# A Database of Lapidary Artifacts in the Caribbean for the Ceramic Age

Alain Queffelec, Pierrick Fouéré, Jean-Baptiste Caverne

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## To cite this version:

Alain Queffelec, Pierrick Fouéré, Jean-Baptiste Caverne. A Database of Lapidary Artifacts in the Caribbean for the Ceramic Age. Journal of Open Archaeology Data, 2021, 9, pp.2. 10.5334/joad.74. hal-03373943v2

HAL Id: hal-03373943

https://hal.science/hal-03373943v2

Submitted on 16 Jan 2024

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Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
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# A Database of Lapidary Artifacts in the Caribbean for the Ceramic Age

DATA PAPER

]u[ ubiquity press

ALAIN QUEFFELEC ID

PIERRICK FOUÉRÉ

JEAN-BAPTISTE CAVERNE

*Author affiliations can be found in the back matter of this article

## ABSTRACT

Lapidary artifacts show an impressive abundance and diversity during the Ceramic period in the Caribbean islands, especially at the beginning of this period. Most of the raw materials used in this production do not exist naturally on the islands of the Lesser Antilles, nevertheless, many archaeological sites have yielded such artifacts on these islands. In the framework of a four-years-long project, we created a database by combining first hand observations and analysis, as well as a thorough literature survey. The result is a database including more than 100 sites and almost 5000 beads, pendants, blanks and raw material fragments.

## CORRESPONDING AUTHOR:

Alain Queffelec

PACEA UMR5199 CNRS, Univ.

Bordeaux, Ministère de la
Culture, Pessac, F-33615, FR

alain.queffelec@u-bordeaux.fr

## KEYWORDS:

Caribbean; Lapidary artifacts;
Ceramic Age; Beads; Pendants;
Raw materials

## TO CITE THIS ARTICLE:

Queffelec A, Fouéré P, Caverne
J-B 2021 A Database of
Lapidary Artifacts in the
Caribbean for the Ceramic Age.

Journal of Open Archaeology

Data, 9: 2, pp. 1–11. DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5334/joad.74
<figure><img src="image_3.png" /></figure>

# A Database of Lapidary Artifacts in the Caribbean for the Ceramic Age

DATA PAPER

]u[ ubiquity press

ALAIN QUEFFELEC ID

PIERRICK FOUÉRÉ

JEAN-BAPTISTE CAVERNE

## ABSTRACT

Lapidary artifacts show an impressive abundance and diversity during the Ceramic period in the Caribbean islands, especially at the beginning of this period. Most of the raw materials used in this production do not exist naturally on the islands of the Lesser Antilles, nevertheless, many archaeological sites have yielded such artifacts on these islands. In the framework of a four-years-long project, we created a database by combining first hand observations and analysis, as well as a thorough literature survey. The result is a database including more than 100 sites and almost 5000 beads, pendants, blanks and raw material fragments.

## CORRESPONDING AUTHOR:

Alain Queffelec

PACEA UMR5199 CNRS, Univ.

Bordeaux, Ministère de la
Culture, Pessac, F-33615, FR

alain.queffelec@u-bordeaux.fr

## KEYWORDS:

Caribbean; Lapidary artifacts;
Ceramic Age; Beads; Pendants;
Raw materials

## TO CITE THIS ARTICLE:

Queffelec A, Fouéré P, Caverne
J-B 2021 A Database of
Lapidary Artifacts in the
Caribbean for the Ceramic Age.

Journal of Open Archaeology

Data, 9: 2, pp. 1–11. DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5334/joad.74

<footnote>*Author affiliations can be found in the back matter of this article</footnote>
(1) OVERVIEW

CONTEXT

The PAAF Project

This database has been created in the framework of
the PAAF Project (Parures Amérindiennes en matériaux
lithiques dans les Antilles Françaises), which were funded
from 2016 until 2019 by the French Ministry of Culture and
the Guadeloupe Regional Council. This project consisted
in three workpackages, including chaînes opératoires
studies, gemology, and the creation of a regional
database and GIS. More information on the other results
obtained during this project can be found in [1-3].

Archaeological context

Early ceramic sites in the Antilles, comprising ancient
cedrosan Saladoid and huecan Saladoid sites, are well
known to deliver remarkable collections of lapidary
artwork (e.g. [4-8]). These first formative occupations
of the Antillean archipelago are dated back to the
second half of the first millennium BC until the end of
the fourth century AD. Linked to a pioneering agro-
ceramist dynamic, these groups are characterized by a
predetermined economic system based on horticulture,
fishing, hunting, foraging, and associated with the
introduction of animal and vegetal species from the
continent [9]. They are also distinguished by a ceramic
and lapidary production testifying of an exceptional
social, technological and symbolic investment, and by the
settling of important long distance networks. After this
specific period of time when the lapidary craftsmanship
seems to be at the center of the symbolic production of
the inhabitants of the Antilles, the middle, recent and
late Ceramic periods decrease their investment in this
type of personal ornaments (e.g. [2, 9-12]).

Quite surprisingly, little work has been specifically
dedicated to the study of the lapidary personal ornaments
in the Antilles, despite the potential information one
could extract from it. The most comprehensive study of
these artifacts is clearly the one made by Cody [5, 13]
based on a survey she sent by post to every archaeologist
working in the Caribbean area to build a database. This
major work enabled her to compare the results she
obtained for the site of Pearls, on Grenada [14], to the
rest of the Antilles by building a first framework of inter-
islands relationship.

Since the work done at the beginning of the 1990's,
no comprehensive analysis of this part of the material
production of the Amerindians has been conducted on
a regional scale. Putting together the older data with the
recent one will hopefully allow the research community
to better understand the changes in the society of the
first phases of the Ceramic age.

SPATIAL COVERAGE

The geographic distribution of the dataset encompass
the complete archaeological record of the Caribbean
islands. However, some islands did not yield any
lapidary artifacts, or at least none that we could find
in the literature. We registered the lapidary artifacts
for all the regions of the Caribbean arc which can be
divided in the Lesser Antilles (Leeward Islands and
Windward Islands), the Greater Antilles (Puerto Rico,
Hispaniola, Jamaica, Cuba) and the Lucayan archipelago
(Bahamas, Turks and Caicos Islands). The northernmost
site in our dataset is Minnis-Ward, the southernmost
is Erin Bay, the easternmost is Lovers Retreat (TOB-
69) and the westernmost is E2 Fort Charles (Figure 1,
Table 1).

<figure><img src="image_2.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 1** Map of the distribution of the sites registered in the database. Bahamian and Jamaican sites are represented in inserts.</figcaption></figure>
(1) OVERVIEW

CONTEXT

The PAAF Project

This database has been created in the framework of
the PAAF Project (Parures Amérindiennes en matériaux
lithiques dans les Antilles Françaises), which were funded
from 2016 until 2019 by the French Ministry of Culture and
the Guadeloupe Regional Council. This project consisted
in three workpackages, including chaînes opératoires
studies, gemology, and the creation of a regional
database and GIS. More information on the other results
obtained during this project can be found in [1-3].

Archaeological context

Early ceramic sites in the Antilles, comprising ancient
cedrosan Saladoid and huecan Saladoid sites, are well
known to deliver remarkable collections of lapidary
artwork (e.g. [4-8]). These first formative occupations
of the Antillean archipelago are dated back to the
second half of the first millennium BC until the end of
the fourth century AD. Linked to a pioneering agro-
ceramist dynamic, these groups are characterized by a
predetermined economic system based on horticulture,
fishing, hunting, foraging, and associated with the
introduction of animal and vegetal species from the
continent [9]. They are also distinguished by a ceramic
and lapidary production testifying of an exceptional
social, technological and symbolic investment, and by the
settling of important long distance networks. After this
specific period of time when the lapidary craftsmanship
seems to be at the center of the symbolic production of
the inhabitants of the Antilles, the middle, recent and
late Ceramic periods decrease their investment in this
type of personal ornaments (e.g. [2, 9-12]).

Quite surprisingly, little work has been specifically
dedicated to the study of the lapidary personal ornaments
in the Antilles, despite the potential information one
could extract from it. The most comprehensive study of
these artifacts is clearly the one made by Cody [5, 13]
based on a survey she sent by post to every archaeologist
working in the Caribbean area to build a database. This
major work enabled her to compare the results she
obtained for the site of Pearls, on Grenada [14], to the
rest of the Antilles by building a first framework of inter-
islands relationship.

Since the work done at the beginning of the 1990's,
no comprehensive analysis of this part of the material
production of the Amerindians has been conducted on
a regional scale. Putting together the older data with the
recent one will hopefully allow the research community
to better understand the changes in the society of the
first phases of the Ceramic age.

SPATIAL COVERAGE

The geographic distribution of the dataset encompass
the complete archaeological record of the Caribbean
islands. However, some islands did not yield any
lapidary artifacts, or at least none that we could find
in the literature. We registered the lapidary artifacts
for all the regions of the Caribbean arc which can be
divided in the Lesser Antilles (Leeward Islands and
Windward Islands), the Greater Antilles (Puerto Rico,
Hispaniola, Jamaica, Cuba) and the Lucayan archipelago
(Bahamas, Turks and Caicos Islands). The northernmost
site in our dataset is Minnis-Ward, the southernmost
is Erin Bay, the easternmost is Lovers Retreat (TOB-
69) and the westernmost is E2 Fort Charles (Figure 1,
Table 1).

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 1** Map of the distribution of the sites registered in the database. Bahamian and Jamaican sites are represented in inserts.</figcaption></figure>
<table><caption>Table 1 Spatial coverage of the dataset.</caption><thead><tr><td>ISLAND</td><td>INDEX_SITE</td><td>SITE</td><td>LONGITUDE</td><td>LATITUDE</td><td>REF_BIBLIO_1</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Trinidad</td><td>TR-03</td><td>Erin Bay</td><td>-61.72190</td><td>10.08838</td><td>Fewkes 1914</td></tr><tr><td>Bahamas</td><td>BH-01</td><td>Minnis-Ward</td><td>-74.51969</td><td>24.09849</td><td>Blick et al. 2010</td></tr><tr><td>Jamaica</td><td>JA-04</td><td>E2 Fort Charles</td><td>-77.80000</td><td>17.91667</td><td>Roobol & Lee 1976</td></tr><tr><td>Tobago</td><td>TO-01</td><td>Lovers Retreat (TOB-69)</td><td>-60.77424</td><td>11.22533</td><td>Harris 1980</td></tr></tbody></table>

## TEMPORAL COVERAGE

The database compiled in this study aims at consolidating and disseminating data about lapidary artifacts in the Caribbean islands recovered from archaeological excavations or surveys for the period before the arrival of the Europeans in the archipelago. Thus, while the end limit is well known around the end of the 15th century (depending on the islands), the start limit may be different for each island based on the current knowledge of the first human occupations in the Antilles [15]. However, the start of Early Ceramic period, supposed to represent the beginning of lapidary production in this region, is generally set to ca. 400 cal BC. Most of the archaeological sites registered in the database relates to the Early and Middle Ceramic period (mainly Saladoid culture) and some to the Late/Final Ceramic period (mainly Troumassoid and Barrancoid cultures). Only one site from the Contact Period (Cayo culture) is registered. The periodization used in this work is the one proposed by Bérard [16].

## (2) METHODS

### STEPS

The database compiled in this work has been created based on two different methodologies: piece by piece first-hand analysis, and literature screening. Both methods were used in parallel for the duration of the project. Presently, the dataset of lapidary artifacts contains 4991 entries, originating from 87 sites. Data about lapidary artifacts in the French islands of the Antillean (from south to north: Martinique, Guadeloupe, St. Barthelemy and St. Martin) have been registered thanks to missions in the museums, the storage of the Ministry of Culture, and by extracting some collections to study them in continental France. The detailed methodology is described in the case studies articles [1-2] and includes mainly photography, classic measurements with digital caliper, technological study, and mineralogical determination by eye and systematically confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. The literature review, which accounts for the most part of the dataset, has been conducted as a long-term job. As for every literature review, it includes the reading of the major works on the subject and the literature cited by these major works. In the case of our specific study, one of the major sources of information has been the proceedings of the twenty-eight International Association for Caribbean Archaeology (IACA) congresses,

in which the words bead, pendant, perle, pendentif, cuenta, pendiente, perla, have been systematically searched for. Some unpublished information has also been recovered by directly contacting the archaeologists currently excavating sites, as well as diving into the reports from French commercial archaeology. Numeric literature was the main source of documentation and the search for specific words was thus done thanks to the pdf reading software. For less recent literature or scanned documents, Optical Character Recognition (OCR) was first applied to the documents. In physical books, we read the text, looked at figures and tables, and we used the index to find the information we were looking for.

### SAMPLING STRATEGY

The artifacts integrated in this database relates to the lapidary production *chaîne opératoire* from the raw material until the finished object. From sites located on French islands, they were exhaustively studied, measured, and analyzed. There was no sampling either as for the findable literature data.

### QUALITY CONTROL

The data that entered in the database is of heterogeneous quality. It goes from high resolution macro photos to no image at all, from Raman spectroscopy and X-Ray diffraction mineralogical studies to nakedeye *greenstone* determination, from recent excavations with complete sieving to surface collection. The authors made their best to find the best data about each artifact, including dissecting fieldwork reports, but the quality of the literature is very diverse. Data cleaning and consistency have been realized thanks to the use of standardized thesaurus with dropdown menus to avoid typos for most of the fields. For other fields, we created lists of values for each variable to spot the discrepancies. For numeric variable, graphics based on the measurements were explored in order to spot any outlier and check on its values. The mapping of the sites helped in checking the geographical coordinates values, since any typo would have probably set the archaeological site in the sea.

### CONSTRAINTS

Most of the constraints relate to the literature-based part of the database, since the French artifacts have all been photographed, measured and analyzed during the project. The quality of the information in the literature is
<table><caption>Table 1 Spatial coverage of the dataset.</caption><thead><tr><td>ISLAND</td><td>INDEX_SITE</td><td>SITE</td><td>LONGITUDE</td><td>LATITUDE</td><td>REF_BIBLIO_1</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Trinidad</td><td>TR-03</td><td>Erin Bay</td><td>-61.72190</td><td>10.08838</td><td>Fewkes 1914</td></tr><tr><td>Bahamas</td><td>BH-01</td><td>Minnis-Ward</td><td>-74.51969</td><td>24.09849</td><td>Blick et al. 2010</td></tr><tr><td>Jamaica</td><td>JA-04</td><td>E2 Fort Charles</td><td>-77.80000</td><td>17.91667</td><td>Roobol & Lee 1976</td></tr><tr><td>Tobago</td><td>TO-01</td><td>Lovers Retreat (TOB-69)</td><td>-60.77424</td><td>11.22533</td><td>Harris 1980</td></tr></tbody></table>

## TEMPORAL COVERAGE

The database compiled in this study aims at consolidating and disseminating data about lapidary artifacts in the Caribbean islands recovered from archaeological excavations or surveys for the period before the arrival of the Europeans in the archipelago. Thus, while the end limit is well known around the end of the 15th century (depending on the islands), the start limit may be different for each island based on the current knowledge of the first human occupations in the Antilles [15]. However, the start of Early Ceramic period, supposed to represent the beginning of lapidary production in this region, is generally set to ca. 400 cal BC. Most of the archaeological sites registered in the database relates to the Early and Middle Ceramic period (mainly Saladoid culture) and some to the Late/Final Ceramic period (mainly Troumassoid and Barrancoid cultures). Only one site from the Contact Period (Cayo culture) is registered. The periodization used in this work is the one proposed by Bérard [16].

## (2) METHODS

### STEPS

The database compiled in this work has been created based on two different methodologies: piece by piece first-hand analysis, and literature screening. Both methods were used in parallel for the duration of the project. Presently, the dataset of lapidary artifacts contains 4991 entries, originating from 87 sites. Data about lapidary artifacts in the French islands of the Antillean (from south to north: Martinique, Guadeloupe, St. Barthelemy and St. Martin) have been registered thanks to missions in the museums, the storage of the Ministry of Culture, and by extracting some collections to study them in continental France. The detailed methodology is described in the case studies articles [1-2] and includes mainly photography, classic measurements with digital caliper, technological study, and mineralogical determination by eye and systematically confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. The literature review, which accounts for the most part of the dataset, has been conducted as a long-term job. As for every literature review, it includes the reading of the major works on the subject and the literature cited by these major works. In the case of our specific study, one of the major sources of information has been the proceedings of the twenty-eight International Association for Caribbean Archaeology (IACA) congresses,

in which the words bead, pendant, perle, pendentif, cuenta, pendiente, perla, have been systematically searched for. Some unpublished information has also been recovered by directly contacting the archaeologists currently excavating sites, as well as diving into the reports from French commercial archaeology. Numeric literature was the main source of documentation and the search for specific words was thus done thanks to the pdf reading software. For less recent literature or scanned documents, Optical Character Recognition (OCR) was first applied to the documents. In physical books, we read the text, looked at figures and tables, and we used the index to find the information we were looking for.

### SAMPLING STRATEGY

The artifacts integrated in this database relates to the lapidary production *chaîne opératoire* from the raw material until the finished object. From sites located on French islands, they were exhaustively studied, measured, and analyzed. There was no sampling either as for the findable literature data.

### QUALITY CONTROL

The data that entered in the database is of heterogeneous quality. It goes from high resolution macro photos to no image at all, from Raman spectroscopy and X-Ray diffraction mineralogical studies to nakedeye *greenstone* determination, from recent excavations with complete sieving to surface collection. The authors made their best to find the best data about each artifact, including dissecting fieldwork reports, but the quality of the literature is very diverse. Data cleaning and consistency have been realized thanks to the use of standardized thesaurus with dropdown menus to avoid typos for most of the fields. For other fields, we created lists of values for each variable to spot the discrepancies. For numeric variable, graphics based on the measurements were explored in order to spot any outlier and check on its values. The mapping of the sites helped in checking the geographical coordinates values, since any typo would have probably set the archaeological site in the sea.

### CONSTRAINTS

Most of the constraints relate to the literature-based part of the database, since the French artifacts have all been photographed, measured and analyzed during the project. The quality of the information in the literature is
very heterogeneous, because of the seniority and/or the
lack of exhaustiveness of the publications. The quality of
information has been problematic for several topics of
the database, including:

* the mineralogical determination of the raw material used by the Amerindians, mostly done by naked eye by untrained archaeologists

* the quality of the reproduction of ancient photographs in scanned or photocopied documents

* the lack of complete description of lapidary assemblages in most of the sites. The table or text of the articles may list tens of artifacts, while the figures only depict 5 of them.

* the difficulty of assessing the origin of the artifacts in multicomponents archaeological sites

* the difficulty of cultural attribution for ancient excavations

Beyond these constraints related to the existing artifacts'
collections, the major issue related to the completeness of
the archaeological record is of course very significant. An
important part of the artifacts registered in this database
come from ancient excavations or surface collections by
amateur archaeologists or collectors. Therefore, even
if the quality of the archaeological literature would be
excellent, and we could have a perfect recording in the
database of the artifacts recovered since the beginning
of the 20th century, it would still lack much information
for technological studies of the *chaînes opératoires* due
to the lack of sieving, the picking of nice and complete
artifacts by collectors etc. It is also necessary to underline
the differences in comprehension of the archaeological
stratigraphy between ancient and modern excavations,
with or without radiocarbon dating, etc.

(3) DATASET DESCRIPTION

The database created in this project is made of four
related tables (Figure 2), in which the Source table is still a
work in progress. Each table exists in French and English.
For the sake of simplicity we will describe here only the
English version.

ISLANDS TABLE (ISLANDS AND ILES)

Island is the name of the island.

Country is the country from which the island is part of.

Region is the large area in which the island is located
(Lesser Antilles, Greater Antilles, Central America, South
America, North America). It includes the continent
surroundings the Caribbean because this table is also
used for the database of potential sources of raw
materials, which is a work in progress.

Index_Island is a combination of two letters used as
short notation.

ID_Island is an unique integer for each Island of
the Caribbean, taken from the **Global Administrative
database (GADM)** which gives a unique integer for each
administrative subdivision in the world.

SITES TABLE (SITES_EN AND SITES_FR)

This table is related to the Islands table by the ID_Island
field. It therefore automatically integrates the Island
parameter from this table.

Index_Site is the unique chain of characters identifying
the site. It is composed of the Index_Island, a dash, and
two digits for the number of the site on this island. For
example, GD-01 is the first recorded site for Guadeloupe.

Site is the name of the archaeological site.

ID_Island is an unique integer for each Island of
the Caribbean, taken from the **Global Administrative
database (GADM)** which gives a unique integer for each
administrative subdivision in the world.

City is the name of the city in which the archaeological
site is situated.

Longitude and Latitude are the geographic coordinates
of the site. They are expressed in WGS84 decimal degrees.

Precision explains the origin of the geographic
coordinates, whether from a GPS tracker, the reported
data from a map or from an address given in a publication,
the centroid of the city or of the island.

Dist_coast is the shortest calculated distance from the
geographic coordinates to the coast.

Altitude is the altitude of the geographical coordinates
taken from the SRTM Digital Elevation Model.

Type_site is the type of archaeological site, whether a
cave, a village, a funerary site etc.

Nb_artifacts is the calculated number of artifacts
related to this site in the BEADS table.

Period and Culture are the chronological and cultural
attributions of the main occupation of the site that
yielded the lapidary artifacts. They are based on the work
by Bérard [16].

Date1_BP is the calendar age associated with its error
Date1_BP_error and the material dated when it is known
as Date1_BP_material. This is repeated three times with
Date2_BP and Date3_BP and their associated errors and
materials. Date1_IntCal20_S and Date1_IntCal20_E are
respectively the starting and ending calibrated age using
the OxCal online tool for calibration based on the IntCal and
Marine20 calibration curves [17–18]. For marine shell dates,
the mean regional correction to the reservoir effect has
been used (–146 +/– 114 year) based on DiNapoli et al. [19].

ref_biblio_1, 2, 3, 4 are the short citations of the
references related to the archaeological site. ref_date refers
to the document from which the date has been retrieved.

BEADS TABLE (BEADS AND PERLES)

This table is related to the Sites table using the Site field.
Some fields are thus used directly in the BEADS table
thanks to the relation between both tables, so that the
very heterogeneous, because of the seniority and/or the lack of exhaustiveness of the publications. The quality of information has been problematic for several topics of the database, including:

* the mineralogical determination of the raw material used by the Amerindians, mostly done by naked eye by untrained archaeologists

* the quality of the reproduction of ancient photographs in scanned or photocopied documents

* the lack of complete description of lapidary assemblages in most of the sites. The table or text of the articles may list tens of artifacts, while the figures only depict 5 of them.

* the difficulty of assessing the origin of the artifacts in multicomponents archaeological sites

* the difficulty of cultural attribution for ancient excavations

Beyond these constraints related to the existing artifacts' collections, the major issue related to the completeness of the archaeological record is of course very significant. An important part of the artifacts registered in this database come from ancient excavations or surface collections by amateur archaeologists or collectors. Therefore, even if the quality of the archaeological literature would be excellent, and we could have a perfect recording in the database of the artifacts recovered since the beginning of the 20th century, it would still lack much information for technological studies of the *chaînes opératoires* due to the lack of sieving, the picking of nice and complete artifacts by collectors etc. It is also necessary to underline the differences in comprehension of the archaeological stratigraphy between ancient and modern excavations, with or without radiocarbon dating, etc.

## (3) DATASET DESCRIPTION

The database created in this project is made of four related tables (Figure 2), in which the Source table is still a work in progress. Each table exists in French and English. For the sake of simplicity we will describe here only the English version.

### ISLANDS TABLE (ISLANDS AND ILES)

*Island* is the name of the island.

*Country* is the country from which the island is part of.

*Region* is the large area in which the island is located (Lesser Antilles, Greater Antilles, Central America, South America, North America). It includes the continent surroundings the Caribbean because this table is also used for the database of potential sources of raw materials, which is a work in progress.

*Index_Island* is a combination of two letters used as short notation.

*ID_Island* is an unique integer for each Island of the Caribbean, taken from the **Global Administrative database (GADM)** which gives a unique integer for each administrative subdivision in the world.

### SITES TABLE (SITES_EN AND SITES_FR)

This table is related to the Islands table by the ID_Island field. It therefore automatically integrates the *Island* parameter from this table.

*Index_Site* is the unique chain of characters identifying the site. It is composed of the *Index_Island*, a dash, and two digits for the number of the site on this island. For example, GD-01 is the first recorded site for Guadeloupe.

*Site* is the name of the archaeological site.

*ID_Island* is an unique integer for each Island of the Caribbean, taken from the **Global Administrative database (GADM)** which gives a unique integer for each administrative subdivision in the world.

*City* is the name of the city in which the archaeological site is situated.

*Longitude* and *Latitude* are the geographic coordinates of the site. They are expressed in WGS84 decimal degrees.

*Precision* explains the origin of the geographic coordinates, whether from a GPS tracker, the reported data from a map or from an address given in a publication, the centroid of the city or of the island.

*Dist_coast* is the shortest calculated distance from the geographic coordinates to the coast.

*Altitude* is the altitude of the geographical coordinates taken from the SRTM Digital Elevation Model.

*Type_site* is the type of archaeological site, whether a cave, a village, a funerary site etc.

*Nberon* is the calculated number of artifacts related to this site in the BEADS table.

*Period* and *Culture* are the chronological and cultural attributions of the main occupation of the site that yielded the lapidary artifacts. They are based on the work by Bérard [16].

*Date1_BP* is the calendar age associated with its error *Date1_BP_error* and the material dated when it is known as *Date1_BP_material*. This is repeated three times with *Date2_BP* and *Date3_BP* and their associated errors and materials. *Date1_IntCal20_S* and *Date1_IntCal20_E* are respectively the starting and ending calibrated age using the OxCal online tool for calibration based on the IntCal and Marine20 calibration curves [17–18]. For marine shell dates, the mean regional correction to the reservoir effect has been used (–146 +/– 114 year) based on DiNapoli et al. [19].

*ref_biblio_1*, 2, 3, 4 are the short citations of the references related to the archaeological site. *ref_date* refers to the document from which the date has been retrieved.

### BEADS TABLE (BEADS AND PERLES)

This table is related to the Sites table using the *Site* field. Some fields are thus used directly in the BEADS table thanks to the relation between both tables, so that the
<figure><img src="image_3.png" /><figcaption>Figure 2 Relational map of the database.</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>Figure 2 Relational map of the database.</figcaption></figure>
final user does not have to relate both tables himself.
This is the case for *Island*, *Longitude*, *Latitude*, *Period*, and
*Culture*.

Index_B is the unique character chain composed of
the Index_Site, a dash, and the number of the artifact
in the site.

Site is the name of the archaeological site.

Object is the kind of object that the artifact is, for
example bead, pendant, raw material.

Type and Subtype specifies the shape of the object, for
example a pendant can be from type zoomorphic and
from subtype frog.

Colour relates to the visible main color of the artifact.

Gem_material is the gem material used to produce the
asset, it is based on the Mineral_1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and uses a
list of values coming from the gemological vocabulary.

Progress states the advancement in the production
of the artifact, it can be a finished object or a blank for
example.

State specifies if the object is complete or broken.

Weight, Bead_length, Bead_dia_min, Bead_dia_max,
Pend_Height, Pend_width, Pend_thickness, Blank_length,
Blank_width, Blank_thickness are the measurement,
expressed in millimeters, of beads, pendant and blanks
respectively.

Nb_perforation, Pos_Perforation and Shape_Perforation
specify the number, position and shape of the
perforation(s).

Perfo_Dia is the smallest diameter of the perforation
thus usable to hang the artifact.

Structure is the type of archaeological structure in
which the artifact was unearthed, for example, a midden,
a pot-hole, a burial etc.

US is the stratigraphical unit which the artifact comes
from.

Square, Level and Z are the coordinates of origin of the
object in the excavators' system.

Year_extraction is the year of excavation of the site
when this artifact was discovered.

Excavator contains the name of the archaeologist
responsible for the excavation at the time of the discovery
of this artifact.

Ref_storage and Inv_site are the references of the
asset in the curating location and the excavators'
system respectively.

Storage_Island, Storage_City, and Storage_Location
resume the actual curating location of the artifact.

Year_study is the year of study for the artifacts that
have been investigated by the PAAF project.

Method_carac is the analytical method used to
determine the composition of the artifact.

RawMat_estim is the raw material estimated in the
literature, or before the use of analytical techniques.

Notes contains remarks about the artifact that was
noted during the literature screening.

Ref_biblio_1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 specifies the publications
where the artifact has been described.

Some general information are summarized in the
Table 2.

DATA TYPE

The database contains mainly text and numerical
information, being the description of the artifacts, their
context, and their measurements. It is encoded with UTF-
16. The database available via the Filemaker application
also contains pictures and drawings of the artifacts.

FORMAT NAMES AND VERSIONS

It contains the ISLANDS, SITES_EN, BEADS, ILES, SITES_FR
and PERLES tables as csv files, and a bibtex file containing
the references cited in the dataset.

CREATION DATES

The database have been created during the PAAF
Project, funded from 2016 until 2019. Minor additions
have been made until the publication of this article and
will continue. Updated versions of this database will be
uploaded, thanks to the DOI versioning support in online
archives.

DATASET CREATORS

The database has been created in the framework of the
PAAF project, led by Alain Queffelec and Pierrick Fouéré,
with the technical assistance of Jean-Baptiste Caverne.
The information about lapidary artifacts from French
islands are the result of analysis done by Alain Queffelec,
Pierrick Fouéré and Ludovic Bellot-Gurlet. The literature
based records are the result of the work done by Alain
Queffelec with the help of Pierrick Fouéré and Jean-
Baptiste Caverne.

LANGUAGE

The database is proposed both in French and English,
in the repository and in the web application. As for the
GIS online application, it is proposed in French, English,
Spanish and German.

LICENSE

License CC-BY 4.0

REPOSITORY LOCATION

Download

The full dataset is available in the Data folder at https://osf.io/bg9va/. It contains the ISLANDS, SITES_EN, BEADS, ILES, SITES_FR and PERLES tables as csv files, and a bibtex file containing the references cited in the dataset.

Filemaker server

The database, including photos and drawings, is
accessible as a Filemaker server application managed
final user does not have to relate both tables himself.
This is the case for *Island, Longitude, Latitude, Period, and
Culture*.

Index_B is the unique character chain composed of
the Index_Site, a dash, and the number of the artifact
in the site.

Site is the name of the archaeological site.

Object is the kind of object that the artifact is, for
example bead, pendant, raw material.

Type and Subtype specifies the shape of the object, for
example a pendant can be from type zoomorphic and
from subtype frog.

Colour relates to the visible main color of the artifact.

Gem_material is the gem material used to produce the
asset, it is based on the Mineral_1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and uses a
list of values coming from the gemological vocabulary.

Progress states the advancement in the production
of the artifact, it can be a finished object or a blank for
example.

State specifies if the object is complete or broken.

Weight, Bead_length, Bead_dia_min, Bead_dia_max,
Pend_Height, Pend_width, Pend_thickness, Blank_length,
Blank_width, Blank_thickness are the measurement,
expressed in millimeters, of beads, pendant and blanks
respectively.

Nb_perforation, Pos_Perforation and Shape_Perforation
specify the number, position and shape of the
perforation(s).

Perfo_Dia is the smallest diameter of the perforation
thus usable to hang the artifact.

Structure is the type of archaeological structure in
which the artifact was unearthed, for example, a midden,
a pot-hole, a burial etc.

US is the stratigraphical unit which the artifact comes
from.

Square, Level and Z are the coordinates of origin of the
object in the excavators' system.

Year_extraction is the year of excavation of the site
when this artifact was discovered.

Excavator contains the name of the archaeologist
responsible for the excavation at the time of the discovery
of this artifact.

Ref_storage and Inv_site are the references of the
asset in the curating location and the excavators'
system respectively.

Storage_Island, Storage_City, and Storage_Location
resume the actual curating location of the artifact.

Year_study is the year of study for the artifacts that
have been investigated by the PAAF project.

Method_carac is the analytical method used to
determine the composition of the artifact.

RawMat_estim is the raw material estimated in the
literature, or before the use of analytical techniques.

Notes contains remarks about the artifact that was
noted during the literature screening.

Ref_biblio_1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 specifies the publications
where the artifact has been described.

Some general information are summarized in the
Table 2.

DATA TYPE

The database contains mainly text and numerical
information, being the description of the artifacts, their
context, and their measurements. It is encoded with UTF-
16. The database available via the Filemaker application
also contains pictures and drawings of the artifacts.

FORMAT NAMES AND VERSIONS

It contains the ISLANDS, SITES_EN, BEADS, ILES, SITES_FR
and PERLES tables as csv files, and a bibtex file containing
the references cited in the dataset.

CREATION DATES

The database have been created during the PAAF
Project, funded from 2016 until 2019. Minor additions
have been made until the publication of this article and
will continue. Updated versions of this database will be
uploaded, thanks to the DOI versioning support in online
archives.

DATASET CREATORS

The database has been created in the framework of the
PAAF project, led by Alain Queffelec and Pierrick Fouéré,
with the technical assistance of Jean-Baptiste Caverne.
The information about lapidary artifacts from French
islands are the result of analysis done by Alain Queffelec,
Pierrick Fouéré and Ludovic Bellot-Gurlet. The literature
based records are the result of the work done by Alain
Queffelec with the help of Pierrick Fouéré and Jean-
Baptiste Caverne.

LANGUAGE

The database is proposed both in French and English,
in the repository and in the web application. As for the
GIS online application, it is proposed in French, English,
Spanish and German.

LICENSE

License CC-BY 4.0

REPOSITORY LOCATION

Download

The full dataset is available in the Data folder at https://osf.io/bg9va/. It contains the ISLANDS, SITES_EN, BEADS, ILES, SITES_FR and PERLES tables as csv files, and a bibtex file containing the references cited in the dataset.

Filemaker server

The database, including photos and drawings, is
accessible as a Filemaker server application managed
<table><thead><tr><th>ISLAND</th><th>SITE</th><th>NB<br>ARTIFACTS</th><th>PERIOD</th><th>CULTURE</th><th>REF_BIBLIO_1</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Antigua</td><td>Elliot's (PH-03)</td><td>64</td><td>(Middle?) Ceramic</td><td>Middle Cedrosan Saladoid</td><td>Murphy et al. 2000</td></tr><tr><td>Antigua</td><td>Mill Reef (PH-01)</td><td>2</td><td>Late Ceramic</td><td>Mamoran Troumassoid (Mill Reef)</td><td>Hoffman 1970</td></tr><tr><td>Antigua</td><td>Royall's (JO-11)</td><td>199</td><td>(Middle?) Ceramic</td><td>Middle Cedrosan Saladoid</td><td>Murphy et al. 2000</td></tr><tr><td>Antigua</td><td>Doig's (PA-15)</td><td>43</td><td>Early/Middle Ceramic</td><td>Early/Middle Cedrosan Saladoid</td><td>Gent & deMille 2003</td></tr><tr><td>Antigua</td><td>Winthorpe Bay</td><td>1</td><td>(Middle?) Ceramic</td><td>Middle/Late Cedrosan Saladoid</td><td>deMille et al. 1999</td></tr><tr><td>Aruba</td><td>Tanki Flip</td><td>2</td><td>Late Ceramic</td><td>Dabajuroid</td><td>Rostain 1995</td></tr><tr><td>Barbuda</td><td>Seaview</td><td>18</td><td>Early/Middle Ceramic</td><td>Early/Middle Cedrosan Saladoid</td><td>Kendall et al. 2011</td></tr><tr><td>Bahamas</td><td>Minnis-Ward</td><td>1</td><td>Late/Final Ceramic</td><td>Lucayan</td><td>Blick et al. 2010</td></tr><tr><td>Bonaire</td><td>Wanapa</td><td>3</td><td>Ceramic</td><td></td><td>Haviser 1990</td></tr><tr><td>Carriacou</td><td>Grand Bay</td><td>17</td><td>(Middle?) Ceramic</td><td>Late Cedrosan Saladoid</td><td>Sutty 1990</td></tr><tr><td>Curacao</td><td>De Savaan</td><td>4</td><td>Ceramic</td><td></td><td>Haviser 1990</td></tr><tr><td>Dominique</td><td>Soufrière</td><td>1</td><td>Early Ceramic</td><td>Early Cedrosan Saladoid</td><td>Bérard 2009</td></tr><tr><td>Guadeloupe</td><td>Gare maritime</td><td>59</td><td>Early Ceramic</td><td>Huecan Saladoid</td><td>Romon et al. 2013</td></tr><tr><td>Guadeloupe</td><td>Morel</td><td>61</td><td>Early/Middle Ceramic</td><td>Cedrosan Saladoid/huecan</td><td>Delpuech et al. 1996</td></tr><tr><td>Guadeloupe</td><td>Anse à la Gourde</td><td>28</td><td>Late Ceramic</td><td>Troumassoid</td><td>Delpuech et al. 1997</td></tr><tr><td>Guadeloupe</td><td>24 rue Schoelcher</td><td>1</td><td>Early Ceramic</td><td>Early Cedrosan Saladoid</td><td>Etrich 2003a</td></tr><tr><td>Guadeloupe</td><td>Allée Dumanoir</td><td>2</td><td>Early/Middle Ceramic</td><td>Early/Middle Cedrosan Saladoid</td><td>Etrich 2003b</td></tr><tr><td>Guadeloupe</td><td>Anse à la Barque</td><td>1</td><td>Undertermined</td><td>Undertermined</td><td>Turpin 2015</td></tr><tr><td>Guadeloupe</td><td>Anse Bertrand</td><td>2</td><td>Undertermined</td><td>Undertermined</td><td>Turpin 2015</td></tr><tr><td>Guadeloupe</td><td>Anse Ste Marguerite</td><td>4</td><td></td><td></td><td>Delpuech 2007</td></tr><tr><td>Guadeloupe</td><td>Cathédrale</td><td>6</td><td>Early/Middle Ceramic</td><td>Saladoid</td><td>Bonnissent & Romon 2004</td></tr><tr><td>Guadeloupe</td><td>Butel</td><td>1</td><td>Undertermined</td><td>Undertermined</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Guadeloupe</td><td>Grand Carbet</td><td>1</td><td>Early Ceramic</td><td>Early Cedrosan Saladoid</td><td>Toledo!Mur 2003</td></tr><tr><td>Guadeloupe</td><td>Ilet Gosier</td><td>1</td><td>Late/Final Ceramic</td><td>Troumassoid</td><td>Romon et al. 2003</td></tr><tr><td>Guadeloupe</td><td>Les Mineurs</td><td>3</td><td>Undertermined</td><td>Undertermined</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Guadeloupe</td><td>Plage de Roseau</td><td>1</td><td>Contact</td><td>Cayo</td><td>LeLay 2013</td></tr><tr><td>Guadeloupe</td><td>Anse Vinaigri</td><td>3</td><td>Undertermined</td><td>Undertermined</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Guadeloupe</td><td>La Ramée</td><td>3</td><td>Early/Middle Ceramic</td><td>Saladoid</td><td>Casagrande 2013</td></tr><tr><td>Grenada</td><td>Pearls</td><td>1412</td><td>Early/Middle Ceramic</td><td>Saladoid</td><td>Murphy et al. 2000</td></tr><tr><td>Grenada</td><td>Grand Anse Beach</td><td>3</td><td>Early/Middle Ceramic</td><td>Saladoid</td><td>Cody 1993</td></tr><tr><td>Grenada</td><td>Caliviny Island</td><td>3</td><td>Early/Middle Ceramic</td><td>Undertermined</td><td>Bullen & Bullen 1968</td></tr><tr><td>Grand Turk</td><td>Governor's Beach (GT2)</td><td>5</td><td>Final Ceramic</td><td>Ostionoid meillacan</td><td>Carlson 1995</td></tr><tr><td>Jamaica</td><td>C12 Logie Green</td><td>1</td><td>Early/Middle Ceramic</td><td>Saladoid</td><td>Roobol & Lee 1976</td></tr><tr><td>Jamaica</td><td>C7 Harmony Hall</td><td>3</td><td>Early/Middle Ceramic</td><td>Saladoid</td><td>Roobol & Lee 1976</td></tr><tr><td>Jamaica</td><td>C8 Wallman Town</td><td>1</td><td>Early/Middle Ceramic</td><td>Saladoid</td><td>Roobol & Lee 1976</td></tr><tr><td>Jamaica</td><td>E2 Fort Charles</td><td>1</td><td>Early/Middle Ceramic</td><td>Saladoid</td><td>Roobol & Lee 1976</td></tr><tr><td>Jamaica</td><td>E5 Alligator Pond</td><td>1</td><td>Early/Middle Ceramic</td><td>Saladoid</td><td>Roobol & Lee 1976</td></tr><tr><td>Jamaica</td><td>K13 Bellevue</td><td>6</td><td>Early/Middle Ceramic</td><td>Saladoid</td><td>Roobol & Lee 1976</td></tr><tr><td>Jamaica</td><td>Y19 Pepper</td><td>1</td><td>Early/Middle Ceramic</td><td>Saladoid</td><td>Roobol & Lee 1976</td></tr><tr><td>Jamaica</td><td>Runaway Bay</td><td>1</td><td>Early/Middle Ceramic</td><td>Saladoid</td><td>Roobol & Lee 1976</td></tr><tr><td>Jamaica</td><td>S12 Naggo Head</td><td>2</td><td>Early/Middle Ceramic</td><td>Saladoid</td><td>Roobol & Lee 1976</td></tr><tr><td>Jamaica</td><td>S8 Marlie Mount</td><td>1</td><td>Early/Middle Ceramic</td><td>Saladoid</td><td>Roobol & Lee 1976</td></tr><tr><td>Jamaica</td><td>T1 New Forest</td><td>1</td><td>Early/Middle Ceramic</td><td>Saladoid</td><td>Roobol & Lee 1976</td></tr><tr><td>Jamaica</td><td>Y19 Coleraine</td><td>1</td><td>Early/Middle Ceramic</td><td>Saladoid</td><td>Roobol & Lee 1976</td></tr><tr><td>Jamaica</td><td>Y21 Fort Haldane</td><td>1</td><td>Early/Middle Ceramic</td><td>Saladoid</td><td>Roobol & Lee 1976</td></tr><tr><td>La Désirade</td><td>Morne Cybèle 1</td><td>1</td><td>Final Ceramic</td><td>Suazan Troumassoid</td><td>Hofman 1995</td></tr></tbody></table>

(Contd.)
<table><thead><tr><th>ISLAND</th><th>SITE</th><th>NB<br>ARTIFACTS</th><th>PERIOD</th><th>CULTURE</th><th>REF_BIBLIO_1</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Antigua</td><td>Elliot's (PH-03)</td><td>64</td><td>(Middle?) Ceramic</td><td>Middle Cedrosan Saladoid</td><td>Murphy et al. 2000</td></tr><tr><td>Antigua</td><td>Mill Reef (PH-01)</td><td>2</td><td>Late Ceramic</td><td>Mamoran Troumassoid (Mill Reef)</td><td>Hoffman 1970</td></tr><tr><td>Antigua</td><td>Royall's (JO-11)</td><td>199</td><td>(Middle?) Ceramic</td><td>Middle Cedrosan Saladoid</td><td>Murphy et al. 2000</td></tr><tr><td>Antigua</td><td>Doig's (PA-15)</td><td>43</td><td>Early/Middle Ceramic</td><td>Early/Middle Cedrosan Saladoid</td><td>Gent & deMille 2003</td></tr><tr><td>Antigua</td><td>Winthorpe Bay</td><td>1</td><td>(Middle?) Ceramic</td><td>Middle/Late Cedrosan Saladoid</td><td>deMille et al. 1999</td></tr><tr><td>Aruba</td><td>Tanki Flip</td><td>2</td><td>Late Ceramic</td><td>Dabajuroid</td><td>Rostain 1995</td></tr><tr><td>Barbuda</td><td>Seaview</td><td>18</td><td>Early/Middle Ceramic</td><td>Early/Middle Cedrosan Saladoid</td><td>Kendall et al. 2011</td></tr><tr><td>Bahamas</td><td>Minnis-Ward</td><td>1</td><td>Late/Final Ceramic</td><td>Lucayan</td><td>Blick et al. 2010</td></tr><tr><td>Bonaire</td><td>Wanapa</td><td>3</td><td>Ceramic</td><td></td><td>Haviser 1990</td></tr><tr><td>Carriacou</td><td>Grand Bay</td><td>17</td><td>(Middle?) Ceramic</td><td>Late Cedrosan Saladoid</td><td>Sutty 1990</td></tr><tr><td>Curacao</td><td>De Savaan</td><td>4</td><td>Ceramic</td><td></td><td>Haviser 1990</td></tr><tr><td>Dominique</td><td>Soufrière</td><td>1</td><td>Early Ceramic</td><td>Early Cedrosan Saladoid</td><td>Bérard 2009</td></tr><tr><td>Guadeloupe</td><td>Gare maritime</td><td>59</td><td>Early Ceramic</td><td>Huecan Saladoid</td><td>Romon et al. 2013</td></tr><tr><td>Guadeloupe</td><td>Morel</td><td>61</td><td>Early/Middle Ceramic</td><td>Cedrosan Saladoid/huecan</td><td>Delpuech et al. 1996</td></tr><tr><td>Guadeloupe</td><td>Anse à la Gourde</td><td>28</td><td>Late Ceramic</td><td>Troumassoid</td><td>Delpuech et al. 1997</td></tr><tr><td>Guadeloupe</td><td>24 rue Schoelcher</td><td>1</td><td>Early Ceramic</td><td>Early Cedrosan Saladoid</td><td>Etrich 2003a</td></tr><tr><td>Guadeloupe</td><td>Allée Dumanoir</td><td>2</td><td>Early/Middle Ceramic</td><td>Early/Middle Cedrosan Saladoid</td><td>Etrich 2003b</td></tr><tr><td>Guadeloupe</td><td>Anse à la Barque</td><td>1</td><td>Undertermined</td><td>Undertermined</td><td>Turpin 2015</td></tr><tr><td>Guadeloupe</td><td>Anse Bertrand</td><td>2</td><td>Undertermined</td><td>Undertermined</td><td>Turpin 2015</td></tr><tr><td>Guadeloupe</td><td>Anse Ste Marguerite</td><td>4</td><td></td><td></td><td>Delpuech 2007</td></tr><tr><td>Guadeloupe</td><td>Cathédrale</td><td>6</td><td>Early/Middle Ceramic</td><td>Saladoid</td><td>Bonnissent & Romon 2004</td></tr><tr><td>Guadeloupe</td><td>Butel</td><td>1</td><td>Undertermined</td><td>Undertermined</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Guadeloupe</td><td>Grand Carbet</td><td>1</td><td>Early Ceramic</td><td>Early Cedrosan Saladoid</td><td>Toledo!Mur 2003</td></tr><tr><td>Guadeloupe</td><td>Ilet Gosier</td><td>1</td><td>Late/Final Ceramic</td><td>Troumassoid</td><td>Romon et al. 2003</td></tr><tr><td>Guadeloupe</td><td>Les Mineurs</td><td>3</td><td>Undertermined</td><td>Undertermined</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Guadeloupe</td><td>Plage de Roseau</td><td>1</td><td>Contact</td><td>Cayo</td><td>LeLay 2013</td></tr><tr><td>Guadeloupe</td><td>Anse Vinaigri</td><td>3</td><td>Undertermined</td><td>Undertermined</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Guadeloupe</td><td>La Ramée</td><td>3</td><td>Early/Middle Ceramic</td><td>Saladoid</td><td>Casagrande 2013</td></tr><tr><td>Grenada</td><td>Pearls</td><td>1412</td><td>Early/Middle Ceramic</td><td>Saladoid</td><td>Murphy et al. 2000</td></tr><tr><td>Grenada</td><td>Grand Anse Beach</td><td>3</td><td>Early/Middle Ceramic</td><td>Saladoid</td><td>Cody 1993</td></tr><tr><td>Grenada</td><td>Caliviny Island</td><td>3</td><td>Early/Middle Ceramic</td><td>Undertermined</td><td>Bullen & Bullen 1968</td></tr><tr><td>Grand Turk</td><td>Governor's Beach (GT2)</td><td>5</td><td>Final Ceramic</td><td>Ostionoid meillacan</td><td>Carlson 1995</td></tr><tr><td>Jamaica</td><td>C12 Logie Green</td><td>1</td><td>Early/Middle Ceramic</td><td>Saladoid</td><td>Roobol & Lee 1976</td></tr><tr><td>Jamaica</td><td>C7 Harmony Hall</td><td>3</td><td>Early/Middle Ceramic</td><td>Saladoid</td><td>Roobol & Lee 1976</td></tr><tr><td>Jamaica</td><td>C8 Wallman Town</td><td>1</td><td>Early/Middle Ceramic</td><td>Saladoid</td><td>Roobol & Lee 1976</td></tr><tr><td>Jamaica</td><td>E2 Fort Charles</td><td>1</td><td>Early/Middle Ceramic</td><td>Saladoid</td><td>Roobol & Lee 1976</td></tr><tr><td>Jamaica</td><td>E5 Alligator Pond</td><td>1</td><td>Early/Middle Ceramic</td><td>Saladoid</td><td>Roobol & Lee 1976</td></tr><tr><td>Jamaica</td><td>K13 Bellevue</td><td>6</td><td>Early/Middle Ceramic</td><td>Saladoid</td><td>Roobol & Lee 1976</td></tr><tr><td>Jamaica</td><td>Y19 Pepper</td><td>1</td><td>Early/Middle Ceramic</td><td>Saladoid</td><td>Roobol & Lee 1976</td></tr><tr><td>Jamaica</td><td>Runaway Bay</td><td>1</td><td>Early/Middle Ceramic</td><td>Saladoid</td><td>Roobol & Lee 1976</td></tr><tr><td>Jamaica</td><td>S12 Naggo Head</td><td>2</td><td>Early/Middle Ceramic</td><td>Saladoid</td><td>Roobol & Lee 1976</td></tr><tr><td>Jamaica</td><td>S8 Marlie Mount</td><td>1</td><td>Early/Middle Ceramic</td><td>Saladoid</td><td>Roobol & Lee 1976</td></tr><tr><td>Jamaica</td><td>T1 New Forest</td><td>1</td><td>Early/Middle Ceramic</td><td>Saladoid</td><td>Roobol & Lee 1976</td></tr><tr><td>Jamaica</td><td>Y19 Coleraine</td><td>1</td><td>Early/Middle Ceramic</td><td>Saladoid</td><td>Roobol & Lee 1976</td></tr><tr><td>Jamaica</td><td>Y21 Fort Haldane</td><td>1</td><td>Early/Middle Ceramic</td><td>Saladoid</td><td>Roobol & Lee 1976</td></tr><tr><td>La Désirade</td><td>Morne Cybèle 1</td><td>1</td><td>Final Ceramic</td><td>Suazan Troumassoid</td><td>Hofman 1995</td></tr></tbody></table>

(Contd.)
<table><caption>Table 2 Summary of the Site dataset.</caption><thead><tr><th>ISLAND</th><th>SITE</th><th>NB_ ARTIFACTS</th><th>PERIOD</th><th>CULTURE</th><th>REF_BIBLIO_1</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>La Désirade</td><td>Petite Rivière</td><td>4</td><td>Late/Final Ceramic</td><td>Troumassoid</td><td>deWaal 2006</td></tr><tr><td>Martinique</td><td>Anse Trabaud</td><td>2</td><td>Late/Final Ceramic</td><td>Troumassoid</td><td>Mattioni 1983</td></tr><tr><td>Martinique</td><td>Vivé</td><td>40</td><td>Early Ceramic</td><td>Early Cedrosan Saladoid</td><td>Mattioni 1979</td></tr><tr><td>Martinique</td><td>Moulin l'Etang</td><td>1</td><td>Early Ceramic</td><td>Early Cedrosan Saladoid</td><td>Bérard 2004</td></tr><tr><td>Martinique</td><td>Macabou</td><td>1</td><td>Final Ceramic</td><td>Suazan Troumassoid</td><td>Allaire 1977</td></tr><tr><td>Martinique</td><td>Diamant</td><td>1</td><td>(Middle?) Ceramic</td><td>Middle Cedrosan Saladoid</td><td>Vidal 1995</td></tr><tr><td>Martinique</td><td>Pory-Popy</td><td>3</td><td>(Middle?) Ceramic/final</td><td>Cedrosan Saladoid - Troumassoid</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Martinique</td><td>Perrinon-Doume</td><td>1</td><td>(Middle?) Ceramic/final</td><td>Cedrosan Saladoid - Troumassoid</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Marie Galante</td><td>Cocoyer St Charles</td><td>1</td><td>Early Ceramic</td><td>Early Cedrosan Saladoid</td><td>Stouvenot 1999</td></tr><tr><td>Marie Galante</td><td>Grotte Cadet 2</td><td>1</td><td>Late/Final Ceramic</td><td>Troumassoid</td><td>Courtaud et al. 2005</td></tr><tr><td>Marie Galante</td><td>Stade J. Bade</td><td>4</td><td>Late Ceramic</td><td>Troumassoid</td><td>Serrand et al. 2016</td></tr><tr><td>Marie Galante</td><td>Taliseronde</td><td>1</td><td>Early/Middle Ceramic</td><td>Early/Middle Cedrosan Saladoid</td><td>Durand & Petitjean- Roget 1991</td></tr><tr><td>Montserrat</td><td>Trants</td><td>602</td><td>Early/Middle Ceramic</td><td>Saladoid</td><td>Crock & Bartone 1998</td></tr><tr><td>Nevis</td><td>Hichmans</td><td>1</td><td>Ceramic</td><td>Saladoid - Post-Saladoid</td><td>Wilson 1989</td></tr><tr><td>Puerto Rico</td><td>Hacienda Grande</td><td>16</td><td>Early Ceramic</td><td>Huecan Saladoid</td><td>Crock & Bartone 1998</td></tr><tr><td>Puerto Rico</td><td>Tecla</td><td>72</td><td>Early Ceramic</td><td>Huecan Saladoid</td><td>NarganesStorde 1995</td></tr><tr><td>Puerto Rico</td><td>Punta Candelero</td><td>592</td><td>Early Ceramic</td><td>Huecan Saladoid</td><td>Rodriguez 1991</td></tr><tr><td>Puerto Rico</td><td>Punta Mameyes</td><td>4</td><td>Early Ceramic/récent</td><td>Cedrosan Saladoid - Ostionoid elenan</td><td>Ortiz-Montanez et al. 2019</td></tr><tr><td>Sainte Croix</td><td>Prosperity</td><td>26</td><td>Early/Middle Ceramic</td><td>Cedrosan Saladoid</td><td>Hardy 2009</td></tr><tr><td>Sainte Croix</td><td>Cane Bay</td><td>2</td><td>Late Ceramic</td><td>Ostionoid</td><td>Hardy 2008</td></tr><tr><td>Sainte Croix</td><td>Jolly Hill</td><td>2</td><td>Late Ceramic</td><td>Early Ostionoid</td><td>Hardy 2008</td></tr><tr><td>Sainte Croix</td><td>O30. Krause</td><td>9</td><td>Early Ceramic</td><td>Cedrosan Saladoid/huécan</td><td>Toftgaard 2019</td></tr><tr><td>Sainte Croix</td><td>O18. Spratt Hall</td><td>2</td><td>Early Ceramic</td><td>Cedrosan Saladoid/huécan</td><td>Toftgaard 2019</td></tr><tr><td>Sint Eustatius</td><td>Golden Rock</td><td>81</td><td>Early/Middle Ceramic</td><td>Saladoid</td><td>Versteeg 1999</td></tr><tr><td>Saint Lucia</td><td>Lavourte</td><td>1</td><td>Final Ceramic</td><td>Suazan Troumassoid</td><td>Hofman 2012</td></tr><tr><td>Saint Martin</td><td>Baie Orientale 2</td><td>17</td><td>Late/Final Ceramic</td><td>Troumassoid marmoran (Mill Reef)</td><td>Bonnissent 2008</td></tr><tr><td>Saint Martin</td><td>Hope Estate</td><td>115</td><td>Early Ceramic</td><td>Cedrosan Saladoid/huecan</td><td>Bonnissent 2008</td></tr></tbody></table>

by the Huma-Num service, an institutional repository of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) (Figure 3). Users can use the database in reading mode only or, if interested in participating in improving the quality of the database, can have more advanced rights by directly asking the authors.

The database is located here: https://fm02.db.humanum.fr/fmi/webd/PACEA_PAAF (click on "se connecter en tant qu'invité" if you just want to be in reading mode). Database is available in French and English, by changing the model (arrow in the top left corner).

## GIS availability (ArkeoGIS)

An online, free and multilingual GIS application allows to visualize the database with a cartographic projection (Figure 4). A simplified version of the dataset is indeed accessible via the ArkeoGIS platform (https://arkeogis.org/en/). Users must register first to access this geographical application, since it is controlled in order to prevent archaeological looting.

## PUBLICATION DATE

The last version of the database has been uploaded on the 28/02/2021.

## (4) REUSE POTENTIAL

This database will be very helpful for spatial and temporal analysis research in the Caribbean, including GIS and social networks studies. It provides information on the evolution and distribution of the raw materials, types of personal ornaments, stylistic evolution and distribution, for one of the major kind of personal ornaments for this region of the world.

## ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors want to thank the funders of the PAAF project: the Regional Service of Archaeology of
<table><caption>Table 2 Summary of the Site dataset.</caption><thead><tr><th>ISLAND</th><th>SITE</th><th>NB<br>ARTIFACTS</th><th>PERIOD</th><th>CULTURE</th><th>REF_BIBLIO_1</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>La Désirade</td><td>Petite Rivière</td><td>4</td><td>Late/Final Ceramic</td><td>Troumassoid</td><td>deWaal 2006</td></tr><tr><td>Martinique</td><td>Anse Trabaud</td><td>2</td><td>Late/Final Ceramic</td><td>Troumassoid</td><td>Mattioni 1983</td></tr><tr><td>Martinique</td><td>Vivé</td><td>40</td><td>Early Ceramic</td><td>Early Cedrosan Saladoid</td><td>Mattioni 1979</td></tr><tr><td>Martinique</td><td>Moulin l'Etang</td><td>1</td><td>Early Ceramic</td><td>Early Cedrosan Saladoid</td><td>Bérard 2004</td></tr><tr><td>Martinique</td><td>Macabou</td><td>1</td><td>Final Ceramic</td><td>Suazan Troumassoid</td><td>Allaire 1977</td></tr><tr><td>Martinique</td><td>Diamant</td><td>1</td><td>(Middle?) Ceramic</td><td>Middle Cedrosan Saladoid</td><td>Vidal 1995</td></tr><tr><td>Martinique</td><td>Pory-Popy</td><td>3</td><td>(Middle?) Ceramic/final</td><td>Cedrosan Saladoid - Troumassoid</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Martinique</td><td>Perrinon-Doume</td><td>1</td><td>(Middle?) Ceramic/final</td><td>Cedrosan Saladoid - Troumassoid</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Marie Galante</td><td>Cocoyer St Charles</td><td>1</td><td>Early Ceramic</td><td>Early Cedrosan Saladoid</td><td>Stouvenot 1999</td></tr><tr><td>Marie Galante</td><td>Grotte Cadet 2</td><td>1</td><td>Late/Final Ceramic</td><td>Troumassoid</td><td>Courtaud et al. 2005</td></tr><tr><td>Marie Galante</td><td>Stade J. Bade</td><td>4</td><td>Late Ceramic</td><td>Troumassoid</td><td>Serrand et al. 2016</td></tr><tr><td>Marie Galante</td><td>Taliseronde</td><td>1</td><td>Early/Middle Ceramic</td><td>Early/Middle Cedrosan Saladoid</td><td>Durand & Petitjean- Roget 1991</td></tr><tr><td>Montserrat</td><td>Trants</td><td>602</td><td>Early/Middle Ceramic</td><td>Saladoid</td><td>Crock & Bartone 1998</td></tr><tr><td>Nevis</td><td>Hichmans</td><td>1</td><td>Ceramic</td><td>Saladoid - Post-Saladoid</td><td>Wilson 1989</td></tr><tr><td>Puerto Rico</td><td>Hacienda Grande</td><td>16</td><td>Early Ceramic</td><td>Huecan Saladoid</td><td>Crock & Bartone 1998</td></tr><tr><td>Puerto Rico</td><td>Tecla</td><td>72</td><td>Early Ceramic</td><td>Huecan Saladoid</td><td>NarganesStorde 1995</td></tr><tr><td>Puerto Rico</td><td>Punta Candelero</td><td>592</td><td>Early Ceramic</td><td>Huecan Saladoid</td><td>Rodriguez 1991</td></tr><tr><td>Puerto Rico</td><td>Punta Mameyes</td><td>4</td><td>Early Ceramic/récent</td><td>Cedrosan Saladoid - Ostionoid elenan</td><td>Ortiz-Montanez et al. 2019</td></tr><tr><td>Sainte Croix</td><td>Prosperity</td><td>26</td><td>Early/Middle Ceramic</td><td>Cedrosan Saladoid</td><td>Hardy 2009</td></tr><tr><td>Sainte Croix</td><td>Cane Bay</td><td>2</td><td>Late Ceramic</td><td>Ostionoid</td><td>Hardy 2008</td></tr><tr><td>Sainte Croix</td><td>Jolly Hill</td><td>2</td><td>Late Ceramic</td><td>Early Ostionoid</td><td>Hardy 2008</td></tr><tr><td>Sainte Croix</td><td>O30. Krause</td><td>9</td><td>Early Ceramic</td><td>Cedrosan Saladoid/huécan</td><td>Toftgaard 2019</td></tr><tr><td>Sainte Croix</td><td>O18. Spratt Hall</td><td>2</td><td>Early Ceramic</td><td>Cedrosan Saladoid/huécan</td><td>Toftgaard 2019</td></tr><tr><td>Sint Eustatius</td><td>Golden Rock</td><td>81</td><td>Early/Middle Ceramic</td><td>Saladoid</td><td>Versteeg 1999</td></tr><tr><td>Saint Lucia</td><td>Lavourte</td><td>1</td><td>Final Ceramic</td><td>Suazan Troumassoid</td><td>Hofman 2012</td></tr><tr><td>Saint Martin</td><td>Baie Orientale 2</td><td>17</td><td>Late/Final Ceramic</td><td>Troumassoid marmoran (Mill Reef)</td><td>Bonnissent 2008</td></tr><tr><td>Saint Martin</td><td>Hope Estate</td><td>115</td><td>Early Ceramic</td><td>Cedrosan Saladoid/huecan</td><td>Bonnissent 2008</td></tr></tbody></table>

by the Huma-Num service, an institutional repository of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) (Figure 3). Users can use the database in reading mode only or, if interested in participating in improving the quality of the database, can have more advanced rights by directly asking the authors.

The database is located here: https://fm02.db.humanum.fr/fmi/webd/PACEA_PAAF (click on "se connecter en tant qu'invité" if you just want to be in reading mode). Database is available in French and English, by changing the model (arrow in the top left corner).

## GIS availability (ArkeoGIS)

An online, free and multilingual GIS application allows to visualize the database with a cartographic projection (Figure 4). A simplified version of the dataset is indeed accessible via the ArkeoGIS platform (https://arkeogis.org/en/). Users must register first to access this geographical application, since it is controlled in order to prevent archaeological looting.

## PUBLICATION DATE

The last version of the database has been uploaded on the 28/02/2021.

## (4) REUSE POTENTIAL

This database will be very helpful for spatial and temporal analysis research in the Caribbean, including GIS and social networks studies. It provides information on the evolution and distribution of the raw materials, types of personal ornaments, stylistic evolution and distribution, for one of the major kind of personal ornaments for this region of the world.

## ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors want to thank the funders of the PAAF project: the Regional Service of Archaeology of
<figure><img src="image_4.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 3** Screenshot of the online application.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 4** A. Screenshot of the ArkeoGIS application, a simplified GIS online system. B. Zoom on Guadeloupe, showing the potential of the ArkeoGIS visualization tool.</figcaption></figure>

Guadeloupe, the Regional Council of Guadeloupe and the Regional Service of Martinique. We are also in debt with everyone that helped us accessing the artifacts: the Regional Services of Guadeloupe and Martinique, the Edgar Clerc Museum in Guadeloupe, the Musée d'Archéologie et de Préhistoire de Martinique, the

society EVEHA for very recent excavations. Some of the entries of the database have been filled thanks to the information kindly provided by Catarina Guzzo Falci in the framework of the project NEXUS1492 ((FP7/2007-2013)/ERC Grant agreement n°319209), and by Quetta Kaye, Scott Fitzpatrick and Michiel Kappers for data on
<figure><img src="image_6.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 3** Screenshot of the online application.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_7.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 4** A. Screenshot of the ArkeoGIS application, a simplified GIS online system. B. Zoom on Guadeloupe, showing the potential of the ArkeoGIS visualization tool.</figcaption></figure>

Guadeloupe, the Regional Council of Guadeloupe and the Regional Service of Martinique. We are also in debt with everyone that helped us accessing the artifacts: the Regional Services of Guadeloupe and Martinique, the Edgar Clerc Museum in Guadeloupe, the Musée d'Archéologie et de Préhistoire de Martinique, the

society EVEHA for very recent excavations. Some of the entries of the database have been filled thanks to the information kindly provided by Catarina Guzzo Falci in the framework of the project NEXUS1492 ((FP7/2007-2013)/ERC Grant agreement n°319209), and by Quetta Kaye, Scott Fitzpatrick and Michiel Kappers for data on
Carriacou. The Filemaker application for the database is
hosted by the CNRS HumaNum service. We thank Loup
Bernard for allowing our dataset to be hosted in the
ArkeoGIS application and supporting our integration
into this platform. This work has been previously peer-
reviewed and recommended by Peer Community In
Archaeology (https://doi.org/10.24072/pci.archaeo.100009).

FUNDING INFORMATION

This work originates from a project funded the Regional
Service of Archaeology of Guadeloupe, the Regional
Council of Guadeloupe and the Regional Service of
Archaeology of Martinique.

COMPETING INTERESTS

The authors have no competing interests to declare.

AUTHOR AFFILIATIONS

Alain Queffelec ID orcid.org/0000-0002-9763-7600

PACEA UMR5199 CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, Ministère de la Culture,
Pessac, F-33615, FR

Pierrick Fouéré

INRAP, Bègles, F-33130;
TRACES UMR5608 CNRS, Univ. Toulouse Jean-Jaurès, Toulouse,
F-31058, FR

Jean-Baptiste Caverne

A.P.R.A.G.E., Besançon, F-25000, FR

REFERENCES

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2. **Queffelec A, Fouéré P, Bellot-Gurlet L, Bérard B.** Stone ornaments from Guadeloupe and Martinique Early Ceramic period sites (200 BC - AD 400), detailed analysis and comparison with a Late Ceramic period site (AD 750 - 1000). *Journal of Caribbean Archaeology*, 2020; 20.

3. Queffelec A, Bellot-Gurlet L, Foy E, Lefrais Y, Fritsch E. First identification of sudoite in the Caribbean Ceramic Age lapidary craftsmanship. *Gems and Gemology*, 2021; 57(3).

4. **Boomert A.** Gifts of the Amazons: Green stone pendants and beads as items of ceremonial exchange in Amazonia and the Caribbean. *Antropologica*, 1987; 67: 33-54.

5. **Cody AK.** Distribution of exotic stone artifacts through the Lesser Antilles: their implications for prehistoric interaction and exchange. In *Proceedings of the 14th International Congress for Caribbean Archaeology*, 1993; 204-226. Barbados.

6. **Crock JG, Bartone RN.** Archaeology of Trants, Montserrat. Part 4. Flaked stone and stone bead industries. *Annals of Carnegie Museum Pittsburgh*, 1998; 67(3): 197-224.

7. **Murphy AR, Hozjan DJ, de Mille CN, Levinson AA.** Pre-Columbian gems and ornamental materials from Antigua, West Indies. *Gems and Gemology*, 2000; 36(2): 234-245. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5741/GEMS.36.3.234

8. **Narganes Storde YM.** La lapidaria de Sorce, Vieques y Tecla, Guayanilla, Puerto Rico. In *Proceedings of the 16th International Congress for Caribbean Archaeology*, 1995; 17-26. Basse-Terre.

9. **Bérard B.** The Saladoid. In *The Oxford Handbook of Caribbean Archaeology*, 2013; 184-197. Keegan W, Hofman C, Rodriguez Ramos R (eds.).

10. **Hofman CL, Bright AJ, Boomert A, Knippenberg S.** Island Rhythms: The Web of Social Relationships and Interaction Networks in the Lesser Antillean Archipelago between 400 B.C. and A.D. 1492. *Latin American Antiquity*, 2007; 18(3): 243. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/25478180

11. **Knippenberg S.** Stone artefact production and exchange among the Lesser Antilles, 2007. Amsterdam University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5117/9789087280086

12. **Rodriguez M.** Early trade networks in the Caribbean. In *Proceedings of the 14th International Congress for Caribbean Archaeology*, 1993; 306-314.

13. **Cody AK.** Prehistoric patterns of exchange in the Lesser Antilles: materials, models, and preliminary observations, 1990. San Diego State University.

14. **Cody AK.** From the site of Pearls, Grenada: exotic lithics and radiocarbon dates. In *Proceedings of the 13th International Congress for Caribbean Archaeology*, 1991; 589-604. Curaçao.

15. **Napolitano MF, et al.** Reevaluating human colonization of the Caribbean using chronometric hygiene and Bayesian modeling. *Science Advances*, 2019; 5(12). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aar7806

16. **Bérard B.** About Boxes and Labels: A Periodization of the Amerindian Occupation of the West Indies. *Journal of Caribbean Archaeology*, 2019; 19: 17.

17. **Heaton TJ, et al.** Marine20—The Marine Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curve (0–55,000 cal BP). *Radiocarbon*, 2020; 62(4): 779–820. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2020.68

18. **Reimer PJ, et al.** The IntCal20 Northern Hemisphere Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curve (0–55 cal kBP). *Radiocarbon*, 2020; 62(4): 725–757. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2020.41

19. **DiNapoli RJ, et al.** Marine reservoir corrections for the Caribbean demonstrate high intra- and inter-island variability in local reservoir offsets. *Quaternary Geochronology*, 2021; 61: 101-126. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2020.101126
Carriacou. The Filemaker application for the database is
hosted by the CNRS HumaNum service. We thank Loup
Bernard for allowing our dataset to be hosted in the
ArkeoGIS application and supporting our integration
into this platform. This work has been previously peer-
reviewed and recommended by Peer Community In
Archaeology (https://doi.org/10.24072/pci.archaeo.100009).

FUNDING INFORMATION

This work originates from a project funded the Regional
Service of Archaeology of Guadeloupe, the Regional
Council of Guadeloupe and the Regional Service of
Archaeology of Martinique.

COMPETING INTERESTS

The authors have no competing interests to declare.

AUTHOR AFFILIATIONS

Alain Queffelec ID orcid.org/0000-0002-9763-7600

PACEA UMR5199 CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, Ministère de la Culture,
Pessac, F-33615, FR

Pierrick Fouéré

INRAP, Bègles, F-33130;
TRACES UMR5608 CNRS, Univ. Toulouse Jean-Jaurès, Toulouse,
F-31058, FR

Jean-Baptiste Caverne

A.P.R.A.G.E., Besançon, F-25000, FR

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TO CITE THIS ARTICLE:

Queffelec A, Fouéré P, Caverne J-B 2021 A Database of Lapidary Artifacts in the Caribbean for the Ceramic Age. *Journal of Open Archaeology Data*, 9: 2, pp. 1-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/joad.74

Published: 08 June 2021

COPYRIGHT:

© 2021 The Author(s). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

*Journal of Open Archaeology Data* is a peer-reviewed open access journal published by Ubiquity Press.

<figure><img src="image_6.png" /></figure>
TO CITE THIS ARTICLE:

Queffelec A, Fouéré P, Caverne J-B 2021 A Database of Lapidary Artifacts in the Caribbean for the Ceramic Age. *Journal of Open Archaeology Data*, 9: 2, pp. 1-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/joad.74

Published: 08 June 2021

COPYRIGHT:

© 2021 The Author(s). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

*Journal of Open Archaeology Data* is a peer-reviewed open access journal published by Ubiquity Press.

<figure><img src="image_8.png" /></figure>