**HEI (Higher education institution):** European organisations providing higher, postsecondary, tertiary, and/or third-level education. Research is typically part of their remit too. (source: IGI Global).

**IGSN (International Generic Sample Number):** PID to identify samples, context objects of samples or collections of samples. The same acronym was originally used to denote the International Geo Sample Number.

**Infrastructure:** A) the resources (such as personnel, buildings, or equipment) required for an activity B) the underlying foundation or basic framework (as of a system or organisation) (taken from the Merriam-Webster dictionary). In this report infrastructures are defined as socio-technical ecosystems made up of people, technologies, and institutions (organisations), which generate, manage and preserve information and knowledge (based on Edwards, 2010; Bowker et al., 2010). In the best case scenario, infrastructure is invisible to its end-user.

**ISRCTN (International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number):** A registry and curated database containing the basic set of data items deemed essential to describe a study at inception, as per the requirements set out by the World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) and the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) guidelines. All study records in the database are freely accessible and searchable and have been assigned an ISRCTN ID.

**KE (Knowledge Exchange):** Collaboration network across six key national organisations within Europe tasked with developing infrastructure and services to enable the use of digital technologies to improve higher education and research (source: https://knowledge-exchange.info/about-us).

**Macro-Meso-Micro:** Levels at which an analysis is conducted. At a macro level, large aggregates or systems are examined (such as State, government, nation...). At a meso level, the focus is on the parts or sectors of these systems (institutions, organisations, networks...). At a micro level, the actions and decisions of the actors and/or the relationships between the

actors are of interest (scientists, researchers, librarians, system managers...). (source: Schubert, Klaus/Martina Klein: Das Politiklexikon. 7., aktual. u. erw. Aufl. Bonn: Dietz 2020).

**MPA (Multi-Primary Administrator):** Credentialed organisation involved in the management of the Global Handle Registry (GHR). GHR operation is collaboratively managed by the DONA Foundation and MPAs (source: DONA Foundation, https://www.dona.net/handle-system).

**NREN (National Research and Education Network):** A specialised internet service provider dedicated to supporting the needs of the research and education communities within a country.

**Observatory:** A modified proposal: For this report, a virtual location used for observing PID related events and, in particular, for listing new and established PIDs including use cases, specifications and possible development scenarios to enable PID experts and policy makers to make informed technical and strategic decisions regarding e.g. the adoption of specific PIDs.

**Open Infrastructure:** Scholarly communication resources and services, including software, that the research and scholarly community of users depends upon to collect, store, organise, access, share, and assess research (source: Defining open infrastructure – SCOSS – The Global Sustainability Coalition for Open Science Services).

**ORCID (Open Researcher and Contributor ID):** A PID to uniquely identify authors in the research and academic domains. The ORCID identifier is run by the international, interdisciplinary, open, non-proprietary, and not-for-profit ORCID organisation.

**OS-CAM (Open Science Career Assessment Matrix):** Systematic framework for the evaluation of research careers in which Open Science practices are fully acknowledged.

**PID (Persistent Identifier):** A globally unique and permanent reference to a document, file, web page, or other (digital or non-digital) entity. In addition to access to these objects, a PID usually provides metadata describing the content or technical attributes of the
object identified by the PID and, if necessary, sets it in relation to other objects.

**PID Graph:** A network of interconnected PID entitites, exploiting the metadata registered with them, e.g., to connect outputs associated with a particular researcher, grant, institution or funder, for discovery and impact assessment. (based on [Introducing the PID Graph - DataCite Blog](https://datacite.org/2018/06/06/introducing-the-pid-graph/)).

**PID Roles:** PID Authorities (e.g. ISSN International Centre, DOI Foundation), PID Service Provider (e.g. DataCite, Crossref), PID Manager (e.g. databases), PID Owner (e.g. repository managers), PID End User (e.g. researcher), for details see appendix 9 c.

**PID System:** The mutually referenced combination of definitions, policies, services and data sources which are used for the administration and use of PIDs. (based on Bütikofer, 2009).

**PIDINSTs:** PIDs to identify research instruments and facilities.

**Political:** Relating to, involving, or involved in politics and policies (for this report primarily science politics). (source: Merriam-Webster dictionary).

**PURL (Persistent Uniform Resource Locator):** a PID to identify web resources, run by the Internet Archive.

**OrgIDs (Organisation IDs):** PIDs to identify organisations, usually research-performing ones such as universities or research centres or institutes, but also companies and other entities.

**RAiD (Research Activity Identifier):** A PID primarily aimed for research projects. A RAiD is an envelope that includes other PIDs in it such as ORCIDs, RORs, grant IDs and DOIs for research outputs. The RAiD standard is currently under development by the ISO, [https://www.iso.org/standard/75931.html](https://www.iso.org/standard/75931.html).

**RDA (Research Data Alliance):** An organisation aimed to enable the open sharing and re-use of research data.

**RePEc (Research Papers in Economics):** Not-for-profit initiative that seeks to enhance the dissemination

of research in Economics and related disciplines.

**RFOs (Research Funding Organisations):** Also known as research funders, these are the public or private-sector organisations devoted to funding research. This funding usually takes the form of funded projects but RFOs also fund research-performing organisations and research instruments and facilities.

**Ringgold:** PID to identify organisations. Ringgold ID is a PID for organisations in the publishing industry supply chain (publishers, funders, universities, corporations, government entities...), owned and administered by a corporate company (Ringgold) which is part of the US Copyright Clearance Center (CCC).

**Risk:** The likelihood of an event multiplied by the magnitude of its (damaging) consequences. For individuals a risk is present in a situation, where the possible damage would be greater than the advantage sought (Luhmann, 1988). Taking a risk is an outcome of trust.

**ROR (Research Organisation Registry):** A PID to identify research organisations. ROR is run as a not-for-profit service by the California Digital Library, Crossref and DataCite.

**RPO (Research Performing Organisations):** Public or private-sector organisations in which research is conducted. Universities and research institutes are the most frequent RPOs.

**RRID (Research Resource Identifier):** A PID for referencing research resources especially in the biomedical field, such as antibodies, organisms, tools, plasmids and cell lines.

**Situational Normality:** Belief that success is likely, because the situation is normal (McKnight et al., 1998).

**Socio-technical:** Relating to technology-using processes between organisations, individuals, groups, the consequences of which are not predetermined by the technology, but are subject to social interpretations, negotiations and sanctions. Also taking into consideration that technology is socially constructed and vice versa, technology has an influence on the construction of the social world.
**Structural Assurance:** Belief that success is likely because such contextual conditions as promises, contracts, regulations and guarantees are in place (McKnight et al., 1998).

**Sustainability:** A method of harvesting or using a resource so that the resource is not depleted or permanently damaged (source: Merriam-Webster dictionary). In the context of scholarly communications, a framework where the appropriate mechanisms are in place to guarantee the mid- and long-term operation of a service.

**Trust:** Willingness of a party to be vulnerable to the action of another party based on the expectation that the other will perform a particular action important to the trustor, irrespective of the ability to monitor or control the other party (source: Mayer et al., 1995).

**URL (Uniform Resource Locator):** Reference to a web resource that specifies its location on a computer network and a mechanism for retrieving it (source: Wikipedia).

**URN (Uniform Resource Name):** PID to identify any information or physical object. URN NBNs are a subset of URNs used by national libraries to assign National Bibliography Numbers.
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