<table><caption>Table 1. *Cont.*</caption><thead><tr><th>Name</th><th>Current Name</th><th>Year of 1st Publication</th><th>Year of Last Publication</th><th>Systemic</th><th>CNS</th><th>Ocular</th><th>Auditory System</th><th>Dental and Gums</th><th>ORL Sphere</th><th>Pulmonary</th><th>Breast</th><th>Heart</th><th>Digestive System</th><th>Liver</th><th>Urinary Tract</th><th>Genital</th><th>OA System</th><th>Skeletal Muscles</th><th>Soft-Tissue</th><th>Skin System</th><th>Endocrine Gland</th><th>Placental Infection</th><th>Total</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Rhytidhysterium rufulum</td><td></td><td>2014</td><td>2018</td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>4</td><td></td><td></td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>Rousoella solani</td><td></td><td>2017</td><td>2017</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Sarocladium kiliense</td><td></td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>(5)</td><td>(7)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(1)</td><td>(2)</td><td>(1)</td><td>(2)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(2)</td><td>(10)</td><td></td><td>(30)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acremonium kiliense</td><td>Sarocladium kiliense</td><td>1981</td><td>2017</td><td>5</td><td>6</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2</td><td>8</td><td></td><td></td><td>27</td></tr><tr><td>Cephalosporium madurae</td><td>Sarocladium kiliense</td><td>1962</td><td>1966</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2</td><td></td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Cephalosporium niveolanosum</td><td>Sarocladium kiliense</td><td>1960</td><td>1960</td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Acremonium strictum</td><td>Sarocladium strictum</td><td>1984</td><td>2015</td><td>7</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>8</td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td>9</td><td></td><td></td><td>35</td></tr><tr><td>Stachybotrys atra</td><td></td><td>1999</td><td>1999</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>Stachybotrys chlorohalonata</td><td></td><td>2021</td><td>2021</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Stachybotrys eucylindrospora</td><td></td><td>2014</td><td>2014</td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Thermoascus aurantiacus</td><td></td><td>1967</td><td>1967</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Thermoascus crustaceus</td><td></td><td>2010</td><td>2019</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2</td><td></td><td>4</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Thielavia subthermophila</td><td></td><td>2009</td><td>2011</td><td></td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Tilletiopsis minor</td><td></td><td>1997</td><td>2018</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>Tintelnotia destructans</td><td></td><td>2018</td><td>2019</td><td></td><td></td><td>2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Toxicocladosporium irritans</td><td></td><td>2011</td><td>2011</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Triadelphia pulvinata</td><td></td><td>2001</td><td>2013</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Trichoderma bissettii</td><td></td><td>2014</td><td>2014</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td>4</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table 1. *Cont.*</caption><thead><tr><th>Name</th><th>Current Name</th><th>Year of 1st Publication</th><th>Year of Last Publication</th><th>Systemic</th><th>CNS</th><th>Ocular</th><th>Auditory System</th><th>Dental and Gums</th><th>ORL Sphere</th><th>Pulmonary</th><th>Breast</th><th>Heart</th><th>Digestive System</th><th>Liver</th><th>Urinary Tract</th><th>Genital</th><th>OA System</th><th>Skeletal Muscles</th><th>Soft-Tissue</th><th>Skin System</th><th>Endocrine Gland</th><th>Placental Infection</th><th>Total</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Trichoderma citrinoviride</td><td></td><td>1999</td><td>2008</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Trichoderma harzianum</td><td></td><td>1996</td><td>2014</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td>Trichoderma longibrachiatum</td><td></td><td>1995</td><td>2019</td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td></td><td>2</td><td></td><td>6</td><td>9</td><td>4</td><td>7</td><td>2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>5</td><td></td><td>40</td></tr><tr><td>Trichoderma orientale</td><td></td><td>2014</td><td>2014</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>Trichoderma pseudokoningii</td><td></td><td>1995</td><td>2000</td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>Trichoderma viride</td><td></td><td>1976</td><td>2005</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2</td><td></td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>Tritirachium oryzae</td><td></td><td>2010</td><td>2018</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>4</td><td></td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>Tritirachium roseum</td><td></td><td>1975</td><td>1975</td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Truncatella angustata</td><td></td><td>2015</td><td>2015</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Stemphylium lanuginosum</td><td>Ullocladium lanuginosum</td><td>1983</td><td>1983</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Ustilago echinata</td><td></td><td>2016</td><td>2016</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Ustilago esculenta</td><td></td><td>1996</td><td>2007</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Valsa sordida</td><td></td><td>2006</td><td>2008</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>Westerdykella dispersa</td><td></td><td>2014</td><td>2018</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Xanthothecium peruvianum</td><td></td><td>2017</td><td>2017</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Acremonium recifei</td><td>Xeneoacremonium recifiei</td><td>1979</td><td>2010</td><td></td><td></td><td>2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3</td><td></td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>Xylaria enteroleuca</td><td></td><td>2006</td><td>2006</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td></td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>629</td><td>669</td><td>958</td><td>259</td><td>12</td><td>1046</td><td>2511</td><td>14</td><td>333</td><td>354</td><td>118</td><td>252</td><td>21</td><td>474</td><td>62</td><td>139</td><td>2499</td><td>74</td><td>1</td><td>10,435</td></tr></tbody></table>

CNS: central nervous system; ORL: oto-rhino-laryngological; OA: osteo-articular; and (nb): number of publications corresponding to all isolates from the same species on the basis of their current taxonomic.
### 3.1.1. Aspergillus

Aspergillus species were the most frequent moulds isolated in human clinical samples. In this repertoire, the 81 *Aspergillus* species identified at least once in humans belong to 14 sections of the 20 described [19], as follows: *Aspergillus*, *Candidi*, *Circumdati*, *Clavati*, *Cremei*, *Flavi*, *Flavipedes*, *Fumigati*, *Nidulantes*, *Nigri*, *Polypaecilum*, *Restricti*, *Terrei* and *Usti*. As reported in the literature, the filamentous fungus mostly isolated from humans is *Aspergillus fumigatus* [20], followed by *Aspergillus flavus*, *Aspergillus niger* and *Aspergillus terreus*. The lung and respiratory tracts were the most common anatomical sites of infection, with a total of 1180 publications for *A. fumigatus*, 174 for *A. flavus*, 102 for *A. niger* and 81 publications for *A. terreus*. These fungi are indeed ubiquitous in the environment and are transmitted by the airways [21]. The results will be approached in terms of the *Aspergillus* section to rule out potential misidentifications related to morphological identification [4]. The anatomical site in the second position and concerning all the sections was the skin system. Cutaneous aspergillosis can be primary and can affect immunocompetent patients or can be secondary in cases of disseminated infection, predominantly in immunosuppressed patients [22–24]. The *Nigri* section has a tropism for the auditory system, with 79 publications, which has already been noted in the literature [25]. Regarding the clinical presentations involving the central nervous system or heart, the *Fumigati* section was predominantly represented (194 and 118 publications, respectively). The *Fumigati*, *Flavi* and *Nigri* sections had a predominantly ocular involvement, with 140, 93, and 36 publications, respectively.

### 3.1.2. Fusarium

The genus *Fusarium* includes at least 200 species, grouped into about ten phylogenetic species complexes [15,16,26]. In this review of the literature, only eight species complexes were found to have been isolated from humans: *F. chlamydosporum* species complex (FCSC), *F. dimerum* species complex (FDSC), *F. incarnatum–F. equiseti* species complex (FIESC), *F. oxysporum* species complex (FOSC), *F. sambucinum* species complex (FSAMSC), *F. solani* species complex (FSSC), *F. fujikuroi* species complex (FFSC) and *Gibberella fujikuroi* species complex (GFSC). Interestingly, looking at the *Fusarium* genus as a whole, three anatomical sites stand out: the ocular system (190 publications), the cutaneous system (233 publications) and systemic involvement (134 publications). This is consistent with the data in the literature reporting superficial cases, mainly keratitis and onychomycosis in immunocompromised or immunocompromised patients and disseminated infections in immunocompromised patients [27–30]. Species belonging to the FSSC are predominantly represented, which has previously been shown to be the most virulent *Fusarium* species complex in animal models [31].

### 3.1.3. Penicillium

The genus *Penicillium* is ubiquitous in the environment and is rarely involved in human infections. When found in superficial and aerial samples, they are often considered contaminants. In this literature review, only 163 publications reporting the isolation of these hyaline hyphomycetes in humans were found. One species has emerged since the 1990s and mainly affects humans with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): *Talaromyces marneffei* [32,33], and this is the predominant species within the genus *Penicillium* representing 54% of the publications (89/164). The members of the genus *Penicillium* are mostly reported in three anatomical sites: the pulmonary sphere (48 publications), the cutaneous system (23 publications) and systemic involvement (36 publications).

### 3.1.4. Mucorales

The order of the mucorales (previously Zygomyces) includes the hyaline pauciseptated filamentous fungi group, comprising 13 genera: *Mucor*, *Lichtheimia*, *Rhizomucor*, *Rhizopus*, *Absidia*, *Syncephalastrum*, *Cunninghamella*, *Apophysomyces*, *Mycocladus*, *Saksenaea*, *Actinomucor*, *Thamnostylum* and *Thermomucor*. All of these are implicated in human infections [34]. In this literature review, *Rhizopus* was the genus mostly involved in human infections,
with *Rhizopus oryzae* (121 publications) (plus its synonym and current appellation *Rhizopus arrhizus* (53 publications)) leading the way, followed by *Rhizopus microsporus* (90 publications). Mucorales can be classified according to the primary route of infection: airborne, direct contact with contaminated devices or by trauma [34,35]. Here, we compare the number of publications reporting isolation in the skin system versus the respiratory system, including from the oto-rhino-laryngological sphere and pulmonary sphere: The genera *Apophysomyces* (54 versus 26 publications, respectively), *Mucor* (40 versus 18 publications, respectively) and *Saksenaea* (45 versus eight publications, respectively) are mostly isolated from the skin system and therefore transmitted by contact; the genera *Cunninghamella* (12 versus 52 publications, respectively), *Rhizopus* (75 versus 134 publications, respectively) and *Rhizomucor* (8 versus 31 publications, respectively) are mostly isolated from the oto-rhino-laryngological sphere and pulmonary system and are, therefore, airborne; finally, *Lichtheimia* (77 versus 74 publications, respectively) had a less obvious tropism for one or the other of these two systems. The cutaneous or respiratory tropism can be explained by the differences found in the sporangia of these genera [35]. In fact, the wet spores of the *Mucor*, *Apophysomyces* and *Saksenaea* species are probably not primarily dispersed by the air and transmitted by trauma [35,36]. On the contrary, the sporangiospores of *Rhizopus* and *Rhizomucor* species are small (less than 4 µm in diameter), dry and therefore easily airborne [37,38]. This morphological hypothesis does not explain everything because, similar to *Mucor*, *Lichteimia* have wet spores and yet they are equivalently reported in the lung and skin in this review.

### 3.1.5. Dematiaceous moulds

Dematiaceous fungi are also known as “black fungi” due to the predominance of melanin in their cell walls, which likely acts as a virulence factor. These darkly pigmented fungi are found on the soil surface, where they live as saprophytes but also sometimes as parasites of plants [39]. This review has highlighted 204 dematiaceous fungi species isolated from humans, belonging to 19 genera: *Alternaria*, *Exophiala*, *Cladophialophora*, *Scopulariopsis*, *Curvularia*, *Phialemoniopsis*, *Phialemonium*, *Exserohilum*, *Microascus*, *Bipolaris*, *Chaetomium*, *Cladosporium*, *Ochroconis*, *Phaeoacremonium*, *Rhinocladiella*, *Fonsecaea*, *Phialophora*, *Phoma* and *Madurella*. The genus *Exophiala* is the most represented. Contamination most often takes place through infection of a wound by a telluric strain or during a transcutaneous traumatism by means of a plant [40]. This explains the predominantly cutaneous location found in this review (1043 publications). Among the cutaneous affections, melanised fungi are responsible for chromoblastomycosis, which mainly affect individuals performing soil-related tasks [41], phaeohyphomycosis [42] and eumycotic myetoma [43]. Two synonyms species stand out for their tropism for the central nervous system, *Cladiophialophora bantiana* and *Cladosporium trichoides*, for which 51 publications and 30 publications, respectively, were found in this location.

### 3.1.6. *Pseudallescheria/Scedosporium* Species Complex (PSC)

Among the PSC, six genera were represented: *Allescheria*, *Lomentospora*, *Monosporium*, *Petriellidium*, *Pseudallescheria* and *Scedosporium*. These fungi are ubiquitous in the environment and can be found in soil, compost and polluted water [44]. Regarding current nomenclature and taxonomy, the *Pseudallescheria/Scedosporium* species complex includes the three major species isolated from humans: *Scedosporium apiospermum*, *Scedosporium boydii*, and *Lomentospora prolificans*, and four distinct species, namely *Scedosporium aurantiacum* (29 publications), *Scedosporium dehoogii* (2 publications), *Scedosporium inflatum* (86 publications) and *Scedosporium minutisporum* (1 publication) [45]. By grouping the publications concerning the main species and their synonyms, we find 468 publications reporting the isolation of *Scedosporium apiospermum*, 275 publications reporting the isolation of *Scedosporium boydii* and 261 publications concerning the isolation of *Lomentospora prolificans* in humans. In regard to locations, *S. boydii* and *S. apiospermum* are found in all anatomical sites, with a greater prevalence in the pulmonary sphere (72 and 94 publications,
respectively) and the cutaneous system (79 and 110 publications, respectively). *Scedosporium prolificans* is mainly found in the pulmonary sphere (56 publications) and in systemic infections (52 publications).

### 3.1.7. Others

Among the moulds not classified in the five major genera, some present in the environment stands out for their ability to affect multiple organs, such as the members of the genus *Acremonium*, with *Acremonium strictum* (35 publications) and *Acremonium kiliense* (27 publications) in the lead, members of the genus *Paecilomyces*, with *Paecilomyces variotii* (53 publications), and members of the *Trichoderma* genus, with *Trichoderma longibrachiatum* in the lead (40 publications). Others have a cutaneous tropism. *Hendersonula toruloidea* is an opportunistic fungus which is almost exclusively responsible for skin infections (34/35 publications). *Onychocola canadensis* is found only on the skin system (17 publications) and is mostly responsible for onychomycosis (16 publications). Finally, some rarely reported species were exclusively found in the ocular area, often secondary to trauma, such as *Arthrobotrys oligospora* (one publication), *Beauveria alba* (one publication), *Carpoligna pleurothecii* (one publication), *Cephaliophora irregularis* (one publication), *Cephalosporium niveolanosum* (one publication), *Colletotrichum coccodes* (one publication), *Colletotrichum dematium* (seven publications), *Edenia gomezpompae* (one publication), *Epicoccum nigrum* (one publication), *Glomerella cingulate* (one publication), *Laetisaria arvalis* (one publication), *Metarhizium robertsii* (one publication), *Microcyclosporella mali* (one publication), *Paecilomyces viridis* (one publication), *Papulaspora equi* (one publication), *Pestalotiopsis clavispora* (one publication), *Phaeoisaria clematidis* (one publication), *Podospora austroamericana* (one publication), *Pseudopestalotiopsis theae* (one publication), *Rousoella solani* (one publication), *Setosphaeria holmii* (one publication), *Stachybotrys eucylindrospora* (one publication), *Tintelnotia destructans* (one publication) and *Tritirachium roseum* (one publication).

### 3.2. Fungal Location by Focusing on the Anatomical Site

Within the 19 anatomical sites, the semiology of infection was detailed for the six major categories of fungi involved in human pathologies (Table 2).

<table><caption>**Table 2.** Anatomical sites and nosological framework of the different taxa. CNS: central nervous system; and ORL: oto-rhino-laryngological. The numbers in the table correspond to PMIDs.</caption><thead><tr><th></th><th>Aspergillus</th><th>Dematiaceous</th><th>Pseudallescheria/Scedosporium</th><th>Other</th><th>Mucorales</th><th>Fusarium</th><th>Penicillium</th><th>Total</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Systemic</td><td>193</td><td>75</td><td>105</td><td>56</td><td>46</td><td>138</td><td>54</td><td>678</td></tr><tr><td>Anatomical site</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Unspecified</td><td>19</td><td></td><td>8</td><td></td><td>18</td><td>2</td><td></td><td>47</td></tr><tr><td>Blood</td><td>91</td><td>49</td><td>78</td><td>24</td><td>13</td><td>128</td><td>31</td><td>427</td></tr><tr><td>Bone marrow</td><td>5</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>4</td><td></td><td></td><td>13</td><td>25</td></tr><tr><td>Lymph nodes</td><td>17</td><td>15</td><td>7</td><td>6</td><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>10</td><td>57</td></tr><tr><td>Semiology</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Aortitis</td><td>29</td><td>6</td><td>6</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td></td><td>44</td></tr><tr><td>Vasculitis</td><td>32</td><td>4</td><td>4</td><td>21</td><td>12</td><td>5</td><td></td><td>78</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table 2. Cont.</caption><thead><tr><th></th><th>Aspergillus</th><th>Dematiaceous</th><th>Pseudallescherial Scedosporium</th><th>Other</th><th>Mucorales</th><th>Fusarium</th><th>Penicillium</th><th>Total</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>CNS</td><td>288</td><td>205</td><td>133</td><td>38</td><td>41</td><td>8</td><td>3</td><td>710</td></tr><tr><td>Anatomical site</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Unspecified</td><td>127</td><td>39</td><td>46</td><td>16</td><td>25</td><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>255</td></tr><tr><td>Specimen</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Brain abscess</td><td>79</td><td>114</td><td>59</td><td>13</td><td>8</td><td>3</td><td></td><td>273</td></tr><tr><td>Semiology</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Encephalitis</td><td>1</td><td>4</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Mass</td><td>37</td><td>19</td><td>3</td><td>4</td><td>5</td><td></td><td></td><td>67</td></tr><tr><td>Meningitis</td><td>39</td><td>25</td><td>17</td><td>3</td><td>3</td><td>3</td><td>1</td><td>93</td></tr><tr><td>Meningo-encephalitis</td><td>5</td><td>4</td><td>7</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>16</td></tr><tr><td>Ocular</td><td>321</td><td>168</td><td>147</td><td>155</td><td>20</td><td>207</td><td>9</td><td>1021</td></tr><tr><td>Anatomical site</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Unspecified</td><td>42</td><td>9</td><td>28</td><td>7</td><td>2</td><td>4</td><td>1</td><td>94</td></tr><tr><td>Conjonctival</td><td>6</td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td>2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>13</td></tr><tr><td>Orbital</td><td>20</td><td>2</td><td>8</td><td>5</td><td>3</td><td>1</td><td></td><td>38</td></tr><tr><td>Specimen</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lacrimal fluid</td><td>3</td><td></td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>Semiology</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Blepharitis</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Endophthalmitis</td><td>87</td><td>39</td><td>43</td><td>19</td><td>4</td><td>41</td><td>3</td><td>240</td></tr><tr><td>Granuloma</td><td>5</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>Keratitis</td><td>157</td><td>116</td><td>63</td><td>121</td><td>10</td><td>161</td><td>5</td><td>623</td></tr><tr><td>Auditory system</td><td>193</td><td>17</td><td>29</td><td>8</td><td>13</td><td>1</td><td>6</td><td>263</td></tr><tr><td>Anatomical site</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Unspecified</td><td>17</td><td>8</td><td>10</td><td>1</td><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td>38</td></tr><tr><td>Semiology</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Implant-associated otomycosis</td><td></td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>Otomycosis</td><td>176</td><td>8</td><td>18</td><td>7</td><td>9</td><td>1</td><td>6</td><td>222</td></tr><tr><td>Dental and gums</td><td>5</td><td>5</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>13</td></tr><tr><td>Anatomical site</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Unspecified</td><td>4</td><td>4</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td>Specimen</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Abscess</td><td></td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Semiology</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Peridontitis</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table 2. *Cont.*</caption><thead><tr><th></th><th>Aspergillus</th><th>Dematiaceous</th><th>Pseudallescherial/Scedosporium</th><th>Other</th><th>Mucorales</th><th>Fusarium</th><th>Penicillium</th><th>Total</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>ORL sphere</td><td>658</td><td>153</td><td>87</td><td>133</td><td>179</td><td>38</td><td>22</td><td>1246</td></tr><tr><td>Anatomical site</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Unspecified</td><td>5</td><td></td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td></td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>Cervical lymphadenopathy</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Laryngeal</td><td>18</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td>2</td><td>22</td></tr><tr><td>Nasal</td><td>81</td><td>23</td><td>5</td><td>11</td><td>7</td><td>8</td><td>4</td><td>139</td></tr><tr><td>Oesophagus</td><td>7</td><td>3</td><td>3</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>4</td><td>2</td><td>22</td></tr><tr><td>Oral mucosa</td><td>20</td><td>7</td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td>5</td><td>2</td><td></td><td>39</td></tr><tr><td>Rhinitis</td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Rhino-facial</td><td>1</td><td>3</td><td>1</td><td>47</td><td>9</td><td></td><td></td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>Rhino-orbital</td><td>51</td><td>8</td><td>6</td><td>11</td><td>33</td><td></td><td></td><td>105</td></tr><tr><td>Rhino-orbito-cerebral</td><td>20</td><td></td><td>1</td><td>9</td><td>64</td><td></td><td></td><td>89</td></tr><tr><td>Rhino-sinusal</td><td>282</td><td>87</td><td>51</td><td>38</td><td>41</td><td>17</td><td>8</td><td>514</td></tr><tr><td>Sino-oral</td><td>11</td><td>3</td><td></td><td>3</td><td>8</td><td>1</td><td></td><td>26</td></tr><tr><td>Tongue</td><td>7</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>Tonsil</td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Tracheal</td><td>103</td><td>6</td><td>10</td><td>5</td><td>9</td><td>3</td><td>1</td><td>135</td></tr><tr><td>Semiology</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fungus ball</td><td>44</td><td>8</td><td>7</td><td>4</td><td></td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>62</td></tr><tr><td>Pharyngeal abscess</td><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>Pharyngitis</td><td>4</td><td>2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Pulmonary</strong></td><td><strong>3088</strong></td><td><strong>238</strong></td><td><strong>424</strong></td><td><strong>218</strong></td><td><strong>292</strong></td><td><strong>51</strong></td><td><strong>65</strong></td><td><strong>4353</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Anatomical site</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Unspecified</td><td>208</td><td>13</td><td>25</td><td>13</td><td>21</td><td>9</td><td></td><td>287</td></tr><tr><td>Lower respiratory tract</td><td>999</td><td>100</td><td>166</td><td>93</td><td>121</td><td>20</td><td>22</td><td>1509</td></tr><tr><td>Lymph nodes</td><td>84</td><td>13</td><td>8</td><td>13</td><td>21</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>141</td></tr><tr><td>Mediastinum</td><td>37</td><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td>4</td><td></td><td></td><td>48</td></tr><tr><td>Parenchymal cavity</td><td>331</td><td>12</td><td>46</td><td>8</td><td>28</td><td>1</td><td>6</td><td>430</td></tr><tr><td>PleurisyPleura</td><td>74</td><td>11</td><td>13</td><td>8</td><td>11</td><td>1</td><td>5</td><td>125</td></tr><tr><td>Upper respiratory tract</td><td>694</td><td>48</td><td>111</td><td>34</td><td>31</td><td>8</td><td>12</td><td>934</td></tr><tr><td>Specimen</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Abscess</td><td>40</td><td>3</td><td>13</td><td>6</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td></td><td>63</td></tr><tr><td>Semiology</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hypersensitivity/Allergy</td><td>106</td><td>8</td><td></td><td>3</td><td></td><td>1</td><td>3</td><td>120</td></tr><tr><td>Invasive</td><td>389</td><td>9</td><td>12</td><td>14</td><td>28</td><td>1</td><td>9</td><td>462</td></tr><tr><td>Pneumonia</td><td>126</td><td>19</td><td>28</td><td>23</td><td>25</td><td>8</td><td>6</td><td>234</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>**Table 2. Cont.**</caption><thead><tr><th></th><th>Aspergillus</th><th>Dematiaceous</th><th>Pseudallescherial/Scedosporium</th><th>Other</th><th>Mucorales</th><th>Fusarium</th><th>Penicillium</th><th>Total</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Breast</strong></td><td>7</td><td>3</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>16</td></tr><tr><td>Anatomical site</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Unspecified</td><td>1</td><td>3</td><td></td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td></td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>Breast implant</td><td>2</td><td></td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>Nipples</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Specimen</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Milk</td><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Heart</strong></td><td><strong>219</strong></td><td><strong>31</strong></td><td><strong>54</strong></td><td><strong>24</strong></td><td><strong>29</strong></td><td><strong>13</strong></td><td><strong>3</strong></td><td><strong>372</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Anatomical site</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Unspecified</td><td>37</td><td>4</td><td>11</td><td>1</td><td>16</td><td>4</td><td></td><td>74</td></tr><tr><td>Myocardium</td><td>30</td><td>3</td><td>9</td><td>2</td><td>4</td><td>2</td><td></td><td>49</td></tr><tr><td>Pericardium</td><td>23</td><td>3</td><td>3</td><td>5</td><td>2</td><td></td><td>2</td><td>37</td></tr><tr><td>Thrombus</td><td>8</td><td></td><td>2</td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td>11</td></tr><tr><td>Semiology</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Implanted device endocarditis</td><td>55</td><td>14</td><td>12</td><td>10</td><td></td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>96</td></tr><tr><td>Native valve endocarditis</td><td>66</td><td>7</td><td>17</td><td>6</td><td>6</td><td>5</td><td></td><td>105</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Digestive</strong></td><td><strong>149</strong></td><td><strong>49</strong></td><td><strong>43</strong></td><td><strong>54</strong></td><td><strong>94</strong></td><td><strong>22</strong></td><td><strong>12</strong></td><td><strong>422</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Anatomical site</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Unspecified</td><td>9</td><td>2</td><td>4</td><td>4</td><td>13</td><td>1</td><td>3</td><td>36</td></tr><tr><td>Appendix</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Biliary tract</td><td>6</td><td>3</td><td>2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>11</td></tr><tr><td>Bowel</td><td>14</td><td>1</td><td>3</td><td>5</td><td>9</td><td>1</td><td>3</td><td>36</td></tr><tr><td>Gastric</td><td>10</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>5</td><td>15</td><td>1</td><td></td><td>34</td></tr><tr><td>Pancreas</td><td>7</td><td></td><td>3</td><td></td><td>3</td><td>1</td><td></td><td>14</td></tr><tr><td>Peritoneum</td><td>43</td><td>32</td><td>7</td><td>27</td><td>16</td><td>8</td><td>1</td><td>135</td></tr><tr><td>Spleen</td><td>33</td><td>5</td><td>15</td><td>3</td><td>18</td><td>6</td><td>1</td><td>80</td></tr><tr><td>Specimen</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Abscess</td><td>2</td><td></td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>Faecal specimen</td><td>15</td><td>4</td><td>5</td><td>6</td><td>6</td><td>3</td><td>4</td><td>43</td></tr><tr><td>Semiology</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Colitis</td><td>2</td><td></td><td>2</td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>Enteritis</td><td>2</td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td>6</td><td></td><td></td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>Mucosal necrosis</td><td>5</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td>3</td><td>1</td><td></td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Liver</strong></td><td><strong>43</strong></td><td><strong>10</strong></td><td><strong>17</strong></td><td><strong>11</strong></td><td><strong>34</strong></td><td><strong>4</strong></td><td><strong>2</strong></td><td><strong>120</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Anatomical site</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Unspecified</td><td>27</td><td>8</td><td>17</td><td>10</td><td>23</td><td>3</td><td>2</td><td>89</td></tr><tr><td>Specimen</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>**Table 2. Cont.**</caption><thead><tr><th></th><th>Aspergillus</th><th>Dematiaceous</th><th>Pseudallescherial/Scedosporium</th><th>Other</th><th>Mucorales</th><th>Fusarium</th><th>Penicillium</th><th>Total</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Abscess</td><td>11</td><td>1</td><td></td><td>1</td><td>11</td><td>0</td><td></td><td>24</td></tr><tr><td>Ascites fluid</td><td>3</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td colspan="9">Semiology</td></tr><tr><td>Hepatitis</td><td>2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Urinary tract</td><td>159</td><td>16</td><td>51</td><td>14</td><td>61</td><td>16</td><td>1</td><td>314</td></tr><tr><td colspan="9">Anatomical site</td></tr><tr><td>Unspecified</td><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>Bladder</td><td>6</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td>4</td><td></td><td></td><td>11</td></tr><tr><td>Kidney</td><td>86</td><td>10</td><td>30</td><td>9</td><td>46</td><td>7</td><td>1</td><td>185</td></tr><tr><td>Prostate gland</td><td>7</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td colspan="9">Specimen</td></tr><tr><td>Urine</td><td>28</td><td>3</td><td>13</td><td>2</td><td>7</td><td>8</td><td></td><td>62</td></tr><tr><td colspan="9">Semiology</td></tr><tr><td>Mass</td><td>26</td><td></td><td>2</td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td>29</td></tr><tr><td>Pyelonephritis</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td>2</td><td></td><td></td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>Urinary tract infection</td><td>1</td><td></td><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>Genital</td><td>9</td><td>1</td><td>3</td><td>1</td><td>6</td><td>1</td><td></td><td>21</td></tr><tr><td colspan="9">Anatomical site</td></tr><tr><td>Unspecified</td><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>Epididymis</td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>External genitalia</td><td></td><td></td><td>3</td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>Glans</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3</td><td>1</td><td></td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>Ovaries</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Testis</td><td>4</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>Vaginal mucosa</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>Osteo-articular system</td><td>287</td><td>84</td><td>151</td><td>22</td><td>28</td><td>19</td><td>4</td><td>589</td></tr><tr><td colspan="9">Anatomical site</td></tr><tr><td>Unspecified</td><td>38</td><td>9</td><td>18</td><td>4</td><td>9</td><td>2</td><td></td><td>79</td></tr><tr><td>Joint</td><td>26</td><td>8</td><td>21</td><td>1</td><td>4</td><td>1</td><td></td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td colspan="9">Specimen</td></tr><tr><td>Synovial fluid</td><td>8</td><td>13</td><td>20</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>4</td><td></td><td>46</td></tr><tr><td colspan="9">Semiology</td></tr><tr><td>Arthritis</td><td>6</td><td>13</td><td>28</td><td>3</td><td>2</td><td>6</td><td></td><td>57</td></tr><tr><td>Bursitis</td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Mass (including mycetoma)</td><td>6</td><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>Osteomyelitis</td><td>147</td><td>35</td><td>55</td><td>12</td><td>11</td><td>5</td><td>4</td><td>266</td></tr><tr><td>Spondylodiscitis</td><td>56</td><td>2</td><td>9</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td></td><td>71</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>**Table 2. Cont.**</caption><thead><tr><th></th><th>Aspergillus</th><th>Dematiaceous</th><th>Pseudallescherial/Scedosporium</th><th>Other</th><th>Mucorales</th><th>Fusarium</th><th>Penicillium</th><th>Total</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Skeletal muscles</strong></td><td><strong>21</strong></td><td><strong>8</strong></td><td><strong>4</strong></td><td><strong>8</strong></td><td><strong>23</strong></td><td><strong>1</strong></td><td></td><td><strong>61</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Anatomical site</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Unspecified</td><td>21</td><td>8</td><td>4</td><td>8</td><td>23</td><td>1</td><td></td><td>61</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Soft-tissue</strong></td><td><strong>44</strong></td><td><strong>13</strong></td><td><strong>21</strong></td><td><strong>12</strong></td><td><strong>50</strong></td><td><strong>4</strong></td><td></td><td><strong>137</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Anatomical site</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Unspecified</td><td>44</td><td>13</td><td>21</td><td>12</td><td>50</td><td>4</td><td></td><td>137</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Skin system</strong></td><td><strong>457</strong></td><td><strong>1154</strong></td><td><strong>239</strong></td><td><strong>361</strong></td><td><strong>376</strong></td><td><strong>270</strong></td><td><strong>23</strong></td><td><strong>2801</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Anatomical site</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Unspecified</td><td>43</td><td>76</td><td>17</td><td>5</td><td>26</td><td>5</td><td></td><td>173</td></tr><tr><td>Nails</td><td>93</td><td>156</td><td>3</td><td>77</td><td>3</td><td>65</td><td>1</td><td>394</td></tr><tr><td>Subcutaneous</td><td>56</td><td>343</td><td>47</td><td>78</td><td>84</td><td>25</td><td></td><td>610</td></tr><tr><td>Superficial cutaneous</td><td>215</td><td>370</td><td>91</td><td>149</td><td>248</td><td>139</td><td>21</td><td>1195</td></tr><tr><td>Semiology</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dermatitis</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td></td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>Intertrigos</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Mycetoma</td><td>15</td><td>155</td><td>64</td><td>46</td><td></td><td>16</td><td></td><td>282</td></tr><tr><td>Tinea capitis</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Tinea corporis</td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>Tinea manuum</td><td></td><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>Tinea pedis</td><td></td><td>8</td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>Ulcer</td><td>33</td><td>39</td><td>17</td><td>1</td><td>14</td><td>18</td><td></td><td>121</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Endocrine gland</strong></td><td><strong>40</strong></td><td><strong>7</strong></td><td><strong>18</strong></td><td><strong>4</strong></td><td><strong>15</strong></td><td><strong>2</strong></td><td></td><td><strong>84</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Anatomical site</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Unspecified</td><td></td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>Adrenal</td><td>7</td><td>2</td><td></td><td></td><td>3</td><td>1</td><td></td><td>13</td></tr><tr><td>Parathyroid</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Thymus</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Thyroid</td><td>32</td><td>4</td><td>16</td><td>4</td><td>11</td><td>1</td><td></td><td>66</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Placental infection</strong></td><td><strong>1</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><strong>1</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Anatomical site</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Placenta</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Total</strong></td><td><strong>6182</strong></td><td><strong>2237</strong></td><td><strong>1528</strong></td><td><strong>1121</strong></td><td><strong>1308</strong></td><td><strong>797</strong></td><td><strong>206</strong></td><td><strong>13,222</strong></td></tr></tbody></table>

### 3.2.1. Systemic

Regarding systemic localisation (comprising fungaemia, aortitis, vasculitis, lymph node infection and bone marrow infection), there is a large majority of fungaemias. The genus Aspergillus was predominantly isolated from blood samples, with *Aspergillus fumigatus* and *Aspergillus flavus* predominating (Figure 2). It should be noted that the genus
Fusarium was in second place with Fusarium solani. Aspergillus is rarely isolated from blood cultures and is usually in the case of infective endocarditis. This predominance of Aspergillus detection in systemic infections is explained by the use of new detection tools, including PCR.

<figure><img src="image_7.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 2.** Wordcloud represents the species name involved in systemic infections. The size of the name of each species is proportional to the number of times it occurs in the repertoire.</figcaption></figure>

### 3.2.2. Central Nervous System

Three genera are mostly represented in central nervous system infections: Aspergillus, dematiaceous fungi and Pseudallescheria/Scedosporium species complex (Figure 3). The majority of infections occur as brain abscesses or meningitis. Figure 2 highlights several species of dematiaceous fungi. Exserohilum rostratum has been involved in iatrogenic meningitis outbreaks secondary to the use of contaminated injectable corticosteroids [46–51].
Cladophialophora bantiana is a dematiaceous mould that may infect immunocompetent patients (mainly farmers or residents of agricultural regions), whose reservoirs and modes of transmission are still poorly known [52]. Its neurotropism is highlighted by 51 publications concerning the CNS among a total of 84 in this review. Its synonym, *Cladosporium trichoides*, causes brain abscesses for which we have recovered 30 publications. Both are responsible for 81 publications reporting CNS involvement.

<figure><img src="image_8.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 3.** Wordcloud represents the species name isolated in the central nervous system. The size of the name of each species is proportional to the number of times it occurs in the repertoire.</figcaption></figure>
### 3.2.3. Ocular System

All categories of fungi can cause ocular damage. Indeed, as filamentous fungi are ubiquitous in the environment, this type of infection is frequently observed during injuries with plants. The genera *Aspergillus* with *Aspergillus fumigatus*, *Aspergillus flavus*, *Aspergillus terreus* and *Aspergillus niger* and *Fusarium* with *Fusarium solani* and *Fusarium oxysporum* are predominant (Figure 4). In most cases, it can be keratitis (623 publications) or endophthalmitis (240 publications). The most described species that can cause both keratitis and endophthalmitis are *Fusarium solani* (85 and 21 publications, respectively), *Aspergillus fumigatus* (63 and 44 publications, respectively), *Aspergillus flavus* (52 and 16 publications, respectively), *Scedosporium apiospermum* (35 and 13 publications, respectively), *Aspergillus niger* (12 and 13 publications, respectively) and *Pseudallescheria boydii* (10 and 10 publications, respectively). The other species mostly involved in keratitis are *Pythium insidiosum* (31 publications), *Fusarium oxysporum* (21 publications), *Lasiodiplodia theobromae* (11 publications), *Alternaria alternata* (10 publications) and *Colletotrichum gloeosporioides* (10 publications). It should be noted that ten species have been found in conjunctival infections: *Aspergillus flavus* (one), *Aspergillus fumigatus* (one), *Aspergillus niger* (four), *Cephalosporium niveolanosum* (one), *Exophiala jeanselmei* (one), *Fonsecaea pedrosoi* (one), *Monosporium apiospermum* (one), *Neocucurbitaria keratinophila* (one), *Pseudallescheria boydii* (one) and *Scedosporium apiospermum* (one).

<figure><img src="image_9.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 4.** Wordcloud represents the species name isolated in the ocular system. The size of the name of each species is proportional to the number of times it occurs in the repertoire.</figcaption></figure>

### 3.2.4. Auditory System

The genus *Aspergillus* is predominantly isolated from the auditory system, with *Aspergillus niger* in the lead, a member of the *Nigri* section known for its tropism for the auditory meatus [25]. *Aspergillus flavus* and *Aspergillus fumigatus* come in second place (Figure 5). These fungi are responsible for fungal otomycosis in the majority of cases [53]. Interestingly, 29 publications reported the identification of *Pseudallescheria/Scedosporium* complex in the auditory system, including 18 reporting otomycosis. *Scedosporium apiospermum* was predominant, with ten publications reporting otomycosis, including two cases of malignant otitis externa [54,55] and one otitis complicated with temporomandibular arthritis [56]. Other species stand out in Figure 4, such as *Absidia corymbifera*, of which five
publications report the involvement in otomycosis, including one case of malignant otitis externa [57] and a few cases of *Penicillium* otomycosis (six publications).

<figure><img src="image_10.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 5.** Wordcloud represents the species name isolated in the auditory system. The size of the name of each species is proportional to the number of times it occurs in the repertoire.</figcaption></figure>
### 3.2.5. Oto-Rhino-Laryngeal System

It is not surprising that a majority of aspergillosis rhinosinusitis is recorded (282 publications) (Figure 6). This anatomical site also includes rhino-orbital, rhino-facial and rhino-orbito-cerebral involvement, which explains the strong representation of mucorales (170 publications). *Rhizopus oryzae* (heterotypic synonym *Rhizopus arrhizus*) is largely in the majority of the mucorales (38 publications), which is not surprising, given that it is the most common mucorale species worldwide [58]. *Rhizopus oryzae* is responsible for variable oto-rhino-laryngeal system infections, with a majority of rhino-orbito-cerebral infections (17 publications) followed by rhino-sinusitis (nine publications) and rhino-orbital involvement (seven publications). These rhino-orbito-cerebral lesions can also be caused by *Aspergillus fumigatus* (16 publications) and two other species of mucorales *Rhizopus arrhizus* (12 publications) and *Apophysomyces elegans* (11 publications). One fungus stands out, *Conidiobolus coronatus*, which is responsible for entomophthoromycosis and rhino-facial infections. *C. coronatus* is a widely distributed insect pathogenic fungus belonging to the class Zygomycetes and is rarely involved in human pathology. This mycosis is mainly tropical due to its tropism of plant detritus in very humid environments [59].

<figure><img src="image_11.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 6.** Wordcloud represents the species name isolated in the oto-rhino-laryngeal sphere. The size of the name of each species is proportional to the number of times it occurs in the repertoire.</figcaption></figure>
### 3.2.6. Pulmonary System

The respiratory system is the anatomical site most affected by fungal infections (4496 publications). It should be noted that no distinction was made between colonisation and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, which thus includes the respiratory isolation of *Aspergillus* species. Similar to *Aspergilli*, moulds are ubiquitous saprophytes in the environment. Their dispersion in the air is possible by the production of volatile spores, which ensures their presence in both indoor and outdoor environments [60,61]. Human contamination thus mainly occurs by inhaling the airborne conidia, with the lungs being the first to be exposed. We, therefore, note a wide variety of moulds responsible for lung damage (Figure 7).

<figure><img src="image_12.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 7.** Wordcloud represents the species name isolated in the pulmonary system. The size of the name of each species is proportional to the number of times it occurs in the repertoire.</figcaption></figure>

### 3.2.7. Cardiac Involvement

Cardiac involvement was found among 13% (74/565) of the species described in this repertoire. These species belonged to the major taxa *Aspergillus*, *Penicillium*, *Fusarium*, mucorales, dematiaceous fungi and *Scedosporium/Lomentospora* complex, as well as the genera *Acremonium* sp., *Arthrographis* sp., *Conidiobolus* sp., *Emericella* sp., *Engyodontium* sp., *Paecilomyces* sp., *Purpureocillium* sp., *Pythium* sp., *Rasamsonia* sp., *Thermothelomyces* sp. and *Trichoderma* sp., with *Aspergillus fumigatus* being the most common species isolated
(Figure 8). These infections are, however, rare with species belonging to the genus Penicillium, including only three publications (one endocarditis due to Penicillium chrysogenum [62] and two pericarditis due to P. citrinum and P. rubens [63,64]) being reported. Cardiac involvement was mainly in the form of endocarditis, whether native (105 publications) or on a prosthetic valve or implanted equipment (96 publications). Interestingly, in native valve endocarditis, mitral involvement seems to be the most frequent (41 publications) (Table 3). Pericarditis and myocarditis were described in 37 and 49 publications, respectively.

<figure><img src="image_13.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 8.** Wordcloud represents the species name isolated in the cardiac system. The size of the name of each species is proportional to the number of times it occurs in the repertoire.</figcaption></figure>
<table><caption>**Table 3.** Details of cardiac sites affected by native valve endocarditis and associated species.</caption><thead><tr><th>Current Name</th><th>Tricuspid Valve</th><th>Mitral Valve</th><th>Aortic Valve</th><th>All 4 Chambers</th><th>Mural Endocardium</th><th>Pulmonary Valve</th><th>Atrium</th><th>Ventricle</th><th>ND</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Absidia corymbifera</td><td>1 [65]</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Arnium leporinum</td><td></td><td>1 [66]</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Arthrographis kalrae</td><td></td><td></td><td>1 [67]</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Aspergillus clavatus</td><td></td><td></td><td>1 [68]</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Aspergillus flavus</td><td>6 [69–74]</td><td>9 [69,73,75–81]</td><td>2 [74,82]</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Aspergillus fumigatus</td><td>4 [83–86]</td><td>18 [87–104]</td><td>10 [100,105–113]</td><td>2 [114,115]</td><td>2 [116,117]</td><td>2 [116,118]</td><td>3 [119–121]</td><td></td><td>2 [122,123]</td></tr><tr><td>Aspergillus nidulans</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1 [124]</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Aspergillus niger</td><td></td><td>1 [125]</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Aspergillus terreus</td><td>1 [126]</td><td>2 [126,127]</td><td>1 [128]</td><td>1 [126]</td><td></td><td></td><td>1 [127]</td><td></td><td>1 [129]</td></tr><tr><td>Aspergillus udagawae</td><td></td><td>1 [130]</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cunninghamella bertholletiae</td><td></td><td></td><td>1 [131]</td><td></td><td>1 [132]</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Engyodontium album</td><td></td><td></td><td>1 [133]</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Exophiala dermatitidis</td><td></td><td></td><td>1 [134]</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fusarium incarnatum</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1 [135]</td></tr><tr><td>Fusarium solani</td><td></td><td>1 [136]</td><td>1 [137]</td><td></td><td></td><td>1 [138]</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fusarium solani complex</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1 [139]</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lomentospora prolificans</td><td></td><td></td><td>1 [140]</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Myceliophthora thermophila</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1 [141]</td><td></td><td>1 [142]</td></tr><tr><td>Paecilomyces javanicus</td><td></td><td></td><td>1 [143]</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phaeoacremonium parasiticum</td><td>1 [144]</td><td>1 [144]</td><td>1 [144]</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><caption>Table 3. *Cont.*</caption><thead><tr><th>Current Name</th><th>Tricuspid Valve</th><th>Mitral Valve</th><th>Aortic Valve</th><th>All 4 Chambers</th><th>Mural Endocardium</th><th>Pulmonary Valve</th><th>Atrium</th><th>Ventricle</th><th>ND</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Phialemonium obovatum</td><td>1 [145]</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1 [146]</td></tr><tr><td>Pseudallescheria boydii</td><td>1 [147]</td><td>3 [148–150]</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1 [151]</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Saksenaea vasiformis</td><td></td><td>1 [152]</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Scedosporium apiospermum</td><td></td><td>1 [153]</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Scedosporium boydii</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1 [154]</td></tr><tr><td>Scedosporium inflatum</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Scedosporium prolificans</td><td>1 [155]</td><td>2 [156,157]</td><td>2 [158,159]</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1 [160]</td></tr><tr><td>Trichoderma longibrachiatum</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1 [161]</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>16</td><td>41</td><td>24</td><td>3</td><td>3</td><td>4</td><td>7</td><td>1</td><td>8</td></tr></tbody></table>

ND: not determined.
### 3.2.8. Digestive System

Concerning the digestive system, the two main diseases are fungal peritonitis (135 publications) and spleen disease (80 publications) (Figure 9). Micromycetes are known to be responsible for peritonitis during peritoneal dialysis between 1% and 3% of cases, which is indeed the situation we found in the majority of this review [162,163]. In this review, 77.8% of the publications reported peritonitis secondary to peritoneal dialysis (105/135). Other risk factors that emerged were prematurity [164–168] and solid organ transplantation, including the kidney [169–173], heart [174], small bowel [175] and liver [176,177]. Seven publications reported peritoneal involvement secondary to dissemination [174,178–182]. The species mostly found were *Aspergillus fumigatus* (18 publications), *Aspergillus niger* (9 publications) and *Paecilomyces variotii* (8 publications).

<figure><img src="image_14.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 9.** Wordcloud represents the species name isolated in the digestive system. The size of the name of each species is proportional to the number of times it occurs in the repertoire.</figcaption></figure>

Invasive bowel infections by *Aspergillus* and mucorales (14 and 9 publications, respectively) are mainly reported concomitantly with disseminated infection. Invasion of the gastrointestinal tract is rarely described individually [183].

Splenic involvement was, in the majority of cases, secondary to haematogenous dissemination of the pathogen, with the exception of three situations where splenic abscesses were described. One case of a splenic abscess caused by *Aureobasidium pullulans* in a patient with lymphoma [184] and one caused by *Hortaea werneckii* in a patient with acute myeloid leukaemia [185] were both diagnosed postmortem. The third case of splenic abscess caused by *Paecilomyces variotii* was described in a child with chronic granulomatous disease [186].

### 3.2.9. Liver Involvement

In terms of hepatic involvement (Figure 10), there is great variability in the forms found, including abscesses, hepatitis, ascites and lesions secondary to hematogenous dissemination (Table 2). The genus *Aspergillus* is mostly represented (41 publications) with a predominance of *Aspergillus fumigatus* and *Aspergillus flavus*.
<figure><img src="image_15.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 10.** Wordcloud represents the species name isolated in the liver. The size of the name of each species is proportional to the number of times it occurs in the repertoire.</figcaption></figure>

### 3.2.10. Urinary Tract

In terms of urinary tract involvement (Figure 11), the vast majority of infections are renal (185 publications), with a predominance of the genus *Aspergillus* (85 publications). These infections may be primary or secondary to the haematogenous dissemination of the fungus.

<figure><img src="image_16.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 11.** Wordcloud represents the species name isolated in the urinary tract. The size of the name of each species is proportional to the number of times it occurs in the repertoire.</figcaption></figure>

### 3.2.11. Osteo-Articular System

Among the osteoarticular diseases, osteomyelitis is the most frequent (266 publications). The second most common form is joint damage (164 publications), which includes arthritis (57 publications), bursitis (one publication), unspecified joint damage (60 publications) and synovitis (46 publications). Spondylodiscitis comes in third place (71 publications). Among the species involved in these infections are species of the genus *Aspergillus* (*Aspergillus fumigatus*, *Aspergillus flavus* and *Aspergillus terreus*), the *Scedosporium/Lomentospora* complex (*Pseudallescheria boydii*, *Scedosporium prolificans* and *Scedosporium apiospermum*) and *Fusarium solani* (Figure 12).
<figure><img src="image_17.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 12.** Wordcloud represents the species name isolated in the osteo-articular system. The size of the name of each species is proportional to the number of times it occurs in the repertoire.</figcaption></figure>

### 3.2.12. Skin System

Concerning the involvement of the cutaneous system, four affections stand out: superficial cutaneous infection (1195 publications), subcutaneous infection (610 publications), onychomycosis (394 publications) and mycetoma (282 publications). *Aspergillus fumigatus* is mostly represented (Figure 13) and is mainly responsible for superficial (84 publications) and subcutaneous (37 publications) infections. The subcutaneous infections are mainly due to dematiaceous fungi (338 publications), with *Exophiala jeanselmei* coming in first position (47 publications). Melanised fungi are responsible for chronic infections, such as chromoblastomycosis, or phaeohyphomycosis, which can evolve towards an invasive character [43]. *Eumycotic mycetoma* are subcutaneous infections that we have chosen to put aside, mainly due to the species *Madurella mycetomatis* (67 publications) and *Madurella mycetomi* (25 publications). Among the agents mainly responsible for onychomycosis, we found *Scopulariopsis brevicaulis* (50 publications), *Hendersonula toruloidea* (28 publications), *Fusarium oxysporum* (22 publications), *Scytalidium dimidiatum* (20 publications), *Aspergillus niger* (18 publications) and *Fusarium solani* (17 publications). These species are responsible for distal and lateral subungual onychomycosis, the most common type of onychomycosis mainly affecting the toenails [187].

<figure><img src="image_18.png" /><figcaption>**Figure 13.** Wordcloud represents the species name isolated in the skin system. The size of the name of each species is proportional to the number of times it occurs in the repertoire.</figcaption></figure>
### 3.2.13. Endocrine Glands

Among the endocrine glands, the thyroid is the most frequently affected (66 publications/84). In the majority of cases, the disease is secondary to systemic dissemination of the pathogen, diagnosed postmortem [188]. In fact, infiltration of the thyroid with *Aspergillus* organisms occurs in approximately 20% of autopsies in patients dying from a disseminated disease [189]. However, a few rare cases of primary thyroid infections have been reported with *Aspergillus fumigatus*: two cases of thyroid suppuration in lupus patients treated with corticosteroids [190,191], two cases described in HIV patients [192,193] and one case in a child with chronic granulomatous disease [194]. *Scedosporium apiospermum* was reported to cause multiple thyroid abscesses in a patient with cirrhosis and autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, presenting swelling in the neck [195].

### 3.2.14. Rarely Involved Anatomical Sites

**Dental location:** Endodontic infections were rarely found in this review and manifested themselves in the form of root involvement [196,197], granuloma [198,199] or gingival infections [200,201]. No species seemed to have a particular tropism for this sphere.

**Genital sphere:** Interestingly, the male genital sphere seems to be mostly affected, with 71.4% of the publications (15/21) reporting testicular, epididymal or glans involvement. Only three publications reported vaginitis [202–204], two reported labial involvement [190,205] and one tubo-ovarian abscess [206]. No species seemed to have a particular tropism for this sphere.

**Breast:** A majority of *Aspergillus* was isolated from this particular site. It should be noted that the *Aspergillus glaucus* and *Aspergillus niger* complexes have already been isolated from milk samples [207,208]. Interestingly, four publications reported fungal infections following breast implant surgery, a situation that is not well-known in this field, due to *Aspergillus niger* [209,210], *Paecilomyces variotii* [211] and *Scedosporium apiospermum* [212].

**Placental infection:** a single case of placental aspergillosis due to *Aspergillus niger* was found in this literature review [213].

## 4. Discussion

The aim of this study was to establish as exhaustive a catalogue as possible of filamentous fungi identified in humans by culture and molecular biology, whether or not they were associated with histopathological findings. We found 565 filamentous fungi identified in humans, for which we specified the organs where these fungi had been found and the semiology of the infections. This repertoire thus helps to understand the pathogenic potential of certain fungi and can also alert clinicians that the isolation of certain rare fungi, such as *Trichoderma longibrachiatum* (from stool specimens), can lead to disseminated infection. One of the limitations of this work, however, is the lack of distinction between colonisation and infection, mainly for fungi isolated from non-sterile sites (i.e., the cutaneous system, pulmonary system, digestive system and ENT sphere). Fungi isolated from sterile sites were considered infections (i.e., the heart, liver and ocular system and CNS). The use of new powerful molecular tools, such as pan-fungal PCR, metagenomic and next-generation sequencing, now means it is possible to detect pathogens even in samples containing extremely low levels of nucleic acids [214,215] and to diagnose mixed infections [216]. However, the application of these tools to medical mycology can lead to interpretation difficulties [217–219]. This problem is particularly encountered with filamentous fungi, which are ubiquitous in the environment and for which it is sometimes difficult to distinguish between colonisation, infection and environmental contamination. It is now necessary to go further in our work for each anatomical site in order to distinguish colonisations from infections, in order to help clinicians interpret positive results and to assist with the diagnostic management of patients. Similarly, we did not distinguish between diagnosis by molecular biology and macroscopic identification, although it has been shown that potential errors were found in macroscopic identifications, mostly between close species within a section or species complex [4]. More, even in molecular identification, it was pointed out that 20% of
the sequences available in public databases are unreliable [220,221]. We have based our
repertoire according to state of the art at the time of reported publications. Therefore, in
Table 1, we have chosen to group species by sections, sharing morphological similarities, in
order to bypass this limitation.

Finally, one of the limitations of this publication is its temporality. As explained in Section 2, only references present in PubMed before 16 June 2020 were taken into account in order to have the same PubMed content for all fungi species. However, medical mycology is dynamic, and new organisms constantly need to be accounted for by both clinicians and microbiology laboratories [222]. Moreover, with the COVID-19 pandemic, a new risk factor has emerged [223]. Publications reporting the detection of filamentous fungi in humans have multiplied, reporting, for example, the emergence of mucormycosis and COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis throughout the world [224,225]. It will therefore be necessary to update this data regularly.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, S.R. and C.L.; methodology, E.M., Q.F. and. J.-C.D.; software, Q.F. and. J.-C.D.; formal analysis, E.M. and C.L.; data curation, E.M.; writing—original draft preparation, E.M., C.L. and J.-C.D.; supervision, S.R. and C.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research received no external funding.

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** The study did not require ethical approval.

**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.

**Data Availability Statement:** Not applicable.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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