# Aspects of the biology of Hooded Crow Corvus cornix Linnaeus, 1758 in northern Umbria (central Italy) from the register of the ornithological collection "A.M. Paci"

Patrick Brunet-Lecomte, Angela Gaggi, Stefano Laurenti, Andrea Maria Paci

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Patrick Brunet-Lecomte, Angela Gaggi, Stefano Laurenti, Andrea Maria Paci. Aspects of the biology of Hooded Crow Corvus cornix Linnaeus, 1758 in northern Umbria (central Italy) from the register of the ornithological collection "A.M. Paci". Carnets Natures, 2024, 11, pp.59-70. hal-04889910

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# Aspects of the biology of Hooded Crow *Corvus cornix* Linnaeus, 1758 in northern Umbria (central Italy) from the register of the ornithological collection “A.M. Paci”

Patrick Brunet-Lecomte<fnref n="1" />, Angela Gaggi<fnref n="2" />, Stefano Laurenti<fnref n="3" />, Andrea Maria Paci<fnref n="2" />

## Abstract

The data extrapolated from a sample of specimens of Hooded Crow *Corvus cornix* belonging to a private ornithological collection are analyzed and commented. The discovery of the register, in which the information on the 61 preparations was noted, provided the possibility of presenting information on the biology of this corvid for Umbria, as well as providing confirmation of what was already known in literature. In conclusion, the importance is reconfirmed of timely handing over old private collections that are often very interesting, especially if they have also monospecific series, to museum structures ensuring their good conservation and allowing their public use before unforeseen events of various kinds may cause their dismemberment and disappearance.

**Keywords:** Hooded Crow *Corvus cornix*, biology, Umbria (Central Italy).

## Aspects de la biologie de la Corneille mantelée *Corvus cornix* Linnaeus, 1758 dans le nord de l'Ombrie (Italie centrale) d'après le registre de la collection ornithologique "A.M. Paci"

## Résumé

Les données extrapolées à partir d'un échantillon de corneille mantelée *Corvus cornix* appartenant à une collection ornithologique privée sont analysées et commentées. La découverte du registre dans lequel étaient consignées les informations sur les 61 préparations, a permis de présenter des informations sur la biologie de ce corvidé pour l'Ombrie, ainsi que de confirmer ce qui était déjà connu dans la littérature. En conclusion, nous réitérons l'importance de remettre les anciennes collections privées, souvent très intéressantes en particulier pour les séries monospécifiques, tant qu'il est encore temps, à des muséums qui garantissent leur bonne conservation et permettent leur utilisation par le public, avant que des événements imprévus de toutes sortes n'entraînent leur détérioration et leur disparition.

**Mots clés :** Corneille mantelée *Corvus cornix*, biologie, Ombrie (Italie centrale).

## Aspetti della biologia della Cornacchia grigia *Corvus cornix* Linnaeus, 1758 nell'Umbria settentrionale (Italia centrale) dal registro della collezione ornitologica "A.M. Paci"

## Riassunto

Vengono analizzati e commentati i dati estrapolati da un campione di esemplari di Cornacchia grigia *Corvus cornix* appartenuto a una collezione ornitologica privata. Il ritrovamento del registro in cui erano annotate le informazioni dei 61 preparati, ha fornito la possibilità di presentare informazioni sulla biologia di questo corvide per l'Umbria, oltre a restituire conferme su quanto già noto in letteratura. In conclusione, viene ribadita l'importanza di cedere per tempo vecchie collezioni private, spesso molto interessanti se comprendono anche serie monospecifiche, a strutture museali che ne assicurino una buona conservazione e ne permettano la pubblica fruizione, prima che imprevisti di varia natura ne determinino lo smembramento e la scomparsa.

**Parole chiave:** Cornacchia grigia *Corvus cornix*, biologia, Umbria (Italia centrale).

<figure><img src="image_2.png" /></figure>

<footnote n="1">1. 5, Rue de Palanka – 38000 Grenoble, France, patrick.brunet-lecomte@wanadoo.fr</footnote>

<footnote n="2">2. via dell'Antico Forno, 2 – 06012 Città di Castello (PG), Italy, ampaci61@gmail.com</footnote>

<footnote n="3">3. via della Palazzetta, 6 – 05035 Narni, fraz. Montoro (TR), Italy, stefanol@inwind.it</footnote>
# 1. Introduction

In Italy *Corvus cornix* is widely distributed throughout the peninsula with the subspecies *cornix* typical of its central-northern part and with the *sharpii* present in the south and on the islands, even if the exact limit of separation between the two peninsular populations is not yet well defined (Brichetti & Fracasso, 2011).

In Umbria, it is very common and distributed throughout the entire regional territory from the plains up to over 1500 meters, preferring open areas. The shortage of natural predators, the lack of hunters' interest towards it and its ecological plasticity determined its full success in the conquest of every suitable habitat, undoubtedly favored by the agricultural upheaval occurred especially in the plains during the transition from the traditional to the intensive cultivation regime.

This massive expansion soon impacted agricultural and hunting interests due to its diet varying with the change in food availability and periodically affecting agricultural production and small game in reproduction. Mainly sedentary and characterized by only modest movements, the species is huntable and controllable with special authorizations issued by the public administration's wildlife-hunting service; however, despite this, it is locally showing a substantial stability thanks to its excellent ability to exploit a great variety of environments and trophic resources (Paci, 2005; Lombardi, 2019).

However, this was not always the case since in historical times it was considered "[...] *common and stationary in the mountains, elsewhere winter migratory and not very abundant*" (Silvestri, 1892, 1893). This condition remained practically unchanged throughout the 1970s when, specifically in northern Umbria, it was considered "[...] *progressively increasing since the second half of the 1970s, previously known only with sporadic sightings in the high hills and therefore considered rare*. Its expansion into the plains coincided with that of *monoculture and was further favored by the establishment of protected areas and by the recent creation of large landfills*" (Paci, 1992).

Following the rapid increase of the Hooded Crow in the lowland agricultural areas, starting from 1980 and throughout the decade one of the authors (A.M. Paci) practiced rifle hunting of this very elusive species, managing to collect several specimens and to archive the related information in his private collection. The ornithological collection "A.M. Paci", established almost entirely in the twenty-year period 1976-1995, in the short period of its life suffered losses and splits which reduced it to a residual nucleus today mostly deposited in museums (Laurenti & Paci, 2017), including the Natural History Gallery (GSN) of the University of Perugia (Cecchetti, 2023). The interesting series of specimens of *C. cornix* is among the missing finds but, during the research for a master's degree thesis about the scientific collections preserved in the GSN (Cecchetti, 2023), the paper notes relating

to all the collected Hooded Crow skins were found (Tab. 1 in appendix). Based on these recovered data, this contribution aims to present some aspects relating to the biogeography, morphometry, and diet of this corvid within a limited area in Umbria.

# 2. Study area and methods

## 2.1. Locality

The sample of 61 specimens comes from an area of approximately 47,5 Km² falling in a district of northern Umbria (province of Perugia, central Italy) today generically defined as Upper Umbria but which, in the recent past, was divided into two districts: High Tiber Valley and the Gubbio-Gualdo Tadino area (Fig. 1). In the first district, the 4 collection locations are included in the municipalities of Umbertide (loc. Molino Vitelli, x43.31588 y12.27095), Montone (San Lorenzo, x43.33054 y12.32939) and Lisciano Niccone (Reschio, x43.27542 y12.20587; Vallaccia, x43.26207 y12.19800). The adjacent locality Pieve d'Agnano (x43.30534 y12.39265), in the municipality of Gubbio, belongs to the second district (Fig. 1). The great majority of the finds (n. 58) refer to the territory of the municipality of Lisciano Niccone (314 m a.s.l.) and were collected during the 1988/89 hunting season between October and March.

## 2.2. Capture

From 1980 to 1984, a stuffed cat (in open areas) and a plastic shape of an eagle owl (near dormitories) were

<figure><img src="image_3.png" /><figcaption>**Fig. 1** - The study area with the sampling locations: Pieve d'Agnano (square), San Lorenzo (polygon), Molino Vitelli (star), Reschio (circle), Vallaccia (triangle).</figcaption></figure>
initially used as lures (Simonetta, 1972), exploiting
the mobbing for food competition or against nocturnal
predation that crows usually activate in the respective
cases; subsequently, stuffed crow molds were preferred
(in numbers varying between 7 and 39, depending
on temperature and weather conditions), sometimes
supplemented by 1-2 live individuals and arranged
early in the morning (after leaving dormitories) or in the
late afternoon (waiting for pre-roost) set up in pasture
(preferably on harvested maize fields) taking advantage
of the high degree of conspecific tolerance typical of
these corvids during foraging activities in presence
of abundant food sources (Miller et al., 2014). As an
acoustic call specific made in USA plastic or wooden
whistles were very effective, with which cries of alarm
in presence of the owl silhouette or calls of contact in
the grazing areas were reproduced (Simonetta, 1972;
Parmegiano Palmieri, 2004).

**2.3. Biometries, sexing, age ratio**

The following measurements were taken on fresh
specimens, referring to Marchetti (1975), Arnhem
(1979) and Svensson (1984): bill-tail (Bt, n. 53), wing
(Wg, n. 53), bill-to-plumage (Bl, n. 53), tail (Ta, n. 53),
tarsus (Ts, n. 53); furthermore, the analysis of the gonads
(n. 61) and the stomach contents (n. 61) was performed,
the wingspan between the opposite tips of the longest
remiges (Ws, n. 53) and the weight (Wt, n. 61) were
measured. For the wing measurement, the *flatwing* method

was chosen which allowed homogeneous measurements
both on fresh subjects and on skin specimens (Svensson,
1984); for the measurement of the tarsus, the *minimum
tarsus* method was adopted (Caravaggi *et al.*, 2022).
The immatures of the first winter were separated from
the adults through the analysis of the internal part of
the *greyish-pink* (blackish in adults) upper mandible
(Svensson, 1984; O'Donoghue *et al.*, 1998) and, based
on their partial molt with two distinct generations of
feathers (type 2 molt strategy), of the unmolded wing
and tail feathers, *opaque brown decidedly contrasting
with the shiny black mutated plumage* (completely shiny
black in adults, see **Fig. 2**) with evident state of abrasion
on the tips of the flight feathers and rectrices *sometimes
observable already in autumn* (Svensson, 1984; Jenni &
Winkler, 1994).

**2.4. Statistical analysis**

The six morphometric criteria, bill-tail length, wing
length, wingspan between the opposite tips of the longest
remiges, tail length, bill-to-plumage length, tarsus
length (expressed in mm) and weight (expressed in g),
were analyzed using 2-way analysis of variance, with
sex (male and female) and age (adult and immature) as
factors and the interaction sex age. Where there was a
significant interaction (p < 0.05), two t-tests (one test for
each sex) were performed between the two age groups
(adult and immature).

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>**Fig. 2** - *Corvus cornix*, adult female (photo from Paci *et al.* 2017; coll. A.M. Paci, n. AMP151-192).</figcaption></figure>
<table><caption>**Tab. 2** - Description of morphometric criteria and weight by sex and age class*: Bt: bill-tail length (mm), Wg: wing length (mm), Ws: wingspan (mm), Ta: tail length (mm), Bl: bill (mm), Ts: tarsus length, Wt: weight (g).</caption><thead><tr><th>Criterion*</th><th>Bt</th><th>Wg</th><th>Ws</th><th>Ta</th><th>Bl</th><th>Ts</th><th>Wt</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="8">Immature N=36 for all criteria except Wt (N=38)</td></tr><tr><td>mean</td><td>456,3</td><td>293,4</td><td>882,4</td><td>171,9</td><td>52,9</td><td>57,3</td><td>444,5</td></tr><tr><td>sd</td><td>16,2</td><td>20,9</td><td>35,0</td><td>7,3</td><td>4,5</td><td>2,8</td><td>52,5</td></tr><tr><td>min</td><td>425</td><td>230</td><td>815</td><td>150</td><td>44</td><td>50</td><td>310</td></tr><tr><td>max</td><td>485</td><td>324</td><td>948</td><td>190</td><td>63</td><td>61</td><td>530</td></tr><tr><td colspan="8">Adult N=17 for all criteria except Wt (N=23)</td></tr><tr><td>mean</td><td>469,7</td><td>311,0</td><td>917,6</td><td>183,0</td><td>53,4</td><td>57,8</td><td>425,0</td></tr><tr><td>sd</td><td>17,7</td><td>11,5</td><td>28,5</td><td>10,1</td><td>4,0</td><td>2,3</td><td>76,2</td></tr><tr><td>min</td><td>445</td><td>298</td><td>860</td><td>166</td><td>48</td><td>51</td><td>315</td></tr><tr><td>max</td><td>500</td><td>340</td><td>970</td><td>205</td><td>63</td><td>61</td><td>570</td></tr><tr><td colspan="8">Male N=20 for all criteria except Wt (N=25)</td></tr><tr><td>mean</td><td>475,7</td><td>314,3</td><td>929,0</td><td>180,6</td><td>56,4</td><td>58,7</td><td>490,2</td></tr><tr><td>sd</td><td>14,9</td><td>9,8</td><td>19,8</td><td>10,6</td><td>2,6</td><td>1,8</td><td>26,9</td></tr><tr><td>min</td><td>448</td><td>300</td><td>890</td><td>165</td><td>52</td><td>55</td><td>440</td></tr><tr><td>max</td><td>500</td><td>340</td><td>970</td><td>205</td><td>63</td><td>61</td><td>570</td></tr><tr><td colspan="8">Female N=33 for all criteria except Wt (N=36)</td></tr><tr><td>mean</td><td>451,5</td><td>289,9</td><td>872,2</td><td>172,4</td><td>51,0</td><td>56,6</td><td>400,3</td></tr><tr><td>sd</td><td>12,3</td><td>19,1</td><td>26,6</td><td>7,8</td><td>3,9</td><td>2,8</td><td>53,1</td></tr><tr><td>min</td><td>425</td><td>230</td><td>815</td><td>150</td><td>44</td><td>50</td><td>310</td></tr><tr><td>max</td><td>485</td><td>317</td><td>920</td><td>190</td><td>58</td><td>61</td><td>505</td></tr><tr><td colspan="8">Male Immature N=12 for all criteria except Wt (N=14)</td></tr><tr><td>mean</td><td>469,8</td><td>311,1</td><td>921,3</td><td>175,1</td><td>56,8</td><td>58,8</td><td>485,7</td></tr><tr><td>sd</td><td>13,4</td><td>7,6</td><td>17,6</td><td>7,0</td><td>2,1</td><td>1,7</td><td>23,6</td></tr><tr><td>min</td><td>448</td><td>300</td><td>890</td><td>165</td><td>55</td><td>57</td><td>450</td></tr><tr><td>max</td><td>485</td><td>324</td><td>948</td><td>185</td><td>63</td><td>61</td><td>530</td></tr><tr><td colspan="8">Female Immature N=24 for all criteria</td></tr><tr><td>mean</td><td>449,5</td><td>284,6</td><td>862,9</td><td>170,4</td><td>51,0</td><td>56,5</td><td>420,4</td></tr><tr><td>sd</td><td>13,1</td><td>19,8</td><td>23,1</td><td>7,1</td><td>4,1</td><td>3,0</td><td>49,8</td></tr><tr><td>min</td><td>425</td><td>230</td><td>815</td><td>150</td><td>44</td><td>50</td><td>310</td></tr><tr><td>max</td><td>485</td><td>304</td><td>915</td><td>190</td><td>58</td><td>61</td><td>505</td></tr><tr><td colspan="8">Male Adult N=8 for all criteria except Wt (N=11)</td></tr><tr><td>mean</td><td>484,4</td><td>319,0</td><td>940,6</td><td>188,8</td><td>55,8</td><td>58,6</td><td>495,9</td></tr><tr><td>sd</td><td>13,2</td><td>11,4</td><td>17,8</td><td>9,9</td><td>3,3</td><td>2,1</td><td>30,8</td></tr><tr><td>min</td><td>460</td><td>303</td><td>920</td><td>175</td><td>52</td><td>55</td><td>440</td></tr><tr><td>max</td><td>500</td><td>340</td><td>970</td><td>205</td><td>63</td><td>61</td><td>570</td></tr><tr><td colspan="8">Female Adult N=9 for all criteria except Wt (N=12)</td></tr><tr><td>mean</td><td>456,7</td><td>303,9</td><td>897,1</td><td>177,9</td><td>51,2</td><td>57,0</td><td>360,0</td></tr><tr><td>sd</td><td>8,3</td><td>5,7</td><td>18,4</td><td>7,4</td><td>3,5</td><td>2,3</td><td>33,6</td></tr><tr><td>min</td><td>445</td><td>298</td><td>860</td><td>166</td><td>48</td><td>51</td><td>315</td></tr><tr><td>max</td><td>470</td><td>317</td><td>920</td><td>190</td><td>56</td><td>59</td><td>430</td></tr></tbody></table>
## 2.5. Diet

The residues extracted from the stomachs, relating exclusively to the autumn-winter diet, were separated only qualitatively and then grouped into 4 main categories: cereals, invertebrates, small mammals, plant residues. These values are presented together with those ones of the spring-summer diet deduced from the report of damages to crops/livestock received by the Provincial Administration of Perugia in 2004 (Paci, 2005) from 20 farms distributed in the High Tiber Valley, extrapolated from a total relating to 62 farms distributed across the entire provincial territory. These data were grouped into four main categories: domestic livestock, cereals, sunflower, other crops.

## 3. Results (Tab. 2)

No significant interaction was found for the morphometric criteria: bill-tail length (p=0.3316), wing length (p=0.2102), wingspan (p=0.2350), tail length (p=0.1828), bill length (p=0.5287) and tarsus length (p=0.6811). A significant interaction was found for weight (p=0.0013). This interaction is due to the fact that in males, there is no difference in weight between adults and immatures (mean±standard deviation 495.9±30.8 g vs. 485.7±23.6 g, p=0.3580), while in females the weight is lower in adults than in immatures (360.0±33.6 g vs. 420.4±49.9 g, p=0.0006).

### Autumn-Winter

* Zea mays (45,45%)
* Coleoptera sp. (29,54%)
* Poaceae indet. (25%)
* Small Mammal indet. (13,63%)
* Helicidae sp. (11,36%)
* *Juniperus* sp. (4,54%)
* *Erinaceus europaeus* (2,27%)
* Crocidurinae sp. (2,27%)
* Soricinae sp. (2,27%)
* *Vitis vinifera* (fruit) (2,27%)
* Vegetable indet. (2,27%)
* *Lumbricus* sp. (2,27%)

<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 3 - Composition of the autumn-winter diet</figcaption></figure>

All morphometric criteria and the weight are greater in males than in females: bill-tail length (475.7±14.9 mm vs 451.5±12.3 mm, p<0.0001), wing length (314.3±9.8 mm vs 289.9±19.1 mm, p<0.0001), wingspan (929.0±19.8 mm vs 872.2±26.6 mm, p<0.0001), tail length (180.6±10.6 mm vs 172.4±7.8 mm, p=0.0013), bill length (56.4±2.6 mm vs 51.0±3.9 mm, p<0.0001), tarsus length (57.8±1.8 mm vs 56.6±2.8 mm, p=0.0135) and weight (490.2±26.9 g vs 400.3±53.1 g, p<0.0001).

The following morphometric criteria are greater in adults than in immatures: bill-tail length (469.7±17.7 mm vs 456.3±16.2 mm, p=0.0058), wing length (311.0±11.5 mm vs 293.4±20.9 mm, p=0.0038), wingspan (917.6±28.5 mm vs 882.4±35.0 mm, p<0.0001) and tail length (183.0±10.1 mm vs 171.9±7.3 mm, p<0.0001), and no difference was found, in adults vs immatures, for bill length (53.4±4.0 mm vs 52.9±4.5 mm, p=0.7012) and tarsus length (57.8±2.3 mm vs 57.3±2.8 mm, p=0.8051).

Regarding autumn-winter nutrition (Tab. 3, Fig. 3), the analysis of the 61 stomachs collected between October and March revealed an absolute absence of food and other materials in 17 (27,86%) of them; 28 (63,63%) of the 44 stomachs with food also contained pebbles (grit), usually ingested to ensure a good digestion and the necessary calcium intake. There were 63 food residues found relating to Cereals 49,20% (Zea mays n. 20, Poaceae indet. n. 11), Invertebrates 30,16% (little Coleoptera sp. n. 13, little Helicidae sp. n. 5, *Lumbricus* sp. n. 1), Small mammals 14,29% (small mammals

### Spring-Summer

* Farmyard animals (80%)
* Zea mays (40%)
* *Helianthus annuus* (14,51%)
* Newborn lambs (10%)
* Vegetables crops (10%)
* Avena sativa (5%)
* Phaseolus vulgaris (5%)
* *Medicago prativa*/*Onobrychis viciifolia* (5%)

<figure><img src="image_6.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 4 - Composition of the spring-summer diet.</figcaption></figure>
indet. n. 6, *Erinaceus europaeus* n. 1, Crocidurinae sp. n. 1, Soricinae sp. n. 1), Plant residues 6,35% (*Juniperus* sp. n. 2, *Vitis vinifera* fruit n. 1, Vegetable indet. n. 1).

Regarding spring-summer feeding (Tab. 4, Fig. 4), 37 damage events were reported between April and July relating to Domestic livestock 48,65% (farmyard animals n. 16, newborn lambs n. 2), Cereals 24,32% (*Zea mays* n. 8, *Avena sativa* n. 1), Sunflower 16,21% (*Helianthus annuus* n. 6), Other crops 10,82% (vegetable crops n. 2, *Phaseolus vulgaris* n. 1, *Medicago prativa*/*Onobrychis viciifolia* n. 1).

**4. Discussion and Conclusion**

While the examination of the six morphometric
criteria between males and females shows that all of
them are significantly larger in males than in females

(Tab. 2, Fig. 5), the comparison between immatures
and adults is more nuanced. Only four criteria, bill-tail
length, wing length, wingspan and tail length are larger in
adults than in immatures, while no significant difference
is found for bill length and tarsus length (Giammarino
et al., 2012). If the small sample size (36 immatures
and 17 adults) can explain the lack of statistical power,
it is possible to state that the development of the bill
and tarsus ends earlier than that of other characters
(Slagsvold, 1983; Rofstad & Sandvik, 1987). They also
highlight the significant difference in weight in favor of
immature females compared to adult ones, probably due
to the former greater ability to accumulate fat in the cold
months as already noted by Slagsvold (1982).

The age ratio / sex ratio composition of the collected
specimens may reflect, depending on the collection
method, ethological aspects put into practice for

<figure><img src="image_7.png" /><figcaption>**Fig. 5** - *Corvus cornix*, comparison between an adult male (on the left) and an immature female (coll. A.M. Paci, n. AMP73-114 and n. AMP150-191)</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_8.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 6 - Hooded Crow (by G. Bellezza)</figcaption></figure>

effectiveness or opportunism by *Corvus cornix*. With the exclusion of the first two specimens of the collection (samples AMP64 and AMP73-114), both adults attracted respectively with the cat and the eagle owl, 64.41% of the finds obtained using crow molds refer to immature ones, of which 40.68% ♀♀ and 23.73% ♂♂. In general, it was noted that the attacks against the first two lures were largely carried out by adults, probably more aggressive and experienced in the fight against food competitors or predators; vice versa, as per **Tab. 1 in appendix**, the grazing molds had a particular power of attraction towards young birds, less experienced in identifying sources of supply, and towards adult females with limited fat reserves, probably subordinate to males (larger) or chased away by territorial pairs (more aggressive) during the search for food (Houston, 1977). These individuals were, therefore, more inclined to believe in the false call of a large feeding group of their peers which signaled them, particularly during days with fog or bad weather (cold, rain), the presence of a safe food source and at the same time greater protection from dangers (Miller *et al.*, 2015). Regarding the empty stomachs, 11 out of 15 belonged to immatures, two to adult females (samples CC43 and CC44) probably debilitated considering their weight less than 350 g, two to adult males (samples CC40 and CC45) in good condition and probably only

very hungry. The annual trophic picture, although limited by the few and underestimated data available, confirms the Hooded Crow as a great opportunist and generalist (Fasola *et al.* 1986, Barbero *et al.* 1993), a consumer mainly of cereals and invertebrates (Crank & Perrins 1994) but very capable of exploiting any environment and any resources that the territory and the period make usable. In general, the results present a dietary spectrum (**Tabs. 3, 4**) that agrees with the one found by Fasola *et al.* (1986) for the central Po Valley, where the vegetal component was particularly important in autumn-winter and the animal component during the good season. As stomach contents during the reproductive period were not examined, as on the contrary Fasola *et al.* (1986) and Barbero *et al.* (1993) did, but having used instead the data of damage cases reported by farmers, we can add these data too to stress that with the arrival of spring the trophic range shows an important exploitation of anthropogenic resources (poultry and sheep farming, crops agricultural and horticultural). A large protein intake certainly comes from eggs (Zduniak, 2006; Romano, 2009) and chicks (Crank & Perrins 1994), integrated in a very low percentage from newborn lambs, probably debilitated or dying (Houston 1977), that the crows would attack directly at the head pecking out eyes and tongue (Houston, 1977; Assessorato Difesa
dell'ambiente, 2015) according to the breeders' reports. The consumption of *Zea mays* is also important, and in autumn-winter it becomes the most exploited food source (maize is however appreciated and consumed in every season: on newly sown land in May-June, on the cob in milky-waxy form in July-August, on harvested fields in October-February). Furthermore, during the cold season the protein contribution comes from insects, then from small mammals and gastropods, while the minimal presence of earthworms would confirm the little interest of *C. cornix* in them (Fasola *et al.*, 1986; Brichetti & Fracasso, 2011). The presence of the remains of *Erinaceus europaeus* and of the two shrews, excluding direct predation on these taxa (Korpimäki & Norrdahl, 1989; Cramp & Perrins, 1994; Amori *et al.*, 2008; Zduniak *et al.*, 2008), betrays the consumption of already dead animals, whereas the first was perhaps hit by a vehicle while the latter was preyed and then abandoned by carnivores. In conclusion, while confirming known aspects of the biology of the species, the contribution adds new details for Umbria. Furthermore, it underlines the scientific importance of having large series of skins available, with a recommendation to timely deposit old private naturalistic collections in secure museum facilities, so that they are protected and used for the benefit of the entire community, avoiding that unpredictable events can irreparably ruin and/or disperse them.

**Acknowledgement** : Thanks to Luca Convito for the creation of the map in Fig. 1, to Adriano De Faveri and Carmine Romano for their help during the bibliographic research, to Giacomo Bellezza for drawing in Fig. 6, to Roberta Gaggi for correcting the English text. Special thanks to Sara Cecchetti, whose research have made it possible to document the collection history and to rediscover precious submerged material.

**References**

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DOAJ

DIRECTORY OF
OPEN ACCESS
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<figure><img src="image_9.png" /></figure>

Soumis le 21 mai 2024

Accepté le 6 juin 2024

Publié en ligne (pdf) le 11 juin 2024

**Appendix, Tab.1** - The list of Hooded Crows from the Paci collection: the biometric codes are explained in the following section; the acronyms MON and GSN stand for *Museo Ornitologico Naturalistico* and *Galleria di Storia Naturale* respectively; the initials AMPp.c. stand for an *Andrea Maria Paci private collection*.

<figure><img src="image_10.png" /></figure>
<table><thead><tr><th>Collection code</th><th>Type of preparation</th><th>Current location</th><th>Species</th><th>Locality</th><th>Date</th><th>Sex</th><th>Age</th><th>Bt</th><th>Wg</th><th>Ws</th><th>Ta</th><th>Bl</th><th>Ts</th><th>Wt</th><th>Stomach contents</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>AMP64</td><td>Taxidermy mount</td><td>MON Pietralunga</td><td>Corvus cornix</td><td>Molino Vitelli (Umbertide, PG)</td><td>October 1980</td><td>♀</td><td>Ad.</td><td>450</td><td>300</td><td>880</td><td>185</td><td>48</td><td>57</td><td>360</td><td>nothing</td></tr><tr><td>AMP73-114</td><td>Taxidermy mount</td><td>GSN Casalina</td><td>Corvus cornix</td><td>Pieve d'Agnano (Gubbio, PG)</td><td>October 1984</td><td>♂</td><td>Ad.</td><td>495</td><td>340</td><td>960</td><td>205</td><td>63</td><td>61</td><td>570</td><td>nothing</td></tr><tr><td>CC01</td><td>Study skin</td><td>Missing</td><td>Corvus cornix</td><td>San Lorenzo (Montone, PG)</td><td>January 1985</td><td>♂</td><td>Imm.</td><td>485</td><td>311</td><td>935</td><td>173</td><td>63</td><td>59</td><td>530</td><td>nothing</td></tr><tr><td>CC02</td><td>Study skin</td><td>Missing</td><td>Corvus cornix</td><td>Vallaccia (Lisciano Niccone, PG)</td><td>October 1988</td><td>♂</td><td>Imm.</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>480</td><td>Coleoptera, grit</td></tr><tr><td>CC03</td><td>Study skin</td><td>Missing</td><td>Corvus cornix</td><td>Vallaccia (Lisciano Niccone, PG)</td><td>October 1988</td><td>♀</td><td>Ad.</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>345</td><td>small mammal (Erinaceus europaeus)</td></tr><tr><td>CC04</td><td>Study skin</td><td>Missing</td><td>Corvus cornix</td><td>Vallaccia (Lisciano Niccone, PG)</td><td>October 1988</td><td>♀</td><td>Ad.</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>375</td><td>Coleoptera, grit</td></tr><tr><td>CC05</td><td>Study skin</td><td>Missing</td><td>Corvus cornix</td><td>Vallaccia (Lisciano Niccone, PG)</td><td>October 1988</td><td>♂</td><td>Ad.</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>495</td><td>Juniperus, Zea mays, grit</td></tr><tr><td>CC06</td><td>Study skin</td><td>Missing</td><td>Corvus cornix</td><td>Vallaccia (Lisciano Niccone, PG)</td><td>October 1988</td><td>♀</td><td>Ad.</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>380</td><td>Cereals indet., grit</td></tr><tr><td>CC07</td><td>Study skin</td><td>Missing</td><td>Corvus cornix</td><td>Vallaccia (Lisciano Niccone, PG)</td><td>October 1988</td><td>♂</td><td>Ad.</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>475</td><td>Cereals indet., Coleoptera</td></tr><tr><td>CC08</td><td>Study skin</td><td>Missing</td><td>Corvus cornix</td><td>Vallaccia (Lisciano Niccone, PG)</td><td>October 1988</td><td>♂</td><td>Imm.</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>490</td><td>Zea mays</td></tr><tr><td>CC09</td><td>Study skin</td><td>Missing</td><td>Corvus cornix</td><td>Vallaccia (Lisciano Niccone, PG)</td><td>October 1988</td><td>♂</td><td>Ad.</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>485</td><td>Cereals indet.</td></tr><tr><td>CC10</td><td>Study skin</td><td>Missing</td><td>Corvus cornix</td><td>Reschio (Lisciano Niccone, PG)</td><td>October 1988</td><td>♀</td><td>Ad.</td><td>470</td><td>298</td><td>895</td><td>177</td><td>55</td><td>58</td><td>430</td><td>Cereals indet., grit</td></tr><tr><td>CC11</td><td>Study skin</td><td>Missing</td><td>Corvus cornix</td><td>Reschio (Lisciano Niccone, PG)</td><td>October 1988</td><td>♀</td><td>Imm.</td><td>450</td><td>294</td><td>830</td><td>170</td><td>47</td><td>56</td><td>410</td><td>Helicidae, Coleoptera</td></tr><tr><td>CC12</td><td>Study skin</td><td>Missing</td><td>Corvus cornix</td><td>Reschio (Lisciano Niccone, PG)</td><td>October 1988</td><td>♂</td><td>Imm.</td><td>450</td><td>300</td><td>910</td><td>165</td><td>55</td><td>59</td><td>470</td><td>Helicidae, Coleoptera, grape, grit</td></tr><tr><td>CC13</td><td>Study skin</td><td>Missing</td><td>Corvus cornix</td><td>Reschio (Lisciano Niccone, PG)</td><td>November 1988</td><td>♀</td><td>Imm.</td><td>435</td><td>230</td><td>840</td><td>170</td><td>44</td><td>52</td><td>310</td><td>nothing</td></tr><tr><td>CC14</td><td>Study skin</td><td>Missing</td><td>Corvus cornix</td><td>Reschio (Lisciano Niccone, PG)</td><td>November 1988</td><td>♀</td><td>Imm.</td><td>460</td><td>295</td><td>890</td><td>175</td><td>50</td><td>58</td><td>435</td><td>Zea mays, grit</td></tr><tr><td>CC15</td><td>Study skin</td><td>Missing</td><td>Corvus cornix</td><td>Reschio (Lisciano Niccone, PG)</td><td>November 1988</td><td>♂</td><td>Imm.</td><td>470</td><td>310</td><td>935</td><td>170</td><td>58</td><td>61</td><td>480</td><td>Coleoptera, grit</td></tr><tr><td>CC16</td><td>Study skin</td><td>Missing</td><td>Corvus cornix</td><td>Reschio (Lisciano Niccone, PG)</td><td>November 1988</td><td>♀</td><td>Ad.</td><td>460</td><td>303</td><td>910</td><td>190</td><td>50</td><td>59</td><td>330</td><td>Juniperus, Zea mays</td></tr><tr><td>CC17</td><td>Study skin</td><td>Missing</td><td>Corvus cornix</td><td>Reschio (Lisciano Niccone, PG)</td><td>November 1988</td><td>♂</td><td>Imm.</td><td>448</td><td>303</td><td>900</td><td>170</td><td>57</td><td>57</td><td>470</td><td>Zea mays, grit</td></tr><tr><td>CC18</td><td>Study skin</td><td>Missing</td><td>Corvus cornix</td><td>Reschio (Lisciano Niccone, PG)</td><td>November 1988</td><td>♀</td><td>Imm.</td><td>443</td><td>250</td><td>890</td><td>170</td><td>51</td><td>57</td><td>460</td><td>Cereals indet., small mammal</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tr><td>CC40</td><td>Study skin</td><td>Missing</td><td>Corvus cornix</td><td>Vallaccia (Lisciano Niccone, PG)</td><td>December 1988</td><td>♂</td><td>Ad.</td><td>495</td><td>328</td><td>970</td><td>190</td><td>54</td><td>60</td><td>490</td><td>nothing</td></tr><tr><td>CC41</td><td>Study skin</td><td>Missing</td><td>Corvus cornix</td><td>Vallaccia (Lisciano Niccone, PG)</td><td>December 1988</td><td>♀</td><td>Ad.</td><td>445</td><td>298</td><td>860</td><td>166</td><td>48</td><td>57</td><td>360</td><td>small mammal</td></tr><tr><td>CC42</td><td>Study skin</td><td>Missing</td><td>Corvus cornix</td><td>Vallaccia (Lisciano Niccone, PG)</td><td>December 1988</td><td>♂</td><td>Ad.</td><td>500</td><td>319</td><td>950</td><td>190</td><td>55</td><td>55</td><td>490</td><td>vegetable, small mammal, grit</td></tr><tr><td>CC43</td><td>Study skin</td><td>Missing</td><td>Corvus cornix</td><td>Reschio (Lisciano Niccone, PG)</td><td>January 1989</td><td>♀</td><td>Ad.</td><td>460</td><td>305</td><td>895</td><td>180</td><td>56</td><td>58</td><td>315</td><td>nothing</td></tr><tr><td>CC44</td><td>Study skin</td><td>Missing</td><td>Corvus cornix</td><td>Reschio (Lisciano Niccone, PG)</td><td>January 1989</td><td>♀</td><td>Ad.</td><td>450</td><td>317</td><td>920</td><td>180</td><td>50</td><td>58</td><td>340</td><td>nothing</td></tr><tr><td>CC45</td><td>Study skin</td><td>Missing</td><td>Corvus cornix</td><td>Reschio (Lisciano Niccone, PG)</td><td>January 1989</td><td>♂</td><td>Ad.</td><td>490</td><td>322</td><td>940</td><td>185</td><td>57</td><td>59</td><td>510</td><td>nothing</td></tr><tr><td>CC46</td><td>Study skin</td><td>Missing</td><td>Corvus cornix</td><td>Reschio (Lisciano Niccone, PG)</td><td>January 1989</td><td>♂</td><td>Imm.</td><td>470</td><td>315</td><td>935</td><td>185</td><td>56</td><td>57</td><td>485</td><td>Zea mays, grit</td></tr><tr><td>CC47</td><td>Study skin</td><td>Missing</td><td>Corvus cornix</td><td>Reschio (Lisciano Niccone, PG)</td><td>January 1989</td><td>♂</td><td>Imm.</td><td>485</td><td>324</td><td>935</td><td>170</td><td>56</td><td>61</td><td>515</td><td>nothing</td></tr><tr><td>CC48</td><td>Study skin</td><td>Missing</td><td>Corvus cornix</td><td>Reschio (Lisciano Niccone, PG)</td><td>January 1989</td><td>♀</td><td>Imm.</td><td>450</td><td>298</td><td>890</td><td>165</td><td>56</td><td>60</td><td>430</td><td>Zea mays</td></tr><tr><td>CC49</td><td>Study skin</td><td>Missing</td><td>Corvus cornix</td><td>Reschio (Lisciano Niccone, PG)</td><td>January 1989</td><td>♀</td><td>Imm.</td><td>425</td><td>283</td><td>860</td><td>150</td><td>47</td><td>55</td><td>310</td><td>Zea mays, grit</td></tr><tr><td>CC50</td><td>Study skin</td><td>Missing</td><td>Corvus cornix</td><td>Reschio (Lisciano Niccone, PG)</td><td>January 1989</td><td>♂</td><td>Ad.</td><td>480</td><td>303</td><td>930</td><td>200</td><td>56</td><td>60</td><td>500</td><td>Zea mays, Helicidae</td></tr><tr><td>AMP190</td><td>Taxidermy mount</td><td>Missing</td><td>Corvus cornix</td><td>Reschio (Lisciano Niccone, PG)</td><td>January 1989</td><td>♀</td><td>Ad.</td><td>450</td><td>304</td><td>905</td><td>170</td><td>50</td><td>57</td><td>380</td><td>Zea mays, Coleoptera, grit</td></tr><tr><td>CC51</td><td>Study skin</td><td>Missing</td><td>Corvus cornix</td><td>Reschio (Lisciano Niccone, PG)</td><td>January 1989</td><td>♂</td><td>Imm.</td><td>480</td><td>305</td><td>930</td><td>170</td><td>55</td><td>61</td><td>530</td><td>Zea mays, grit</td></tr><tr><td>CC52</td><td>Study skin</td><td>Missing</td><td>Corvus cornix</td><td>Reschio (Lisciano Niccone, PG)</td><td>January 1989</td><td>♂</td><td>Ad.</td><td>460</td><td>310</td><td>925</td><td>180</td><td>52</td><td>60</td><td>440</td><td>small mammal, grit</td></tr><tr><td>AMP150-191</td><td>Taxidermy mount</td><td>GSN Casalina</td><td>Corvus cornix</td><td>Reschio (Lisciano Niccone, PG)</td><td>January 1989</td><td>♀</td><td>Imm.</td><td>435</td><td>230</td><td>840</td><td>170</td><td>44</td><td>52</td><td>315</td><td>Zea mays</td></tr><tr><td>AMP151-192</td><td>Taxidermy mount</td><td>AMP p.c.</td><td>Corvus cornix</td><td>Reschio (Lisciano Niccone, PG)</td><td>January 1989</td><td>♀</td><td>Ad.</td><td>460</td><td>305</td><td>895</td><td>180</td><td>56</td><td>58</td><td>315</td><td>Zea mays</td></tr><tr><td>CC53</td><td>Study skin</td><td>Missing</td><td>Corvus cornix</td><td>Reschio (Lisciano Niccone, PG)</td><td>February 1989</td><td>♀</td><td>Imm.</td><td>460</td><td>290</td><td>885</td><td>170</td><td>56</td><td>58</td><td>420</td><td>nothing</td></tr><tr><td>CC54</td><td>Study skin</td><td>Missing</td><td>Corvus cornix</td><td>Reschio (Lisciano Niccone, PG)</td><td>February 1989</td><td>♀</td><td>Imm.</td><td>435</td><td>285</td><td>850</td><td>170</td><td>58</td><td>57</td><td>435</td><td>nothing</td></tr><tr><td>CC55</td><td>Study skin</td><td>Missing</td><td>Corvus cornix</td><td>Reschio (Lisciano Niccone, PG)</td><td>February 1989</td><td>♀</td><td>Imm.</td><td>455</td><td>286</td><td>860</td><td>170</td><td>47</td><td>55</td><td>470</td><td>Zea mays, grit</td></tr><tr><td>CC56</td><td>Study skin</td><td>Missing</td><td>Corvus cornix</td><td>Reschio (Lisciano Niccone, PG)</td><td>March 1989</td><td>♂</td><td>Imm.</td><td>450</td><td>311</td><td>905</td><td>175</td><td>57</td><td>58</td><td>450</td><td>nothing</td></tr></table>