**Additional information**

**Supplementary information** The online version contains
supplementary material available at
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44389-3.

**Correspondence** and requests for materials should be addressed to
Caroline Passaes or Asier Sáez-Cirión.

**Peer review information** *Nature Communications* thanks Merlin Robb,
Neil Berry and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to
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© The Author(s) 2024

<figure><img src="image_62.png" /></figure>

<footnote n="1">¹Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Viral Reservoirs and Immune Control Unit, Paris, France. ²Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Paris, France. ³Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INSERM, UMR1184, Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT Department), Fontenay-aux-Roses/Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France. ⁴Université Paris Cité; INSERM, U1016; CNRS, UMR8104 Paris, France.</footnote>

<footnote n="5">⁵Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité. INSERM U1222, Humoral Immunology Unit, Paris, France. ⁶Université Paris-Saclay, AP-HP, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service de Pharmacie, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France. ⁷Université Paris-Saclay, AP-HP. Hôpital Bicêtre, Clinical Immunology Department, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.</footnote>

<footnote n="8">⁸Université Paris Cité, IAME, INSERM, F-75018 Paris, France. ⁹Université Paris Cité/APHP Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, Paris, France. ¹⁰APHP Hôpital Cochin, Service de Virologie, Paris, France. ¹¹These authors contributed equally: Roger Le Grand, Asier Sáez-Cirión.</footnote>

<footnote>asier saez-cirion@pasteur.fr</footnote>

<footnote>e-mail: cpereira@pasteur.fr;</footnote>
**Additional information**

**Supplementary information** The online version contains
supplementary material available at
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44389-3.

**Correspondence** and requests for materials should be addressed to
Caroline Passaes or Asier Sáez-Cirión.

**Peer review information** *Nature Communications* thanks Merlin Robb,
Neil Berry and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to
the peer review of this work. A peer review file is available.

**Reprints and permissions information** is available at
http://www.nature.com/reprints

**Publisher's note** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jur-
isdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

**Open Access** This article is licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing,
adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as
long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the
source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if
changes were made. The images or other third party material in this
article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless
indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not
included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended
use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted
use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright
holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by/4.0/.

© The Author(s) 2024

<figure><img src="image_64.png" /></figure>

<footnote n="1">¹Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Viral Reservoirs and Immune Control Unit, Paris, France. ²Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Paris, France. ³Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INSERM, UMR1184, Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT Department), Fontenay-aux-Roses/Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France. ⁴Université Paris Cité; INSERM, U1016; CNRS, UMR8104 Paris, France.</footnote>

<footnote n="5">⁵Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité. INSERM U1222, Humoral Immunology Unit, Paris, France. ⁶Université Paris-Saclay, AP-HP, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service de Pharmacie, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France. ⁷Université Paris-Saclay, AP-HP. Hôpital Bicêtre, Clinical Immunology Department, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.</footnote>

<footnote n="8">⁸Université Paris Cité, IAME, INSERM, F-75018 Paris, France. ⁹Université Paris Cité/APHP Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, Paris, France. ¹⁰APHP Hôpital Cochin, Service de Virologie, Paris, France. ¹¹These authors contributed equally: Roger Le Grand, Asier Sáez-Cirión.</footnote>

<footnote>asier saez-cirion@pasteur.fr</footnote>

<footnote>e-mail: cpereira@pasteur.fr;</footnote>