# School Feeding and Family Farming: Partnership for the Generation of Employment and Income

Antonio Carlos Estender, Luciana De Melo Costa, Oduvaldo Vendrametto

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Antonio Carlos Estender, Luciana De Melo Costa, Oduvaldo Vendrametto. School Feeding and Family Farming: Partnership for the Generation of Employment and Income. IFIP International Conference on Advances in Production Management Systems (APMS), Sep 2022, Gyeongju, South Korea. pp.99-106, 10.1007/978-3-031-16411-8_13. hal-04768966

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School Feeding and Family Farming:
partnership for the generation of
employment and income

Antonio Carlos Estender¹[000-0002-0547-1077] Luciana de Melo Costa²
[0000-0002-2275-743X]; Oduvaldo Vendrametto³ [0000-0003-2430-6138].

¹ Graduate Studies in Production Engineering – Paulista University - UNIP, PPGEP,
São Paulo, Brazil

¹estender@uol.com.br

²lueducita@yahoo.com.br

³oduvaldo@uol.com.br

**Abstract.** School meals made in partnership with family farmers tend to foster local economies, driving productive diversification and increasing the income of family farmers. Through the Brazilian School Meals Program, purchases of fam- ily farming products are encouraged, under special conditions of at least 30% of the resources transferred by the Brazilian Fund for Education Development. This incentive allows better marketing alternatives and valorization of the local farmer. The municipality has a significant return on its economy when these re-sources are added to those spent by the municipality itself. Numerous benefits would be generated for family farmers, shop- keepers, industrialists, and local service providers, as well as the return of revenue in the form of consumption taxes. This paper describes financial and social gains in the presence of municipal policies that induce the food acquisition process.

**Keywords:** family farming; school feeding; food bank; micro-economy.

# 1 Introduction

School feeding in partnership with family farming tends to foster local economies, en- abling actions that generate employment and income. The National School Feeding Program of Brazil (PNAE), among its competencies, should also stimulate local econ- omies and enable productive diversification and income increase of family farmers, offering more and better-marketing alternatives and valorization of the local farmer [1].

The program advocates legally the purchase of food produced by family farmers, be at least 30% of the resource transfer, favoring the generation of income, causing a greater impact on small and medium-sized cities, while promoting citizenship and food security, encouraging education in the communities through a comprehensive feeding system in public schools [2].
The effectiveness of school feeding will be expressive the greater the involvement of the community, public management, and inspection. The objective of this article is to evaluate how the resources used in school feeding can contribute to the local economy, adding income to family farmers and the community, and bringing social returns to the municipality. In May 2020, a governmental resolution made clear the understanding of all the eligibility criteria for family farmers and forcefully addresses considerations of the Food Guide for the Brazilian Population and the Food Guide for Brazilian Children recommending the purchase of fresh or minimally processed foods [3].

PNAE is an important tool for partnerships between the executing units, to provide opportunities for the generation of employment and income, because it recognizes, stimulates, and values the local agricultural family production, and the cultural specificities of food consumption, resulting in the construction of a healthy school menu and the movement of the financial wheel that provides all the access and consumption of the participating community. This includes all sorts of services involved in the smooth running of the school kitchen, such as maintenance, logistics, and other necessary inputs, as well as goods and services accessible to family farmers with their new income possibilities.

## 2 Literature Review

Initiatives around the world to meet food needs in schools reveal the concern with the school environment, including factors such as childhood obesity and the counterpoint to large-scale consumption of industrialized products. This premise brings benefits such as the correction of poor food environments, improvement in the nutritional quality of students, and revitalization of local agriculture [4].

In Brazil, public policies have been implemented to ensure nutritional food security as a human right to healthy food and in adequate quantities. As part of its historical landmarks, it instituted the Federal Law nº 5.537 in 1968, establishing the Brazilian Fund for Education Development (FNDE), whose function is to elaborate educational policies and provide resources for school feeding. [1].

The National School Feeding Program of Brazil was created to elaborate policies on school feeding and is managed by the FNDE. PNAE is responsible for technical assistance and supports the states and municipalities, to contribute to the implementation of educational actions [5].

For the food to arrive on the table of the school canteen, the capillarity was promoted, transferring the execution to the municipalities, which must complement the financial resources passed by FNDE, set up and manage the whole infrastructure, from the purchase of food, its transport, organization, and preparation of the menus with the assistance of nutritionists. [1].

To meet the requirement of spending a minimum of 30% of school feeding expenses on in-nature products, the process favors the elimination of intermediaries and the exemption of bidding processes based on the lowest price. It will be up to each executing entity to publish this demand through a public call, at fair prices, publicizing it widely
in newspapers, electronic media, or in other ways, prioritizing family entrepreneurs or
organizations of agrarian reform settlements, and indigenous people [6].

The respect for food culture and seasonality of production are also beneficial effects
in this construction so that the preparation of this menu following these premises can
positively affect the field and the student's plate [5]. The increasing use of quality and
fiber-rich foods, and the strengthening of the micro-economy for food production and
food delivery should be a systematic search to guarantee this public policy [3].

The menu should be prepared by a nutritionist who is registered in PNAE, and it
should respect the local food culture, and specify the variety of products and quantity,
with high nutritional content so that it can base the list of products for the acquisition.
The nutritionist must be aware of the local production to compose the menu. In this
way, the public call, the modality that governs this acquisition will be compatible to
meet the intended demand. The production of healthier food for students reinforces the
local economy, as it proposes a guaranteed fixed income to the family farmer [7].

The supply chains should be short to preserve the freshness and quality of food,
respect regional eating habits, and generate a supply of products that can even promote
food education and change eating habits. The economic, social, and local development
effects of school feeding influence the performance of the local economy, the National
School Feeding Program of Brazil helps in the economic capillarity of the municipalities
because the amount received by farmers will also reverberate in small businesses
and the increase of tax collection in the municipality. [8].

PNAE grants election criteria to suppliers of the short chain that produce organic
and ecological food, because the resolution allows that in these cases the price is increased by 30% valuing the responsible cultivation and aligned to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) of the UN agenda 2030 [9].

The construction of a sustainable development mechanism for family farmers must
be a systematic and holistic project, so that the support can be continued and translated
into the inclusion of family farming, especially in the attention to their needs and future
projects [10].

For the farmer to participate in the public call, it is necessary to follow and be up to
date with the documentary requirements qualifying them as suppliers. The reference
prices should be parameters so that the products can have a fair and balanced price. In
this document, the producer will indicate which products and quantities will be made
available, compatible with its production and limits of individual resource contracting/year, established by Resolution Nº 21, of November 16, 2021 [6].

The most important resource of income comes from the PNAE, that despite prioritizing local producers, the same producers can access several municipalities where surpluses are available, accumulating in the same year several sales projects and multiplying its income [11].

In Brazil apart from PNAE there are other school feeding programs and modalities
that aid small producers such as PAA - Food Acquisition Program, the modality
CONAB - National Supply Company and the modality Term of Adhesion (municipal
and state). The creation of a partnership among economic agents that encourages networking to strengthen management and promote exchange within the region itself is
necessary since the work of social policies presents different realities and capabilities but is complementary and essential for sustainable rural development [12].

## 3 Methods

The research was carried out with family farmers, members of the Association of Rural Producers of the Rio Branco Basin, Artisanal Fishermen, and Indigenous People of Itanhaém/SP-Brazil and Region - AMIBRA, the main suppliers who deliver foodstuffs to the city government. In the first stage of the research, visits were made to understand how producers in the region have increased food production with the help of PNAE, PAA, and local companies, to make a diagnosis. Data collection was carried out at the Food Bank of Itanhaém, to assess how the resources employed in school feeding can contribute to the local economy, adding income to family farmers and the community, and bringing social returns to the municipality. The data collected was compiled in an electronic database of the Microsoft Excel program, and from there it was possible to structure and understand the income generation model of the farmers.

## 4 Result and Discussion

Itanhaém was based on local food characteristics, with banana cultivation as its main crop, but the new perspective of access to commercialization, such as the PNAE and institutional support, have changed the production dynamics, posing the challenge to the producers' associations of changing and diversifying the plantation to meet the demands of school meals.

According to the farmers' reports, the first participation in sales was only bananas, and when the diversification occurred the number of products grown from 1 to 10. Table 1, data from the public call 001/2021 demonstrates this alignment, in addition to the respect for the cultivars of traditional communities. [13]

<table><caption>Table 1. Public Call 001/2021 - Itanhaém/SP-Brazil</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Product</th><th rowspan="2">Unit</th><th rowspan="2">Quantity</th><th>Price Unitary</th><th rowspan="2">Total USD</th></tr><tr><th>USD</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Banana silver</td><td>kg</td><td>50.000</td><td>0.673</td><td>33.674.99</td></tr><tr><td>Dwarf banana</td><td>kg</td><td>60.167</td><td>0.631</td><td>37.989.81</td></tr><tr><td>Lettuce</td><td>kg</td><td>24.104</td><td>21.047</td><td>50.731.37</td></tr><tr><td>Processed manioc</td><td>kg</td><td>11.000</td><td>14.733</td><td>16.206.09</td></tr><tr><td>Organic Cabbage</td><td>kg</td><td>10.000</td><td>11.576</td><td>55.000.00</td></tr><tr><td>Organic beet</td><td>kg</td><td>10.100</td><td>10.944</td><td>11.575.77</td></tr><tr><td>Sweet potato</td><td>kg</td><td>10.000</td><td>0.758</td><td>7.576.87</td></tr><tr><td>Yam</td><td>kg</td><td>10.000</td><td>0.842</td><td>8.418.74</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tr><td>Guarani sweet potato</td><td>kg</td><td>300</td><td>18.521</td><td>555.63</td></tr><tr><td>Guarani corn</td><td>kg</td><td>60</td><td>1.869</td><td>168.20</td></tr></table>

Source: Prepared by the authors

In 2009/2010, the municipality of Itanhaém published the public call for proposals, quickly complying with the new legislation, on the back of the positive experience of the implementation of the Food Bank (2007) and the Food Purchase Program - Purchase for Simultaneous Donation.

The coincidence of the Food Bank is in the same organizational chart as the School Feeding Department, both in the Municipal Education Secretariat, provided the articulation of a socio-technical network beneficial to the PNAE and especially to the group of farmers who were assisted in the field extension, strategic planning, formalization, and document updating, in addition to the defense of seasonality and delivery logistics.

The agriculture department aligned itself with the Food Bank and it was decisive for the productive group to change the banana monoculture characteristic in the following years, besides the revival of local culture products and the valorization of the Guarani ethnic group. In the same way, together they have elaborated the routes to facilitate point-to-point delivery as required by the public call: Center/East (Beach) and Center-West (Hill) distributing in a logical line about 62 schools including 8 state schools that are annually agreed in the municipal school feeding.

With Resolution N. 21, November 2021, the bill that can be glimpsed is the same one that transformed the lives of farmers in Itanhaém and made sustainable rural development move forward, consolidating the real short chain around local products and above all returning the socio-political visibility of the right. The resolution changes the value of the individual sales limit of the family farmer and the rural family entrepreneur for school meals, establishing a new maximum value to be respected, setting it to USD 8,500.00.

Table 2 shows the real gain for producers, adding the maximum values of the family farm in Itanhaém/SP-Brazil from 2009 to 2021.

<table><caption>Table 2. Income Generation USD - Public Policies - Food Purchase Program</caption><thead><tr><th>Year</th><th>PNAE income/year</th><th>PAA CDS income/year</th><th>Income total/year</th><th>income/month</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>2009</td><td></td><td>1.000.00</td><td>1.000.00</td><td>80.00</td></tr><tr><td>2011</td><td>1.800.00</td><td>1.000.00</td><td>2.800.00</td><td>237.00</td></tr><tr><td>2013</td><td>4.200.00</td><td>1.000.00</td><td>5.200.00</td><td>430.00</td></tr><tr><td>2015</td><td>4.200.00</td><td>1.400.00</td><td>26.500.00</td><td>465.00</td></tr><tr><td>2017</td><td>4.200.00</td><td>1.400.00</td><td>26.500.00</td><td>465.00</td></tr><tr><td>2019</td><td>4.200.00</td><td>1.400.00</td><td>26.500.00</td><td>465.00</td></tr><tr><td>2021</td><td>8.500.00</td><td>2.500.00</td><td>11.000.00</td><td>920.00</td></tr></tbody></table>

Source: Prepared by the authors from various reports on the operationalization of food acquisition programs.
One of the most successful actions of the whole process was the inclusion of the indigenous family farmer as a priority beneficiary of these programs. The joint work between the Brazilian Indian Foundation - Southern Coast Regional Coordination and the Food Bank revitalized the planting of Guarani corn, soon introduced in school meals for consumption in indigenous schools, as sacred food for the ethnic group [14]. This initiative pushed the inclusion of other products from the villages, meeting the criteria of prioritization of traditional peoples and communities, specificities that are foreseen in the guiding Resolution of PNAE [7].

The collaboration between the government and farmers promoted food security and income generation, through the implementation of these programs. It is known that the benefits of school meals vary according to the economic needs of the region, in the richest and most developed regions school meals are a source of nutritious meals that complement the food offered by the family, in the poorest regions and countries is an incentive to send children to school and continue their education, being, therefore, a relevant factor to ensure food security and attention to children in vulnerable situations [8].

# 5 Conclusion

The results observed point out that the purchase of family farming through the PNAE can contribute to the local economy, adding income to family farmers and the community, and bringing social returns to the municipality. According to the association of farmers of Itanhaém, promoting food production and local supply systems operated by short production and supply chains are instruments for generating income and promoting citizenship.

The access to public purchases, besides revitalizing the rural area, served to strengthen the associative arrangement of small local producers, reflecting on the quality and freshness of the school feeding supply, and providing social and economic visibility for each producer in the community. [14].

The supply of food for PNAE, with the support of the city hall, helps local farmers employing direct purchase, promoting the improvement of their incomes that are guaranteed for a certain time, giving rise to situational diagnoses such as higher generation of jobs; increase of the portion of re-sources destined to the remuneration of labor and the increase of the economic movement in the whole region, reorganization in the food production process, increase of the productive volume, the incentive to the consumption of fresher and healthier products by the students. The development of family farming to improve school meals, the central pillar of PNAE, can also eliminate the intermediary agent, allowing a direct connection between the field and the table, generating a fairer income for farmers. Other modalities of food acquisition programs also provide opportunities for diversification and direct commercialization of Family Farming [15].

Given this, the Itanhaém Food Bank, as executor of the purchase modality has been the guiding thread of the connection between family farming production, menu formulation, and preparation of the school feeding public call, establishing healthy management in the municipality, presenting itself as a viable alternative for the success of food
systems around school feeding and the processes that culminate in the restructuring of
short production and supply chains. Because of the impression that there are opportu-
nities optimized by partner actions in the execution of the PNAE, it is understood that
by force of law there is a preexisting demand to be met and important socio-economic
gains. The Itanhaém Food Bank in a collaborative role appears as a viable alternative
for the success of food systems around school meals. The technical interventions have
formalized an expressive number of small producers that were irregular, from 28 to 61,
an increase of 117 % [16].

However, weaknesses such as the different productive stages may respond with little
supply in local agriculture. It was found that knowing the reality of local rural produc-
tion and intersectional strategic planning can in-cite and produce short-term changes
and real impacts on the local economy.

**Acknowledgment.** This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001 ".

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