Give one correct answer for each question.

1. Regarding the role of CT in the radiation burden of mankind, all the following are true, except:

A. Presently, over 60 million CT studies are performed annually in the USA.

B. Spiral or helical technology means greater coverage in less time, and multiple scans related to contrast administration become standard.

C. The approximate annual increase of 10% in CT studies in the USA has occurred with only a 1% population increase.

D. CT studies alone deliver an annual 0.47 mSv *per capita* to the USA population.

2. Which one of the following statements is true?

Some basic radiation values are:

A. Frontal CXR 0.11 mSv

B. Abdominal CT 10 mSv

C. Lung CT 1.33 mSv

D. Annual background radiation 0.3 mSv

3. Which one of the following statements is false?

A. The younger the subject, the higher the radiation-induced effects.

B. Children have a shorter latent period in which a radiation-induced cancer has the opportunity to manifest.

C. Children are deemed more radiosensitive as they have a larger proportion of actively dividing cells.

D. Young females are more radiosensitive than males.

4. Regarding digital imaging, identify the one false statement.

A. PACS relates specifically to the archiving and retrieval of radiological images and reports.

B. The system is linked to, and forms the backbone of, both the hospital information system (HIS) and the radiology information system (RIS).

C. Only 42% of clinicians feel that digital picture archiving makes patient follow-up more efficient.

D. In a survey published in this journal, the majority of respondents felt that there were aspects of a PACS that contribute positively to the level and amount of training opportunities created.

5. Which one of the following statements is false?

A. Vein of Galen malformations are rare anomalies of intracranial circulation that constitute 1% of all intracranial vascular malformations.

B. Vein of Galen malformations represent 30% of vascular malformations in the paediatric age group.

C. Vein of Galen malformations form during the late somite stages of the 7th week of embryonic life.

D. There is a relationship between the choroidal type of vein of Galen malformation and heart failure in neonates.

6. Identify the one correct statement among the following.

A. Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome (DILS) is an entity found in patients infected with the human immune deficiency virus (HIV).

B. Patients present with an intermittent CD8+.

C. Patients present with lymphocytosis and diffuse lymphocytic infiltration limited to the lung interstitium.

D. The aetiology is known, and is due to a 'hypo-immune' lung response to HIV or Epstein-Barr virus that results in infiltration of organs by the CD8+ lymphocyte.

7. Regarding the use of fabric for haemostasis, all the following are true except:

A. Oxidised regenerated cellulose (*Surgicel*) fibrillar is the preferred absorbable material for fast haemostasis.

B. The absorbable haemostatic materials and (non-absorbable) Teflon felt are macroscopically similar in appearance. Teflon is as efficient for haemostasis as the above-mentioned.

C. Textile implants are not biocompatible.

D. Textile implants elicit a foreign body response.

8. Identify the one false statement among the following:

A. In their review of pregnancy-related ruptured arterial aneurysms, Barret *et al*. list in decreasing order of frequency those of intracranial, aortic, splenic, renal and ovarian artery origin.

B. Of the above, the ovarian artery location is by far the least frequent, with only 11 cases recorded in the English-language literature.

C. Concerning hormonal factors, Barret *et al*. noted the results of both animal and human studies suggesting that the pregnancy-related alterations in steroid hormones may cause a variety of arterial changes.

D. The most common symptom of rupture of ovarian artery aneurysm is sudden haematuria.

9. Regarding radiation effects, identify a single false statement.

A. Radiation effects can be deterministic, requiring a threshold dose to manifest.

B. Stochastic effects do not have known thresholds, and the BEIR VII reports indicate a linear related response from very low exposure to radiation.

C. Ionisation can occur directly with electrons of DNA molecules, but more commonly radiation interaction with water molecules creates hydroxyl radicals that then interact with DNA.

D. Single-chain damage is repaired with difficulty, but double-chain damage is easily removed by replication. The consequence may be radiation-induced carcinogenesis in the exposed individual, but also this 'radiation-induced genomic instability' can be transmitted to future generations.

10. Identify the single false statement. Douglas Jamieson:

A. Completed diagnostic radiology training at Tygerberg Hospital and University of Stellenbosch in 1991.

B. Started his paediatric radiology career under the guidance of Professor Bryan Cremin at Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital in Cape Town.

C. Completed a paediatric fellowship training at The Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Canada.

D. Is a Bafana Bafana loose forward.

CPD Instructions:

1. CPD questionnaires must be completed online by going directly (not via Google) to www.cpdjournals.org.za, and registering. You will then receive an email notifying you of your username and password for subsequent logging on.

2. Read the articles in the journal to find the answers to the questions.

3. After completing the questionnaire, you can check the answers and print your own CPD certificate. Questions may be answered up to 6 months after publication of the journal issue concerned.

4. Please contact Gertrude Fani on 021 681 7200 or gertrude@hmpg.co.za in the event of queries.

Accreditation number: MDB 001/010/01/2011