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# Appendix A

## List of acronyms

<table><tr><td>1D</td><td>One-Dimensional</td></tr><tr><td>2D</td><td>Two-Dimensional</td></tr><tr><td>2DKP</td><td>Two-Dimensional Knapsack Problem</td></tr><tr><td>2S-SPR</td><td>Two-Stage Stochastic Programming with Recourse</td></tr><tr><td>3D</td><td>Three-Dimensional</td></tr><tr><td>ABM</td><td>Agent Based Modelling</td></tr><tr><td>ABS</td><td>Agent Based Simulation</td></tr><tr><td>ADP</td><td>Approximate Dynamic Programming</td></tr><tr><td>AFS</td><td>Airport Flight Scheduling</td></tr><tr><td>AHD</td><td>Attended Home Delivery</td></tr><tr><td>AHP</td><td>Analytic Hierarchy Process</td></tr><tr><td>AI</td><td>Artificial Intelligence</td></tr><tr><td>ANN</td><td>Artificial Neural Network</td></tr><tr><td>ANT</td><td>Actor Network Theory</td></tr><tr><td>AoA</td><td>Activity-on-Arc</td></tr><tr><td>AoN</td><td>Activity-on-Node</td></tr><tr><td>AOR</td><td>Airline Operations Recovery</td></tr><tr><td>AP</td><td>Assignment Problem</td></tr><tr><td>ARIMA</td><td>AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average (model)</td></tr><tr><td>AR</td><td>Assurance Region</td></tr><tr><td>AR</td><td>Action Research</td></tr><tr><td>ARIMAX</td><td>AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average with eXogenous variables (model)</td></tr><tr><td>AS</td><td>Autonomous System</td></tr><tr><td>ASP</td><td>Airline Schedule Planning</td></tr><tr><td>ATFM</td><td>Air Traffic Flow Management</td></tr><tr><td>B2B</td><td>Business-To-Business</td></tr><tr><td>B2C</td><td>Business-To-Consumer</td></tr><tr><td>B&B</td><td>Branch-and-Bound</td></tr><tr><td>B&C</td><td>Branch-and-Cut</td></tr><tr><td>B&P</td><td>Branch-and-Price</td></tr><tr><td>BN</td><td>Bayesian Network</td></tr><tr><td>BOR</td><td>Behavioural OR</td></tr><tr><td>BPP</td><td>Bin Packing Problem</td></tr><tr><td>C&P</td><td>Cutting and Packing</td></tr><tr><td>CBOR</td><td>Community-Based Operations Research</td></tr><tr><td>CDEA</td><td>Centralised DEA</td></tr><tr><td>CDM</td><td>Central Decision Maker or Collaborative Decision-Making</td></tr><tr><td>CLD</td><td>Causal Loop Diagram</td></tr><tr><td>CLSC</td><td>Closed-Loop Supply Chains</td></tr><tr><td>CM</td><td>Cellular Manufacturing</td></tr><tr><td>CNN</td><td>Convolutional Neural Network</td></tr><tr><td>CO</td><td>Combinatorial Optimisation</td></tr><tr><td>CODP</td><td>Customer Order decoupling point</td></tr><tr><td>ConFL</td><td>Connected Facility Location Problem</td></tr><tr><td>COR</td><td>Community Operational Research</td></tr><tr><td>CPM</td><td>Critical Path Method</td></tr><tr><td>CRPS</td><td>Continuous Ranked Probability Score</td></tr><tr><td>CST</td><td>Critical Systems Thinking</td></tr><tr><td>CSW</td><td>Common Set of Weights</td></tr><tr><td>CVaR</td><td>Conditional Value at Risk</td></tr><tr><td>CVRP</td><td>Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem</td></tr><tr><td>DBN</td><td>Dynamic Bayesian Network</td></tr><tr><td>DC</td><td>Distribution Centre</td></tr><tr><td>DCT</td><td>Daily Contact Testing</td></tr><tr><td>DDF</td><td>Directional Distance Function</td></tr><tr><td>DEA</td><td>Data Envelopment Analysis</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>DEF</td><td>Deterministic Equivalent Formulation</td></tr><tr><td>DES</td><td>Discrete Event Simulation</td></tr><tr><td>DfT</td><td>Department for Transport</td></tr><tr><td>DHSC</td><td>Department of Health and Social Care</td></tr><tr><td>DMU</td><td>Decision Making Unit</td></tr><tr><td>DNDEA</td><td>Dynamic Network DEA</td></tr><tr><td>DNN</td><td>Deep Neural Network</td></tr><tr><td>DP</td><td>Dynamic Programming</td></tr><tr><td>DPSIR</td><td>Drivers, Pressures, State, Impact and Response</td></tr><tr><td>DS</td><td>Data Science</td></tr><tr><td>DSS</td><td>Decision Support Systems</td></tr><tr><td>EAT</td><td>Efficiency Analysis Trees</td></tr><tr><td>ED</td><td>Emergency Department</td></tr><tr><td>EMSR</td><td>Expected Marginal Seat Revenue</td></tr><tr><td>EOQ</td><td>Economic Order Quantity</td></tr><tr><td>ERP</td><td>Enterprise Resource Planning</td></tr><tr><td>ESICUP</td><td>EURO Special Interest Group on Cutting and Packing</td></tr><tr><td>EURO</td><td>European Operational Research Societies</td></tr><tr><td>EVP</td><td>Expected Value of Possession</td></tr><tr><td>FAM</td><td>Fleet Assignment Model</td></tr><tr><td>FIFO</td><td>First-In-First-Out</td></tr><tr><td>FMS</td><td>Flexible Manufacturing Systems</td></tr><tr><td>FPTAS</td><td>Fully Polynomial-Time Approximation Scheme</td></tr><tr><td>FSF</td><td>Full-State Feedback</td></tr><tr><td>FSO</td><td>Fixed-sum output</td></tr><tr><td>FTU</td><td>Facilities-Transformation-Usage (framework)</td></tr><tr><td>GIS</td><td>Geographic Information Systems</td></tr><tr><td>GLM</td><td>Generalised Linear Model</td></tr><tr><td>GMB</td><td>Group Model Building</td></tr><tr><td>GNN</td><td>Graphical Neural Network</td></tr><tr><td>GORS</td><td>Government Operational Research Service</td></tr><tr><td>GP</td><td>Gaussian Process</td></tr><tr><td>GPS</td><td>Global Positioning System</td></tr><tr><td>GPU</td><td>Graphics Processing Unit</td></tr><tr><td>GRASP</td><td>Greedy Randomised Adaptive Search Procedure</td></tr><tr><td>HJB</td><td>Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman</td></tr><tr><td>HMT</td><td>His Majesty's Treasury</td></tr><tr><td>HL</td><td>Humanitarian Logistics</td></tr><tr><td>HORAF</td><td>Heads of OR and Analytics Forum</td></tr><tr><td>IAM</td><td>Integrated Assessment Model</td></tr><tr><td>ICU</td><td>Intensive Care Unit</td></tr><tr><td>IGP</td><td>Interior Gateway Protocol</td></tr><tr><td>IHIP</td><td>Intangibility, Heterogeneity, Inseparability, and Perishability</td></tr><tr><td>IID</td><td>Independently and Identically Distributed</td></tr><tr><td>INFORMS</td><td>Institute for Management Science and Operations Research</td></tr><tr><td>INRC</td><td>International Nurse Rostering Competition</td></tr><tr><td>ILP</td><td>Integer Linear Problem</td></tr><tr><td>ILP</td><td>Integer Linear Programming</td></tr><tr><td>IoT</td><td>Internet of Things</td></tr><tr><td>IP</td><td>Integer Programming</td></tr><tr><td>IRP</td><td>Inventory-Routing Problem</td></tr><tr><td>JIT-MS</td><td>Just-In-Time Material System</td></tr><tr><td>KP</td><td>Knapsack Problem</td></tr><tr><td>LASSO</td><td>Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator</td></tr><tr><td>LCSA</td><td>Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment</td></tr><tr><td>LEAR</td><td>LASSO-Estimated AutoRegressive (model)</td></tr><tr><td>LP</td><td>Linear Programming</td></tr></table>
<figure><img src="image_205.png" /></figure>

<table><tr><td>LQG</td><td>Linear Quadratic Gaussian</td></tr><tr><td>MAE</td><td>Mean Absolute Error</td></tr><tr><td>MAPE</td><td>Mean Absolute Percentage Error</td></tr><tr><td>MASE</td><td>Mean Absolute Scaled Error</td></tr><tr><td>MAUT</td><td>Multi-Attribute Utility Theory</td></tr><tr><td>MAVT</td><td>Multi-Attribute Value Theory</td></tr><tr><td>MBM</td><td>Market Based Measure</td></tr><tr><td>MC</td><td>Maximum Clique or Minimum Cut (problem)</td></tr><tr><td>MCDA</td><td>Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis</td></tr><tr><td>MCF</td><td>Minimum Cost Flow (problem)</td></tr><tr><td>MDP</td><td>Markov Decision Process</td></tr><tr><td>MF</td><td>Maximum Flow (problem)</td></tr><tr><td>MILP</td><td>Mixed-Integer Linear Programming</td></tr><tr><td>MINLP</td><td>Mixed-Integer NonLinear Programming</td></tr><tr><td>MIMO</td><td>Multi-Input-Multi-Output</td></tr><tr><td>MIP</td><td>Mixed-Integer Programming</td></tr><tr><td>ML</td><td>Machine Learning</td></tr><tr><td>MLPI</td><td>Malmquist Luenberger Productivity Indicator</td></tr><tr><td>MPC</td><td>Model Predictive Control</td></tr><tr><td>MPI</td><td>Malmquist Productivity Index</td></tr><tr><td>MRP</td><td>Material Requirement Planning</td></tr><tr><td>MRP</td><td>Multi-level Regression Post-stratification</td></tr><tr><td>NBEATS</td><td>Neural Basis Expansion Analysis for interpretable Time Series forecasting</td></tr><tr><td>NDEA</td><td>Network DEA</td></tr><tr><td>NDP</td><td>Neural Dynamic Programming</td></tr><tr><td>NFL</td><td>National Football League</td></tr><tr><td>NHS</td><td>National Health Service</td></tr><tr><td>NGO</td><td>Non-Governmental Organisation</td></tr><tr><td>OM</td><td>Operations Management</td></tr><tr><td>ONS</td><td>Office for National Statistics</td></tr><tr><td>OR</td><td>Operational (or Operations) Research</td></tr><tr><td>PA</td><td>Portfolio Analysis</td></tr><tr><td>PATAT</td><td>Practice and Theory of Automated Timetabling</td></tr><tr><td>PCR</td><td>Polymerase Chain Reaction</td></tr><tr><td>PERT</td><td>Project Evaluation and Review Technique</td></tr><tr><td>PESP</td><td>Periodic Event Scheduling Problem</td></tr><tr><td>PID</td><td>Proportional Integral Derivative</td></tr><tr><td>POMDP</td><td>Partially Observable Markov Decision Process</td></tr><tr><td>PPS</td><td>Production Possibility Set</td></tr><tr><td>PRA</td><td>Probabilistic Risk Assessment</td></tr><tr><td>PSM</td><td>Problem Structuring Method</td></tr><tr><td>PTAS</td><td>Polynomial-Time Approximation Scheme</td></tr><tr><td>QRA</td><td>Quantile Regression Averaging or Quantitative Risk Assessment</td></tr><tr><td>R&D</td><td>Research and Development</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>RCPSP</td><td>Resource-Constrained Project Scheduling Problem</td></tr><tr><td>RES</td><td>Renewable Energy Sources</td></tr><tr><td>RFID</td><td>Radio-Frequency Identification</td></tr><tr><td>RINS</td><td>Relaxation-Induced Neighbourhood Search</td></tr><tr><td>RL</td><td>Reinforcement Learning or Reverse Logistics</td></tr><tr><td>RM</td><td>Revenue Management</td></tr><tr><td>RMSE</td><td>Root Mean Squared Error</td></tr><tr><td>RNN</td><td>Recurrent Neural Network</td></tr><tr><td>SAA</td><td>Sample Average Approximation</td></tr><tr><td>SARF</td><td>Social Amplification of Risk Framework</td></tr><tr><td>SAT</td><td>SATisfiability (problem)</td></tr><tr><td>SCA</td><td>Strategic Choice Approach</td></tr><tr><td>SCM</td><td>Supply Chain Management</td></tr><tr><td>SD</td><td>Systems Dynamics</td></tr><tr><td>SDM</td><td>Structured Decision Making</td></tr><tr><td>SFA</td><td>Stochastic Frontier Analysis</td></tr><tr><td>SI</td><td>Systemic Intervention</td></tr><tr><td>SIS</td><td>Schools Infection Survey</td></tr><tr><td>SISO</td><td>Single-Input-Single-Output</td></tr><tr><td>SODA</td><td>Strategic Options Development and Analysis</td></tr><tr><td>SR</td><td>Segment Routing</td></tr><tr><td>SRCPSP</td><td>Stochastic Resource-Constrained Project Scheduling Problem</td></tr><tr><td>SSM</td><td>Soft Systems Methodology</td></tr><tr><td>SST</td><td>Shortest Spanning Trees</td></tr><tr><td>STP</td><td>Steiner Tree Problem (in graphs)</td></tr><tr><td>SVF</td><td>Support Vector Frontiers</td></tr><tr><td>SVM</td><td>Support Vector Machine</td></tr><tr><td>TE</td><td>Traffic Engineering</td></tr><tr><td>TFP</td><td>Total Factor Productivity</td></tr><tr><td>TPS</td><td>Toyota Production System</td></tr><tr><td>TSP</td><td>Travelling Salesman Problem</td></tr><tr><td>TTP</td><td>Travelling Tournament Problem</td></tr><tr><td>UDE</td><td>UnDesirable Effects</td></tr><tr><td>UFLP</td><td>Uncapacitated Facility Location Problem</td></tr><tr><td>VaR</td><td>Value at Risk</td></tr><tr><td>VAR</td><td>Vector AutoRegressive (model)</td></tr><tr><td>VMI</td><td>Vendor Managed Inventory</td></tr><tr><td>VPP</td><td>Virtual Power Plant</td></tr><tr><td>VRP</td><td>Vehicle Routing Problems</td></tr><tr><td>VSM</td><td>Viable Systems Model or Value Stream Map</td></tr><tr><td>VSS</td><td>Value of Stochastic Solution</td></tr><tr><td>VUCA</td><td>Volatile, Uncertain, Complex and Ambiguous</td></tr><tr><td>WHO</td><td>World Health Organisation</td></tr></table>