ISO (International Organization for
Standardization):

ISO 7827 (2010). Water quality - evaluation of the “ready”, “ultimate”
aerobic biodegradability of organic compounds in an aqueous
medium - Method by analysis of dissolved organic carbon (DOC)

ISO 8192 (2007). Water quality — test for inhibition of oxygen con-
sumption by activated sludge for carbonaceous and ammonium
oxidation.

ISO 9408 (1999) Water quality - evaluation of ultimate aerobic biode-
radability of organic compounds in aqueous medium by determi-
nation of oxygen demand in a closed respirometer

ISO 9509 (2006). Water quality — toxicity test for assessing the inhibi-
tion of nitrification of activated sludge microorganisms

ISO 9439 (1999) Water quality - evaluation of ultimate aerobic biodegradability of organic compounds in aqueous medium - Carbon dioxide evolution test

ISO 9887 (1992) Water quality - evaluation of the aerobic biodegra-
dability of organic compounds in an aqueous medium - Semi-
continuous activated sludge method (SCAS)

ISO 9888 (1999) Water quality - evaluation of ultimate aerobic biode-
radability of organic compounds in aqueous medium — Static test
(Zahn-Wellens method)

ISO 10634 (2018). Water quality — preparation and treatment of poorly water-soluble organic compounds for the subsequent evaluation of their biodegradability in an aqueous medium

ISO 10707 (1994) Water quality - evaluation in an aqueous medium of the "ultimate" aerobic biodegradability of organic compounds - Method by analysis of biochemical oxygen demand (closed bottle test)

ISO 10712 (1995) Water quality — *Pseudomonas putida* growth inhibition test (*Pseudomonas* cell multiplication inhibition test)

ISO 11348-1 (2007) Water quality — determination of the inhibitory effect of water samples on the light emission of *Vibrio fischeri* (Luminescent bacteria test) — part 1: Method using freshly prepared bacteria

ISO 11348-2 (2007) Water quality — determination of the inhibitory effect of water samples on the light emission of *Vibrio fischeri* (Luminescent bacteria test) — part 2: method using liquid-dried bacteria

ISO 11348-3 (2007) Water quality — determination of the inhibitory effect of water samples on the light emission of *Vibrio fischeri* (Luminescent bacteria test) — part 3: method using freeze-dried bacteria

ISO 11734 (1995) Water quality - evaluation of the “ultimate” anaerobic biodegradability of organic compounds in digested sludge - Method by measurement of the biogas production

ISO 13641-1 (2003) Water quality — determination of inhibition of gas production of anaerobic bacteria — part 1: general test

ISO 13641-2 (2003) Water quality — determination of inhibition of gas production of anaerobic bacteria — part 2: test for low biomass concentrations

ISO 14592-1 (2002) Water quality — evaluation of the aerobic biodeg-
radability of organic compounds at low concentrations — part 1:
shake-flask batch test with surface water or surface water/sediment
suspensions

ISO 14592-2 (2002) Water quality — evaluation of the aerobic biode-
radability of organic compounds at low concentrations — part 2:
continuous flow river model with attached biomass

ISO 14593 (1999) Water quality — evaluation of ultimate aerobic biodegradability of organic compounds in aqueous medium — method by analysis of inorganic carbon in sealed vessels (CO₂ headspace test)

ISO 14851 (2019) Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegrada-
bility of plastic materials in an aqueous medium — method by
measuring the oxygen demand in a closed respirometer

ISO 14852 (2021) Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegrada-
bility of plastic materials in an aqueous medium — method by
analysis of evolved carbon dioxide

ISO 14855-1 (2012) Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegra-
dability of plastic materials under controlled composting condi-
tions — method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide — part 1:
general method

ISO 14855-2 (2018) Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegrada-
bility of plastic materials under controlled composting conditions
— method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide — part 2: gravi-
metric measurement of carbon dioxide evolved in a laboratory-
scale test

ISO 16221 (2001) Water quality — guidance for determination of bio-
degradability in the marine environment

ISO 15462 (2006) Water quality — Selection of tests for biodegradability

Janssen DB, Scheper A, Dijkhuizen WB (1985) Degradation of halo-
genated aliphatic compounds by *Xanthobacter autotrophicus*
GJ10. Appl Environ Microbiol 49:673–677

Jehmlich N, Vogt C, Lünsmann V, Richnow HH, von Bergen M (2016)
Protein-SIP in environmental studies. Curr Opin Biotechnol
41:26–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2016.04.010

Kaiser K (1998) Review of biodegradability tests for the purpose of developing regulations. Water Qual Res J Canada 33:185-211

Kappler J, Gujer W (1992) Estimation of kinetic parameters of heterotrophic biomass under aerobic conditions and characterization of wastewater for activated sludge modelling. Water Sci Technol 25:125-139

Kayashima T, Taruki M, Katagiri K, Nabeoka R, Yoshida T, Tsuji T (2014) Comparison of biodegradation performance of OEVD test guideline 301C with that of other ready biodegradability tests. Environ Toxicol Chem 33:328–333

Kowalczyk A, Martin TM, Price OR, Snape JR, van Egmond RA, Finnegan CJ, Schäfer H, Davenport RJ, Bending GD (2015) Refinement of biodegradation test methodologies and the proposed utility of new microbial ecology systems. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 111:9–22

Koziołlek P, Knackmuss HJ, Taeger K, Pagga U (1996) A dynamic river model for biodegradabiliy studies - investigations with selected aromatic compounds at low concentrations and comparison with aquatic batch tests. Biodegradation 7:109–120

Lai AL, Clark AM, Escher BI, Fernandez M, McEwen LR, Tian Z, Wang Z, Schymanski EL (2022) The next frontier of environmental unknowns: substances of unknown or variable composition, complex reaction products, or biological materials (UVCBs). Environ Sci Technol 56:7448–7466. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c00321

Lapertot ME, Pulgarin C (2006) Biodegradability assessment of sev-
eral priority hazardous substances: choice, application and rel-
evance regarding toxicity and bacterial activity. Chemosphere
65:682–690

Larson RJ, Games ML (1981) Biodegradation of linear alkyl ethoxy-
lates in natural waters. Environ Sci Technol 15:1488–1493

Larson RJ, Payne AG (1981) Fate of the benzene ring of linear alkyl benzene sulfonate in natural waters. Appl Environ Microbiol 41:621–627

Lawniczak L, Woźniak-Karczewska M, Loibner AP, Heipieper HJ, Chrzanowski L (2020) Microbial degradation of hydrocarbons-basic principles for bioremediation: a review. Molecules 25:856. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25040856
ISO (International Organization for
Standardization):

ISO 7827 (2010). Water quality - evaluation of the “ready”, “ultimate”
aerobic biodegradability of organic compounds in an aqueous
medium - Method by analysis of dissolved organic carbon (DOC)

ISO 8192 (2007). Water quality — test for inhibition of oxygen con-
sumption by activated sludge for carbonaceous and ammonium
oxidation.

ISO 9408 (1999) Water quality - evaluation of ultimate aerobic biode-
radability of organic compounds in aqueous medium by determi-
nation of oxygen demand in a closed respirometer

ISO 9509 (2006). Water quality — toxicity test for assessing the inhibi-
tion of nitrification of activated sludge microorganisms

ISO 9439 (1999) Water quality - evaluation of ultimate aerobic biodegradability of organic compounds in aqueous medium - Carbon dioxide evolution test

ISO 9887 (1992) Water quality - evaluation of the aerobic biodegra-
dability of organic compounds in an aqueous medium - Semi-
continuous activated sludge method (SCAS)

ISO 9888 (1999) Water quality - evaluation of ultimate aerobic biode-
radability of organic compounds in aqueous medium — Static test
(Zahn-Wellens method)

ISO 10634 (2018). Water quality — preparation and treatment of poorly water-soluble organic compounds for the subsequent evaluation of their biodegradability in an aqueous medium

ISO 10707 (1994) Water quality - evaluation in an aqueous medium of the "ultimate" aerobic biodegradability of organic compounds - Method by analysis of biochemical oxygen demand (closed bottle test)

ISO 10712 (1995) Water quality — *Pseudomonas putida* growth inhibition test (*Pseudomonas* cell multiplication inhibition test)

ISO 11348-1 (2007) Water quality — determination of the inhibitory effect of water samples on the light emission of *Vibrio fischeri* (Luminescent bacteria test) — part 1: Method using freshly prepared bacteria

ISO 11348-2 (2007) Water quality — determination of the inhibitory effect of water samples on the light emission of *Vibrio fischeri* (Luminescent bacteria test) — part 2: method using liquid-dried bacteria

ISO 11348-3 (2007) Water quality — determination of the inhibitory effect of water samples on the light emission of *Vibrio fischeri* (Luminescent bacteria test) — part 3: method using freeze-dried bacteria

ISO 11734 (1995) Water quality - evaluation of the “ultimate” anaerobic biodegradability of organic compounds in digested sludge - Method by measurement of the biogas production

ISO 13641-1 (2003) Water quality — determination of inhibition of gas production of anaerobic bacteria — part 1: general test

ISO 13641-2 (2003) Water quality — determination of inhibition of gas production of anaerobic bacteria — part 2: test for low biomass concentrations

ISO 14592-1 (2002) Water quality — evaluation of the aerobic biode-
radability of organic compounds at low concentrations — part 1:
shake-flask batch test with surface water or surface water/sediment
suspensions

ISO 14592-2 (2002) Water quality — evaluation of the aerobic biode-
radability of organic compounds at low concentrations — part 2:
continuous flow river model with attached biomass

ISO 14593 (1999) Water quality — evaluation of ultimate aerobic biodegradability of organic compounds in aqueous medium — method by analysis of inorganic carbon in sealed vessels (CO₂ headspace test)

ISO 14851 (2019) Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegrada-
bility of plastic materials in an aqueous medium — method by
measuring the oxygen demand in a closed respirometer

ISO 14852 (2021) Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegrada-
bility of plastic materials in an aqueous medium — method by
analysis of evolved carbon dioxide

ISO 14855-1 (2012) Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegra-
dability of plastic materials under controlled composting condi-
tions — method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide — part 1:
general method

ISO 14855-2 (2018) Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegrada-
bility of plastic materials under controlled composting conditions
— method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide — part 2: gravi-
metric measurement of carbon dioxide evolved in a laboratory-
scale test

ISO 16221 (2001) Water quality — guidance for determination of bio-
degradability in the marine environment

ISO 15462 (2006) Water quality — Selection of tests for biodegradability

Janssen DB, Scheper A, Dijkhuizen WB (1985) Degradation of halo-
genated aliphatic compounds by *Xanthobacter autotrophicus*
GJ10. *Appl Environ Microbiol* 49:673–677

Jehmlich N, Vogt C, Lünsmann V, Richnow HH, von Bergen M (2016)
Protein-SIP in environmental studies. Curr Opin Biotechnol
41:26–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2016.04.010

Kaiser K (1998) Review of biodegradability tests for the purpose of developing regulations. Water Qual Res J Canada 33:185-211

Kappler J, Gujer W (1992) Estimation of kinetic parameters of heterotrophic biomass under aerobic conditions and characterization of wastewater for activated sludge modelling. Water Sci Technol 25:125-139

Kayashima T, Taruki M, Katagiri K, Nabeoka R, Yoshida T, Tsuji T (2014) Comparison of biodegradation performance of OEVD test guideline 301C with that of other ready biodegradability tests. Environ Toxicol Chem 33:328–333

Kowalczyk A, Martin TM, Price OR, Snape JR, van Egmond RA, Finnegan CJ, Schäfer H, Davenport RJ, Bending GD (2015) Refinement of biodegradation test methodologies and the proposed utility of new microbial ecology systems. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 111:9–22

Koziołlek P, Knackmuss HJ, Taeger K, Pagga U (1996) A dynamic river model for biodegradabiliy studies - investigations with selected aromatic compounds at low concentrations and comparison with aquatic batch tests. Biodegradation 7:109–120

Lai AL, Clark AM, Escher BI, Fernandez M, McEwen LR, Tian Z, Wang Z, Schymanski EL (2022) The next frontier of environmental unknowns: substances of unknown or variable composition, complex reaction products, or biological materials (UVCBs). Environ Sci Technol 56:7448–7466. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c00321

Lapertot ME, Pulgarin C (2006) Biodegradability assessment of sev-
eral priority hazardous substances: choice, application and rel-
evance regarding toxicity and bacterial activity. Chemosphere
65:682–690

Larson RJ, Games ML (1981) Biodegradation of linear alkyl ethoxy-
lates in natural waters. Environ Sci Technol 15:1488–1493

Larson RJ, Payne AG (1981) Fate of the benzene ring of linear alkyl benzene sulfonate in natural waters. Appl Environ Microbiol 41:621–627

Lawniczak L, Woźniak-Karczewska M, Loibner AP, Heipieper HJ, Chrzanowski L (2020) Microbial degradation of hydrocarbons-basic principles for bioremediation: a review. Molecules 25:856. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25040856
Loonen H, Lindgren F, Hansen B, Karcher W, Niemelä J, Hiromatsu K, Tkatsuki M, Peijnenberg W, Rorije E, Struijs J (1999) Prediction of biodegradability from chemical structure: modelling of ready biodegradability test data. *Environ Toxicol Chem* 18:1763–1799

Ludzack FJ, Schaffer RB, Bloomhuff RN, Ettinger MG (1959) Biochemical oxidation of some commercially important organic cyanides. Sewage Ind Waste 31:33–44

Luensmann V, Kappelmeyer U, Benndorf R, Martinez-Lavanchy PM, Taubert A, Adrian L, Duarte M, Pieper DH, von Bergen M, Mueller JA, Heipieper HJ, Jehmlich N (2016) In situ protein-SIP highlights Burkholderiaceae as key players degrading toluene by para ring hydroxylation in a constructed wetland model. *Environ Microbiol* 18:1176–1186. https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.13133

Martin TJ, Goodhead AK, Achaya K, Head IM, RJ SJRD (2017) High throughput biodegradation screening test to prioritize and evaluate chemical biodegradability. *Environ Sci Technol* 51:7236–7244

Martinez-Lavanchy PM, Chen Z, Luensmann V, Marin-Cevada V, Vilchez-Vargas R, Pieper DH, Reiche N, Kappelmeyer U, Imparato V, Junca H, Nijenhuis I, Mueller JA, Kuschk P, Heipieper HJ (2015) Microbial toluene removal in hypoxic model constructed wetlands occurs predominantly via the ring monooxygenation pathway. *Appl Environ Microbiol* 81:6241–6252. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.01822-15

Muñoz-Palazon B, Pesciaroli C, Rodriguez-Sanchez A, Gonzalez-Lopez J, Gonzalez Martinez A (2018) Pollutants degradation performance and microbial community structure of aerobic granular sludge systems using inoculums adapted at mild and low temperature. *Chemosphere* 204:431–441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.062

Nabeoka R, Taruki M, Kayashima T, Yoshida T, Kameya T (2016) Effect of test concentration in the ready biodegradability test for chemical substances: improvement of OECD test guideline 301C. *Environ Toxicol Chem* 35:84–90

Nordgren A (1988) Apparatus for continuous, long-term monitoring of soil respiration rate in large numbers of samples. *Soil Biol Biochem* 20:955–957

Norr C, Meinecke S, Brackemann H (2001) Modification of the Zahn-Wellens test: determination of the biodegradability of poorly soluble, adsorbing and volatile substances by measurement of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production. *Chemosphere* 44:553–559. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00497-5

Nyholm N (1990) Biodegradability of poorly soluble compounds by means of manometric respirometry. *Chemosphere* 21:1477–1487

Nyholm N, Damborg A, Lindgaardjorgensen P (1992) A comparative study of test methods for assessment of the biodegradability of chemicals in seawater screening tests and simulation tests. *Eco-toxicol Environ Saf* 23:173–190

OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) (2006). Revised introduction to the OECD guidelines for testing of chemicals, section 3

## OECD Guidelines for testing of chemicals:

OECD 209 (2010) Activated sludge, respiration inhibition test (carbon and ammonium oxidation)

OECD 301 A (1992) Ready biodegradability - DOC die-away test

OECD 301 B (1992) Ready biodegradability - CO₂ evolution test (modified sturm test).

OECD 301 C (1992) Ready biodegradability - MITI (I) test.

OECD 301 D (1992) Ready biodegradability - closed bottle test.

OECD 301 E (1992) Ready biodegradability - modified OECD screening test.

OECD 301 F (1992) Ready biodegradability - manometric respirometry test.

OECD 302 A (1981) Inherent biodegradability - modified SCAS test

OECD 302 B (1992) Inherent biodegradability - Zahn-Wellens / EMPA test

OECD 302 C (1981) Inherent biodegradability - modified MITI (II) test

OECD 303 A (2001) Simulation test - aerobic sewage treatment: activated sludge units

OECD 303 B (2001) Simulation test - aerobic sewage treatment: biofilms

OECD 304 A (1981) Inherent biodegradability in soil

OECD 306 (1992) Biodegradability in seawater

OECD 307 (2002) Aerobic and anaerobic transformation in soil

OECD 308 (2002) Aerobic and anaerobic transformation in aquatic sediment systems

OECD 309 (2004) Aerobic mineralisation in surface water - simulation biodegradation test

OECD 310 (2014) Ready biodegradability - CO₂ in sealed vessels (Headspace test)

OECD 311 (2006) Anaerobic biodegradability of organic compounds in digested sludge: by measurement of gas production

OECD 314 (2008) Simulation tests to assess the biodegradability of chemicals discharged in wastewater

O'Malley LP (2006) Evaluation and modification of the OECD 301 F respirometry biodegradation test method with regard to test substance concentration and inoculum. *Water Air Soil Pollut* 177:251–265. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-006-9163-5

Pagga U (1997) Testing biodegradability with standardized methods. *Chemosphere* 35:2953–2972

Pagga U, Beimborn DB (1993) Anaerobic biodegradation test for organic compounds. *Chemosphere* 27:1499–1509

Pagga U, Taeger K (1994) Development of a method for adsorption of dyestuffs on activated sludge. *Water Research* 28:1051–1057

Pagga U (1987) Biologischer Abbau von Stoffen bei geringen Konzentrationen. *Z. Wasser- Abwasser-Forsch.* 20:101–107

Pagga U, Beimborn DB, Yamamoto M (1996) Biodegradability and compostability of polymers - test methods and criteria for evaluation. *J Environ Polymer Degradation* 4:173–178

Pagga U (1998) Biodegradability and compostability of polymeric materials in the context of the European packaging regulation. *J 59:371–376*

Pagga U (1999) Compostable packaging materials - test methods and limit values for biodegradation. *Appl Microbiol Biotechnol.* 51:125–133

Pagga U, Schäfer A, Müller RM, Pantke M (2001) Determination of the aerobic biodegradability of polymeric material in aquatic batch tests. *Chemosphere* 42:319–331

Pagga U, Beimborn DB, Boelens J, de Wilde B (1995) Determination of aerobic biodegradability of polymeric material in a laboratory-controlled composting test. *Chemosphere* 31:4475–4487

Painter H (1995) Detailed review paper on biodegradability testing. *OECD Series on the test guidelines programme. Environment monograph No. 98. OECD Paris.*

Paixão SM, Baeta-Hall L, Anselmo AM (2000) Evaluation of two commercial microbial inocula as seed in a 5-day biochemical oxygen demand test. *Water Environ Res* 72:282–284

Paixão SM, Santos P, Baeta-Hall L, Tenreiro R, Anselmo AM (2003) Alternative inocula as activated sludge surrogate culture for a toxicity test. *Environ Toxicol* 18:37–44

Perkins JJ (1943) *Barcroft-Warburg manometric apapratus. Ind. Eng. Chem. Anal. Ed.* 15:61–68

Pitter P, Chudoba J (1990) Biodegradability of organic substances in the aquatic environment. *CRC press Inc., Cleveland. Ohio.*
Loonen H, Lindgren F, Hansen B, Karcher W, Niemelä J, Hiromatsu K, Tkatsuki M, Peijnenberg W, Rorije E, Struijs J (1999) Prediction of biodegradability from chemical structure: modelling of ready biodegradability test data. *Environ Toxicol Chem* 18:1763–1799

Ludzack FJ, Schaffer RB, Bloomhuff RN, Ettinger MG (1959) Biochemical oxidation of some commercially important organic cyanides. Sewage Ind Waste 31:33–44

Luensmann V, Kappelmeyer U, Benndorf R, Martinez-Lavanchy PM, Taubert A, Adrian L, Duarte M, Pieper DH, von Bergen M, Mueller JA, Heipieper HJ, Jehmlich N (2016) In situ protein-SIP highlights Burkholderiaceae as key players degrading toluene by para ring hydroxylation in a constructed wetland model. *Environ Microbiol* 18:1176–1186. https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.13133

Martin TJ, Goodhead AK, Achaya K, Head IM, RJ SJRD (2017) High throughput biodegradation screening test to prioritize and evaluate chemical biodegradability. *Environ Sci Technol* 51:7236–7244

Martinez-Lavanchy PM, Chen Z, Luensmann V, Marin-Cevada V, Vilchez-Vargas R, Pieper DH, Reiche N, Kappelmeyer U, Imparato V, Junca H, Nijenhuis I, Mueller JA, Kuschk P, Heipieper HJ (2015) Microbial toluene removal in hypoxic model constructed wetlands occurs predominantly via the ring monooxygenation pathway. *Appl Environ Microbiol* 81:6241–6252. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.01822-15

Muñoz-Palazon B, Pesciaroli C, Rodriguez-Sanchez A, Gonzalez-Lopez J, Gonzalez Martinez A (2018) Pollutants degradation performance and microbial community structure of aerobic granular sludge systems using inoculums adapted at mild and low temperature. *Chemosphere* 204:431–441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.062

Nabeoka R, Taruki M, Kayashima T, Yoshida T, Kameya T (2016) Effect of test concentration in the ready biodegradability test for chemical substances: improvement of OECD test guideline 301C. *Environ Toxicol Chem* 35:84–90

Nordgren A (1988) Apparatus for continuous, long-term monitoring of soil respiration rate in large numbers of samples. *Soil Biol Biochem* 20:955–957

Norr C, Meinecke S, Brackemann H (2001) Modification of the Zahn-Wellens test: determination of the biodegradability of poorly soluble, adsorbing and volatile substances by measurement of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production. *Chemosphere* 44:553–559. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00497-5

Nyholm N (1990) Biodegradability of poorly soluble compounds by means of manometric respirometry. *Chemosphere* 21:1477–1487

Nyholm N, Damborg A, Lindgaardjorgensen P (1992) A comparative study of test methods for assessment of the biodegradability of chemicals in seawater screening tests and simulation tests. *Eco-toxicol Environ Saf* 23:173–190

OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) (2006). Revised introduction to the OECD guidelines for testing of chemicals, section 3

## OECD Guidelines for testing of chemicals:

OECD 209 (2010) Activated sludge, respiration inhibition test (carbon and ammonium oxidation)

OECD 301 A (1992) Ready biodegradability - DOC die-away test

OECD 301 B (1992) Ready biodegradability - CO₂ evolution test (modified sturm test).

OECD 301 C (1992) Ready biodegradability - MITI (I) test.

OECD 301 D (1992) Ready biodegradability - closed bottle test.

OECD 301 E (1992) Ready biodegradability - modified OECD screening test.

OECD 301 F (1992) Ready biodegradability - manometric respirometry test.

OECD 302 A (1981) Inherent biodegradability - modified SCAS test

OECD 302 B (1992) Inherent biodegradability - Zahn-Wellens / EMPA test

OECD 302 C (1981) Inherent biodegradability - modified MITI (II) test

OECD 303 A (2001) Simulation test - aerobic sewage treatment: activated sludge units

OECD 303 B (2001) Simulation test - aerobic sewage treatment: biofilms

OECD 304 A (1981) Inherent biodegradability in soil

OECD 306 (1992) Biodegradability in seawater

OECD 307 (2002) Aerobic and anaerobic transformation in soil

OECD 308 (2002) Aerobic and anaerobic transformation in aquatic sediment systems

OECD 309 (2004) Aerobic mineralisation in surface water - simulation biodegradation test

OECD 310 (2014) Ready biodegradability - CO₂ in sealed vessels (Headspace test)

OECD 311 (2006) Anaerobic biodegradability of organic compounds in digested sludge: by measurement of gas production

OECD 314 (2008) Simulation tests to assess the biodegradability of chemicals discharged in wastewater

O'Malley LP (2006) Evaluation and modification of the OECD 301 F respirometry biodegradation test method with regard to test substance concentration and inoculum. *Water Air Soil Pollut* 177:251–265. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-006-9163-5

Pagga U (1997) Testing biodegradability with standardized methods. *Chemosphere* 35:2953–2972

Pagga U, Beimborn DB (1993) Anaerobic biodegradation test for organic compounds. *Chemosphere* 27:1499–1509

Pagga U, Taeger K (1994) Development of a method for adsorption of dyestuffs on activated sludge. *Water Research* 28:1051–1057

Pagga U (1987) Biologischer Abbau von Stoffen bei geringen Konzentrationen. *Z. Wasser- Abwasser-Forsch.* 20:101–107

Pagga U, Beimborn DB, Yamamoto M (1996) Biodegradability and compostability of polymers - test methods and criteria for evaluation. *J Environ Polymer Degradation* 4:173–178

Pagga U (1998) Biodegradability and compostability of polymeric materials in the context of the European packaging regulation. *J 59:371–376*

Pagga U (1999) Compostable packaging materials - test methods and limit values for biodegradation. *Appl Microbiol Biotechnol.* 51:125–133

Pagga U, Schäfer A, Müller RM, Pantke M (2001) Determination of the aerobic biodegradability of polymeric material in aquatic batch tests. *Chemosphere* 42:319–331

Pagga U, Beimborn DB, Boelens J, de Wilde B (1995) Determination of aerobic biodegradability of polymeric material in a laboratory-controlled composting test. *Chemosphere* 31:4475–4487

Painter H (1995) Detailed review paper on biodegradability testing. *OECD Series on the test guidelines programme. Environment monograph No. 98. OECD Paris.*

Paixão SM, Baeta-Hall L, Anselmo AM (2000) Evaluation of two commercial microbial inocula as seed in a 5-day biochemical oxygen demand test. *Water Environ Res* 72:282–284

Paixão SM, Santos P, Baeta-Hall L, Tenreiro R, Anselmo AM (2003) Alternative inocula as activated sludge surrogate culture for a toxicity test. *Environ Toxicol* 18:37–44

Perkins JJ (1943) *Barcroft-Warburg manometric apapratus. Ind. Eng. Chem. Anal. Ed.* 15:61–68

Pitter P, Chudoba J (1990) Biodegradability of organic substances in the aquatic environment. *CRC press Inc., Cleveland. Ohio.*
Pizzo F, Lombardo A, Manganaro A, Benfenati E (2013) In silico models for predicting ready biodegradability under REACH: a comparative study. *Sci Total Environ* 463-464:161–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.05.060

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Reuschenbach P, Pagga U, Strotmann U (2003) A critical comparison of respirometric biodegradation tests based on OECD 301 and related test methods. *Water Res* 37:1571–1582

Richterich K, Berger H, Steber J (1998) The “two-phase closed bottle test” - a suitable method for the determination of “ready biodegradability” of poorly soluble compounds. *Chemosphere* 37:319–326

Rockström J, Steffen W, Noone K, Persson Å, Chapin FS III, Lambin EF, Lenton TM, Scheffer M, Folke C, Schellnhuber HJ, Nykvist B, de Wit CA, Hughes T, van der Leeuw S, Rodhe H, Sörlin S, Snyder PK, Costanza R, Svedin U et al (2009) A safe operating space for humanity. *Nature* 461:472–475

Seyfried M, Boschung A (2014) An assessment of biodegradability of quaternary carbon-containing fragrance compounds: comparison of experimental OECD screening test results and *in silico* prediction data. *Environ Toxicol Chem* 33:1005–1016

Spain JC, van Veld PA (1983) Adaptation of natural communities to degradation of xenobiotic compounds: effects of concentration, exposure time, inoculation and chemical structure. *Appl Environ Microbiol* 45:428–435

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Steffen W, Richardson K, Rockström J, Cornell SE, Fetzer I, Bennett EM, Biggs R, Carpenter SR, de Vries W, de Wit CA, Folke C, Gerten D, Heinke J, Mace GM, Persson LM, Ramanathan V, Reyers B, Sörlin S (2015) Planetary boundaries: guiding human development on a changing planet. *Science* 347:1259855

Strotmann UJ, Pentenga M, Janssen DB (1990) Degradation of 2-chloroethanol by wild-type and mutants of *Pseudomonas putida* US2. *Arch Microbiol* 154:294–300

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Strotmann UJ, Butz B, Bias WR (1993) The dehydrogenase assay with resazurin: practical performance as a monitoring system and pH-dependent toxicity of phenolic compounds. *Ecotoxicol Environ Saf* 25(1):79–89. S0147651383710092. https://doi.org/10.1006/eesa.1993.1009

Strotmann UJ, Weberruß U, Bias WR (1993a) Biodegradation of morpholine in several biodegradation tests and in wastewater treatment plants. *Chemosphere* 26:1729–1742

Strotmann UJ, Eismann F, Hauth B, Bias WR (1993b) An integrated test strategy for the assessment of anaerobic biodegradability of wastewaters. *Chemosphere* 26:2241–2254

Strotmann UJ, Gendig C, Geldern A, Kuhn A, Klein S (1999) Optimization of a respirometric method for the determination of the heterotrophic yield of activated sludge bacteria. *Chemosphere* 38:3555–3570

Strotmann UJ, Schwarz H, Pagga U (1995) The combined CO₂/DOC test - a new method to determine the biodegradability of organic compounds. *Chemosphere* 30:525–538

Strotmann U, Reuschenbach P, Schwarz H, Pagga U (2004) Development and evaluation of an online CO₂ evolution test and a

multi-component biodegradation test system. *Appl Env Microbiol* 70:4621–4628

Strotmann U, Pastor Flores D, Konrad O, Gendig C (2020) New developments in bacterial toxicity testing: improvement of the respiratory inhibition test and the luminescent bacteria test. *Processes* 2020(8):1349. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8111349

Strujs J, Stoltenkamp J (1990) Headspace determination of evolved carbon dioxide in a biodegradability screening test. *Ecotoxicol Environ Saf* 19:204–211

Sturm RN (1973) Biodegradability of non-ionic surfactants: screening test for predicting rate and ultimate biodegradation. *J Amer Oil Chem Society* 50:159–167

Tabka H, Seignez C, Adler N, Pulgarin C, Péringer P (1993) Inoculum standardization for biodegradability tests. *Biodegradation* 6:319–327

Thouand G, Friant P, Bois F, Cartier A, Maul A, Block JC (1995) Bacterial inoculum density and probability of para-nitrophenol biodegradability test response. *Ecotoxicol Environ Saf* 30:274–282

Thouand G, Durand MJ, Maul A, Gancet C, Blok H (2011) New concept in the evaluation of biodegradation/persistence of chemical substances using a microbial inoculum. *Front Microbiol* 2:1–6

Thouand G, Capdeville B, Block JC (1996) Preadapted inocula for limiting the risk of errors in biodegradability tests. *Ecotoxicol Environ Saf* 33:261–267

TOPCAT. Available at: https://drugdevelopment.labcorp.com/catalog/biovia-discovery-studio-topkat-extensible.html (6th October 2022)

Vázquez-Rodriguez GA, Beltrán-Hernández RI, Coronel-Olivares C, Rois JL (2011) Standardization of activated sludge for biodegradation tests. *Anal Bioanal Chem* 401:1127–1137

Vázquez-Rodriguez GA, Goma G, Rols JL (2003) Activated sludge as inoculum for ready biodegradability testing: effect of source. *Environ Technol* 24:979–987

Vázquez-Rodriguez GA, Beltrán-Hernández RI (2004) Normalized tests for the evaluation of biodegradation of chemical substances. *A Review. Interciencia* 29:1–6

Vázquez-Rodriguez GA, Garabétian F, Rols JL (2007) Inocula from activated sludge for ready biodegradability testing: homoenization by preconditioning. *Chemosphere* 68:1447–1454

VEGA. Available at: https://www.vegahub.eu/ (6th October 2022)

Walker A (1987) Enhanced degradation of iprodine and vinclozolin in soil: a simple colorimetric test for identification of rapid-degrading soils. *Pestic. Sci.* 21(3):233–240. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.2780210309

Wang S, Seiwert B, Kästner M, Miltner A, Schäffer A, Reemtsma T, Yang Q, Nowak KM (2016) (Bio) degradation of glyphosate in water-sediment microcosms – a stable isotope co-labeling approach. *Water Res* 99:91–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.04.041

Wang Z, Walker GW, Muir DCG (2020) Nagatani-Yoshida K. Toward a global understanding of chemical pollution: a first comprehensive analysis of national and regional chemical inventories *Environ Sci Technol* 54:2575–2584. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b06379

Xu S, Rong JM, Pan K, Miao AJ (2020) Microplastics in aquatic environments: occurrence, accumulation and biological effects. *Sci Total Environ* 703:134699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134699

Zhujun Z, Seitz WR (1984) A carbon dioxide sensor based on fluorescence. *Anal Chim Acta* 160:305–309

**Publisher's note** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.