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Krasnopolsky VA (2013) S₃ and S₄ abundances and improved chemical kinetic model for the lower atmosphere of Venus. Icarus 225:570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2013.04.026

Krasnopolsky VA (2017) On the iron chloride aerosol in the clouds of Venus. Icarus 286:134–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2016.10.003

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Lebonnois S, Schubert G, Forget F, Spiga A (2018) Planetary boundary layer and slope winds on Venus. Icarus 314:149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2018.06.006

Lebonnois S, Schubert G, Kremic T et al (2020) An experimental study of the mixing of CO₂ and N₂ under conditions found at the surface of Venus. Icarus 338:113550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2019.113550

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Lefèvre M, Lebonnois S, Three-Dimensional SA (2018) Turbulence-resolving modeling of the venusian cloud layer and induced gravity waves: inclusion of complete radiative transfer and wind shear. J Geophys Res, Planets 123:2773. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JE005679

Lefèvre M, Spiga A, Lebonnois S (2020) Mesoscale modeling of Venus’ bow-shape waves. Icarus 335:113376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2019.07.010

Lorenz RD, Crisp D, Huber L (2018) Venus atmospheric structure and dynamics from the VEGA lander and balloons: new results and PDS archive. Icarus 305:277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2017.12.044

Lourenço DL et al (2020) Plutonic-squishy lid: a new global tectonic regime generated by intrusive magmatism on Earth-like planets. Geochem Geophys Geosyst 21:e2019GC008756. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GC008756

Mahieux A, Wilquet V, Vandaele AC et al (2015) Hydrogen halides measurements in the Venus mesosphere retrieved from SOIR on board Venus express. Planet Space Sci 113:264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2014.12.014

Mahieux et al (2023) Update on SO₂, detection of OCS, CS, CS₂, and SO₃, and upper limits of H₂S and HOCl in the Venus mesosphere using SOIR on board Venus Express. Icarus 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2023.115556

Maiorov BS, Ignat’ev NI, Moroz VI et al (2005) A new analysis of the spectra obtained by the Venera missions in the venusian atmosphere. I. The analysis of the data received from the Venera 11 probe at altitudes below 37 km in the 0.44–0.66 µm wavelength range. Sol Syst Res 39:267–282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11208-005-0042-1

Marcq E, Bézard B, Drossart P et al (2008) A latitudinal survey of CO, OCS, H₂O, and SO₂ in the lower atmosphere of Venus: spectroscopic studies using VIRTIS-H. J Geophys Res, Planets 113:E00B07. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JE003074

Marcq E, Bertaux J-L, Montmessin F, Belyaev D (2013) Variations of sulphur dioxide at the cloud top of Venus’s dynamic atmosphere. Nat Geosci 6:25. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1650

Marcq E, Mills FP, Parkinson CD, Vandaele AC (2018) Composition and chemistry of the neutral atmosphere of Venus. Space Sci Rev 214:10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-017-0438-5

Marcq et al (2020) Climatology of SO² and UV absorber at Venus’ cloud top from SPICAV-UV nadir dataset. Icarus 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2019.07.002

Marcq E, Amine I, Duquesnoy M, Bézard B (2021) Evidence for SO₂ latitudinal variations below the clouds of Venus. Astron Astrophys 648:L8. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202140837

Marcq E, Bézard B, Reess JM, Henry F, Érard S et al (2023) Minor species in Venus’ night side troposphere as observed by VIRTIS-H/Venus express. Icarus 405:115714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2023.115714

Mills FP, Allen M (2007) A review of selected issues concerning the chemistry in Venus’ middle atmosphere. Planet Space Sci 55:1729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2007.01.012

Moore WB et al (2017) Heat-pipe planets. Earth Planet Sci Lett 474:13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.06.015

Morellina S, Bellan J (2022) Turbulent chemical-species mixing in the Venus lower atmosphere at different altitudes: a direct numerical simulation study relevant to understanding species spatial distribution. Icarus 371:114686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2021.114686

Morellina S, Bellan J, Cutts J (2020) Global thermodynamic, transport-property and dynamic characteristics of the Venus lower atmosphere below the cloud layer. Icarus 350:113761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2020.113761
Krasnopolsky VA (2010) Spatially-resolved high-resolution spectroscopy of Venus 1. Variations of CO₂, CO, HF, and HCl at the cloud tops. Icarus 208:539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2010.02.012

Krasnopolsky VA (2013) S₃ and S₄ abundances and improved chemical kinetic model for the lower atmosphere of Venus. Icarus 225:570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2013.04.026

Krasnopolsky VA (2017) On the iron chloride aerosol in the clouds of Venus. Icarus 286:134–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2016.10.003

Lebonnois S, Schubert G (2017) The deep atmosphere of Venus and the possible role of density-driven separation of CO₂ and N₂. Nat Geosci 10:473. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2971

Lebonnois S, Schubert G, Forget F, Spiga A (2018) Planetary boundary layer and slope winds on Venus. Icarus 314:149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2018.06.006

Lebonnois S, Schubert G, Kremic T et al (2020) An experimental study of the mixing of CO₂ and N₂ under conditions found at the surface of Venus. Icarus 338:113550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2019.113550

Lécuyer C, Simon L, Guyot F (2000) Comparison of carbon, nitrogen and water budgets on Venus and the Earth. Earth Planet Sci Lett 181:33. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00195-3

Lefèvre M (2022) Venus boundary layer dynamics; Eolian transport and convective vortex. Icarus 387:115167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2022.115167

Lefèvre M, Lebonnois S, Three-Dimensional SA (2018) Turbulence-resolving modeling of the venusian cloud layer and induced gravity waves: inclusion of complete radiative transfer and wind shear. J Geophys Res, Planets 123:2773. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JE005679

Lefèvre M, Spiga A, Lebonnois S (2020) Mesoscale modeling of Venus’ bow-shape waves. Icarus 335:113376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2019.07.010

Lorenz RD, Crisp D, Huber L (2018) Venus atmospheric structure and dynamics from the VEGA lander and balloons: new results and PDS archive. Icarus 305:277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2017.12.044

Lourenço DL et al (2020) Plutonic-squishy lid: a new global tectonic regime generated by intrusive magmatism on Earth-like planets. Geochem Geophys Geosyst 21:e2019GC008756. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GC008756

Mahieux A, Wilquet V, Vandaele AC et al (2015) Hydrogen halides measurements in the Venus mesosphere retrieved from SOIR on board Venus express. Planet Space Sci 113:264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2014.12.014

Mahieux et al (2023) Update on SO₂, detection of OCS, CS, CS₂, and SO₃, and upper limits of H₂S and HOCl in the Venus mesosphere using SOIR on board Venus Express. Icarus 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2023.115556

Maiorov BS, Ignat’ev NI, Moroz VI et al (2005) A new analysis of the spectra obtained by the Venera missions in the venusian atmosphere. I. The analysis of the data received from the Venera 11 probe at altitudes below 37 km in the 0.44–0.66 µm wavelength range. Sol Syst Res 39:267–282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11208-005-0042-1

Marcq E, Bézard B, Drossart P et al (2008) A latitudinal survey of CO, OCS, H₂O, and SO₂ in the lower atmosphere of Venus: spectroscopic studies using VIRTIS-H. J Geophys Res, Planets 113:E00B07. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JE003074

Marcq E, Bertaux J-L, Montmessin F, Belyaev D (2013) Variations of sulphur dioxide at the cloud top of Venus’s dynamic atmosphere. Nat Geosci 6:25. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1650

Marcq E, Mills FP, Parkinson CD, Vandaele AC (2018) Composition and chemistry of the neutral atmosphere of Venus. Space Sci Rev 214:10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-017-0438-5

Marcq et al (2020) Climatology of SO² and UV absorber at Venus’ cloud top from SPICAV-UV nadir dataset. Icarus 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2019.07.002

Marcq E, Amine I, Duquesnoy M, Bézard B (2021) Evidence for SO₂ latitudinal variations below the clouds of Venus. Astron Astrophys 648:L8. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202140837

Marcq E, Bézard B, Reess JM, Henry F, Érard S et al (2023) Minor species in Venus’ night side troposphere as observed by VIRTIS-H/Venus express. Icarus 405:115714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2023.115714

Mills FP, Allen M (2007) A review of selected issues concerning the chemistry in Venus’ middle atmosphere. Planet Space Sci 55:1729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2007.01.012

Moore WB et al (2017) Heat-pipe planets. Earth Planet Sci Lett 474:13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.06.015

Morellina S, Bellan J (2022) Turbulent chemical-species mixing in the Venus lower atmosphere at different altitudes: a direct numerical simulation study relevant to understanding species spatial distribution. Icarus 371:114686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2021.114686

Morellina S, Bellan J, Cutts J (2020) Global thermodynamic, transport-property and dynamic characteristics of the Venus lower atmosphere below the cloud layer. Icarus 350:113761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2020.113761
Morlok A, Klemme S, Weber I et al (2019) Mid-infrared spectroscopy of planetary analogs: a database for planetary remote sensing. *Icarus* 324:86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2019.02.010

Mortier A, Goloub P, Podvin T et al (2013) Detection and characterization of volcanic ash plumes over Lille during the Eyjafjallajökull eruption. *Appl Cogn Psychol* 13:3705. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-3705-2013

Namiki N, Solomon SC (1998) Volcanic degassing of argon and helium and the history of crustal production on Venus. *J Geophys Res* 103:3655. https://doi.org/10.1029/97JE03032

Noack L, Breuer D, Spohn T (2012) Coupling the atmosphere with interior dynamics: implications for the resurfacing of Venus. *Icarus* 217(2):484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2011.08.026

Nordström T, Stenberg G, Nilsson H et al (2013) Venus ion outflow estimates at solar minimum: influence of reference frames and disturbed solar wind conditions. *J Geophys Res Space Phys* 118:3592. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgra.50305

Omran A, Oze C, Jackson B, Mehta LM, Barge LM, Bada J, Pasek MA (2021) Phosphine generation pathways on rocky planets. *Astrobiology* 21:10. https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2021.0034

Oppenheimer C, Scaillet B, Martin RS (2011) Sulfur degassing from volcanoes: source conditions, surveillance, plume chemistry and Earth system impacts. *Rev Mineral Geochem* 73:363. https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2011.73.13

Oppenheimer C, Fischer T, Scaillet B (2014) Volcanic degassing: process and impact. In: Holland HD, Turekian KK (eds) Treatise on geochemistry, 2nd edn. vol 4 (pp. 111–179). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-095975-7.00304-1

O'Reilly TC, Davies GF (1981) Magma transport of heat on Io: A mechanism allowing a thick lithosphere. *Geophys Res Lett* 8. https://doi.org/10.1029/GL008I004p00313

O'Rourke JG, Korenaga J (2015) Thermal evolution of Venus with argon degassing. *Icarus* 260:128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2015.07.009

Oschlisnikok J, Häusler B, Pätzold M, Tellmann S, Bird MK, Peter K, Andert TP (2021) Sulfuric acid vapor and sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere of Venus as observed by the Venus express radio science experiment VeRa. *Icarus* 362:114405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2021.114405

Oyama VI, Carle GC, Woeller F, Pollack JB, Reynolds RT, Craig RA (1980) Pioneer Venus gas chromatography of the lower atmosphere of Venus. *J Geophys Res* 85(A13):7861

Parkinson CD, Gao P, Esposito L, Yung Y, Bougher S, Hirtzig M (2015) Photochemical control of the distribution of Venusian water. *Planet Space Sci* 113–114:226–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2015.02.015

Patrakeev A, Trokhimovskiy A, Korablev O et al (2022) The Venus infrared atmospheric gases linker instrument concept for solar occultation studies of Venus atmosphere composition and structure onboard the Venus Orbiter Mission of the Indian Space Research Organization. In: Proc. SPIE 12138, Optics, Photonics and Digital Technologies for Imaging Applications VII, 1213810. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2632371

Petryanov IV, Andreichikov BM, Korchuganov BN et al (1981) Application of the FP filter to study aerosol of Venus clouds. *Dokl Akad Nauk Ukr SSR* 258:57

Phillips RJ, Raubertas RF, Arvidson RE et al (1992) Impact craters and Venus resurfacing history. *J Geophys Res* 97:15923. https://doi.org/10.1029/92JE01696

Pollack JB, Dalton JB, Grinspoon DH, Wattson RB, Freedman R, Crisp D, Allen DA, Bézard B, de Bergh C, Giver L, Ma Q, Tipping R (1993) Near-infrared light from Venus' nightside: a spectroscopic analysis. *Icarus* 103:1. https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1993.1055

Radoman-Shaw BG, Harvey RP, Costa G, Jacobson NS, Avishai A, Nakley LM Vento D (2022) Experiments on the reactivity of basaltic minerals and glasses in Venus surface conditions using the Glenn Extreme Environment Rig. *Meteorit Planet Sci* 24:1796–1819. https://doi.org/10.1111/maps.13902

Ragent B, Esposito LW, Tomasko MG et al (1985) Particulate matter in the Venus atmosphere. *Adv Space Res* 5:85. https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(85)90199-1

Rimmer PB, Jordan S, Constantinou T et al (2021) Hydroxide salts in the clouds of Venus: their effect on the sulfur cycle and cloud droplet pH. *Planet Space Sci* J 2:133. https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/ac0156

Robert S, Macovenco C, Lefèvre M et al (2021) Detecting Venus' volcanic gas plumes with VenSpec-H. In: European planetary science congress *EPSC2021*–678. https://doi.org/10.5194/epsc2021-678

Rolf T, Weller M, Gülcher A et al (2022) Dynamics and evolution of Venus' mantle through time. *Space Sci Rev* 218:70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-022-00937-9

Romeo I, Turcotte DL (2010) Resurfacing on Venus. *Planet Space Sci* 58(10):1374–1380

Rossi F, Saboia M, Krishnamoorthya S, Vander Hook J (2023) Proximal exploration of Venus volcanism with teams of autonomous buoyancy-controlled balloons. *Acta Astronaut*. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2023.03.003

Santos AR, Gilmore MS, Greenwood JP, Nakley LM, Phillips K, Kremic T, Lopez X (2023) Experimental weathering of rocks and minerals at Venus conditions in the Glenn Extreme Environments Rig (GEER). *J Geophys Res* 128:e2022JE007423. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JE007423
Morlok A, Klemme S, Weber I et al (2019) Mid-infrared spectroscopy of planetary analogs: a database for planetary remote sensing. Icarus 324:86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2019.02.010

Mortier A, Goloub P, Podvin T et al (2013) Detection and characterization of volcanic ash plumes over Lille during the Eyjafjallajökull eruption. Appl Cogn Psychol 13:3705. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-3705-2013

Namiki N, Solomon SC (1998) Volcanic degassing of argon and helium and the history of crustal production on Venus. J Geophys Res 103:3655. https://doi.org/10.1029/97JE03032

Noack L, Breuer D, Spohn T (2012) Coupling the atmosphere with interior dynamics: implications for the resurfacing of Venus. Icarus 217(2):484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2011.08.026

Nordström T, Stenberg G, Nilsson H et al (2013) Venus ion outflow estimates at solar minimum: influence of reference frames and disturbed solar wind conditions. J Geophys Res Space Phys 118:3592. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgra.50305

Omran A, Oze C, Jackson B, Mehta LM, Barge LM, Bada J, Pasek MA (2021) Phosphine generation pathways on rocky planets. Astrobiology 21:10. https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2021.0034

Oppenheimer C, Scaillet B, Martin RS (2011) Sulfur degassing from volcanoes: source conditions, surveillance, plume chemistry and Earth system impacts. Rev Mineral Geochem 73:363. https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2011.73.13

Oppenheimer C, Fischer T, Scaillet B (2014) Volcanic degassing: process and impact. In: Holland HD, Turekian KK (eds) Treatise on geochemistry, 2nd edn. vol 4 (pp. 111–179). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-095975-7.00304-1

O'Reilly TC, Davies GF (1981) Magma transport of heat on Io: A mechanism allowing a thick lithosphere. Geophys Res Lett 8. https://doi.org/10.1029/GL008I004p00313

O'Rourke JG, Korenaga J (2015) Thermal evolution of Venus with argon degassing. Icarus 260:128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2015.07.009

Oschlisnikov J, Häusler B, Pätzold M, Tellmann S, Bird MK, Peter K, Andert TP (2021) Sulfuric acid vapor and sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere of Venus as observed by the Venus express radio science experiment VeRa. Icarus 362:114405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2021.114405

Oyama VI, Carle GC, Woeller F, Pollack JB, Reynolds RT, Craig RA (1980) Pioneer Venus gas chromatography of the lower atmosphere of Venus. J Geophys Res 85(A13):7861

Parkinson CD, Gao P, Esposito L, Yung Y, Bougher S, Hirtzig M (2015) Photochemical control of the distribution of Venusian water. Planet Space Sci 113–114:226–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2015.02.015

Patrakeev A, Trokhimovskiy A, Korablev O et al (2022) The Venus infrared atmospheric gases linker instrument concept for solar occultation studies of Venus atmosphere composition and structure onboard the Venus Orbiter Mission of the Indian Space Research Organization. In: Proc. SPIE 12138, Optics, Photonics and Digital Technologies for Imaging Applications VII, 1213810. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2632371

Petryanov IV, Andreichikov BM, Korchuganov BN et al (1981) Application of the FP filter to study aerosol of Venus clouds. Dokl Akad Nauk Ukr SSR 258:57

Phillips RJ, Raubertas RF, Arvidson RE et al (1992) Impact craters and Venus resurfacing history. J Geophys Res 97:15923. https://doi.org/10.1029/92JE01696

Pollack JB, Dalton JB, Grinspoon DH, Wattson RB, Freedman R, Crisp D, Allen DA, Bézard B, de Bergh C, Giver L, Ma Q, Tipping R (1993) Near-infrared light from Venus’ nightside: a spectroscopic analysis. Icarus 103:1. https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1993.1055

Radoman-Shaw BG, Harvey RP, Costa G, Jacobson NS, Avishai A, Nakley LM Vento D (2022) Experiments on the reactivity of basaltic minerals and glasses in Venus surface conditions using the Glenn Extreme Environment Rig. Meteorit Planet Sci 24:1796–1819. https://doi.org/10.1111/maps.13902

Ragent B, Esposito LW, Tomasko MG et al (1985) Particulate matter in the Venus atmosphere. Adv Space Res 5:85. https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(85)90199-1

Rimmer PB, Jordan S, Constantinou T et al (2021) Hydroxide salts in the clouds of Venus: their effect on the sulfur cycle and cloud droplet pH. Planet Sci J 2:133. https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/ac0156

Robert S, Macovenco C, Lefèvre M et al (2021) Detecting Venus’ volcanic gas plumes with VenSpec-H. In: European planetary science congress EPSC2021-678. https://doi.org/10.5194/epsc2021-678

Rolf T, Weller M, Gülcher A et al (2022) Dynamics and evolution of Venus’ mantle through time. Space Sci Rev 218:70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-022-00937-9

Romeo I, Turcotte DL (2010) Resurfacing on Venus. Planet Space Sci 58(10):1374–1380

Rossi F, Saboia M, Krishnamoorthya S, Vander Hook J (2023) Proximal exploration of Venus volcanism with teams of autonomous buoyancy-controlled balloons. Acta Astronaut. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2023.03.003

Santos AR, Gilmore MS, Greenwood JP, Nakley LM, Phillips K, Kremic T, Lopez X (2023) Experimental weathering of rocks and minerals at Venus conditions in the Glenn Extreme Environments Rig (GEER). J Geophys Res 128:e2022JE007423. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JE007423
Sato TM, Sagawa H (2023) A new constraint on HCl abundance at the cloud top of Venus. Icarus 390:115307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2022.115307

Schaber GG, Strom RG, Moore HJ et al (1992) Geology and distribution of impact craters on Venus: what are they telling us? J Geophys Res 97:13257. https://doi.org/10.1029/92JE01246

Schaefer L, Fegley B Jr (2017) Redox states of initial atmospheres outgassed on rocky planets and planetesimals. Astrophys J 843:120. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa784f

Schmidt A, Leadbetter S, Theys N et al (2015) Satellite detection, long-range transport, and air quality impacts of volcanic sulfur dioxide from the 2014–2015 flood lava eruption at Bárðarbunga (Iceland). J Geophys Res 120:9739. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023638

Seiff A, Schofield JT, Kliore AJ et al (1985) Models of the structure of the atmosphere of Venus from the surface to 100 kilometers altitude. Adv Space Res 5(11):3–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(85)90197-8

Shalygin EV, Markiewicz WJ, Basilevsky AT et al (2015) Active volcanism on Venus in the Ganiki Chasma rift zone. Geophys Res Lett 42:4762. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL064088

Shao WD, Zhang X, Bierson CJ, Encrenaz T (2020) Revisiting the sulfur-water chemical system in the middle atmosphere of Venus. J Geophys Res, Planets 125:e06195. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JE006195

Smrekar SE, Stofan ER, Mueller N et al (2010) Recent hotspot volcanism on Venus from VIRTIS emissivity data. Science 328:605. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1186785

Solomon SC, Head JW (1982) Mechanisms for lithospheric heat transport on Venus: implications for tectonic style and volcanism. J Geophys Res 87. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB087iB11p09236

Stofan ER et al (2005) Resurfacing styles and rates on Venus: assessment of 18 venusian quadrangles. Icarus 173:312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2004.08.004

Stofan ER, Smrekar SE, Mueller N, Helbert J (2016) Themis Regio, Venus: evidence for recent (?) volcanism from VIRTIS data. Icarus 271:375–386

Strom RG, Schaber GG, Dawsow DD (1994) The global resurfacing of Venus. J Geophys Res 99:10899. https://doi.org/10.1029/94JE00388

Surkov YA, Shcheglov OP, Ryvkin ML et al (1987) Profile of water vapor content in the atmosphere of Venus from the results of experiments aboard VEGA-1 and VEGA-2. Sol Syst Res 20:122

Suzuki A, Ando H, Takagi M, Maejima Y, Sugimoto N, Matsuda Y (2023) Dependency of the vertical propagation of mountain waves on the zonal wind and the static stability in the lower Venusian atmosphere. Icarus 402:115615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2023.115615

Symonds RB, Rose WI, Bluth GJS, Gerlach TM (1994) Volcanic gas studies: methods, results, and applications. In: Carroll MR, Holloway JR (eds) Volatiles in magma. Reviews in Mineralogy, vol 30. Mineral. Soc. Am., Washington, pp 1–66. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501509674-007

Taylor FW, Crisp D, Bézard B (1997) Near-infrared sounding of the lower atmosphere of Venus. In: Bougher SW, Hunten DM, Philips RJ (eds) Venus II. Geology, geophysics, atmosphere, and solar wind environment. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, p 325

Tellmann S, Haeusler B, Paetzold M, Bird MK, Tyler GL, Andert T, Remus S (2009) The structure of the Venus neutral atmosphere as seen by the radio science experiment VeRa on Venus express. J Geophys Res, Planets 114:E00B36. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JE003204

Titov DV, Markiewicz WJ, Ignatiev NI et al (2012) Morphology of the cloud tops as observed by the Venus express monitoring camera. Icarus 217:682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2011.06.020

Titov DV, Ignatiev NI, McGouldrick K et al (2018) Clouds and Hazes of Venus. Space Sci Rev 214:126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-018-0552-z

Treiman AH, Justin Filiberto J, Vander KE, Kaaden KE (2021) Near-infrared reflectance of rocks at high temperature: preliminary results and implications for near-infrared emissivity Venus’s surface. Planet Sci J 2:43. https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/abd546

Truong N, Lunine JI (2021) Volcanically extruded phosphides as an abiotic source of Venusian phosphine. Proc Natl Acad Sci 118:e2021689118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2021689118

Tsang CCC, McGouldrick K (2017) General circulation of Venus from a long-term synoptic study of tropospheric CO by Venus Express/VIRTIS. Icarus 289:173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2017.02.018

Tsang CCC, Irwin PGJ, Wilson CF et al (2008) Tropospheric carbon monoxide concentrations and variability on Venus from Venus Express/VIRTIS-M observations. J Geophys Res, Planets 113:E00B08. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JE003089

van Zelst I (2022) Comment on “Estimates on the frequency of volcanic eruptions on Venus” by Byrne and Krishnamoorthy. J Geophys Res, Planets 127:e2022JE007448. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JE007448

Vandaele AC, Kruglanski M, De Mazière M (2006) Modeling and retrieval of atmospheric spectra using ASIMUT. Proceedings of the 1st EPS/MetOp RAO Workshop, 15-17 May 2006, ESRIN, Frascati, Italy. ESA Special Publications, vol. SP-618. ESA Publications Division, Nordwijk

Vandaele AC et al (2016) Carbon monoxide observed in Venus' atmosphere with SOIR/VEX. Icarus 272:48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2016.02.025
Sato TM, Sagawa H (2023) A new constraint on HCl abundance at the cloud top of Venus. Icarus 390:115307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2022.115307

Schaber GG, Strom RG, Moore HJ et al (1992) Geology and distribution of impact craters on Venus: what are they telling us? J Geophys Res 97:13257. https://doi.org/10.1029/92JE01246

Schaefer L, Fegley B Jr (2017) Redox states of initial atmospheres outgassed on rocky planets and planetesimals. Astrophys J 843:120. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa784f

Schmidt A, Leadbetter S, Theys N et al (2015) Satellite detection, long-range transport, and air quality impacts of volcanic sulfur dioxide from the 2014–2015 flood lava eruption at Bárðarbunga (Iceland). J Geophys Res 120:9739. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023638

Seiff A, Schofield JT, Kliore AJ et al (1985) Models of the structure of the atmosphere of Venus from the surface to 100 kilometers altitude. Adv Space Res 5(11):3–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(85)90197-8

Shalygin EV, Markiewicz WJ, Basilevsky AT et al (2015) Active volcanism on Venus in the Ganiki Chasma rift zone. Geophys Res Lett 42:4762. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL064088

Shao WD, Zhang X, Bierson CJ, Encrenaz T (2020) Revisiting the sulfur-water chemical system in the middle atmosphere of Venus. J Geophys Res, Planets 125:e06195. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JE006195

Smrekar SE, Stofan ER, Mueller N et al (2010) Recent hotspot volcanism on Venus from VIRTIS emissivity data. Science 328:605. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1186785

Solomon SC, Head JW (1982) Mechanisms for lithospheric heat transport on Venus: implications for tectonic style and volcanism. J Geophys Res 87. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB087iB11p09236

Stofan ER et al (2005) Resurfacing styles and rates on Venus: assessment of 18 venusian quadrangles. Icarus 173:312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2004.08.004

Stofan ER, Smrekar SE, Mueller N, Helbert J (2016) Themis Regio, Venus: evidence for recent (?) volcanism from VIRTIS data. Icarus 271:375–386

Strom RG, Schaber GG, Dawsow DD (1994) The global resurfacing of Venus. J Geophys Res 99:10899. https://doi.org/10.1029/94JE00388

Surkov YA, Shcheglov OP, Ryvkin ML et al (1987) Profile of water vapor content in the atmosphere of Venus from the results of experiments aboard VEGA-1 and VEGA-2. Sol Syst Res 20:122

Suzuki A, Ando H, Takagi M, Maejima Y, Sugimoto N, Matsuda Y (2023) Dependency of the vertical propagation of mountain waves on the zonal wind and the static stability in the lower Venusian atmosphere. Icarus 402:115615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2023.115615

Symonds RB, Rose WI, Bluth GJS, Gerlach TM (1994) Volcanic gas studies: methods, results, and applications. In: Carroll MR, Holloway JR (eds) Volatiles in magma. Reviews in Mineralogy, vol 30. Mineral. Soc. Am., Washington, pp 1–66. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501509674-007

Taylor FW, Crisp D, Bézard B (1997) Near-infrared sounding of the lower atmosphere of Venus. In: Bougher SW, Hunten DM, Philips RJ (eds) Venus II. Geology, geophysics, atmosphere, and solar wind environment. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, p 325

Tellmann S, Haeusler B, Paetzold M, Bird MK, Tyler GL, Andert T, Remus S (2009) The structure of the Venus neutral atmosphere as seen by the radio science experiment VeRa on Venus express. J Geophys Res, Planets 114:E00B36. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JE003204

Titov DV, Markiewicz WJ, Ignatiev NI et al (2012) Morphology of the cloud tops as observed by the Venus express monitoring camera. Icarus 217:682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2011.06.020

Titov DV, Ignatiev NI, McGouldrick K et al (2018) Clouds and Hazes of Venus. Space Sci Rev 214:126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-018-0552-z

Treiman AH, Justin Filiberto J, Vander KE, Kaaden KE (2021) Near-infrared reflectance of rocks at high temperature: preliminary results and implications for near-infrared emissivity Venus’s surface. Planet Sci J 2:43. https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/abd546

Truong N, Lunine JI (2021) Volcanically extruded phosphides as an abiotic source of Venusian phosphine. Proc Natl Acad Sci 118:e2021689118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2021689118

Tsang CCC, McGouldrick K (2017) General circulation of Venus from a long-term synoptic study of tropospheric CO by Venus Express/VIRTIS. Icarus 289:173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2017.02.018

Tsang CCC, Irwin PGJ, Wilson CF et al (2008) Tropospheric carbon monoxide concentrations and variability on Venus from Venus Express/VIRTIS-M observations. J Geophys Res, Planets 113:E00B08. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JE003089

van Zelst I (2022) Comment on “Estimates on the frequency of volcanic eruptions on Venus” by Byrne and Krishnamoorthy. J Geophys Res, Planets 127:e2022JE007448. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JE007448

Vandaele AC, Kruglanski M, De Mazière M (2006) Modeling and retrieval of atmospheric spectra using ASIMUT. Proceedings of the 1st EPS/MetOp RAO Workshop, 15-17 May 2006, ESRIN, Frascati, Italy. ESA Special Publications, vol. SP-618. ESA Publications Division, Nordwijk

Vandaele AC et al (2016) Carbon monoxide observed in Venus' atmosphere with SOIR/VEX. Icarus 272:48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2016.02.025
Vandaele AC, Korablev O, Belyaev D et al (2017a) Sulfur dioxide in the Venus atmosphere: I. Vertical distribution and variability. Icarus 295:16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2017.05.003

Vandaele AC, Korablev O, Belyaev D et al (2017b) Sulfur dioxide in the Venus atmosphere: II. Spatial and temporal variability. Icarus 295:16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2017.05.001

Villanueva GL, Cordiner M, Irwin PGJ, de Pater I, Butler B, Gurwell M, Milam SN, Nixon CA, Luszcz-Cook SH, Wilson CF, Kofman V, Liuzzi G, Faggi S, Fauchez TJ, Lippi M, Cosentino R, Thelen AE, Moullet A, Hartogh P, Molter EM, Charnley S, Arney GN, Mandell AM, Biver N, Vandaele AC, de Kleer KR, Kopparapu R (2021) No evidence of phosphine in the atmosphere of Venus from independent analyses. Nat Astron 5:631–635. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-021-01422-z

Widemann T, Smrekar SE, Garvin JB et al (2023) Venus evolution through time: key science questions, selected mission concepts and future investigations. Space Sci Rev 219:56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-023-00992-w

Wilson CF, Guerlet S, Irwin PGJ et al (2008) Evidence for anomalous cloud particles at the poles of Venus. J Geophys Res, Planets 113:E00B13. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JE003108

Wood JA (1997) Rock weathering on the surface of Venus. In: Bougher SW, Hunten DM, Philips RJ (eds) Venus II. Geology, geophysics, atmosphere, and solar wind environment. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, p 637

Yung YL, Demore WB (1982) Photochemistry of the stratosphere of Venus: implications for atmospheric evolution. Icarus 51:199. https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(82)90080-X

Yung YL, Liang MC, Jiang X et al (2009) Evidence for carbonyl sulfide (OCS) conversion to CO in the lower atmosphere of Venus. J Geophys Res, Planets 114:E00B34. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JE003094

Zolotov MY (1996) A model of thermochemical equilibrium in the near-surface atmosphere of Venus. Geochem Int 33:80–100

Zolotov MY (2011) On the chemistry of mantle and magmatic volatiles on Mercury. Icarus 212:24–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2010.12.014

Zolotov MY (2018) Gas-solid interactions on Venus and other Solar system bodies. Rev Mineral Geochem 84:351–392. https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2018.84.10

Zolotov MY, Matsui T (2002) Chemical models for volcanic gases on Venus. Lunar Planet Sci Conf 33:1433

Zolotov MY, Mogul R, Limaye SS, Way MJ, Garvin JB (2023) Venus cloud composition suggested from the pioneer Venus large probe neutral mass spectrometer data. Lunar Planet Sci Conf 54:2880

**Publisher's Note** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

## Authors and Affiliations

Colin F. Wilson¹,² ID · Emmanuel Marcq³ · Cédric Gillmann⁴ · Thomas Widemann⁵,⁶ ·

Oleg Korablev⁷ · Nils T. Mueller⁸,⁹ ID · Maxence Lefèvre³ · Paul B. Rimmer¹⁰ ·

Séverine Robert¹¹ · Mikhail Y. Zolotov¹²

<figure><img src="image_11.png" /></figure>

N.T. Mueller

Nils.Mueller@dlr.de

C.F. Wilson

colin.wilson@esa.int

E. Marcq

emmanuel.marcq@latmos.ipsl.fr

C. Gillmann

cgillmann@ethz.ch

T. Widemann

thomas.widemann@obspm.fr

O. Korablev

korab@cosmos.ru

M. Lefèvre

maxence.lefevre@latmos.ipsl.fr
Vandaele AC, Korablev O, Belyaev D et al (2017a) Sulfur dioxide in the Venus atmosphere: I. Vertical distribution and variability. *Icarus* 295:16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2017.05.003

Vandaele AC, Korablev O, Belyaev D et al (2017b) Sulfur dioxide in the Venus atmosphere: II. Spatial and temporal variability. *Icarus* 295:16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2017.05.001

Villanueva GL, Cordiner M, Irwin PGJ, de Pater I, Butler B, Gurwell M, Milam SN, Nixon CA, Luszcz-Cook SH, Wilson CF, Kofman V, Liuzzi G, Faggi S, Fauchez TJ, Lippi M, Cosentino R, Thelen AE, Moullet A, Hartogh P, Molter EM, Charnley S, Arney GN, Mandell AM, Biver N, Vandaele AC, de Kleer KR, Kopparapu R (2021) No evidence of phosphine in the atmosphere of Venus from independent analyses. *Nat Astron* 5:631–635. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-021-01422-z

Widemann T, Smrekar SE, Garvin JB et al (2023) Venus evolution through time: key science questions, selected mission concepts and future investigations. *Space Sci Rev* 219:56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-023-00992-w

Wilson CF, Guerlet S, Irwin PGJ et al (2008) Evidence for anomalous cloud particles at the poles of Venus. *J Geophys Res*, Planets 113:E00B13. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JE003108

Wood JA (1997) Rock weathering on the surface of Venus. In: Bougher SW, Hunten DM, Philips RJ (eds) *Venus II. Geology, geophysics, atmosphere, and solar wind environment*. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, p 637

Yung YL, Demore WB (1982) Photochemistry of the stratosphere of Venus: implications for atmospheric evolution. *Icarus* 51:199. https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(82)90080-X

Yung YL, Liang MC, Jiang X et al (2009) Evidence for carbonyl sulfide (OCS) conversion to CO in the lower atmosphere of Venus. *J Geophys Res*, Planets 114:E00B34. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JE003094

Zolotov MY (1996) A model of thermochemical equilibrium in the near-surface atmosphere of Venus. *Geochem Int* 33:80–100

Zolotov MY (2011) On the chemistry of mantle and magmatic volatiles on Mercury. *Icarus* 212:24–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2010.12.014

Zolotov MY (2018) Gas-solid interactions on Venus and other Solar system bodies. *Rev Mineral Geochem* 84:351–392. https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2018.84.10

Zolotov MY, Matsui T (2002) Chemical models for volcanic gases on Venus. *Lunar Planet Sci Conf* 33:1433

Zolotov MY, Mogul R, Limaye SS, Way MJ, Garvin JB (2023) Venus cloud composition suggested from the pioneer Venus large probe neutral mass spectrometer data. *Lunar Planet Sci Conf* 54:2880

**Publisher's Note** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

## Authors and Affiliations

Colin F. Wilson¹,² ID · Emmanuel Marcq³ · Cédric Gillmann⁴ · Thomas Widemann⁵,⁶ ·

Oleg Korablev⁷ · Nils T. Mueller⁸,⁹ ID · Maxence Lefèvre³ · Paul B. Rimmer¹⁰ ·

Séverine Robert¹¹ · Mikhail Y. Zolotov¹²

<figure><img src="image_10.png" /></figure>

N.T. Mueller

Nils.Mueller@dlr.de

C.F. Wilson

colin.wilson@esa.int

E. Marcq

emmanuel.marcq@latmos.ipsl.fr

C. Gillmann

cgillmann@ethz.ch

T. Widemann

thomas.widemann@obspm.fr

O. Korablev

korab@cosmos.ru

M. Lefèvre

maxence.lefevre@latmos.ipsl.fr
P.B. Rimmer
pbr27@cam.ac.uk

S. Robert
severine.robert@aeronomie.be

M.Y. Zolotov
zolotov@asu.edu

1. European Space Agency, Keplerlaan 1, 2201, AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands

2. Physics Dept, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK

3. LATMOS/IPSL, UVSQ Sorbonne Université Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Guyancourt, France

4. ETH Zurich, Institut für Geophysik, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Sonneggstraße 5, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland

5. LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, France

6. Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, DYPAC, 78000 Versailles, France

7. Space Research Institute (IKI), Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia

8. Institute for Planetary Research, DLR, Rutherfordstraße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany

9. Institute of Geosciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Malteserstr. 74-100, 12249 Berlin, Germany

10. Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK

11. Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Brussels, Belgium

12. School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1404, USA
P.B. Rimmer
pbr27@cam.ac.uk

S. Robert
severine.robert@aeronomie.be

M.Y. Zolotov
zolotov@asu.edu

1. European Space Agency, Keplerlaan 1, 2201, AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands

2. Physics Dept, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK

3. LATMOS/IPSL, UVSQ Sorbonne Université Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Guyancourt, France

4. ETH Zurich, Institut für Geophysik, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Sonneggstraße 5, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland

5. LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, France

6. Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, DYPAC, 78000 Versailles, France

7. Space Research Institute (IKI), Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia

8. Institute for Planetary Research, DLR, Rutherfordstraße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany

9. Institute of Geosciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Malteserstr. 74-100, 12249 Berlin, Germany

10. Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK

11. Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Brussels, Belgium

12. School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1404, USA