**Data curation:** Bhagteshwar Singh, Suzannah Lant, Sofia Cividini, Evelyn C. Lopez, Brendan F. Sargent, Anushri Somasundaran, Arina Tamborska, Glynn Webb, Komal Younas, Eva Maria Hodel, Catrin Tudur Smith, Tom Solomon.

**Formal analysis:** Bhagteshwar Singh, Suzannah Lant, Sofia Cividini, Catrin Tudur Smith.

**Funding acquisition:** Tom Solomon.

**Investigation:** Bhagteshwar Singh, Suzannah Lant, Sofia Cividini, Jonathan W. S. Cattrall, Lynsey C. Goodwin, Laura Benjamin, Ayaz Khawaja, Aline de Moura Brasil Matos, Walid Alkeridy, Andrea Pilotto, Durjoy Lahiri, Evelyn C. Lopez, Brendan F. Sargent, Anushri Somasundaran, Arina Tamborska, Glynn Webb, Komal Younas, Yaqub Al Sami, Heavenna Babu, Tristan Banks, Francesco Cavallieri, Matthew Cohen, Emma Davies, Shalley Dhar, Anna Fajardo Modol, Hamzah Farooq, Jeffrey Harte, Samuel Hey, Albert Joseph, Dileep Karthikappallil, Daniel Kassahun, Gareth Lipunga, Rachel Mason, Thomas Minton, Gabrielle Mond, Joseph Poxon, Sophie Rabas, Germander Soothill, Marialuisa Zedde, Konstantin Yenkoyan, Bruce Brew, Erika Contini, Lucette Cysique, Xin Zhang, Pietro Maggi, Vincent van Pesch, Jérome Lechien, Sven Saussez, Alex Heyse, Maria Lúcia Brito Ferreira, Cristiane N. Soares, Isabel Elicer, Laura Eugenín-von Bernhardi, Waleng Ñancupil Reyes, Rong Yin, Mohammed A. Azab, Foad Abd-Allah, Ahmed Elkady, Simon Escalard, Jean-Christophe Corvol, Cécile Delorme, Pierre Tattevin, Kévin Bigaut, Norbert Lorenz, Daniel Hornuss, Jonas Hosp, Siegbert Rieg, Dirk Wagner, Benjamin Knier, Paul Lingor, Andrea Sylvia Winkler, Athena Sharifi-Razavi, Shima T. Moein, SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi, Saeidreza JamaliMoghadamSiahkali, Mauro Morassi, Alessandro Padovani, Marcello Giunta, Ilenia Libri, Simone Beretta, Sabrina Ravaglia, Matteo Foschi, Paolo Calabresi, Guido Primiano, Serenella Servidei, Nicola Biagio Mercuri, Claudio Liguori, Mariangela Pierantozzi, Loredana Sarmati, Federica Boso, Silvia Garazzino, Sara Mariotto, Kimani N. Patrick, Oana Costache, Alexander Pincherle, Frederikus A. Klok, Roger Meza, Verónica Cabreira, Sofia R. Valdoleiros, Vanessa Oliveira, Igor Kaimovsky, Alla Guekht, Jasmine Koh, Eva Fernández Díaz, José María Barrios-López, Cristina Guijarro-Castro, Álvaro Beltrán-Corbellini, Javier Martínez-Poles, Alba María Diezma-Martín, Maria Isabel Morales-Casado, Sergio García García, Gautier Breville, Matteo Coen, Marjolaine Uginet, Raphaël Bernard-Valnet, Renaud Du Pasquier, Yildiz Kaya, Loay H. Abdelnour, Claire Rice, Hamish Morrison, Sylviane Defres, Saif Huda, Noelle Enright, Jane Hassell, Lucio D'Anna, Matthew Benger, Laszlo Sztriha, Eamon Raith, Krishna Chinthapalli, Ross Nortley, Ross Paterson, Arvind Chandratheva, David J. Werring, Samir Dervisevic, Kirsty Harkness, Ashwin Pinto, Dinesh Jillella, Scott Beach, Kulothungan Gunasekaran, Ivan Rocha Ferreira Da Silva, Krishna Nalleballe, Jonathan Santoro, Tyler Scullen, Lora Kahn, Carla Y. Kim, Kiran T. Thakur, Rajan Jain, Thirugnanam Umapathi, James J. Sejvar, Catrin Tudur Smith, Tom Solomon.

**Methodology:** Bhagteshwar Singh, Suzannah Lant, Sofia Cividini, Jonathan W. S. Cattrall, Catrin Tudur Smith, Tom Solomon.

**Project administration:** Bhagteshwar Singh, Suzannah Lant, Sofia Cividini, Rebecca Rawlinson, Sithembinkosi Mhlanga, Eva Maria Hodel, Catrin Tudur Smith, Tom Solomon.

**Resources:** Suzannah Lant.

**Supervision:** Bhagteshwar Singh, Suzannah Lant, Sofia Cividini, Eva Maria Hodel, Catrin Tudur Smith, Tom Solomon.

**Validation:** Bhagteshwar Singh, Suzannah Lant, Sofia Cividini, Jonathan W. S. Cattrall, Eva Maria Hodel, Catrin Tudur Smith, Tom Solomon.
**Visualization:** Bhagteshwar Singh, Suzannah Lant, Sofia Cividini, Jonathan W. S. Cattrall, Eva Maria Hodel, Catrin Tudur Smith, Tom Solomon.

**Writing – original draft:** Bhagteshwar Singh, Suzannah Lant, Sofia Cividini, Eva Maria Hodel, Catrin Tudur Smith, Tom Solomon.

**Writing – review & editing:** Bhagteshwar Singh, Suzannah Lant, Sofia Cividini, Jonathan W. S. Cattrall, Lynsey C. Goodwin, Laura Benjamin, Benedict D. Michael, Ayaz Khawaja, Aline de Moura Brasil Matos, Walid Alkeridy, Andrea Pilotto, Durjoy Lahiri, Rebecca Rawlinson, Sithembinkosi Mhlanga, Evelyn C. Lopez, Brendan F. Sargent, Anushri Somasundaran, Arina Tamborska, Glynn Webb, Komal Younas, Yaqub Al Sami, Heavenna Babu, Tristan Banks, Francesco Cavallieri, Matthew Cohen, Emma Davies, Shalley Dhar, Anna Fajardo Modol, Hamzah Farooq, Jeffrey Harte, Samuel Hey, Albert Joseph, Dileep Karthikappallil, Daniel Kassahun, Gareth Lipunga, Rachel Mason, Thomas Minton, Gabrielle Mond, Joseph Poxon, Sophie Rabas, Germander Soothill, Marialuisa Zedde, Konstantin Yenkoyan, Bruce Brew, Erika Contini, Lucette Cysique, Xin Zhang, Pietro Maggi, Vincent van Pesch, Jérome Lechien, Sven Saussez, Alex Heyse, Maria Lúcia Brito Ferreira, Cristiane N. Soares, Isabel Elicer, Laura Eugenín-von Bernhardi, Waleng Ñancupil Reyes, Rong Yin, Mohammed A. Azab, Foad Abd-Allah, Ahmed Elkady, Simon Escalard, Jean-Christophe Corvol, Cécile Delorme, Pierre Tattevin, Kévin Bigaut, Norbert Lorenz, Daniel Hornuss, Jonas Hosp, Siegbert Rieg, Dirk Wagner, Benjamin Knier, Paul Lingor, Andrea Sylvia Winkler, Athena Sharifi-Razavi, Shima T. Moein, SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi, Saeidreza JamaliMoghadam-Siahkali, Mauro Morassi, Alessandro Padovani, Marcello Giunta, Ilenia Libri, Simone Beretta, Sabrina Ravaglia, Matteo Foschi, Paolo Calabresi, Guido Primiano, Serenella Servidei, Nicola Biagio Mercuri, Claudio Liguori, Mariangela Pierantozzi, Loredana Sarmati, Federica Boso, Silvia Garazzino, Sara Mariotto, Kimani N. Patrick, Oana Costache, Alexander Pincherle, Frederikus A. Klok, Roger Meza, Verónica Cabreira, Sofia R. Valdoleiros, Vanessa Oliveira, Igor Kaimovsky, Alla Guekht, Jasmine Koh, Eva Fernández Díaz, José María Barrios-López, Cristina Guijarro-Castro, Álvaro Beltrán-Corbellini, Javier Martínez-Poles, Alba María Diezma-Martín, Maria Isabel Morales-Casado, Sergio García García, Gautier Breville, Matteo Coen, Marjolaine Uginet, Raphaël Bernard-Valnet, Renaud Du Pasquier, Yildiz Kaya, Loay H. Abdelnour, Claire Rice, Hamish Morrison, Sylviane Defres, Saif Huda, Noelle Enright, Jane Hassell, Lucio D'Anna, Matthew Benger, Laszlo Sztriba, Eamon Raith, Krishna Chinthapalli, Ross Nortley, Ross Paterson, Arvind Chandratheva, David J. Werring, Samir Dervisevic, Kirsty Harkness, Ashwin Pinto, Dinesh Jillella, Scott Beach, Kulothungan Gunasekaran, Ivan Rocha Ferreira Da Silva, Krishna Nalleballe, Jonathan Santoro, Tyler Scullen, Lora Kahn, Carla Y. Kim, Kiran T. Thakur, Rajan Jain, Thirugnanam Umapathi, Timothy R. Nicholson, James J. Sejvar, Eva Maria Hodel, Catrin Tudur Smith, Tom Solomon.

## References

1. Dong E, Du H, Gardner L. An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020; 20(5):533-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30120-1 PMID: 32087114

2. Ellul MA, Benjamin L, Singh B, Lant S, Michael BD, Easton A, et al. Neurological associations of COVID-19. Lancet Neurol. 2020; 19(9):767-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30221-0 PMID: 32622375

3. Nazari S, Azari Jafari A, Mirmoeeni S, Sadeghian S, Heidari ME, Sadeghian S, et al. Central nervous system manifestations in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Behav. 2021; 11:e02025. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.2025 PMID: 33421351
**Visualization:** Bhagteshwar Singh, Suzannah Lant, Sofia Cividini, Jonathan W. S. Cattrall, Eva Maria Hodel, Catrin Tudur Smith, Tom Solomon.

**Writing – original draft:** Bhagteshwar Singh, Suzannah Lant, Sofia Cividini, Eva Maria Hodel, Catrin Tudur Smith, Tom Solomon.

**Writing – review & editing:** Bhagteshwar Singh, Suzannah Lant, Sofia Cividini, Jonathan W. S. Cattrall, Lynsey C. Goodwin, Laura Benjamin, Benedict D. Michael, Ayaz Khawaja, Aline de Moura Brasil Matos, Walid Alkeridy, Andrea Pilotto, Durjoy Lahiri, Rebecca Rawlinson, Sithembinkosi Mhlanga, Evelyn C. Lopez, Brendan F. Sargent, Anushri Somasundaran, Arina Tamborska, Glynn Webb, Komal Younas, Yaqub Al Sami, Heavenna Babu, Tristan Banks, Francesco Cavallieri, Matthew Cohen, Emma Davies, Shalley Dhar, Anna Fajardo Modol, Hamzah Farooq, Jeffrey Harte, Samuel Hey, Albert Joseph, Dileep Karthikappallil, Daniel Kassahun, Gareth Lipunga, Rachel Mason, Thomas Minton, Gabrielle Mond, Joseph Poxon, Sophie Rabas, Germander Soothill, Marialuisa Zedde, Konstantin Yenkoyan, Bruce Brew, Erika Contini, Lucette Cysique, Xin Zhang, Pietro Maggi, Vincent van Pesch, Jérome Lechien, Sven Saussez, Alex Heyse, Maria Lúcia Brito Ferreira, Cristiane N. Soares, Isabel Elicer, Laura Eugenín-von Bernhardi, Waleng Ñancupil Reyes, Rong Yin, Mohammed A. Azab, Foad Abd-Allah, Ahmed Elkady, Simon Escalard, Jean-Christophe Corvol, Cécile Delorme, Pierre Tattevin, Kévin Bigaut, Norbert Lorenz, Daniel Hornuss, Jonas Hosp, Siegbert Rieg, Dirk Wagner, Benjamin Knier, Paul Lingor, Andrea Sylvia Winkler, Athena Sharifi-Razavi, Shima T. Moein, SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi, Saeidreza JamaliMoghadam-Siahkali, Mauro Morassi, Alessandro Padovani, Marcello Giunta, Ilenia Libri, Simone Beretta, Sabrina Ravaglia, Matteo Foschi, Paolo Calabresi, Guido Primiano, Serenella Servidei, Nicola Biagio Mercuri, Claudio Liguori, Mariangela Pierantozzi, Loredana Sarmati, Federica Boso, Silvia Garazzino, Sara Mariotto, Kimani N. Patrick, Oana Costache, Alexander Pincherle, Frederikus A. Klok, Roger Meza, Verónica Cabreira, Sofia R. Valdoleiros, Vanessa Oliveira, Igor Kaimovsky, Alla Guekht, Jasmine Koh, Eva Fernández Díaz, José María Barrios-López, Cristina Guijarro-Castro, Álvaro Beltrán-Corbellini, Javier Martínez-Poles, Alba María Diezma-Martín, Maria Isabel Morales-Casado, Sergio García García, Gautier Breville, Matteo Coen, Marjolaine Uginet, Raphaël Bernard-Valnet, Renaud Du Pasquier, Yildiz Kaya, Loay H. Abdelnour, Claire Rice, Hamish Morrison, Sylviane Defres, Saif Huda, Noelle Enright, Jane Hassell, Lucio D'Anna, Matthew Benger, Laszlo Sztriba, Eamon Raith, Krishna Chinthapalli, Ross Nortley, Ross Paterson, Arvind Chandratheva, David J. Werring, Samir Dervisevic, Kirsty Harkness, Ashwin Pinto, Dinesh Jillella, Scott Beach, Kulothungan Gunasekaran, Ivan Rocha Ferreira Da Silva, Krishna Nalleballe, Jonathan Santoro, Tyler Scullen, Lora Kahn, Carla Y. Kim, Kiran T. Thakur, Rajan Jain, Thirugnanam Umapathi, Timothy R. Nicholson, James J. Sejvar, Eva Maria Hodel, Catrin Tudur Smith, Tom Solomon.

## References

1. Dong E, Du H, Gardner L. An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020; 20(5):533-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30120-1 PMID: 32087114

2. Ellul MA, Benjamin L, Singh B, Lant S, Michael BD, Easton A, et al. Neurological associations of COVID-19. Lancet Neurol. 2020; 19(9):767-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30221-0 PMID: 32622375

3. Nazari S, Azari Jafari A, Mirmoeeni S, Sadeghian S, Heidari ME, Sadeghian S, et al. Central nervous system manifestations in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Behav. 2021; 11:e02025. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.2025 PMID: 33421351
4. Abu-Rumeileh S, Abdelhak A, Foschi M, Tumani H, Otto M. Guillain-Barré syndrome spectrum associated with COVID-19: an up-to-date systematic review of 73 cases. J Neurol. 2021; 268(4):1133-70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-020-10124-x PMID: 32840686

5. Hasan I, Saif-Ur-Rahman KM, Hayat S, Papri N, Jahan I, Azam R, et al. Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection: A systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis. J Peripher Nerv Syst. 2020; 25(4):335-43. https://doi.org/10.1111/jns.12419 PMID: 33112450

6. Nannoni S, de Groot R, Bell S, Markus HS. Stroke in COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Stroke. 2021; 16(2):137-49. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747493020972922 PMID: 33103610

7. Siow I, Lee KS, Zhang JJY, Saffari SE, Ng A, Young B. Stroke as a Neurological Complication of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Incidence, Outcomes and Predictors. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2021; 30(3):105549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105549 PMID: 33341565

8. Yamakawa M, Kuno T, Mikami T, Takagi H, Gronseth G. Clinical Characteristics of Stroke with COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2020; 29(12):105288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105288 PMID: 32992199

9. Ross Russell A, Hardwick M, Jeyanantham A, White L, Deb S, Burnside G, et al. Spectrum, risk factors, and outcomes of neurological and psychiatric complications of COVID-19: a UK-wide cross-sectional surveillance study. Brain Communications. 2021; 3(3):fcab168.

10. Li HF, Hao HJ, Chen XJ. Provisional case definitions for COVID-19-associated neurological disease. Lancet Neurol. 2020; 19(11):890-1. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30373-2 PMID: 33098793

11. Koh JS, De Silva DA, Quek AML, Chiew HJ, Tu TM, Seet CYH, et al. Neurology of COVID-19 in Singapore. J Neurol Sci. 2020; 418:117118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2020.117118 PMID: 32977228

12. WHO. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report- 76. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020.

13. Moola S, Munn Z, Tufanaru C, Aromataris E, Sears K, Sfetcu R, et al. Chapter 7: Systematic reviews of etiology and risk. Aromataris E, Z M, editors: Joanna Briggs Institute; 2017.

14. Munn Z, Barker TH, Moola S, Tufanaru C, Stern C, McArthur A, et al. Methodological quality of case series studies: an introduction to the JBI critical appraisal tool. JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep. 2019.

15. Wells G, Shea B, O'Connell D, Peterson j, Welch V, Losos M, et al. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for Assessing the Quality of Non-Randomized Studies in Meta-Analysis http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp

16. Herzog R, Álvarez-Pasquin MJ, Díaz C, Del Barrio JL, Estrada JM, Gil Á. Are healthcare workers' intentions to vaccinate related to their knowledge, beliefs and attitudes? A systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2013; 13:154. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-154 PMID: 23421987

17. Slooter AJC, Otte WM, Devlin JW, Arora RC, Bleck TP, Claassen J, et al. Updated nomenclature of delirium and acute encephalopathy: statement of ten Societies. Intensive Care Med. 2020; 46(5):1020-2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-019-05907-4 PMID: 32055887

18. Zhou B, Fine J, Latouche A, Labopin M. Competing risks regression for clustered data. Biostatistics. 2012; 13(3):371-83. https://doi.org/10.1093/biostatistics/kxr032 PMID: 22045910

19. Winkler AS, Knauss S, Schmutzhard E, Leonardi M, Padovani A, Abd-Allah F, et al. A call for a global COVID-19 Neuro Research Coalition. Lancet Neurol. 2020; 19(6):482-4.

20. Chou SH-Y, Beghi E, Helbok R, Moro E, Sampson J, Altamirano V, et al. Global Incidence of Neurological Manifestations Among Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19—A Report for the GCS-NeuroCOVID Consortium and the ENERGY Consortium. JAMA Netw Open. 2021; 4(5):e2112131. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.12131 PMID: 33974053

21. Oldham MA, Holloway RG. Delirium disorder: integrating delirium and acute encephalopathy. Neurology. 2020; 95(4):173-8. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000009949 PMID: 32518149

22. Solomon T, Benjamin L, Singh B, Lant S, Ellul MA. Provisional case definitions for COVID-19-associated neurological disease—Authors' reply. Lancet Neurol. 2020; 19(11):891-2. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30362-8 PMID: 33098794

23. Solomon T, Lewthwaite P, Perera D, Cardosa MJ, McMinn P, Ooi MH. Virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and control of enterovirus 71. The Lancet Infect Dis. 2010; 10(11):778-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70194-8 PMID: 20961813

24. Ooi MH, Wong SC, Lewthwaite P, Cardosa MJ, Solomon T. Clinical features, diagnosis, and management of enterovirus 71. Lancet Neurol. 2010; 9(11):1097-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70209-X PMID: 20965438
4. Abu-Rumeileh S, Abdelhak A, Foschi M, Tumani H, Otto M. Guillain-Barré syndrome spectrum associated with COVID-19: an up-to-date systematic review of 73 cases. J Neurol. 2021; 268(4):1133-70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-020-10124-x PMID: 32840686

5. Hasan I, Saif-Ur-Rahman KM, Hayat S, Papri N, Jahan I, Azam R, et al. Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection: A systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis. J Peripher Nerv Syst. 2020; 25(4):335-43. https://doi.org/10.1111/jns.12419 PMID: 33112450

6. Nannoni S, de Groot R, Bell S, Markus HS. Stroke in COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Stroke. 2021; 16(2):137-49. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747493020972922 PMID: 33103610

7. Siow I, Lee KS, Zhang JJY, Saffari SE, Ng A, Young B. Stroke as a Neurological Complication of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Incidence, Outcomes and Predictors. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2021; 30(3):105549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105549 PMID: 33341565

8. Yamakawa M, Kuno T, Mikami T, Takagi H, Gronseth G. Clinical Characteristics of Stroke with COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2020; 29(12):105288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105288 PMID: 32992199

9. Ross Russell A, Hardwick M, Jeyanantham A, White L, Deb S, Burnside G, et al. Spectrum, risk factors, and outcomes of neurological and psychiatric complications of COVID-19: a UK-wide cross-sectional surveillance study. Brain Communications. 2021; 3(3):fcab168.

10. Li HF, Hao HJ, Chen XJ. Provisional case definitions for COVID-19-associated neurological disease. Lancet Neurol. 2020; 19(11):890-1. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30373-2 PMID: 33098793

11. Koh JS, De Silva DA, Quek AML, Chiew HJ, Tu TM, Seet CYH, et al. Neurology of COVID-19 in Singapore. J Neurol Sci. 2020; 418:117118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2020.117118 PMID: 32977228

12. WHO. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report- 76. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020.

13. Moola S, Munn Z, Tufanaru C, Aromataris E, Sears K, Sfetcu R, et al. Chapter 7: Systematic reviews of etiology and risk. Aromataris E, Z M, editors: Joanna Briggs Institute; 2017.

14. Munn Z, Barker TH, Moola S, Tufanaru C, Stern C, McArthur A, et al. Methodological quality of case series studies: an introduction to the JBI critical appraisal tool. JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep. 2019.

15. Wells G, Shea B, O'Connell D, Peterson j, Welch V, Losos M, et al. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for Assessing the Quality of Non-Randomized Studies in Meta-Analysis http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp

16. Herzog R, Álvarez-Pasquin MJ, Díaz C, Del Barrio JL, Estrada JM, Gil Á. Are healthcare workers' intentions to vaccinate related to their knowledge, beliefs and attitudes? A systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2013; 13:154. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-154 PMID: 23421987

17. Slooter AJC, Otte WM, Devlin JW, Arora RC, Bleck TP, Claassen J, et al. Updated nomenclature of delirium and acute encephalopathy: statement of ten Societies. Intensive Care Med. 2020; 46(5):1020-2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-019-05907-4 PMID: 32055887

18. Zhou B, Fine J, Latouche A, Labopin M. Competing risks regression for clustered data. Biostatistics. 2012; 13(3):371-83. https://doi.org/10.1093/biostatistics/kxr032 PMID: 22045910

19. Winkler AS, Knauss S, Schmutzhard E, Leonardi M, Padovani A, Abd-Allah F, et al. A call for a global COVID-19 Neuro Research Coalition. Lancet Neurol. 2020; 19(6):482-4.

20. Chou SH-Y, Beghi E, Helbok R, Moro E, Sampson J, Altamirano V, et al. Global Incidence of Neurological Manifestations Among Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19—A Report for the GCS-NeuroCOVID Consortium and the ENERGY Consortium. JAMA Netw Open. 2021; 4(5):e2112131. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.12131 PMID: 33974053

21. Oldham MA, Holloway RG. Delirium disorder: integrating delirium and acute encephalopathy. Neurology. 2020; 95(4):173-8. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000009949 PMID: 32518149

22. Solomon T, Benjamin L, Singh B, Lant S, Ellul MA. Provisional case definitions for COVID-19-associated neurological disease—Authors' reply. Lancet Neurol. 2020; 19(11):891-2. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30362-8 PMID: 33098794

23. Solomon T, Lewthwaite P, Perera D, Cardosa MJ, McMinn P, Ooi MH. Virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and control of enterovirus 71. The Lancet Infect Dis. 2010; 10(11):778-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70194-8 PMID: 20961813

24. Ooi MH, Wong SC, Lewthwaite P, Cardosa MJ, Solomon T. Clinical features, diagnosis, and management of enterovirus 71. Lancet Neurol. 2010; 9(11):1097-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70209-X PMID: 20965438
25. Favas TT, Dev P, Chaurasia RN, Chakravarty K, Mishra R, Joshi D, et al. Neurological manifestations of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of proportions. Neurol Sci. 2020; 41(12):3437-70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-020-04801-y PMID: 33089477

26. Tandon M, Kataria S, Patel J, Mehta TR, Daimee M, Patel V, et al. A Comprehensive Systematic Review of CSF analysis that defines Neurological Manifestations of COVID-19. Int J Infect Dis. 2021; 104:390-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2021.01.002 PMID: 33434662

27. Abdullahi A, Candan SA, Abba MA, Bello AH, Alshehri MA, Afamefuna Victor E, et al. Neurological and Musculoskeletal Features of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Neurol. 2020; 11:687. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2020.00687 PMID: 32676052

28. Chua TH, Xu Z, King NKK. Neurological manifestations in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Inj. 2020; 34(12):1549-68. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2020.1831606 PMID: 33074036

29. Pinzon RT, Wijaya VO, Buana RB, Al Jody A, Nunsio PN. Neurologic Characteristics in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Neurol. 2020; 11:565. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2020.00565 PMID: 32574250

30. Frontera JA, Sabadia S, Lalchan R, Fang T, Flusty B, Millar-Vernetti P, et al. A Prospective Study of Neurologic Disorders in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 in New York City. Neurology. 2021; 96 (4):e575-e86. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000010979 PMID: 33020166

31. Drake TM RA, Fairfield CJ, et al, on behalf of the ISARIC4C investigators. Characterisation of in-hospital complications associated with COVID-19 using the ISARIC WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol UK: A prospective, multicentre cohort study2021 April 5, 2021. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/962826/s1081-in-hospital-complications-isaric.pdf

32. New PW, Buchbinder R. Critical appraisal and review of the Rankin scale and its derivatives. Neuroepidemiology. 2006; 26(1):4-15. https://doi.org/10.1159/000089536 PMID: 16272826

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41. Knight SR, Ho A, Pius R, Buchan I, Carson G, Drake TM, et al. Risk stratification of patients admitted to hospital with covid-19 using the ISARIC WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol: development and validation of the 4C Mortality Score. BMJ. 2020; 370:m3339. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m3339 PMID: 32907855

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