Smith, A.G., Smith, D.G., Funnell, B.M., 2004. Atlas of Mesozoic and Cenozoic Coastlines. Cambridge University Press.

Song, H., Tong, J., Algeo, T.J., Horacek, M., Qiu, H., Song, H., Tian, L., Chen, Z.-Q., 2013. Large vertical δ13CDIC gradients in early Triassic seas of the South China craton: Implications for oceanographic changes related to Siberian Traps volcanism. Global Planet. Change 105, 7–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.10.023.

Song, H., Wignall, P.B., Tong, J., Song, H., Chen, J., Chu, D., Tian, L., Luo, M., Zong, K., Chen, Y., Lai, X., Zhang, K., Wang, H., 2015. Integrated Sr isotope variations and global environmental changes through the late Permian to early late Triassic. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 424, 140–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.05.035.

Song, Q., Hong, H., Algeo, T.J., Fang, Q., Zhao, C., Liu, C., Xu, Y., 2022. Clay mineralogy mediated by pH and chemical weathering intensity of Permian–Triassic boundary K-bentonites at Dongpan (Guangxi, South China). Chem. Geol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2022.121262, 121262.

Sonke, J.E., Schafer, J., Chmeleff, J., Audry, S., Blanc, G., Dupre, B., 2010. Sedimentary mercury stable isotope records of atmospheric and riverine pollution from two major European heavy metal refineries. Chem. Geol. 279, 90–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2010.09.017.

Spangenberg, J.E., Herlec, U., 2006. Hydrocarbon biomarkers in the Topla-Mezica zinc-lead deposits, northern Karavanke/Drau range, Slovenia: paleoenvironment at the site of ore formation. Econ. Geol. 101, 997–1021. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeol.101.5.997.

Stampfli, G., Marcoux, J., Baud, A., 1991. Tethyan margins in space and time. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 87, 373–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(91)90142-E.

Stampfli, G.M., 2000. Tethyan oceans. Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ. 173, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.173.01.01.

Stampfli, G.M., Hochard, C., Vérard, C., Wilhem, C., vonRaumer, J., 2013. The formation of Pangea. Tectonophysics 593, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2013.02.037.

Stanley, S.M., 2009. Evidence from ammonoids and conodonts for multiple early Triassic mass extinctions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 106, 15264–15267. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0907992106.

Stanley, S.M., 2016. Estimates of the magnitudes of major marine mass extinctions in earth history. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 113, E6325–E6334. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1613094113.

Sun, R., Enrico, M., Heimburger, L.E., Scott, C., Sonke, J.E., 2013. A double-stage tube furnace–acid-trapping protocol for the pre-concentration of mercury from solid samples for isotopic analysis. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 405, 6771–6781. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-013-7152-2.

Sun, R., Sonke, J.E., Heimbürger, L.-E., Belkin, H.E., Liu, G., Shome, D., Cukrowska, E., Liousse, C., Pokrovsky, O.S., Streets, D.G., 2014. Mercury stable isotope signatures of world coal deposits and historical coal combustion emissions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 48, 7660–7668. https://doi.org/10.1021/es501208a.

Sun, R., Streets, D.G., Horowitz, H.M., Amos, H.M., Liu, G., Perrot, V., Toutain, J.-P., Hintelmann, H., Sunderland, E.M., Sonke, J.E., 2016. Historical (1850–2010) mercury stable isotope inventory from anthropogenic sources to the atmosphereMercury isotope emission inventory. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene 4. https://doi.org/10.12952/journal.elementa.000091.

Sun, R.Y., Jiskra, M., Amos, H.M., Zhang, Y.X., Sunderland, E.M., Sonke, J.E., 2019. Modelling the mercury stable isotope distribution of Earth surface reservoirs: Implications for global Hg cycling. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 246, 156–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2018.11.036.

Sun, S.-S., McDonough, W.F., 1989. Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ. 42, 313–345. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.042.01.1.

Sun, Y., Joachimski, M.M., Wignall, P.B., Yan, C., Chen, Y., Jiang, H., Wang, L., Lai, X., 2012. Lethally Hot Temperatures during the early Triassic Greenhouse. Science 338, 366–370. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1224126.

Tanaka, T., Togashi, S., Kamioka, H., Amakawa, H., Kagami, H., Hamamoto, T., Yuhara, M., Orihashi, Y., Yoneda, S., Shimizu, H., Kunimaru, T., Takahashi, K., Yanagi, T., Nakano, T., Fujimaki, H., Shinjo, R., Asahara, Y., Tanimizu, M., Dragusanu, C., 2000. JNdI-1: a neodymium isotopic reference in consistency with LaJolla neodymium. Chem. Geol. 168, 279–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(00)000198-4.

Them II, T., Jagoe, C., Caruthers, A., Gill, B., Grasby, S., Gröcke, D., Yin, R., Owens, J., 2019. Terrestrial sources as the primary delivery mechanism of mercury to the oceans across the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (early Jurassic). Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 507, 62–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2018.11.029.

Tong, J.N., Zuo, J.X., Chen, Z.Q., 2007. Early Triassic carbon isotope excursions from South China: proxies for devastation and restoration of marine ecosystems following

the end-Permian mass extinction. Geological Journal 42, 371–389. https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.1084.

Vérard, C., 2019. Panalesis: towards global synthetic palaeogeographies using integration and coupling of manifold models. Geol. Mag. 156, 320–330. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756817001042.

Vickers, M.L., Jelby, M.E., Sliwińska, K.K., Percival, L.M., Wang, F., Sanei, H., Price, G. D., Ullmann, C.V., Grasby, S.E., Reinhardt, L., 2023. Volcanism and carbon cycle perturbations in the High Arctic during the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 613, 111142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2023.111142.

Wang, X., Cawood, P.A., Zhao, H., Zhao, L., Grasby, S.E., Chen, Z.-Q., Zhang, L., 2019a. Global mercury cycle during the end-Permian mass extinction and subsequent early Triassic recovery. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 513, 144–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2019.02.026.

Wang, X., Cawood, P.A., Zhao, L., Chen, Z.-Q., Lyu, Z., Ma, B., 2019b. Convergent continental margin volcanic source for ash beds at the Permian–Triassic boundary. South China: Constraints from trace elements and Hf-isotopes. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 519, 154–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.02.011.

Wei, H., Shen, J., Schoepfer, S.D., Krystyn, L., Richoz, S., Algeo, T.J., 2015. Environmental controls on marine ecosystem recovery following mass extinctions, with an example from the early Triassic. Earth-Science Reviews 149, 108–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.10.007.

Widmann, P., Bucher, H., Leu, M., Vennemann, T., Bagherpour, B., Schneebeli-Hermann, E., Goudemand, N., Schallegger, U., 2020. Dynamics of the largest carbon isotope excursion during the early Triassic biotic recovery. Front Earth Sc-Switz 196. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2020.00196.

Winchester, J.A., Floyd, P.A., 1977. Geochemical discrimination of different magma series and their differentiation products using immobile elements. Chem. Geol. 20, 325–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(77)90057-2.

Yager, J.A., West, A.J., Thibodeau, A.M., Corsetti, F.A., Rigo, M., Berelson, W.M., Bottjer, D.J., Greene, S.E., Ibarra, Y., Jadoul, U., Ritterbush, K.A., Rollins, N., Rosas, S., Di Stefano, P., Sulca, D., Todaro, S., Wynn, P., Zimmermann, L., Bergquist, B.A., 2021. Mercury contents and isotope ratios from diverse depositional environments across the Triassic-Jurassic Boundary: Towards a more robust mercury proxy for large igneous province magmatism. Earth-Science Reviews 223, 103775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103775.

Yin, R., Feng, X., Li, X., Yu, B., Du, B., 2014. Trends and advances in mercury stable isotopes as a geochemical tracer. Trends in Environmental Analytical Chemistry 2, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.teac.2014.03.001.

Yin, R., Feng, X., Hurley, J.P., Krabbenhoft, D.P., Lepak, R.F., Hu, R., Zhang, Q., Li, Z., Bi, X., 2016. Mercury Isotopes as Proxies to Identify sources and Environmental Impacts of Mercury in Sphalerites. Sci. Rep. 6, 18686. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep18686.

Yin, R., Chen, D., Pan, X., Deng, C., Chen, L., Song, X., Yu, S., Zhu, C., Wei, X., Xu, Y., Feng, X., Blum, J.D., Lehmann, B., 2022. Mantle Hg isotopic heterogeneity and evidence of oceanic Hg recycling into the mantle. Nat. Commun. 13, 948. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28577-1.

Zambardi, T., Sonke, J.E., Toutain, J.P., Sortino, F., Shinohara, H., 2009. Mercury emissions and stable isotopic compositions at Vulcano Island (Italy). Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 277, 236–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.10.023.

Zhang, H., Zhang, F., Chen, J.B., Erwin, D.H., Syverson, D.D., Ni, P., Rampino, M., Chi, Z., Cai, Y.F., Xiang, L., Li, W.Q., Liu, S.A., Wang, R.C., Wang, X.D., Feng, Z., Li, H.M., Zhang, T., Cai, H.M., Zheng, W., Cui, Y., Zhu, X.K., Hou, Z.Q., Wu, F.Y., Xu, Y.G., Planavsky, N., Shen, S.Z., 2021. Felsic volcanism as a factor driving the end-Permian mass extinction. Sci. Adv. 7, eabh1390. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abh1390.

Zhang, L., Orchard, M.J., Brayard, A., Algeo, T.J., Zhao, L., Chen, Z.-Q., Lyu, Z., 2019. The Smithsonian/Spathian boundary (late early Triassic): a review of ammonoid, conodont, and carbon-isotopic criteria. Earth Sci 195, 7–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.02.014.

Zhao, Z., Li, S., Wang, G., Gao, J., Yang, T., Li, Y., He, Z., 2021. Provenance of the Permian–Triassic boundary volcanic ash beds in South China. Geol. J. 56, 2816–2828. https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.4072.

Zi, J.-W., Cawood, P.A., Fan, W.-M., Tohver, E., Wang, Y.-J., McCuaig, T.C., Peng, T.-P., 2013. Late Permian–Triassic magmatic evolution in the Jinshajiang orogenic belt, SW China and implications for orogenic processes following closure of the Paleotethys. Am. J. Sci. 313, 81–112. https://doi.org/10.2475/02.2013.02.
Smith, A.G., Smith, D.G., Funnell, B.M., 2004. Atlas of Mesozoic and Cenozoic Coastlines. Cambridge University Press.

Song, H., Tong, J., Algeo, T.J., Horacek, M., Qiu, H., Song, H., Tian, L., Chen, Z.-Q., 2013. Large vertical δ13CDIC gradients in early Triassic seas of the South China craton: Implications for oceanographic changes related to Siberian Traps volcanism. Global Planet. Change 105, 7–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.10.023.

Song, H., Wignall, P.B., Tong, J., Song, H., Chen, J., Chu, D., Tian, L., Luo, M., Zong, K., Chen, Y., Lai, X., Zhang, K., Wang, H., 2015. Integrated Sr isotope variations and global environmental changes through the late Permian to early late Triassic. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 424, 140–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.05.035.

Song, Q., Hong, H., Algeo, T.J., Fang, Q., Zhao, C., Liu, C., Xu, Y., 2022. Clay mineralogy mediated by pH and chemical weathering intensity of Permian–Triassic boundary K-bentonites at Dongpan (Guangxi, South China). Chem. Geol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2022.121262, 121262.

Sonke, J.E., Schafer, J., Chmeleff, J., Audry, S., Blanc, G., Dupre, B., 2010. Sedimentary mercury stable isotope records of atmospheric and riverine pollution from two major European heavy metal refineries. Chem. Geol. 279, 90–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2010.09.017.

Spangenberg, J.E., Herlec, U., 2006. Hydrocarbon biomarkers in the Topla-Mezica zinc-lead deposits, northern Karavanke/Drau range, Slovenia: paleoenvironment at the site of ore formation. Econ. Geol. 101, 997–1021. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeol.101.5.997.

Stampfli, G., Marcoux, J., Baud, A., 1991. Tethyan margins in space and time. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 87, 373–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(91)90142-E.

Stampfli, G.M., 2000. Tethyan oceans. Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ. 173, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.173.01.01.

Stampfli, G.M., Hochard, C., Vérard, C., Wilhem, C., vonRaumer, J., 2013. The formation of Pangea. Tectonophysics 593, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2013.02.037.

Stanley, S.M., 2009. Evidence from ammonoids and conodonts for multiple early Triassic mass extinctions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106, 15264–15267. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0907992106.

Stanley, S.M., 2016. Estimates of the magnitudes of major marine mass extinctions in earth history. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. E6325–E6334. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1613094113.

Sun, R., Enrico, M., Heimburger, L.E., Scott, C., Sonke, J.E., 2013. A double-stage tube furnace–acid-trapping protocol for the pre-concentration of mercury from solid samples for isotopic analysis. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 405, 6771–6781. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-013-7152-2.

Sun, R., Sonke, J.E., Heimbürger, L.-E., Belkin, H.E., Liu, G., Shome, D., Cukrowska, E., Liousse, C., Pokrovsky, O.S., Streets, D.G., 2014. Mercury stable isotope signatures of world coal deposits and historical coal combustion emissions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 48, 7660–7668. https://doi.org/10.1021/es501208a.

Sun, R., Streets, D.G., Horowitz, H.M., Amos, H.M., Liu, G., Perrot, V., Toutain, J.-P., Hintelmann, H., Sunderland, E.M., Sonke, J.E., 2016. Historical (1850–2010) mercury stable isotope inventory from anthropogenic sources to the atmosphereMercury isotope emission inventory. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene 4. https://doi.org/10.12952/journal.elementa.000091.

Sun, R.Y., Jiskra, M., Amos, H.M., Zhang, Y.X., Sunderland, E.M., Sonke, J.E., 2019. Modelling the mercury stable isotope distribution of Earth surface reservoirs: Implications for global Hg cycling. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 246, 156–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2018.11.036.

Sun, S.-S., McDonough, W.F., 1989. Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ. 42, 313–345. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.042.01.1.

Sun, Y., Joachimski, M.M., Wignall, P.B., Yan, C., Chen, Y., Jiang, H., Wang, L., Lai, X., 2012. Lethally Hot Temperatures during the early Triassic Greenhouse. Science 338, 366–370. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1224126.

Tanaka, T., Togashi, S., Kamioka, H., Amakawa, H., Kagami, H., Hamamoto, T., Yuhara, M., Orihashi, Y., Yoneda, S., Shimizu, H., Kunimaru, T., Takahashi, K., Yanagi, T., Nakano, T., Fujimaki, H., Shinjo, R., Asahara, Y., Tanimizu, M., Dragusanu, C., 2000. JNdI-1: a neodymium isotopic reference in consistency with LaJolla neodymium. Chem. Geol. 168, 279–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(00)000198-4.

Them II, T., Jagoe, C., Caruthers, A., Gill, B., Grasby, S., Gröcke, D., Yin, R., Owens, J., 2019. Terrestrial sources as the primary delivery mechanism of mercury to the oceans across the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (early Jurassic). Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 507, 62–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2018.11.029.

Tong, J.N., Zuo, J.X., Chen, Z.Q., 2007. Early Triassic carbon isotope excursions from South China: proxies for devastation and restoration of marine ecosystems following

the end-Permian mass extinction. Geological Journal 42, 371–389. https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.1084.

Vérard, C., 2019. Panalesis: towards global synthetic palaeogeographies using integration and coupling of manifold models. Geol. Mag. 156, 320–330. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756817001042.

Vickers, M.L., Jelby, M.E., Sliwińska, K.K., Percival, L.M., Wang, F., Sanei, H., Price, G. D., Ullmann, C.V., Grasby, S.E., Reinhardt, L., 2023. Volcanism and carbon cycle perturbations in the High Arctic during the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 613, 111142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2023.111142.

Wang, X., Cawood, P.A., Zhao, H., Zhao, L., Grasby, S.E., Chen, Z.-Q., Zhang, L., 2019a. Global mercury cycle during the end-Permian mass extinction and subsequent early Triassic recovery. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 513, 144–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2019.02.026.

Wang, X., Cawood, P.A., Zhao, L., Chen, Z.-Q., Lyu, Z., Ma, B., 2019b. Convergent continental margin volcanic source for ash beds at the Permian–Triassic boundary. South China: Constraints from trace elements and Hf-isotopes. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 519, 154–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.02.011.

Wei, H., Shen, J., Schoepfer, S.D., Krystyn, L., Richoz, S., Algeo, T.J., 2015. Environmental controls on marine ecosystem recovery following mass extinctions, with an example from the early Triassic. Earth-Science Reviews 149, 108–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.10.007.

Widmann, P., Bucher, H., Leu, M., Vennemann, T., Bagherpour, B., Schneebeli-Hermann, E., Goudemand, N., Schallegger, U., 2020. Dynamics of the largest carbon isotope excursion during the early Triassic biotic recovery. Front Earth Sc-Switz 196. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2020.00196.

Winchester, J.A., Floyd, P.A., 1977. Geochemical discrimination of different magma series and their differentiation products using immobile elements. Chem. Geol. 20, 325–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(77)90057-2.

Yager, J.A., West, A.J., Thibodeau, A.M., Corsetti, F.A., Rigo, M., Berelson, W.M., Bottjer, D.J., Greene, S.E., Ibarra, Y., Jadoul, U., Ritterbush, K.A., Rollins, N., Rosas, S., Di Stefano, P., Sulca, D., Todaro, S., Wynn, P., Zimmermann, L., Bergquist, B.A., 2021. Mercury contents and isotope ratios from diverse depositional environments across the Triassic-Jurassic Boundary: Towards a more robust mercury proxy for large igneous province magmatism. Earth-Science Reviews 223, 103775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103775.

Yin, R., Feng, X., Li, X., Yu, B., Du, B., 2014. Trends and advances in mercury stable isotopes as a geochemical tracer. Trends in Environmental Analytical Chemistry 2, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.teac.2014.03.001.

Yin, R., Feng, X., Hurley, J.P., Krabbenhoft, D.P., Lepak, R.F., Hu, R., Zhang, Q., Li, Z., Bi, X., 2016. Mercury Isotopes as Proxies to Identify sources and Environmental Impacts of Mercury in Sphalerites. Sci. Rep. 6, 18686. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep18686.

Yin, R., Chen, D., Pan, X., Deng, C., Chen, L., Song, X., Yu, S., Zhu, C., Wei, X., Xu, Y., Feng, X., Blum, J.D., Lehmann, B., 2022. Mantle Hg isotopic heterogeneity and evidence of oceanic Hg recycling into the mantle. Nat. Commun. 13, 948. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28577-1.

Zambardi, T., Sonke, J.E., Toutain, J.P., Sortino, F., Shinohara, H., 2009. Mercury emissions and stable isotopic compositions at Vulcano Island (Italy). Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 277, 236–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.10.023.

Zhang, H., Zhang, F., Chen, J.B., Erwin, D.H., Syverson, D.D., Ni, P., Rampino, M., Chi, Z., Cai, Y.F., Xiang, L., Li, W.Q., Liu, S.A., Wang, R.C., Wang, X.D., Feng, Z., Li, H.M., Zhang, T., Cai, H.M., Zheng, W., Cui, Y., Zhu, X.K., Hou, Z.Q., Wu, F.Y., Xu, Y.G., Planavsky, N., Shen, S.Z., 2021. Felsic volcanism as a factor driving the end-Permian mass extinction. Sci. Adv. 7, eabh1390. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abh1390.

Zhang, L., Orchard, M.J., Brayard, A., Algeo, T.J., Zhao, L., Chen, Z.-Q., Lyu, Z., 2019. The Smithsonian/Spathian boundary (late early Triassic): a review of ammonoid, conodont, and carbon-isotopic criteria. Earth Sci 195, 7–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.02.014.

Zhao, Z., Li, S., Wang, G., Gao, J., Yang, T., Li, Y., He, Z., 2021. Provenance of the Permian–Triassic boundary volcanic ash beds in South China. Geol. J. 56, 2816–2828. https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.4072.

Zi, J.-W., Cawood, P.A., Fan, W.-M., Tohver, E., Wang, Y.-J., McCuaig, T.C., Peng, T.-P., 2013. Late Permian–Triassic magmatic evolution in the Jinshajiang orogenic belt, SW China and implications for orogenic processes following closure of the Paleotethys. Am. J. Sci. 313, 81–112. https://doi.org/10.2475/02.2013.02.