Framework developed by the CDBB, WMEBoom and the Construction Innovation Hub defines when operational energy and emissions need to be analyzed and reported during the lifecycle of built assets. This tool is providing organizations like NHS Scotland and their supply chain the ability to effectively identify and therefore control the energy and carbon impact of their built assets. It also supports the Construction Leadership Council's CO2nstructZero programme which sets out how the construction sector can meet the Net Zero challenge.

**3.5.5.2. Sharing data to improve climate resilience.** The sharing of data is an important part of the process. At the NDTp, the Climate Resilience Demonstrator (CReDo) provides a practical example of how connected data and greater access to the right information across organizational and sectoral boundaries can improve climate adaptation and resilience.

Collaborating on CReDo are Anglian Water, BT and UK Power Networks who will use their asset and operations data as well as weather data on a secure, shared basis to inform an increased level of infrastructure resilience.

CReDo will integrate data between energy, water and telecoms networks to improve climate resilience decision-making across infrastructure systems.

**3.5.5.3. Fit for the future.** Although it is clear we should be pushing towards a green information economy, there remain hurdles - we need a workforce with the appropriate skills who can make it happen. Our work at the CDBB has a socio-technical focus and part of this is balancing the technology with the people aspect.

That is why we commissioned a Skills and Competency Framework report, a joint collaboration between Mott MacDonald, Lane4 team and the Construction Innovation Hub, that sets out the key roles and skills needed. It is a very practical framework that allows organizations and individuals to assess their own needs and consider how to address them.

**3.5.5.4. A shift in culture.** Data is no longer a commodity to be hoarded, but a resource to be shared. If industry and government are serious about tackling climate change there needs to be collaboration and there needs to be interoperability between information management systems, so that we use all the data we have in a relevant, impactful way.

**3.5.6. Contribution 24 – What can information technology and systems researchers and educators do to mitigate climate change? – Dr Wu He**

To respond to climate change, a significant threat to the United States and the world, the U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine has convened a committee of experts and published a report in 2021 to highlight the need for transforming the world's energy system to one with net-zero emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) by 2050 (NASEM, 2021). The report emphasizes the need to invest in new technology, expand innovation toolkits, and reduce the cost of existing technology in a socially just way. My Views on the above four questions:

**3.5.6.1. Energy Use and Technology.** The information management, information technology, and information systems sectors highly depend on computers, sensors, and a wide variety of physical and electronic devices. However, the production and use of computers, sensors, storage devices, and other electronic devices require a tremendous amount of energy, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions and causing harm to the environment. For example, data centers consist of a large number of servers and computing resources interconnected by high-speed networks, which need to work nonstop 24 × 7. Data centers have to rely on cooling systems to ensure all those machines do not overheat. Such cooling systems consume a lot of energy. The United States Data Center Energy Usage Report (Shehabi et al., 2016) indicates that data centers in the U.S. alone likely consumed approximately 73 billion kWh in 2020. Energy efficiency strategies and technologies, including AI and data analytics, could help monitor data centers' energy usage and

significantly improve energy conservation to reduce cost and carbon emissions. Google has reported using AI to reduce energy consumption in its data centers by as much as 40% (Evans & Gao, 2016).

**3.5.6.2. Potential of information technology on mitigation of climate change.** Information technology has great potential to increase the energy efficiency of buildings, transportation systems, manufacturing, supply chains, power grids, infrastructure, and agriculture, enabling sustainable solutions for energy consumption and usage. Low-cost internet of things (IoT) sensors and devices (e.g., smart thermostats, smart humidifiers, smart air purifier, smart air conditioner, smart fans, smart blinds, and so on) have been used to reduce energy consumption and achieve long term cost savings by tailoring climate-control according to real-time needs and lifestyle of people and their schedule (either in the building or away). Teleconferencing, telemedicine, e-commerce, and e-learning technologies are playing a role in reducing unnecessary travel and thus reducing total emissions into the environment. These sensor-based technologies can continuously collect massive amounts of environmental data to measure emissions and other relevant parameters and adjust based on optimal standards or human preferences and needs. Big data analysis and visualization can be leveraged to unlock insights that will help individuals, organizations and communities track electricity consumption patterns, identify energy leaks, improve energy use efficiency, and find creative ways to conserve energy and adapt to climate change faster and better.

**3.5.6.3. Suggested research agenda on climate change.** Several potential research ideas on climate change for information management, information systems, and technology researchers are listed below:

* Conducting empirical research to collect first-hand evidence and develop evidence-based guidelines and suggestions to help practitioners design and implement Green IT(green information technology) and Green IS (green information systems) initiatives within their organization. Green IS (green information systems) refers to the use of information systems to achieve environmental objectives. In contrast, Green IT (green information technology) refers to the practice of environmentally sustainable computing and emphasizes reducing the environmental impacts of IT production and use (Dedrick, 2010). Green IT/IS can help reduce the negative consequences of technology production on the environment and contribute to sustainable solutions, including environmentally sustainable business processes, practices, and end products in organizations and communities (Boudreau, Chen, & Huber, 2008).

* Studying the adoption of energy-saving IT in locations like home, businesses and communities, and assessing the impacts of information technology innovations on human behavior, mitigation of climate change, and relevant policymaking.

* Conducting design-based research on designing and developing AI-based techniques, modeling and simulation, decision support tools, games, visualization, and other technologies or approaches that help the general public visualize and understand possible impacts of climate change.

* Studying the use of games, mobile apps, augmented reality/virtual reality/mixed reality and other technology innovations in promoting environmentally sustainable behavior that contributes to climate change mitigation. Such studies could help understand the role of human behavior in achieving climate change mitigation strategies, reveal insights why people choose to engage in specific environmentally sustainable behavior or not, develop innovative approaches, policies, best practices, and solutions to climate change (Douglas & Brauer, 2021).

**3.5.6.4. IT/IS education on climate change.** This generation and future generations need to understand the impacts of climate change on our
daily lives and society. IT/IS education could play a critical role in helping individuals and communities in the understanding of the science behind climate change and what steps are needed to alleviate greenhouse gas emissions and global warming caused by climate change and human activity. IS/IT educators could use project-based or problem-based learning approaches to engage students to explore specific climate change issues and community-related climate datasets (e.g., heat, cold, rain, drought, snow, wind, river, lake, ocean, water quality, air quality, and coastal flooding) and to assess the impact of potential solutions by leverage existing software, tools and techniques such as data analysis and visualization, modeling and simulation, augmented reality/virtual reality/mixed reality, and AI techniques. When students are asked to use technology tools to explore specific climate change issues and datasets of interest or relevance to their local communities, they are more likely to become interested and engage in active learning for systems thinking, complex problem-solving, creativity, and evidence-informed decision-making. In the meantime, they will become familiar with these software, tools, and techniques through learning by using them to analyze data and solve problems in a meaningful way. Students will have a chance to develop interdisciplinary skills to interpret complex data analysis and visualization results into informed decisions and sound policies. The ability and skills to interpret data and communicate results to support the decision-making process are important for IT/IS students to become effective decision makers or problem-solvers in their careers. IS/IT educators are recommended to come up with concrete learning activities, to develop technology-related case studies, tutorials, projects, and exercises on the topic of climate change, and to encourage their students to work on collaborative or hands-on projects using open-source resources, including various datasets and open-source software and tools available on the Internet, such as CODAP, R, Python, and more. There exists significant levels of climate change, open-source projects on GitHub, which is an excellent way for IT/IS students to learn, practice, and contribute.

## 3.6. Technology and IS research agenda

### 3.6.1. Contribution 25 – holistically missing: climate change and information systems research – Professor Samuli Pekkola

#### 3.6.1.1. Introduction and related activities.
In Finland, the Ministry of Transport and Communications recently published a climate and environmental strategy for the information and communication technology sector (Ojala & Oksanen, 2021). The strategy defines ICT related objectives and measures for carbon-neutral Finland, paying attention to ICT infrastructures and their energy efficiency, making recommendations on energy aspects in software and service procurement, considering material flows and recycling of the devices, suggesting energy consumption statistics on data centers, and increasing awareness of energy specific issues of software and hardware.

These areas and objectives, and their measures are evidently impactful on climate change. They increase awareness and provide general goals. Unfortunately, the strategy pays no attention to how the use of ICT impacts on climate and environment. The use aspect is touched, for example, in the European Commission's ICT for Sustainable Growth (2021) program, where, similarly to Estonia (2018), UK (Howes, 2020), and Norway (2016), the point of foci is on sustainable economics, not on sustainable ecology, environment, green ICT, or climate change – whatever term is adopted. This means that, in practice, environmental issues and ICT are approached either sporadically with a narrow view and disconnected contexts, or indirectly in the context of economic growth and prosperity.

Similarly, IT/IS literature sees environmental issues as something that the ICT managers should consider in their work. For example, Esfahani, Rahman, and Zakaria (2015) and Singh and Sahu (2020) summarized the green IS studies focusing on the benefits, adoption,

design and implementation, or initiation of green IS projects. Loeser (2013) takes a more concrete approach and lists a variety of different contexts for green IS initiatives. Wang X. (2015), Wang Y. (2015)'s meritorious literature review parallels these and poses a set of research questions, all aiming to understand the green IS initiatives. In general, it seems that IS literature focuses the adoption of ideas of climate change into the IS activities and context. Comprehensive understanding about how to apply and use IT/IS to improve the situation regarding climate change seem to be scarce.

#### 3.6.1.2. Towards a holistic understanding of IS and climate change.
The absence of comprehensive approaches is surprising especially after the lessons from COVID-19. For example, the amount of traveling decreased up to 90% in California due to stay-at-home orders (Schilling 2020). At the same time, air quality improved significantly (Eregowda, Chatterjee, & Pawar, 2021). People have learned new ways of working, learning, and living, without a need to travel to work, school, or anywhere. Although these settings of distant working, online learning, and online shopping, traveling, and leisure have been studied (c.f. Dwivedi et al., 2020; Pan & Zhang, 2020), the approach is again contextual: how to use IS in online meetings or education, how to provide or acquire goods, food, or services online, and how to manage and govern the IT (Herath & Herath, 2020).

Contextual approach becomes problematic with the interconnectivity of systems and the systems of systems. For example during the COVID-19 pandemic, online learning tools have turned out to be quite efficient in conveying learning contexts to distant learners, although some learning-related difficulties have been identified (Chen & Roldan, 2021; Xie, Siau, & Nah, 2020). Yet the difficulties may go beyond the learning contexts. Online activities have been reported to increase loneliness, disconnectivity with fellow students and teachers, distraction, mental problems, and increased workload (Maqableh & Alia, 2021; Pan & Zhang, 2020). These negative issues may have unpredictably long-lasting effects on learners: for instance, do they know the topics, have they made friends, and have they learned to interact in face-to-face situations? The quality of an online learning environment may have an impact on the rest of the learner's life.

Similarly, targeting green IS/IT activities locally may, or may not, be beneficial from the viewpoint of climate change. They may have unintended consequences similarly to online learning: activities seemingly beneficial in the short term may possibly be harmful in the long run. This notion leads to following research topics:

* What are the long-term effects of green ICT investments? To climate and environment? To people: employees, learners, travelers, and their ways of doing, working, and living? To institutions? To firms and other organizations? To other parts of the system?

* When do the benefits of green ICT investments exceed its investment costs? The example of an electric car illustrates this: building an electric car is more environmentally harmful than building a petrol car, but the tide turns when the car is used enough. What is this turning point for a green IT/IS investment?

And most importantly:

* How can ICT be used to improve the situation regarding climate change? Interestingly, we are studying how the ideas and isms of climate change and green ICT are adopted, but not how ICT should be used to reduce climate change. This has been touched by sustainable economic endeavors, but aren't there any other values in addition to economic issues?

#### 3.6.2. Contribution 26 – information technology and climate change – Professor Rameshwar Dubey

Irresponsible human activities are well reflected in the form of rising
sea levels, forest fires, extinction of some rare species, the meteoric rise
in floods in many parts of the world, and fast-shrinking levels of safe
drinking water. These are clear indications that human influence on
climate systems is clear and growing (Wright & Nyberg, 2017). Whyte
(2020) argues that it is now too late to avoid dangerous climate change.
The negative effects of climate change have attracted significant atten-
tion from the world's top leaders, industry, media, and policymakers
(Banerjee, 2001; Kolk & Pinkse, 2008; Mees, Uittenbroek, Hegger, &
Driessen, 2019). Some scholars argue that "climate change threatens
irreversible and dangerous impacts," that may have serious negative
effects on people and ecosystems (Whyte, 2020), and to address the
pressing global threat, there exists a unanimous call for an immediate
reduction in carbon emission levels (Park, Byun, Deo, & Lee, 2015).
Although the COVID-19 crisis has caused severe discomfort and
impacted human lives in significant ways, studies have identified signs
of some positive and visible regional effects on the planet (Khan, Shah, &
Shah, 2021). This could be easily explained by a change in behaviors
during lockdown that has reduced human activities such as trans-
portation, irresponsible consumption, production, and industrial activ-
ities. In the last two years, there is some evidence of an improvement in
the quality of air, water and the environment looks greener and cleaner
than it used to be (Everard et al., 2021). This change has been possible
due to the role of emerging technologies, (Dwivedi et al., 2020; Pan &
Zhang, 2020). Many scholars have found positive effects from emerging
technologies on environmental sustainability: big data and predictive
analytics capability (Dubey et al., 2019), blockchain technology (Saberi,
Kouhizadeh, Sarkis, & Shen, 2019), AI (Nishant et al., 2020), and cloud
computing enabled supply chain design (Shee, Miah, Fairfield, & Puja-
wan, 2018). However, the COVID-19 crisis has further accelerated the
debate on "how information technology capabilities or information
management scholars" can help tackle climate change (He, Zhang, & Li,
2021).

Despite the general optimism in the role of environmentally friendly
technologies or emerging technologies in tackling climate challenges,
some developed and developing economies, industry and global cor-
porations still remain skeptical about the role of information technology
in tackling the climate change crisis (Teräväinen et al., 2014). Wright
and Nyberg (2017) argue that the organizations in pursuit of their
economic gains have in the past lobbied against carbon emissions ini-
tiatives and further delayed constructive action. Despite the rich body of
literature on the corporation's initiative towards mitigating the carbon
emissions problem (Banerjee, 2001; Wright & Nyberg, 2017), organi-
zational/ management/ information technology scholars have an
important role to play particularly in addressing the climate change
crisis.

There is a need for theory-driven research that provides an in-depth
understanding of both the causes and possible solutions to tackle climate
change. We note some clear research gaps in the academic literature and
posit the following research questions that may help bridge the gaps in
our understanding and the expected role of the information technology
/emerging technologies in tackling the climate change crisis:

a. How AI-enabled predictive analytics techniques may help identify some of the economic activities in some parts of the world which are contributing to carbon emissions?

b. How the use of distributed ledger technology (DLT) and AI can help identify the role of some corporations involved in unethical practices that led to contamination of water bodies and deforestation?

c. How the use of AI enables predictive analytics to detect issues during lo-
gistics and transportation within developing economies thereby contrib-
uting to a reduction in carbon emissions?

d. How AI-enabled technologies can help build swift trust and collaboration among the stakeholders engaged in tackling the climate change crises?

3.6.3. Contribution 27 – blockchain and climate change – Dr Daniela Andreini

Of all technologies in place in the market, the one I know best is the
blockchain. This technology has environmental, social and economic
impacts, and in these few words, I would like to focus on the ecological
aspects.

3.6.3.1. *How IM/IT/IS sector has any negative impact on the environment and how it can be reduced.* Like any other technology, blockchain creates a digital ecosystem composed of multiple hardware devices, program files, and different actors' data files. Another critical component of the ecosystem is interacting and exchanging cryptocurrencies, files, information, etc. The sustainability of the blockchain is controversial; for instance, O'Dwyer and Malone (2014) stated that the energy consumption of the Bitcoin mining network is comparable with the Ireland electricity consumption. In the same way, we can think about the energy and infrastructural consumption of all the IM/IT/IS systems that cause enormous energy and infrastructural consumption and thus a tremendous environmental impact.

3.6.3.2. *How IM/IT/IS can be utilized to improve situation regarding climate change.* At the same time, other authors demonstrated that the artificial intelligence and IT ecosystem could find more efficient ways to create and exchange information and virtual services. For instance, for what concerns bitcoins, Dimitriou and Karame (2013) demonstrated that in mining bitcoins, if a miner can create a block more efficiently and speedily than another one, the system will substitute the less efficient miner with the most productive and profitable one. This mechanism drives the entire system towards a more effective way to use and consume energy and infrastructures. Thus, the IM/IT/IS systems can be the sources and the solution of energy consumption and dispersion.

3.6.3.3. *A brief discussion on research agenda related to IM/IT/IS and climate change.* The cost and climate impact of blockchain are strictly related to its diffusion. For instance, in this historical moment, the substitution of traditional currencies with bitcoins in our monetary system would be too expensive in energy consumption, and thus it could not be sustainable. Therefore, in finance, for instance, more research is needed to understand how the two monetary systems can coexist efficiently. The same thing can be extended to other IM/IT/IS systems: virtualized and physical transactions should coexist to balance environmental, social, and economic systems.

3.6.3.4. *How IS/IT education should reflect this.* Experimentation in education is relevant, and more educational systems should turn into laboratories, where institutions should offer problem-solving driven teaching methods.

3.6.4. Contribution 28 – towards a relevant agenda for environmental issues within KM/IM/IS/IT – Professor Johan Olaisen

The climate crisis is the largest threat to civilization we have ever
faced. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report in
2018 made the science very clear. There are significant climate impacts
all around the world even if we limit warming to the recommended
1.5 C. The report also showed there are significant increases in impacts
and damages between 1.5 and 2.0 C. These results were fully supported
by the IPCC science report (2021). We are building our living standards
upon coal, gas, and oil, and few of us want to change our lives, and new
global generations are coming that want our living standards. Every
corporation wants to be green and practice sustainability even if the
reality of the image is most often an illusion or just a fashion (Jevnaker &
Olaisen, 2021a, 2021b).

What is the research situation within knowledge management (KM),
information management (IM), information technology (IT) and infor-
mation system (IS) research? We investigated all academic papers
2016–2020 (N = 481) delivered at the European Conference for Knowledge Management (ECKM). We found that less than 5% of the papers investigated climate issues and concluded that the KM/IM/IT/IS potentially harms environmental-climate issues owing to neglect (Jevnaker & Olaisen, 2021a, 2021b).

All research consists of problem, knowledge, and methodology sentences. We get traditional pragmatic business-as-usual research when there is an over-focus upon methodology and knowledge sentences and a low focus upon problems. We must start to ask the research questions about environmental and sustainability issues.

Through verification and falsification (Popper, 1974), research is expected to come up with theories, paradigms, perspectives (Kuhn, 1962) that explains and explores practices that we may evaluate, giving us either empirical research or critical research (what is acceptable/not acceptable) or constructed research (what is adequate and what is not adequate). Most research is empirical, and to get more focus upon environmental issues, we must get more constructed and critical research setting up the green and sustainable agenda. We must ask the essential questions about if the academic papers involve acceptable or not acceptable climate solutions or if the papers are adequate or not adequate for relevant climate issues. Fig. 3 presents the model of the climate crisis issues within information research.

Research deals with four paradigms: the empirical, the materialistic (political), clarified subjectivity, and action papers. Jevnaker and Olaisen (2021a, 2021b) found that nearly all papers might be classified as empirical and as a form of clarified subjectivity papers in harmony with accepted problems, methodology, and knowledge. We must invite papers in conflict with accepted problems, methodology, and knowledge. These papers will be representing the materialistic political and action paradigms. We must ask how research papers, often in conflict, contribute to climate issues. To get green and sustainable papers, we must get more problem-focused research on climate issues, more critical and constructed papers, more exploring papers built upon sensitizing concepts and less upon definitive concepts, and more political and action-based papers. Most of all, we need editors and conference chairs dedicated to climate issues asking for adequate and critical papers on this topic that might be political, action-based, and problems often based in conflict with existing issues, knowledge, and methodology. A political economy paradigm for the climate crisis in information research is a complement to presently prevailing concepts. KM/IM/IS/IT research and papers might be utilized to be a knowledge café, outlet, and center for environmental issues and perspectives. We might develop an environmental paradigm for relevant KM/IM/IS/IT research. We might define another future for societies and organizations. We might be giving the picture of a pluralistic sustainable future and even a utopia (More, 1973). We already have the experience through AI and robotics forming the fourth industrial revolution and solving the environmental issues is the fifth industrial revolution based upon the perspectives from KM/IM/IS/IT research. The paradigms within information research focusing upon the climate crisis area as described in Fig. 4:

The objective and agenda of IS/I/IT/KM research strategy for sustainability are to help to promote knowledge, information, systems, and technology that will:

* Resolve national and global challenges relating to sustainability in corporations and societies

* Facilitate industrial development that enhances sustainability and increases green competitiveness

* Promote the innovativeness and creativity for sustainable solutions

* Such objectives will include areas like:

* Reduced climate change and effective adaptation measures

* Preservation of ecosystems services and lower environmental impacts

* Sustainable cities, corporations, regions, and transport systems

* The circular knowledge economy

The IPCC reports (2018, 2021) have mentioned five areas: Food and ecology, Sustainable cities, Energy and material, Health and wellbeing, Transportation. IT/IS/IM/KM are mentioned as essential for all these areas, and there is a need for developing the areas into issues for journals and conferences. The identified focus for research within information research is in Scandinavia sustainable private and public cases where the green and sustainable practices are documented. These cases should be developed into model cases for KM/IM/IS/IT. The cases should be used as action research cases promoting a sustainable practise (Jevnaker & Olaisen, 2021a, 2021b). The Scandinavian impact model might look like Fig. 5:

An important issue is how KM/IM/S/IT in higher education should reflect the environmental issues. Education that ensures future competencies upon sustainability, reuse, and environmental issues is essential. Environmental, green, and sustainable practices are an essential part of green education. Green KM/IT/IM/IS practice in action will be significant to get the students to participate in the transformational changes. The students must understand how different practices influence the environment. I have developed an executive program at BI (Oslo) "Sustainable leadership-in-action," where sustainable practices are discussed and reflected upon through collaboration with Norwegian businesses and the participants' experiences and where the students project paper is an empirical paper reflecting and learning from green practices with a synopsis as a reflection upon how they have implemented sustainable practices in their organizations. Ideally, should environmental issues be a part of all programs. KM/IM/IS/IT are innovative and creative tools for the solutions to environmental issues. Let COP26 also be the starting line for new objectives, areas, and education within KM/IM/IS/IT. We have every tool we need within information research to help to reduce and tackle the climate crisis. Let us all contribute!.

## 4. A brief overview of full opinion articles related to this theme

This section outlines an appraisal of the selected full opinion articles related to this theme included within volume 63 of IJIM. Each study covers one or more themes related to the overall climate change and emissions reduction agenda, together with the views of the authors on the key specific technology and IS related topics. The following table (Table 4) lists the full selection of the full opinion articles.

The opinion article by Ågerfalk et al. (2022), explores the Scandinavian perspectives on three current research projects where digital transformation is posited as offering a positive force in the fight against climate change and its impact on the world. The research viewed the climate change challenges from a stakeholder-centric perspective, emphasizing the criticality of closely involving people to engender the necessary change required in the design of digital technologies and the requirement for green IS researchers to engage in a collaborative context.

It is vital that emerging technology focussed solutions, designed to combat climate change, take account of the necessary ethical dimensions and values from the onset to negate the potential scenario of technological innovations exacerbating the climate change problem. These aspects are analyzed by Brooks et al. (2022) where the opinion article highlights the importance of technologies delivering the required socio-economic impact through climate engineering solutions. Via a review of the relevant literature, the research reveals the disjointed nature of ethical dimensions in many cases, lagging behind emerging technological innovations. The study advocates a rebalancing of emphasis where ethical dimensions are an integral element of the climate engineering process.

The opinion article by Laukkanen et al. (2022) argues for the usefulness of virtual technologies for changing human consumption behavior toward more sustainable consumption behaviors. The article argues that such technologies could provide greater opportunities to influence consumer decisions than the present digital environment. The article details a discussion on technology-assisted sensory marketing,
cognitive and emotive aspects of virtual reality, and outlines applica-
tions of virtual reality technologies to encourage sustainable
consumption.

The opinion article led by Papadopoulos and Balta (2022), highlights
the low levels of existing studies that focus on the role of Big Data An-
alytics (BDA) and impact of climate change, positing the potential op-
portunities for more sustainable operations and supply chains. The study
assesses the challenges faced by operations and supply chains, asserting
the contribution from BDA in providing a valuable role in the develop-
ment of solutions to the myriad of climate related problems.

Environmental sustainability from a technology acceptance perspective, is discussed in Papagiannidis and Marikyan (2022), where the opinion article highlights the dichotomy of technology negatively impacting the environment, whilst helping to manage and save precious natural resources. The research offers insights to the technology acceptance process from the sustainability perspective, arguing for a change in approach from researchers to be more cognisant of the impact of systems on the environment, thereby engendering environmentally compliant behaviors.

Researchers have highlighted the valuable role of smart and climate
intelligent cities in the transition from current high emission urban
infrastructure. The opinion article by Pee and Pan (2022) calls for
resilient urbanization to weather the impending climate shocks that are
likely to materialize as a direct result of global warming. The research
posits the role of IS research and its potential contribution to energy and
resource optimization and the role of IS in the contribution to mitigating
many of the current climate change related challenges.

The opinion article by Pan et al. (2022) offers an Australia focussed
perspective to approaching the climate change crisis highlighting the
role of innovative technologies with huge transformative potential such
as AI, analytics and IoT to tackle global warming whilst adhering to
sustainable development goals. The researchers posit a research agenda
that focuses on: climate resilience, climate-conscious citizen science,
and substantive ESG strategies that can positively impact global
warming.

The key challenges related to redesigning the necessary human
processes to eliminate environmentally harmful activities, while main-
taining humans' fundamental value proposition are discussed in the
opinion article by Trkman and Černe (2022). The opinion article dis-
cusses a future world where humans transition from digitalization to a
human digitalization, recognizing the critical role of government and
research institutions for this change. The researchers highlight the role
that technology can have in identifying, planning, enabling and
executing the required changes in human behavior, as well as measuring
and communicating their impact.

5. Discussion and recommendations

This section elaborates on the expert contributions presented in
Section 3, to reveal the key emphasis and emerging themes relating to
digital technology, IS and climate change. We highlight the implications
for government and society, and develop a number of key recommen-
dations for policy, practice and education.

5.1. *Expert Contribution Analysis*

A systematic analysis of the contributed articles was undertaken to
offer a deeper insight to the key topics and underlying analytics. The
analysis reviewed: a) the frequency of specific keywords mentioned in
the articles, b) specific text features such as keywords, phrases and c)
scores of polarity and sentiment analysis. Fig. 6 presents a word cloud
view of the frequently occurring text from the submitted individual
contributions. The analysis results highlight that the words: *impact*,
*sustainability*, *green*, *environment* and *smart* are some of the significant
and influential keywords emerging from the analysis of the contributed
expert inputs.

Fig. 7 presents the polarity analysis of the contributed expert inputs. Most of the contributed expert inputs exhibit neutral polarity on the use of digital technologies and information management for climate change. If the neutral polarity is ignored, and the positive and negative polarity is compared, the majority of authors present a generally positive outlook for the use of digital technology and IS for combating climate change. This highlights the general consensus from the invited contributors, on the important role that technology can play in the global effort to reduce emissions to net zero by 2050.

5.2. Emerging Issues and recommended actions

Whilst the views on the extent of the role of digital technology and IS
in combating climate change vary amongst the contributors, there is
general consensus that technology is an integral component of the
overall solution, whilst at the same time - a fundamental aspect of the
problem (Muregesan, 2008; Osibanjo & Nnorom, 2007). There exists a
realization amongst many of the contributors that a more sustainable
implementation of technology in all its forms, needs to be at the fore-
front of solutions to get to net zero, the mistakes of old cannot be
repeated once more.

A number of the submitted articles reference the negative impact of human behavior and people's attitudes in their day to day use of technology, positing the necessity for a transformative change in the way technology is developed, used and recycled. The expert input by *Professor Davison* illustrates these points specifically, highlighting the study by *Clarke and Davison* (2020), where the study asserts that very few studies within the IS research discourse, viewed the major challenges from the environmental perspective or included the environment as a key stakeholder. *Professors Constantiou and Vendelo* develop a narrative that highlights the potential use of technological solutions to facilitate the necessary change in human behaviors, citing how technology could be used to: identifying climate impact of transportation options, reduction in food waste via collaborative consumption and education on sustainable cooking. Behavioral influences from the community perspective in the context of faith and youth activism, are discussed in the expert inputs by *Dr Abumoghlí* and *Professor Panteli* respectively, highlighting the important role of technology in building active communities that challenge the status quo. The expert input from *Professor Metri* cites the study by *Junior et al.* (2018) to highlight the woeful record of environmental sustainability from the technology industry, where the article posits the necessity of embedding the UN SDGs within technology design considerations and the potential of penalties for organizations that fail to change behaviors.

The educational awareness and requirements for changed working

<figure><img src="image_5.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 3. Towards an agenda for handling the climate crisis in informa-
tion research.</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_6.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 4. Information research paradigms for use in the climate crisis.</figcaption></figure>

practices, are discussed within a number of submitted articles, where these aspects are viewed from the technological perspective and impact on progress to net zero. The expert inputs from *Professor Barlette* and *Drs Nishant and Teo* identify the need for the IS community to educate more effectively to instil a greater awareness of the impact from technology adoption and the delicate balance between benefits toward net zero and contributing to the problem. The impact of climate change can be effectively monitored via the use of technology leading to a greater awareness amongst people to change their behaviors. These points are discussed in the expert input from *Professor Tiwari* where the article asserts the benefits of education at a community level, to empower people to gain access to knowledge and relevant data and assist vulnerable populations in the fight against climate change. The manufacture of technology based products relies on the use of precious and finite natural resources, at significant cost to the environment (Okafor, 2020). The expert inputs by *Professors Rowe, Raman and Rana* illustrate some of the negative impacts on the environment from the use of technology and the necessity for organizations to change their working practices to be more cognisant of the impact from the choices we make, the effect on the planet and support for the transition to environmentally friendly products. *Professor Rana* further emphasizes the need for education not just on climate change but also on how to use technology in a responsible way to help reduce carbon emissions and become ambassadors for sustainable living. The expert inputs by *Professor Michael and*

*Dr Abbas* discuss the importance of a transition from current IS design practices to a more sustainability focussed approach and framework (Crow & Dabars, 2015), presenting a socio-technical sustainable design cycle for responsible systems design.

A number of the expert contributions discussed perspectives relating to the impact of people and communities, where key aspects of technology can be used to ensure humans live and work with a “lighter touch” to conserve precious resources and attain net zero via the innovative use of IS infrastructure (Elbanna at a., 2020). The expert input by *Professor Kodama* references the increasing focus on smart communities in the form of smart cities where next generation social systems connect homes, buildings and transport, within an environmentally supportive infrastructure, highlighting the criticality of an emphasis based on IT collaboration to deliver meaningful change. The smart city contribution to reduced emissions is discussed by *Professor Scholtz*, where the contribution highlights the smart environment dimensions of smart cities (Van der Hoogen et al., 2020), and the necessity for addressing the necessary skills and educational requirements to ensure people can interact with smart infrastructure, thereby attaining the intended benefits and sustainable outcomes. The expert input from *Professor De'* discussed the issues surrounding Green IS initiatives (Dedrick, 2010;

<table><caption>**Table 4**
List of full submitted articles on climate change, IS and technology.</caption><thead><tr><td>Authors</td><td>Title</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Ågerfalk, Axelsson, and Bergquist (2022)</td><td>Addressing climate change through stakeholder-centric Information Systems research: A Scandinavian approach for the masses</td></tr><tr><td>Brooks, Cannizzaro, Umbrello, Bernstein, and Richardson (2022)</td><td>Ethics of Climate Engineering: Don't forget technology has an ethical aspect too.</td></tr><tr><td>Laukkanen, Xi, Hallikainen, Ruusunen, and Hamari (2022)</td><td>Virtual technologies in supporting sustainable consumption: From a single-sensory stimulus to a multi-sensory experience</td></tr><tr><td>Papadopoulos and Balta (2022)</td><td>Climate Change, Big Data, Big Data Analytics, sustainability, challenges</td></tr><tr><td>Papagiannidis and Marikyan (2022)</td><td>Environmental Sustainability: A technology acceptance perspective</td></tr><tr><td>Pee and Pan (2022)</td><td>Climate-Intelligent Cities and Resilient Urbanization: Challenges and Opportunities for Information Research</td></tr><tr><td>Pan, Carter, Tim, and Sandeep (2022)</td><td>Digital Sustainability, Climate Change, and Information Systems Solutions: Opportunities for Future Research</td></tr><tr><td>Trkman and Cerne (2022)</td><td>Humanizing digital life - Reducing emissions while enhancing value- adding human processes.</td></tr></tbody></table>

<figure><img src="image_7.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 5. The Scandinavian impact model of information research.</figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="image_8.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 6. Word cloud analysis from top scoring words within invited expert inputs.</figcaption></figure>

Khuntia et al., 2018; Melville, 2010), and how digital technologies can counter the effects of climate change. The article highlights the need for a greater emphasis on gender rebalancing to counter the poor access to technology from women in developing nations and the disproportionate effect that environmental change has on women.

Studies have posited the need for a greater focus on responsible digitization and corporate digital responsibility (Crawford, 2021; Lobschat et al., 2021). These aspects are discussed in the expert inputs from Professor Wade and also Professor Sarker where both articulate the need for organizations and consumers to take a more holistic view on the use of technology across the full lifecycle, highlighting the need for a more balanced, realistic and wider debate on environmental tradeoffs. The article by Professor Stein and Dr Chandra Kruse advocates a Design Science Research (DSR) approach from the IS community when developing sustainability and global warming solutions. This approach aims to create new knowledge through building methods and artifacts that are aligned with improving societal problems via the greater adoption of green practices.

The literature has posited the role of technology in the monitoring and governance of climate change progression, via the extensive use of IS systems and remote sensing devices to provide the necessary data to scientists and decision makers at a global level (Bunker, 2020; Nüttgens et al., 2011). The expert input by Dr Mäntymäki highlights the need for a greater awareness of the sustainability impact of digital services, platforms, and infrastructure and that these systems be measured and monitored in a reliable and transparent fashion to mitigate the surge in unused digital content - so called digital waste. The expert inputs from Professor Gupta, Professor Bunker and from Mr Fenby-Taylor elaborate on these crucial aspects where they posit the benefits of improved data innovation practice, transitional approaches to complex information governance and effective information management to engender a culture shift in the use of data in all its forms, more collaboratively, thereby delivering impactful change. The expert input by Ms Shah highlights the critical role of data science processes to inform decision makers, monitoring of potential environmental hazards and accurate modeling of global warming scenarios. In the contribution from Dr He, he discussed the role of data analysis and climate change, where the role of sensor-based technologies was highlighted in the collection of huge amounts of environmental data to measure emissions and develop insights to conserve and improve energy use.

A number of the submitted expert inputs discussed topics associated with IS and digital technology research, commenting on the current position and potential agendas for the future. The expert input from Professor Pekkola criticised the narrow approach taken by organizations and public bodies where environmental issues and ICT are approached from disparate perspectives in the context of economic growth and prosperity. The article from Professor Dubey posits the need for theory-driven research utilizing AI based approaches to provide a better

understanding of the causes of climate change and potential solutions. The impact of blockchain technology and the environment was discussed in the submission from Dr Andreini, where the article asserts the need for a research agenda better aligned to understanding how the traditional and cryptocurrencies can coexist more effectively. The article from Professor Olaisen critiqued the current IS literature, finding that a very small percentage of studies actually investigated climate issues, asserting the need for researchers to start to ask the necessary research questions, on key aspects of the environmental and sustainability issues.

### 5.3. Recommendations for research

The expert contributions detail a number of research recommendations on many aspects of technology and digital products. One of the key emerging themes from the contributions is the call to explicitly include the environment as a key stakeholder. This is referenced in the expert inputs by Professors Davison and Sarker and implicitly supported in many other contributions, where a more honest and informed perspective is required, advocating a research agenda that focuses on impacts as well as benefits from a responsible IS perspective. Many of the contributions highlight the need for further research on the role of IS in improving systems and processes in the transportation, agriculture and manufacturing industries to improve energy efficiency, reduce waste and deliver accurate data to make better, more informed decisions.

A number of contributions detail the critical role of IS and digital technologies in the provision of key data that can inform decision makers on the progress of global warming initiatives. Some of the topics discussed within the expert input by Professor Raman articulate many of the perspectives on this topic, highlighting the need for more research to improve the collection and dissemination of data on climate risk and use of sensor based IoT technologies within developing countries to alert authorities on emission levels. The expert input from Professor Rana supports a greater level of research focus on the socio-psychological behavioral factors surrounding the adoption of digital technologies, that can help inform researchers on how people adapt to new interactions and systems that reduce emissions.

The theme of multidisciplinary perspectives on IS and sustainability for research agenda, is discussed by a number of experts including the need for greater focus on global IT collaboration. Viewing these perspectives from a transdisciplinary lens is advocated in the contribution from Professor Michael and Dr Abbas, where they posit the benefits of creating models and simulations within an overall sustainability framework that can encapsulate multi-level perspectives on the provision of data and technology interaction.

A number of articles have referenced the role of smart technologies, smart cities and smart mobility, within the overall transition to a more sustainable digital infrastructure where people can interact with IS more
<figure><img src="image_9.png" /><figcaption>Fig. 7. Polarity analysis of the contributed expert inputs.</figcaption></figure>

effectively throughout their daily lives. However, as highlighted by *Professor Scholtz*, the focus on aligning smart initiatives to the UN SDGs seems to be an underdeveloped research area that could inform further research on key topics of sustainable water management, sanitation and access to sustainable energy sources. This sentiment is further explored in a number of articles, but particularly the call for greater multidisciplinary perspectives on CDR as highlighted by *Professor Wade*, asserting the need for a better understanding of the dynamics of CDR from theoretical and empirical perspectives.

The problem of e-waste is discussed within a number of articles and

further research in this area is explicitly called for. The article from *Professor Gupta* discusses a number of these key points that are detailed within many expert inputs, calling for greater research on improved strategies for dealing with this problem that negates the need for shifting the problem to emerging economies.

The pivotal role of data and data science has been referenced in many submissions but particularly in the from *Ms Shah* where the article discusses the criticality of accurate data and empirical studies to inform key decision makers. Further research and insight is needed, through evidence-based initiatives to ensure the effects of global warming are
effectively communicated to governments and organizations to ensure
timely decisions are made and relevant resources are made available in
the critical areas.

5.4. *Recommendations for education*

The need for a greater educational awareness amongst IS researchers and users, seems to be a common thread within the submitted articles. A number of articles advocate a more holistic emphasis and informed debate on the environmental impact of technology, as well as its benefits in helping to mitigate further global warming and attainment of net zero by 2050. Many of the experts advocate a more balanced perspective within the IS and technology curriculum, to ensure students better understand the impact of behaviors. A number of articles also posit the need for better education on technologies that directly mitigate climate change, highlighting that this core topic seems to lack focus within many institutions.

Technology has a critical role to play in the changing of human at-
titudes and behaviors toward sustainability. IS can educate and inform
people about the carbon footprint to explore new innovative ways to
perform everyday activities but in a more sustainable way. The article by
*Professors Constantiou and Vendelø* illustrates how digital platforms can
engender collaborative consumption and social entrepreneurship,
educating people to redistribute unwanted products and reduce waste as
well as influence consumers via sustainable cooking and plant based
food. A number of experts have detailed the role of IS in the context of
educating people through online communities. The contribution from
*Professor Panteli* emphasizes this aspect, positing the role of young
people and their digital activism in influencing a change in behaviors,
whilst *Dr Nishant and Professor Teo* discuss the need for IS educators to
increase awareness on green IS and the sustainability aspects of tech-
nology. It is clear from the submitted articles that education is a key
component of the transition to net zero and ensuring that all stake-
holders (industry and individuals) have the necessary knowledge to
engender changes in behavior, is a key component of the transition.

5.5. *Recommendations for practice and policy*

The UN COP26 conference gained commitment for a number of key initiatives that could have a significant impact on global warming. The key commitments included: at least 100 countries (including Brazil) agreeing to end deforestation by 2030; Led by the US and EU - 80 countries pledged to cut methane emissions by 30% by 2030; Although commitment could not be gained from China, the US, India and Australia - 23 nations made new commitments to phase out coal power, including five of the top 20 users: Indonesia, South Korea, Poland, Vietnam, Chile and Ukraine; India committed to attaining net zero by 2070 (COP26, 2021).

Governments have a critical role in combating global warming from
the legislative and policy perspective, but to ensure the targets set for
2050 have a realistic chance of being achieved, we need change at a
societal level. The IS and technology industry has a critical role to play in
the monitoring of progress toward net zero, but also a pivotal role in the
development of innovative solutions to better manage emissions and
offer people alternatives to current carbon based practices. Many of the
contributions have highlighted the crucial role of organizations adopt-
ing a green philosophy and demonstrating a firm commitment to CSR
and CDR policies and working practices. A number of the experts have
discussed the realities of technology contributing to the global warming
problem due to the high levels of waste and inability for manufacturers
to adopt a greater sustainability focus on manufacturing materials,
processes and poor emphasis toward product repair, not replace - so
called e-waste. The expert input by *Professor Metri* cites the 2019 UN and
WEF reports that 50 million tonnes of e-waste was produced in that year,
with only 20% being dealt with sustainably and the rest ending up as
landfill. Many articles discuss these aspects, highlighting that the IS

industry has much to do in this area. Organizations have their part to
play to align with the goals and commitments from COP26, but suc-
cessful outcomes rely on support from government and institutions to
create the necessary environment and policy infrastructure, thereby
enabling the technology industry to make the right long term decisions
for the environment and society.

6. Conclusions

The UN climate change conference – COP26 held in Glasgow UK, is seen as one of the last chances for governments and key decision makers to make the firm commitments needed to ensure global temperatures do not exceed 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels by 2050. The use of technology and IS is an integral component of many of the proposed mitigation measures, as governments and societies around the world take the necessary steps in transitioning to net zero.

This multi-contribution editorial study offers a technology focussed
and IS perspective on the climate crisis where many of the multi-faceted
complexities facing governments, organizations and decision makers are
discussed. In alignment with the approach set out in previous studies
(Dwivedi et al., 2015, 2020, 2021a, 2021b, 2022), each of the invited
experts offers their own unique viewpoints to explore many of the key
topics related to climate change, IS and digital technologies. The major
technology and IS focussed themes that have emerged from the invited
experts include: the impact of technology on behaviors and attitudes;
Education, awareness and changed working practices; Impact on people
and communities; Responsible digitalization; Role of data, technology
and IS governance; Technology and IS research agenda.

We present this opinion paper as a timely perspective on this critical topic where we have discussed the multifaceted role of digital technology and IS in combating climate change. The expert contributions highlight the urgent need for education initiatives that offer a more holistic and balanced perspective on the opportunities for technology based solutions but also communicate the realities of the negative impact from e-waste and the shifting of the problem to poorer emerging nations. The developed countries throughout the world have a responsibility to develop solutions for problems of their own making and a greater focus on responsible digitalization has to be the right direction to engender sustained change. We advocate a greater awareness from individual consumers as well as manufacturers, on the “lived in” realities of environmental tradeoffs and key value choices (Rowe, 2018), as we continue to utilize technology as an integral component of our daily lives. Decision makers need to be cognisant of these key choices, as greater use is made of technology in all its forms to deliver net zero by 2050.

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