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# Experimental Bench for Hemodynamic Study of Coronary Artery with Serial Stenoses: Fractional Flow Reserve Assessment

R. Coppel, AL. Gomez, G. Finet, M. Mauro, RI. Pettigrew, J. Ohayon & M. Lagache

**To cite this article:** R. Coppel, AL. Gomez, G. Finet, M. Mauro, RI. Pettigrew, J. Ohayon & M. Lagache (2017) Experimental Bench for Hemodynamic Study of Coronary Artery with Serial Stenoses: Fractional Flow Reserve Assessment, Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 20:sup1, S45-S46, DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2017.1382853

**To link to this article:** https://doi.org/10.1080/10255842.2017.1382853

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© 2017 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

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Published online: 27 Oct 2017.

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# Experimental Bench for Hemodynamic Study of Coronary Artery with Serial Stenoses: Fractional Flow Reserve Assessment

R. Coppelª, AL. Gomezª, G. Finetᵇ, M. Mauroᶜ, RI. Pettigrewᵈ, J. Ohayonª,ᵉ and M. Lagacheᵉ,ᵉ

ªLaboratory TIMC-IMAG/DyCTiM2, UJF, CNRS UMR 5525, Grenoble, France; ᵇDepartment of Hemodynamics and Interventional Cardiology, Hospices Civils de Lyon and Claude Bernard University Lyon1, INSERM Unit 886, Lyon, France; ᶜDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Energetics and Materials, Public University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; ᵈLaboratory of Integrative Cardiovascular Imaging Science, National Institute of Diabetes Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; ᵉUniversity of Savoie Mont-Blanc, Polytech Annecy-Chambéry, Le Bourget du Lac, France; ᶠLaboratory SYMME, Chambéry, France

**KEYWORDS** Coronary diseases; Fractional Flow Reserve; Atherosclerosis

## 1. Introduction

The measurement of Fractional Flow Reserve (FFR) becomes essential for an interventional cardiologist to decide whether or not an angioplasty or stenting procedure needs to be performed on his patient. The FFR is an invasive technique used in clinical routine for evaluating stenosis severity and functional significance of the coronary artery disease. In practice, FFR is calculated as the ratio of the distal trans-stenotic pressure to the proximal coronary or aortic pressure during induced hyperemia.

Several theoretical, experimental, animal and clinical studies have demonstrated the usefulness of measuring FFR to assess the hemodynamic significance of two serial stenoses (Pijls et al. 2000; D'Souza et al. 2014). However, the effects of the distance separating the two lesions (Dss) and the combined severity of the two serial stenoses (S1, S2) on the global and intermediate FFR amplitudes remain unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop an experimental hemodynamic bench to elucidate the influences of such geometrical parameters on the FFR assessment. As a first approach, the present work was focused on the influence of the severity of S1 and S2.

## 2. Materials and Methods

### 2.1 Experimental bench

A straight tube vessel phantom, made of silicone with an internal diameter (ID) of 4 mm and a wall thickness of 0.5 mm was used to conduct the experiments. The measured elastic tangent moduli for the material was about 1600 KPa. Two stenosis models were built with silicone: the first one with an ID of approximately 2.8 mm (i.e. 30%

of diameter reduction) and the second one with an ID of 1.6 mm (i.e. 60% of diameter reduction). The distance Dss between the two stenosis was fixed to 20 mm for all the experiments.

A circulatory hemodynamic bench was built (see Figure 1). A pulsatile pump, compliance chambers and resistive elements were incorporated to mimic the human physiological coronary flow conditions. Beats per minute were set to 65. Periodic systolic-dominant pulses with 120 mmHg and 70 mmHg for systolic and diastolic pressures respectively were obtained for no stenosis conditions (see Figure 2A). An absolute flow Q = 300 ml/min was generated in order to simulate the hyperemic conditions of the major coronary vessels. Water was used as working fluid. Pressure measurements were performed via 1mm-diameter liquid-filled catheter connected to a pressure transducer.

### 2.2 Pressure-derived FFR measurements

For single stenosis experiments, mean pressure amplitude Pₐ was recorded first at location A (before lesion). Then, the catheter passed through the stenosis (S1) to location D (after lesion) where mean pressure P₉ was recorded. Global FFR (FFR₉) was defined as:

$$FFR_g = P_d/P_a \qquad (1)$$

In the serial stenoses experiments, mean pressure amplitude was measured at locations A, M and D (see Figure 1, insert). Two FFRs were acquired, the global FFR₉ (given by Equation 1) and the intermediate FFR (FFRᵢ) estimated as:

$$FFR_i = P_m/P_a \qquad (2)$$
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<figure><img src="image_10.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 1** Cartoons of the experimental hemodynamic bench.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_11.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 2** Example of pulsatile pressures recorded for no stenosis and serial stenoses</figcaption></figure>

Before each experiment the catheter was re-filled with water in order to avoid bubbles formation. The mean pressures $P_a$, $P_m$ and $P_d$ were recorded through n=35 pressure cycles only after the pulses stabilized and became periodic.

### 3. Results

Figure 2B illustrates a time-pressure variation recorded at 3 locations (A, M and D) when the catheter went through two serial stenoses with S1=30% and S2=60%.

The single stenosis FFR measurements agree with those published in the literature and measured on patients (Takagi et al. 1999). The results presented in Table 1 (Mean ± SD for n>5) clearly show that the presence of a second stenosis affects the amplitudes of the two fractional flow reserves $FFR_i$ and $FFR_g$. While a significant decrease of

<table><caption>**Table 1** Measurements of $FFR_g$ and $FFR_i$ for 4 experimental protocols</caption><thead><tr><th>S1</th><th>S2</th><th>FFR<sub>i</sub></th><th>FFR<sub>g</sub></th><th>FFR<sub>g</sub> (Takagi et al. 1999)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>30</td><td>0</td><td>-</td><td>0.88 ± 0.02</td><td>≥ 0.75</td></tr><tr><td>60</td><td>0</td><td>-</td><td>0.71 ± 0.02</td><td>&lt; 0.75</td></tr><tr><td>30</td><td>30</td><td>0.87 ± 0.01</td><td>0.77 ± 0.02</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>30</td><td>60</td><td>0.90 ± 0.01</td><td>0.55 ± 0.01</td><td>-</td></tr></tbody></table>

the global $FFR_g$ is observed when introducing a second stenosis, the intermediate $FFR_i$ tends to increase slightly.

### 4. Conclusions

These preliminary results are promising and validate the hemodynamic bench which will be used in the near future: 1) to highlight the existing relationships between the FFR amplitudes and geometrical parameters S1, S2 and Dss, 2) to mimic complex situations of coronary branches with several stenosis, and, 3) to test the hemodynamic perturbations induced by the presence of stents.

The perspective for the future work is to improve the hemodynamic bench by: 1) including a phantom with an elastic behaviour more similar to the one of an artery wall, 2) using a working fluid with the same density and viscosity as blood and 3) changing the 1mm catheter for a 0.35 mm one with the aim of decreasing the effect of catheter size on FFR measurements. This will allow to evaluate worse lesions up to 80% of diameter reduction.

### Acknowledgements

Ricardo Coppel and Armida L. Gomez express their gratitude to the Mexican National Council for Science and Technology (CONACYT) and the Nuevo Leon Institute of Innovation and Technology Transfer (I²T²).

### References

* D'Souza GA, Peelukhana SV, Banerjee RK. 2014. Diagnostic Uncertainties During Assessment of Serial Coronary Stenoses: An In Vitro Study. J Biomech Eng. 136(2):021026.

* Pijls NH, De Bruyne B, Bech GJ, Liistro F, Heyndrickx GR, Bonnier HJ, Koolen JJ. 2000. Coronary Pressure Measurement to Assess the Hemodynamic Significance of Serial Stenoses Within One Coronary Artery: Validation in Humans. Circulation. 102(19):2371-2377.

* Takagi A, Tsurumi Y, Ishii Y, Suzuki K, Kawana M, Kasanuki H. 1999. Clinical Potential of Intravascular Ultrasound for Physiological Assessment of Coronary Stenosis: Relationship Between Quantitative Ultrasound Tomography and Pressure-Derived Fractional Flow Reserve. Circulation. 100:250-255.