dementia: a review. *J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry*. (2011) 82:476-86.
doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2010.212225

23. Renton AE, Majounie E, Waite A, Simón-Sánchez J, Rollinson S, Gibbs JR, et al. A hexanucleotide repeat expansion in C9ORF72 is the cause of chromosome 9p21-linked ALS-FTD. *Neuron*. (2011) 72:257-68.
doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.09.010

24. DeJesus-Hernandez M, Mackenzie IR, Boeve BF, Boxer AL, Baker M, Rutherford NJ, et al. Expanded GGGGCC hexanucleotide repeat in noncoding region of C9ORF72 causes chromosome 9p-linked FTD and ALS. *Neuron*. (2011) 72:245-56. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.09.011

25. Gordon E, Rohrer JD, Fox NC. Advances in neuroimaging in frontotemporal dementia. *J Neurochem*. (2016) 138:193-210. doi: 10.1111/jnc.13656

26. Pan P, Song W, Yang J. Gray matter atrophy in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia: a meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometry studies. *Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord*. (2012) 33:141-8. doi: 10.1159/000338176

27. Schroeter ML, Raczka K, Neumann J, Yves von Cramon D. Towards a nosology for frontotemporal lobar degenerations-a meta-analysis involving 267 subjects. *Neuroimage*. (2007) 36:497-510. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.03.024

28. Krämer J, Lueg G, Schifferl P, Vrachimis A, Weckesser M, Wenning C, et al. Diagnostic value of diffusion tensor imaging and positron emission tomography in early stages of frontotemporal dementia. *J Alzheimer's Dis*. (2018) 63:239-53. doi: 10.3233/JAD-170224

29. Kerklaan BJ, van Berckel BNM, Herholz K, Dols A, van der Flier WM, Scheltens P, et al. The added value of 18-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography in the diagnosis of the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia. *Am J Alzheimer's Dis Other Dementias*. (2014) 29:607-13. doi: 10.1177/1533317514524811

30. Schroeter ML, Laird AR, Chwiesko C, Deuschl C, Schneider E, Bzdok D, et al. Conceptualizing neuropsychiatric diseases with multimodal data-driven meta-analyses - The case of behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. *Cortex*. (2014) 57:22-37. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2014.02.022

31. Whitwell J, Josephs K. Recent advances in the imaging of frontotemporal dementia. *Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep*. (2012) 12:715-23. doi: 10.1007/s11910-012-0317-0

32. Rohrer JD, Nicholas JM, Cash DM, van Swieten J, Dopper E, Jiskoot L, et al. Presymptomatic cognitive and neuroanatomical changes in genetic frontotemporal dementia in the Genetic Frontotemporal dementia Initiative (GENFI) study: a cross-sectional analysis. *Lancet Neurol*. (2015) 14:253-62. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70324-2

33. Uflacker A, Edmondson MC, Onyike CU, Appleby BS. Caregiver burden in atypical dementia: comparing frontotemporal dementia, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and Alzheimer's disease. *Int Psychogeriatr*. (2016) 28:269-73. doi: 10.1017/S1041610215001647

34. Hornberger M, Piguet O. Episodic memory in frontotemporal dementia: a critical review. *Brain*. (2012) 135:678-92. doi: 10.1093/brain/aws011

35. Krudop WA, Dols A, Kerssens CJ, Eikelenboom P, Prins ND, Moller C, et al. The pitfall of behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia mimics despite multidisciplinary application of the FTDC criteria. *J Alzheimers Dis*. (2017) 60:959-75. doi: 10.3233/JAD-170608

36. Harris JM, Gall C, Thompson JC, Richardson AMT, Neary D, du Plessis D, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of FTDC criteria for behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. *Neurology*. (2013) 80:1881-7. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318292a342

37. La Marre AK, Rascovsky K, Bostrom A, Toofanian P, Wilkins S, Sha SJ, et al. Interrater reliability of the new criteria for behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. *Neurology*. (2013) 80:1973-7. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318293e368

38. Dols A, Van Liempt S, Gossink F, Krudop WA, Sikkes S, Pijnenburg YAL, et al. Identifying specific clinical symptoms of behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia versus differential psychiatric disorders in patients presenting with a late-onset frontal lobe syndrome. *J Clin Psychiatry*. (2016) 2016:1391-5. doi: 10.4088/JCP.15m09844

39. Manes F. Psychiatric conditions that can mimic early behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia: the importance of the new diagnostic criteria. *Curr Psychiatry Rep*. (2012) 14:450-2. doi: 10.1007/s11920-012-0294-7

40. Valente ES, Caramelli P, Gambogi LB, Mariano LI, Guimarães HC, Teixeira AL, et al. Phenocopy syndrome of behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia: a systematic review. *Alzheimers Res Ther*. (2019) 2019:11:30. doi: 10.1186/s13195-019-0483-2

41. Lillo P, Mioshi E, Zuing MC, Kiernan MC, Hodges JR. How common are behavioural changes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis? *Amyotroph Lateral Scler*. (2011) 12:45-51. doi: 10.3109/17482968.2010.520718

42. Burrell JR, Halliday GM, Kril JJ, Ittner LM, Götz J, Kiernan MC, et al. The frontotemporal dementia-motor neuron disease continuum. *Lancet*. (2016) 388:919-31. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00737-6

43. Ghosh A, Dutt A, Bhargava P, Snowden J. Environmental dependency behaviours in frontotemporal dementia: have we been underrating them? *J Neurol*. (2013) 260:861-8. doi: 10.1007/s00415-012-6722-0

44. Schönecker S, Hell F, Bötzel K, Wlasich E, Ackl N, Süßmair C, et al. The applause sign in frontotemporal lobar degeneration and related conditions. *J Neurol*. (2019) 266:330-8. doi: 10.1007/s00415-018-9134-y

45. Hellmuth J, Mirsky J, Heuer HW, Matlin A, Jafari A, Garbutt S, et al. Multicenter validation of a bedside antisaccade task as a measure of executive function. *Neurology*. (2012) 78:1824-31. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318258f785

46. Douglass A, Walterfang M, Velakoulis D, Abel L. Behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia performance on a range of saccadic tasks. *J Alzheimers Dis*. (2018) 65:231-42. doi: 10.3233/JAD-170797

47. Coe BC, Munoz DP. Mechanisms of saccade suppression revealed in the anti-saccade task. *Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci*. (2017) 372:192. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0192

48. Durães J, Tábuas-Pereira M, Araújo R, Duro D, Baldeiras I, Santiago B, et al. The head turning sign in dementia and mild cognitive impairment: its relationship to cognition, behavior, and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers. *Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord*. (2018) 46:42-9. doi: 10.1159/000486531

49. Rankin KP, Santos-Modesitt W, Kramer JH, Pavlic D, Beckman V, Miller BL. Spontaneous social behaviors discriminate behavioral dementias from psychiatric disorders and other dementias. *J Clin Psychiatry*. (2008) 69:60-73. doi: 10.4088/JCP.v69n0109

50. Mendez MF, Fong SS, Shapira JS, Jimenez EE, Kaiser NC, Kremen SA, et al. Observation of social behavior in frontotemporal dementia. *Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen*. (2014) 29:215-21. doi: 10.1177/153331751351 7035

51. Mathias JL, Morphett K. Neurobehavioral differences between Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia : a meta-analysis. *J Clin Exp Neuropsychol*. (2010) 32:682-98. doi: 10.1080/13803390903427414

52. Dols A, Pijnenburg YAL, Wa K, Gossink FT, Stek ML. Late life bipolar disorders evolving into frontotemporal dementia mimic. *Bipolar Disord*. (2015) 17:66-67. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S99229

53. Borroni B, Agosti C, Premi E, Cerini C, Cosseddu M, Paghera B, et al. The FTLD-modified clinical dementia rating scale is a reliable tool for defining disease severity in frontotemporal lobar degeneration: evidence from a brain spect study. *Eur J Neurol*. (2010) 17:703-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02911.x

54. Mioshi E, Hsieh S, Savage S, Hornberger M, Hodges JR. Clinical staging and disease progression in frontotemporal dementia. *Neurology*. (2010) 74:1591-7. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181e04070

55. Malloy P, Grace J. A review of rating scales for measuring behavior change due to frontal systems damage background: changes in cognition due to frontal disease or damage. *Cogn Behav Neurol*. (2005) 18:18-27. doi: 10.1097/01.wnn.0000152232.47901.88

56. Cummings JL. The Neuropsychiatric Inventory: assessing psychopathology in dementia patients. *Neurology*. (1997) 48:10-6. doi: 10.1212/WNL.48.5_Suppl_6.10S

57. Snowden JS, Rollinson S, Thompson JC, Harris JM, Stopford CL, Richardson AMT, et al. Distinct clinical and pathological characteristics of frontotemporal dementia associated with C9ORF72 mutations. *Brain*. (2012) 135:693-708. doi: 10.1093/brain/awr355

58. Devenney E, Hornberger M, Irish M, Mioshi E, Burrell J, Tan R, et al. Frontotemporal dementia associated with the C9ORF72 mutation: a unique clinical profile. *JAMA Neurol*. (2014) 71:331-9. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.6002
dementia: a review. *J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry*. (2011) 82:476-86.
doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2010.212225

23. Renton AE, Majounie E, Waite A, Simón-Sánchez J, Rollinson S, Gibbs JR, et al. A hexanucleotide repeat expansion in C9ORF72 is the cause of chromosome 9p21-linked ALS-FTD. *Neuron*. (2011) 72:257-68.
doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.09.010

24. DeJesus-Hernandez M, Mackenzie IR, Boeve BF, Boxer AL, Baker M, Rutherford NJ, et al. Expanded GGGGCC hexanucleotide repeat in noncoding region of C9ORF72 causes chromosome 9p-linked FTD and ALS. *Neuron*. (2011) 72:245-56. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.09.011

25. Gordon E, Rohrer JD, Fox NC. Advances in neuroimaging in frontotemporal dementia. *J Neurochem*. (2016) 138:193-210. doi: 10.1111/jnc.13656

26. Pan P, Song W, Yang J. Gray matter atrophy in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia: a meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometry studies. *Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord*. (2012) 33:141-8. doi: 10.1159/000338176

27. Schroeter ML, Raczka K, Neumann J, Yves von Cramon D. Towards a nosology for frontotemporal lobar degenerations-a meta-analysis involving 267 subjects. *Neuroimage*. (2007) 36:497-510. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.03.024

28. Krämer J, Lueg G, Schifferl P, Vrachimis A, Weckesser M, Wenning C, et al. Diagnostic value of diffusion tensor imaging and positron emission tomography in early stages of frontotemporal dementia. *J Alzheimer's Dis*. (2018) 63:239-53. doi: 10.3233/JAD-170224

29. Kerklaan BJ, van Berckel BNM, Herholz K, Dols A, van der Flier WM, Scheltens P, et al. The added value of 18-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography in the diagnosis of the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia. *Am J Alzheimer's Dis Other Dementias*. (2014) 29:607-13. doi: 10.1177/1533317514524811

30. Schroeter ML, Laird AR, Chwiesko C, Deuschl C, Schneider E, Bzdok D, et al. Conceptualizing neuropsychiatric diseases with multimodal data-driven meta-analyses - The case of behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. *Cortex*. (2014) 57:22-37. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2014.02.022

31. Whitwell J, Josephs K. Recent advances in the imaging of frontotemporal dementia. *Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep*. (2012) 12:715-23. doi: 10.1007/s11910-012-0317-0

32. Rohrer JD, Nicholas JM, Cash DM, van Swieten J, Dopper E, Jiskoot L, et al. Presymptomatic cognitive and neuroanatomical changes in genetic frontotemporal dementia in the Genetic Frontotemporal dementia Initiative (GENFI) study: a cross-sectional analysis. *Lancet Neurol*. (2015) 14:253-62. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70324-2

33. Uflacker A, Edmondson MC, Onyike CU, Appleby BS. Caregiver burden in atypical dementia: comparing frontotemporal dementia, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and Alzheimer's disease. *Int Psychogeriatr*. (2016) 28:269-73. doi: 10.1017/S1041610215001647

34. Hornberger M, Piguet O. Episodic memory in frontotemporal dementia: a critical review. *Brain*. (2012) 135:678-92. doi: 10.1093/brain/aws011

35. Krudop WA, Dols A, Kerssens CJ, Eikelenboom P, Prins ND, Moller C, et al. The pitfall of behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia mimics despite multidisciplinary application of the FTDC criteria. *J Alzheimers Dis*. (2017) 60:959-75. doi: 10.3233/JAD-170608

36. Harris JM, Gall C, Thompson JC, Richardson AMT, Neary D, du Plessis D, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of FTDC criteria for behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. *Neurology*. (2013) 80:1881-7. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318292a342

37. La Marre AK, Rascovsky K, Bostrom A, Toofanian P, Wilkins S, Sha SJ, et al. Interrater reliability of the new criteria for behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. *Neurology*. (2013) 80:1973-7. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318293e368

38. Dols A, Van Liempt S, Gossink F, Krudop WA, Sikkes S, Pijnenburg YAL, et al. Identifying specific clinical symptoms of behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia versus differential psychiatric disorders in patients presenting with a late-onset frontal lobe syndrome. *J Clin Psychiatry*. (2016) 2016:1391-5. doi: 10.4088/JCP.15m09844

39. Manes F. Psychiatric conditions that can mimic early behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia: the importance of the new diagnostic criteria. *Curr Psychiatry Rep*. (2012) 14:450-2. doi: 10.1007/s11920-012-0294-7

40. Valente ES, Caramelli P, Gambogi LB, Mariano LI, Guimarães HC, Teixeira AL, et al. Phenocopy syndrome of behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia: a systematic review. *Alzheimers Res Ther*. (2019) 2019:11:30. doi: 10.1186/s13195-019-0483-2

41. Lillo P, Mioshi E, Zuing MC, Kiernan MC, Hodges JR. How common are behavioural changes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis? *Amyotroph Lateral Scler*. (2011) 12:45-51. doi: 10.3109/17482968.2010.520718

42. Burrell JR, Halliday GM, Kril JJ, Ittner LM, Götz J, Kiernan MC, et al. The frontotemporal dementia-motor neuron disease continuum. *Lancet*. (2016) 388:919-31. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00737-6

43. Ghosh A, Dutt A, Bhargava P, Snowden J. Environmental dependency behaviours in frontotemporal dementia: have we been underrating them? *J Neurol*. (2013) 260:861-8. doi: 10.1007/s00415-012-6722-0

44. Schönecker S, Hell F, Bötzel K, Wlasich E, Ackl N, Süßmair C, et al. The applause sign in frontotemporal lobar degeneration and related conditions. *J Neurol*. (2019) 266:330-8. doi: 10.1007/s00415-018-9134-y

45. Hellmuth J, Mirsky J, Heuer HW, Matlin A, Jafari A, Garbutt S, et al. Multicenter validation of a bedside antisaccade task as a measure of executive function. *Neurology*. (2012) 78:1824-31. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318258f785

46. Douglass A, Walterfang M, Velakoulis D, Abel L. Behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia performance on a range of saccadic tasks. *J Alzheimers Dis*. (2018) 65:231-42. doi: 10.3233/JAD-170797

47. Coe BC, Munoz DP. Mechanisms of saccade suppression revealed in the anti-saccade task. *Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci*. (2017) 372:192. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0192

48. Durães J, Tábuas-Pereira M, Araújo R, Duro D, Baldeiras I, Santiago B, et al. The head turning sign in dementia and mild cognitive impairment: its relationship to cognition, behavior, and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers. *Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord*. (2018) 46:42-9. doi: 10.1159/000486531

49. Rankin KP, Santos-Modesitt W, Kramer JH, Pavlic D, Beckman V, Miller BL. Spontaneous social behaviors discriminate behavioral dementias from psychiatric disorders and other dementias. *J Clin Psychiatry*. (2008) 69:60-73. doi: 10.4088/JCP.v69n0109

50. Mendez MF, Fong SS, Shapira JS, Jimenez EE, Kaiser NC, Kremen SA, et al. Observation of social behavior in frontotemporal dementia. *Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen*. (2014) 29:215-21. doi: 10.1177/153331751351 7035

51. Mathias JL, Morphett K. Neurobehavioral differences between Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia : a meta-analysis. *J Clin Exp Neuropsychol*. (2010) 32:682-98. doi: 10.1080/13803390903427414

52. Dols A, Pijnenburg YAL, Wa K, Gossink FT, Stek ML. Late life bipolar disorders evolving into frontotemporal dementia mimic. *Bipolar Disord*. (2015) 17:66-67. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S99229

53. Borroni B, Agosti C, Premi E, Cerini C, Cosseddu M, Paghera B, et al. The FTLD-modified clinical dementia rating scale is a reliable tool for defining disease severity in frontotemporal lobar degeneration: evidence from a brain spect study. *Eur J Neurol*. (2010) 17:703-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02911.x

54. Mioshi E, Hsieh S, Savage S, Hornberger M, Hodges JR. Clinical staging and disease progression in frontotemporal dementia. *Neurology*. (2010) 74:1591-7. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181e04070

55. Malloy P, Grace J. A review of rating scales for measuring behavior change due to frontal systems damage background: changes in cognition due to frontal disease or damage. *Cogn Behav Neurol*. (2005) 18:18-27. doi: 10.1097/01.wnn.0000152232.47901.88

56. Cummings JL. The Neuropsychiatric Inventory: assessing psychopathology in dementia patients. *Neurology*. (1997) 48:10-6. doi: 10.1212/WNL.48.5_Suppl_6.10S

57. Snowden JS, Rollinson S, Thompson JC, Harris JM, Stopford CL, Richardson AMT, et al. Distinct clinical and pathological characteristics of frontotemporal dementia associated with C9ORF72 mutations. *Brain*. (2012) 135:693-708. doi: 10.1093/brain/awr355

58. Devenney E, Hornberger M, Irish M, Mioshi E, Burrell J, Tan R, et al. Frontotemporal dementia associated with the C9ORF72 mutation: a unique clinical profile. *JAMA Neurol*. (2014) 71:331-9. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.6002
59. Devenney EM, Ahmed RM, Halliday J, Piguet O, Kiernan MC, Hodges JR. Psychiatric disorders in C9orf72 kindreds. *Neurology*. (2018) 91:6344. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000006344

60. Kertesz A, Davidson W, Fox H. Frontal behavioral inventory: diagnostic criteria for frontal lobe dementia. *Can J Neurol Sci*. (1997) 24:29–36. doi: 10.1017/S0317167100021053

61. Suhonen N-M, Hallikainen I, Hanninen T, Jokelainen J, Kruger J, Hall A, et al. The modified frontal behavioral inventory (FBI-mod) for patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration, alzheimer's disease, and mild cognitive impairment. *J Alzheimer's Dis*. (2017) 56:1241–51. doi: 10.3233/JAD-160983

62. Malloy P, Tremont G, Grace J, Frakey L. The frontal systems behavior scale discriminates frontotemporal dementia from Alzheimer's disease. *Alzheimer's Dement*. (2007) 3:200–3. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2007.04.374

63. Duff K, Paulsen JS, Beglinger LJ, Langbehn DR, Wang C, Stout JC, et al. "Frontal" behaviors before the diagnosis of huntington's disease and their relationship to markers of disease progression: evidence of early lack of awareness. *J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci*. (2010) 22:196–207. doi: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.22.2.196

64. Boutoleau-Bretonnière C, Evrad C, Hardouin JB, Rocher L, Charriau T, Etcharry-Bouyx F, et al. DAPHNE: a new tool for the assessment of the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia. *Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord*. (2015) 5:503–16. doi: 10.1159/000440859

65. Wawrziczny E, Larochette C, Papo D, Constant E, Ducharme F, Kergoat MJ, et al. A customized intervention for dementia caregivers: a quasi-experimental design. *J Aging Health*. (2018) 2018:0898264318770056. doi: 10.1177/0898264318770056

66. Ye S, Rosenbohm A, Böhm S, Uttner I, Ji Y, Ludolph AC, et al. Cognitive and behavioral impairments in German and Chinese ALS populations - a *post-hoc* comparison of national study data. *Amyotroph Lateral Scler. Frontotemporal Degener*. (2018) 2018:1–9. doi: 10.1080/21678421.2018.1542535

67. Hamdy RC, Kinser A, Kendall-Wilson T, Depelteau A, Whalen K. Impulsive, disinhibited behavior-dining in a restaurant. *Gerontol Geriatr Med*. (2018) 4:2333721418756994. doi: 10.1177/2333721418756994

68. Flanagan EC, Lagarde J, Hahn V, Guichart-Gomez E, Sarazin M, Hornberger M, et al. Executive and social-cognitive determinants of environmental dependency syndrome in behavioral frontotemporal dementia. *Neuropsychology*. (2018) 32:377–84. doi: 10.1037/neu0000433

69. O'Callaghan C, Shine JM, Hodges JR, Andrews-Hanna JR, Irish M. Hippocampal atrophy and intrinsic brain network dysfunction relate to alterations in mind wandering in neurodegeneration. *Proc Natl Acad Sci USA*. (2019) 116:3316–21. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1818523116

70. Finney CM, Mendez MF. Diogenes syndrome in frontotemporal dementia. *Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen*. (2017) 32:438–43. doi: 10.1177/15333715717717012

71. Tondo G, De Marchi F, Terazzi E, Sacchetti M, Cantello R. Frontotemporal dementia presenting as gambling disorder: when a psychiatric condition is the clue to a neurodegenerative disease. *Cogn Behav Neurol*. (2017) 30:62–7. doi: 10.1097/WNN.0000000000000122

72. Ghosh A, Dutt A. Utilisation behaviour in frontotemporal dementia. *J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry*. (2010) 81:154–6. doi: 10.1136/jinnp.2008.160416

73. Clark CN, Nicholas JM, Gordon E, Golden HL, Cohen MH, Woodward FJ, et al. Altered sense of humor in dementia. *J Alzheimer's Dis*. (2015) 49:111–9. doi: 10.3233/JAD-150413

74. Diehl-Schmid J, Perneczky R, Koch J, Nedopil N, Kurz A. Guilty by suspicion? Criminal behavior in frontotemporal lobar degeneration. *Cogn Behav Neurol*. (2013) 26:73–7. doi: 10.1097/WNN.0b013e31829cff11

75. Liljegren M, Naasan G, Temlett J, Perry DC, Rankin KP, Merrilees J, et al. Criminal behavior in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer disease. *JAMA Neurol*. (2015) 72:295–300. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.3781

76. Shinagawa S, Shigenobu K, Tagai K, Fukuhara R, Kamimura N, Mori T, et al. Violation of laws in frontotemporal dementia: a multicenter study in Japan. *J Alzheimer's Dis*. (2017) 57:1221–7. doi: 10.3233/JAD-170028

77. Ahmed RM, Goldberg Z, Kaizik C, Kiernan MC, Hodges JR, Piguet O, et al. Neural correlates of changes in sexual function in frontotemporal dementia: implications for reward and physiological functioning. *J Neurol*. (2018) 265:2562–72. doi: 10.1007/s00415-018-9024-3

78. Mendez MF, Shapira JS. Kissing or 'osculation' in frontotemporal dementia. *J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci*. (2014) 26:258–61. doi: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.13060139

79. Mendez MF, Shapira JS. Hypersexual behavior in frontotemporal dementia: a comparison with early-onset Alzheimer's disease. *Arch Sex Behav*. (2013) 42:501–9. doi: 10.1007/s10508-012-0042-4

80. Cheng ST. Dementia caregiver burden: a research update and critical analysis. *Curr Psychiatry Rep*. (2017) 19:2. doi: 10.1007/s11920-017-0818-2

81. Levy R, Dubois B. Apathy and the functional anatomy of the prefrontal cortex-basal ganglia circuits. *Cereb Cortex*. (2006) 16:916–28. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhj043

82. Robert P, Onyike CU, Leentjens AFG, Dujardin K, Aalten P, Starkstein S, et al. Proposed diagnostic criteria for apathy in Alzheimer's disease and other neuropsychiatric disorders. *Eur Psychiatry*. (2009) 24:98–104. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2008.09.001

83. Massimo L, Kales HC, Kolanowski A. State of the science: apathy as a model for investigating behavioral and psychological symptoms in dementia. *J Am Geriatr Soc*. (2018) 66(Suppl 1):S4–12. doi: 10.1111/jgs.15343

84. Massimo L, Powers C, Moore P, Vesely L, Avants B, Gee J, et al. Neuroanatomy of apathy and disinhibition in frontotemporal lobar degeneration. *Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord*. (2009) 27:96–104. doi: 10.1159/000194658

85. Merrilees J, Dowling GA, Hubbard E, Mastick J, Ketelle R, Miller BL. Characterization of apathy in persons with frontotemporal dementia and the impact on family caregivers. *Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord*. (2013) 27:62–7. doi: 10.1097/WAD.0b013e3182471c54

86. Yassuda MS, Lima da Silva TB, O'Connor CM, Mekala S, Alladi S, Bahia VS, et al. Apathy and functional disability in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. *Neurol Clin Pract*. (2018) 8:120–8. doi: 10.1212/CPJ.0000000000000429

87. Shin JS, Kim MS, Kim NS, Kim GH, Seo SW, Kim E-J, et al. Excessive TV watching in patients with frontotemporal dementia. *Neurocase*. (2013) 19:489–96. doi: 10.1080/13554794.2012.701638

88. Lansdall CJ, Coyle-Gilchrist ITS, Jones PS, Rodríguez PV, Wilcox A, Wehmann E, et al. Apathy and impulsivity in frontotemporal lobar degeneration syndromes. *Brain*. (2017) 140:1792–807. doi: 10.1093/brain/awx101

89. Misiewicz S, Brickman AM, Tosto G. Prosodic impairment in dementia: review of the literature. *Curr Alzheimer Res*. (2018) 15:157–63. doi: 10.2174/1567205014666171030115624

90. Nevler N, Ash S, Jester C, Irwin DJ, Liberman M, Grossman M. Automatic measurement of prosody in behavioral variant FTD. *Neurology*. (2017) 89:650–6. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000004236

91. Marin RS, Biedrzycki RC, Firinciogullari S. Reliability and validity of the apathy evaluation scale. *Psychiatry Res*. (1991) 38:143–62. doi: 10.1016/0165-1781(91)90040-V

92. Bartochowski Z, Gatla S, Khoury R, Al-Dahhak R, Grossberg GT. Empathy changes in neurocognitive disorders: a review. *Ann Clin Psychiatry*. (2018) 30:220–32.

93. Shdo SM, Ranasinghe KG, Gola KA, Mielke CJ, Sukhanov P V, Miller BL, et al. Deconstructing empathy: neuroanatomical dissociations between affect sharing and prosocial motivation using a patient lesion model. *Neuropsychologia*. (2018) 116:126–35. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.02.010

94. Sturm VE, Sible IJ, Datta S, Hua AY, Perry DC, Kramer JH, et al. Resting parasympathetic dysfunction predicts prosocial helping deficits in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. *Cortex*. (2018) 109:141–55. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.09.006

95. Batson CD. These things called empathy: eight related but distinct phenomena. In: Decety J, William I, editors. *The Social Neuroscience of Empathy*. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press (2009). doi: 10.7551/mitpress/9780262012973.003.0002

96. Eisenberg N, Eggum ND. Empathic responding: sympathy and personal distress. In: Decety J, William I, editors. *The Social Neuroscience of Empathy*. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press (2009). doi: 10.7551/mitpress/9780262012973.003.0007
59. Devenney EM, Ahmed RM, Halliday J, Piguet O, Kiernan MC, Hodges JR. Psychiatric disorders in C9orf72 kindreds. *Neurology*. (2018) 91:6344. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000006344

60. Kertesz A, Davidson W, Fox H. Frontal behavioral inventory: diagnostic criteria for frontal lobe dementia. *Can J Neurol Sci*. (1997) 24:29–36. doi: 10.1017/S0317167100021053

61. Suhonen N-M, Hallikainen I, Hanninen T, Jokelainen J, Kruger J, Hall A, et al. The modified frontal behavioral inventory (FBI-mod) for patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration, alzheimer's disease, and mild cognitive impairment. *J Alzheimer's Dis*. (2017) 56:1241–51. doi: 10.3233/JAD-160983

62. Malloy P, Tremont G, Grace J, Frakey L. The frontal systems behavior scale discriminates frontotemporal dementia from Alzheimer's disease. *Alzheimer's Dement*. (2007) 3:200–3. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2007.04.374

63. Duff K, Paulsen JS, Beglinger LJ, Langbehn DR, Wang C, Stout JC, et al. "Frontal" behaviors before the diagnosis of huntington's disease and their relationship to markers of disease progression: evidence of early lack of awareness. *J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci*. (2010) 22:196–207. doi: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.22.2.196

64. Boutoleau-Bretonnière C, Evrad C, Hardouin JB, Rocher L, Charriau T, Etcharry-Bouyx F, et al. DAPHNE: a new tool for the assessment of the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia. *Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord*. (2015) 5:503–16. doi: 10.1159/000440859

65. Wawrziczny E, Larochette C, Papo D, Constant E, Ducharme F, Kergoat MJ, et al. A customized intervention for dementia caregivers: a quasi-experimental design. *J Aging Health*. (2018) 2018:0898264318770056. doi: 10.1177/0898264318770056

66. Ye S, Rosenbohm A, Böhm S, Uttner I, Ji Y, Ludolph AC, et al. Cognitive and behavioral impairments in German and Chinese ALS populations - a *post-hoc* comparison of national study data. *Amyotroph Lateral Scler. Frontotemporal Degener*. (2018) 2018:1–9. doi: 10.1080/21678421.2018.1542535

67. Hamdy RC, Kinser A, Kendall-Wilson T, Depelteau A, Whalen K. Impulsive, disinhibited behavior-dining in a restaurant. *Gerontol Geriatr Med*. (2018) 4:2333721418756994. doi: 10.1177/2333721418756994

68. Flanagan EC, Lagarde J, Hahn V, Guichart-Gomez E, Sarazin M, Hornberger M, et al. Executive and social-cognitive determinants of environmental dependency syndrome in behavioral frontotemporal dementia. *Neuropsychology*. (2018) 32:377–84. doi: 10.1037/neu0000433

69. O'Callaghan C, Shine JM, Hodges JR, Andrews-Hanna JR, Irish M. Hippocampal atrophy and intrinsic brain network dysfunction relate to alterations in mind wandering in neurodegeneration. *Proc Natl Acad Sci USA*. (2019) 116:3316–21. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1818523116

70. Finney CM, Mendez MF. Diogenes syndrome in frontotemporal dementia. *Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen*. (2017) 32:438–43. doi: 10.1177/15333715717717012

71. Tondo G, De Marchi F, Terazzi E, Sacchetti M, Cantello R. Frontotemporal dementia presenting as gambling disorder: when a psychiatric condition is the clue to a neurodegenerative disease. *Cogn Behav Neurol*. (2017) 30:62–7. doi: 10.1097/WNN.0000000000000122

72. Ghosh A, Dutt A. Utilisation behaviour in frontotemporal dementia. *J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry*. (2010) 81:154–6. doi: 10.1136/jinnp.2008.160416

73. Clark CN, Nicholas JM, Gordon E, Golden HL, Cohen MH, Woodward FJ, et al. Altered sense of humor in dementia. *J Alzheimer's Dis*. (2015) 49:111–9. doi: 10.3233/JAD-150413

74. Diehl-Schmid J, Perneczky R, Koch J, Nedopil N, Kurz A. Guilty by suspicion? Criminal behavior in frontotemporal lobar degeneration. *Cogn Behav Neurol*. (2013) 26:73–7. doi: 10.1097/WNN.0b013e31829cff11

75. Liljegren M, Naasan G, Temlett J, Perry DC, Rankin KP, Merrilees J, et al. Criminal behavior in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer disease. *JAMA Neurol*. (2015) 72:295–300. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.3781

76. Shinagawa S, Shigenobu K, Tagai K, Fukuhara R, Kamimura N, Mori T, et al. Violation of laws in frontotemporal dementia: a multicenter study in Japan. *J Alzheimer's Dis*. (2017) 57:1221–7. doi: 10.3233/JAD-170028

77. Ahmed RM, Goldberg Z, Kaizik C, Kiernan MC, Hodges JR, Piguet O, et al. Neural correlates of changes in sexual function in frontotemporal dementia: implications for reward and physiological functioning. *J Neurol*. (2018) 265:2562–72. doi: 10.1007/s00415-018-9024-3

78. Mendez MF, Shapira JS. Kissing or 'osculation' in frontotemporal dementia. *J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci*. (2014) 26:258–61. doi: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.13060139

79. Mendez MF, Shapira JS. Hypersexual behavior in frontotemporal dementia: a comparison with early-onset Alzheimer's disease. *Arch Sex Behav*. (2013) 42:501–9. doi: 10.1007/s10508-012-0042-4

80. Cheng ST. Dementia caregiver burden: a research update and critical analysis. *Curr Psychiatry Rep*. (2017) 19:2. doi: 10.1007/s11920-017-0818-2

81. Levy R, Dubois B. Apathy and the functional anatomy of the prefrontal cortex-basal ganglia circuits. *Cereb Cortex*. (2006) 16:916–28. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhj043

82. Robert P, Onyike CU, Leentjens AFG, Dujardin K, Aalten P, Starkstein S, et al. Proposed diagnostic criteria for apathy in Alzheimer's disease and other neuropsychiatric disorders. *Eur Psychiatry*. (2009) 24:98–104. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2008.09.001

83. Massimo L, Kales HC, Kolanowski A. State of the science: apathy as a model for investigating behavioral and psychological symptoms in dementia. *J Am Geriatr Soc*. (2018) 66(Suppl 1):S4–12. doi: 10.1111/jgs.15343

84. Massimo L, Powers C, Moore P, Vesely L, Avants B, Gee J, et al. Neuroanatomy of apathy and disinhibition in frontotemporal lobar degeneration. *Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord*. (2009) 27:96–104. doi: 10.1159/000194658

85. Merrilees J, Dowling GA, Hubbard E, Mastick J, Ketelle R, Miller BL. Characterization of apathy in persons with frontotemporal dementia and the impact on family caregivers. *Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord*. (2013) 27:62–7. doi: 10.1097/WAD.0b013e3182471c54

86. Yassuda MS, Lima da Silva TB, O'Connor CM, Mekala S, Alladi S, Bahia VS, et al. Apathy and functional disability in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. *Neurol Clin Pract*. (2018) 8:120–8. doi: 10.1212/CPJ.0000000000000429

87. Shin JS, Kim MS, Kim NS, Kim GH, Seo SW, Kim E-J, et al. Excessive TV watching in patients with frontotemporal dementia. *Neurocase*. (2013) 19:489–96. doi: 10.1080/13554794.2012.701638

88. Lansdall CJ, Coyle-Gilchrist ITS, Jones PS, Rodríguez PV, Wilcox A, Wehmann E, et al. Apathy and impulsivity in frontotemporal lobar degeneration syndromes. *Brain*. (2017) 140:1792–807. doi: 10.1093/brain/awx101

89. Misiewicz S, Brickman AM, Tosto G. Prosodic impairment in dementia: review of the literature. *Curr Alzheimer Res*. (2018) 15:157–63. doi: 10.2174/1567205014666171030115624

90. Nevler N, Ash S, Jester C, Irwin DJ, Liberman M, Grossman M. Automatic measurement of prosody in behavioral variant FTD. *Neurology*. (2017) 89:650–6. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000004236

91. Marin RS, Biedrzycki RC, Firinciogullari S. Reliability and validity of the apathy evaluation scale. *Psychiatry Res*. (1991) 38:143–62. doi: 10.1016/0165-1781(91)90040-V

92. Bartochowski Z, Gatla S, Khoury R, Al-Dahhak R, Grossberg GT. Empathy changes in neurocognitive disorders: a review. *Ann Clin Psychiatry*. (2018) 30:220–32.

93. Shdo SM, Ranasinghe KG, Gola KA, Mielke CJ, Sukhanov P V, Miller BL, et al. Deconstructing empathy: neuroanatomical dissociations between affect sharing and prosocial motivation using a patient lesion model. *Neuropsychologia*. (2018) 116:126–35. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.02.010

94. Sturm VE, Sible IJ, Datta S, Hua AY, Perry DC, Kramer JH, et al. Resting parasympathetic dysfunction predicts prosocial helping deficits in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. *Cortex*. (2018) 109:141–55. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.09.006

95. Batson CD. These things called empathy: eight related but distinct phenomena. In: Decety J, William I, editors. *The Social Neuroscience of Empathy*. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press (2009). doi: 10.7551/mitpress/9780262012973.003.0002

96. Eisenberg N, Eggum ND. Empathic responding: sympathy and personal distress. In: Decety J, William I, editors. *The Social Neuroscience of Empathy*. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press (2009). doi: 10.7551/mitpress/9780262012973.003.0007
97. Narvid J, Gorno-Tempini ML, Slavotinek A, Dearmond SJ, Cha YH, Miller BL, et al. Of brain and bone: the unusual case of Dr. A. Neurocase. (2009) 15:190-205. doi: 10.1080/13554790802632967

98. Cho H, Chin J, Suh MK, Kim HJ, Kim YJ, Ye BS, et al. Postmorbid learning of saxophone playing in a patient with frontotemporal dementia. *Neurocase*. (2015) 21:767-72. doi: 10.1080/13554794.2014.992915

99. Miller BL, Dickerson BC, Lucente DE, Larvie M, Frosch MP. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 9-2015. A 31-year-old man with personality changes and progressive neurologic decline. *N Engl J Med*. (2015) 372:1151-62. doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp1409839

100. Sollberger M, Rosen HJ, Shany-Ur T, Ullah J, Stanley CM, Laluz V, et al. Neural substrates of socioemotional self-awareness in neurodegenerative disease. *Brain Behav*. (2014) 4:201-14. doi: 10.1002/brb3.211

101. Mioshi E, Foxe D, Leslie F, MClinNeuro SS, Hsieh S, Miller L, et al. The impact of dementia severity on caregiver burden in frontotemporal dementia and alzheimer disease. *Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord*. (2013) 27:1. doi: 10.1097/WAD.0b013e318247a0bc

102. Davis MH. Measuring individual differences in empathy: evidence for a multidimensional approach. *J Pers Soc Psychol*. (1983) 44:113-26. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.44.1.113

103. Perry DC, Whitwell JL, Boeve BF, Pankratz VS, Knopman DS, Petersen RC, et al. Voxel-based morphometry in patients with obsessive-compulsive behaviors in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. *Eur J Neurol*. (2012) 19:911-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2011.03656.x

104. Moheb N, Charuworn K, Ashla MM, Desarzant R, Chavez D, Mendez MF. Repetitive behaviors in frontotemporal dementia: compulsions or impulsions? *J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci*. (2018) 2018:8060148. doi: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.18060148

105. Maltete D. Adult-onset stereotypical motor behaviors. *Rev Neurol*. (2016) 172:477-82. doi: 10.1016/j.neurol.2016.07.002

106. Fletcher PD, Downey LE, Witoonpanich P, Warren JD. The brain basis of musicophilia: evidence from frontotemporal lobar degeneration. *Front Psychol*. (2013) 4:1-8. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00347

107. De Souza LC, Volle E, Bertoux M, Czernecki V, Funkiewicz A, Allali G, et al. Poor creativity in frontotemporal dementia: a window into the neural bases of the creative mind. *Neuropsychologia*. (2010) 48:3733-42. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.09.010

108. de Souza LC, Guimarães HC, Teixeira AL, Caramelli P, Levy R, Dubois B, et al. Frontal lobe neurology and the creative mind. *Front Psychol*. (2014) 5:761. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00761

109. Bozeat S, Gregory C, Lambon Ralph MA, Hodges JR. Which neuropsychiatric and behavioural features distinguish frontal and temporal variants of frontotemporal dementia from Alzheimer's disease? *J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry*. (2000) 69:178-86. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.69.2.178

110. Ahmed RM, Irish M, Henning E, Dermody N, Bartley L, Kiernan MC, et al. Assessment of eating behavior disturbance and associated neural networks in frontotemporal dementia. *JAMA Neurol*. (2016) 73:282-90. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.4478

111. Aiello M, Silani V, Rumiati RI. You stole my food! Eating alterations in frontotemporal dementia. *Neurocase*. (2016) 22:400-9. doi: 10.1080/13554794.2016.1197952

112. Ikeda M, Brown J, Holland AJ, Fukuhara R, Hodges JR. Changes in appetite, food preference, and eating habits in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease. *J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry*. (2002) 73:371-6. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.73.4.371

113. Woolley JD, Khan BK, Natesan A, Karydas A, Dallman M, Havel P, et al. Satiety-related hormonal dysregulation in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. *Neurology*. (2014) 82:512-20. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000000106

114. Ahmed RM, Phan K, Highton-Williamson E, Strikwerda-Brown C, Caga J, Ramsey E, et al. Eating peptides: biomarkers of neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. *Ann Clin Transl Neurol*. (2019) 6:486-95. doi: 10.1002/acn.3.721

115. Ahmed RM, Irish M, Kam J, Van Keizerswaard J, Bartley L, Samaras K, et al. Quantifying the eating abnormalities in frontotemporal dementia. *JAMA Neurol*. (2014) 71:1540-6. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.1931

116. Ramanan S, Bertoux M, Flanagan E, Irish M, Piguet O, Hodges JR, et al. Longitudinal executive function and episodic memory profiles

in behavioral-variant frontotemporal dementia and alzheimer's disease. *J Int Neuropsychol Soc*. (2017) 23:34-43. doi: 10.1017/S135561771600 0837

117. Hutchinson AD, Mathias JL. Neuropsychological deficits in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analytic review. *J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry*. (2007) 78:917-28. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2006.100669

118. Jiskoot LC, Panman JL, van Asseldonk L, Franzen S, Meeter LHH, Donker Kaat L, et al. Longitudinal cognitive biomarkers predicting symptom onset in presymptomatic frontotemporal dementia. *J Neurol*. (2018) 265:1381-92. doi: 10.1007/s00415-018-8850-7

119. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR, Ingles J. 'Mini-mental state'. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. *J Psychiatr Res*. (1975) 12:189-98. doi: 10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6

120. Nasreddine ZS, Phillips NA, Bédirian V, Charbonneau S, Whitehead V, Collin I, et al. The montreal cognitive assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. *J Am Geriatr Soc*. (2005) 53:695-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x

121. Hsieh S, Schubert S, Hoon C, Mioshi E, Hodges JR. Validation of the Addenbrooke's cognitive examination III in frontotemporal dementia and alzheimer's disease. *Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord*. (2013) 36:242-50. doi: 10.1159/000351671

122. Reul S, Lohmann H, Wiendl H, Duning T, Johnen A. Can cognitive assessment really discriminate early stages of Alzheimer's and behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia at initial clinical presentation? *Alzheimers Res Ther*. (2017) 9:1-12. doi: 10.1186/s13195-017-0287-1

123. Lagarde J, Valabrègue R, Corvol JC, Pineau F, Le Ber I, Vidailhet M, et al. Are frontal cognitive and atrophy patterns different in PSP and bvFTD? A comparative neuropsychological and VBM study. *PLoS ONE*. (2013) 8:e0080353. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080353

124. Porto CS, Bahia VS, Brucki SMD, Caramelli P, Nitrini R. Neuropsychological differences between frontotemporal lobar degeneration and Alzheimer's disease. *Dement Neuropsychol. (2008)* 2:223-7. doi: 10.1590/S1980-57642009DN20300011

125. Dodich A, Cerami C, Cappa SF, Marcone A, Golzi V, Zamboni M, et al. Combined socio-behavioral evaluation improves the differential diagnosis between the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease: in search of neuropsychological markers. *J Alzheimer's Dis*. (2018) 61:761-72. doi: 10.3233/JAD-170650

126. Stuss DT. Functions of the frontal lobes: relation to executive functions. *J Int Neuropsychol Soc*. (2011) 17:759-65. doi: 10.1017/S1355617711000695

127. Gansler DA, Huey ED, Pan JJ, Wasserman E, Grafman JH. Assessing the dysexecutive syndrome in dementia. *J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry*. (2017) 88:254-61. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2016-313576

128. Kudlicka A, Clare L, Hindle J V. Executive functions in Parkinson's disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. *Mov Disord*. (2011) 26:2305-15. doi: 10.1002/mds.23868

129. Possin KL, Feigenbaum D, Rankin KP, Smith GE, Boxer AL, Wood K, et al. Dissociable executive functions in behavioral variant frontotemporal and Alzheimer dementias. *Neurology*. (2013) 80:2180-5. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318296e940

130. Gurnani AS, Gavett BE. The differential effects of alzheimer's disease and lewy body pathology on cognitive performance: a meta-analysis. *Neuropsychol Rev*. (2017) 27:9334. doi: 10.1007/s11065-016-9334-0

131. Vasquez BP, Zakzanis KK. The neuropsychological profile of vascular cognitive impairment not demented: a meta-analysis. *J Neuropsychol*. (2015) 9:109-36. doi: 10.1111/jnp.12039

132. Schubert S, Leyton CE, Hodges JR, Piguet O. Longitudinal memory profiles in behavioral-variant frontotemporal dementia and alzheimer's disease. *J Alzheimer's Dis*. (2016) 51:775-82. doi: 10.3233/JAD-150802

133. Fossati P, Ergis AM, Allilaire JF. Problem-solving abilities in unipolar depressed patients: comparison of performance on the modified version of the Wisconsin and the California sorting tests. *Psychiatry Res*. (2001) 104:145-56. doi: 10.1016/S0165-1781(01)00307-9

134. Elderkin-Thompson V, Mintz J, Haroon E, Lavretsky H, Kumar A. Executive dysfunction and memory in older patients with major and minor depression. *Arch Clin Neuropsychol*. (2007) 22:261-70. doi: 10.1016/j.acn.2007.01.021

135. Vijverberg EGB, Schouws S, Meesters PD, Verwijk E, Comijs H, Koene T, et al. Cognitive deficits in patients with neuropsychiatric symptoms:
97. Narvid J, Gorno-Tempini ML, Slavotinek A, Dearmond SJ, Cha YH, Miller BL, et al. Of brain and bone: the unusual case of Dr. A. Neurocase. (2009) 15:190-205. doi: 10.1080/13554790802632967

98. Cho H, Chin J, Suh MK, Kim HJ, Kim YJ, Ye BS, et al. Postmorbid learning of saxophone playing in a patient with frontotemporal dementia. *Neurocase*. (2015) 21:767-72. doi: 10.1080/13554794.2014.992915

99. Miller BL, Dickerson BC, Lucente DE, Larvie M, Frosch MP. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 9-2015. A 31-year-old man with personality changes and progressive neurologic decline. *N Engl J Med*. (2015) 372:1151-62. doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp1409839

100. Sollberger M, Rosen HJ, Shany-Ur T, Ullah J, Stanley CM, Laluz V, et al. Neural substrates of socioemotional self-awareness in neurodegenerative disease. *Brain Behav*. (2014) 4:201-14. doi: 10.1002/brb3.211

101. Mioshi E, Foxe D, Leslie F, MClinNeuro SS, Hsieh S, Miller L, et al. The impact of dementia severity on caregiver burden in frontotemporal dementia and alzheimer disease. *Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord*. (2013) 27:1. doi: 10.1097/WAD.0b013e318247a0bc

102. Davis MH. Measuring individual differences in empathy: evidence for a multidimensional approach. *J Pers Soc Psychol*. (1983) 44:113-26. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.44.1.113

103. Perry DC, Whitwell JL, Boeve BF, Pankratz VS, Knopman DS, Petersen RC, et al. Voxel-based morphometry in patients with obsessive-compulsive behaviors in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. *Eur J Neurol*. (2012) 19:911-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2011.03656.x

104. Moheb N, Charuworn K, Ashla MM, Desarzant R, Chavez D, Mendez MF. Repetitive behaviors in frontotemporal dementia: compulsions or impulsions? *J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci*. (2018) 2018:8060148. doi: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.18060148

105. Maltete D. Adult-onset stereotypical motor behaviors. *Rev Neurol*. (2016) 172:477-82. doi: 10.1016/j.neurol.2016.07.002

106. Fletcher PD, Downey LE, Witoonpanich P, Warren JD. The brain basis of musicophilia: evidence from frontotemporal lobar degeneration. *Front Psychol*. (2013) 4:1-8. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00347

107. De Souza LC, Volle E, Bertoux M, Czernecki V, Funkiewicz A, Allali G, et al. Poor creativity in frontotemporal dementia: a window into the neural bases of the creative mind. *Neuropsychologia*. (2010) 48:3733-42. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.09.010

108. de Souza LC, Guimarães HC, Teixeira AL, Caramelli P, Levy R, Dubois B, et al. Frontal lobe neurology and the creative mind. *Front Psychol*. (2014) 5:761. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00761

109. Bozeat S, Gregory C, Lambon Ralph MA, Hodges JR. Which neuropsychiatric and behavioural features distinguish frontal and temporal variants of frontotemporal dementia from Alzheimer's disease? *J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry*. (2000) 69:178-86. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.69.2.178

110. Ahmed RM, Irish M, Henning E, Dermody N, Bartley L, Kiernan MC, et al. Assessment of eating behavior disturbance and associated neural networks in frontotemporal dementia. *JAMA Neurol*. (2016) 73:282-90. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.4478

111. Aiello M, Silani V, Rumiati RI. You stole my food! Eating alterations in frontotemporal dementia. *Neurocase*. (2016) 22:400-9. doi: 10.1080/13554794.2016.1197952

112. Ikeda M, Brown J, Holland AJ, Fukuhara R, Hodges JR. Changes in appetite, food preference, and eating habits in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease. *J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry*. (2002) 73:371-6. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.73.4.371

113. Woolley JD, Khan BK, Natesan A, Karydas A, Dallman M, Havel P, et al. Satiety-related hormonal dysregulation in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. *Neurology*. (2014) 82:512-20. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000000106

114. Ahmed RM, Phan K, Highton-Williamson E, Strikwerda-Brown C, Caga J, Ramsey E, et al. Eating peptides: biomarkers of neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. *Ann Clin Transl Neurol*. (2019) 6:486-95. doi: 10.1002/acn.3.721

115. Ahmed RM, Irish M, Kam J, Van Keizerswaard J, Bartley L, Samaras K, et al. Quantifying the eating abnormalities in frontotemporal dementia. *JAMA Neurol*. (2014) 71:1540-6. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.1931

116. Ramanan S, Bertoux M, Flanagan E, Irish M, Piguet O, Hodges JR, et al. Longitudinal executive function and episodic memory profiles

in behavioral-variant frontotemporal dementia and alzheimer's disease. *J Int Neuropsychol Soc*. (2017) 23:34-43. doi: 10.1017/S135561771600 0837

117. Hutchinson AD, Mathias JL. Neuropsychological deficits in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analytic review. *J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry*. (2007) 78:917-28. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2006.100669

118. Jiskoot LC, Panman JL, van Asseldonk L, Franzen S, Meeter LHH, Donker Kaat L, et al. Longitudinal cognitive biomarkers predicting symptom onset in presymptomatic frontotemporal dementia. *J Neurol*. (2018) 265:1381-92. doi: 10.1007/s00415-018-8850-7

119. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR, Ingles J. 'Mini-mental state'. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. *J Psychiatr Res*. (1975) 12:189-98. doi: 10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6

120. Nasreddine ZS, Phillips NA, Bédirian V, Charbonneau S, Whitehead V, Collin I, et al. The montreal cognitive assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. *J Am Geriatr Soc*. (2005) 53:695-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x

121. Hsieh S, Schubert S, Hoon C, Mioshi E, Hodges JR. Validation of the Addenbrooke's cognitive examination III in frontotemporal dementia and alzheimer's disease. *Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord*. (2013) 36:242-50. doi: 10.1159/000351671

122. Reul S, Lohmann H, Wiendl H, Duning T, Johnen A. Can cognitive assessment really discriminate early stages of Alzheimer's and behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia at initial clinical presentation? *Alzheimers Res Ther*. (2017) 9:1-12. doi: 10.1186/s13195-017-0287-1

123. Lagarde J, Valabrègue R, Corvol JC, Pineau F, Le Ber I, Vidailhet M, et al. Are frontal cognitive and atrophy patterns different in PSP and bvFTD? A comparative neuropsychological and VBM study. *PLoS ONE*. (2013) 8:e0080353. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080353

124. Porto CS, Bahia VS, Brucki SMD, Caramelli P, Nitrini R. Neuropsychological differences between frontotemporal lobar degeneration and Alzheimer's disease. *Dement Neuropsychol. (2008)* 2:223-7. doi: 10.1590/S1980-57642009DN20300011

125. Dodich A, Cerami C, Cappa SF, Marcone A, Golzi V, Zamboni M, et al. Combined socio-behavioral evaluation improves the differential diagnosis between the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease: in search of neuropsychological markers. *J Alzheimer's Dis*. (2018) 61:761-72. doi: 10.3233/JAD-170650

126. Stuss DT. Functions of the frontal lobes: relation to executive functions. *J Int Neuropsychol Soc*. (2011) 17:759-65. doi: 10.1017/S1355617711000695

127. Gansler DA, Huey ED, Pan JJ, Wasserman E, Grafman JH. Assessing the dysexecutive syndrome in dementia. *J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry*. (2017) 88:254-61. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2016-313576

128. Kudlicka A, Clare L, Hindle J V. Executive functions in Parkinson's disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. *Mov Disord*. (2011) 26:2305-15. doi: 10.1002/mds.23868

129. Possin KL, Feigenbaum D, Rankin KP, Smith GE, Boxer AL, Wood K, et al. Dissociable executive functions in behavioral variant frontotemporal and Alzheimer dementias. *Neurology*. (2013) 80:2180-5. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318296e940

130. Gurnani AS, Gavett BE. The differential effects of alzheimer's disease and lewy body pathology on cognitive performance: a meta-analysis. *Neuropsychol Rev*. (2017) 27:9334. doi: 10.1007/s11065-016-9334-0

131. Vasquez BP, Zakzanis KK. The neuropsychological profile of vascular cognitive impairment not demented: a meta-analysis. *J Neuropsychol*. (2015) 9:109-36. doi: 10.1111/jnp.12039

132. Schubert S, Leyton CE, Hodges JR, Piguet O. Longitudinal memory profiles in behavioral-variant frontotemporal dementia and alzheimer's disease. *J Alzheimer's Dis*. (2016) 51:775-82. doi: 10.3233/JAD-150802

133. Fossati P, Ergis AM, Allilaire JF. Problem-solving abilities in unipolar depressed patients: comparison of performance on the modified version of the Wisconsin and the California sorting tests. *Psychiatry Res*. (2001) 104:145-56. doi: 10.1016/S0165-1781(01)00307-9

134. Elderkin-Thompson V, Mintz J, Haroon E, Lavretsky H, Kumar A. Executive dysfunction and memory in older patients with major and minor depression. *Arch Clin Neuropsychol*. (2007) 22:261-70. doi: 10.1016/j.acn.2007.01.021

135. Vijverberg EGB, Schouws S, Meesters PD, Verwijk E, Comijs H, Koene T, et al. Cognitive deficits in patients with neuropsychiatric symptoms:
a comparative study between behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia and primary psychiatric disorders. *J Clin Psychiatry*. (2017) 78:e940–6. doi: 10.4088/JCP.16m11019

136. Dubois B, Slachevsky A, Litvan I, Pillon B. The FAB: a Frontal Assessment Battery at bedside. *Neurology*. (2000) 55:1621–6. doi: 10.1212/WNL.55.11.1621

137. Torralva T, Roca M, Gleichgerrcht E, López P, Manes F. INECO Frontal Screening (IFS): a brief, sensitive, and specific tool to assess executive functions in dementia. *J Int Neuropsychol Soc*. (2009) 15:777–86. doi: 10.1017/S1355617709990415

138. Leslie FVC, Foxe D, Daveson N, Flannagan E, Hodges JR, Piguet O. FRONTIER executive screen: a brief executive battery to differentiate frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease. *J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry*. (2016) 87:831–5. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2015-311917

139. Moreira HS, Costa AS, Castro SL, Lima CF, Vicente SG. Assessing executive dysfunction in neurodegenerative disorders: a critical review of brief neuropsychological tools. *Front Aging Neurosci*. (2017) 9:369. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00369

140. Delis D. *Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS)*. The Psychological Corporation: San Antonio, USA, 2001. doi: 10.1037/t15082-000

141. Perry RJ, Hodges JR. Differentiating frontal and temporal variant frontotemporal dementia from Alzheimer's disease. *Neurology*. (2000) 54:2277–84. doi: 10.1212/WNL.54.12.2277

142. Matías-Guiu JA, Cabrera-Martín MN, Valles-Salgado M, Rognoni T, Galán L, Moreno-Ramos T, et al. Inhibition impairment in frontotemporal dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease: clinical assessment and metabolic correlates. *Brain Imaging Behav*. (2018) 2018:1–9. doi: 10.1007/s11682-018-9891-3

143. Stopford CL, Thompson JC, Neary D, Richardson AMT, Snowden JS. Working memory, attention, and executive function in Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia. *Cortex*. (2012) 48:429–46. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2010.12.002

144. Ranasinghe KG, Rankin KP, Lobach I V., Kramer JH, Sturm VE, Bettcher BM, et al. Cognition and neuropsychiatry in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia by disease stage. *Neurology*. (2016) 86:600–10. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000002373

145. Libon DJ, Xie SX, Moore P, Farmer J, Antani S, McCawley G, et al. Patterns of neuropsychological impairment in frontotemporal dementia. *Neurology*. (2007) 68:369–75. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000252820.81313.9b

146. Burrell JR, Hornberger M, Carpenter RHS, Kiernan MC, Hodges JR. Saccadic abnormalities in frontotemporal dementia. *Neurology*. (2012) 78:1816–23. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318258f75c

147. Garbutt S, Matlin A, Hellmuth J, Schenk AK, Johnson JK, Rosen H, et al. Oculomotor function in frontotemporal lobar degeneration, related disorders and Alzheimer's disease. *Brain*. (2008) 131:1268–81. doi: 10.1093/brain/awn047

148. Heuer WH, Mirsky BJ, Kong LE, Dickerson CB, Miller LB, Kramer HJ, et al. Antisaccade task reflects cortical involvement in mild cognitive impairment. *Neurology*. (2013) 81:1235–43. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182a 6cbfe

149. Hornberger M, Piguet O, Kipps C, Hodges JR. Executive function in progressive and nonprogressive behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. *Neurology*. (2008) 71:1481–8. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000334299.72023.c8

150. Buhl C, Stokholm J, Gade A. Clinical utility of short social cognitive tests in early differentiation of behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia from Alzheimer's disease. *Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord*. (2013) 3:376–85. doi: 10.1159/000355123

151. Lagarde J, Valabrègue R, Corvol JC, Garcin B, Volle E, Le Ber I, et al. Why do patients with neurodegenerative frontal syndrome fail to answer: 'in what way are an orange and a banana alike?' *Brain*. (2015) 138:456–71. doi: 10.1093/brain/awu359

152. Garcin B, Volle E, Funkiewicz A, Miller BL, Dubois B, Levy R. A mosquito bites and a butterfly flies: a specific response type of frontal patients in a similarity task. *Neuropsychologia*. (2018) 117:371–8. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.06.022

153. Kaiser NC, Lee GJ, Lu PH, Mather MJ, Shapira J, Jimenez E, et al. What dementia reveals about proverb interpretation and its

neuroanatomical correlates. *Neuropsychologia*. (2013) 51:1726–33. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.05.021

154. Garcin B, Urbanski M, Thiebaut de Schotten M, Levy R, Volle E. Anterior temporal lobe morphometry predicts categorization ability. *Front Hum Neurosci*. (2018) 12:1–12. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00036

155. Barrows RJ, Barsuglia J, Paholpak P, Eknoyan D, Sabodash V, Lee GJ, et al. Executive abilities as reflected by clock hand placement: frontotemporal dementia versus early-onset alzheimer disease. *J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol*. (2015) 28:239–48. doi: 10.1177/0891988715598228

156. Possin KL, Chester SK, Laluz V, Bostrom A, Rosen HJ, Miller BL, et al. The frontal-anatomic specificity of design fluency repetitions and their diagnostic relevance for behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. *J Int Neuropsychol Soc*. (2012) 18:834–44. doi: 10.1017/S1355617712000604

157. Diehl J, Monsch AU, Aebi C, Wagenpfeil S, Krapp S, Grimmer T, et al. Frontotemporal dementia, semantic dementia, and Alzheimer's disease: the contribution of standard neuropsychological tests to differential diagnosis. *J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol*. (2005) 18:39–44. doi: 10.1177/0891988704272309

158. Rascovsky K, Salmon DP, Hansen LA, Thal LJ, Galasko D. Disparate letter and semantic category fluency deficits in autopathy-confirmed frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease. *Neuropsychology*. (2007) 21:20–30. doi: 10.1037/0894-4105.21.1.20

159. Libon DJ, McMillan C, Gunawardena D, Powers C, Massimo L, Khan A, et al. Neurocognitive contributions to verbal fluency deficits in frontotemporal lobar degeneration. *Neurology*. (2009) 73:535–42. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181b2a4f5

160. Wong S, Flanagan E, Savage G, Hodges JR, Hornberger M. Contrasting prefrontal cortex contributions to episodic memory dysfunction in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease. *PLoS ONE*. (2014) 9:e87778. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087778

161. Hornberger M, Savage S, Hsieh S, Mioshi E, Piguet O, Hodges JR. Orbitofrontal dysfunction discriminates behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia from Alzheimer's disease. *Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord*. (2011) 30:547–52. doi: 10.1159/000321670

162. Carey CL, Woods SP, Damon J, Halabi C, Dean D, Delis DC, et al. Discriminant validity and neuroanatomical correlates of rule monitoring in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease. *Neuropsychologia*. (2008) 46:1081–7. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.11.001

163. Franceschi M, Caffarra P, Savarè R, Cerutti R, Grossi E, Padovani A, et al. Tower of London test: a comparison between conventional statistic approach and modelling based on artificial neural network in differentiating fronto-temporal dementia from Alzheimer's disease. *Behav Neurol*. (2011) 24:149–58. doi: 10.1155/2011/754659

164. Torralva T, Roca M, Gleichgerrcht E, Bekinschtein T, Manes F. A neuropsychological battery to detect specific executive and social cognitive impairments in early frontotemporal dementia. *Brain*. (2009) 132:1299–309. doi: 10.1093/brain/awp041

165. Bisbing TA, Olm CA, McMillan CT, Rascovsky K, Baehr L, Ternes K, et al. Estimating frontal and parietal involvement in cognitive estimation: a study of focal neurodegenerative diseases. *Front Hum Neurosci*. (2015) 9:1–11. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00317

166. Hornberger M, Piguet O, Graham AJ, Nestor PJ, Hodges JR. How preserved is episodic memory in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia? *Neurology*. (2010) 74:472–9. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181cef85d

167. Bertoux M, De Souza LC, Corlier F, Lamari F, Bottlaender M, Dubois B, et al. Two distinct amnesic profiles in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. *Biol Psychiatry*. (2014) 75:582–8. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.08.017

168. Fernandez-Matarrubia M, Matias-Guiu JA, Cabrera-Martín MN, Moreno-Ramos T, Valles-Salgado M, Carreras JL, et al. Episodic memory dysfunction in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia: a clinical and FDG-PET study. *J Alzheimer's Dis*. (2017) 57:1251–64. doi: 10.3233/JAD-160874

169. Wong S, Bertoux M, Savage G, Hodges JR, Piguet O, Hornberger M. Comparison of prefrontal atrophy and episodic memory performance in dysexecutive alzheimer's disease and behavioral-variant frontotemporal dementia. *J Alzheimer's Dis*. (2016) 51:889–903. doi: 10.3233/JAD-151016

170. Bertoux M, Flanagan EC, Hobbs M, Ruiz-Tagle A, Delgado C, Miranda M, et al. Structural anatomical investigation of long-term memory deficit in behavioral frontotemporal dementia. *J Alzheimer's Dis*. (2018) 62:1887–900. doi: 10.3233/JAD-170771
a comparative study between behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia and primary psychiatric disorders. *J Clin Psychiatry*. (2017) 78:e940–6. doi: 10.4088/JCP.16m11019

136. Dubois B, Slachevsky A, Litvan I, Pillon B. The FAB: a Frontal Assessment Battery at bedside. *Neurology*. (2000) 55:1621–6. doi: 10.1212/WNL.55.11.1621

137. Torralva T, Roca M, Gleichgerrcht E, López P, Manes F. INECO Frontal Screening (IFS): a brief, sensitive, and specific tool to assess executive functions in dementia. *J Int Neuropsychol Soc*. (2009) 15:777–86. doi: 10.1017/S1355617709990415

138. Leslie FVC, Foxe D, Daveson N, Flannagan E, Hodges JR, Piguet O. FRONTIER executive screen: a brief executive battery to differentiate frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease. *J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry*. (2016) 87:831–5. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2015-311917

139. Moreira HS, Costa AS, Castro SL, Lima CF, Vicente SG. Assessing executive dysfunction in neurodegenerative disorders: a critical review of brief neuropsychological tools. *Front Aging Neurosci*. (2017) 9:369. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00369

140. Delis D. *Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS)*. The Psychological Corporation: San Antonio, USA, 2001. doi: 10.1037/t15082-000

141. Perry RJ, Hodges JR. Differentiating frontal and temporal variant frontotemporal dementia from Alzheimer's disease. *Neurology*. (2000) 54:2277–84. doi: 10.1212/WNL.54.12.2277

142. Matías-Guiu JA, Cabrera-Martín MN, Valles-Salgado M, Rognoni T, Galán L, Moreno-Ramos T, et al. Inhibition impairment in frontotemporal dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease: clinical assessment and metabolic correlates. *Brain Imaging Behav*. (2018) 2018:1–9. doi: 10.1007/s11682-018-9891-3

143. Stopford CL, Thompson JC, Neary D, Richardson AMT, Snowden JS. Working memory, attention, and executive function in Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia. *Cortex*. (2012) 48:429–46. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2010.12.002

144. Ranasinghe KG, Rankin KP, Lobach I V., Kramer JH, Sturm VE, Bettcher BM, et al. Cognition and neuropsychiatry in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia by disease stage. *Neurology*. (2016) 86:600–10. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000002373

145. Libon DJ, Xie SX, Moore P, Farmer J, Antani S, McCawley G, et al. Patterns of neuropsychological impairment in frontotemporal dementia. *Neurology*. (2007) 68:369–75. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000252820.81313.9b

146. Burrell JR, Hornberger M, Carpenter RHS, Kiernan MC, Hodges JR. Saccadic abnormalities in frontotemporal dementia. *Neurology*. (2012) 78:1816–23. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318258f75c

147. Garbutt S, Matlin A, Hellmuth J, Schenk AK, Johnson JK, Rosen H, et al. Oculomotor function in frontotemporal lobar degeneration, related disorders and Alzheimer's disease. *Brain*. (2008) 131:1268–81. doi: 10.1093/brain/awn047

148. Heuer WH, Mirsky BJ, Kong LE, Dickerson CB, Miller LB, Kramer HJ, et al. Antisaccade task reflects cortical involvement in mild cognitive impairment. *Neurology*. (2013) 81:1235–43. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182a 6cbfe

149. Hornberger M, Piguet O, Kipps C, Hodges JR. Executive function in progressive and nonprogressive behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. *Neurology*. (2008) 71:1481–8. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000334299.72023.c8

150. Buhl C, Stokholm J, Gade A. Clinical utility of short social cognitive tests in early differentiation of behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia from Alzheimer's disease. *Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord*. (2013) 3:376–85. doi: 10.1159/000355123

151. Lagarde J, Valabrègue R, Corvol JC, Garcin B, Volle E, Le Ber I, et al. Why do patients with neurodegenerative frontal syndrome fail to answer: 'in what way are an orange and a banana alike?' *Brain*. (2015) 138:456–71. doi: 10.1093/brain/awu359

152. Garcin B, Volle E, Funkiewicz A, Miller BL, Dubois B, Levy R. A mosquito bites and a butterfly flies: a specific response type of frontal patients in a similarity task. *Neuropsychologia*. (2018) 117:371–8. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.06.022

153. Kaiser NC, Lee GJ, Lu PH, Mather MJ, Shapira J, Jimenez E, et al. What dementia reveals about proverb interpretation and its

neuroanatomical correlates. *Neuropsychologia*. (2013) 51:1726–33. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.05.021

154. Garcin B, Urbanski M, Thiebaut de Schotten M, Levy R, Volle E. Anterior temporal lobe morphometry predicts categorization ability. *Front Hum Neurosci*. (2018) 12:1–12. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00036

155. Barrows RJ, Barsuglia J, Paholpak P, Eknoyan D, Sabodash V, Lee GJ, et al. Executive abilities as reflected by clock hand placement: frontotemporal dementia versus early-onset alzheimer disease. *J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol*. (2015) 28:239–48. doi: 10.1177/0891988715598228

156. Possin KL, Chester SK, Laluz V, Bostrom A, Rosen HJ, Miller BL, et al. The frontal-anatomic specificity of design fluency repetitions and their diagnostic relevance for behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. *J Int Neuropsychol Soc*. (2012) 18:834–44. doi: 10.1017/S1355617712000604

157. Diehl J, Monsch AU, Aebi C, Wagenpfeil S, Krapp S, Grimmer T, et al. Frontotemporal dementia, semantic dementia, and Alzheimer's disease: the contribution of standard neuropsychological tests to differential diagnosis. *J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol*. (2005) 18:39–44. doi: 10.1177/0891988704272309

158. Rascovsky K, Salmon DP, Hansen LA, Thal LJ, Galasko D. Disparate letter and semantic category fluency deficits in autoputry-confirmed frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease. *Neuropsychology*. (2007) 21:20–30. doi: 10.1037/0894-4105.21.1.20

159. Libon DJ, McMillan C, Gunawardena D, Powers C, Massimo L, Khan A, et al. Neurocognitive contributions to verbal fluency deficits in frontotemporal lobar degeneration. *Neurology*. (2009) 73:535–42. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181b2a4f5

160. Wong S, Flanagan E, Savage G, Hodges JR, Hornberger M. Contrasting prefrontal cortex contributions to episodic memory dysfunction in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease. *PLoS ONE*. (2014) 9:e87778. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087778

161. Hornberger M, Savage S, Hsieh S, Mioshi E, Piguet O, Hodges JR. Orbitofrontal dysfunction discriminates behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia from Alzheimer's disease. *Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord*. (2011) 30:547–52. doi: 10.1159/000321670

162. Carey CL, Woods SP, Damon J, Halabi C, Dean D, Delis DC, et al. Discriminant validity and neuroanatomical correlates of rule monitoring in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease. *Neuropsychologia*. (2008) 46:1081–7. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.11.001

163. Franceschi M, Caffarra P, Savarè R, Cerutti R, Grossi E, Padovani A, et al. Tower of London test: a comparison between conventional statistic approach and modelling based on artificial neural network in differentiating fronto-temporal dementia from Alzheimer's disease. *Behav Neurol*. (2011) 24:149–58. doi: 10.1155/2011/754659

164. Torralva T, Roca M, Gleichgerrcht E, Bekinschtein T, Manes F. A neuropsychological battery to detect specific executive and social cognitive impairments in early frontotemporal dementia. *Brain*. (2009) 132:1299–309. doi: 10.1093/brain/awp041

165. Bisbing TA, Olm CA, McMillan CT, Rascovsky K, Baehr L, Ternes K, et al. Estimating frontal and parietal involvement in cognitive estimation: a study of focal neurodegenerative diseases. *Front Hum Neurosci*. (2015) 9:1–11. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00317

166. Hornberger M, Piguet O, Graham AJ, Nestor PJ, Hodges JR. How preserved is episodic memory in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia? *Neurology*. (2010) 74:472–9. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181cef85d

167. Bertoux M, De Souza LC, Corlier F, Lamari F, Bottlaender M, Dubois B, et al. Two distinct amnesic profiles in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. *Biol Psychiatry*. (2014) 75:582–8. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.08.017

168. Fernandez-Matarrubia M, Matias-Guiu JA, Cabrera-Martín MN, Moreno-Ramos T, Valles-Salgado M, Carreras JL, et al. Episodic memory dysfunction in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia: a clinical and FDG-PET study. *J Alzheimer's Dis*. (2017) 57:1251–64. doi: 10.3233/JAD-160874

169. Wong S, Bertoux M, Savage G, Hodges JR, Piguet O, Hornberger M. Comparison of prefrontal atrophy and episodic memory performance in dysexecutive alzheimer's disease and behavioral-variant frontotemporal dementia. *J Alzheimer's Dis*. (2016) 51:889–903. doi: 10.3233/JAD-151016

170. Bertoux M, Flanagan EC, Hobbs M, Ruiz-Tagle A, Delgado C, Miranda M, et al. Structural anatomical investigation of long-term memory deficit in behavioral frontotemporal dementia. *J Alzheimer's Dis*. (2018) 62:1887–900. doi: 10.3233/JAD-170771
171. Poos JM, Jiskoot LC, Papma JM, van Swieten JC, van den Berg E. Meta-analytic review of memory impairment in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. *J Int Neuropsychol Soc.* (2018) 24:593–605. doi: 10.1017/S1355617718000115

172. St. Jacques PL, Grady C, Davidson PSR, Chow TW. Emotional evaluation and memory in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. *Neurocase.* (2015) 21:429–37. doi: 10.1080/13554794.2014.917681

173. Flanagan EC, Wong S, Dutt A, Tu S, Bertoux M, Irish M, et al. False recognition in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease-disinhibition or amnesia? *Front Aging Neurosci.* (2016) 8:11–17. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00177

174. Graham A, Davies R, Xuereb J, Halliday G, Kril J, Creasey H, et al. Pathologically proven frontotemporal dementia presenting with severe amnesia. *Brain.* (2005) 128:597–605. doi: 10.1093/brain/awh348

175. Smits LL, Van Harten AC, Pijnenburg YAL, Koedam ELGE, Bouwman FH, Sistermans N, et al. Trajectories of cognitive decline in different types of dementia. *Psychol Med.* (2015) 45:1051–9. doi: 10.1017/S0033291714002153

176. Irish M, Piguet O, Hodges JR, Hornberger M. Common and unique gray matter correlates of episodic memory dysfunction in frontotemporal dementia and alzheimer's disease. *Hum Brain Mapp.* (2014) 35:1422–35. doi: 10.1002/hbm.22263

177. Kumfor F, Irish M, Hodges JR, Piguet O. The orbitofrontal cortex is involved in emotional enhancement of memory: evidence from the dementias. *Brain.* (2013) 136:2992–3003. doi: 10.1093/brain/awt185

178. Kamminga J, Kumfor F, Burrell JR, Piguet O, Hodges JR, Irish M. Differentiating between right-lateralised semantic dementia and behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia: an examination of clinical characteristics and emotion processing. *J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry.* (2015) 86:1082–8. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2014-309120

179. Dermody N, Hornberger M, Piguet O, Hodges JR, Irish M. Prospective memory impairments in alzheimer's disease and behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia: clinical and neural correlates. *J Alzheimer's Dis.* (2016) 50:425–41. doi: 10.3233/JAD-150871

180. Irish M, Hornberger M, El Wahsh S, Lam BYK, Lah S, Miller L, et al. Grey and white matter correlates of recent and remote autobiographical memory retrieval—insights from the dementias. *PLoS ONE.* (2014) 9:e113081. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113081

181. Irish M, Landin-Romero R, Mothakunnel A, Ramanan S, Hsieh S, Hodges JR, et al. Evolution of autobiographical memory impairments in Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia - a longitudinal neuroimaging study. *Neuropsychologia.* (2018) 110:14–25. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.014

182. Bird CM, Chan D, Hartley T, Pijnenburg YA, Rossor MN, Burgess N. Topographical short-term memory differentiates Alzheimer's disease from frontotemporal lobar degeneration. *Hippocampus.* (2010) 20:1154–69. doi: 10.1002/hipo.20715

183. Tu S, Wong S, Hodges JR, Irish M, Piguet O, Hornberger M. Lost in spatial translation - a novel tool to objectively assess spatial disorientation in Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia. *Cortex.* (2015) 67:83–94. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2015.03.016

184. Tu S, Spiers HJ, Hodges JR, Piguet O, Hornberger M. Egocentric versus allocentric spatial memory in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia and alzheimer's disease. *J Alzheimer's Dis.* (2017) 59:883–92. doi: 10.3233/JAD-160592

185. Coughlan G, Laczó J, Hort J, Minihane AM, Hornberger M. Spatial navigation deficits — overlooked cognitive marker for preclinical Alzheimer disease? *Nat Rev Neurol.* (2018) 14:1–11. doi: 10.1038/s41582-018-0031-x

186. Trojano L, Gainotti G. Drawing disorders in alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia. *J Alzheimer's Dis.* (2016) 53:31–52. doi: 10.3233/JAD-160009

187. Miall RC, Nam SH, Tchalenko J. The influence of stimulus format on drawing-a functional imaging study of decision making in portrait drawing. *Neuroimage.* (2014) 102:608–19. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.08.015

188. Serra L, Fadda L, Perri R, Spanò B, Marra C, Castelli D, et al. Constructional apraxia as a distinctive cognitive and structural brain feature of pre-senile Alzheimer's disease. *J Alzheimers Dis.* (2014) 38:391–402. doi: 10.3233/JAD-130656

189. Perri R, Koch G, Carlesimo GA, Serra L, Fadda L, Pasqualetti P, et al. Alzheimer's disease and frontal variant of frontotemporal dementia - a very brief battery for cognitive and behavioural distinction. *J Neurol.* (2005) 252:1238–44. doi: 10.1007/s00415-005-0849-1

190. Grossi D, Fragassi NA, Chiacchio L, Valoroso L, Tuccillo R, Perrotta C, et al. Do visuospatial and constructional disturbances differentiate frontal variant of frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease? An experimental study of a clinical belief. *Int J Geriatr Psychiatry.* (2002) 17:641–8. doi: 10.1002/gps.654

191. Salimi S, Irish M, Foxe D, Hodges JR, Piguet O, Burrell JR. Can visuospatial measures improve the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease? *Alzheimer's Dement Diagnosis, Assess Dis Monit.* (2018) 10:66–74. doi: 10.1016/j.dadm.2017.10.004

192. Rascovsky K, Salmon DP, Ho GJ, Galasko D, Peavy GM, Hansen LA, et al. Cognitive profiles differ in autopsy-confirmed frontotemporal dementia and AD. *Neurology.* (2002) 58:1801–8. doi: 10.1212/WNL.58.12.1801

193. Blair M, Kertesz A, McMonagle P, Davidson W, Bodi N. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of clock drawing in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease. *J Int Neuropsychol Soc.* (2006) 12:159–65. doi: 10.1017/S1355617706060255

194. Floris G, Borghero G, Cannas A, Di Stefano F, Ruiu E, Murru MR, et al. Constructional apraxia in frontotemporal dementia associated with the C9orf72 mutation: broadening the clinical and neuropsychological phenotype. *Amyotroph Lateral Scler Front Degener.* (2015) 16:8–15. doi: 10.3109/21678421.2014.959450

195. Meyers JE, Bayless JD, Meyers KR. Rey complex figure: memory error patterns and functional abilities. *Appl Neuropsychol.* (1996) 3:89–92. doi: 10.1207/s15324826an0302-8

196. Roth HL, Bauer RM, Crucian GP, Heilman KM. Frontal-executive constructional apraxia: when delayed recall is better than copying. *Neurocase.* (2013) 2013:37–41. doi: 10.1080/13554794.2013.770879

197. Possin KL, Laluz VR, Alcantar OZ, Miller BL, Kramer JH. Distinct neuroanatomical substrates and cognitive mechanisms of figure copy performance in Alzheimer's disease and behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. *Neuropsychologia.* (2011) 49:43–8. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.10.026

198. Thompson JC, Stopford CL, Snowden JS, Neary D. Qualitative neuropsychological performance characteristics in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease. *J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry.* (2005) 76:920–7. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2003.033779

199. Lezak M, Howieson D, Bigler E, Tranel D. *Neuropsychological Assessment.* New York, NY: Oxford University Press (2012).

200. De Lucia N, Grossi D, Maria Fasanaro A, Carpi S, Trojano L. Frontal defects contribute to the genesis of closing-in in Alzheimer's disease patients. *J Int Neuropsychol Soc.* (2013) 19:802–8. doi: 10.1017/S1355617713000568

201. Hallam BJ, Jacova C, Hsiung GYR, Wittenberg D, Sengdy P, Bouchard-Kerr P, et al. Early neuropsychological characteristics of progranulin mutation carriers. *J Int Neuropsychol Soc.* (2014) 20:694–703. doi: 10.1017/S1355617714000551

202. Cheran G, Wu L, Lee S, Manoochehri M, Cines S, Fallon E, et al. Cognitive indicators of preclinical behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia in MAPT carriers. *J Int Neuropsychol Soc.* (2018) 2018:1–11. doi: 10.1017/S1355617718001005

203. Barandiaran M, Moreno F, de Arriba M, Indakoetxea B, Boda I, Gabilondo A, et al. Longitudinal neuropsychological study of presymptomatic c.709-1G>A progranulin mutation carriers. *J Int Neuropsychol Soc.* (2018) 2018:1–9. doi: 10.1017/S1355617718000735

204. Lough S, Gregory C, Hodges JR. Dissociation of social cognition and executive function in frontal variant frontotemporal dementia. *Neurocase.* (2001) 7:123–30. doi: 10.1093/neucas/7.2.123

205. O'Callaghan C, Hodges JR, Hornberger M. Inhibitory dysfunction in frontotemporal dementia: a review. *Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord.* (2012) 27:102–8. doi: 10.1097/WAD.0b013e3182657bc9

206. Kennedy DP, Adolphs R. The social brain in psychiatric and neurological disorders. *Trends Cogn Sci.* (2012) 16:559–72. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2012.09.006

207. Gregory C, Lough S, Stone V, Erzincioglu S, Martin L, Baron-Cohen S, et al. Theory of mind in patients with frontal variant frontotemporal dementia
171. Poos JM, Jiskoot LC, Papma JM, van Swieten JC, van den Berg E. Meta-analytic review of memory impairment in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. *J Int Neuropsychol Soc.* (2018) 24:593–605. doi: 10.1017/S1355617718000115

172. St. Jacques PL, Grady C, Davidson PSR, Chow TW. Emotional evaluation and memory in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. *Neurocase.* (2015) 21:429–37. doi: 10.1080/13554794.2014.917681

173. Flanagan EC, Wong S, Dutt A, Tu S, Bertoux M, Irish M, et al. False recognition in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease-disinhibition or amnesia? *Front Aging Neurosci.* (2016) 8:11–17. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00177

174. Graham A, Davies R, Xuereb J, Halliday G, Kril J, Creasey H, et al. Pathologically proven frontotemporal dementia presenting with severe amnesia. *Brain.* (2005) 128:597–605. doi: 10.1093/brain/awh348

175. Smits LL, Van Harten AC, Pijnenburg YAL, Koedam ELGE, Bouwman FH, Sistermans N, et al. Trajectories of cognitive decline in different types of dementia. *Psychol Med.* (2015) 45:1051–9. doi: 10.1017/S0033291714002153

176. Irish M, Piguet O, Hodges JR, Hornberger M. Common and unique gray matter correlates of episodic memory dysfunction in frontotemporal dementia and alzheimer's disease. *Hum Brain Mapp.* (2014) 35:1422–35. doi: 10.1002/hbm.22263

177. Kumfor F, Irish M, Hodges JR, Piguet O. The orbitofrontal cortex is involved in emotional enhancement of memory: evidence from the dementias. *Brain.* (2013) 136:2992–3003. doi: 10.1093/brain/awt185

178. Kamminga J, Kumfor F, Burrell JR, Piguet O, Hodges JR, Irish M. Differentiating between right-lateralised semantic dementia and behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia: an examination of clinical characteristics and emotion processing. *J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry.* (2015) 86:1082–8. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2014-309120

179. Dermody N, Hornberger M, Piguet O, Hodges JR, Irish M. Prospective memory impairments in alzheimer's disease and behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia: clinical and neural correlates. *J Alzheimer's Dis.* (2016) 50:425–41. doi: 10.3233/JAD-150871

180. Irish M, Hornberger M, El Wahsh S, Lam BYK, Lah S, Miller L, et al. Grey and white matter correlates of recent and remote autobiographical memory retrieval—insights from the dementias. *PLoS ONE.* (2014) 9:e113081. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113081

181. Irish M, Landin-Romero R, Mothakunnel A, Ramanan S, Hsieh S, Hodges JR, et al. Evolution of autobiographical memory impairments in Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia - a longitudinal neuroimaging study. *Neuropsychologia.* (2018) 110:14–25. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.014

182. Bird CM, Chan D, Hartley T, Pijnenburg YA, Rossor MN, Burgess N. Topographical short-term memory differentiates Alzheimer's disease from frontotemporal lobar degeneration. *Hippocampus.* (2010) 20:1154–69. doi: 10.1002/hipo.20715

183. Tu S, Wong S, Hodges JR, Irish M, Piguet O, Hornberger M. Lost in spatial translation - a novel tool to objectively assess spatial disorientation in Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia. *Cortex.* (2015) 67:83–94. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2015.03.016

184. Tu S, Spiers HJ, Hodges JR, Piguet O, Hornberger M. Egocentric versus allocentric spatial memory in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia and alzheimer's disease. *J Alzheimer's Dis.* (2017) 59:883–92. doi: 10.3233/JAD-160592

185. Coughlan G, Laczó J, Hort J, Minihane AM, Hornberger M. Spatial navigation deficits — overlooked cognitive marker for preclinical Alzheimer disease? *Nat Rev Neurol.* (2018) 14:1–11. doi: 10.1038/s41582-018-0031-x

186. Trojano L, Gainotti G. Drawing disorders in alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia. *J Alzheimer's Dis.* (2016) 53:31–52. doi: 10.3233/JAD-160009

187. Miall RC, Nam SH, Tchalenko J. The influence of stimulus format on drawing-a functional imaging study of decision making in portrait drawing. *Neuroimage.* (2014) 102:608–19. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.08.015

188. Serra L, Fadda L, Perri R, Spanò B, Marra C, Castelli D, et al. Constructional apraxia as a distinctive cognitive and structural brain feature of pre-senile Alzheimer's disease. *J Alzheimers Dis.* (2014) 38:391–402. doi: 10.3233/JAD-130656

189. Perri R, Koch G, Carlesimo GA, Serra L, Fadda L, Pasqualetti P, et al. Alzheimer's disease and frontal variant of frontotemporal dementia - a very brief battery for cognitive and behavioural distinction. *J Neurol.* (2005) 252:1238–44. doi: 10.1007/s00415-005-0849-1

190. Grossi D, Fragassi NA, Chiacchio L, Valoroso L, Tuccillo R, Perrotta C, et al. Do visuospatial and constructional disturbances differentiate frontal variant of frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease? An experimental study of a clinical belief. *Int J Geriatr Psychiatry.* (2002) 17:641–8. doi: 10.1002/gps.654

191. Salimi S, Irish M, Foxe D, Hodges JR, Piguet O, Burrell JR. Can visuospatial measures improve the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease? *Alzheimer's Dement Diagnosis, Assess Dis Monit.* (2018) 10:66–74. doi: 10.1016/j.dadm.2017.10.004

192. Rascovsky K, Salmon DP, Ho GJ, Galasko D, Peavy GM, Hansen LA, et al. Cognitive profiles differ in autopsy-confirmed frontotemporal dementia and AD. *Neurology.* (2002) 58:1801–8. doi: 10.1212/WNL.58.12.1801

193. Blair M, Kertesz A, McMonagle P, Davidson W, Bodi N. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of clock drawing in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease. *J Int Neuropsychol Soc.* (2006) 12:159–65. doi: 10.1017/S1355617706060255

194. Floris G, Borghero G, Cannas A, Di Stefano F, Ruiu E, Murru MR, et al. Constructional apraxia in frontotemporal dementia associated with the C9orf72 mutation: broadening the clinical and neuropsychological phenotype. *Amyotroph Lateral Scler Front Degener.* (2015) 16:8–15. doi: 10.3109/21678421.2014.959450

195. Meyers JE, Bayless JD, Meyers KR. Rey complex figure: memory error patterns and functional abilities. *Appl Neuropsychol.* (1996) 3:89–92. doi: 10.1207/s15324826an0302-8

196. Roth HL, Bauer RM, Crucian GP, Heilman KM. Frontal-executive constructional apraxia: when delayed recall is better than copying. *Neurocase.* (2013) 2013:37–41. doi: 10.1080/13554794.2013.770879

197. Possin KL, Laluz VR, Alcantar OZ, Miller BL, Kramer JH. Distinct neuroanatomical substrates and cognitive mechanisms of figure copy performance in Alzheimer's disease and behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. *Neuropsychologia.* (2011) 49:43–8. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.10.026

198. Thompson JC, Stopford CL, Snowden JS, Neary D. Qualitative neuropsychological performance characteristics in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease. *J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry.* (2005) 76:920–7. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2003.033779

199. Lezak M, Howieson D, Bigler E, Tranel D. *Neuropsychological Assessment.* New York, NY: Oxford University Press (2012).

200. De Lucia N, Grossi D, Maria Fasanaro A, Carpi S, Trojano L. Frontal defects contribute to the genesis of closing-in in Alzheimer's disease patients. *J Int Neuropsychol Soc.* (2013) 19:802–8. doi: 10.1017/S1355617713000568

201. Hallam BJ, Jacova C, Hsiung GYR, Wittenberg D, Sengdy P, Bouchard-Kerr P, et al. Early neuropsychological characteristics of progranulin mutation carriers. *J Int Neuropsychol Soc.* (2014) 20:694–703. doi: 10.1017/S1355617714000551

202. Cheran G, Wu L, Lee S, Manoochehri M, Cines S, Fallon E, et al. Cognitive indicators of preclinical behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia in MAPT carriers. *J Int Neuropsychol Soc.* (2018) 2018:1–11. doi: 10.1017/S1355617718001005

203. Barandiaran M, Moreno F, de Arriba M, Indakoetxea B, Boda I, Gabilondo A, et al. Longitudinal neuropsychological study of presymptomatic c.709-1G>A progranulin mutation carriers. *J Int Neuropsychol Soc.* (2018) 2018:1–9. doi: 10.1017/S1355617718000735

204. Lough S, Gregory C, Hodges JR. Dissociation of social cognition and executive function in frontal variant frontotemporal dementia. *Neurocase.* (2001) 7:123–30. doi: 10.1093/neucas/7.2.123

205. O'Callaghan C, Hodges JR, Hornberger M. Inhibitory dysfunction in frontotemporal dementia: a review. *Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord.* (2012) 27:102–8. doi: 10.1097/WAD.0b013e3182657bc9

206. Kennedy DP, Adolphs R. The social brain in psychiatric and neurological disorders. *Trends Cogn Sci.* (2012) 16:559–72. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2012.09.006

207. Gregory C, Lough S, Stone V, Erzincioglu S, Martin L, Baron-Cohen S, et al. Theory of mind in patients with frontal variant frontotemporal dementia
and Alzheimer's disease: theoretical and practical implications. *Brain*. (2002) 125:752-64. doi: 10.1093/brain/awf079

208. Lavenu I, Pasquier F, Lebert F, Petit H, Van der Linden M. Perception of emotion in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer disease. *Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord*. (1999) 13:96-101. doi: 10.1097/00002093-199904000-00007

209. Torralva T, Kipps CM, Hodges JR, Clark L, Bekinschtein T, Roca M, et al. The relationship between affective decision-making and theory of mind in the frontal variant of fronto-temporal dementia. *Neuropsychologia*. (2007) 45:342-9. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.05.031

210. Rankin KP, Salazar A, Gorno-Tempini ML, Sollberger M, Wilson SM, Pavlic D, et al. Detecting sarcasm from paralinguistic cues: anatomic and cognitive correlates in neurodegenerative disease. *Neuroimage*. (2009) 47:2005-15. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.05.077

211. Kumfor F, Miller L, Lah S, Hsieh S, Savage S, Hodges JR, et al. Are you really angry? The effect of intensity on facial emotion recognition in frontotemporal dementia. *Soc Neurosci*. (2011) 6:502-14. doi: 10.1080/17470919.2011.620779

212. Bertoux M, Delavest M, Cruz De Souza L, Funkiewicz A, Lépine J-P, Fossati P, et al. Social cognition and emotional assessment differentiates frontotemporal dementia from depression. *J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry*. (2012) 83:411-6. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2011-301849

213. Bertoux M, Funkiewicz A, O'Callaghan C, Dubois B, Hornberger M. Sensitivity and specificity of ventromedial prefrontal cortex tests in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. *Alzheimer's Dement*. (2012) 9:84-94. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2012.09.010

214. Hornberger M, Yew B, Gilardonos S, Mioshi E, Gleichgerrcht E, Manes F, et al. Ventromedial-frontopolar prefrontal cortex atrophy correlates with insight loss in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease. *Hum Brain Mapp*. (2014) 35:616-26. doi: 10.1002/hbm.22200

215. Bertoux M, Volle E, Funkiewicz A, de Souza LC, Leclercq D, Dubois B. Social cognition and emotional assessment (SEA) is a marker of medial and orbital frontal functions: a voxel-based morphometry study in behavioral variant of frontotemporal degeneration. *J Int Neuropsychol Soc*. (2012) 18:972-85. doi: 10.1017/S1355617712001300

216. Kumfor F, Irish M, Hodges JR, Piguet O. Discrete neural correlates for the recognition of negative emotions: insights from frontotemporal dementia. *PLoS ONE*. (2013) 8:e67457. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067457

217. O'Callaghan C, Bertoux M, Irish M, Shine JM, Wong S, Spiliopoulos L, et al. Fair play: social norm compliance failures in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia. *Brain*. (2016) 139:204-16. doi: 10.1093/brain/awv315

218. Melloni M, Billeke P, Baez S, Hesse E, de la Fuente L, Forno G, et al. Your perspective and my benefit: multiple lesion models of self-other integration strategies during social bargaining. *Brain*. (2016) 139:3022-40. doi: 10.1093/brain/aww231

219. Bertoux M, O'Callaghan C, Dubois B, Hornberger M. In two minds: executive functioning versus theory of mind in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia. *J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry*. (2016) 87:231-4. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2015-311643

220. Ramanan S, de Souza LC, Moreau N, Sarazin M, Teixeira ALL, Allen Z, et al. Determinants of theory of mind performance in Alzheimer's disease: a data-mining study. *Cortex*. (2017) 88:8-18. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.11.014

221. Ibanez A, Manes F. Contextual social cognition and the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia. *Neurology*. (2012) 78:1354-62. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182518375

222. Henry JD, Phillips LH, Von Hippel C. A meta-analytic review of theory of mind difficulties in behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia. *Neuropsychologia*. (2014) 56:53-62. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.12.024

223. Strikwerda-Brown C, Ramanan S, Irish M. Neurocognitive mechanisms of theory of mind impairment in neurodegeneration: a transdiagnostic approach. *Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat*. (2019) 15:557-73. doi: 10.2147/NDT.T518996

224. Fernandez-Duque D, Baird JA, Black SE. False-belief understanding in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease. *J Clin Exp Neuropsychol*. (2009) 31:489-97. doi: 10.1080/13803390802282688

225. Le Bouc R, Lenfant P, Delbeuck X, Ravasi L, Lebert F, Semah F, et al. My belief or yours? Differential theory of mind deficits

in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease. *Brain*. (2012) 135:3026-38. doi: 10.1093/brain/aws237

226. Eslinger PJ, Moore P, Troiani V, Antani S, Cross K, Kwok S, et al. Oops! resolving social dilemmas in frontotemporal dementia. *J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry*. (2007) 78:457-60. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2006.098228

227. Kipps CM, Nestor PJ, Acosta-Cabronero J, Arnold R, Hodges JR. Understanding social dysfunction in the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia: the role of emotion and sarcasm processing. *Brain*. (2009) 132:592-603. doi: 10.1093/brain/awn314

228. Shany-Ur T, Poorzand P, Grossman SN, Growdon ME, Jang JY, Ketelle RS, et al. Comprehension of insincere communication in neurodegenerative disease: Lies, sarcasm, and theory of mind. *Cortex*. (2012) 48:1329-41. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2011.08.003

229. Fong SS, Paholpak P, Daianu M, Deutsch MB, Riedel BC, Carr AR, et al. The attribution of animacy and agency in frontotemporal dementia versus Alzheimer's disease. *Cortex*. (2017) 92:81-94. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.03.019

230. Schroeter ML, Pawelke S, Eisenius S, Kynast J, Schuemberg K, Polyakova M, et al. A modified reading the mind in the eyes test predicts behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia better than executive function tests. *Front Aging Neurosci*. (2018) 10:1-11. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.000011

231. Dodich A, Cerami C, Crespi C, Canessa N, Lettieri G, Iannaccone S, et al. Differential impairment of cognitive and affective mentalizing abilities in neurodegenerative dementias: evidence from behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia, alzheimer's disease, and mild cognitive impairment. *J Alzheimer's Dis*. (2016) 50:1011-22. doi: 10.3233/JAD-150605

232. Synn A, Mothakunnel A, Kumfor F, Chen Y, Piguet O, Hodges JR, et al. Mental states in moving shapes: distinct cortical and subcortical contributions to theory of mind impairments in dementia. *J Alzheimers Dis*. (2018) 61:521-35. doi: 10.3233/JAD-170809

233. Bora E, Walterfang M, Velakoulis D. Theory of mind in behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis. *J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry*. (2015) 86:714-9. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2014-309445

234. Strikwerda-Brown C, Mothakunnel A, Hodges JR, Piguet O, Irish M. External details revisited - a new taxonomy for coding 'non-episodic' content during autobiographical memory retrieval. *J Neuropsychol*. (2018) 2018:12160. doi: 10.1111/jnp.12160

235. Rosen HJ, Pace-Savitsky K, Perry RJ, Kramer JH, Miller BL, Levenson RW. Recognition of emotion in the frontal and temporal variants of frontotemporal dementia. *Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord*. (2004) 17:277-81. doi: 10.1159/000077154

236. Goodkind MS, Sturm VE, Ascher EA, Shdo SM, Miller BL, Rankin KP, et al. Emotion recognition in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease: a new film-based assessment. *Emotion*. (2015) 15:416-27. doi: 10.1037/a0039261

237. Hutchings R, Palermo R, Bruggemann J, Hodges JR, Piguet O, Kumfor F. Looking but not seeing: increased eye fixations in behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia. *Cortex*. (2018) 103:71-81. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.02.011

238. Kumfor F, Ibanez A, Hutchings R, Hazelton JL, Hodges JR, Piguet O. Beyond the face: how context modulates emotion processing in frontotemporal dementia subtypes. *Brain*. (2018) 141:1172-85. doi: 10.1093/brain/awy002

239. Sturm VE, Ascher EA, Miller BL, Levenson RW. Diminished self-conscious emotional responding in frontotemporal lobar degeneration patients. *Emotion*. (2008) 8:861-9. doi: 10.1037/a0013765

240. Verstaen A, Eckart JA, Muhtadie L, Otero MC, Sturm VE, Haase CM, et al. Insular atrophy and diminished disgust reactivity. *Emotion*. (2016) 16:903-12. doi: 10.1037/emo0000195

241. Carr AR, Ashla MM, Jimenez EE, Mendez MF. Screening for emotional expression in frontotemporal dementia: a pilot study. *Behav Neurol*. (2018) 2018:1-6. doi: 10.1155/2018/8187457

242. Joshi A, Barsuglia J, Mather M, Jimenez E, Shapira J, Mendez M. Evaluation of emotional blunting in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia compared to alzheimer's disease. *Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord*. (2011) 193:79-88. doi: 10.1159/000357838

243. Mendez MF, Fong SS, Ashla MM, Jimenez EE, Carr AR. Skin conduction levels differentiate frontotemporal dementia from
and Alzheimer's disease: theoretical and practical implications. *Brain*. (2002) 125:752-64. doi: 10.1093/brain/awf079

208. Lavenu I, Pasquier F, Lebert F, Petit H, Van der Linden M. Perception of emotion in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer disease. *Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord*. (1999) 13:96-101. doi: 10.1097/00002093-199904000-00007

209. Torralva T, Kipps CM, Hodges JR, Clark L, Bekinschtein T, Roca M, et al. The relationship between affective decision-making and theory of mind in the frontal variant of fronto-temporal dementia. *Neuropsychologia*. (2007) 45:342-9. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.05.031

210. Rankin KP, Salazar A, Gorno-Tempini ML, Sollberger M, Wilson SM, Pavlic D, et al. Detecting sarcasm from paralinguistic cues: anatomic and cognitive correlates in neurodegenerative disease. *Neuroimage*. (2009) 47:2005-15. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.05.077

211. Kumfor F, Miller L, Lah S, Hsieh S, Savage S, Hodges JR, et al. Are you really angry? The effect of intensity on facial emotion recognition in frontotemporal dementia. *Soc Neurosci*. (2011) 6:502-14. doi: 10.1080/17470919.2011.620779

212. Bertoux M, Delavest M, Cruz De Souza L, Funkiewicz A, Lépine J-P, Fossati P, et al. Social cognition and emotional assessment differentiates frontotemporal dementia from depression. *J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry*. (2012) 83:411-6. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2011-301849

213. Bertoux M, Funkiewicz A, O'Callaghan C, Dubois B, Hornberger M. Sensitivity and specificity of ventromedial prefrontal cortex tests in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. *Alzheimer's Dement*. (2012) 9:84-94. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2012.09.010

214. Hornberger M, Yew B, Gilardonos S, Mioshi E, Gleichgerrcht E, Manes F, et al. Ventromedial-frontopolar prefrontal cortex atrophy correlates with insight loss in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease. *Hum Brain Mapp*. (2014) 35:616-26. doi: 10.1002/hbm.22200

215. Bertoux M, Volle E, Funkiewicz A, de Souza LC, Leclercq D, Dubois B. Social cognition and emotional assessment (SEA) is a marker of medial and orbital frontal functions: a voxel-based morphometry study in behavioral variant of frontotemporal degeneration. *J Int Neuropsychol Soc*. (2012) 18:972-85. doi: 10.1017/S1355617712001300

216. Kumfor F, Irish M, Hodges JR, Piguet O. Discrete neural correlates for the recognition of negative emotions: insights from frontotemporal dementia. *PLoS ONE*. (2013) 8:e67457. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067457

217. O'Callaghan C, Bertoux M, Irish M, Shine JM, Wong S, Spiliopoulos L, et al. Fair play: social norm compliance failures in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia. *Brain*. (2016) 139:204-16. doi: 10.1093/brain/awv315

218. Melloni M, Billeke P, Baez S, Hesse E, de la Fuente L, Forno G, et al. Your perspective and my benefit: multiple lesion models of self-other integration strategies during social bargaining. *Brain*. (2016) 139:3022-40. doi: 10.1093/brain/aww231

219. Bertoux M, O'Callaghan C, Dubois B, Hornberger M. In two minds: executive functioning versus theory of mind in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia. *J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry*. (2016) 87:231-4. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2015-311643

220. Ramanan S, de Souza LC, Moreau N, Sarazin M, Teixeira ALL, Allen Z, et al. Determinants of theory of mind performance in Alzheimer's disease: a data-mining study. *Cortex*. (2017) 88:8-18. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.11.014

221. Ibanez A, Manes F. Contextual social cognition and the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia. *Neurology*. (2012) 78:1354-62. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182518375

222. Henry JD, Phillips LH, Von Hippel C. A meta-analytic review of theory of mind difficulties in behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia. *Neuropsychologia*. (2014) 56:53-62. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.12.024

223. Strikwerda-Brown C, Ramanan S, Irish M. Neurocognitive mechanisms of theory of mind impairment in neurodegeneration: a transdiagnostic approach. *Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat*. (2019) 15:557-73. doi: 10.2147/NDT.T518996

224. Fernandez-Duque D, Baird JA, Black SE. False-belief understanding in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease. *J Clin Exp Neuropsychol*. (2009) 31:489-97. doi: 10.1080/13803390802282688

225. Le Bouc R, Lenfant P, Delbeuck X, Ravasi L, Lebert F, Semah F, et al. My belief or yours? Differential theory of mind deficits

in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease. *Brain*. (2012) 135:3026-38. doi: 10.1093/brain/aws237

226. Eslinger PJ, Moore P, Troiani V, Antani S, Cross K, Kwok S, et al. Oops! resolving social dilemmas in frontotemporal dementia. *J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry*. (2007) 78:457-60. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2006.098228

227. Kipps CM, Nestor PJ, Acosta-Cabronero J, Arnold R, Hodges JR. Understanding social dysfunction in the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia: the role of emotion and sarcasm processing. *Brain*. (2009) 132:592-603. doi: 10.1093/brain/awn314

228. Shany-Ur T, Poorzand P, Grossman SN, Growdon ME, Jang JY, Ketelle RS, et al. Comprehension of insincere communication in neurodegenerative disease: Lies, sarcasm, and theory of mind. *Cortex*. (2012) 48:1329-41. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2011.08.003

229. Fong SS, Paholpak P, Daianu M, Deutsch MB, Riedel BC, Carr AR, et al. The attribution of animacy and agency in frontotemporal dementia versus Alzheimer's disease. *Cortex*. (2017) 92:81-94. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.03.019

230. Schroeter ML, Pawelke S, Eisenius S, Kynast J, Schuemberg K, Polyakova M, et al. A modified reading the mind in the eyes test predicts behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia better than executive function tests. *Front Aging Neurosci*. (2018) 10:1-11. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.000011

231. Dodich A, Cerami C, Crespi C, Canessa N, Lettieri G, Iannaccone S, et al. Differential impairment of cognitive and affective mentalizing abilities in neurodegenerative dementias: evidence from behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia, alzheimer's disease, and mild cognitive impairment. *J Alzheimer's Dis*. (2016) 50:1011-22. doi: 10.3233/JAD-150605

232. Synn A, Mothakunnel A, Kumfor F, Chen Y, Piguet O, Hodges JR, et al. Mental states in moving shapes: distinct cortical and subcortical contributions to theory of mind impairments in dementia. *J Alzheimers Dis*. (2018) 61:521-35. doi: 10.3233/JAD-170809

233. Bora E, Walterfang M, Velakoulis D. Theory of mind in behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis. *J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry*. (2015) 86:714-9. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2014-309445

234. Strikwerda-Brown C, Mothakunnel A, Hodges JR, Piguet O, Irish M. External details revisited - a new taxonomy for coding 'non-episodic' content during autobiographical memory retrieval. *J Neuropsychol*. (2018) 2018:12160. doi: 10.1111/jnp.12160

235. Rosen HJ, Pace-Savitsky K, Perry RJ, Kramer JH, Miller BL, Levenson RW. Recognition of emotion in the frontal and temporal variants of frontotemporal dementia. *Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord*. (2004) 17:277-81. doi: 10.1159/000077154

236. Goodkind MS, Sturm VE, Ascher EA, Shdo SM, Miller BL, Rankin KP, et al. Emotion recognition in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease: a new film-based assessment. *Emotion*. (2015) 15:416-27. doi: 10.1037/a0039261

237. Hutchings R, Palermo R, Bruggemann J, Hodges JR, Piguet O, Kumfor F. Looking but not seeing: increased eye fixations in behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia. *Cortex*. (2018) 103:71-81. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.02.011

238. Kumfor F, Ibanez A, Hutchings R, Hazelton JL, Hodges JR, Piguet O. Beyond the face: how context modulates emotion processing in frontotemporal dementia subtypes. *Brain*. (2018) 141:1172-85. doi: 10.1093/brain/awy002

239. Sturm VE, Ascher EA, Miller BL, Levenson RW. Diminished self-conscious emotional responding in frontotemporal lobar degeneration patients. *Emotion*. (2008) 8:861-9. doi: 10.1037/a0013765

240. Verstaen A, Eckart JA, Muhtadie L, Otero MC, Sturm VE, Haase CM, et al. Insular atrophy and diminished disgust reactivity. *Emotion*. (2016) 16:903-12. doi: 10.1037/emo0000195

241. Carr AR, Ashla MM, Jimenez EE, Mendez MF. Screening for emotional expression in frontotemporal dementia: a pilot study. *Behav Neurol*. (2018) 2018:1-6. doi: 10.1155/2018/8187457

242. Joshi A, Barsuglia J, Mather M, Jimenez E, Shapira J, Mendez M. Evaluation of emotional blunting in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia compared to alzheimer's disease. *Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord*. (2011) 193:79-88. doi: 10.1159/000357838

243. Mendez MF, Fong SS, Ashla MM, Jimenez EE, Carr AR. Skin conduction levels differentiate frontotemporal dementia from
alzheimer's disease. *J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci.* (2018) 30:208–13. doi: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.17080168

244. Kumfor F, Hazelton JL, Rushby JA, Hodges JR, Piguet O. Facial expressiveness and physiological arousal in frontotemporal dementia: phenotypic clinical profiles and neural correlates. *Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci.* (2019) 19:197–210. doi: 10.3758/s13415-018-00658-z

245. Gola KA, Shany-Ur T, Pressman P, Sulman I, Galeana E, Paulsen H, et al. A neural network underlying intentional emotional facial expression in neurodegenerative disease. *NeuroImage Clin.* (2017) 14:672–8. doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.01.016

246. Torres B, Santos RL, Sousa MFBD, Simões Neto JP, Nogueira MML, Belfort TT, et al. Facial expression recognition in Alzheimer's disease: a longitudinal study. *Arq Neuropsiquiatr.* (2015) 73:383–9. doi: 10.1590/0004-282X20150009

247. Lavenu I, Pasquier F. Perception of emotion on faces in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease: a longitudinal study. *Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord.* (2005) 19:37–41. doi: 10.1159/000080969

248. Bertoux M, De Souza LC, Sarazin M, Funkiewicz A, Dubois B, Hornberger M. How preserved is emotion recognition in Alzheimer disease compared with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia? *Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord.* (2015) 29:154–7. doi: 10.1097/WAD.00000000000000023

249. Wong S, Irish M, Leshikar ED, Duarte A, Bertoux M, Savage G, et al. The self-reference effect in dementia: differential involvement of cortical midline structures in Alzheimer's disease and behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia. *Cortex.* (2017) 91:169–85. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.09.013

250. Shany-Ur T, Lin N, Rosen HJ, Sollberger M, Miller BL, Rankin KP. Self-awareness in neurodegenerative disease relies on neural structures mediating reward-driven attention. *Brain.* (2014) 137:2368–81. doi: 10.1093/brain/awu161

251. Arroyo-Anllo EM, Bouston AT, Fargeau M-N, Orgaz Baz B, Gil R. Self-consciousness deficits in alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia. *J Alzheimers Dis.* (2017) 55:1437–43. doi: 10.3233/JAD-160770

252. Rankin KP, Baldwin E, Pace-Savitsky C, Kramer JH, Miller BL. Self awareness and personality change in dementia. *J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry.* (2005) 76:632–9. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2004.042879

253. O'Keeffe FM, Murray B, Coen RF, Dockree PM, Bellgrove MA, Garavan H, et al. Loss of insight in frontotemporal dementia, corticobasal degeneration and progressive supranuclear palsy. *Brain.* (2007) 130:753–64. doi: 10.1093/brain/awl367

254. Scherling CS, Zakrzewski J, Datta S, Levenson RW, Shimamura AP, Sturm VE, et al. Mistakes, too few to mention? Impaired self-conscious emotional processing of errors in the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia. *Front Behav Neurosci.* (2017) 11:1–11. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.010189

255. Duclos H, de La Sayette V, Bonnet A-L, Viard A, Eustache F, Desgranges B, et al. Social cognition in the frontal variant of alzheimer's disease: a case study. *J Alzheimers Dis.* (2017) 55:459–63. doi: 10.3233/JAD-160690

256. Mendez MF, Anderson E, Shapira JS. An investigation of moral judgement in frontotemporal dementia. *Cogn Behav Neurol.* (2005) 18:193–7. doi: 10.1097/01.wnn.0000191292.17966.bb

257. Cova F, Bertoux M, Bourgeois-Gironde S, Dubois B. Judgments about moral responsibility and determinism in patients with behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia: still compatibilists. *Conscious Cogn.* (2012) 21:851–64. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2012.02.004

258. Carr AR, Paholpak P, Daianu M, Fong SS, Mather M, Jimenez EE, et al. An investigation of care-based vs. rule-based morality in frontotemporal dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and healthy controls. *Neuropsychologia.* (2015) 78:73–9. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.09.033

259. Gleichgerrcht E, Torralva T, Roca M, Pose M, Manes F. The role of social cognition in moral judgment in frontotemporal dementia. *Soc Neurosci.* (2011) 6:113–22. doi: 10.1080/17470919.2010.506751

260. Fong SS, Navarrete CD, Perfecto SE, Carr AR, Jimenez EE, Mendez MF. Behavioral and autonomic reactivity to moral dilemmas in frontotemporal dementia versus Alzheimer's disease. *Soc Neurosci.* (2017) 12:409–18. doi: 10.1080/17470919.2016.1186111

261. Baez S, Couto B, Torralva T, Sposato LA, Huepe D, Montañes P, et al. Comparing moral judgments of patients with frontotemporal

dementia and frontal stroke. *JAMA Neurol.* (2014) 71:1172–6. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.347

262. Clark CN, Golden HL, McCallion O, Nicholas JM, Cohen MH, Slattery CF, et al. Music models aberrant rule decoding and reward valuation in dementia. *Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci.* (2018) 13:192–202. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsx140

263. Wong S, Irish M, Savage G, Hodges JR, Piguet O, Hornberger M. Strategic value-directed learning and memory in Alzheimer's disease and behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia. *J Neuropsychol.* (2018) 2018:12152. doi: 10.1111/jnp.12152

264. Strenziok M, Pulaski S, Krueger F, Zamboni G, Clawson D, Grafman J. Regional brain atrophy and impaired decision making on the balloon analog risk task in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. *Cogn Behav Neurol.* (2011) 24:59–67. doi: 10.1097/WNN.0b013e3182255a7c

265. Perry DC, Sturm VE, Wood KA, Miller BL, Kramer JH. Divergent processing of monetary and social reward in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer disease. *Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord.* (2015) 29:161–4. doi: 10.1097/WAD.00000000000000012

266. Perry DC, Datta S, Sturm VE, Wood KA, Zakrzewski J, Seeley WW, et al. Reward deficits in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia include insensitivity to negative stimuli. *Brain.* (2017) 140:3346–56. doi: 10.1093/brain/awx259

267. Bertoux M, de Souza LC, Zamith P, Dubois B, Bourgeois-Gironde S. Discounting of future rewards in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease. *Neuropsychology.* (2015) 29:933–9. doi: 10.1037/neu0000197

268. Bertoux M, Cova F, Pessiglione M, Hsu M, Dubois B, Bourgeois-Gironde S. Behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia patients do not succumb to the Allais paradox. *Front Neurosci.* (2014) 8:1–10. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00287

269. Woolley J, Gorno-Tempini M, Seeley W, Rankin K, Lee S, Matthews B, et al. Binge eating is associated with right orbitofrontal-insularstriatal atrophy in frontotemporal dementia. *Neurology.* (2007) 69:1424–33. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000277461.06713.23

270. Rahman S, Sahakian BJ, Hodges JR, Rogers RD, Robbins TW. Specific cognitive deficits in mild frontal variant frontotemporal dementia. *Brain.* (1999) 122(Pt 8):1469–93. doi: 10.1093/brain/122.8.1469

271. Kloeters S, Bertoux M, O'Callaghan C, Hodges JR, Hornberger M. Money for nothing - Atrophy correlates of gambling decision making in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease. *NeuroImage Clin.* (2013) 2:263–72. doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2013.01.011

272. Mendez MF. The unique predisposition to criminal violations in frontotemporal dementia. *J Am Acad Psychiatry Law.* (2010) 38:318–23.

273. Sturm VE, Perry DC, Wood K, Hua AY, Alcantar O, Datta S, et al. Prosocial deficits in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia relate to reward network atrophy. *Brain Behav.* (2017) 7:e00807. doi: 10.1002/brb3.807

274. Radakovic R, Stephenson L, Newton J, Crockford C, Swingler R, Chandran S, et al. Multidimensional apathy and executive dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. *Cortex.* (2017) 94:142–51. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.06.023

275. Kumfor F, Zhen A, Hodges JR, Piguet O, Irish M. Apathy in Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia: distinct clinical profiles and neural correlates. *Cortex.* (2018) 103:350–9. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.03.019

276. American Psychiatric Association. *Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5®)*. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association (2013). doi: 10.1176/appi.book.9780890425596

277. Panchal H, Paholpak P, Lee G, Carr A, Barsuglia JP, Mather M, et al. Neuropsychological and neuroanatomical correlates of the social norms questionnaire in frontotemporal dementia versus alzheimer's disease. *Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen.* (2015) 31:326–32. doi: 10.1177/1533317515617722

278. Ekman P, Friesen WV. *Pictures of Facial Affect*. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press (1976).

279. McDonald S, Flanagan S, Rollins J, Kinch J. TASIT: a new clinical tool for assessing social perception after traumatic brain injury. *J Head Trauma Rehabil.* (2003) 18:219–38. doi: 10.1097/00001199-200305000-00001

280. Bora E, Velakoulis D, Walterfang M. Meta-analysis of facial emotion recognition in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. *J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol.* (2016) 29:205–11. doi: 10.1177/0891988716640375
alzheimer's disease. *J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci.* (2018) 30:208-13.
doi: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.17080168

244. Kumfor F, Hazelton JL, Rushby JA, Hodges JR, Piguet O. Facial expressiveness and physiological arousal in frontotemporal dementia: phenotypic clinical profiles and neural correlates. *Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci.* (2019) 19:197-210. doi: 10.3758/s13415-018-00658-z

245. Gola KA, Shany-Ur T, Pressman P, Sulman I, Galeana E, Paulsen H, et al. A neural network underlying intentional emotional facial expression in neurodegenerative disease. *NeuroImage Clin.* (2017) 14:672-8. doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.01.016

246. Torres B, Santos RL, Sousa MFBD, Simões Neto JP, Nogueira MML, Belfort TT, et al. Facial expression recognition in Alzheimer's disease: a longitudinal study. *Arq Neuropsiquiatr.* (2015) 73:383-9. doi: 10.1590/0004-282X20150009

247. Lavenu I, Pasquier F. Perception of emotion on faces in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease: a longitudinal study. *Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord.* (2005) 19:37-41. doi: 10.1159/000080969

248. Bertoux M, De Souza LC, Sarazin M, Funkiewicz A, Dubois B, Hornberger M. How preserved is emotion recognition in Alzheimer disease compared with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia? *Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord.* (2015) 29:154-7. doi: 10.1097/WAD.00000000000000023

249. Wong S, Irish M, Leshikar ED, Duarte A, Bertoux M, Savage G, et al. The self-reference effect in dementia: differential involvement of cortical midline structures in Alzheimer's disease and behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia. *Cortex.* (2017) 91:169-85. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.09.013

250. Shany-Ur T, Lin N, Rosen HJ, Sollberger M, Miller BL, Rankin KP. Self-awareness in neurodegenerative disease relies on neural structures mediating reward-driven attention. *Brain.* (2014) 137:2368-81. doi: 10.1093/brain/awu161

251. Arroyo-Anllo EM, Bouston AT, Fargeau M-N, Orgaz Baz B, Gil R. Self-consciousness deficits in alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia. *J Alzheimers Dis.* (2017) 55:1437-43. doi: 10.3233/JAD-160770

252. Rankin KP, Baldwin E, Pace-Savitsky C, Kramer JH, Miller BL. Self awareness and personality change in dementia. *J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry.* (2005) 76:632-9. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2004.042879

253. O'Keeffe FM, Murray B, Coen RF, Dockree PM, Bellgrove MA, Garavan H, et al. Loss of insight in frontotemporal dementia, corticobasal degeneration and progressive supranuclear palsy. *Brain.* (2007) 130:753-64. doi: 10.1093/brain/awl367

254. Scherling CS, Zakrzewski J, Datta S, Levenson RW, Shimamura AP, Sturm VE, et al. Mistakes, too few to mention? Impaired self-conscious emotional processing of errors in the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia. *Front Behav Neurosci.* (2017) 11:1-11. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.010189

255. Duclos H, de La Sayette V, Bonnet A-L, Viard A, Eustache F, Desgranges B, et al. Social cognition in the frontal variant of alzheimer's disease: a case study. *J Alzheimers Dis.* (2017) 55:459-63. doi: 10.3233/JAD-160690

256. Mendez MF, Anderson E, Shapira JS. An investigation of moral judgement in frontotemporal dementia. *Cogn Behav Neurol.* (2005) 18:193-7. doi: 10.1097/01.wnn.0000191292.17966.bb

257. Cova F, Bertoux M, Bourgeois-Gironde S, Dubois B. Judgments about moral responsibility and determinism in patients with behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia: still compatibilists. *Conscious Cogn.* (2012) 21:851-64. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2012.02.004

258. Carr AR, Paholpak P, Daianu M, Fong SS, Mather M, Jimenez EE, et al. An investigation of care-based vs. rule-based morality in frontotemporal dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and healthy controls. *Neuropsychologia.* (2015) 78:73-9. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.09.033

259. Gleichgerricht E, Torralva T, Roca M, Pose M, Manes F. The role of social cognition in moral judgment in frontotemporal dementia. *Soc Neurosci.* (2011) 6:113-22. doi: 10.1080/17470919.2010.506751

260. Fong SS, Navarrete CD, Perfecto SE, Carr AR, Jimenez EE, Mendez MF. Behavioral and autonomic reactivity to moral dilemmas in frontotemporal dementia versus Alzheimer's disease. *Soc Neurosci.* (2017) 12:409-18. doi: 10.1080/17470919.2016.1186111

261. Baez S, Couto B, Torralva T, Sposato LA, Huepe D, Montañes P, et al. Comparing moral judgments of patients with frontotemporal

dementia and frontal stroke. *JAMA Neurol.* (2014) 71:1172-6. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.347

262. Clark CN, Golden HL, McCallion O, Nicholas JM, Cohen MH, Slattery CF, et al. Music models aberrant rule decoding and reward valuation in dementia. *Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci.* (2018) 13:192-202. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsx140

263. Wong S, Irish M, Savage G, Hodges JR, Piguet O, Hornberger M. Strategic value-directed learning and memory in Alzheimer's disease and behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia. *J Neuropsychol.* (2018) 2018:12152. doi: 10.1111/jnp.12152

264. Strenziok M, Pulaski S, Krueger F, Zamboni G, Clawson D, Grafman J. Regional brain atrophy and impaired decision making on the balloon analog risk task in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. *Cogn Behav Neurol.* (2011) 24:59-67. doi: 10.1097/WNN.0b013e3182255a7c

265. Perry DC, Sturm VE, Wood KA, Miller BL, Kramer JH. Divergent processing of monetary and social reward in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer disease. *Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord.* (2015) 29:161-4. doi: 10.1097/WAD.00000000000000012

266. Perry DC, Datta S, Sturm VE, Wood KA, Zakrzewski J, Seeley WW, et al. Reward deficits in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia include insensitivity to negative stimuli. *Brain.* (2017) 140:3346-56. doi: 10.1093/brain/awx259

267. Bertoux M, de Souza LC, Zamith P, Dubois B, Bourgeois-Gironde S. Discounting of future rewards in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease. *Neuropsychology.* (2015) 29:933-9. doi: 10.1037/neu0000197

268. Bertoux M, Cova F, Pessiglione M, Hsu M, Dubois B, Bourgeois-Gironde S. Behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia patients do not succumb to the Allais paradox. *Front Neurosci.* (2014) 8:1-10. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00287

269. Woolley J, Gorno-Tempini M, Seeley W, Rankin K, Lee S, Matthews B, et al. Binge eating is associated with right orbitofrontal-insular-striatal atrophy in frontotemporal dementia. *Neurology.* (2007) 69:1424-33. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000277461.06713.23

270. Rahman S, Sahakian BJ, Hodges JR, Rogers RD, Robbins TW. Specific cognitive deficits in mild frontal variant frontotemporal dementia. *Brain.* (1999) 122(Pt 8):1469-93. doi: 10.1093/brain/122.8.1469

271. Kloeters S, Bertoux M, O'Callaghan C, Hodges JR, Hornberger M. Money for nothing - Atrophy correlates of gambling decision making in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease. *NeuroImage Clin.* (2013) 2:263-72. doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2013.01.011

272. Mendez MF. The unique predisposition to criminal violations in frontotemporal dementia. *J Am Acad Psychiatry Law.* (2010) 38:318-23.

273. Sturm VE, Perry DC, Wood K, Hua AY, Alcantar O, Datta S, et al. Prosocial deficits in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia relate to reward network atrophy. *Brain Behav.* (2017) 7:e00807. doi: 10.1002/brb3.807

274. Radakovic R, Stephenson L, Newton J, Crockford C, Swingler R, Chandran S, et al. Multidimensional apathy and executive dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. *Cortex.* (2017) 94:142-51. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.06.023

275. Kumfor F, Zhen A, Hodges JR, Piguet O, Irish M. Apathy in Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia: distinct clinical profiles and neural correlates. *Cortex.* (2018) 103:350-9. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.03.019

276. American Psychiatric Association. *Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5®)*. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association (2013). doi: 10.1176/appi.book.9780890425596

277. Panchal H, Paholpak P, Lee G, Carr A, Barsuglia JP, Mather M, et al. Neuropsychological and neuroanatomical correlates of the social norms questionnaire in frontotemporal dementia versus alzheimer's disease. *Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen.* (2015) 31:326-32. doi: 10.1177/1533317515617722

278. Ekman P, Friesen WV. *Pictures of Facial Affect*. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press (1976).

279. McDonald S, Flanagan S, Rollins J, Kinch J. TASIT: a new clinical tool for assessing social perception after traumatic brain injury. *J Head Trauma Rehabil.* (2003) 18:219-38. doi: 10.1097/00001199-200305000-00001

280. Bora E, Velakoulis D, Walterfang M. Meta-analysis of facial emotion recognition in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. *J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol.* (2016) 29:205-11. doi: 10.1177/0891988716640375
281. Chiu I, Piguet O, Diehl-Schmid J, Riedl L, Beck J, Leyhe T, et al. Dissociation in rating negative facial emotions between behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia and major depressive disorder. *Am J Geriatr Psychiatry*. (2016) 24:1017-27. doi: 10.1016/j.jagp.2016.06.011

282. Kandalafa MR, Didehbani N, Cullum CM, Krawczyk DC, Allen TT, Tamminga CA, et al. The wechsler ACS social perception subtest: a preliminary comparison with other measures of social cognition. *J Psychoeduc Assess*. (2012) 30:455-65. doi: 10.1177/0734282912436411

283. Baksh RA, Abrahams S, Auyeung B, MacPherson SE. The Edinburgh Social Cognition Test (ESCOt): examining the effects of age on a new measure of theory of mind and social norm understanding. *PLoS ONE*. (2018) 13:e0195818. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195818

284. Bland AR, Roiser JP, Mehta MA, Schei T, Boland H, Campbell-Meiklejohn DK, et al. EMOTICOM: a neuropsychological test battery to evaluate emotion, motivation, impulsivity, and social cognition. *Front Behav Neurosci*. (2016) 10:25. doi: 10.3389/fbeh.2016.00025

285. Gonzalez Rothi LJ, Ochipa C, Heilman KM. A cognitive neuropsychological model of limb praxis. *Cogn Neuropsychol*. (1991) 8:443-58. doi: 10.1080/02643299108253382

286. Goldenberg G. Apraxia - The Cognitive Side of Motor Control. New York, NY; Oxford: Elsevier Ltd (2013). doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2013.07.016

287. Poeck K. The clinical examination for motor apraxia. *Neuropsychologia*. (1986) 24:129-34. doi: 10.1016/0028-3932(86)90046-1

288. Koski L, Iacoboni M, Mazziotta JC. Deconstructing apraxia: understanding disorders of intentional movement after stroke. *Curr Opin Neurol*. (2002) 15:71-7. doi: 10.1097/00019052-200202000-00011

289. Niessen E, Fink GR, Weiss PH. Apraxia, pantomime and the parietal cortex. *NeuroImage Clin*. (2014) 5:42-52. doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2014.05.017

290. Lesourd M, Le Gall D, Baumard J, Croisile B, Jarry C, Osirak F. Apraxia and alzheimer's disease: review and perspectives. *Neuropsychol Rev*. (2013) 23:234-56. doi: 10.1007/s11065-013-9235-4

291. Ozkan S, Ozbabalik Adapinar D, Tuncer Elmaci N, Arslantas D. Apraxia for differentiating Alzheimer's disease from subcortical vascular dementia and mild cognitive impairment. *Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat*. (2013) 9:947-51. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S47879

292. Della Sala S, Lucchelli F, Spinnler H. Ideomotor apraxia in patients with dementia of Alzheimer type. *J Neurol*. (1987) 234:91-3. doi: 10.1007/BF00314108

293. Crutch SJ, Rossor MN, Warrington EK. The quantitative assessment of apraxic deficits in Alzheimer's disease. *Cortex*. (2007) 43:976-86. doi: 10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70695-6

294. Parakh R, Roy E, Koo E, Black S. Pantomime and imitation of limb gestures in relation to the severity of Alzheimer's disease. *Brain Cogn*. (2004) 55:272-4. doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2004.02.049

295. Nagahama Y, Okina T, Suzuki N. Impaired imitation of gestures in mild dementia: comparison of dementia with Lewy bodies, Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. *J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry*. (2015) 86:1248-52. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2014-309436

296. Costa A, Bak T, Caffarra P, Caltagirone C, Ceccaldi M, Collette F, et al. The need for harmonisation and innovation of neuropsychological assessment in neurodegenerative dementias in Europe: consensus document of the Joint Program for Neurodegenerative Diseases Working Group. *Alzheimers Res Ther*. (2017) 9:27. doi: 10.1186/s13195-017-0254-x

297. Ahmed S, Baker I, Thompson S, Husain M, Butler CR. Utility of testing for apraxia and associated features in dementia. *J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry*. (2016) 87:1158-62. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2015-312945

298. Chandra SR, Issac TG, Abbas MM. Apraxias in neurodegenerative dementias. *Indian J Psychol Med*. (2015) 37:42-7. doi: 10.4103/0253-7176.150817

299. Johnen A, Tokaj A, Kirschner A, Wiendl H, Lueg G, Duning T, et al. Apraxia profile differentiates behavioural variant frontotemporal from Alzheimer's dementia in mild disease stages. *J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry*. (2015) 86:809-15. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2014-308773

300. Chare L, Hodges JR, Leyton CE, McGinley C, Tan RH, Kril JJ, et al. New criteria for frontotemporal dementia syndromes: clinical and pathological diagnostic implications. *J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry*. (2014) 85:865-70. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2013-306948

301. Johnen A, Reul S, Wiendl H, Meuth SG, Duning T. Apraxia profiles—A single cognitive marker to discriminate all variants of frontotemporal lobar degeneration and Alzheimer's disease. *Alzheimer's Dement Diagn Assess Dis Monit*. (2018) 10:363-71. doi: 10.1016/j.dadm.2018.04.002

302. Johnen A, Frommeyer J, Modes F, Wiendl H, Duning T, Lohmann H. Dementia Apraxia Test (DATE): a brief tool to differentiate behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia from alzheimer's dementia based on apraxia profiles. *J Alzheimer's Dis*. (2015) 49:593-605. doi: 10.3233/JAD-150447

303. Lobo PP, Pinto S, Rocha L, Reimão S, de Carvalho M. Orofacial apraxia in motor neuron disease. *Case Rep Neurol*. (2013) 5:47-51. doi: 10.1159/000349895

304. Pawlowski M, Joksch V, Wiendl H, Meuth SG, Duning T, Johnen A. Apraxia screening predicts Alzheimer pathology in frontotemporal dementia. *J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry*. (2018) 2018:1-8. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2018-318470

305. Buxbaum LJ, Shapiro AD, Coslett HB. Critical brain regions for tool-related and imitative actions: a componential analysis. *Brain*. (2014) 137:1971-85. doi: 10.1093/brain/awu111

306. Hoeren M, Kümmerer D, Bormann T, Beume L, Ludwig VM, Vry M-S, et al. Neural bases of imitation and pantomime in acute stroke patients: distinct streams for praxis. *Brain*. (2014) 137:2796-810. doi: 10.1093/brain/awu203

307. Martin M, Beume L, Kümmerer D, Schmidt CSM, Bormann T, Dressing A, et al. Differential roles of ventral and dorsal streams for conceptual and production-related components of tool use in acute stroke patients. *Cereb Cortex*. (2016) 26:3754-71. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhv179

308. Manuel AL, Radman N, Mesot D, Chouiter L, Clarke S, Annoni J-M, et al. Inter- and intrahemispheric dissociations in ideomotor apraxia: a large-scale lesion-symptom mapping study in subacute brain-damaged patients. *Cereb Cortex*. (2013) 23:2781-9. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhs280

309. Binkofski F, Buxbaum LJ. Two action systems in the human brain. *Brain Lang*. (2013) 127:222-9. doi: 10.1016/j.bandl.2012.07.007

310. Johnen A, Brandstetter L, Kärgel C, Wiendl H, Lohmann H, Duning T. Shared neural correlates of limb apraxia in early stages of Alzheimer's dementia and behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia. *Cortex*. (2016) 84:1-14. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.08.009

311. Leslie KR, Johnson-Frey SH, Grafton ST. Functional imaging of face and hand imitation: towards a motor theory of empathy. *Neuroimage*. (2004) 21:601-7. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.09.038

312. Goldenberg G, Karnath H-O. The neural basis of imitation is body part specific. *J Neurosci*. (2006) 26:6282-7. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0638-06.2006

313. Raade A, Ginzalez Rothi L, Heilman K. The relationship between buccofacial and limb apraxia. *Brain Cogn*. (1991) 16:130-46. doi: 10.1016/0278-2626(91)90002-P

314. Weiss P, Kalbe E, Kessler J, Fink G, Binder E, Hesse M, et al. Kölner Apraxie Screening. Göttingen: Hogrefe Verlag (2013).

315. Vanbellingen T, Kersten B, Van de Winckel A, Bellion M, Baronti F, Muri R, et al. A new bedside test of gestures in stroke: the apraxia screen of TULIA (AST). *J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry*. (2011) 82:389-92. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2010.213371

316. Cameron OG. Interoception: the inside story - a model for psychosomatic processes. *Psychosom Med*. (2001) 63:697-710. doi: 10.1097/00006842-200109000-00001

317. Kleckner IR, Zhang J, Touroutoglou A, Chanes L, Simmons WK, Quigley KS, et al. Evidence for a large-scale brain system supporting allostasis and interoception in humans. *Nat Hum Behav*. (2017) 1:1-37. doi: 10.1038/s41562-017-0069-9

318. García-Cordero I, Sedeño L, de la Fuente L, Slachevsky A, Forno G, Klein F, et al. Feeling, learning from and being aware of inner states: interoceptive dimensions in neurodegeneration and stroke. *Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci*. (2016) 371:0006. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0006

319. Zhou J, Greicius MD, Gennatas ED, Growdon ME, Jang JY, Rabinovici GD, et al. Divergent network connectivity changes in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease. *Brain*. (2010) 133:1352-67. doi: 10.1093/brain/awq075
281. Chiu I, Piguet O, Diehl-Schmid J, Riedl L, Beck J, Leyhe T, et al. Dissociation in rating negative facial emotions between behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia and major depressive disorder. *Am J Geriatr Psychiatry*. (2016) 24:1017-27. doi: 10.1016/j.jagp.2016.06.011

282. Kandalafa MR, Didehbani N, Cullum CM, Krawczyk DC, Allen TT, Tamminga CA, et al. The wechsler ACS social perception subtest: a preliminary comparison with other measures of social cognition. *J Psychoeduc Assess*. (2012) 30:455-65. doi: 10.1177/0734282912436411

283. Baksh RA, Abrahams S, Auyeung B, MacPherson SE. The Edinburgh Social Cognition Test (ESCOt): examining the effects of age on a new measure of theory of mind and social norm understanding. *PLoS ONE*. (2018) 13:e0195818. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195818

284. Bland AR, Roiser JP, Mehta MA, Schei T, Boland H, Campbell-Meiklejohn DK, et al. EMOTICOM: a neuropsychological test battery to evaluate emotion, motivation, impulsivity, and social cognition. *Front Behav Neurosci*. (2016) 10:25. doi: 10.3389/fbeh.2016.00025

285. Gonzalez Rothi LJ, Ochipa C, Heilman KM. A cognitive neuropsychological model of limb praxis. *Cogn Neuropsychol*. (1991) 8:443-58. doi: 10.1080/02643299108253382

286. Goldenberg G. Apraxia - The Cognitive Side of Motor Control. New York, NY; Oxford: Elsevier Ltd (2013). doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2013.07.016

287. Poeck K. The clinical examination for motor apraxia. *Neuropsychologia*. (1986) 24:129-34. doi: 10.1016/0028-3932(86)90046-1

288. Koski L, Iacoboni M, Mazziotta JC. Deconstructing apraxia: understanding disorders of intentional movement after stroke. *Curr Opin Neurol*. (2002) 15:71-7. doi: 10.1097/00019052-200202000-00011

289. Niessen E, Fink GR, Weiss PH. Apraxia, pantomime and the parietal cortex. *NeuroImage Clin*. (2014) 5:42-52. doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2014.05.017

290. Lesourd M, Le Gall D, Baumard J, Croisile B, Jarry C, Osirak F. Apraxia and alzheimer's disease: review and perspectives. *Neuropsychol Rev*. (2013) 23:234-56. doi: 10.1007/s11065-013-9235-4

291. Ozkan S, Ozbabalik Adapinar D, Tuncer Elmaci N, Arslantas D. Apraxia for differentiating Alzheimer's disease from subcortical vascular dementia and mild cognitive impairment. *Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat*. (2013) 9:947-51. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S47879

292. Della Sala S, Lucchelli F, Spinnler H. Ideomotor apraxia in patients with dementia of Alzheimer type. *J Neurol*. (1987) 234:91-3. doi: 10.1007/BF00314108

293. Crutch SJ, Rosson MN, Warrington EK. The quantitative assessment of apraxic deficits in Alzheimer's disease. *Cortex*. (2007) 43:976-86. doi: 10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70695-6

294. Parakh R, Roy E, Koo E, Black S. Pantomime and imitation of limb gestures in relation to the severity of Alzheimer's disease. *Brain Cogn*. (2004) 55:272-4. doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2004.02.049

295. Nagahama Y, Okina T, Suzuki N. Impaired imitation of gestures in mild dementia: comparison of dementia with Lewy bodies, Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. *J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry*. (2015) 86:1248-52. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2014-309436

296. Costa A, Bak T, Caffarra P, Caltagirone C, Ceccaldi M, Collette F, et al. The need for harmonisation and innovation of neuropsychological assessment in neurodegenerative dementias in Europe: consensus document of the Joint Program for Neurodegenerative Diseases Working Group. *Alzheimers Res Ther*. (2017) 9:27. doi: 10.1186/s13195-017-0254-x

297. Ahmed S, Baker I, Thompson S, Husain M, Butler CR. Utility of testing for apraxia and associated features in dementia. *J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry*. (2016) 87:1158-62. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2015-312945

298. Chandra SR, Issac TG, Abbas MM. Apraxias in neurodegenerative dementias. *Indian J Psychol Med*. (2015) 37:42-7. doi: 10.4103/0253-7176.150817

299. Johnen A, Tokaj A, Kirschner A, Wiendl H, Lueg G, Duning T, et al. Apraxia profile differentiates behavioural variant frontotemporal from Alzheimer's dementia in mild disease stages. *J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry*. (2015) 86:809-15. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2014-308773

300. Chare L, Hodges JR, Leyton CE, McGinley C, Tan RH, Kril JJ, et al. New criteria for frontotemporal dementia syndromes: clinical and pathological diagnostic implications. *J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry*. (2014) 85:865-70. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2013-306948

301. Johnen A, Reul S, Wiendl H, Meuth SG, Duning T. Apraxia profiles—A single cognitive marker to discriminate all variants of frontotemporal lobar degeneration and Alzheimer's disease. *Alzheimer's Dement Diagn Assess Dis Monit*. (2018) 10:363-71. doi: 10.1016/j.dadm.2018.04.002

302. Johnen A, Frommeyer J, Modes F, Wiendl H, Duning T, Lohmann H. Dementia Apraxia Test (DATE): a brief tool to differentiate behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia from alzheimer's dementia based on apraxia profiles. *J Alzheimer's Dis*. (2015) 49:593-605. doi: 10.3233/JAD-150447

303. Lobo PP, Pinto S, Rocha L, Reimão S, de Carvalho M. Orofacial apraxia in motor neuron disease. *Case Rep Neurol*. (2013) 5:47-51. doi: 10.1159/000349895

304. Pawlowski M, Joksch V, Wiendl H, Meuth SG, Duning T, Johnen A. Apraxia screening predicts Alzheimer pathology in frontotemporal dementia. *J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry*. (2018) 2018:1-8. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2018-318470

305. Buxbaum LJ, Shapiro AD, Coslett HB. Critical brain regions for tool-related and imitative actions: a componential analysis. *Brain*. (2014) 137:1971-85. doi: 10.1093/brain/awu111

306. Hoeren M, Kümmerer D, Bormann T, Beume L, Ludwig VM, Vry M-S, et al. Neural bases of imitation and pantomime in acute stroke patients: distinct streams for praxis. *Brain*. (2014) 137:2796-810. doi: 10.1093/brain/awu203

307. Martin M, Beume L, Kümmerer D, Schmidt CSM, Bormann T, Dressing A, et al. Differential roles of ventral and dorsal streams for conceptual and production-related components of tool use in acute stroke patients. *Cereb Cortex*. (2016) 26:3754-71. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhv179

308. Manuel AL, Radman N, Mesot D, Chouiter L, Clarke S, Annoni J-M, et al. Inter- and intrahemispheric dissociations in ideomotor apraxia: a large-scale lesion-symptom mapping study in subacute brain-damaged patients. *Cereb Cortex*. (2013) 23:2781-9. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhs280

309. Binkofski F, Buxbaum LJ. Two action systems in the human brain. *Brain Lang*. (2013) 127:222-9. doi: 10.1016/j.bandl.2012.07.007

310. Johnen A, Brandstetter L, Kärgel C, Wiendl H, Lohmann H, Duning T. Shared neural correlates of limb apraxia in early stages of Alzheimer's dementia and behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia. *Cortex*. (2016) 84:1-14. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.08.009

311. Leslie KR, Johnson-Frey SH, Grafton ST. Functional imaging of face and hand imitation: towards a motor theory of empathy. *Neuroimage*. (2004) 21:601-7. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.09.038

312. Goldenberg G, Karnath H-O. The neural basis of imitation is body part specific. *J Neurosci*. (2006) 26:6282-7. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0638-06.2006

313. Raade A, Ginzalez Rothi L, Heilman K. The relationship between buccofacial and limb apraxia. *Brain Cogn*. (1991) 16:130-46. doi: 10.1016/0278-2626(91)90002-P

314. Weiss P, Kalbe E, Kessler J, Fink G, Binder E, Hesse M, et al. Kölner Apraxie Screening. Göttingen: Hogrefe Verlag (2013).

315. Vanbellingen T, Kersten B, Van de Winckel A, Bellion M, Baronti F, Muri R, et al. A new bedside test of gestures in stroke: the apraxia screen of TULIA (AST). *J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry*. (2011) 82:389-92. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2010.213371

316. Cameron OG. Interoception: the inside story - a model for psychosomatic processes. *Psychosom Med*. (2001) 63:697-710. doi: 10.1097/00006842-200109000-00001

317. Kleckner IR, Zhang J, Touroutoglou A, Chanes L, Simmons WK, Quigley KS, et al. Evidence for a large-scale brain system supporting allostasis and interoception in humans. *Nat Hum Behav*. (2017) 1:1-37. doi: 10.1038/s41562-017-0069-9

318. García-Cordero I, Sedeño L, de la Fuente L, Slachevsky A, Forno G, Klein F, et al. Feeling, learning from and being aware of inner states: interoceptive dimensions in neurodegeneration and stroke. *Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci*. (2016) 371:0006. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0006

319. Zhou J, Greicius MD, Gennatas ED, Growdon ME, Jang JY, Rabinovici GD, et al. Divergent network connectivity changes in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease. *Brain*. (2010) 133:1352-67. doi: 10.1093/brain/awq075
320. Marshall CR, Hardy CJD, Russell LL, Clark CN, Bond RL, Dick KM, et al. Motor signatures of emotional reactivity in frontotemporal dementia. *Nat Sci Rep.* (2018) 8:1-13. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-19528-2

321. Fletcher PD, Downey LE, Golden HL, Clark CN, Slattery CF, Paterson RW, et al. Pain and temperature processing in dementia: a clinical and neuroanatomical analysis. *Brain*. (2015) 138:3360-72. doi: 10.1093/brain/awv276

322. Ondobaka S, Kilner J, Friston K. The role of interoceptive inference in theory of mind. *Brain Cogn.* (2017) 112:64-8. doi: 10.1016/j.bande.2015.08.002

323. Shah P, Catmur C, Bird G. From heart to mind: linking interoception, emotion, and theory of mind. *Cortex*. (2017) 93:220-3. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.02.010

324. Adolfi F, Couto B, Richter F, Decety J, Lopez J, Sigman M, et al. Convergence of interoception, emotion, and social cognition: a twofold fMRI meta-analysis and lesion approach. *Cortex*. (2017) 88:124-42. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.12.019

325. Joshi A, Mendez MF, Kaiser N, Jimenez E, Mather M, Shapira JS. Skin conductance levels may reflect emotional blunting in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. *J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci*. (2014) 26:227-32. doi: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.12110332

326. Balconi M, Cotelli M, Brambilla M, Manenti R, Cosseddu M, Premi E, et al. Understanding emotions in frontotemporal dementia: the explicit and implicit emotional cue mismatch. *J Alzheimers Dis*. (2015) 46:211-25. doi: 10.3233/JAD-142826

327. Marshall CR, Hardy CJD, Russell LL, Clark CN, Dick KM, Brotherhood E V, et al. Impaired interoceptive accuracy in semantic variant primary progressive aphasia. *Front Neurol*. (2017) 8:610. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00610

328. Woolley JD. Buccofacial apraxia and the expression of emotion. *Ann N Y Acad Sci*. (2006) 1000:395-401. doi: 10.1196/annals.1280.039

329. Ptak R, Schnider A, Fellrath J. The dorsal frontoparietal network: a core system for emulated action. *Trends Cogn Sci*. (2017) 21:589-99. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2017.05.002

330. Conson M, Trojano L, Vitale C, Mazzarella E, Allocca R, Barone P, et al. The role of embodied simulation in mental transformation of whole-body images: evidence from Parkinson's disease. *Hum Mov Sci*. (2014) 33:343-53. doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2013.10.006

331. Schwoebel J, Buxbaum LJ, Coslett HB. Representations of the human body in the production and imitation of complex movements. *Cogn Neuropsychol*. (2004) 21:285-98. doi: 10.1080/02643290342000348

332. Buxbaum LJ, Kyle KM, Menon R. On beyond mirror neurons: internal representations subserving imitation and recognition of skilled object-related actions in humans. *Brain Res Cogn Brain Res*. (2005) 25:226-39. doi: 10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.05.014

333. Buxbaum LJ, Kalénine S. Action knowledge, visuomotor activation, and embodiment in the two action systems. *Ann N

Y Acad Sci. (2010) 1191:201-18. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.0 5447.x

334. Rumiati RI, Carmo JC, Corradi-Dell'Acqua C. Neuropsychological perspectives on the mechanisms of imitation. *Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci.* (2009) 364:2337-47. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2009. 0063

335. Berg E. A simple objective technique for measuring flexibility in thinking. *J Gen Psychol*. (1948) 39:15-22. doi: 10.1080/00221309.1948.99 18159

336. Nyhus E, Barcelo F. The wisconsin card sorting test and the cognitive assessment of prefrontal executive functions: a critical update. *Brain Cogn.* (2009) 71:437-51. doi: 10.1016/j.bande.2009.03.005

337. Kohli A, Kaur M. Wisconsin card sorting test: normative data and experience. *Indian J Psychiatry*. (2006) 48:181-4. doi: 10.4103/0019-5545.31582

338. Ameller A, Picard A, D'Hondt F, Vaiva G, Thomas P, Pins D. Implicit recognition of familiar and unfamiliar faces in schizophrenia: a study of the skin conductance response in familiarity disorders. *Front Psychiatry*. (2017) 8:1-11. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00181

339. Coughlan G, Coutrot A, Khondoker M, Minihane A-M, Spiers H, Hornberger M. Toward personalized cognitive diagnostics of at-genetic-risk Alzheimer's disease. *Proc Natl Acad Sci USA*. (2019) 116:9285-92. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1901600116

340. Artiola i Fortuny L, Heaton RK, Hermosillo D. Neuropsychological comparisons of Spanish-speaking participants from the U.S.-Mexico border region versus Spain. *J Int Neuropsychol Soc*. (1998) 4:363-79.

341. Gasquino PG. Variables moderating cultural and ethnic differences in neuropsychological assessment: the case of Hispanic Americans. *Clin Neuropsychol*. (1999) 13:376-83. doi: 10.1076/clin.13.3.376.1735

**Conflict of Interest Statement:** MB would like to disclose that he is the main author of the mini-SEA.

The remaining author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

The reviewer MI declared a past co-authorship with one of the authors MB to the handling editor.

Copyright © 2019 Johnen and Bertoux. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
320. Marshall CR, Hardy CJD, Russell LL, Clark CN, Bond RL, Dick KM, et al. Motor signatures of emotional reactivity in frontotemporal dementia. *Nat Sci Rep.* (2018) 8:1-13. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-19528-2

321. Fletcher PD, Downey LE, Golden HL, Clark CN, Slattery CF, Paterson RW, et al. Pain and temperature processing in dementia: a clinical and neuroanatomical analysis. *Brain*. (2015) 138:3360-72. doi: 10.1093/brain/awv276

322. Ondobaka S, Kilner J, Friston K. The role of interoceptive inference in theory of mind. *Brain Cogn.* (2017) 112:64-8. doi: 10.1016/j.bande.2015.08.002

323. Shah P, Catmur C, Bird G. From heart to mind: linking interoception, emotion, and theory of mind. *Cortex*. (2017) 93:220-3. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.02.010

324. Adolfi F, Couto B, Richter F, Decety J, Lopez J, Sigman M, et al. Convergence of interoception, emotion, and social cognition: a twofold fMRI meta-analysis and lesion approach. *Cortex*. (2017) 88:124-42. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.12.019

325. Joshi A, Mendez MF, Kaiser N, Jimenez E, Mather M, Shapira JS. Skin conductance levels may reflect emotional blunting in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. *J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci*. (2014) 26:227-32. doi: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.12110332

326. Balconi M, Cotelli M, Brambilla M, Manenti R, Cosseddu M, Premi E, et al. Understanding emotions in frontotemporal dementia: the explicit and implicit emotional cue mismatch. *J Alzheimers Dis*. (2015) 46:211-25. doi: 10.3233/JAD-142826

327. Marshall CR, Hardy CJD, Russell LL, Clark CN, Dick KM, Brotherhood E V, et al. Impaired interoceptive accuracy in semantic variant primary progressive aphasia. *Front Neurol*. (2017) 8:610. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00610

328. Woolley JD. Buccofacial apraxia and the expression of emotion. *Ann N Y Acad Sci.* (2006) 1000:395-401. doi: 10.1196/annals.1280.039

329. Ptak R, Schnider A, Fellrath J. The dorsal frontoparietal network: a core system for emulated action. *Trends Cogn Sci*. (2017) 21:589-99. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2017.05.002

330. Conson M, Trojano L, Vitale C, Mazzarella E, Allocca R, Barone P, et al. The role of embodied simulation in mental transformation of whole-body images: evidence from Parkinson's disease. *Hum Mov Sci*. (2014) 33:343-53. doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2013.10.006

331. Schwoebel J, Buxbaum LJ, Coslett HB. Representations of the human body in the production and imitation of complex movements. *Cogn Neuropsychol*. (2004) 21:285-98. doi: 10.1080/02643290342000348

332. Buxbaum LJ, Kyle KM, Menon R. On beyond mirror neurons: internal representations subserving imitation and recognition of skilled object-related actions in humans. *Brain Res Cogn Brain Res*. (2005) 25:226-39. doi: 10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.05.014

333. Buxbaum LJ, Kalénine S. Action knowledge, visuomotor activation, and embodiment in the two action systems. *Ann N

Y Acad Sci. (2010) 1191:201-18. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.0 5447.x

334. Rumiati RI, Carmo JC, Corradi-Dell'Acqua C. Neuropsychological perspectives on the mechanisms of imitation. *Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci.* (2009) 364:2337-47. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2009. 0063

335. Berg E. A simple objective technique for measuring flexibility in thinking. *J Gen Psychol*. (1948) 39:15-22. doi: 10.1080/00221309.1948.99 18159

336. Nyhus E, Barcelo F. The wisconsin card sorting test and the cognitive assessment of prefrontal executive functions: a critical update. *Brain Cogn.* (2009) 71:437-51. doi: 10.1016/j.bande.2009.03.005

337. Kohli A, Kaur M. Wisconsin card sorting test: normative data and experience. *Indian J Psychiatry*. (2006) 48:181-4. doi: 10.4103/0019-5545.31582

338. Ameller A, Picard A, D'Hondt F, Vaiva G, Thomas P, Pins D. Implicit recognition of familiar and unfamiliar faces in schizophrenia: a study of the skin conductance response in familiarity disorders. *Front Psychiatry*. (2017) 8:1-11. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00181

339. Coughlan G, Coutrot A, Khondoker M, Minihane A-M, Spiers H, Hornberger M. Toward personalized cognitive diagnostics of at-genetic-risk Alzheimer's disease. *Proc Natl Acad Sci USA*. (2019) 116:9285-92. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1901600116

340. Artiola i Fortuny L, Heaton RK, Hermosillo D. Neuropsychological comparisons of Spanish-speaking participants from the U.S.-Mexico border region versus Spain. *J Int Neuropsychol Soc*. (1998) 4:363-79.

341. Gasquino PG. Variables moderating cultural and ethnic differences in neuropsychological assessment: the case of Hispanic Americans. *Clin Neuropsychol*. (1999) 13:376-83. doi: 10.1076/clin.13.3.376.1735

**Conflict of Interest Statement:** MB would like to disclose that he is the main author of the mini-SEA.

The remaining author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

The reviewer MI declared a past co-authorship with one of the authors MB to the handling editor.

Copyright © 2019 Johnen and Bertoux. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.