conduites. Editor. S. Dubuisson-Quellier (Paris: Presses de Sciences Po), 15-48.

Ffrench, S., Franks, A., and Lucas, T. (2018). Childhood immunisation education campaign: wave 2 evulation. Bastion Latitude: Australian Government Department of Health. Available at: https://campaigns.health.gov.au/immunisationfacts/resources/publications/report/evaluation-research-report-phase-2 (Accessed February 2, 2020).

Gardiner, D., Ffrench, S., and Franks, A. (2017). Childhood immunisation education campaign evaluation. Bastion Latitude: Australian Government Department of Health. Available at: https://campaigns.health.gov.au/immunisationfacts/resources/publications/report/evaluation-research-report-phase-1 (Accessed February 25, 2020).

Gidding, H. F., McCallum, L., Fathima, P., Snelling, T. L., Liu, B., Klerk, N. d., et al. (2017). Probabilistic linkage of national immunisation and state-based health records for a cohort of 1.9 million births to evaluate Australia's childhood immunisation program. *Int. J. Popul. Data Sci.* 2 (1), 1-13. doi:10.23889/ijpds.v2i1.406

Giubilini, A. (2019). *The ethics of vaccination*. Cham: Palgrave Pivot.

Goldenberg, M. J. (2016). Public misunderstanding of science? Reframing the problem of vaccine hesitancy. *Perspect. Sci.* 24 (5), 552–581. doi:10.1162/POSC_a_00223

Government of Australia (2015). Budget paper 2: budget measures. Treasurer of the Commonwealth of Australia. Available at: https://archive.budget.gov.au/2015-16/index.htm (Accessed July 16, 2020).

Guthmann, J., Fonteneau, L., and Levy, B. D. (2012). Mesure de la couverture vaccinale en France. Sources de données et données actuelles. Santé Publique France. Available at: https://www.santepubliquefrance.fr/determinants-de-sante/vaccination/documents/rapport-synthese/mesure-de-la-couverture-vaccinale-en-france-sources-de-donnees-et-donnees-actuelles (Accessed July 20, 2020).

Hall and Partners (2019). Childhood immunisation education Campaign evaluation report — phase 3. Australian Government Department of Health. Available at: https://www.health.gov.au/resources/publications/childhood-immunisation-education-campaign-evaluation-report-phase-3 (Accessed March 10, 2020).

Hansen, J. (2018). New jab at anti-vaxxers. *Daily Telegraph*, March 4.

Hecketsweiler, C., and Béguin, F. (2017). Nouveaux vaccins obligatoires: ni sanctions ni exemptions. *Le Monde*. Available at: https://www.lemonde.fr/sante/article/2017/09/27/nouveaux-vaccins-obligatoires-ni-sanctions-ni-exemptions_5191978_1651302.html (Accessed July 22, 2020).

Higgins, I. (2020). Closing the gap report shows only two targets on track as PM pushes for indigenous-led refresh. ABC News. Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-02-12/closing-the-gap-report-2019-indigenous-outcomes-not-on-track/11949712?nw=0 (Accessed May 20, 2020).

Hull, B. P., Deeks, S. L., and McIntyre, P. B. (2009). The Australian childhood immunisation register-A model for universal immunisation registers? *Vaccine* 27 (37), 5054–5060. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.06.056

Hunt, G. (2018). Campaign to target areas with low immunisation rates. Australian Government Department of Health. Available at: https://www.health.gov.au/ministers/the-hon-greg-hunt-mp/media/campaign-to-target-areas-with-low-immunisation-rates (Accessed March 17, 2020).

Hunt, G. (2019a). Aboriginal & Torres Strait Island childhood vaccination rates hit record high. Australian Government Department of Health. Available at: https://www.health.gov.au/ministers/the-hon-greg-hunt-mp/media/aboriginal-torres-strait-island-childhood-vaccination-rates-hit-record-high (Accessed March 17, 2020).

Hunt, G. (2019b). Free flu vaccines for aboriginal children and $12 million to boost immunisation. Australian Government Department of Health. Available at: https://www.health.gov.au/ministers/the-hon-greg-hunt-mp/media/free-flu-vaccines-for-aboriginal-children-and-12-million-to-boost-immunisation (Accessed March 17, 2020).

Hunt, G. (2020). Get the facts about immunisation. Australian Government Department of Health. Available at: https://www.health.gov.au/ministers/the-hon-greg-hunt-mp/media/get-the-facts-about-immunisation (Accessed March 17, 2020).

Hurel, S. (2016). Rapport sur la politique vaccinale. Ministère des Solidarités et de la Santé. Available at: http://solidarites-sante.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/rapport_sur_la_politique_vaccinale_janvier_2016_.pdf (Accessed July 16, 2020).

Kahan, D. M. (2014). CCP risk perception studies report No. 17, Yale Law & Economics Research Paper # 491. Vaccine risk perceptions and ad hoc risk communication: an empirical assessment. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2386034

Kaufman, J., Attwell, K., Hauck, Y., Omer, S. B., and Danchin, M. (2019). Vaccine discussions in pregnancy: interviews with midwives to inform design of an intervention to promote uptake of maternal and childhood vaccines. *Hum. Vaccin. Immunother.* 15 (11), 2534–2543. doi:10.1080/21645515.2019.1607131

Larson, H. J., de Figueiredo, A., Xiahong, Z., Schulz, W. S., Verger, P., Johnston, I. G., et al. (2016). The state of vaccine confidence 2016: global insights through a 67-country survey. *EBioMedicine* 12, 295–301. doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.08.042

Leask, J., and Danchin, M. (2017). Imposing penalties for vaccine rejection requires strong scrutiny. *J. Paediatr. Child. Health* 53 (5), 439–444. doi:10.1111/jpc.13472

Leask, J., Willaby, H. W., and Kaufman, J. (2014). The big picture in addressing vaccine hesitancy. *Hum. Vaccin. Immunother.* 10 (9), 2600–2602. doi:10.4161/hv.29725

Ley, S. (2015). Press release: $26m booster to immunise Australia. Parliament of Australia. Available at: https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id:%22media/pressrel/3783526%22 (Accessed April 1, 2020).

Long, K. M., McDermott, F., and Meadows, G. N. (2018). Being pragmatic about healthcare complexity: our experiences applying complexity theory and pragmatism to health services research. BMC Med. 16 (94), 94–99. doi:10.1186/s12916-018-1087-6

McCoy, C. A. (2019). Adapting coercion: how three industrialized nations manufacture vaccination compliance. *J. Health Polit. Policy Law* 44 (6), 823–854. doi:10.1215/03616878-7785775

Ministre des Affaires Sociales, de la Santé et des Droits des Femmes, (2016). Présentation du plan d'action pour une rénovation de la politique vaccinale en France. Ministère des Affaires Sociales et de la Santé. Available at: https://solidarites-sante.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/160112_-_intervention_mt_-_plan_vaccination.pdf (Accessed July 22, 2020).

National Health Performance Authority (2013). Healthy communities: immunisation rates for children in 2011-2012. Sydney, Australia. Available at: https://www.aihw.gov.au/getmedia/98b965d9-a7e5-4d0a-a7f4-9a6d37c75f0f/aihw-mhc-nhpa-02-immunisation-rates-children-2011-12-technical-supplement-april-2013.pdf.aspx (Accessed July 16, 2020).

National Health Performance Authority (2016). *Healthy communities: immunisation rates for children in 2014-15*. Sydney, NSW: National Health Performance Authority.

Navin, M. C. (2015). *Values and vaccine refusal: hard questions in ethics, epistemology, and health care*. New York, NY: Routledge.

Navin, M. C., and Attwell, K. (2019). Vaccine mandates, value pluralism, and policy diversity. *Bioethics* 33 (9), 1042–1049. doi:10.1111/bioe.12645

Nicolay, N., Lévy-Bruhl, D., Fonteneau, L., and Jauffret-Roustide, M. (2006). "Vaccination: perceptions et attitudes," in *Enquête Nicolle 2006: connaissances, attitudes et comportements face au risque infectieux*, Editors A. Gautier, M. Jauffret-Roustide, and C. Jestin. (Saint-Denis: INPES), 87–101.

Omer, S. B., Betsch, C., and Leask, J. (2019). Mandate vaccination with care. *Nature* 571 (7766), 469. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-02232-0

Parrish-Srowl, S., Parrish-Srowl, J., and Alajlouni, S. (2020). Innovations in addressing mental health needs in humanitarian settings: a complexity informed action research case study. *Front. Commun.* 5 (601792), 1–15. doi:10.3389/fcomm.2020.601792

Peretti-Watel, P., Raude, J., Sagaon-Teyssier, L., Constant, A., Verger, P., and Beck, F. (2014). Attitudes toward vaccination and the H1N1 vaccine: poor people's unfounded fears or legitimate concerns of the elite? *Soc. Sci. Med.* 109, 10–18. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.02.035

Santé Publique France (2017). Bulletin epidémiologique hebdomadaire, n'hors-série vaccination des jeunes enfants : des données pour mieux comprendre l'action publique. Available at: https://www.santepubliquefrance.fr/determinants-de-sante/vaccination/documents/magazines-revues/bulletin-epidemiologique-hebdomadaire-n-hors-serie-vaccination-des-jeunes-enfants-des-donnees-pour-mieux-comprendre-l-action-publique (Accessed July 22, 2020).

Santé Publique France (2019). Bulletin de santé publique vaccination. Avril 2019. Available at: https://www.santepubliquefrance.fr/determinants-de-sante/vaccination/documents/bulletin-national/bulletin-de-sante-publique-vaccination-avril-2019 (Accessed July 23, 2020).
conduites. Editor. S. Dubuisson-Quellier (Paris: Presses de Sciences Po), 15-48.

Ffrench, S., Franks, A., and Lucas, T. (2018). Childhood immunisation education campaign: wave 2 evulation. Bastion Latitude: Australian Government Department of Health. Available at: https://campaigns.health.gov.au/immunisationfacts/resources/publications/report/evaluation-research-report-phase-2 (Accessed February 2, 2020).

Gardiner, D., Ffrench, S., and Franks, A. (2017). Childhood immunisation education campaign evaluation. Bastion Latitude: Australian Government Department of Health. Available at: https://campaigns.health.gov.au/immunisationfacts/resources/publications/report/evaluation-research-report-phase-1 (Accessed February 25, 2020).

Gidding, H. F., McCallum, L., Fathima, P., Snelling, T. L., Liu, B., Klerk, N. d., et al. (2017). Probabilistic linkage of national immunisation and state-based health records for a cohort of 1.9 million births to evaluate Australia's childhood immunisation program. *Int. J. Popul. Data Sci.* 2 (1), 1-13. doi:10.23889/ijpds.v2i1.406

Giubilini, A. (2019). *The ethics of vaccination*. Cham: Palgrave Pivot.

Goldenberg, M. J. (2016). Public misunderstanding of science? Reframing the problem of vaccine hesitancy. *Perspect. Sci.* 24 (5), 552–581. doi:10.1162/POSC_a_00223

Government of Australia (2015). Budget paper 2: budget measures. Treasurer of the Commonwealth of Australia. Available at: https://archive.budget.gov.au/2015-16/index.htm (Accessed July 16, 2020).

Guthmann, J., Fonteneau, L., and Levy, B. D. (2012). Mesure de la couverture vaccinale en France. Sources de données et données actuelles. Santé Publique France. Available at: https://www.santepubliquefrance.fr/determinants-de-sante/vaccination/documents/rapport-synthese/mesure-de-la-couverture-vaccinale-en-france-sources-de-donnees-et-donnees-actuelles (Accessed July 20, 2020).

Hall and Partners (2019). Childhood immunisation education Campaign evaluation report — phase 3. Australian Government Department of Health. Available at: https://www.health.gov.au/resources/publications/childhood-immunisation-education-campaign-evaluation-report-phase-3 (Accessed March 10, 2020).

Hansen, J. (2018). New jab at anti-vaxxers. *Daily Telegraph*, March 4.

Hecketsweiler, C., and Béguin, F. (2017). Nouveaux vaccins obligatoires: ni sanctions ni exemptions. *Le Monde*. Available at: https://www.lemonde.fr/sante/article/2017/09/27/nouveaux-vaccins-obligatoires-ni-sanctions-ni-exemptions_5191978_1651302.html (Accessed July 22, 2020).

Higgins, I. (2020). Closing the gap report shows only two targets on track as PM pushes for indigenous-led refresh. ABC News. Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-02-12/closing-the-gap-report-2019-indigenous-outcomes-not-on-track/11949712?nw=0 (Accessed May 20, 2020).

Hull, B. P., Deeks, S. L., and McIntyre, P. B. (2009). The Australian childhood immunisation register-A model for universal immunisation registers? Vaccine 27 (37), 5054–5060. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.06.056

Hunt, G. (2018). Campaign to target areas with low immunisation rates. Australian Government Department of Health. Available at: https://www.health.gov.au/ministers/the-hon-greg-hunt-mp/media/campaign-to-target-areas-with-low-immunisation-rates (Accessed March 17, 2020).

Hunt, G. (2019a). Aboriginal & Torres Strait Island childhood vaccination rates hit record high. Australian Government Department of Health. Available at: https://www.health.gov.au/ministers/the-hon-greg-hunt-mp/media/aboriginal-torres-strait-island-childhood-vaccination-rates-hit-record-high (Accessed March 17, 2020).

Hunt, G. (2019b). Free flu vaccines for aboriginal children and $12 million to boost immunisation. Australian Government Department of Health. Available at: https://www.health.gov.au/ministers/the-hon-greg-hunt-mp/media/free-flu-vaccines-for-aboriginal-children-and-12-million-to-boost-immunisation (Accessed March 17, 2020).

Hunt, G. (2020). Get the facts about immunisation. Australian Government Department of Health. Available at: https://www.health.gov.au/ministers/the-hon-greg-hunt-mp/media/get-the-facts-about-immunisation (Accessed March 17, 2020).

Hurel, S. (2016). Rapport sur la politique vaccinale. Ministère des Solidarités et de la Santé. Available at: http://solidarites-sante.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/rapport_sur_la_politique_vaccinale_janvier_2016_.pdf (Accessed July 16, 2020).

Kahan, D. M. (2014). CCP risk perception studies report No. 17, Yale Law & Economics Research Paper # 491. Vaccine risk perceptions and ad hoc risk communication: an empirical assessment. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2386034

Kaufman, J., Attwell, K., Hauck, Y., Omer, S. B., and Danchin, M. (2019). Vaccine discussions in pregnancy: interviews with midwives to inform design of an intervention to promote uptake of maternal and childhood vaccines. *Hum. Vaccin. Immunother.* 15 (11), 2534–2543. doi:10.1080/21645515.2019.1607131

Larson, H. J., de Figueiredo, A., Xiahong, Z., Schulz, W. S., Verger, P., Johnston, I. G., et al. (2016). The state of vaccine confidence 2016: global insights through a 67-country survey. *EBioMedicine* 12, 295–301. doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.08.042

Leask, J., and Danchin, M. (2017). Imposing penalties for vaccine rejection requires strong scrutiny. *J. Paediatr. Child. Health* 53 (5), 439–444. doi:10.1111/jpc.13472

Leask, J., Willaby, H. W., and Kaufman, J. (2014). The big picture in addressing vaccine hesitancy. *Hum. Vaccin. Immunother.* 10 (9), 2600–2602. doi:10.4161/hv.29725

Ley, S. (2015). Press release: $26m booster to immunise Australia. Parliament of Australia. Available at: https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id:%22media/pressrel/3783526%22 (Accessed April 1, 2020).

Long, K. M., McDermott, F., and Meadows, G. N. (2018). Being pragmatic about healthcare complexity: our experiences applying complexity theory and pragmatism to health services research. BMC Med. 16 (94), 94–99. doi:10.1186/s12916-018-1087-6

McCoy, C. A. (2019). Adapting coercion: how three industrialized nations manufacture vaccination compliance. *J. Health Polit. Policy Law* 44 (6), 823–854. doi:10.1215/03616878-7785775

Ministre des Affaires Sociales, de la Santé et des Droits des Femmes, (2016). Présentation du plan d'action pour une rénovation de la politique vaccinale en France. Ministère des Affaires Sociales et de la Santé. Available at: https://solidarites-sante.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/160112_-_intervention_mt_-_plan_vaccination.pdf (Accessed July 22, 2020).

National Health Performance Authority (2013). Healthy communities: immunisation rates for children in 2011-2012. Sydney, Australia. Available at: https://www.aihw.gov.au/getmedia/98b965d9-a7e5-4d0a-a7f4-9a6d37c75f0f/aihw-mhc-nhpa-02-immunisation-rates-children-2011-12-technical-supplement-april-2013.pdf.aspx (Accessed July 16, 2020).

National Health Performance Authority (2016). *Healthy communities: immunisation rates for children in 2014-15*. Sydney, NSW: National Health Performance Authority.

Navin, M. C. (2015). *Values and vaccine refusal: hard questions in ethics, epistemology, and health care*. New York, NY: Routledge.

Navin, M. C., and Attwell, K. (2019). Vaccine mandates, value pluralism, and policy diversity. *Bioethics* 33 (9), 1042–1049. doi:10.1111/bioe.12645

Nicolay, N., Lévy-Bruhl, D., Fonteneau, L., and Jauffret-Roustide, M. (2006). "Vaccination: perceptions et attitudes," in *Enquête Nicolle 2006: connaissances, attitudes et comportements face au risque infectieux*, Editors A. Gautier, M. Jauffret-Roustide, and C. Jestin. (Saint-Denis: INPES), 87–101.

Omer, S. B., Betsch, C., and Leask, J. (2019). Mandate vaccination with care. *Nature* 571 (7766), 469. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-02232-0

Parrish-Srowl, S., Parrish-Srowl, J., and Alajlouni, S. (2020). Innovations in addressing mental health needs in humanitarian settings: a complexity informed action research case study. *Front. Commun.* 5 (601792), 1–15. doi:10.3389/fcomm.2020.601792

Peretti-Watel, P., Raude, J., Sagaon-Teyssier, L., Constant, A., Verger, P., and Beck, F. (2014). Attitudes toward vaccination and the H1N1 vaccine: poor people's unfounded fears or legitimate concerns of the elite? *Soc. Sci. Med.* 109, 10–18. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.02.035

Santé Publique France (2017). Bulletin épidémiologique hebdomadaire, n'hors-série vaccination des jeunes enfants : des données pour mieux comprendre l'action publique. Available at: https://www.santepubliquefrance.fr/determinants-de-sante/vaccination/documents/magazines-revues/bulletin-épidémiologique-hebdomadaire-n-hors-serie-vaccination-des-jeunes-enfants-des-donnees-pour-mieux-comprendre-l-action-publique (Accessed July 22, 2020).

Santé Publique France (2019). Bulletin de santé publique vaccination. Avril 2019. Available at: https://www.santepubliquefrance.fr/determinants-de-sante/vaccination/documents/bulletin-national/bulletin-de-sante-publique-vaccination-avril-2019 (Accessed July 23, 2020).
Schmid, P., and Betsch, C. (2019). Effective strategies for rebutting science denialism in public discussions. *Nat. Hum. Behav.* 3 (9), 931–939. doi:10.1038/s41562-019-0632-4

Senecat, A. (2017). Refusal of vaccination: will the penalties be increased. *Le Monde*. Available at: https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2017/10/31/refus-de-vaccination-les-sanctions-seront-elles-alourdies_5208215_4355770.html (Accessed August 13, 2020).

Signorelli, C., Iannazzo, S., and Odone, A. (2018). The imperative of vaccination put into practice. *Lancet Infect. Dis.* 18 (1), 26–27. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30696-5

Smith, D. T., Attwell, K., and Evers, U. (2020). Majority acceptance of vaccination and mandates across the political spectrum in Australia. *Politics* 40 (2), 189–206. doi:10.1177/0263395719859457

Turnbull, M.. (2015). No jab, no play, no pay. Available at: https://www.malcolmturnbull.com.au/media/no-jab-no-play-no-pay (Accessed June 8, 2020).

Ward, J. (2015). Les vaccins, les médias et la population : une sociologie de la communication et des représentations des risques. Paris: Doctorat en Sociologie, Université Paris Diderot.

Ward, J. K. (2018). « Dans la gestion d'une crise, il faut éviter l'affolement et la panique ». Comment les communicants légitiment le sens commun des décideurs politiques. *Politiques Commun.* 11 (2), 103–130. doi:10.3917/pdc.011.0103

Ward, J. K., Colgrove, J., and Verger, P. (2017). France's risky vaccine mandates. *Science* 358 (6362), 458–459. doi:10.1126/science.aaq1682

Ward, J. K., Colgrove, J., and Verger, P. (2018). Why France is making eight new vaccines mandatory. *Vaccine* 36 (14), 1801–1803. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.02.095

Ward, J. K., Cafiero, F., Fretigny, R., Colgrove, J., and Seror, V. (2019a). France's citizen consultation on vaccination and the challenges of participatory democracy in health. *Soc. Sci. Med.* 220, 73–80. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.10.032

Ward, J. K., Peretti-Watel, P., Bocquier, A., Seror, V., and Verger, P. (2019b). Vaccine hesitancy and coercion: all eyes on France. *Nat. Immunol.* 20 (10), 1257–1259. doi:10.1038/s41590-019-0488-9

World Health Organisation (2019). Ten threats to global health in 2019. Available at: https://www.who.int/emergencies/ten-threats-to-global-health-in-2019 (Accessed July 16, 2020).

**Conflict of Interest:** KA has previously been employed by the Immunisation Alliance of Western Australia to conduct social research using an unrestricted grant from Sanofi Pasteur. She has received travel, accommodation and conference registration support from GSK, and travel, accommodation and speaker fees from Merck.

The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Copyright © 2021 Attwell, Ward and Tomkinson. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
Schmid, P., and Betsch, C. (2019). Effective strategies for rebutting science denialism in public discussions. *Nat. Hum. Behav.* 3 (9), 931–939. doi:10.1038/s41562-019-0632-4

Senecat, A. (2017). Refusal of vaccination: will the penalties be increased. *Le Monde*. Available at: https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2017/10/31/refus-de-vaccination-les-sanctions-seront-elles-alourdies_5208215_4355770.html (Accessed August 13, 2020).

Signorelli, C., Iannazzo, S., and Odone, A. (2018). The imperative of vaccination put into practice. *Lancet Infect. Dis.* 18 (1), 26–27. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30696-5

Smith, D. T., Attwell, K., and Evers, U. (2020). Majority acceptance of vaccination and mandates across the political spectrum in Australia. *Politics* 40 (2), 189–206. doi:10.1177/0263395719859457

Turnbull, M.. (2015). No jab, no play, no pay. Available at: https://www.malcolmturnbull.com.au/media/no-jab-no-play-no-pay (Accessed June 8, 2020).

Ward, J. (2015). Les vaccins, les médias et la population : une sociologie de la communication et des représentations des risques. Paris: Doctorat en Sociologie, Université Paris Diderot.

Ward, J. K. (2018). « Dans la gestion d'une crise, il faut éviter l'affolement et la panique ». Comment les communicants légitiment le sens commun des décideurs politiques. *Politiques Commun.* 11 (2), 103–130. doi:10.3917/pdc.011.0103

Ward, J. K., Colgrove, J., and Verger, P. (2017). France's risky vaccine mandates. *Science* 358 (6362), 458–459. doi:10.1126/science.aaq1682

Ward, J. K., Colgrove, J., and Verger, P. (2018). Why France is making eight new vaccines mandatory. *Vaccine* 36 (14), 1801–1803. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.02.095

Ward, J. K., Cafiero, F., Fretigny, R., Colgrove, J., and Seror, V. (2019a). France's citizen consultation on vaccination and the challenges of participatory democracy in health. *Soc. Sci. Med.* 220, 73–80. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.10.032

Ward, J. K., Peretti-Watel, P., Bocquier, A., Seror, V., and Verger, P. (2019b). Vaccine hesitancy and coercion: all eyes on France. *Nat. Immunol.* 20 (10), 1257–1259. doi:10.1038/s41590-019-0488-9

World Health Organisation (2019). Ten threats to global health in 2019. Available at: https://www.who.int/emergencies/ten-threats-to-global-health-in-2019 (Accessed July 16, 2020).

**Conflict of Interest:** KA has previously been employed by the Immunisation Alliance of Western Australia to conduct social research using an unrestricted grant from Sanofi Pasteur. She has received travel, accommodation and conference registration support from GSK, and travel, accommodation and speaker fees from Merck.

The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Copyright © 2021 Attwell, Ward and Tomkinson. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.