# Impact of Nutrient Management Technologies on Soil Physico-chemical Properties, Yield and Economics of Mustard under Irrigated Condition of Chandauli District, Uttar Pradesh, India

Y.V. Singh, S. Goswami, S.K. Singh, Ajeet Kumar, P.K. Bhartiya, Kajal Singh

► To cite this version:

Y.V. Singh, S. Goswami, S.K. Singh, Ajeet Kumar, P.K. Bhartiya, et al.. Impact of Nutrient Management Technologies on Soil Physico-chemical Properties, Yield and Economics of Mustard under Irrigated Condition of Chandauli District, Uttar Pradesh, India. International Journal of Plant & Soil Science, 2025, 37 (2), pp.78-83. 10.9734/ijpss/2025/v37i25306. hal-04934894

HAL Id: hal-04934894

https://hal.science/hal-04934894v1

Submitted on 7 Feb 2025

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access
archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-
entific research documents, whether they are pub-
lished or not. The documents may come from
teaching and research institutions in France or
abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est
destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents
scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non,
émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de
recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires
publics ou privés.

<figure><img src="image_1.png" /></figure>

Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
<figure><img src="image_2.png" /></figure>

# Impact of Nutrient Management Technologies on Soil Physico-chemical Properties, Yield and Economics of Mustard under Irrigated Condition of Chandauli District, Uttar Pradesh, India

Y.V. Singh a*, S. Goswami a, S.K. Singh b, A. Kumar c, P.K. Bhartiya d and Kajal Singh a

## Authors' contributions

This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

## Article Information

DOI: https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2025/v37i25306

### Open Peer Review History:

This journal follows the Advanced Open Peer Review policy. Identity of the Reviewers, Editor(s) and additional Reviewers, peer review comments, different versions of the manuscript, comments of the editors, etc are available here: https://pr.sdiarticle5.com/review-history/130406

### Original Research Article

Received: 27/11/2024

Accepted: 29/01/2025

Published: 06/02/2025

<footnote>a AICRP on STCR, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005 (U.P.), India.</footnote>

<footnote>b Department of Soil Science, Tirhut College of Agriculture, Dholi, Dr. RP CAU, Pusa, Bihar, India.</footnote>

<footnote>c Department of Soil Science, Sugarcane Research Institute. Dr. RP CAU, Pusa (Samastipur)-848125, Bihar, India.</footnote>

<footnote>d Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, C.C.R. (P.G.) College, Muzaffarnagar, (U.P.), India.</footnote>

<footnote>*Corresponding author: E-mail: yvsingh59@rediffmail.com;</footnote>

<footnote>**Cite as:** Singh, Y.V., S. Goswami, S.K. Singh, A. Kumar, P.K. Bhartiya, and Kajal Singh. 2025. "Impact of Nutrient Management Technologies on Soil Physico-Chemical Properties, Yield and Economics of Mustard under Irrigated Condition of Chandauli District, Uttar Pradesh, India". International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 37 (2):78-83. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2025/v37i25306.</footnote>
ABSTRACT

A field experiment was conducted in Jharigawan village, Naugarh block in Chandauli district during 2023-2024 to assess yield, soil, plant and fertilizer nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) nutrient relationships and calibrate optimum fertilizer doses for attaining yield targets. The fertilizer adjustment equations are derived by the All India Coordinated Research Project, Institute of Agricultural Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi centre. Results revealed that targeted yield of mustard (20 q ha⁻¹) have been achieved by using the plant nutrients on the basis of targeted yield concept (soil test crop response technology). The percent increase in yield was 33.10 % in first location, 34.54 % in second location and 31.27 % in third location over Farmers practice i.e. the fertilizer doses the farmers generally applied in the area which was 15.51, 15.20 and 15.35 q ha⁻¹, respectively. The maximum net returns of mustard first location (Rs.54280.54), second location (Rs.54630.54) and third location (Rs.56030.50) were obtained in treatment where plant nutrients applied as per soil test value (STCR treatment). This technology also maintained the soil available plant nutrients. Thus, for obtaining maximum gain and sustain the soil fertility, application of plant nutrients as per soil test value (STCR technology) is essential. The fertilizer doses were validated for attaining yield targets of 20 q ha⁻¹ in farmer's fields. Mustard yield within 10% deviation was attained, which indicated that soil test based fertilizer dose was superior. This approach could be adopted for regions with similar soil and agro-climatic conditions in other parts of the world to increase Mustard yields.

Keywords: Target yield; soil test crop response; economics; FYM and B:C ratio.

1. INTRODUCTION

"The mustard plant is any one of several plant species in the genera *Brassica*, *Rhamphospermum* and *Sinapis* in the family Brassicaceae (the mustard family). Mustard seed is used as a spice. Grinding and mixing the seeds with water, vinegar, or other liquids creates the yellow condiment known as prepared mustard. The seeds can also be pressed to make mustard oil, and the edible leaves can be eaten as mustard greens. Mustard is one of the oldest recorded spices, with references dating back to 3000 BC (Marschner, 1995). It was originally known as a condiment, with the term derived from the Latin *mustum*. Over time, various mustard seed combinations led to a wide range of mustard varieties worldwide. Besides being used as a spice, mustard serves multiple purposes, including as a vegetable, oilseed crop, green manure, and fodder" (Hanway & Heidal, 1952; Jackson, 1973).

"Current crop production systems are characterized by inadequate and imbalanced uses of fertilizers e.g. blanket fertilizer recommendations over large domains with least regard to the variability in soil fertility and productivity. Future gains in productivity and input use efficiency require soil and crop management technologies that are tailored to specific characteristics of individual farms or fields (Ramamoorthy et al., 1967; Rao, 2011;

Subbiah & Asija, 1956). Farm research demonstrated existence of large field variability in terms of soil nutrient supply, nutrient use efficiency, crop responses etc. Management of this variability is a principal challenge for further increasing crop productivity of intensive Rice crop systems" (Ray et al., 2000). The targeted yield approach, first developed by Tiwari, (2002) and Olsen et al., (1954), is based on soil testing and crop response (STCR) to optimize fertilizer use and maintain soil fertility. This approach has been widely implemented in India since 1967 through the All India Coordinated Research Project on SSCR. By using multiple regression equations, the method helps determine nutrient interactions and ensures sustainable crop productivity. The integration of chemical fertilizers with organic manures (IPNS-based SSCR) is recommended for improving soil quality and achieving higher yields.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1 Experimental Site

"The on farm testing trials were conducted in village-Hadahi, block - Naugarh of Chandauli district, Uttar Pradesh, India during year Rabi 2023-24 on alluvial soil (Inceptisol). Soil samples (0-15 cm in depth) were collected, dried and passed through 2 mm sieve and analyzed for physico chemical properties as described" (Jackson, 1973). Available nitrogen, by the
alkaline permanganate method (Singh et al., 2014), available phosphorus, by Olsen method (Olsen et al., 1954) and available potassium, by the ammonium acetate method (Hanway & Heidal, 1952) as described by Jackson, (1973). Five fertilizers treatments viz., Control, Farmers practice, General recommendation dose of fertilizer, Soil test crop response (STCR) for 20 q ha⁻¹ in Mustard variety of test crop was Ashirbad, 20 q ha⁻¹ targeted yield was taken. The targeted yield of crop was decided as per yield potential of varieties. Pre sowing soil samples were analysed according to the standard procedures. Soil resource inventory of the study area in given in the Table 1. Fertilizer prescription equations developed for mustard under STCR- IPNMS on eastern plain zone of utter Pradesh by (Verma et al., 2017), are given below:

$$ \text{Nitrogen dose (kg ha}^{-1}\text{)} = 12.27 * \text{T} - 0.56 \text{SN} - 0.09 * \text{ON} $$

$$ \text{Phosphorus dose (kg ha}^{-1}\text{)} = 3.03 * \text{T} - 1.34 * \text{SP} - 0.10 * \text{OP} $$

$$ \text{Potassium dose (kg ha}^{-1}\text{)} = 3.94 * \text{T} - 0.21 * \text{K} - 0.22 * \text{OK} $$

Where, FN, FP₂O₅ and FK₂O are fertilizers N, P₂O₅ and K₂O in kg ha⁻¹, respectively; T=Grain yield target in q ha⁻¹; SN, SP and SK are available N, P and K through soil in kg ha⁻¹, respectively; ON, OP and OK are N, P and K supplied through FYM in kg ha⁻¹. The treatments imposed were as follows: (i) Control, (ii) Farmer's Practices, (iii) General Recommended Dose (iv) STCR based fertilizer dose for a yield target of 20 q ha⁻¹ with 2 t ha⁻¹ FYM. Based on the initial soil test values of available N, P and K and the quantities of N, P₂O₅ and K₂O supplied fertilizer doses were calculated and applied for STCR treatments for various yield targets.

## 2.2 Statistical Analysis

The research data were analyzed using statistical software SPSS 16.0 for ANOVA (simple randomized block design).

# 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

## 3.1 Yield Targeting of Mustard Based on Soil Test

Experimental data on follow up trials for each location during the period 2023-24 were conducted in farmers field and are given in Table 2. From the field experiment the basic data on nutrient requirement for producing one quintal grain yield of mustard, per cent contribution of nutrients from soil (%CS) and fertilizer (%CF)

were evaluated. These basic parameters were used for developing the fertilizer prescription equations under NPK alone. The nutrient requirement of N, P₂O₅ and K₂O were 6.22, 0.99 and 4.25 kg q h⁻¹ of grain yield, respectively. The per cent contribution of nutrients from soil, fertilizers and farm yard manure were found to be 23.94, 42.53 and 4.02 for N, 70.45, 21.44 and 1.24 for P₂O₅ and 22.14, 90.52 and 4.96 for K₂O, respectively. "It was noted that contribution of potassium from fertilizer for mustard was higher in comparison to soil. This high value of potassium could be to the interaction effect of higher doses of N, P coupled with priming effect of starter K doses in the treated plots, which might have caused the release of soil potassium form, resulting in the higher uptake from the native soil sources by the crop" (Ray et al., 2000). Similar type of higher efficiency of potassic fertilizer was also reported for mustard (Ahmed et al., 2002) in alluvial soils.

"Target yield of 20 q ha⁻¹ has been achieved with comparatively lower application of N and P₂O₅ fertilizers but higher application of K₂O, in comparison to doses applied in farmer's practice and soil-based recommendations. As for example in the alluvial soil of West Bengal, In the winter season highest mustard yield was 6.0 t ha⁻¹ regardless of the N level used but could be raised to 7.4 t ha⁻¹ with increased application of K fertilizers" (Singh et al., 2019). "This is probably due to the higher N use efficiency as well as increased N recovery by crop under increased K application ⁴⁾. Yield targets of 20 q ha⁻¹ for Mustard variety Ashirbad were achieved in Table 2 from the expected yield targets in all the cases. In all sites, grain yields of mustard through general recommendation (GRD) of fertilizers lagged behind the yield obtained at 20 q ha⁻¹ fixed target. These results accorded with the findings" (Singh & Singh, 2014a; Singh et al., 2015). "Targets tried, targeting for 20 q ha⁻¹ recorded relatively higher response ratio it has also recorded higher yields. This might be due to the better use efficiency of applied NPK fertilizers at low yield target levels" Singh et al., 2015; Singh et al., 2014).

However, for efficient utilization of applied fertilizer some other parameters like soil pH, organic carbon status etc. should also be considered, since these are the major determining factors of soil nutrient retention. This is for the development of an effective fertilizer schedule as well as nutrient supply source in view of the better nutrient absorption and assimilation by the plants.
<table><caption>Table 1. Physico-chemical properties of the experimental area</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Locations</th><th colspan="3">Physico chemical properties</th><th colspan="3">Fertility status</th></tr><tr><th>pH</th><th>EC (dSm<sup>-1</sup>)</th><th>OC (%)</th><th>Av-N (kg ha<sup>-1</sup>)</th><th>Av-P (kg ha<sup>-1</sup>)</th><th>Av-K (kg ha<sup>-1</sup>)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Location-I</td><td>7.48</td><td>0.47</td><td>0.54</td><td>213.80</td><td>14.85</td><td>179.50</td></tr><tr><td>Location-II</td><td>7.55</td><td>0.48</td><td>0.57</td><td>214.00</td><td>15.45</td><td>184.70</td></tr><tr><td>Location-III</td><td>7.65</td><td>0.49</td><td>0.56</td><td>206.00</td><td>16.00</td><td>185.20</td></tr></tbody></table>

<table><caption>Table 2. Economics of verification trials for mustard in various treatments under different locations of Village- Jharigawan, Naugarh block in district Chandauli</caption><thead><tr><th>Treatments</th><th>Fertilizer dose NPK (kg ha<sup>-1</sup>) and FYM (t ha<sup>-1</sup>)</th><th>Actual mean yield (kg ha<sup>-1</sup>)</th><th>Additional yield (kg ha<sup>-1</sup>)</th><th>Value of additional yield (Rs.)</th><th>Cost of fertilizer (Rs.)</th><th>Net benefit (Rs.)</th><th>B/C ratio</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="8" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">Location - I: Sri. Prabhu Singh S/O. Sri.Ramkrishan, Village- Jharigwan</td></tr><tr><td>T<sub>1</sub>-Control</td><td>0-0-0</td><td>1195</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>T<sub>2</sub>-FP</td><td>60-30-30</td><td>1551</td><td>356</td><td>24920</td><td>3518.7</td><td>21401.3</td><td>6.08</td></tr><tr><td>T<sub>3</sub>-GRD</td><td>80-40-40</td><td>1690</td><td>495</td><td>34650</td><td>4691.6</td><td>29958.4</td><td>6.39</td></tr><tr><td>T<sub>4</sub>-20 q ha<sup>-1</sup></td><td>123-39-49-2</td><td>2065</td><td>870</td><td>60900</td><td>6619.46</td><td>54280.54</td><td>8.20</td></tr><tr><td colspan="8" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">Location - II: Name Sri. Sanjai Singh S/O. Sri. Girja, Village- Hadahi</td></tr><tr><td>T<sub>1</sub>-Control</td><td>0-0-0</td><td>1170</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>T<sub>2</sub>-FP</td><td>60-30-30</td><td>1520</td><td>350</td><td>24500</td><td>3518.7</td><td>20981.3</td><td>5.96</td></tr><tr><td>T<sub>3</sub>-GRD</td><td>80-40-40</td><td>1730</td><td>560</td><td>39200</td><td>4691.6</td><td>34508.4</td><td>7.36</td></tr><tr><td>T<sub>4</sub>-20 q ha<sup>-1</sup></td><td>123-39-49-2</td><td>2045</td><td>875</td><td>61250</td><td>6619.4</td><td>54630.54</td><td>8.25</td></tr><tr><td colspan="8" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">Location - III: Name Sri.Govind S/O Sri.Ram pyare, Village- Jharigwan</td></tr><tr><td>T<sub>1</sub>-Control</td><td>0-0-0</td><td>1120</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>T<sub>2</sub>-FP</td><td>60-30-30</td><td>1535</td><td>415</td><td>29050</td><td>3518.7</td><td>25531.3</td><td>7.26</td></tr><tr><td>T<sub>3</sub>-GRD</td><td>80-40-40</td><td>1695</td><td>575</td><td>40250</td><td>4691.6</td><td>35558.4</td><td>7.58</td></tr><tr><td>T<sub>4</sub>-20 q ha<sup>-1</sup></td><td>123-39-49-2</td><td>2015</td><td>895</td><td>62650</td><td>6619.4</td><td>56030.5</td><td>8.46</td></tr></tbody></table>

Note: Mustard@Rs.70.00/kg, N@Rs.17.39/kg P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>@Rs.56.25/kg, K<sub>2</sub>O@Rs.26.66/kg.

A miner modification was made in the ready reckoner, FP: Farmers practice i.e. the fertilizer doses the farmers generally applied in the area, GRD: General recommendation of agricultural department of the district on the basis of soil test value, B: C ratio: benefit cost ratios

<footnote>* Av = Available</footnote>
<table><caption>Table 3. Post harvest soil fertility status of various treatments under different locations of Village- Jharigawan, Naugarh block in district Chandauli</caption><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Treatments</th><th colspan="3">Location 1</th><th colspan="3">Location 2</th><th colspan="3">Location 3</th></tr><tr><th>N</th><th>P</th><th>K</th><th>N</th><th>P</th><th>K</th><th>N</th><th>P</th><th>K</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Control</td><td>207</td><td>15.5</td><td>186</td><td>218</td><td>17.4</td><td>180</td><td>210</td><td>16.4</td><td>174</td></tr><tr><td>Farmer's practice</td><td>226</td><td>17.1</td><td>188</td><td>226</td><td>18.3</td><td>186</td><td>228</td><td>17.3</td><td>185</td></tr><tr><td>GRD</td><td>233</td><td>18.2</td><td>198</td><td>231</td><td>19</td><td>191</td><td>235</td><td>18.5</td><td>196</td></tr><tr><td>STCR 20 q ha<sup>-1</sup></td><td>244</td><td>19.1</td><td>205</td><td>232</td><td>17.5</td><td>211</td><td>237</td><td>19.5</td><td>215</td></tr><tr><td>CD at 5%</td><td>1.40</td><td>1.051</td><td>0.56</td><td>0.69</td><td>1.06</td><td>0.75</td><td>0.69</td><td>1.07</td><td>0.75</td></tr></tbody></table>

Where: GRD – General recommended dose and STCR-Soil teat crop response

## 3.2 Post Harvest Soil Fertility Status

"Post-harvest soils value revealed that a sufficient build up and maintenance of SN, SP and SK are found under STCR study compare to farmer practices and general recommended dose. Despite removal of higher amount of nutrient in STCR treatment due to getting a higher yield, higher post harvest soil fertility was observed in STCR plot" (Ray et al., 2000). Highest post harvest soil nitrogen was found in STCR for 20 q ha⁻¹ in location-1, Sri. Prabhu Singh S/O. Sri. Ramkrishan, Village- Jharigwan (244.00 kg ha⁻¹), soil potassium in location-3, Sri.Govind S/O Sri.Ram pyare, Village- Jharigwan (215.00 kg ha⁻¹), soil phosphorus in location-3, Sri.Govind S/O Sri.Ram pyare, Village- Jharigwan (19.50 kg ha⁻¹) in Table 3. "The greater build-up of nutrient in STCR treatment was due to balance application of chemical fertilizer in conjunction with organic manure. Combined application of inorganic fertilizers improved the chemical and physical properties, which may lead to enhanced and sustainable production" (Singh & Singh, 2014a). "Greater profit consistent with maintenance of soil fertility status was realized when fertilizer was applied for appropriate yield targets in succession over years using STCR concept" (Ray et al., 2000).

## 4. CONCLUSION

Guidelines for the quantity of fertilizer used in mustard production will be developed with the aid of the study. In addition to ensuring sustainable crop production, the particular yield equation based on soil health will guide farmers toward the cost-effective usage of fertilizer inputs based on their financial situation and the current market price of the crop in question.

## DISCLAIMER (ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE)

Author(s) hereby declare that no generative AI technologies such as Large Language Models

(ChatGPT, COPILOT, etc) and text-to-image generators have been used during writing or editing of manuscripts.

## ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors are grateful to Indian Institute of Soil Sciences, Bhopal for providing financial assistance through AICRP on STCR project during the course of investigation and Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry at the Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, for providing the infrastructure, conducive working environment, and necessary facilities that supported this study.

## COMPETING INTERESTS

Authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

## REFERENCES

Ahmed, S., Raizuddin, M., & Krishna Reddy, P. V. (2002). Optimizing fertilizer doses for rice in alluvial soils through chemical fertilizers, farm yard manure and green manure using soil test values. *Agropedology*, 12, 133-140.

Hanway, J. J., & Heidal, H. (1952). Soil analysis methods as used in Iowa state college soil testing laboratory. *Iowa State College of Agriculture Bulletin*, 57, 1-31.

Jackson, M. L. (1973). *Soil chemical analysis*. Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.

Marschner, H. (1995). *Mineral nutrition of higher plants*. Academic Press.

Olsen, S. R., Cole, C. V., Frank, S. W., & Dean, L. A. (1954). Estimation of available phosphorus by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. United States Department of Agriculture Circular Number 939.
Ramamoorthy, B., Narasimham, R. L., & Dinesh, R. S. (1967). Fertilizer application for specific yield targets of Sonora-64 wheat. *Indian Farming*, 17, 43-45.

Rao, K. V. (2011). *Site-specific integrated nutrient management for sustainable rice production and growth*. Rice Knowledge Management Portal (RKMP) Publication, Directorate of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad.

Ray, P. K., Jana, A. K., Maitra, D. N., Saha, M. N., Chaudhury, J., Saha, S., & Saha, A. R. (2000). Fertilizer prescriptions on soil test basis for jute, rice, and wheat in a ty Appen ustochrept. *Journal of Indian Society of Soil Science*, 48, 79-84.

Singh, Y. V., & Singh, S. K. (2014). Fertilizer prescription for targeted yield of rice (*Oryza sativa* L. var. Saryu-52) in an Inceptisol of Varanasi. *Indian Journal of Ecology*, 41(2), 282-285.

Singh, Y. V., Dey, P., Singh, S. K., & Kumar, M. (2015). Impact of soil test crop response technology on yield and economics of wheat in Chandauli district of Uttar Pradesh. *Technofame - A Journal of Multidisciplinary Advance Research*, 1, 52-56.

Singh, Y. V., Sharma, P. K., & Meena, R. (2014). Effect of Soil Test Crop Response Technology on productivity and economics of rice crop of Varanasi district of Uttar Pradesh. *Journal of Rural and Agricultural Research*, 14(01), 77-80.

Singh, Y. V., Singh, S. K., & De, P. (2019). Soil Test Crop Response Based Gradient Experiment with rice (*Oryza sativa* L.) to NPK fertilizers in the alluvial soil. *Technofame - A Journal of Multidisciplinary Advance Research*, 8(1), 79-81.

Subbiah, B. V., & Asija, G. I. (1956). A rapid procedure for determination of available nitrogen in soils. *Current Science*, 31, 196-198.

Tiwari, K. N. (2002). Nutrient management for sustainable agriculture. *Journal of Indian Society Agriculture Statistics*, 50, 374-397.

Verma, M., Singh, Y. V., Dey, P., & Babu, A. (2017). Soil test based fertilizer recommendation for mustard (*Brassica juncea* L.) in eastern plain zone of Uttar Pradesh. *International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences*, 6(2), 155-161.

**Disclaimer/Publisher's Note:** The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of the publisher and/or the editor(s). This publisher and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

© Copyright (2025): Author(s). The licensee is the journal publisher. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Peer-review history:
The peer review history for this paper can be accessed here:
https://pr.sdiarticle5.com/review-history/130406