<table><caption>**Table E.1.** Abundances of *Gaia* BH3 from UVES spectrum.</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Ion</th><th rowspan="2">N<sub>lines</sub></th><th rowspan="2">A(X)</th><th rowspan="2">[X/H]</th><th colspan="2">σ<sub>A(X)</sub></th><th rowspan="2">NLTE<br>corr.</th></tr><tr><th>(1)</th><th>(2)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>C I</td><td>...</td><td>6.11</td><td>-2.39</td><td>0.10</td><td>0.17</td><td>...</td></tr><tr><td>Mg I</td><td>5</td><td>5.46</td><td>-2.08</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.06<sup>a</sup></td></tr><tr><td>Ca I</td><td>20</td><td>4.13</td><td>-2.20</td><td>0.10</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.14<sup>b</sup></td></tr><tr><td>Sc II</td><td>6</td><td>0.76</td><td>-2.34</td><td>0.11</td><td>0.03</td><td>...</td></tr><tr><td>Ti I</td><td>17</td><td>2.67</td><td>-2.23</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.11</td><td>...</td></tr><tr><td>Ti II</td><td>26</td><td>2.80</td><td>-2.10</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.04</td><td>...</td></tr><tr><td>V I</td><td>3</td><td>1.34</td><td>-2.66</td><td>0.13</td><td>0.10</td><td>...</td></tr><tr><td>V II</td><td>6</td><td>1.61</td><td>-2.39</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.03</td><td>...</td></tr><tr><td>Cr I</td><td>5</td><td>2.86</td><td>-2.78</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.08</td><td>...</td></tr><tr><td>Cr II</td><td>3</td><td>3.23</td><td>-2.41</td><td>0.06</td><td>0.03</td><td>...</td></tr><tr><td>Mn I</td><td>7</td><td>2.45</td><td>-2.92</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.04</td><td>...</td></tr><tr><td>Mn II</td><td>1</td><td>2.79</td><td>-2.58</td><td>...</td><td>0.08</td><td>...</td></tr><tr><td>Fe I</td><td>223</td><td>4.96</td><td>-2.56</td><td>0.12</td><td>0.08</td><td>0.10<sup>c</sup></td></tr><tr><td>Fe II</td><td>15</td><td>5.03</td><td>-2.49</td><td>0.13</td><td>0.01</td><td>...</td></tr><tr><td>Co I</td><td>7</td><td>2.62</td><td>-2.30</td><td>0.09</td><td>0.11</td><td>...</td></tr><tr><td>Ni I</td><td>18</td><td>3.68</td><td>-2.55</td><td>0.12</td><td>0.06</td><td>...</td></tr><tr><td>Zn I</td><td>1</td><td>2.22</td><td>-2.40</td><td>...</td><td>0.02</td><td>0.12<sup>d</sup></td></tr><tr><td>Sr II</td><td>2</td><td>0.50</td><td>-2.42</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.08</td><td>...</td></tr><tr><td>Y II</td><td>10</td><td>-0.44</td><td>-2.65</td><td>0.16</td><td>0.05</td><td>...</td></tr><tr><td>Zr II</td><td>6</td><td>0.34</td><td>-2.28</td><td>0.12</td><td>0.05</td><td>...</td></tr><tr><td>Ba II</td><td>4</td><td>-0.28</td><td>-2.45</td><td>0.13</td><td>0.06</td><td>-0.10<sup>e</sup></td></tr><tr><td>La II</td><td>4</td><td>-1.22</td><td>-2.36</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.05</td><td>...</td></tr><tr><td>Eu II</td><td>1</td><td>-1.45</td><td>-1.97</td><td>...</td><td>0.05</td><td>...</td></tr></tbody></table>

**Notes.** The values A(X) are expressed in the form A(X) = log(X/H) + 12, while [X/H] = log (A(X)/A(X)<sub>0</sub>). The uncertainties on the abundances (σ<sub>A(X)</sub>) are reported as (1) line-to-line dispersion or (2) effect of T<sub>eff</sub> uncertainty. NLTE corrections are from <sup>a</sup>Bergemann et al. (2017)<sup>b</sup>Mashonkina et al. (2007) <sup>c</sup>Bergemann et al. (2012) <sup>d</sup>Sitnova et al. (2022) <sup>e</sup>Korotin et al. (2015)

## Appendix E: Abundances

We estimated the metallicity and abundances of the luminous component of *Gaia* BH3 from the UVES spectrum, which is of higher quality than our HERMES and SOPHIE spectra.

The abundances were derived with the code MyGIsFOS (Sbordone et al. 2014), with the exception of those for C, Ba and Eu; the carbon abundance was derived by fitting the Fraunhofer G-band of the CH molecule, while line-profile fitting was used to determine Ba and Eu abundances. The resulting values are listed in Table E.1. In the table, we provide the line-to-line scatter and the variation of the abundance corresponding to the uncertainty on the effective temperature. We adopted the solar abundances for C, Fe and Eu from Caffau et al. (2011), and those from Lodders et al. (2009) for the other elements. We derived a value of 1.19 km s<sup>-1</sup> for the micro-turbulence, by forcing the same Fe abundance from Fe I lines of different equivalent width.

We sought the non-local thermal equilibrium (NLTE) correction for Mg I and Ca I in Kovalev et al. (2018). For the four Mg I lines available, we derived a NLTE correction of 0.06. Eleven lines of Ca I provided a NLTE correction of 0.15. The five Cr I lines available in the database provide a large NLTE correction: 0.46. For the Mn I features, the NLTE correction is 0.54. The 67 Fe I lines available provide a mean NLTE correction of 0.1. The NLTE effect on the Zn I line at 481 nm in Sitnova et al. (2022) and the Ba in Korotin et al. (2015) are small (see Table E.1).

The [Fe/H] ratio we derived from the UVES spectrum ([Fe/H] = -2.56 ± 0.12 from 223 Fe I lines) is in perfect agree-

<figure><img src="image_10.png" /><figcaption>**Fig. E.1.** Residual intensity of the *Gaia* BH3 UVES spectrum (black line) compared with the modelled spectrum (thin red line) in the Eu region.</figcaption></figure>

ment with the value derived from the SOPHIE spectrum ([Fe/H] = -2.57 ± 0.12 from 121 Fe I lines) and from the HERMES spectrum ([Fe/H] = -2.54 ± 0.14 from 156 Fe I lines). A good agreement was also obtained for the other elements, whose abundance is based on several lines. The star, as expected for the metal-poor regime, is enhanced in α elements.

There is no trace of <sup>13</sup>C in the spectrum, so the star has not been enriched by material processed in the CNO cycle, as it would if it had, for instance, accreted material from a companion star in the AGB phase.

The star has no chemical peculiarity, except a slight enhancement in Eu: [Eu/Fe] = 0.52. When coupled with [Ba/Fe] = 0.11, this classifies this star as an r-I neutron-capture-rich star, following the classification of Beers & Christlieb (2005). The UVES spectrum in the region of the Eu is shown in Fig. E.1.

According to the stellar parameters, the star is expected to have a Li abundance on the Mucciarelli plateau (see Mucciarelli et al. 2012). At the wavelength of the Li feature at 607 nm, we see an absorption line compatible with an abundance of A(Li) = 1.2, but the shape is not comparable with the synthetic spectrum, showing an absorption on the blue side of the feature. The Li feature is also visible in the SOPHIE spectrum, but with a lower S/N than in the UVES spectrum, while the S/N of the HERMES spectrum at 760 nm is too low.

## Appendix F: Acknowledgements

This work presents results from the European Space Agency (ESA) space mission *Gaia*. *Gaia* data are being processed by the *Gaia* Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC). Funding for the DPAC is provided by national institutions, in particular the institutions participating in the *Gaia* MultiLat-eral Agreement (MLA). The *Gaia* mission website is https://www.cosmos.esa.int/gaia. The *Gaia* archive website is https://archives.esac.esa.int/gaia.

The *Gaia* mission and data processing have financially been supported by, in alphabetical order by country:

- the Algerian Centre de Recherche en Astronomie, Astronomique et Géophysique of Bouzareah Observatory;

- the Australian Research Council (ARC) through an Australian Laureate Fellowship (awarded to Prof. Joss Bland-Hawthorn);
- the Austrian Fonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung (FWF) Hertha FPROGRAMME through grants T359, P20046, and P23737;

- the BELgian federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO) for the provision of financial support in the framework of the PRODEX Programme of the European Space Agency (ESA), the Research Foundation Flanders (Fonds Weten-schappelijk Onderzoek) through grant VS.091.16N, the Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS), and the Research Council of Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven through grant C16/18/005 (Pushing AsteRoseismology to the next level with TESS, GaiA, and the Sloan Digital Sky SurvEy - PARADISE);

- the Brazil-France exchange programmes Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) - Comité Français d'Evaluation de la Coopération Universitaire et Scientifique avec le Brésil (COFECUB);

- the Chilean Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (ANID) through Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (FONDECYT) Regular Project 1210992 (L. Chemin);

- the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) through grants 11573054, 11703065, and 12173069, the China Scholarship Council through grant 201806040200, and the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai through grant 21ZR1474100;

- the Tenure Track Pilot Programme of the Croatian Science Foundation and the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and the project TTP-2018-07-1171 'Mining the Variable Sky', with the funds of the Croatian-Swiss Research Programme;

- the Czech-Republic Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sports through grant LG 15010 and INTER-EXCELLENCE grant LTAUSA18093, and the Czech Space Office through ESA PECS contract 98058;

- the Danish Ministry of Science;

- the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research through grant IUT40-1;

- the European Commission's Sixth Framework Programme through the European Leadership in Space Astrometry (ELSA) Marie Curie Research Training Network (MRTN-CT-2006-033481), through Marie Curie project PIOF-GA-2009-255267 (Space AstroSeismology & RR Lyrae stars, SAS-RRL), and through a Marie Curie Transfer-of-Knowledge (ToK) fellowship (MTKD-CT-2004-014188); the European Commission's Seventh Framework Programme through grant FP7-606740 (FP7-SPACE-2013-1) for the Gaia European Network for Improved data User Services (GENIUS) and through grant 264895 for the Gaia Research for European Astronomy Training (GREAT-ITN) network;

- the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) through COST Action CA18104 'Revealing the Milky Way with Gaia (MW-Gaia)';

- the European Research Council (ERC) through grants 320360 (The Gaia-ESO Milky Way Survey), 647208 (Do intermediate-mass black holes exist?), 687378 (Small Bodies: Near and Far), 682115 (Using the Magellanic Clouds to Understand the Interaction of Galaxies), 695099 (A sub-percent distance scale from binaries and Cepheids - Cep-Bin), 745617 (Our Galaxy at full HD - Gal-HD), 834148 (Accelerating Galactic Archeology), 895174 (The build-up and fate of self-gravitating systems in the Universe), 947660

(Measuring Hubble's Constant to 1% with Pulsating Stars – H1PStars), 951549 (Sub-percent calibration of the extra-galactic distance scale in the era of big surveys – UniverseScale), 101004214 (Innovative Scientific Data Exploration and Exploitation Applications for Space Sciences – EXPLORE), 101004719 (OPTICON-RadioNET Pilot), 101055318 (The 3D motion of the Interstellar Medium with ESO and ESA telescopes – ISM-FLOW), 101063193 (Evolutionary Mechanisms in the Milky Way: the Gaia Data Release 3 revolution – Emmy), 101093572 (StarDance: the non-canonical evolution of stars in clusters) and 101135205 (HORIZON-CL4-2023-SPACE-01-71 SPACIOUS project);

- the European Science Foundation (ESF), in the framework of the Gaia Research for European Astronomy Training Research Network Programme (GREAT-ESF);

- the European Space Agency (ESA) in the framework of the Gaia project, through the Plan for European Cooperating States (PECS) programme through contracts C98090 and 4000106398/12/NL/KML for Hungary, through contract 4000115263/15/NL/IB for Germany, through PROgramme de Développement d'Expériences scientifiques (PRODEX) Experiment Arrangement grants 4000132054 for Hungary, 4000142234 (Inference of radial velocities from astrometric stellar data - ASTRO2RV) and 4000138941 (Gaia Astrometric Microlensing Events - GAME) for Slovenia and through contract 4000132226/20/ES/CM;

- the Research Council of Finland through grants 336546 and 345115 and Waldemar von Frenckells stiftelse;

- the French Centre National d'Études Spatiales (CNES), the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) through grant ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 for the 'Investissements d'avenir' programme, through grant ANR-15-CE31-0007 for project 'Modelling the Milky Way in the Gaia era' (MOD4Gaia), through grant ANR-14-CE33-0014-01 for project 'The Milky Way disc formation in the Gaia era' (ARCHEOGAL), through grant ANR-15-CE31-0012-01 for project 'Unlocking the potential of Cepheids as primary distance calibrators' (UnlockCepheids), through grant ANR-19-CE31-0017 for project 'Secular evolution of galaxies' (SEGAL), and through grant ANR-18-CE31-0006 for project 'Galactic Dark Matter' (GaDaMa), the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and its SNO Gaia of the Institut des Sciences de l'Univers (INSU), its Programmes Nationaux: Cosmologie et Galaxies (PNCG), Gravitation Références Astronomie Métrologie (PNGRAM), Planétologie (PNP), Physique et Chimie du Milieu Interstellaire (PCMI), and Physique Stellaire (PNPS), supported by INSU along with the Institut National de Physique (INP) and the Institut National de Physique nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3), and co-funded by CNES; the 'Action Fédératrice Gaia' of the Observatoire de Paris, and the Région de Franche-Comté;

- the German Aerospace Agency (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V., DLR) through grants 50QG0501, 50QG0601, 50QG0602, 50QG0701, 50QG0901, 50QG1001, 50QG1101, 50QG1401, 50QG1402, 50QG1403, 50QG1404, 50QG1904, 50QG2101, 50QG2102, and 50QG2202, and the Centre for Information Services and High Performance Computing (ZIH) at the Technische Universität Dresden for generous allocations of computer time;

- the Hungarian Academy of Sciences through the János Bolyai Research Scholarship (G. Marton and Z. Nagy) and the Hungarian National Research, Develop-
- the Austrian Fonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung (FWF) Hertha FPROGRAMME through grants T359, P20046, and P23737;

- the BELgian federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO) for the provision of financial support in the framework of the PRODEX Programme of the European Space Agency (ESA), the Research Foundation Flanders (Fonds Weten-schappelijk Onderzoek) through grant VS.091.16N, the Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS), and the Research Council of Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven through grant C16/18/005 (Pushing AsteRoseismology to the next level with TESS, GaiA, and the Sloan Digital Sky SurvEy - PARADISE);

- the Brazil-France exchange programmes Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) - Comité Français d'Evaluation de la Coopération Universitaire et Scientifique avec le Brésil (COFECUB);

- the Chilean Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (ANID) through Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (FONDECYT) Regular Project 1210992 (L. Chemin);

- the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) through grants 11573054, 11703065, and 12173069, the China Scholarship Council through grant 201806040200, and the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai through grant 21ZR1474100;

- the Tenure Track Pilot Programme of the Croatian Science Foundation and the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and the project TTP-2018-07-1171 'Mining the Variable Sky', with the funds of the Croatian-Swiss Research Programme;

- the Czech-Republic Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sports through grant LG 15010 and INTER-EXCELLENCE grant LTAUSA18093, and the Czech Space Office through ESA PECS contract 98058;

- the Danish Ministry of Science;

- the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research through grant IUT40-1;

- the European Commission's Sixth Framework Programme through the European Leadership in Space Astrometry (ELSA) Marie Curie Research Training Network (MRTN-CT-2006-033481), through Marie Curie project PIOF-GA-2009-255267 (Space AsteroSeismology & RR Lyrae stars, SAS-RRL), and through a Marie Curie Transfer-of-Knowledge (ToK) fellowship (MTKD-CT-2004-014188); the European Commission's Seventh Framework Programme through grant FP7-606740 (FP7-SPACE-2013-1) for the Gaia European Network for Improved data User Services (GENIUS) and through grant 264895 for the Gaia Research for European Astronomy Training (GREAT-ITN) network;

- the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) through COST Action CA18104 'Revealing the Milky Way with Gaia (MW-Gaia)';

- the European Research Council (ERC) through grants 320360 (The Gaia-ESO Milky Way Survey), 647208 (Do intermediate-mass black holes exist?), 687378 (Small Bodies: Near and Far), 682115 (Using the Magellanic Clouds to Understand the Interaction of Galaxies), 695099 (A sub-percent distance scale from binaries and Cepheids - Cep-Bin), 745617 (Our Galaxy at full HD - Gal-HD), 834148 (Accelerating Galactic Archeology), 895174 (The build-up and fate of self-gravitating systems in the Universe), 947660

(Measuring Hubble's Constant to 1% with Pulsating Stars – H1PStars), 951549 (Sub-percent calibration of the extra-galactic distance scale in the era of big surveys – UniverseScale), 101004214 (Innovative Scientific Data Exploration and Exploitation Applications for Space Sciences – EXPLORE), 101004719 (OPTICON-RadioNET Pilot), 101055318 (The 3D motion of the Interstellar Medium with ESO and ESA telescopes – ISM-FLOW), 101063193 (Evolutionary Mechanisms in the Milky Way: the Gaia Data Release 3 revolution – Emmy), 101093572 (StarDance: the non-canonical evolution of stars in clusters) and 101135205 (HORIZON-CL4-2023-SPACE-01-71 SPACIOUS project);

- the European Science Foundation (ESF), in the framework of the Gaia Research for European Astronomy Training Research Network Programme (GREAT-ESF);

- the European Space Agency (ESA) in the framework of the Gaia project, through the Plan for European Cooperating States (PECS) programme through contracts C98090 and 4000106398/12/NL/KML for Hungary, through contract 4000115263/15/NL/IB for Germany, through PROgramme de Développement d'Expériences scientifiques (PRODEX) Experiment Arrangement grants 4000132054 for Hungary, 4000142234 (Inference of radial velocities from astrometric stellar data - ASTRO2RV) and 4000138941 (Gaia Astrometric Microlensing Events - GAME) for Slovenia and through contract 4000132226/20/ES/CM;

- the Research Council of Finland through grants 336546 and 345115 and Waldemar von Frenckells stiftelse;

- the French Centre National d'Études Spatiales (CNES), the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) through grant ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 for the 'Investissements d'avenir' programme, through grant ANR-15-CE31-0007 for project 'Modelling the Milky Way in the Gaia era' (MOD4Gaia), through grant ANR-14-CE33-0014-01 for project 'The Milky Way disc formation in the Gaia era' (ARCHEOGAL), through grant ANR-15-CE31-0012-01 for project 'Unlocking the potential of Cepheids as primary distance calibrators' (UnlockCepheids), through grant ANR-19-CE31-0017 for project 'Secular evolution of galaxies' (SEGAL), and through grant ANR-18-CE31-0006 for project 'Galactic Dark Matter' (GaDaMa), the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and its SNO Gaia of the Institut des Sciences de l'Univers (INSU), its Programmes Nationaux: Cosmologie et Galaxies (PNCG), Gravitation Références Astronomie Métrologie (PNGRAM), Planétologie (PNP), Physique et Chimie du Milieu Interstellaire (PCMI), and Physique Stellaire (PNPS), supported by INSU along with the Institut National de Physique (INP) and the Institut National de Physique nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3), and co-funded by CNES; the 'Action Fédératrice Gaia' of the Observatoire de Paris, and the Région de Franche-Comté;

- the German Aerospace Agency (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V., DLR) through grants 50QG0501, 50QG0601, 50QG0602, 50QG0701, 50QG0901, 50QG1001, 50QG1101, 50QG1401, 50QG1402, 50QG1403, 50QG1404, 50QG1904, 50QG2101, 50QG2102, and 50QG2202, and the Centre for Information Services and High Performance Computing (ZIH) at the Technische Universität Dresden for generous allocations of computer time;

- the Hungarian Academy of Sciences through the János Bolyai Research Scholarship (G. Marton and Z. Nagy) and the Hungarian National Research, Develop-
ment, and Innovation Office (NKFIH) through grants KKP-137523 ('SeismoLab'), OTKA FK 146023 and TKP2021-NKTA-64;

- the Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) through a Royal Society - SFI University Research Fellowship (M. Fraser);

- the Israel Ministry of Science and Technology through grant 3-18143 and the Israel Science Foundation (ISF) through grant 1404/22;

- the Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) through contracts I/037/08/0, I/058/10/0, 2014-025-R.0, 2014-025-R.1.2015, and 2018-24-HH.0 and its addendum 2018-24-HH.1-2022 to the Italian Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), contract 2014-049-R.0/1/2, 2022-14-HH.0 to INAF for the Space Science Data Centre (SSDC, formerly known as the ASI Science Data Center, ASDC), contracts I/008/10/0, 2013/030/I.0, 2013-030-I.0.1-2015, and 2016-17-I.0 to the Aerospace Logistics Technology Engineering Company (ALTEC S.p.A.), INAF, and the Italian Ministry of Education, University, and Research (Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca) through the Premiale project 'Mining The Cosmos Big Data and Innovative Italian Technology for Frontier Astrophysics and Cosmology' (MITiC);

- the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) through grant NWO-M-614.061.414, through a VICI grant (A. Helmi), and through a Spinoza prize (A. Helmi), and the Netherlands Research School for Astronomy (NOVA);

- the Polish National Science Centre through HARMONIA grant 2018/30/M/ST9/00311 and DAINA grant 2017/27/L/ST9/03221; the Ministry of Science and Higher Education (MNiSW) through grant DIR/WK/2018/12; the Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange through BEKKER fellowship BPN/BEK/2022/1/00106;

- the Portuguese Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) through national funds, grants 2022.06962.PTDC and 2022.03993.PTDC, and work contract DL 57/2016/CP1364/CT0006, grants UIDB/04434/2020 and UIDP/04434/2020 for the Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço (IA), grants UIDB/00408/2020 and UIDP/00408/2020 for LASIGE, and grants UIDB/00099/2020 and UIDP/00099/2020 for the Centro de Astrofísica e Gravitação (CENTRA);

- the Slovenian Research Agency through grants P1-0188, P1-0031, I0-0033, J1-8136, J1-2460 and N1-0344;

- the Spanish Ministry of Economy (MINECO/FEDER, UE), the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MCIN), the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sports, and the Spanish Government through grants BES-2016-078499, BES-2017-083126, BES-C-2017-0085, ESP2016-80079-C2-1-R, FPU16/03827, RTI2018-095076-B-C22, PID2021-122842OB-C22, PDC2021-121059-C22, and TIN2015-65316-P ('Computación de Altas Prestaciones VII'), the Juan de la Cierva Incorporación Programme (FJCI-2015-2671 and IJC2019-04862-I for F. Anders), the Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence Programme (SEV2015-0493) and MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/EU FEDER and Next Generation EU/PRTR (PRTR-C17.I1 and CNS2022-135232); the European Union through European Regional Development Fund 'A way of making Europe' through grants PID2021-122842OB-C21 and PID2021-125451NA-I00, the Institute of Cosmos Sciences University of Barcelona (ICCUB, Unidad de Excelencia 'María de Maeztu') through grant CEX2019-000918-M, the University of Barcelona's official doctoral programme for the development of an R+D+i project

through an Ajuts de Personal Investigador en Formació (APIF) grant, the Spanish Virtual Observatory project funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/ through grant PID2020-112949GB-I00; the Centro de Investigación en Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones (CITIC), funded by the Xunta de Galicia through the collaboration agreement to reinforce CIGUS research centers, research consolidation grant ED431B 2021/36 and scholarships from Xunta de Galicia and the EU - ESF ED481A-2019/155 and ED481A 2021/296; the Red Española de Supercomputación (RES) computer resources at MareNostrum, the Barcelona Supercomputing Centre - Centro Nacional de Supercomputación (BSC-CNS) through activities AECT-2017-2-0002, AECT-2017-3-0006, AECT-2018-1-0017, AECT-2018-2-0013, AECT-2018-3-0011, AECT-2019-1-0010, AECT-2019-2-0014, AECT-2019-3-0003, AECT-2020-1-0004, and DATA-2020-1-0010, the Departament d'Innovació, Universitats i Empresa de la Generalitat de Catalunya through grant 2014-SGR-1051 for project 'Models de Programació i Entorns d'Execució Parallels' (MPEXPAR), and Ramon y Cajal Fellowships RYC2018-025968-I, RYC2021-031683-I and RYC2021-033762-I, funded by MICIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by the European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR and the European Science Foundation ('Investing in your future'); the Port d'Informació Científica (PIC), through a collaboration between the Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT) and the Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), supported by the grant EQC2021-007479-P funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by the "European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR", and also by MICIIN with funding from European Union NextGenerationEU(PRTR-C17.I1) and by Generalitat de Catalunya;

- the Swedish National Space Agency (SNSA/Rydmstyrelsen);

- the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research, and Innovation through the Swiss Activités Nationales Complémentaires and the Swiss National Science Foundation through an Eccellenza Professorial Fellowship (award PCEFP2_194638 for R.I. Anderson) and in the framework of the National Centre of Competence in Research PlanetS under grants 51NF40_182901 and 51NF40_205606;

- the United Kingdom Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council (PPARC), the United Kingdom Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), and the United Kingdom Space Agency (UKSA) through the following grants to the University of Bristol, Brunel University London, the Open University, the University of Cambridge, the University of Edinburgh, the University of Hertfordshire, the University of Leicester, the Mullard Space Sciences Laboratory of University College London, and the United Kingdom Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL): PP/D006503/1, PP/D006511/1, PP/D006546/1, PP/D006570/1, PP/D006791/1, ST/I000852/1, ST/J005045/1, ST/K00056X/1, ST/K000209/1, ST/K000756/1, ST/K000578/1, ST/L002388/1, ST/L006553/1, ST/L006561/1, ST/N000595/1, ST/N000641/1, ST/N000978/1, ST/N001117/1, ST/S000089/1, ST/S000976/1, ST/S000984/1, ST/S001123/1, ST/S001948/1, ST/S001980/1, ST/V000969/1, EP/V520342/1, ST/W002469/1, ST/W002493/1, ST/W002671/1, ST/W002809/1, ST/W507490/1,
ment, and Innovation Office (NKFIH) through grants KKP-137523 ('SeismoLab'), OTKA FK 146023 and TKP2021-NKTA-64;

- the Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) through a Royal Society - SFI University Research Fellowship (M. Fraser);

- the Israel Ministry of Science and Technology through grant 3-18143 and the Israel Science Foundation (ISF) through grant 1404/22;

- the Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) through contracts I/037/08/0, I/058/10/0, 2014-025-R.0, 2014-025-R.1.2015, and 2018-24-HH.0 and its addendum 2018-24-HH.1-2022 to the Italian Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), contract 2014-049-R.0/1/2, 2022-14-HH.0 to INAF for the Space Science Data Centre (SSDC, formerly known as the ASI Science Data Center, ASDC), contracts I/008/10/0, 2013/030/I.0, 2013-030-I.0.1-2015, and 2016-17-I.0 to the Aerospace Logistics Technology Engineering Company (ALTEC S.p.A.), INAF, and the Italian Ministry of Education, University, and Research (Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca) through the Premiale project 'Mining The Cosmos Big Data and Innovative Italian Technology for Frontier Astrophysics and Cosmology' (MITiC);

- the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) through grant NWO-M-614.061.414, through a VICI grant (A. Helmi), and through a Spinoza prize (A. Helmi), and the Netherlands Research School for Astronomy (NOVA);

- the Polish National Science Centre through HARMONIA grant 2018/30/M/ST9/00311 and DAINA grant 2017/27/L/ST9/03221; the Ministry of Science and Higher Education (MNiSW) through grant DIR/WK/2018/12; the Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange through BEKKER fellowship BPN/BEK/2022/1/00106;

- the Portuguese Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) through national funds, grants 2022.06962.PTDC and 2022.03993.PTDC, and work contract DL 57/2016/CP1364/CT0006, grants UIDB/04434/2020 and UIDP/04434/2020 for the Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço (IA), grants UIDB/00408/2020 and UIDP/00408/2020 for LASIGE, and grants UIDB/00099/2020 and UIDP/00099/2020 for the Centro de Astrofísica e Gravitação (CENTRA);

- the Slovenian Research Agency through grants P1-0188, P1-0031, I0-0033, J1-8136, J1-2460 and N1-0344;

- the Spanish Ministry of Economy (MINECO/FEDER, UE), the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MCIN), the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sports, and the Spanish Government through grants BES-2016-078499, BES-2017-083126, BES-C-2017-0085, ESP2016-80079-C2-1-R, FPU16/03827, RTI2018-095076-B-C22, PID2021-122842OB-C22, PDC2021-121059-C22, and TIN2015-65316-P ('Computación de Altas Prestaciones VII'), the Juan de la Cierva Incorporación Programme (FJCI-2015-2671 and IJC2019-04862-I for F. Anders), the Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence Programme (SEV2015-0493) and MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/EU FEDER and Next Generation EU/PRTR (PRTR-C17.I1 and CNS2022-135232); the European Union through European Regional Development Fund 'A way of making Europe' through grants PID2021-122842OB-C21 and PID2021-125451NA-I00, the Institute of Cosmos Sciences University of Barcelona (ICCUB, Unidad de Excelencia 'María de Maeztu') through grant CEX2019-000918-M, the University of Barcelona's official doctoral programme for the development of an R+D+i project

through an Ajuts de Personal Investigador en Formació (APIF) grant, the Spanish Virtual Observatory project funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/ through grant PID2020-112949GB-I00; the Centro de Investigación en Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones (CITIC), funded by the Xunta de Galicia through the collaboration agreement to reinforce CIGUS research centers, research consolidation grant ED431B 2021/36 and scholarships from Xunta de Galicia and the EU - ESF ED481A-2019/155 and ED481A 2021/296; the Red Española de Supercomputación (RES) computer resources at MareNostrum, the Barcelona Supercomputing Centre - Centro Nacional de Supercomputación (BSC-CNS) through activities AECT-2017-2-0002, AECT-2017-3-0006, AECT-2018-1-0017, AECT-2018-2-0013, AECT-2018-3-0011, AECT-2019-1-0010, AECT-2019-2-0014, AECT-2019-3-0003, AECT-2020-1-0004, and DATA-2020-1-0010, the Departament d'Innovació, Universitats i Empresa de la Generalitat de Catalunya through grant 2014-SGR-1051 for project 'Models de Programació i Entorns d'Execució Parallels' (MPEXPAR), and Ramon y Cajal Fellowships RYC2018-025968-I, RYC2021-031683-I and RYC2021-033762-I, funded by MICIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by the European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR and the European Science Foundation ('Investing in your future'); the Port d'Informació Científica (PIC), through a collaboration between the Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT) and the Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), supported by the grant EQC2021-007479-P funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by the "European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR", and also by MICIIN with funding from European Union NextGenerationEU(PRTR-C17.I1) and by Generalitat de Catalunya;

- the Swedish National Space Agency (SNSA/Rydmstyrelsen);

- the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research, and Innovation through the Swiss Activités Nationales Complémentaires and the Swiss National Science Foundation through an Eccellenza Professorial Fellowship (award PCEFP2_194638 for R.I. Anderson) and in the framework of the National Centre of Competence in Research PlanetS under grants 51NF40_182901 and 51NF40_205606;

- the United Kingdom Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council (PPARC), the United Kingdom Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), and the United Kingdom Space Agency (UKSA) through the following grants to the University of Bristol, Brunel University London, the Open University, the University of Cambridge, the University of Edinburgh, the University of Hertfordshire, the University of Leicester, the Mullard Space Sciences Laboratory of University College London, and the United Kingdom Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL): PP/D006503/1, PP/D006511/1, PP/D006546/1, PP/D006570/1, PP/D006791/1, ST/I000852/1, ST/J005045/1, ST/K00056X/1, ST/K000209/1, ST/K000756/1, ST/K000578/1, ST/L002388/1, ST/L006553/1, ST/L006561/1, ST/N000595/1, ST/N000641/1, ST/N000978/1, ST/N001117/1, ST/S000089/1, ST/S000976/1, ST/S000984/1, ST/S001123/1, ST/S001948/1, ST/S001980/1, ST/V000969/1, EP/V520342/1, ST/W002469/1, ST/W002493/1, ST/W002671/1, ST/W002809/1, ST/W507490/1,
ST/X00158X/1, ST/X001601/1, ST/X001636/1, ST/X001687/1, ST/X002667/1, ST/X002683/1 and ST/X002969/1.

The Gaia project and data processing have made use of:

- the Set of Identifications, Measurements, and Bibliography for Astronomical Data (SIMBAD, Wenger et al. 2000), the 'Aladin sky atlas' (Bonnarel et al. 2000; Boch & Fernique 2014), and the VizieR catalogue access tool (Ochsenbein et al. 2000), all operated at the Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg (CDS);

- the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Astrophysics Data System (ADS);

- the SSpace ENVironment Information System (SPENVIS), initiated by the Space Environment and Effects Section (TEC-EES) of ESA and developed by the Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB) under ESA contract through ESA's General Support Technologies Programme (GSTP), administered by the BELgian federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO);

- the software products TOPCAT, STIL, and STILTS (Taylor 2005, 2006);

- Matplotlib (Hunter 2007);

- IPython (Pérez & Granger 2007);

- Astropy, a community-developed core Python package for Astronomy (Astropy Collaboration et al. 2018);

- R (R Core Team 2013);

- the HEALPix package (Górski et al. 2005, http://healpix.sourceforge.net/);

- Vaex (Breddels & Veljanoski 2018);

- the HIPPARCOS-2 catalogue (van Leeuwen 2007). The HIPPARCOS and *Tycho* catalogues were constructed under the responsibility of large scientific teams collaborating with ESA. The Consortia Leaders were Lennart Lindegren (Lund, Sweden: NDAC) and Jean Kovalevsky (Grasse, France: FAST), together responsible for the HIPPARCOS Catalogue; Erik Høg (Copenhagen, Denmark: TDAC) responsible for the *Tycho* Catalogue; and Catherine Turon (Meudon, France: INCA) responsible for the HIPPARCOS Input Catalogue (HIC);

- the *Tycho-2* catalogue (Høg et al. 2000), the construction of which was supported by the Velux Foundation of 1981 and the Danish Space Board;

- the Tycho double star catalogue (TDSC, Fabricius et al. 2002), based on observations made with the ESA HIPPARCOS astrometry satellite, as supported by the Danish Space Board and the United States Naval Observatory through their double-star programme;

- data products from the Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS, Skrutskie et al. 2006), which is a joint project of the University of Massachusetts and the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center (IPAC) / California Institute of Technology, funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the National Science Foundation (NSF) of the USA;

- the ninth data release of the AAVSO Photometric All-Sky Survey (APASS, Henden et al. 2016), funded by the Robert Martin Ayers Sciences Fund;

- the first data release of the Pan-STARRS survey (Chambers et al. 2016; Magnier et al. 2020a; Waters et al. 2020; Magnier et al. 2020c,b; Flewelling et al. 2020). The Pan-STARRS1 Surveys (PS1) and the PS1 public science archive have been made possible through contributions by the Institute for Astronomy, the University of Hawaii, the

Pan-STARRS Project Office, the Max-Planck Society and its participating institutes, the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg and the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, The Johns Hopkins University, Durham University, the University of Edinburgh, the Queen's University Belfast, the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, the Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network Incorporated, the National Central University of Taiwan, the Space Telescope Science Institute, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) through grant NNX08AR22G issued through the Planetary Science Division of the NASA Science Mission Directorate, the National Science Foundation through grant AST-1238877, the University of Maryland, Eotvos Lorand University (ELTE), the Los Alamos National Laboratory, and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation;

- the second release of the Guide Star Catalogue (GSC2.3, Lasker et al. 2008). The Guide Star Catalogue II is a joint project of the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) and the Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (OATo). STScI is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA), for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) under contract NAS5-26555. OATo is operated by the Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF). Additional support was provided by the European Southern Observatory (ESO), the Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility (STECF), the International GEMINI project, and the European Space Agency (ESA) Astrophysics Division (nowadays SCI-S);

- the eXtended, Large (XL) version of the catalogue of Positions and Proper Motions (PPM-XL, Roeser et al. 2010);

- data products from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), which is a joint project of the University of California, Los Angeles, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, and NEO-WISE, which is a project of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology. WISE and NEOWISE are funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA);

- the first data release of the United States Naval Observatory (USNO) Robotic Astrometric Telescope (URAT-1, Zacharias et al. 2015);

- the fourth data release of the United States Naval Observatory (USNO) CCD Astrograph Catalogue (UCAC-4, Zacharias et al. 2013);

- the sixth and final data release of the Radial Velocity Experiment (RAVE DR6, Steinmetz et al. 2020a,b). Funding for RAVE has been provided by the Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam (AIP), the Australian Astronomical Observatory, the Australian National University, the Australian Research Council, the French National Research Agency, the German Research Foundation (SPP 1177 and SFB 881), the European Research Council (ERC-StG 240271 Galactica), the Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica at Padova, the Johns Hopkins University, the National Science Foundation of the USA (AST-0908326), the W.M. Keck foundation, the Macquarie University, the Netherlands Research School for Astronomy, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the Slovenian Research Agency, the Swiss National Science Foundation, the Science & Technology Facilities Council of the UK, Opticon, Strasbourg Observatory, and the Universities of Basel, Groningen, Heidelberg, and Sydney. The RAVE website is at https://www.rave-survey.org/;
ST/X00158X/1, ST/X001601/1, ST/X001636/1, ST/X001687/1, ST/X002667/1, ST/X002683/1 and ST/X002969/1.

The Gaia project and data processing have made use of:

- the Set of Identifications, Measurements, and Bibliography for Astronomical Data (SIMBAD, Wenger et al. 2000), the 'Aladin sky atlas' (Bonnarel et al. 2000; Boch & Fernique 2014), and the VizieR catalogue access tool (Ochsenbein et al. 2000), all operated at the Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg (CDS);

- the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Astrophysics Data System (ADS);

- the SSpace ENVironment Information System (SPENVIS), initiated by the Space Environment and Effects Section (TEC-EES) of ESA and developed by the Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB) under ESA contract through ESA's General Support Technologies Programme (GSTP), administered by the BELgian federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO);

- the software products TOPCAT, STIL, and STILTS (Taylor 2005, 2006);

- Matplotlib (Hunter 2007);

- IPython (Pérez & Granger 2007);

- Astropy, a community-developed core Python package for Astronomy (Astropy Collaboration et al. 2018);

- R (R Core Team 2013);

- the HEALPix package (Górski et al. 2005, http://healpix.sourceforge.net/);

- Vaex (Breddels & Veljanoski 2018);

- the HIPPARCOS-2 catalogue (van Leeuwen 2007). The HIPPARCOS and *Tycho* catalogues were constructed under the responsibility of large scientific teams collaborating with ESA. The Consortia Leaders were Lennart Lindegren (Lund, Sweden: NDAC) and Jean Kovalevsky (Grasse, France: FAST), together responsible for the HIPPARCOS Catalogue; Erik Høg (Copenhagen, Denmark: TDAC) responsible for the *Tycho* Catalogue; and Catherine Turon (Meudon, France: INCA) responsible for the HIPPARCOS Input Catalogue (HIC);

- the *Tycho-2* catalogue (Høg et al. 2000), the construction of which was supported by the Velux Foundation of 1981 and the Danish Space Board;

- the Tycho double star catalogue (TDSC, Fabricius et al. 2002), based on observations made with the ESA HIPPARCOS astrometry satellite, as supported by the Danish Space Board and the United States Naval Observatory through their double-star programme;

- data products from the Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS, Skrutskie et al. 2006), which is a joint project of the University of Massachusetts and the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center (IPAC) / California Institute of Technology, funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the National Science Foundation (NSF) of the USA;

- the ninth data release of the AAVSO Photometric All-Sky Survey (APASS, Henden et al. 2016), funded by the Robert Martin Ayers Sciences Fund;

- the first data release of the Pan-STARRS survey (Chambers et al. 2016; Magnier et al. 2020a; Waters et al. 2020; Magnier et al. 2020c,b; Flewelling et al. 2020). The Pan-STARRS1 Surveys (PS1) and the PS1 public science archive have been made possible through contributions by the Institute for Astronomy, the University of Hawaii, the

Pan-STARRS Project Office, the Max-Planck Society and its participating institutes, the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg and the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, The Johns Hopkins University, Durham University, the University of Edinburgh, the Queen's University Belfast, the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, the Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network Incorporated, the National Central University of Taiwan, the Space Telescope Science Institute, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) through grant NNX08AR22G issued through the Planetary Science Division of the NASA Science Mission Directorate, the National Science Foundation through grant AST-1238877, the University of Maryland, Eotvos Lorand University (ELTE), the Los Alamos National Laboratory, and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation;

- the second release of the Guide Star Catalogue (GSC2.3, Lasker et al. 2008). The Guide Star Catalogue II is a joint project of the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) and the Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (OATo). STScI is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA), for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) under contract NAS5-26555. OATo is operated by the Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF). Additional support was provided by the European Southern Observatory (ESO), the Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility (STECF), the International GEMINI project, and the European Space Agency (ESA) Astrophysics Division (nowadays SCI-S);

- the eXtended, Large (XL) version of the catalogue of Positions and Proper Motions (PPM-XL, Roeser et al. 2010);

- data products from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), which is a joint project of the University of California, Los Angeles, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, and NEO-WISE, which is a project of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology. WISE and NEOWISE are funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA);

- the first data release of the United States Naval Observatory (USNO) Robotic Astrometric Telescope (URAT-1, Zacharias et al. 2015);

- the fourth data release of the United States Naval Observatory (USNO) CCD Astrograph Catalogue (UCAC-4, Zacharias et al. 2013);

- the sixth and final data release of the Radial Velocity Experiment (RAVE DR6, Steinmetz et al. 2020a,b). Funding for RAVE has been provided by the Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam (AIP), the Australian Astronomical Observatory, the Australian National University, the Australian Research Council, the French National Research Agency, the German Research Foundation (SPP 1177 and SFB 881), the European Research Council (ERC-StG 240271 Galactica), the Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica at Padova, the Johns Hopkins University, the National Science Foundation of the USA (AST-0908326), the W.M. Keck foundation, the Macquarie University, the Netherlands Research School for Astronomy, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the Slovenian Research Agency, the Swiss National Science Foundation, the Science & Technology Facilities Council of the UK, Opticon, Strasbourg Observatory, and the Universities of Basel, Groningen, Heidelberg, and Sydney. The RAVE website is at https://www.rave-survey.org/;
- the first data release of the Large sky Area Multi-Object Fibre Spectroscopic Telescope (LAMOST DR1, Luo et al. 2015);

- the K2 Ecliptic Plane Input Catalogue (EPIC, Huber et al. 2016);

- the ninth data release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS DR9, Ahn et al. 2012). Funding for SDSS-III has been provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the Participating Institutions, the National Science Foundation, and the United States Department of Energy Office of Science. The SDSS-III website is http://www.sdss3.org/. SDSS-III is managed by the Astrophysical Research Consortium for the Participating Institutions of the SDSS-III Collaboration including the University of Arizona, the Brazilian Participation Group, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Carnegie Mellon University, University of Florida, the French Participation Group, the German Participation Group, Harvard University, the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, the Michigan State/Notre Dame/JINA Participation Group, Johns Hopkins University, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, New Mexico State University, New York University, Ohio State University, Pennsylvania State University, University of Portsmouth, Princeton University, the Spanish Participation Group, University of Tokyo, University of Utah, Vanderbilt University, University of Virginia, University of Washington, and Yale University;

- the thirteenth release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS DR13, Albareti et al. 2017). Funding for SDSS-IV has been provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the United States Department of Energy Office of Science, and the Participating Institutions. SDSS-IV acknowledges support and resources from the Center for High-Performance Computing at the University of Utah. The SDSS web site is https://www.sdss.org/. SDSS-IV is managed by the Astrophysical Research Consortium for the Participating Institutions of the SDSS Collaboration including the Brazilian Participation Group, the Carnegie Institution for Science, Carnegie Mellon University, the Chilean Participation Group, the French Participation Group, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, The Johns Hopkins University, Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (IPMU) / University of Tokyo, the Korean Participation Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Leibniz Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie (MPIA Heidelberg), Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik (MPA Garching), Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), National Astronomical Observatories of China, New Mexico State University, New York University, University of Notre Dame, Observatário Nacional / MCTI, The Ohio State University, Pennsylvania State University, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, United Kingdom Participation Group, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, University of Arizona, University of Colorado Boulder, University of Oxford, University of Portsmouth, University of Utah, University of Virginia, University of Washington, University of Wisconsin, Vanderbilt University, and Yale University;

- the second release of the SkyMapper catalogue (SkyMapper DR2, Onken et al. 2019, Digital Object Identifier 10.25914/5ce60d31ce759). The national facility capability for SkyMapper has been funded through grant LE130100104 from the Australian Research Council (ARC) Linkage Infrastructure, Equipment, and Facilities (LIEF) programme,

awarded to the University of Sydney, the Australian National University, Swinburne University of Technology, the University of Queensland, the University of Western Australia, the University of Melbourne, Curtin University of Technology, Monash University, and the Australian Astronomical Observatory. SkyMapper is owned and operated by The Australian National University's Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics. The survey data were processed and provided by the SkyMapper Team at the Australian National University. The SkyMapper node of the All-Sky Virtual Observatory (ASVO) is hosted at the National Computational Infrastructure (NCI). Development and support the SkyMapper node of the ASVO has been funded in part by Astronomy Australia Limited (AAL) and the Australian Government through the Commonwealth's Education Investment Fund (EIF) and National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS), particularly the National eResearch Collaboration Tools and Resources (NeCTAR) and the Australian National Data Service Projects (ANDS);

- the Gaia-ESO Public Spectroscopic Survey (GES, Gilmore et al. 2022; Randich et al. 2022). The Gaia-ESO Survey is based on data products from observations made with ESO Telescopes at the La Silla Paranal Observatory under programme ID 188.B-3002. Public data releases are available through the ESO Science Portal. The project has received funding from the Leverhulme Trust (project RPG-2012-541), the European Research Council (project ERC-2012-AdG 320360-Gaia-ESO-MW), and the Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, INAF (2012: CRA 1.05.01.09.16; 2013: CRA 1.05.06.02.07).

The GBOT programme (GBOT) uses observations collected at (i) the European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere (ESO) with the VLT Survey Telescope (VST), under ESO programmes 092.B-0165, 093.B-0236, 094.B-0181, 095.B-0046, 096.B-0162, 097.B-0304, 098.B-0030, 099.B-0034, 0100.B-0131, 0101.B-0156, 0102.B-0174, 0103.B-0165, 0104.B-0081, 0106.20ZA.001 (OmegaCam), 0106.20ZA.002 (FORS2), 0108.21YF; and under INAF programs 110.256C, 112.266Q; and (ii) the Liverpool Telescope, which is operated on the island of La Palma by Liverpool John Moores University in the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias with financial support from the United Kingdom Science and Technology Facilities Council, and (iii) telescopes of the Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network.

In addition to the currently active DPAC (and ESA science) authors of the peer-reviewed papers accompanying Gaia DR3, there are large numbers of former DPAC members who made significant contributions to the (preparations of the) data processing. Among those are, in alphabetical order: Stephanie Accart, Christopher Agard, Juan José Aguado, Michaël Ajaj, Fernando Aldea-Montero, Alexandra Alecu, Bruno Alessi, Peter Allan, France Allard, Walter Allasia, Carlos Allende Prieto, Javier Álvarez Cid-Fuentes, Marco Antonio Álvarez, João Alves, Antonio Amorim, Kader Amsif, Alexandre Andrei, Antonino Angi, Guillem Anglada-Escudé, Erika Antiche, Sonia Antón, Bernardino Arcay, Clément Arnaveau, Borja Arroyo Galende, Vladan Arsenijevic, Tri Astraatmadja, Rajesh Kumar Bachchan, Adrien Bangma, Carlos Barata, Domenico Baretto, Fabio Barblan, Paul Barklem, Mickael Batailler, Duncan Bates, Alexandre Baudesson-Stella, Mathias Beck, Luigi Bedin, Dan Beilis, Antonio Bello García, Vasily Belokurov, Philippe Bendjoya, Ángel Berihuete, Hans Bernstein†, Olivier Bienaymé, Lionel Bigot, Albert Bijaoui, Louis Bil, Françoise
- the first data release of the Large sky Area Multi-Object Fibre Spectroscopic Telescope (LAMOST DR1, Luo et al. 2015);

- the K2 Ecliptic Plane Input Catalogue (EPIC, Huber et al. 2016);

- the ninth data release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS DR9, Ahn et al. 2012). Funding for SDSS-III has been provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the Participating Institutions, the National Science Foundation, and the United States Department of Energy Office of Science. The SDSS-III website is http://www.sdss3.org/. SDSS-III is managed by the Astrophysical Research Consortium for the Participating Institutions of the SDSS-III Collaboration including the University of Arizona, the Brazilian Participation Group, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Carnegie Mellon University, University of Florida, the French Participation Group, the German Participation Group, Harvard University, the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, the Michigan State/Notre Dame/JINA Participation Group, Johns Hopkins University, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, New Mexico State University, New York University, Ohio State University, Pennsylvania State University, University of Portsmouth, Princeton University, the Spanish Participation Group, University of Tokyo, University of Utah, Vanderbilt University, University of Virginia, University of Washington, and Yale University;

- the thirteenth release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS DR13, Albareti et al. 2017). Funding for SDSS-IV has been provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the United States Department of Energy Office of Science, and the Participating Institutions. SDSS-IV acknowledges support and resources from the Center for High-Performance Computing at the University of Utah. The SDSS web site is https://www.sdss.org/. SDSS-IV is managed by the Astrophysical Research Consortium for the Participating Institutions of the SDSS Collaboration including the Brazilian Participation Group, the Carnegie Institution for Science, Carnegie Mellon University, the Chilean Participation Group, the French Participation Group, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, The Johns Hopkins University, Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (IPMU) / University of Tokyo, the Korean Participation Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Leibniz Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie (MPIA Heidelberg), Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik (MPA Garching), Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), National Astronomical Observatories of China, New Mexico State University, New York University, University of Notre Dame, Observatório Nacional / MCTI, The Ohio State University, Pennsylvania State University, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, United Kingdom Participation Group, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, University of Arizona, University of Colorado Boulder, University of Oxford, University of Portsmouth, University of Utah, University of Virginia, University of Washington, University of Wisconsin, Vanderbilt University, and Yale University;

- the second release of the SkyMapper catalogue (SkyMapper DR2, Onken et al. 2019, Digital Object Identifier 10.25914/5ce60d31ce759). The national facility capability for SkyMapper has been funded through grant LE130100104 from the Australian Research Council (ARC) Linkage Infrastructure, Equipment, and Facilities (LIEF) programme,

awarded to the University of Sydney, the Australian National University, Swinburne University of Technology, the University of Queensland, the University of Western Australia, the University of Melbourne, Curtin University of Technology, Monash University, and the Australian Astronomical Observatory. SkyMapper is owned and operated by The Australian National University's Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics. The survey data were processed and provided by the SkyMapper Team at the Australian National University. The SkyMapper node of the All-Sky Virtual Observatory (ASVO) is hosted at the National Computational Infrastructure (NCI). Development and support the SkyMapper node of the ASVO has been funded in part by Astronomy Australia Limited (AAL) and the Australian Government through the Commonwealth's Education Investment Fund (EIF) and National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS), particularly the National eResearch Collaboration Tools and Resources (NeCTAR) and the Australian National Data Service Projects (ANDS);

- the Gaia-ESO Public Spectroscopic Survey (GES, Gilmore et al. 2022; Randich et al. 2022). The Gaia-ESO Survey is based on data products from observations made with ESO Telescopes at the La Silla Paranal Observatory under programme ID 188.B-3002. Public data releases are available through the ESO Science Portal. The project has received funding from the Leverhulme Trust (project RPG-2012-541), the European Research Council (project ERC-2012-AdG 320360-Gaia-ESO-MW), and the Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, INAF (2012: CRA 1.05.01.09.16; 2013: CRA 1.05.06.02.07).

The GBOT programme (GBOT) uses observations collected at (i) the European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere (ESO) with the VLT Survey Telescope (VST), under ESO programmes 092.B-0165, 093.B-0236, 094.B-0181, 095.B-0046, 096.B-0162, 097.B-0304, 098.B-0030, 099.B-0034, 0100.B-0131, 0101.B-0156, 0102.B-0174, 0103.B-0165, 0104.B-0081, 0106.20ZA.001 (OmegaCam), 0106.20ZA.002 (FORS2), 0108.21YF; and under INAF programs 110.256C, 112.266Q; and (ii) the Liverpool Telescope, which is operated on the island of La Palma by Liverpool John Moores University in the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias with financial support from the United Kingdom Science and Technology Facilities Council, and (iii) telescopes of the Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network.

In addition to the currently active DPAC (and ESA science) authors of the peer-reviewed papers accompanying Gaia DR3, there are large numbers of former DPAC members who made significant contributions to the (preparations of the) data processing. Among those are, in alphabetical order: Stephanie Accart, Christopher Agard, Juan José Aguado, Michaël Ajaj, Fernando Aldea-Montero, Alexandra Alecu, Bruno Alessi, Peter Allan, France Allard, Walter Allasia, Carlos Allende Prieto, Javier Álvarez Cid-Fuentes, Marco Antonio Álvarez, João Alves, Antonio Amorim, Kader Amsif, Alexandre Andrei, Antonino Angi, Guillem Anglada-Escudé, Erika Antiche, Sonia Antón, Bernardino Arcay, Clément Arnaureau, Borja Arroyo Galende, Vladan Arsenijevic, Tri Astraatmadja, Rajesh Kumar Bachchan, Adrien Bangma, Carlos Barata, Domenico Baretto, Fabio Barblan, Paul Barklem, Mickael Batailler, Duncan Bates, Alexandre Baudesson-Stella, Mathias Beck, Luigi Bedin, Dan Beilis, Antonio Bello García, Vasily Belokurov, Philippe Bendjoya, Ángel Berihuete, Hans Bernstein†, Olivier Bienaymé, Lionel Bigot, Albert Bijaoui, Louis Bil, Françoise
Billebaud, Nadejda Blagorodnova, Thierry Bloch, Klaas de Boer†, Marco Bonfigli, Giuseppe Bono, Simon Borgniet, Raul Borrachero-Sanchez, François Bouchy, Steve Boudreault, Geraldine Bourda, Guy Boutonnet, Lorenzo Bramante, Pascal Branet, Maarten Breddels, Scott Brown, Pierre-Marie Brunet, Thomas Brüsemeister, Peter Bunclark†, Roberto Buonanno, Alexandru Burlacu, Robert Butorafuchs, Joan Cambras, Heather Campbell, Sylvain Cannizzo, Christophe Carret, Manuel Carrillo, César Carrión, Pau Castro Sampol, Francisco Javier Casquero, Laurence Chaoul, Jonathan Charnas, Fabien Chéreau, Vincenzo Chiaramida Mathurin Chritin, Maria-Rosa Cioni, Uma Cladel-las Sanjuan, Marcial Clotet, Gabriele Cocozza, Ross Collins, Gabriele Comoretto, Gabriele Contursi, Leonardo Corcione, Gráinne Costigan, Françoise Crifo, Alessandro Crisafi, Nick Cross, Jan Cuypers†, Jean-Charles Damery, Anastasios Dapergolas, Eric Darmigny, Pedro David, Jonas Debosscher, Peter De Cat, Domitilla De Martino, Rafael De Souza, Enrique Del Pozo, Héctor Delgado, David Delhoume, Céline Delle Luche, Markus Demleitner, Léo Denglos, Sékou Diakite, Paola Di Matteo, Carla Domingues, Sandra Dos Anjos, Laurent Douchy, Petros Drazinos, Pierre Dubath, Javier Durán, Yifat Dzigan, Bengt Edvardsson, Deepak Eappachen, Sebastian Els, Arjen van Elteren, Kjell Eriksson, Pilar Esquej, Carolina von Essen, Wyn Evans, Guillaume Eynard Bontemps, Antonio Falcão, Martí Farràs Casas, Jacopo Federici, Luciana Federici, Fernando de Felice, Agnès Fienga, Krzysztof Findeisen, Christian Fischer, Florin Fodor, Yori Fournier, Frédéric Franke, Benoit Frezouls, Aidan Fries, Jan Fuchs, Flavio Fusi Pecci, Diego Fustes, Duncan Fyfe, Eva Gallardo, Silvia Galleti, Fernando García, Alberto García Gutiérrez, María García-Reinaldos, Daniele Gardiol, Nora Garralda Torres, Emilien Gaudin, Alvin Gavel, Marwan Gebran, Yoann Gérard, Nathalie Gerbier, Joris Gerssen, Miguel Gomes, Roy Gomel, Anita Gómez, Ana González-Marcos, Juan González-Núñez, Juan José González-Vidal, Eva Grebel, Michel Grenon, Björn Grieger, Eric Grux, Alain Gueguen, Pierre Guillout, Julie Guiraud, Andrés Gürpide, Leanne Guy, Jean-Louis Halbwachs, Marcus Hauser, Aurelien Hees, Kevin Henares, Julien Heu, Albert Heyrovsky, Thomas Hilger, Nathan Himpens, Natalia Hladczuk, Wilfried Hofmann, Erik Høg, David Hogg, Andrew Holland, Greg Holland, Gordon Hopkinson†, Claude Huc, Pablo Huijse, Jason Hunt, Brigitte Huynh, Arkadiusz Hypki, Giacinto Iannicola, Sergio Ibarmia, Vilma Icardi, Laura Inno, Mike Irwin, Yago Isasi Parache, Javier Izquierdo, Maja Jabłońska, Thierry Jacq, Asif Jan, Anne-Marie Janotto, Kevin Jardine, Gérard Jasniewicz, Anne Jean-Antoine Piccolo, Laurent Jean-Rigaud, Isabelle Jégouzo-Giroux, Christian Jezequel, François Jocteur-Monrozier, Paula Jofré, Anthony Jonckheere, Peter Jonker, Áron Juhász, Francesc Julbe, Antonios Karam-pelas, Lea Karbevska, Ralf Keil, Adam Kewley, Dae-Won Kim, Peter Klagyivik, Jochen Klar, Jonas Klüter, Jens Knude, Angela Kochoska, Oleg Kochukhov, Katrien Kolenberg, Indrek Kolka, Pavel Koubsky, Janez Kos, Irina Kovalenko, Daniel Krefl, Maria Kudryashova, Ilya Kull, Alex Kutka, Frédéric Lacoste-Seris, Sylvain Lafosse, Valéry Lainey, Pascal Laizeau, Yannick Lasne, Antoni Latorre, Felix Lauwaert, Claudia Lavalley, Jean-Baptiste Lavigne, David Le Bouquin, Jean-François Le Campion, Isabelle Lecoeur-Taibi, Yann Le Fustec, Vassili Lemaitre, Helmut Lenhardt, Christophe Le Poncin-Lafitte, Frédéric Leroux, Thierry Levoir, Hans Lindstrøm, Tim Lister, Chao Liu, Mauro López Del Fresno, Davide Loreggia, Denise Lorenz, Cristina Luengo, Ian MacDonald, Marc Madaule, Pau Madrero Pardo, Tiago Magalhães Fernandes, Arrate Magdaleno Romeo, Kirill Makan, Valeri Makarov, Jean-Christophe Malapert, Sandrine Managau, Hervé Manche, Carmelo Manetta, Gregory Mantelet,

José Marcos, Miguel Marcos Santos, Federico Marocco, Gabor Marschalko, Mathieu Marseille, Christophe Martayan, Óscar Martínez-Rubi, Michele Martino, Paul Marty, Nicolas Mary, Davide Massari, Benjamin Massart, Gal Matijevič, Mohamed Meharga, Emmanuel Mercier, Maria Messineo, Frédéric Meynadier, Daniel Michalik, Anthony Michon, Shan Mignot, Hadi Minbashian, Bruno Miranda, László Molnár, Marco Molinaro, Giacomo Monari, Marc Moniez, Ángel Montero, Alain Montmory, Roger Mor, Thierry Morel, Stephan Morgenthaler, Angelo Mulone, Ulisse Munari, Daniel Muñoz, Cillian Murphy, Jérôme Narbonne, Gijs Nelemans, Anne-Thérèse Nguyen, Luciano Nicastro, Sara Nieto, Thomas Nordlander, Alexandre Nouvel, Louis Noval, Markus Nullmeier, Derek O'Callaghan, Francisco Ocaña, Pierre Ocvirk, Alex Ogden, Joaquín Ordieres-Méré, Diego Ordonez, Giuseppe Orrù, Patricio Ortiz, José Osinde, Jose Osorio, Dagmara Oszkiewicz, Alex Ouzounis, Hugo Palacin, Max Palmer, Aviad Panahi, Chantal Panem, Vincent Papy, Peregrine Park, Ester Pasquato, Xavier Passot, Stefan Payne-Wardenaar, Louis Pegoraro, Roselyne Pedrosa, Christian Peltzer, Hanna Pentikäinen, Xavier Peñalosa Esteller, Jordi Pertalta, Rubén Pérez, Jean-Marc Petit, Fabien Péturaud, Bernard Pichon, Tuomo Pieniluoma, Anna Marina Piersimoni, François-Xavier Pineau, Enrico Pigozzi, Federic Pireddu, Bertrand Plez, Joel Poels†, Aurelian Polidoro, Eric Poujoulet, Arnaud Poulain, Guylaine Prat, Thibaut Prod'homme, Andrej Prša, Elena Racero, Adrien Raffy, Silvia Ragaini, Serena Rago, Nicolas Rambaux, Piero Ranalli, Gregor Rauw, Andrew Read, José Rebordao, Philippe Redon, Rita Ribeiro, Ariadna Ribes Metidieri, Pascal Richard, Phil Richards, Carlos Ríos Díaz, Daniel Risquez, Adrien Rivard, Clement Robin, Brigitte Rocca-Volmerange, Maroussia Roelens, Hervé Rogues, Laurent Rohrbasser, Nicolas de Roll, Julia Roquette, Siv Rosén, Frederic Royer, Stefano Rubele, Laura Ruiz Dern, Idoa Ruiz-Fuertes, Federico Russo, Jan Rybizki, Albert Sáez Núñez, Jesús Salgado, Eugenio Salguero, Nik Samaras, Paula Sánchez Gayet, Víctor Sánchez Giménez, Toni Santana, Helder Savietto, Maud Segol, Juan Carlos Segovia, Damien Segransan, Léa Sellahannadi, Didier Semeux, I-Chun Shih, Hassan Siddiqui, Lauri Siltala, André Silva, Helder Silva, Arturo Silvelo, Dimitris Sinachopoulos, Christos Siopis, Riccardo Smareglia, Kester Smith, Michael Soffel, Sergio Soria Nieto, Danuta Sosnowska, Alessandro Spagna, Maxime Spano, Lorenzo Spina, Ulrike Stampa, Craig Stephenson, Hristo Stoev, Vytautas Straižys, Frank Suess, Maria Süveges, Elza Szegedi-Elek, Francis Tâche, Jeff Tambouez, Guy Tauran, Dirk Terrell, David Terrett, Pierre Teyssandier, Stephan Theil, William Thuillot, Carola Tiede, Brandon Tingley, Krešimir Tisanić, Anastasia Titarenko, Jordi Torra†, Scott Trager, Licia Troisi, Paraskevi Tsalmantza, David Tur, Stefano Uzzi, Mattia Vaccari, Frédéric Vachier, Emmanouil Vachlas, Marc Vaillant, Gaetano Valentini, Pau Vallès, Veronique Valette, Emmanuel van Dillen, Walter Van Hamme, Eric Van Hemelryck, Wouter van Reeven, Mihaly Varadi, Marco Vaschetto, Jovan Veljanoski, Lionel Veltz, Sjoert van Velzen, Teresa Via, Yves Viala, Jenni Virtanen, Antonio Volpicelli, Holger Voss, Viktor Votruba, Stelios Voutsinas, Jean-Marie Wallut, Gavin Walmsley, Olivier Wertz, Thomas Wevers, Rainer Wichmann, Mark Wilkinson, Abdullah Yoldas, Patrick Yvard, Petar Zečević, Tim de Zeeuw, Maruska Zerjal, Houri Ziaepour, Claude Zurbach, and Sven Zschocke.

In addition to the DPAC consortium, past and present, there are numerous people, mostly in ESA and in industry, who have made or continue to make essential contributions to Gaia, for instance those employed in science and mission operations or in the design, manufacturing, integration, and testing of the space-
Billebaud, Nadejda Blagorodnova, Thierry Bloch, Klaas de Boer†, Marco Bonfigli, Giuseppe Bono, Simon Borgniet, Raul Borrachero-Sanchez, François Bouchy, Steve Boudreault, Geraldine Bourda, Guy Boutonnet, Lorenzo Bramante, Pascal Branet, Maarten Breddels, Scott Brown, Pierre-Marie Brunet, Thomas Brüsemeister, Peter Bunclark†, Roberto Buonanno, Alexandru Burlacu, Robert Butorafuchs, Joan Cambras, Heather Campbell, Sylvain Cannizzo, Christophe Carret, Manuel Carrillo, César Carrión, Pau Castro Sampol, Francisco Javier Casquero, Laurence Chaoul, Jonathan Charnas, Fabien Chéreau, Vincenzo Chiaramida Mathurin Chritin, Maria-Rosa Cioni, Uma Cladel-las Sanjuan, Marcial Clotet, Gabriele Cocozza, Ross Collins, Gabriele Comoretto, Gabriele Contursi, Leonardo Corcione, Gráinne Costigan, Françoise Crifo, Alessandro Crisafi, Nick Cross, Jan Cuypers†, Jean-Charles Damery, Anastasios Dapergolas, Eric Darmigny, Pedro David, Jonas Debosscher, Peter De Cat, Domitilla De Martino, Rafael De Souza, Enrique Del Pozo, Héctor Delgado, David Delhoume, Céline Delle Luche, Markus Demleitner, Léo Denglos, Sékou Diakite, Paola Di Matteo, Carla Domingues, Sandra Dos Anjos, Laurent Douchy, Petros Drazinos, Pierre Dubath, Javier Durán, Yifat Dzigan, Bengt Edvardsson, Deepak Eappachen, Sebastian Els, Arjen van Elteren, Kjell Eriksson, Pilar Esquej, Carolina von Essen, Wyn Evans, Guillaume Eynard Bontemps, Antonio Falcão, Martí Farràs Casas, Jacopo Federici, Luciana Federici, Fernando de Felice, Agnès Fienga, Krzysztof Findeisen, Christian Fischer, Florin Fodor, Yori Fournier, Frédéric Franke, Benoit Frezouls, Aidan Fries, Jan Fuchs, Flavio Fusi Pecci, Diego Fustes, Duncan Fyfe, Eva Gallardo, Silvia Galleti, Fernando García, Alberto García Gutiérrez, María García-Reinaldos, Daniele Gardiol, Nora Garralda Torres, Emilien Gaudin, Alvin Gavel, Marwan Gebran, Yoann Gérard, Nathalie Gerbier, Joris Gerssen, Miguel Gomes, Roy Gomel, Anita Gómez, Ana González-Marcos, Juan González-Núñez, Juan José González-Vidal, Eva Grebel, Michel Grenon, Björn Grieger, Eric Grux, Alain Gueguen, Pierre Guillout, Julie Guiraud, Andrés Gürpide, Leanne Guy, Jean-Louis Halbwachs, Marcus Hauser, Aurelien Hees, Kevin Henares, Julien Heu, Albert Heyrovsky, Thomas Hilger, Nathan Himpens, Natalia Hladczuk, Wilfried Hofmann, Erik Høg, David Hogg, Andrew Holland, Greg Holland, Gordon Hopkinson†, Claude Huc, Pablo Huijse, Jason Hunt, Brigitte Huynh, Arkadiusz Hypki, Giacinto Iannicola, Sergio Ibarmia, Vilma Icardi, Laura Inno, Mike Irwin, Yago Isasi Parache, Javier Izquierdo, Maja Jabłońska, Thierry Jacq, Asif Jan, Anne-Marie Janotto, Kevin Jardine, Gérard Jasniewicz, Anne Jean-Antoine Piccolo, Laurent Jean-Rigaud, Isabelle Jégouzo-Giroux, Christian Jezequel, François Jocteur-Monrozier, Paula Jofré, Anthony Jonckheere, Peter Jonker, Áron Juhász, Francesc Julbe, Antonios Karam-pelas, Lea Karbevska, Ralf Keil, Adam Kewley, Dae-Won Kim, Peter Klagyivik, Jochen Klar, Jonas Klüter, Jens Knude, Angela Kochoska, Oleg Kochukhov, Katrien Kolenberg, Indrek Kolka, Pavel Koubsky, Janez Kos, Irina Kovalenko, Daniel Krefl, Maria Kudryashova, Ilya Kull, Alex Kutka, Frédéric Lacoste-Seris, Sylvain Lafosse, Valéry Lainey, Pascal Laizeau, Yannick Lasne, Antoni Latorre, Felix Lauwaert, Claudia Lavalley, Jean-Baptiste Lavigne, David Le Bouquin, Jean-François Le Campion, Isabelle Lecoeur-Taibi, Yann Le Fustec, Vassili Lemaitre, Helmut Lenhardt, Christophe Le Poncin-Lafitte, Frédéric Leroux, Thierry Levoir, Hans Lindstrøm, Tim Lister, Chao Liu, Mauro López Del Fresno, Davide Loreggia, Denise Lorenz, Cristina Luengo, Ian MacDonald, Marc Madaule, Pau Madrero Pardo, Tiago Magalhães Fernandes, Arrate Magdaleno Romeo, Kirill Makan, Valeri Makarov, Jean-Christophe Malapert, Sandrine Managau, Hervé Manche, Carmelo Manetta, Gregory Mantelet,

José Marcos, Miguel Marcos Santos, Federico Marocco, Gabor Marschalko, Mathieu Marseille, Christophe Martayan, Óscar Martínez-Rubi, Michele Martino, Paul Marty, Nicolas Mary, Davide Massari, Benjamin Massart, Gal Matijevič, Mohamed Meharga, Emmanuel Mercier, Maria Messineo, Frédéric Meynadier, Daniel Michalik, Anthony Michon, Shan Mignot, Hadi Minbashian, Bruno Miranda, László Molnár, Marco Molinaro, Giacomo Monari, Marc Moniez, Ángel Montero, Alain Montmory, Roger Mor, Thierry Morel, Stephan Morgenthaler, Angelo Mulone, Ulisse Munari, Daniel Muñoz, Cillian Murphy, Jérôme Narbonne, Gijs Nelemans, Anne-Thérèse Nguyen, Luciano Nicastro, Sara Nieto, Thomas Nordlander, Alexandre Nouvel, Louis Noval, Markus Nullmeier, Derek O'Callaghan, Francisco Ocaña, Pierre Ocvirk, Alex Ogden, Joaquín Ordieres-Méré, Diego Ordonez, Giuseppe Orrù, Patricio Ortiz, José Osinde, Jose Osorio, Dagmara Oszkiewicz, Alex Ouzounis, Hugo Palacin, Max Palmer, Aviad Panahi, Chantal Panem, Vincent Papy, Peregrine Park, Ester Pasquato, Xavier Passot, Stefan Payne-Wardenaar, Louis Pegoraro, Roselyne Pedrosa, Christian Peltzer, Hanna Pentikäinen, Xavier Peñalosa Esteller, Jordi Pertalta, Rubén Pérez, Jean-Marc Petit, Fabien Péturaud, Bernard Pichon, Tuomo Pieniluoma, Anna Marina Piersimoni, François-Xavier Pineau, Enrico Pigozzi, Federic Pireddu, Bertrand Plez, Joel Poels†, Aurelian Polidoro, Eric Poujoulet, Arnaud Poulain, Guylaine Prat, Thibaut Prod'homme, Andrej Prša, Elena Racero, Adrien Raffy, Silvia Ragaini, Serena Rago, Nicolas Rambaux, Piero Ranalli, Gregor Rauw, Andrew Read, José Rebordao, Philippe Redon, Rita Ribeiro, Ariadna Ribes Metidieri, Pascal Richard, Phil Richards, Carlos Ríos Díaz, Daniel Risquez, Adrien Rivard, Clement Robin, Brigitte Rocca-Volmerange, Maroussia Roelens, Hervé Rogues, Laurent Rohrbasser, Nicolas de Roll, Julia Roquette, Siv Rosén, Frederic Royer, Stefano Rubele, Laura Ruiz Dern, Idoa Ruiz-Fuertes, Federico Russo, Jan Rybizki, Albert Sáez Núñez, Jesús Salgado, Eugenio Salguero, Nik Samaras, Paula Sánchez Gayet, Víctor Sánchez Giménez, Toni Santana, Helder Savietto, Maud Segol, Juan Carlos Segovia, Damien Segransan, Léa Sellahannadi, Didier Semeux, I-Chun Shih, Hassan Siddiqui, Lauri Siltala, André Silva, Helder Silva, Arturo Silvelo, Dimitris Sinachopoulos, Christos Siopis, Riccardo Smareglia, Kester Smith, Michael Soffel, Sergio Soria Nieto, Danuta Sosnowska, Alessandro Spagna, Maxime Spano, Lorenzo Spina, Ulrike Stampa, Craig Stephenson, Hristo Stoev, Vytautas Straižys, Frank Suess, Maria Süveges, Elza Szegedi-Elek, Francis Tâche, Jeff Tambouez, Guy Tauran, Dirk Terrell, David Terrett, Pierre Teyssandier, Stephan Theil, William Thuillot, Carola Tiede, Brandon Tingley, Krešimir Tisanić, Anastasia Titarenko, Jordi Torra†, Scott Trager, Licia Troisi, Paraskevi Tsalmantza, David Tur, Stefano Uzzi, Mattia Vaccari, Frédéric Vachier, Emmanouil Vachlas, Marc Vaillant, Gaetano Valentini, Pau Vallès, Veronique Valette, Emmanuel van Dillen, Walter Van Hamme, Eric Van Hemelryck, Wouter van Reeven, Mihaly Varadi, Marco Vaschetto, Jovan Veljanoski, Lionel Veltz, Sjoert van Velzen, Teresa Via, Yves Viala, Jenni Virtanen, Antonio Volpicelli, Holger Voss, Viktor Votruba, Stelios Voutsinas, Jean-Marie Wallut, Gavin Walmsley, Olivier Wertz, Thomas Wevers, Rainer Wichmann, Mark Wilkinson, Abdullah Yoldas, Patrick Yvard, Petar Zečević, Tim de Zeeuw, Maruska Zerjal, Houri Ziaepour, Claude Zurbach, and Sven Zschocke.

In addition to the DPAC consortium, past and present, there are numerous people, mostly in ESA and in industry, who have made or continue to make essential contributions to Gaia, for instance those employed in science and mission operations or in the design, manufacturing, integration, and testing of the space-
craft and its modules, subsystems, and units. Many of those will
remain unnamed yet spent countless hours, occasionally during
nights, weekends, and public holidays, in cold offices and dark
clean rooms. At the risk of being incomplete, we specifically
acknowledge, in alphabetical order, from Airbus DS (Toulouse):
Alexandre Affre, Marie-Thérèse Aimé, Audrey Albert, Aurélien
Albert-Aguilar, Jeanine Alloun-Etcheberry, Hania Arsalane,
Arnaud Aurousseau, Denis Bassi, Franck Bayle, Bernard Bayol,
Pierre-Luc Bazin, Emmanuelle Benninger, Philippe Bertrand,
Jean-Bernard Biau, François Binter, Cédric Blanc, Eric Blonde,
Patrick Bonzom, Bernard Bories, Jean-Jacques Bouisset, Joël
Boyadjian, Isabelle Brault, Corinne Buge, Bertrand Calvel, Jean-
Michel Camus, France Canton, Lionel Carminati, Michel Car-
rie, Didier Castel, Philippe Charvet, François Chassat, Fab-
rice Cherouat, Ludovic Chirouze, Michel Choquet, Claude
Coantiaciec, Emmanuel Collados, Philippe Corberand, Christelle
Dauga, Robert Davancens, Catherine Deblock, Eric Decourbey,
Charles Dekhtiar, Michel Delannoy, Michel Delgado, Damien
Delmas, Emilie Demange, Victor Depeyre, Isabelle Desenclos,
Christian Dio, Kevin Downes, Marie-Ange Duro, Eric Ecale,
Omar Emam, Elizabeth Estrada, Coralie Falgayrac, Benjamin
Farcot, Claude Faubert, Frédéric Faye, Sébastien Finana, Gré-
gory Flandin, Loic Floury, Gilles Fongy, Michel Fruit, Flo-
rence Fusero, Christophe Gabilan, Jérémie Gaboriaud, Cyril
Gallard, Damien Galy, Benjamin Gandon, Patrick Gareth, Eric
Gelis, André Gellon, Laurent Georges, Philippe-Marie Gomez,
José Goncalves, Frédéric Guedes, Vincent Guillemier, Thomas
Guilpain, Stéphane Halbout, Marie Hanne, Grégory Hazera,
Daniel Herbin, Tommy Hercher, Claude Hoarau le Papillon,
Matthias Holz, Philippe Humbert, Sophie Jallade, Grégory Jon-
niaux, Frédéric Juillard, Philippe Jung, Charles Koeck, Marc
Labaysse, Réné Laborde, Anouk Laborie, Jérôme Lacoste-
Barutel, Baptiste Laynet, Virginie Le Gall, Julien L'Hermitte,
Marc Le Roy, Christian Lebranchu, Didier Lebreton, Patrick
Lelong, Jean-Luc Leon, Stephan Leppke, Franck Levallois,
Philippe Lingot, Laurant Lobo, Didier Loche, Céline Lopez,
Jean-Michel Loupias, Carlos Luque, Sébastien Maes, Bruno
Mamdy, Denis Marchais, Alexandre Marson, Benjamin Massart,
Rémi Mauriac, Philippe Mayo, Caroline Meisse, Hervé Mer-
cereau, Olivier Michel, Florent Minaire, Xavier Moisson, David
Monteiro, Denis Montperrus, Boris Niel, Cédric Papot, Jean-
François Pasquier, Gareth Patrick, Pascal Paulet, Martin Pec-
cia, Sylvie Peden, Sonia Penalva, Michel Pendaries, Philippe
Peres, Grégory Personne, Dominique Pierot, Jean-Marc Pillot,
Lydie Pinel, Fabien Piquemal, Vincent Poinsignon, Maxime
Pomelec, André Porras, Pierre Pouny, Severin Provost, Sébastien
Ramos, Fabienne Raux, Audrey Rehby, Florian Reuscher,
Xavier Richard, Nicolas Riguet, Mickael Roche, Gilles Rougier,
Bruno Rouzier, Stephane Roy, Jean-Paul Ruffie, Frédéric Safa,
Heloise Scheer, Claudie Serris, André Sobeczko, Jean-François
Soucaille, Romain Suze, Philippe Tatry, Théo Thomas, Pierre
Thoral, Dominique Torcheux, Vincent Tortel, Damien Tourbez,
Stephane Touzeau, Didier Trantoul, Cyril Vétel, Jean-Axel
Vatinel, Jean-Paul Vormus, and Marc Zanoni; from Airbus DS
(Friedrichshafen): Jan Beck, Frank Blender, Volker Hashagen,
Armin Hauser, Bastian Hell, Cosmas Heller, Matthias Holz,
Heinz-Dieter Junginger, Klaus-Peter Koeble, Karin Pietroboni,
Ulrich Rauscher, Rebekka Reichle, Florian Reuscher, Ari-
ane Stephan, Christian Stierle, Riccardo Vascotto, Christian
Hehr, Markus Schelkle, Rudi Kerner, Udo Schuhmacher, Peter
Moeller, Rene Stritter, Jürgen Frank, Wolfram Beckert, Eve-
lyn Walser, Steffen Roetzer, Fritz Vogel, and Friedbert Zilly;
from Airbus DS (Stevenage): Mohammed Ali, Bill Bental, David
Bibby, Leisha Carratt, Veronica Carroll, Clive Catley, Patrick

Chapman, Christoper Chetwood, Alison Colegrove, Tom Colegrove, Andrew Davies, Denis Di Filippantonio, Andy Dyne, Alex Elliot, Omar Emam, Colin Farmer, Steve Farrington, Nick Francis, Albert Gilchrist, Brian Grainger, Yann Le Hiress, Vicky Hodges, Jonathan Holroyd, Haroon Hussain, Roger Jarvis, Lewis Jenner, Steve King, Chris Lloyd, Neil Kimbrey, Alessandro Martis, Bal Matharu, Karen May, Florent Minaire, Katherine Mills, James Myatt, Chris Nicholas, Paul Norridge, David Perkins, Michael Pieri, Matthew Pigg, Angelo Povoliere, Robert Purvinskis, Phil Robson, Julien Saliege, Satti Sangha, Paramijt Singh, John Standing, Dongyao Tan, Keith Thomas, Rosalind Warren, Andy Whitehouse, Robert Wilson, Hazel Wood, Steven Danes, Scott Englefield, Juan Flores-Watson, Chris Lord, Allan Parry, Juliet Morris, Nick Gregory, and Ian Mansell.

From ESA, in alphabetical order: Ricard Abello, Asier Abreu, Ivan Aksenov, Matthew Allen, Salim Ansari, Philippe Armbruster, Mari-Liis Aru, Alessandro Atzei, Liesse Ayache, Samy Azaz, Nana Bach, Jean-Pierre Balley, Paul Balm, Manuela Baroni, Rainer Bauske, Thomas Beck, Gabriele Bellei, Carlos Bielsa, Gerhard Billig, Carmen Blasco, Andreas Boosz, Bruno Bras, Julia Braun, Thierry Bru, Frank Budnik, Joe Bush, Marco Butkovic, Jacques Candé, David Cano, Carlos Casas, Francesco Castellini, David Chapmann, Nebil Cinar, Mark Clements, Giovanni Colangelo, Peter Collins, Ana Colorado McEvoy, Gabriele Comoretto, Vincente Companys, Federico Cordero, Yannis Croizat, Sylvain Damiani, Fabienne Delhaise, Gianpiero Di Girolamo, Yannis Diamantidis, John Dodsworth, Ernesto Dölling, Jane Douglas, Jean Doutreleau, Dominic Doyle, Mark Drapes, Frank Dreger, Peter Droll, Gerhard Drolshagen, Michal Ðurovič, Bret Durrett, Christina Eilers, Yannick Enginger, Alessandro Ercolani, Matthias Erdmann, Orcun Ergincan, Robert Ernst, Daniel Escolar, Maria Espina, Hugh Evans, Fabio Favata, Stefano Ferreri, Daniel Firre, Michael Flegel, Melanie Flentge, Alan Flowers, Steve Foley, Julia Fortuno-Benavent, Jens Freihöfer, Rob Furnell, Julio Gallegos, Maria De La Cruz Garcia Gonzalez, Philippe Garé, Wahida Gasti, José Gavira, Frank Geerling, Franck Gemes, Gottlob Gienger, Bénédicte Girouart, Bernard Godard, Nick Godfrey, César Gómez Hernández, Roy Gouka, Cosimo Greco, Robert Guilanya, Kester Habermann, Manfred Hadwiger, Ian Harrison, Angela Head, Martin Hechler, Javier Hernando Bravo, Kjeld Hjortnaes, John Hoar, Jacolien Hoek, Frank Hoffmann, Justin Howard, Fredrik Hülphers, Arjan Hulsbosch, Christopher Hunter, Premysl Janík, José Jiménez, Emmanuel Joliet, Helma van de Kamp-Glasbergen, Simon Kellett, Andrea Kerruish, Kevin Kewin, Oliver Kiddle, Sabine Kielbassa, Volker Kirschner, Kees van 't Klooster, Ralf Kohley, Jan Kolmas, Oliver El Korashy, Arek Kowalczyk, Holger Krag, Benoît Lainé, Markus Landgraf, Sven Landström, Mathias Lauer, Robert Launer, Laurence Tu-Mai Levan, Mark ter Linden, Santiago Llorente, Tim Lock†, Alejandro Lopez-Lozano, Guillermo Lorenzo, Tiago Loureiro, James Madison, Juan Manuel Garcia, Federico di Marco, Jonas Marie, Filip Marinic, Pier Mario Besso, Arturo Martín Polegre, Ander Martínez, Monica Martínez Fernández, Marco Massaro, Paolo de Meo, Ana Mestre, Claudio Mevi, Luca Michienzi, David Milligan, Ali Mohammadzadeh, David Monteiro, Richard Morgan-Owen, Trevor Morley, Prisca Mühlmann, Jana Mulacova, Michael Müller, Pablo Muñoz, Petteri Nieminen, Alfred Nillies, Wilfried Nzoubou, Alistair O'Connell, Karen O'Flaherty, Alfonso Olias Sanz, William O'Mullane, José Osinde, Oscar Pace, Mohini Parameswaran, Ramon Pardo, Taniya Parikh, Paul Parsons, Panos Partheniou, Torgeir Paulsen, Dario Pellegrinetti, José-Louis Pellon-Bailon, Joe Pereira, Michael Perryman, Christian
craft and its modules, subsystems, and units. Many of those will
remain unnamed yet spent countless hours, occasionally during
nights, weekends, and public holidays, in cold offices and dark
clean rooms. At the risk of being incomplete, we specifically
acknowledge, in alphabetical order, from Airbus DS (Toulouse):
Alexandre Affre, Marie-Thérèse Aimé, Audrey Albert, Aurélien
Albert-Aguilar, Jeanine Alloun-Etcheberry, Hania Arsalane,
Arnaud Aurousseau, Denis Bassi, Franck Bayle, Bernard Bayol,
Pierre-Luc Bazin, Emmanuelle Benninger, Philippe Bertrand,
Jean-Bernard Biau, François Binter, Cédric Blanc, Eric Blonde,
Patrick Bonzom, Bernard Bories, Jean-Jacques Bouisset, Joël
Boyadjian, Isabelle Brault, Corinne Buge, Bertrand Calvel, Jean-
Michel Camus, France Canton, Lionel Carminati, Michel Car-
rie, Didier Castel, Philippe Charvet, François Chassat, Fab-
rice Cherouat, Ludovic Chirouze, Michel Choquet, Claude
Coantiaciec, Emmanuel Collados, Philippe Corberand, Christelle
Dauga, Robert Davancens, Catherine Deblock, Eric Decourbey,
Charles Dekhtiar, Michel Delannoy, Michel Delgado, Damien
Delmas, Emilie Demange, Victor Depeyre, Isabelle Desenclos,
Christian Dio, Kevin Downes, Marie-Ange Duro, Eric Ecale,
Omar Emam, Elizabeth Estrada, Coralie Falgayrac, Benjamin
Farcot, Claude Faubert, Frédéric Faye, Sébastien Finana, Gré-
gory Flandin, Loic Floury, Gilles Fongy, Michel Fruit, Flo-
rence Fusero, Christophe Gabilan, Jérémie Gaboriaud, Cyril
Gallard, Damien Galy, Benjamin Gandon, Patrick Gareth, Eric
Gelis, André Gellon, Laurent Georges, Philippe-Marie Gomez,
José Goncalves, Frédéric Guedes, Vincent Guillemier, Thomas
Guilpain, Stéphane Halbout, Marie Hanne, Grégory Hazera,
Daniel Herbin, Tommy Hercher, Claude Hoarau le Papillon,
Matthias Holz, Philippe Humbert, Sophie Jallade, Grégory Jon-
niaux, Frédéric Juillard, Philippe Jung, Charles Koeck, Marc
Labaysse, Réné Laborde, Anouk Laborie, Jérôme Lacoste-
Barutel, Baptiste Laynet, Virginie Le Gall, Julien L'Hermitte,
Marc Le Roy, Christian Lebranchu, Didier Lebreton, Patrick
Lelong, Jean-Luc Leon, Stephan Leppke, Franck Levallois,
Philippe Lingot, Laurant Lobo, Didier Loche, Céline Lopez,
Jean-Michel Loupias, Carlos Luque, Sébastien Maes, Bruno
Mamdy, Denis Marchais, Alexandre Marson, Benjamin Massart,
Rémi Mauriac, Philippe Mayo, Caroline Meisse, Hervé Mer-
cereau, Olivier Michel, Florent Minaire, Xavier Moisson, David
Monteiro, Denis Montperrus, Boris Niel, Cédric Papot, Jean-
François Pasquier, Gareth Patrick, Pascal Paulet, Martin Pec-
cia, Sylvie Peden, Sonia Penalva, Michel Pendaries, Philippe
Peres, Grégory Personne, Dominique Pierot, Jean-Marc Pillot,
Lydie Pinel, Fabien Piquemal, Vincent Poinsignon, Maxime
Pomelec, André Porras, Pierre Pouny, Severin Provost, Sébastien
Ramos, Fabienne Raux, Audrey Rehby, Florian Reuscher,
Xavier Richard, Nicolas Riguet, Mickael Roche, Gilles Rougier,
Bruno Rouzier, Stephane Roy, Jean-Paul Ruffie, Frédéric Safa,
Heloise Scheer, Claudie Serris, André Sobeczko, Jean-François
Soucaille, Romain Suze, Philippe Tatry, Théo Thomas, Pierre
Thoral, Dominique Torcheux, Vincent Tortel, Damien Tourbez,
Stephane Touzeau, Didier Trantoul, Cyril Vétel, Jean-Axel
Vatinel, Jean-Paul Vormus, and Marc Zanoni; from Airbus DS
(Friedrichshafen): Jan Beck, Frank Blender, Volker Hashagen,
Armin Hauser, Bastian Hell, Cosmas Heller, Matthias Holz,
Heinz-Dieter Junginger, Klaus-Peter Koeble, Karin Pietroboni,
Ulrich Rauscher, Rebekka Reichle, Florian Reuscher, Ari-
ane Stephan, Christian Stierle, Riccardo Vascotto, Christian
Hehr, Markus Schelkle, Rudi Kerner, Udo Schuhmacher, Peter
Moeller, Rene Stritter, Jürgen Frank, Wolfram Beckert, Eve-
lyn Walser, Steffen Roetzer, Fritz Vogel, and Friedbert Zilly;
from Airbus DS (Stevenage): Mohammed Ali, Bill Bental, David
Bibby, Leisha Carratt, Veronica Carroll, Clive Catley, Patrick

Chapman, Christoper Chetwood, Alison Colegrove, Tom Colegrove, Andrew Davies, Denis Di Filippantonio, Andy Dyne, Alex Elliot, Omar Emam, Colin Farmer, Steve Farrington, Nick Francis, Albert Gilchrist, Brian Grainger, Yann Le Hiress, Vicky Hodges, Jonathan Holroyd, Haroon Hussain, Roger Jarvis, Lewis Jenner, Steve King, Chris Lloyd, Neil Kimbrey, Alessandro Martis, Bal Matharu, Karen May, Florent Minaire, Katherine Mills, James Myatt, Chris Nicholas, Paul Norridge, David Perkins, Michael Pieri, Matthew Pigg, Angelo Povoliere, Robert Purvinskis, Phil Robson, Julien Saliege, Satti Sangha, Paramijt Singh, John Standing, Dongyao Tan, Keith Thomas, Rosalind Warren, Andy Whitehouse, Robert Wilson, Hazel Wood, Steven Danes, Scott Englefield, Juan Flores-Watson, Chris Lord, Allan Parry, Juliet Morris, Nick Gregory, and Ian Mansell.

From ESA, in alphabetical order: Ricard Abello, Asier Abreu, Ivan Aksenov, Matthew Allen, Salim Ansari, Philippe Armbruster, Mari-Liis Aru, Alessandro Atzei, Liesse Ayache, Samy Azaz, Nana Bach, Jean-Pierre Balley, Paul Balm, Manuela Baroni, Rainer Bauske, Thomas Beck, Gabriele Bellei, Carlos Bielsa, Gerhard Billig, Carmen Blasco, Andreas Boosz, Bruno Bras, Julia Braun, Thierry Bru, Frank Budnik, Joe Bush, Marco Butkovic, Jacques Candé, David Cano, Carlos Casas, Francesco Castellini, David Chapmann, Nebil Cinar, Mark Clements, Giovanni Colangelo, Peter Collins, Ana Colorado McEvoy, Gabriele Comoretto, Vincente Companys, Federico Cordero, Yannis Croizat, Sylvain Damiani, Fabienne Delhaise, Gianpiero Di Girolamo, Yannis Diamantidis, John Dodsworth, Ernesto Dölling, Jane Douglas, Jean Doutreleau, Dominic Doyle, Mark Drapes, Frank Dreger, Peter Droll, Gerhard Drolshagen, Michal Ðurovič, Bret Durrett, Christina Eilers, Yannick Enginger, Alessandro Ercolani, Matthias Erdmann, Orcun Ergincan, Robert Ernst, Daniel Escolar, Maria Espina, Hugh Evans, Fabio Favata, Stefano Ferreri, Daniel Firre, Michael Flegel, Melanie Flentge, Alan Flowers, Steve Foley, Julia Fortuno-Benavent, Jens Freihöfer, Rob Furnell, Julio Gallegos, Maria De La Cruz Garcia Gonzalez, Philippe Garé, Wahida Gasti, José Gavira, Frank Geerling, Franck Gemes, Gottlob Gienger, Bénédicte Girouart, Bernard Godard, Nick Godfrey, César Gómez Hernández, Roy Gouka, Cosimo Greco, Robert Guilanya, Kester Habermann, Manfred Hadwiger, Ian Harrison, Angela Head, Martin Hechler, Javier Hernando Bravo, Kjeld Hjortnaes, John Hoar, Jacolien Hoek, Frank Hoffmann, Justin Howard, Fredrik Hülphers, Arjan Hulsbosch, Christopher Hunter, Premysl Janík, José Jiménez, Emmanuel Joliet, Helma van de Kamp-Glasbergen, Simon Kellett, Andrea Kerruish, Kevin Kewin, Oliver Kiddle, Sabine Kielbassa, Volker Kirschner, Kees van 't Klooster, Ralf Kohley, Jan Kolmas, Oliver El Korashy, Arek Kowalczyk, Holger Krag, Benoît Lainé, Markus Landgraf, Sven Landström, Mathias Lauer, Robert Launer, Laurence Tu-Mai Levan, Mark ter Linden, Santiago Llorente, Tim Lock†, Alejandro Lopez-Lozano, Guillermo Lorenzo, Tiago Loureiro, James Madison, Juan Manuel Garcia, Federico di Marco, Jonas Marie, Filip Marinic, Pier Mario Besso, Arturo Martín Polegre, Ander Martínez, Monica Martínez Fernández, Marco Massaro, Paolo de Meo, Ana Mestre, Claudio Mevi, Luca Michienzi, David Milligan, Ali Mohammadzadeh, David Monteiro, Richard Morgan-Owen, Trevor Morley, Prisca Mühlmann, Jana Mulacova, Michael Müller, Pablo Muñoz, Petteri Nieminen, Alfred Nillies, Wilfried Nzoubou, Alistair O'Connell, Karen O'Flaherty, Alfonso Olias Sanz, William O'Mullane, José Osinde, Oscar Pace, Mohini Parameswaran, Ramon Pardo, Taniya Parikh, Paul Parsons, Panos Partheniou, Torgeir Paulsen, Dario Pellegrinetti, José-Louis Pellon-Bailon, Joe Pereira, Michael Perryman, Christian
Philippe, Alex Popescu, Frédéric Raison, Riccardo Rampini, Florian Renk, Alfonso Rivero, Andrew Robson, Gerd Rössling, Martina Rossmann, Markus Rückert, Andreas Rudolph, Frédéric Safa, Johannes Sahlmann, Eugenio Salguero, Jamie Salt, Giovanni Santin, Fabio de Santis, Rui Santos, Giuseppe Sarri, Stefano Scaglioni, Melanie Schabe, Dominic Schäfer, Micha Schmidt, Rudolf Schmidt, Ared Schnorhk, Klaus-Jürgen Schulz, Jean Schütz, Julia Schwartz, Andreas Scior, Jörg Seifert, Christopher Semprimoschnig†, Ed Serpell, Iñaki Serraller Vizcaino, Gunther Sessler, Felicity Sheasby, Alex Short, Hassan Siddiqui, Heike Sillack, Swamy Siram, Chloe Sivac, Christopher Smith, Claudio Sollazzo, Steven Straw, Daniel Tapiador, Pilar de Teodoro, Mark Thompson, Giulio Tonelloto, Felice Torelli, Raffaele Tosellini, Cecil Tranquille, Irren Tsu-Silva, Livio Tucci, Aileen Urwin, Jean-Baptiste Valet, Martin Vannier,

Enrico Vassallo, David Verrier, Sam Verstaen, Rüdiger Vetter, José Villalvilla, Raffaele Vitulli, Mildred Vögele, Sandra Vogt, Sergio Volonté, Catherine Watson, Karsten Weber, Daniel Werner, Gary Whitehead†, Gavin Williams, Alistair Winton, Michael Witting, Peter Wright, Karlie Yeung, Marco Zambianchi, and Igor Zayer, and finally Vincenzo Innocente from the Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire (CERN).

In case of errors or omissions, please contact the Gaia Helpdesk.

A.J. acknowledges support from the Fonds de la Recherche Fondamentale Collective (FNRS, F.R.F.C.) of Belgium through grant PDR T.0115.23 and from Belspo/PRODEX/ESA under grant PEA nr. 4000119826. This research made use of *pystrometry*, an open source Python package for astrometry timeseries analysis (Sahlmann 2019), and *galpy*, a Python library for Galactic dynamics (Bovy 2015).
Philippe, Alex Popescu, Frédéric Raison, Riccardo Rampini,
Florian Renk, Alfonso Rivero, Andrew Robson, Gerd Rössling,
Martina Rossmann, Markus Rückert, Andreas Rudolph, Frédéric
Safa, Johannes Sahlmann, Eugenio Salguero, Jamie Salt, Gio-
vanni Santin, Fabio de Santis, Rui Santos, Giuseppe Sarri,
Stefano Scaglioni, Melanie Schabe, Dominic Schäfer, Micha
Schmidt, Rudolf Schmidt, Ared Schnorhk, Klaus-Jürgen Schulz,
Jean Schütz, Julia Schwartz, Andreas Scior, Jörg Seifert,
Christopher Semprimoschnig†, Ed Serpell, Iñaki Serraller Viz-
caino, Gunther Sessler, Felicity Sheasby, Alex Short, Hassan
Siddiqui, Heike Sillack, Swamy Siram, Chloe Sivac, Christo-
pher Smith, Claudio Sollazzo, Steven Straw, Daniel Tapiador,
Pilar de Teodoro, Mark Thompson, Giulio Tonelloto, Felice
Torelli, Raffaele Tosellini, Cecil Tranquille, Irren Tsu-Silva,
Livio Tucci, Aileen Urwin, Jean-Baptiste Valet, Martin Vannier,

Enrico Vassallo, David Verrier, Sam Verstaen, Rüdiger Vet-
ter, José Villalvilla, Raffaele Vitulli, Mildred Vögele, Sandra
Vogt, Sergio Volonté, Catherine Watson, Karsten Weber, Daniel
Werner, Gary Whitehead†, Gavin Williams, Alistair Winton,
Michael Witting, Peter Wright, Karlie Yeung, Marco Zam-
bianchi, and Igor Zayer, and finally Vincenzo Innocente from
the Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire (CERN).

In case of errors or omissions, please contact the Gaia
Helpdesk.

A.J. acknowledges support from the Fonds de la Recherche
Fondamentale Collective (FNRS, F.R.F.C.) of Belgium through
grant PDR T.0115.23 and from Belspo/PRODEX/ESA under
grant PEA nr. 4000119826. This research made use of
pystrometry, an open source Python package for astrome-
try timeseries analysis (Sahlmann 2019), and galpy, a Python
library for Galactic dynamics (Bovy 2015).