# Material Forming. The 27th International ESAFORM Conference on Material Forming

Anna Carla Araujo, Arthur Cantarel, France Chabert, Adrian Korycki,

Philippe Olivier, Fabrice Schmidt

► To cite this version:

Anna Carla Araujo, Arthur Cantarel, France Chabert, Adrian Korycki, Philippe Olivier, et al. Material Forming. The 27th International ESAFORM Conference on Material Forming. Material Forming ESAFORM 2024, 41, 2024, 978-1-64490-313-1. 10.21741/9781644903131. hal-04563709

HAL Id: hal-04563709

https://imt-mines-albi.hal.science/hal-04563709

Submitted on 27 May 2024

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# Material Forming

The 27th International ESAFORM
Conference on Material Forming
– ESAFORM 2024 –
held in Toulouse, France, April 24-26, 2024

<figure><img src="image_1.png" /></figure>

ESAFORM
TOULOUSE
2024

<figure><img src="image_2.png" /></figure>

Edited by
Anna Carla Araujo, Arthur Cantarel,
France Chabert, Adrian Korycki,
Philippe Olivier, Fabrice Schmidt

MIRF
# Material Forming

The 27th International ESAFORM
Conference on Material Forming
– ESAFORM 2024 –
held in Toulouse, France, April 24-26, 2024

<figure><img src="image_2.png" /></figure>

ESAFORM
TOULOUSE
2024

<figure><img src="image_3.png" /></figure>

Edited by
Anna Carla Araujo, Arthur Cantarel,
France Chabert, Adrian Korycki,
Philippe Olivier, Fabrice Schmidt

MIRF
**Material Forming**
**ESAFORM 2024**

The 27th International ESAFORM Conference on Material Forming – ESAFORM 2024 – held in Toulouse (France), at the Pierre Baudis Convention Center between 24-26th April, 2024

*Editors*

**Anna Carla Araujo**
**Arthur Cantarel**
**France Chabert**
**Adrian Korycki**
**Philippe Olivier**
**Fabrice Schmidt**

Peer review statement

All papers published in this volume of "Materials Research Proceedings" have been peer reviewed. The process of peer review was initiated and overseen by the above proceedings editors. All reviews were conducted by expert referees in accordance to Materials Research Forum LLC high standards.
**Material Forming**
**ESAFORM 2024**

The 27th International ESAFORM Conference on Material Forming – ESAFORM 2024 – held in Toulouse (France), at the Pierre Baudis Convention Center between 24-26th April, 2024

*Editors*

**Anna Carla Araujo**
**Arthur Cantarel**
**France Chabert**
**Adrian Korycki**
**Philippe Olivier**
**Fabrice Schmidt**

Peer review statement

All papers published in this volume of "Materials Research Proceedings" have been peer reviewed. The process of peer review was initiated and overseen by the above proceedings editors. All reviews were conducted by expert referees in accordance to Materials Research Forum LLC high standards.
Copyright © 2024 by authors

<figure><img src="image_3.png" /></figure>

Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.

Published under License by **Materials Research Forum LLC**

Millersville, PA 17551, USA

Published as part of the proceedings series

**Materials Research Proceedings**

Volume 41 (2024)

ISSN 2474-3941 (Print)

ISSN 2474-395X (Online)

ISBN 978-1-64490-313-1 (eBook)

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.

Distributed worldwide by

**Materials Research Forum LLC**

105 Springdale Lane

Millersville, PA 17551

USA

https://www.mrforum.com

Manufactured in the United State of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Copyright © 2024 by authors

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /></figure>

Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.

Published under License by **Materials Research Forum LLC**
Millersville, PA 17551, USA

Published as part of the proceedings series
**Materials Research Proceedings**
Volume 41 (2024)

ISSN 2474-3941 (Print)
ISSN 2474-395X (Online)

ISBN 978-1-64490-313-1 (eBook)

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources.
Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the
author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the
consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the
copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to
copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any
copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may
rectify in any future reprint.

Distributed worldwide by

**Materials Research Forum LLC**
105 Springdale Lane
Millersville, PA 17551
USA
https://www.mrforum.com

Manufactured in the United State of America
10 98 76 54321
SPITAELS Laurent, HOMRANI Mohamed Khalil, DUCOBU François 100

**Improving the structural integrity of challenging to manufacture LPBF components with toolpath correction**

JENSCH Felix, EISSING Katharina, WILLIAMS Richard, TRAUTMAN Marcus, YANG Yitong, DUBININ Sergej, FERGANI Omar, HÄRTEL Sebastian 110

**Influence of remelting lasing strategies on the fracture toughness of Hastelloy X manufactured by laser powder bed fusion**

KELLER Clément, VIEILLE Benoit, DUCHAUSSOY Amandine 120

**Comparative accuracy analysis of continuous fiber composite printers: Coextrusion vs. dual-nozzle technology**

OCHANA Imi, DUCOBU François, SPITAELS Laurent, HOMRANI Mohamed Khalil, DEMARBAIX Anthonin 127

**An experimental study of effect of printed thickness on the mechanical properties of LPBF produced AlSi10Mg**

FAHIMI Pouya, VYSOCHINSKIY Dmitry, KHADYKO Mikhail 137

**Comparison between ALE and Lagrangian finite element formulations to simulate tensile loading for FDM parts**

HOMRANI Mohamed Khalil, DEMARBAIX Anthonin, RIVIERE-LORPHÈVRE Edouard, BEUSCART Thomas, OCHANA Imi, DUCOBU François 146

**Processability of aluminum-matrix composite (AMC) by ultrasonic powder atomization**

JEDYNAK Angelika, HÄRTEL Sebastian, PIPPIG Robert, CHOMA Tomasz 156

**Assessment of wire arc additive manufacturing with respect to the repeatability of the process under uncertainties**

PULICKAN Shyam, LAFON Pascal, LANGLOIS Laurent, CHEVRET Sandra 164

**An experimental investigation into tribological behaviour of additively manufactured biocompatible Ti-6Al-4V alloy**

MADEJ Marcin, KARKALOS Nikolaos E., KARMIRIS-OBRATANSKI Panagiotis, PAPAZOGLOU Emmanouil L., GEORGAKOPOULOS-SOARES Ilias, MARKOPOULOS Angelos P 174

**Metallization of Vitrimers by cold spray: A preliminary study**

VISCUSI Antonio, PERNA Alessia Serena, MARTONE Alfonso, PALMIERI Barbara, CILENTO Fabrizia, AMENDOLA Eugenio, TUCCI Fausto, BORRELLI Domenico, CARAVIELLO Antonio, SICIGNANO Nicola 183

**Preliminary assessment of material extrusion (MEX) for medical applications: The effect of hatch angle**

SALA Francesca, NANI Lorenzo, QUARTO Mariangela, D'URSO Gianluca 192

**Influence of thermal treatment on surface roughness, microstructural, and mechanical properties of 3D printed ABS**

NGUYEN Khanh Q., VUILLAUME Pascal Y., HU Lei, VACHON Andro, DIOUF-LEWIS Audrey, MARCOUX Pier-Luc, GAGNÉ Lambert, ROBERT Mathieu, ELKOUN Saïd 201
SPITAELS Laurent, HOMRANI Mohamed Khalil, DUCOBU François 100

**Improving the structural integrity of challenging to manufacture LPBF components with toolpath correction**

JENSCH Felix, EISSING Katharina, WILLIAMS Richard, TRAUTMAN Marcus, YANG Yitong, DUBININ Sergej, FERGANI Omar, HÄRTEL Sebastian 110

**Influence of remelting lasing strategies on the fracture toughness of Hastelloy X manufactured by laser powder bed fusion**

KELLER Clément, VIEILLE Benoit, DUCHAUSSOY Amandine 120

**Comparative accuracy analysis of continuous fiber composite printers: Coextrusion vs. dual-nozzle technology**

OCHANA Imi, DUCOBU François, SPITAELS Laurent, HOMRANI Mohamed Khalil, DEMARBAIX Anthonin 127

**An experimental study of effect of printed thickness on the mechanical properties of LPBF produced AlSi10Mg**

FAHIMI Pouya, VYSOCHINSKIY Dmitry, KHADYKO Mikhail 137

**Comparison between ALE and Lagrangian finite element formulations to simulate tensile loading for FDM parts**

HOMRANI Mohamed Khalil, DEMARBAIX Anthonin, RIVIERE-LORPHÈVRE Edouard, BEUSCART Thomas, OCHANA Imi, DUCOBU François 146

**Processability of aluminum-matrix composite (AMC) by ultrasonic powder atomization**

JEDYNAK Angelika, HÄRTEL Sebastian, PIPPIG Robert, CHOMA Tomasz 156

**Assessment of wire arc additive manufacturing with respect to the repeatability of the process under uncertainties**

PULICKAN Shyam, LAFON Pascal, LANGLOIS Laurent, CHEVRET Sandra 164

**An experimental investigation into tribological behaviour of additively manufactured biocompatible Ti-6Al-4V alloy**

MADEJ Marcin, KARKALOS Nikolaos E., KARMIRIS-OBRATANSKI Panagiotis, PAPAZOGLOU Emmanouil L., GEORGAKOPOULOS-SOARES Ilias, MARKOPOULOS Angelos P 174

**Metallization of Vitrimers by cold spray: A preliminary study**

VISCUSI Antonio, PERNA Alessia Serena, MARTONE Alfonso, PALMIERI Barbara, CILENTO Fabrizia, AMENDOLA Eugenio, TUCCI Fausto, BORRELLI Domenico, CARAVIELLO Antonio, SICIGNANO Nicola 183

**Preliminary assessment of material extrusion (MEX) for medical applications: The effect of hatch angle**

SALA Francesca, NANI Lorenzo, QUARTO Mariangela, D'URSO Gianluca 192

**Influence of thermal treatment on surface roughness, microstructural, and mechanical properties of 3D printed ABS**

NGUYEN Khanh Q., VUILLAUME Pascal Y., HU Lei, VACHON Andro, DIOUF-LEWIS Audrey, MARCOUX Pier-Luc, GAGNÉ Lambert, ROBERT Mathieu, ELKOUN Saïd 201
<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>Impact of heat treatment cycles on work hardening characteristics in selective laser melted Ti6Al4V ELI alloy</strong><br>SUKRE Mahendra, MEENA Anil</td>
      <td>210</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>Effect of SiC addition on processability of AISI S2 tool steel for laser powder bed fusion</strong><br>SAGGIONETTO Enrico, ROGER VILA Gerard, DEDRY Olivier, TCHOUFANG TCHUINDJANG Jérôme, MERTENS Anne</td>
      <td>216</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>Numerical modeling of the compressive behavior of 316L body-centered cubic lattice structures</strong><br>RÍOS Ignacio, MARTÍNEZ Alex, SAGGIONETTO Enrico, MERTENS Anne, DUCHÈNE Laurent, HABRAKEN Anne Marie, TUNINETTI Víctor</td>
      <td>224</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>On the experimentation of the laser-powder bed fusion process for high-strength aluminum alloys</strong><br>EL HASSANIN Andrea, PERNA Alessia Serena, SICIGNANO Nicola, BORRELLI Domenico Borrelli, CARAVIELLO Antonio, ASTARITA Antonello</td>
      <td>234</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>Corrective capabilities of different rescanning strategies to restore microstructure and density of initially porous 316L laser powder bed fusion</strong><br>LE SAINT Théo, KELLER Clément, ABROUG Foued, ARNAUD Lionel</td>
      <td>242</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>Investigating the effect of the addition of WC into NiTi for stent application</strong><br>AGARWAL Neha, PERUMAL Gopinath, OBEIDI Muhannad Ahmed, BRABAZON Dermot</td>
      <td>249</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>Laser metal deposition of NbTaTiV refractory high entropy alloy</strong><br>BARTH Eric, HOR Anis</td>
      <td>257</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>Finite element modeling (FEM) as a design tool to produce thin wall structures in laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF)</strong><br>POLLARA Gaetano, PALMERI Dina, BUFFA Gianluca, FRATINI Livan</td>
      <td>264</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>Machine learning application for optimization of laser directed energy deposition process for aerospace component rapid prototyping in additive manufacturing</strong><br>ERTUGRUL Gökhan, ALIMOV Artem, SVIRIDOV Alexander, HÄRTEL Sebastian</td>
      <td>271</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>Effect of infill percentage and pattern on compressive behavior of FDM-printed GF-CF PA6 composites</strong><br>ANDREOZZI Marina, BIANCHI Iacopo, FORCELLESE Archimede, MANCIA Tommaso, MIGNANELLI Chiara, SIMONCINI Michela</td>
      <td>283</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>Microstructure mastering and fatigue behavior of duplex stainless steel obtained with laser powder bed fusion</strong><br>PIRAS Maxime, HOR Anis, CHARKALUK Eric</td>
      <td>290</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>Artificial intelligence approaches for enhanced coating performance</strong><br>PERNA Alessia Serena, CARRINO Luigi, AURIEMMA CITARELLA Alessia, DE MARCO Fabiola, DI BIASI Luigi, TORTORA Genoveffa, VISCUSI Antonio</td>
      <td>300</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>Impact of heat treatment cycles on work hardening characteristics in selective laser melted Ti6Al4V ELI alloy</strong><br>SUKRE Mahendra, MEENA Anil</td>
      <td>210</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>Effect of SiC addition on processability of AISI S2 tool steel for laser powder bed fusion</strong><br>SAGGIONETTO Enrico, ROGER VILA Gerard, DEDRY Olivier, TCHOUFANG TCHUINDJANG Jérôme, MERTENS Anne</td>
      <td>216</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>Numerical modeling of the compressive behavior of 316L body-centered cubic lattice structures</strong><br>RÍOS Ignacio, MARTÍNEZ Alex, SAGGIONETTO Enrico, MERTENS Anne, DUCHÈNE Laurent, HABRAKEN Anne Marie, TUNINETTI Víctor</td>
      <td>224</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>On the experimentation of the laser-powder bed fusion process for high-strength aluminum alloys</strong><br>EL HASSANIN Andrea, PERNA Alessia Serena, SICIGNANO Nicola, BORRELLI Domenico Borrelli, CARAVIELLO Antonio, ASTARITA Antonello</td>
      <td>234</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>Corrective capabilities of different rescanning strategies to restore microstructure and density of initially porous 316L laser powder bed fusion</strong><br>LE SAINT Théo, KELLER Clément, ABROUG Foued, ARNAUD Lionel</td>
      <td>242</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>Investigating the effect of the addition of WC into NiTi for stent application</strong><br>AGARWAL Neha, PERUMAL Gopinath, OBEIDI Muhannad Ahmed, BRABAZON Dermot</td>
      <td>249</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>Laser metal deposition of NbTaTiV refractory high entropy alloy</strong><br>BARTH Eric, HOR Anis</td>
      <td>257</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>Finite element modeling (FEM) as a design tool to produce thin wall structures in laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF)</strong><br>POLLARA Gaetano, PALMERI Dina, BUFFA Gianluca, FRATINI Livan</td>
      <td>264</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>Machine learning application for optimization of laser directed energy deposition process for aerospace component rapid prototyping in additive manufacturing</strong><br>ERTUGRUL Gökhan, ALIMOV Artem, SVIRIDOV Alexander, HÄRTEL Sebastian</td>
      <td>271</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>Effect of infill percentage and pattern on compressive behavior of FDM-printed GF-CF PA6 composites</strong><br>ANDREOZZI Marina, BIANCHI Iacopo, FORCELLESE Archimede, MANCIA Tommaso, MIGNANELLI Chiara, SIMONCINI Michela</td>
      <td>283</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>Microstructure mastering and fatigue behavior of duplex stainless steel obtained with laser powder bed fusion</strong><br>PIRAS Maxime, HOR Anis, CHARKALUK Eric</td>
      <td>290</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>Artificial intelligence approaches for enhanced coating performance</strong><br>PERNA Alessia Serena, CARRINO Luigi, AURIEMMA CITARELLA Alessia, DE MARCO Fabiola, DI BIASI Luigi, TORTORA Genoveffa, VISCUSI Antonio</td>
      <td>300</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
**Improvement of the surface quality of titanium-based design objects produced through WAAM technology using chemical machining: A preliminary study**
PERNA Alessia Serena, SCHERILLO Fabio, SQUILLACE Antonino, CAMPATELLI Gianni, CARVALHO H.S.F.L Gustavo .................................................... 308

**Experimental and numerical study of heat transfer on an industrial FFF printer: Application to PEEK**
BENARBIA Adel, SOBOTKA Vincent, BOYARD Nicolas, ROUA Christophe .................... 316

**Influence of deposition strategy on porosity in powder-feed directed energy deposition (DED)**
DHOONOOAH Neha Devi, MOUSSAOUI Kamel, MONIES Frederic, RUBIO Walter, ZITOUNE Redouane.................................................................................. 325

**Multiscale Analysis of 316L stainless steel microstructures for WAAM manufacturing tool prediction**
KROMER Robin, ARVIEU Corinne .................................................................................. 334

**An efficient steady-state thermal model for predicting the lack-of-fusion porosity during laser powder bed fusion process**
JIA Yabo, SAADLAOUI Yassine, BERGHEAU Jean-Michel .................................................. 345

**Differential thermal analysis to assist the design of corrosion-resistant high entropy alloys for laser powder bed fusion**
SEIDOU Abdul Herrim, BLONDIAU Catherine, DEDRY Olivier, OÑATE Angelo, TUNINETTI Víctor, TCHOUFANG TCHUINDJANG Jérôme, MERTENS Anne.................... 353

**Local reinforcement of titanium sheet by means of GTAW droplet deposition for threaded connections**
VANHOVE Hans, KURTOV Oleksandr, DEJANS Arnout, OZDEN Ecem, DUFLOU Joost R.................................................................................. 363

**Multi-sensor in process monitoring for WAAM: Detection of process instability in electrical signals**
OUESLATI Sarra, PAQUET Elodie, RITOU Mathieu, BELKADI Farouk, LE BOT Philippe.................................................................................. 371

**Real-time in-situ thermal monitoring system and defect detection using deep learning applied to additive manufacturing**
RHIM Safouene, ALBAHLOUL Hala, ROUA Christophe.................................................. 380

**Experimental and computational analysis of 3D printed 2D lattices**
MUSSINI Andrea, CARTER Luke, VILLAPUN Victor, CAO Emily, COX Sophie, GINESTRA Paola .................................................................................. 390

## Composites forming processes

**Basic characterization of the CF-PEKK prepreg and laminates for low temperature applications**
POLNIKORN Purith, OLIVIER Philippe, CASTANIÉ Bruno, DOUCHIN Bernard.................... 399

**Rheological characterisation and modelling of a glass mat reinforced thermoplastic for the simulation of compression moulding**
ALTHAUS Philipp, WESTER Hendrik, ROSENBUSCH Daniel, BEHRENS Bernd-Arno ..... 411
**Improvement of the surface quality of titanium-based design objects produced through WAAM technology using chemical machining: A preliminary study**
PERNA Alessia Serena, SCHERILLO Fabio, SQUILLACE Antonino, CAMPATELLI Gianni, CARVALHO H.S.F.L Gustavo .................................................... 308

**Experimental and numerical study of heat transfer on an industrial FFF printer: Application to PEEK**
BENARBIA Adel, SOBOTKA Vincent, BOYARD Nicolas, ROUA Christophe ........................ 316

**Influence of deposition strategy on porosity in powder-feed directed energy deposition (DED)**
DHOONOOAH Neha Devi, MOUSSAOUI Kamel, MONIES Frederic, RUBIO Walter, ZITOUNE Redouane.................................................................................................................. 325

**Multiscale Analysis of 316L stainless steel microstructures for WAAM manufacturing tool prediction**
KROMER Robin, ARVIEU Corinne .................................................................................................................. 334

**An efficient steady-state thermal model for predicting the lack-of-fusion porosity during laser powder bed fusion process**
JIA Yabo, SAADLAOUI Yassine, BERGHEAU Jean-Michel ................................................................. 345

**Differential thermal analysis to assist the design of corrosion-resistant high entropy alloys for laser powder bed fusion**
SEIDOU Abdul Herrim, BLONDIAU Catherine, DEDRY Olivier, OÑATE Angelo, TUNINETTI Víctor, TCHOUFANG TCHUINDJANG Jérôme, MERTENS Anne ........................ 353

**Local reinforcement of titanium sheet by means of GTAW droplet deposition for threaded connections**
VANHOVE Hans, KURTOV Oleksandr, DEJANS Arnout, OZDEN Ecem, DUFLOU Joost R. .................................................................................................................. 363

**Multi-sensor in process monitoring for WAAM: Detection of process instability in electrical signals**
OUESLATI Sarra, PAQUET Elodie, RITOU Mathieu, BELKADI Farouk, LE BOT Philippe.................................................................................................................. 371

**Real-time in-situ thermal monitoring system and defect detection using deep learning applied to additive manufacturing**
RHIM Safouene, ALBAHLOUL Hala, ROUA Christophe.................................................................................. 380

**Experimental and computational analysis of 3D printed 2D lattices**
MUSSINI Andrea, CARTER Luke, VILLAPUN Victor, CAO Emily, COX Sophie, GINESTRA Paola .................................................................................................................. 390

## Composites forming processes

**Basic characterization of the CF-PEKK prepreg and laminates for low temperature applications**
POLNIKORN Purith, OLIVIER Philippe, CASTANIÉ Bruno, DOUCHIN Bernard ........................ 399

**Rheological characterisation and modelling of a glass mat reinforced thermoplastic for the simulation of compression moulding**
ALTHAUS Philipp, WESTER Hendrik, ROSENBUSCH Daniel, BEHRENS Bernd-Arno ..... 411
<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>Thermoplastic pultrusion of recycled PET matrix composites</strong><br>TUCCI Fausto, RUBINO Felice, ESPERTO Vitantonio, CARLONE Pierpaolo</td>
      <td>422</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>Estimation of intimate contact of the fusion-bonded fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites</strong><br>ZHOU Jiakuan, DESPLENTERE Frederik, IVENS Jan</td>
      <td>430</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>Composite forming post-manufacture: reducing complexity and de-risking manufacture</strong><br>PALUBISKI Dominic R., LONGANA Marco L., DULIEU-BARTON Janice M., HAMERTON Ian, IVANOV Dmitry S.</td>
      <td>440</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>A solid-beam approach for mesoscopic analysis of textile reinforcements forming simulation</strong><br>LACROIX Baptiste, COLMARS Julien, PLATZER Auriane, NAOUAR Naim, VIDAL-SALLÉ Emmanuelle, BOISSE Philippe</td>
      <td>449</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>Considering the viscoelastic material behavior in a solid-shell element for thermoforming simulation</strong><br>MITSCH Johannes, SCHÄFER Bastian, WANK Jan Paul, KÄRGER Luise</td>
      <td>457</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>Strain gradient calculation as a basis for localized roving slip prediction in macroscopic forming simulation of non-crimp fabrics</strong><br>WANK Jan Paul, SCHÄFER Bastian, MITSCH Johannes, KÄRGER Luise</td>
      <td>467</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>Improving precision in the cavity thickness measurement for fabric compaction</strong><br>SOUSA Pedro, LIU Xiao, LOMOV Stepan V., IVENS Jan</td>
      <td>477</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>Forming of thermoplastic polymer and magnesium alloy-based fiber metal laminates at elevated temperatures</strong><br>LIU Zheng, SIMONETTO Enrico, GHIOTTI Andrea, BRUSCHI Stefania</td>
      <td>487</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>Influence of viscosity, binder activation, and loading rate on the membrane response of an infiltrated UD-NCF</strong><br>MIRANDA PORTELA Renan, SCHÄFER Bastian, KÄRGER Luise, ROCHA DE FARIA Alfredo, MONTESANO John</td>
      <td>494</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>Polymer-metal interactions and their effect on tool-ply friction of C/PEKK in melt</strong><br>GROUVE Wouter, PAMUNGKAS Hafidz, HELTHUIS Nick, PIERIK Rens, AKKERMAN Remko</td>
      <td>503</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>An investigation into the relationship between hemisphere tooling parameters and thickness changes during the thermoforming of a thermoplastic composite</strong><br>WHITE Kari D., SHERWOOD James A.</td>
      <td>513</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>Effects of UD and twill reinforcements in hybrid sheet molding compound laminates</strong><br>RAIMONDI Luca, BRUGO Tommaso Maria, ZUCCHELLI Andrea, DONATI Lorenzo</td>
      <td>523</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>Recent advances in development, characterization and joining of new sustainable materials</strong><br>DOINA BANEA Mariana, FERNANDES MEDEIROS DE QUEIROZ Henrique, DE SOUZA E SILVA NETO Jorge, KIOSHI KAWASAKI CAVALCANTI Daniel</td>
      <td>530</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>Investigation of the friction behavior of uni- and bidirectional non-crimp fabrics</strong><br>SCHÄFER Bastian, NAOUAR Naim, KÄRGER Luise</td>
      <td>540</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
**Thermoplastic pultrusion of recycled PET matrix composites**
TUCCI Fausto, RUBINO Felice, ESPERTO Vitantonio, CARLONE Pierpaolo....................422

**Estimation of intimate contact of the fusion-bonded fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites**
ZHOU Jiakuan, DESPLENTERE Frederik, IVENS Jan ............................................430

**Composite forming post-manufacture: reducing complexity and de-risking manufacture**
PALUBISKI Dominic R., LONGANA Marco L., DULIEU-BARTON Janice M.,
HAMERTON Ian, IVANOV Dmitry S........................................................................440

**A solid-beam approach for mesoscopic analysis of textile reinforcements forming simulation**
LACROIX Baptiste, COLMARS Julien, PLATZER Auriane, NAOUAR Naim,
VIDAL-SALLÉ Emmanuelle, BOISSE Philippe ................................................................449

**Considering the viscoelastic material behavior in a solid-shell element for thermoforming simulation**
MITSCH Johannes, SCHÄFER Bastian, WANK Jan Paul, KÄRGER Luise........................457

**Strain gradient calculation as a basis for localized roving slip prediction in macroscopic forming simulation of non-crimp fabrics**
WANK Jan Paul, SCHÄFER Bastian, MITSCH Johannes, KÄRGER Luise........................467

**Improving precision in the cavity thickness measurement for fabric compaction**
SOUSA Pedro, LIU Xiao, LOMOV Stepan V., IVENS Jan........................................477

**Forming of thermoplastic polymer and magnesium alloy-based fiber metal laminates at elevated temperatures**
LIU Zheng, SIMONETTO Enrico, GHIOTTI Andrea, BRUSCHI Stefania........................487

**Influence of viscosity, binder activation, and loading rate on the membrane response of an infiltrated UD-NCF**
MIRANDA PORTELA Renan, SCHÄFER Bastian, KÄRGER Luise,
ROCHA DE FARIA Alfredo, MONTESANO John................................................................494

**Polymer-metal interactions and their effect on tool-ply friction of C/PEKK in melt**
GROUVE Wouter, PAMUNGKAS Hafidz, HELTHUIS Nick, PIERIK Rens,
AKKERMAN Remko ....................................................................................................503

**An investigation into the relationship between hemisphere tooling parameters and thickness changes during the thermoforming of a thermoplastic composite**
WHITE Kari D., SHERWOOD James A....................................................................513

**Effects of UD and twill reinforcements in hybrid sheet molding compound laminates**
RAIMONDI Luca, BRUGO Tommaso Maria, ZUCCHELLI Andrea,
DONATI Lorenzo ........................................................................................................523

**Recent advances in development, characterization and joining of new sustainable materials**
DOINA BANEA Mariana, FERNANDES MEDEIROS DE QUEIROZ Henrique, DE SOUZA E
SILVA NETO Jorge, KIOSHI KAWASAKI CAVALCANTI Daniel....................................530

**Investigation of the friction behavior of uni- and bidirectional non-crimp fabrics**
SCHÄFER Bastian, NAOUAR Naim, KÄRGER Luise....................................................540
<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>Experimental permeability measurement of different reinforcement types for virtual permeability determination validation<br>BOUBAKER Mouadh, WIJAYA Willsen, CANTAREL Arthur, DEBENEST Gérald, BICKERTON Simon</td>
      <td>549</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Automatic planning strategy for robotic lay-up of prepregs on a complex-shaped mold<br>GAMBARDELLA Antonio, ESPERTO Vitantonio, CARLONE Pierpaolo</td>
      <td>558</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Mechanical and chemical combined recycling process for CFRP scraps<br>BOCCARUSSO Luca, DE FAZIO Dario, DURANTE Massimo, FORMISANO Antonio, LANGELLA Antonio</td>
      <td>568</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Simulation and monitoring of the infusion of thick composites with thermoplastic acrylic resin<br>SIDDIG Nihad, LE BOT Philippe, FOUCHE Olivier, DENIS Yvan</td>
      <td>576</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Transverse squeeze flow of fibre reinforced thermoplastic composites<br>BIELEMAN Gerben, ROTINK Gijs, GROUVE Wouter J.B., KLOMPEN Edwin T.J., AKKERMAN Remko</td>
      <td>586</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Investigating TP-AFP process parameters through a mechanical testing approach<br>IANNONE Vincenzo, DE NICOLA Felice, COSTANTINI Mario, GIUSTO Giovangiuseppe, CARLONE Pierpaolo</td>
      <td>595</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Modeling time-dependent anisotropy in MEX component-scale process simulation<br>DI NARDO Mario Emanuele, FRÖLICH Felix, KÄRGER Luise, CARLONE Pierpaolo</td>
      <td>603</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Multi-scale characterization of carbon-fibre reinforced PEEK composites manufactured by laser-assisted tape placement<br>RESTIF Noé, LAIK Suzanne, PERON Mael, DAGHIA Federica, JACQUEMIN Frederic</td>
      <td>613</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Draping of biaxial non-crimp fabric on hemispherical shape<br>ZHENG Ruochen, NAOUAR Naim, SCHÄFER Bastian, PLATZER Auriane, COLMARS Julien, KÄRGER Luise, BOISSE Philippe</td>
      <td>623</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Experimental characterisation for compression moulding of hybrid architecture composites using reclaimed prepreg manufacturing waste<br>QIAN Connie, YUAN Hao, BEGUM Hasina, HILL Tom, GROVES Richard, JOESBURY Adam, HARPER Lee</td>
      <td>631</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Tool path strategies for single point incremental forming of fiber-reinforced thermoplastic sheets<br>RATH Jan-Erik, SCHÜPPSTUHL Thorsten</td>
      <td>641</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>On the methodological measurements of viscosity of unidirectional Flax/PP composites: Towards a benchmark<br>SIMAFROOKTEH Sepehr, PERRIN Henri, IVENS Jan, LOMOV Stepan V., BODAGHI Masoud</td>
      <td>651</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>Experimental permeability measurement of different reinforcement types for virtual permeability determination validation<br>BOUBAKER Mouadh, WIJAYA Willsen, CANTAREL Arthur, DEBENEST Gérald, BICKERTON Simon</td>
      <td>549</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Automatic planning strategy for robotic lay-up of prepregs on a complex-shaped mold<br>GAMBARDELLA Antonio, ESPERTO Vitantonio, CARLONE Pierpaolo</td>
      <td>558</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Mechanical and chemical combined recycling process for CFRP scraps<br>BOCCARUSSO Luca, DE FAZIO Dario, DURANTE Massimo, FORMISANO Antonio, LANGELLA Antonio</td>
      <td>568</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Simulation and monitoring of the infusion of thick composites with thermoplastic acrylic resin<br>SIDDIG Nihad, LE BOT Philippe, FOUCHÉ Olivier, DENIS Yvan</td>
      <td>576</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Transverse squeeze flow of fibre reinforced thermoplastic composites<br>BIELEMAN Gerben, ROTINK Gijs, GROUVE Wouter J.B., KLOMPEN Edwin T.J., AKKERMAN Remko</td>
      <td>586</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Investigating TP-AFP process parameters through a mechanical testing approach<br>IANNONE Vincenzo, DE NICOLA Felice, COSTANTINI Mario, GIUSTO Giovangiuseppe, CARLONE Pierpaolo</td>
      <td>595</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Modeling time-dependent anisotropy in MEX component-scale process simulation<br>DI NARDO Mario Emanuele, FRÖLICH Felix, KÄRGER Luise, CARLONE Pierpaolo</td>
      <td>603</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Multi-scale characterization of carbon-fibre reinforced PEEK composites manufactured by laser-assisted tape placement<br>RESTIF Noé, LAIK Suzanne, PERON Mael, DAGHIA Federica, JACQUEMIN Frederic</td>
      <td>613</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Draping of biaxial non-crimp fabric on hemispherical shape<br>ZHENG Ruochen, NAOUAR Naim, SCHÄFER Bastian, PLATZER Auriane, COLMARS Julien, KÄRGER Luise, BOISSE Philippe</td>
      <td>623</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Experimental characterisation for compression moulding of hybrid architecture composites using reclaimed prepreg manufacturing waste<br>QIAN Connie, YUAN Hao, BEGUM Hasina, HILL Tom, GROVES Richard, JOESBURY Adam, HARPER Lee</td>
      <td>631</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Tool path strategies for single point incremental forming of fiber-reinforced thermoplastic sheets<br>RATH Jan-Erik, SCHÜPPSTUHL Thorsten</td>
      <td>641</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>On the methodological measurements of viscosity of unidirectional Flax/PP composites: Towards a benchmark<br>SIMAFROOKTEH Sepehr, PERRIN Henri, IVENS Jan, LOMOV Stepan V., BODAGHI Masoud</td>
      <td>651</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
Extrusion and drawing

**Direct recycling of AA6063 chips by hot extrusion applying pseudo porthole die**
FUNAZUKA Tatsuya, YAMASHITA Syun, URAKAWA Takumi, SHIRATORI Tomomi, TAKATSUJI Norio, DOHDA Kuniaki 661

**Layer adhesion and critical strain of HFCVD diamond coatings on WC-Co substrate**
LECHNER Stefan, BARON Sarah, HÖFER Markus, STEIN Christian, MÜLLER Sören 670

**Prediction of the microstructure evolution during the friction stir extrusion of a AA6061 aluminum alloy**
BOCCHI Sara, NEGOZIO Marco, GIARDINI Claudio, DONATI Lorenzo 678

**Mechanical behavior and flow curve modeling of AZ31B magnesium alloy under low frequency vibration assisted tension**
TIAN Ye, WEN Zhang, SHEN Weicai, ZHUANG Xincun, ZHAO Zhen 688

**Effect of ball milling processing on mechanical properties of extruded aluminum-graphene-composites with commercial and self-synthesized graphene sources**
NEGENDANK Maik, HOERNSCHEMEYER Jens, JAIN Nishant, MUELLER Soeren 696

**Analysis of mechanical properties of stainless steel small diameter cold drawn wires**
VAISSETTE Julien, MABRU Catherine, PAREDES Manuel 706

**Characterization and modelling of grain growth in Zr-Nb alloys: Niobium concentration influence**
HAHN Pauline, GAILLAC Alexis, FLIPON Baptiste, BIGNON Madeleine, BOZZOLO Nathalie, BERNACKI Marc 715

**Investigation of heat transfer dependencies in quenching of extrusion profiles based on experiment and FEM simulation**
KNIAZKIN Ivan, KRYLOV Vladimir, SHITIKOV Andrei, KULAKOV Ivan, BIBA Nikolay 723

**Heterostructures produced through severe plastic deformation of multilayered systems: Steel-Ti and steel-Mg**
PABICH Bartłomiej, MAJTA Janusz, KWIECIEŃ Marcin, CICHOCKI Kamil, LISIECKI Łukasz 733

**Experimental, analytical, and numerical analysis of the copper wire multi-pass drawing process**
DI DONATO Sara, NEGOZIO Marco, PELACCIA Riccardo, REGGIANI Barbara, DONATI Lorenzo 742

**Prediction of longitudinal seam weld quality in multi-chamber aluminium extrusion**
Eren Can Sariyarlioglu, Torgeir Welo, Jun Ma 753

**Behavior of volumetric core defects in friction extrusion of wire from Al-Cu alloy**
RATH Lars, SUHUDDIN Uceu F. H., KLUSEMANN Benjamin 763

**Numerical simulation of the extrusion process with different FEM code approaches: analysis of thermal field, profile speed, defects evolution, and microstructure of hollow tubes**
PELACCIA Riccardo, NEGOZIO Marco, DI DONATO Sara, REGGIANI Barbara, DONATI Lorenzo 771
Extrusion and drawing

Direct recycling of AA6063 chips by hot extrusion applying pseudo porthole die

FUNAZUKA Tatsuya, YAMASHITA Syun, URAKAWA Takumi, SHIRATORI Tomomi, TAKATSUJI Norio, DOHDA Kuniaki 661

Layer adhesion and critical strain of HFCVD diamond coatings on WC-Co substrate

LECHNER Stefan, BARON Sarah, HÖFER Markus, STEIN Christian, MÜLLER Sören 670

Prediction of the microstructure evolution during the friction stir extrusion of a AA6061 aluminum alloy

BOCCHI Sara, NEGOZIO Marco, GIARDINI Claudio, DONATI Lorenzo 678

Mechanical behavior and flow curve modeling of AZ31B magnesium alloy under low frequency vibration assisted tension

TIAN Ye, WEN Zhang, SHEN Weicai, ZHUANG Xincun, ZHAO Zhen 688

Effect of ball milling processing on mechanical properties of extruded aluminum-graphene-composites with commercial and self-synthesized graphene sources

NEGENDANK Maik, HOERNSCHEMEYER Jens, JAIN Nishant, MUELLER Soeren 696

Analysis of mechanical properties of stainless steel small diameter cold drawn wires

VAISSETTE Julien, MABRU Catherine, PAREDES Manuel 706

Characterization and modelling of grain growth in Zr-Nb alloys:

Niobium concentration influence

HAHN Pauline, GAILLAC Alexis, FLIPON Baptiste, BIGNON Madeleine, BOZZOLO Nathalie, BERNACKI Marc 715

Investigation of heat transfer dependencies in quenching of extrusion profiles based on experiment and FEM simulation

KNIAZKIN Ivan, KRYLOV Vladimir, SHITIKOV Andrei, KULAKOV Ivan, BIBA Nikolay 723

Heterostructures produced through severe plastic deformation of multilayered systems:

Steel-Ti and steel-Mg

PABICH Bartłomiej, MAJTA Janusz, KWIECIEŃ Marcin, CICHOCKI Kamil, LISIECKI Łukasz 733

Experimental, analytical, and numerical analysis of the copper wire multi-pass drawing process

DI DONATO Sara, NEGOZIO Marco, PELACCIA Riccardo, REGGIANI Barbara, DONATI Lorenzo 742

Prediction of longitudinal seam weld quality in multi-chamber aluminium extrusion

Eren Can Sariyarlioglu, Torgeir Welo, Jun Ma 753

Behavior of volumetric core defects in friction extrusion of wire from Al-Cu alloy

RATH Lars, SUHUDDIN Uceu F. H., KLUSEMANN Benjamin 763

Numerical simulation of the extrusion process with different FEM code approaches: analysis of thermal field, profile speed, defects evolution, and microstructure of hollow tubes

PELACCIA Riccardo, NEGOZIO Marco, DI DONATO Sara, REGGIANI Barbara, DONATI Lorenzo 771
Optimization of working conditions and increase of productivity of aluminum hot extrusion press based on finite element analysis

LLORCA-SCHENK Juan, GAYASHAN Lasindu, HEWAGE Praveen 781

Forging and rolling

Influence of enlarged joining zone interfaces on the bond properties of tailored formed hybrid components made of 20MnCr5 steel and EN AW-6082 aluminium

PIWEK Armin, PEDDINGHAUS Julius, UHE Johanna, BRUNOTTE Kai 792

Using computer vision to analyse fracture strains of oxide scale layers on a macro level

WESTER Hendrik, HUNZE-TRETOW Jan Niklas, BRUNOTTE Kai, BEHRENS Bernd-Arno 802

Numerical process design for the production of a hybrid die made of tool steel X38CrMoV5.3 and inconel 718

SIRING Janina, HEINE Christoph, TILL Michael, WESTER Hendrik, UHE Johanna, BEHRENS Bernd-Arno, BRUNOTTE Kai 812

Longitudinal buckling behavior in temper rolling of thin steel strips with delivery angle

OKAZAKI Toshiro, KIMURA Yukio, KATSUMURA Tatsuro, UEOKA Satoshi 822

Design of an experimental simulator of void closure during hot rolling process

GOPAKUMAR Akhil, LANGLOIS Laurent, PONDAVEN Corentin, BIGOT Régis 832

Advanced functionalisation and numerical simulation of the boundary layer by deformation-induced martensite on bearing rings through bulk metal forming

PEDDINGHAUS Simon, TILL Michael, WESTER Hendrik, PEDDINGHAUS Julius, BRUNOTTE Kai, BEHRENS Bernd-Arno 842

Necking of invar layer in copper-invar laminates during roll-bonding

MKINSI Ismaïl, BERDIN Clotilde, HELBERT Anne-Laure, BAUDIN Thierry, SOLAS Denis, ATEBA BETANDA Yanick, WACKERLE Thierry 851

Prevention of scaling by means of recycled process waste gases

GERKE Niklas, PEDDINGHAUS Julius, ROSENBUSCH Daniel, UHE Johanna, BRUNOTTE Kai, BEHRENS Bernd-Arno 861

Surrogate model to describe temperature field in real-time for hot forging

MIDAQUI Aya, BAUDOUIN Cyrille, DANGLADE Florence, BIGOT Régis 871

Effects of Co ratio on fatigue life of WC-Co die inserts used in cold forming operations

HIZLI Burak, OZTURK Kubra, INCE Umut 881

Potential of near-surface temperature regulation in hybrid additive manufactured forging dies

PEDDINGHAUS Julius, SIEGMUND Martin, SIRING Janina, WESTER Hendrik, GIEDENBACHER Jochen, HUSKIC Aziz, BEHRENS Bernd-Arno, BRUNOTTE Kai 891

Influences of die shape and calibration strokes on surface near residual stresses of rotary swaged steel tubes

LANGSTÄDTLER Lasse, CHARNI Dhia, SCHENCK Christian, EPP Jeremy, KUHFUSS Bernd 901
Optimization of working conditions and increase of productivity of aluminum hot extrusion press based on finite element analysis

LLORCA-SCHENK Juan, GAYASHAN Lasindu, HEWAGE Praveen....................................781

Forging and rolling

Influence of enlarged joining zone interfaces on the bond properties of tailored formed hybrid components made of 20MnCr5 steel and EN AW-6082 aluminium

PIWEK Armin, PEDDINGHAUS Julius, UHE Johanna, BRUNOTTE Kai....................................792

Using computer vision to analyse fracture strains of oxide scale layers on a macro level

WESTER Hendrik, HUNZE-TRETOW Jan Niklas, BRUNOTTE Kai, BEHRENS Bernd-Arno ....................................................................................................................802

Numerical process design for the production of a hybrid die made of tool steel X38CrMoV5.3 and inconel 718

SIRING Janina, HEINE Christoph, TILL Michael, WESTER Hendrik, UHE Johanna, BEHRENS Bernd-Arno, BRUNOTTE Kai ....................................................................................................................812

Longitudinal buckling behavior in temper rolling of thin steel strips with delivery angle

OKAZAKI Toshiro, KIMURA Yukio, KATSUMURA Tatsuro, UEOKA Satoshi....................822

Design of an experimental simulator of void closure during hot rolling process

GOPAKUMAR Akhil, LANGLOIS Laurent, PONDAVEN Corentin, BIGOT Régis....................832

Advanced functionalisation and numerical simulation of the boundary layer by deformation-induced martensite on bearing rings through bulk metal forming

PEDDINGHAUS Simon, TILL Michael, WESTER Hendrik, PEDDINGHAUS Julius, BRUNOTTE Kai, BEHRENS Bernd-Arno ....................................................................................................................842

Necking of invar layer in copper-invar laminates during roll-bonding

MKINSI Ismaïl, BERDIN Clotilde, HELBERT Anne-Laure, BAUDIN Thierry, SOLAS Denis, ATEBA BETANDA Yanick, WACKERLE Thierry....................................................851

Prevention of scaling by means of recycled process waste gases

GERKE Niklas, PEDDINGHAUS Julius, ROSENBUSCH Daniel, UHE Johanna, BRUNOTTE Kai, BEHRENS Bernd-Arno ....................................................................................................................861

Surrogate model to describe temperature field in real-time for hot forging

MIDAQUI Aya, BAUDOUIN Cyrille, DANGLADE Florence, BIGOT Régis....................................871

Effects of Co ratio on fatigue life of WC-Co die inserts used in cold forming operations

HIZLI Burak, OZTURK Kubra, INCE Umut ....................................................................................................881

Potential of near-surface temperature regulation in hybrid additive manufactured forging dies

PEDDINGHAUS Julius, SIEGMUND Martin, SIRING Janina, WESTER Hendrik, GIEDENBACHER Jochen, HUSKIC Aziz, BEHRENS Bernd-Arno, BRUNOTTE Kai....................891

Influences of die shape and calibration strokes on surface near residual stresses of rotary swaged steel tubes

LANGSTÄDTLER Lasse, CHARNI Dhia, SCHENCK Christian, EPP Jeremy, KUHFUSS Bernd ....................................................................................................................901
**Rolling process variation estimation using a Monte-Carlo method**
WEINER Max, RENZING Christoph, SCHMIDTCHEN Matthias, PRAHL Ulrich..................908

**Impact of hot rolling on the r-values of 6000 series aluminium alloys**
SARBAN Ali A..................................................................................................................914

**Formability of metallic materials: A MS in honor of Prof. Banabic, Prof. Barlat and Prof. Kuwabara**

**Influence of an optical strain rate controlled tensile testing method on mechanical properties of sheet metals**
NAUMANN David, MERKLEIN Marion................................................................................922

**A novel method to characterize low-temperature brittle failure at various pre-strains**
BECHLER Jan, LINGBEEK Roald, GRODOTZKI Joshua, TEKKAYA A. Erman..................930

**Influence of the rolling direction on ductile damage during deep drawing of dual-phase steel**
MÜLLER Martina, WOLLENWEBER Maximilian A., MEDGHALCHI Setareh, HERRIG Tim, BERGS Thomas................................................................................................................940

**Pre-strain correction of forming limit curves**
ARETZ Holger..................................................................................................................948

**Effect of different oxide layer shares on the upsetting of titanium aluminide specimens**
DÖRING Sebastian, PEDDINGHAUS Julius, BRUNOTTE Kai, BEHRENS Bernd-Arno......958

**Influence of the forming pre-strain on the fatigue performance of upset bulge formed tubes**
BECHLER Jan, WEBER Florian, BULZAKOVSKI Tose, VÖLLMECKE Jörg, SULAIMAN Hosen, TEKKAYA A. Erman................................................................................................................968

**The non-proportional loading of mild steel**
HAZRA Sumit, DHARA Sisir, TAYLOR Scott, FIGIEL Łukasz ................................................977

**Molecular dynamics simulation for determining dislocation strengthening coefficient in BCC iron**
MIYAZAWA Naoki, HAMA Takayuki ................................................................................................983

**Formability analyses of AA6016-T4 aluminum alloy sheets subjected to roping**
TVEIT Sigbjørn, REYES Aase................................................................................................989

**Local ductility in steel sheet, towards a practical and robust measurement method**
LINGBEEK Roald, LAROUR Patrick, RUCK Astrid, BEIER Thorsten, CORNETTE Dominique, SCHADOW Thomas, WESTHÄUSER Sebastian................................999

**Crystal plasticity-based forming limit analysis for two types of 5052 aluminum alloy sheets with different heat treatment conditions**
SATO Sho, TSUKAMOTO Maya, MAEDA Yasuhiro, MAEDABYAsushi, HAMA Takayuki................................................................................................................909

**Evaluation of correlations between principal axes in uniaxial tensile tests of aluminum based on Mohr's strain circle**
IIZUKA Takashi..................................................................................................................1017
**Rolling process variation estimation using a Monte-Carlo method**
WEINER Max, RENZING Christoph, SCHMIDTCHEN Matthias, PRAHL Ulrich..................908

**Impact of hot rolling on the r-values of 6000 series aluminium alloys**
SARBAN Ali A..................................................................................................................914

Formability of metallic materials: A MS in honor of Prof. Banabic,
Prof. Barlat and Prof. Kuwabara

**Influence of an optical strain rate controlled tensile testing method on
mechanical properties of sheet metals**
NAUMANN David, MERKLEIN Marion................................................................................922

**A novel method to characterize low-temperature brittle failure at various pre-strains**
BECHLER Jan, LINGBEEK Roald, GRODOTZKI Joshua, TEKKAYA A. Erman..................930

**Influence of the rolling direction on ductile damage during deep drawing of
dual-phase steel**
MÜLLER Martina, WOLLENWEBER Maximilian A., MEDGHALCHI Setareh,
HERRIG Tim, BERGS Thomas................................................................................................940

**Pre-strain correction of forming limit curves**
ARETZ Holger..................................................................................................................948

**Effect of different oxide layer shares on the upsetting of titanium aluminide specimens**
DÖRING Sebastian, PEDDINGHAUS Julius, BRUNOTTE Kai, BEHRENS Bernd-Arno......958

**Influence of the forming pre-strain on the fatigue performance of upset bulge
formed tubes**
BECHLER Jan, WEBER Florian, BULZAKOVSKI Tose, VÖLLMECKE Jörg,
SULAIMAN Hosen, TEKKAYA A. Erman................................................................................968

**The non-proportional loading of mild steel**
HAZRA Sumit, DHARA Sisir, TAYLOR Scott, FIGIEL Łukasz ........................................977

**Molecular dynamics simulation for determining dislocation strengthening coefficient in
BCC iron**
MIYAZAWA Naoki, HAMA Takayuki ..................................................................................983

**Formability analyses of AA6016-T4 aluminum alloy sheets subjected to roping**
TVEIT Sigbjørn, REYES Aase................................................................................................989

**Local ductility in steel sheet, towards a practical and robust measurement method**
LINGBEEK Roald, LAROUR Patrick, RUCK Astrid, BEIER Thorsten,
CORNETTE Dominique, SCHADOW Thomas, WESTHÄUSER Sebastian................................999

**Crystal plasticity-based forming limit analysis for two types of 5052 aluminum alloy
sheets with different heat treatment conditions**
SATO Sho, TSUKAMOTO Maya, MAEDA Yasuhiro, MAEDABYasushi,
HAMA Takayuki..................................................................................................................1009

**Evaluation of correlations between principal axes in uniaxial tensile tests of
aluminum based on Mohr's strain circle**
IIZUKA Takashi..................................................................................................................1017
**Development of the cross-section moment in air-bending**
POKKA Aki-Petteri, KESTI Vili, TROIVE Lars, KAIJALAINEN Antti 1027

**Characterization of the superplastic behavior of a Ti6Al4V-ELI alloy bilayer sheet**
GUGLIELMI Pasquale, PICCININNI Antonio, CUSANNO Angela, VAIANI Lorenzo, UVA Antonio Emmanuele, PALUMBO Gianfranco 1038

**Parametric failure limit detection for the sheet metal forming of a floating photovoltaic (FPV) aluminum alloy structure**
TVEIT Sigbjørn, REYES Aase, ERDURAN Emrah 1048

**Investigation on diametral compression of an aluminium alloy AA5005 using EBSD and microhardness measurements**
FRANCILLETTE Henri, GARAND Christian 1058

**Rope-driven biaxial tensile testing apparatus with specified load ratio**
TAKIZAWA Hideo, FUJIYA Kazuto 1068

**Enhancement of fracture strain during abrupt orthogonal strain- path changes in ferrite/martensite dual phase steel**
MATSUNO Takashi, KINOSHITA Nanami, HOKIMOTO Keisuke, HAMA Takayuki, HONDA Yoshiaki 1074

**Numerical assessment of the role of anisotropy on strain localization in uniaxial tension**
CORALLO Luca, CAZACU Oana, VERLEYSEN Patricia 1080

**From strain to stress using full-field data: Computationally efficient stress reconstruction**
HALILOVIČ Miroslav, STARMAN Bojan, COPPIETERS Sam 1089

**Insights from crystal-plasticity-based predictions on deformation of an Mg-10Gd extrudate**
STEGLICH Dirk, JEONG Youngung, ANDAR Mohammad Omar 1099

**Tension-compression asymmetry of ferritic stainless steel sheet**
Sekiya Koki, Higashii Hyuga, Taoka Akira, Kuwabara Toshihiko 1106

**Measurement and analysis of the strength differential effect of 6000-series aluminum alloy sheet**
AKIYAMA Kaisei, KUWABARA Toshihiko 1115

**Residual formability analysis of bent and remanufactured thin steel sheets**
FARIOLI Daniele, KAYA Ertuğrul, STRANO Matteo 1123

**Plasticity experiments on heavy gauge S700 steel**
COPPIETERS Sam, LAMBRUGHI Alessandro, VANCRAEYNEST Niels, ZHANG Yi, COOREMAN Steven, STARMAN Bojan 1135

**Measurement of shear deformation behavior in thickness direction for a mild steel sheet**
HAKOYAMA Tomoyuki, HAKOYAMA Chiharu, FURUSATO Daichi 1144

**The experimental full-field method (EFFM) for parameter calibration applied on an anisotropic constitutive model**
ILG Christian, SHETTY Mayank, KARADOGAN Celalettin, HAUFE André, LIEWALD Mathias 1150
**Development of the cross-section moment in air-bending**
POKKA Aki-Petteri, KESTI Vili, TROIVE Lars, KAIJALAINEN Antti 1027

**Characterization of the superplastic behavior of a Ti6Al4V-ELI alloy bilayer sheet**
GUGLIELMI Pasquale, PICCININNI Antonio, CUSANNO Angela, VAIANI Lorenzo, UVA Antonio Emmanuele, PALUMBO Gianfranco 1038

**Parametric failure limit detection for the sheet metal forming of a floating photovoltaic (FPV) aluminum alloy structure**
TVEIT Sigbjørn, REYES Aase, ERDURAN Emrah 1048

**Investigation on diametral compression of an aluminium alloy AA5005 using EBSD and microhardness measurements**
FRANCILLETTE Henri, GARAND Christian 1058

**Rope-driven biaxial tensile testing apparatus with specified load ratio**
TAKIZAWA Hideo, FUJIYA Kazuto 1068

**Enhancement of fracture strain during abrupt orthogonal strain- path changes in ferrite/martensite dual phase steel**
MATSUNO Takashi, KINOSHITA Nanami, HOKIMOTO Keisuke, HAMA Takayuki, HONDA Yoshiaki 1074

**Numerical assessment of the role of anisotropy on strain localization in uniaxial tension**
CORALLO Luca, CAZACU Oana, VERLEYSEN Patricia 1080

**From strain to stress using full-field data: Computationally efficient stress reconstruction**
HALILOVIČ Miroslav, STARMAN Bojan, COPPIETERS Sam 1089

**Insights from crystal-plasticity-based predictions on deformation of an Mg-10Gd extrudate**
STEGLICH Dirk, JEONG Youngung, ANDAR Mohammad Omar 1099

**Tension-compression asymmetry of ferritic stainless steel sheet**
Sekiya Koki, Higashii Hyuga, Taoka Akira, Kuwabara Toshihiko 1106

**Measurement and analysis of the strength differential effect of 6000-series aluminum alloy sheet**
AKIYAMA Kaisei, KUWABARA Toshihiko 1115

**Residual formability analysis of bent and remanufactured thin steel sheets**
FARIOLI Daniele, KAYA Ertuğrul, STRANO Matteo 1123

**Plasticity experiments on heavy gauge S700 steel**
COPPIETERS Sam, LAMBRUGHI Alessandro, VANCRAEYNEST Niels, ZHANG Yi, COOREMAN Steven, STARMAN Bojan 1135

**Measurement of shear deformation behavior in thickness direction for a mild steel sheet**
HAKOYAMA Tomoyuki, HAKOYAMA Chiharu, FURUSATO Daichi 1144

**The experimental full-field method (EFFM) for parameter calibration applied on an anisotropic constitutive model**
ILG Christian, SHETTY Mayank, KARADOGAN Celalettin, HAUFE André, LIEWALD Mathias 1150
<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>Warm forming of AA7075-T6: optimizing the heating time to maintain T6 condition</strong><br>LAURENT Hervé, ROYNE Sylvain, MAILLARD André</td>
      <td>1159</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>The plane strain compression test, an alternative to large strain hardening characterization</strong><br>NEAG Adriana, BALAN Tudor</td>
      <td>1166</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>Impact of self-heating during hot deformation in the post-dynamic recrystallization and grain growth of an Fe-based superalloy</strong><br>POTENCIANO Antonio, BERNACKI Marc, NICOLAY Alexis, COLLIN Cyrille, DAIRON Jonathan, DANYLOVA Olena, BOZZOLO Nathalie</td>
      <td>1171</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>The effect of friction compensation on the slope of flow curves obtained by stack compression tests</strong><br>KÖLÜS Martin L., BORBÉLY Richárd, BÉRES Gábor J.</td>
      <td>1182</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>Inverse estimation of material model parameters using Bayesian data assimilation</strong><br>YAMANAKA Akinori, SUDA Michihiko, SUEKI Sae, SASAKI Kengo, FUNAMOTO Ryuki</td>
      <td>1190</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>Bending of third generation steel: Experimental and numerical approach</strong><br>ESPANHOL PEREIRA Catarina Sofia, VINCZE Gabriela, DIAS PRATES Pedro André, BUTUC Marilena Carmen</td>
      <td>1196</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>Influence of pre-strain on fracture toughness of 3rd generation advanced high strength steels</strong><br>GRIFÉ Laura, FRÓMETA David, PAYÀ Anna, CASELLAS Daniel</td>
      <td>1206</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>A temperature-dependent crystal plasticity model for predicting cyclic loading behaviors of a magnesium alloy</strong><br>BONG Hyuk Jong</td>
      <td>1215</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>Enhanced formability in two-step forming for AA7075 sheet in -T6 and -W tempers</strong><br>HA Jinjin, CHOI Yumi, LEE Myoung-Gyu, KORKOLIS Yannis P</td>
      <td>1224</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>Modelling ductile damage of a textured aluminum alloy based on a non-quadratic yield function</strong><br>BRITO João P., OLIVEIRA Marta C., ALVES José Luís</td>
      <td>1231</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>A parameter-free strain estimation method to prevent occurrence of splits in sheet forming of complex CAD designs</strong><br>EYCKENS Philip, SALAETS Rob, NELISSEN Gert</td>
      <td>1240</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

Friction and wear in metal forming

<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>Massive nitrogen super-saturation into CoCrMo Alloys for improvement of tribological performance</strong><br>AIZAWA Tatsuhiko, FUNAZUKA Tatsuya, SHIRATORI Tomomi, SUZUKI Yohei</td>
      <td>1248</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>Analysis of oxidized hot working tool steel tribological behavior in tube piercing</strong><br>MURILLO-MARRODÁN Alberto, MERESSE Damien, GARCÍA Eduardo, MOREAU Philippe, LA BARBERA-SOSA Jose Gregorio, DUBAR Laurent</td>
      <td>1259</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>Warm forming of AA7075-T6: optimizing the heating time to maintain T6 condition</strong><br>LAURENT Hervé, ROYNE Sylvain, MAILLARD André</td>
      <td>1159</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>The plane strain compression test, an alternative to large strain hardening characterization</strong><br>NEAG Adriana, BALAN Tudor</td>
      <td>1166</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>Impact of self-heating during hot deformation in the post-dynamic recrystallization and grain growth of an Fe-based superalloy</strong><br>POTENCIANO Antonio, BERNACKI Marc, NICOLAY Alexis, COLLIN Cyrille, DAIRON Jonathan, DANYLOVA Olena, BOZZOLO Nathalie</td>
      <td>1171</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>The effect of friction compensation on the slope of flow curves obtained by stack compression tests</strong><br>KÖLÜS Martin L., BORBÉLY Richárd, BÉRES Gábor J.</td>
      <td>1182</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>Inverse estimation of material model parameters using Bayesian data assimilation</strong><br>YAMANAKA Akinori, SUDA Michihiko, SUEKI Sae, SASAKI Kengo, FUNAMOTO Ryuki</td>
      <td>1190</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>Bending of third generation steel: Experimental and numerical approach</strong><br>ESPANHOL PEREIRA Catarina Sofia, VINCZE Gabriela, DIAS PRATES Pedro André, BUTUC Marilena Carmen</td>
      <td>1196</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>Influence of pre-strain on fracture toughness of 3rd generation advanced high strength steels</strong><br>GRIFÉ Laura, FRÓMETA David, PAYÀ Anna, CASELLAS Daniel</td>
      <td>1206</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>A temperature-dependent crystal plasticity model for predicting cyclic loading behaviors of a magnesium alloy</strong><br>BONG Hyuk Jong</td>
      <td>1215</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>Enhanced formability in two-step forming for AA7075 sheet in -T6 and -W tempers</strong><br>HA Jinjin, CHOI Yumi, LEE Myoung-Gyu, KORKOLIS Yannis P.</td>
      <td>1224</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>Modelling ductile damage of a textured aluminum alloy based on a non-quadratic yield function</strong><br>BRITO João P., OLIVEIRA Marta C., ALVES José Luís</td>
      <td>1231</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>A parameter-free strain estimation method to prevent occurrence of splits in sheet forming of complex CAD designs</strong><br>EYCKENS Philip, SALAETS Rob, NELISSEN Gert</td>
      <td>1240</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

Friction and wear in metal forming

<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>Massive nitrogen super-saturation into CoCrMo Alloys for improvement of tribological performance</strong><br>AIZAWA Tatsuhiko, FUNAZUKA Tatsuya, SHIRATORI Tomomi, SUZUKI Yohei</td>
      <td>1248</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><strong>Analysis of oxidized hot working tool steel tribological behavior in tube piercing</strong><br>MURILLO-MARRODÁN Alberto, MERESSE Damien, GARCÍA Eduardo, MOREAU Philippe, LA BARBERA-SOSA Jose Gregorio, DUBAR Laurent</td>
      <td>1259</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
**Effect of process parameters on friction in aluminum sheet forming**

JALALI MOGHADAS Farshid, DE ROOIJ Matthijn, VAN DEN BOOGAARD Ton, HAZRATI Javad .................................................................................. 1268

**Effect of micro-plasto-hydrodynamic lubrication on strip surface in steel cold rolling**

ELHAJJ Cynthia, LAHOUIJ Imène, LUONG Linh Phuong, MONTMITONNET Pierre........ 1277

**Analysis of wear behavior of powder metallurgy tools in shear cutting of electrical steels**

KUMAR SUNDARAJAN Praveen, ŞELTE Aydın, HOENEN Niklas, CLAUSMEYER Till, TEKKAYA A. Erman .................................................................................. 1288

**Study on the influence of process parameters on the damage appearance during the push bench elongator process of super Cr13 tubes**

GARCÍA GIL Eduardo, AGHAJANI DERAZKOLA Hamed, MURILLO-MARRODÁN Alberto, BARCO ATUTXA Jon .................................................................................. 1299

**Investigation into the friction and wear behaviour of polymer coated steel**

VENEMA Jenny, KWAKKEL Henri .................................................................................................................. 1309

**A novel method to investigate tribological behaviors under transient temperatures using Pin-on-Cylinder tribometer and IR-thermography in glass forming**

VU Anh Tuan, GRUNWALD Tim, BERGS Thomas .................................................................................. 1315

**Incremental and sheet metal forming**

**Effects of triaxiality and lode parameter on deep drawing process**

GÜZELDEREN Tolunay, DARENDELILER Haluk .................................................................................. 1326

**Shear cutting: Model-based prediction of material parameters based on synthetic process force signals**

RIEMER Matthias, SILBERMANN Katja, KRÄUSEL Verena, LANGHAMMER Dominic, KOSCHMIDER Agnes .................................................................................. 1334

**Correlation between sheet formability and joint strength of A1050-O/SPCC butt laser welded tailored blanks**

JIN Jianchen, SAKAMOTO Hiromu, IIZUKA Takashi.................................................................................. 1343

**In-process tool pose measurement in incremental sheet forming**

TERLAU Marina, VON FREYBERG Axel, FISCHER Andreas.................................................................................. 1353

**Thermomechanical reverse flow forming of AISI 304L**

ARIAN Bahman, HOMBERG Werner, KERSTING Lukas, TRÄCHTLER Ansgar, ROZO VASQUEZ Julian, WALTHER Frank .................................................................................................................. 1363

**Effects of machine hammer peening on case-hardened 16MnCr5 gear analogue shafts**

DADGAR Mohammad, GRESCHERT René, MÜLLER Martina, SKLENAK Sebastian, HERRIG Tim, BRIMMERS Jens, BERGS Thomas.................................................................................................................. 1373

**Numerical and experimental analysis of struts joined by electromagnetic forming for aircraft applications**

PSYK Verena, LINNEMANN Maik, HENKELMarcel, KRÄUSEL Verena .................................................................................. 1382

**Modular 3D roller straightening – a new approach to straightening and forming of spring steel wires (X10CrNi18-8)**

DAHMS Frederik, HOMBERG Werner .................................................................................................................. 1392
**Effect of process parameters on friction in aluminum sheet forming**

JALALI MOGHADAS Farshid, DE ROOIJ Matthijn, VAN DEN BOOGAARD Ton, HAZRATI Javad .................................................................................. 1268

**Effect of micro-plasto-hydrodynamic lubrication on strip surface in steel cold rolling**

ELHAJJ Cynthia, LAHOUIJ Imène, LUONG Linh Phuong, MONTMITONNET Pierre........ 1277

**Analysis of wear behavior of powder metallurgy tools in shear cutting of electrical steels**

KUMAR SUNDARAJAN Praveen, ŞELTE Aydın, HOENEN Niklas, CLAUSMEYER Till, TEKKAYA A. Erman .................................................................................. 1288

**Study on the influence of process parameters on the damage appearance during the push bench elongator process of super Cr13 tubes**

GARCÍA GIL Eduardo, AGHAJANI DERAZKOLA Hamed, MURILLO-MARRODÁN Alberto, BARCO ATUTXA Jon .................................................................................. 1299

**Investigation into the friction and wear behaviour of polymer coated steel**

VENEMA Jenny, KWAKKEL Henri .................................................................................................................. 1309

**A novel method to investigate tribological behaviors under transient temperatures using Pin-on-Cylinder tribometer and IR-thermography in glass forming**

VU Anh Tuan, GRUNWALD Tim, BERGS Thomas .................................................................................. 1315

**Incremental and sheet metal forming**

**Effects of triaxiality and lode parameter on deep drawing process**

GÜZELDEREN Tolunay, DARENDELILER Haluk .................................................................................. 1326

**Shear cutting: Model-based prediction of material parameters based on synthetic process force signals**

RIEMER Matthias, SILBERMANN Katja, KRÄUSEL Verena, LANGHAMMER Dominic, KOSCHMIDER Agnes .................................................................................. 1334

**Correlation between sheet formability and joint strength of A1050-O/SPCC butt laser welded tailored blanks**

JIN Jianchen, SAKAMOTO Hiromu, IIZUKA Takashi.................................................................................. 1343

**In-process tool pose measurement in incremental sheet forming**

TERLAU Marina, VON FREYBERG Axel, FISCHER Andreas.................................................................................. 1353

**Thermomechanical reverse flow forming of AISI 304L**

ARIAN Bahman, HOMBERG Werner, KERSTING Lukas, TRÄCHTLER Ansgar, ROZO VASQUEZ Julian, WALTHER Frank .................................................................................................................. 1363

**Effects of machine hammer peening on case-hardened 16MnCr5 gear analogue shafts**

DADGAR Mohammad, GRESCHERT René, MÜLLER Martina, SKLENAK Sebastian, HERRIG Tim, BRIMMERS Jens, BERGS Thomas.................................................................................................................. 1373

**Numerical and experimental analysis of struts joined by electromagnetic forming for aircraft applications**

PSYK Verena, LINNEMANN Maik, HENKELMarcel, KRÄUSEL Verena .................................................................................. 1382

**Modular 3D roller straightening – a new approach to straightening and forming of spring steel wires (X10CrNi18-8)**

DAHMS Frederik, HOMBERG Werner .................................................................................................................. 1392
**Sensor integration for process control in deep drawing**
JUNG Robert Oliver, SEPER Christoph, JURICEK Christian, BLEICHER Friedrich 1399

**Electrically-assisted forming of 5754 aluminium alloy under different strain conditions**
DOBRAS Daniel, ZIMNIAK Zbigniew, DZIUBEK Mateusz 1408

**Material-data-driven prediction of sheared surface tears of fine blanked parts**
ORTJOHANN Lucia, BECKER Marco, NIEMIETZ Philipp, BERGS Thomas 1416

**Improving the flow forming process by a novel closed-loop control**
KERSTING Lukas, SANDER Sebastian, ARIAN Bahman, ROZO VASQUEZ Julian, TRÄCHTLER Ansgar, HOMBERG Werner, WALTHER Frank 1426

**Predicting fine blanking process signals from sheet metal thickness**
MOON Jiyoung, GELBICH Daria, BECKER Marco, NIEMIETZ Philipp, BERGS Thomas 1436

**Tool path effects on wrinkling in metal sheet incremental roll profiling**
BEIGZADEH Ali, SIMONETTO Enrico, GHIOTTI Andrea, BRUSCHI Stefania 1446

**Investigation of the stress state around the forming zone during the flow form process**
CEBIROGLU Bugra, OZASLAN Emre, YETGIN Ali, ACAR Bulent 1456

**Neural network-based estimation and compensation of friction for enhanced deep drawing process control**
THIERY Sebastian, EL ABDINE Mazhar Zein, HEGER Jens, BEN KHALIFA Noomane 1462

**Study on the numerical prediction quality of material models regarding springback of hollow embossed metallic bipolar half-plates**
BECK Maxim, KARADOGAN Celalettin, CYRON Patrick, ROUVEN RIEDMÜLLER Kim, LIEWALD Mathias 1472

**Optimization of the heating parameters of a robotized hot incremental forming of high impact polystyrene**
DUARTE ROCHA Valentin, GIRAUD MOREAU Laurence, CHEROUAT Abel 1482

**Study on the effects of tool design and process parameters on the robustness of deep drawing**
HEINZEL Christine, THIERY Sebastian, BEN KHALIFA Noomane 1488

**Influence of toolpath strategies on the final accuracy and thickness distributions in multi-stage incremental forming**
VANHULST Marthe, VANHOVE Hans, DUFLOU Joost R. 1498

**Characterization of the wrinkling limit curve using in-plane compression tests**
MAGRINHO João P.G., SANTOS João A.O., SILVA M. Beatriz 1507

**Experimental and finite element investigation on the effect of process parameters in incremental forming of polymeric materials**
RAGAI Ihab, BUFFA Gianluca, VANDALINI, Andrea, FRATINI Livan 1517

**Strain rates in high velocity forming of foils**
LANGSTÄDTLER Lasse, BECKSCHWARTE Björn, VALENTINO Tobias, RADEL Tim 1527
**Sensor integration for process control in deep drawing**
JUNG Robert Oliver, SEPER Christoph, JURICEK Christian, BLEICHER Friedrich 1399

**Electrically-assisted forming of 5754 aluminium alloy under different strain conditions**
DOBRAS Daniel, ZIMNIAK Zbigniew, DZIUBEK Mateusz 1408

**Material-data-driven prediction of sheared surface tears of fine blanked parts**
ORTJOHANN Lucia, BECKER Marco, NIEMIETZ Philipp, BERGS Thomas 1416

**Improving the flow forming process by a novel closed-loop control**
KERSTING Lukas, SANDER Sebastian, ARIAN Bahman, ROZO VASQUEZ Julian, TRÄCHTLER Ansgar, HOMBERG Werner, WALTHER Frank 1426

**Predicting fine blanking process signals from sheet metal thickness**
MOON Jiyoung, GELBICH Daria, BECKER Marco, NIEMIETZ Philipp, BERGS Thomas 1436

**Tool path effects on wrinkling in metal sheet incremental roll profiling**
BEIGZADEH Ali, SIMONETTO Enrico, GHIOTTI Andrea, BRUSCHI Stefania 1446

**Investigation of the stress state around the forming zone during the flow form process**
CEBIROGLU Bugra, OZASLAN Emre, YETGIN Ali, ACAR Bulent 1456

**Neural network-based estimation and compensation of friction for enhanced deep drawing process control**
THIERY Sebastian, EL ABDINE Mazhar Zein, HEGER Jens, BEN KHALIFA Noomane 1462

**Study on the numerical prediction quality of material models regarding springback of hollow embossed metallic bipolar half-plates**
BECK Maxim, KARADOGAN Celalettin, CYRON Patrick, ROUVEN RIEDMÜLLER Kim, LIEWALD Mathias 1472

**Optimization of the heating parameters of a robotized hot incremental forming of high impact polystyrene**
DUARTE ROCHA Valentin, GIRAUD MOREAU Laurence, CHEROUAT Abel 1482

**Study on the effects of tool design and process parameters on the robustness of deep drawing**
HEINZEL Christine, THIERY Sebastian, BEN KHALIFA Noomane 1488

**Influence of toolpath strategies on the final accuracy and thickness distributions in multi-stage incremental forming**
VANHULST Marthe, VANHOVE Hans, DUFLOU Joost R. 1498

**Characterization of the wrinkling limit curve using in-plane compression tests**
MAGRINHO João P.G., SANTOS João A.O., SILVA M. Beatriz 1507

**Experimental and finite element investigation on the effect of process parameters in incremental forming of polymeric materials**
RAGAI Ihab, BUFFA Gianluca, VANDALINI, Andrea, FRATINI Livan 1517

**Strain rates in high velocity forming of foils**
LANGSTÄDTLER Lasse, BECKSCHWARTE Björn, VALENTINO Tobias, RADEL Tim 1527
**Processing of sheets made of long fibers reinforced plastics by SPIF**
AMBROGIO Giuseppina, BORDA Francesco, CONTE Romina, FILICE Luigino, GAGLIARDI Francesco.................................................................................................................. 1536

**Formability analysis of incrementally hole-flanged parts using different tool sizes**
BORREGO-PUCHE M., PALOMO-VÁZQUEZ D., MORALES-PALMA D., MARTÍNEZ-DONAIRE A.J., CENTENO G., VALLELLANO C................................................... 1544

**Numerical analysis of flanging using tailored rubber pad forming on AA7075-O sheets**
BORREGO-PUCHE Marcos, PALOMO-VÁZQUEZ David, MORALES-PALMA Domingo, MARTÍNEZ-DONAIRE Andres Jesus, ROSA-SAINZ Ana, CENTENO Gabriel, VALLELLANO Carpoforo.................................................................................................................. 1551

**Effect of vibration frequency and amplitude on formability in rotational vibration-assisted incremental sheet forming (RV-ISF)**
ZHU Hui, PENG Wenxuan, LONG Hui.................................................................................................................. 1559

**Necking detection in stretch-bent materials exhibiting the Portevin-Le Chatelier effect**
MARTÍNEZ-DONAIRE Andrés J., PALOMO David, SÁENZ DE ARGANDOÑA Eneko, VALLELLANO Carpoforo, MENDIGUREN Joseba .................................................................................. 1569

**Heat-assisted single point incremental forming of Mg-Zn-Zr alloy**
OZDEN Ecem, VANHOVE Hans, BRAEM Annabel, DUFLOU Joost R. .................................................. 1579

**Stretch forming of isotropic materials: influence of the ratio between yielding in pure shear and uniaxial tension on the stress state**
REVIL-BAUDARD Benoit, GODOY Hernan, CAZACU Oana .................................................................................. 1588

**Experimental testing and numerical modelling of ductile fracture of PEEK in incremental sheet forming process**
GATEA Shakir, OU Hengan.................................................................................................................................................. 1596

**Spindle speed effect on the ISF processing of materials with different thermal conductivities**
QIN Zhenyuan, GATEA Shakir, OU Hengan.................................................................................................................. 1606

## Innovative joining by forming technologies

**Experimental work on friction riveting process of Ti6Al4V in a CNC machine**
TAN Irène, COHEN Guillaume, ARAUJO Anna-Carla, DAIDIE Alain................................................................ 1616

**Form-based manufacturing of aluminium and steel auxiliary joining elements as the basis for an efficient joining operation**
BORGERT Thomas, NORDIEKER Ansgar, HOMBERG Werner.................................................................................. 1623

**The continuous fibre injection process (CFIP): A novel approach to lightweight design of multi-material structural components**
CRESCENTI Marc, RAFOLS Irene, LARA Antoni, BEMANI Milad, CASELLAS Daniel .................................................................................................................................................. 1630

**Forming of mechanically interlocked aluminium and carbon fibre reinforced polymer parts with complex geometry**
LATORRE Núria, CASELLAS Daniel, COSTA Josep, GARCIA-LLAMAS Eduard, PUJANTE Jaume .................................................................................................................................................. 1640
**Processing of sheets made of long fibers reinforced plastics by SPIF**
AMBROGIO Giuseppina, BORDA Francesco, CONTE Romina, FILICE Luigino, GAGLIARDI Francesco..................................................................................................................1536

**Formability analysis of incrementally hole-flanged parts using different tool sizes**
BORREGO-PUCHE M., PALOMO-VÁZQUEZ D., MORALES-PALMA D., MARTÍNEZ-DONAIRE A.J., CENTENO G., VALLELLANO C. ..................................................................................1544

**Numerical analysis of flanging using tailored rubber pad forming on AA7075-O sheets**
BORREGO-PUCHE Marcos, PALOMO-VÁZQUEZ David, MORALES-PALMA Domingo, MARTÍNEZ-DONAIRE Andres Jesus, ROSA-SAINZ Ana, CENTENO Gabriel, VALLELLANO Carpoforo..................................................................................................................1551

**Effect of vibration frequency and amplitude on formability in rotational vibration-assisted incremental sheet forming (RV-ISF)**
ZHU Hui, PENG Wenxuan, LONG Hui..................................................................................................................1559

**Necking detection in stretch-bent materials exhibiting the Portevin-Le Chatelier effect**
MARTÍNEZ-DONAIRE Andrés J., PALOMO David, SÁENZ DE ARGANDOÑA Eneko, VALLELLANO Carpoforo, MENDIGUREN Joseba ..................................................................................1569

**Heat-assisted single point incremental forming of Mg-Zn-Zr alloy**
OZDEN Ecem, VANHOVE Hans, BRAEM Annabel, DUFLOU Joost R. ..................................................................................1579

**Stretch forming of isotropic materials: influence of the ratio between yielding in pure shear and uniaxial tension on the stress state**
REVIL-BAUDARD Benoit, GODOY Hernan, CAZACU Oana ..................................................................................1588

**Experimental testing and numerical modelling of ductile fracture of PEEK in incremental sheet forming process**
GATEA Shakir, OU Hengan..................................................................................................................................................1596

**Spindle speed effect on the ISF processing of materials with different thermal conductivities**
QIN Zhenyuan, GATEA Shakir, OU Hengan..................................................................................................................................................1606

## Innovative joining by forming technologies

**Experimental work on friction riveting process of Ti6Al4V in a CNC machine**
TAN Irène, COHEN Guillaume, ARAUJO Anna-Carla, DAIDIE Alain..................................................................................1616

**Form-based manufacturing of aluminium and steel auxiliary joining elements as the basis for an efficient joining operation**
BORGERT Thomas, NORDIEKER Ansgar, HOMBERG Werner..................................................................................1623

**The continuous fibre injection process (CFIP): A novel approach to lightweight design of multi-material structural components**
CRESCENTI Marc, RAFOLS Irene, LARA Antoni, BEMANI Milad, CASELLAS Daniel..................................................................................................................................................1630

**Forming of mechanically interlocked aluminium and carbon fibre reinforced polymer parts with complex geometry**
LATORRE Núria, CASELLAS Daniel, COSTA Josep, GARCIA-LLAMAS Eduard, PUJANTE Jaume ..................................................................................................................................................1640
**Non-rotationally symmetric joints – Mechanisms and load bearing capacity**
DEVULAPALLY Deekshith Reddy, MARTIN Sven, TRÖSTER Thomas.................................. 1650

**Assessments of staked hybrid joints made by studs 3D printed at different manufacturing conditions**
CONTE Romina, GAGLIARDI Francesco, AMBROGIO Giuseppina, FILICE Luigino ........ 1660

**Numerical investigation of rotational friction welding for C22.8 - 41Cr4 joints using a substitute model**
MOHNFELD Norman, WESTER Hendrik, TUNC KARAER Gökhan, PIWEK Armin UHE Johanna.................................................................................................................. 1668

**Influence of cold rolled surface structures with undercuts for interlocking joints on bending processes**
RINGEL Aron, BAILLY David.................................................................................................................. 1678

**In-situ CT of the clinching process – Influence of settling effects due to process interruptions**
KÖHLER Daniel, KUPFER Robert, TROSCHITZ Julianec, GUDE Maik .................................... 1686

**Flexible self-pierce riveting and clinching with a single joining system using the same unified joining tools**
UHE Benedikt, SCHÜTZELT Franziska, DROSSEL Welf-Guntram, MESCHUT Gerson .................................................................................................................. 1696

**Dissimilar welding of aluminum to AlSi-coated steel sheets using refill friction stir spot welding: A feasibility study**
SHEN Tong, FU Banglong, CHEN Ting, SUHUDDIN Uceu, KLUSEMANN Benjamin ........ 1705

**Development of new strategies for the mechanical joining of components made of aluminum die casting**
KRAUS Christian, BÖHNKE Max, DROSSEL Welf-Guntram, MESCHUT Gerson.................... 1714

**Heterogeneity of strain and texture inside roll-bonded multilaminates**
HANON Guillaume, MALET Loïc, DELANNAY Laurent................................................................ 1724

**On the impact welding of dissimilar alloys for use in multimaterial skeletal fixation devices**
SANGUEDOLCE Michela, ABDELMAOLA Mohammed, BORDA Francesco, CHO Dae Hyun, AVEY Thomas, OLIVAS-ALANIS Luis H., CHMIELEWSKA Agnieszka, VIVEK Anupam, DAEHN Glenn, LUO Alan A., PANTON Boyd, FILICE Luigino, DEAN David .................................................................................. 1732

## Lionel Fourment MS on optimization and inverse analysis in forming

**Experimental investigation of heterogeneous mechanical tests**
GONÇALVES Mafalda, GUEGAN Briag, THUILLIER Sandrine, ANDRADE-CAMPOS António.................................................................................................................. 1742

**Inverse identification of the heterogeneous strain hardening of the friction stir welded aluminum sheets using virtual fields method**
KIM Chanyang, LEE Jinwoo, KIM Daeyong, LEE Myoung-Gyu.................................................. 1752
**Non-rotationally symmetric joints – Mechanisms and load bearing capacity**
DEVULAPALLY Deekshith Reddy, MARTIN Sven, TRÖSTER Thomas.................................. 1650

**Assessments of staked hybrid joints made by studs 3D printed at different manufacturing conditions**
CONTE Romina, GAGLIARDI Francesco, AMBROGIO Giuseppina, FILICE Luigino ........ 1660

**Numerical investigation of rotational friction welding for C22.8 - 41Cr4 joints using a substitute model**
MOHNFELD Norman, WESTER Hendrik, TUNC KARAER Gökhan, PIWEK Armin UHE Johanna.................................................................................................................. 1668

**Influence of cold rolled surface structures with undercuts for interlocking joints on bending processes**
RINGEL Aron, BAILLY David.................................................................................................................. 1678

**In-situ CT of the clinching process – Influence of settling effects due to process interruptions**
KÖHLER Daniel, KUPFER Robert, TROSCHITZ Julianec, GUDE Maik .................................... 1686

**Flexible self-pierce riveting and clinching with a single joining system using the same unified joining tools**
UHE Benedikt, SCHÜTZELT Franziska, DROSSEL Welf-Guntram, MESCHUT Gerson .................................................................................................................. 1696

**Dissimilar welding of aluminum to AlSi-coated steel sheets using refill friction stir spot welding: A feasibility study**
SHEN Tong, FU Banglong, CHEN Ting, SUHUDDIN Uceu, KLUSEMANN Benjamin ........ 1705

**Development of new strategies for the mechanical joining of components made of aluminum die casting**
KRAUS Christian, BÖHNKE Max, DROSSEL Welf-Guntram, MESCHUT Gerson.................... 1714

**Heterogeneity of strain and texture inside roll-bonded multilaminates**
HANON Guillaume, MALET Loïc, DELANNAY Laurent................................................................ 1724

**On the impact welding of dissimilar alloys for use in multimaterial skeletal fixation devices**
SANGUEDOLCE Michela, ABDELMAOLA Mohammed, BORDA Francesco, CHO Dae Hyun, AVEY Thomas, OLIVAS-ALANIS Luis H., CHMIELEWSKA Agnieszka, VIVEK Anupam, DAEHN Glenn, LUO Alan A., PANTON Boyd, FILICE Luigino, DEAN David .................................................................................. 1732

## Lionel Fourment MS on optimization and inverse analysis in forming

**Experimental investigation of heterogeneous mechanical tests**
GONÇALVES Mafalda, GUEGAN Briag, THUILLIER Sandrine, ANDRADE-CAMPOS António.................................................................................................................. 1742

**Inverse identification of the heterogeneous strain hardening of the friction stir welded aluminum sheets using virtual fields method**
KIM Chanyang, LEE Jinwoo, KIM Daeyong, LEE Myoung-Gyu.................................................. 1752
<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>An innovative method to model run-out phenomena in micro-milling by using cutting force signal</td>
      <td>SENECI Greta, PANCERA Pierpaolo Vincenzo, CAPPELLINI Cristian, ABENI Andrea, ATTANASIO Aldo</td>
      <td>1867</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Machinability of PLA obtained by injection molding under a dry milling process</td>
      <td>CLOËZ Liam, FONTAINE Michaël, GILBIN Alexandre, BARRIÈRE Thierry</td>
      <td>1877</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Using the particle finite element method for predicting optimum shear cutting clearance</td>
      <td>SANDIN Olle, LAROUR Patrick, RODRÍGUEZ Juan Manuel, KAJBERG Jörgen, CASELLAS Daniel</td>
      <td>1887</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Green machining of Ti6Al4V/Polymers composite made by pellets additive manufacturing</td>
      <td>BOSSU Julien, RIVIÈRE-LORPHÈVRE Edouard, SPITAELS Laurent, DUCOBU François, DELAUNOIS Fabienne, MARTIC Grégory, DELMOTTE Cathy, JUSTE Enrique, PETIT Fabrice</td>
      <td>1897</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Effect of the hatch spacing in laser powder bed fusion on the AlSi7Mg aluminum alloy cutting forces and surface finish after turning</td>
      <td>GHINATTI Edoardo, BERTOLINI Rachele, GHIOTTI Andrea, BRUSCHI Stefania</td>
      <td>1907</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Analysis of the influence of the initial surface integrity on the result of burnished high torque splined shafts</td>
      <td>DAMM Philipp, ADINEHVAND Mohsen, BEUTNER Martin, MEICHSNER Gunnar, HAHN Georg, ZIMMERMANN Dirk, STEFFENS Matthias, HACKERT-OSCHÄTZCHEN Matthias</td>
      <td>1916</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Influence of the depth of cut on the AM nitinol properties in flood and cryogenic machining</td>
      <td>GUARISE Alessandra, BERTOLINI Rachele, GHIOTTI Andrea, BRUSCHI Stefania</td>
      <td>1925</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Fatigue strength of Ti6Al4V titanium alloy machined under flood and cryogenic conditions</td>
      <td>STRAMARE Andrea, BERTOLINI Rachele, BRUSCHI Stefania, GHIOTTI Andrea, CAMPAGNOLO Alberto</td>
      <td>1935</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Impact of machining strategy on OFE copper for SRF applications</td>
      <td>BELKHIR F., KOLENIC M., RECH J., PÉREZ FONTENLA A. T., ROSAZ G., MOROS A., GARLASCHÈ M., LEITH S., NAISSON P., CARLOS C.P.A.</td>
      <td>1945</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Study of cutting force in milling of aluminum-lithium alloy</td>
      <td>TAMURA Shoichi, MORII Daisuke, MATSUMURA Takashi</td>
      <td>1955</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Comparison of artificial intelligence techniques for cutting tool condition monitoring</td>
      <td>COLANTONIO Lorenzo, EQUETER Lucas, DEHOMBREUX Pierre, DUCOBU François</td>
      <td>1962</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Combining experimental and FEM approaches to determine the influence of workpiece temperature on fundamental variables in the machining process</td>
      <td>ORTIZ-DE-ZARATE Gorka, ARRIETA Iñaki M., SORIANO Denis, ORUNA Ainara, SOLER Daniel, ARRAZOLA Pedro J.</td>
      <td>1972</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>An innovative method to model run-out phenomena in micro-milling by using cutting force signal</td>
      <td>SENECI Greta, PANCERA Pierpaolo Vincenzo, CAPPELLINI Cristian, ABENI Andrea, ATTANASIO Aldo</td>
      <td>1867</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Machinability of PLA obtained by injection molding under a dry milling process</td>
      <td>CLOËZ Liam, FONTAINE Michaël, GILBIN Alexandre, BARRIÈRE Thierry</td>
      <td>1877</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Using the particle finite element method for predicting optimum shear cutting clearance</td>
      <td>SANDIN Olle, LAROUR Patrick, RODRÍGUEZ Juan Manuel, KAJBERG Jörgen, CASELLAS Daniel</td>
      <td>1887</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Green machining of Ti6Al4V/Polymers composite made by pellets additive manufacturing</td>
      <td>BOSSU Julien, RIVIÈRE-LORPHÈVRE Edouard, SPITAELS Laurent, DUCOBU François, DELAUNOIS Fabienne, MARTIC Grégory, DELMOTTE Cathy, JUSTE Enrique, PETIT Fabrice</td>
      <td>1897</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Effect of the hatch spacing in laser powder bed fusion on the AlSi7Mg aluminum alloy cutting forces and surface finish after turning</td>
      <td>GHINATTI Edoardo, BERTOLINI Rachele, GHIOTTI Andrea, BRUSCHI Stefania</td>
      <td>1907</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Analysis of the influence of the initial surface integrity on the result of burnished high torque splined shafts</td>
      <td>DAMM Philipp, ADINEHVAND Mohsen, BEUTNER Martin, MEICHSNER Gunnar, HAHN Georg, ZIMMERMANN Dirk, STEFFENS Matthias, HACKERT-OSCHÄTZCHEN Matthias</td>
      <td>1916</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Influence of the depth of cut on the AM nitinol properties in flood and cryogenic machining</td>
      <td>GUARISE Alessandra, BERTOLINI Rachele, GHIOTTI Andrea, BRUSCHI Stefania</td>
      <td>1925</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Fatigue strength of Ti6Al4V titanium alloy machined under flood and cryogenic conditions</td>
      <td>STRAMARE Andrea, BERTOLINI Rachele, BRUSCHI Stefania, GHIOTTI Andrea, CAMPAGNOLO Alberto</td>
      <td>1935</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Impact of machining strategy on OFE copper for SRF applications</td>
      <td>BELKHIR F., KOLENIC M., RECH J., PÉREZ FONTENLA A. T., ROSAZ G., MOROS A., GARLASCHÈ M., LEITH S., NAISSON P., CARLOS C.P.A.</td>
      <td>1945</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Study of cutting force in milling of aluminum-lithium alloy</td>
      <td>TAMURA Shoichi, MORII Daisuke, MATSUMURA Takashi</td>
      <td>1955</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Comparison of artificial intelligence techniques for cutting tool condition monitoring</td>
      <td>COLANTONIO Lorenzo, EQUETER Lucas, DEHOMBREUX Pierre, DUCOBU François</td>
      <td>1962</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Combining experimental and FEM approaches to determine the influence of workpiece temperature on fundamental variables in the machining process</td>
      <td>ORTIZ-DE-ZARATE Gorka, ARRIETA Iñaki M., SORIANO Denis, ORUNA Ainara, SOLER Daniel, ARRAZOLA Pedro J.</td>
      <td>1972</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
**Digital image processing algorithm for industrial on-site roughness evaluation in Ti-alloy machining**
RIBEIRO CARVALHO Sílvia Daniela, ARAUJO Anna Carla, HOROVISTIZ Ana, DAVIM João Paulo .................................................................................................................. 1982

**Identification of friction coefficient between uncoated carbide tool and Ti-6Al-4V alloy under different lubrication conditions**
FERSI Achraf, AYED Yessine, LAVISSE Bruno, GERMAIN Guénaël .................................................................................. 1990

**Artificial Intelligence techniques and Internet of things sensors for tool condition monitoring in milling: A review**
FERRISI Stefania, AMBROGIO Giuseppina, GUIDO Rosita, UMBRELLO Domenico .................... 2000

**Tool Condition Monitoring in machining for the workpiece surface quality evaluation**
DEL PRETE Antonio, NYBORG Lars, FRANCHI Rodolfo, PRIMO Teresa ................................................................................ 2011

**Estimation of the residual stress field of laminated aeronautical parts to prevent distortion after machining**
CHAABANI Khayel, BEN SAADA Mariem, LAVISSE Bruno, RITOU Mathieu, GERMAIN Guénaël .................................................................................................................................................................................. 2021

**Microstructure refinement by a novel friction-based processing on Mg-Zn-Ca alloy**
CHEN Ting, FU Banglong, SHEN Junjun, SUHUDDIN Uceu F.H.R., WIESE Björn, DOS SANTOS Jorge F., BERGMANN Jean Pierre, KLUSEMANN Benjamin ................................................................................................................ 2031

**Numerical simulation of milling operations on flexible composite parts**
NUTTE Matthias, RIVIÈRE-LORPHÈVRE Edouard, DAMBLY Valentin, ARRAZOLA Pedro-José, LAZOGLU Ismail, DUCOBU François ................................................................................................................ 2041

**Surface characteristics comparison between additively manufactured Ti6Al4V and wrought Ti6Al4V turned samples**
SAFFIOTI Maria Rosaria, ROTELLA Giovanna, DEL PRETE Antonio ................................................................................ 2050

**Enhancing interfacial bonding strength in fiber metal laminates through metal surface treatments**
LIU Zheng, SIMONETTO Enrico, UMBRELLO Domenico, ROTELLA Giovanna ................................................................................ 2057

**Experimental analysis of burr formation during Ti6Al4V drilling**
DEBARD Benoit, REY Pierre-André, CHERIF Mehdi, CHIRON Thierry, SOMMIER Alain, CHAVATTE Theo................................................................................................................................................................................ 2065

**Applying images processing methods for automation measurement of tool-chip contact length in orthogonal cutting**
FAVIER Camille, LE ROUX Julien, CALAMAZ Madalina, GIRARDOT Jérémie, LIMJE Preshit.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 2075

**The effect of cryogenic assistance on the machinability of Ti54M and energetic approach**
EL HATIMI Imane, WAGNER Vincent, DESSEIN Gilles ................................................................................................................ 2085

**Milling of nickel-based superalloys using throttle cryogenic cooling and micro-lubrication**
IQBAL Asif, SAELZER Jannis, NAUMAN Malik M., BIERMANN Dirk................................................................................................................ 2093
Innovative cryogenic processing for enhanced surface integrity characteristics of stainless steels
KITAY Ozhan, KAYNAK Yusuf..................................................................................2103

A numerical approach to investigate the influence of cutting fluid on tool wear in machining AISI 1045 steel
METHON Grégory, COURBON Cédric, ESPINOUX Frédéric, FRELECHOUX Richard, RECH Joël..................................................................................2113

Material behaviour modelling

Investigations of strain rate sensitivity under different stress triaxialities for DC04
MAIER Lorenz, MARKER Edgar, SCHULZ Fabian, VOLK Wolfram..................................2124

Fatigue resistance of deep drawn parts: A scale bridging simulative study using representative volume elements and crystal plasticity simulations
FEHLEMANN Niklas, HENRICH Manuel, MÜLLER Martina, KÖNEMANN Markus, BERGS Thomas, MÜNSTERMANN Sebastian................................................................2134

A new view on the solution of rate-independent crystal plasticity finite element models
NIJHUIS Björn, PERDAHCIOĞLU Semih, VAN DEN BOOGAARD Ton................................2144

Fatigue life analysis of hot forming dies produced by the L-PBF and WA-DED additive technologies
ALIMOV Artem, SVIRIDOV Alexander, HÄRTEL Sebastian........................................2154

The prospects of implementation of artificial intelligence for modelling of microstructural parameters in metal forming processes
TRETYAKOV Denis, BYLYA Olga, SHITIKOV Andrei, GARTVIG Artur, STEBUNOV Sergey, BIBA Nikolay ..................................................................................2164

Investigation of temperature-dependent mechanical behaviours of polycarbonate with an innovative fractional order model
SUN Lin, CHENG Gang, BARRIERE Thierry................................................................2174

Influence of manufacturing defaults on the behavior of 3D printed lattice structures with a multiscale data-driven approach
COURT Clément, MARENIC Eduard, PASSIEUX Jean-Charles ........................................2182

Modelling ductile fracture in an Al alloy with crystal plasticity models
KHADYKO Mikhail, FRODAL Bjørn Håkon, HOPPERSTAD Odd Sture .................................2190

Computational thermo-mechanical process design by integrating crystal plasticity and phase field model
MIN Kyung Mun, BONG Hyuk Jong, LEE Myoung-Gyu..................................................2200

A robust identification protocol of flow curve adjusting parameters using uniaxial tensile curve
LEMOINE Xavier, MUNIER Rémi, BELLUT Xavier................................................................2210
**Innovative cryogenic processing for enhanced surface integrity characteristics of stainless steels**
KITAY Ozhan, KAYNAK Yusuf..................................................................................2103

**A numerical approach to investigate the influence of cutting fluid on tool wear in machining AISI 1045 steel**
METHON Grégory, COURBON Cédric, ESPINOUX Frédéric, FRELECHOUX Richard, RECH Joël..................................................................................2113

## Material behaviour modelling

**Investigations of strain rate sensitivity under different stress triaxialities for DC04**
MAIER Lorenz, MARKER Edgar, SCHULZ Fabian, VOLK Wolfram................................2124

**Fatigue resistance of deep drawn parts: A scale bridging simulative study using representative volume elements and crystal plasticity simulations**
FEHLEMANN Niklas, HENRICH Manuel, MÜLLER Martina, KÖNEMANN Markus, BERGS Thomas, MÜNSTERMANN Sebastian................................................................2134

**A new view on the solution of rate-independent crystal plasticity finite element models**
NIJHUIS Björn, PERDAHCIOĞLU Semih, VAN DEN BOOGAARD Ton................................2144

**Fatigue life analysis of hot forming dies produced by the L-PBF and WA-DED additive technologies**
ALIMOV Artem, SVIRIDOV Alexander, HÄRTEL Sebastian........................................2154

**The prospects of implementation of artificial intelligence for modelling of microstructural parameters in metal forming processes**
TRETYAKOV Denis, BYLYA Olga, SHITIKOV Andrei, GARTVIG Artur, STEBUNOV Sergey, BIBA Nikolay ..................................................................................2164

**Investigation of temperature-dependent mechanical behaviours of polycarbonate with an innovative fractional order model**
SUN Lin, CHENG Gang, BARRIERE Thierry................................................................2174

**Influence of manufacturing defaults on the behavior of 3D printed lattice structures with a multiscale data-driven approach**
COURT Clément, MARENIC Eduard, PASSIEUX Jean-Charles ........................................2182

**Modelling ductile fracture in an Al alloy with crystal plasticity models**
KHADYKO Mikhail, FRODAL Bjørn Håkon, HOPPERSTAD Odd Sture................................2190

**Computational thermo-mechanical process design by integrating crystal plasticity and phase field model**
MIN Kyung Mun, BONG Hyuk Jong, LEE Myoung-Gyu..................................................2200

**A robust identification protocol of flow curve adjusting parameters using uniaxial tensile curve**
LEMOINE Xavier, MUNIER Rémi, BELLUT Xavier................................................................2210
**High strain rate investigation on the mechanical anisotropy induced by SLM technology on a 3D printed steel**
MANCINI Edoardo, UTZERI Mattia, CORTIS Gabriele, SASSO Marco, CORTIS Daniele, ORLANDI Donato, CORTESE Luca, DI ANGELO Luca................................................................2220

**Mechanical characterization and behavior modelling of Ti-6Al-4V alloy in hot forming conditions**
D'ARCHIVIO Lucas, PENAZZI Luc, VELAY Vincent, VIDAL Vanessa................................2226

**Comparison between different methods to determine material constants of the ZK60 Mg alloy from hot bulge tests data**
CUSANNO Angela, PICCININI Antonio, GUGLIELMI Pasquale, SORGENTE Donato, QIAO Jun, PALUMBO Gianfranco................................................................................2235

**Methodology for the automated spatial mapping of heterogeneous elastoplastic properties of welded joints**
HAMILL Robert, MAREK Aleksander, HARTE Allan, PIERRON Fabrice................................2245

**Investigations on the temperature and strain rate dependent behavior of a reinforced thermoplastic: application in hot incremental forming**
FADDOULD Josephine, RAHME Pierre, GUINES Dominique, LEOTOING Lionel............2252

New and advanced numerical strategies for material forming

**A strategy for minimizing the computational time of simulations involving near-surface embossing of sheet metal materials**
HEINZELMANN Pascal, GÖRZ Marcel, RIEDMÜLLER Kim Rouven, LIEWALD Mathias................................................................................2262

**Mesh sensitivity study in the random cellular automata finite element model of dynamic recrystallization**
SITKO Mateusz, PAWLIKOWSKI Kacper, PERZYNSKI Konrad, MADEJ Lukasz..................2271

**Comparative study of artificial neural network and physics-informed neural network application in sheet metal forming**
MUNZONE Francesco, HAZRATI Javad, HAKVOORT Wouter, VAN DEN BOOGAARD Ton................................................................................2278

**Novel approach for data-driven modelling of multi-stage straightening and bending processes**
PETERS Henning, DJAKOW Eugen, ROSTEK Tim, MAZUR Andreas, TRÄCHTLER Ansgar, HOMBERG Werner, HAMMER Barbara ........................................2289

**Fast prediction of the material displacement in open die forging using neural networks**
JAGTAP Nikhil Vijay, REINISCH Niklas, BAILLY David................................................2299

**Enhancing metal-forming predictions with VR-infused digital twin models**
URIBE David, BAUDOUIN Cyrille, LOCARD Yoan, DURAND Camille, BIGOT Régis....2309

**Effectiveness of machining equipment user guides: A comparative study of augmented reality and traditional media**
GHOBRIAL Mina, SEITIER Philippe, LAGARRIGUE Pierre, GALAUP Michel, GILLES Patrick................................................................................2320
**High strain rate investigation on the mechanical anisotropy induced by SLM technology on a 3D printed steel**
MANCINI Edoardo, UTZERI Mattia, CORTIS Gabriele, SASSO Marco, CORTIS Daniele, ORLANDI Donato, CORTESE Luca, DI ANGELO Luca................................................................2220

**Mechanical characterization and behavior modelling of Ti-6Al-4V alloy in hot forming conditions**
D'ARCHIVIO Lucas, PENAZZI Luc, VELAY Vincent, VIDAL Vanessa................................2226

**Comparison between different methods to determine material constants of the ZK60 Mg alloy from hot bulge tests data**
CUSANNO Angela, PICCININI Antonio, GUGLIELMI Pasquale, SORGENTE Donato, QIAO Jun, PALUMBO Gianfranco................................................................................2235

**Methodology for the automated spatial mapping of heterogeneous elastoplastic properties of welded joints**
HAMILL Robert, MAREK Aleksander, HARTE Allan, PIERRON Fabrice................................2245

**Investigations on the temperature and strain rate dependent behavior of a reinforced thermoplastic: application in hot incremental forming**
FADDOULD Josephine, RAHME Pierre, GUINES Dominique, LEOTOING Lionel............2252

## New and advanced numerical strategies for material forming

**A strategy for minimizing the computational time of simulations involving near-surface embossing of sheet metal materials**
HEINZELMANN Pascal, GÖRZ Marcel, RIEDMÜLLER Kim Rouven, LIEWALD Mathias................................................................................2262

**Mesh sensitivity study in the random cellular automata finite element model of dynamic recrystallization**
SITKO Mateusz, PAWLIKOWSKI Kacper, PERZYNSKI Konrad, MADEJ Lukasz..................2271

**Comparative study of artificial neural network and physics-informed neural network application in sheet metal forming**
MUNZONE Francesco, HAZRATI Javad, HAKVOORT Wouter, VAN DEN BOOGAARD Ton................................................................................2278

**Novel approach for data-driven modelling of multi-stage straightening and bending processes**
PETERS Henning, DJAKOW Eugen, ROSTEK Tim, MAZUR Andreas, TRÄCHTLER Ansgar, HOMBERG Werner, HAMMER Barbara................................2289

**Fast prediction of the material displacement in open die forging using neural networks**
JAGTAP Nikhil Vijay, REINISCH Niklas, BAILLY David................................................2299

**Enhancing metal-forming predictions with VR-infused digital twin models**
URIBE David, BAUDOUIN Cyrille, LOCARD Yoan, DURAND Camille, BIGOT Régis....2309

**Effectiveness of machining equipment user guides: A comparative study of augmented reality and traditional media**
GHOBRIAL Mina, SEITIER Philippe, LAGARRIGUE Pierre, GALAUP Michel, GILLES Patrick................................................................................2320
**Accurate 3D modeling of laser-matter interaction in the AFP process by a conductive-radiative FEM approach**
STORTI Bruno A., LE REUN Adrien, LE CORRE Steven 2329

**Full field Continuous dynamic recrystallization simulations considering precipitates evolutions with DIGIMU®**
DE MICHELI Pascal, ALVARADO Karen, GRAND Victor, BERNACKI Marc 2339

**Numerical investigation of the effects of process parameters on forming load and failure in hot nosing process**
TURSUN Huseyin, OZASLAN Emre, YETGIN Ali, ACAR Bulent 2347

**Eigenstrain method in simulations of laser peen forming of curved surfaces**
POLTL Dominik, TEJA SALA Siva, KASHAEV Nikolai, KLUSEMANN Benjamin 2355

## Non-conventional processes

**Experimental derivation of process input parameters for electrochemical precision machining of a powder metallurgical tool steel**
PETERMANN Richard, CLAUß Pascal, DAMM Philipp, MEICHSNER Gunnar, HACKERT-OSCHÄTZCHEN Matthias 2365

**Novel approach for reducing thinning during forming of foil metal**
MEERKAMP Max, UHLMANN Lars, MÜLLER Martina, HERRIG Tim, BERGS Thomas 2374

**Experimental evidence on the twisting of incrementally formed polymer sheets by varying the toolpath strategy**
FORMISANO Antonio, BOCCARUSSO Luca, DE FAZIO Dario, PRISCO Umberto, DURANTE Massimo, LANGELLA Antonio 2383

**Investigation of the Influences on the Indentation of tubes under lateral loads by segmented forming tools using DoE**
REUTER Jonas, ASLANIDIS Apostolos, ENGEL Bernd 2390

**Simulation-based analysis of electrical current induction in a device for electrochemical precision machining of Nd Fe B permanent magnets**
THIELECKE Alexander, HACKERT-OSCHÄTZCHEN Matthias, MEICHSNER Gunnar, BERGER Thomas, LOEBEL Sascha, MARTIN André, SCHULZE Robin, SCHUBERT Andreas 2400

**Recycling of thermoset fiberglass by direct molding of ground powders**
BELLISARIO Denise, IORIO Leandro, PROIETTI Alice, QUADRINI Fabrizio, SANTO Loredana 2410

**Manufacturing of a shape memory polymer composite actuator with embedded heater**
IORIO Leandro, PROIETTI Alice, BELLISARIO Denise, QUADRINI Fabrizio, SANTO Loredana 2419

**Cellular automata and crystal plasticity modelling for metal additive manufacturing**
KAVOUSI Majid, MCGARRY Patrick, MCHUGH Peter, LEEN Seán 2429
**Accurate 3D modeling of laser-matter interaction in the AFP process by a conductive-radiative FEM approach**
STORTI Bruno A., LE REUN Adrien, LE CORRE Steven 2329

**Full field Continuous dynamic recrystallization simulations considering precipitates evolutions with DIGIMU®**
DE MICHELI Pascal, ALVARADO Karen, GRAND Victor, BERNACKI Marc 2339

**Numerical investigation of the effects of process parameters on forming load and failure in hot nosing process**
TURSUN Huseyin, OZASLAN Emre, YETGIN Ali, ACAR Bulent 2347

**Eigenstrain method in simulations of laser peen forming of curved surfaces**
POLTL Dominik, TEJA SALA Siva, KASHAEV Nikolai, KLUSEMANN Benjamin 2355

## Non-conventional processes

**Experimental derivation of process input parameters for electrochemical precision machining of a powder metallurgical tool steel**
PETERMANN Richard, CLAUß Pascal, DAMM Philipp, MEICHSNER Gunnar, HACKERT-OSCHÄTZCHEN Matthias 2365

**Novel approach for reducing thinning during forming of foil metal**
MEERKAMP Max, UHLMANN Lars, MÜLLER Martina, HERRIG Tim, BERGS Thomas 2374

**Experimental evidence on the twisting of incrementally formed polymer sheets by varying the toolpath strategy**
FORMISANO Antonio, BOCCARUSSO Luca, DE FAZIO Dario, PRISCO Umberto, DURANTE Massimo, LANGELLA Antonio 2383

**Investigation of the Influences on the Indentation of tubes under lateral loads by segmented forming tools using DoE**
REUTER Jonas, ASLANIDIS Apostolos, ENGEL Bernd 2390

**Simulation-based analysis of electrical current induction in a device for electrochemical precision machining of Nd Fe B permanent magnets**
THIELECKE Alexander, HACKERT-OSCHÄTZCHEN Matthias, MEICHSNER Gunnar, BERGER Thomas, LOEBEL Sascha, MARTIN André, SCHULZE Robin, SCHUBERT Andreas 2400

**Recycling of thermoset fiberglass by direct molding of ground powders**
BELLISARIO Denise, IORIO Leandro, PROIETTI Alice, QUADRINI Fabrizio, SANTO Loredana 2410

**Manufacturing of a shape memory polymer composite actuator with embedded heater**
IORIO Leandro, PROIETTI Alice, BELLISARIO Denise, QUADRINI Fabrizio, SANTO Loredana 2419

**Cellular automata and crystal plasticity modelling for metal additive manufacturing**
KAVOUSI Majid, MCGARRY Patrick, MCHUGH Peter, LEEN Seán 2429
Influences of line and contact impedance of the efficiency by non-conventional processes

HERZIG Mathias, SCHULZE Hans-Peter, KRÖNING Oliver 2437

Process analysis using adapted Rogowski coil for non-conventional processes

DARAWISH Haytham, HERZIG Mathias, SCHULZE Hans-Peter, KRÖNING Oliver 2446

Manufacturing of shape memory foams in hypergravity and simulated microgravity

SANTO Loredana, IORIO Leandro, PROIETTI Alice, BELLISARIO Denise, QUADRINI Fabrizio, IOPPOLO Pietro, PECCI Raffaella 2455

One-shot drilling of unconventional thin metal hybrid stacks for aerospace applications

PANICO Martina, D'AGOSTINO Emmanuele, DE ROSA Vincenzo, DURANTE Massimo, MESSERE Serena, LANGELLA Antonio, BOCCARUSSO Luca 2462

Investigations on the production and forming of thermoplastic ceramic green tapes

TRÂN Ricardo, MANNSCHATZ Anne, PSYK Verena, GÜNTHER Anne, DIX Martin 2472

Virtual inline compensation by single point-tracking in free-form bending

SCANDOLA Lorenzo, BÖHM Viktor, MAIER Daniel, VOLK Wolfram 2482

Nano-texturing orientation effect on the piercing behavior of five stacked amorphous electrical steel sheets

SHIRATORI Tomomi, ITO Kentaro, FURUHATA Suguri, AIZAWA Tatsuhiko 2492

Improving room temperature formability of twin-roll cast Mg-Al-Zn-Sn alloy by repeated bending

TOZUKA Hotaka, WATARI Hisaki, HAGAToshio 2499

The influence of signal type and distance to the sound source on sound transmission through small 3D printed polymer panels

HRITUC Adelina, MIHALACHE Andrei Marius, DODUN Oana, NAGÎT Gheorghe, SLĂTINEANU Laurențiu 2506

Perforation resistance of some materials in 3D printed parts

NICOLAU Mihaela, HRITUC Adelina, MIHALACHE Marius-Andrei, NAGÎT Gheorghe, DUȘA Petru, CRĂCIUN Elisaveta, MUNTEANU Adriana, DODUN Oana, SLATINEANU Laurențiu 2514

Reprocessable vitrimeric composites metallized via cold spray:

A preliminary study on the feasibility of novel hybrid structures

PERNA Alessia Serena, VISCUSI Antonio, MARTONE Alfonso, PALMIERI Barbara, CILENTO Fabrizia, GIORDANO Michele, TUCCI Fausto, BORRELLI Domenico, CARAVIELLO Antonio, SICIGNANO Nicola 2524

Applicability of productivity enhanced sinking-EDM of cemented carbide forming tools for bipolar plates

PETERSEN Timm, VOIGTS Herman, HERRIG Tim, BERGS Thomas 2534

Effect of process parameters on final geometry and quality in hot tube spinning process

GUNES Murat, ERDEM Nagihan, YIGIT Mehmet 2544
Influences of line and contact impedance of the efficiency by non-conventional processes

HERZIG Mathias, SCHULZE Hans-Peter, KRÖNING Oliver 2437

Process analysis using adapted Rogowski coil for non-conventional processes

DARAWISH Haytham, HERZIG Mathias, SCHULZE Hans-Peter, KRÖNING Oliver 2446

Manufacturing of shape memory foams in hypergravity and simulated microgravity

SANTO Loredana, IORIO Leandro, PROIETTI Alice, BELLISARIO Denise, QUADRINI Fabrizio, IOPPOLO Pietro, PECCI Raffaella 2455

One-shot drilling of unconventional thin metal hybrid stacks for aerospace applications

PANICO Martina, D'AGOSTINO Emmanuele, DE ROSA Vincenzo, DURANTE Massimo, MESSERE Serena, LANGELLA Antonio, BOCCARUSSO Luca 2462

Investigations on the production and forming of thermoplastic ceramic green tapes

TRÂN Ricardo, MANNSCHATZ Anne, PSYK Verena, GÜNTHER Anne, DIX Martin 2472

Virtual inline compensation by single point-tracking in free-form bending

SCANDOLA Lorenzo, BÖHM Viktor, MAIER Daniel, VOLK Wolfram 2482

Nano-texturing orientation effect on the piercing behavior of five stacked amorphous electrical steel sheets

SHIRATORI Tomomi, ITO Kentaro, FURUHATA Suguri, AIZAWA Tatsuhiko 2492

Improving room temperature formability of twin-roll cast Mg-Al-Zn-Sn alloy by repeated bending

TOZUKA Hotaka, WATARI Hisaki, HAGAToshio 2499

The influence of signal type and distance to the sound source on sound transmission through small 3D printed polymer panels

HRITUC Adelina, MIHALACHE Andrei Marius, DODUN Oana, NAGÎT Gheorghe, SLĂTINEANU Laurențiu 2506

Perforation resistance of some materials in 3D printed parts

NICOLAU Mihaela, HRITUC Adelina, MIHALACHE Marius-Andrei, NAGÎT Gheorghe, DUŞA Petru, CRĂCIUN Elisaveta, MUNTEANU Adriana, DODUN Oana, SLATINEANU Laurențiu 2514

Reprocessable vitrimeric composites metallized via cold spray:

A preliminary study on the feasibility of novel hybrid structures

PERNA Alessia Serena, VISCUSI Antonio, MARTONE Alfonso, PALMIERI Barbara, CILENTO Fabrizia, GIORDANO Michele, TUCCI Fausto, BORRELLI Domenico, CARAVIELLO Antonio, SICIGNANO Nicola 2524

Applicability of productivity enhanced sinking-EDM of cemented carbide forming tools for bipolar plates

PETERSEN Timm, VOIGTS Herman, HERRIG Tim, BERGS Thomas 2534

Effect of process parameters on final geometry and quality in hot tube spinning process

GUNES Murat, ERDEM Nagihan, YIGIT Mehmet 2544
**Identification of the thermal conductivity of polymer materials during their crystallization**

MOUSSALLEM Rita, EL RASSY Elissa, FARAJ Jalal, LEFEVRE Nicolas, BAILLEUL Jean-Luc..................................................................................................................2668

**Monitoring the temperature during thermoplastic composites assembling with fibre Bragg gratings: Validation using a rheometer**

KORYCKI Adrian, CARASSUS Fabrice, GARNIER Christan, CHABERT France, CASARI Pascal, DJILALI Toufik ..................................................................................................................2678

**Analysis of the effect of draft angle and surface roughness on ejection forces in micro injection molding**

MACIARIELLO Francesco, LUCCHETTA Giovanni, SORGATO Marco ..................................................2686

**Evaluation of thermal properties of PEEK samples made by MEX**

SPINA Roberto, GURRADO Nicola ..................................................................................................................2895

**Study of surface grinding of PEEK parts**

SPINA Roberto, GURRADO Nicola ..................................................................................................................2702

**Multi-material topology optimization of additively manufactured thermoplastic molds for heat transfer enhancement**

STORTI Bruno A., SOBOTKA Vincent, ÁLVAREZ HOSTOS Juan C., LEFEVRE Nicolás, LE CORRE Steven, FACHINOTTI Victor..................................................................................2710

**A melt flow index-based approach for the viscosity curves determination**

oubellaouch Keltoum, PELACCIA Riccardo, POZZI Paolo, ZANIBONI Giulia, ORAZI Leonardo, DONATI Lorenzo, REGGIANI Barbara..................................................2720

**Investigation of the effects of gas-counter-pressure injection molding on the properties and manufacturability of post-consumer recycled polypropylene**

BORTOLETTO Anna, BOVO Enrico, SORGATO Marco, LUCCHETTA Giovanni ..................................................2730

**Design optimization of filament wound cylinder by considering process induced residual stresses**

PALMIERI Barbara, BIANCHI Iacopo, DE PRISCO Nello, FORCELLESE Archimede, MANCIA Tommaso, SIMONCINI Michela, DE TOMMASO Giuseppe, PETRICCIONE A., MARTONE Alfonso ..................................................................................................................2740

**Influence of the use of mechanically recycled pet in injection stretch blow moulding process (ISBM)**

VIORA Laurianne, BOUVARD Jean-Luc, COMBEAUD Christelle ..................................................................................2751

**Injection molding control parameter assessment by nested Taguchi design of simulation experiments: a case study**

ILIOPOULOU Vasiliki, VOSNIAKOS George-Christopher ..................................................................................2757

## Sustainability on material forming

**A combined finite element – Life cycle assessment approach for assessing the sustainability of the thermoforming process of a thermoplastic composite component**

STAMOPOULOS Antonios G., LA ROSA Angela Daniela, CREONTI Gianluigi ..................................................2767
**Wear monitoring of metal sheet stamping process driven by acoustic emission data**
TIANJIAO Bi, LEI Li, HAIHONG Huang..................................................................................2778

**Property grading by friction induced and continuous solid-state recycling of
aluminium scrap**
BORGERT Thomas, NORDIEKER Ansgar, HOMBERG Werner................................................2787

**Influence of surface treatments on the fatigue strength of cross bores in shafts from
EN-GJS700-2**
UHLMANN Lars, DADGAR Mohammad, MÜLLER Martina, HERRIG Tim,
BERGS Thomas....................................................................................................................2796

**Preliminary investigation of the energy consumption in friction stir welding of
aluminum alloys**
COZZOLINO Ersilia, SILVESTRI Alessia Teresa, DE ALTERIIS Giorgio,
ASTARITA Antonello, SCHIANO LO MORIELLO Rosaro, SQUILLACE Antonino............2805

**Innovative control system for straightening machines using sensor information
from downstream processes**
BATHELT Lukas, DJAKOW Eugen, HENKE Christian, TRÄCHTLER Ansgar....................2813

**Friction stir-assisted cladding: Solid-state recycling of machine shop scrap for
sustainable metal production**
KAUSHIK Pankaj, DATE Prashant P. ................................................................................2822

**Assessing single and multi-step friction stir consolidated recycled billets through
uniaxial upsetting test**
LATIF Abdul, INGARAO Giuseppe, FRATINI Livan, HETZ Peter,
MERKLEIN Marion........................................................................................................2829

**Investigation of the reshaping process by hydroforming using
magnetorheological fluids**
PICCININNI Antonio, CUSANNO Angela, INGARAO Giuseppe, PALUMBO Gianfranco,
FRATINI Livan................................................................................................................2839

**Remanufacturing process chain for end-of-life aluminium car body parts: Technical and
economic analysis**
FARIOLI Daniele, MURGESE Luca, PINARDI Camilla, KAYA Ertuğrul,
STRANO Matteo................................................................................................................2850

**Sustainability and economic assessment of an innovative automated filament
winding process**
BIANCHI Iacopo, DE PRISCO Nello, MANCIA Tommaso, MARTONE Alfonso,
PALMIERI Barbara, SIMONCINI Michela, VERDINI Tommaso........................................2861

**Finite element analysis and life cycle assessment for CFRP laminates in
marine applications**
GENTILI Serena, GRECO Luciano, FORCELLESE Archimede, MIGNANELLI Chiara,
PAPPADÀ Silvio, SALOMI Andrea, VITA Alessio, ZANZARELLI Giuseppe....................2871

**Life cycle assessment (LCA) of a novel solid-state recycling process for
aluminum alloy AA6063 chips via direct hot rolling**
CARTA Mauro, BEN KHALIFA Noomane, BUONADONNA Pasquale,
MELE Alessandro, EL MEHTEDI Mohamad....................................................................2881
**Wear monitoring of metal sheet stamping process driven by acoustic emission data**
TIANJIAO Bi, LEI Li, HAIHONG Huang..................................................................................2778

**Property grading by friction induced and continuous solid-state recycling of
aluminium scrap**
BORGERT Thomas, NORDIEKER Ansgar, HOMBERG Werner..................................................2787

**Influence of surface treatments on the fatigue strength of cross bores in shafts from
EN-GJS700-2**
UHLMANN Lars, DADGAR Mohammad, MÜLLER Martina, HERRIG Tim,
BERGS Thomas.................................................................................................................................2796

**Preliminary investigation of the energy consumption in friction stir welding of
aluminum alloys**
COZZOLINO Ersilia, SILVESTRI Alessia Teresa, DE ALTERIIS Giorgio,
ASTARITA Antonello, SCHIANO LO MORIELLO Rosaro, SQUILLACE Antonino............2805

**Innovative control system for straightening machines using sensor information
from downstream processes**
BATHELT Lukas, DJAKOW Eugen, HENKE Christian, TRÄCHTLER Ansgar..................2813

**Friction stir-assisted cladding: Solid-state recycling of machine shop scrap for
sustainable metal production**
KAUSHIK Pankaj, DATE Prashant P. ....................................................................................2822

**Assessing single and multi-step friction stir consolidated recycled billets through
uniaxial upsetting test**
LATIF Abdul, INGARAO Giuseppe, FRATINI Livan, HETZ Peter,
MERKLEIN Marion....................................................................................................................2829

**Investigation of the reshaping process by hydroforming using
magnetorheological fluids**
PICCININNI Antonio, CUSANNO Angela, INGARAO Giuseppe, PALUMBO Gianfranco,
FRATINI Livan.................................................................................................................................2839

**Remanufacturing process chain for end-of-life aluminium car body parts: Technical and
economic analysis**
FARIOLI Daniele, MURGESE Luca, PINARDI Camilla, KAYA Ertuğrul,
STRANO Matteo.................................................................................................................................2850

**Sustainability and economic assessment of an innovative automated filament
winding process**
BIANCHI Iacopo, DE PRISCO Nello, MANCIA Tommaso, MARTONE Alfonso,
PALMIERI Barbara, SIMONCINI Michela, VERDINI Tommaso................................................2861

**Finite element analysis and life cycle assessment for CFRP laminates in
marine applications**
GENTILI Serena, GRECO Luciano, FORCELLESE Archimede, MIGNANELLI Chiara,
PAPPADÀ Silvio, SALOMI Andrea, VITA Alessio, ZANZARELLI Giuseppe..................2871

**Life cycle assessment (LCA) of a novel solid-state recycling process for
aluminum alloy AA6063 chips via direct hot rolling**
CARTA Mauro, BEN KHALIFA Noomane, BUONADONNA Pasquale,
MELE Alessandro, EL MEHTEDI Mohamad........................................................................2881
**Monitoring of the friction stir welding process: A preliminary study**

SILVESTRI Alessia Teresa, COZZOLINO Ersilia, DE ALTERIIS Giorgio, ASTARITA Antonello, SCHIANO LO MORIELLO Rosario, SQUILLACE Antonino........2891

**Liquid nitrogen jet impingement cooling of ultra-high strength steel in hot stamping process**

CAO Dongsheng, LI Lei, HUANG Haihong................................................................................2901

*Keyword index*

*About the editors*
**Monitoring of the friction stir welding process: A preliminary study**

SILVESTRI Alessia Teresa, COZZOLINO Ersilia, DE ALTERIIS Giorgio, ASTARITA Antonello, SCHIANO LO MORIELLO Rosario, SQUILLACE Antonino........2891

**Liquid nitrogen jet impingement cooling of ultra-high strength steel in hot stamping process**

CAO Dongsheng, LI Lei, HUANG Haihong................................................................................2901

*Keyword index*

*About the editors*
# Preface

Proceedings of the 27th International ESAFORM Conference on Material Forming
(ESAFORM 2024)

The European Scientific Association for material FORMing – ESAFORM – was founded in 1997 with the mission to stimulate applied and fundamental research in the broad field of material forming. The first conference took place in France in 1998. This conference has been held every year since. The aim of the event is to bring together researchers in the field to encourage discussion, collaboration and exchange of ideas. The research on material forming has never been so active, as evidenced by the high number of attendees (425 participants, of whom 15% from outside Europe) at the 27th International Conference on Material Forming, held in Toulouse, France, from 24 to 26 April, 2024.

The conference is hosted by the University of Toulouse, which comprises 31 faculties, including engineering schools, 144 research laboratories and institutes for 105 000 students including 14% of international students, from bachelor to doctoral levels. The University of Toulouse is spread across several cities in the Occitanie region. This region of France is home to the European aerospace industry with more than 800 companies stimulating research in material forming.

During the ESAFORM 2024 conference, 330 oral presentations were presented in fifteen mini-symposia covering a wide range of topics: Additive manufacturing; Composites forming processes; Extrusion and drawing; Forging and rolling; Formability of metallic materials; Friction and wear in metal forming; Incremental and sheet metal forming; Innovative joining by forming technologies; Optimization and inverse analysis in forming; Machining, Cutting and severe plastic deformation processes; Material behavior modelling; New and advanced numerical strategies for material forming; Non-conventional processes; Polymer processing and thermomechanical properties; Sustainability on material forming.

We would like to thank all the authors for their contribution and the support of the scientific committee, the mini-symposia organizers, our sponsors and institutional supporters, as well as all the members of the ESAFORM board of directors and the invaluable support from its President, Professor Livan Fratini.

Special thanks go to Professor Banabic, Professor Barlat and Professor Kuwabara who have greatly contributed to the development of ESAFORM.
# Preface

Proceedings of the 27th International ESAFORM Conference on Material Forming
(ESAFORM 2024)

The European Scientific Association for material FORMing – ESAFORM – was founded in 1997 with the mission to stimulate applied and fundamental research in the broad field of material forming. The first conference took place in France in 1998. This conference has been held every year since. The aim of the event is to bring together researchers in the field to encourage discussion, collaboration and exchange of ideas. The research on material forming has never been so active, as evidenced by the high number of attendees (425 participants, of whom 15% from outside Europe) at the 27th International Conference on Material Forming, held in Toulouse, France, from 24 to 26 April, 2024.

The conference is hosted by the University of Toulouse, which comprises 31 faculties, including engineering schools, 144 research laboratories and institutes for 105 000 students including 14% of international students, from bachelor to doctoral levels. The University of Toulouse is spread across several cities in the Occitanie region. This region of France is home to the European aerospace industry with more than 800 companies stimulating research in material forming.

During the ESAFORM 2024 conference, 330 oral presentations were presented in fifteen mini-symposia covering a wide range of topics: Additive manufacturing; Composites forming processes; Extrusion and drawing; Forging and rolling; Formability of metallic materials; Friction and wear in metal forming; Incremental and sheet metal forming; Innovative joining by forming technologies; Optimization and inverse analysis in forming; Machining, Cutting and severe plastic deformation processes; Material behavior modelling; New and advanced numerical strategies for material forming; Non-conventional processes; Polymer processing and thermomechanical properties; Sustainability on material forming.

We would like to thank all the authors for their contribution and the support of the scientific committee, the mini-symposia organizers, our sponsors and institutional supporters, as well as all the members of the ESAFORM board of directors and the invaluable support from its President, Professor Livan Fratini.

Special thanks go to Professor Banabic, Professor Barlat and Professor Kuwabara who have greatly contributed to the development of ESAFORM.
# Committees

## Chairs

Anna Carla Araujo

France Chabert

Philippe Olivier

Fabrice Schmidt

## Organizing committee

Ass. Prof. Arthur Cantarel

Ass. Prof. Christian Garnier

Dr. Adrian Korycki

Ass. Prof. Anis Hor

Ass. Prof. Etienne Copin

Prof. Clement Keller

Ass. Prof. Marina Fazzini

## Scientific committee

Prof. Akinori Yamanaka, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan

Prof. Alexander Brosius, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany

Prof. Anne Habraken, University of Liège, Belgium

Dr. Anne Mertens, University of Liège, Belgium

Prof. Antonello Astarita, University of Naples Federico II, Italy

Prof. António Gil Andrade-Campos, University of Aveiro, Portugal

Prof. Barbara Reggiani, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy

Prof. Beatriz Silva, University of Lisbon, Portugal

Prof. Benjamin Klusemann, Leuphana Universität Lüneburg, Germany

Prof. Bernd-Arno Behrens, University of Hannover, Germany

Prof. Carpoforo Vallellano, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain

Prof. Celal Soyarslan, University of Twente, Netherlands

Dr. Cédric Courbon, École nationale d'ingénieurs de Saint-Étienne, France

Prof. Celal Soyarslan, University of Twente, Netherlands

Dr. Chris Valentin Nielsen, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark

Dr. Christian Garnier, ENIT de Tarbes, France

Dr. Daniel Cooper, University of Michigan, USA

Dr. Denise Bellisario, Universitas Mercatorum, Rome, Italy

Prof. Dermot Brabazon, Dublin City University, Ireland

Dr. Dmitry Ivanov, University of Bristol, UK

Dr. Domenico Umbrello, University of Calabria, Italy

Prof. Fabienne Delaunois, Université de Mons, Belgium

Prof. France Chabert, ENIT de Tarbes, France

Dr. Francois Ducobu, Université de Mons, Belgium

Prof. Gary Menary, Queen's University Belfast, UK

Dr. Gabriela Vincze, University of Aveiro, Portugal

Prof. Gianluca Buffa, University of Palermo, Italy

Prof. Giovanna Rotella, University of Salento, Italy

Prof. Giusy Ambrogio, Università della Calabria, Italy

Dr. Gorka Ortiz de Zarate, Mondragon Unibertsitatea, Spain

Dr. Guenael Germain, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, France

Dr. Hans-Peter Schulze, Leukhardt Schaltanlagen Systemtechnik GmbH,

Magdeburg, Germany Prof. Hinnerk Hagenah, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-

Nürnberg, Germany

Dr. Holger Aretz, Speira Gmbh Germany
# Committees

## Chairs

Anna Carla Araujo

France Chabert

Philippe Olivier

Fabrice Schmidt

## Organizing committee

Ass. Prof. Arthur Cantarel

Ass. Prof. Christian Garnier

Dr. Adrian Korycki

Ass. Prof. Anis Hor

Ass. Prof. Etienne Copin

Prof. Clement Keller

Ass. Prof. Marina Fazzini

## Scientific committee

Prof. Akinori Yamanaka, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan

Prof. Alexander Brosius, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany

Prof. Anne Habraken, University of Liège, Belgium

Dr. Anne Mertens, University of Liège, Belgium

Prof. Antonello Astarita, University of Naples Federico II, Italy

Prof. António Gil Andrade-Campos, University of Aveiro, Portugal

Prof. Barbara Reggiani, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy

Prof. Beatriz Silva, University of Lisbon, Portugal

Prof. Benjamin Klusemann, Leuphana Universität Lüneburg, Germany

Prof. Bernd-Arno Behrens, University of Hannover, Germany

Prof. Carpoforo Vallellano, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain

Prof. Celal Soyarslan, University of Twente, Netherlands

Dr. Cédric Courbon, École nationale d'ingénieurs de Saint-Étienne, France

Prof. Celal Soyarslan, University of Twente, Netherlands

Dr. Chris Valentin Nielsen, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark

Dr. Christian Garnier, ENIT de Tarbes, France

Dr. Daniel Cooper, University of Michigan, USA

Dr. Denise Bellisario, Universitas Mercatorum, Rome, Italy

Prof. Dermot Brabazon, Dublin City University, Ireland

Dr. Dmitry Ivanov, University of Bristol, UK

Dr. Domenico Umbrello, University of Calabria, Italy

Prof. Fabienne Delaunois, Université de Mons, Belgium

Prof. France Chabert, ENIT de Tarbes, France

Dr. Francois Ducobu, Université de Mons, Belgium

Prof. Gary Menary, Queen's University Belfast, UK

Dr. Gabriela Vincze, University of Aveiro, Portugal

Prof. Gianluca Buffa, University of Palermo, Italy

Prof. Giovanna Rotella, University of Salento, Italy

Prof. Giusy Ambrogio, Università della Calabria, Italy

Dr. Gorka Ortiz de Zarate, Mondragon Unibertsitatea, Spain

Dr. Guenael Germain, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, France

Dr. Hans-Peter Schulze, Leukhardt Schaltanlagen Systemtechnik GmbH,

Magdeburg, Germany Prof. Hinnerk Hagenah, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-

Nürnberg, Germany

Dr. Holger Aretz, Speira Gmbh Germany
Prof. Halilovič Miroslav, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia

Dr. Ihab Ragai, Penn State University, USA

Prof. James A. Sherwood, University of Massachusetts Lowell, USA

Dr. Javad Hazrati, University of Twente, Netherlands

Prof. Katia Mocellin, MINES ParisTech, France

Prof. Laurentiu Slatineanu, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Romania

Dr. Lander Galdos, Mondragon University, Spain

Dr. Lionel Leotoing, INSA Rennes, France

Prof. Stepan Lomov, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium

Prof. Loredana Santo, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy

Prof. Lorenzo Donati, University of Bologna, Italy

Prof. Luise Kärger, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Germany

Prof. Lukasz Madej, AGH University of Krakow, Poland

Dr. Malte Stonis, IPH Hannover, Germany

Prof. Marc Bernacki, MINES ParisTech, France

Dr. Margareta Coteata, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Romania

Dr. Mariangela Quarto, University of Bergamo, Italy

Dr. Marilena Butuc, University of Aveiro, Portugal

Prof. Marion Merklein, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany

Prof. Massimo Durante, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy

Prof. Matteo Strano, Politecnico di Milano, Italy

Prof. Matthias Hackert-Oschätzchen, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany

Prof. Mihaela Banu, University of Michigan, USA

Prof. Nadine Allanic, Université de Nantes, France

Prof. Noomane Ben Khalifa, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Germany

Dr. Olivier De Almeida, IMT Mines Albi, Institut Clément Ader, France

Dr. Paola Serena Ginestra, University of Brescia, Italy

Prof. Pedro J. Arrazola, Mondragon University, Spain

Prof. Peter Groche, Technischen Universität Darmstadt, Germany

Prof. Pierpaolo Carlone, University of Salerno, Italy

Prof. Remko Akkerman, University of Twente, Netherlands

Dr. Roberto Spina, Politecnico di Bari, Italy

Prof. Rosa Di Lorenzo, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy

Prof. Sam Coppieters, KU Leuven, Belgium

Dr. Sandra Raquel de Sousa Monteiro, University of Coimbra, Portugal

Prof. Sandrine Thuillier, Université Bretagne Sud, France

Prof. Sebastian Härtel, BTU Cottbus, Germany

Prof. Semih Perdahcioglu, University of Twente, Netherlands

Dr. Sumsun Naher, City University of London, UK

Prof. Sylvain Lavernhe, Université Paris-Saclay, France

Prof. Takashi Matsumura, Tokyo Denki University, Japan

Prof. Takayuki Hama, Kyoto University, Japan

Prof. Torgeir Welo, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige Universitet, Norway

Prof. Tudor Balan, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, France

Prof. Vincent Sobotka, University of Nantes, France

Prof. Wolfram Volk, Technische Universität München, Germany
Prof. Halilovič Miroslav, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia

Dr. Ihab Ragai, Penn State University, USA

Prof. James A. Sherwood, University of Massachusetts Lowell, USA

Dr. Javad Hazrati, University of Twente, Netherlands

Prof. Katia Mocellin, MINES ParisTech, France

Prof. Laurentiu Slatineanu, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Romania

Dr. Lander Galdos, Mondragon University, Spain

Dr. Lionel Leotoing, INSA Rennes, France

Prof. Stepan Lomov, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium

Prof. Loredana Santo, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy

Prof. Lorenzo Donati, University of Bologna, Italy

Prof. Luise Kärger, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Germany

Prof. Lukasz Madej, AGH University of Krakow, Poland

Dr. Malte Stonis, IPH Hannover, Germany

Prof. Marc Bernacki, MINES ParisTech, France

Dr. Margareta Coteata, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Romania

Dr. Mariangela Quarto, University of Bergamo, Italy

Dr. Marilena Butuc, University of Aveiro, Portugal

Prof. Marion Merklein, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany

Prof. Massimo Durante, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy

Prof. Matteo Strano, Politecnico di Milano, Italy

Prof. Matthias Hackert-Oschätzchen, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany

Prof. Mihaela Banu, University of Michigan, USA

Prof. Nadine Allanic, Université de Nantes, France

Prof. Noomane Ben Khalifa, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Germany

Dr. Olivier De Almeida, IMT Mines Albi, Institut Clément Ader, France

Dr. Paola Serena Ginestra, University of Brescia, Italy

Prof. Pedro J. Arrazola, Mondragon University, Spain

Prof. Peter Groche, Technischen Universität Darmstadt, Germany

Prof. Pierpaolo Carlone, University of Salerno, Italy

Prof. Remko Akkerman, University of Twente, Netherlands

Dr. Roberto Spina, Politecnico di Bari, Italy

Prof. Rosa Di Lorenzo, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy

Prof. Sam Coppieters, KU Leuven, Belgium

Dr. Sandra Raquel de Sousa Monteiro, University of Coimbra, Portugal

Prof. Sandrine Thuillier, Université Bretagne Sud, France

Prof. Sebastian Härtel, BTU Cottbus, Germany

Prof. Semih Perdahcioglu, University of Twente, Netherlands

Dr. Sumsun Naher, City University of London, UK

Prof. Sylvain Lavernhe, Université Paris-Saclay, France

Prof. Takashi Matsumura, Tokyo Denki University, Japan

Prof. Takayuki Hama, Kyoto University, Japan

Prof. Torgeir Welo, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige Universitet, Norway

Prof. Tudor Balan, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, France

Prof. Vincent Sobotka, University of Nantes, France

Prof. Wolfram Volk, Technische Universität München, Germany
## Esaform Board of Directors

Prof. Livan FRATINI, President, University of Palermo, Italy

Prof. Robertt VALENTE, Vice-President, University of Aveiro, Portugal

Dr. Katia MOCELLIN, Treasurer, Ecole des Mines de Paris, France

Prof. Hinnerk HAGENAH, Secretary, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany

Prof. Sandrine THUILLIER, Deputy-Secretary, University of South Brittany, France

Prof. Ton van den BOOGAARD, Past-President, University of Twente, The Netherlands

Prof. Markus BAMBACH, ETH Zürich, Switzerland

Prof. Dorel BANABIC, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania

Prof. Dermot BRABAZON, Dublin City University, Ireland

Prof. Pierpaolo CARLONE, University of Salerno, Italy

Prof. France CHABERT, University of Toulouse, France

Prof. Joost DUFLOU, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium

Prof. Junhe LIAN, University of Aalto, Finland

Prof. Anne-Marie HABRAKEN, University of Liège, Belgium

Prof. Benjamin KLUSEMANN, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Germany

Prof. Lukasz MADEJ, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland

Dr. Gary MENARY, Queen's University of Belfast, UK

Dr. Sumsun NAHER, City University of London, UK

Prof. Marta OLIVEIRA, University of Coimbra, Portugal

Dr. Verena PSYK, Fraunhofer Institute for Machine Tools and Forming Technology, Germany

Dr. Domenico UMBRELLO, University of Calabria, Italy

Dr. Gabriela VINCZE, University of Aveiro, Portugal
Esaform Board of Directors

Prof. Livan FRATINI, President, University of Palermo, Italy

Prof. Robertt VALENTE, Vice-President, University of Aveiro, Portugal

Dr. Katia MOCELLIN, Treasurer, Ecole des Mines de Paris, France

Prof. Hinnerk HAGENAH, Secretary, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany

Prof. Sandrine THUILLIER, Deputy-Secretary, University of South Brittany, France

Prof. Ton van den BOOGAARD, Past-President, University of Twente, The Netherlands

Prof. Markus BAMBACH, ETH Zürich, Switzerland

Prof. Dorel BANABIC, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania

Prof. Dermot BRABAZON, Dublin City University, Ireland

Prof. Pierpaolo CARLONE, University of Salerno, Italy

Prof. France CHABERT, University of Toulouse, France

Prof. Joost DUFLOU, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium

Prof. Junhe LIAN, University of Aalto, Finland

Prof. Anne-Marie HABRAKEN, University of Liège, Belgium

Prof. Benjamin KLUSEMANN, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Germany

Prof. Lukasz MADEJ, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland

Dr. Gary MENARY, Queen's University of Belfast, UK

Dr. Sumsun NAHER, City University of London, UK

Prof. Marta OLIVEIRA, University of Coimbra, Portugal

Dr. Verena PSYK, Fraunhofer Institute for Machine Tools and Forming Technology, Germany

Dr. Domenico UMBRELLO, University of Calabria, Italy

Dr. Gabriela VINCZE, University of Aveiro, Portugal
Additive manufacturing

<figure><img src="image_4.png" /></figure>
Additive manufacturing

<figure><img src="image_5.png" /></figure>
# Modeling fused deposition of PLA by analysis of the layers

BRUNI Carlo

Università Politecnica delle Marche-DIISM, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona Italy

c.bruni@univpm.it

**Keywords:** FDM, PLA, Finite Element Analysis, Analytical Modeling

**Abstract.** The realization of the additive manufactured components requires the understanding of the variables having an effect on the physical final geometry. One of them is represented by the initial digital information with required tolerance, in particular where the different parts such as planar and curved ones need to be connected together. The other important variable is represented by the extruding conditions in FDM of PLA blend materials. The temperature setting with which to reduce the induced tensions, the volume variation and warpage is determined.

**Introduction**

The realization of the additive manufactured components requires the understanding of the variables acting on physical final geometry. One of them is represented by the initial digital information representing the physical model in particular in those parts where planar and curved geometries need to be connected together. That is why the whole geometry represents generally the main variable by which to give an object with or without supports during building.

The other important variable is temperature and then the cooling conditions and subsequent volume variation of the physical model produced. The global effect could be in the range of some hundreds of microns that risks to be not so much lower than layer thickness. Some of such details are reported in [1] and by the author in previous works [2, 3] in which it was found that quantifying the amounts of such approximations avoids undesired dimension errors in the components [4-8] also due to the typical behaviour of each material during or after printing.

Up to date different materials can be applied in the field of the additive manufacturing technology such as polypropylene (PP) and polyamide materials, PEEK, polyethylene, PVC and PolyLactic Acid (PLA) under different conditions [4-5]. In detail, polyamide and PLA are materials generated by natural resources and sometimes with addition of solid particles in order to obtain a desired pigmentation and/or to increase chemical and physical properties sometimes depending to ageing as for some metals. In particular the use of PLA blend materials under different conditions can be made in all of the situations in which appearance and resistance, very similar to other better known polymers such as PP, needs to be reached. Some of these materials are suitable for injection molding that was representing in the past decades the most popular way to produce polymer components with high productivity and low cost. Of course the continuous demand for a long time utilization of single or prototype units have given to the rapid technologies with suitable materials the task to shorten boring and time consuming procedures. In order to realize conceptual and ergonomic physical parts with materials able to perform in service applications under given and stable conditions. In fact, they can be considered in their different composition and treatments for many applications by the beverage to other daily ones.

The fast realization by FDM notwithstanding the initial digital design and tuning of digital data, particularly intensive for additive manufacturing, gets such technology comparable to largely applied injection molding techniques by which to realize long duration manufactures.

Understanding the amount of approximations when new materials in conjunction with FDM in building some kinds of geometry represents a must also when components are made for prototyping purposes. In the past the author and coworkers considered very complex geometries

<figure><img src="image_5.png" /></figure>
# Modeling fused deposition of PLA by analysis of the layers

BRUNI Carlo

Università Politecnica delle Marche-DIISM, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona Italy

c.bruni@univpm.it

**Keywords:** FDM, PLA, Finite Element Analysis, Analytical Modeling

**Abstract.** The realization of the additive manufactured components requires the understanding of the variables having an effect on the physical final geometry. One of them is represented by the initial digital information with required tolerance, in particular where the different parts such as planar and curved ones need to be connected together. The other important variable is represented by the extruding conditions in FDM of PLA blend materials. The temperature setting with which to reduce the induced tensions, the volume variation and warpage is determined.

**Introduction**

The realization of the additive manufactured components requires the understanding of the variables acting on physical final geometry. One of them is represented by the initial digital information representing the physical model in particular in those parts where planar and curved geometries need to be connected together. That is why the whole geometry represents generally the main variable by which to give an object with or without supports during building.

The other important variable is temperature and then the cooling conditions and subsequent volume variation of the physical model produced. The global effect could be in the range of some hundreds of microns that risks to be not so much lower than layer thickness. Some of such details are reported in [1] and by the author in previous works [2, 3] in which it was found that quantifying the amounts of such approximations avoids undesired dimension errors in the components [4-8] also due to the typical behaviour of each material during or after printing.

Up to date different materials can be applied in the field of the additive manufacturing technology such as polypropylene (PP) and polyamide materials, PEEK, polyethylene, PVC and PolyLactic Acid (PLA) under different conditions [4-5]. In detail, polyamide and PLA are materials generated by natural resources and sometimes with addition of solid particles in order to obtain a desired pigmentation and/or to increase chemical and physical properties sometimes depending to ageing as for some metals. In particular the use of PLA blend materials under different conditions can be made in all of the situations in which appearance and resistance, very similar to other better known polymers such as PP, needs to be reached. Some of these materials are suitable for injection molding that was representing in the past decades the most popular way to produce polymer components with high productivity and low cost. Of course the continuous demand for a long time utilization of single or prototype units have given to the rapid technologies with suitable materials the task to shorten boring and time consuming procedures. In order to realize conceptual and ergonomic physical parts with materials able to perform in service applications under given and stable conditions. In fact, they can be considered in their different composition and treatments for many applications by the beverage to other daily ones.

The fast realization by FDM notwithstanding the initial digital design and tuning of digital data, particularly intensive for additive manufacturing, gets such technology comparable to largely applied injection molding techniques by which to realize long duration manufactures.

Understanding the amount of approximations when new materials in conjunction with FDM in building some kinds of geometry represents a must also when components are made for prototyping purposes. In the past the author and coworkers considered very complex geometries

<figure><img src="image_6.png" /></figure>
[2,3] but the problem in general in reaching the required specification remains when the curved parts are connected with planar ones. The details at the interlayer level in FDM building can be found in [9-12] where the problems arising needs to be further investigated. The use of additive manufacturing techniques in realizing curved parts is still today under studying for the problem of the realization with a reduced number of additional supports responsible for the increase of processing time due to the removal and treatment of surfaces in particular for material such as PLA, PLA-blend or recycled PLA. At the same time performing the objective to reduce machining phases to obtain the dimensional and surface requirements. To do so efforts are required to determine the conditions in terms of different variables influencing the result.

The present study aims at proposing a methodology to design and realize curved parts connected with planar ones in order to match the requirements of the project with reduced use of additional supporting material during building avoiding then the subsequent surface treatment. To do that the digital information needs to be managed in order to avoid too much high connection angle values with the control on the curved zone and on volume variation during artificial cooling by calm air or during vacuum cooling. It was found that without platform heating the calm air condition is able to determine layer temperatures at which shrinkage, warpage and tensioning can be reduced with a low effect on the final geometry.

## Modeling and experiment procedures

The objective is to realize a geometry characterized by a planar part connected with a simple curved following the proposed methodology reported in Fig. 1.

The digital model is characterized by a planar connected with a semicylinder shown in Fig. 2. The nominal dimensions are 100 mm in length, 80 mm in width with a height of the dome of 25 mm being the geometry considered in the digital CAD system. It was obtained after the proper definition of the arc geometry, of the connection to the planar basis and of the modeling of the layer to layer temperature during building considering artificial and vacuum cooling of the object and related tensional state. By the numerical modeling the temperature distribution and volume variation on the under building different parts are given at related layer thickness and extruder velocity. The FDM realization of the physical model in PLA blend material was performed under the described conditions.

In particular during the preliminary design phase two kinds of arc were used to represent the dome. The difference can be observed in Figs. 2 and 3 where two tolerance amounts and sketching strategies characterized by a different discretization of the dome are used and then converted in STL of the object to be realized. In Fig. 3a) a too severe tolerance of 0.001 mm between the curved top of the part and the vertical planar one is used giving an appearance of a not well defined object. Increasing the tolerance over than 0.01 mm the STL in the Fig. 3b) is obtained in which the different sketching strategy characterized by an increased number of reference points along the arc is also applied.

Fig. 4 shows the connection angle of 70° between the dome (intended in the lateral curved part of the object) and the planar basis. The base has a thickness of 10 mm with a 15 mm height for the dome. This connection was used instead of that of 90° and checked with preliminary FDM tests in order to avoid physical supports and layering errors in physical building. Even if the standard triangulation admits that angle.

The physical model realized by FDM got the dimensions of 50 mm, 40 mm and 12.5 mm respectively to reduce material consumption and time to objecting. The nominal layer thickness used was 0.2 mm with a filament in blend PLA material and a temperature of the extruder between 225° and 245°C selected. The scanning velocity of the extruder not higher than 100 mm/s during working and than 150 mm/s in idle movements. Such velocity values were decreased for scaled physical model in order to reduce the amount of the cartesian portal vibrations, while the
[2,3] but the problem in general in reaching the required specification remains when the curved parts are connected with planar ones. The details at the interlayer level in FDM building can be found in [9-12] where the problems arising needs to be further investigated. The use of additive manufacturing techniques in realizing curved parts is still today under studying for the problem of the realization with a reduced number of additional supports responsible for the increase of processing time due to the removal and treatment of surfaces in particular for material such as PLA, PLA-blend or recycled PLA. At the same time performing the objective to reduce machining phases to obtain the dimensional and surface requirements. To do so efforts are required to determine the conditions in terms of different variables influencing the result.

The present study aims at proposing a methodology to design and realize curved parts connected with planar ones in order to match the requirements of the project with reduced use of additional supporting material during building avoiding then the subsequent surface treatment. To do that the digital information needs to be managed in order to avoid too much high connection angle values with the control on the curved zone and on volume variation during artificial cooling by calm air or during vacuum cooling. It was found that without platform heating the calm air condition is able to determine layer temperatures at which shrinkage, warpage and tensioning can be reduced with a low effect on the final geometry.

## Modeling and experiment procedures

The objective is to realize a geometry characterized by a planar part connected with a simple curved following the proposed methodology reported in Fig. 1.

The digital model is characterized by a planar connected with a semicylinder shown in Fig. 2. The nominal dimensions are 100 mm in length, 80 mm in width with a height of the dome of 25 mm being the geometry considered in the digital CAD system. It was obtained after the proper definition of the arc geometry, of the connection to the planar basis and of the modeling of the layer to layer temperature during building considering artificial and vacuum cooling of the object and related tensional state. By the numerical modeling the temperature distribution and volume variation on the under building different parts are given at related layer thickness and extruder velocity. The FDM realization of the physical model in PLA blend material was performed under the described conditions.

In particular during the preliminary design phase two kinds of arc were used to represent the dome. The difference can be observed in Figs. 2 and 3 where two tolerance amounts and sketching strategies characterized by a different discretization of the dome are used and then converted in STL of the object to be realized. In Fig. 3a) a too severe tolerance of 0.001 mm between the curved top of the part and the vertical planar one is used giving an appearance of a not well defined object. Increasing the tolerance over than 0.01 mm the STL in the Fig. 3b) is obtained in which the different sketching strategy characterized by an increased number of reference points along the arc is also applied.

Fig. 4 shows the connection angle of 70° between the dome (intended in the lateral curved part of the object) and the planar basis. The base has a thickness of 10 mm with a 15 mm height for the dome. This connection was used instead of that of 90° and checked with preliminary FDM tests in order to avoid physical supports and layering errors in physical building. Even if the standard triangulation admits that angle.

The physical model realized by FDM got the dimensions of 50 mm, 40 mm and 12.5 mm respectively to reduce material consumption and time to objecting. The nominal layer thickness used was 0.2 mm with a filament in blend PLA material and a temperature of the extruder between 225° and 245°C selected. The scanning velocity of the extruder not higher than 100 mm/s during working and than 150 mm/s in idle movements. Such velocity values were decreased for scaled physical model in order to reduce the amount of the cartesian portal vibrations, while the
temperature a bit increased to follow the geometry of connections. In order to understand the thermal behaviour the analytical modeling in describing temperature decrease was used.

<figure><img src="image_6.png" /><figcaption>Figure 1. Methodology proposed for the study.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_7.png" /><figcaption>Figure 2. Two kinds of arc described for the dome of the physical object: the discretized arc from the left and less discretized one.</figcaption></figure>

The temperature behaviour was modeled, considering similar problems reported in [13] based on the heat balancing, by the analytical study in which the temperature decrease over the time is described by the adapted equations:

$$T_{\text{layer}} = T_{\text{p layer}} + (T_{\text{layer i.}} - T_{\text{p. layer}}) \cdot \exp\left(\frac{\alpha A(t_0 - t)}{\rho c V}\right) \quad (1)$$

$$T_{\text{p. layer}} = T_{b.} + (T_{\text{p. layer i.}} - T_{b.}) \cdot \exp\left(\frac{\alpha A(t_0 - t)}{\rho c V}\right) \quad (2)$$

where:

$T_{\text{layer}}$: temperature of the actual layer

$T_{\text{layer i.}}$: initial temperature of the actual layer at the time $t_0$

$T_{\text{p. layer}}$: temperature at previous layer at the time $t_0$

$T_{\text{p. layer i.}}$: temperature at previous layer

$T_b$: temperature at the basis (room temperature)

$\alpha$: thermal heat exchange coefficient

A: contact surface

ρ: density of material

c: specific heat of PLA

V: volume
temperature a bit increased to follow the geometry of connections. In order to understand the thermal behaviour the analytical modeling in describing temperature decrease was used.

<figure><img src="image_7.png" /><figcaption>Figure 1. Methodology proposed for the study.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_8.png" /><figcaption>Figure 2. Two kinds of arc described for the dome of the physical object: the discretized arc from the left and less discretized one.</figcaption></figure>

The temperature behaviour was modeled, considering similar problems reported in [13] based on the heat balancing, by the analytical study in which the temperature decrease over the time is described by the adapted equations:

$$T_{\text{layer}} = T_{\text{p}} + (T_{\text{layer i.}} - T_{\text{p. layer}}) \cdot \exp\left(\frac{\alpha A(t_0 - t)}{\rho c V}\right) \quad (1)$$

$$T_{\text{p. layer}} = T_{b.} + (T_{\text{p. layer i.}} - T_{b.}) \cdot \exp\left(\frac{\alpha A(t_0 - t)}{\rho c V}\right) \quad (2)$$

where:

* T<sub>layer</sub> : temperature of the actual layer

* T<sub>layer i.</sub> : initial temperature of the actual layer at the time t<sub>0</sub>

* T<sub>p. layer</sub> : temperature at previous layer at the time t<sub>0</sub>

* T<sub>p. layer i.</sub> : temperature at previous layer

* T<sub>b.</sub> : temperature at the basis (room temperature)

* α: thermal heat exchange coefficient

* A: contact surface

* ρ: density of material

* c: specific heat of PLA

* V: volume
t: actual time

t₀: time of the deposition of the actual layer.

<figure><img src="image_8.png" /><figcaption>Figure 3. Particular of the arc in the CAD environment with a connection tolerance of 0.001mm between the vertical planar part and the top curved one (a) and with a smoother tolerance and a different sketching strategy in the STL standard (b).</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_9.png" /><figcaption>Figure 4. Connection angle between the curved and the planar parts of 70°.</figcaption></figure>

Eq. (1) being the temperature decrease law of the actual layer to the solid layer previously deposited while eq. (2) the description of the temperature decrease close to the environment temperature value. But at the very early moments the temperature behaviour can be better explained by the heat balancing fluid-dynamics equations proposed for the purpose and applied under semi-solid conditions:

$$T_{out} = \frac{\rho V c T_{in} - Q}{\rho V c} \qquad (3)$$

$$T_{out} = \frac{Q + \rho V c T_{in}}{\rho V c} \qquad (4)$$

In particular eq. (3) describes the temperature decrease with given Q heat and (4) the temperature increase for obtained Q heat where T_in represents the initial temperature of the considered layer and the T_out the temperature of the layer after Q heat exchanging.

The models were applied at the layers at 215°C. Lower Q values are obtained for the condition at 150°C. These values were considered under vacuum cooling.

The model for the description of the power heat exchanged under artificial cooling that is with calm air action is:

$$q = \bar{h} A \Delta T \qquad (5)$$
t: actual time

t₀: time of the deposition of the actual layer.

<figure><img src="image_9.png" /><figcaption>Figure 3. Particular of the arc in the CAD environment with a connection tolerance of 0.001mm between the vertical planar part and the top curved one (a) and with a smoother tolerance and a different sketching strategy in the STL standard (b).</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_10.png" /><figcaption>Figure 4. Connection angle between the curved and the planar parts of 70°.</figcaption></figure>

Eq. (1) being the temperature decrease law of the actual layer to the solid layer previously deposited while eq. (2) the description of the temperature decrease close to the environment temperature value. But at the very early moments the temperature behaviour can be better explained by the heat balancing fluid-dynamics equations proposed for the purpose and applied under semi-solid conditions:

$$T_{out} = \frac{\rho V c T_{in} - Q}{\rho V c} \qquad (3)$$

$$T_{out} = \frac{Q + \rho V c T_{in}}{\rho V c} \qquad (4)$$

In particular eq. (3) describes the temperature decrease with given Q heat and (4) the temperature increase for obtained Q heat where T_in represents the initial temperature of the considered layer and the T_out the temperature of the layer after Q heat exchanging.

The models were applied at the layers at 215°C. Lower Q values are obtained for the condition at 150°C. These values were considered under vacuum cooling.

The model for the description of the power heat exchanged under artificial cooling that is with calm air action is:

$$q = \bar{h} A \Delta T \qquad (5)$$
q= power exchanged (W)

$\bar{h}$= convective heat exchange coefficient

A= contact area

The additional heat exchanged to be considered in the eqs. (3) and (4) under calm air condition
can be reported as follows:

$$
Q_{\text{air}} = q \cdot \Delta t \tag{6}
$$

The decreasing temperature determines a interlayer length variation, due the layer to layer
temperature gradient, and a related surface load described with the equations:

$$
l_i = l \cdot \kappa \cdot \Delta T \tag{7}
$$

$$
L = \sum_{i=1}^{N} G \cdot h^{-1} \cdot l_i \cdot A_i \qquad (8)
$$

where:

l= nominal length

l<sub>i</sub>=elongation of each element i in which the entire length l can be subdivided

k=thermal dilatation coefficient

L= surface load

G= tangential modulus at temperature over 70°C

h= layer thickness

A<sub>i</sub>=Interlayer contact surface of each element i in which the entire surface A can be subdivided

ΔT= temperature difference between layers

N= number of elements i composing the layer.

In order to understand the thermal behaviour of the whole model the numerical simulation based
on finite element analysis was performed. The characteristics of the numerical model were
represented by a hollow half of the model realized in layers about 10 times bigger than real to
evidence the phenomenon. The adaptive mesh was adopted with thermophysical characteristics of
the material under investigation. The loaded layer was set at 215 °C with the previous one set some
degrees lower to consider the decrease in temperature between applying two layers. The first
deposited layer on the basis of Figure 5, that represents the building direction in the STL system,
was considered at 18°C. The conductive heat exchange per time unit was obtained by the contact
between subsequent layers. The temperature decrease along the model is reported at next
paragraph. At the same time the volume variation was provided by simulation and warpage amount
obtained and shown at the next together with the study of a further condition at 150°C.

Results

The results in terms of the investigations on the physical model are able to demonstrate that a too
much rough arc determines a curved surface not respecting the requirements of a typical smooth
geometry for ergonomic or assembly purposes. When the connection angle between the planar and
curved surface is equal to 90° the obtained physical model is reported in Fig. 6 in which continuity
solutions appear. In detail, on the left of the model the difficult in realizing the connection between
the curved and the planar parts without any support can be observed being the same the building
direction.
q= power exchanged (W)

$\bar{h}$= convective heat exchange coefficient

A= contact area

The additional heat exchanged to be considered in the eqs. (3) and (4) under calm air condition
can be reported as follows:

$$
Q_{\text{air}} = q \cdot \Delta t \tag{6}
$$

The decreasing temperature determines a interlayer length variation, due the layer to layer
temperature gradient, and a related surface load described with the equations:

$$
l_i = l \cdot \kappa \cdot \Delta T \tag{7}
$$

$$
L = \sum_{i=1}^{N} G \cdot h^{-1} \cdot l_i \cdot A_i \qquad (8)
$$

where:

l= nominal length

l<sub>i</sub>=elongation of each element <i>i</i> in which the entire length <i>l</i> can be subdivided

k=thermal dilatation coefficient

L= surface load

G= tangential modulus at temperature over 70°C

h= layer thickness

A<sub>i</sub>=Interlayer contact surface of each element <i>i</i> in which the entire surface A can be subdivided

ΔT= temperature difference between layers

N= number of elements i composing the layer.

In order to understand the thermal behaviour of the whole model the numerical simulation based
on finite element analysis was performed. The characteristics of the numerical model were
represented by a hollow half of the model realized in layers about 10 times bigger than real to
evidence the phenomenon. The adaptive mesh was adopted with thermophysical characteristics of
the material under investigation. The loaded layer was set at 215 °C with the previous one set some
degrees lower to consider the decrease in temperature between applying two layers. The first
deposited layer on the basis of Figure 5, that represents the building direction in the STL system,
was considered at 18°C. The conductive heat exchange per time unit was obtained by the contact
between subsequent layers. The temperature decrease along the model is reported at next
paragraph. At the same time the volume variation was provided by simulation and warpage amount
obtained and shown at the next together with the study of a further condition at 150°C.

Results

The results in terms of the investigations on the physical model are able to demonstrate that a too
much rough arc determines a curved surface not respecting the requirements of a typical smooth
geometry for ergonomic or assembly purposes. When the connection angle between the planar and
curved surface is equal to 90° the obtained physical model is reported in Fig. 6 in which continuity
solutions appear. In detail, on the left of the model the difficult in realizing the connection between
the curved and the planar parts without any support can be observed being the same the building
direction.
<figure><img src="image_10.png" /><figcaption>Figure 5. Slicing of the STL for building purposes perpendicular to building direction.</figcaption></figure>

Under the conditions of the present investigation the problem cannot be solved varying process parameters that are extruder velocity, calm air action and of course deposition strategy. The solution is better represented by the realization of a physical model with a connection angle of about 70° as reported in Fig. 7 after different trials. While the discretization of the arc is reduced in the CAD environment by improvement in tolerances and adopting a different sketching strategy characterized by an elevate number of reference points along the arc. The whole result is reported in Fig. 8 in which the realized manufact can match the already described purposes. Even if some slight problems remain due to the volume variation during deposition of the layers producing possible warpage, distortion and tensioning between layers. These behaviours of the PLA blend polymer under investigation can be explained as follows. The temperature values along the model of Fig. 5 representing the building direction in the STL environment can be described by a thermal gradient.

During experiments two different conditions are considered. One of them represents the temperature of the deposited layer at the contact with the previous being the temperature of the extruder on average 25°C higher than the deposited one. The first condition at 215° C and the second at 150°C were analyzed. Under those two conditions the temperature behaviour of two subsequent layers is described with eqs. (1) and (2) resulting in the diagram given in Fig. 9 in which the higher temperature of the last layer tends to follow the decrease in temperature of the previous layer being the latter already very close to the environment temperature. The high absolute slope can be explained with the low volumes of the layers that means low thermal capacity of the zone considered in the investigation and high thermal capacity imposed for the other previously already realized part of the model.

By the numerical simulation the obtained thermal flow at the condition of 215 °C is of 0.145 W between layers. When the models (3) and (4) are considered the decrease in temperature of the last layer is described in the same Fig. 9a). As well as the increase in temperature of the previous layer due to the heat exchanging at 0 m/s air flow, that is without considering the calm air condition.

When the air flow of 0.7-0.8 m/s (artificial cooling) representing the upper values under the calm air condition an additional thermal flow *q* of 0.700 W needs to be considered by eq. (5). The subsequent *Q* air obtained by the eq. (6) and added to eqs. (3) and (4) allows the obtaining of the results reported in Fig. 9a).

That means a faster decrease in temperature of both the last and the previous layers described in the graphs by the eqs. (3) and (6) and by eqs. (4) and (6). When considering those, the situation is described by the last layer deposition at 215°C over a previous layer at 140°C resulting from the artificial cooling after few seconds. The results shown by the simulation are reported for that condition in Fig. 10 where the difference between 0 m/s and 0.7-0.8 m/s air flow can be observed. In Fig. 11 the simulation shows the temperature gradient at the connection between the planar part and the dome. In the same figure the difference in temperature between the under deposition layer and the other can be observed. The condition at 150° is shown in Fig. 9b).
<figure><img src="image_11.png" /><figcaption>Figure 5. Slicing of the STL for building purposes perpendicular to building direction.</figcaption></figure>

Under the conditions of the present investigation the problem cannot be solved varying process parameters that are extruder velocity, calm air action and of course deposition strategy. The solution is better represented by the realization of a physical model with a connection angle of about 70° as reported in Fig. 7 after different trials. While the discretization of the arc is reduced in the CAD environment by improvement in tolerances and adopting a different sketching strategy characterized by an elevate number of reference points along the arc. The whole result is reported in Fig. 8 in which the realized manufact can match the already described purposes. Even if some slight problems remain due to the volume variation during deposition of the layers producing possible warpage, distortion and tensioning between layers. These behaviours of the PLA blend polymer under investigation can be explained as follows. The temperature values along the model of Fig. 5 representing the building direction in the STL environment can be described by a thermal gradient.

During experiments two different conditions are considered. One of them represents the temperature of the deposited layer at the contact with the previous being the temperature of the extruder on average 25°C higher than the deposited one. The first condition at 215° C and the second at 150°C were analyzed. Under those two conditions the temperature behaviour of two subsequent layers is described with eqs. (1) and (2) resulting in the diagram given in Fig. 9 in which the higher temperature of the last layer tends to follow the decrease in temperature of the previous layer being the latter already very close to the environment temperature. The high absolute slope can be explained with the low volumes of the layers that means low thermal capacity of the zone considered in the investigation and high thermal capacity imposed for the other previously already realized part of the model.

By the numerical simulation the obtained thermal flow at the condition of 215 °C is of 0.145 W between layers. When the models (3) and (4) are considered the decrease in temperature of the last layer is described in the same Fig. 9a). As well as the increase in temperature of the previous layer due to the heat exchanging at 0 m/s air flow, that is without considering the calm air condition.

When the air flow of 0.7-0.8 m/s (artificial cooling) representing the upper values under the calm air condition an additional thermal flow *q* of 0.700 W needs to be considered by eq. (5). The subsequent *Q* air obtained by the eq. (6) and added to eqs. (3) and (4) allows the obtaining of the results reported in Fig. 9a).

That means a faster decrease in temperature of both the last and the previous layers described in the graphs by the eqs. (3) and (6) and by eqs. (4) and (6). When considering those, the situation is described by the last layer deposition at 215°C over a previous layer at 140°C resulting from the artificial cooling after few seconds. The results shown by the simulation are reported for that condition in Fig. 10 where the difference between 0 m/s and 0.7-0.8 m/s air flow can be observed. In Fig. 11 the simulation shows the temperature gradient at the connection between the planar part and the dome. In the same figure the difference in temperature between the under deposition layer and the other can be observed. The condition at 150° is shown in Fig. 9b).
<figure><img src="image_11.png" /><figcaption>Figure 6. Physical model by FDM with a rough arc and connection angle of 90°.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_12.png" /><figcaption>Figure 7. Physical model obtained by FDM with a rough arc and connection angle of 70°.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_13.png" /><figcaption>Figure 8. Physical model obtained by FDM with the finest arc and connection angle of 70°.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_14.png" /><figcaption>Figure 9. Thermal modeling of the layer deposition without artificial cooling and with artificial cooling at 215°C (a) and at 150°C (b).</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_12.png" /><figcaption>Figure 6. Physical model by FDM with a rough arc and connection angle of 90°.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_13.png" /><figcaption>Figure 7. Physical model obtained by FDM with a rough arc and connection angle of 70°.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_14.png" /><figcaption>Figure 8. Physical model obtained by FDM with the finest arc and connection angle of 70°.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_15.png" /><figcaption>Figure 9. Thermal modeling of the layer deposition without artificial cooling and with artificial cooling at 215°C (a) and at 150°C (b).</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_15.png" /><figcaption>Figure 10. Thermal modeling of the layer deposition without artificial cooling (a) and with artificial cooling (b) at 215°C condition.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_16.png" /><figcaption>Figure 11. Thermal simulation of the deposition of the layer at the connection and subsequent length variation.</figcaption></figure>

The deformation occurring between layers obtained using length values given by eq. 7 makes possible the calculation of the mean tangential stress using values given by eq. 8 divided by the layer area. A tangential stress of approximately 45 MPa for an initial temperature difference of 215-140 °C and of about 9 MPa for higher velocity of the extruder, that means lower temperature interval, can be calculated. Such results are obtained on a layer thickness of 0.2 mm over a length of 100 mm of the planar part. When the temperature interval further increases the tangential stress is increased and difficult to subsiding with possible detachments between layers. All of that influences the surface quality of the object with deformation and/or relative rigid movements of the different realized parts of the component.

A similar situation can produce subsiding and distortion at the connection between the planar parts and the curved ones of the object. That is, the connection of the vertical planar part of the dome of Fig. 3 and the connection of 70° between the planar basis and the curved part of Fig. 4. This type of behaviours reported and evidenced by Fig. 10 and Fig. 11 determines the slight lack of geometrical requirements respect along the arc being the whole shrinkage in that zone of about 0.15 - 0.18 mm. Such critical zones can be visible in previous figures where the PLA blend FDM realized objects can be observed.

In general, low temperatures and a discretized digital information determine higher real layer thickness and lower shrinkage with reduced plastic tension states phenomena, but a very rough description of the geometry when compared with the finest one. In other words, under the condition of the scientific investigation, high temperatures and a correctly discretized STL determine low layer thickness and smooth surfaces. The risk of warpage and lack of precision on the arc and at the connection between the planar part and the curved is strictly depending on the air cooling condition simulating the waiting time between layers at given extrusion velocity. Such results are similar to those found by other authors on PLA and different polymer materials [1,5,8,10, 14-15].
<figure><img src="image_16.png" /><figcaption>Figure 10. Thermal modeling of the layer deposition without artificial cooling (a) and with artificial cooling (b) at 215°C condition.</figcaption></figure>

<figure><img src="image_17.png" /><figcaption>Figure 11. Thermal simulation of the deposition of the layer at the connection and subsequent length variation.</figcaption></figure>

The deformation occurring between layers obtained using length values given by eq. 7 makes possible the calculation of the mean tangential stress using values given by eq. 8 divided by the layer area. A tangential stress of approximately 45 MPa for an initial temperature difference of 215-140 °C and of about 9 MPa for higher velocity of the extruder, that means lower temperature interval, can be calculated. Such results are obtained on a layer thickness of 0.2 mm over a length of 100 mm of the planar part. When the temperature interval further increases the tangential stress is increased and difficult to subsiding with possible detachments between layers. All of that influences the surface quality of the object with deformation and/or relative rigid movements of the different realized parts of the component.

A similar situation can produce subsiding and distortion at the connection between the planar parts and the curved ones of the object. That is, the connection of the vertical planar part of the dome of Fig. 3 and the connection of 70° between the planar basis and the curved part of Fig. 4. This type of behaviours reported and evidenced by Fig. 10 and Fig. 11 determines the slight lack of geometrical requirements respect along the arc being the whole shrinkage in that zone of about 0.15 - 0.18 mm. Such critical zones can be visible in previous figures where the PLA blend FDM realized objects can be observed.

In general, low temperatures and a discretized digital information determine higher real layer thickness and lower shrinkage with reduced plastic tension states phenomena, but a very rough description of the geometry when compared with the finest one. In other words, under the condition of the scientific investigation, high temperatures and a correctly discretized STL determine low layer thickness and smooth surfaces. The risk of warpage and lack of precision on the arc and at the connection between the planar part and the curved is strictly depending on the air cooling condition simulating the waiting time between layers at given extrusion velocity. Such results are similar to those found by other authors on PLA and different polymer materials [1,5,8,10, 14-15].
## Summary

The present investigation aimed at applying the proposed methodology in which the digital information and the numerical simulation of a model characterized by a planar part connected with a semicylinder are used in conjunction with analytical modeling for temperature distribution and interlayer behaviour studying. The objective was the realization of a physical PLA blend model avoiding supporting and related surficial treatments.

It was found that the connection angle between the dome and planar part represents the key variable to realize a physical model with a building direction able to avoid supports and subsequent treatments in such zones.

By analytical modeling the temperature description of two subsequent layers was made considering the artificial and vacuum cooling being the latter in air flow characterized by 0 m/s. By increasing the air flow up to 0.7-0.8 m/s, a decrease in the temperature of both of the subsequent layers can be effectively realized. By an initial difference between the temperature layers of about 60-70 °C being the last one at 215°C the effect at the interlayer surface was a analytically calculated tension of about 45 MPa being still after few seconds in the plastic region at those temperatures. Such conditions were responsible for the volume variation and warpage in particular at the connections between the planar and curved parts.

## References

[1] D. Popescu, A. Z. FDM process parameters influence over the mechanical properties of polymer specimens: A review. *Polymer Testing* 69 (2018)157-166A.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2018.05.020

[2] C. Bruni et al. Modeling the shape of additive manufactured parts. *Materials Research Proceedings* (2023) https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644902479

[3] C. Bruni et al. In *Proceedings of 24th International Conference on Material Forming. Integrating layer by layer manufacturing for the realization of polymer complex geometries with scanning devices: re-building by digital data* (2021). https://doi.org/10.25518/esaform21.459

[4] C. Abeykoon, P. S.-A. Optimization of fused deposition modeling parameters for improved PLA and ABS 3D printed structures. *International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture* 284 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlmm.2020.03.003

[5] P. Geng, G. L. Influence of layer thickness and raster angle on the mechanical properties of 3D-Printed PEEK and a comparative mechanical study between PEEK and ABS. *Materials* 8 (2015) 34-46. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma8095271

[6] I. Akbar, M. E. Continuum and subcontinuum simulation of FDM process for 4D printed shape memory polymers. *Journal of Manufacturing Processes* 76 (2022) 335-348.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2022.02.028

[7] A. Samy, A. G.-J. Prediction of part distortion in Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) of semi-crystalline polymers via COMSOL: Effect of printing conditions. *CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology* 33 (2021) 443-453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirpj.2021.04.012

[8] Liu, C. J. The influence of forced-air cooling on a 3D printed PLA part manufactured by fused filament fabrication. *Additive Manufacturing*, (2019) 196-203.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2018.11.012

[9] R Sanaka, Influence of nanofiller addition on the mechanical, thermal, and shape recovery behavior of shape memory polymer nanocomposite: A brief review. *Materials today: Proceedings*.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.06.370
**Summary**

The present investigation aimed at applying the proposed methodology in which the digital information and the numerical simulation of a model characterized by a planar part connected with a semicylinder are used in conjunction with analytical modeling for temperature distribution and interlayer behaviour studying. The objective was the realization of a physical PLA blend model avoiding supporting and related surficial treatments.

It was found that the connection angle between the dome and planar part represents the key variable to realize a physical model with a building direction able to avoid supports and subsequent treatments in such zones.

By analytical modeling the temperature description of two subsequent layers was made considering the artificial and vacuum cooling being the latter in air flow characterized by 0 m/s. By increasing the air flow up to 0.7-0.8 m/s, a decrease in the temperature of both of the subsequent layers can be effectively realized. By an initial difference between the temperature layers of about 60-70 °C being the last one at 215°C the effect at the interlayer surface was a analytically calculated tension of about 45 MPa being still after few seconds in the plastic region at those temperatures. Such conditions were responsible for the volume variation and warpage in particular at the connections between the planar and curved parts.

**References**

[1] D. Popescu, A. Z. FDM process parameters influence over the mechanical properties of polymer specimens: A review. *Polymer Testing* 69 (2018)157-166A.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2018.05.020

[2] C. Bruni et al. Modeling the shape of additive manufactured parts. *Materials Research Proceedings* (2023) https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644902479

[3] C. Bruni et al. In *Proceedings of 24th International Conference on Material Forming*. Integrating layer by layer manufacturing for the realization of polymer complex geometries with scanning devices: re-building by digital data (2021). https://doi.org/10.25518/esaform21.459

[4] C. Abeykoon, P. S.-A. Optimization of fused deposition modeling parameters for improved PLA and ABS 3D printed structures. *International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture* 284 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlmm.2020.03.003

[5] P. Geng, G. L. Influence of layer thickness and raster angle on the mechanical properties of 3D-Printed PEEK and a comparative mechanical study between PEEK and ABS. *Materials* 8 (2015) 34-46. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma8095271

[6] I. Akbar, M. E. Continuum and subcontinuum simulation of FDM process for 4D printed shape memory polymers. *Journal of Manufacturing Processes* 76 (2022) 335-348.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2022.02.028

[7] A. Samy, A. G.-J. Prediction of part distortion in Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) of semi-crystalline polymers via COMSOL: Effect of printing conditions. *CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology* 33 (2021) 443-453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirpj.2021.04.012

[8] Liu, C. J. The influence of forced-air cooling on a 3D printed PLA part manufactured by fused filament fabrication. *Additive Manufacturing*, (2019) 196-203.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2018.11.012

[9] R Sanaka, Influence of nanofiller addition on the mechanical, thermal, and shape recovery behavior of shape memory polymer nanocomposite: A brief review. *Materials today: Proceedings*.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.06.370
[10] X. Gao, S. Q. Fused filament fabrication of polymer materials: A review of interlayer bond. Additive Manufacturing 37 (2021) 10165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101658

[11] Y. Tao, A review on voids of 3D printed parts by fused filament fabrication. journal of materials research and technology 15 (2021) 4860-4879. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.10.108

[12] V. Ekanayaka, L. L. Approach to optimize the interlayer waiting time in additive manufacturing with concrete utilizing FEM modeling. Procedia CIRP 109 (2022) 562-567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2022.05.295

[13] T. Altan et al. In: Metalforming: Fundamentals and Applications,. ASM International. ISBN 0-87170-167-7.

[14] X. Huo, B. Z. Numerical simulation and printability analysis of fused deposition modeling with dual-temperature control. Bio-Design and Manufacturing 6 (2023) 174-188. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42242-023-00239-1

[15] Y. Song, Z. Yang, Y. Liu, J. Deng. Function representation based slicer for 3D printing. Computer Aided Geometric Design 62 (2018) 276-293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cagd.2018.03.012
[10] X. Gao, S. Q. Fused filament fabrication of polymer materials: A review of interlayer bond. Additive Manufacturing 37 (2021) 10165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101658

[11] Y. Tao, A review on voids of 3D printed parts by fused filament fabrication. journal of materials research and technology 15 (2021) 4860-4879. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.10.108

[12] V. Ekanayaka, L. L. Approach to optimize the interlayer waiting time in additive manufacturing with concrete utilizing FEM modeling. Procedia CIRP 109 (2022) 562-567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2022.05.295

[13] T. Altan et al. In: Metalforming: Fundamentals and Applications,. ASM International. ISBN 0-87170-167-7.

[14] X. Huo, B. Z. Numerical simulation and printability analysis of fused deposition modeling with dual-temperature control. Bio-Design and Manufacturing 6 (2023) 174-188. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42242-023-00239-1

[15] Y. Song, Z. Yang, Y. Liu, J. Deng. Function representation based slicer for 3D printing. Computer Aided Geometric Design 62 (2018) 276-293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cagd.2018.03.012