# Bulletin de veille du réseau du réseau d'écotoxicologie terrestre et aquatique, N°27

Céline Pelosi, Christian Mougin, Christine Sireyjol, Anais Goulas

## ► To cite this version:

Céline Pelosi, Christian Mougin, Christine Sireyjol, Anais Goulas. Bulletin de veille du réseau du réseau d'écotoxicologie terrestre et aquatique, N°27. 2017, 44 p. hal-02786139

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# Bulletin de veille du réseau d'écotoxicologie terrestre et aquatique

<figure><img src="image_2.png" /></figure>

N°27, juin 2017

Réalisé par l'équipe de veille sur la période du 1er mai 2017 au 30 juin 2017.
Céline Pelosi, Christian Mougin et Christine Sireyjol (UMR 1402 EcoSys) et Anaïs Goulas (INSERM)
Destinataires : les membres de la liste : [ecotox@listes.inra.fr](mailto:ecotox@listes.inra.fr)

## Edito

Voici notre 27ème bulletin de veille. Vous y trouverez de nombreuses informations en lien avec l'écotoxicologie, la toxicologie et nos activités. Nous initions également une veille concernant l'antibiorésistance.

Nous vous proposons une tribune libre concernant le phytomanagement de sols contaminés et/ou dégradés. Le texte est également disponible sous forme de fiche thématique en téléchargement sur notre site ECOTOX :
http://www6.inra.fr/ecotox/Productions/Fiches-thematiques

Notre séminaire trisannuel du réseau est définitivement planifié les 4 et 5 décembre prochain à Rovaltain. Bloquez la date, nous reviendrons vers vous début septembre avec un préprogramme. Vous pouvez vous inscrire sur :
http://doodle.com/poll/2qsddeteqm8rhk9d

Nous rappelons également la tenue de la 1ère conférence internationale d'Ecotoxicologie Microbienne « EcotoxicoMic 2017 à Lyon du 21 au 24 novembre à Lyon. Voir : https://ecotoxicomic.sciencesconf.org/

Bonne lecture de ce bulletin !

L'équipe de veille vous souhaite un bel été.

Contact : [contact-ecotox@inra.fr](mailto:contact-ecotox@inra.fr)
<table><tr><td>Le bisphénol A reconnu perturbateur endocrinien par une agence européenne</td><td>17</td></tr></table>

## ERA / DROIT ET POLITIQUE DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT 17

<table><tr><td>EPA Registers Innovative Tool to Control Corn Rootworm: SMARTSTAX PRO de Monsanto</td><td>17</td></tr><tr><td>Eau potable : Santé Canada décide de ne pas interdire l'atrazine</td><td>18</td></tr><tr><td>Re-evaluation Note REV2017-09, Special Review Decision: Atrazine</td><td>18</td></tr><tr><td>EPA Delays Rule That Would Help Prevent Pesticide Poisoning</td><td>18</td></tr></table>

## ERA / AVIS ET EXPERTISES EFSA ANSES OCDE EPA 18

<table><tr><td>Outcome of the pesticides peer review meeting on general recurring issues in physical and chemical properties and analytical methods</td><td>18</td></tr><tr><td>Evaluation of data concerning the necessity of isoxaflutole as a herbicide to control a serious danger to plant health which cannot be contained by other available means, including non-chemical methods</td><td>18</td></tr><tr><td>Nanomaterial alternatives assessment: a powerful tool for identifying safer options</td><td>19</td></tr><tr><td>Have your say now on EFSA's next BPA re-evaluation</td><td>19</td></tr><tr><td>Consultation publique : études épidémiologiques et pesticides</td><td>19</td></tr><tr><td>Nouvelles valeurs par défaut proposées pour l'absorption cutanée des pesticides</td><td>19</td></tr><tr><td>Review of the published exposure data to pesticides for residents and bystanders, and for environmental risk assessment: final report</td><td>20</td></tr><tr><td>Compilation of a database, specific for the pesticide active substance and their metabolites, comprising the main genotoxicity endpoints</td><td>20</td></tr><tr><td>Outcome of the pesticides peer review meeting on general recurring issues in physical and chemical properties and analytical methods</td><td>21</td></tr></table>

## ERA / REGLEMENTATION DES PESTICIDES / TEXTES OFFICIELS 21

<table><tr><td>Arrêté du 10 mai 2017 établissant le plan national de réduction des émissions de polluants atmosphériques</td><td>21</td></tr><tr><td>Décret n° 2017-949 du 10 mai 2017 fixant les objectifs nationaux de réduction des émissions de certains polluants atmosphériques en application de l'article L. 222-9 du code de l'environnement</td><td>21</td></tr><tr><td>Commission Européenne - Endocrine disruptors: major step towards protecting citizens and environment</td><td>21</td></tr></table>

## PUBLICATIONS DES MEMBRES DU RESEAU ECOTOX 22

<table><tr><td>A comprehensive study of the toxicity of natural multi-contaminated sediments: New insights brought by the use of a combined approach using the medaka embryo-larval assay and physico-chemical analyses</td><td>22</td></tr><tr><td>Structural and functional responses of leaf-associated fungal communities to chemical pollution in streams</td><td>22</td></tr><tr><td>Development and validation of an OECD reproductive toxicity test guideline with the mudsnail Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Mollusca, Gastropoda)</td><td>22</td></tr><tr><td>Transcriptomic approach for assessment of the impact on microalga and macrophyte of in-situ exposure in river sites contaminated by chlor-alkali plant effluents</td><td>23</td></tr><tr><td>Assessing human health risks from pesticide use in conventional and innovative cropping systems with the BROWSE model</td><td>23</td></tr><tr><td>Assessment of the bioavailability and depuration of uranium, cesium and thorium in snails (Cantareus aspersus) using kinetics models</td><td>23</td></tr><tr><td>Biofilm vs. Planktonic Lifestyle: Consequences for Pesticide 2,4-D Metabolism by Cupriavidus necator JMP134</td><td>24</td></tr><tr><td>Partitioning of nutrients and non-essential elements in Swiss chards cultivated in open-air plots</td><td>24</td></tr><tr><td>Biofilm composition in the Olt River (Romania) reservoirs impacted by a chlor-alkali production plant</td><td>24</td></tr><tr><td>Periphytic diatom communities in tributaries around Lake Ichkeul, northern Tunisia: a preliminary assessment</td><td>25</td></tr><tr><td>In the hunt for genomic markers of metabolic resistance to pyrethroids in the mosquito Aedes aegypti: An integrated next-generation sequencing approach</td><td>25</td></tr><tr><td>In vivo identification of potential uranium protein targets in zebrafish ovaries after chronic waterborne exposure</td><td>25</td></tr><tr><td>Assessment of Miscanthus x giganteus capacity to restore the functionality of metal-contaminated soils: Ex situ experiment</td><td>26</td></tr><tr><td>Ecotoxicoproteomic assessment of the functional alterations caused by chronic metallic exposures in gammarids</td><td>26</td></tr><tr><td>Paternal contribution to development: Sperm genetic damage and repair in fish</td><td>26</td></tr><tr><td>The next three decades of the comet assay: a report of the 11th Comet Assay Workshop</td><td>27</td></tr><tr><td>Predictive systems models can help elucidate bee declines driven by multiple combined stressors</td><td>27</td></tr><tr><td>Changes in copper toxicity towards diatom communities with experimental warming</td><td>27</td></tr><tr><td>Signaling pathways involved in metal-based nanomaterial toxicity towards aquatic organisms</td><td>27</td></tr><tr><td>Towards a better pesticide policy for the European Union</td><td>28</td></tr><tr><td>Stress response in honeybees is associated with changes in task-related physiology and energetic metabolism</td><td>28</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>Validation of the OECD reproduction test guideline with the New Zealand mudsnail Potamopyrgus antipodarum using trenbolone and prochloraz</td><td>28</td></tr><tr><td>How do low doses of desferrioxamine B and EDTA affect the phytoextraction of metals in sunflower?</td><td>29</td></tr><tr><td>Evaluation of the influence of surfactants in the bioaccumulation kinetics of sulfamethoxazole and oxazepam in benthic invertebrates</td><td>29</td></tr><tr><td>Sensitivity of laccase activity to the fungicide tebuconazole in decomposing litter</td><td>29</td></tr><tr><td>Ecotoxicity assessment of particulate matter emitted from heavy-duty diesel-powered vehicles: influence of leaching conditions</td><td>30</td></tr><tr><td>Urban and industrial land uses have a higher soil biological quality than expected from physicochemical quality</td><td>30</td></tr><tr><td>Formation of 2,4-D bound residues in soils: New insights into microbial metabolism</td><td>30</td></tr><tr><td>Gammarus fossarum as a sensitive tool to reveal residual toxicity of treated wastewater effluents</td><td>31</td></tr><tr><td>Phytostabilisation of a copper contaminated topsoil aided by basic slags: assessment of Cu mobility and phytoavailability</td><td>31</td></tr><tr><td>Relationships between metal compartmentalization and biomarkers in earthworms exposed to field-contaminated soils</td><td>31</td></tr><tr><td>Wood-derived-biochar combined with compost or iron grit for in situ stabilization of Cd, Pb, and Zn in a contaminated soil</td><td>32</td></tr><tr><td>Modelling diatom life forms and ecological guilds for river biomonitoring</td><td>32</td></tr><tr><td>Sequential use of the STICS crop model and of the MACRO pesticide fate model to simulate pesticides leaching in cropping systems</td><td>32</td></tr><tr><td>Fate and impact of pesticides: new directions to explore</td><td>33</td></tr><tr><td>Using bioindicators to assess the environmental risk of past mining activities in the Vosges Mountains (France)</td><td>33</td></tr><tr><td>Differences in sensitivity between earthworms and enchytraeids exposed to two commercial fungicides</td><td>33</td></tr><tr><td>Aerobic and anaerobic energy production in juvenile roach (Rutilus rutilus): regulation of glycolytic process by ethofumesate at two temperatures</td><td>34</td></tr><tr><td>Spermatozoa: A relevant biological target for genotoxicity assessment of contaminants in the estuarine bivalve Scrobicularia plana</td><td>34</td></tr><tr><td>Assessing anthropogenic pressures on streams: A random forest approach based on benthic diatom communities</td><td>34</td></tr><tr><td>Assessing the dynamic changes of rhizosphere functionality of Zea mays plants grown in organochlorine contaminated soils</td><td>34</td></tr><tr><td>Mobility of Cu and Zn in Soil Amended with Composts at Different Degrees of Maturity</td><td>35</td></tr><tr><td>Oxidation of danofloxacin by free chlorine-kinetic study, structural identification of by-products by LC-MS/MS and potential toxicity of by-products using in silico test</td><td>35</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td><strong>OUVRAGES / RAPPORTS/ ACTES DE CONGRES</strong></td><td><strong>35</strong></td></tr><tr><td>47e Congrès du Groupe Français des Pesticides 2017 : Diaporamas & Posters au format PDF</td><td>35</td></tr><tr><td>SEFA - Congrès -2017 - Résumés des interventions</td><td>36</td></tr><tr><td>Fiche : dans quel cas utiliser les Bioindicateurs au cours de projets d'aménagement ?</td><td>37</td></tr><tr><td>INERIS : Le principe de précaution</td><td>37</td></tr><tr><td>Stratégie des tests toxicologiques : Tests OCDE et détermination des faibles doses</td><td>37</td></tr><tr><td>Biomimétisme et chimie durable</td><td>37</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td><strong>ECOTOX / REVUE DE PRESSE</strong></td><td><strong>37</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Perturbateurs endocriniens : après l'adoption de la définition européenne, le Gouvernement annonce une accélération des mesures nationales</td><td>37</td></tr><tr><td>Perturbateurs endocriniens : la définition adoptée par l'Europe est très controversée</td><td>38</td></tr><tr><td>Le compromis sur les perturbateurs endocriniens n'enterre pas la controverse</td><td>39</td></tr><tr><td>L'Industrie de la chimie prend acte de la définition des perturbateurs endocriniens</td><td>39</td></tr><tr><td>Les perturbateurs endocriniens, un fardeau considérable pour les sociétés et les économies</td><td>40</td></tr><tr><td>Résidus de pesticides dans les aliments : le risque pour les consommateurs reste faible</td><td>40</td></tr><tr><td>Le maïs MON 810 sans risques ? Techniques de l'ingénieur</td><td>40</td></tr><tr><td>Etude de l'ADEME sur les bio-indicateurs de l'état des sols - Solenvie - Des pédologues docteurs du sol</td><td>40</td></tr><tr><td>Vingt ans après le début de l'effondrement des colonies, comment se portent les abeilles ?</td><td>41</td></tr><tr><td>L'Autorité européenne de sécurité des aliments cherche ses nouveaux experts en pesticides</td><td>41</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td><strong>REVUE DE PRESSE / ASSOCIATIONS</strong></td><td><strong>41</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Pétition européenne : un million de signatures contre le glyphosate</td><td>41</td></tr><tr><td>Semaine des fleurs pour les Abeilles du 20 au 27 juin 2017</td><td>42</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td><strong>FOCUS / RESISTANCE AUX ANTIBIOTIQUES</strong></td><td><strong>42</strong></td></tr><tr><td>CE: Antimicrobial Resistance: Commission steps us the fight with new Action Plan</td><td>42</td></tr><tr><td>Emergence of multi drug resistance among soil bacteria exposing to insecticides. - PubMed - NCBI</td><td>42</td></tr><tr><td>Sublethal Exposure to Commercial Formulations of the Herbicides Dicamba, 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ..., and Glyphosate</td><td></td></tr></table>
Cause Changes in Antibiotic Susceptibility in *Escherichia coli* and *Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium* .................................... 42

REVUE DE PRESSE / DIVERS .................................................................................................................. 43

La France exporte un pesticide interdit sur son sol vers des pays en développement .................................................................................... 43

Le pari d'une agriculture sans pesticides .................................................................................................................................................... 43

RECHERCHE ET MEDIAS ................................................................................................................................. 43

Pesticides ou principe de prudence dans la prise de décision .................................................................................................................... 43

Comment fabriquer de nouveaux sols ? .................................................................................................................................................... 44

Micropolluants et contaminants métalliques : deux cas d'étude dans le Centre-Val de Loire .................................................................................... 44
## Tribune libre

# Phytomanagement de sols contaminés et/ou dégradés : de la sélection des assemblages plantes-microorganismes aux processus et fonctions écologiques sources de services écosystémiques

Les activités anthropiques à l'origine de la contamination des sols, locales ou diffuses, sont multiples : mines, métallurgie et fonderies, industries pétrolière, papetière, chimique et automobile, transport, électronique, traitement des bois et de surface, chauffage utilisant des combustibles fossiles, câbles, équipements électriques et batteries, construction et travaux publics, herbicides et pesticides, décharges et incinérateurs, armes et munitions, peintures, verre et cristallerie, etc. Dans l'Union Européenne (UE), les sites potentiellement contaminés (PCS) sont estimés à 2,5 millions, dont 127 000 sites contaminés (CS) et 58000 remédiés (Panagos et al. 2013). Dans la zone Sud-Ouest de l'Europe (Sudoe), l'Espagne a identifié 71202 PCS et 285 CS. La France a recensé 591 CS en Aquitaine, 84 en Auvergne, 63 en Poitou-Charentes, 176 en Midi Pyrénées et 96 en Languedoc Roussillon (MEDD 2016). La gestion des sites européens contaminés couterait près de 6 milliards euro/an. Le sol, ressource essentielle et non renouvelable, a des fonctions vitales dans la biosphère. Sa contamination, due à des substances chimiques en excès par rapport au fonds pédogéochimique, abaisse la capacité du sol à exercer des fonctions écologiques et générer des services écosystémiques (1) de support, (2) de régulation, (3) d'approvisionnement et (4) culturels. Elle peut nuire à la qualité de l'eau, la biodiversité structurelle et fonctionnelle des communautés végétales, animales et microbiennes, la régulation du cycle des éléments et des cycles de vie, la sûreté des aliments et la santé humaine, etc. Selon la Communauté Européenne, l'excès d'éléments traces (TE) d'origine anthropique est une des 8 principales menaces pour les sols européens (COM 2002, 179 final). Le besoin de conserver la biodiversité des sols et de protéger les processus et fonctions écologiques sources de services écosystémiques est clair; développer des technologies durables pour réhabiliter les sols contaminés est une priorité pour les législations nationales et européennes et la recherche : Stratégie de la biodiversité, UE Horizon 2020; 7ème programme d'action pour l'environnement (7EAP); FAO Gestion durable des terres-biodiversité des sols; plan stratégique espagnol pour le patrimoine naturel et la biodiversité; programmes français (e.g. Mobilis Biodiversa) et de l'ADEME: Production, transformation et valorisation de la biomasse (GRAINE); plan stratégique portugais pour la nature et conservation de la biodiversité; programmes UE NATURA 2000 et MEDWET pour protéger in situ des écosystèmes, etc.

Des techniques de remédiation diverses et complémentaires : celles issues du génie civil, thermiques ou physico-chimiques (e.g. encapsulation, vitrification, excavation et décharge, lavage chimique, etc.) ont souvent une efficacité mais un fort impact environnemental, e.g. perte de la structure et des fonctions du sol, avec des coûts élevés (http://www.upds.org/; http://www.ademe.fr/expertises/sols-pollues/passer-a-laction/depollution-sols). Elles peuvent être adaptées aux petits CS mais pas aux très grands. Une alternative, le phytomanagement, i.e. combinaison à long terme de la production d'une biomasse végétale rentable avec des options douces de remédiation (GRO, gentle remediation options) diminuant graduellement les liens de pollution et rétablissant des fonctions écologiques sources de services écosystémiques, peut-être moins invasif, plus avantageux et durable. Sa mise en œuvre dépend de nombreux paramètres: contaminants, leur localisation, l'évaluation des risques, contraintes de temps, usages choisis dans les plans de gestion, valeurs des terres, etc.

En quoi le phytomanagement de terrains contaminés ou dégradés est-il une opportunité ? Il peut inverser les impacts de facteurs de stress abiotique sur la biodiversité et produire des cultures renouvelables pour la bioenergie, la chimie biosourcée et les écomatériaux. Ceci contribue aux objectifs de l'UE sur les énergies renouvelables (directive européenne 2009/28/CE) et réduit le détournement de terres agricoles pour produire des biocarburants. L'incorporation de matières organiques (bio)stabilisées dans les GRO participe aussi à l'économie circulaire.

Les GRO englobent la stabilisation in situ (inactivation) et des techniques de phytoremédiation associant plantes et microorganismes (Vangronsveld et al 2009; Mench et al 2009, 2010; Kidd et al 2015). Pour les sites contaminés en TE, les GRO visent à diminuer leur pool labile (disponibilité environnementale) et concentrations dans les fractions rechargeant rapidement la solution du sol via (1) via leur exportation dans les parties végétales récoltées (phytoextraction) ou (2) leur rétention dans les systèmes racinaires de plantes à phénotype d'exclusion (phytostabilisation). Ces 2 types de GRO peuvent être optimisés par des amendements au sol et l'inoculation des plantes par des microorganismes (e.g. ecto- et endomycorhizes, plant-growth promoting bacteria, bactéries endophytes) (Sessicht et al 2013 ; Kidd et al 2015). Pour les sols agricoles contaminés en TE, la sureté sanitaire des récoltes est améliorable en combinant l'inactivation des TE en excès et la phytoexclusion. La sélection des plantes
(variabilité inter- et intra-spécifiques), les modes de culture améliorants et les interactions plantes-microorganismes peuvent accroître le succès du phytomanagement. Il peut améliorer la diversité microbienne, la séquestration du carbone, la migration des contaminants par l'eau et l'érosion, l'exposition de l'herbivorie, etc. Le phytomanagement est passé du laboratoire au déploiement en démonstration sur sites: projets Phytoagglo (Creil, INERIS 2013), Phytosed et Demophyto (Fresnes/Escaut, Bert et al 2012 ; INERIS 2013), Physafimm (Rive de Gier, Bouchardon et al 2014 ; Oustrière et al 2016), PhytoDEMO (St Médard d'Eyrans, INRA, Mench et al 2013), Pierrelaye (Foulon et al 2016), Phytener (ISA Lille, Douay et Bidar 2015). Les études à long terme sur la fonctionnalité, biodiversité structurelle et fonctionnelle, processus, fonctions écologiques, résilience (e.g. changements climatique et globaux) et services écosystémiques des sols contaminés sous phytomanagement progressent. Elles sont crucales pour démontrer l'efficacité et durabilité du phytomanagement en tant que méthode de bioremediation. La Chine, où au moins 16% des sols arables sont contaminés, a annoncé en 2016 un plan national pour leur remédiation incluant les GRO et le phytomanagement (http://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-environment-soil-idUSKCN0YMOYO).

Pourquoi le phytomanagement n'est-il pas souvent utilisé, malgré le savoir disponible ? De vastes zones de terres contaminées, laissées sans intervention à cause du coût des méthodes conventionnelles, pourraient être phytomanagées. Beaucoup de parties prenantes connaissent peu les avantages potentiels des GRO d'où leur faible utilisation. Elles sont à sélectionner et adapter à chaque zone d'un site, à valider en parcelles (en parallèle à la ou les meilleures autres techniques de remédiation disponibles) avant déploiement à la zone, et nécessitent ou non une (bio)surveillance.

Pour augmenter la sélection des GRO dans les études de faisabilité et les stratégies de remédiation, une option est de démontrer leur efficacité et limites dans des réseaux de sites contaminés, avec des parcelles non traitées, phytomanagées et de références dans les zones climatiques européennes (ou autres. A la suite des projets EU GREENLAND (http://www.greenland-project.eu/), TIMBRE (http://www.timbre-project.eu/megasites-large-and-complex-contaminated-sites.html) et du réseau CABERNET, http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/archive/conferences/sustainable-growth/doc/rfec_brownfield_en.pdf), 2 projets EU, PhytoSUDOE (http://www.phytosudoe.eu/) et INTENSE (www.nibio.no/en/prosjekter/intense), visent à démontrer sur sites le potentiel du phytomanagement pour gérer durablement des terrains contaminés/dégradés (zone Sudoe : Portugal, France et Espagne ; sols marginaux/contaminés pour la production de biomasse : France, Belgique, Espagne, Italie, Allemagne, Pologne et Norvège), rétablir des fonctions écologiques des sols et in fine proposer des usages/services écosystémiques pour ces sites remédiés en zones péri-urbaines, rurales ou naturelles. Ces réseaux d'essais couvrent des situations variées de sources de contamination et usages de terrain (i.e. contamination diffuse d'activité industrielles, friches industrielles péri-urbaines et zones urbaines, stériles miniers, trame verte, etc.), de conditions environnementales (type de sol, contaminants, intrants et exposition, etc.), d'espèces végétales et de GRO. La nature multidisciplinaire des projets accroit la collaboration, l'échange de connaissances et l'expertise sur la remédiation des sols. Ces projets sont ouverts sur les parties prenantes et porteurs d'enjeux dans chaque pays et région participante, pour permettre un transfert des résultats aux secteurs concernés, e.g. réglementation, industries et consultants, et autres régions.

Fronts de science - Optimiser les options de phytomanagement: nécessite une sélection adéquate de végétaux et microorganismes (souvent en conservant sur sites des ressources génétiques tolérantes aux contaminants) et de joindre des techniques agronomiques et d'ingénierie écologique au processus de remédiation. La proposition d'assemblages, de trajectoires et mode de gestion pour ces écosystèmes doit intégrer les paramètres des filtres abiotiques (conditions pédoclimatiques, ressource en eau et nutriments, etc.) et biotiques. Les cultures ligneuses (taillis à courte rotation, TCR) et annuelles à forte biomasse sont des candidats potentiels. Des systèmes de culture sont à concevoir pour maintenir la matière organique du sol et améliorer la structure, l'activité biologique et la fertilité du sol (e.g. cultures de légumineuses). Incorporer des amendements organiques (composts, biochar) peut stimuler ces paramètres et la croissance des plantes en sols contaminés, sans oublier les effets non-intentionnels sur la mobilité de TE sous forme d'oxyanions. Une moindre dépendance aux engrais minéraux accroit la durabilité et rentabilité du système. Une bioaugmentation avec des micro-organismes associés aux végétaux (champignons mycorhiziens, rhizobactéries, bactéries et champignons endophytes) peut améliorer la croissance des plantes, réduire le stress et/ou modifier la mobilité des métaux/métalloïdes et leur absorption et accumulation par les plantes (Sessitsch et al 2013 ; Kidd et al 2015).

L'hétérogénéité des terrains contaminés peut induire une incertitude, e.g. moindre établissement ou performance des plantes à cause de la phytotoxicité des contaminants, du manque de nutriments, des maladies et ravageurs, etc. Des mesures correctives existent pour gérer les plantes et limiter ces incertitudes. Disposer d'un large choix d'espèces (cultivars ou populations) végétales et de microorganismes pour créer des assemblages permet de minimiser cette incertitude. Le changement climatique et les évènements extrêmes, plus fréquents (vague de
chaleur, sécheresse longue, pluie de type Cévenole, gel tardif, etc.) sont à intégrer dans les scénarios proposés pour atteindre les écosystèmes visés et leur complexité.

Les groupes de travail (WP) du projet PhytoSUDOE : son consortium comprend 10 partenaires (centres de R&D, universités et collectivités locales) et 4 modules de travaux: WP1: Caractérisation et évaluation des risques de sites contaminés/dégradés; mise en œuvre d'options de phytomanagement appropriées ; WP2: explorer les perspectives d'ingénierie écologique liées à la diversité fonctionnelle pour améliorer l'efficacité du phytomanagement ; WP3: caractériser et évaluer la biodiversité selon les options de phytomanagement ; WP4: récupération de fonctions écologiques liées aux services écosystémiques clés de sites phytomanagés. Le réseau PhytoSUDOE comporte 11 essais sur sites, de moyen et long terme, sur des zones contaminées ou dégradées de la région Interreg Sudoe. À certains sites, des options de phytomanagement ont été mises en œuvre et seront optimisées, tandis que sur d'autres le phytomanagement sera établi au cours de PhytoSUDOE. Les sites évaluent 3 GRO : stabilisation in situ, phytostabilisation aidée et phytoextraction.

Les options de phytomanagement sont sélectionnées par l'évaluation des risques, la caractérisation du site, le guide des meilleures pratiques (cf Greenland) et des outils d'aide à la décision pour appliquer les GRO sur site. Le WP2 conçoit et développe des stratégies pour améliorer la fonctionnalité des sols, la productivité des plantes, l'offre et la qualité des habitats pour les organismes, en utilisant des inoculants microbiens et cultures intercalaires. Le WP3 caractérise la diversité phylogénétique et fonctionnelle des communautés d'organismes des sols en lien avec les options de phytomanagement, (en comparaison aux sols contaminés non traités et sols de référence non contaminés). La possibilité de services écosystémiques est évaluée dans le WP4.

En établissant les mêmes options de phytomanagement à plusieurs sites du territoire Sudoe, on recherche leur transfert potentiel vers d'autres sites Sudoe et au-delà. Des indicateurs de la santé des écosystèmes pour les sols phytomanagés sont recherchés. Les parcelles expérimentales seront maintenues après la fin du projet et un plan de communication permettra un transfert aux parties prenantes et grand public.

PhytoSUDOE réunit des experts dans les domaines de l'écologie microbienne, écologie et écophysiologie végétale, agronomie, géologie et sciences du sol, aménagement du paysage et évaluation des risques. Des activités de diffusion et de communication sont prévues pour cibler trois groupes d'intervenants à l'échelle transnationale : (1) la communauté scientifique; (2) les parties prenantes et les utilisateurs finaux, y compris les politiques et les décideurs, et (3) le grand public. La Mairie de Vitoria-Gasteiz, le Département de l'Environnement et de la Santé publique (Espagne) et l'Institut National de l'Energie et de Géologie (Portugal) sont des partenaires actifs. Les autres partenaires associés sont :

**Administration** : Consellería de Medio Ambiente, Territorio e Infraestructuras, Xunta de Galicia (ES) ; Dept Parcs & Jardins, Site Parc aux Angéliques de Bordeaux Métropole (FR). **Entreprises et industries** : Lyonnet SA (société de traitement du bois), St Médard d'Eyrans (FR) ; Florentaise (producteur de biochars), Labouheyre (FR); EDM - Société de développement minier (PT) ; ENUSA Industrias Avanzadas, S.A. (ES) ; GEOALCALI (ES). **Consultants en environnement** : Ceban (ES) ; Arcadis (Labège, FR); Tereo (Cenon, FR).

Grâce à l'engagement des parties prenantes, des données qualitatives et quantitatives sur la biodiversité seront fournies et utilisées pour conseiller les décideurs politiques (rétroactions), développer des lignes directrices transnationales pour la protection des sols et la remédiation des écosystèmes. Les journées techniques permettront aux intervenants des régions et pays d'échanger des retours d'expériences et des résultats du projet entre eux.

PhytoSUDOE complète les déclarations politiques et des plans nationaux et régionaux.

**Espagne** : El Plan Estratégico del Patrimonio Natural y la Biodiversidad 2011-2017 (Real Decreto 1274/2011) ; Plan Estratégico de Conservación Vegetal 2014-2020. Stratégies nationales / régionales d'innovation pour la spécialisation intelligente (RIS3) -Politique de Cohésion 2014-2020 ; le ministère du Développement économique et de la compétitivité du Gouvernement Basque veut améliorer la recherche et la technologie qui sont une opportunité pour la compétitivité et le développement.

**France** : (et régions SUDOE comme l'Aquitaine) le 3ème Plan Environnement - Santé (PNSE3, 2015-2019) aborde le rôle des expositions environnementales dans plusieurs maladies en croissance, les actions pour une meilleure qualité de l'environnement et la réduction des risques liés aux sols contaminés. D'autres programmes français sur le thème sont: Mobilis (Biodiversa) est un cadre pour modéliser les relations entre changement d'usage du sol, changement climatique et les habitats pour les oiseaux ; INDICS: indicateurs participatifs de la biodiversité des sols et des services écosystémiques ; ToPoBiov : Tolérance aux polluants au sein de la diversité végétale de sites contaminés. UNION Biodiv : évaluation sociologique et écologique de la biodiversité d'une friche industrielle urbaine en reconversion; Biotrophe : influence de la biodiversité sur le transfert des contaminants dans la chaîne alimentaire ; RESBIOFONC évaluation et propositions de méthodes de gestion favorisant la restauration d'une biodiversité fonctionnelle en lien avec le changement d'usage des terres ; ORDYNORD (FRB); DEMOphyto et Phytoagglo (Ademe/INERIS) ; GESSOL, etc.
**Portugal** : La stratégie de recherche et d'innovation (2014-2020) y compris l'action IV (ressources naturelles et environnement) qui appuie les recherches visant à réhabiliter les sols et valoriser des systèmes et technologies pour améliorer la protection de la biodiversité des sols.

Le projet PhytoSUDOE complète et bénéficie des résultats d'autres projets européens en cours :
PHYTO2ENERGY (FP7 - en cours jusqu'en 2018) qui développe et valide des options de phytomanagement avec des cultures énergétiques, mais n'évalue pas les avantages de la biodiversité ou de la fonctionnalité du sol en liens avec les services écosystémiques.

ERA-NET cofund FACCE SURPLUS (Agriculture, changement climatique et sécurité alimentaire) :
Le projet INTENSE vise à reconvertir des terres marginales et polluées pour une production agricole durable à travers l'Europe, en se concentrant sur le développement de systèmes liés à la transformation de biomasses en énergie et nouveaux produits. Le projet MISCOMAR est dédié à produire du Miscanthus sur les terres contaminées et marginales. AGRONICKEL développe le phytomining du Ni sur les terrains Ultramafic en Europe. BioC4 intègre la production de Miscanthus et la synthèse biologique d'iso-butanol.

## Contacts

Michel Mench

UMR 1202 BIOGECO INRA, Université de Bordeaux, Bat B2, Allée G. St-Hilaire, 33615 Pessac cedex, France

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INTENSE

Interreg
Sudoe

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PhytoSUDOE
ecomanagement agricole et environnemental

université
de BORDEAUX

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## Pour en savoir plus

To subscribe to the newsletters: phytosudoe@gmail.com, http://www.phytosudoe.eu/

PhytoSUDOE (Demonstration of the improvement in soil biodiversity, functionality and ecosystem services through phytomanagement in contaminated and degraded soils within the Interreg Sudoe; SOE1/P5/E0189)

INTENSE project (ANR-15-SUSF-0007-06; http://faccesurplus.org/research-projects/intense/; www.nibio.no/en/prosjekter/intense)
# ERA / Publis scientifiques
Faune et pesticides

## Selection, Realized Heritability, and Fitness Cost Associated With Dimethoate Resistance in a Field Population of *Culex quinquefasciatus* (Diptera: Culicidae)

Alam, M; Sumra, MW; Ahmad, D; Shah, RM; Binyameen, M

JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY, 110 (3):1252-1258; 10.1093/jee/tox049 2017

(...) Dimethoate is an organophosphate insecticide used to control different insect pests including mosquitoes. Biological parameters of susceptible, unselected, and dimethoate-selected strains of *Culex quinquefasciatus* Say were studied in the laboratory to recognize resistance development potential and associated fitness cost. (...) This study provides useful information to devise retrospective management strategy for dimethoate resistance in *Cx. quinquefasciatus*.

Accès au document

## Amphibians, pesticides, and the amphibian chytrid fungus in restored wetlands in agricultural landscapes

<figure><img src="image_8.png" /></figure>

HERPETOLOGICAL
CONSERVATION & BIOLOGY

Reeves, RA; Pierce, CL; Vandever, MW; Muths, E; Smalling, KL

HERPETOLOGICAL CONSERVATION AND BIOLOGY, 12 (1):68-77; 2017

Information on interactions between pesticide exposure and disease prevalence in amphibian populations is limited, especially from field data. (...) We examined the relationships between the abundance of Bd on the skin of individual Boreal Chorus Frogs (*Pseudacris maculata*) and the concentrations of pesticides in the water and in frog tissue at six agriculturally dominated wetlands in Iowa, USA. (...) As our laboratory understanding of these relationships expands, the need for field based, or applied, studies grow.

Accès au document

## Toxicity of the bionematicide 1,4-naphthoquinone on non-target soil organisms

Chemosphere

<figure><img src="image_9.png" /></figure>

Chelinho, S; Maleita, CMN; Francisco, R; Braga, MEM; da Cunha, MJM; Abrantes, I; de Sousa, HC; Morais, PV; Sousa, JP

CHEMOSPHERE, 181 579-588; 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.092 2017

The main goal of the present study was to evaluate the ecotoxicological effects of 1,4-naphthoquinone (1,4-NTQ), a natural-origin compound presenting nematicidal activity, that can be obtained from walnut husk, in plants and soil invertebrates, including non-target soil nematode communities. (...) if higher dosages of 1,4-NTQ bionematicide are necessary, the potential recovery of non-target organisms under real field scenarios also needs to be assessed.

Accès au document

## Comparative toxicity of imidacloprid and thiacloprid to different species of soil invertebrates

Silva, CDE; Brennan, N; Brouwer, JM; Commandeur, D; Verweij, RA; van Gestel, CAM

ECOTOXICOLOGY, 26 (4):555-564; 10.1007/s10646-017-1790-7 2017

Neonicotinoid insecticides have come under increasing scrutiny for their impact on non-target organisms, especially pollinators. (...) This study aimed at filling this gap, by determining the toxicity of imidacloprid and thiacloprid to five species of soil invertebrates: earthworms (*Eisenia andrei*), enchytraeids (*Enchytraeus crypticus*), Collembola (*Folsomia candida*), oribatid mites (*Oppia nitens*) and isopods (*Porcellio scaber*). (...) Although not all the species showed high sensitivity to the neonicotinoids tested, these results raise awareness about the effects these insecticides can have on non-target soil invertebrates.

Accès au document

## Synergistic mortality between a neonicotinoid insecticide and an ergosterol-biosynthesis-inhibiting fungicide in three bee species

<figure><img src="image_10.png" /></figure>

Sgolastra, F; Medrzycki, P; Bortolotti, L; Renzi, MT; Tosi, S; Bogo, G; Teper, D; Porrini, C; Molowny-Horas, R; Bosch, J

PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE, 73 (6):1236-1243; 10.1002/ps.4449 2017

Neonicotinoid insecticides have been identified as an important factor contributing to bee diversity declines. (...) We explore the synergistic mortality between a neonicotinoid (clothianidin) and an ergosterol-biosynthesis-inhibiting fungicide (propiconazole) in three bee species (*A. mellifera*, *Bombus terrestris*, *Osmia bicornis*) following oral exposure in the
laboratory. (...) Our results underscore the importance to test pesticide combinations likely to occur in agricultural environments, and to include several bee species in environmental risk assessment schemes.

Accès au document

## Toxicity potential of Grassate (R) a non-selective herbicide on snails (*Achachatina marginata*) and earthworms (*Aporrectodea longa*)

<figure><img src="image_11.png" /></figure>

Ogeleka, DF; Onwuemene, CJ; Okieimen, FE

CHEMISTRY AND ECOLOGY, 33 (5):447-463; 10.1080/02757540.2017.1320393 2017

The application of herbicides in agricultural practices may pose certain toxic effects on non-target species including molluscs (snails), earthworms and other soil-dwelling organisms, which would in turn put the lives of humans at great risk. This study considered the lethal and sublethal effects of Grassate (R), a non-selective glyphosate-based herbicide on snails (*Achachatina marginata*) and earthworms (*Aporrectodea longa*) with regards to ecotoxicological risk assessment. (...) Thus, if these herbicides are used uncontrollably and unregulated, further consequence could lead to harmful effects on humans who feed on snails, a rich source of protein and depend on earthworms for nutrient.

Accès au document

## Azadirachtin-induced antifeeding in Neotropical stingless bees

<figure><img src="image_12.png" /></figure>

Bernardes, RC; Tome, HVV; Barbosa, WF; Guedes, RNC; Lima, MAP

APIDOLOGIE, 48 (3):275-285; 10.1007/s13592-016-0473-3 2017

The ongoing debate regarding the role of pesticides in the global decline of bee populations is increasing the demand for use of biopesticides, compounds generally believed to be less harmful to pollinators. (...) Susceptibility to azadirachtin varied with several factors, including the route of exposure, the concentration of the biopesticide, and the bee species. We found that although azadirachtin did not affect worker bee mortality, flight, or respiration rate, it did, however, induce a significant antifeeding effect on the stingless bee species.

Accès au document

## Chronic exposure of honeybees, *Apis mellifera* (Hymenoptera: Apidae), to a pesticide mixture in realistic field exposure rates

Bohme, F; Bischoff, G; Zebitz, CPW; Rosenkranz, P

APIDOLOGIE, 48 (3):353-363; 10.1007/s13592-016-0479-x 2017

Pollen might be contaminated by multiple pesticides representing a risk for long-term contamination of honeybees when collected. Standardized methodology to assess the effects of pesticide mixtures under field conditions is lacking. We conducted an experiment on chronic feeding of a diet contaminated with a field-realistic pesticide mixture on free-flying honeybee colonies. (...)

Accès au document

## Mechanistic modeling of insecticide risks to breeding birds in North American agroecosystems

Etterson, M; Garber, K; Odenkirchen, E

PLOS ONE, 12 (5): e0176998 2017

(...) Current USEPA risk assessments for pesticides generally rely on endpoints from laboratory based toxicity studies focused on groups of individuals and do not directly assess population-level endpoints. In this paper, we present a mechanistic model, which allows risk assessors to estimate the effects of insecticide exposure on the survival and seasonal productivity of birds known to forage in agricultural fields during their breeding season. (...) An important advantage of TIM/MCnest is that it allows risk assessors to rationally combine both acute (lethal) and chronic (reproductive) effects into a single unified measure of risk.

Accès au document

## Risk assessment of various insecticides used for management of Asian citrus psyllid, *Diaphorina citri* in Florida citrus, against honey bee, *Apis mellifera*

Chen, XD; Gill, TA; Pelz-Stelinski, KS; Stelinski, LL

ECOTOXICOLOGY, 26 (3):351-359; 10.1007/s10646-017-1768-5 2017

(...) A wide variety of insecticides are used to manage *D. citri* populations within citrus groves in Florida. However, in areas shared by citrus growers and beekeepers the use of insecticides may increase the risks of *Apis mellifera* L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) loss and contaminated honey. The objective of this research was to determine the environmental toxicity of insecticides, spanning five different modes of action used to control *D. citri*, to *A. mellifera*. (...) The results indicate that diflubenzuron may be safe to apply in citrus when *A. mellifera* are foraging, while most insecticides used for management of *D. citri* in citrus are likely hazardous under various exposure scenarios.

Accès au document
## Toxicodynamic modeling of zebrafish larvae to metals using stochastic death and individual tolerance models: comparisons of model assumptions, parameter sensitivity and predictive performance

<figure><img src="image_13.png" /></figure>

Gao, YF; Feng, JF; Zhu, L

ECOTOXICOLOGY, 26 (3):295-307;
10.1007/s10646-017-1763-x 2017

Process-based toxicodynamic (TD) models are playing an increasing role in predicting chemical toxicity to aquatic organism. Stochastic death (SD) and individual tolerance distribution (IT) are two often used assumptions in TD models which could lead to different consequences for risk assessment of chemicals. Here, using the toxicity data of single (Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) and their binary metal mixtures on survival of zebrafish larvae, we assessed the parameter sensitivity and evaluated the predictive performance of SD and IT models. (...)

Accès au document

## The exposure of honey bees (Apis mellifera; Hymenoptera: Apidae) to pesticides: Room for improvement in research

Benuszak, J; Laurent, M; Chauzat, MP

SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT, 587 423-438;
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.062 2017

(...) Based on a standardised review, we report the use of a wide variety of honey bee matrices and sampling methods in the scientific papers studying pesticide exposure. (...) Finally, the air matrix within the colony must be explored in order to complete current knowledge on honey bee pesticide exposure.

Accès au document

## Effects of imidacloprid on detoxifying enzyme glutathione S-transferase on Folsomia candida (Collembola)

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Sillapawattana, P; Schaffer, A

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH, 24 (12):11111-11119;
10.1007/s11356-016-6686-1 2017

(...) we investigated the effect of the pesticide imidacloprid on the detoxifying enzyme glutathione S-transferase (GST) from *Folsomia candida* (Collembola), a standard test organism for estimating the effects of pesticides and environmental pollutants on non-target soil arthropods. (...) The results suggest that the alteration of GST activity, steady-state level of GST mRNA, and GSH level may be involved in the response of F. candida to the exposure of imidacloprid and can be used as biomarkers to monitor the toxic effects of imidacloprid and other environmental pollutants on Collembola.

Accès au document

## Differences in sensitivity between earthworms and enchytraeids exposed to two commercial fungicides

Bart, S; Laurent, C; Pery, ARR; Mougin, C; Pelosi, C

ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY, 140 177-184;
10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.02.052 2017

The use of pesticides in crop fields may have negative effects on soil Oligochaeta Annelida, i.e., earthworms and enchytraeids, and thus affect soil quality. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of two commercial fungicide formulations on the earthworm *Aporrectodea caliginosa* and the enchytraeid *Enchytraeus albidus* in a natural soil. (...) Therefore we discuss the different strategies possibly used by the two Oligochaeta species to cope with the presence of the pesticides were discussed, along with the potential consequences on the soil functions.

Accès au document

## Temperature influences the toxicity of deltamethrin, chlorpyrifos and dimethoate to the predatory mite *Hypoaspis aculeifer* (Acari) and the springtail *Folsomia candida* (Collembola)

<figure><img src="image_15.png" /></figure>

Jegede, OO; Owojori, OJ;

ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY, 140 214-221;
10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.02.046 2017

In order to assess the influence of temperature on pesticide toxicity to soil fauna, specimens of the predatory mite *Hypoaspis aculeifer* and the springtail *Folsomia candida* were exposed in artificial soil spiked with different concentrations of three pesticides (dimethoate, chlorpyrifos and deltamethrin) at 20 degrees C vs 28 degrees C for the mites and 20 degrees C vs 26 degrees C for the springtails. (...) in the light of the few comparisons made data gained in temperate regions should be used with caution in the tropics.

Accès au document
# ERA / Publis scientifiques
## Méthodes et pesticides

### Appropriate exposure estimates for wildlife risk assessments of crop protection products based on continuous radio telemetry : a case study with woodpigeons

<figure><img src="image_16.png" /></figure>

Ludwigs, JD; Ebeling, M; Fredricks, TB; Murfitt, RC; Kragten, S

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY, 36 (5):1270-1277; 10.1002/etc.3656 2017

The registration of pesticides follows guidance published by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). As a default, the EFSA guidance document on risk assessment for birds and mammals assumes that animals feed exclusively on pesticide-treated fields. However, the guidance document suggests refining the risk via the proportion of food animals obtain from a treated field or specific crop (...). The results indicate that a 21-d PT value considering intra-individual variability gives a more appropriate PT value for long-term risk assessments.

Accès au document

### Minimum significant differences (MSD) in earthworm field studies evaluating potential effects of plant protection products

Andrade, TO; Bergtold, M; Kabouw, P

JOURNAL OF SOILS AND SEDIMENTS, 17 (6):1706-1714; 10.1007/s11368-017-1662-z 2017

In the EU, earthworm field studies are an important step in the risk assessment of plant protection products (PPP) on soil macrofauna. The minimum significant difference (MSD) is a metric which allows the assessment of the magnitude of statistically detectable effects. This paper aims to investigate the MSD values in such studies in order to assess whether their statistical robustness is compatible with desirable soil macrofauna protection goals. (...) These results indicate that the standard test design of current earthworm field studies provide a suitable degree of statistical power when earthworm density is sufficiently high, considering the magnitude of effects that are relevant at the earthworm community level. (...)

Accès au document

### Environmental risk assessment of pesticides: state of the art and prospective improvement from science

Boivin, A; Poulsen, V

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH, 24 (8):6889-6894; 10.1007/s11356-016-8289-2 2017

Pesticide risk assessment in the European regulatory framework is mandatory performed for active substances (pesticides) and the plant protection products they are constituents of. The aim is to guarantee that safe use can be achieved for the intended use of the product. This paper provides a feedback on the regulatory environmental risk assessment performed for pesticide registration at the EU and member state levels. (...)

Accès au document

### SYNOPS-WEB, an online tool for environmental risk assessment to evaluate pesticide strategies on field level

<figure><img src="image_17.png" /></figure>

Strassemeyer, J; Daehmlow, D; Dominic, AR; Lorenz, S; Golla, B

CROP PROTECTION, 97 28-44; SI 10.1016/j.cropro.2016.11.036 2017

(...) This paper introduces the easy-to-use environmental risk assessment tool SYNOPS-WEB to assess acute and chronic pesticide risks to soil, surface water and pollinators, as well as via leaching to groundwater. (...) Overall, SYNOPS-WEB has the potential to provide relevant information to European farmers, authorities and agronomists for developing and optimizing IPM strategies with particular focus on minimizing environmental risks. The structure of the model allows for future adaption and integration of novel approaches to risk assessment for a wider range of reference organisms and a larger set of mitigation measures.

Accès au document

### Classification of baseline toxicants for QSAR predictions to replace fish acute toxicity studies

Nendza, M; Muller, M; Wenzel, A

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE-PROCESSES & IMPACTS, 19 (3):429-437; 10.1039/c6em00600k 2017

Fish acute toxicity studies are required for environmental hazard and risk assessment of chemicals by national and international legislations such as REACH, the regulations of plant protection products and biocidal products, or the GHS (globally harmonised system) for classification and labelling of chemicals. Alternative methods like QSARs (quantitative structure-activity relationships) can replace many ecotoxicity tests. However, complete substitution of in vivo animal tests by in silico methods may not be realistic. (...) Thus, we can conclude that replacing about half of the fish acute toxicity tests by QSAR predictions is realistic to be achieved in the short-term. The long-term goals are classification criteria also for further groups of toxicants and to replace as many in vivo fish acute toxicity tests as possible with valid QSAR predictions.

Accès au document
# ERA / Publis scientifiques
Vers de terre et pesticides

## Appropriate exposure estimates for wildlife risk assessments of crop protection products based on continuous radio telemetry: a case study with woodpigeons

Ludwigs, JD; Ebeling, M; Fredricks, TB; Murfitt, RC; Kragten, S

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY, 36 (5):1270-1277; 10.1002/etc.3656 2017

The registration of pesticides follows guidance published by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). As a default, the EFSA guidance document on risk assessment for birds and mammals assumes that animals feed exclusively on pesticide-treated fields. However, the guidance document suggests refining the risk via the proportion of food animals obtain from a treated field or specific crop (...). The results indicate that a 21-d PT value considering intra-individual variability gives a more appropriate PT value for long-term risk assessments.

### Accès au document

## Important Issues in Ecotoxicological Investigations Using Earthworms

<figure><img src="image_18.png" /></figure>

Velki, M; Ecimovic, S

REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY, VOL 239,157-184; 10.1007/398_2016_4 2017

(...) some important issues regarding the effects of pollutants on earthworms still need to be comprehensively addressed. In this review several issues relevant to soil ecotoxicological investigations using earthworms are emphasized and guidelines that should be adopted in ecotoxicological investigations using earthworms are given. The inclusion of these guidelines in ecotoxicological studies will contribute to the better quantification of impacts of pollutants and will allow more accurate prediction of the real field effects of pollutants to earthworms.

### Accès au document

## Biochemical and genetic toxicity of dinotefuran on earthworms (Eisenia fetida)

Liu, T; Wang, XG; Xu, JL; You, XW; Chen, D; Wang, FL;

CHEMOSPHERE, 176; 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.113 2017

Dinotefuran is a third-generation neonicotinoid insecticide, that is considered promising due to its excellent properties. In the present work, the biochemical and genetic toxicity of dinotefuran on earthworms were evaluated at a series of environmental background concentrations. (...) Therefore, we consider that dinotefuran may be a high-risk pollutant for earthworms.

### Accès au document

## Effects of chronic exposure to clothianidin on the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris

Basley, K; Goulson, D

PEERJ, 5 10.7717/peerj.3177 2017

Although neonicotinoids are targeted at insects, their predominant use as a seed dressing and their long persistence in soils mean that non-target soil organisms such as earthworms are likely to be chronically exposed to them. (...) We experimentally tested the effect of field-realistic concentrations of a commonly used neonicotinoid, clothianidin, on mortality, weight gain, arid food consumption to assess the impacts of chronic exposure over four months on fitness of *L. terrestris* individuals. (...) Overall, our data suggest that field-realistic exposure to clothianidin has a significant but temporary effect on food consumption and can have weak but significant impacts on mortality of *L. terrestris*.

### Accès au document

## Enantioselective toxicity and degradation of chiral herbicide fenoxaprop-ethyl in earthworm Eisenia fetida

<figure><img src="image_19.png" /></figure>

Jing, X; Yao, GJ; Liu, DH; Qu, H; Zhou, Q; Zhou, ZQ; Wang, P

ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS, 75 126-131; 10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.12.006

The enantioselective degradation of fenoxaprop-ethyl in ecological indicator earthworm was studied and the main metabolites (fenoxaprop, 6-chloro-2,3-dihydrobenzoxazol-2-one, ethyl-2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy) propanoate, 2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)propanoic acid) were also monitored on an enantiomeric level. (...) Furthermore, earthworm was more sensitive to the R-form of the chiral metabolites than the S-form and rac-form. The results suggested metabolites and enantioselectivity should be taken into consideration to better predict the exposure concentration and apply ecological indicators in toxicological studies.

### Accès au document

## Human and soil exposure during mechanical chlorpyrifos, myclobutanil and copper oxychloride application in a peach orchard in Argentina

Berenstein, G; Nasello, S; Beiguel, E; Flores, P; Di Schiena, J; Basack, S; Hughes, EA; Zalts, A; Montserrat, JM

SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT, 586 1254-1262; 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.129 2017

The objective of this study was to measure the impact of the mechanized chlorpyrifos, copper oxychloride and myclobutanil application in a small peach orchard, on humans (operators, bystanders and residents) and on the
productive soil. (...) Earthworm RI was correlated with
experimental *Eisenia andrei* ecotoxicological assays
(enzymatic activities: cholinesterases, carboxylesterases
and glutathione s-transferases; behavioral: avoidance and
bait-lamina tests) with good correlation.

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## Combined toxicity of imidacloprid and three insecticides to the earthworm, *Eisenia fetida* (*Annelida*, *Oligochaeta*)

<figure><img src="image_20.png" /></figure>

Cang, T; Dai, DJ; Yang, GL; Yu, YJ; Lv, L; Cai, LM; Wang, Q; Wang, YH

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH, 24 (9):8722-8730; 10.1007/s11356-017-8627-z 2017

Although the earthworm *Eisenia fetida* has been used in many ecotoxicological studies in recent years, most of these studies have only focused on assessing the effects of individual insecticides. In the present study, we aimed to compare the individual and combined toxic effects of imidacloprid and three insecticides (phoxim, chlorpyrifos, and lambda-cyhalothrin) on *E. fetida*. (...) Therefore, our findings highlighted that the simultaneous presence of several insecticides in the soil environment might lead to increased toxicity, resulting in serious damage to the nontarget organisms compared with individual insecticides.

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## The effect of low-molecular-weight organic acids on copper toxicity in *E. fetida* in an acute exposure system

Zhou, CF; Huang, MY; Yu, JD; Li, Y; Liu, AQ

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH, 24 (9):8805-8813; 10.1007/s11356-017-8594-4 2017

In the present study, the effects of low-molecular-weight organic acids (OAs) on the toxicity of copper (Cu) to the earthworm *Eisenia fetida* (*E. fetida*) were investigated in a simulated soil solution. (...) These results demonstrated that OAs could reduce the toxicity, as well as the bioavailability, of heavy metals in soil solutions where both OAs and heavy metals often coexist.

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## Biomarkers indicate mixture toxicities of fluorene and phenanthrene with endosulfan toward earthworm (*Eisenia fetida*)

<figure><img src="image_21.png" /></figure>

Nam, TH; Kim, L; Jeon, HJ; Kim, K; Ok, YS; Choi, SD; Lee, SE

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH, 39 (2):307-317; SI 10.1007/s10653-016-9876-3 2017

alpha-Endosulfan and some polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs) are persistent in the environment and can reach crop products via contaminated agricultural soils. (...) In this study, the combined toxicities of PAHs with alpha-endosulfan were determined in *Eisenia fetida* adults using an artificial soil system. (...) Taken together, these findings contribute toward understanding the adverse effects of pollutants when present separately or in combination with other types of chemicals.

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## ERA / Droit et politique de l'environnement

### ECHA - MSC unanimously agrees that Bisphenol A is an endocrine disruptor

Communiqué de presse de l'ECHA 16/06/2017

The Member State Committee (MSC) supported the French proposal to additionally identify Bisphenol A as a substance of very high concern because of its endocrine disrupting properties which cause probable serious effects to human health. The committee also agreed to identify the substance PFHxS as an SVHC.

The Member State Committee unanimously agreed on the identification as substances of very high concern (SVHCs) of:

4,4'-isopropylidenediphenol (bisphenol A, BPA) (EC 201-245-8, CAS 80-05-7), proposed by France, due to its endocrine disrupting properties for human health;

Perfluorohexane-1-sulphonic acid and its salts (PFHxS), proposed by Sweden, due to their very persistent and very bioaccumulative (vPvB) properties.

Bisphenol A is already listed in the Candidate List due to its toxic for reproduction properties. ...

ECHA will include PFHxS in the Candidate List and will update the current entry for BPA accordingly by the end of June 2017. ...

- Member State Committee

- MSC agreements on SVHC proposals

- Candidate List

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# Le Bisphénol A reconnu comme « substance extrêmement préoccupante » : le ministère salue la décision

<figure><img src="image_22.png" /></figure>

Ministère de la Transition écologique et solidaire

16/06/2017

Communiqué de Presse

Le ministère de la Transition écologique et solidaire se félicite de cette décision du comité des Etats membres de l'ECHA, qui reconnaît ainsi pour la première fois le caractère préoccupant d'une substance au titre de ses propriétés de perturbation endocrinienne pour la santé. Cela permettra de protéger plus efficacement l'environnement, les travailleurs et la population...

Cette décision enclenche également un processus du règlement REACH qui permettra à terme d'interdire la mise sur le marché et l'utilisation, au niveau européen, du bisphénol A dans les produits pouvant exposer les travailleurs et les consommateurs à cette substance.

...Voir aussi le commentaire de Euractiv

- le communiqué de l'Agence européenne des produits chimiques

- le communiqué de l'Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (Anses)

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# Identifying EDCs: EU Government experts adopt flawed criteria

After years of delays, debates and continued exposure of people and wildlife to chemicals with hormone disrupting properties (EDCs), experts from EU governments voted this morning to support the latest Commission proposal defining criteria for identifying endocrine disrupters.

In CHEM Trust's view the criteria will not properly protect public health and the environment, as they require too much evidence before action is taken.

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# Faut-il avoir peur du glyphosate ?

<figure><img src="image_23.png" /></figure>

01/06/2017 Cet article retrace le débat sur le glyphosate et la polémique actuelle.

Principales dates :

- 1974 : Lancement du glyphosate.

- Mars 2015 : Le CIRC juge le glyphosate probablement cancérogène.

- Novembre 2015 : L'EFSA juge le glyphosate probablement pas cancérogène.

- Juin 2016 : Les Etats membres ne s'entendent pas sur le renouvellement de l'autorisation du glyphosate en Europe.

- Mars 2017 : L'ECHA juge le glyphosate probablement pas cancérogène.

- Mars 2017 : Début des révélations relatives aux Monsanto Papers.

- 31 décembre 2017 : Expiration de l'autorisation du glyphosate en Europe.

...comme le dénoncent nombre de scientifiques, d'ONG et de personnalités politiques, les rapports du CIRC, de l'EFSA et de l'ECHA ne sont pas comparables. Alors que le premier se prononce sur les produits commercialisés, comme le Roundup, les deux autres n'étudient que le glyphosate seul, sans les adjuvants qui renforcent ses effets. De plus, lorsque le CIRC base son analyse sur des études publiques, l'EFSA et l'ECHA travaillent principalement à partir de données directement transmises par les industriels, dont Monsanto, ce qui rendrait leurs conclusions contestables.

C'est ce que dénonce en tout cas Christopher Portier, scientifique américain, dans une lettre ouverte adressée le 29 mai 2017 à Jean-Claude Juncker, président de la Commission européenne, et relayée par de nombreux médias. "...

## Qu'est-ce que les "Monsanto Papers" ?

...les Monsanto Papers désignent des documents internes à l'entreprise Monsanto rendus publics par la justice américaine dans le cadre d'un procès ...

Monsanto s'inquiète depuis 1999 du caractère potentiellement cancérogène du glyphosate. ...l'entreprise engage alors un scientifique mondialement connu pour le blanchir de tout soupçon...Son rapport ne sera donc jamais publié par l'entreprise ...

D'une manière générale, le glyphosate suscite autant la controverse aux Etats-Unis qu'en Europe. Au sein même de l'Agence américaine de protection de l'environnement (EPA), les opinions s'affrontent...

En outre, le 1er juin 2017, Le Monde publie une enquête journalistique accablante pour Monsanto...

... En outre, le 1er juin 2017, quatre eurodéputés écologistes, dont Michèle Rivasi, ont annoncé avoir saisi la Cour de justice de l'Union européenne (CJUE) afin d'obtenir de l'EFSA les études sur lesquelles elle s'est fondée pour considérer le glyphosate "probablement pas cancérogène".

Une ICE initiative citoyenne européenne a été lancée en janvier 2017 visant à demander l'interdiction du glyphosate au sein de l'Union européenne.

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# Glyphosate : les eurodéputés interpellent la Commission

<figure><img src="image_24.png" /></figure>

TECHNIQUES
DE L'INGÉNIEUR

14/06/2017

Les eurodéputés ont interpellé mardi la Commission européenne sur l'indépendance, remise en cause, des études scientifiques sur lesquelles s'est appuyée l'Agence européenne de la sécurité des aliments (Efsa) pour juger du caractère cancérogène du glyphosate, un herbicide controversé.
Le débat se poursuit au sein de l'UE sur la prorogation de la licence d'utilisation de cette substance, la plus utilisée du monde dans les pesticides, notamment le RoundUp de Monsanto.

Après le feu vert donné par l'Efsa au printemps -elle a conclu que la substance n'était pas cancérogène-, la Commission a relancé la procédure d'autorisation. La licence est pour l'instant prolongée jusqu'à fin 2017.

La polémique n'est toutefois pas retombée. La quasi-totalité des groupes parlementaires -mais aussi des ONG et des scientifiques indépendants- ont remis en question mardi des études scientifiques sur lesquelles repose l'avis de l'Efsa, fournies par l'industrie phytosanitaires...

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## Appel à projets national Ecophyto 2017

Communique du Ministère de la Transition écologique et solidaire 12/06/2017

Valoriser des projets innovants pour réduire fortement l'usage des pesticides et améliorer la santé : c'est l'objectif de l'appel à projet Ecophyto 2017.

Les projets devront être déposés en ligne au plus tard le 1er septembre 2017 au soir à minuit.

L'appel à projets concerne l'ensemble du territoire français, métropolitain et ultramarin, et vise à recueillir des projets de portée nationale ou ultramarine.

**Quels projets ?** Ces projets doivent permettre de faire émerger des projets innovants, en complément des dispositifs structurants déjà en place (réseau des fermes DEPHY, surveillance biologique du territoire, Certiphyto, etc.). Ces nouveaux projets pourront être des actions de transfert, de diffusion, de communication, d'innovation, de mise en œuvre de la protection intégrée des cultures, de développement des agroéquipements, d'amélioration des moyens de protection des opérateurs, des actions en faveur du développement du biocontrôle... Ils concerneront l'ensemble des utilisations de produits phytopharmaceutiques, agricoles ou non.

**Quand ?** Les projets devront être déposés en ligne au plus tard le 1er septembre 2017 au soir à minuit.

- Plan Écophyto II - cahier des charges (pdf - 203.27 Ko)

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## Le bisphénol A reconnu perturbateur endocrinien par une agence européenne

19/06/2017

<figure><img src="image_25.png" /></figure>

L'Agence européenne des produits chimiques, l'ECHA, a annoncé reconnaître que le bisphénol A, déjà présent sur sa liste des "substances extrêmement préoccupantes", est un perturbateur endocrinien.

... La demande avait été faite auprès de l'ECHA par la France, un des pays les plus restrictifs dans l'utilisation du bisphénol A. Outre l'interdiction au niveau européen d'introduire la substance dans les biberons ou les tickets de caisse, Paris l'a écarté de tous les emballages alimentaires.

Le ministère français de la Transition écologique a d'ailleurs diffusé un communiqué saluant la décision de l'ECHA.

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# ERA / Droit et politique de l'environnement

## EPA Registers Innovative Tool to Control Corn Rootworm: SMARTSTAX PRO de Monsanto

<figure><img src="image_26.png" /></figure>

Communiqué de presse de l'EPA 15/06/2017

Les pesticides SMARTSTAX PRO de Monsanto vont compléter l'action du mais SMARTSTAX

L'acide ribonucléique (RNAi) trouvée dans SMARTSTAX PRO fonctionne à travers un processus de contrôle des gènes... Les scientifiques ont exploité ce processus de contrôle pour créer le produit, qui fonctionne comme un pesticide en faisant taire ou désactiver l'activité d'un gène critique pour la survie de la racine du maïs... Le Fifra s'est prononcé sur les risques liés à ce pesticide en septembre 2016 (rapport ci joint) Ce pesticide viendrait compléter l'action Mais BT Smartstax qui produit des pesticides mais dont l'efficacité a décru suite au développement de résistance chez les ravageurs.

WASHINGTON (June 15, 2017) - EPA recently registered four products containing a new and innovative plant-incorporated protectant (PIP) called SMARTSTAX PRO that will help U.S. farmers control corn rootworm, a devastating corn pest that has developed resistance to several other pesticides.

"We are using innovation and emerging technologies to solve problems like infestations of corn rootworm on our nation's corn crop," said EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt.

Corn rootworm is a major pest of corn in the U.S. and has developed resistance to several other pesticides. Controlling corn rootworm is a major challenge for many corn growers and infestations frequently result in significant yield losses to corn crops.

PIPs are plants that have genes inserted causing the plants to produce a pesticide inside their own tissues. When plants are genetically modified to produce pesticides in this manner they are regulated by the EPA.

The ribonucleic acid interference (RNAi) technology found in SMARTSTAX PRO works through a process of gene control that occurs naturally in plants, animals, and humans alike. Scientists harnessed this control process to create the product, which works as a pesticide by silencing or turning-off the activity of a gene critical to corn rootworm survival, resulting in the death of the corn rootworm. This product is so specific that it only affects the corn rootworm.

This technology also has the potential to help our nation's corn farmers combat resistance to Bt corn in corn rootworm...
Because SMARTSTAX PRO is the first RNAi-based plant protectant product to target an insect pest, EPA has sought advice on two occasions from the FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel.

Nota : Voir le rapport du FIFRA "RNAi Technology: Human Health and Ecological Risk Assessments For SmartStax PRO".

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## Eau potable : Santé Canada décide de ne pas interdire l'atrazine

Mediaterre 03/04/2017

Dans une décision rendue vendredi, Santé Canada a approuvé l'utilisation continue de l'atrazine au Canada et a lancé un nouveau processus d'examen spécial pour évaluer les risques pour l'environnement et la santé ignorés lors du premier examen. Des groupes environnementaux et en santé sont profondément préoccupés par le fait qu'un autre délai exposera plus longtemps les Canadiens aux risques de ce pesticide.

Accès au document

## Re-evaluation Note REV2017-09, Special Review Decision: Atrazine

2017/03/17

L'administration canadienne décide de ne pas interdire l'atrazine (rapport de 21 pages).

Pursuant to subsection 17(2) of the Pest Control Products Act, the Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA) initiated a special review of pest control products containing atrazine based on the decision taken by the European Commission in 2004 to prohibit all uses of atrazine. The PMRA evaluated the aspect of concern that prompted the special review in accordance with subsection 18(4) of the Pest Control Products Act. The proposed special review decision was published for consultation in the Re-evaluation Note REV2015-11, Special Review of Atrazine: Proposed Decision for Consultation, and it outlines the Agency's proposed decision and the reasons for it.

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## EPA Delays Rule That Would Help Prevent Pesticide Poisoning

<figure><img src="image_27.png" /></figure>

21/05/2017

Une association commente le fait que l'agence EPA reporte la mise en application d'une loi imposant que les personnes appliquant des pesticides tels que l'atrazine ou le chlorpyrifos, autorisés aux Etats-Unis, aient au moins 18 ans et des équipements de sécurité. Le point sur les dangers liés à ces pesticides.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has delayed a safety rule aimed at ensuring that pesticides (which are linked to human health problems) are safely

applied by adult agricultural workers. This, just days after 50 farm workers in California were sickened by pesticide poisoning.

The Certification of Pesticide Applications safety rule had been scheduled to go into effect on March, 2017, but the EPA has proposed delaying it until May, 2018. The rule would require that workers be 18 years old to apply atrazine, chlorpyrifos, and other restricted-use pesticides for agricultural use. In addition, the rule would enforce other protections for workers applying pesticides out in the field... The public was given less than a week to comment on the EPA's proposed delay, which falls short of the 30 days federal agencies traditionally give for open comment periods, according to Colin O'Neil, the agriculture policy director at Environmental Working Group (EWG)...

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## ERA / Avis et expertises
EFSA ANSES OCDE EPA

### Outcome of the pesticides peer review meeting on general recurring issues in physical and chemical properties and analytical methods

<figure><img src="image_28.png" /></figure>

Report 08/05/2017

Technical report 19 pages. DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2017.EN-1221

The main issues identified were related to the quality and level of details of the assessment reports and the adherence to the new data requirements, in particular regarding analytical methods and issues related to the assessment of the impurity profiles and the proposed specifications. Conclusions and further recommendations on these issues are reported.

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### Evaluation of data concerning the necessity of isoxaflutole as a herbicide to control a serious danger to plant health which cannot be contained by other available means, including non-chemical methods

<figure><img src="image_29.png" /></figure>

First published in the EFSA Journal: 30 June 2017 (report.33 pages).

... The current scientific report summarises the outcome of the evaluation of three different uses (maize, sweetcorn and poppy) in 10 Member States. The evaluation demonstrated that for two uses (maize and sweetcorn) insufficient or sufficient chemical alternatives are available, and for one use (poppy) insufficient chemical alternatives to isoxaflutole are available. The evaluation included an assessment of non-chemical methods for the presented
uses. A wide range of non-chemical methods are available, however, often these methods do not have the same efficacy as chemical methods or have economic limitations. A combination of both chemical and non-chemical methods seems often possible.

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## Nanomaterial alternatives assessment: a powerful tool for identifying safer options

<figure><img src="image_30.png" /></figure>

Science for environment policy 29 June 2017 Issue 491 commente la publication : The applicability of chemical alternatives assessment for engineered nanomaterials. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 13(1): 177-187. DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1762

A new study suggests that chemical-alternative assessment frameworks could be adapted to better assess engineered nanomaterials with the help of new tools which provide data on hazards of, and exposure to, nanomaterials.

Alternatives assessments provide a process for identifying safer and greener alternatives to conventional chemicals of concern used in products and processes. Engineered nanomaterials may, in some cases, be considered a safer alternative to some more conventional chemicals, as well as themselves being hazardous substances which could carry environmental and human health risks.

This study assessed the suitability of two existing alternatives assessment methods for nanomaterials – the Interstate Chemical Clearinghouse's Alternatives Assessment Guide (2013 version), and the National Research Council's A Framework to Guide Selection of Safer Chemicals (2014). They both evaluate various environmental and health risks of chemicals, including potential carcinogenicity, hormonal disruption and toxicity to aquatic wildlife, and both include components that address life-cycle impacts; the researchers consider them to be the most comprehensive alternatives assessment frameworks.

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## Have your say now on EFSA's next BPA re-evaluation

<figure><img src="image_31.png" /></figure>

Communiqué de presse EFSA 30/06/2017

EFSA would like your feedback on the draft approach for its next re-evaluation of the toxicity of bisphenol A (BPA), a chemical widely used in food contact materials. The draft is laid down in a "scientific protocol" that defines upfront the scope, methodology and information needs before the assessment starts in 2018.

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## Consultation publique : études épidémiologiques et pesticides

<figure><img src="image_32.png" /></figure>

12/06/2017

Scientific Opinion on the follow-up of the report "Literature review of epidemiological studies linking exposure to pesticides and health

effects"

La date limite de soumission des commentaires est le 28 juillet 2017.

Cet avis se penche sur les limites méthodologiques qui affectent la qualité des études et propose des recommandations sur la façon d'améliorer leur qualité et leur fiabilité pour promouvoir une utilisation appropriée des données épidémiologiques dans l'évaluation des risques liés aux pesticides.

Il propose en outre une méthodologie d'évaluation qui associe les données épidémiologiques avec les données issues de la toxicologie expérimentale.

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## Nouvelles valeurs par défaut proposées pour l'absorption cutanée des pesticides

03/07/2017

L'EFSA a publié un nouveau document d'orientation relatif à l'absorption cutanée des produits phytopharmaceutiques (PPP) : Guidance on dermal absorption. Le document propose des valeurs par défaut à utiliser en l'absence de données expérimentales pour l'évaluation des risques associés aux substances actives utilisées dans les PPP.

Le document, qui constitue une mise à jour du document d'orientation antérieur publié par l'EFSA à ce sujet en 2012, a été rédigé à la lumière de nouvelles études in vitro disponibles pour l'homme.

L'analyse de ces nouvelles informations - fournies par l'Institut fédéral allemand d'évaluation des risques (BfR) et l'Association européenne pour la protection des cultures (ECPA) - indique que les niveaux d'absorption cutanée sont significativement influencés par la concentration de l'ingrédient actif dans la formulation, et par le type de formulation. Les nouvelles valeurs par défaut proposées sont donc basées sur ces deux facteurs.

L'EFSA recommande que les documents de l'OCDE en matière d'absorption cutanée et les lignes directrices en matière de tests soient également révisés...

Une réunion technique avec les parties prenantes sera organisée les 27 et 28 septembre prochains.

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# Review of the published exposure data to pesticides for residents and bystanders, and for environmental risk assessment: final report

<figure><img src="image_33.png" /></figure>

Lewis, KA and Tzilivakis, J, 2017.

EFSA supporting publication 2017:14(5):EN-
1204. 101 pp. doi: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2017.EN-
1204 Question number: EFSA-Q-2015-00524

Ce rapport de 101 pages rend compte d'une
review sur l'exposition aux pesticides des
personnes proches des lieux de culture ou
manipulant les pesticides.

Abstract: ... EFSA have commissioned a study to review and evaluate all published data related to the exposure to pesticides for residents and bystanders and for environmental risk assessment. The aim of this project is to collate all published data for the last 25-years relating to resident and bystander exposure to pesticides and to develop and populate a database to support non-dietary exposure assessments for regulatory purposes.

There are 4 themes to the review (1) resident and bystander exposure to pesticides; (2) air concentrations (vapours and aerosols) of plant protection substances; (3) drift values from spray, seed and granular applications both in the field and undercover; and (4) dislodgeable foliar residues.

The data is being collated via a systematic and extensive literature review defined and managed according to a pre-defined 'review protocol'. A database and associated management software have been developed to process, collate and store the data collected. A total, across all four research themes, of around 3000 documents were considered. For dislodgeable foliar residues 27 articles were found to match the quality criteria and data for 49 discrete studies was extracted from these. For air concentrations 26 articles were used to extract data for 84 studies and with respect to drift 55 articles resulted in data for 275 studies being extracted. For these three reviews the data identified should be valuable for updating the GD calculator and for various other risk assessment studies. For the fourth review relating to the exposure of bystanders and residents 5 articles were found to match the required inclusion criteria and this lead to data for 8 studies being extracted.

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Compilation of a database, specific for the
pesticide active substance and their
metabolites, comprising the main
genotoxicity endpoints

<figure><img src="image_34.png" /></figure>

EFSA Journal: 17 May 2017 Volume 14, Issue 5 rapport de 215 pages Question number: EFSA-Q-2014-00643

Authors: F. Metruccio, I. Castelli, C. Civite
lla, C. Galbus era, F. Galimberti, L. Tosti,
A. Moretto

La publication fait état d'une base de
données finalisée dont nous n'avons pas trouvé le lien html.

The terminal residues of pesticide active substances in food and feed commodities need to be duly identified following the requirements of Commission Regulation (EU) No 283/2013 in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009. This information is necessary to derive the residue definition for the dietary risk assessment. EFSA initiated in 2009 a work programme to support the preparation of scientific guidance on the establishment of the residue definition for risk assessment. In 2012, the Panel on Plant Protection Products and their Residues (PPR Panel) adopted a scientific opinion on the **toxicological relevance of pesticide metabolites for dietary risk assessment**.

In its opinion, the PPR Panel also indicated that the
application of integrated approaches including the
combination of QSAR models and read across for the
genotoxicity assessment of pesticide residues would imply
the availability of a robust database specific for pesticide
active substances and their metabolites.

The overall objective of the project is the compilation of a database specific for pesticide active substances and their metabolites, which is comprising the different genotoxicity endpoints i.e. point mutations, structural and numerical chromosome aberrations. For each substances and metabolites (and or impurities when available), data collection, data extraction and data entry has been performed according to a methodology agreed by EFSA and the consortium. The database represents a practical tool to complement the in-silico tools i.e. QSAR, grouping and read across for prediction and indication of the **genotoxicity hazard**. Moreover, the database is expected to increase the specificity and sensitivity of the in-silico tools and to enlarge the chemical domains for their applicability

The overall objective of the project is the compilation of a database specific for pesticide active substances and their metabolites, which is comprising the different genotoxicity endpoints i.e. point mutations, structural and numerical chromosome aberrations. For each substances and metabolites (and or impurities when available), data collection, data extraction and data entry has been performed according to a methodology agreed by EFSA and the consortium. The database represents a practical tool to complement the in-silico tools i.e. QSAR, grouping and read across for prediction and indication of the genotoxicity hazard. Moreover, the database is expected to increase the specificity and sensitivity of the in-silico tools and to enlarge the chemical domains for their applicability.

Genotoxicity and chemical information have been collected for 380 active substances (out of 435 listed in Annex 2 of the call for proposal GP/EFSA/PRAS/2014/01) and their metabolites. For the remaining 56 active substances Draft Assessment Report or other report were not available (Appendix E).

For all pesticide active substances and their metabolites
data extraction has been performed to cover all
genotoxicity endpoints (i.e. point mutations, chromosome
aberrations and DNA damage) in the pesticide dossiers
submitted for registration.

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## Outcome of the pesticides peer review meeting on general recurring issues in physical and chemical properties and analytical methods

2017/05/08 EFSA Journal

The main issues identified were related to the quality and level of details of the assessment reports and the adherence to the new data requirements, in particular regarding analytical methods and issues related to the assessment of the impurity profiles and the proposed specifications.

Accès au document

# ERA / Règlementation des pesticides / Textes officiels

## Arrêté du 10 mai 2017 établissant le plan national de réduction des émissions de polluants atmosphériques

<figure><img src="image_35.png" /></figure>

JORF n°0110 du 11 mai 2017 texte n°37

Le plan complet est en ligne, en annexe de l'arrêté (12 pages).

Voir en particulier les mesures vivant à :

- réduire la volatilisation d'ammoniac liée aux épandages de matières fertilisantes

- réduire le brulage à l'air libre des résidus agricoles

- évaluer et réduire la présence de produits phytopharmaceutiques dans l'air.

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## Décret n° 2017-949 du 10 mai 2017 fixant les objectifs nationaux de réduction des émissions de certains polluants atmosphériques en application de l'article L. 222-9 du code de l'environnement

JORF n°0110 du 11 mai 2017 texte n°24

Objet : fixation d'objectifs nationaux de réduction des émissions de certains polluants atmosphériques pour les années 2020, 2025 et 2030.

Accès au document

## Commission Européenne - Endocrine disruptors: major step towards protecting citizens and environment

<figure><img src="image_36.png" /></figure>

Communique de presse Brussels, 4 July 2017

Perturbateurs endocriniens: une avancée majeure pour la protection des citoyens et de l'environnement

Today, Member States representatives voted in favour of the European Commission's proposal on scientific criteria to identify endocrine disruptors in the field of plant protection products. This is an important step towards greater protection of citizens from harmful substances.

**Nota :** Le texte de la Commission prévoit que celle-ci présentera en temps utile une évaluation des critères sur la base de l'expérience acquise, qui portera également sur la dérogation pour les régulateurs de croissance. Les critères s'appliqueront à l'issue d'une courte période de transition de six mois durant laquelle l'Agence européenne des produits chimiques (ECHA) et l'Autorité européenne de sécurité des aliments (EFSA) procéderont, sur mandat de la Commission, à la finalisation d'un document d'orientation conjoint pour la mise en œuvre des critères.

**Nota :** voir la paragraphe 7 du texte (ci joint).

One of the characteristics of endocrine disrupting substances is their **endocrine mode of action**. Several endocrine modes of action exist. Organisms belonging to different taxonomic phyla differ biologically on essential traits, involving different endocrine modes of action. Therefore, a certain endocrine mode of action relevant for a specific phylum may not be biologically plausible for organisms of a different phylum. Substances whose intended plant protection mode of action, within the meaning of point 3.6. of Part A of the Annex to Commission Regulation (EU) No 283/2013, is to control target organisms other than vertebrates via their endocrine system, therefore present a mode of action which is not expected to be relevant for vertebrates. These substances consequently do not generally pose a risk via this intended mode of action to humans and vertebrates in the environment and are therefore particularly effective and useful in integrated pest management. When setting the criteria for the determination of endocrine disrupting properties that may cause adverse effects on non-target organisms, it is appropriate... Therefore, where the intended mode of action consists of controlling target organisms other than vertebrates via their endocrine systems, the effects caused by that intended mode of action on organisms of the same taxonomic phylum as the targeted one should not be considered for the purposes of point 3.8.2. of Annex II of Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009. The active substances with such an intended mode of action may however be approved only if, following a risk assessment ..., their use does not lead to unacceptable effects on non-target organisms, including on organisms of the same phylum as the target organism.

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## Publications des membres du réseau Ecotox

### A comprehensive study of the toxicity of natural multi-contaminated sediments: New insights brought by the use of a combined approach using the medaka embryo-larval assay and physico-chemical analyses

<figure><img src="image_37.png" /></figure>

**Authors:** Barjhoux, I; Clerandeau, C; Le Menach, K; Anschutz, P; Gonzalez, P; Budzinski, H; Morin, B; Baudrimont, M; Cachot, J

**Source:** ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY, 142 509-521; 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.04.059 2017

**Abstract:** Sediment compartment is a long term sink for pollutants and a secondary source of contamination for aquatic species. The abiotic factors controlling the bioavailability and thus the toxicity of complex mixtures of pollutants accumulated in sediments are poorly documented. To highlight the different factors influencing sediment toxicity, we identified and analyzed the physico-chemical properties, micro-pollutant contents, and toxicity level of six contrasted sediments in the Lot-Garonne continuum. Sediment toxicity was evaluated using the recently described Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) embryo-larval assay with direct exposure to whole sediment (MELAc). Multiple toxicity endpoints including embryotoxicity, developmental defects and DNA damage were analyzed in exposed embryos. Chemical analyses revealed significant variations in the nature and contamination profile of sediments, mainly impacted by metallic trace elements and, unexpectedly, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Exposure to sediments induced different toxic impacts on medaka early life stages when compared with the reference site. Principal component analysis showed that the toxic responses following exposure to sediments from the Lot River and its tributary were associated with micro-pollutant contamination: biometric measurements, hatching success, genotoxicity, craniofacial deformities and yolk sac malabsorption were specifically correlated to metallic and organic contaminants. Conversely, the main biological responses following exposure to the Garonne River sediments were more likely related to their physico-chemical properties than to their contamination level. Time to hatch, cardiovascular injuries and spinal deformities were correlated to organic matter content, fine particles and dissolved oxygen levels. These results emphasize the necessity of combining physico-chemical analysis of sediment with toxicity assessment to accurately evaluate the environmental risks associated with sediment contamination.

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### Structural and functional responses of leaf-associated fungal communities to chemical pollution in streams

<figure><img src="image_38.png" /></figure>

**Authors:** Rossi, F; Artigas, J; Mallet, C

**Source:** FRESHWATER BIOLOGY, 62 (7):1207-1219; 10.1111/fwb.12937 2017

**Abstract:** The decomposition of allochthonous plant litter is a key ecological process in forested streams, involving the lignolytic activities of aquatic fungi. In this study we investigated the relationship between water pollution (by a mixture of nutrients, metals and pesticides) and the biomass, structure and enzyme activities of leaf-associated fungal communities. The experiment was performed through a microcosm approach by comparing fungal communities from a less-polluted upstream site to a more-polluted downstream site in the agricultural basin of the Auzon stream (Puy-de-Dome region, Centre France). The resistance as well as the ability of these fungal communities to recover from pollution was also assessed through a translocation experiment. Results showed a lower laccase activity and higher band richness in fungal communities from the downstream site comparing to the upstream site, which can partially be explained by the greater pesticide toxicity and concentration of dissolved organic carbon of downstream waters. Specifically, a negative relationship between laccase activity and nitrate concentration was observed, irrespectively of the studied site, whereas the relationship between nitrate and phenol oxidase/peroxidase appeared much weaker. The translocation experiment evidenced (1) a fast decrease in laccase activity concomitant with a shift in fungal structure after stress exposure, and (2) a recovery ability in terms of laccase activity and fungal community structure 2weeks after stress removal. This study underlines the sensitivity of leaf-associated fungal communities in terms of laccase activity and community structure to variations in chemical stress, as well as their ability to recover once the stress is removed. This study highlights the potential use of laccase as an indicator of chemical pollution of streams.

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### Development and validation of an OECD reproductive toxicity test guideline with the mudsnail *Potamopyrgus antipodarum* (Mollusca, Gastropoda)

**Authors:** Ruppert, K; Geiss, C; Askem, C; Benstead, R; Brown, R; Coke, M; Ducrot, V; Egeler, P; Holbech, H; Hutchinson, TH; Kinnberg, KL; Lagadic, L; Le Page, G; Macken, A; Matthiessen, P; Ostermann, S; Schimera, A; Schmitt, C; Seeland-Fremer, A; Smith, AJ; Weltje, L; Oehlmann, J

**Source:** CHEMOSPHERE, 181 589-599; 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.114 2017

**Abstract:** Mollusks are known to be uniquely sensitive to a number of reproductive toxicants including some vertebrate endocrine disrupting chemicals. However, they have widely been ignored in environmental risk assessment procedures for chemicals. This study describes the validation of the *Potamopyrgus antipodarum* reproduction test within the OECD Conceptual Framework for Endocrine Disrupters Testing and Assessment. The number of embryos in the brood pouch and adult mortality serve as main endpoints. The experiments are conducted as static
systems in beakers filled with artificial medium, which is aerated trough glass pipettes. The test chemical is dispersed into the medium, and adult snails are subsequently introduced into the beakers. After 28 days the reproductive success is determined by opening the brood pouch and embryo counting. This study presents the results of two validation studies of the reproduction test with eleven laboratories and the chemicals tributyltin (TBT) with nominal concentrations ranging from 10 to 1000 ng TBT-Sn/L and cadmium with concentrations from 1.56 to 25 mg/L. The test design could be implemented by all laboratories resulting in comparable effect concentrations for the endpoint number of embryos in the brood, pouch. After TBT exposure mean EC10, EC50, NOEC and LOEC were 35.6, 127, 39.2 and 75.7 ng Sn/L, respectively. Mean effect concentrations in cadmium exposed snails were, respectively, 6.53, 14.2, 6.45 and 12.6 mg g/L. The effect concentrations are in good accordance with already published data. Both validation studies show that the reproduction test with *P. antipodarum* is a well-suited tool to assess reproductive effects of chemicals.

E-mail Addresses: k.ruppert@bio.uni-frankfurt.de

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## Transcriptomic approach for assessment of the impact on microalga and macrophyte of in-situ exposure in river sites contaminated by chlor-alkali plant effluents

Authors: Dranguet, P; Cosio, C; Le Faucheur, S; Beauvais-Fluck, R; Freiburghaus, A; Worms, IAM; Petit, B; Civic, N; Docquier, M; Slaveykova, VI

Source: WATER RESEARCH, 121 86-94; 10.1016/j.watres.2017.05.020 2017

**Abstract:** Water quality degradation is a worldwide problem, but risk evaluation of chronic pollution in-situ is still a challenge. The present study aimed to evaluate the potential of transcriptomic analyses in representative aquatic primary producers to assess the impact of environmental pollution in-situ: the microalga *Chlamydomonas reinhardtii* and the macrophyte *Elodea nuttallii* were exposed 2 h in the Babeni Reservoir of the Olt River impacted by chlor-alkali plant effluent release resulting in increased concentrations of Hg and NaCl in receiving water. (...) Transcriptomic response was congruent with the concentrations of Hg and NaCl in the water of the impacted reservoir. Genes involved in development, energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, nutrition, and RedOx homeostasis were dysregulated during in-situ exposure of both organisms. In addition, genes involved in the cell motility of *C. reinhardtii* and development of the cell wall of *E. nuttallii* were affected. DG were in line with adverse outcome pathways and transcriptomic studies reported after exposure to high concentrations of Hg and NaCl under controlled conditions in the laboratory. Transcriptomic response provided a sensitive measurement of the exposure as well as hints on the tolerance mechanisms of environmental pollution, and is thus promising as an early-warning tool to assess water quality degradation.

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## Assessing human health risks from pesticide use in conventional and innovative cropping systems with the BROWSE model

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Authors: Lammoglia, SK; Kennedy, MC; Barriuso, E; Alletto, L; Justes, E; Munier-Jolain, N; Mamy, L

Source: ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL, 105 66-78; 10.1016/j.envint.2017.04.012 2017

**Abstract:** Background: Reducing the risks and impacts of pesticide use on human health and on the environment is one of the objectives of the European Commission Directive 2009/128/EC in the quest for a sustainable use of pesticides. This Directive, developed through European national plans such as Ecophyto plan in France, promotes the introduction of innovative cropping systems relying, for example, on integrated pest management. Risk assessment for human health of the overall pesticide use in these innovative systems is required before the introduction of those systems to avoid that an innovation becomes a new problem. Objectives: The objectives of this work were to assess and to compare (1) the human exposure to pesticides used in conventional and innovative cropping systems designed to reduce pesticide needs, and (2) the corresponding risks for human health. (...) Results: The modelling results obtained with BROWSE showed that innovative cropping systems such as low input or no herbicide systems would reduce the risk for human health in comparison to the corresponding conventional cropping systems. On the contrary, BROWSE showed that conservation tillage system would lead to unacceptable risks in the conditions of our study, because of a high number of pesticide applications, and especially of some herbicides. For residents, the dermal absorption was the main exposure route while ingestion was found to be negligible. For operators, inhalation was also a predominant route of exposure. In general, human exposure to pesticides and human health risks were found to be correlated to the treatment frequency index TFI (number of registered doses of pesticides used per hectare for one copping season), confirming the relationship between the reduction of pesticide use and the reduction of risks. Conclusions: Assessment with the BROWSE model helped to identify cropping systems with decreased risks from pesticides for human health and to propose some improvements to the cropping systems by identifying the pesticides that led to unacceptable risks.

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## Assessment of the bioavailability and depuration of uranium, cesium and thorium in snails (*Cantareus aspersus*) using kinetics models

Authors: Paulet, B; Villeneuve, A; Redon, PO; Cuvier, A; de Vaufleury, A

Source: JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS, 335 75-83; 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.03.056 2017
**Abstract:** Uranium ore waste has led to soil contamination that may affect both environmental and soil health. To analyze the risk of metal transfer, metal bioavailability must be estimated by measuring biological parameters. Kinetic studies allow taking into account the dynamic mechanisms of bioavailability, as well as the steady state concentration in organisms necessary to take into account for relevant risk assessment. In this way, this work aims to model the snail accumulation and excretion kinetics of uranium (U), cesium (Cs) and thorium (Th). Results indicate an absence of Cs and Th accumulation showing the low bioavailability of these two elements and a strong uranium accumulation in snails related to the levels of soil contamination. During the depuration phase, most of the uranium ingested was excreted by the snails. After removing the source of uranium by soil remediation, continued snails excretion of accumulated uranium would lead to the return of their initial internal concentration, thus the potential trophic transfer of this hazardous element would stop.

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## Biofilm vs. Planktonic Lifestyle:
Consequences for Pesticide 2,4-D
Metabolism by Cupriavidus necator JMP134

<figure><img src="image_40.png" /></figure>

**Authors:** Lerch, TZ; Chenu, C; Dignac, MF; Barriuso, E; Mariotti, A

**Source:** FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY, 8
10.3389/fmicb.2017.00904 2017

**Abstract:** The development of bacterial biofilms in natural environments may alter important functions, such as pollutant bioremediation by modifying both the degraders' physiology and/or interactions within the matrix. The present study focuses on the influence of biofilm formation on the metabolism of a pesticide, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), by Cupriavidus necator JMP134. Pure cultures were established in a liquid medium with 2,4-D as a sole carbon source with or without sand grains for 10 days. Bacterial numbers and 2,4-D concentrations in solution were followed by spectrophotometry, the respiration rate by gas chromatography and the surface colonization by electron microscopy. In addition, isotopic techniques coupled with Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) profiling were used to determine possible metabolic changes. After only 3 days, approximately 80% of the cells were attached to the sand grains and microscopy images showed that the porous medium was totally clogged by the development of a biofilm. After 10 days, there was 25% less 2,4-D in the solution in samples with sand than in control samples. This difference was due to (1) a higher (+8%) mineralization of 2,4-D by sessile bacteria and (2) a retention (15%) of 2,4-D in the biofilm matrix. Besides, the amount of carbohydrates, presumably constituting the biofilm polysaccharides, increased by 63%. Compound-specific isotope analysis revealed that the FAME isotopic signature was less affected by the biofilm lifestyle than was the FAME composition. These results suggest that sessile bacteria differ more in their anabolism than in their catabolism compared to their planktonic counterparts. This study stresses the importance of considering interactions

between microorganisms and their habitat when studying pollutant dynamics in porous media.

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## Partitioning of nutrients and non-essential elements in Swiss chards cultivated in open-air plots

**Authors:** Linero, O; Cidad, M; Carrero, JA; Nguyen, C; de Diego, A

**Source:** JOURNAL OF FOOD COMPOSITION AND ANALYSIS, 59
179-187; 10.1016/j.jfca.2017.02.017 2017

**Abstract:** The uptake of metals by plants and their partitioning between different organs is an important issue in fields like plant ecology, phytochemistry, phytoremediation and, in the case of plants with edible parts, food quality. In this work a five-month field experiment was carried out to investigate the uptake and partitioning of 20 elements (Mg, K, Ca, Na, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Mo, Sr, Ba, Al, Ti, V, Cr, As, Cd, TI and Pb) by Swiss chards (Beta vulgaris). The effect of the harvesting time on the accumulation of these elements in roots, stalks and leaf blades was studied using plants cultivated in two different but adjacent air-open plots subjected to conventional or organic farming techniques. Plants were collected at six growth stages during their production cycle and samples were analysed by ICP-MS after microwave assisted acid digestion. Toxic elements (except Cd) were mainly immobilised in roots, whereas essential elements were translocated to aboveground organs. In general, the element concentrations in plant organs decreased with time. The use of organic fertilisers promoted the presence of nutrients in blades and stalks. Pb and Cd concentrations in the edible parts were always below the maximum levels set by the European Union.

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## Biofilm composition in the Olt River (Romania) reservoirs impacted by a chlor-alkali production plant

<figure><img src="image_41.png" /></figure>

**Authors:** Dranguet, P; Cosio, C; Le Faucheur, S; Peter, DH; Loizeau, JL; Ungureanu, VG; Slaveykova, VI

**Source:** ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE-PROCESSES & IMPACTS, 19 (5):687-695; 10.1039/c7em00033b 2017

**Abstract:** Freshwater biofilms can be useful indicators of water quality and offer the possibility to assess contaminant effects at the community level. The present field study examines the effects of chlor-alkali plant effluents on the community composition of biofilms grown in the Olt River (Romania) reservoirs. The relationship between ambient water quality variables and community composition alterations was explored. Amplicon sequencing revealed a significant modification of the composition of microalgal, bacterial and fungal communities in the biofilms collected in the impacted reservoirs in comparison with those living in the uncontaminated control reservoir. The abundance corrected Simpson index showed lower
richness and diversity in biofilms collected in the impacted reservoirs than in the control reservoir. The biofilm bacterial communities of the impacted reservoirs were characterized by the contaminant-tolerant Cyanobacteria and Bacteroidetes, whereas microalgal communities were predominantly composed of Bacillariophyta and fungal communities of Lecanoromycetes and Paraglomycetes. A principal component analysis revealed that major contaminants present in the waste water of the chlor-alkali production plant, i.e. Na+, Ca2+, Cl- and Hg, were correlated with the alteration of biofilm community composition in the impacted reservoirs. However, the biofilm composition was also influenced by water quality variables such as NO3-, SO42-, DOC and Zn from unknown sources. The results of the present quality standards, typical contaminants of chlor-alkali plant releases may affect biofilm composition and that their impacts on the microbial biodiversity might be currently overlooked.

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## Periphytic diatom communities in tributaries around Lake Ichkeul, northern Tunisia: a preliminary assessment

<figure><img src="image_42.png" /></figure>

**Authors:** Ouchir, N; Morin, S; Ben Aissa, L; Boughdiri, M; Aydi, A

**Source:** AFRICAN JOURNAL OF AQUATIC SCIENCE, 42 (1):65-73; 10.2989/16085914.2017.1300761 2017

**Abstract:** An initial inventory of diatom biodiversity at 12 sites draining into Lake Ichkeul, northern Tunisia, was performed in summer 2014, together with the characterisation of metal pollution status by analysing trace metal concentrations to determine Water Quality Indices. The maximum values of Fe, Mn, Sb, Zn, Cu and Pb were all below the national and international standard, except for Fe in Hammam Ben Abbes thermal spring and Sb in Wadi Tinja, indicating that the surface water of the Ichkeul basin was largely acceptable. Diatom community composition and specific descriptors, including quantification of morphological alterations and mortality, were used to diagnose environmental stress. High abundances of *Achnanthidium minutissimum* (Kutzing) Czarnecki were observed at the Fe-rich site, which could reflect a response to metal contamination. Diatoms were stressed mostly by the influence of temperature and salinity, which drove species composition and increased mortality. Further research is required on the ecology of diatoms in Ichkeul thermal springs. The use of diatoms as indicators of ecosystem health in the Ichkeul area requires additional knowledge of diatom diversity in the ecoregion.

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## In the hunt for genomic markers of metabolic resistance to pyrethroids in the mosquito *Aedes aegypti*: An integrated next-generation sequencing approach

**Authors:** Faucon, F; Gaude, T; Dusfour, I; Navratil, V; Corbel, V; Juntarajumnong, W; Girod, R; Poupardin, R; Boyer, F; Reynaud, S; David, JP

**Source:** PLOS NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES, 11 (4): 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005526 2017

**Abstract:** Background The capacity of *Aedes mosquitoes* to resist chemical insecticides threatens the control of major arbovirus diseases worldwide. Until alternative control tools are widely deployed, monitoring insecticide resistance levels and identifying resistance mechanisms in field mosquito populations is crucial for implementing appropriate management strategies. Metabolic resistance to pyrethroids is common in *Aedes aegypti* but the monitoring of the dynamics of resistant alleles is impeded by the lack of robust genomic markers. Methodology/Principal findings In an attempt to identify the genomic bases of metabolic resistance to deltamethrin, multiple resistant and susceptible populations originating from various continents were compared using both RNA-seq and a targeted DNA-seq approach focused on the upstream regions of detoxification genes. Multiple detoxification enzymes were over transcribed in resistant populations, frequently associated with an increase in their gene copy number. Targeted sequencing identified potential promoter variations associated with their over transcription. Non-synonymous variations affecting detoxification enzymes were also identified in resistant populations. Conclusion/Significance This study not only confirmed the role of gene copy number variations as a frequent cause of the over expression of detoxification enzymes associated with insecticide resistance in *Aedes aegypti* but also identified novel genomic resistance markers potentially associated with their cis-regulation and modifications of their protein structure conformation. As for gene transcription data, polymorphism patterns were frequently conserved within regions but differed among continents confirming the selection of different resistance factors worldwide. Overall, this study paves the way of the identification of a comprehensive set of genomic markers for monitoring the spatio-temporal dynamics of the variety of insecticide resistance mechanisms in *Aedes aegypti*.

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## In vivo identification of potential uranium protein targets in zebrafish ovaries after chronic waterborne exposure

**Authors:** Eb-Levadoux, Y; Frelon, S; Simon, O; Arnaudguilhem, C; Lobinski, R; Mounicou, S

**Source:** METALLOMICS, 9 (5): 10.1039/c6mt00291a 2017

**Abstract:** Ecotoxicological studies have indicated the reprotoxicity of uranium (U) in zebrafish, but its molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Due to the non-covalent nature of U-protein complexes, canonical proteomics approaches are often not relevant as they usually use denaturating reagents or solvents. In this study, non-denaturating (ND) methods were used to obtain insight into the nature of U potential targets in ovaries of reproduced and non-reproduced zebrafish after 20 days of exposure to an environmentally relevant U concentration (20 mg L-1). After the ND sample preparation, 1-dimensional (SEC) and 2-dimensional (OGE x SEC) separations followed by ICP-sector-field MS measurements (U, P, Fe, Cu, and Zn)
enabled the determination of chemical characteristics (MW, pl) of the metal-protein complexes. Phosphorus and U coelution confirmed the affinity of U for P-containing proteins. In addition, 2D separation allowed the discrimination of Fe-metalloproteins as potential U targets. Finally, 20 protein candidates for U complexation were identified after tryptic digestion conditions by LC-ESI FT MS and a database search. Potential U targets were mainly involved in three biological processes: oxidative stress regulation (SOD, GST), cytoskeleton structure (actin) and embryo early development (vtg, initiation factor).

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## Assessment of Miscanthus x giganteus capacity to restore the functionality of metal-contaminated soils: Ex situ experiment

<figure><img src="image_43.png" /></figure>

**Authors:** Al Souki, KS; Louvel, B; Douay, F; Pourrut, B

**Source:** APPLIED SOIL ECOLOGY, 115 44-52; 10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.03.002 2017

**Abstract:** Phytostabilization can be an appropriate choice for managing soils contaminated by diverse metals. Miscanthus x giganteus was selected to phytostabilize polluted soils surrounding the former lead smelter Metaleurop Nord, in Northern France. The aim of the current study was to determine the impact of miscanthus plants on restoring the corresponding soil functionality. Ex situ experiments revealed that soil biological activities (basal respiration, fluorescein diacetate hydrolytic activity, acid phosphatases, laccases and ureases) as well as microbial biomass carbon increased in contaminated soils cultivated with miscanthus, compared to unplanted soils. These results verify the capacity of miscanthus to restore polluted soil functionalities, indicating the positive effect of phytostabilization on soil biological activities. In conclusion, revegetating polluted soils with miscanthus plants can restore their capacity to perform biochemically and biologically.

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## Ecotoxicoproteomic assessment of the functional alterations caused by chronic metallic exposures in gammarids

**Authors:** Gismondi, E; Thome, JP; Urien, N; Uher, E; Baiwir, D; Mazzucchelli, G; De Pauw, E; Fechner, LC; Lebrun, JD

**Source:** ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION, 225 428-438; 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.03.006 2017

**Abstract:** Very few ecotoxicological studies have been performed on long-term exposure under controlled conditions, hence limiting the assessment of the impact of chronic and diffuse chemical pressures on the health of aquatic organisms. In this study, an ecotoxicoproteomic approach was used to assess the integrated response and possible acclimation mechanisms in Gammarus fossarum following chronic exposures to Cd, Cu or Pb, at

environmentally realistic concentrations (i.e. 0.25, 1.5 and 5 mu g/L respectively). After 10-week exposure, changes in protein expression were investigated in caeca of control and exposed males. Gel-free proteomic analyses allowed for the identification of 35 proteins involved in various biological functions, for which 23 were significantly deregulated by metal exposures. The protein deregulation profiles were specific to each metal, providing evidence for metal-specific action sites and responses of gammarids. Among the tested metals, Cu was the most toxic in terms of mortality, probably linked with persistent oxidative stress. Moulting and osmoregulation were the major biological functions affected by Cu in the long-term. In Pb-exposed gammarids, significant deregulations of proteins involved in immune response and cytoskeleton were observed. Reproduction appears to be strongly affected in gammarids chronically exposed to Cd or Pb. Besides, modified expressions of several proteins involved in energy transfer and metabolism highlighted important energetic reshuffling to cope with chronic metal exposures. These results support the fact that metallic pressures induce a functional and energetic cost for individuals of G. fossarum with potential repercussions on population dynamics. Furthermore, this ecotoxicoproteomic study offers promising lines of enquiry in the development of new biomarkers that could make evidence of long-term impacts of metals on the health of organisms.

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## Paternal contribution to development: Sperm genetic damage and repair in fish

<figure><img src="image_44.png" /></figure>

**Authors:** Herraez, MP; Ausio, J; Devaux, A; Gonzalez-Rojo, S; Fernandez-Diez, C; Bony, S; Saperas, N; Robles, V

**Source:** AQUACULTURE, 472 45-59; SI 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.03.007 2017

**Abstract:** In this review we provide an overview of the components of the spermatozoa playing an important role in reproductive success beyond fertilization, showing the relationship between the integrity of the diverse elements and the development of a healthy offspring. The present knowledge about fish sperm chromatin organization, epigenetic modifications of DNA and histones and sperm-borne RNAs, essential in controlling embryo development, is summarized, pointing out the possibility of using specific genes or transcripts as biomarkers of sperm quality. Data about commercial species are reported when available and more detailed information about zebrafish sperm is presented. Considering the implications that the integrity of sperm genome and epigenome has on the preservation of a proper genotype and phenotype in the progeny, the methods applied for the study of chromatin damage and for the study of transcriptome are described. Moreover we discuss some injuring agents affecting paternal information, from the presence of contaminants in the aquatic environment, to the reproductive practices applied in fish farming. The consequences of fertilizing with damaged spermatozoa, as well as the zygotic ability to repair damage are also reviewed. Statement of relevance: Role of the sperm on achieving high rates of healthy fries.

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# The next three decades of the comet assay: a report of the 11th Comet Assay Workshop

**Authors:** Koppen, G; Azqueta, A; Pourrut, B; Brunborg, G; Collins, AR; Langie, SAS

**Source:** MUTAGENESIS, 32 (3):397-408; 10.1093/mutage/gex002 2017

**Abstract:** The International Comet Assay Workshops are a series of scientific conferences dealing with practical and theoretical aspects of the Comet Assay (single-cell gel electrophoresis)-a simple method for detecting DNA strand breaks. The first paper describing such an assay was published over 30 years ago in 1984 by Swedish researchers O. Ostling and K.J. Johanson. Appropriately, the theme for the 2015 meeting was looking to the future: 'The Next 3 Decades of the Comet Assay'. The programme included 25 oral and 43 poster presentations depicting the latest advances in technical developments as well as applications of the comet assay in genotoxicity testing (in vitro and in vivo) and biomonitoring of both humans and the environment. Open discussion sessions based on questions from the participants allowed exchange of practical details on current comet assay protocols. This report summarises technical issues of high importance which were discussed during the sessions. We provide information on ways to improve the assay performance, by testing for cytotoxicity, by using reference samples to reduce or allow for inter-experimental variation, and by standardising quantification of the damage, including replicates and scoring enough comets to ensure statistical validity. After 30 years of experimentation with the comet assay, we are in a position to control the important experimental parameters and make the comet assay a truly reliable method with a wealth of possible applications.

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# Predictive systems models can help elucidate bee declines driven by multiple combined stressors

<figure><img src="image_45.png" /></figure>

**Authors:** Henry, M; Becher, MA; Osborne, JL; Kennedy, PJ; Aupinel, P; Bretagnolle, V; Brun, F; Grimm, V; Horn, J; Requier, F

**Source:** APIDOLOGIE, 48 (3):328-339; 10.1007/s13592-016-0476-0 2017

**Abstract:** Bee declines are driven by multiple combined stresses, making it exceedingly difficult to identify experimentally the most critical threats to bees and their pollination services. We highlight here the too often ignored potential of mechanistic models in identifying critical stress combinations. Advanced bee models are now available as open access tools and offer an unprecedented opportunity for bee biologists to explore bee resilience tipping points in a variety of environmental contexts. We provide general guidelines on how to run bee models to help detect a priori critical stress combinations to be targeted in the field. This so-called funnel analysis should be performed in tight conjunction with the recent development of large-scale field monitoring programs for bee health surveillance.

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# Changes in copper toxicity towards diatom communities with experimental warming

<figure><img src="image_46.png" /></figure>

**Authors:** Morin, S; Lambert, AS; Rodriguez, EP; Dabrin, A; Coquery, M; Pesce, S

**Source:** JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS, 334 223-232; 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.04.016 2017

**Abstract:** Biological communities in aquatic environments most commonly face multiple stress, where natural and anthropogenic stressors often act jointly. Their interactions are most easily assessed using short cycle organisms such as periphytic diatoms. In this experiment, we analyzed the combined effects of copper exposure and warming on diatom successions over 6 weeks. Natural biofilm collected in winter was left to grow in mesocosms exposed or unexposed to realistic Cu concentrations at four different temperatures. Separate and joint impacts of the two stressors were determined through structural and functional endpoints. Both temperature and copper influenced the biological responses; their interaction, when significant, was always antagonistic. Diatom communities gradually changed with rising temperature. Under copper exposure, the dominant *Planothidium lanceolatum* was superseded by *Achnanthidium exiguum*, which accounted for about 70% relative abundance in the warmest conditions (18-23 degrees C). Tolerance to copper was derived from dose-response curves based on photosynthesis inhibition. Cu-induced community. Tolerance was always found, but it decreased with warming and time. Biodiversity loss associated with lower Cu tolerance under combined Cu exposure and increasing temperatures evidences the major influence of cumulative stressors on aquatic health. These results highlight the crucial interplay between environmental stressors, which are expected to intensify with climate change.

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# Signaling pathways involved in metal-based nanomaterial toxicity towards aquatic organisms

<figure><img src="image_47.png" /></figure>

**Authors:** Chatel, A; Mouneyrac, C

**Source:** COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY C-TOXICOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY, 196 61-70; 10.1016/j.cbpc.2017.03.014 2017

**Abstract:** Environmental risk assessment of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) is an emergent field since nanotechnology industry is rapidly growing due to the interesting physicochemical properties of nanomaterials. Metal-based nanomaterials are among the most rapidly commercialized materials and their toxicity towards aquatic animals has been investigated at different levels of the biological organization. The objective of this synthesis review is to give an overview of the signaling molecules that have a key role in metal-based NM mediated cytotoxicity in both marine and freshwater organisms. Since toxicity of metal-based NMs could be (partly) due to metal dissolution, this review only highlights studies that showed a specific nano-
effect. From this bibliographic study, three mechanisms (detoxification, immunomodulation and genotoxicity) have been selected as they represent the major cell defense mechanisms and the most studied ones following ENM exposure. This better understanding of NM-mediated cytotoxicity may provide a sound basis for designing environmentally safer nanomaterials.

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## Towards a better pesticide policy for the European Union

**Authors:** Storck V., Karpouzas D.G., Martin-Laurent F.

**Source:** Science of the Total Environment 575:1027-1033, 2017, DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.1670048-9697/

**Abstract:** This opinion article aims to foster the debate about pesticide legislation in the European Union (EU). Numerous formerly authorized and widely used pesticides are now banned in the EU because unexpected and unacceptable risks emerged after their initial introduction to the market. Throughout this time lapse, environmental quality and human health have been threatened by the use of these compounds. These hazards could have been prevented by a more responsive pesticide regulatory framework. This article provides detailed insights into the pros and cons of pesticides, and points out weaknesses of the current pesticide environmental risk assessment procedures. Possibilities for improving the robustness and reliability of the pesticide regulatory framework are discussed.

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## Stress response in honeybees is associated with changes in task-related physiology and energetic metabolism

<figure><img src="image_48.png" /></figure>

**Authors:** Bordier, C; Suchail, S; Pioz, M; Devaud, JM; Collet, C; Charreton, M; Le Conte, Y; Alaux, C

**Source:** JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY, 98 47-54; 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.11.013 2017

**Abstract:** In a rapidly changing environment, honeybee colonies are increasingly exposed to diverse sources of stress (e.g., new parasites, pesticides, climate warming), which represent a challenge to individual and social homeostasis. However, bee physiological responses to stress remain poorly understood. We therefore exposed bees specialised in different tasks (nurses, guards and foragers) to ancient (immune and heat stress) or historically more recent sources of stress (pesticides), and we determined changes in the expression of genes linked to behavioural maturation (vitellogenin - vg and juvenile hormone esterase - jhe) as well as in energetic metabolism (glycogen level, expression level of the receptor to the adipokinetic hormone - akhr, and endothermic performance). While acute exposure to sublethal doses of two pesticides did not affect vg and jhe expression, immune and heat challenges caused a decrease and increase in both genes, respectively, suggesting that bees had responded to ecologically relevant stressors. Since

vg and jhe are expressed to a higher level in nurses than in foragers, it is reasonable to assume that an immune challenge stimulated behavioural maturation to decrease potential contamination risk and that a heat challenge promoted a nurse profile for brood thermoregulation. All behavioural castes responded in the same way. Though endothermic performances did not change upon stress exposure, the akhr level dropped in immune and heat-challenged individuals. Similarly, the abdomen glycogen level tended to decline in immune-challenged bees. Altogether, these results suggest that bee responses are stress specific and adaptive but that they tend to entail a reduction of energetic metabolism that needs to be studied on a longer timescale.

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## Validation of the OECD reproduction test guideline with the New Zealand mudsnail *Potamopyrgus antipodarum* using trenbolone and prochloraz

<figure><img src="image_49.png" /></figure>

**Authors:** Geiss, C; Ruppert, K; Askem, C; Barroso, C; Faber, D; Ducrot, V; Holbech, H; Hutchinson, TH; Kajankari, P; Kinnberg, KL; Lagadic, L; Matthiessen, P; Morris, S; Neiman, M; Penttinen, OP; Sanchez-Marin, P; Teigeler, M; Weltje, L; Oehlmann, J

**Source:** ECOTOXICOLOGY, 26 (3):370-382; 10.1007/s10646-017-1770-y 2017

**Abstract:** The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) provides several standard test methods for the environmental hazard assessment of chemicals, mainly based on primary producers, arthropods, and fish. In April 2016, two new test guidelines with two mollusc species representing different reproductive strategies were approved by OECD member countries. One test guideline describes a 28-day reproduction test with the parthenogenetic New Zealand mudsnail *Potamopyrgus antipodarum*. The main endpoint of the test is reproduction, reflected by the embryo number in the brood pouch per female. The development of a new OECD test guideline involves several phases including inter-laboratory validation studies to demonstrate the robustness of the proposed test design and the reproducibility of the test results. Therefore, a ring test of the reproduction test with *P. antipodarum* was conducted including eight laboratories with the test substances trenbolone and prochloraz and results are presented here. Most laboratories could meet test validity criteria, thus demonstrating the robustness of the proposed test protocol. Trenbolone did not have an effect on the reproduction of the snails at the tested concentration range (nominal: 10-1000 ng/L). For prochloraz, laboratories produced similar EC10 and NOEC values, showing the inter-laboratory reproducibility of results. The average EC10 and NOEC values for reproduction (with coefficient of variation) were 26.2 A mu g/L (61.7%) and 29.7 A mu g/L (32.9%), respectively. This ring test shows that the mudsnail reproduction test is a well-suited tool for use in the chronic aquatic hazard and risk assessment of chemicals.

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## How do low doses of desferrioxamine B and EDTA affect the phytoextraction of metals in sunflower?

**Authors:** Cornu, JY; Depernet, C; Garnier, C; Lenoble, V; Braud, A; Lebeau, T

**Source:** SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT, 592 535-545; 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.092 2017

**Abstract:** The aim of this study was to compare the efficiency of siderophore desferrioxamine B (DFOB) and EDTA in increasing the phytoextraction of metals in sunflower. A 28-day pot experiment was conducted in a metalcontaminated soil supplied with 200 mu mol kg (1) of DFOB or EDTA. Pore water was collected and pseudopolarographic analyses were conducted to assess the impact of the two chelators on themobility and speciation of metals in the liquid phase. Our results showed that DFOB is not an efficient mobilizing agent of divalent metals in soil. Adding DFOB selectively increased the mobility of trivalent metals while the supply of EDTA simultaneously increased the mobility of both trivalent and divalent metals. EDTA significantly reduced the labile fractions of Cd, Cu, (Pb) and Zn measured in the porewater. The labile concentration of Cd and Zn measured in presence of EDTA was even less than that measured in the control. As expected from the pore water analysis, the addition of DFOB did not affect the phytoextraction of any divalent metals. In contrast, the addition of EDTA enhanced Cu and Ni phytoextraction in sunflower 2.0 to 2.8 fold for Cu and 1.3 to 2.3 fold for Ni, depending on the cultivar. This result supports different hypotheses regarding the forms and the related pathways inwhich metals are taken up in presence of EDTA. Based on the results obtained for Ni, whose uptake is rate limited by its internalization across the cell membrane, the direct uptake of metal-EDTA complexes via the non-selective apoplastic pathway is hypothesized to contribute the most to the overall uptake of metals in presence of EDTA, even added at "low" concentrations.

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## Evaluation of the influence of surfactants in the bioaccumulation kinetics of sulfamethoxazole and oxazepam in benthic invertebrates

<figure><img src="image_50.png" /></figure>

**Authors:** Garcia-Galan, MJ; Sordet, M; Bulete, A; Garric, J; Vulliet, E

**Source:** SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT, 592 554-564; 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.085 2017

**Abstract:** The potential ecotoxicological effects of mixtures of contaminants in the aquatic environment are generating a global concern. Benthic invertebrates, such as the crustacean *Gammarus fossarum*, are key in the functioning of aquatic ecosystems, and are frequently used as sentinel species of water quality status. The aim of this work was to study the effects of amixture of themost frequently detected surfactants in the bioconcentration kinetics of two pharmaceuticals in *G. fossarum*, evaluating their potential enhancing or suppressing effects. Laboratory

exposure experiments for both pharmaceuticals and surfactants (concentration ratio 1: 25) were set up for two individual compounds, the anxiolytic oxazepam and the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole. Gammarid samples were processed using microQuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) extraction. Pharmaceuticals concentration in the organisms was followed-up by means of nanoliquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (nanoLC-MS/MS). Results indicated a similar mode of action of the surfactants in the bioconcentration kinetics of both drugs, decreasing the accumulation rate in the organism. Oxazepam showed a higher accumulation potential than sulfamethoxazole in all cases. Depuration experiments for oxazepam also demonstrated the high depurative capacity of gammarids, eliminating > 50% of the concentration of oxazepam in < 6h.

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## Sensitivity of laccase activity to the fungicide tebuconazole in decomposing litter

**Authors:** Artigas, J; Rossi, F; Gerphagnon, M; Mallet, C

**Source:** SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT, 584 1084-1092; 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.167 2017

**Abstract:** The present study investigates the sensitivity of laccase activity to the fungicide tebuconazole (TBZ) in order to seek for new functional toxicity descriptors in aquatic microbial communities associated to decomposing litter. With this aim, we analyzed the sensitivity of laccase from the different microbial components (fungi and bacteria growing separately and in co-existence), as well as that of their corresponding enzyme fractions (cell bound and diffusible), forming microbial communities in *Alnus glutinosa* leaves. Results show that fungi are pivotal for laccase activity in leaves and that their activity is repressed when they co-exist with bacteria. The sensitivity of laccase activity to the TBZ was only detectable in leaves colonized by fungi separately (*Alatospora acuminate* populations), but absent in those colonized by bacteria separately and/or mixed fungi plus bacteria. Specifically, the increase of TBZ concentration enhances laccase activity in *Alatospora acuminate* populations but decreases ergosterol concentration as well as the amount of18S RNA gene copies. This activity response suggests a detoxification mechanism employed by the fungus in order to reduce TBZ toxicity. Besides, enzyme fractioning showed that laccase activity in the cell bound fraction (76% of the total activity) was sensitive to the fungicide, but not that in the diffusible fraction (24% of total activity). Hence, TBZ would influence laccase activity in the presence of fungal cells but not in enzymes already synthesized in the extracellular space. The present study highlights the importance of the biological complexity level (i.e. population, community, ecosystem) when seeking for appropriate functional ecotoxicity descriptors in aquatic microbial communities.

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## Ecotoxicity assessment of particulate matter emitted from heavy-duty diesel-powered vehicles: influence of leaching conditions

<figure><img src="image_51.png" /></figure>

**Authors:** Correa, AXR; Testolin, RC; Torres, MM; Cotelle, S; Schwartz, JJ; Millet, M; Radetski, CM

**Source:** ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH, 24 (10):9399-9406; 10.1007/s11356-017-8521-8 2017

**Abstract:** Concerns regarding the environmental impact of diesel exhaust particulate matter (DPM) have increased in recent years. Following emission to the atmosphere, these fine materials can sorb many contaminants at their surface, which can subsequently be released, for instance, due to physicochemical environmental changes. The desorption of contaminants from particulate matter will increase the environmental pollution and can promote ecotoxicological effects. In this context, the objective of this study was to assess the aquatic ecotoxicity profile of extracts of DPM obtained at two different pH values. Thus, after collecting particulate matter from the diesel exhaust of heavy engines, extracts were obtained with pure water (at pH 2.00 and 5.00) and with a mixture of three organic solvents (dichloromethane, n-hexane, and acetone). To assess the environmental impact of DPM, the exhaust extracts were used in a battery of aquatic bioassays including key organisms of the food chain: bacteria (Aliivibrio fischeri), algae (Scenedesmus subspicatus), daphnids (Daphnia magna), and fishes (Danio rerio). The aqueous leachate at natural pH (2.0) and solvent extracts were extremely ecotoxic, while the aqueous leachate at pH = 5.0 showed the lowest ecotoxicity. The global ranking of sensitivity for the biotests tested was daphnids &#62; algae &#62; bacteria &#62; fishes. Thus, the use of this bioassay battery could improve our understanding of the impact of DPM on aquatic environments, which is dependent on the pH of the leaching process.

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## Urban and industrial land uses have a higher soil biological quality than expected from physicochemical quality

<figure><img src="image_52.png" /></figure>

**Authors:** Joimel, S; Schwartz, C; Hedde, M; Kiyota, S; Krogh, PH; Nahmani, J; Peres, G; Vergnes, A; Cortet, J

**Source:** SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT, 584 614-621; 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.086 2017

**Abstract:** Despite their importance both in soil functioning and as soil indicators, the response of microarthropods to various land uses is still unclear. The aim of this study is to assess the effect of land use on microarthropod diversity and determine whether a soil's biological quality follows the same physicochemical quality-based gradient from forest, agriculture-grassland, agriculture-arable land, vineyards, urban vegetable gardens to urban, industrial, traffic, mining and military areas. A database compiling the characteristics of 758 communities has been established.

We calculated Collembola community indices including: species richness, Pielou's evenness index, collembolan life forms, the abundance of Collembola and of Acari, the Acari/Collembola abundance ratio, and the Collembolan ecomorphological index. Results show that agricultural land use was the most harmful for soil microarthropod biodiversity, whilst urban and industrial land uses give the same level of soil biological quality as forests do. Furthermore, differences between the proportions of Acari and ecomorphological groups were observed between land uses. This study, defining soil microarthropod diversity baselines for current land uses, should therefore help in managing and preserving soil microarthropod biodiversity, especially by supporting the preservation of soil quality.

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## Formation of 2,4-D bound residues in soils: New insights into microbial metabolism

<figure><img src="image_53.png" /></figure>

**Authors:** Botero, LR; Mougin, C; Penuela, G; Barriuso, E

**Source:** SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT, 584 715-722; 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.105 2017

**Abstract:** The microbial contribution to the formation of bound residues in soils is studied by characterizing the metabolic activity of three microorganisms (Trametes versicolor, Fusarium solani and Ralstonia eutropha) on C-14-2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) during incubation in synthetic liquid media and soil. A fractionation protocol was applied to quantify the C-14-2,4-D that was incorporated into the biomass among biomolecular-like fractions. Successive fractionation of microbial biomass was implemented to break up and quantify the methanol/dichloromethane fraction (corresponding to the C-14-lipid-like fraction), the trichloroacetic acid fraction (or hydrolysed C-14-polysaccharide-like fraction) and the acid hydrolysable fraction (or the hydrolysed C-14-protein-like fraction). Relevant differences in the 2,4-D degradation and biomass radioactivity distribution among the three microorganisms were found. The C-14-protein-like fraction was the most consistent biomass fraction for reflecting the pesticide use capacity of the microorganisms under liquid and soil conditions. 2,4-D and its metabolite 4-chlorophenol were detected in methanol/dichloromethane and trichloroacetic acid fractions of the biomass of microorganisms exhibiting a low capacity to mineralize 2,4-D, thus proving that the microbial participation in the formation of bound residues while conserving the initial pesticide structure under natural soil conditions may be intimately associated with the lipid- and polysaccharide-like constituents. The fractionation protocol differentiates between C-14 that is incorporated into biomass as a biomolecular constituent and the pesticide or its metabolites that accumulate in the biomass and thus correspond to the stricto sensu definition of bound residues.

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## Gammarus fossarum as a sensitive tool to reveal residual toxicity of treated wastewater effluents

**Authors:** Wigh, A; Geffard, O; Abbaci, K; Francois, A; Noury, P; Berge, A; Vulliet, E; Domenjoud, B; Gonzalez-Ospina, A; Bony, S; Devaux, A

**Source:** SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT, 584 1012-1021; 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.154 2017

**Abstract:** ... In this study, the toxicity of two differently treated effluents (activated sludge treated effluents with and without ozonation) towards the ecologically relevant species *Gammarus fossarum* was evaluated. Organism fitness traits such as reproduction and sperm DNA integrity were followed in exposed organisms. In complement, enzymatic biomarker were measured indicating the presence of neurotoxic compounds (acetylcholinesterase activity), the presence of pathogens likely to increase the toxic effects of chemical compounds (phenol-oxidase activity), and the presence of toxic compounds inducing detoxification mechanisms (glutathione-S-transferase activity). Enzymatic activities were not modified, but significant sub-lethal effects were observed in exposed organisms. In both effluents, females showed a retarded molt cycle, a reduced fecundity and fertility, and > 90% of developed embryos exhibited developmental malformations. In addition, a slight but significant genotoxic effect was measured in gammarid sperm. In a whole, no difference in toxicity was found between both effluents. Coupling reproduction impairment and genotoxicity assessment in *Gammarus fossarum* seems to be a valuable and sensitive tool to reveal residual toxicity in effluents containing a mixture of micropollutants at very low concentrations. Finally, a direct relationship between the observed toxic responses and the quantified micropollutant concentrations could not be evidenced.

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## Phytostabilisation of a copper contaminated topsoil aided by basic slags: assessment of Cu mobility and phytoavailability

<figure><img src="image_54.png" /></figure>

**Authors:** Le Forestier, L; Motelica-Heino, M; Le Coustumer, P; Mench, M

**Source:** JOURNAL OF SOILS AND SEDIMENTS, 17 (5):1262-1271; 10.1007/s11368-015-1299-8 2017

**Abstract:** Basic slags are alkaline by-products of the steel industry with potential properties to ameliorate nutrient supply and metal stabilisation in contaminated soils. This study aimed at investigating the potential of a P-spiked Link Donawitz slag and a conventional basic slag called Carmeuse for the aided phytostabilisation of a Cu-contaminated soil at a wood treatment site. The effects of basic slag addition on Cu fractionation, mobility and (phyto) availability were assessed. Both slags were incorporated at 1 % w/w into the Cu-contaminated soil phytostabilised with Cu-tolerant plants, using either outdoor lysimeters or a field plot. Untreated soil (UNT), amended soils with the P-spiked Link Donawitz slag (PLDS) and the conventional slag (CARM) respectively, and a control soil (CTRL) were

sampled, potted and cultivated with dwarf bean. Physico-chemical analysis, determination of total soil elements and a Cu-sequential extraction scheme were carried out for all soils. Physico-chemical characteristics of soil pore water and Cu speciation (rhizon, ion selective electrode and diffusive gradient in thin film (DGT)) were determined. Shoot dry weight yield and leaf ionome (i.e. all inorganic ions present in the primary leaves) of dwarf beans were investigated. The slag incorporation at only 1 % w/w increased the soil pH from 1.5 to 2 U and electrical conductivity in soil pore water by three times. The residual Cu fraction increased for both slag amended soils compared to the UNT soil by six times in parallel to the decrease of the Cu oxidisable fraction (1.5 times) and to a less extent the reducible fraction. The incorporation of both slags did not reduce the total dissolved Cu concentration in the soil pore water but significantly reduced the real dissolved Cu concentration ca five times, the Cu labile pool as measured by DGT (at least two times) and the Cu phytoavailability. The dwarf bean total biomass was also improved with the slag addition especially for the P-spiked Linz-Donawitz slag. The addition of both slags in the contaminated soil increased Cu concentration in the residual fraction and thus reduced its potential mobility. Though the total dissolved Cu soil pore water concentration remained identical, its speciation changed as the real dissolved fraction diminished and lowered the Cu bioavailability. The addition of small amount of P-spiked Linz-Donawitz and Carmeuse slags was beneficial for this Cu-contaminated soil in the context of aided phytostabilisation.

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## Relationships between metal compartmentalization and biomarkers in earthworms exposed to field-contaminated soils

<figure><img src="image_55.png" /></figure>

**Authors:** Beaumelle, L; Hedde, M; Vandenbulcke, F; Lamy, I

**Source:** ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION, 224 185-194; 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.078 2017

**Abstract:** Partitioning tissue metal concentration into subcellular compartments reflecting toxicologically available pools may provide good descriptors of the toxicological effects of metals on organisms. Here we investigated the relationships between internal compartmentalization of Cd, Pb and Zn and biomarker responses in a model soil organism: the earthworm. The aim of this study was to identify metal fractions reflecting the toxic pressure in an endogeic, naturally occurring earthworm species (*Aporrectodea caliginosa*) exposed to realistic field-contaminated soils. After a 21 days exposure experiment to 31 field-contaminated soils, Cd, Pb and Zn concentrations in earthworms and in three subcellular fractions (cytosol, debris and granules) were quantified. Different biomarkers were measured: the expression of a metallothionein gene (mt), the activity of catalase (CAT) and of glutathione-s-transferase (GST), and the protein, lipid and glycogen reserves. Biomarkers were further combined into an integrated biomarker index (IBR). The subcellular fractionation provided better predictors of biomarkers than the total internal contents hence
supporting its use when assessing toxicological
bioavailability of metals to earthworms. The most soluble
internal pools of metals were not always the best
predictors of biomarker responses. metallothionein
expression responded to increasing concentrations of Cd in
the insoluble fraction (debris granules). Protein and
glycogen contents were also mainly related to Cd and Pb in
the insoluble fraction. On the other hand, GST activity was
better explained by Pb in the cytosolic fraction. CAT
activity and lipid contents variations were not related to
metal subcellular distribution. The IBR was best explained
by both soluble and insoluble fractions of Pb and Cd. This
study further extends the scope of mt expression as a
robust and specific biomarker in an ecologically
representative earthworm species exposed to field-
contaminated soils. The genetic lineage of the individuals,
assessed by DNA barcoding with cytochrome c oxidase
subunit I, did not influence mt expression.

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Wood-derived-biochar combined with
compost or iron grit for in situ stabilization
of Cd, Pb, and Zn in a contaminated soil

<figure><img src="image_56.png" /></figure>

Authors: Oustriere, N; Marchand, L;
Rosette, G; Friesl-Hanl, W; Mench, M

Source: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH, 24 (8):7468-7481; 10.1007/s11356-017-8361-6 2017

**Abstract:** In situ stabilization of Cd, Pb, and Zn in an Austrian agricultural soil contaminated by atmospheric
depositions from a smelter plant was assessed with a pine
bark chip derived biochar, alone and in combination with
either compost or iron grit. Biochar amendment was also
trialed in an uncontaminated soil to detect any detrimental
effect. The pot experiment consisted in ten soil treatments
(% w/w): untreated contaminated soil (Unt); Unt soil
amended with biochar alone (1%: B1; 2.5%: B2.5) and in
combination: B1 and B2.5 + 5% compost (B1C and B2.5C),
B1 and B2.5 + 1% iron grit (B1Z and B2.5Z); uncontaminated
soil (Ctrl); Ctrl soil amended with 1 or 2.5% biochar (CtrlB1,
CtrlB2.5). After a 3-month reaction period, the soil pore
water (SPW) was sampled in potted soils and dwarf beans
were grown for a 2-week period. The SPW Cd, Pb, and Zn
concentrations decreased in all amended-contaminated
soils. The biochar effects increased with its addition rate
and its combination with either compost or iron grit. Shoot
Cd and Zn removals by beans were reduced and shoot Cd,
Pb, and Zn concentrations decreased to common values in
all amended soils except the B1 soil. Decreases in the
SPW Cd/Pb/Zn concentrations did not improve the root and
shoot yields of plants as compared to the Ctrl soil.

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Modelling diatom life forms and ecological
guilds for river biomonitoring

Authors: Marcel, R; Berthon, V; Castets, V; Rimet, F;
Thiers, A; Labat, F; Fontan, B

Source: KNOWLEDGE AND MANAGEMENT OF AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS, (418): 10.1051/kmae/2016033 2017

**Abstract:** Biomonitoring is central to the European Union's Water Framework Directive (WFD) and to the French water and aquatic environmental law, but most diatom indices do not separate different anthropogenic impacts. To address this gap, the effect of water chemistry on diatom ecological guilds and life forms was assessed in order to indicate stream perturbations. Generalised additive models (GAMs) were built on a large-scale data set of 1571 samples from the French monitoring network. The relationships between diatom ecological guild and life form metrics were investigated by Principal components analysis and the results predicted by GAMs. The models characterised eight chemical parameters that modified adaptive strategies (ecological guilds) and growth morphology (life forms). Total phosphorus, conductivity, nitrate and pH are the main influencing factors, followed by temperature, dissolved oxygen and organic matter. The findings confirm three groups of diatoms with different adaptive strategies: 1 - fast moving species, 2 - species growing close to the substrate and 3 - species extending to the surface layers of the biofilm. Thirteen diatom metrics displayed a variety of responses to different ranges of the eight chemical parameters. These metrics could be used to help to identify and quantify which chemical alterations are caused by polluted effluents in rivers.

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Sequential use of the STICS crop model and
of the MACRO pesticide fate model to
simulate pesticides leaching in cropping
systems

Authors: Lammoglia, SK; Moeys, J; Barriuso, E; Larsbo, M; Marin-Benito, JM; Justes, E; Alletto, L; Ubertosi, M; Nicolardot, B; Munier-Jolain, N; Mamy, L

Source: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH, 24 (8):6895-6909; 10.1007/s11356-016-6842-7 2017

**Abstract:** The current challenge in sustainable agriculture is to introduce new cropping systems to reduce pesticides use in order to reduce ground and surface water contamination. However, it is difficult to carry out in situ experiments to assess the environmental impacts of pesticide use for all possible combinations of climate, crop, and soils; therefore, in silico tools are necessary. The objective of this work was to assess pesticides leaching in cropping systems coupling the performances of a crop model (STICS) and of a pesticide fate model (MACRO). STICS-MACRO has the advantage of being able to simulate pesticides fate in complex cropping systems and to consider some agricultural practices such as fertilization, mulch, or crop residues management, which cannot be accounted for with MACRO. The performance of STICS-MACRO was tested, without calibration, from measurements done in two French experimental sites with contrasted soil and climate properties. The prediction of water percolation and pesticides concentrations with STICS-MACRO was satisfactory, but it varied with the pedoclimatic context. The performance of STICS-MACRO was shown to be similar or better than that of MACRO. The improvement of the simulation of crop growth allowed better estimate of crop
transpiration therefore of water balance. It also allowed better estimate of pesticide interception by the crop which was found to be crucial for the prediction of pesticides concentrations in water. STICS-MACRO is a new promising tool to improve the assessment of the environmental risks of pesticides used in cropping systems.

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## Fate and impact of pesticides: new directions to explore

<figure><img src="image_57.png" /></figure>

Authors: Pelosi, C; Barriuso, E; Bedos, C; Benoit, P; Mamy, L; Mougin, C

Source: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH, 24 (8):6841-6843; 10.1007/s11356-017-8383-0 2017

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## Using bioindicators to assess the environmental risk of past mining activities in the Vosges Mountains (France)

<figure><img src="image_58.png" /></figure>

Authors: Mariet, AL; Pauget, B; de Vaufleury, A; Begeot, C; Walter-Simonnet, AV; Gimbert, F

Source: ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS, 75 17-26; 10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.11.042 2017

Abstract: The environmental risk of trace metals (TMs) in a former lead (Pb)-silver (Ag) mining district in the Vosges Mountains (France) was assessed based on two biological indices: (i) the excess of transfer TM from the soil to biota (SET index) and (ii) the toxicological risk associated with these excess transfers (ERITME index). This study constitutes the first application of the SET and ERITME indices on a past contaminated site with the inclusion of Ag and of two exposure durations. Among the eight stations studied for TM transfers in a soil-plant-snail (Cantareus aspersus) system, an excess of transfer (Ag, arsenic (As) and Pb mainly) was highlighted in four of the stations. High concentrations of Pb, up to 2810 +/- 978, mu gg(-1), were measured in snails exposed to the contaminated environment with Pb soil concentrations up to 14,978 2270 mu gg(-1). An excess TM transfer has been evidenced in several stations, principally in two archaeological mining sites. Very high SET indices have been calculated for these two stations, and abnormal transfer was shown for a communal garden. The associated toxicological risk (ERITME index) is high and reflects the importance of investigating past contaminated sites, as is done for recent industrial sites. The use of these two indices highlights that the time elapsed since the deposition of TMs does not lead to TM immobilization, partly due to the acidic soil pH in all stations, which ranged from 3.7 to 5.7. The accumulation of TMs in snails was mainly modulated by the sources of exposure, i.e., soil, humus and vegetation, depending on the TM. The major influence of exposure sources on TM accumulation compared to the influence of soil characteristics may be due to the speciation of the TMs deposited several centuries ago and the importance of indirect transfers from vegetation and humus. Currently, signs of past mining activities in the

valley have almost completely disappeared, but we show that their waste still presents a risk for environmental and human health.

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## Differences in sensitivity between earthworms and enchytraeids exposed to two commercial fungicides

<figure><img src="image_59.png" /></figure>

Authors: Bart, S; Laurent, C; Pery, ARR; Mougin, C; Pelosi, C

Source: ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY, 140 177-184; 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.02.052 2017

Abstract: The use of pesticides in crop fields may have negative effects on soil Oligochaeta Annelida, i.e., earthworms and enchytraeids, and thus affect soil quality. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of two commercial fungicide formulations on the earthworm *Aporrectodea caliginosa* and the enchytraeid *Enchytraeus albidus* in a natural soil. The fungicides were Cuprafor micro (R) (copper oxychloride), commonly used in organic farming, and Swing Gold (R) (epiconazole and dimoxystrobin), a synthetic fungicide widely used in conventional farming to protect cereal crops: Laboratory experiments were used to assess the survival, biomass loss and avoidance behaviour. No lethal effect was observed following exposure to the copper fungicide for 14 days, even at 5000 mg kg(-1) of copper, i.e. 650 times the recommended dose (RD). However, a significant decrease in biomass was observed from 50 mg kg(-1) of copper (6.5 times the RD) for *A. caliginosa* and at 5000 mg kg(-1) of copper (650 times the RD) for *E. albidus*. These sublethal effects suggest that a longer period of exposure would probably have led to lethal effects. The EC50 avoidance for the copper fungicide was estimated to be 51.2 mg kg(-1) of copper (6.7 times the RD) for *A. caliginosa*, and 393 mg kg(-1) of copper (51 times the RD) for *E. albidus*. For the Swing Gold (R) fungicide, the estimated LC50 was 7.0 10(-3) mL kg(-1) (6.3 times the RD) for *A. caliginosa* and 12.7 10(-3) mL kg(-1) (11.0 times the RD) for *E. albidus*. No effect on biomass or avoidance was observed at sublethal concentrations of this synthetic fungicide. It was concluded that enchytraeids were less sensitive than earthworms to the two commercial fungicides in terms of mortality, biomass loss and avoidance behaviour. Therefore we discuss the different strategies possibly used by the two Oligochaeta species to cope with the presence of the pesticides were discussed, along with the potential consequences on the soil functions.

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## Aerobic and anaerobic energy production in juvenile roach (Rutilus rutilus): regulation of glycolytic process by ethofumesate at two temperatures

**Authors:** Maes, V; Betoulle, S; Geffard, A; Vettier, A; David, E

**Source:** ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH, 24 (8):6853-6865; 10.1007/s11356-016-6661-x 2017

**Abstract:** The aim of this study was to evaluate the coupled impact of an herbicide, ethofumesate, and temperature on the cellular energy metabolism of juvenile roach, especially on the glycolysis pathway. Juvenile roach were exposed to 0, 0.5, 5, and 50 mu g/L of ethofumesate for 7 days in laboratory conditions at two temperatures (10 and 17 degrees C). The energy reserves (carbohydrate, lipid, and protein) were quantified, since the availability of substrates regulates the glycolysis. Then, the glycolysis was studied at the biochemical level by the measurement of the glycolytic flux and at the molecular level with the measurement of the relative expression of four genes encoding for glycolysis enzymes. This study revealed different effect of ethofumesate on the glycolysis pathway according to the temperature of exposure. Indeed, at 10 degrees C, it appeared that only the molecular regulation level was affected, whereas, at 17 degrees C, ethofumesate acted on the biochemical level. The differences observed between the two exposures imply the establishment of different strategies in order to maintain to cope with stress according to the temperature of exposure.

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## Spermatozoa: A relevant biological target for genotoxicity assessment of contaminants in the estuarine bivalve Scrobicularia plana

<figure><img src="image_60.png" /></figure>

**Authors:** Chatel, A; Bruneau, M; Lievre, C; Goupil, A; Mouneyrac, C

**Source:** MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN, 116 (1-2):488-490; 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.12.062 2017

**Abstract:** Evaluation of DNA quality of gametes is a relevant method to predict potential consequences of pollutants in the next generations, as it allows to define adverse outcome pathways implicated in pollutant-mediated toxicity for risk assessment. In the present study, a comet assay was developed for the spermatozoa of *Scrobicularia plana* exposed to 10 and 100 mu g/L of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) for 24 h and 5 days. The induction of apoptosis and repair mechanisms was assessed by determining caspase-3 activity and polymerase cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) mRNA expression level. Results showed that B[a]P induced high levels of DNA breaks that were associated with apoptosis for all the conditions tested, indicating that the spermatozoa were sensitive to B[a]P. PCNA gene expression was induced in animals exposed to the highest concentrations of B[a]P, suggesting

that defence mechanisms were enhanced in these animals. This preliminary study demonstrated the utility of spermatozoa as a relevant biological target for genotoxicity assessment of contaminants and will enable to predict the effect of contaminants on future generations.

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## Assessing anthropogenic pressures on streams: A random forest approach based on benthic diatom communities

**Authors:** Larras, F; Coulaud, R; Gautreau, E; Billoir, E; Rosebery, J; Usseglio-Polatera, P

**Source:** SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT, 586 1101-1112; 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.096 2017

**Abstract:** Benthic diatoms have been widely used to assess the ecological status of freshwater ecosystems, especially in the context of recent international water framework directive policies (e.g. the WFD). Despite diatom-based indices are known to respond fastly to water quality degradation, they are not designed to precisely identify the nature of pressures co-occurring in the environment. Based on large scale monitoring data, we aimed at building models able to estimate the risk of stream impairment by many types of anthropogenic pressures from taxonomy based and trait-based characteristics of diatom assemblages. Random forest models were built to individually evaluate the impairment risk of diatom assemblages for six chemical and five hydromorphological or land-use related pressure categories. Eight models provided good impairment risk assessment (Area Under the Curve &#62;= 0.70). Under multi-pressure scenarios, models built for chemical pressures exhibited a better accuracy than hydromorphological or land-use related ones. Models were able to detect both ecological restoration and degradation, based on long-term surveys. These models have been implemented in a R user-friendly routine, to help stream managers to early identify degrading processes and prioritize management actions.

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## Assessing the dynamic changes of rhizosphere functionality of Zea mays plants grown in organochlorine contaminated soils

<figure><img src="image_61.png" /></figure>

**Authors:** Blondel, C; Briset, L; Legay, N; Arnoldi, C; Poly, F; Clement, JC; Raveton, M

**Source:** JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS, 331 226-234; 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.02.056 2017

**Abstract:** The persistent organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in soils are suspected to disturb soil biogeochemical cycles. This study addressed the dynamic changes in soil functionality under lindane and chlordrone exposures with or without maize plant. Decreases in soil ammonium concentration, potential nitrogen mineralization and microbial biomass were only OCP-influenced in bulk soils. OCPs appeared to inhibit the ammonification step. With plants, soil functionality under OCP stress was similar
to controls demonstrating the plant influence to ensure the efficiency of C- and N-turnover in soils. Moreover, OCPs did not impact the microbial community physiological profile in all tested conditions. However, microbial community structure was OCP-modified only in the presence of plants. Abundances of gram-negative and saprophytic fungi increased (up to +93% and +55%, respectively) suggesting a plant stimulation of nutrient turnover and rhizodegradation processes. Nevertheless, intimate microbial/plant interactions appeared to be OCP-impacted with depletions in mycorrhizae and micro/meso-fauna abundances (up to -53% and -56%, respectively) which might have adverse effects on more long-term plant growth (3-4 months). In short-term experiment (28days), maize growth was similar to the control ones, indicating an enhanced plasticity of the soil functioning in the presence of plants, which could efficiently participate to the remediation of OCP-contaminated soils.

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Mobility of Cu and Zn in Soil Amended with Composts at Different Degrees of Maturity

**Authors:** Paradelo, R; Cambier, P; Jara-Miranda, A; Je, AJ; Doublet, J; Houot, S

**Source:** WASTE AND BIOMASS VALORIZATION, 8 (3):633-643; 10.1007/s12649-016-9641-y 2017

**Abstract:** Purpose This work tackles the mobility of heavy metals in soil after compost addition, with particular attention to the effects of compost feedstock and compost maturity. Methods Three types of organic wastes: MSW (municipal solid waste), MSW + GW (municipal solid waste + green waste) and SS + GW (sewage sludge + green waste), were composted and sampled at three different composting times (0, 6 and 12 weeks). These samples were mixed with a cultivated horizon from a silt loam soil in order to pursue column leaching experiments. Columns were built up in three replicates and submitted to leaching with dilute CaCl2 solution, during 1 h, nearly each week during 2 months. Leachates were analysed for organic and inorganic C, pH, Zn and Cu. Results The leaching of Cu and dissolved organic C were closely related, while Zn showed a different behaviour. Compost feedstock was the factor with the highest influence in element leaching, which decreased in the sequence MSW &#62;; MSW + GW &#62;; SS + GW. Within composts obtained from the same feedstock, maturity also had an influence on element leaching, which was expressed at two levels: (1) during the first days after compost addition to soil, leaching decreases at increasing degrees of compost maturity; (2) cumulated amounts of Cu and organic C leached during the 2-month experiments increased with compost maturity. The limited variations of pH during leaching experiments showed no clear relationship neither with the maturation of compost, nor with the mobility of the studied heavy metals.

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Oxidation of danofloxacin by free chlorine-kinetic study, structural identification of by-products by LC-MS/MS and potential toxicity of by-products using in silico test

**Authors:** Yassine, M; Rifai, A; Doumyati, S; Trivella, A; Mazellier, P; Budzinski, H; Al Iskandarani, M

**Source:** ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH, 24 (9):7982-7993; 10.1007/s11356-017-8409-7 2017

**Abstract:** In this study, we aimed to investigate the kinetics and the mechanism of reaction of the fluoroquinolone antibacterial danofloxacin (DANO) by free available chlorine (FAC) during water chlorination process. Kinetic study was thus performed at pH 7.2, 20 degrees C in the presence of an excess of total chlorine. Under these experimental conditions, a second-order reaction rate constant (first-order relative to DANO concentration and first-order relative to FAC concentration) was evaluated to k similar to 1446 M-1 s(-1). Five degradation products were identified at different reaction times. Their structures were investigated by using fragmentations obtained at different CID collision energies in MS/MS experiments. Moreover, the toxicity of the proposed structures was predicted by using T.E.S.T. program. The results indicated that all by-products may have a developmental toxicity. The oral rat LD50 concentration was predicted to be lower than that of DANO. Furthermore, two degradation compounds presented a concentration level for fathead minnow LC50 (96 h) lower than that of DANO and presented toxicity for the marine animals.

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Ouvrages / Rapports/
Actes de Congrès

47e Congrès du Groupe Français des Pesticides 2017 : Diaporamas & Posters au format PDF

<figure><img src="image_62.png" /></figure>

Le GFP 2017 fera l'objet d'une Special Issue du journal Environmental Science and Pollution Research (ESPR). Certaines présentations sont en ligne.

LUNDI 15 mai : SESSION : SYSTEMES DE CULTURES ET PESTICIDES

Analyse multicritères de systèmes de culture intégrés en réduction forte d'utilisation de phytosanitaires : trajectoires après 5 années de suivi

Produire avec 50% de phytosanitaires en moins, les résultats de 6 années d'expérimentation en système céréalier lorrain

Conférence invitée : Le Bilan du plan Ecophyto. POTIER Dominique Député, rapporteur du plan Ecophyto

Effet de la localisation d'herbicides de prélevée sur leur transfert par ruissellement

Mémoriser les pratiques d'usage des pesticides en exploitations agricoles : vers un changement de paradigme suite à l'informatisation massive des données ?
Evaluation et maîtrise des risques de pollutions diffuses dans un
bassin versant bananier à la Martinique

Evaluer les dynamiques d'usage des pesticides au sein des systèmes de culture : intérêt d'observations sur le long terme et sur des territoires contigus.

SESSION : AIR ET PESTICIDES

Conférence : Test systems to investigate the pesticide exposure of non-target areas via air

Dosage de pesticides atmosphériques en zone péri-urbaine :
Sites de Spycker et Wormhout

Suivi des produits phytosanitaires dans l'air : De la mesure à la pratique agricole

Comparaison et calibration de divers adsorbants pour l'échantillonnage passif de pesticides dans l'air au cours d'une campagne de mesures au niveau régional

Méthodes de dosage des pesticides dans les échantillons biologiques en population wallonne

MARDI 16 MAI :SESSION : PESTICIDES ET SANTE

Les GWAS et leur entrée dans l'évaluation des effets des pesticides

Caractérisation de l'exposition des agriculteurs aux produits chimiques cancérigènes au niveau de la région de Meknès

In vivo effects of two chlordecone derivatives, obtained by in situ chemical reduction, in a human prostate model

L'effet de 3 modes de conservation sur la dissipation des résidus de pesticides dans les feuilles de vigne Vitis vinifera

Caractérisation chimique et évaluation des propriétés cytotoxiques, pro-inflammatoires et génotoxiques de particules fines en suspension dans l'air en milieu rural

Etude de l'alimentation total infantile - Evaluation de l'exposition des enfants de moins de 3 ans aux résidus de pesticides

Effet de deux fongicides et leur mélange sur la fertilité et les paramètres du stress oxydatif chez le rat

Protection des opérateurs lors du traitement phytosanitaire : Efficacité des cabines de tracteurs et automoteurs au laboratoire et en pleins champs

SESSION : ENJEUX AGRONOMIQUE ET ENVIRONNEMENTAUX DES PESTICIDES

Conférence : le suivi des produits phytosanitaires dans les cours d'eau Agence de l'eau Rhin Meuse

Cartographie des zones sources de pollution diffuse des eaux de surface par ruissellement des pesticides

L'AMPA dans le bassin versant de la Vilaine : sources, comportement, devenir

Transferts de l'atrazine et la déséthylatrazine dans la zone non saturée en milieu crayeux

TOPPS, une démarche collective européenne pour le développement d'outils de prévention des pollutions de l'eau par les produits phytosanitaires

Gestion du ruissellement et de l'érosion en vignobles ; quelles mesures et quelles alternatives au DVP de 20 m ?

Rôle des plans d'eau peu profonds sur l'atténuation des concentrations et flux de contaminants

Evaluation de la réduction des transferts de pesticides par la ZTHA de Rampillon : Bilan des 3 années de suivi (2012-2015)

Influence du temps de résidence hydraulique sur la rétention de pesticides au sein de zones tampons végétalisées

MERCREDI 17 MAI SESSION : SUIVI DES PESTICIDES ET MONITORING

Le couplage IC/MS pour l'analyse en routine de pesticides polaires dans l'eau et les matrices alimentaires DURETZ

Détermination de différentes formes d'élimination de la chlordécone chez la brebis

Résultats de l'observatoire des fuites de produits phytosanitaires sous parcelles agricoles en Alsace

Développement d'une méthode multi-résidus par LC-MS/MS pour la quantification de traces de pesticides dans les vers de terre

Perspective tendancielle de la contamination par la déséthylatrazine (DEA) dans le bassin de la Seine

Apport et utilisation de la BNVD pour l'analyse rétrospective de la contamination des cours d'eau par les phytosanitaires et leurs métabolites

Gestion des pesticides dans un bassin d'alimentation de captage: définition d'un plan d'action, de son suivi et de critères de contrôle de son efficacité

Conférence : Bilans massiques d'émissions de pesticides dans les eaux de surface : Opportunités et limites de l'utilisation d'échantillonneurs passifs

SESSION : IMPACT SUR LES AGRO ECOSYSTEMES

Impact de deux formulations commerciales de fongicide sur Aporrectodea caliginosa

Suivi au champ des effets de fongicides sur les populations d'enchytréides et de vers de terre

Comment la fouille de données peut renouveler la démarche de construction des indicateurs agroenvironnementaux? Exemple de l'indicateur Icarab

Evaluer les risques de transfert de pesticides vers les eaux à l'aide d'indicateurs : un gradient de complexité

RECOTOX. Network Ecotoxicology-Toxicology : un réseau d'observatoires de recherche pour comprendre et anticiper les impacts éco-toxicologiques des polluants sur les agroécosystèmes

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SEFA - Congrès -2017 - Résumés des interventions

Colloque 2017 de la Société Française d'Ecotoxicologie Fondamentale et Appliquée à Lille, 29-30 juin 2017

Les présentations seront publiées un numéro spécial du journal Environmental Science and Pollution Research (ESPR).

La brochure distribuée sur place et réunissant les résumés des interventions est consultable à ECOSYS Versailles

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## Fiche : dans quel cas utiliser les Bioindicateurs au cours de projets d'aménagement ?

Mars 2017

<figure><img src="image_63.png" /></figure>

Fiches créées dans le cadre du projet APPOLINE soutenu par l'ADEME dans le cadre de l'appel d'offre GESIPOL : Applicabilite a l'étude des sites pollues du biomarqueur lipidique des vegetaux et du bioindicateur nematofaune. 32 pages.

Généralités sur les bioindicateurs, exemples d'usage des bioindicateurs, présentation détaillée de certains

bioindicateurs pp 20-32 : bioindicateurs d'effets (indices nématodes, indice omega-3 végétaux, indice CTM Végétaux) et bioindicateurs d'accumulation (indice set escargots, indices vers de terre).

Nota : des fiches outils sont à votre disposition sur ce site :
https://ecobiosoil.univ-rennes1.fr/ADEME-Bioindicateur/

Extrait p 1 : LES BIOINDICATEURS ... les analyses chimiques ne renseignent pas sur la biodisponibilité des contaminants présents dans le sol, ni sur leurs transferts potentiels et leurs niveaux de toxicité vis-à-vis des organismes vivants qu'ils soient présents seuls ou en mélange (interactions, effets de synergie ou d'antagonisme). Les indicateurs biologiques, en intégrant la réponse de l'ensemble des contaminants, renseignent sur l'état écologique des sols, les risques de transferts des contaminants et leur impact global sur l'écosystème et constituent, de fait, des outils particulièrement intéressants...

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## INERIS : Le principe de précaution

<figure><img src="image_64.png" /></figure>

Expérience du Comité de la Prévention et de la Précaution (CPP). Construction d'une approche. Présentation de Philippe Hubert 23/03/2017. 40 pages.

Présentation générale :

Développement du principe de précaution : historique juridique / Mise au point progressive d'une logique opérationnelle pour construire des avis dans les situations de prévention et celles de précaution.

Analyse opérationnelle : PRÉVENTION & PRÉCAUTION : Où est la différence dans l'action : Le schéma pour la prévention est basé sur l'évaluation du risque, comment l'appliquer en situation de précaution ?

Les cas des risques émergents : La dynamique des émergences

Cas des perturbateurs endocriniens et des nanoparticules

Suit une réflexion sur la décision publique face à l'incertitude.

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## Stratégie des tests toxicologiques : Tests OCDE et détermination des faibles doses

<figure><img src="image_65.png" /></figure>

Présentation au colloque : La Problématique des Perturbateurs Endocriniens : Quelles Solutions ? 25/04/2017

Auteur : Alain Lombard

En 44 diapositives, l'auteur passe en revue les Méthodes de détection des perturbateurs endocriniens et aborde la questions des faibles doses : pour les perturbateurs endocriniens, la courbe des effets n'est pas monotone, ils sont suspectés d'agir sans effet de seuil donc avec des effets possibles même à faible dose ( ces effets pourraient être plus importants, voire opposés à ceux observés à forte dose).

Il conclut par cette question : peut-on substituer la notion de danger à celle de risque comme base des règlementations ?

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## Biomimétisme et chimie durable

Quelles voies de recherches pour la catalyse de l'hydrogène et la valorisation du dioxyde de carbone ? Actes du colloque du 10/11/2015 publié en Avril 2017.48 pages.

Extrait : Quand le vivant inspire le chimiste pour la transition énergétique. Marc Fontecave, Collège de France : Le biomimétisme, ou la bio-inspiration, copie et « invente » de nouvelles molécules, de nouveaux processus... Dans le cadre de la problématique de la transition énergétique, le phénomène biologique qui peut nous inspirer, c'est la photosynthèse. La démarche bio-inspirée consiste alors à élaborer des systèmes de photosynthèse artificielle...

Du côté des applications de la chimie, l'idée est de combiner énergie solaire, CO2 et eau, au sein de dispositifs renfermant des catalyseurs et des matériaux photosensibles, pour fabriquer des composés de la chimie fine, des carburants, des polymères. De très nombreux produits pourraient être construits à partir de cette approche bio-inspirée de la photosynthèse...

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## Ecotox / Revue de presse

### Perturbateurs endocriniens : après l'adoption de la définition européenne, le Gouvernement annonce une accélération des mesures nationales

Ministère de la Transition écologique et solidaire Communiqué de presse 04/07/2017

... Pour protéger au mieux la santé des Français, Nicolas Hulot, ministre d'État, ministre de la Transition écologique et solidaire, Agnès Buzyn, ministre des Solidarités et de la Santé, et Stéphane Travert, ministre de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation prendront des mesures nationales complémentaires...
Le Gouvernement s'est fortement mobilisé ces dernières semaines pour renforcer l'ambition du dispositif, et prend note des garanties supplémentaires obtenues et annoncées ce jour par la Commission européenne :

- l'application immédiate des nouveaux critères aux substances en cours de réévaluation au niveau communautaire ;

- le lancement d'une stratégie européenne prenant en compte toutes les expositions possibles, notamment dans les jouets, les cosmétiques et les emballages alimentaires ;

- la mobilisation de 50 millions d'euros complémentaires en faveur de la recherche sur les effets des perturbateurs endocriniens, dès 2018 ;

- la présentation rapide d'une évaluation de l'efficience de ces critères et de l'effet des exemptions introduites.

... la France a décidé en outre d'engager dès à présent des mesures nationales. S'agissant des substances concernées par l'exemption prévue, dès lors que des préoccupations s'expriment, le Gouvernement s'engage à utiliser la procédure prévue par le droit européen permettant, ... d'interdire la mise sur le marché français de produits contenant ces substances.

Les ministres de la Transition écologique et solidaire, des Solidarités et de la Santé, et de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, saisiront l'ANSES pour mener une évaluation des risques des produits les plus utilisés contenant ces substances. Les remises de rapports seront suivies dans le mois de travaux conjoints avec les industriels, les agriculteurs et la société civile pour apprécier la décision à prendre à la lumière de cette évaluation et conduire, le cas échéant, l'Etat à interdire certains produits au niveau national.

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## Perturbateurs endocriniens : la définition adoptée par l'Europe est très controversée

Dcotissimo 06/07/2017

La Commission européenne a adopté, avec 4 ans de retard, la définition des perturbateurs endocriniens, pierre angulaire d'un cadre législatif pour ces substances aux effets nocifs sur la santé. Ce texte est qualifié d'incroyable "reculade" par les associations écologistes et d'avancée considérable" par le ministre de l'Environnement... qui annonce dans le même temps plusieurs mesures nationales.

... Le 4 juillet, le revirement de la France a permis l'adoption des critères de définition des perturbateurs endocriniens utilisés dans les pesticides. Un épilogue présenté par les associations de défense de l'environnement comme une reculade et par les ministères de l'Environnement et de l'Agriculture comme une avancée, qu'ils accompagnent de mesures nationales.

Les ministères de l'Environnement, de la Santé et de l'Agriculture ont mis en avant les avancées de ce texte :

- La définition adoptée concerne aussi les perturbateurs endocriniens "présumés" ;

- L'application immédiate des nouveaux critères aux substances en cours de réévaluation au niveau communautaire ;

- Le lancement d'une stratégie européenne prenant en compte toutes les expositions possibles, notamment dans les jouets, les cosmétiques et les emballages alimentaires ;

- La mobilisation de 50 millions d'euros complémentaires en faveur de la recherche sur les effets des perturbateurs endocriniens, dès 2018 ;

- La présentation rapide d'une évaluation de l'efficience de ces critères et de l'effet des exemptions introduites.

Mais ce sont notamment ces exemptions (non précisées dans le communiqué conjoint des trois ministères) qui sont très critiquées par les associations de défense de l'environnement. Leurs principales réserves sont que :

- Les pesticides conçus pour perturber les systèmes endocriniens des insectes ciblés ne sont pas concernés par cette réglementation. Une exemption arrachée par l'Allemagne soucieuse de la bonne santé... de son industrie chimique. "Les scientifiques spécialistes des Perturbateurs endocriniens ont rappelé régulièrement que cette exemption ne repose sur aucun fondement scientifique sérieux car la proximité est grande entre les systèmes endocriniens de l'ensemble des espèces" précise le Réseau Santé Environnement.

- Le niveau de preuves de dangerosité exigé par la commission pour un perturbateur endocrinien est inédit. Citée dans Le Monde, la ministre suédoise de l'environnement Karolina Skog déclare : "Nous regrettons que la Commission n'ait pas écouté la grande inquiétude du Danemark, de la Suède et d'autres, soulignant que les critères proposés exigent, pour pouvoir identifier un perturbateur endocrinien, un niveau de preuve jamais exigé jusqu'à présent pour d'autres substances problématiques comme les cancérogènes, les mutagènes et les reprotoxiques. Cela ne reflète pas l'état actuel du savoir scientifique. Au total, ces critères ne remplissent pas le niveau de protection attendu par les co-législateurs".

Pas d'échelle graduée de risque "suspect", "présumés" et "avérés" demandée par les scientifiques. Le modèle calqué sur celui de l'évaluation des produits cancérigènes retenue par l'Organisation mondiale de la santé n'est pas retenu dans la définition finale. Elle ne permettra pas d'adopter une législation graduée en fonction du niveau de preuve propre à chaque produit.

La députée européenne Michèle Rivasi dénonce "une reculade". L'ancienne ministre Corinne Lepage dénonce une définition "inacceptable" et "minimaliste".

L'association Générations Futures regrette que la France permette "l'adoption de critères insuffisants pour protéger la santé humaine et l'environnement"...

## Le gouvernement annonce 9 mesures nationales

Par ailleurs, Nicolas Hulot, ministre d'État, ministre de la Transition écologique et solidaire, Agnès Buzyn, ministre des Solidarités et de la Santé, et Stéphane Travert, ministre de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation avancent 9 mesures nationales pour réduire l'exposition et les risques que liés aux perturbateurs endocriniens, améliorer la transparence sur les produits phytopharmaceutiques et biocides mis sur le marché français, renforcer l'information des consommateurs et augmenter les moyens de la recherche sur les perturbateurs endocriniens et leur substitution.

Mise en ligne avant le 14 juillet de la liste des produits pesticides contenant une substance identifiée comme perturbateur endocrinien par la Commission "afin que les
citoyens, agriculteurs et professionnels puissent, en l'attente de l'entrée en vigueur concrète de l'exclusion européenne, orienter leurs choix d'achats".

Mise à disposition des agences sanitaires françaises des moyens permettant de mener des études indépendantes sur les substances chimiques à enjeux. Le principal enjeu est un souci de transparence : les études remises par les industriels étant "confidentielles" (protégées par le secret industriel), les critères justifiant les décisions sont totalement opaques.

Révision de la stratégie nationale sur les perturbateurs endocriniens adoptée en 2014 suite à la remise d'un rapport d'évaluation.

La mise en place d'un étiquetage de la présence des perturbateurs endocriniens dans les cosmétiques, les jouets et les emballages alimentaires sera étudiée

Lancement d'un site internet d'information sur les substances dangereuses et lancement d'une campagne de communication. Une journée nationale sera consacrée chaque année aux perturbateurs endocriniens.

Mise en place d'une plate-forme publique privée pour accélérer le déploiement de méthodes d'identification rapides des perturbateurs endocriniens

Un renforcement des moyens de la recherche sur les perturbateurs endocriniens, au niveau national (avec de nouveaux moyens dédiés en 2018... qui ne sont cependant pas précisés).

Une protection de possibles effets néfastes du bisphénol S pour assurer un niveau de protection équivalent à celui choisi pour le bisphénol A...

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## Le compromis sur les perturbateurs endocriniens n'enterre pas la controverse

Euractiv 06/07/2011

La gauche française accuse la France d'avoir plié face à l'Allemagne face à l'enjeu crucial de la définition des perturbateurs endocriniens.

La définition des perturbateurs endocriniens votée à Bruxelles le 4 juillet n'est « pas parfait[e] », mais c'est « une brèche » ouverte dans la lutte contre ces substances nocives, s'est félicité le ministre français de la Transition écologique, Nicolas Hulot...

... Sur Twitter, les défenseurs de critères plus stricts déplorent cependant la force des lobbys et une défaite pour la France.

La Suède, qui comme le Danemark a voté contre, a pour sa part estimé que les critères retenus « ne sont pas en ligne avec les réglementations de base et les niveaux élevés de protection auxquels ils se réfèrent ». Stockholm promet aussi de continuer à argumenter pour amender encore le texte.

« Ce vote est clairement une mauvaise nouvelle. ... rappelle Michèle Rivasi, eurodéputée Europe Écologie Les Verts. »

« Comment peut-on prétendre vouloir lutter contre la prolifération des perturbateurs endocriniens et, en même temps, laisser sur le marché des insecticides connus pour

agir sur le système endocrinien ? Ce non-sens témoigne ouvertement du double langage, conciliant mais trompeur, que nous risquons de rencontrer de plus en plus fréquemment », continue l'eurodéputée, qui regrette qu'on laisse aux agriculteurs « la possibilité de continuer à épandre des substances toxiques, mutagènes et reprotoxiques ».

## Un texte qui ne satisfait que la Commission

Si Vytenis Andriukaitis, le commissaire européen à la Santé, a qualifié le feu vert des États de « grand succès », le compromis ne satisfait ni les ONG ni l'industrie des pesticides.

La Commission assure que cette avancée va lui « permettre de commencer à travailler sur une nouvelle stratégie pour minimiser l'exposition des citoyens européens aux perturbateurs endocriniens ».

Les critiques fusent, à la fois du côté des défenseurs de l'environnement, à l'instar de Monique Goyens, du Bureau européen des organisations de consommateurs (BEUC), pour qui « l'approche de la Commission contredit le principe de précaution » et de celui des fabricants de pesticides, en première ligne pour la législation qui doit découler de l'adoption de ces critères.

... « Les critères votés [...] requièrent un niveau tellement élevé de preuve [de la toxicité des substances chimiques] qu'ils ne protègeront ni les humains ni la nature », a renchéri Genon K. Jensen, qui représente EDC-Free Europe, une coalition de plus de 70 organisations.

En outre, l'exemption offerte pour certains pesticides qui agissent pour affecter le système endocrinien de leurs « cibles » (un insecte désigné), mais pas celui d'autres « vertébrés », dont les humains, fâche les opposants à ces nouveaux critères.

## Des mesures supplémentaires pour la France

... « S'agissant des substances concernées par l'exemption prévue, dès lors que des préoccupations s'expriment, le gouvernement s'engage à utiliser la procédure prévue par le droit européen permettant, sur la base d'analyses scientifiques et techniques menées au niveau national, d'interdire la mise sur le marché français de produits contenant ces substances », expliquent les trois ministres dans un communiqué commun.

Des ONG demandent à la Commission d'évoluer sur les perturbateurs endocriniens

Deux organisations bdemandent à la Commission européenne de modifier sa définition des perturbateurs endocriniens, pour qu'elle ne soit pas cantonnée aux pesticides.

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## L'Industrie de la chimie prend acte de la définition des perturbateurs endocriniens

Site de l'UIC 06/07/2017

L'Industrie de la chimie prend acte de la définition des perturbateurs endocriniens par la Commission européenne
L'Union des Industries Chimiques (UIC) tient à rappeler qu'elle défendait une approche fondée sur une évaluation des risques. Cette approche, prenant en compte à la fois le danger potentiel de certaines substances et le niveau d'exposition, n'a pas été retenue par la Commission européenne.

L'UIC continuera par ailleurs à participer activement à la Stratégie nationale sur les perturbateurs endocriniens. Elle y sera toujours force de proposition, tout en rappelant la nécessité de s'inscrire dans un cadre réglementaire européen harmonisé.

« La décision, prise le 4 juillet à une large majorité d'Etats-membres, a le mérite de mettre fin à la confusion - et donc à l'immobilisme - qui prévalait depuis plus d'un an sur le sujet. Cela va permettre à notre industrie de poursuivre ses actions concrètes de prévention et de substitution des perturbateurs endocriniens avérés. » a déclaré Magali Smets, directrice générale de l'UIC.

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## Les perturbateurs endocriniens, un fardeau considérable pour les sociétés et les économies

Le monde planète 05/07/2017

Omniprésents aussi dans les organismes. On détecte des PE par dizaines dans le sang, le liquide amniotique, l'urine, le lait maternel, le cordon ombilical, chez les nouveau-nés.

Or, l'exposition chronique ou répétée à ces PE, même à de faibles doses, peut augmenter les risques de développer un large spectre de troubles et de pathologies : cancers hormono-dépendants (sein, prostate, testicule, etc.), infertilité, troubles cognitifs et neuro-comportementaux liés à un développement contrarié du cerveau (autisme, hyperactivité, etc.), diabète et obésité...

Ce sont les expositions pendant les périodes-clés du développement (vie intra-utérine, petite enfance, adolescence) qui inquiètent le plus les scientifiques. Elles peuvent semer les mauvaises graines d'affections qui se manifesteront plus tard dans l'existence : à la naissance, vingt ans ou quarante ans plus tard.

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## Résidus de pesticides dans les aliments : le risque pour les consommateurs reste faible

<figure><img src="image_66.png" /></figure>

L' EFSA présente le rapport : **The 2015 European Union report on pesticide residues in food**

... Le rapport de surveillance publié par l'EFSA révèle que plus de 97% des échantillons d'aliments collectés dans l'UE en 2015 se situent **dans les limites autorisées**, avec un peu plus de 53% d'échantillons exempts de résidus quantifiables. Ces chiffres sont similaires à ceux de 2014.

Points clés du rapport :

En 2015, les pays déclarants ont analysé 84 341 échantillons couvrant 774 pesticides.

La majorité des échantillons analysés (69,3 %) provenaient des Etats membres de l'UE, d'Islande et de Norvège ; 25,8 % provenaient de produits importés de pays tiers. L'origine des échantillons restants n'a pas été signalée.

97,2 % des échantillons analysés se situent dans les limites permises par la législation de l'UE. 53,3 % des échantillons testés étaient exempts de résidus quantifiables tandis que 43,9 % contenaient des résidus ne dépassant pas les limites légales.

Les limites autorisées ont été dépassées dans 5,6 % des échantillons provenant de pays tiers, chiffre en baisse par rapport aux 6,5 % de 2014.

interactive report to go beyond the headline figures and find out more about the findings from 2015.

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## Le maïs MON 810 sans risques ?
Techniques de l'ingénieur

<figure><img src="image_67.png" /></figure>

TECHNIQUES
DE L'INGÉNIEUR

Commentaires de l'avis de l'EFSA

En 2016, 4 pays européens ont cultivé du maïs MON 810 de Monsanto. Dans un nouvel avis, l'Autorité européenne de sécurité des aliments (Efsa) se veut rassurante.

Le groupe de travail sur les OGM de l'Efsa a évalué le rapport annuel 2015 de Monsanto portant sur le suivi environnemental post-commercial du maïs MON 810. Son avis est publié le 8 mai 2017.

Au final, l'Efsa estime qu'il n'y a aucune preuve qui pourrait invalider les évaluations précédentes sur la sécurité du maïs MON 810.

Toutefois, le groupe de travail réitère ses recommandations précédentes pour améliorer la méthodologie. Elle considère que la sensibilité de détection pour surveiller la résistance des insectes est pour le moment insuffisante.

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## Etude de l'ADEME sur les bio-indicateurs de l'état des sols - Solenvie - Des pédologues docteurs du sol

19/06/2017

Une étude montre que les bio-indicateurs renseignent sur les risques liés aux transferts de contaminants et à l'impact global sur l'écosystème ainsi que sur l'état écologique des sols. Ils apportent ainsi des informations complémentaires aux analyses physico-chimiques.

L'ADEME a publié un document dont l'objectif est de présenter les différents outils biologiques de type Bio-indicateurs (Fiche Bio-indicateurs) et leurs applications sur différents cas d'études pilotes afin de montrer leur intérêt dans la gestion des sites pollués et/ou la reconversion des friches et leur caractère opérationnel (Fiches Exemple d'utilisation).