0.22 µM,</td><td rowspan="6">[45]</td></tr><tr><td>Xanthoquinodin B9 (59), xanthoquinodin A1 (60), xanthoquinodin A3 (61)</td><td>S. aureus and MRSA</td><td>MIC values ranging from 0.87 to 1.75 µM</td></tr><tr><td>3-Epipolythiodioxopiperazines, chetomin (62), chaetocochin C (63) and dethio-tetra(methylthio) chetomin (64)</td><td>B. cereus ATCC 11778, S. aureus ATCC 6538, and MRSA</td><td>MIC values ranging from 0.02 pM to 10.81 µM.</td></tr><tr><td>Chetomin (62)</td><td>B. cereus, S. aureus and MRSA</td><td>MICs, 0.35 µM, 10.74 and 0.02 pM</td></tr><tr><td>Compounds 59–64</td><td>E. coli ATCC 25922, P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, and Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 13311</td><td>MICs of 45.06 to &gt;223.72 µM</td></tr><tr><td>Epipolythiodioxopiperazines (62–64)</td><td>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</td><td>MICs, 0.55, 4.06 and 8.11 µM,</td></tr><tr><td>28</td><td>Chaetomium sp. SYP-F7950</td><td>Panax notoginseng</td><td>Wenshan, Yunnan, China</td><td>Chaetocochin C (63), chetomin A (65), and chetomin (62)</td><td>S. aureus, B. subtilis, Enterococcus faecium</td><td>MIC values ranging from 0.12 to 19.3 µg/mL</td><td>[46]</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table 1. *Cont.*</caption><thead><tr><th>Sr. No.</th><th>Fungus</th><th>Source</th><th>Locality</th><th>Compounds Isolated</th><th>Biological Target</th><th>Biological Activity (MIC/IC<sub>50</sub>/ID<sub>50</sub>)</th><th>Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="2">29</td><td rowspan="2">Chaetomium sp. HQ-1,</td><td rowspan="2">Astragalus chinensis</td><td rowspan="2">Tai'an, Shandong Province, China</td><td>Differanisole A (66)</td><td>L. monocytogenes S. aureus and MRSA,</td><td>MIC, 16, 128, 128 µg/mL</td><td rowspan="2">[47]</td></tr><tr><td>2,6-Dichloro-4-propylphenol (67), 4,5-dimethylresorcinol (68)</td><td>L. monocytogenes</td><td>MICs of 64 and 32 µg/mL,</td></tr><tr><td>30</td><td>Chaetomium nigricolor F5,</td><td>Mahonia fortune</td><td>Qingdao, People's Republic of China</td><td>Chamiside A (69)</td><td>S. aureus</td><td>MIC of 25 µg/mL</td><td>[48]</td></tr><tr><td>31</td><td>C. globosum</td><td>Salvia miltiorrhiza</td><td>Shenyang, Liaoning province, China</td><td>Equisetin (70)</td><td>Multidrug-resistant E. faecalis, E. faecium, S. aureus, and S. epidermidis</td><td>MIC values of 3.13, 6.25, 3.13, and 6.25 µg/mL</td><td>[49]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">32</td><td rowspan="3">Chaetomium sp. Eef-10,</td><td rowspan="3">Eucalyptus exserta</td><td rowspan="3">Guangdong Province, China</td><td>Mollicellins H (71)</td><td>S. aureus ATCC29213, S. aureus N50, MRSA,</td><td>IC<sub>50</sub>, 5.14, and 6.21 µg/mL</td><td rowspan="3">[50]</td></tr><tr><td>Mollicellin O (72)</td><td>S. aureus ATCC29213 and S. aureus N50</td><td>IC<sub>50</sub>, 79.44 and 76.35 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td>Mollicellin I (73)</td><td>E. coli, S. aureus, S. typhimurium ATCC 6539 and E. faecalis</td><td>IC<sub>50</sub>, 70.14 and 63.15 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td>33</td><td>Chaetomium sp. M336</td><td>Huperzia serrata</td><td>Xichou County, Yunnan Province, China</td><td>6-Formamidochetomin (74)</td><td>S. aureus ATCC29213, S. aureus N50, MRSA</td><td>MIC, 0.78 µg/mL</td><td>[51]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">34</td><td rowspan="2">Chaetomium globosum</td><td rowspan="2">Nymphaea nouchali</td><td rowspan="2">Udugampola in the Gampaha District, Sri Lanka</td><td>Chaetoglobosin A (75)</td><td>B. subtilis, S. aureus, and MRSA</td><td>MIC, 16, 32 and 32 µg/mL</td><td rowspan="2">[52]</td></tr><tr><td>Chaetoglobosin B (76)</td><td>B. subtilis, S. aureus, and MRSA</td><td>>64 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td colspan="8" style="text-align: left; font-weight: bold;">Talaromyces</td></tr><tr><td>35</td><td>Talaromyces pinophilus XL-1193</td><td>Salvia miltiorrhiza</td><td>Shenyang, Liaoning province, China</td><td>Pinophol A (77)</td><td>Bacterium paratyphosum B</td><td>MIC, 50µg/mL</td><td>[53]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">36</td><td rowspan="2">Talaromyces purpureogenus XL-25</td><td rowspan="2">Panax notoginseng</td><td rowspan="2">Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China</td><td>Talaroconvolutin A (78)</td><td>B. subtilis Micrococcus lysodeikticus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus</td><td>MIC value of 1.56 µM</td><td rowspan="2">[54]</td></tr><tr><td>Talaroconvolutin B (79)</td><td>B. subtilis Micrococcus lysodeikticus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus</td><td>MIC = 0.73 and 0.18 µM</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table 1. Cont.</caption><thead><tr><th>Sr. No.</th><th>Fungus</th><th>Source</th><th>Locality</th><th>Compounds Isolated</th><th>Biological Target</th><th>Biological Activity (MIC/IC<sub>50</sub>/ID<sub>50</sub>)</th><th>Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>37</td><td>Talaromyces purpureogenus</td><td>Panax notoginseng</td><td></td><td>(1S,5S,7S,10S)- dihydroxyconfertifolin (80)</td><td>E. coli</td><td>MIC, 25 µM</td><td>[55]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">38</td><td rowspan="4">Talaromyces funiculosus -Salicorn 58.</td><td rowspan="4"></td><td rowspan="4"></td><td>Talafun (81)</td><td>E. coli, S. aureus</td><td>MIC, 18 and 93 µM</td><td rowspan="4">[56]</td></tr><tr><td>N-(2'-hydroxy-3'-octadecenoyl)-9- methyl-4,8-sphingadienin (82)</td><td>Mycobacterium smegmatis, S. aureus, Micrococcus tetragenus, and E. coli</td><td>MIC, 85, 90, 24, and 68, 93 µM</td></tr><tr><td>Chrodrimanin A (83)</td><td>S. aureus, M. tetragenus, Mycobacterium phlei, and E. coli</td><td>MIC, 67, 28, 47, and 26 µM</td></tr><tr><td>Chrodrimanin B (84)</td><td>E. coli</td><td>MIC, 43 µM.</td></tr><tr><td>39</td><td>Talaromyces sp. LGT-2</td><td>Tripterygium wilfordii.</td><td></td><td>Alkaloids 85-90</td><td>E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, Bnfillus licheniformis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae</td><td>MICs in the range of 0.125 to 1.0 50 µg/mL</td><td>[57]</td></tr><tr><td>40</td><td>Rhytidhysteron sp. BZM-9</td><td>Leptospermum brachyandrum</td><td></td><td>Euphorbol (91)</td><td>MRSA</td><td>MIC, 62.5 µg/mL</td><td>[58]</td></tr><tr><td>41</td><td>Stagonosporopsis oculihominis</td><td>Dendrobium huoshanense.</td><td></td><td>Stagonosporopsin C (92)</td><td>Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus ATCC29213</td><td>MIC<sub>50</sub>, 41.3 µM</td><td>[59]</td></tr><tr><td>42</td><td>Eutypella scoparia SCBG-8.</td><td>Leptospermum brachyandrum</td><td>SCBG, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China</td><td>Eutyscoparols H (93), I (94), tetrahydroauroglaucin (95), flavoglaucin (96)</td><td>Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA</td><td>MICs in the range of 1.25 to 6.25 µg/mL</td><td>[60]</td></tr><tr><td>43</td><td>Eutypella scoparia SCBG-8</td><td>Leptospermum brachyandrum</td><td>SCBG, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China</td><td>Eutyscoparin G (97)</td><td>S. aureus and MRSA</td><td>MIC values of 6.3 µg/mL</td><td>[61]</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table 1. Cont.</caption><thead><tr><th>Sr. No.</th><th>Fungus</th><th>Source</th><th>Locality</th><th>Compounds Isolated</th><th>Biological Target</th><th>Biological Activity (MIC/IC<sub>50</sub>/ID<sub>50</sub>)</th><th>Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="3">44</td><td rowspan="3">Sarocladium oryzae DX-THL3,</td><td rowspan="3">Oryza rufipogon Griff.</td><td rowspan="3"></td><td>Sarocladilactone A (98), sarocladilactone B (99), helvolic acid (100), helvolinic acid (101), 6-desacetoxy-helvolic acid (102), 1,2-dihydrohelvolic acid (103)</td><td>S. aureus</td><td>MIC values of 64, 4, 8, 1, 4 and 16 µg/mL</td><td rowspan="3">[62]</td></tr><tr><td>Compound 101</td><td>B. subtilis</td><td>MIC, 64 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td>Compounds 99, 101, 103</td><td>E. coli</td><td>MIC 64 µg/mL each</td></tr><tr><td>45</td><td>Paraphaeosphaeria sporulosa</td><td>Fragaria x ananassa</td><td>Caserta province, Southern Italy</td><td>Cyclo(L-Pro-L-Phe) (104)</td><td>Salmonella strains, S1 and S2</td><td>MIC 71.3 and 78.6 µg/mL</td><td>[63]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">46</td><td rowspan="2">Aplosporella javeedii</td><td rowspan="2">Orychophragmus violaceus</td><td rowspan="2">Beijing, China</td><td>Terpestacin (105), fusaproliferin (106), mutolide (108)</td><td>M. tuberculosis H37Rv</td><td>MICs of 100 µM</td><td rowspan="2">[64]</td></tr><tr><td>6,7,9,10-Tetrahydromutolide (107)</td><td>S. aureus,</td><td>MICs of 100 µM</td></tr><tr><td>47</td><td>Pleosporales sp. Sigrf05</td><td>roots of Siraitia grosvenorii</td><td>Guangxi Province of China</td><td>Pleospyrone E (109)</td><td>B. subtilis, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Ralstonia solanacearum, and Xanthomonas vesicatoria</td><td>MIC 100.0µM each</td><td>[65]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">48</td><td rowspan="2">Aplosporella javeedii</td><td rowspan="2">Orychophragmus violaceus</td><td rowspan="2">Beijing, China</td><td>Aplojaveediin A (110)</td><td>Staphylococcus aureus strain ATCC 29213, S. aureus strain ATCC 700699 and Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 169)</td><td>MICs 50, 50 and 25 µM,</td><td rowspan="2">[66]</td></tr><tr><td>Aplojaveediin F (111)</td><td>S. aureus ATCC 29213 and ATCC 700699</td><td>MICs of 25 and 50 µM</td></tr><tr><td>49</td><td>Paecilomyces variotii</td><td>Lawsonia Alba</td><td>University of Karachi, Pakistan</td><td>Lawsozaheer (112)</td><td>S. aureus (NCTC 6571)</td><td>84.26% inhibition at 150 µg/mL</td><td>[67]</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table 1. *Cont.*</caption><thead><tr><th>Sr. No.</th><th>Fungus</th><th>Source</th><th>Locality</th><th>Compounds Isolated</th><th>Biological Target</th><th>Biological Activity (MIC/IC<sub>50</sub>/ID<sub>50</sub>)</th><th>Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>50</td><td>Preussia isomera OSMAC strategy</td><td>Panax notoginseng</td><td>Wenshan, Yunnan Province, China</td><td>Setosol (113)</td><td>Multidrug-resistant E. faecium, methicillin-resistant S. aureus and multidrug-resistant E. faecalis</td><td>MIC 25 µg/mL</td><td>[68]</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Preussia isomera. XL-1326,</td><td>Panax notoginseng</td><td></td><td>(+)- and (−)-Preuisolactone A (114, 115)</td><td>Micrococcus luteus and B. megaterium</td><td>MIC, 10.2 and 163.4 µM</td><td>[69]</td></tr><tr><td>51</td><td>Neurospora udagawae</td><td>Quercus macranthera</td><td>Kaleybar region in northwestern Iran</td><td>Udagawanones A (116)</td><td>S. aureus</td><td>MIC, 66 µg/mL</td><td>[70]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">52</td><td rowspan="4">Xylomelasma sp. Samif07</td><td rowspan="4">Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge</td><td rowspan="4"></td><td>2,6-Dimethyl-5-methoxy-7-hydroxychromone (117), 6-hydroxymethyleugenin (118), 6-methoxymethyleugenin (119), isoeugenitol (120), diaporthin (29), 8-hydroxy-6-methoxy-3-methylisocoumarin (121)</td><td>Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, A. tumefaciens, Erwinia carotovora, and Xanthomonas vesicatoria</td><td>MIC values at the range of 25 ~ 100 µg/mL</td><td rowspan="4">[71]</td></tr><tr><td>2,6-Dimethyl-5-methoxy-7-hydroxychromone (117), diaporthin (29)</td><td>B. subtilis, E. carotovora</td><td>MIC, 50 and 100 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td>6-Hydroxymethyleugenin (118), 6-methoxymethyleugenin (119), isoeugenitol (120), diaporthin (29)</td><td>S. haemolyticus and E. carotovora</td><td>MIC, 75 µg/mL each</td></tr><tr><td>8-Hydroxy-6-methoxy-3-methylisocoumarin (121)</td><td>B. subtilis, A. tumefaciens, and X. vesicatoria,</td><td>MICs 25, 75, and 25 µg/mL,</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table 1. Cont.</caption><thead><tr><th>Sr. No.</th><th>Fungus</th><th>Source</th><th>Locality</th><th>Compounds Isolated</th><th>Biological Target</th><th>Biological Activity (MIC/IC<sub>50</sub>/ID<sub>50</sub>)</th><th>Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>53</td><td>Amphirosellinia nigrosporaJS-1675</td><td>Pteris cretica</td><td></td><td>(4S,5S,6S)-5,6-epoxy-4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-5-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-one (122)</td><td>Acidovorax avenae subsp. cattlyae, Agrobacterium konjaci, A. tumefaciens, Burkholderia glumae, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, Pectobacterium chrysanthemi, Ralstonia solanacearum, Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Citri, Xanthomonas euvesicatoria, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae</td><td>MICs ranging between 31.2 and 500 µg/mL</td><td>[72]</td></tr><tr><td>54</td><td>Emericella sp. XL029</td><td>Panax notoginseng</td><td></td><td>5-(Undeca-3',5',7'-trien-1'-yl)furan-2-ol (123) and 5-(undeca-3',5',7'-trien-1'-yl)furan-2-carbonate (124)</td><td>B. subtilis, B. cereus, S. aureus, B. paratyphosum B, S. typhi, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, and E. aerogenes</td><td>MIC values ranging from 6.3 to 50 µg/mL</td><td>[73]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">56</td><td rowspan="4">Emericella sp. XL029</td><td rowspan="4">Panax notoginseng</td><td rowspan="4">Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China</td><td>14-Hydroxytajixanthone (125), 14-hydroxytajixanthonehydrate (126), 14-hydroxy-15-chlorota jixanthone hydrate (127), 14-methoxytajixanthone-25-acetate (130), questin (132), and carnemycin B (133)</td><td>M. luteus, S. aureus, B. megaterium, B. anthracis, and B. paratyphosum B</td><td>MIC, in the range of of 12.5 and 25µg/mL</td><td rowspan="4">[74]</td></tr><tr><td>Epitajixanthone hydrate (128)</td><td>M. luteus, S. aureus, B. megaterium, and B. paratyphosum B</td><td>MIC 25 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td>Tajixanthone hydrate (129), 15-chlorotajixanthone hydrate (131)</td><td>S. aureus, B. megaterium, and B. paratyphosum B</td><td>MICs 25 and 12.5 µg/mL,</td></tr><tr><td>14-Hydroxytajixanthone (125) Epitajixanthone hydrate (128), carnemycin B (133)</td><td>drug resistant S. aureus</td><td>MIC 50 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"></td><td>Compounds 125–133</td><td>P. aeruginosa, E. coli, and E. aerogenes</td><td>MIC 50 µg/mL</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table 1. Cont.</caption><thead><tr><th>Sr. No.</th><th>Fungus</th><th>Source</th><th>Locality</th><th>Compounds Isolated</th><th>Biological Target</th><th>Biological Activity (MIC/IC<sub>50</sub>/ID<sub>50</sub>)</th><th>Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>57</td><td>Byssochlamys spectabilis</td><td>Edgeworthia chrysantha</td><td>Hangzhou Bay, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China</td><td>Bysspectin C (134)</td><td>E. coli ATCC 25922 and S. aureus ATCC 25923</td><td>MIC, 32 and 64 µg/mL</td><td>[75]</td></tr><tr><td>58</td><td>Poculum pseudosydowianum (TNS-F-57853),</td><td>Quercus crispula var. crispula</td><td>Yoshiwa, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima prefecture, Japan</td><td>Sydowianumols A (135), and B (136)</td><td>MRSA</td><td>MIC90 values of 12.5 µg/mL</td><td>[76]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">59</td><td rowspan="2">Lachnum palmae exposure to a HDAC inhibitor SAHA</td><td rowspan="2">Przewalskia tangutica</td><td rowspan="2">Linzhou Country of the Tibet Autonomous Region, China</td><td>Palmaerones A-B, E-G (137, 138, 140, 141, 142)</td><td>B. subtilis</td><td>MICs, 35, 30, 10, 50, and 55 µg/mL</td><td rowspan="2">[77]</td></tr><tr><td>Palmaerones A-C, E (137, 138, 139, 140)</td><td>S. aureus</td><td>MICs 65, 55, 60, and 55, µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">60</td><td rowspan="4">Nemania serpens</td><td rowspan="4">Vitis vinifera</td><td rowspan="4">Canada's Niagara region</td><td>Nemanifuranone A (143)</td><td>E. coli<br>S. aureus, B. subtilis and M. luteus</td><td>MIC 200 µg/mL<br>>75% inhibition at a concentration of 100–200 µg/mL</td><td rowspan="4">[78]</td></tr><tr><td>Triterpenoid 144</td><td>S. cerevisiae</td><td>(&gt;25% inhibition) against at 200 µg/mL<br>(&gt;75% inhibition) of at a concentration of 100 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>M. luteus</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Variabilone (145)</td><td>B. subtilis</td><td>IC<sub>50</sub> of 2.13 µg/mL after 24 h (0.36 µg/mL for kanamycin)</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table 1. *Cont.*</caption><thead><tr><th>Sr. No.</th><th>Fungus</th><th>Source</th><th>Locality</th><th>Compounds Isolated</th><th>Biological Target</th><th>Biological Activity (MIC/IC<sub>50</sub>/ID<sub>50</sub>)</th><th>Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>62</td><td><i>Pyronema</i> sp. (A2-1 &amp; D1-2)</td><td><i>Taxus mairei</i></td><td>Shennongjia National Nature Reserve, Hubei province, China.</td><td>Methyl 2-[(E)-2-[4-(formyloxy)phenyl] ethenyl]-4-methyl-3-oxopentanoate (146), (3R,6R)-4-methyl-6-(1-methylethyl)-3-phenylmethyl-perhydro-1,4-oxazine-2,5-dione (147), (3R,6R)-N-methyl-N-(1-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-phenylalanine (148), siccanol (149), fusaproliferin (106), and sambutoxin (150)</td><td><i>Mycobacterium marinum</i><br>ATCCBAA-535,</td><td>IC<sub>50</sub> of 64, 59, 57, 84, 43 and 32 µM, (positive control rifampin IC<sub>50</sub> of 2.1 µM)</td><td>[80]</td></tr><tr><td>63</td><td><i>Pulvinula</i> sp. 11120</td><td><i>Cupressus arizonica</i></td><td>Tucson, AZ, USA</td><td>Pulvinulin A (151), graminin C (152), cis-gregatin B (153), and graminin B (154)</td><td><i>E. coli</i></td><td>12, 18, 16 and 14 mm zone of inhibition at 100 µg/mL</td><td>[81]</td></tr><tr><td>64</td><td><i>Stelliosphaera formicum</i></td><td><i>Duroia hirsuta</i></td><td>Yasuni' National Park off the Napo River in Ecuador</td><td>Stelliosphaerols A (155) and B (156)</td><td><i>S. aureus</i></td><td>MIC values of 250 µg/mL</td><td>[82]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">65</td><td rowspan="2">Unidentified Ascomycete</td><td rowspan="2"><i>Melilotus dentatus</i></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td>cis-4-Acetoxyoxymellein (157)</td><td><i>E. coli</i> and <i>B. megaterium</i></td><td>Zone of inhibition of 10 and 10 mm (Partial inhibition) at a concentration of 0.05 mg</td><td rowspan="2">[83]</td></tr><tr><td>8-Deoxy-6-hydroxy-cis-4-acetoxyoxymellein (158)</td><td><i>E. coli</i> and <i>B. megaterium</i></td><td>Zone of inhibition of 9 and 9 mm (Partial inhibition) at a concentration of 0.05 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="8"><b>Anamorphic Ascomycetes</b></td></tr><tr><td colspan="8"><b>Aspergillus</b></td></tr><tr><td>66</td><td><i>Aspergillus</i> sp. FT1307</td><td><i>Heliotropium</i> sp.</td><td></td><td>Aspochalasin P (159), alatinone (160), β-11-methoxy curvularine (161), 12-keto-10,11-dehydrocurvularine (162)</td><td><i>S. aureus</i> ATCC12600, <i>B. subtilis</i> ATCC6633 and MRSA ATCC43300</td><td>MIC in the range of 40 to 80 µg/mL</td><td>[84]</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table 1. Cont.</caption><thead><tr><th>Sr. No.</th><th>Fungus</th><th>Source</th><th>Locality</th><th>Compounds Isolated</th><th>Biological Target</th><th>Biological Activity (MIC/IC<sub>50</sub>/ID<sub>50</sub>)</th><th>Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>67</td><td>Aspergillus cristatus</td><td>Pinellia ternata</td><td></td><td>Aspergillone A (163)</td><td>B. subtilis and S. aureus</td><td>MIC<sub>50</sub>, 8.5 and 32.2 µg/mL</td><td>[85]</td></tr><tr><td>68</td><td>Aspergillus versicolor strain Eich.5.2.2</td><td>Eichhornia crassipes</td><td>El-Kanater El-Khayriah in Egypt</td><td>22S-Aniduquinolone A (164), 22R-aniduquinolone A (165)</td><td>S. aureus (ATCC700699)</td><td>MIC, 0.4 µg/mL</td><td>[86]</td></tr><tr><td>69</td><td>Aspergillus versicolor</td><td>roots of Pulicaria crispa</td><td>Saudi Arabia</td><td>Aspergillether B (166)</td><td>S. aureus, B. cereus, and E. coli</td><td>MICs, 4.3, 3.7, and 3.9 µg/mL</td><td>[87]</td></tr><tr><td>70</td><td>Aspergillus ochraceus SX-C7 eus SX-C7</td><td>Setaginella stauntoniana</td><td></td><td>3-O-β-D-Glucopyranosyl stigmasta-5(6),24(28)-diene (167)</td><td>Bacillus subtilis</td><td>MIC, 2 µg/mL</td><td>[88]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">71</td><td rowspan="2">Aspergillus amstelodami (MK215708)</td><td rowspan="2">Ammi majus</td><td rowspan="2">Egypt</td><td rowspan="2">Dihydroauroglaucin (168)</td><td>E. coli, Streptococcus mutans, S. aureus</td><td>MIC, 1.95, 1.95 and 3.9 µg/mL</td><td rowspan="2">[89]</td></tr><tr><td>S. aureus, E. coli, Streptococcus mutans, P. aeruginosa</td><td>Minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) = 7.81, 7.81, 15.63 and 31.25 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td>72</td><td>Aspergillus micronesiensis</td><td>Phyllanthus glaucus</td><td>LuShan Mountain, Jiangxi Province, China</td><td>Cyschalasins A (169) and B (170)</td><td>MRSA</td><td>MIC<sub>50</sub>, 17.5 and 10.6 µg/mL; MIC90, 28.4 and 14.7 µg/mL</td><td>[90]</td></tr><tr><td>73</td><td>A. niger</td><td>Acanthus montanus</td><td>Kala Mountain neighborhood of Yaoundé, Africa</td><td>Methylsulochrin (171)</td><td>S. aureus, Enterobacter cloacae and Enterobacter aerogenes</td><td>MIC, 15.6, 7.8 and 7.8 µg/mL</td><td>[91]</td></tr><tr><td>74</td><td>Aspergillus tubingensis</td><td>stem of Decaisnea insignis</td><td>Qinling Mountain, Shaanxi Province, China</td><td>3-(5-Oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-yl) propanoic acid (172)</td><td>Streptococcus lactis</td><td>MIC value of 32 µg/mL</td><td>[92]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">75</td><td rowspan="2">Aspergillus flavipes Y-62</td><td rowspan="2">Suaeda glauca</td><td rowspan="2">Zhoushan coast, Zhejiang province, East China</td><td rowspan="2">Methyl 2-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-1,7-dihydroxy-6-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-1H-indene-1-carboxylate (173)</td><td>MRSA</td><td>MIC, 128 µg/mL</td><td rowspan="2">[93]</td></tr><tr><td>K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa</td><td>MIC, of 32 µg/mL each</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table 1. *Cont.*</caption><thead><tr><th>Sr. No.</th><th>Fungus</th><th>Source</th><th>Locality</th><th>Compounds Isolated</th><th>Biological Target</th><th>Biological Activity (MIC/IC<sub>50</sub>/ID<sub>50</sub>)</th><th>Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="2">76</td><td rowspan="2">Aspergillus sp.</td><td rowspan="2">Rhizome of Zingiber cassumunar</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td>4-Amino-1-(1,3-dihydroxy-1-(4-nitrophenyl)propan-2-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-5(4H)one (174)</td><td>Xanthomonas oryzae, Bacillus subtilis and E. coli</td><td>Zone of inhibition 37, 30 and 27 mm</td><td rowspan="2">[5]</td></tr><tr><td>3,6-Dibenzyl-3,6-dimethylpiperazine-2,5-dione (175)</td><td>E. coli and X. oryzae</td><td>Zone of inhibition 21 and 16 mm.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">77</td><td rowspan="2">Aspergillus fumigatus</td><td rowspan="2">Edgeworthia chrysantha</td><td rowspan="2">Hangzhou Bay (Hangzhou, China)</td><td>Pseurotin A (176), spirotryprostatin A (177)</td><td>S. aureus</td><td>MIC of 0.39 µg/mL each</td><td rowspan="2">[94]</td></tr><tr><td>Spirotryprostatin A (177)</td><td>E. coli</td><td>MIC, 0.39 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">78</td><td rowspan="3">Aspergillus sp.,</td><td rowspan="3">Astragalus membranaceus</td><td rowspan="3"></td><td>Fumiquinazoline J (178), fumiquinazoline C (180), fumiquinazoline H (181), fumiquinazoline D (182)</td><td>B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa</td><td>MICs in the range of 0.5–8 µg/mL</td><td rowspan="3">[95]</td></tr><tr><td>Fumiquinazoline I (179), fumiquinazoline B (183)</td><td></td><td>MICs in the range of 4–16 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>79</td><td>Aspergillus fumigatiaffnis</td><td>Tribulus terrestris</td><td></td><td>(–)-Palitantin (184)</td><td>E. faecalis UW 2689 and Streptococcus pneumoniae</td><td>MIC, 64µg/mL</td><td>[96]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">80</td><td rowspan="2">Aspergillus sp. TJ23</td><td rowspan="2">Hypericum perforatum (St John' Wort)</td><td rowspan="2">Shennongjia areas of Hubei Province, China</td><td>Aspermerodione (185)</td><td>MRSA</td><td>MIC, 32 µg/mL/potential inhibitor of PBP2a</td><td rowspan="2">[97]</td></tr><tr><td>Andiconin C (186)</td><td></td><td>marginal antimicrobial activity (&gt;100µg/mL)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">81</td><td rowspan="2">Aspergillus sp. YXf3</td><td rowspan="2">Ginkgo biloba</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td>Prenylterphenyllin D (187), prenylterphenyllin E (188), 2'-O-Methylprenylterphenyllin (189), prenylterphenyllin (190)</td><td>X. oryzae pv. oryzicola Swings and E. amylovora</td><td>MIC, 20 µg/mL each</td><td rowspan="2">[98]</td></tr><tr><td>Prenylterphenyllin B (191)</td><td>E. amylovora</td><td>MIC, 10 µg/mL</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table 1. *Cont.*</caption><thead><tr><th>Sr. No.</th><th>Fungus</th><th>Source</th><th>Locality</th><th>Compounds Isolated</th><th>Biological Target</th><th>Biological Activity (MIC/IC<sub>50</sub>/ID<sub>50</sub>)</th><th>Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="12">82</td><td rowspan="12">Aspergillus sp.</td><td rowspan="12">Pinellia ternata</td><td rowspan="12">Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China</td><td>Aspergillussanone D (192)</td><td>P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus</td><td>MIC<sub>50</sub>, 38.47 and 29.91 µg/mL</td><td rowspan="12">[99]</td></tr><tr><td>Aspergillussanone E (193)</td><td>E. coli</td><td>MIC<sub>50</sub>, 7.83 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td>Aspergillussanone F (194)</td><td>P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus</td><td>MIC<sub>50</sub>, 26.56, 3.93 and 16.48 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td>Aspergillussanone G (195)</td><td>P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus,</td><td>MIC<sub>50</sub>, 24.46 and 34.66 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td>Aspergillussanone H (196)</td><td>P. aeruginosa, and E. coli,</td><td>MIC<sub>50</sub>, 8.59 and 5.87 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td>Aspergillussanone I (197)</td><td>P. aeruginosa,</td><td>MIC<sub>50</sub>, 12.0 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td>Aspergillussanone J (198)</td><td>P. aeruginosa, E. coli and S. aureus</td><td>MIC<sub>50</sub>, 28.50, 5.34 and 29.87 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td>Aspergillussanone K (199)</td><td>P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus,</td><td>MIC<sub>50</sub>, 6.55 and 21.02 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td>Aspergillussanone L (200)</td><td>P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and B. subtilis</td><td>MIC<sub>50</sub>, 1.87, 2.77, and 4.80 µg/mL,</td></tr><tr><td>Compound 201</td><td>P. aeruginosa, and E. coli,</td><td>MIC<sub>50</sub>, 19.07 and 1.88 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">83</td><td rowspan="2">Aspergillus terreus JAS-2</td><td rowspan="2">Achyranthus aspera</td><td rowspan="2">Varanasi, India</td><td>Terrein (202)</td><td>E. faecalis</td><td>IC<sub>50</sub>, 20 µg/mL</td><td rowspan="2">[100]</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>S. aureus and Aeromonas hydrophila</td><td>20 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td>84</td><td>Aspergillus terreus</td><td>roots of Carthamus lanatus</td><td>Al-Azhar University campus in Cairo, Egypt</td><td>(22E,24R)-Stigmasta-5,7,22-trien-3-β-ol (203)</td><td>MRSA</td><td>IC<sub>50</sub>, 2.29 µM</td><td>[101]</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table 1. Cont.</caption><thead><tr><th>Sr. No.</th><th>Fungus</th><th>Source</th><th>Locality</th><th>Compounds Isolated</th><th>Biological Target</th><th>Biological Activity (MIC/IC<sub>50</sub>/ID<sub>50</sub>)</th><th>Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>85</td><td>Aspergillus flavus</td><td>Cephalotaxus fortunei</td><td>Taibai Mountains, Shaanxi Province, China</td><td>5-Hydroxymethylfuran-3-carboxylic acid (204), 5-acetoxymethylfuran-3-carboxylic acid (205)</td><td>S. aureus</td><td>MIC, 31.3 and 15.6 µg/mL</td><td>[102]</td></tr><tr><td>86</td><td>Aspergillus allahabadii BCC45335</td><td>root of Cinnamomum subavenium</td><td>Khao Yai National Park, Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand</td><td>Allahabadolactone B (206), (22E)-5α,8α-epidioxyergosta-6,22-dien-3β-ol (207)</td><td>B. cereus</td><td>IC<sub>50</sub>, 12.50 and 3.13 µg/mL.</td><td>[103]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">87</td><td rowspan="2">Aspergillus tubingensis</td><td rowspan="2">Lycium ruthenicum</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td>6-Isovaleryl-4-methoxypyran-2-one (208), asperpyrone A (210), campyrone A (211)</td><td>E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus lactis and S. aureus</td><td>MIC values ranging from 62.5 to 500 µg/mL</td><td rowspan="2">[104]</td></tr><tr><td>Rubrofusarin B (209)</td><td>E. coli</td><td>MIC, 1.95 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td>88</td><td>Aspergillus tamarii FR02</td><td>roots of Ficus carica</td><td>Qinling Mountain in China's Shaanxi province</td><td>Malformin E (212)</td><td>B. subtilis, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli</td><td>MIC, 0.91, 0.45, 1.82, and 0.91 µM</td><td>[105]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">89</td><td rowspan="2">Aspergillus terreus</td><td rowspan="2">Roots of Carthamus lanatus</td><td rowspan="2">Al-Azhar University campus, Egypt</td><td>(22E,24R)-Stigmasta-5,7,22-trien-3-β-ol (203)</td><td rowspan="2">MRSA</td><td>IC<sub>50</sub>, 0.96µg/mL</td><td rowspan="2">[106]</td></tr><tr><td>Aspernolide F (213)</td><td>IC<sub>50</sub> 6.39µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td>90</td><td>Aspergillus sp. (SbD5)</td><td>Leaves of Andrographis paniculata</td><td>Indralaya, Ogan Ilir, South Sumatra.</td><td>1-(3,8-Dihydroxy-4,6,6-trimethyl-6H-benzochromen-2-yloxy)propane-2-one (214), 5-hydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)-2H-pyran-2-one (215), (5-hydroxy-2-oxo-2H-pyran-4-yl)methyl acetate (216)</td><td>S. aureus, E. coli, S. dysenteriae and Salmonella typhi</td><td>Zone of inhibition diameters ranging from 8.1 to 12.1 mm at a concentration 500 µg/mL.</td><td>[107]</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table 1. Cont.</caption><thead><tr><th>Sr. No.</th><th>Fungus</th><th>Source</th><th>Locality</th><th>Compounds Isolated</th><th>Biological Target</th><th>Biological Activity (MIC/IC<sub>50</sub>/ID<sub>50</sub>)</th><th>Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="3">91</td><td rowspan="3">Aspergillus sp. IFB-YXS</td><td rowspan="3">Ginkgo biloba</td><td rowspan="3"></td><td>Xanthoascin (217)</td><td>X. oryzae pv. oryziicola, Swings, E. amylovora, P. syringae pv. Lachrymans and C. michiganense subsp. sepedonicus</td><td>MICs, 20, 10, 5.0 and 0.31 µg/mL</td><td rowspan="3">[108]</td></tr><tr><td>Prenylterphenyllin B (218)</td><td>X. oryzae pv. oryziicola Swings, E. amylovora, P. syringae pv. Lachrymans,</td><td>MICs of 20 µg/mL each</td></tr><tr><td>Prenylcandidusin (219)</td><td>X. oryzae pv. oryzae Swings X. oryzae pv. oryziicola Swings</td><td>MIC values of 10 and 20 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td colspan="8" style="text-align: left; font-weight: bold;">Penicillium</td></tr><tr><td>92</td><td>Penicillium ochrochloron SWUKD4.1850</td><td>Kadsura angustifolia</td><td></td><td>4-O-Desmethylaigialomycin B (220), penochrochlactones C (221) and D (222)</td><td>Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa</td><td>MIC values between 9.7 and 32.0 µg/mL</td><td>[109]</td></tr><tr><td>93</td><td>Penicillium brefeldianum</td><td>Syzygium zeylanicum</td><td></td><td>p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde (223),</td><td>S. typhi, E. coli, and B. subtilis</td><td>MIC values of 64 g/mL</td><td>[110]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">94</td><td rowspan="4">Penicillium vulpinum GDGJ-91</td><td rowspan="4">Sophorae tonkinensis</td><td rowspan="4">Baise, Guangxi Province, China</td><td>10-Demethylated andrastone A (224), andrastin A (227)</td><td>Bacillus megaterium</td><td>MIC value of 6.25 µg/mL</td><td rowspan="4">[111]</td></tr><tr><td>Citreohybridone E (225), citreohybridonol (226), citreohybridone B (228)</td><td>B. megaterium</td><td>MIC values of 25, 12.5 and 25 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td>Citreohybridonol (226)</td><td>B. paratyphosus B, E. coli and S. aureus</td><td>MIC, 6.25, 25 and 25 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td>10-Demethylated andrastone A (224), citreohybridone E (225), andrastin A (227), andrastin B (228)</td><td>B. paratyphosus B</td><td>MIC, 12.5 or 25 µg/mL.</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table 1. Cont.</caption><thead><tr><th>Sr. No.</th><th>Fungus</th><th>Source</th><th>Locality</th><th>Compounds Isolated</th><th>Biological Target</th><th>Biological Activity (MIC/IC<sub>50</sub>/ID<sub>50</sub>)</th><th>Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>95</td><td>Penicillium nothofagi P-6,</td><td>Abies beshanzuensis</td><td>Baishanzu Mountain in Lishui, Zhejiang Province of China</td><td>Chromenopyridin A (229), viridicatol (230)</td><td>S. aureus ATCC29213</td><td>MIC, 62.5 and 15.6 µg/mL</td><td>[112]</td></tr><tr><td>96</td><td>Penicillium restrictum (strain G85)</td><td>Silybum marianum</td><td>Horizon Herbs, LLC (Williams, OR, USA).</td><td>ω-Hydroxyemodin (231)</td><td>Clinical isolates of MRSA</td><td>Quorum-sensing inhibition in both in vitro and in vivo models</td><td>[113]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">97</td><td rowspan="4">Penicillium vulpinum</td><td rowspan="4">S. tonkinensis</td><td rowspan="4">Baise, Guangxi Province, China</td><td rowspan="2">(–)-3-Carboxypropyl-7-hydroxyphthalimide (232)</td><td>Shigella dysenteriae and Enterobacter areogenes</td><td>MIC, 12.5 µg/mL each</td><td rowspan="4">[114]</td></tr><tr><td>B. subtilis</td><td>MIC, 25 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">(–)-3-Carboxypropyl-7-hydroxyphthalide methyl ester (233)</td><td>B. megaterium and Micrococcus lysodeikticus</td><td>MIC, 50 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td>E. areogenes</td><td>MIC, 12.5 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>B. subtilis, B. megaterium and M. lysodeikticus</td><td></td><td>MIC, 100 µg/mL.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>98</td><td>Penicillium sumatrense GZWMJZ-313</td><td>Leaf of Garcinia multiflora</td><td>Libo, Guizhou Province of China</td><td>Citridone E (234), (–)-dehydrocurvularin (235)</td><td>S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, Clostridium perfringens, and E. coli</td><td>MIC values ranging from 32 to 64 µg/mL</td><td>[115]</td></tr><tr><td>99</td><td>Penicillium ochrochloronthe</td><td>Roots of Taxus media</td><td>Qingfeng Mountain, Chongqing, China</td><td>3,4,6-Trisubstituted α-pyrone derivatives, namely 6-(2'R-hydroxy-3'E,5'E-diene-1'-heptyl)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2H-pyran-2-one (236), 6-(2'S-hydroxy-5'E-ene-1'-heptyl)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2H-pyran-2-one (237), 6-(2'S-hydroxy-1'-heptyl)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2H-pyran-2-one (238), trichodermic acid (239)</td><td>B. subtilis, Micrococcus luteus, S. aureus, B. megaterium, Salmonella enterica, Proteusbacillm vulgaris, Salmonella typhi, P. aeruginosa, E. coli and Enterobacter aerogenes</td><td>MIC values ranging from 25 to 50 µg/mL</td><td>[116]</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table 1. Cont.</caption><thead><tr><th>Sr. No.</th><th>Fungus</th><th>Source</th><th>Locality</th><th>Compounds Isolated</th><th>Biological Target</th><th>Biological Activity (MIC/IC<sub>50</sub>/ID<sub>50</sub>)</th><th>Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="3">100</td><td rowspan="3">Penicillium janthinellum SYPF 7899</td><td rowspan="3">Panax notoginseng</td><td rowspan="3">Wenshan region, Yunnan province, China</td><td>Brasiliamide J-a (240), brasiliamide J-b (241)</td><td>B. subtilis and S. aureus</td><td>MIC, 15 and 18 µg/mL,</td><td rowspan="3">[117]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Peniciolidone (242), austin (243)</td><td>B. subtilis</td><td>MIC, 35 and 50 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td>S. aureus</td><td>MIC 39, and 60 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td>101</td><td>Penicillium cataractum SYPF 7131</td><td>Ginkgo biloba</td><td></td><td>Penicimenolidyu A (244), penicimenolidyu B (245) and rasfonin (246)</td><td>S. aureus</td><td>MIC 65, 59 and 10 µg/mL</td><td>[118]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">102</td><td rowspan="4">Penicillium sp.,</td><td rowspan="4">Tubers of Pinellia ternata</td><td rowspan="4">suburb of Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.</td><td>3'-Methoxycitreovirone (247), citreovirone (249)</td><td>E. coli and S. aureus</td><td>MIC = 62.6 and 76.6 µg/mL</td><td rowspan="4">[119]</td></tr><tr><td>Helvolic acid (100)</td><td>S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis and E. coli</td><td>MIC = 5.8, 4.6, 42.2 and 75.0 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td>cis-bis-(Methylthio)-silvatin (248), trypacidin A (250)</td><td>S. aureus</td><td>MIC values of 43.4 and 76.0 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td>Trypacidin A (250)</td><td>B. subtilis</td><td>MIC = 54.1 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td>103</td><td>Penicillium sp. R22</td><td>Nerium indicum</td><td>Qinling Mountain, Shaanxi Province, China</td><td>Viridicatol (251)</td><td>S. aureus</td><td>MIC value of 15.6 µg/mL</td><td>[120]</td></tr><tr><td>104</td><td>Penicillium sp. (NO. 24)</td><td>Tapiscia sinensis</td><td>Shennongjia National Forest Park China</td><td>Penicitroamide (252)</td><td>Erwinia carotovora subsp. Carotovora</td><td>MIC<sub>50</sub> at 45 µg/mL</td><td>[121]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5">105</td><td rowspan="5">Penicillium sp. CAM64</td><td rowspan="5">Leaves of Garcinia nobilis</td><td rowspan="5">Mount Etinde, Southwest region Cameroon</td><td>Penialidin A (253)</td><td rowspan="5">Vibrio cholerae SG24 (1), V. cholerae CO6, V. cholerae NB2, V. cholerae PC2, S. flexneri SDINT,</td><td>MIC, 8–32 µg/mL</td><td rowspan="5">[122]</td></tr><tr><td>Penialidin B (254)</td><td>MIC, 4–32 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td>Penialidin C (255)</td><td>MIC, 0.50, 16, 8, 0.50 and 8 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td>Citromycetin (256), brefelfin A (258)</td><td>MIC, 64–128 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td>p-Hydroxyphe nylglyoxalaldoxime (257)</td><td>MIC, 32–64 µg/mL</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table 1. *Cont.*</caption><thead><tr><th>Sr. No.</th><th>Fungus</th><th>Source</th><th>Locality</th><th>Compounds Isolated</th><th>Biological Target</th><th>Biological Activity (MIC/IC<sub>50</sub>/ID<sub>50</sub>)</th><th>Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>106</td><td>Purpureocillium lilacinum</td><td>roots of Rauvolfia macrophylla</td><td>Mount Kalla in the Center Region of Cameroon</td><td>Purpureone (259)</td><td>B. cereus, L. monocytogenes, E. coli ATCC 8739, K. pneumoniae ATCC 1296, P. stuartii ATCC 29916, P. aeruginosa ATCC PA01</td><td>Zone of inhibition of 10.6, 12.3, 13.0, 8.7, 12.3, and 10.0 mm against (10 µL/6 mm Filter paper disks).</td><td>[123]</td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="7"><strong>Fusarium</strong></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Neocosmospora sp. MFLUCC 17-0253</td><td>Rhizophora apiculate.</td><td></td><td>Mixture of 2-methoxy-6-methyl-7-acetonyl-8-hydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione (260), and 5,8-dihydroxy-7-acetonyl-1,4-naphthalenedione (261)</td><td>Acidovorax citrulli</td><td>MIC value of 0.0075 mg/mL</td><td>[124]</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Anhydrojavanicin (262)</td><td></td><td>0.004 mg/mL</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Fusarnaphthoquinone (263)</td><td></td><td>0.025 mg/mL</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>107</td><td>Fusarium sp.</td><td>Mentha longifolia</td><td>Al Madinah Al Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia.</td><td>Fusaribenzamide A (264)</td><td>S. aureus and E. coli</td><td>MICs, 62.8 and 56.4 µg/disc</td><td>[125]</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table 1. *Cont.*</caption><thead><tr><th>Sr. No.</th><th>Fungus</th><th>Source</th><th>Locality</th><th>Compounds Isolated</th><th>Biological Target</th><th>Biological Activity (MIC/IC<sub>50</sub>/ID<sub>50</sub>)</th><th>Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="10">108</td><td rowspan="10">F. proliferatum AF-04</td><td rowspan="10">Green Chinese onion</td><td></td><td>5-O-Methylsolaniol (270),<br>5-O-methyljavanicin (271), methyl ether<br>fusarubin (272), anhydrojavanicin (273)</td><td>B. megaterium</td><td>MICs 25 µg/mL each.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>5-O-Methylsolaniol (270),<br>5-O-methyljavanicin (271), methyl ether<br>fusarubin (272)</td><td>B. subtilis</td><td>MICs, 50 µg/mL each.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Indol-3-acetic acid (265), beauvericin<br>(267), epicyclonerodiol oxide (269)</td><td>B. megaterium</td><td>MICs 50 µg/mL each</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Cyclonerodiol (268)</td><td>B. megaterium</td><td>MIC 12.50 µg/mL.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>epi-Cyclonerodiol oxide (269), methyl<br>ether fusarubin (272)</td><td>E. coli</td><td>MIC 50 µg/mL</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>5-O-Methylsolaniol (270),<br>5-O-methyljavanicin (271),<br>anhydrojavanicin (273)</td><td>E. coli</td><td>MIC 25 µg/mL</td><td>[126]</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>epi-Cyclonerodiol oxide (269),<br>1,4-naphthoquinones, 5-O-methylsolaniol<br>(270), 5-O-methyljavanicin (271), methyl<br>ether fusarubin (272)</td><td>Clostridium<br>perfringens</td><td>MICs 50, 50, 12.5 and<br>50 µg/mL</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Beauvericin (267), fusaproliferin (106),<br>5-O-methylsolaniol (270),<br>5-O-methyljavanicin (271), methyl ether<br>fusarubin (272), anhydrojavanicin (273)</td><td>MRSA</td><td>MIC value of 50, 50, 12.5,<br>12.5, 12.5, and 25 µg/mL<br>respectively.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>5-O-Methyljavanicin (271), methyl ether<br>fusarubin (272), anhydrojavanicin (273)</td><td>RN4220</td><td>MIC value of 50 µg/mL each.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Methyl ether fusarubin (272),<br>anhydrojavanicin (273)</td><td>NewmanWT</td><td>MIC value of 50 µg/mL each.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Bassiatin (266)</td><td>NewmanWT</td><td>MIC, 50 µg/mL</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table 1. Cont.</caption><thead><tr><th>Sr. No.</th><th>Fungus</th><th>Source</th><th>Locality</th><th>Compounds Isolated</th><th>Biological Target</th><th>Biological Activity (MIC/IC<sub>50</sub>/ID<sub>50</sub>)</th><th>Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="3">109</td><td rowspan="3">Fusarium sp. TP-G1</td><td rowspan="3">Dendrobium officinable</td><td rowspan="3">Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica in China</td><td>Trichosetin (274), beauvericin (267), beauvericin A (275), enniatin H (277), enniatin I (278), enniatin MK1688 (279)</td><td>S. aureus and MRSA</td><td>IC<sub>50</sub> values in the range of 2–32 µg/mL</td><td rowspan="3">[127]</td></tr><tr><td>Enniatin B (276)</td><td>S. aureus and MRSA</td><td>IC<sub>50</sub>, 128 µg/mL each</td></tr><tr><td>Fusaric acid (280), dehydrofusaric acid (281)</td><td>Acinetobacter baumannii</td><td>MIC, 64 and 128 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">110</td><td rowspan="3">Fusarium sp. YD-2</td><td rowspan="3">Santalum album</td><td rowspan="3">Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China</td><td>Fusariumin A (282)</td><td>S. aureus and P. aeruginosa</td><td>MIC, 6.3 µg/mL</td><td rowspan="3">[128]</td></tr><tr><td>Asperterpenoid A (283)</td><td>Salmonella enteritidis and Micrococcus luteus</td><td>MIC, 25.2 and 6.3 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td>Agathic acid (284)</td><td>B. cereus and M. luteus</td><td>MIC, 12.5 and 25.4 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td>111</td><td>Fusarium chlamydosporium</td><td>Leaves of Anvillea garcinii</td><td>Al-Azhar University campus, Egypt</td><td>Fusarthioamide B (285)</td><td>E. coli, B. cereus, and S. aureus</td><td>MIC value of 3.7, 2.5 and 3.1 µg/mL</td><td>[129]</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3,6,9-Trihydroxy-7-methoxy-4,4-dimethyl-3,4-dihydro-1H-benzo[g]-isochromene-5,10-dione (286), fusarubin (287), 3-O-methylfusarubin (288), javanicin (289)</td><td>S. aureus (MTCC 96), K. pneumonia (MTCC 109), S. pyogenes (MTCC 442), B. subtilis (MTCC 121), B. cereus (IIIM 25), Micrococcus luteus (MTCC 2470) and E. coli (MTCC 730)</td><td>MIC values in the range of &lt;1 to 256 µg/mL.</td><td>[130]</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Fusarubin (287)</td><td>Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv</td><td>MIC, 8 µg/mL,</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3,6,9-Trihydroxy-7-methoxy-4,4-dimethyl-3,4-dihydro-1H-benzo[g]-isochromene-5,10-dione (286), 3-O-methylfusarubin (288), javanicin (289)</td><td></td><td>MIC values of 256, 64, 32 µg/mL</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table 1. Cont.</caption><thead><tr><th>Sr. No.</th><th>Fungus</th><th>Source</th><th>Locality</th><th>Compounds Isolated</th><th>Biological Target</th><th>Biological Activity (MIC/IC<sub>50</sub>/ID<sub>50</sub>)</th><th>Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>112</td><td>Fusarium chlamydosporium</td><td>Anvillea garcinii</td><td>Al-Azhar University, Saudi Arabia</td><td>Fusarithioamide A (290)</td><td>B. cereus, S. aureus, and E. coli</td><td>MICs values of 3.1, 4.4, and 6.9 µg/mL</td><td>[131]</td></tr><tr><td>113</td><td>Fusarium sp.</td><td>Rhoeo spathacea</td><td>Pondok Cabe, Banten, Indonesia.</td><td>Javanicin (289)</td><td>M. tuberculosis and M. phlei</td><td>MIC 25 and 50 µg/mL</td><td>[132]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">114</td><td rowspan="3">Fusarium sp.</td><td rowspan="3">Ficus carica</td><td rowspan="3">Qinling Mountain, Shaanxi Province, China</td><td>Helvolic acid Me ester (291)</td><td rowspan="3">B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa</td><td>MIC, 6.25, 12.5, 6.25, and 3.13 µg/mL</td><td rowspan="3">[133]</td></tr><tr><td>Helvolic acid (100)</td><td>MICs 6.25, 6.25, 6.25, and 3.13 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td>hydrohelvolic acid (292)</td><td>MICs 6.25, 12.5, 6.25, and 3.13 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td>115</td><td>Fusarium sp.</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>Colletorin B (293), 4,5-dihydroascochlorin (294)</td><td>B. megaterium</td><td>5 and 10 mm zone of inhibition at 10 µg/mL concentration of</td><td>[134]</td></tr><tr><td>116</td><td>Fusarium sp.</td><td>Opuntia dillenii</td><td>South-Eastern arid zone of Sri Lanka</td><td>Equisetin (295)</td><td>B. subtilis S. aureus and MRSA.</td><td>MIC, 8 µg/mL MIC, 16 µg/mL</td><td>[135]</td></tr><tr><td>117</td><td>Trichoderma harzianum</td><td>Zingiber officinale</td><td>Banyumas, Central Java, Indonesia</td><td>Pretrichodermamide A (296)</td><td>M. tuberculosis</td><td>MIC, 25 µg/mL (50 µM)</td><td>[136]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">118</td><td rowspan="3">Trichoderma koningiopsis YIM PH30002</td><td rowspan="3">Panax notoginseng</td><td rowspan="3"></td><td>Koninginin W (297), koninginin D (298), 7-O- and koninginin A (301)</td><td>B. subtilis</td><td>MIC of 128 µg/mL.</td><td rowspan="3">[137]</td></tr><tr><td>Koninginin W (297), 7-O-methylkoninginin D (299)</td><td>S. typhimurium</td><td>MIC, 64 and 128 µg/mL;</td></tr><tr><td>Koninginin W (297), koninginin (300)</td><td>E. coli</td><td>MIC of 128 µg/mL.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">119</td><td rowspan="2">Trichoderma virens QA-8</td><td rowspan="2">Artemisia argyi</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td>Trichocarotins I-M (302-306), CAF-603 (307), 7β-hydroxy CAF-603 (308), trichocarotins E-H (309-312), and trichocarane A (313)</td><td>E. coli EMBLC-1,</td><td>MIC values ranging from 0.5 to 32 µg/mL MIC = 0.5 µg/mL</td><td rowspan="2">[138]</td></tr><tr><td>7β-Hydroxy CAF-603 (308)</td><td>Micrococcus luteus QDIO-3</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table 1. *Cont.*</caption><thead><tr><th>Sr. No.</th><th>Fungus</th><th>Source</th><th>Local-ity</th><th>Compounds Isolated</th><th>Biological Target</th><th>Biological Activity (MIC/IC<sub>50</sub>/ID<sub>50</sub>)</th><th>Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="5">120</td><td rowspan="5">Trichoderma koningiopsis QA-3</td><td rowspan="5">Artemisia argyi.</td><td rowspan="5"></td><td>Trichodermaketone E (314), trichopyranone A (316), 3-hydroxyharziandione (317) and 10,11-dihydro-11-hydroxycyclonerodiol (318), harziandione (321)</td><td>E. coli</td><td>MIC values ranging from 0.5 to 64 µg/mL</td><td rowspan="5">[139]</td></tr><tr><td>Trichopyranone A (316), 3-hydroxyharziandione (317), 10,11-dihydro-11-hydroxycyclonerodiol (318), cyclonerodiol (319), 6-(3-hydroxypent-1-en-1-yl)-2H-pyran-2-one (320), harziandione (321)</td><td>M. luteus</td><td>MIC values ranging from 1 to 16 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td>Trichodermaketone E (314), 4-epi-7-O-methylkoninginin D (315), 3-hydroxyharziandione (317), 10,11-dihydro-11-hydroxycyclonerodiol (318), cyclonerodiol (319), 6-(3-hydroxypent-1-en-1-yl)-2H-pyran-2-one (320), harziandione (321)</td><td>P. aeruginosa</td><td>with MIC values ranging from 4 to 16 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td>Trichodermaketone E (314), 10,11-dihydro-11-hydroxycyclonerodiol (318), cyclonerodiol (319), 6-(3-hydroxypent-1-en-1-yl)-2H-pyran-2-one (320), harziandione (321)</td><td>V. parahaemolyticus</td><td>MIC values ranging from 4 to 16 µg/mL.</td></tr><tr><td>3-Hydroxyharziandione (317)</td><td>E. coli</td><td>MIC value of 0.5 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>6-(3-Hydroxypent-1-en-1-yl)-2H-pyran-2-one (320)</td><td>M. luteus</td><td>MIC value of 1 µg/mL</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table 1. Cont.</caption><thead><tr><th>Sr. No.</th><th>Fungus</th><th>Source</th><th>Locality</th><th>Compounds Isolated</th><th>Biological Target</th><th>Biological Activity (MIC/IC<sub>50</sub>/ID<sub>50</sub>)</th><th>Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="2">121</td><td rowspan="2">Trichoderma koningiopsis QA-3</td><td rowspan="2">Artemisia argyi</td><td rowspan="2">Qichun of the Hubei Province, China</td><td>15-Hydroxy-1,4,5,6-tetra-epi-koninginin G (322)</td><td>Vibrio alginolyticus</td><td>MIC, 1 µg/mL</td><td rowspan="2">[140]</td></tr><tr><td>Koninginin U (323), 14-ketokoninginin B (324)</td><td>Vibrio harveyi and Edwardsiella tarda</td><td>MICs 4 and 2 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td>122</td><td>Trichoderma atroviride B7</td><td>Colquhounia coccinea var. mollis</td><td>Kunming Botanical Garden, Yunnan, China</td><td>Harzianol I (325)</td><td>S. aureus, B. subtilis, and M. luteus</td><td>EC<sub>50</sub> 7.7, 7.7, and 9.9 µg/mL</td><td>[141]</td></tr><tr><td>123</td><td>Trichoderma longibrachiatum MD33</td><td>Dendrobium nobile</td><td>Jinshishi, Chishui, China</td><td>Dendrobine (326)</td><td>Bacillus mycoides, B. subtilis, and Staphylococcus</td><td>Zone of inhibition of 9, 12 and 8 mm</td><td>[142]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">124</td><td rowspan="2">Trichoderma virens QA-8,</td><td rowspan="2">Artemisia argyi</td><td rowspan="2">Qichun of Hubei Province in central China</td><td>Trichocadinins B-D and G (327–330)</td><td>E. coli EMBLC-1, Aeromonas hydrophilia QDIO-1, Edwardsiella tarda QDIO-2, E. ictarda QDIO-10, Micrococcus luteus QDIO-3, P. aeruginosa QDIO-4, Vibrio alginolyticus QDIO-5, V. anguillarum QDIO-6, V. harveyi QDIO-7, V. parahemolyticus QDIO-8, and V. vulnificus QDIO-9</td><td>MIC in the range of 8–64 µg/mL</td><td rowspan="2">[143]</td></tr><tr><td>Trichocadinin G (330)</td><td>Ed. tarda and V. anguillarum</td><td>MIC values of 1 and 2 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td>125</td><td>Trichoderma koningiopsis A729</td><td>Morinda officinalis</td><td></td><td>Koninginols A-B (331–332)</td><td>B. subtilis</td><td>MIC values of 10 and 2 µg/mL</td><td>[144]</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table 1. Cont.</caption><thead><tr><th>Sr. No.</th><th>Fungus</th><th>Source</th><th>Locality</th><th>Compounds Isolated</th><th>Biological Target</th><th>Biological Activity (MIC/IC<sub>50</sub>/ID<sub>50</sub>)</th><th>Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="4">126</td><td rowspan="4">Trichoderma koningiopsis QA-3</td><td rowspan="4">Artemisia argyi</td><td rowspan="4">Qichun</td><td>Ent-koninginin A (333)</td><td>V. vulnificus</td><td>MIC, 4 µg/mL</td><td rowspan="4">[145]</td></tr><tr><td>Ent-koninginin A (333), trichoketide A (339)</td><td>E. coli, E. tarda, V. anguillarum, and V. parahemolyticus</td><td>MICs ranging from 8 to 64 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Ent-koninginin A (333), 1,6-di-epi-koninginin A (334), 15-hydroxykoninginin A (335), 10-deacetylkoningiopisin D (336), koninginin T (337), koninginin L (338), trichoketide A (339)</td><td>E. coli</td><td>MIC, 64 µg/mL each</td></tr><tr><td>E. tarda, V. alginolyticus, and V. anguillarum</td><td>MIC values ranging from 4 to 64 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7"><strong>Alternaria</strong></td></tr><tr><td>127</td><td>Alternaria alternata ZHJG5</td><td>Cercis chinensis</td><td></td><td>Isotalaroflavone (340), 4-hydroxyalternariol-9-methyl ether (341), verrulactone A (342)</td><td>Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola and Ralstonia solanacearum (Rs)</td><td>MIC ranging from 0.5 to 64 µg/mL.</td><td>[146]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">128</td><td rowspan="2">Alternaria sp. PfuH1</td><td rowspan="2">Pogostemon cablin (Pacholi).</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td>Alternariol (44), altertoxin VII (343), altenuisol (344)</td><td>S. agalactiae</td><td>MIC, 9.3, 17.3 and 85.3 µg/mL</td><td rowspan="2">[147]</td></tr><tr><td>Altenuisol (344)</td><td>E. coli</td><td>MIC, 128 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">129</td><td rowspan="3">Alternaria alternata ZHJG5</td><td rowspan="3">Cercis chinensis</td><td rowspan="3"></td><td>Alternariol (44), altenuisol (344), alterlactone (345), Dehydroaltenusin (346)</td><td>FabH of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo)</td><td>IC<sub>50</sub> values from 29.5 to 74.1 µM</td><td rowspan="3">[148]</td></tr><tr><td>Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae</td><td>MIC values from 4 to 64 µg/mL.</td></tr><tr><td>Alternariol (44), alterlactone (345)</td><td>Rice bacterial leaf blight</td><td>a protective efficiency of 66.2 and 82.5% at the concentration of 200 µg/mL</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table 1. *Cont.*</caption><thead><tr><th>Sr. No.</th><th>Fungus</th><th>Source</th><th>Locality</th><th>Compounds Isolated</th><th>Biological Target</th><th>Biological Activity (MIC/IC<sub>50</sub>/ID<sub>50</sub>)</th><th>Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="2">130</td><td rowspan="2">Alternaria alternata<br>MGTMMP031</td><td rowspan="2">Vitex negundo</td><td rowspan="2">Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India</td><td rowspan="2">Alternariol Me ether (347)</td><td>B. cereus, Klebsiella pneumoniae</td><td>MIC, 30 µM/L</td><td rowspan="2">[149]</td></tr><tr><td>E. coli, Salmonella typhi, Proteus mirabilis, S. aureus and S. epidermidis</td><td>MIC, 35 µM/L</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">131</td><td rowspan="2">Alternaria alternata</td><td rowspan="2">Grewia asiatica</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td>3,7-Dihydroxy-9-methoxy-2-methyl-6H-benzo[c] chromen-6-one (348)</td><td>S. aureus (ATCC 29213), VRE, and MRSA</td><td>MIC, 32, 32 and 8 µg/mL</td><td rowspan="2">[150]</td></tr><tr><td>Alternariol (44)</td><td>S. aureus (ATCC 29213), VRE, and MRSA</td><td>MIC, 128, 128, and 64 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td>132</td><td>Alternaria sp. Samif01</td><td>Salvia miltiorrhiza</td><td>Beijing Medicinal Plant Garden, Beijing, China</td><td>Altenuisol (344), 4-hydroxyalternariol-9-methyl ether (349) and alternariol (44)</td><td>A. tumefaciens, B. subtilis, Pseudomonas lachrymans, Ralstonia solanacearum, Staphylococcus hemolyticus and Xanthomonas vesicatoria</td><td>MIC values in the range of 86.7–364.7 µM</td><td>[151]</td></tr><tr><td>133</td><td>Alternaria sp. Samif01</td><td>Salvia miltiorrhiza</td><td>Beijing, China</td><td>Alternariol 9-Me ether (347)</td><td>Bacillus subtilis ATCC 11562 and Staphylococcus haemolyticus ATCC 29970, A. tumefaciens ATCC 11158, Pseudomonas lachrymans ATCC 11921, Ralstonia solanacearum ATCC 11696, and Xanthomonas vesicatoria ATCC 11633</td><td>IC<sub>50</sub> values varying from 16.00 to 38.27 g/mL</td><td>[152]</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table 1. Cont.</caption><thead><tr><th>Sr. No.</th><th>Fungus</th><th>Source</th><th>Locality</th><th>Compounds Isolated</th><th>Biological Target</th><th>Biological Activity (MIC/IC<sub>50</sub>/ID<sub>50</sub>)</th><th>Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>134</td><td>Alternaria sp. and Pyrenochaeta sp.,</td><td>Hydrastis canadensis</td><td>William Burch in Hendersonville, North Carolina</td><td>Altersetin (350), macrospelide A (351)</td><td>S. aureus</td><td>MIC, 0.23, and 75 µg/mL</td><td>[153]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">135</td><td rowspan="2">Simplicillium lanosoniveum</td><td rowspan="2">Hevea brasiliensis</td><td rowspan="2">Songkhla Province, Thailand</td><td>Simplicildones K (352)</td><td>S. aureus ATCC25923, MRSA</td><td>MIC, 128µg/mL</td><td rowspan="2">[154]</td></tr><tr><td>Botryorhodine C (353), simplicildones A (354)</td><td>S. aureus ATCC25923, MRSA</td><td>MIC, 32 µg/mL each</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">136</td><td rowspan="2">Simplicillium sp. PSU-H41</td><td rowspan="2">Hevea brasiliensis</td><td rowspan="2">Songkhla Province, Thailand</td><td>Botryorhodine C (353), simplicildone A (354)</td><td>S. aureus</td><td>MIC, 32 µg/mL each</td><td rowspan="2">[155]</td></tr><tr><td>Botryorhodine C (353)</td><td>MRSA</td><td>MIC, 32 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td colspan="8"><strong>Cladosporium</strong></td></tr><tr><td>137</td><td>Cladosporium cladosporioides</td><td>Zygophyllum mandavillei</td><td>Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia</td><td>Isocladosporin (355), 5'-hydroxyasperentin (356), 1-acetyl-17-methoxyaspidospermidin-20-ol (357), and 3-phenylpropionic acid (358)</td><td>Xanthomonas oryzae and Pseudomonas syringae</td><td>MIC values in the range of 7.81 to 125 µg/mL</td><td>[156]</td></tr><tr><td>138</td><td>Cladosporium sphaerospermum WBS017</td><td>Fritillaria unibracteata var. wabuensis</td><td>Western Sichuan Plateau of China</td><td>Cladosin L (359)</td><td>S. aureus ATCC 29213 and S. aureus ATCC 700699</td><td>MICs, 50 and 25 mM,</td><td>[157]</td></tr><tr><td>139</td><td>Cladosporium sp.</td><td>Rauwolfia serpentina</td><td></td><td>Me ether of fusarubin (360)</td><td>S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and B. megaterium</td><td>Zone of inhibition of 27, 25, 24 and 22 mm (40µg/disk)</td><td>[158]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="8"><strong>Pestalotiopsis</strong></td></tr><tr><td>140</td><td>Pestalotiopsis sp. M-23</td><td>Leucosceptrum canum</td><td>Kunming Botanical Garden, China</td><td>11-Dehydro-3a-hydroxyisodrimeninol (361)</td><td>B. subtilis</td><td>IC<sub>50</sub>, 280.27 µM</td><td>[159]</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table 1. *Cont.*</caption><thead><tr><th>Sr. No.</th><th>Fungus</th><th>Source</th><th>Locality</th><th>Compounds Isolated</th><th>Biological Target</th><th>Biological Activity (MIC/IC<sub>50</sub>/ID<sub>50</sub>)</th><th>Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>141</td><td>Pestalotiopsis sp.</td><td>Melaleuca quinquenervia</td><td>Toohey Forest, Queensland, Australia</td><td>(1S,3R)-austrocortirubin (362), (1S,3S)-austrocortirubin (363), 1-deoxyaustrocortirubin (364)</td><td>Gram-pos.</td><td>100 µM</td><td>[160]</td></tr><tr><td>142</td><td>Neopestalotiopsis sp.</td><td></td><td></td><td>Neopestalotins B (365)</td><td>B. subtilis, S. aureus, S. pneumoniae</td><td>MIC, 10, 20, and 20 µg/mL</td><td>[161]</td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="7"><strong>Phoma</strong></td></tr><tr><td>143</td><td>Phoma cucurbitacearum</td><td>Glycyrrhiza glabra</td><td>Jammu (J&K).</td><td>Thiodiketopiperazine derivatives (366) and (367)</td><td>S. aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes</td><td>IC<sub>50</sub>, 10 µM</td><td>[162]</td></tr><tr><td>144</td><td>Phoma sp. JS752</td><td>Phragmites communis</td><td>Seochun, South Korea</td><td>Barceloneic acid C (368)</td><td>Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius</td><td>MIC, 1.02 µg/mL each</td><td>[163]</td></tr><tr><td>145</td><td>Setophoma sp.,</td><td>Psidium guajava fruits</td><td></td><td>Thielavins T (369), U (370) and V (371)</td><td>S. aureus ATCC 25923</td><td>MIC, 6.25, 50, and 25 µg/mL</td><td>[164]</td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="7"><strong>Colletotrichum</strong></td></tr><tr><td>146</td><td>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides B12</td><td>Iligera rhodantha</td><td>Qionghai City, Hainan Province, China</td><td>Colletolides A (372) and B (373), and 3-methyleneis oindolinon (374)</td><td>Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae</td><td>MIC, 128 µg/mL each</td><td>[165]</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Sclerone (375)</td><td>X. oryzae pv. oryzae</td><td>MIC, 64 µg/mL</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Colletotrichones A (376)</td><td>E. coli and B. subtilis</td><td>MIC, 1.0 and 0.1 µg/mL</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>147</td><td>Colletotrichum sp. BS4</td><td>Buxus sinica</td><td>Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China</td><td>Colletotrichone B (377)</td><td>S. aureus (DSM 799)</td><td>MIC, 5.0 µg/mL</td><td>[166]</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Colletotrichone C (378)</td><td>E. coli</td><td>MIC, 5.0 µg/mL</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table 1. *Cont.*</caption><thead><tr><th>Sr. No.</th><th>Fungus</th><th>Source</th><th>Locality</th><th>Compounds Isolated</th><th>Biological Target</th><th>Biological Activity (MIC/IC<sub>50</sub>/ID<sub>50</sub>)</th><th>Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="8">Minor Taxa of Anamorphic Ascomycetes</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5">148</td><td rowspan="5">Rhizopycnis vagum<br/>Nitaf22 (synonym<br/>Acrocaldymma vagum)</td><td rowspan="5">Nicotiana tabacum</td><td rowspan="5">Agricultural<br/>University Beijing<br/>China</td><td>Rhizopycnolide A (379)</td><td>A. tumefaciens, B.<br/>subtilis, and<br/>P. lachrymans</td><td>MICs 100, 75, and<br/>100 µg/mL</td><td rowspan="5">[167]</td></tr><tr><td>Rhizopycnin C (380),<br/>penicilliumolide D (384),<br/>alternariol (44)</td><td>A. tumefaciens, B.<br/>subtilis, Pseudomonas<br/>lachrymans, Ralstonia<br/>solanacearum,<br/>Staphylococcus<br/>hemolyticus, and<br/>Xanthomonas<br/>vesicatoria,</td><td>MICs in the range<br/>25–100 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td>Rhizopycnin D (381)</td><td>A. tumefaciens, B.<br/>subtilis, and R.<br/>solanacearum,<br/>X. vesicatoria</td><td>MIC 50 µg/mL each,<br/>MIC 75 µg/mL.</td></tr><tr><td>Palmariol B (383),<br/>Alternariol<br/>9-methyl ether (347)</td><td>A. tumefaciens, B.<br/>subtilis, P. lachrymans,<br/>R. solanacearum, and<br/>X. vesicatoria,</td><td>IC<sub>50</sub> values in the range<br/>16.7–34.3 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td>TMC-264 (382)</td><td>B. subtilis</td><td>MIC 50 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td>149</td><td>Rhizopycnis vagum<br/>Nitaf22 (synonym<br/>Acrocaldymma vagum)</td><td>Nicotiana tabacum</td><td>China Agricultural<br/>University, Beijing</td><td>Rhizoperemophilane K (385),<br/>1α-hydroxyhydroisofukinon (386),<br/>2-oxo-3-hydroxyeremophila-<br/>1(10),3,7(11), 8-tetraen-8,12-<br/>olide (387)</td><td>A. tumefaciens, B.<br/>subtilis, P. lachrymans,<br/>R. solanacearum,<br/>S. haemolyticus, and<br/>X. vesicatoria,</td><td>MIC, 32~128 µg/mL</td><td>[168]</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table 1. Cont.</caption><thead><tr><th>Sr. No.</th><th>Fungus</th><th>Source</th><th>Locality</th><th>Compounds Isolated</th><th>Biological Target</th><th>Biological Activity (MIC/IC<sub>50</sub>/ID<sub>50</sub>)</th><th>Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="2">150</td><td rowspan="2">Rhizopycnis vagum<br/>Nitaf22 (synonym<br/>Acrocaldymma vagum)</td><td rowspan="2">Nicotiana tabacum</td><td rowspan="2">China Agricultural<br/>University (CAU),<br/>Beijing 100101,<br/>China</td><td>Rhizopycnis acid A (388)</td><td rowspan="2">A. tumefaciens, B.<br/>subtilis, P. lachrymans,<br/>R. solanacearum,<br/>S. hemolyticus and<br/>X. vesicatoria</td><td>MICs, 20.82, 16.11, 23.48,<br/>29.46, 21.11, and<br/>24.31 µg/mL</td><td rowspan="2">[169]</td></tr><tr><td>Rhizopycnis acid B (389)</td><td>MICs, 70.89, 81.28, 21.23,<br/>43.40, 67.61, and<br/>34.86 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">151</td><td rowspan="2">Leptosphaeria sp.<br/>XL026</td><td rowspan="2">Panax notoginseng</td><td rowspan="2">Shijiazhuang, Hebei<br/>province, China</td><td>Leptosphin B (390),<br/>conidiogenone C (391),<br/>conidiogenone D (392),<br/>conidiogenone G (393)</td><td>B. cereus</td><td>MICs 12.5–6.25 µg/mL</td><td rowspan="2">[170]</td></tr><tr><td>Conidiogenone D (392)</td><td>P. aeruginosa</td><td>MIC, 12.5 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td>152</td><td>Lophiostoma sp. Eef-7</td><td>Eucalyptus exserta.</td><td></td><td>Scorpinone (394),<br/>5-deoxybostrycoidin (395)</td><td>Ralstonia solanacearum</td><td>Zone of inhibition of 9.86<br/>and 9.58 mm at 64 µg<br/>concentration</td><td>[171]</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Lophiostoma sp.<br/>Sigrf10</td><td>Siraitia grosvenorii</td><td>Guangxi Province of<br/>China</td><td>(8R,9S)-dihydroisoflavipucine<br/>(396),<br/>(8S,9S)-dihydroisoflavipucine<br/>(397)</td><td>B. subtilis, A.<br/>tumefaciens, Ralstonia<br/>solanacearum, and<br/>Xanthomonas<br/>vesicatoria</td><td>IC<sub>50</sub> in the range of<br/>35.68–44.85 µM</td><td>[172]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">153</td><td rowspan="2">Cytospora<br/>chrysosperma</td><td rowspan="2">Hippophae<br/>rhamnoides</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td>Cytochrysin A (398)</td><td>Enterococcus<br/>faecium</td><td>MIC, 25 µg/mL</td><td rowspan="2">[173]</td></tr><tr><td>Cytochrysin C (399)</td><td>MRSA</td><td>MIC, 25 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">154</td><td rowspan="2">Microsphaeropsis sp.<br/>Seimatosporium sp.</td><td rowspan="2">Salsola oppositifolia</td><td rowspan="2">Gomera, Spain</td><td>Microsphaerol (400)</td><td>B. megaterium and E.<br/>coli,</td><td>Zone of inhibition 8 and<br/>9 mm at 0.05 mg<br/>concentration</td><td rowspan="2">[174]</td></tr><tr><td>Seimatorone (401)</td><td>B. megaterium and E.<br/>coli,</td><td>Zone of inhibition 3 and<br/>7 (partial) mm at a 0.05 mg<br/>concentration</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table 1. *Cont.*</caption><thead><tr><th>Sr. No.</th><th>Fungus</th><th>Source</th><th>Locality</th><th>Compounds Isolated</th><th>Biological Target</th><th>Biological Activity (MIC/IC<sub>50</sub>/ID<sub>50</sub>)</th><th>Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>155</td><td>Epicoccum nigrum<br>MK214079</td><td>Salix sp.</td><td>Caucasus mountains<br>Lago-Naki, Russia</td><td>Epicocconigrone A (402),<br>epipyrone A (403), and<br>epicoccolide B (404)</td><td>S. aureus ATCC 29213</td><td>MIC values ranging from 25 to 50 µM</td><td>[175]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">156</td><td rowspan="4">Epicoccum nigrum</td><td rowspan="4">Entada abyssinica</td><td rowspan="4">Balatchi (Mbouda), in<br>the West region of<br>Cameroon</td><td>p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde (223)</td><td>S. aureus, B. cereus, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli</td><td>MICs 50, 25, 50, and 25 µg/mL</td><td rowspan="4">[176]</td></tr><tr><td>Beauvericin (267)</td><td>S. aureus, B. cereus,<br>and Salmonella<br>typhimurium</td><td>MICs 3.12, 12.5, and<br>12.5 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td>Indole-3-carboxylic acid (405)</td><td>S. aureus and<br>E. faecalis</td><td>MIC values of 6.25 and<br>50 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td>Quinizarin (406)</td><td>S. aureus, B. cereus St</td><td>MIC values of 50 µg/mL<br>each</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">157</td><td rowspan="4">Stemphylium<br>lycopersici</td><td rowspan="4">S. tonkinensis</td><td rowspan="4"></td><td>Xylapeptide B (407)</td><td>B. subtilis, S. aureus<br>and E. coli</td><td>MIC, 12.5, 25 and 25 µg/mL</td><td rowspan="4">[177]</td></tr><tr><td>Cytochalasin E (408)</td><td>B. subtilis, S. aureus, B.<br>anthracis, S.<br>dysenteriae, and E. coli</td><td>MIC 12.5 to 25 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td>6-Heptanoyl-4-methoxy-2H-<br>pyran2-one (409)</td><td>S. paratyphi B</td><td>MIC, 12.5 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td>(-)-5-Carboxymellein (410)</td><td>B. subtilis, S. aureus, B.<br>anthracis, S.<br>dysenteriae, S.<br>paratyphi, E. coli and<br>S. paratyphi B</td><td>MIC values from 12.5 to<br>25 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td>158</td><td>Stemphylium<br>globuliferum,</td><td>Juncus acutus</td><td>Egypt</td><td>Dihydroaltersolanol C (411)</td><td>S. aureus</td><td>MICs of 49.7 µM</td><td>[178]</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table 1. Cont.</caption><thead><tr><th>Sr. No.</th><th>Fungus</th><th>Source</th><th>Locality</th><th>Compounds Isolated</th><th>Biological Target</th><th>Biological Activity (MIC/IC<sub>50</sub>/ID<sub>50</sub>)</th><th>Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>159</td><td>Lecanicillium sp. (BSNB-SG3.7 Strain)</td><td>Sandwithia guyanensis</td><td>St Elie, France.</td><td>Stephensiolides I (412), D (413), G (414), stephensiolide F (415)</td><td>MRSA</td><td>MICs 4, 32, 16 and 32 µg/mL</td><td>[179]</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">160</td><td rowspan="3">Nigrospora sphaerica</td><td rowspan="3">Adiantum philippense</td><td rowspan="3">Western Ghats region near Virajpete, India</td><td rowspan="3">Phomalactone (416)</td><td>E. coli and X. campestris</td><td>MIC 3.12 µg/mL</td><td rowspan="3">[180]</td></tr><tr><td>S. typhi, B. subtilis, B. cereus, and K. pneumonia</td><td>MIC value of 6.25 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td>S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and C. albicans</td><td>MIC of 12.5 µg/mL</td></tr><tr><td>161</td><td>Nigrospora sp. BCC 47789</td><td>Choerospondias axillaris</td><td>Khao Yai National Park, Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand</td><td>Nigrosporone B (417)</td><td>M. tuberculosis, B. cereus and E. faecium</td><td>MICs 172.25, 21.53 and 10.78 µM</td><td>[181]</td></tr><tr><td>162</td><td>Curvularia sorghina BRIP 15900)</td><td>Rauwolfia macrophylla</td><td>Mount Kalla in Cameroon</td><td>2'-Deoxyribolactone (419), hexylitaconic acid (419)</td><td>E. coli, Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas agarici and Staphylococcus warneri</td><td>MIC ranging between 0.17 µg/mL and 0.58 µg/mL</td><td>[182]</td></tr><tr><td>163</td><td>Curvularia lunata</td><td>Paepalanthus chiquitensis</td><td>Serra do Cipó, in Minas Gerais State, Brazil</td><td>Triticones E (420), F (421)</td><td>E. coli,</td><td>MIC 62.5 µg/mL</td><td>[183]</td></tr><tr><td>164</td><td>Bipolaris sp. L1-2</td><td>Lycium barbarum</td><td>Ningxia Province, China</td><td>Cochlioquinones B (422), C (423), isocochlioquinones (424)</td><td>B. subtilis, C. perfringens, and P. viridiflava</td><td>MICs 26 µM</td><td>[184]</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table 1. *Cont.*</caption><thead><tr><th>Sr. No.</th><th>Fungus</th><th>Source</th><th>Locality</th><th>Compounds Isolated</th><th>Biological Target</th><th>Biological Activity (MIC/IC<sub>50</sub>/ID<sub>50</sub>)</th><th>Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>165</td><td>Bipolaris eleusines</td><td>Potatoes</td><td>nursery of Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan China</td><td>(S)-5-Hydroxy-2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-7-methylchromone (425), 5,7-dihydroxyl-2,6,8-trimethylchromone (426)</td><td>Staphylococcus aureus subsp. Aureus</td><td>inhibition rates of 56.3 and 32 %, at the concentration of 128 µg/mL</td><td>[185]</td></tr><tr><td>166</td><td>Bionectria sp. Y1085,</td><td>Huperzia serrata</td><td>Xichou County, Yunnan Province, China</td><td>Bionectin D (427), bionectin E (428), verticillin A (430), sch 52901 (429), gliocladicillin C (431)</td><td>E. coli, S. aureus, and S. typhimurium ATCC 6539,</td><td>MIC values ranging from 6.25-25 µg/mL</td><td>[186]</td></tr><tr><td>167</td><td>Cylindrocarpon sp.,</td><td>Sapium ellipticum</td><td>Haut Plateaux region, Cameroon</td><td>Pyrrocidine A (432)</td><td>S. aureus, ATCC 25923, S. aueus ATCC 700699, S. aueus ATCC 700699, E. faecalis ATCC 29212, E. faecalis ATCC 51299, E. faecium ATCC 35667, E. faecium ATCC 700221</td><td>MIC values ranging from 0.78 to 25 µM</td><td>[187]</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>19-O-Methylpyrrocidine B (433)</td><td>S. aureus ATCC 25923 and ATCC 700699</td><td>MIC, 50 and 25 µM,</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>168</td><td>Eupenicillium sp. LG41.9 treated with HDAC inhibitor, nicotinamide (15 mg/100 mL)</td><td>Xanthium sibiricum</td><td>Taian, Shandong Province, China</td><td>Eupenicinicol C (434)</td><td></td><td></td><td>[188]</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Eupenicinicol D (435),</td><td>S. aureus</td><td>MIC 0.1 µg/mL,</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Eujavanicol A (436)</td><td>E. coli</td><td>MIC 5.0 µg/mL</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Eupenicinicol A (437)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>169</td><td>Dendrothyrium variisporum</td><td>Globularia alypum</td><td>Ain Touta, Batna 05000, Algeria</td><td>2-Phenylethyl 3-hydroxyanthranilate (438)</td><td>B. subtilis and M. luteus</td><td>MICs 8.33 and 16.66 µg/mL</td><td>[189]</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2-Phenylethyl anthranilate (439)</td><td>B. subtilis and M. luteus</td><td>66.67 µg/mL each</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>