<figure><img src="image_55.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 51.** Normally polarized dipole p creates an axially symmetric wave beam qualitatively described by the laws of geometrical optics. a) Non-divergent beam and its normalized intensity distribution over the transverse coordinate x normalized to the sphere radius R. b) Divergent beam and its intensity distribution over the angle $\alpha$ of rays whose continuations cross at the same point—that of the virtual dipole located at the left of the sphere. Reproduced with permission.[639] Copyright 2021, Elsevier.</figcaption></figure>

ray ($x = 0$) taken in the same plane $y > 0$ differs from that of the peripheral ray by $\pi/2$. The difference in the phases of rays cannot be neglected. So, the GO model for the tangential dipole is inconsistent.

Of course, the GO model does not allow us to estimate the superresolution. However, it offers an insight of its physics. Exact numerical simulations were done and confirmed this insight. In previous studies,[141, 669] we simulated the imaging beam formation and evolution for $R/\lambda = 1–40$ and $n = 1.3–1.7$. In these 2D simulations, the dipoles were replaced by the dipole lines and the spheres—by the cylinders. The range of parameters $R/\lambda = 4–20$, $n = 1.5–1.7$ offers (beyond the Mie resonances) the transmitted beam with the flat phase front and intensity distribution which are close to those predicted by the GO model for $n = 1.44$. For $R/\lambda = 20–30$, $n = 1.6–1.7$, and for $R/\lambda = 4–25$, $n = 1.3–1.5$ the imaging beam is conical as shown in Figure 51b. Next, we have simulated the evolution of both types of imaging beam up to the Rayleigh range $D_R = 2R^2/\lambda$[141] and up to $D \gg D_R$.[669] At the Rayleigh distance, both types of imaging beam are split due to oscillating angular dependence of the intensity but keep the same phase center, whereas the parallel beam sharply diverges becoming conical. Its phase center is pronounced enough – its size is smaller than R. This allows the superresolution in the scenario illustrated by Figure 52a. The divergent wave beam, for which the imaging scenario is illustrated by Figure 52b, also has a pronounced phase center. In both scenarios, a short-focus lens is needed to collect the imaging beam into a spot. If the focusing is not tight the point source is imaged as a ring because the imaging beam is hollow. Estimates of the resolution for both imaging scenarios presented in Figure 52 were done in a previous study.[669] This resolution can be further improved using the frequency-domain diagonal sampling of the CCD matrix.[670]

Since the point-spread function method does not work for hollow beams, we have done an additional study whose aim was to show that the information of the point source location is kept in the imaging beam with the subwavelength accuracy.

In these 2D simulations,[141] a macroscopic objective lens was replaced by microlens located at the distance D chosen so that $R<<D<D_R$. The proper choice of the microlens allowed us to focus the parallel imaging beams into narrow spots. This microlens is a microcylinder of the same radius R as the imaging one but different refractive index. Since in our simulations the fields were time-harmonic we could not make two dipole sources really non-coherent. Instead, we made them non-interfering in the paraxial domain introducing the phase shift $\pi/2$ for their dipole moments. The tight focusing by the 2D “microsphere” offers to a single point dipole the focal spot with minimal size $w = 0.2\lambda$, but due to the interference the superresolution was not achieved until we have introduced the substrate emulated by a substantial silicon block. The presence of the substrate flattens the phase front of the parallel imaging beams and enables superresolution. The best-simulated result is presented in Figure 53. The gap $\delta$ between two Hertzian dipoles that we varied in the limits $0.2\lambda–0.5\lambda$ was proportionally magnified in the image. The proportionality $\Delta \sim \delta$ is illustrated by two values of $\delta$ in Figure 53b. Asymmetric lateral maxima are due to the interference which is only partially suppressed beyond the beam axis $y$. Though in this structure the resolution is modest ($\delta = 0.24\lambda$) it shows that the subwavelength information on the mutual location of two-point dipoles is kept in the imaging beam.

Let us now discuss the imaging properties of a simple glass microsphere in comparison with a hyperlens. In a hyperlens, the subwavelength location of the object is granted by a tiny width of the imaging beam near its point source. This width is nonzero due to plasmonic losses and metamaterial granularity. A glass microsphere offering superresolution has neither high losses nor granularity. Its resolution may be restricted by the parasitic image created by the tangential polarization. However, simulations of ref. [671] show that this veiling effect is weak. Near-field interaction between the sphere and the object makes the normal polarization of the last one dominant even in the case when the structure is illuminated by the normally incident light.
<figure><img src="image_56.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 52.** Two normally oriented dipoles are resolved despite the subwavelength gap $\delta$. The resolution occurs because the gap between two virtual sources is magnified so that $\delta_v > \lambda/2$. The lens grants an additional magnification ($\Delta > \delta_v$). a) A beam of parallel rays transforms at the Rayleigh length $D_R$ into a conical beam with a pronounced phase center (virtual source). In the inset, the simulated picture of this beam behind the Rayleigh range is presented. b) In the conventional scenario, the spherical fronts are created immediately behind the sphere. Reproduced with permission.[639] Copyright 2021, Elsevier.</figcaption></figure>

**28. Microsphere-Assisted Interference Microscopy**

*(Stephane Perrin*, Paul Montgomery, Sylvain Lecler*)

**28.1. Status**

Over the past century, the performance in optical microscopy has been improved with the development of numerous imaging techniques. These super-resolution or stochastic-functional techniques have indeed made it possible to overcome the well-

known diffraction limit. For this purpose, they require fluorescent markers, high-intensity illumination or scanning systems. Recently, sub-diffraction-limit imaging has been demonstrated experimentally by introducing glass microspheres in a classical optical microscope.[136] With their small size (within the Mie scattering regime), the microspheres behave as non-classical lenses. Microsphere-assisted microscopy is able to achieve a lateral resolution of up to $\lambda/5$ in air and $\lambda/7$ in immersion while being label-free and wide field. A transparent microsphere is usually placed in contact with or close to the object surface to be observed.[672]
<figure><img src="image_57.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 53.** a) Intensity color map for two horizontal dipoles symmetrically sandwiched between a large silicon block and a 2D «microsphere» of glass and separated by the subwavelength gap $δ$. The second «microsphere» operates as a lens. In its focal plane (dashed line) the image is formed. b) The intensity distribution in the image plane for two gaps: $δ = 0.24λ$ (blue curve) and $δ' = 0.5λ$ (pink curve). The image is magnified: $Δ = 0.49λ ≈ 2δ$ and $Δ' = 1.04λ ≈ 2δ'$.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_58.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 54.** a) Surface topography reconstructions of a 200-nm-groove standard and b) layout of compensated microsphere-assisted interference microscope. LS, light source. MO, microscope objective. MS, microscope. S, sample. M, reference mirror (with a microsphere). L, relay lens. C, camera.</figcaption></figure>

The axial position of the microsphere with respect to the object also influences the formation and the nature (real or virtual) of the image.[673] The combination with interferometry, using low coherence light, enables the surface topography reconstruction of sub-wavelength objects with a high axial sensitivity (Figure 54). Linnik,[145] Mirau,[147] and Mach-Zehnder[148] configurations have been demonstrated. Furthermore, the use of techniques for compensating both the optical dispersion and optical aberrations, such as adding a similar microsphere in the reference arm (Figure 54b), can lead to an improvement in the accuracy of the height-map.[674] Coherent light can also be used in the microsphere-assisted digital holographic configuration, particularly useful with Mirau objectives due to the microsphere phase delay. This has been demonstrated with an ≈500 µm diameter microsphere.[146] Structured illumination[284] or oblique illumination[278] can be coupled to this configuration to further improve the resolution.

If most of the current interferometric microsphere-assisted microscopes have been implemented in the reflection mode, a digital holographic configuration microsphere-assisted micro-

scope has also been demonstrated in the transmission mode for cell imaging.[675]

## 28.2. Current and Future Challenges

Glass microspheres allow a significant increase in the lateral resolution in interference microscopy. Nevertheless, the possibility of performing contact-less measurement over a large field of view as well as the quantification of the resolving power remain real challenges.

The lateral field of view is typically a fifth of the size of the microsphere. The smaller the microsphere, the smaller the observation area. However, it is the use of the smaller microspheres that leads to a better sub-diffraction-limit ability. Thus, a compromise between the field of view and the resolution has usually to be made. Moreover, at this scale (diameter ranging from a few micrometers to ≈50 µm), the manipulation of the microspheres is not easy and the control of the sphere-sample distance is not always accurate enough. In addition, the need to avoid polluting or damaging the object surface is essential. The imaging depth through the microspheres in the tomographic configuration also remains an open question.

Microsphere-assisted microscopy is able to resolve features having a period of 100 nm in air using white-light illumination.[136] However, up to now, the lateral resolution limit in direct imaging and interference imaging as a function of the optical (wavelength or refractive index) and geometrical (diameter or axial distance) parameters cannot be predicted due to the lack of a full explanation.

The super-resolution may come from three possible hypotheses. First, a plane wave illuminating a microsphere can generate a sub-diffraction-focused beam known as a photonic nanojet.[673] This may be considered as the sphere point spread function; however, its size (≈λ/3) is larger than the observed resolutions, meaning that the photonic nanojet alone cannot explain the resolution.[140] The second hypothesis concerns a potential interference effect. Due to the small optical path differences
<figure><img src="image_59.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 55.** Real part of the electric field showing the evanescent wave coupling by a 4-µm-diameter microsphere ($n_{sph} = 1.5$). The evanescent wave was generated by total internal reflexion using a substrate/air interface and a plane wave with an incident angle of 55°. $n_{sub} = 1.5$ and $\lambda = 600$ nm.</figcaption></figure>

involved, interferences can occur. Therefore, the phase differ-
ence between two close objects may create destructive interfer-
ences contributing to the ability to distinguish between their
images.[147, 645] The last explanation considers the ability of the
microsphere to collect evanescent waves. Its ability to convert
near-field evanescent waves into far-field propagative waves has
been demonstrated.[644] The evanescent waves contain the high
spatial frequencies from a sample or from a point source.[676]
Close to the microsphere, these waves are naturally coupled to
whispering gallery modes inside the sphere. The whispering
gallery modes are then coupled to the far field, due to the sample
proximity, which breaks the spherical symmetry (Figure 55).

While this phenomenon is enhanced if resonances
occurs,[676, 677] the resonances are narrow. However, many
resonances can take place if a broad-band source is used. Both
virtual and real image formation has been theoretically demon-
strated with higher resolution when resonances occur with
specific configurations.[676, 677] A more general and predictive
model is still required. Therefore, there is still a need to better
understand and to try to take advantage of the influence of

the source coherence and whispering gallery mode resonances
inside the microsphere on the resolution.

Another issue is that the lateral resolution in topography imag-
ing is not the same as in direct imaging. The phase contrast must
not only be detected but also quantified. However, when the lat-
eral sizes of structures decrease, their profile measurements can
be inaccurate. For this reason, in profilometry the lateral resolu-
tion is not limited to a half wavelength but more generally to one
or several wavelengths. In white light microsphere-assisted pro-
filometry the 3D topography of Blu-Ray© disc with a period of
320 nm can typically be reconstructed. Up to now, the best accu-
racy (an object with a period of around 200–300 nm) has been
obtained in the configuration having a microsphere in the refer-
ence arm to compensate the aberration.[674]

**28.3. Advances in Science and Technology to Meet Challenges**

In order to resolve the challenges of the field of view, one solution would be to attach an array of microspheres or sup-hemispheres (Figure 56) to the microscope head, to scan laterally and to perform stitching of the acquired images in order to examine the high-spatial frequency details over the enlarged sample view.

Contact-less measurements over a wide field also require a me-
chanical or micro-mechanical system for displacing the micro-
sphere matrix or the object to be tested. Then the gap between
the spheres and the object surface needs to be measured in real
time in order to maintain a distance smaller than a wavelength
and also to avoid collisions. In addition, the choice of the matrix
size has to be optimized for a given surface relief in order to de-
crease the transverse tilt of the matrix substrate which could lead
to impacts with the highest parts of the sample.

An algorithm to define the image formation of point object
sources only emitting high-spatial-frequency components could
be usefully implemented. Based on previous work,[673] the phe-
nomenon of sub-diffraction-limit imaging might then be re-
trieved as well as the relationship with the optical and geometrical
parameters. This would enable the performance of microsphere-
assisted microscopy to be clarified and even to define the transfer
function.

**28.4. Conclusions**

Microsphere-assisted microscopy is a label-free imaging tech-
nique that has made it possible to considerably improve the re-
solving power in interference microscopy. Several technological

<figure><img src="image_60.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 56.** Arrays of sup-hemispheres. CSEM, Switzerland.[678]</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_61.png" /></figure>
challenges however remain before this innovative combination can be practically applied in the research and industrial environments. The main one consists in enlarging the observation area while maintaining the sub-diffraction-limit phenomenon and being contact-less. Other aims remain such as the theoretical quantification of the maximum possible gain in resolution.

## Acknowledgements

**Section 1:** Special thanks go to all groups who participated in this Roadmap and expressed their visions of the past, present, and future of this field. The author acknowledges the support of Center for Metamaterials, an NSF I/U CRC, Award No. 1068050. **Section 4:** The authors acknowledge the support of the Singapore Ministry of Education (Grant No. MOE2016-T3-1-006), the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council UK (Grant Nos. EP/N00762X/1 and EP/M009122/1). **Section 5:** This work was supported by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. **Section 6:** The author acknowledges helpful interactions with C.-At. Motti and funding from Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. Parts of Section 6 are based on the previous publication in Advanced Photonics [60], and are reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons CC-BY license. **Section 7:** The authors acknowledge the following: National Institutes of Health (R01GM129709, R01CA238191) and National Science Foundation (0939511, 1450962, 1353368). In the memory of Prof. Gabriel Popescu. **Section 8:** P.K. is supported by an ERC Consolidator grant (PHOTOMASS 819593) and an EPSRC Leadership Fellowship (EP/T03419X/1). E.P. acknowledges funding from the German research foundation (PF991/1-1, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG). The authors thank Catherine Lichten for valuable discussions. **Section 9:** This work was supported by Career Development Award, Academia Sinica, Taiwan (AS-CDA-107-M06); Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan (MOST 108-2112-M-001-038-MY3; MOST 110-2321-B-002-012). **Section 10:** The author acknowledges the support of the Australian Research Council through the Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging (CE140100011). This work was performed in part at the Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication (MCN) in the Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility (ANFF). Support from the La Trobe Biomedical and Environmental Sensor Technology (BEST) Research Centre is acknowledged. **Section 11:** The authors thank Colin J. R. Sheppard, M. Castello, and R. G. Johnston for useful discussions, and M. W. Ashraf, F. Callegari, A. Mohebi, A. Bendandi, N. Mazumder, R. Rajan, R. Marongiu, S. Piazza. I. Nepita, M. Oneto, M. Scotto for the experimental and theoretical activity on the CIDS architecture at DiasproLab. **Section 15:** This work was supported by the grants from Nation Institute of Health (R35GM136223, R01AI141439). **Section 16:** The authors thank Giulia Zanini for her valuable comments and discussion. **Section 19:** S.W.C. and G.J.H. acknowledge the support by the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan, under grant MOST-112-2321-B-002-025, MOST-112-2112-M-002-032-MY3, MOST-112-2119-M-002-022-MBK, as well as support from the Center for Advanced Computing and Imaging in Biomedicine of NTU (NTU-112L900703) the Brain Research Center of NTHU under the Higher Education Sprout Project funded by the Ministry of Education in Taiwan. X.L. is supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFB1107200); the Guangdong Provincial Innovation and Entrepreneurship Project (Grant 2016ZT06D081). **Section 20:** The authors wish to thank Prof. Y. Rozenwax and Prof. H. Suchowski for their support. This research was partially supported by ISF grant 1294/18. **Section 21:** SGS acknowledges the financial support of UEFISCDI grant RONO-2019-0601 (MEDYCONAI) (NO Grants 2014-2021, Project contract no. 25 / 2021). M.J.H. acknowledges support from the Flagship of Photonics Research and Innovation (PREIN) funded by the Academy of Finland (Grant No. 320165). **Section 23:** U.L. was supported by ERC, ISF and the Murray B. Koffler Professorial Chair. **Section 24:** Funding support is acknowledged. Z.W.: UK Royal Society (IEC/R2\202178), Leverhulme Trust (RF-2022-659) and Bangor University BU-IIA Award (S49610); B.L.: Russian Science Foundation (Project #20-12-00389) and a Special Program of "BASIS" Foundation (Grant #21-2-10-39-1) for the development of theoretical physics at the Lomonosov Moscow State University.; L.W.: NKPs

(2017YFA0204600, China) and NSFC (51721002 and 52033003). **Section 25:** The work of AVM was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (Grant No. 075-15-2022-293). V.N.A. acknowledges a support by Center for Metamaterials, an NSF I/U CRC, Award No. 1068050. **Section 26:** This material was based upon work supported in whole or part by the North Carolina Biotechnology Center. This work was also supported by Center for Metamaterials, an NSF I/U CRC, Award No. 1068050. **Section 28:** Funding: Nano3D and SIBIC projects (SATT Conectus). The authors thank all the partners for their scientific contributions and discussions.

## Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

## Keywords

biomedical imaging, diffraction limit, label-free imaging, near-field imaging, optical microscopy, super-resolution, structured illumination

Received: January 17, 2022

Revised: March 30, 2023

Published online: October 30, 2023

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Addendum

V. N. Astratov, B. Jin
Department of Physics and Optical Science
University of North Carolina at Charlotte
Charlotte, NC 28223-0001, USA
E-mail: astratov@charlotte.edu

Y. B. Sahel, Y. C. Eldar
Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics
Weizmann Institute of Science
Rehovot 7610001, Israel
E-mail: yair.bensahel@weizmann.ac.il

L. Huang, A. Ozcan
Electrical and Computer Engineering Department
University of California
Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
E-mail: ozcan@ucla.edu

L. Huang, A. Ozcan
Bioengineering Department
University of California
Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA

L. Huang, A. Ozcan
California Nano Systems Institute (CNSI)
University of California
Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA

A. Ozcan
David Geffen School of Medicine
University of California
Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA

N. Zheludev
Optoelectronics Research Centre
University of Southampton
Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
E-mail: niz@orc.soton.ac.uk

N. Zheludev
Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies
The Photonics Institute
School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
Nanyang Technological University
Singapore 637371, Singapore

J. Zhao, Z. Burns, Z. Liu
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of California
9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
E-mail: zhaowei@ucsd.edu

Z. Liu
Material Science and Engineering
University of California
9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA

E. Narimanov
School of Electrical Engineering, and Birck Nanotechnology Center
Purdue University
West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
E-mail: evgenii@purdue.edu

N. Goswami, G. Popescu†
Quantitative Light Imaging Laboratory
Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Champaign, IL 61801, USA
E-mail: nehag4@illinois.edu

E. Pfitzner, P. Kukura
Department of Chemistry
University of Oxford
Oxford OX13QZ, UK
E-mail: philipp.kukura@chem.ox.ac.uk

Y.-T. Hsiao, C.-L. Hsieh
Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences (IAMS)
Academia Sinica 1
Roosevelt Rd. Sec. 4, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
E-mail: clh@gate.sinica.edu.tw

B. Abbey
Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular
Imaging
La Trobe University
Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
E-mail: b.abbey@latrobe.edu.au

B. Abbey
Department of Chemistry and Physics
La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS)
La Trobe University
Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia

A. Diaspro, A. LeGratiet, P. Bianchini, B. S. Kariman
Optical Nanoscopy and NIC@IIT, CHT
Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
Via Enrico Melen 83B, Genoa 16152, Italy
E-mail: diaspro@fisica.unige.it; paolo.bianchini@iit.it

A. Diaspro, P. Bianchini, B. S. Kariman
DIFILAB, Department of Physics
University of Genoa
Via Dodecaneso 33, Genoa 16146, Italy

A. LeGratiet
CNRS, Institut FOTON - UMR 6082
Université de Rennes
Lannion F-22305, France

N. T. Shaked
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Biomedical Engineering
Tel Aviv University
Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
E-mail: nshaked@tau.ac.il

B. Simon
LP2N
Institut d'Optique Graduate School
CNRS UMR 5298
Université de Bordeaux
Talence 33405, France
E-mail: bertrand.simon@institutoptique.fr

N. Verrier, M. Debailleul, O. Haeberlé
IRIMAS UR UHA 7499
Université de Haute-Alsace
Mulhouse 68 093, France

S. Wang
School of Physics and Technology
Wuhan University
Wuhan, Hubei Province China
E-mail: shengwang16@whu.edu.cn

S. Wang
Wuhan Institute of Quantum Technology
Wuhan 430206, China

M. Liu
Department of Physics and Astronomy
Stony Brook University
Stony Brook, NY 11794-3800, USA
E-mail: mengkun.liu@stonybrook.edu

M. Liu
National Synchrotron Light Source II
Brookhaven National Laboratory
Upton, NY 11973-5000, USA
Y. Bai, J.-X. Cheng
Boston University Photonics Center
Boston, MA 02215, USA
E-mail: jxcheng@bu.edu

K. Fujita
Department of Applied Physics and the Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory (AIST)
and the Transdimensional Life Imaging Division
Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives
Osaka University
Osaka 565-0871, Japan
E-mail: fujita@ap.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp

M. Sinvani, Z. Zalevsky
Faculty of Engineering and the Nano-Technology Center
Bar-Ilan University
Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
E-mail: Zeev.Zalevsky@biu.ac.il

X. Li
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications
Institute of Photonics Technology
Jinan University
Guangzhou 510632, China
E-mail: xiangpingli@jnu.edu.cn

G.-J. Huang, S.-W. Chu
Department of Physics and Molecular Imaging Center
National Taiwan University
Taipei 10617, Taiwan
E-mail: swchu@phys.ntu.edu.tw

G.-J. Huang, S.-W. Chu
Brain Research Center
National Tsing Hua University
Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan

O. Tzang, D. Hershkovitz, O. Cheshnovsky
School of Chemistry
The Sackler faculty of Exact Sciences
and the Center for Light matter Interactions
and the Tel Aviv University Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
E-mail: orich@tauex.tau.ac.il

M. J. Huttunen
Laboratory of Photonics
Physics Unit
Tampere University
Tampere FI-33014, Finland
E-mail: mikko.huttunen@tuni.fi

S. G. Stanciu
Center for Microscopy – Microanalysis and Information Processing
National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest
313 Splaiul Independentei, Bucharest 060042, Romania

V. N. Smolyaninova
Department of Physics Astronomy and Geosciences
Towson University
8000 York Rd., Towson, MD 21252, USA

I. I. Smolyaninov
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Maryland
College Park, MD 20742, USA
E-mail: igor.smolyaninov@saltenna.com

U. Leonhardt
Weizmann Institute of Science
Rehovot 7610001, Israel
E-mail: ulf.leonhardt@weizmann.ac.il

S. Sahebdivan
EMTensor GmbH
TechGate, Donau-City-Strasse 1
Wien 1220, Austria
E-mail: sahar.sahebdivan@emtensor.com

Z. Wang
School of Computer Science and Engineering
Bangor University
Bangor LL57 1UT, United Kingdom
E-mail: z.wang@bangor.ac.uk

B. Luk'yanchuk
Faculty of Physics
Lomonosov Moscow State University
Moscow 119991, Russia

L. Wu
Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular
Engineering of Polymers
Fudan University
Shanghai 200433, China

A. V. Maslov
Department of Radiophysics
University of Nizhny Novgorod
Nizhny Novgorod 603022, Russia
E-mail: avmaslov@rf.unn.ru

C. R. Simovski
Department of Electronics and Nano-Engineering
Aalto University
Espoo FI-00076, Finland
E-mail: Konstantin.Simovski@aalto.fi

C. R. Simovski
Faculty of Physics and Engineering
ITMO University
St-Petersburg 199034, Russia

S. Perrin, P. Montgomery, S. Lecler
ICube Research Institute
University of Strasbourg - CNRS - INSA de Strasbourg
300 Bd. Sébastien Brant, Illkirch 67412, France
E-mail: sperrin@photonics-bretagne.com; sylvain.lecler@unistra.fr
<figure><img src="image_62.png" /></figure>

**Vasily N. Astratov** is a professor in the Department of Physics and Optical Science at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte. He is a principal organizer of this Roadmap who devised its concept. He received his Ph.D. in experimental physics from the Ioffe Institute in St. Petersburg, Russia, in 1986. He pioneered studies of synthetic opals as 3D photonic crystals in his former group at the Ioffe Institute in the mid-90s. In the last decade, he developed the use of high-index microspheres for super-resolution imaging applications in his lab at UNC-Charlotte. His research subjects include superlens imaging, resonant light forces, and the optical properties of microresonator and photodetector arrays. He is also a Visiting Professor at University Paris Saclay, Center for Material Physics in San Sebastian, and Air Force Research Laboratory. He organized and chaired special sessions on Label-Free Super-Resolution Microscopy at such conferences as PQE, IEEE Photonics, and ICTON. He is an editor of a book on this subject.[149]

<figure><img src="image_63.png" /></figure>

**Yair Ben Sahel** received his B.Sc. degree in physics from The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, in 2019. He is currently working toward his M.Sc. degree in mathematics and computer science at the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel. His research interests include machine learning and computational biology, focusing on learning-based algorithms for super-resolution in biological imaging.

<figure><img src="image_64.png" /></figure>

**Yonina Eldar** is a professor of electrical engineering at the Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel, where she heads the center for Biomedical Engineering. She is also a visiting professor at MIT, a visiting scientist at the Broad, a research collaborator at Princeton, and an adjunct professor at Duke. She is a member of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, an IEEE Fellow, a EURASIP Fellow, a Fellow of the Asia-Pacific Artificial Intelligence Association, and of the 8400 Health Network. She received many awards for excellence in research and teaching, including the IEEE Signal Processing Society Technical Achievement Award, the IEEE/AESS Fred Nathanson Memorial Radar Award, and the IEEE Kiyo Tomiyasu Award.

<figure><img src="image_65.png" /></figure>

**Luzhe Huang** received his B.Sc. degree in optical science and engineering in Zhejiang, China, 2019. He is currently a Ph.D. candidate in Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, USA. His research focus includes computer vision, microscopy, and computational imaging.
<figure><img src="image_66.png" /></figure>

**Aydogan Ozcan** is the Chancellor's Professor and the Volgenau Chair for Engineering Innovation at UCLA and an HHMI Professor with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. He is also the associate director of the California NanoSystems Institute. Dr. Ozcan is elected Fellow of the National Academy of Inventors (NAI) and holds >65 issued/granted patents in microscopy, holography, computational imaging, sensing, mobile diagnostics, nonlinear optics and fiber-optics, and is also the author of one book and the co-author of >1000 peer-reviewed publications. Dr. Ozcan is elected Fellow of Optica, AAAS, SPIE, IEEE, AIMBE, RSC, APS, and the Guggenheim Foundation, and is a Lifetime Fellow Member of Optica, NAI, AAAS, and SPIE. Dr. Ozcan is listed as a Highly Cited Researcher by Web of Science.

<figure><img src="image_67.png" /></figure>

**Nikolay Zheludev** FRS NAE, is Deputy Director of the Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton and directs the Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. He is also a fellow at the Halger Institute for Advanced Study, Texas A&M University, USA. His research interests are in nanophotonics, metamaterials and nonlinear optics. His is a fellow of the Royal Society of London, Member of the United States of America National Academy of Engineering. He is also a fellow of the European Physical Society, the Institute of Physics and the Optical Society of America (Optica) and American Physical Society. His personal awards include the IOP Thomas Young medal and Michael Faraday Gold medal, the President of Singapore Science and Technology Award and the IPS President Gold medal.

<figure><img src="image_68.png" /></figure>

**Junxiang Zhao** received his bachelor's degree in electrical and computer engineering from the University of California, San Diego. He is currently a Ph.D. candidate in the Electrical and Computer Engineering department at the University of California, San Diego. He has conducted research in various topics including plasmonic-assisted super-resolution imaging, design of hyperbolic metamaterials, and metasurface-based quantitative phase imaging. Currently, his primary research activities focus on the use of plasmonic nanostructures and metamaterials to enhance the resolution of super-resolution microscopies beyond their conventional limits along with the corresponding image reconstruction methods.

<figure><img src="image_69.png" /></figure>

**Zachary Burns** received his bachelor's degree in electrical engineering and engineering physics from the University of Michigan. He is currently a Ph.D. student in the Electrical and Computer Engineering department at the University of California, San Diego. His research focuses on the use of deep learning for image reconstruction in super-resolution microscopy. He is particularly interested in cases where knowledge of imaging physics can be incorporated into neural networks to reduce the need for labeled data and increase generalization capacity. He is a recipient of the NSF graduate research fellowship.
<figure><img src="image_70.png" /></figure>

**Zhaowei Liu** is a professor in the Electrical and Computer Engineering department at the University of California, San Diego. He received his Ph.D. in mechanical engineering from UCLA in 2006. Dr. Liu was a pioneer in the field of optical hyperlens and super-resolution microscopy. His current research interest includes nanophotonics, imaging and sensing, bio-photonics, nonlinear optics, metamaterials, plasmonics, energy, ultrafast microscale light sources, and nanofabrication. He is a recipient of the 2010 SME Outstanding Young Manufacturing Engineer Award, the UCSD 2010 Hellman Faculty Fellowship Award, the 2013 ONR Young Investigator Award, and the 2013 DARPA Young Faculty Award. He has been elevated to OPTICA Fellow in 2016.

<figure><img src="image_71.png" /></figure>

**Evgenii Narimanov** is Elmore Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Purdue University. He is a Fellow of IEEE and Optics/OSA.

<figure><img src="image_72.png" /></figure>

The late **Gabriel Popescu** (1971–2022) was an electrical and computer engineering professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC). He obtained his Ph.D. in optics in 2002 from the School of Optics, CREOL, University of Central Florida. Dr. Popescu was a postdoctoral researcher for Prof. Michael Feld in G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Lab at M.I.T. He joined UIUC in August 2007. Prof. Popescu was a pioneer in the field of quantitative phase imaging. His most significant contributions include the invention of diffraction phase microscopy (DPM, 2006), spatial light interference microscopy (SLIM, 2011), and gradient light interference microscopy (GLIM, 2017).

<figure><img src="image_73.png" /></figure>

**Philipp Kukura** is a professor of chemistry and fellow of Exeter College at the University of Oxford. He received an M.Chem. from the University of Oxford (2002) and a Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley (2006). After postdoctoral work at ETH Zurich, he joined the Chemistry Department at the University of Oxford as research fellow (2010) before becoming a lecturer (2011), and promotion to full professor (2016). Honours and awards include the Klung-Wilhelmy Science award in chemistry (2018), the Blavatnik Award for Young Scientists UK in chemistry (2019), the Emil Thomas Kaiser Ward by the Protein Society (2022), and the Sackler International Prize in biophysics (2023). He is the founder of Refeyn Ltd, which has commercialized and thereby enabled broad access to mass photometry. His current research focuses on the application of light microscopy combined with mass measurement at the single molecule level to study biomolecular structure and interactions.
<figure><img src="image_74.png" /></figure>

**Chia-Lung Hsieh** is a principal investigator at Academia Sinica in Taiwan. He also holds a joint appointment with the Department of Physics at National Taiwan University. He received his Ph.D. degree in 2011 in electrical engineering from the California Institute of Technology, where he studied nonlinear optics in nano-sized particles for bioimaging under Prof. Demetri Psaltis. Before joining Academia Sinica in 2012, he worked on interferometric scattering (iSCAT) microscopy and single-particle tracking with Prof. Vahid Sandoghdar at Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light in Erlangen, Germany. Currently, his research interests lie in exploring nanoscale biological dynamics using advanced microscope techniques.

<figure><img src="image_75.png" /></figure>

**Brian Abbey** received a Ph.D. in chemistry from Cambridge University in 2007. Over the past 16 years, he has been leading the development of new optical technologies for biological imaging employing techniques in coherent optics and nanotechnology. Prof. Abbey has received a number of prizes and awards for research excellence including the 2019 national Medtech's Got Talent award for his invention of a novel photonics-based diagnostic test for early-stage breast cancer. More recently, Brian was awarded both the 2022 Eureka prize for the innovative use of technology and the 2022 Victoria prize for Science and Innovation. He is currently deputy director of the La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Australia where he is a professor of physics in the field of Optics.

<figure><img src="image_76.png" /></figure>

**Alberto Diaspro** is a full professor of applied physics at Department of Physics of Genoa University, research director in Nanoscopy and of the Nikon Imaging Center at the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, affiliate at the Institute of Biophysics of the National Research Council. He was president of OWLS and EBSA. AD research experience is related to optical, computational, and biophysical approaches applied to molecular oncology and neuroscience. SPIE and EOS fellow, IEEE and OSA senior. A.D. received the Emily M. Gray Award for mentoring in Biophysics in 2014. Since 2021, A.D. is president of the Italian Society of Pure and Applied Biophysics (SIBPA) and of the Assembly of the Italian node of Eurobioimaging. A.D. received the Gregorio Weber Award on 2022 for excellence in studies, theory, and application of fluorescence. https://peerj.com/Diaspro/

<figure><img src="image_77.png" /></figure>

**Aymeric Le Gratiet** is an assistant professor at the University of Rennes, FOTON Institute (Lannion, France). He received his Ph.D. degree in 2016 in photonics from the University of Western Brittany (Brest, France). In 2017, he joined the Nanoscopy group led by Prof. Alberto Diaspro at the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (Genoa, Italy). His primary research activities involve the development of innovative optical microscopes based on manipulating the properties of light (wavelength, amplitude, phase, polarization, fluorescence). His main goal is to propose new multimodal optical methods for capturing numerous information through a deep-learning way about localized biological structures from macroscopic (small animals) down to sub-micrometric (tissues, cells, DNA) scales.
<figure><img src="image_78.png" /></figure>

**Paolo Bianchini** is a researcher and technologist in the Nanoscopy and NIC@IIT research line at the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia in Genoa, Italy. He is also an adjunct professor at the University of Parma and the University of Genoa. His research has focused on designing, realizing and utilizing conventional, confocal, multi-photon, and super-resolution fluorescence and label-free microscopy for biophysical applications. In particular, he developed original architectures for SHG, 2PE-STED, and pump-probe nanoscopy. He recently combined STED with Expansion microscopy and applied correlative AFM-STED microscopy. He is in charge of the scientific management of the Nikon Imaging Center and is a senior editor of the Microscopy Research and Technique journal.

<figure><img src="image_79.png" /></figure>

**Natan T. Shaked** is a professor in the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Tel Aviv University, Israel, and currently the chair of the department. His research subjects include biomedical optical microscopy, nanoscopy, and interferometry. He is chairing the SPIE Label-Free Imaging and Sensing (LBIS) Conference in SPIE Photonics West, San Francisco, USA, a fellow in the Optical Society of America (now OPTICA), and a fellow in the SPIE.

<figure><img src="image_80.png" /></figure>

**Bertrand Simon** is currently associate professor in optics at the Institut d'Optique Graduate School in France. He began his career at the Université de Haute-Alsace, where he focused on the development and characterization of tomographic diffraction microscopes as a tool for biological imaging. His research interests then shifted towards improving 3D resolution, specifically through the use of specimen rotation and fast reconstructions to achieve isotropic 3D resolution.

<figure><img src="image_81.png" /></figure>

**Nicolas Verrier** is associate professor in electrical engineering at Université de Haute-Alsace (France). His main research topics focus on non-conventional and quantitative phase imaging. Among these techniques, he is developing tomographic diffraction microscopy allowing for 3D quantitative refractive index characterization. His main efforts are brought to the addition of new imaging contrasts, allowing to bring back content selectivity (e.g. chemical, structural, Doppler) to this marker-less technique.
**Matthieu Debailleul** is a research engineer in physics and image processing at the Université de Haute-Alsace (France). Special skills include optical instrumentation, modeling in C++ and GPU computing. His main research topics are 3D microscopy and quantitative phase imaging. His current research focuses on the improvement of label-free techniques, and image formation models to enhance 3D reconstructions.

<figure><img src="image_82.png" /></figure>

**Olivier Haeberlé** obtained his Ph.D. in electromagnetism in 1994 and joined the University of Haute-Alsace in 1998 as assistant professor at MIPS laboratory. He defended his Habilitation in 2004, to become a full professor in 2006. He has been director of the MIPS laboratory, then of the IRIMAS research institute, and he is now adjunct-director of the IRIMAS. His present work focuses on modeling of image formation mechanisms, and on developing new techniques for label-free microscopy, based on phase imaging and tomography, as well as on associated image reconstruction/processing.

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**Sheng Wang** is a professor of Wuhan University in China. He obtained his B.Sc. degree from the University of Science and Technology of China in 2014 and his Ph.D. degree from the University of California, Berkeley in 2020. After working as a director's postdoctoral fellow at Los Alamos National Laboratory, he joined Wuhan University as a professor in November 2021. His research interests lie in nano- and quantum photonics, with an emphasis on probing the novel optical properties of low-dimensional materials at the nanoscale by scanning near-field optical microscopy.

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**Mengkun Liu** is an associate professor at the Department of Physics and Astronomy of Stony Brook University. He completed his Ph.D. in 2012 at Boston University and his post doc research was at UC San Diego from 2012–2014. His research interests include physics of correlated electron systems, low-dimensional quantum materials, infrared and terahertz nano-optics and ultrafast time-domain spectroscopy. Prizes include the NSF career award (2021) and Seaborg Institute Research Fellowships at Los Alamos National Lab (2009, 2010).

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**Yeran Bai** is currently a postdoctoral researcher at the University of California Santa Barbara. She received her Ph.D. degree in Optical Engineering from the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2019. Her research interests are novel vibrational spectroscopic imaging instrumentation for biomedical applications, with a special focus on mid-infrared photothermal imaging for neuroscience research.

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**Ji-Xin Cheng** attended the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) from 1989 to 1994. From 1994 to 1998, he carried out his Ph.D. study on bond-selective chemistry at USTC. As a graduate student, he worked as a research assistant at Universite Paris-sud (France) on vibrational spectroscopy and the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST) on quantum dynamics theory. After postdoctoral training on ultrafast spectroscopy at HKUST, he joined Sunney Xie's group at Harvard University as a postdoc, where he spearheaded the development of CARS microscopy that allows high-speed vibrational imaging. Cheng joined Purdue University in 2003 as an assistant professor at Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, promoted to associate professor in 2009 and full professor in 2013. He joined Boston University as the Inaugural Theodore Moustakas Chair Professor in Photonics and Optoelectronics in summer 2017.

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**Behjat Sadat Kariman** is currently a postdoctoral fellow under the supervision of Prof. Giulio Cerullo at the Department of Physics Politecnico di Milano, collaborating with IN2SIGHT project. She has completed her doctoral thesis entitled "Non-Linear Optical Process for the label-free microscope," under the supervision of Prof. Alberto Diaspro, and Prof. Paolo Bianchini at Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia in Genoa, Italy (2018-2022). Her research project focused on developing a multi-modal microscope, a custom-built femtosecond-pulsed near-infrared pump-probe microscope, that allows for simultaneous image acquisition from multiple optical imaging modalities to improve content information by label-free imaging. The microscope enables the following methods: multi-photon excitation fluorescence (MPEF), sum-frequency generation (SFG), second harmonic generation (SHG), pump-probe (PP), and saturated pump-probe (SPP). She did part of her PhD research abroad at Laboratory Nanoscale Biology led by Prof. Aleksandra Radenovic, at EPFL in 2021.

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**Katsumasa Fujita** is a professor of applied physics at Osaka University. He received his B.Sc., M.Sc., and Ph.D. all in applied physics in 1995, 1997, and 2000, respectively, from Osaka University. After working as a JSPS postdoctoral fellow at Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine and as a research associate at Frontier Research Center in Osaka University, he was appointed as an assistant professor member in Osaka University in 2002 and was promoted to full professor in 2018. His research interest includes optical microscopy, non-linear optics, vibrational spectroscopy, and their applications for biomedical sciences.
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**Moshe Sinvani** was born in Israel. He received his Ph.D. in physics in 1979 on transport properties in Aluminum at liquid He temperatures. He was a postdoc at Caltech in 1980–1983 conducting research on absorption–desorption of He atoms on a solid surface at liquid He temperatures. He became a senior researcher at Soreq NRC in 1984–2010 conducting R&D on thermoelectric materials and coolers, R&D on Chalcogenide fiber optics for long IR laser beam delivery, and its physical characterization. He established the infrared and lasers laboratory, and developed research on interactions electro-optical sensors and materials. He retired from Soreq in 2010. From 2010 till date, he is a visiting professor at Bar-Ilan University, researching super-resolution and dynamics of fast laser-excited carriers in semi-conductors.

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**Zeev Zalevsky** received his B.Sc. and direct Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from Tel-Aviv University in 1993 and 1996, respectively. Zeev is currently a full professor and the dean of the faculty of engineering in Bar-Ilan University, Israel. His major fields of research are optical superresolution, biomedical optics, and nano-photonics. Zeev has published more than 600 peer review papers, 350 proceeding papers, nine books (6 authored and 3 as an editor), more than 30 book chapters, and about 100 patents. Zeev gave more than 600 conference presentations with more than 200 invited/keynote or plenary talks. He is a fellow of many large scientific societies such as SPIE, IEEE, Optica, AIMBE, NAI, and more, and for his research, he received many national and international awards.

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**Xiangping Li** completed his Ph.D. at Swinburne University of Technology in 2009. His research is focused on nano-optics, superresolution, and meta-optics. Prof. Li has published over 120 internationally referred journal publications including *Science*, *Nature Photonics*, *Nature Nanotechnology*, and *Nature Communications*. Prof. Li is a recipient of a number of prestigious awards including the Australian Postdoctoral Fellow funded by Australian Research Council in 2011, Discovery Early Career Researcher Award by Australian Research Council in 2014, China's Young 1000 Talents Award in 2015, and Young Scholars from National Natural Science Foundation of China in 2015. He joined the Institute of Photonics Technology in Jinan University as a full professor and principle investigator in nanophotonic devices group in 2015.

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**Guan-Jie Huang** completed his bachelor's degree in physics at the National Taiwan Normal University in 2017. Later, in 2023, he obtained his Ph.D. in physics from National Taiwan University. During his doctoral studies, he worked under the supervision of Prof. Shi-Wei Chu and conducted research in various fields, including nonlinear nanophotonics, instrumental development of pump-probe microscopy, and stimulated Raman scattering spectromicroscopy. Currently, he is a postdoctoral researcher at National Taiwan University and a Brain Research Center fellow at National Tsing-Hua University. His primary research activities involve the development of high-speed and multiplex imaging techniques for stimulated Raman scattering microscopy.
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**Shi-Wei Chu** received his Ph.D. from National Taiwan University (NTU), and joined NTU Physics in 2006, promoted to associate professor and full professor in 2010 and 2014, respectively. His research interest lies in developing novel optical microscopic tools for nanophotonics and biomedical applications, with more than 70 journal publications. He had served as the deputy director in the Center of Teaching and Learning Development of NTU, and the vice dean of NTU D.School. Now he serves as the vice president of Student Affairs. He is currently on the board of directors in the Taiwan Physical Society, and on the editorial board of Biophysical Reports.

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**Ori Cheshnovsky** is a professor (emitus) at the School of Chemistry at Tel Aviv University, Israel. He studied gas-phase clusters, utilizing photoelectron new spectroscopy methods. Currently, he specializes in the spectroscopy (absorption, Raman, chirality, ultrafast dynamics) of nano-objects and develops label-free super-resolution microscopy methods. He chaired the School of Chemistry at TAU (2001-2001), and was a visiting scientist at the universities of Rice, Yale, Berkeley UC, Vienna, Basel, and CNRS. He is the recipient of The Weizmann Prize in Exact Sciences (2007) and is a fellow of the American Physical Society (since 2008). Since 1997 he promotes nanotechnology in Israel, initiated in TAU the first nano-center in Israel (2000), and headed it in 2004–2012.

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**Mikko Huttunen** is a lecturer and group leader at the Physics department in Tampere University, Finland. His research interests include nonlinear plasmonics, metamaterials, waveguides, laser development, multiphoton microscopy, and machine learning.

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**Stefan G. Stanciu** received the Ph.D. degree in electronic engineering and a Habilitation degree in physics, both from the University Politehnica of Bucharest (UPB), Bucharest, Romania, in 2011 and 2022, respectively. He is currently a senior researcher with the Center for Microscopy-Microanalysis and Information Processing, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, his research focusing, mainly, on optical microscopy & nanoscopy, biophotonics, advanced materials, and on Artificial Intelligence methods for high-resolution imaging. He authored > 75 WOS Journal articles, and five book chapters. He edited three books on image processing, microscopy, and nanotechnology, and is currently a senior editor for IEEE Photonics Journal and an associate editor for Frontiers in Photonics. Among other Management Committee (MC) Roles in European COST Actions focused on bioimage analysis and advanced microscopies, Stefan serves as an MC Member, Grant Awarding Coordinator and Workgroup (6) Co-Leader in CA19118 EsSENce.
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**Vera Smolyaninova** is a professor of physics in the Department of Physics, Astronomy, and Geosciences at Towson University. She received her Ph.D. in physics from the University of Maryland. She worked extensively in the areas of electromagnetic metamaterials and transport, magnetic and thermal properties of functional oxides. She is an expert in transformation optics, ferrofluid-based hyperbolic metamaterials, and metamaterial superconductors. Her work on transformation optics and metamaterials have been recognized as novel and extremely interesting through numerous publications in both professional and general news media, such as Physics World, MIT Technology Review, Extreme Tech, SPIE News Room, Superconductor Week, etc.

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**Igor Smolyaninov** is the co-founder and CTO of Saltenna. He is a fellow of the Optical Society of America and a recipient of the Scientific American 50 Award. He received his Ph.D. in 1990 from the Kapitza Institute for Physical Problems. He has published more than 400 journal and conference papers and patents in various areas of low-temperature physics, wireless communications, quantum computing, plasmonics, electromagnetic metamaterials, and underwater communications. Science News magazine has recognized his research on hyperbolic metamaterials among the 2011 Science News of the Year.

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**Ulf Leonhardt** received his Ph.D. in 1993 from Humboldt University Berlin on the quantum theory of simple optics instruments. From 2000 to 2012, he was a professor of theoretical physics at the University of St Andrews and since 2012 he holds the Murray B Koffler Professorial Chair of physics at the Weizmann Institute of Science. Currently, he is working on experiments with fiber-optical analogs of the event horizon and on the theory of quantum fluctuations in the expanding universe.

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**Sahar Sahebdivan** received her Ph.D. in 2016 from the University of St Andrews in the field of transformation optics, with a focus on super-resolution and perfect imaging. As a researcher/postdoc, she joined the quantum optomechanics group at the University of Vienna from 2013 to 2018. Currently, she is working as a senior scientist in medical neuroimaging, utilizing microwave tomography to develop a novel modality for imaging the human brain. Besides imaging, she is interested in studying gravity and its encounter with quantum mechanics in low-energy regimes where testing some quantum aspects of gravity is expected to be possible in a quantum optomechanical setup.
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**Zengbo Wang** is a professor at Bangor University, United Kingdom. He earned his Ph.D. from the National University of Singapore in laser and optical engineering. He is also a visiting professor at Northeastern University, Boston, USA. His research expertise spans laser-based manufacturing, nanophotonics, metamaterials, solar energy, fiber sensors, and machine learning. He is particularly known for his pioneering work on microsphere-based super-resolution microscopy, imaging and sensing. He was awarded the 2022 Leverhulme Trust Research Fellowship and is a senior member of Optica.

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**Boris Luk'yanchuk** graduated in 1967 from the Faculty of Physics of Lomonosov Moscow State University (Department of Quantum Theory, supervisor - A.A. Abrikosov, later Nobel laureate). Boris got in 1978 a Ph.D. (physics and mathematics) from the P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Academy of Sciences of USSR, 1979. He also received a doctor of sciences degree (physics and mathematics) - a second doctorate (Habilitation) from the General Physics Institute, Academy of Sciences of USSR, 1991. Since 1992, he received a State Professor's Degree (physics and mathematics) from State Highest Certifying Committee of Russian Federation. Luk'yanchuk was working as a professor of General Physics Institute, he also was awarded the honorary professor of the Johannes Kepler University (Linz, Austria). Luk'yanchuk was a visiting professor in Austria, Italy, France, Japan, and Australia. Since 1999 till 2019 he was working in Data Storage Institute of Agency for Science, Technology and Research in Singapore. Luk'yanchuk was awarded a number of prestigious awards, including the President's Science Award in Singapore. He is a fellow of Optica (formerly OSA) and SPIE. At present, Luk'yanchuk is a professor of Physical Faculty Lomonosov Moscow State University.

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**Limin Wu** is a professor at Fudan University in China. He obtained his Ph.D. from Zhejiang University in 1991, and studied at The Pennsylvania State University from October 1994 through April 1998, then joined Fudan University in May, 1998. He has published around 400 peer-reviewed papers in international journals and 60 patents. He is currently "Changjiang" distinguished professor appointed by Ministry of Education in China. His research interests are colloidal spheres, functional coatings, etc.

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**Alexey V. Maslov** is an associate professor at the Department of Radiophysics, the University of Nizhny Novgorod (UNN), Russia. He earned a B.Sc. degree (1995) from UNN, and M.Sc. (1997) and Ph.D. (2001) degrees, all in physics, from Washington State University (Pullman, WA). He subsequently worked at the Georgia Institute of Technology (Atlanta, GA), NASA Ames Research Center (Moffett Field, CA), and Canon USA (Irvine, CA and Tucson, AZ) before joining UNN in 2014. His research interests include the optical properties of semiconductor nanostructures, semiconductor nanowire and quantum well lasers, wave transformation in nonstationary media, optical forces, radiation pressure, and optical super-resolution.
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**Boya Jin** received her Ph.D. degree in optical science and engineering from the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 2022. She is currently a postdoctoral associate in Peking University. Her primary research interests are in super-resolution microscopy including microsphere- and ball lens-assisted imaging and in the optical properties of mesoscale photonic structures.

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**Constantin (Konstantin) R. Simovski** has worked in both industry and academy in several countries. Defended his Ph.D. thesis in 1986 in the Polytechnic University of Leningrad (USSR) and Habilitat (HDR) in 2000 in the same university which is presently Peter the Great Polytechnic University of St. Petersburg (Russian Federation). In 2001 became a full professor at ITMO University in St. Petersburg. Since 2008, he has been with Helsinki University of Technology, presently Aalto University (Finland). Full professor at the Dept. Electronics and Nano-Engineering of Aalto University since 2012. Recent research areas: plasmon-enhanced fluorescence, Raman scattering, light trapping in solar cells, thermophotovoltaic generation, electromagnetic characterization of metamaterials and metamaterials, magnetic resonance imaging, wireless power transfer, label-free subwavelength imaging, optical trapping, metamaterials for detection of dark matter.

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**Sylvain Lecler** is a professor at INSA Strasbourg, leader of the Instrumentation and Photonic Processes team of the ICube Laboratory in Strasbourg. He got his Ph.D. degree in 2005 at the Louis Pasteur University in Strasbourg. After a postdoctoral position at the University of Liège in Belgium, he became an associate professor at the University of Strasbourg and then a professor at INSA Strasbourg in 2019. His work concerns physical optics at mesoscale with main contribution concerning photonic jet theory and applications, and laser processes.