# Opinions from five oral specialists on 3D printing in the challenge of customized oral healthcare. What can plasma technology bring?

Antoine Dubuc, Antoine Galibourg, Thibault Canceill, Sara Laurencin-Dalicieux, Sarah Cousty

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Antoine Dubuc, Antoine Galibourg, Thibault Canceill, Sara Laurencin-Dalicieux, Sarah Cousty. Opinions from five oral specialists on 3D printing in the challenge of customized oral healthcare. What can plasma technology bring?. Plasma Processes and Polymers, In press, 10.1002/ppap.202300060. hal-04126150

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<figure><img src="image_1.png" /></figure>

REVIEW

PLASMA PROCESSES
AND POLYMERS

# Opinions from five oral specialists on 3D printing in the challenge of customized oral healthcare. What can plasma technology bring?

Antoine Dubuc<fnref n="1" />,<fnref n="2" />,<fnref n="3" />,<fnref n="4" />

Antoine Galibourg<fnref n="1" />,<fnref n="3" />,<fnref n="5" />

Thibault Canceill<fnref n="1" />,<fnref n="6" />,<fnref n="7" />

Sara Laurencin-Dalicieux<fnref n="1" />,<fnref n="4" />,<fnref n="8" />

Sarah Cousty<fnref n="1" />,<fnref n="2" />,<fnref n="9" />

<figure><img src="image_2.png" /></figure>

Correspondence

Sarah Cousty, Division of General
Dentistry, Health Campus, Paul Sabatier
University, Toulouse, France.
Email: sarah.cousty@univ-tlse3.fr

Abstract

The field of “plasma medicine” is expanding. It is based on advances in plasma physics and chemistry; a better knowledge of the species produced, a better control in the creation of gaseous plasmas, enable different plasma processes with potential different clinical applications. In the medical field, progress is being made towards predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and populational medicine. In particular, three-dimensional printing is useful in

the challenge of customized
oral healthcare. For exam-
ple, plasma technology offers
many options to optimize the
use of custom-made prothesis,
particularly in the area of oral
medicine and oral surgery.

<figure><img src="image_3.png" /></figure>

KEYWORDS

oral medicine, oral surgery, plasma medicine

<footnote n="1">¹Division of General Dentistry, Health Campus, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France</footnote>

<footnote n="2">²Oral Surgery Oral Medicine Department, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France</footnote>

<footnote n="3">³Oral Rehabilitation and Prosthetic, Implantology Department CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France</footnote>

<footnote n="4">⁴CERPOP UMR 1295 INSERM, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France</footnote>

<footnote n="5">⁵Center for Anthropobiology and Genomics of Toulouse, UMR 5288, CNRS, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France</footnote>

<footnote n="6">⁶Oral Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Department, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France</footnote>

<footnote n="7">⁷Intestine ClinicOmics Microbiota & Metabolism (InCOMM) UMR1297 INSERM/UPS, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (i2MC), Toulouse, France</footnote>

<footnote n="8">⁸Periodontology Department, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France</footnote>

<footnote n="9">⁹LAPLACE UMR CNRS 5213, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France</footnote>

<footnote>This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

© 2023 The Authors. *Plasma Processes and Polymers* published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.</footnote>
Today's medicine tends to be defined as predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and populational.

Personalized, as treatments will be tailored to patients. The replacement of deficient organs or joints or presenting terminal degenerative pathologies is an important therapeutic challenge and can only be envisioned by the manufacture of custom-made prostheses. New biomaterials must also be able to replace a variety of living tissues, in particular for the purpose of filling tissue defects, thus enabling to restore functions. Requirements and specifications for biomaterials to design customized prosthetic parts are complex.

In the field of oral medicine and oral surgery, these new challenges stand at different levels.

One of them concerns complex oral rehabilitation, where dental implants can be used to replace one or more teeth. To be successfully placed in the mouth, a favorable bone and mucous environment is mandatory. It is now possible to accurately determine the shape of the bone defect, its volume and to plan from beginning to end, the necessary bone reconstruction, to ideally position the implant restoring optimal and long-lasting masticatory and esthetic functions. Guided surgery using three-dimensional (3D) printing technology is definitely an indispensable aid and tool.

In this article, we propose four cross-perspectives around the challenges of customized oral healthcare, emphasizing in particular on the contribution of plasma technology in this area (Figure 1).

# 1 | 3D PRINTING IN ORAL HEALTH—HOW DOES IT WORK? WHICH MATERIAL IS USED?

The evolution of 3D printing in dentistry has greatly improved and modified the work-flow for dental practitioners and technicians. Until the emergence of

additive manufacturing processes, digital techniques for designing and manufacturing medical devices for dental use were essentially oriented towards the subtractive manufacturing mode by milling. Initially, the concept of 3D printing was a technology that enabled to create physical objects from a 3D digital file using a computer-controlled nozzle.[1] In the last decade, the process, as well as its fields of application and materials available to be printed (ceramics, polymers, metal alloys...[2]), has been widely extended. Among the technologies that can be applied for medical use, stereolithography is particularly interesting in terms of product resolution.[2] Briefly, it consists of polymerizing a photosensitive liquid resin with an ultraviolet laser, voxel by voxel on each layer of the object to be printed.[2] Between each layer, an addition of resin is brought on the top of the printing tray. The layers' precision is lower than 100 µm in thickness.[3] Resins used for 3D printing in dentistry are derived from polymethyl methacrylates.[4] They are formed by the polymerization of methyl methacrylate monomers according to an addition process following a three-step procedure of initiation, propagation, and termination.[5] The printing protocol must thus respect and allow the course of these stages. However, such a technique presents some limitations. These biomaterials comply with European regulations as class IIa medical devices, that is, they can be positioned in the patient's oral cavity, but not implanted as would bone substitutes or titanium implants, for example. This characteristic is partly related to their potential toxicity, which constitutes a wide topic of research in the international literature. In fact, once printed, the dental devices must undergo a double chemical and physical posttreatment procedure to finish the polymerization and reduce the resin risk of toxicity.[6] Indeed, poor execution of the protocol can potentially lead to release, into the patient's body, of free monomers left on the surface of the material.[7] Recently, Nam et al.[8] have pointed out that uncured monomers

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>FIGURE 1 Contribution of plasma technology in customized oral healthcare.</figcaption></figure>
but also photoinitiators and additives may be considered
toxic elements and should be targeted when post-
treatment procedures are designed.

2 | 3D PRINTING IN ORAL HEALTH—WHAT ARE THE SURGICAL INDICATIONS?

The market for 3D printing in oral health is growing at an annual rate of 20.2% and is estimated to be worth $7.9 trillion by 2027, according to a report by a research firm *Markets and Markets*.*[9] Multiple applications have been developed using rapid prototyping technologies and various materials.[10] Once mastered, 3D printing in oral health allows simplification, flexibility, and work-time reduction in producing medical devices. Today, it offers users a growing list of indications, and it can easily be integrated into the workflow of any dental practice or laboratory.[11]

To date, in dentistry and oral surgery, the association
of intraoral cameras, computer-aided designing, and 3D
printing have enabled the development of full digital
workflows useful for complex oral rehabilitations.

Dental models are used by both the practitioner and
the lab technician to analyze, plan implant treatment and
fabricate dental prostheses (Figure 2).

For surgery, anatomical models can also be printed
for preoperative planning in complex cases, that is, for
presurgical conformation of osteosynthesis plates[12]
(Figure 3).

Surgical guides are also produced by this technique.
They are designed to help the practitioner orient
instruments and place implants in a more precise,
accurate, and customized way (Figure 4).

Surgical guides are very useful, especially in the
management of complex cases: anterior maxillary
areas with an important esthetic issue, complex
surgical rehabilitation in patients at risk (irradiated
field implantology, implant-stabilized maxillofacial
prosthesis).

Dental prostheses such as crowns, bridges, over-
lays, or complete removable prostheses can be printed
in resin, metal, or ceramic (Figure 5). This use of
technology facilitates the use of materials that would
otherwise be difficult to craft and utilize and dimin-
ishes the manual, labor-intensive production and
postproduction techniques.[13] In orthodontics, 3D
printing has enabled the development of alignment
trays (Figure 6).

Implantology has pushed the boundaries of oral
rehabilitation. In complex cases, we can imagine,
tomorrow, the use of custom-made implants, adapted
to the bone but also the patient's gingival profile.

Also, when necessary, despite the use of custom-
made implants, the preimplant bone and gingival tissue
layout can be anticipated and planned thanks to 3D
technology. Bone grafts can be prepared and milled
before insertion into the mouth as well.

3 | WHAT CAN PLASMA TECHNOLOGY BRING IN 3D PRINTING FOR MEDICAL APPLICATIONS?

3D printing technology allows the realization of tailor-
made, implantable parts, perfectly adapted to the patient.
On the one hand, this technology is particularly

<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>FIGURE 2 Use of 3D printing in the production of dental models and dental prostheses.</figcaption></figure>
**FIGURE 3** Anatomical models printed in a preoperative planning. These models are very useful in the follow-up of complex clinical cases. Here the surgeon can simulate the removal of a mandibular tumor and adapt the plates of osteosynthesis, preoperative. This helps reduce surgical time.

<figure><img src="image_6.png" /></figure>

**FIGURE 4** Placement of an implant, in an esthetic area (maxillary). A surgical guide allows a more secure, better-controlled procedure. Surgical time is reduced.

<figure><img src="image_7.png" /></figure>

**FIGURE 5** Dental prostheses with 3D printing technology.

<figure><img src="image_8.png" /></figure>
<figure><img src="image_9.png" /><figcaption>FIG URE 6 Orthodontic alignment trays, custom made.</figcaption></figure>

promising and allows new therapeutical alternatives. On
the other hand, it deals with new constraints.

- Plasma technology could allow sterilization of printed parts before implantation.

In the medical field, the majority of instrumentation
is sterilized by autoclaving, which is a hot and moist
treatment. This technology is effective but does not allow
for the treatment of “heat sensitive” materials. Low-
temperature sterilization techniques are available, most
often using gamma, ultraviolet, or ethylene oxide. These
processes are sometimes costly and toxic in the case of
ethylene oxide. Furthermore, UV sterilization makes it
difficult to treat objects of complex shapes. The principle
of cold plasma sterilization is therefore a promising
alternative. Processes using nitrogen atoms, and thus
nonoxidizing, would allow the parts to be sterilized by 3D
printing, with thermosensitive materials, and without
structural alteration.[14–16]

In particular, if 3D printing makes it possible to
obtain a personalized prosthesis, perfectly adapted to the
clinical situation, it is therefore difficult to accept that the
sterilization process induces a dimensional variation of
the object. As we previously presented in this article,
surgical guides need to be perfectly adapted to the
patients to respect the previously established customized
treatment plan. The use of nonequillium plasma
discharge has been studied to remove organic residues
from surgical instruments. This method has been shown
to be effective and without risk of toxicity.[17] The use of
cold atmospheric plasmas (CAPs) was described more
than 50 years ago. It is not intended to replace standard
sterilization processes, but it has its place in the
decontamination and sterilization of biocompatible
biomaterials or sensitive materials.[18] Depending on
the conditions of use, some plasma devices avoid the
negative effects of thermal loading, however, changes
due to plasma interaction cannot be eliminated. They
only affect the surface (a few atomic layers) and can even
have beneficial effects, but the material influences the
plasma composition.[19,20] Thus, a standardized low-
pressure plasma sterilization process, reproducible pho-
ton and particle fluxes will most likely be achieved with
pure molecular process gases.[18] The use of pure

nitrogen discharge and postdischarge limit the produc-
tion of UV radicals for example.

Plasma is effective against a broad spectrum of
pathogens, including bacterial spores and prions, both
of which display a high level of resistance to chemical
and physical treatments.[15,21]

The antimicrobial and surface modification potential of plasma demonstrated in in vitro and in vivo models would suggest CAP as a promising option in the treatment of contaminated titanium implants (e.g., peri-implantitis).[22,23]

Furthermore, the use of plasma on the titanium
surface has shown beneficial effects with an increase in
bone formation around titanium biomaterials. This is
explained by the modifications of the surface state and in
particular the wettability and the reduction of reactive
oxygen species.[24,25]

- Plasma technology could allow surface treatment of printed parts, peroperative

Surface modifications by plasma treatment, at atmo-
spheric pressure, at room temperature, in a care unit, and
for example in the operating room are interesting
prospects. Thus, during the procedure, the surfaces of
printed prostheses could be treated for decontamination,
or activated.

The change in wettability of plasma-treated surfaces
is known. Various studies show that treatment with CAP
can improve or slow down cell colonization.

Plasma technology could potentiate osteointegration
for example. This further increases the therapeutic
possibilities. One of the objectives of using custom-
made prosthetic and implantable parts is to be able to
push therapeutic limits. Thus, if the plasma technology
decreases the duration of the healing phase, potentiates
the phase of biointegration (bone and/or mucosa), the
success of the rehabilitation is increased. Also, oral
microorganisms' adhesion can be reduced by CAP
application.[26,27] Thus, the materials used in 3D printing
could be activated by plasma and plasma technology
could render these biomaterials bioactive.[28,29]

The modification of the gas or the parameters of the
plasma induces the modification of the physicochemical
species produced and therefore of the properties of the
plasma. The wettability, the surface state, or even surface
energy can be modified.[30-32]

The treatment of the bonding interface is a daily
challenge in adhesive dentistry. The use of cold plasmas
has been widely studied on biomaterials used in dentistry
(such as acrylic denture base resin, glass fibers, fiber-
reinforced composite posts, and ceramics).[33] An
increase in bond strength has been demonstrated in
the short and long term.[34]

In oral surgery and implantology, the use of
biomaterials is widely found. Titanium is common
practice. The success of a dental implant is linked to the achievement of implant osteointegration but also to a perfect gingival integration. The surface modification of implants could allow a better biointegration.[35] Cold atmospheric plasma is able to increase the wettability of titanium, removing hydrophobic contaminants and forming a thin chemical layer composed of groups like hydroxyl species, thereby producing a more reactive surface.[36] Thus, this improves soft and hard tissue healing.[33] Reno et al.[37] have shown biocompatibility and bioactivity improvement toward osteoblasts and keratinocytes adhesion and proliferation.

These cell adhesion and proliferation properties have also been shown on biomaterials other than titanium, such as certain polymers used in medicine.[38] This is enabled by modification of the surface chemistry and morphology, inducing surface cleaning, surface ablation or etching, cross-linking, and modification of chemical properties.[39]

## 4 | CONCLUSION

Therapeutic progress is constant and depends on technological progress. Within the framework of “rehabilitation,” esthetic and functional demands are increasingly advanced, and the results are more and more reproducible, reliable, and sustainable. These advances are due in particular to the use of implantable devices tailored to the patient’s clinical situation and demands and also the possibility of using precise surgical guides that secure surgical procedures. Plasma technology could provide technological and biological solutions, particularly in terms of sterilization, decontamination, and biological functionalization of printed surfaces (3D printing).

## ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors would like to thank the COST Action PlasTHER (CA 20114) for the collaborative support.

## DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.

## ORCID

Sarah Cousty http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4077-2796

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**How to cite this article:** A. Dubuc, A. Galibourg, T. Canceill, S. Laurencin-Dalicieux, S. Cousty, *Plasma Processes Polym.* **2023**, e2300060. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppap.202300060