Innovation and System Design

M M Mukherjee

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M M Mukherjee. Innovation and System Design. International Journal of Advanced Engineering and Management, 2017, 2 (2), pp.29-32. hal-01484512

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# Innovation and System Design

M. Mukherjee

**Abstract**

Analysis of the solution or planning, meeting with the employees, clients, consultants how the product would be better than the competitors. After studying the information we have the choice one of these three option: how can develop the system, how can improve the current system or if any of these two are not possible than leave the system. Planning stage is the preliminary step for a successful system, at first we have to detect the problems how we solve it and what we want to do, the objectives and the resources, required cost etc. System design is the second step in the system. Here a feasibility study is needed to recognize the requirements of the end user's i.e. customers, what are the expectations of them for the system. It is very vital to maintain a strong communication with the customers. Ensure that the finished product can fulfil its required level and its function. Design phases arise after the good understanding with the customer; it defines the elements of a system, the security level and the different types of data which are necessary for the system. A general system design may be complete with pen-paper work. After the designing phase the system required an implementation process. In the phases the system fulfil the customer promises, now the system is ready to running, training may be required or not. This phase may take a long time, that's depends on the complexity of the system.

**Keywords**

Entrepreneurship; Fact finding techniques; Innovation; System analysis; System design.

## I. INTRODUCTION

In business and production unit management System Analysis and Design (SDA) consider as a process of observation for all arrived and predicted situation with the intention to improve the whole procedures. For the performance and growth of the system including the objectives for achieving profitability, system analysis is a mandatory process. Having gathered all information and all details regarding the target system as much as feasible, now the system analyst go through it to realize the whole system operation technique, and to try and recognize all the troubles and problems that require to be solved and try to convert difficulties into opportunity [1]. There are inter-relationship in designing of product, designing of

organization, competitive strategy, processes for learning and managing knowledge, and etc. [2].

Basically a business is a chance of doing something new in the market and with the help of this we can help a lot of people in our society as well as our country. Most large organizations are in fact made up of many sub-systems and sub-modules [3]. Similarly a large process is also made up by many sub-processes. The processes which are running under sub-modules may refer as sub-systems processes [4]. Each sub-process takes data and information from the main inputs or may be from other processes or from both, by few courses of action or by processing the data the system generates an output. The output may be further used as input by passing it to other next processes, and so on [5]. Looking at a system and its sub-systems we may observe that how efficiently it works. By changing one module the quality of the output are parts may be analyzed for future enhancements. Organizations are mainly composite systems that consist of many interconnected and interlocking sub-processes and sub-systems. Alteration in any module of the system have both probable and unexpected penalty in other sub-process [6]. The systems need to simulate or computer base analysis and design of different computer based realizations. It may provide a structure for imagine the organizational and ecological issue which work on a sub system or as a whole system. When a computer and other automatic machine are introduced into an organization, different role of the existing workers may affect as a result both the client and organization suffered. Among the optimized peoples are change and improved routine and a sensation of accomplishment with some additional information to enhance their job roles [7]. Among the unexpected penalty might be a possible like lose their employment, decrease the spirits of recruits due to lack of participation and a feeling of demands by end users and organizations due to their lack of technical knowledge to handle the automatic machine or may be for computer illiteracy [8]. The system analyst's responsibility is to take out such kinds of doubts and try to make the whole modernizations successful.

Authors Details:

*M. Mukherjee

IJOAEM, India

e-mail: ijoaem@gmail.com

Subject Category: Management

Sub Category: System Design and Management
II. INNOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP

The innovation is basically a tool of the entrepreneurship,
by the mean of which they exploit changes as a chance for a
many business and services. The innovation is basically
capable of getting learned and capable of being practiced.
Entrepreneurship is basically a man who develops his own
business and that business is new in the market and helpful for
the people of society [9]. It can be utilized by policy makers
not only to identify the key policy issues but also to set policy
goals is one of the major thing in the entrepreneurship an
entrepreneur is the one who implement his idea in the market
and makes his company successful and established in the
market and they need to apply the innovation in the business
for the better improvement [10]. “Activities” in innovation
systems are the determinants of the development and diffusion
of innovations. Examples are R&D, provision of organizations
and institutions, financing of innovations, incubation, etc.
These activities are partly performed by private organizations
and partly by public organizations, the latter performing tasks
that constitute innovation policy. As a basis for innovation
policy, the problems (failures) in the systems must be
identified [11].

As now we already know about the entrepreneurship and
innovation now we are going to think about the uses of the
innovation in entrepreneurship.

No competition in the market: if the product of the
company is new then the company do not have to worry about
the market competition because the product which they have
launched is not there in the market eg. when Steve Jobs
launched personal computers at that time there was no
competition in the market so they got a boost In the market
and now they are well known as apple.

Will get a boost in the future: as we already know that who
starts the business first will always get a boost in the market
eg we know that paytm is the first one which started online
recharge through new banking and debit card and now even if
we compare this company from the other company like
freerecharge and others paytm is one which is better in the
market.

III. NEW PRODUCTION & FACT FINDING TECHNIQUES

There is a lot of ways to produce a new technique and new
technique is the only one which is going to help to be a
successful entrepreneurs which the help of new technique we
can easily get a better position in the market as well as in any
industry. And after this we have to observe the market and the
value of our product in the market with the help of this we can
say that we can new production technique is important.

For the study of the system the user are the analyst must
collect the facts and also the required information. The facts
when are expressed in terms of quantitatively than they are
known as data. Any project will succeed depending on how
much accurate is the data being collected and the accurate data
can be collected with the help of different methods. This
methods are termed as fact finding techniques. The user can
use more than one techniques in order to verify the accuracy
of the data. The different types of methods are as follows:

A. Interview

It is a technique where the information is being generated
from many people. Only skilful users can use this type of
technique. In this technique the user conducts a face to face
interview and records their view and responses. The
interviewer or the user must have the plan in advance to what
type of questions would they want to ask to the people. The
time and place must be chosen so that it is comfortable for the
interviewee. In this method the information which are
collected are most of the time accurate. This methods is also
useful for separating the areas having doubts and also helps in
discussing the problems in future. There are two types of
interview and they are structured interview and unstructured
interview.

B. Questionnaire

It is the technique that can be used only by the skilful
analyst. It can be generated from different people. The
questionnaire will consist series of questions which will be
arranged in logical manner based on the data to be collected.
Mostly the are always simple and its up to the point. This
method is very useful for gathering information especially for
the people who are in different places [12]. This set of
questions can be sent by mail through internet or by post. It is
one of the cheapest techniques for fact finding.

C. Record viewing

Record viewing is one of the important techniques for it
helps the analyst or the user to extract the important
information's about the system or in the organization. The
information may be published in newspapers, documents etc.

D. Observations

It is also one important technique used in fact finding. For
this process an user or the analyst must visit the organization
or the system. It is generally a practical process. The analyst
must observe and understand the flowing of documents and
also how the system works. The analyst must have the clear
idea about the area he or she is observing and the important
points must be highlighted. Sometimes the analyst may also
observe some negative or unwanted things during the process
which may cause delay in the implementation of new system.

IV. THE PROCEDURE OF THE SYSTEM ANALYSIS

The procedure of the system analysis are divided as

A. Research

For gather all necessary information related to the present
system works also collect all similar systems from the other
organizations.

B. Data Analysis

To investigate whole working procedure of the present
system and identifying current issues related with it.
Identifying all the inputs, outputs and it analysis assist the
designer to understand the target system working methodology
which is very helpful for system modification and
modernizations . It is based on three parameters analysis (i)
system inputs, (ii) process and (iii) output from the system.
Importance is given on actions and interactions among the
different subsystems and their involvement to achieve desirer
target.

C. *Design and Development Process*

The problems associated with existing system are
determined in the previous steps, the analyst can initiate
preparation how the proposed system will fix those difficulties
and try to convert difficulties into opportunity. The systems
analyst prepared a register of task and requirements list with
details specifications required for the propose module. Here
'requirements' may be desire targets or aims, which are
known as Requirements Specifications [13]. The analyst may
require new hardware and software. The analyst may require
special input devices like scanners, barcode readers, card
readers etc. and also any special output device. Based on their
decision type the custom-written software or off-the-shelf
software like ready-made type software may be procedures
[6]. Off-the-shelf software is developed for use by a wide
range of user and may not be system dependent, basically
general-purpose and trusted and more reliable for the reason
that most troubles will have been faced among the several
end-users. Lots of the support lots of help and support offered
due to many users are using it [14]. Custom-written software
or dedicated software is developing particularly for one
customer hence it become very expensive but provides exactly
what the analyst wants. Due to only one user, so very little
help is available.

D. Testing

Once the desire modifications in the system have been
made, it needed to be systematically tested and verified with
the benchmark results. A test plan is generally formed and
written as wish list for the target system or module is being
design. The proposed test plan must include all information of
each single point that required to be provided to understand
about the modified system. For example data be entered and
saved properly and may reproduce when required. Facility
option may be provide for manage different testing procedure.
When something erroneous, does an error message appear or
no etc. specified test very precisely. Test plans for the
proposed system are may be contained every detailed, and
contain many contains a series of tests. A typical test would
contain details about tested parameters, set of the test data for
used, test conditions and expected outcome from the
experiments. Selected data for testing purpose whole system
need to check if it the system doesn't failed and created
system works as per expectation or not.

E. *Documentations*

Creating documents mainly used to describe how the new
systems use or new modules, and its working procedure. There
are generally two types of common manual or documentation
techniques which are needed to produce when construct a new
module: (i) user documentation or user manual and (ii)
technical documentation or specification sheet.

Technical documentation usually includes, (i) all
details of the required hardwires and software for the
system, (ii) flowcharts and or algorithms describing how
the system works and how data is processed methodology
along with details of expected inputs and complete data
structures.

F. *Implementation*

Implementation is basically replacing the present system
with the new system. It is essential to know accurately how
the organization works without knowing its sub modules or
sub sections some Evaluation or checking is that the new
system meets all expectations. It may be parallel
implementation [6]. It may provides a structure for imagine
the organizational and ecological issue which work on a sub
system or as a whole system. When a computer and other
automatic machine is introduced into an organization,
different role of the existing workers may affected as a result
both the client and organization suffered [15]. Among the
optimized peoples are change and improved routine and a
sensation of accomplishment with some additional
information to enhance their job roles. Among the unexpected
penalty might be a possible like lose their employment,
decrease the spirits of recruits due to back of participation and
a feeling of demands by end users and organizations due to
their lack of technical knowledge to handle the automatic
machine or may be for computer illiteracy. The system
analyst's responsibility is to take out such kinds of doubts and
try to make the whole modernizations successful.

G. *Repeat the process again and again*

The process should be repeated again and again until the
required outcomes are not come.

V. CONCLUSION

Basically the most important point in the innovation **is** to
create a totally new product the new product could be
anything can exploit an established technology or it can be a
totally new technology which never have been launched into
the market. The new product may pursue in a very good
manner or it could be the one which is just a modification in
the existing product. With the help of new product we can
earn a lot of product as well as we can establish own company.

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